J. f ♦'V TTTT Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstfrenchreadiOOsmitrich FRENCH PRINCIPIA.-Part II. FIEST FRENCH READING BOOK. CONTAINING FABLES, ANECDOTES, INVENTIONS, DISCO VEEIES, NATUEAL HISTOKY, FBENCH HISTOKY ; WITH GRAMMATICAL QUESTIONS AND NOTES, A COPIOUS ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. ON THE PLAN OF DR. WILLIAM SMITH'S 'PRINCIPIA LATIN A,' TEIED EDITION. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1878. MAIN LlBfifm „ ' JOHN FRYER CHINESE LIBRARY Now ready. THE FRENCH PRINOIPIA, Part I. A First French Course ; containing Grammar, Delectus, Exercises, and Vocabularies. 12mo. 3s. ed. FRENCH PRINCIPIA, Part II. A Reading Book; con-. taining Fables, Stories, and Anecdotes, Natural History, and Scenes from the History of France. With Grammatical Questions, Notes, and copious Etymological Dictionary. 12mo. 4s. 6d. THE STUDENT'S FRENCH GRAMMAR : a Practical and Historical Grammar of the French Language. By C. Heron- Wall, late Assistant Master at Brighton College. With an Introduction by M. LiTTR]^. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. A SMALLER GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LAN- GUAGE. For the Middle and Lower Forms. Abridged from the above. 12m0. 3s. 6d. GERMAN PRINCIPIA, Part L A First German Course; containing a Grammar, Delectus, Exercise Book, and Vocabularies. 12mo. 3s. 6d. GERMAN PRINCIPIA, Part II. A Reading Book; con- taining Fables, Stories, and Anecdotes, Natural History, and Scenes from the History of Germany. With Grammatical Questions, Notes, and Dictionary. 12mo. 3s. 6d. A PRACTICAL GERMAN GRAMMAR. With a Sketch of the Historical Development of the Language, and its Principal Dialects. By Dr. Leonhard Schmitz, Classical Examiner in the University of London. Post 8vo. 38, Qd. PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AND CUABINa CROSS. PEEFACE. This work, which has been drawn up by the Eev. Ernest Brette, B.D., French Examiner in the University of London, differs in two or three important points from other French Beading Books. In the first place, each Extract is followed by Gram- matical Questions, testing the knowledge of the pupil in the Accidence and the more important Syntactical Eules. This will be found especially useful to pupils preparing for public examinations, such as the Matriculation Examina- tion in the University of London. In the second place, the Vocabulary explains fully the etymology of every word. It is believed that this is the first time that such an Etymological Vocabulary has been appended to any French Beading Book. It contains very nearly 13,000 words, and is complete enough to be used as a Dictionary for all French books commonly read in schools. In drawing it up, the works of Grimm, Bopp, Diez, Littre, Scheler, and Brachet have been throughout consulted. The Extracts contain a diversity of subjects, such as fables, short tales, anecdotes, useful information on points connected with natural history, discoveries and inven- tions, as well as sketches of some important portions of French history; thus giving pupils the opportunity of 751.598 IV PREFACE. reading different authors and different styles of composi- tion. Poetry has been purposely omitted, as it has been found by long experience that the inversion, poetical licence, and other difficulties in French poetry, only con- fuse the beginner. Special care has been taken to make the Extracts progressive, beginning with easy and gra- dually proceeding to more difficult pieces. In the Notes, which follow the Extracts, all difficulties which cannot be solved by the ordinary grammars and dictionaries are explained, and short notices are given relating to the persons and events mentioned in the Extracts. It is recommended that this work should be used in conjunction with the First Part of the * French Principia,' and not be postponed till the pupil has finished the latter. As soon as he has learnt thoroughly the Eudiments of Grammar, and can translate the simplest sentences, it is important to diversify the somewhat dry and tedious work of the Delectus and Exercise-book, by giving him connected passages containing interesting and instructive matter. Further, it is recommended that the pupil, after trans- lating each extract into English, should be required to close the book and re-translate it viva voce into French, the teacher dictating to him the English, sentence by sentence. This is the very best method of enabling the pupil to make rapid progress in the acquirement of the language. CONTENTS. FABLES. 7. 8. 9. ]0. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IvS. 19. PAGE L'homme et la vipere . . 1 Le renard et les raisins . . 1 Le cerf et la vigne . . . . 1 Le renard et le masque de theatre 2 Le chien et son ombre . . 2 Le chat et la chauve- souris 2 La vipere et la lime . . . . 3 La souris 3 Les deux grenouilles . . 3 Le chien fidele 4 L'ane et le vieux patre . . 4 Le loup deguise . . . . 4 Le vieillard et la mort . . 5 L'ane et le loup . . . . 5 La cigale et les fourmis . . 6 Le lion, Fane et le renard 6 Le loup et la grue . . . . 6 L'ane et le renard . . . . 7 L'olivier et le roseau . . 7 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 34. 35. 36. PAGE 7 Le renard et le bouc La corneille et le corbeau L'avare et la pie Le charpentier et le singe Le renard et la cigogne . Le chat et les rats . . Le berger et son troupeau La fourmi et la colombe . , La grenouille envieuse et le bceuf 11 L'aigle, la corneille et le berger Le renard et le corbeau . . Le lion et le renard . . Les deux taureaux et les deux grenouilles . . Le cerf pres d'une fontaine Le lion et le mulot . . Le chien et le loup . . Les boeufs en querelle 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 1. Le roi Alphonse 2. Fenelon 3. Henri IV .. .. 4. Bataille d'lvry . . 5. Le panache blanc 6. Ealeigh .. .. 7. La Rochejaquelein PAGE 8. Presence d'esprit . . . . 19 9. Turenne 19 10. Mot de Socrate sur les amis 20 11. Langage parlementaire .. 20 12. Descartes 20 13. Devouement 20 VI CONTENTS. HiSTORIETTES ET ANECBOTES^COnUnued. 14. La montre du grenadier prussien 21 15. La balafre 21 16. Le ministre sans fa9on .. 21 17. Le medecin et le grand Frederic 21 18. Swift et les impots .. .. 22 19. Una le9on de bienfaisance . 22 20. Una ingenieuse flatterie . . 22 21. L'autographe 23 22. Leonidas aux Thermopyles 23 23. La loi du talion 23 24. Alexandre, roi de Mace'- doina 24 25. Modestie de Turenna . . 24 26. Arlequin au souper du roi 25 27. L'ane du cure 25 28. Le paysan et son ^ne . . 25 29. Bonaparte et la sentinelle 26 30. Naivetes 26 31. Debut de Terence .. .. 26 32. Esope 27 33. La critique du cocher . . 27 34. Le cheval de Kosciusko . . 28 35. Le peintre a Teau . . . . 28 36. Qui ne dit mot consent . . 29 37. tin quiproquo 29 38. Un Mecene anglais .. .. 30 PAGE 39. Probite scrupuleuse .. .. 30 40. La perruque et les Iroquois 31 41. Le capucin et le voleur .. 31 42. Le gouverneur du Canada et les Iroquois 32 43. Prevenance du marechal de Turenne 33 44. Courage et bienfaisance d'un paysan 33 45. Arnold de VVinkelried . . 34 46. Le maire de Lugon . . . . 34 47. La dette de Thumanite . . 35 48. Naivete irlandaise . . . . 35 49. Keconnaissance .. .. 36 50. Les crimes punis Tun par I'autre 37 51. Un malentendu 37 52. Le bon roi 38 . 53. Piete'filiala 39 54. Les flatteurs confondus . . 39 55. Politesse frangaise . . . . 40 56. La princesse da Talleyrand et M. Denon 41 57. Le bouffon et le paysan . . 42 58. Le voltigeur en sentinelle 42 59. Un tour d'Esope . . . . 44 60. Voltaire accuse de plagiat 44 PREMIERES CONNAISSANCES : HISTOIRE NATURELLE DECOUVERTES ET INVENTIONS. 1. La nature sauvage 2. La nature cultivee 3. La verdure 4. La verdure (suite) PAGE . 46 . 47 . 47 . 48 5. La prairie 48 6. Le froment 49 7. L'orge, I'avoine, le aeigle, le mais et le millet . . . . 50 PAGE 8. Les arbres de haute futaie 51 9. Le verger 52 10. Le chanvre, le lin et le coton 53 11. La vigne 54 12. Le vin 55 13. Les carrieres, les mines de charbon et de sel . . . . 56 CONTENTS. Vll PremiIjbes Connaissances : Histoire Naturelle, Decouvertes et Inventions — continued. PAGE 14. Les mines de metaux et de pierres precieuses . . . . 57 15. Le lever du sol eil .. .. 58 16. L'homme 59 17. Lecheval 60 18. Lechieii(A) 60 19. Lechien(B) 61 20. L'ane 62 21. Leboeuf 63 22. Lechat 64 23. Leloup 64 24. Le renard 65 25. Le chevreuil 66 26. Le lion et le tigre . . . . 67 27. L'elephant 68 28. Ue'le'phant (suite) .. .. 69 29. Le chameau 70 30. Le chameau (suite) . . . . 70 31. Le grand aigle 71 32. Les vautours 72 33. Le oygne 73 34. L'hirondelle 74 35. Le rossignol 75 36. Le funebre oiseau noir .. 76 37. L'oiseau-mouche .. .. 76 38. Le nid de me'sange . . . . 77 39. La rose et le papillon . . 78 40. Le lezard gris 79 41. Le serpent 80 PAGE 80 81 82 83 84 42. Le requin 43. Les oiseaux et les poissons 44. ifiruption du Vesuve 45. line trombe en mer . . 46. L'aurore boreale 47. La decouverte de I'Ame- rique et Toeuf de Cbris- tophe Colomb 85 48. Invention de I'imprimerie 86 49. L'imprimerie et les copistes 87 50. Origine du jeu d'e'checs . . 88 51. Origine du jeu d'echecs (suite) 88 52. L'invention des aerostats . . 89 53. L'invention des aerostats (suite) 90 54. Le premier bateau a vapeur a lembouchure de la Gironde 91 55. Le premier bateau a vapeur . . . (suite) 92 56. Harvey et la circulation du sang 93 57. La pomme de terre ou le pain des pauvres . . . . 94 58. La pomme de terre . . . (suite) 96 59. Les phares . . .... . . 97 60. Les phares (suite) . . . . 98 PIECES RELATIVES A L'HISTOIRE DE FRANCE. PAGE 1. Les Gaulois 100 2. Caractere des Franks . . 101 3. Caractere des Franks (suite) 102 4. Caractere des Franks (suite) 103 5. Caractere des Franks (suite etfin) 105 6. Conversion de Clovis au Christianisme (496) . . 106 7. Regno de Charlemagne (768-814) 108 8. (A) Pierre I'Ermite (1050- 1115) 109 Ylll CONTENTS. Pieces relatives a l'Histoire de France— continued. 8. (B) Depart des croises apres le concile de Clermont (1096) 109 9. Bataille de Bouvines (27 aoutl214) Ill 10. Jacques Molay, grand- maitre des Templiers, a ses juges (1314) .. ..112 11. Jeanne de Montfort (1342) 113 12. Demence de Charles VI (5 aoutl392) 114 13. Mort de Jeanne d'Arc (1431) 115 14. Les conseillers de Louis XI (roi de France de 1461 a 1483) 117 15. FrauQois I®" (roi de France de 1515 a 1547) .. ..118 Louis XII et Frangois I" 119 16. Le Connetable de Bourbon et Bayard (30 avril 1524) 120 17. (Suite) 121 18. Henri IV et Sully (1602) 122 19. Portrait deKichelieu (1585- 1642) 123 PAGE 20. Mazarin (1602-1661) .. 124 21. Regne de Louis XIV(1643- 1715) 125 22. Prise de la BastUle (14 juiUetl789) 127 23. Prise de la Bastille (suite etfin) 128 24. Le Eegne de la Terreur en France, d'apres Tacite (septembre 1792 — 27 juil- letl794) 129 25. Passage des Alpes par Bonaparte (16 mai 1800) 131 26. Bataille de Marengo (14 juinlSOO) 132 27. Proclamation de Napole'on I^"" a I'armee, apres la ba- taille d'Austerlitz (le 3 decembre 1805) .. ..134 28. Incendie de Moscou (sep- tembre 1812) 135 29. Execution du Marechal Ney (7 decembre 1815) . . 136 30. La Terreur blanche (1815) 137 NOTES. PAGE Notes on the Fables and Grammatical Questions 140 Notes on Short Tales, Anecdotes, and Grammatical Questions . . . . 145 Notes on First Steps to Knowledge: Natural History, Discoveries, Inventions ; and Grammatical Questions 158 Notes on Extracts relating to the History of France and Grammatical Questions 168 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY TO FIRST FRENCH READING BOOK 177 ABBEEVIATIONS. a. = active. foil. = follow or follows, aU. =z ablative. following or fol- ace. =z accusative. lowed. adj. = adjective. Fr. =z French. adv. = adverb or adverbial. freq. = frequentative. adv. he. — adverbial locution. fut. =z future. Arab. =: Arabic. G. = German. art. = article. Gael. = Gaelic. A.-S. =: Anglo-Saxon. gen. = genitive. aux. z= auxiliary. Goth. = Gothic. card. — cardinal. Gr. rr: Greek. Celt. = Celtic. Heh. r= Hebrew. cf. = confer, compare. idiom, expr. = idiomatic expres- compar. = comparative. sion. compd. = compound, com- i.e. =: id est, that is. pounded. imp. = imperfect. Cond. = Conditional. imper. = imperative. conj. = conjunction. impers. = impersonal. conjug. = conjugation, conju- Ind. = Indicative. gate or conju- indef. = indefinite. gated. Inf. = Infinitive. cons. = consonant. interj. = interjection. contrd. := contracted. interr. z= interrogative or in- Dan. z=: Danish. terrogatively. dat. =. dative. irr. = irregular. def. = definite. It. = Italian. defect. = defective. Kymr. = Kymric. demonst. dem. "': demonstrative. L. lit. = Latin, literally. der. derivative or de- L.L. z=. Low Latin. rived. he. = locution. dim. = diminutive. m. or mctsc. — masculine. Engl. = English. m^ton. = metonymy. e.g. = exempli gratist. N. = Netherlandish. expr. = expression. n. (with a :^ neuter f. OY fern = feminine. subst.) ' fam. fig- familiar. figurative or figura- n. (with a verb) }: neuter. tively. naut. nautical. Fr. p. II. ABBREVIATIONS. neg, nom. num. obj. Obs. O.E. O. Fr, 0. H. G. onomat. ord. P- P'P part, pass. pers. Piedm. pluperf. pi. or plur. Fort. poss. pres. part. 01 pr. prep pres. or pr. prim, pron, prop. Frov. prov. art. ) '.p. j- ■ negative or nega- tively. : nominative. numeral. object. observe. Old English. Old French. Old High German. onomatopoeia. ordinal. person. past participle. participle. passive. personal. Piedmontese. pluperfect. plural. Portuguese. possessive. present participle. preposition, present, primitive, pronoun, properly. Proven^'al. proverb or pro- verbial. q. V. = quod vide (which see or refer to). rel. = relative. r.v. = reflective verb. s. or subst. = substantive. Sax. = Saxon. sc. = scilicet. Scand. = Scandinavian. sing. = singular. Skr. = Sanskrit. Span. = Spanish. Subj. = Subjunctive. subj. = subject. subst. = substantive. sup. = superlative or su- pine. sync. = syncope. transl. = translate or trans- lated. V. = verb. v.a. = active verb. v.n. = neuter verb. v.r. = reflective verb VoG. = Vocabulary. (?) = etymology doubtful or unknown. = equal to or meaning. 1, 2, 3, 4, indicate the conjugation of a verb. A FIRST FRENCH READING BOOK. FABLES. 1. Vliomme et la vipere. — XJn homme ramassa une vip^re toute transie de froid, et la rechauffa dans son sein. Sa pitie lui couta cher, car des qu'elle fut ranimee, elle lui donna la mort. Les mechants sont toujours ingrats et malfaisants. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. r homme et la vipere ; and in the sing, les mechants sont toujours ingrats et malfaisants. 2. Give the s. f. corresponding to homme. 3. Parse sonty and give the imper. of the same. 4. Make an interr. sen- tence with les mechants sont tou- jours ingrats. 5. Translate into French : some vipers were benumbed with cold. 6. Give the f. sing, of ingrats and malfaisants. 2, Le renard et les raisins. — Un renard, mourant de faim, es- sayait d'attraper des raisins qui pendaient a une treille ; il sau- tait de toutes ses forces, mais n'y pouvant atteindre, il s'eloigna en disant : '^ lis ne sont pas encore murs, je ne veux pas les cueillir, puisqu'ils sont verts." L'homme rabaisse souvent ce qu'il ne pent pas atteindre. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. un renard; une treille: and in the sing, ses forces ; ils ne sont pas encore murs. 2. To what conjug. do the foil, verbs belong ? — attraper, cueillir, atteindre. 3. Parse sautait and rabaisse, and give the jive prim, tenses. ' 4. Give the masc. (sing, and pi.) of toutes. 5. Put in the neg. : Vhomme rabaisse. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Are the grapes ripe ? 3. Le cerf et la vigne. — Un cerf, ayant echappe aux chasseurs, alia se cacher sous une vigne. Quand les chasseurs furent passes, lo cerf se crut deja oublie et se mit a brouter les feuilles de sa bien- faitrice. Au bruit du feuillage, les cbasseurs revinrent sur leurs pas, virent le cerf et le tuerent. Fr. p. II. B fAbles. Ceux (i'di'se?if ingrats' e^ivers leiirs bienfaiteurs, meritent d'etre punis. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern. sing, of chasseurs. 2. Put in the pi. : sows une vigne ; and in the sing. : quand les chasseurs furent passers. 3. Give the gender offeuilles, feuiUage, and the sing, of pas. 4. Put in the feni. : Ceux qui sont ingrats envers leurs bienfaiteurs. 5. Parse oujjjie', tuerent, meritent. 6. Give the prim, tenses of etre^ and the imp. Subj. of the same. 4. Le renard et le masque de theatre. — Un renard, etant entre dans la maison d'un comedien, y vit une tete de masque artistement faite : " Oh. ! la belle tete !" s'ecria-t-il, " mais elle n'a point de cervelle." Ce mot s'applique aux liommes que la fortune a combles d'hon- neurs et de gloire, mais a qui elle a refuse le sens commun. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. : Le renard et le masque de theatre. 2. Give the two masc. forms of helle, and state in what case one is used in preference to the other. 3. Give the fem. of comedien, ce, commun, 4. Put in the sing. aux hommes. 5. Make an interr, sentence with : ce mot s'applique aux hommes. 6. What is que in: que la fortune a combles ? 7. Parse elle a refuse, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of this verb. 5, Le chien et son ombre. — Un cbien qui tenait un morceau de viande dans sa gueule, traversait une riviere. 11 vit son image dans I'eau, et crut d'abord que c'etait un autre chien qui portait une autre proie. II approche, I'image s'approche aussi. — "Tu ne me trom- peras pas," dit-il, " et je ne quitterai pas ce que je tiens : mon ins- tinct me dit que tu n'es que mon ombre." Imitez la prudence du chien, et ne quittez jamais la substance pour I'ombre. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Son ombre: why son before this subst. fem. ? 2. Put in the pi. : Un chien qui tenait un morceau de viande. 3. Transl. into Fr. : The dog^s mouth. 4. Parse Je ne quitterai pas. 5. Give the pi. of gueule, eau. 6. Put in the 3rd p. pi. of the rame ten^e the foil, verbs : approche, quitterai, es. 7. Que tu n'es: what kind of word is que? and what is the meaning of ne before the verb, and que after ? 6. Le chat et la chauve-souris. — Un chat ayant ete une fois pris dans un filet, promit h un rat qui Ten avait delivre, de ne jamais manger ni rats ni souris. II arriva un jour qu'il attrapa une cWuve- souris dans une grange. Maitre Grippeminaud fut d'abord embar- rasse ; mais il ne le fut pas longtemps. *' Je n'ose pas te manger comme souris," dit-il, " mais je te croquerai comme oiseau." Aprds cette distinction consciencieuse, il en fit un bon repas. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Write the fem. of the foil, subst. and adj. : chat, maitre, bon ; and give the masc. of consciencieuse. 2. Parse : avait de- livr€, attrapa, fut, croquerai. 3. Put in the pi. : un chat, une souris, oiseau, FABLES. conjug. the pres. Ind. of the v. to which oyant belongs. 7. Give the compar. of superiority of conscien- cieuse and hon. repas. 4. Give the pres. part, of manger^ and state the rule about the verbs ending in ger. 5. Transl. into Fr. : This cat ; this mouse ; this bird ; these rats. 6. Parse ayant eie'\ and 7. La vipere et la lime. — Une vipere entra dans Tatelier d'lm forgeron. Comme elle cherchait quelque chose a manger, elle se mit a mordre une lime ; mais celle-ci, resistant a ses efforts, lui dit : " Insensee, pourquoi cherches-tn a me mordre, moi qui suis accoutumee a ronger le fer ?" Que celui dont la dent mechante s'attaque a plus mordant que lui se reconnaisse dans cette fable. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. : Une vipere entra dans Vatelier. 2. To what conjug. belong the foil, verbs : entra, cherchait, mordre? 3. Give the 1st p. pi. of the pres. Ind. of manger, and the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. of ronger. 4. Give the masc. (sing and pi.) of c^//^-a. 5. Give the live prim, tenses of mordre. 6. Conjug. the whole tense of which suis is the 1st person. 7. Parse every word of the 1st sentence : Une vipere .... d'un forgeron. 8. La souris. — Une souris qui connaissait tons les pieges que Ton pent tendre a son espece, s'en alia roder pres d'une souriciere, ou I'on avait place un morceau de lard. " Je ne veux pas y toucher," se disait-elle, " mais le sentir ne pent pas me faire de mal." Elle s'approche, fiaire, avance le nez ; la planche tombe, et la voila prise. Celui qui s'expose au danger, court risque d'y tomber. tence with : une souris qui connaissait tons lespie'ges. 6. Parse avait place ; when do the verbs in cer take a cedilla under the c, and why ? Give some examples. 7. Y toucher : what kind of word is y here ? 8. Parse une souris qui. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. the foil, words: sou)is, espece, morceau, mal, nez, celui, 2. To what conjug. belong tendre^ roder, sentir, faire ? 3. Give the sing, (masc. and fem.) of tous. 4. Son espece: why son before the subst. fem. espece? 5. Make a neg. sen- 9. Les deux grenouilles. — Deux grenouilles ne pouvaient plus rester dans leur marais, parce que la chaleur de I'ete I'avait des- seche. Elles convinrent d'aller ensemble chercher de I'eau ailleurs. Apres avoir beaucoup voyage, elles arriverent aupres d'un puits. — *' Venez, commere," dit I'une, " descendons sans chercher plus loin." — " Yous parlez bien avotre aise," repondit sacompagne; "mais si I'eau vient a nous manquer dans ce puits, comment en sortirons-nous T La prudence est necessaire dans toutes les entreprises. the two ordinal forms of deux. 4* Write in French : 5, 7, 6, 9, 8, 13, 17, 12, 19, 20. 5. Put in the sing. : deux grenouilles ne pouvaient plus B 2 Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the pi. of marais, eau, puits, commere, I une. 2. Give the masc. subst. cor- responding to compagne. 3. Give I'ABLES. rester dans leur marais. 6. Parse par. is this? 8. Give the compat. repondit, and give its prim, tenses, of superiority of bien. 7. Plus loin: what degree of com- 10. Le chien fidele, — Pendant la nuit un voleiir jeta nn morceau de viande a un chien pour I'empecher d'aboyer. — " Oh ! oh !" dit le chien, *' tu veux me lier la langue, et m'empecher d'avertir mon maitre du danger qu'il court! tu t'es grandement trompe. Ta bienveillance subite m'engage au contraire h. redoubler de vigilance, de peur que tu ne profites de ma negligence." L'homme qui a acquis de I'experience ne se laisse pas duper par une liberalite soudaine. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, of un voleur, mon maitre. 2. Transl. into Fr.: Do not throw any meat to the dog. 3. Parse jeta, and state when you have to double the t in the conjug. of that verb. 4. Aboyer : when is the y re- placed by another letter in verbs ending in oyer 9 and give the prim. tenses of aboyer. 5. Me lier la langue : what is me, and in what case is it ? Give the prim, tenses of lier. 6. M^ engage: what case is m'? Give the 2nd p. pi. of the past def of engager. 7. State the rule of agreement of poss. adj. in Fr. 8. Transl. into Fr. : / have some meat, but you have better meat. 11. Vane et le vieux pdtre. — Unvieux patre faisait paitre son ^no dans une prairie ; soudain, apercevant un de ses ennemis, il engage Pane k fuir pour eviter d'etre pris tons deux. Mais Fane, sans bouger de place, lui dit : " Est-ce que votre ennemi me fera porter double bat?" — "Non," repondit le vieillard. — "Dans ce cas, je reste ici : que m'importe a qui j'appartienne, puisque je dois tou- jours porter mon bat?" Dans les changements de gouvernement, rien ne change pour le pauvre que le nom de son maitre. 22 and 22nd ; 62 and 62nd ; 72 and 72nd; 82 and 82nd; 92 and 92nd. 6. Votre ennemi: put these two words in the pi., and say what dif- ference there is between votre and le votre. 7. Give the 2nd p. sing, of the past def. of apercevant and bouger. 8. Conjug. interr. the pres. Indie, of rester. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. sing, of dne, vieux, ennemis, tous, pauvre, maitre. 2. Transl. into Fr. : The old woman will have some ass's milk and bread. 3. To what conjug. belong paitre, apercevant, fuir, Eviter? 4. Apercevant: give the five prim, tenses of this verb, and conjug. the whole of the pres. Subj. 5. Deux: write in French 12. Le hup deguise. — Un loup ne savait comment faire pour at- traper des moutons ; le berger etait continuellement sur ses gardes. L'animal vorace s'avisa de se deguiser et de se revetir de la peau d'une brebis qu'il avait enlevee quelques jours auparavant. Le stratageme lui reussit pendant quelque temps ; mais enfin le berger decouvrit Partifice et aga^a ses chiens contre lui ; ceux-ci lui arracherent la peau de dessus les epaules et le mirent en pieces. Ne vous fiez pas toujours ^ I'exterieur. L'homme sense ne jugo FABLES. pas sur les apparences ; il salt qu'il y a dcs loups degiiiscs dans le monde. Grammatical Questions.^1. Put in the pi. : un loup d^guise; le berger etait ; Vanima,l vorace ; une hrehis; lui. 2. Put in the sing. : ceux-ci lui arracherent. 3. Give the fem. cor- responding to loup. 4. Give the prim, tenses oiattraper^ etait ^ reussit. 5. Account for the cedilla in agaga. 6. Transl. into Fr. : My shoulder^ your shoulders, his shoulders, their shoulders. 7. Give the 1st p. sing, of the cond. of reussit, and the pr. part, of juge. 8. Turn into Fr. : Is there a wolf in the forest ? 13. Le vieillard et la mort. — Un jour un vieillard ayant coupe du bois dans une foret le rapportait chez lui. II marchait deja depuis longtemps, lorsque I'exces de la fatigue le for9a a deposer a terre son fardeau. II se mit a songer a sa misere, et, dans son desespoir, il appela la mort. Celle-ci se presentant aussitot : " Que veux-tu ?" lui dit-elle. — " Aide-moi, je te prie," dit le vieillard effraye, "a recharger ce fagot sur mon dos." Tout homme tient h. la vie, meme quand il est pauvre et mal- lieureux. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the pi. of vieillard, bois, foret, exces, fardeau, dos. 2. Put in the pi. : un vieillard rapportait un fagot chez lui. 3. Give the fem. of: lui, effraye, pauvre, malheureux; and the masc. of celle-ci. 4. Conjug. the pr. Ind. of appeler, 5. Account, by the rule. for the cedilla in forga. 6. Make an interr. sentence vcith a neg. with : Le vieillard est malheureux. 7. Transl. into Fr. : Do not (thou) help me. 8. Parse marchait, forga, prie, est. 9. Give the 1st and 2nd p. pi. of the past def. of rapportait, and the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. of appela. 14. X'ane et le loup. — Un loup passait pres d'une etable. Un ane, Payant aper9U par le trou de la porte, se mit a braire de toutes ses forces et a I'insulter. "Ah! te voila," dit-il, " mangeur de brebis et d'agneaux, fleau des troupeaux, animal cruel et sanguinairo, viens ici : je me moque de ta force et de ta cruaute." — " Faquin,'* dit le loup, " si tu etais hors de ton etable, je te ferais tenir un langage plus poll ; mais tu n'es qu'un ane et un poltron." Le lache est courageux, quand il est hors de danger, et insulte les autres, quand il est a I'abri de leur ressentiment. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Write the fem. of the foil, subst. and adj. : loup, ane, mangeur, cruel, sangui- naire, poli, poltron, courageux. 2. Put in the sing. : ses forces, brebis, agneaux, troupeaux, les autres; and in the pi. : Vane, un ane, trou, fleau, animal, ta force, ton etable. 3. Make a neg. sentence with : Un ane ayant apergu un loup. 4. Parse ayant apergu, ta etais, and conjug. the fu- ture of both. 5. To what conjug. belong passait, apergu, braire, tenir ? 6. Flus poli: what degree of compar. is this? 7. Transl. into Fr. : The donkey is very cowardly, and The wolf is the most bloodthirsty of all the animals. 8. JDe ta force et de ta cruaute": why is the poss. adj. re- peated ? 9. Ton etable : why ton and not ta before e'table, s.f.? 10. Put in the pi. the whole of the last sentence : Le lache est ... . ressen-^ timent' 6 FABLES. 15. La cigale et Us four mis. — A I'epoque de I'hiver, les fourmis faisaient secher du ble qui avait ete mouille par la pliiie, lors- qu'une cigale, mourant de faim, vint leur demander un pen de grain. " Pourquoi n'en as-tu pas amasse pendant Tete ?" liii dirent les fourmis. — " Je n'en avals pas le temps," leur repondit-elle ; "je chantais melodieusement." Alors les fourmis se mettant a rire lui repliquerent : " All ! ah ! puisque tu chantais en ete, danse en hiver." La negligence et I'imprevoyance nous causent bien des chagrins et des dangers. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse avait €te mouille. 2. Un pen de grain : why de and not du ? 3. N^en as-tu pas amasse: what kind of word is en here ? 4. Parse re'pondit, and give the 3rd p. sing, and pi. of the pres. and imp. Subj. of the same. 5. Conjug, the tense to which repli- querent belongs. 6. Fn e't€: what kind of word is en here? 7. Give in Fr. the names of the seasons of the year. 8. Make an interr. sen- tence with a neg. with : Je chantais melodieusement. 9. Put in the sing. : les fourmis faisaient secher du ble'. 10. Give the compar., and sup. abso- lute of peu. 16. Le lion, Vane et le renard. — Un lion, un ane et un renard s'associerent et allerent a la chasse. Lorsqu'ils eurent tue beaucoup de gibier, le lion ordonna a I'ane d'en faire le partage. Celui-ci fit trois portions egales et pria le lion de choisir. Le lion, qui voulait recevoir une portion plus grande que les deux autres, se mit en colere et tua I'ane. II ordonna ensuite au renard de faire un nou- veau partage. Celui-ci donna presque tout au lion et ne garda pour lui que fort peu de chose. " Qui t'a appris a partager ainsi ?" lui demanda le lion. — " L'accident arrive a I'ane," repondit le renard. Le malheur des autres doit nous rendre sages. three and ninety-three. 7. Give the masc. pi. of Egales, and the fem. sing. ofnouveauand celui-ci. 8. Give the prim, tenses of recevoir. 9. Give the pr. p. of partager. 10. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Ze malheur des autres doit nous rendre sages. Grammatical Questions. — 1. S'as- socierent : what kind of verb is this ? 2. Conjug. the past indef. of the same. 3. Parse eurent tu^. 4. Beaucoup de gibier: why de, and not du ? 5. Allerent : parse this irr. verb, and give its prim, tenses. 6. Trois portions : give the orc?ma^ form of trois, and give the Fr. for seventy- 17. Le loup et la grue. — Un loup avala un os qui lui resta dans le gosier. Souffrant horriblement, il pria une grue de lui retirer cet OS du gosier et lui promit une recompense. Celle-ci, grace a son long cou, fit heureusement I'operation. Mais quand elle lui demanda la recompense promise : — " Tu es une ingrate, ma bonne commere," lui dit-il : *' quoi ! tu as retire ton cou sain et sauf de ma gueule et tu oses reclamer une recompense !" II ne faut point attendre des mechants le prix d'un bienfait. FABLES. longer than that of the wolf. 6. Give the sup. rel. of honne. 7. Bonne commere : why is bonne in the fern. ? 8. Turn into Fr. : I have swallowed a bone which sticks in my throat. 9. Make an interr. sentence with : tu as retire ton cou. 10. What is the meaning of the Fr. v. attendre ? Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. : un loup, un os, cet os, cou, Vopemtion^prix. 2. Souffrant: parse this iiT. v., and give its prim, tenses. 3. Give the fern, of loup, long, sain, sauf. 4. Put in the pi. : Tu es une ingrate, ma bonne commere. 5. Give the masc. sing, of bonne, and transl. into Fr. ; The neck of the crane is 18. L'ane et le renard. — Un ane trouva par hasard line peau de lion et s'en revetit. Ainsi deguise, 11 s'en alia dans les forets et jeta I'epouvante parmi les autres animanx. Ay ant aperfii un renard, 11 essaya de I'effrayer aussi; mals celul-ci, qui I'avait entendu braire auparavant, lui dlt : " Maitre baudet, quolque tu sols vetu comme un Hon, ta volx t'a trahl : tu n'es qu'un ane." Les Ignorants se trablssent toujours par leur propre bavardage. vetu : parse this v., and conjug. the pres. Ind. of the same, in the active voice. 8. Give the fern, subst. cor- responding to ane, lion, maitre. 9. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Ta voix fa trahi. 10. Se tra- hissent : what kind of verb is this ? and conjug. the past indef. of the same. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse il s'en alia, and give the prim, tenses of this verb. 2. Conjug. the pres. Ind. of jeta. 3. Put in the sing.: les autres animaux. 4. Give the 1st p. sing, of the pres. Subj. of apergu. 5. Essaya : what observation have you to make about the verbs ending in ayer ? 6. Parse avait entendu, and give its prim, tenses. 7. Tu sois 19. roUvier et le roseau. — " Que tu es falble, pauvre roseau," dlt un jour I'ollvler ; " le plus petit olseau est pour toi un blen pesant fardeau, et le molndre vent te fait balsser la tete jusqu'^ terre."— Le roseau ne repondlt pas a cette Insulte et garda le silence. Quelque temps apres, une vlolente tempete eclata : le roseau, aglte et courbe par les vents, ne fut pas brlse, mais rolivier, se raldissant contre eux, fut fracasse et deraclne. Celui qui alme a se quereller avec les forts et les pulssants est moms fort que celul qui salt, au besom, leur ceder. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Qu^ tu es faible : what kind of word is que here ? 2. Le plus petit : give the irr. form of this sup. 3. Bien pesant : what degree of compar. is this? Transl. into Fr. : This burden is less heavy than that. 4. Put in the pi. : roseau, cette insulte, celui qui aime a se quereller. 5. Give the fem. of pauvre, pesant, celui, eux; and the masc. of cette, violente. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Shall I answer your insults? no, I will keep silence. 7 . Moins fort : what degree of compar. is this? and turn into Fr. : / am not so strong as you, said the reed to the olive-tree. 8. Qui sait : what is qui ? and parse sait. 9. Give the prim, tenses of sait. 10. Leur ceder: what is leur here ? Conjug. the pr. Ind. of ce'der. 20. Le renard et le houc. — Un renard s'etalt lalsse tomber par megarde dans un puits et ne pouvalt en sortlr a cause de la bauteur 8 FABLES. de la margelle. Un bouc vint au meme endroit pour apaiser sa soif et lui demanda si I'eau etait bonne et abondante. L'animal ruse, pour le faire tomber dans le piege, lui dit : *' Descends, mon cher ami, I'eau est si bonne, et j'eprouve tant de plaisir a en boire, que je ne puis m'en rassasier." — Le bouc descendit, et le renard, grimpant sur ses longues comes, sortit du puits et y laissa prison- nier son malheureux compagnon. Le mechant se tire du danger aux depens d'autrui. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the s.f. corresponding to hoUG\ and put in the fern. : mon cher ami, pri- sonnier, son malheureux compagnon. 2. Put in the pi. : bouc, puits, I'eau etait bonne et abondante, l'animal ruse; and give the masc. sing, of longues. 3. What kind of verb is tomber? and conjug. the pluperf. Ind. of the same. 4. Conjug. neg. the past in- def. of s'etait laisse. 5. Give the prim, tenses of sortir, and conjug. the pr. Ind. of the same. 6. Parse ^ouvait, and give its prim, tenses. 7. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the past def. of the Ind., and of the imp. Subj. of descends. 8. Make a neg. sen- tence with : lebouc descendit. 9. Give the gender of the foil, subst. : endroit, eau, plaisir, puits. 10. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Le mechant .... d'autrui. 21. Lci corneille et le cowedu. — Une corneille avait trouve une liuitre : elle essaya de I'ouvrir avec son bee, mais toutes ses peines furent inutiles. " Que faites-vous la, cousine ?" demanda un corbeau. — " Je voudrais ouvrir une huitre," repondit la corneille, " mais je ne puis en venir a bout." — " Yous voila embarrassee pour peu de chose, vraiment : je sais un bon moyen pour I'ouvrir." — " De grace, dites-le-moi." — " De tout mon coeur : prenez I'huitre dans votre bee, elevez-vous dans I'air, et laissez-la tomber sur ce rocher que vous voyez ici pres." La sotte corneille suivit I'avis du corbeau, qui se saisit de Phuitre et la mangea. Gardez-vous de demander des conseils aux gens artificieux et interesses. interr. the pr. Ind. of puis, and the past def. of venir. 8. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut., and of the pr. Subj. of sais ?ind prenez. 9. Conj. the imp. (Ind. and Subj.) of voyez. 10. Parse suivit and mangea, and give the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. of both. 11. Give the masc. of toute^ sotte ; the fern, of artificie^jbx ; and put in the pi. the first sentence down to ... . ouvrir. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Es- saya i what observation is there to be made about verbs ending in ayer ? 2. Ouvrir : conjug. the past def. and indef. of this verb. 3. Put in the sing. : ses peines furent inutiles. 4. Que faites-vous Id : what is que ? — parse /a i^(?s-?;oM5, and give its prim, tenses. 5. Parse voudrais, and con- jug. the pr. Subj. 6. Give the p. p. of ouvrir and repondit. 7. Conjug. 22. L^avare et la pie. — Un avare comptait son argent tons les jours. Une pie s'echappade sa cage, vint subtilement enlever une piece d'or et courut la cacher dans une crevasse du pi an cher. L'avare apercevant la pie : " Ah ! ah !" s'ecria-t-il, " c'est done toi qui Die derobes mon tresor 1 tu ne saurp-is le nier ; je te preiids FABLES. 9 sur le fait, coquine, tu mourras." — " Doucement," r(^pondit la pie, " doucement, mon cher maitre, n'allez pas si vite ! Je me sers do votre argent, comme vous vous en servez vons-meme ; s'il faut que je perde la vie pour avoir cache une seule piece d'or, que meritez- vous, dites-moi, vous, qui en cachez des milliers ?" II arrive souvent que les hommes se condamnent eux-memes, en condamnant les vices des autres. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Comp- tait: parse this v., give its prim, tenses, and name the der. tenses formed from the pr. part. 2. S'echappa, vint: conj. the pluperf. lud. of these verbs. 3. How is the adv. suhtilement formed ? 4. Courut : give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. and of the pr. Subj. of this v. 5. S'ecria- t-il : what is that t called, and what is the use of it? 6. ISTallez pas: parse this v., and give the 3rd p. pi. of the pr. Ind., and the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of the same. 7. Si vite : what is the meaning of s/, (a) before a pers. pron. and a verb, and (6) be- fore an adj. or adv. ? 8. Parse tu mourras, and conjug. the pr. Subj. of the same. 9. Parse ^*e me sers, audi give the 1st p. sing, of the past indef. 10. What kind of v. is il faut? Give its prim, tenses. 23. Lg charpentier et le singe. — Un singe regardait avec atten- tion un charpentier qui fendait un morceau de bois avec deux coins qu'il mettait dans la fente I'un apres I'autre. Le charpentier, lais- sant son ouvrage a moitie fait, alia diner. Le singe voulut imiter le charpentier, et, venant au morceau de bois, il en tira un coin, sans remettre I'autre, de maniere que le bois, n'ayant rien pour le tenir separe, se referma sur-le-champ, et, attrapant le singe par les deux pieds de devant, le retint prisonnier jusqu'au retour du char- pentier. Celui-ci I'assomma sans ceremonie, pour s'etre mele de son ouvrage. Ne vous melez jamais des afifaires d'autrui. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Fen- \ dait, mettait, alia, voulut, venant, \ tenir : parse these verbs, and, in : each case, give the prim, tenses, i 2. Put in the pi. : Le charjoentier, \ laissant son ouvrage a moitie' fait, alia ! diner. 3. Les deux pieds de devant : ; transl. into Fr. The two hind legs. \ 4. What difference is there between avant, devant, and auparavant, which are transl. into English by before? j 24. Le renard et la cigogne. — Un jour un renard invita unc cigogne a souper et lui servit sur une assiette un brouet liquide dont, malgre sa faim, elle ne put gouter, tandis que lo drole lapa le tout en un instant. A son tour, la cigogne invita le renard et mit devant lui une bouteille pleine de viande hachee en petits morceaux et tpi repandait une odeur tres-appetissante, Comme Illustrate your answer by some ex- amples. 5. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the pr. Ind. and Subj. o^ mettait, alia, and tenir. 6. Give the p. p. of fen- dait, venant, and the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of voulut. 7. Transl. into Fr. : Mind your own business ; Let us go to dinner ; Did the carpenter knock down the monkey who had tried to imitate him ? 10 FABLES. son bee pouvait entrer dans la bonteille, elle fit un repas excellent et tortura son convive qui etait tres-affame. Quand elle fut ras- sasiee, elle lui dit: "Mon cher ami, je suis I'exemple que vous m'avez donne." Le renard tout honteux fut oblige de retourncr cliez lui a jeun. Nous ne devons nuire a personne ; et si nous offensons quelqu'un, nous devons nous attendre a ce qu'on nous rende la pareille. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give in Fr. the names of the different meals of the day. 2. Assiette = plate ; what does the Fr. word plat, s.m. (on the table), mean ? 3. What is dont ? 4. Servit, put : parse these verbs, and conjug. the pr. Subj. of both. 5. Mit: what difference is there between mit and mit? 6. Transl. into Fr. : The fox arrived he- fore the crow ; he put before her a bottle which she had not seen before. 7. Give the compar. irr. of petit, and the p. p. of repandait. 8. Parse fit, and conjug. the pr. Ind. of the same. 9. Form the adv. of manner of excel- lent. 10. Put in the pi. : Mon cher ami, je suis I'exemple que vous m'avez donne. 11. Give the p. p. of devons and nuire. 12. Nuire a personnel what kind of word is personne here ? What is it, and what does it mean, when it is preceded by an article ? 25. Le chat et les rats. — Un chat se rendit dans une maison oil il y avait beaucoup de rats et en devora un grand nombre. Ceux-ci, voyant leur nombre diminuer de jour en jour, resolurent de ne plus sortir de leurs trous. Le chat voulut alors les attirer par la ruse : il se suspendit a une poutre par une cheville et contrefit le mort, mais un vieux rat qui avait plus d 'experience que les autres, ayant mis la tete hors de son trou et I'ayant aper9u : " Ah ! ah ! I'ami, c'est fort bien, mais quand meme tu serais sac, je ne m'approcherais pas de toi ; je connais tons tes tours." Les hommes prudents se defient des mechants. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Con- jug. the past Subj. of se rendit. 2. What difference is there between oii and ou ? 3. Give the 3rd p. pl. of the pr. Ind. and of the fut. of voyant. 4. Put in the sing. : leurs trous ; and in the pl. : tu serais sac. 5. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Les homines .... mechants. 6. fly avait: what kind of v. is this ? parse it, and give the past def. and the pr. Subj. 7. Parse resolurent, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. 8. Put the foil, words in the fem. : Un chat ; ceux- ci ; vieux; tous. 9. Je ne m'ap- procherais pas : give the 1st p. sing, of the past Cond. 10. Je connais : parse this v., and illustrate, by ex- amples, the difference between con- naitre and savoir, which are both transl. into Engl, by to know. 26. Le herger et son troupeau. — Un berger haranguait son trou- peau. "Que vous etes laches et stupides!" dit-il aux beliers, "aussi- tot que vous voyez un loup, vous prenez la fuite : tenez ferme et ne bougez pas : cela seul suflfira pour ecarter vos ennemis." Les beliers, les moutons, les brebis, et meme les agneaux, promirent tous, sur leur honneur, de serrer les rangs et de ne plus bouger. Tandis qu'ils FABLES. 11 faisaient ces belles promesses, voila un loup qui parait : je me trompe, ce I'etait pas im loup, ce n'en etait que I'ombre ; 5, la vue de cette ombre, adieu promesses et courage ; tout le troupeau s'enfuit. Les paroles ne peuvent pas rendre braves et courageux ceux qui sont naturellement timides et poltrons. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi. : Un herger haranguait son troupeau ; and in the sing. : que vous etes laches et stupides. 2. What is the fern, of herger, belier, loup, cou- rageux, poltron ? 3. Give the pi. of troupeau, cette ombre, and the masc. sing, of belles. 4. Parsec?iY-u; give the prim, tenses, and conjug. the pr. Ind. 5. Turn into Fr. : If you see a wolf, do not take flight. 6. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of tenez ; what kind of V. is it here ? 7. Parse suffira, and give its prim, tenses. 8. Meme les agneaux: what is meme here? Put les agneaux in the sing. 9. When does bouger take an e after the g? 10. Conjug. the past indef. of s'enfuit, and the fut. of peuvent. 11. How was the adv. naturellement formed ? and what is the adv. of manner of timide ? 27. La fourmi et la colomhe. — Une fourmi, etant allee se desal- terer au bord d'une fontaine, fut entrainee par le courant et allait se noyer, quand une colombe, qui s'en apercut, lui jeta dans I'eau une petite brancbe d'arbre. La fourmi s'y posa et parvint a se sauver. Bientot apres arriva un oiseleur qui marchait pieds-nus. Yoyant la colombe, il se preparait a la tuer ; mais soudain la fourmi le piqua au talon. La douleur qu'il ressentit fut si vive qu'il tourna la tete et donna ainsi a la colombe le temps de se sauver a tire d'aile. Imitez la fourmi et soyez reconnaissants envers vos bienfaiteurs. . Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse the foil, verbs : ^tant allee, fut en- tratne'e, parvint, se preparait, res- sentit, soyez, and, in each case, give the prim, tenses. 2. Conjug. the imper. of allait. 3. When is the y changed into i in the v. noyer? 4. Give the 1st p. (sing, and pi.) of the pr. Suhj. of jeta. 5. Se sauver : what tenses are formed from the pr. Inf., and how ? 6. Turn into Fr. : Did the doves throw some small branches to the ants ? 7. Give the masc. of vive, and the fem. of bienfaiteurs. 8. Conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. of donna; and neg. the imper. of soyez. 9. Temps: how do you translate the word temps, when multiplication or repetition is implied, as in : the bird- catcher saw the dove three times ? 10. What difference is there between vers and envers? Illustrate your answer by two examples. 28. La grenouille envieuse et le hoeuf. — Une grenouille vit un jour un boeuf dans une prairie ; envieuse d'une taille si belle, elle se met aussitot a goniler sa peau ridee et demande a ses compagnes si elle n'est pas aussi grosse que le boeuf. "Pas encore," lui repondent-elles. Elle redouble d'efforts, s'enfle de plus belle et demande encore quel est le plus gros des deux. " Le boeuf, et de beaucoup," lui repond-on. — Pleine de depit, la grenouille essaye de se gonfler davantage, mais elle creve et tombe raide morte. Le faible se perd quand il veut imiter le fort. 12 FABLES. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the masc. form (sing, and pi.) of onvieusCy beUe^ rideCy grosse, pleine, raide. 2. Vit: parse this v., and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut., and of the imp. Subj. 3. File se met: parse this v., and conjug. the pluperf. Subj. 4. Put in the pi. : Mle se met aussitot a gonfler sa peau ride'e. 5. Give the masc. sing, of ses compagnes. 6. Aussi grosse que : what degree of compar. is this ? Turn into Fr. : The ox is very big ; the oxen were bigger than the frogs ; a frog will never be as big as an ox. 7. E^pondent : parse this v. ; name the persons and tenses formed from the pr. part. ; and show how they are formed. 8. Deux : give thp Fr. for the following numbers : 17, 38, 45, 53, 62, 75, 89, 99, 100. 9. Pas encore: why not ne before j9as? and transl. : Have you seen my friend ? Not to-day. 10. Creve: account for the grave accent on the first e, and conjug. the pr. Subj. of this verb. 11. Conjug. interr. the tense to which belongs se perd. 12. Veut: parse this v., and conjug. the pr. Subj. 29. Vaigle, la corneille et le herger. — Un aigle planait dans Fair ; 11 vit "an agneau, fondit sur lui et I'enleva dans ses serres. Una corneille, plus faible, mais non moins gloutonne, vit cet exploit et entreprit de Fimiter ; elle fondit done sur un belier convert de laine et voulut s'en saisir; mais ses griffes s'embarrasserent tellement dans la toison qu'elle ne put s'echapper. " Ah ! ah !" dit le berger, " je vous tiens : vous avez beau tacher de vous debarrasser : vos efforts sont inutiles; vous servirez de jouet a mes enfants. Cela appren- dra a toute votre race a ne pas imiter I'aigle et ^ ne rien entre- prendre au-dessus de vos forces." Dans tout ce que vous entreprenez, mesurez vos forces. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put the whole of the first sentence in the pi. 2. II vit, fondit: parse these two verbs, and give their prim, tenses. 3. Enleva : conjug. the pr. Ind. of this v., and give the rule about the verbs of the 1st conjug. having an e mute before the last syllable of the Inf. 4. Plus faible; moins gloutonne: what degrees of compar. are these ? and transl. : the crow is very weak and very greedy. 5. Give the fem. of berger, belier \ and the masc. of gloutonne, toute, 6. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut., the pr. and imp. Subj. oivit. 7. Cet exploit : why cet and not ce ? What is the fem. sing, of ce ? 8. Parse entreprit, and conjug. the pr. Subj. 9. Voulut : parse this verb, and conjug. neg. the pr. Ind. 10. Tellement: how was this adv. formed ? 11. Conjug. neg. the pr. Ind. and past def. of dit. 12. Conjug. w^err. the pr. Ind. of tiens and servirez, and transl. : do not imitate the foolish crow. 30. Le renard et le corheau, — Un corbeau, ayant vole sur une fenetre un fromage, se disposait a le manger, lorsqu'un renard Faper9ut et lui tint ce langage : " Que vous etes beau, maitre corbeau ! Que d'eclat dans tout votre plumage ! Que de graces dans tons vos traits ! Si vous saviez chanter, aucun oiseau ne saurait Femporter sur vous." Le sot, voulant faire entendre sa voix, ouvre son bee et laisse tomber le fromage. Le ruse renard s'en saisit avec avidite et laisse le corbeau attrape gemir de sa sottise. FABLES. 13 neg. the pr. Ind. and the fut. 6. Conjug. neg. the pr. Ind. of vou- lant and faire. 7. Give the p. p. of ouvre, and the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. 8. Give the 1st p. sing, of the pluperf. (Ind. and Subj.) of tomber. 9. S^enivrer : conjug. in- terr. the past indef. of this verb. 10. Put in the pi. and in the interr. the whole of the last sentence : Celui qui .... amer repentir. Celul qui aime ^ s'enivrer de louanges mensongeres en est toujours puni plus tard par un amer repentir. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the pi.: Un corbeau, ayant vole un fromage, se disposait a le manger, lorsqu'un renard Vapergut et lui tint ce langage. 2. Avait vole; se disposait ; apergut ; tint : parse these verbs, and, in each case, give the prim, tenses. 3. Conjug. neg. the fut. of apergut f and the pr. Subj. of tint. 4. Give the fem. of beau, maitre, tous, sot, amer. 5. Parse saviez; and conjug. interr. with a 31. Le lion et le renard. — Un lion, devenu vieux et incapable d'aller a la chasse, resolut d'avoir recours h. la ruse pour pourvoir a sa nourriture. II se retira done dans son autre, s'y coucha et fit semblant d'etre malade. Quand les animaux vinrent lui faire visite, 11 les saisit et les devora. Un renard, s'etant doute de I'artifice, vint lui demander comment il se portait, mais il eut la precaution de se tenir hors de I'antre. " Je suis bien malade," dit le lion, " mes forces m'abandonnent de jour en jour; mais pourquoi n'entres-tu pas, mon ami ?" — " Parce que," repliqua le renard, " je vois bien les traces de ceux qui sont entres dans ton autre, et que je n'en vois aucune de ceux qui en sont sortis." L'homme prudent et observateur sait prevoir le danger et I'eviter. masc. gender? 8. Conjug. the im- per. of fit. 9. Give the sing, of les animaux, les traces de ceux qui sont entre's. 10. Conjug. neg. the fut. of je vois. 11. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut., and of the pr. and imp. Subj. of sait and pr^coir. 12. Turn into Fr. : How are you ? — Not very well. Are you ill^ — / don't know. Come in, my friends. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the fem. : un lion devenu vieux. 2, Parse devenu, and give its prim, tenses. 3. Conjug. the pr. Ind. of aller. 4. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. and of the pr. Subj. of resolut. 5. Give the prim, tenses oi pourvoir, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. 6. Conjug. interr., with a neg., the past indef. of se retira. 7. Son antre : why is antre of the 32. Les deux taureaux et les deux grenouilles. — Deux taureaux se battaient dans une prairie : une grenouille les aper9ut et se jeta dans I'eau tout effrayee. " Qu'avez-vous ?" lui demande une autre grenouille. — " Ah !" repondit la premiere, " nous sommes perdues. J'ai vu deux taureaux se battre." — " Qu'est-ce que cela nous fait ?" — *' Quoi ! vous n'apprehendez pas le malheur qui nous menace ?" — ** Quel malheur done ? Je n'en vois aucun pour nous, quand ils se mettraient en pieces : leur espece est si differente de la notre." — *' Cela est vrai," repliqua la sage grenouille, "mais vous ne con- siderez pas que le vainqueur ne souffrira pas que le vaincu reste 14 FABLES. dans les prairies ; par consequent il viendra se refugier dans nos marais et nous foiilera aux pieds." Les petits souffrent toujonrs des querelles des grands. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse se hattaient, and conjug. interr. the fut. anterior of this verb. 2. Put in the pi. : une grenouille les apergut^ et se jeta dans Veau tout effrayee. 3. Conjug. interr., with a neg., the pr. Ind. of apergut, and the fut. of Si? jeta. 4. Premiere : transl. : Are you the first ? — No ; I am the twenty- first ; and write the French for 3rd, 11th, 19th, 30th, 70th, 85th, 92nd, 98th, 100th. 5. Parse repondit, and give the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. 6. Menace : what observation is to be made about the verbs ending in cer ? Illustrate your answer by- examples. 7. Conjug. interr., with a neg., the pr. Ind. and the fut. of vois. 8. Give the 1st. p. (sing, and pi.) of the past Cond. and pluperf. Subj. of se mettraient. 9. Give the sing, of taureaux, marais, pieds. 10. Form the adv. of manner of vrai and sage. 11. Conj. the pr. Ind. of souffrira and viendra. 12. Turn into Fr. : Two little frogs, not willing to remain in the meadow, took refuge in a marsh. 33. Le cerf pres Wune fontaine. — Un cerf, apres avoir bu a nne fontaine, s'y arreta et apercut dans I'eaii son image. Tandis qu'il regardait avec admiration sa haute ramure, et se plaignait amere- ment de I'excessive delicatesse de ses jambes, il entendit tout-a- coup les cris des chasseurs. II fuit aussitot a travers champs, et sa course legere met les chiens en defaut. II cherche asile dans la foret, mais, arrete par les branches ou son bois s'embarrasse, il est bientot dechire par les dents cruelles des chiens. " Malheureux que je suis," dit-il en mourant, "je comprends maintenant, mais trop tard, combien m'etait utile ce que je meprisais, et combien m'est funeste ce dont j'etais si tier !" Ce qu'on meprise est souvent plus utile que ce qu'on vante. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Pres de: what is the difference of mean- ing between pres de and pret a ? and turn into Engl. : Vhomme, quand il est pres de mourir, n'est pas toujours pret a mourir. 2. Parse avoir bu, and conjug. the pr. Ind. and the fut. 3. Conjug. neg. the pr. Subj. of apergut. 4. Son image : image is a s.f. ; why son before it ? Turn into Fr. : My father, mother, and sisters will go into the fo7'est to-day. 5. Se plaignait : parse this v. ; give its prim, tenses, and conjug. the past anterior of the Ind. 6. How was ' the adv. amerement formed ? Give ! the advs. of manner of haut and fier, 7. What is the masc. of excessive, le'gere, cruel le ; and the fem. of chasseurs, malheureux, funeste, fier ? 8. Put in the pi. the whole of the first sentence : Uh cerf .... son image. 9. Parse the foil, verbs : fuit, met, s'emharrasse, est dechire'. 10. Conjug. neg. the imper. of dit-il. 11. Give the 1st p. sing, of the past def., the fut., and the pr. and imp. Subj. of mourant. 12. En mourant : what is en'i What tenses and mood do the French prepositions govern ? 34. Le lion et le mulot. — Un mulot, en sortant de terre, eveilla un lion qui dormait paisiblemcnt dans une foret. Le lion se saisit FABLES. 15 aussitot de rinfortune qui, d'lm ton suppliant, lui domanda pardon de son etourderie. Le roi des animaux, regardant comme indigne de lui de se venger d'un mulot, lui pardonna et le laissa aller. Quelque temps apres, le lion, errant pendant la nuit, tomba dans un piege et fit retentir la foret de ses rugissements. Le mulot accourut et lui dit : " Vous n'avez rien a craindre, je n'ai pas oublie que je vous dois la vie." Ce disant, il se met a ronger les mailles et a coupcr les noeuds du filet, et rend la liberte a son bienfaiteur. Nous devons, autant que nous le pouvons, rendre service a tout le monde, memo a nos inferieurs. Qui salt si nous n'aurons pas un jour besoin d'eux ? pr. Ind. and the fut. of aller. 8. Quelque temps : what is quelque ? Turn into Fr. : You have time to do this four times, 9. Ses 7'ugisse- ments : give the masc. sing, of ses, and state when it is used before a s.f. Which is the only fem. Fr. subst. ending in -ment ? 10. Conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. of accourut, dit, dois. 11. Autant que nous le pouvons : what is le here ? Conjug. interr., vnth a neg., the pr. Ind. of pouvons. 12. Qui sait: what is qui'i Parse sait, and conjug. the imper. of this verb. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Un lion qui dormait : give the fem. of lion ; what is qui ? Parse dor- mait'^ give its prim, tenses, and conjug. (a) interr. and (b) neg., the pr. Ind. and past def of this verb. 2. Faisiblement : how was this adv. formed? 3. Foret: account for the circumflex accent, and name the three persons which, in all personal verbs, take this accent. 4. Put in the pi. the whole of the sentence : Le lion se saisit .... so7i etourderie. 5. Give the fem. of roi, bienfaiteur. 6. Se venger : conjug. the past Subj. of this V. 7. Conjug. interr. the 35. Le cJiien et le loup. — Un loup d'une excessive maigreur, ayant rencontre par hasard un chien qui etait gros et gras, lui dit : " D'ou vient, je te prie, que tu as si bonne mine, et que manges-tu pour avoir ce merveilleux embonpoint ? moi qui suis bien plus fort que toi, je meurs de faim." — " Tu peux jouir des memes avantages que moi," dit naivement le chien, " si tu consens a rendre a un maitre les memes services que moi." — " Et quels sont ces services ?" — " Garder la porte pendant le jour, et la nuit, defendre la maison contre les voleurs." — " Me voila tout pret, car, etant toujours expose a la neige et a la pluie, je traine an fond des bois une vie miserable." — " Viens done avec moi," dit le chien. lis partent ensemble, mais chemin faisant, le loup s'aper9oit que le cou du chien est pele. "Ami," dit-il, "d'oii vient cela?" — "Ce n'est rien." — "Mais encore?" — " C'est qu'on m'attache quelquefois," reprit le chien en hesitant, " afin que, restant tranquille pendant le joar, je sois plus vigilant pen- dant la nuit. Le soir, on me detache et alors je cours oii bon me semble. On m'apporte du pain ; le maitre me regale des os de sa table ; les domestiques me donnent de bons morceaux. C'est ainsi que, sans fatigue, je fais toujours bonne chere et mene une vie delicieuse." — "Fort bien," repliqua le loup, "mais as-tu la liberte de sortir quand tu veux ?" — " Pas toujours." — " En ce cas, mon ami, 16 .FABLES. joiiis seul de tes repas magnifiques ; je ne voudrais pas meme d'un royaume, au prix de ma liberte." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the masc. of excessive^ honne, ddi- cieuse, miserable; and the fem. of gros, gras, merveilleux, quels, fort, maitre, voleur, man ami. 2. Give the sing, of des memes avantages, quels sont ces services, des bois, des os, de bons morceaux, de tes repas ma- gnifiques ; and put in the pi. : moi qui suis bien plus fort que toi, je meurs defaim-; a un maitre; viens done avec moi ; le hup s'apergoit que le cou du chien est pel€; le maitre me regale des os de sa table; as-tu la liberte de sortir quand tu veux ? je ne voudrais pas meme d'un royaume, au prix de ma liberty. 3. Tu as si bonne mine : what means si before a V. ? Give the comp. and superl. absolute of bonne. 4. How was the adv. ndivement formed ? Give the advs. of manner of gras, mer- veilleux, miserable, vigilant. 5. Parse the foil, verbs, and in each case give the prim, tenses : tu peux ; tu consens ; viens ; dit ; s'apergoit ; reprit ; je cours ; je fais ; as-tu ; tu veux ; jouis. 6. Bonne chere: what means chere, adj. ? 7. Fas toujours : why not ne pas toujours? Transl. into Fr. : We must not always revenge ourselves, and give the rules about the negatives. 8. Conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. of the irr. verbs dire, faire, pouvoir. 36. Les hoeufs en querelle. — Dans un pays peuple de betes feroces, il y avait plusieurs boeufs qui paissaient tranquillement au milieu d'une vaste prairie. Comme lis vivaient ensemble dans une parfaite union, et qu'ils etaient toujours prets a se defendre mutuellement, aucune bete feroce n'osait les attaquer. Aussitot qu'ils en voyaient une roder au loin pour chercher a les surprendre, ils couraient tons les uns pres des autres et se rangeaient en cercle, la tete en dehors, mena9ant I'ennemi commun de I'eventrer avec leurs comes aigues. Le cercle etant bien ferme de tons les cotes, aucun d'eux ne pou- vait etre attaque par derriere, ce qui etait le seul moyen de les vaincre. Aussi longtemps qu'ils surent entretenir cette bonne intelligence, ils vecurent nombreux et tranquilles. Mais enfin, pour une vetille, ils en vinrent a une dispute serieuse; et comme aucun d'eux ne voulut ceder et reconnaitre qu'il avait eu tort, ils s'accablerent d'invectives et finirent par s'en aller chacun de son cote. lis ne tarderent pas a sentir les suites funestes de cette division. Lorsqu'il paraissait une bete feroce, ils ne couraient plus se ranger cote a cote dans un cercle bien serre, pour se defendre reciproque- ment. Celui qui etait attaque le premier se voyait abandonni de tons ses camarades, qui ne.songeaient qu'a leurs affaires personnelles. 11 y en eut plusieurs qui furent devores de cette maniere en pen de jours. Si du moins cet exemple avait rendu les autres plus sages, et qu'il les eiit engages a se reunir, ils auraient encore ete en etat, malgre leurs per tes, de se defendre centre leurs ennemis. Au lieu de cela, leur querelle en devint plus vive que jamais. L'un reprochait a I'autre d'etre la premiere cause de ses malheiurs. Des reprocbes, FABLES. 17 ils en vinrent a des coups de comes sanglants. Le bruit du combat ayant attire leurs ennemis bors de la foret, ceux-ci profiterent de la lassitude et de la faiblesse des combattants pour les egorger tous les uns apres les autres, en sorte qu'il n'en resta pas un seul pour raconter ce funeste evenement a ses neveux. L'union fait la force. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. II y avait plusieurs bceufs: parse il y avait, and put it (a) in the interr., and (6) in the neg. form. 2. Fais- saient : parse this verb. 3. Conjug. the pr. Ind. and past def. of vivaient. 4. Tranquillement ; mutuellement : how were these advs. formed ? Give the adv. of commun. 5. Account for the circumflex accent in hete, tete, and i^econnaitre. When do you find this accent in the conjug. of verbs ending in aitre ? 6. Leurs comes aigues : put this in the sing., and account for the diaeresis. 7. Give the prim, tenses of vaincre, and conjug. the pr. Ind. and Subj. of this verb. 8. Parse surentj vinrent^ voulut. 9. Conjug. (a) neg. and (6) interr. with a neg. the pr. Ind. of ceder, and comment on the different accents. 10. Put in the pi. : Celui qui etait attaque le premier se voyait abandonne de tous ses camarades. 11. Account by rule for the e after g in songeaient. 12. Turn into Fr. : Live amicably with your friends ; yield to them sometimes, and you will he able to defend yourselves against your enemies. Fr. p. II. ( 18 ) HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 1. Le roi Alphonse disait que la meilleure garde d'lm prince est I'amour de ses sujets. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, subst. corresponding to roi and prince. 2. What is la meilleure ? 3. What is the meaning of garde, subst. niasc. ? 4. Parse disait, and conjugate the pr. Ind. of the same. 5. Put the above sentence in an interr. form with a neg. 2. Fenelon avait perdu tous ses livres dans un incendie. " J'aime mieux," dit-il, " que ma bibliotheque soit brulee que la chaumiere d'un pauvre paysan." Grammatical Questions. — 1. What is the meaning of livre, s.f. ? 2. Put in the interr. form: faime mieux. 3. Soit hrulee: why the Subj. mood 3. Avant la bataille d'lvry, Henri IV dit a ses troupes: "Je suis votre roi, vous etes Fran9ais ; voil^ I'ennemi, suivez-moi !" Grammatical Questions. — 1. Av- ant : what is the difference between this word and devant, both meaning before in Engl. ? 2. If suis were a V. a., what would Je suis votre here ? 4. Transl. into Fr. : / burnt f^y fi'^g^f^' 5. Conjug. interr. the pres. Indie, of perdu. roi mean? 3. Put Je suis votre roi in the pi., and in an interr. form, with a neg. 4. Suivez-moi: how is it that moi is used after the v. ? 4. Henri lY voyant, k la journee d'lvry, son avant-garde plier et quelques soldats prets a fuir, leur cria : " Tournez la tete de ce cote ; si vous ne voulez pas combattre, du moins voyez-moi mourir." — 11 n'en fallut pas davantage pour lui assurer la victoire. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Voy- ant, voulez, mourir : give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of these verbs. 2. Parse fallut, and transl. into Fr. : Soldiers, you must fight, you must die for your country. 3. What differ- ence is there between plus and da- vantage? 4. Turn into Fr. : 2'he soldier, not wishing to fight, ran away. 5. Une autre fois il leur dit : " Enfants, si vous perdez vos en- seignes, suivez mon panache blanc : vous le trouverez toujours sur le chemin de I'lionneur et de la gloire," HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 19 Grammatical Questions, — 1. Ex- plain, by etymology, the difference of meaning between foi, foie, and fois. 2. Give the fem. of blanc. 3. Conjug. neg. the pres. and imp. Subj. of suivez. 4. Is there a plural form of honneur and gloire ? If so, what is the meaning ? 6. Le couragenx Kaleigli, en montant siir I'ecliafaud, demande a voir la liache du bourreau. II en examine le tranchant, et dit en souriant : " Le remede est violent, mais il guerit de tons les manx." p. sing, of the fut. of voir ; the 2nd p. pi. of the pres. Indie, of dit, and the 1st p. pi. of the pres. Subj. of souriant. 5. Put in the pi. the whole of the sentence: Le remede est violent .... maux. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of courageux, the pi. of bourreau, and the sing, of maux. 2. II en examine ; en souriant : what kind of word is en in each case? 3. Form advs. of manner with cou- rageux and violent. 4. Give the 1st 7. La Kochejaquelein, pour tonte harangue a ses soldats an moment d'une bataille, leur disait : " Si j'avance, suivez-moi ; si je reciile, tuez-moi ; si je meurs, vengez-moi." disait. 5. When does the c in the v. avancer take a cedilla ? 6. Conjug. the imper. of disait; and give the 1st p. sing, of the imp. Subj. of suivez, the 3rd p. pi. of the fut. of Tneurs, and the pres. part, of vengez. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Leur disait: parse these two words. 2. When does leur take the mark of the pi. ? 3. Does it ever take the mark of the fem. ? 4. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the pres. and imp. Subj. of 8. Le clieval de Napoleon ayant pris le mors aux dents, im jeune lieutenant I'arreta. " Merci, capitaine," lui dit I'empereur . . . . — "Dans quel regiment?" demanda I'officier, pour s'assurer d'un avancement si prompt .... " Dans ma garde," repondit I'empereur, qui se plaisait a recompenser la presence d'esprit. does the v. prendre take two ?i's in its conjug. ? 5. Account for the cir- cumflex accent in arreta. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Does this please you ? If you please. Will you walk or ride ? Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the pi. of cheval and mors, and the fem. of empereur. 2. Give the pri- mitive tenses of pris. 3. Conjug. interr. the pres. Ind. of the same v., and the past def. of dit. 4. When 9. Les habitants d'une ville allemande offrirent au marechal do Turenne uno somme de cent mille ecus, pour qu'il ne fit point passer son armee sur leur territoire. Turenne repondit aux deputes : " Comme votre ville n'est pas sur la route que je me propose de suirre, je ne puis accepter I'argent que vous m'offrez." Grammatical Questions. — 1. When • does cent tal:e the mark of the pi. ? | 2. Turn into Fr. : the year eighteen \ hundred. 3. Write in Fr. : two thou- \ sand miles ; the year one thousand ! eight hundred and seventy-four ; and I give the rules. 4. Give the pi. of \ marechal, and the p.p. of offrirent 5. Conjug. the imper. of fit, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of puis, conjug. interr. with a neg. 6. Trans], into Fr. : Will you accept the money I offer you ? c 2 20 HISTOKIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 10. Mob de Socrate sur les amis. — Socrate se faisait batir une toute petite maison. Un critique s'ecria : " A quoi bon batir une si petite maison ?" — " Plaise au Ciel," repondit Socrate, " que je puisse la remplir de vrais amis !" Le nom d'ami est bien commun, mais I'amitie est bien rare. a pers. pron. foil, by a r. ? 5. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. of puisse. 6. Form an interr. sen- tence with a neg. with : Le nom d*ami .... bien rare. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the irr. compar. of petite. 2. Toute petite : why toute in the fem., as it is an adv. ? 3. Conjug. the past indef. of s'ecria. 4. What does si mean, (a) before an adj., and (6) before 11. Langage parlementaire. — Un depute, ayant une pique d'amour-propre avec un de ses collegues, lui disait : " Enfin, mon- sieur, vous n'avez point encore ouvert la boucbe dans la Chambre." — " Vous vous trompez," repartit celui-ci, " car toutes les fois que vous avez parle, je n'ai pu m'empecher de bailler." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Con- of meaning is there between rejoar^ir jug. neg. the pres. Ind. of ouvert. and repartir ? 5. Give the pi. (m. 2. Give the pi. of monsieur. 3. Con- and fem.) of celui-ci. 6. Transl. into jug. neg. the pluperf Indie, of vous Fr. : Can I help talking f vous trompez. 4. What difference ] 12. Un grand seigneur ignorant, voyant un jour Descartes qui faisait bonne chere, lui dit : " Eh quoi ! les philosophes usent-ils de ces friandises?" — "Et pourquoi non ?" lui repondit-il. "Vous imaginez-vous que la nature n'ait produit les bonnes choses que pour les ignorants ?" chair (subst.), chaire (subst.)? 4. Usent-ils de : what does user, u.a., mean ? give two examples. 5. N'ait produit: why the Subj. here? 6. Give the compar. of inferiority of bonnes, and transl. into Engl. : Get enfant aime beaucoup sa bonne. Grammxitical Questions. — 1. What is the meaning of grand, according as it is placed before or after the subst. homme ? 2. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the past def., the fut., the pres. and imp. Subj. of voyant. 3. What difference of meaning is there be- tween chere (subst.), chere (adj.), 13. A. la bataille de Fehrbellin, I'^filecteur Fr^deric-Guillaume montait un cbeval blanc. Son ecuyer Froben, remarquant que les Suedois dirigeaient leurs coups sur ce cbeval, pria le prince de I'ecbanger centre le sien, sous pretexte qu'il etait ombrageux. A peine etait-il en selle qu'il re9ut un coup de feu et tomba raide mort aux pieds de son souverain dont il venait de sauver la vie. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of blanc, le sien, ombrageux. 2. Account for the e in dirigeaient. 3. What is the fem. of prince? 4. Conj..ug. interr. with a neg. the past anterior of tomba, and neg. the pluperf Subj. of venait. 5. Transl. into Fr. : Is your horse white ? Did not Froben save the life of his sove- reign ? inSTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 21 14. La montre dit grenadier prussien. — Un grenadier du roi de Prusse portait, a defaut de montre, une assez grosse balle attacheo h im cordon. Frederic en fut averti. A la parade, il demanda au soldat de lui faire voir sa montre ; celui-ci s'en defendit d'abord, mais force lui fut d'obeir. " Eh bien," lui dit le roi, " quelle lieure pent te dire cette balle?" — "Elle me dit," reprit le soldat, "qu'a toute heure je dois etre pret amourir pour Votre Majeste." Frederic, charme de cette reponse, tira sa montre de son gousset et la donna au grenadier. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of roi, and the masc. of grosse. 2. Attachee: why is this p. p. in the fem. : 3. Trans], into Fr. : What o'clock is it 9 Ten o* clock ; I shall be ready at half-past ten. 4. What prep, does obe'ir require after it ? give an example. 5. Give the primitive tenses of dois, and mourir. 6. Turn into Fr. : Her Majesty the Queen of England ; His Majesty the Emperor of Russia. 15. La halafre. — Dans une revue que passait Frederic II, il re- marqua un soldat dont le visage portait une enorme balafre, et il lui dit : " Dans quel cabaret as-tu ete equipe de cette facon ?" — " Sire, dans un cabaret ou vous avez paye I'ecot : a Kollin." En cffet, ce fut aux environs de cette ville que Frederic fut complete- ment battu par les Autrichiens commandes par le marechal Daun. Quoique la repartie fiit piquante pour lui, Frederic en parut satis- fait, et, tirant sa bourse de sa pocbe, il I'offrit au soldat. here ? 5. Conjug. interr. the pres. Indie, of hattu, and give the primi- tive tenses of satisfait. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Where is your purse ? 1 left it in my room. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse: Dans une revue que passait Frederic. 2. Transl.: Henry the First, James the Second, William the Third. 3. Conjug. the pres. Indie, oi paye. 4, La re- partie fut: why the Subj. mood 16. Le ministre sans faqon. — La premiere fois que M. de Cor- biere fut admis a travailler avec Louis XVIII, il se mit tout de suite a son aise, et deposa successivement sur le bureau du roi : son etui a lunettes, sa tabatiere, son foulard, son agenda. Le roi, qui le regardait faire, lui dit alors d'un ton un peu narquois : " Mais, monsieur de Corbiere, vous videz vos poches !" *' Sire," repliqua le ministre, sans se deconcerter, " Yotre Majeste aimerait-elle mieux que je les remplisse ?" Grammatical Questions. — 1. Con- jug, interr. the fut. passive of admis, and the future of se mit. 2. How was the adv. successivement formed ? 3. What is the meaning of the sing. of lunettes? 4. Give the 1st p. sing. of the pres. and imp. Subj. of faire. 5. Conjug. neg. the past indef. of se deconcerter. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Empty your pockets. You do not icork. Where is the master's snuff- box'} 17. Le medecin et le grand Frederic. — Toutes les fois que le grand Frederic rencontrait un medecin, la premiere chose qu'il lui 22 HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. demandait — c'etait le nombre de personnes qu'il avait envoyees dans I'aiitre monde. L'un d'eux lui repondit tin jour : " Pas tant que vous, sire." Frederic lui tourna le dos et ne lui park plus jamais. Grammatical Questions. — 1. When is 2^'^>^sonne of the masc. gender ? 2. Account for the agreement of the p. p. envoyees. 3. Put in the fern. : Vun d'eux. 4. What difference of meaning is there between un jour and uncjournee ? 5. Pas tant : why- one neg. only ? 6. Conjug. inten\ the pres. Indie, oi parla. 18. Swift et les impots. — Les impots etaient fort eleves en Angle- terre au siecle dernier, et on en imaginait tons les jours de nouveaux. Un jour, Swift se promenant dans la campagne avec quelques per- sonnes, une dame dit : " Que I'air est bon ici !" Swift se precipita aussitot aux pieds de cette dame en s'ecriant : " Au nom du Ciel, madame, parlez plus bas de la bonte de Fair ! on mettrait un impot Grammatical Questions. — 1. Eleves : why is this p. p. in the pi. masc. ? 2. Give the fern. sing, of nouveaux. 3. Give the 1st p. sing, of the pres. Indie, the past def,, and the past Condit. of se prom£nant. 4. Transl. into Fr. : / shalLgo in the country to-morrow ; do you live in the country'? 5. Give the two pi. forms of ciel with their respective meanings. 6. Form an interr. sentence with a neg. with : On mettrait un impot dessus. 19. U7ie legon de hienfaisance. — Un officier, homme de merite, se presenta un jour devant I'empereur Joseph et sollicita un secours pour sa famille qui etait dans le besoin. — " Je n'ai que vingt-quatre souve- rains d'or sur moi," lui dit I'empereur ; " les voici." — " C'est trop," murmura indiscretement un courtisan; "vingt-quatre ducats eus- sent suffi." L'empereur, qui I'avait entendu, lui dit : " Les avez- vous ?" Le courtisan s'empressa de les tirer de sa bourse et de les presenter h. Joseph II, qui les prit, les joignit aux vingt-quatre souverains, et dit 5, I'officier : "Kemerciez monsieur qui desire partager avec moi le plaisir de vous venir en aide." Put Grammatical Questions. — 1 in the pi. un officier^ un secours, mon- sieur. 2. Give the 1st p. sing, of the pres. Ind. of se p7^(fsenta, conjug. interr. 3. When does vingt take the mark of the pi. ? and write in Fr. : Eighty men. The year eight hundred and eighty. 4. Give the fem. of em- pereur, and the prim, tenses of prit and joignit. 5. Has the v. vouloir an imper. ? How do you render into Fr. : Be so kind as to ? 6. Translate into Fr. : Gentlemen, I thank ymt. Ladies, pray accept my best thanks. 20. Une ingenieuse flatterie. — L'abb6 de Voisenon, invite ^ diner par le prince de Conti, oublia I'invitation ; comme on lui rapportait que le prince etait tres-fache centre lui, Voisenon se hata d'aller presenter ses excuses. Des que le prince raper9ut, il lui tourna le ^los. — "Ah! monseigneur, que je suis heureux de voir que vous ne m'en voulez plus," s'ecria I'abbe. — "Comment cela ?"— " Votre Altesse me tournc le dos et ce n'est pas ainsi qu'EUe agit devant ses ennemis." HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 23 Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. subst. corresponding to prince and monseigneur. 2. What does the particle de before a proper noun mean in Fr. ? 3. Conjug. neg. the imper. oi se hdta. 4. Name the three L. verbs from which are bor- rowed persons and tenses of the v. alter. 5. Turn into Fr. : His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales ; Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Were you not happy to see that the prince was no longer angry with you ? 21. L^autographe. — M. le prince de Metternicli, proprietaire du celebre vignoble de Johannisberg, faisait une collection d'auto- graphes. II en fit demander un au spirituel critique, Jules Janin, qui lui envoya I'autographe suivant : " Je, soussigne, reconnais avoir recu de M. le prince de Metternicli vingt-cinq bouteilles de vin de Johannisberg, pour lesquelles je le prie d'agreer mes remerciments. Signe: Jules Janin." II est inutile d'ajouter que cet autographe eut un plein succes. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of spirituel and prince. 2. What is the meaning of critique, s.f.? 3. Conjug. the pres. Ind. of envoya, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of the same v. 4. Explain the difference of meaning between une bouteille a vin and une bouteille de vin. 5. Remerciments : which is the only Fr. sf. ending in ment? 6. Put in the pi. the whole of the sentence: JCy soussigne .... remerciments. 22. Leonidas aux Thermopyles. — Le roi Xerces, etonne de la tranquiliite des Lacedemoniens, attendit quelques jours pour leur laisser le temps de la reflexion. Le cinquieme, il ecrivit a Leonidas : " Si tu veux te soumettre, je te donnerai I'empire de la Grece." Leonidas repondit : " J'aime mieux mourir pour ma patrie que de I'asservir." Une seconde lettre du roi ne contenait que ces mots : " Rends-moi tes armes." Leonidas ecrivit au-dessous : " Yiens les prendre." — L'Abb:^ BAKTHifcLEMY. Grammatical Questions. — 1. At- tendit : illustrate the difference be- tween this V. and the Engl. v. to attend by transl. into Fr. : Wait for me ; attend to me ; do you attend this professor's lectures ? the sisters of mercy attend the sick ; attend to your business ; the m,arshal was at- tended by a brilliant staff, 2. Give the Srd p. sing, of the pres. and imp. Subj. of Ecrivit. 3. Put in the pi. : Si tu veux te soumettre. 4. Give the 1st p. sing, of the future of veux and mourir. 5. Parse the verbs con- tenait and viens, and give the 1st p. sing, of the pres. Subj. of each. 6. Put in the neg. : Rends-moi tes arm£s. 23. La hi du talion. — Un etranger ayant vendu a une imperatrice romaine de fausses pierreries, elle en demanda a son epoux une justice eclatante. L'empereur, plein de clemence et de bonte, mais ne pouvant la calmer, condamna, pour la satisfaire, le joaillier a etre expose dans I'arene. L'imperatrice s'y rendit avec toute sa cour pour jouir de sa vengeance. Au lieu d'une bete feroce, il ne sortit centre le mal- heureux, qui s'attendait ^ perir, qu'un agneau qui vint le caresser. L'imperatrice, outree de se voir jouer, s'en j^laignit amerement a 24 HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. remperenr : "Madame," repondit-il, "j'ai puni le criminel suivant la loi dii talion; il vons a trompee,— il a ete trompe a son tour." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, form of etrangev, epoux, malheurcux ; and the masc. offausse. 2. Put in the pi. : File en demanda a son epoux une justice eclatante. 3. De fausses pierreries : why de and not des'i 4. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the pres. Indie, o^ pouvant, and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of the same in the neg. only. 5. Ayant vendu ; a etre expose ; outree ; il vous a trompee : account, in each case, for the agreement or non- agreement of the past part. 6. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : // a ete trompe" a son tour ; and give the meaning of tour when it is a s.f. 24. Alexandre, roi de Macedoine. — Pendant ime marche longue et penible dans tin pays aride, Alexandre et son armce souffraient extremement de la soif. Qiielqiies soldats, envoy es a la decouverte, trouverent im pen d'eau dans le creiix d'un rocher et I'apporterent an roi dans nn casque. Alexandre fit voir a ses soldats, pour les encourager h, supporter la soif avec patience, cette eau qui leur annonfait une source voisine. Ensuite, au lieu de laboire, il la jeta par terre, aux yeux de toute I'armee. Les Macedoniens applau- dirent par de .grandes acclamations a cette abstinence hero'ique, et ne pensant plus a leur soif, ils declarerent au monarque qu'il pouvait les mener partout ou il voudrait, et qu'ils le suivraient jusqu'au bout du monde. gait: account, by rule, for the ce- dilla under the c. 5. Conjug. the pres. Indie, of hoire and jeta, and give the sing, of aux yeux. 6. What is the meaning of the foil, idiomatic expression : SHI a deux livres sur lui, c'est tout le bout du monde ? Grammatical Questions. — 1. Souf- fraient : why is this v. in the 3rd p. pi. ? give the prim, tenses of the same. , 2. How was the adv. ex- tremement formed? 3. Turn into idiomatic Fr. such sentences as those : / am thirsty ; are you hungry ? we are warm, they are cold. 4. Annon- 25. Modestie de Turenne. — La modestie etait la principale vertu du grand Turenne. Lorsqu'a la fin d'une campagne, il paraissait k la cour, il rendait justice a tons ses braves ofiiciers et n'oubliait personne que lui-meme. Dans le recit des batailles qu'il avait gagnees, il ne se nommait jamais ; on aurait dit qu'il n'en avait ete que simple spectateur ; parlait-il de celles qu'il avait perdues, il disait nettement : " C'est par ma faute." Une lettre qu'il ecrivit h. sa femme, apres avoir remporteunevictoire complete sur les Espagnols, peint encore mieux son coeur modeste. La voici : " Les ennemis sont venus a nous," dit-il ; " ils ont ete battus : Dieu en soit loue ! J'ai eu un pen de fatigue toute la journee. Je vous souhaite le bonsoir, et je vais me coucher." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Form the p. p. of paraissait ; when does the masc. pi. of prmc/pa/^, ce//(?s ; and the i take the circumflex accent in the fern. sing, of spectateur, 2. Give the conjug. of verbs ending in 'aitre? niSTOElETTES ET ANECDOTES. 25 3. What difference of meaning is there between un simple soldat and un soldat simple ? 4. Farlait-il : why is the pers. pron. after the v. here ? 6. How was the adv. netternent formed? and give the positive of mieux. 6. Turn into Fr. : Write a letter to your friend ; then come and wish me good night before going to bed. 26. Arlequin au souper du roi. — Dominique qui remplissait a la comedie italienne les roles d'arleqiiin, etait un excellent acteur. Louis XIY qu'il avait plus d'une fois fait rire par ses spirituelles bouffonneries I'aimait beaucoup. Un soir que, mele parmi les autres spectateurs, il assistait au souper de Louis XIV, ce prince s'aperce- vant que I'acteur considerait avec interet un plat de perdrix, qui se trouvait sur la table et que Ton allait desservir, dit : " que Ton donne ce plat a Dominique." — "Sire, et les perdrix aussi?" dit Dominique. Louis XIY sourit et, entrant dans Tidee de Dominique, repondit : " Et les perdrix aussi." Or, le plat etait d'or et valait bien deux cents pistoles. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Putin the fem. : un excellent acteur ; and form the adv. of excellent. 2. Transl. into Fr. : Francis the First and Henry the Fourth were kings of France. 3. Give the prim, tenses of rire, and conjug. the pres. and imp. Subj. of the same. 4. Illustrate, by a short sentence, the difference of meaning between soir and soiree. 5. Transl. into Fr. : Gold is the most precious of all metals. 6. Conjug. the pres. Indie, of valait \ account for the mark of the pi. in cents ; and form an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Le plat etait d'or. 27. L'dne du cure. — Un bon cure de campagne, devant tra- verser une riviere, venait a grand' peine de faire entrer son ane dans une barque oil deja se trouvait un officier. Celui-ci qui, peu charita- blement, s'etait amuse des efforts du cure, lui dit : *' II parait, mon- sieur le cure, que les anes ne sont pas tres-braves dans votre pays ; en voila un qui tremble de tons ses membres. II devrait cependant se rassurer en vous voyant pres de lui." " Si vous aviez comme mon ane," repartit le cure, " la corde au cou, les fers aux pieds et un pretre a vos cotes, vous trembleriez bien davanta2;e." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. subst. corresponding to ane, the superl. absolute of bon, and parse the V. devant. 2. What is the meaning of the V. venir foil, by the prep, de and an Infin. ? 3. Account for the apo- strophe in a grand* peine. 4. Give the compar. o{ peu. 5. Why the def. art. in : monsieur le cure''? 6. Conjug. the pluperf. Ind. of se rassurer, and give the 2nd p. pi. of the future of voyant. 28. Le paysan et son cine. — ^Un paysan alia un jour cbez son voisin, pour le prier de lui preter son ane. Ce voisin, qui n'etait pas tres-obligeant, lui repondit qu'il etait bien facb^ de ne pouvoir le faire, attendu qu'il I'avait deja prete a un autre. Comme il s'excusait ainsi, I'ane se mit a braire dans I'ecurie : " Ah !" dit lo paysan, " voila votre ane qui m'assure que vous I'avez prete ; il fauf 26 HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. avouer que vous etes bien aimable." — " Je vous trouve bien sin- gulier," lui repliqua le voisin, " de croire mon ane plutot que moi." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, of paysan, voisin, due. 2. Form the advs. of manner of ohligeant and singulier. 3. Parse alia and se mit, and conjug. interr. the pres. Ind. of each. 4. Transl. into Fr. : Will you lend me your donkey to-day ? 1 cannot ; I have already lent it to my neighbour. 5. Put in the pi. : Un paysan alia chez son voisin. 6. Put in the interr. with a neg. : Vane se mit a hraire. 29. Bonaparte ef la sentiiielle. — Apres la conquete d'Arcole, I'in- fatigable Bonaparte parcourait le camp dans la nuit. II apercoit une sentinelle endormie : il lui enleve doucement, et sans I'eveiller, son fusil, fait la faction a sa place et attend qu'on vienne le relever. Le soldat s'eveille enfin : quel est son trouble, quand il apercoit son general dans cette attitude ! II fait un cri : " Bonaparte ! je suis perdu !" — " Kassure-toi, mon ami," lui repond le general ; " apres tant de fatigues, il est bien permis 8i un brave comme toi de s'endormir, raais une autre fois cboisis mieux ton temps." — 0. Lacretelle. the pi. : JRassure-toi, mon ami. 5. Put in the interr. with a neg. ; Il est bien permis a un brave comme toi de s'endormir. 6. Transl. into Fr. : The sentinel is asleep : do not wake him up, but take away his musket. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse parcourait, and give the 1st p. sing. of the fut. of the same. 2. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the past indef. of aperqoit. 3. Account for the grave accent in enleve, and conjug. neg. the pres. Subj. of this verb. 4. Put in 30. Naivetes. — Un negociant ecrivant a son correspondant, ter- minait sa lettre en lui disant : " Dans le cas ou la presente ne vous parviendrait pas, veuillez m'en aviser courrier par courrier." Un autre ecrivait a son ami qu'il pensait avoir oublie cbez lui une boite d'or, et le priait de la faire cbercher et de la remettre au porteur de sa missive ; et en jpost-scriptum, il ajoutait : " Ne cbercbez pas ma boite, je viens de la retrouver," — puis il cacbette sa lettre et I'envoie. Un enfant, entendant parler d'ouvrages postbumes, demanda ce que cela voulait dire : " Mon fils," repondit le pere, " un ouvrage postbume est un livre qu'un auteur public apres sa mort." Un enfant demandait a son pere ce que c'etait qu'un lit de camp : — " C'est un lit de planches." — " Cela doit etre bien dur." — " Non, pas trop ; on choisit le bois le plus tendre." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Dans le cas ou : what kind of word is ou here ? 2. Parse veuillez, and conjug. the pres. Subj. of the same. 3. Give the 2nd p. pi. of the pres. Indie, the past def., the pres. and imp. Subj. of faire. 4. Conjug. the pres. Subj. of cacheter. 5. Transl. into Fr. : Have you written to your friend ? Not yet. Be so kind as to give the bearer of this note the book I left at your house some days ago. 6. Put in the interr. with a neg. : On choisit le bois le plus tendre. 31. Dehut de Terence. — Terence ayant fait sa premiere piece qu'il vendit aux 6diles pour etre representee, on exigea qu'il la lut aupa- HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 27 ravant an vieux poiite Ccciliiis, alors en grand renom, et qni faisait aussi I'office de censenr. Le jeune liomme se presenta done chez lui et le trouva a table ; comme il etait plus que modestement vetu et de chetivc apparence, on lui donna pres du lit de Cecilius un petit siege, une sellette, et il commen^a sa lecture. Mais aussitot les premiers vers entendus, Cecilius I'invita a souper et le fit asseoir a cote de lui : il avait reconnu un heritier et un confrere. La lecture de la piece s'acheva apres souper, a la grande admiration du juge qui n'etait plus qu'un ami. — Saikte-Beuve, Nouveaux Lundis. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Qu'il la lut: why the imp. Subj. here? 2. What kind of word is auparavant ? Transl. into Fr. : Come to see me before twelve o'clock (at noon). He arrived last night before twelve o'clock (at night). 3. Illustrate, by two short sentences, the difference of meaning between p7'es de and pret a. 4, Apparence : which is the only masc. Fr. subst. ending in eJice ? and give the irreg. compar. of petit. 5. Conjug. interr. the past Cond. of s'asseoir. 6. Put in the pi. the whole of the sentence : Le jeune homme .... apparence. 32. Esope. — Un jour Esope rencontra un voj^ageur, qui, apres Tavoir salue, lui dit : " En combien de temps pourrai-je arriver a ce bourg que nous voyons la-bas ?" — " Marche," lui repondit Iilsope. — " Je sais bien," lui replique le voyageur, " qu'il faut que je marche pour y arriver ; mais dis-moi en combien d'h cures j'y arriverai ?" — " Marche," lui repete Esope. — " Ce drole se moque de moi," dit I'etranger en murmurant : "je ne lui demanderai plus rien;" et il continue son chemin. — " He," lui crie ifisope, " im mot ! Dans deux heures tu arriveras an bourg." Le voyageur s'arrete tout etonne, et lui demande comment il se fait qu'il sache a present qu'il arrivera dans deux heures. " Eh ! comment pouvais-je te le dire, avant d'avoir vu comment tu marchais ?" Grammatical Questions. — 1 . Apres Vavoir salue": why the past Inf. here ? 2. Combien de temps : why the prep. de after combien ? 3. Que je marche : why the Subj. mood? 4. Conjug. interr. the past anterior of se moque , and make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : Ce drole se moque de moi. 5. Qu'il sache : why the Subj. mood? Conjug. the imper. oi fait and sache. 6. Turn into Fr. : A ti^aveller walked one hundred and eighty miles in nine days ; how many miles did he walk a day ? Give the answer in Fr. 33. La critique du cocker. — David avait mis a I'exposition du Louvre un de ses meilleurs tableaux ; lui-meme, confondu dans la foule, ecoutait les jugements du public, lorsqu'un homme qui, par son costume, paraissait etre un cocher de fiacre, regarda le tableau d'un air de dedain et haussa les epaules. David s'approcha en lui disant : " Je vols que ce tableau ne vous plait pas." — " Ma foi ! non." — " Et pourquoi cela ? vous voyez cependant que la foule semble I'admirer." — " La foule, la foule ! c'est un tas d'ignorants ; dites-moi, avez-vous jamais vu un cheval avoir la bouche pleine d'ecume, lorsqu'il n'a pas de mors ?" 28 IirSTOBIETTES ET ANECDOTES. La remarque etait juste. David se tut, mais des que le salon fiit ferme il effaca I'ecume. Grammatical Questions. — 1. What is the meaning of critique, s.m. ? 2. Parse the foil, verbs : avait mis, paraissait, plait, dites, avez-vous vu, se tut ; and, in each case, give the primitive tenses. 3. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the past def. and imp. Subj. of avait mis and paraissait, the 3rd p. sing, of the pres. and imp. Subj. o£ plait and dites, and the 1st p. sing, of the fut. (interr.) of avez-vous vu, and se tut. 4. Conjug. neg. the past indef. of acez-vous vu, and intcrr. the pluperf. ind. oi se tut. 5. Baussa les epaides: why /t's, and not scs"^ 6. Turn into Fr. : Do not shrug your shoulders, and hold your tongue. This coachman's horses ran away yesterday. 34. Le clieval de KosciusJco. — Kosciusko, ce Polonais au noble coeur, voulut un jour envoyer quelques bouteilles de bon vin a un ecclesiastique de Soleure. II choisit a cet effet un jeune homme nomme Zeltner, auquel il preta son cbeval de selle. Zeltner, a son retour, lui dit : " Mon general, je ne puis plus monter votre clieval, a moins que vous ne me donniez en meme temps votre bourse." — " Que veux-tu dire ?" demanda Kosciusko. — Zeltner repondit : " Des que, sur la route, un pauvre otait son chapeau et demandait I'aumone, le cheval s'arretait a i'instant, et ne se remettait en marche que lors- que le mendiant avait recu quelque chose. Lorsque I'argent vint a me manquer, je ne pus contenter le clieval et le faire avancer qu'en feignant de donner quelque chose a ceux qui me demandaient la charite." Subj. here ? 5. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the past Cond. of s'arretait. 6. What is the meaning of faire in le faire avancer ? Give the prim, tenses of feignant. Of what gender is quelque chose ? Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse voulut, and conjug. neg. the fut. of envoyer. 2. Transl. : Give me a bottle of good wine. I hare sent you a bottle of the good vnne Thought last year. 3. Give the pi. oi jeune homme. 4. Vous ne me donniez : why the 35. Le peintre a Veau. — II y a dans le greement d'un vaisseau un cordage auquel les Anglais donnent le nom de peintre, et qui sert a amarrer la chaloupe au vaisseau. Un jour, un peintre etait occupe a barbouiller una figure de Renommee a I'arriere du navire. Ijc capitaine qui venait d'aborder, cria au mousse du vaisseau : " Jette le peintre a Teau." Le mousse, qui ne connaissait pas encore ]e nom de ce cordage, courut a I'arriere ou I'ouvrier etait grimpe sur un leger echafaud ; il le poussa brusquement et le fit tomber a I'eau. " Mais jette done le peintre !" cria une seconde fois le capitaine d'une voix formidable en faisant retentir un juron. — " Je I'ai jete a la mer, capitaine, lui et son pot de couleurs, comme vous me I'avez dej^ ordonne." Heureusement pour le pauvre peintre, le capitaine comprit de quoi il s'agissait et le fit immediatement repecher. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put il 1 y a (a) in the neg., (b) in the interr., \ (c) in the interr. with a neg., and transl. into Fr. : Queen Victo?'ia HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 29 ascended the throne thirty -eight years ago. She was then nineteen years old, as she was horn on the twenty-fourth of May, eighteen hundred and nine- teen. She was crowned at Westmin- ster on the twenty-eighth of June, one thousand eight hundred and thirty -eight. 2. Conjug. m^err. the pres. Ind. of sei^t, and account for the spelling of jette. 3. Illustrate, by two examples, the difl'erence be- tween connaitre and savoir. 4. Con- jug, interr. with a neg. the pres. Ind. and the fut. of courut ; and transl. into Engl. : Ce predicateur est fort couru. Cette chanson court par la ville. 5. Put in the pi. : JeTaijete' a la mer, lui et son pot de couleurs. 6. Comprit, ft: conjug. neg. the pres. Ind. of these verbs. 36. Qui ne dit mot consent. — Un homme d'esprit se trouvait dans une grande detresse. II desirait un emploi de dix mille francs, alors vacant; mais comment I'obtenir? Une idee singuliere lui passa par la tete ; il fit une petition an roi de Kome, Cj^ui n'avait alors que six mois. Un officier general, attache au service de I'empereur, se chargea de lui presenter notre homme. Napoleon prit le placet et se mit a sourire, en voyant la suscription. " Eh ! bien," dit-il, " qu'on porte la petition a son adresse." Quatre chambellans conduisent done, cd ceremonie, le petitionnaire aupres du berceau du roi de Rome. Apres les saluts les plus profonds, il commence a haute et intelligible voix la lecture de son placet, pendant laquelle I'enfant-roi balbutia quelques sons. Apres avoir pris respectueuse- ment conge du roi de Rome, le petitionnaire fut reconduit devant Napoleon. — " Eh ! bien ! quelle reponse ?" — " Sire, Sa Majeste n'a rien repondu." — " Qui ne dit mot consent : la place est accordee." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. and the pres. Subj. of obtenir. 2. Give the fem. subst. corresponding to homme, roi, empereur, and the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of prit, mit, voyant, 3. What is the meaning of sour is, s.m., and souris, s.f. ? Conj. the imp. Ind. and the pres. Subj. of sourire. 4. Form the superl. absolute, and the adv. of manner of respectueux. 5. Transl. into Fr. : (a) I have dis' charged my servant. (6) This officer has obtained a leave of absence. (c) The master gave his pupils a holiday, a half-holiday, (d) Take leave of your friends before you start. 6. Account for the e in chargea, and for the agreement of the p. p. ac- corde'e with place. 37. U'tfi quiproquo. — Frederic II venait de faire present au comte de Schwerin d'une fort belle tabatiere, dans le couvercle de laquelle etait peint un ane. Le lendemain, le comte affecta de mettre la tabatiere sur la table. Le roi, qui voulait s'amuser aux depens de son grand ecuyer, parla du cadeau qu'il lui avait fait. La grande duchesse de Brunswick etait presente ; elle demanda a voir la tabatiere. Elle I'ouvre et s'ecrie : " Ah ! quelle ressemblance ! mon frere, voila peut-etre le meilleur portrait que j'aie jamais vu de vous." Le roi etait embarrasse ; il trouvait la plaisanterie de sa soeur un peu forte. La boite passe de main en main, et chacun de se recrier sur la ressemblance. Le roi ne savait que penser de cette scene, dans laquelle il lui parut qu'il jouait un role fort ridicule. Lorsque enfin la boite lui parvint, 11 reconnut, a sa 30 HISTOKIETTES ET ANECDOTES. grande surprise, son propre portrait que le comte avait substitue ^ la tete d'ane. Frederic ne put s'empecher de rire de ce bon tour. ouvre, and give the prim, tenses of both. 4. What is le meilleur, and account for the Subj. in fate vu? 5. Put in the interr. with a neg. : FrederiG ne put s'empecher de rire. 6. Conj. neg. the past Subj. of s'amuser. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, subst. corresponding to comte, dnCj frere ; and the two masc. forms of belle. 2. Turn into Fr. : / have just seen your brother. Where is the snuff-box you have just found ? — I put it on the table in the draw- ing-room. 3. Parse ^tait peint and 38. TJ71 Mecene anglais. — Spenser, fameux poete anglais, s'intro- duisit un jour dans la maison de sir Philip Sidney, dont il n'etait point connu, tenant a la main une copie d'un de ses poemes. On porte la copie au chevalier. Celui-ci la prend, la lit, et, frappe de la beaute des vers, il fait paraitre le transport le plus vif a la decouverte d'un genie si neuf et si rare. II lit passionnement quelques stances, et se tou.rnant vers son intendant: "Donnez," lui dit-il, "cinquante livres a I'auteur de ces vers." — II poursuit la lecture ; et, plus frappe encore d'une nouvelle stance, s'ecrie : "Doublez la somme." L'intendant etonne, differait d'executer I'ordre de son maitre. Sidney continue de lire ; sa liberalite s'accroit avec son admiration: "Je donne," dit-il, "deux cents livres;" et poussant son intendant par I'epaule : "Vite, vite, et sur-le-champ ; car si je lis davantage, je serai tente de donner tout mon bien." Grammatical Questions. — 1. Why is there no ind. art. before fameux poete anglais ? and transl. into Fr. : Is your friend a Frenchman ? Is not your father a physician? Your uncle, who is a distinguished lawyer, advised me as a friend not to prose- cute my servant, because he believes him to be an honest man. 2. Give the fern, of the foil. adj. : vif, neuf, rare, and conjug. interr. the past indef. of s'introduisit. 3. When do you find two /I's in the conjug. of tenant ? 4. Conjug. neg. the past def. of prend, lit, and the pres. Subj. of fait, paraitre, and dit. 5. What is the meaning of the foil, homonymous words : vers (prep.), vert (adj.), and the s.m. ver, verre, vers? 6. (a) Put in the pi. : Si je lis davantage, je serai tente' de donner tout mon bien. (6) Account for the s in deux cents livres. (c) What is the meaning of livre, s.m. ? 39. Probite scrupuleuse. — Un soir la voiture du vicomte de Turenne fut arretee par des voleurs qui se preparaient a le de- pouiller. Comme ils voulaient lui prendre une bague a laquelle il attachait beaucoup de prix, le marechal leur promit une somme de vingt louis, s'ils consentaient a la lui laisser. Les voleurs, trouvant cette proposition fort avantageuse, acceptent, et laissent partir le vicomte en liberte. Une promesse faite a des voleurs pour se tirer de leurs mains n'est peut-etre pas d'une nature tout h. fait invio- lable ; aussi, dans des cas ordinaires, ceux-ci ne s'y fieraient-ils pa.s. Mais le caractere de Turenne etait connu et les bandits ne doutaieiit nuUement de sa fidelite ^ remplir sa promesse. HISTOBIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 31 Le lendemain done, Tun d'eux se presenta chez Turenne, qui avait grande compagnie, et, sans embarras, comme sans inquietude, il lui demanda a I'oreille s'il se souvenait de I'engagement qu'il avait pris la veille. Le marechal avec cette bonne foi qui n'appar- tenait qu'a lui, fit compter la somme au voleur ; et, lui ayant laisse le temps de s'eloigner assez pour ne pas etre poursuivi, il raconta Taventure et conclut en disant que la parole d'un bomme d'honncur doit etre inviolable. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, of voleurs ; Vun d'eux ; and conjug. the past Cond. of se prepa- raient, 2. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the pres. Ind. and imp. Subj. of voulaient and prendre. 3. Leur pro- mit : what kind of word is leur ? when does leur take the mark of the pi. ? 4. What does somme, s.m., mean? 5. Une promesse faite : why is the p. p. faite in the fern. sing. ? 6. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the past def. of doit\ and transl. into Fr. : Do you rem£mber you promised me a ring ? — Yes, I remember it, but I have not yet had time to buy it. 40. La perruque et les Iroquois. — Un cliirurgien militaire qui faisait partie de I'armee du marquis de Montcalm, lors de la guerre de rindependance, fut fait prisonnier par les Iroquois. Comme il comprenait un pen la langue de ces sauvages, il entendit qu'on projetait de le scalper. " Vous osez parler de me scalper," dit-il d'une voix tonnante, " eh bien! approchez, si vous I'osez, car le Grand-Esprit, dont je suis protege, vous punira." En meme temps il ota sa perruque, car heureusement pour lui il etait devenu cliauve a la suite d'une maladie. II est impossible de peindre la frayeur des Indiens a cette vue ; mais elle augmenta bien plus encore lorsqu'il ajouta : " Sachez encore que je puis vous reduire tons en cendres avec le feu du soleil que je ferai descendre sur vous." En meme temps il tira de sa pocbe une forte loupe, et, saisissant la main d'un Iroquois, il dirigea dessus un rayon brulant qui fit jeter un cri de terreur et de surprise au sau- vage. Les Indiens terrifies lui demanderent grace et le conduisirent avec honneur jusqu'aux avant-postes franfais. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of marquis, prisonnier, and put in the pi. : Un chirurgien militaire, qui faisait partie de I'armee du mar- quis de Montcalm, fut fait prisonnier. 2. Give the 3rd p. pi. of the pr. Ind., and the whole of the pr. Subj. of comprenait. 3. Conjug. interr. the pres. Ind. of dit. 4. Give the prim. tenses of peindre, and give the 1st p. sing, of the imp. Ind. of this v., as well as ofpeigner, to comb. 5. Avant- postes : what kind of subst. is this ? How is it that posto alone takes the mark of the pi. ? 6. Transl. into Fr. : Bo you understand the language of these savages 'i — A little; enough to frighten them. 41. Le capucin et le voleur. — Un capucin, frere queteur, regagnait son convent, la besace bien garnie, lorsque dans un bois, il est arrete par un malfaiteur qui, le pistolet sur la gorge, lui demande 32 HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES. la bourse ou la vie. Le pauvre moine se resigne et se laisse enlever sa besace et une trentaine de francs d'aumones. Le bandit s'eloignait, lorsque le capucin le rappelant, lui dit : " Puisque voiis avez ete assez humain pour me laisser la vie, rendez- moi un service ; quand je rentrerai au convent, sans besace et sans argent, on ne me croira pas ; tirez un coup de pistolet dans mon manteau, je montrerai la trace du coup, et on sera bien force de reconnaitre que je dis la verite." — " Yolontiers, etendez votre man- teau ;" le voleur tire. — " Mais il n'y parait presque pas," dit le capucin. — "C'estque mon pistolet n'etait charge qu'a poudre." — " Mais vous en avez peut-etre un autre charge a balle." — *' Non vraiment ; je ne voulais que vous faire peur." — " Ah ! coquin !" s'ecrie le capucin ; " nous sommes a armes egales a present ;" il saute alors sur le voleur, et comme il etait vigoureux, il le terrasse 2t lui reprend sa besace et son argent, apres I'avoir roue de coups. silver. Have you any money in your Grammatical Questions. — 1. Za besace : why not, sa ? Why is the p. p. garnie in the fern. sing. ? 2. To what kind of numerals does tren- taine belong ? How is it formed ? Transl. into Engl. : il a pass€ la trentaine. 3. Rendez-moi: why is the pers. pron. after the v. ? 4. Sans besace et sans argent : why no art. before these subst. ? Transl. into Fr. : Gold is more heavy than purse'} NOj sir, I have no money with me. 5. Vous faire peur : why no art. heforepeur? Transl. into Fr. : It is very fine to-day. Yes, but it is rather too warm. 6. Sa besace et son argent : why is the poss. adj. repeated ? Give the 1st pers. (sing, and pi.) of the pr. Ind. of rappelant, croira, voulais, and form the adv. of manner of vigoureux. 42. Le gouverneur du Canada et les Iroquois. — Un olBficier d'un merite rare par ses vertus et ses talents militaires etait petit, mal fait et d'une figure pen avantageuse. Ayant ete nomme gouverneur du Canada, les Iroquois lui envoyerent des deputes pour renouveler leur alliance avec les Franfais. Arrives ^ Quebec, ils furent introduits chez le gouverneur. Le chef de I'ambassade avait prepare un dis- cours, dans lequel il employait les termes les plus pompeux pour faire I'eloge de la force du corps, de la hauteur de la taille, et de la bonne mine du general : qualites que ces sauvages estiment de pre- ference. Surpris de voir tout autre chose que ce qu'il avait imagine, il sentit que sa harangue ne cadrait point avec le personnage. Sans se deconcerter, il s'en tira par cette apostrophe qui n'est pas sans energie : " II faut que tu aies une grande ame," lui dit-il, " puisque le grand roi des Fran9ais t'envoie ici avec un si petit corps ! " Grammatical Questions. — 1. D'un merite rare : why is the adj. rare after merite? 2. Give the irr. comp. of jjetif, mal, peu, and the masc. of avantageuse. 3. Give the 3rd p. pi. of the pros. Ind., fut., and pres. Subj. of envoyerent. 4. Ac- count for the agreement of the p. p. arrives and introduits, and for the use of the Subj. mood in que tu aies. 5. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of surpris and voir. 6. Qualite's que ces . . .: why no art. before the subst. ? Conjug. interr. with a neg, the past Cond. of se deconcerter. HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 33 43. Prevenance du marechal de Turenne, — Turenne aper9ut un jour, dans son armee, un officier, d'une naissance distinguee, mais pauvre, qui etait tres-mal monte. II I'invita a diner, et le retenant apres le repas il lui dit avec bonte : " Monsieur, j'ai une priere a vous faire; vous la trouverez peut-etre un peu hardie; mais j'espere que vous ne me refuserez pas. Je suis vieux," continua-t-il, " et meme un peu incommode ; les chevaux vifs me fatiguent, et je vous en ai vu un sur lequel, je crois, je serais fort a mon aise. Serait-ce vous demander un trop grand sacrifice, que de vous pro- poser de me le ceder ?" L'officier ne repond que par une profonde reverence ; il va aussitot prendre son cheval, et I'amene lui-meme dans les ecuries de Turenne. Le lendemain, le marechal lui envoya, avec ses remerciments, un des plus beaux chevaux de I'armee. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the irr. sup. rel. oi tres-mal \ and con- jug, neg. the pres. Subj. of retenant, and interr. the pres. Ind. of invita. 2, Put in the fern. pi. : Je suis vieux, continua-t'il, et meme un peu incom- mode. 3. Je crois: give the three per- sons of the sing, of the pres. Ind. of this v., and of croitre, to grow. 4. Form the adv. of manner of vifs. Why is vifs after chevaux? 5. Con- jug, the pr. Ind. of ce'der, and ex- plain the changes of accent which occur in this tense. 6. Transl. into Fr. : / shall send you to-day a horse which is too spirited for me. My servant vjill take it himself to your stable. 44. Courage et hienfaisance d'un paysayi. — La grandeur d'ame ne suppose pas necessairement une haute naissance. Les senti- ments genereux se trouvent souvent dans les classes les plus basses des citoyens. Un paysan de la Fionie en a fourni un exemple qui merite d'etre connu. Le feu avait pris au village qu'il habitait. II courut aussitot porter des secours aux lieux ou ils etaient necessaires ; mais tons ses efforts furent vains : I'incendie fit des progres rapides. On vint I'avertir qu'il avait gagne sa maison. II demanda si celle de son voisin etait endommagee. On lui dit alors qu'elle brulait, ainsi que la sienne, et qu'il n'avait pas un moment a perdre s'il voulait conserver ses meubles. . " J'ai quelque chose de plus pre- cieux a sauver," repliqua-t-il sur-le-champ. "Mon malheureux voisin est malade et hors d'etat de s'aider lui-meme ; sa perte est inevitable s'il n'est pas secouru, et je suis sur qu'il compte sur moi." Aussitot il vole a la maison de cet infortune ; et, sans songer a la sienne qui faisait toute sa fortune, il se precipite a travers les flammes qui gagnaient deja le lit du malade. II voit une poutre embrasee, prete a s'ecrouler sur lui. II espere que sa promptitude lui fera eviter ce danger, qui sans doute eut arrete tout autre. II s'elance aupres de son voisin, le charge sur ses epaules et le conduit heureusement en lieu de surete. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, oijoaysan, citoyens, mon mal- heureux voisin, cet infortune. 2. Put Fr. p. II. in the masc. sing, les plus basses, a la sienne, and give the fem. sing, of genereux J tous, malade, sur. 3. How 34 HISTOKIETTES ET ANECDOTES. was the adv. n^cessairement formed ? and give the advs. of manner of hasseSj vains, rapides. 4. What dif- ference of meaning is there between lieux and lieues ; sur (prep.), sur (adj.), sur (adj.)? and account for the circumflex accent on the u in the last adj. 5. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the pluperf. Ind. of il se pre- cipite. 6. Account for the agree- ment or non-agreement of the p. p. in the foil, instances : (a) qu'il avait gagne\ (6) etait endommagee ] (c) poutre embras^e ; exit arrete. 45. Arnold de Winhelried. — L'antiquite n'offre pas d'e plus bel exemple de devouement patriotique, que celui d'Arnold de Win- kelried, le heros Suisse, du canton d'Unterwald. A la bataille de Sempach (1386), qui decida du sort de la Suisse, les phalanges ennemies ne pouvaient etre entamees : elles opposaient a I'impe- tuosite des Suisses une resistance opiniatre qui rendait tous leurs efforts inutiles. Winkelried entendit dans son coeur le cri de la patrie ! " Camarades," dit-il, " je vais vous faire un chemin : chers com- patriotes, souvenez-vous de mon nom et de mes enfants." Sur de trouver la mort, 11 se precipite au milieu d'une foret de lances ; il en embrasse le plus qu'il pent, et tombe a I'instant perce de mille coups. Mais il avait fait une trouee dans les bataillons ennemis. Les Suisses enflammes par I'exemple de ce heros, s'y jettent avec fureur. La mort vole devant eux ; partout ils portent le desordre et la confusion ; la deroute des ennemis devient generale. Winkelried sauva sa patrie ; aussi son nom est-il encore aujour- d'hui prononce en Suisse avec respect et reconnaissance. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Bel exemple : why bel ? Give the pi. of de plus bel exemple^ celui, le heros Suisse du canton, dans son coeur, and the fem. of he'ros and Suisse (s.m.). 2. Account for the place of the adj. in (a) devouement patriotique, (6) he'- ros Suisse, (c) chers compatriotes. 3. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : les phalanges ennemies .... leurs efforts inutiles. 4. Con- jug, neg. the pr. Subj. of souvenez- vous. 5. Parse the foil, verbs : pou- vaient, je vais, dit-il, jettent ; and give their prim, tenses. 6. Write, in Fr., and in two different ways, the date 1386, and transl. into Fr. : Switzer- land is divided into twenty-two can- tons, I shall go to Switzerland next year to see my brother, who is at school in Geneva. 46. Le maire de Luqon. — Apres avoir fait un sejour de vingt- quatre heures a Napoleonville, I'empereur Napoleon P"^ se dirigea vers Niort. En arrivant a Lu^on, il s'aperfut que les habitants avaient fait de grands frais en arcs-de-triomphe pour le recevoir. II temoigna au maire, qui vint a sa rencontre a la tete d'une deputa- tion, tout le fjlaisir qu'il eprouvait d'une telle surprise et surtout d'une telle reception ; mais a la suite de sa harangue, I'officier muni- cipal, ay ant recommande a la geaerosite inepuisable de Sa Majeste les habitants de la commune qui, ajouta-t-il, n'etaient pas riches : *' Mais alors, monsieur le maire," lui dit I'empereur d'un air plus qu'etonne, " pourquoi ces depenses inutiles, ces apprets ? . . . Je m'en serais bien passe, je vous assure." — " Ah ! Sire," repliqua le HISTOEIETTES ET ANECDOTES, 35 maire, " nous avons fait tout ce que nous devious ; mais . . . j'avou- erai a Votre Majeste que nous devons tout ce que nous avons fait." A cette spirituelle naivete, I'empereur ne put s'empecher de rire ct fit remettre a I'officier municipal, un rouleau de cent napoleons. — Maeco de Saint-Hilaire. oclocT]; is it? A quarter to twelve (noon)'? Come at half -past three. I cannot, but I shall be here at ten minutes to four. 5. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the imp. Subj. (conjug. neg.) of se dirigea, recevoir, fait, de- vions, rire. 6. Account for the def. art. in inonsieur le maire, and put in the sing. : Nous avons fait toutce que nous devions, mais nous devons tout ce que nous avons fait. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, of empereur. Napoleon P*" : why no art. before P"" ? Transl. into Fr. : Napoleon III. was the nephew of Napoleon I. 2. What is the difference of meaning between maire, mere, and mer? 3. Account for the pi. form in arcs-de-triomphe ; and for the place of the ind. art. in une telle surprise. 4. Vingt-quatre heures: when does vingt take the mark of the pi. ? and transl. : What 47. La dette de Vhumanite. — Un jeune peintre arrive a Modene, et manquant de tout, pria un gagne-petit de lui trouver un gite a pen de frais, ou pour I'amour de Dieu. L'artisan, qui etait gar^on, lui offrit la moitie du sien. On cherche en vain de I'ouvrage pour cet etranger ; son liote ne se decourage point, il le defraye et le console. Le peintre tombe malade ; I'autre se leve plus matin et se couche plus tard, pour gagner davantage et pourvoir aux besoins du malade, qui avait ecrit a sa famille. L'artisan le veilla pendant tout le temps de sa maladie qui fut assez longue, et fournit a toutes les depenses neces- saires. Quelques jours apres sa guerison, I'etranger recut de ses parents une somme d'argent assez considerable ; il voulut alors rem- bourser toutes les depenses de l'artisan. " Non, monsieur," lui repondit son genereux bienfaiteur. " C'est une dette que vous avez contractee envers le premier honnete homme que vous trouverez dans I'infortune. Je devais ce bienfait a im autre ; je viens de m'acquitter. N'oubliez pas d'en faire autant des que I'occasion s'en presentera." — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the pl. of un gagne-petit, and the fern, of cet etranger, son hote, son genereux bienfaiteur, le premier hon- nete homme. 2. A peu de frais : account for the prep, de here? 3. Parse offrit, and conjug. interr. with a neg. the past indef. of ne se decourage point. 4. Why the grave 48. Naivete irlandaise. — Les bons cordonniers sont rares en Irlande, du moins on n'en trouve que dans les villes de quelque importance. tJn proprietaire, nomme Curran, avait I'habitude de faire venir ses chaussures de Dublin, ainsi que plusieurs de ses voisins de cam- D 2 accent in se leve, the pres. Inf. being se lever, without any accent ? 5. Give the masc. of longue, and the 3rd p. sing, of the pres. and imp. Subj. of ecrivit. 6. Transl. into Fr. : How are you to-day ? Are you ill ? I am not vei^y well. What is the matter vnth you ? My head aches. 36 HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. pagne : a cet efifet, cliacun avait sa forme, qui remplafait son pied aupres dii cordonnier. Or, il arriva que le domestique de Curran, envoye a Dublin par son maitre, fut charge d'emporter avec lui les formes de plusieurs amis de ce dernier. Les souliers du pauvre gar9on etant en fort piteux etat, Curran lui ordonna de s'en choisir une nouvelle paire. Notre homme se mit en route, apres avoir pro- mis d'obeir a cette injonction. Le soir venu, il reparait avec un assortiment de chaussures pour les amis de son maitre ; " J'espere," lui dit ce dernier, " que vous vous etes achete une paire de souliers comme je vous I'avais recommand^." — "Que votre honneur ne se fache point contre moi,'" repond le domestique ; "j'aurais bien voulu vous obeir, mais j 'avals oublie d'emporter ma forme avec moi." Le digne garcon n'avait pu s'imaginer que son pied put remplacer sa forme. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fern, of the foil, words: bons, voisins, maitre, amis, gargon, piteux, ce dernier. 2. Give the sup. rel. and absolute of bons. 3. Transl. into Fr. : / am going in the country this afternoon. Do you lice in the country 'i My uncle has remained in France with one of his friends who resides in Paris. 4. Put in the pi. : Un proprietaire avait I'habitudc de faire venir ses chaussures de Dublin. Notre homm£ se mit en route. Le digne gargon n'avait pu s'imxtginer que son pied put remplacer sa forme. 5. Parse the foil, verbs : Se mit, avoir promis, venu, il reparait, and give the prim, tenses. 6. Account for the grave accent in fespere, the circumflex in pHt, and the non-agree- ment of the p. p. in vous vous etes achete". Transl.: I hurt my foot. 49. Reconnaissance. — Louis XI Y, qui avait fait deja bombarder la vi'le d'Alger, chargea le marquis Du Quesne de la bombarder rme seconde fois, pour la punir de ses infidelites et de son incolence. Le desespoir ou etaient les corsaires, de ne pouvoir eloigner de leurs cotes la flotte qui les abimait, les porta a attacher, a la bouche de leurs canons, des esclaves fran^ais, dont les membres furent portes jusque sur les vaisseaux. Un capitaine algerien, qui avait ete pris dans ses courses et tres-bien traite par les Franfais tout le temps qu'il avait ete leur prisonnier, reconnut, un jour, parmi ceux qui allaient subir le sort affreux que la rage avait invente, un officier nomme Choiseul, dont il avait refu les attentions les plus marquees. A I'instant il prie, il sollicite, il presse avec instance pour obtenir la vie de cet homme genereux. Tout est inutile. Alors voyant qu'on va mettro le feu au canon oil Choiseul est attache, il se jette sur lui a corps perdu, I'embrasse etroitement, et s'adressant au canonnier, lui dit : " Tire : puisque je ne puis sauver mon bien- faiteur, j'auraiau moins la consolation de mourir avec lui." Le dey, sous les yeux duquel la scene se passait, en fut si frappe, tout barbare qu'il etait, qu'il accorda, avec le plus grand empressement, ce qu'il avait refuse avec tant de ferocite. — Berquin. Grammatioal Questions. — 1. Write I the differences between Engl, and in full Louis XIV, and point out I Fr. about the use of numerals, wheD HISTOKIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 37 speaking of the names of kings. 2. Ou etaient ces corsaires : what kind of word is ou here? What dif- ference is there between ou and ou ? 3. Conjug. interr. with a neg. the pres. Ind. of pouvoir, pris, voyant, va. 4. Put in the pL : Tire : puisque je ne puis sauver mon bien- faitcur, faurai au moins la consoTa- tion de mourir avec hit. 5, Transl. into Fr. : Do you recognize, among the prisoners, the French officer who saved your lifei 6. Give the 2nd and 3rd p. pi. of the pres. Ind. of reconnut, allaient, voyant ; and the sing, of yeux. 50. Les crimes punis Vun par TaM^re.— Trois hommes voya geaient ensemble ; ils trouverent tiii tresor, et lis le partagerent. lis continuerent leur route en s'entretenant de I'usage qu'ils feraient de leurs richesses. Les vivres qii'ils avaient pris avec eux etant consommes, ils convinrent qu'un d'eux irait en acheter a la ville, et que le plus jeune se chargerait de cette commission ; il partit. 11 se disait en chemin : " Me voila riche ; mais je le serais bien davantage, si j'avais ete seul quand le tresor s'est presente ! Ces deux hommes m'ont enleve mes richesses : ne pourrais-je pas les reprendre ? Cela me serait facile ; je n'aurais qu'a empoisonner les vivres que je vais acheter. A mon retour, je dirais que j'ai dine a la ville ; mes compagnons mangeraient sans defiance, et ils mour- raient. Je n'ai que le tiers du tresor, et j'aurais le tout." Cependant, les deux autres voyageurs se disaient : " Nous avions bien affaire que ce jeune homme vint s'associer a nous : nous avons ete obliges de partager le tresor avec lui : sa part aurait augmente les notres, et nous serious veritablement riches. II va revenir, nous avons de bons poignards ; servons-nous-en." Le jeune homme revint avec des vivres empoisonnes. Ses com- pagnons I'assassinerent ; ils mangerent, lis moururent, et le tresor n'appartint a personne. — Bekquin. 93, 93rd ;— 2nd ; 32nd ; 72nd, 92nd, 102nd. 5. Conjug. interr, with a neg. the past def. of feraient, se chargerait, je vais, je dirais. 6. Transl. into Fr. : We shall dine at a quarter to seven. It is too late, I am accustomed to dine at a quarter-past six. Weill let us say at half -past six; but do not be late. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Leurs richesses : when is leur invariable ? Give two examples. 2. Account for the agreement of the p. p. in : Les vivres qu'ils avaient pris avec eux etant consommes. 3. Put in the fem. : qu'un d'eux; mes compagnons; les deux autres voyageurs. 4. Give the or- dinal forms of trois and deux, and write in Fr. : 23, 23rd ; 73, 73rd ; 51. Un malentendu. — Frederic II avait coutume, toutes les fois qu'un nouveau soldat paraissait dans sa garde, qui etait composee de I'elite des regiments de son armee, de lui faire ces trois questions ; * Quel ^ge avez-vous ? — Depuis combien de temps etes-vous a mon service ? — Recevez-vous exactement votre habillement et votre paye?" Un jeune Fran^ais, que sa figure et sa taille avaient fait admettre an nombre des gardes, mais qui ne savait pas I'allemand, fut pre- 38 HISTOKIETTES ET ANECDOTES. verm par son capitaine d'apprendre par coeur la reponse k ces trois questions. II parait devant le roi, qui, commen9ant cette fois par la seconde question, lui demande : " Combien de temps y a-t-il que vous etes a mon service ?" — " Vingt ans. Sire." — " Comment ! vingt ans ? Quel age avez-vous done ?" — " Sire, un an, sous le bon plaisir de Votre Majeste." — " Yous ou moi avons perdu I'esprit !" — " L'un et I'autre, Sire, exactement." — " Yoila la premiere fois que je suis traitc de fou a la tete de mon armee !" Le jeune Fran^ais qui avait epuise tout ce qu'il savait d'allemand, gardait le silence le plus profond, quand le roi s'avisa de le questionner de nouveau. Le pauvre jeune homme fut oblige d'avouer, par son silence, qu'il n'en- tendait pas la langue allemande. Frederic II comprit alors la cause des reponses baroques faites a ses trois questions et s'amusa beau- coup de cette aventure. Four years, next Christmas. 5. Parse the foil, v., and, in each case, give the prim, tenses: avaient fait, savait, parait, comprit. 6. Account for the agreement of the p. p. in : qui etait composee ; des reponses baroques faites. Grammatical Questions. — Transl . into Fr. : 1. TIoio many times did lash you this question ? 2. How old will you he next month ? Answer in Fr. 3. Do you know French and Ger- man ? / know French a little, hut I do not know a single word of German. 4. How long have you learnt French ? 52. Le hon roi. — Louis XII, roi de France, parvenu au trone par le chemin de I'adversite, y fit regner avec lui les vertus d'un bon roi. C'etait un prince religieux, magnanime, econome, d'un acces facile, ami de la justice et de la verite, plein de tendresse pour son peuple, et n'ayant point de plus forte passion que de le rendre heureux., aussi jamais roi ne fut plus tendrement aim^. Ses voyages etaient des triomphes : on s'empressait de se trouver sur son passage ; les chemins etaient jonclies de fleurs, I'air retentissait de cris d'alle- gresse et de voeux que Ton faisait pour la conservation de ses jours. Les gens de la campagne accouraient de dix et de vingt lieues ^ la ronde, I'entouraient et se pressaient autour de lui. lis I'appelaient le pere du peuple, titre preferable a tous ceux que Theroisme pent donner. Voici un trait de sa bienfaisance et de ses sentiments paternels : Un gentilhomme de la cour demandait h Louis la confiscation des biens d'un ricbe bourgeois d'Orleans, qui s'etait d(^clare ouvertement contre ce prince, avant son avenement au trone. " Je n'etais pas son roi,'' repondit-il, " lorsqu'il m'a offense. En le devenant, je suis devenu son pere. Je dois lui pardonner et le defendre." — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Write in full, and in Fr., Louis XII., and state what kind of word is y \n y ft regner. 2. Give the fern, of hon rot, prince religieux ; the sup. rel. of boUj and the adv. of manner of re- ligieux. 3. CVtait: what kind of word is ce here ? Transl. : Who was called the father of the people 9 It was Louis XII. Wio calls me ? {it is) I. Who called you ? (it is) they. 4. Give the 2nd p. sing, of the pres. HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 39 (Ind. and Subj.) of parvenu^ fit, Form the pi. of gcntilhommc. 0. regnery accouraient, appelalent; and Put in the pi.: C'e'tait un prince oonj. intcrr. the pluperf. Ind. of religieux ; je dais lui pardonncr et Ic s'empressaient. 5. Le pere du peuple, defendre. litre qui : why no art. before titre ? 53. Pietefiliale. — Dans rembrasement dii Vesuve, Pline le jeune etait a Misene avec sa famille. Tons les habitants cherchaient leur salut dans la fuite ; mais, redoutant pen pour lui-meme le danger qui I'environne, Pline est pret a tout entreprendre pour sauver les jours d'une mere qui lui est plus chere que la vie. Elle le conjure en vain de fuir d'un lieu ou sa perte est assuree. Elle lui represente que son grand age et ses infirmites ne lui permettent pas de le suivre, et que le moindre retardement les expose a perir tons deux. Ses prieres sont inutiles, et Pline aime mieux mourir avec sa mere que de I'abandonner dans un peril aussi pressant. II I'entraine malgre elle, et la force de se preter a son empressement. Elle cede h. la tendresse de son fils en se reprochant de retarder sa fuite. Deja la cendre tombe sur eux. Les vapeurs et la fumee dont I'air est obscurci font du jour la nuit la plus sombre. Ensevelis dans les tenebres, ils n'ont pour guider leurs pas tremblants que la lueur des flammes qui les environnent. On n'entend que des gemissements et des cris que I'obscurite rend encore plus effrayants. Mais cet horrible spectacle ne saurait ebranler la Constance de Pline, ni I'obliger de pourvoir a sa surete tant que sa mere est en danger. II la console, il la soutient, il la porte dans ses bras ; sa tendresse excite son courage et le rend capable des plus grands efforts. Le Ciel recompensa une action si louable : il conserva a Pline une mere plus precieuse pour lui que la vie qu'il tenait d'elle, et a sa m^re un fils si digne d'etre aime, et de servir de modele a tons les enfants. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Make an interr. sentence with a neg. with : tous les habitants cherchaient leur salut dans la fuite. 2. Give the comp. of peu. What is the meaning of the adj. cher, according as it is placed before or after the subst. ? 3. Give the 2nd and 3rd p. pi. of the pres. Ind. and fut. of /mV, suivre, perir, force. 4. Give the positive and sup. absolute of moindre ; parse saurait, and give its dififerent mean- 64. Les flatteurs confondus. — Un prince done de tous les senti- ments qui caracterisent la vertu, considerant la statue equestre d'un de ses ancetres, et voyant, sur le piedestal de cette statue, des figures en bronze qui representaient un chat, une tourterelle et un oiseau portant une couronne dans une cage d'or, entouree d'une inscription ings. 5. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of pourvoir, and the two pi, forms of ciel, with their respective meanings. 6. Si louable : what does St mean (a) before an adj. or adv. and (6) before a pers. pron. and a verb ? Transl. into Fr. : The danger was so great, that the mother cried to her son : Fly, my child, and do not wait for me ; lam too old, I cannot follow thee. 40 HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. en caracteres anciens, assembla son conseil pour lui en demander I'explication. A peine a-t-il entendu prononcer qiielques mots, qu'il s'aperfoit qu'on le trompe par les allusions les plus flatteuses et les plus rechercliees. II impose silence, et fait appeler un phi- losophe celebre pour le consul ter sur ce sujet. Ce philosophe, retire 'depuis longtemps dans sa cellule, vivait loin du tumulte de la cour et des villes. Ses principales occupations etaient I'etude de la musique, des astres et des fleurs. Au milieu de la felicite dont il jouit, il re9oit les ordres du souverain et se rend a la cour. " Sei- gneur," dit-il, " voici I'explication que je crois trouver dans ces caracteres anciens. Le chat est I'embleme des courtisans souples et dangereux qui entouraient lempereur ; la tourterelle, I'image de la fidelite de son peuple ; I'oiseau couronne dans la cage d'or, celle de I'esclavage du prince au milieu des richesses et de la royaute ..." A peine eut-il prononce ces paroles, que les courtisans s'attendaient k une punition exemplaire ; mais le roi qui avait Fame genereuse, pardonna a ceux qui I'avaient trompe, et recompensa le philosophe qui avait eu le courage de lui dire la verite. — Berquix. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parse voyantf and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. Give the fern. sing, of tons and ^ chat, and the pi. of oiseau. 2. A peine a-t-il entendu : why the pars. pron. after the v. ? Transl. into Engl.: (a) APentendez-vous? (6) J'entends que vous m^oheissiez. (c) M'entendez'vous hien ? Parfaite- ment. (d) Qu'entendez-vous faire'? (e) J*ai entendu dire que vous etiez malade, 3. Sentiments, silence : name the only fern. Fr. subst. ending in -m£nt. What observation is there to be made about silence ? 4. Give the 3rd p. (sing, and pi.) of the past def. and imp. Subj. of tnvait. 5. Parse jouit, give its prim, tenses, and transl. into Fr. : How do you do now ? Better than last week, I hope. No, I do not enjoy good health. 6. Conj. neg. the past indef. of s'atten- daient, and the imper. of dire. 55. Politesse frangaise, — C'etait en Angleterre, a I'epoque de la Eevolution fran9aise. Le Due de Bedford avait offert au Due de G , emigre, un splendide repas, une de ces fetes quasi-royales que les grands seigneiirs anglais mettent leur honneur a donner k des fiouverains, leur bon gout a offrir a des exiles. Au dessert, on apporta tine certaine bouteille d'un vin de Constance merveilleux, sans pareil, sans age, sans prix. C'etait de I'or liquide, dans un cristal sacre ; tin tr^sor fondu qu'on vous admettait a deguster ; un rayon de soleil qu'on faisait descendre dans votre verre : c'etait le nectar supreme, le dernier mot de Bacchus. Le Due de Bedford voulut verser lui-meme ^ son bote cette liqueur des dieux. Le Due de G prit le verre, go^ta le pretendu vin et le declara excellent. Le Due de Bedford voulut en boire A, son tour ; mais h. peine eut-il porte le verre a ses levres qu'il s'ecria avec un horrible degout, " Ah ! qu'est-ce que c'est que 9a ?" On accourt vers lui, on examine la bouteille, on interroge le parfum : c'etait de I'huile de castor ! . . . Le Due de G avait avale cette detestable drogue sans sourciller. Ce trait HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 41 sublime fit grand honneur k la noblesse de France ; on con^ut line haute idee d'un pays ou la politesse allait jusqu'a Fheroisme. — Madame ^I^mile de Girardin. Grammatical Questions,-!. Cd'tait: what is ce? and conjug. interr. with a neg. the pres. Ind. of etait. 2. Transl. into Engl. : C'est mon frere. (Test a moi de vous faire mes excuses. C'est a vous a parler. Qu^est-ce que c^est ? 3. Une de ces fetes : what is ces ? when do you use (a) celui, (6) celui-ci, (c) celui-la? Give ex- amples. 4. Give the fem. of due, grands seigneurs anglais, son hote ; and the homonyms of verre. 5. Give . the 3rd p. pi. pres. Ind. of avail offert, faisait, voulut, prit, Loire ; and the 2nd p. pi. imper. of faisait, hoire, allait ; and form the advs. in -ment of splendide, merveilleux, der- nier, excellent. 6. Turn into Fr. : Have the kindness to hnng me a bottle of wine. Give me a glass, and I will taste this claret. It is not good / / cannot drink it. 56. La princesse de Talleyrand et M. Denon. — Le prince de Talleyrand adressa un jour a sa femme ces paroles : " Vous aurez aujourd'hui ^ cote de vous, madame, un homme fort remarquable et tres-aime de I'empereur ; c'est M. Denon. Efforcez-vous de causer raisonnablement, parlez lui de ce qu'il a vu de curieux; passez h. ma bibliotheque, feuilletez son voyage et tachez de retenir ce qui vous frappera le plus. N'oubliez pas de demander le voyage de M. Denon." La princesse se rend a la bibliotheque, mais malheur- eusement elle a oublie le nom. Cependant elle dit au bibliothecaire : " Donnez-moi, je vous prie, les voyages, les aventures de ce voyageur dont le nom se termine en o/i." " Je devine, madame, ce sont les voyages et aventures de Robinson que vous demandez ; en voici une belle edition, ornee de gravures." Madame de Talleyrand parcourut avidement I'ouvrage ; elle admira le parasol, le chapeau, et jusqu'au perroquet de Robinson. " Quel homme," se dit-elle, " quel plaisir de faire sa connaissance ; cette fois mon mari sera content." A I'heure du diner, elle descend au salon et y trouve les convives reunis. M. Denon lui donne la main et la conduit dans la salle h. manger; en passant elle fait au prince un signe.qui lui annonce qu'elle a suivi son conseil. Des que la conversation est engagee, la princesse se tournant vers M. Denon, lui dit : "Monsieur, quelle joie vous avez du eprouver dans votre ile deserte, lorsque vous avez ren- contre Yendredi ?" M. Denon reste un moment etourdi, cependant 11 se remet bientot et reussit a se faire expliquer la cause de cette meprise. Mais d'autres voisins de table I'ont entendue, et le prince se mord les levres de colere, en pensant que le lendemain I'histoire sera connue de tout Paris. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Put in the fem.: Tres-aime' de Vempereur: why de and not par after aime ? 2. Conjug. n^q. the past indef. o^ efforcez- vous. 3. What difference of meaning is there between tdcher and tacher ? 4. Quel homme; quel plaisir: what kind of word is queH why no art.? why is plaisir a s.m. ? 5. La salle a manger: what does the prep, a denote in compound subst. ? Transl. into Fr. : A windmill, a gold watch. 42 HISTOKIETTES ET AKEODOTES. 6. Quelle joie vous avez du: account for the non-agreement of the p. p. ; for the circumflex in du ; and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. (conjug. interr.') of vous avez du. What is the meaning of devoir, s.m. ? 57. Le houffon et le paysan. — ^Le parterre donne souvent ses applaudissements fort mal a propos. II applaudit meme plus rare- ment au vrai merite qii'aii faux, comme Phedre nous I'apprend par une fable ingenieuse. Tout le peuple d'une ville s'etait assemble dans une grande place pour voir jouer des pantomimes, Parmi ces acteurs, il y en avait un qu'on applaudissait a chaque moment. Ce boufifon, sur la fin du jeu, voulut clore la seance par un spectacle nouveau. II parut seul sur la scene, se baissa, se couvrit la tete de son manteau, et se mit ^ contrefaire le cri d'un coclion de lait. II s'en acquitta de maniere qu'on s'imagina qu'il en avait un veritablement sous ses habits. On lui cria de secouer son manteau et sa robe, ce qu'il fit ; et comme il ne se trouva rien dessous, les applaudissements se renouvelerent avec plus de fureur dans I'assemblee. Un paysan, qui etait du nombre des spectateurs, futcboque de cestemoignagesd'admiration. " Messieurs," s'ecria-t-il, " vous avez tort d'etre charmes de ce bouifon, il n'est pas si bon acteur que vous le croyez. Je sais mieux faire que lui le coclion de lait ; et, si vous en doutez, vous n'avez qu'a revenir ici demain a la meme heure." Le peuple, prevenu en faveur du pantomime, se rassembla le jour suivant en plus grand nombre, et plutot pour sifiier le paysan que pour voir ce qu'il savait faire. Les deux rivaux parurent sur le theatre. Le bouffon com- men9a et fut encore plus applaudi que le jour precedent. Alors le villageois, s'etant baisse a son tour, et envelopp^ de son manteau, tira I'oreille a un veritable cochon qu'il tenait sous son bras, et lui fit pousser des cris per9ants. Cependant I'assistance ne laissa pas de donner le prix au pantomime, et chargea de huees le paysan, qui, montrant tout a coup le cochon de lait aux spectateurs : " Mes- sieurs," leur dit-il, " ce n'est pas moi que vous sifflez, c'est le cochon lui-meme. Voyez quels juges vous etes !" — Lesage, Oil Bias. Grammatical Questions. — 1. II ap- plaudit meme : give the three persons sing, of the pres. (Ind. and Subj.) of applaudit. What is mem£ here? Transl. into Engl. : Ce sont les memes livres que fai deja vus, and say what kind of word is m£m£s. 2. Give the fem. and the adv. of manner of vrai, faux, nouveau, seul. 3. Put in the fem. : 11 rCest pas si bon acteur. 4. Vous avez tort : translate You are right, and conj. interr. with a neg. the tense to which vous avez belongs. 5. Plutot: what differ- ence of meaning is there between this word and plus tot? Account for the cedilla in comnienga. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Do you doubt that the countryman could better imitate the sucking-pig than the alitor whom the spectators applauded, and to whom they gave the prize ? 58. Le voltUjeur en sentlnelle. — Au commencement de la nuit du 13 au 14 octobre 1806, il avait fait une gelee blanche accom- pagnee d'un brouillard assez epais. Cette disposition de I'atmosphere engagea Napoleon a former ses troupes en grosses masses qui se HISTOBIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 43 toucliaient presqiie, afin d'etre plus facilement deployees le lende- main. Le vaste plateau qu'elles occupaient n'etant pas a plus de deux cents toises de la position des Prussiens, I'empereur voulut donner un dernier coup-d'oeil aux avant-postes les plus- voisins de sa tcnte, et s'avan^a seul dans I'obscurite. Les scntinelles ne distin- guant lien a dix pas autour d'elles, et la premiere entendant quel- le u'un marcher dans rombie et s'approcher des lignes, cria deux fois : " Qui vive !" en s'appretant a faire feu a la troisieme interrogation. Napoleon, vivement preoccupe, ne fit j)as de reponse. Une balle qui siffla a son oreille le tira de sa reverie. S'apercevant du danger qu'il vient de courir et de celui dont il est incessamment menace, I'empereur se jette ventre a terre. Cette precaution etait sage ; car a peine s'etait-il tenu quelques secondes dans cette posture, que d'autres balles sifflerent au-dessus de sa tete. Le premier feu essuye, il se releve, appelle a lui, se dirige vers le poste le plus rapprocbe et se fait reconnaitre. II y etait encore, lorsque le soldat qui avait fait feu le premier sur lui y arrive, apres avoir ^te releve de faction. C'etait un jeune voltigeur du 12® de ligne. Napoleon lui ordonne d'approcber et le prenant par une oreille qu'il pinca fortement : " Ton nom ?" lui demanda-t-il. — " Francois Morissot," repond le soldat stupefait; car il vient de reconnaitre I'empereur. — " Comment ! drole, tu me prends pour un Prussien ?" Puis, s'adressant aux soldats qui I'entourent, il ajoute en souriant : " M. Morissot, a ce qu'il me parait, ne jette pas sa poudre aux moineaux ; il ne tire qu'aux empereurs." Le voltigeur etait si trouble de I'idee qu'il eut pu tuer le Petit Caporal^ que ce fut a grand' peine qu'il parvint a balbutier ces paroles : " Dame ! mon empereur . . . faites excuses ! . . . c'etait la consigne ... si vous ne repondez pas, ce n'est pas de ma faute . . . II fallait au moins dire que vous ne vouliez pas rejjondre." Napoleon le rassura et lui dit en quittant le poste : " Morissot, c'est moi qui ai eu tort ; aussi ne te fais-je pas de reproches. Du reste, c'etait assez bien ajuste pour un coup tire h, tatons ; mais, ecoute : Dans quelques lieures il fera jour, tire plus juste et je te prouverai que je ne te garde pas rancune." — Le jeune Francois Morissot de 1806 est le meme Fran9ois Morissot qui devint marecbal-de-camp en 1830. — Vicfoires et Conquetes. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Write in full, and in Fr. : du IZ au 14= oc- tobre 1806. 2. Give, in Fr., the names of the days of the week, and the months of the year. 3. Give the fern, of epais, and the masc. of grosses ; account for the e in cn- gagea, and the s in deux cents, 4. Form the pi. of coup-d'ceil, and ex- plain the pi. of avant-postes, and form the pi. of marechal-de-camp. How was the adv. vivement formed ? 5. A peine s'etait-il tenw.yfhj the pers. pron. after the v. ? Give the 1st p. pL of the past def. of il se releve, appelle, se dirige. Account for the apostrophe in grand' peine. 6. Turn into Fr. the foil, idiom, sen- tences about the weather : Wliat kind of weather is it to-day ? Is it warm 9 No, it is cold ; it has been raining early this morning ; it freezes now, but when the sun comes out, it will be a little warmer. 44 HISTOIUETTES ET ANECDOTES. 59. Un tour d^Esope. — Un certain jour de marche, Xantus, qui avait dessein de regaler quelques-uns de ses amis, lui commanda d'acheter ce qu'il y aurait de meilleur, et rien autre chose. " Je t'apprendrai," dit en soi-meme le Phrygien, " a specifier ce que tu souhaites, sans t'en remettre a la discretion d'un esclave." II n'acheta done que des langues qu'il fit accommoder k toutes les sauces : I'entree, le second service, I'entremets, tout ne fut que langues. Les convies louerent d'abord le choix de ce mets ; a la fin ils s'en degouterent. "Ne t'ai-je pas commande," dit Xantus, " d'acheter ce qu'il y aurait de meilleur ?" " Eh ! qu'y a-t-il de meilleur que la langue ?" reprit Esope. " C'est le lien de la vie civile, la clef des sciences, I'organe de la verite et de la raison : par elle on batit les villes et on les police ; on instruit, on persuade, on regno dans les assemblees, on s'acquitte du premier de tons les devoirs, qui est de louer les dieux." " Eh bien !" dit Xantus, qui pretendait I'attraper, " achete-moi demain ce qui est de pire : ces memes personnes yiendront chez moi ; et je veux di versifier." Le lendemain Esope ne fit encore servir que le meme mets, disant que la langue est la pire chose qui soit au monde : c'est la mere de tons les debats, la nourrice des proces, la source des divisions et des guerres. Si Ton dit qu'elle est I'organe de la verite, c'est aussi celui de I'erreur, et, qui pis est, de la calomnie. Par elle on detruit les villes, on persuade de mechantes choses. Si d'un cote elle loue les dieux, de I'autre elle profere des blasphemes contre leur puissance. Quelqu'un de la compagnie dit a Xantus que veritablement ce valet lui etait fort necessaire ; car il savait le mieux du monde exercer la patience d'un philosophe. — La Fontaine. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Avait dessein : why no art.? What difference of meaning is there between dessein and dessin ? 2. Ne fut que langues : what is the meaning of ne before the v., and que after it ? Why the V. fut in the sing.? 3. On bdtit: when does on take /' before it ? What difference of meaning is there be- tween bdtit and battit ? Parse these two verbs and give their prim, tenses. 4. Louer les dieux : to praise the gods ; what is the other mean- ing of louer, when not der. from L. laudare? Give the fem. of dieux. 5. Achete-moi : account for the grave accent on the penultimate, and for the place of the pers. pron. after the V. Put in the pL, and in the neg. : achete-moi. 6. Fire chose qui soit au monde: what is pire, and why the subj. soit ? Turn into Fr.: Who is this gentleman ? He is the best man I know ; the best man in the world. Is he your friend? Yes, sjV, he is. 60. Voltaire accusi de plagiat. — Voltaire ayant un jour demand^ 5, Frederic II la permission de lui lire une piece de vers qu'il avait composee la veille, le roi la lui accorda gracieusement, mais il remit la lecture au lendemain. Le roi de Prusse avait dans ses bureaux' particuliers im homme dont la m^moire prodigieuse dtait un veritable phenom^ne. II suffi- sait qu'il eut une seule fois entendu lire un morceau de prose ou de po^sie, pour qu'il le rep^t^t sans manquer un seul mot. HISTORIETTES ET ANECDOTES. 45 L'heure de la lecture arrivee, Frederic fit cacher I'liomme dans un couloir attenant a son cabinet et d'ou Ton entendait distincte- ment les moindres paroles, puis il donna ordre qu'on introduisit Voltaire. La lecture de la piece de vers commen9a immediatement ; mais ^ mesure qu'elle avan9ait, le front du roi s'assombrissait ; deux ou trois fois il laissa echapper quelques marques d 'impatience. Voltaire en apercevant ces signes pen flatteurs devenait de plus en plus inquiet ; cependant il parvint a achever sa lecture. " Sire,'' dit-il, " j'ai cru voir que mes vers ne vous ont pas plu.'* " Les vers sont excellents, ce n'est point cela !" " Eh ! qu'est-ce done qui a pu me meriter ces marques de defaveur de la part de Votre Majeste ?" " Tenez, mon cher Voltaire, il faut bien vous I'avouer, cela me fait de la peine de voir un genie comme le votre emprunter a d'autres ; ces vers que vous dites avoir faits bier soir sont connus depuis longtemps et ne sont pas de vous." " Que dites- vous, sire ?" dit Voltaire en palissant, " je vous jure " " Ne jurez pas, car je les ai entendu reciter il y a deja longtemps par un bomme attache a mon service. Tenez, il doit etre au palais dans ce moment, je vais le faire venir." Le roi sonne, donne un ordre et bientot apres parait I'homme-memoire. " Dites-moi, Wrangel, ne vous ai-je pas entendu reciter une fort jolie piece de vers ? Veuillez en dire le commencement, M. de Vol- taire." Celui-ci ayant obei, Wrangel declara qu'il connaissait depuis longtemps ce morceau, et offrit de le reciter en eritier, ce qu'il fit sans omettre ou changer un seul mot. Voltaire abasourdi, eperdu, se croyait le jouet d'un songe, il balbutiait sa justification. Frederic qui jouissait de sa detresse lui dit : " Allons, monsieur de Voltaire, oublions cela, la piece de vers est jolie, je vous pardonne volon tiers de vous en etre empare." Voltaire n'avait rien a repondre a ces coups d'assommoir. II se retira encore plus desespere qu'un auteur dont la piece a ete outrageusement siSee. Heureusement Frederic en eut pitie, et lui apprit la verite des le soir meme. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the prim, tenses of the foil, verbs : remitj suffisait, entendu, fit, fai cru, plu. 2. Give the 1st pers. sing, of the fut. (in the interr.) of a pu, voir, doit, je vais, venir. 3. Uh genie comme le votre : what difference is there between votre and votre? Il- lustrate your answer by two ex- amples. 4. Frederic en eut pitie: what is en here ? why no art. before pitie' ? 5. Put in the pi. : // doit etre au palais, je vais le faire venir ; celui-ci, ayant ohe'i, declara qu^il connaissait ce morceau, et offrit de le reciter. 6. Transl. into Fr. : How many times have you read these verses^ Twice, sir. Do you know them'? Not yet. Bead them once more, and perhaps you will he able to repeat them without missing a single word. ( 46 ) PREMIEEES CONNAISSANCES: HISTOIEE NATUEELLE, DECOUVEETES ET INVENTIONS. 1. La nature sauvage. — La nature est le trone exterieiir de la magnificence divine. L'homme qui la contemple, qui I'etudie, s'eleve par degres au trone interieur de la toute-puissance. Fait pour adorer le Createur, il commande a toutes les creatures ; vassal du ciel, roi de la terre, il Tennoblit, la peuple et I'enricliit ; il etablit entre les etres vivants I'ordre, la subordination, I'liarmonie ; il em- bellit la nature meme ; il la cultive, I'etend et la polit, en elague le cbardon et la ronce, y multiplie le raisin et la rose. Voyez ces plages desertes, ces tristes contrees ou I'liomme n'a jamais reside, couvertes ou plutot herissees de bois epais et noirs, dans toutes les parties elevees ; des arbres sans ecorce et sans cime, courbes, rompus, tombant de vetuste ; d'autres, en plus grand nombre, gisant au pied des premiers, pour pourrir sur des monceaux deja pourris, etouffent, ensevelissent les germes prets a eclore. La nature, qui partout ailleurs brille par sa jeunesse, parait ici dans la decrepitude ; la terre, surcbargee par le poids, surmontee par les debris de ses productions, n'offre, au lieu d'une verdure ilorissante, qu'un espace encombre, traverse de vieux arbres charges de plantes parasites, fruits impurs de la corruption. Dans toutes les parties basses, des eaux mortes, croupissantes, faute d'etre conduites et dirigees ; des terrains fangeux qui, n'etant ni solides ni liquides, sont inabordables, et demeurent cgalement inutiles aux habitants de la terre et des eaux ; des marc- cages qui, converts de plantes aquatiques et fetides, ne nourrissent que des insectes venimeux, et servent de repaire aux animaux immondes. — Buffon. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. of the foil, words: ext vers le milieu de 1 automne, un homme est venu dans chaque sillon y repandre des grains, et tout de suite, avec sa herse, il les a recon- verts de terre. Ces grains etant enfles et ramoUis par I'humidite, 11 en est sorti par en bas de petites racines, qui se sont accrochees dans le sein de la terre ; et, par en haut, de petits tuyaux qui ont perce sa surface en plusieurs branches. Ces tuyaux, montes en haute tige, ont produit les epis, dont chacun renferme a pen pres vingt grains ; en sorte que si vous comptez, d'apres ce calcul, tout le produit des grains dont la semence a reussi, vous trouverez qu'il pent en etre venu environ vingt fois autant que Ton en a mis dans la terre. Les epis, caches encore dans ces tiges, se developperont pen a peu, se muriront au soleil, et ressembleront a celui que vous venez de froisser. Alors on coupera par le pied, avec une faucille, les tiges de paille qui les supportent, et on les liera en paquets, appeles gerbes, pour les emporter dans la grange, les battre avec un fieau, et les vanner, pour separer les debris de paille du grain. On enverra celui-ci au meunier pour le moudre en farine sous la grosse meule de son moulin a eau, ou a vent ; ensuite la farine sera vendue au boulanger pour en faire du pain, et au patissier pour en faire des biscuits et des pates. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Nous allons: name the three L. verbs which lend persons and tenses to this v., and conj. interr. the past def. 2. Transl. into Engl, the foil, idiom, ex- pressions : (a) Vous ne faites qu' alter et venir. (b) Comment va Monsieur votre ph^e ? (c) Ce chapeau ne vous va pas. (d) Allons-nous-en. 3. Fait^e un tour: conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. oi faire. What is the meaning ottour, s.f. ? 4. Give the fern. pi. ofcelui'Ci\ the compar. of superiority and the sup. absolute of bonne. 5. Aout: how is this word to be pronounced.^ Name, in Fr., the months of the year. 6. Vingt: when does vingt take the marl: of the pi. ? and transl. into Fr. : Mg grandfather is eighty-four years old, and my grandmother is eighty. 7. Vorge, Vavoine, le seigle, le ma'is et le millet, — Void une autre espece de ble qu'on appelle de I'orge. Voyez-vous comme il a des barbes longues et fourrees? L'orge est semee et recueillie de la meme maniere que le froment; mais elle ne fait pas de si bon pain. Elle est cependant fort utile. Les fermiers la vendent par boisseaux aux marchands de dreche, qui la font tremper dans I'eau, pour la faire germer. Alors on la seche sur de la cendre chaude, et elle devient dreche. On y verse une grande quantite d'eau, puis on y mele du houblon, qui lui donne un gout agreable d'amertume, et I'empeche de s'aigrir. Enfin, en brassant ce melange, on en fait de la biere, cette liqueur forte et nourrissante qui IMt la boisson ordinaire dans plusieurs pays ou il ne croit pas de vin. L'orge est aussi fort bonne pour nourrir les dindes, les poules et d'autres oiseaux de basse-cour. Je vous ai parle du houblon. II croit dans les champs qu'on appelle houblonnieres. Sa tige monte le long des perches qu'on lui HISTOIEE NATUEELLE, ETC. 51 donne pour la soutenir. Ses fleurs, d'lm jaune pale, font uii effet rharmant dans la campagne. Quand il est mur, on le seche ; on en fait des monceaux, ct on le vend anx brasseurs. Cette troisieme espece de ble est de I'avoine. Vous avez vu sou vent le palefrenier en servir aux chevaux pour les regaler et leur donner du feu. C'est une espece de dessert qu'on leur presente apres le foin. II y a aussi une autre espece de ble, qu'on nomme seigle, qui sert a faire le pain bis que mangent les pauvres. On le mele quelquefois avec du froment, et il donne alors du pain d'un goUt assez bon. II y a bien des pays qui ne produisent pas de ble pareil ^ celui qui vient dans nos contrees. Par exemple, le ble qu'on nous a apporte de Turquie et qu'on nomme mais est bien different du notre. Sa tige est comme celle d'un roseau avec plusieurs noeuds. Elle monte a la hauteur de quatre ou cinq pieds. Entre les jointures du haut de sa tige sortent des epis de la grosseur de votre bras, qui renferment un grand nombre de grains jaunes ou rougeatres, k pen l)res de la figure d'un pois aplati. La volaille en est tres-friande. Un le cultive avec succes dans quelques provinces de la France, surtout dans les landes de Bordeaux, oii il sert a faire du pain pour les miserables habitants. Yous connaissez aussi bien que moi le millet que Ton donne aux oiseaux. II vient en forme de grappes, sur des tiges plus courtes et plus menues que celles du froment. La farine en est excellente, cuite avec du lait. — Berquin. tenses, account for the circumflex accent, and give the 3rd p. sing, of the pres. Ind. of croire. 5. Give the pi. of basse-cour, and conjug. interr. the pres. Ind. of sert. 6. When is the s to be sounded in the word 6j6'? 7. Parse the foil, verbs, and give their prim, tenses : sortent^ con- naissez, vient, cuite. 8. Transl. : Will you have some wine or seme beer? I vnll take some beer now, and a glass of wine with dessert. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the sing. masc. of longues, and transl. into Fr. : Barley-bread is not so good as wheat-bread. 2. What is the meaning of faire when foil, by an Inf., as in faire germer'i Conjug. neg. the imper. oi faire. 3. Conjug. the pres. Subj. of seche, and com- ment on the ditferent accents. 4. Dans plusieurs pays ou il ne croit pas de vin '. how is pjays to be pro- nounced? what kind of word is ou here ? parse croit, give its prim. 8. Les arhres de haute futaie. — Le beau chene que voila, mcs amis ! comme son ombrage s'etend a propos pour nous garantir des rayons du soleil ! Yoyez quel nombre infini de glands attaches a ses branches ! Yous savez bien quel est I'animal qui se regale de ce fruit. Mais ne pensez pas que le chene majestueux ne soit bon qu'a lui fournir des provisions. II est d'un plus grand usage pour nous, ainsi que je vous le dirai tout a I'heure. Lorsque le chene ou les autres arbres qu'on appelle aussi de haute futaie, tels que le frene, I'orme, le hetre, le sapin, le chataignier, le noyer, seront parvenus au terme de leur croissance, un bucheron viendra les couper i)ar le pied avec sa cognce. On depouillera le E 2 52 PKEMliiKES CONNAISSANCES : tronc (le ses branches, et les scieurs le scieront en differents morceaux, pour en faire des madriers propres a la construction des vaisseaux, des poutres pour les maisons, ou des planches pour les uns et les ' autres, ainsi que pour differentes sortes de meubles et de machines. Les grosses branches, les plus droites, seront reservees pour les solives ; celles qui sont crochues, pour les buches ; les branchages, pour les fagots ; enfin, les racines donneront les souches que Ton brule dans nos foyers. Vous voyez par-la de quelle utilite les arbres sont pour nous dans toutes leurs parties. II n'est pas meme jusqu'a leur ecorce dont on sait faire un usage utile pour les teintures, et pour tanner le cuir de nos souliers. Lorsqu'il y a plusieurs arbres rassembles sur une vaste etendue de terrain, cet endroit s'appelle bois, ou foret. Si cet endroit est ferme de murailles, et depend d'un chateau, on I'appelle pare. Les bosquets ou bocages sont de petites forets. — ^Berquin. ment of the p. p. rd'serv^es. 5. Que Von brule : after which words do you find Von instead of ow, and transl. into Fr. : Bo you burn coals or wood? Both. Bave you not burnt your finger ? Yes, sir, and it pains me much. 6. Foret, chateau: ac- count for the circumflex accent, and put in the sing. : Zes bosquets ou bocages sont de petites forets. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Con- jug, interr. with a neg. the plup. Ind. of s^^tend. 2. Give the 2nd p. sing, of the pres. Ind., fut., pres. and imp. Subj. of savez. What is the comp. of superiority of bien? 3. Name, in French, the fruit of the chdtaignier and noyer, and give the V. corresponding to the subst, crois- sance. 4. Give the sing. masc. of grosses, and account for the agree- 9. Le verger, — Outre ces arbres, il en est d'aufres nommes arbres fruitiers. Entrons dans le verger. Yoila les fruits qui grossissent. Ce serait vous faire injure que de vouloir vous les faire connaitre. Si jeunes que vous soyez, je pense que personne au monde ne distingue mieux que vous les poires, les pommes, les peches, les cerises, les prunes, les abricots et les brugnons. Les arbres etendus en eventail centre la muraille s'appellent espaliers, et les autres, arbres ^ plein vent. Les premiers rapportent plus surement, et de plus beaux fruits, parce que, dans les gelees, on pent les couvrir avec des nattes de paille, et que la muraille, dchauffee par le soleil, avance leur maturite. Les seconds passent pour avoir leur fruit d'un gout plus fin et plus ddlicat. Les pommes et les poires peuvent se garder dans leur etat naturel pendant tout I'hiver ; mais les autres fruits tournent bientot en pourriture, et il faudrait renoncer a en manger apres leur saison, si Ton n'avait trouve le moyen de les conserver en les faisant secher au four, ou en les mettant dans I'eau-de-vie, ou enfin en les faisant bouillir avec un sirop compost d'eau et de sucre. C'est de cette derniere fa9on que Ton fait les marmelades et les gelees que vous trouvez si bonnes en hiver. II y a quelques fruits renfermcs dans des coquilles dures comme les noix, les amandes, les noisettes et les chataignes. Vous les con- HISTOIEE NATUEELLE, ETC. 53 naissez, aussi bien que les arbres qui les portent ; mais vous ne connaissez pas un autre arbre de la meme espece, parce qu'il ne vient pas dans notre pays : c'est le cocotier. II est tres-baut et fort droit, sans brancbes ni feuillage autour de sa tige. Seulement vers le sonimet il pousse une douzaine de feuilles tres-larges, dont les Indiens se servent pour couvrir leurs maisons, pour faire des nattes et pour d'autres usages. Entre les feuilles et I'extremite de sa pointe il sort quelques rameaux de la grosseur du bras, auxquels on fait une incision, et qui repandent, par cette blessure, une liqueur tres- agreable, dont on fait I'arack. Ces rameaux portent une grosse grappe, ou paquet de cocos, au nombre de dix a douze. Get arbre rapporte trois fois I'annee, et son fruit est aussi gros que la tete d'un homme. II y a aussi une espece d'amande, appelee cacao, qui vient dans les Indes occidentales et au midi de I'Amerique. L'arbre qui la produit ressemble un pen a notre cerisier. Chaque cosse renferme une vingtaine de ces amandes, de la grosseur d'une feve, dont on fait le cbocolat, avec d'autres ingredients. Le meilleur cacao nous vient de Caraque, dont il porte le nom. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give, in Fr., the names of the trees which produce poire s, peches, cerises , prunes , abricots. 2. Give the pi. of eventail, and the p. p. of couvrir; give also the verbs (with their respective meanings) corresponding to the foil, substantives: injure, gelees, gout, pourriture, sucre. 3. Transl. into Fr. : Boil some potatoes, and bake some apples. 4. Turn into Engl.: (a) Comment vous portez-vous au- jourd'hui? Tres-bien, merci. (6) Ma vue porte tres-loin. (c) Le vin porte souvent a la tete. (d) Que portez' vous la ? un ballot de livres. (e) Nous portons le deuil de notre grand'mere. 5. Sans branches : why no art. here ? What difference is there between vers and envers, which are rendered into Engl, by towards? 6. Auxquels on fait : why not a qui ? How do you express in Fr., and in one word, a collection of ten, twelve, twenty ? and transl. in idiom. Fr. : Are you more than forty years of age ? 10. Le chanvre, le Un et le coton. — Vcyez-vous la-bas ces deux grandes pieces de terre couvertes d'une si belle verdure ? L'une est du chanvre, I'autre est du lin. Les tiges de ces plantes, apres qu'elles ont ete battues et bien preparees, forment la filasse que vous avez vu filer par les vieilles bonnes femmes. Le fil de chanvre sert a faire le linge de corps et de menage. Le fil de lin, qui est d'une plus belle qualite, se reserve pour la toile de batiste. On I'emploie aussi pour faire de la dentelle. La filasse de chanvre sert encore pour toute espece de cables, de cordes et de ficelles. On a essaye, en quelques endroits, de tirer parti de ces vilaines orties qui piquent si bien les passants ; et Ton en fait un fil grossier, mais tres-fort, qui pent servir a faire des toiles communes. Au defaut de ces plantes, on cultive le coton dans quelques iles de I'Amerique, et surtout dans les grandes Indes. C'est d'abord un duvet leger, qui entoure les graines d'un arbre appele arbre a coton. Le fruit qui les renferme en plusieurs petites loges, est a pen pres 54 PEEMlfeRES CONNAISSANCES : de la grosseur d'une iioix, et s'ouvre en murissant. Alors on le recueille, et le coton, separe des graines et dii fruit, devient, apres quelques preparations, nne espece de filasse douce et blanche. La partie la plus grossiere se file en gros brins pour les meches de nos lampes et de nos bougies. Le reste, file en brins presque aussi delies que nos cheveux, s'emploie pour la fabrique des basins, des mousselines et des toiles de coton. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Voyez- vous : put this v. (a) iu the affirma- tive, (b) in the neg., and (c) in the interr. with a neg. ; and conjug. in- terr. the fut. 2. Que vous avez vu filer: why does not the p. p. agree here ? 3. Emploie : give the pr. Inf., the 1st p. of the fut. of this v., and its verbal subst. 4. Give the fern. sing, of l^ger, the comp. (m\) of petites, and the masc. (sing, and pi.) of douce and blanche. 5. Put in the pi. : Le fruit qui les renferme en plusieurs petites loges, est a peu prcs de la grosseur d'une noix, et s'ouvre en murissant. 6. Transl. into Fr. : Have you ever seen an old woman spinning 9 — Yes, very often, in the country. I want to have my hair cut. 11. La vigne. — La vigne est un arbrisseau sarmenteux dont les fieurs, reunies en forme de grappes, produisent des fruits appeles raisins. Le cep est le tronc ou la tige de la vigne, les sarments sont les rameaux allonges et flexibles qui poussent de la tige. Les terrains sees et legers sont ceux qui conviennent le mieux pour la culture de la vigne. A^oici les procedes que Ton emploie generalement pour la plantation de cet arbrisseau. Lorsque le sol a ete convenablement prepare par les labours, on se procure des sarments de I'annee ou brins de bois bien murs, qu'on appelle cros- settes, parce qu'ils portent au bas une crosse, c'est-a-dire un mor- ceau de bois de la pousse precedente : on fait des trous de trois oia quatre decimetres de profondeur, et dans chacun de ces trous on plante un sarment: ou bien on trace un sillon, c'est-a-dire une longue tranchce, et on y couche les crosses. Apres la plantation, la vigne exige des soins assidus pendant quelques annees. La premiere annee, les travaux consistent en des binages qui ont pour but de tenir la terre propre et de la purger des mauvaises hemes ; en suite on coupe toutes les pousses, excepte uno qu'on destine a servir de souche, et qu'on taille sur un ou deux yeux, suivant sa force. La taille de la vigne est plus simple que celle des autres arbres, parce que, les fruits ne venant que sur les bourgeons de I'annee, il suffit pour bien faire cette operation, de se rappeler que les boutons inferieurs sont ceux qui donnent des fruits. La deuxieme annee, il faut donner trois fafons ou ti'ois legers labours, ordinairemiCnt au moycn de la houe. On a le soin aussi d'^bourgeonner, c'est-a-dire de couper tons les sarments qui ne portent pas de fruits. Tons ces travaux, les binages, la taille, les labours, se continuent chaque annee, et au bout de cinq ans la vigne est en rapport. Les plants qui n'ont pas reussi sont remplacee au moyen d'une operation qu'on appelle provir/nage, Elle consiste a coucher dans HISTOIKE NATUKELLE, ETC, 55 une petite fosse pratiquee a cet effet im cep avec tons ses sarments, qui etant releves contro la terre de la petite fosse prennent racine et forment de noiiveaux ceps. Les vignes bier, conduites j)euvent durer un tres-loug espace de temps. La vigne est une des principales richesses de la France. — G. Beleze. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Give the fem. sing, of sees, legers, ceux, cet, murs, and tiie masc. (sing, and pi.) of longue. 2. What is le mieux ? and give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of emploie and envoyer. 3. Murs: account for the circumflex accent; what is the meaning of le mur and la mure ? 4. Qu'on appelle : which is the best way of rendering the Fr. on in Engl.? why two Vs in appelle'^ 5. Chacun de ces trous : what dif- ference is there between chacun and chaqice? and give the pi. of bijou, cou, caillou, clou, chou, hihou, with their respective meanings. Give the pr, part, of exige, the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of tenir, and the irr. comp. of superiority of mauvaises. 6. Conjug. neg. the past indef. of se rappeler. What difference is there between se rappeler and se souvenir, both transl. by to remember'^ Give the sing, and the other pi. form of travaux, and put in the interr. with a neg. : La vigne est une des principales richesses de la France, 12. Le vin. — Le vin est une liqueur fermentee faite avec le jus du raisin, fruit de la vigne. Quand le raisin est parvenu a sa maturite (ce qui a lieu en France vers le inois de septembre ou celui d'octobre), on le cueille : c'est ce qu'on appelle faire la vendange. On emploie un assez grand nombre d'ouvriers k la recolte des raisins, parce que c'est une besogne qui doit etre expediee le plus promptement possible, afin de ne pas meler ensemble les produits de la cueille de plusieurs jours. Parmi les vendangeurs, les uns, armes de ciseaux ou de serpettes, vont de cep en cep couper les grappes de raisin, qui sont jetees dans un panier d'osier ; les autres, le dos charge d'une liotte, recoivent les produits de la cueille et les portent dans des tonneaux sans fond superieur places sur une charrette. Lorsque la charrette est pleine, cette provision est transportee au lieu ou est placee la cuve, qui est faite avec des douves parfaitement jointes et cerclees en fer. La cuve une fois remplie, on foule la vendange : un homme pile, ecrase avec ses pieds les raisins ; les grains ainsi ecrases rendent leur jus ; les peaux et les pepins surnagent a la surface et forment ce qu'on appelle le marc. La fermentation s'etablit en peu de temps dans cette masse liquide, d'ou il s'echappe une multitude de bulles d'air qui soulevent le marc comme si le liquide etait en ebullition. Cet air est du gaz acide carbonique, qu'on ne pent respirer sans courir le danger d'etre asphyxie. II faut done prendre certaine^ precautions et renouveler Fair du lieu ou se trouve la cuve, avant d'y entrer. Des qu'on s'est assure que le vin est fait (ce que les gens du metier savent bien reconnaitre), on le soutire de la cuve et on le renferme dans des tonneaux. Quant au marc, on en tire parti, soit en le portant au pressoir, pour en obtenir du vin, qui est d'une 56 PREMIERES CONNAISSANCES : qualite inferieure, soit en le mettant dans des tonneaux avec une certaine quantite d'eau, pour en faire une boisson connue sous le nom de piquette. La France est le pays qui produit les vins les plus estimes et les plus varies. 11 suffit de citer les vins de Bordeaux, de Bourgogne et de Champagne, qui sont I'objet d'un immense commerce avec toutes les parties du monde. — Gr. Beleze. the agreement of the p. p. faite and jointes, and conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. of both. 5. Une fois ; en peu de temps: give the homonyms oi fois, and account for the prep, de before temps. 6. Transl. into Engl. : Does not time fly very quickly when we are with our friends ? What kind of weather is it to-day ? It is foggy. Did I not tell you several trmes that I had not the time to go and see you in the country ? Grammatical Questions. — 1 . Du raisin, fruit : why no art. before fruit? Conjug. interr. the pr. Ind. of parvenu. What is the meaning of un parvenu ? 2. Parse doit, give its prim, tenses, and account for the circumflex accent, in its p. p. 3. Give the verbs corresponding to the foil, substs. : produits, cueille, ven- dangeurs, with their respective meanings. 4. Qui est faite avec des douves parfaitement jointes: what kind of word is qui? account for 13. Les carrieres, les mines de charbon et de sel. — C'est du sein de la terre qu'on a tire les gres qui pavent nos rues et nos grands chemins. La porcelaine et la faience ; la poterie commune, d'un si grand usage dans la cuisine ; les briques dont on batit les maisons ; les tuiles qui couvrent nos toits ; tout cela n'est que de la terre, d'une pate plus ou moins fine, petrie et cuite au four. Nos verres et nos bouteilles, les vitrages de nos fenetres, sont du sable fondu. Yous avez vu quelquefois, dans vos promenades, batir des maisons : eh bien, la chaux, le mortier, le platre, le ciment qu'on a mis entre les pierres pour les lier ensemble et les affermir, venaient du sein de la terre : ces pierres elles-memes, entassees les unes sur les autres jusqu'a une si grande Elevation au-dessus de nos tetes, etaient ense- velies k de grandes profondeurs sous nos pieds. II en est ainsi du marbre qui pare nos cheminees, et de I'ardoise qui couvre nos pavilions. Les endroits creuses pour en retirer ces divers materiaux s'appellent carrieres. II est des pays oil, en creusant h. certaines profondeurs, on trouve dans une espece de carriere appelee mine, le charbon de terre qui sert dans plusieurs provinces de France, ainsi que dans des royaumes entiers, a faire le feu de la cuisine et celui des appartements. Le charbon de bois ne vient point dans la terre ; mais il s'y fait dans de grandes fosses, ou Ton jette du bois pour le faire bruler. Lorsqu'il est bien enflammd, on le recouvre afin de Peteindre, avant qu'il soit au point de se reduire en cendres. II est aussi des mines de sel. En quelques endroits le sel de ces mines est si dur, qu'on pent ]e tailler com me du marbre, et en faire des statues. Ce qu'il y a do singulier, c'est que le feu le fait fondre ejicore plus promptement que I'eau. Le sel nous vient plus com- IIISTOIEE NATURELLE, ETC. 57 mimeraeiit de I'eau de mer qu'on fait entrer dans une espece de bassin peu profond, et qu'on laisse evaporer au soleil. Qiiand I'eau est toute evaporee, le sel reste en croute dans ces bassins qu'on appelle salines. — Berquin. Ind. ofjette, faire, e'teindre, and turn into Fr. : Do not put the fire out, hut cover it with ashes. 5. Transl. the foil, idiom, express, in which the V. pouvoir is used : (a) Cela se peut- il '? (b) Vous n'y pouvez rien. (c) Asseyons-nous un moment, nous n'en pouvons plus, (d) Fuissiez-vous etro heureux! 6. Toute evaporee: why- is tout here with the mark of the fem., and why is the p. p. evaporee in the fem. ? Grammatical Questions. — 1. Tout cela n'est que de la terre: why the V. in the sing., as there are several subjects preceding it ? 2. Parse the foil, verbs : hdtit, couvrent, cuite, fondu, vous avez vu ; and give the prim, tenses and the 1st pers. sing. of the fut. (conjug. neg.) of each. What difference is there between hdtit and battit ? 3. Give the sing, masc. of elles-memesy and conjug. in- terr. the fut. of s'appellent. 4. Give the 2nd p. (sing, and pi.) of the pr. 14. Les mines de metaux et de pierres precieuses. — On tire encore des entrailles de la terre I'or, I'argent, le cuivre, le fer, le plomb et retain. C'est ce qu'on appelle metaux. L'or est le plus precieux de tons les metaux. On pent battre I'or, et I'etendre en feuilles plus minces que du papier. « ^ L'argent, quoique inferieur a l'or, est cependant tres-estime. Les Vv petites pieces de monnaie sont d'argent. On I'emploie aussi pour '^^ les tonbeauXi la vaisselle plate et une infinite d'autres ustensiles, ^ dont les gens riches font usage. L'argent convert d'une feuille d'or s'appelle vermeil. -^ Le cuivre sert a faire toute la basse monnaie. On I'emploie aussi ordinairement pour faire nos poelons, nos casseroles et nos chaudieres. Mais I'usage en serait tres-dangereux si Ton n'avait la precaution de les doubler d'etain en-dedans : c'est ce qu'on appelle etamer. Le fer est le metal le plus commun, mais le plus utile. La plupart des instruments dont on se sert pour la culture de la terre et pour les differents metiers, sont de fer. L'acier est une espece de fer rafEne et purifie dans la trempe, par le melange de quelques ingredients. Les couteaux, les ciseaux, les rasoirs, les aiguilles, sont d'acier. . - ^ Le plomb est aussi d'un tres-grand usage. Vous savez combien -^ ' il est pesant. On en fait des reservoirs pour contenir I'eau, des tuyaux pour I'amener des sources, des gouttieres pour ramasser la-^/^i-^'-'' pluie qui degoutte des toits, et la conduire hors de la maison. On en iait aussi des poids pour les balances, les tournebroches et les horlp^ess-^, js.-vx^ ' L^etain est un metal blanchatre plus mou que l'argent, mais plus' /i , (\^^ -V^ur que le plomb. II sert a faire des bassins, des ecuelles, des assiettes et des cuillers pour les gens qui n'ont pas les moyens d'en avoir d'argent. ^. Tous ces differents metaux se trouvent en mines dans la terre. On y trouve aussi ce qu'on appelle les demi-metaux, tels que le vif-argent dont on couvre le derriere des miroirs ; le zinc, I'antimoine, 58 PREMIERES CONNAISSANCES : que Ton mele avec les metaux, pour en faire des metaux composes, comme le laiton et le bronze. C'est encore dans la terre que Ton trouve les pierres precieuses, telles que le diamant qui est proprement sans couleur, le rubis qui est rouge, I'emeraude qui est verte, le saphir qui est bleu. Elles ne paraissent point si brillantes lorsqu'on les tire de la mine. II faut autant de patience que de travail pour les tailler et les polir. Regardez les diamants d'une bague : vous voyez qu'ils sont tallies a plusieurs facettes : c'est afin que la lumiere, se reflecliissant d'un plus grand nombre de points, leur donne plus d'eclat. II est "une espece de caillou que I'on taille aussi en forme de diamant, pour en garnir des boucles et des colliers ; mais il est bien loin d'avoir le meme feu. On le reconnait a sa transparence plus terne. C'est ce qu'on Sii^-peWe pierres fausses. — Berquin. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Con- jug, neg, the pres. Ind., and I'nterr. the fut. of hattre. 2. Parse convert, and give the 3rd p. (sing, and pi.) of the imp. Subj. 3. Give the masc. sing, of basse, and the meaning of the subst. has, bat, and of bat (3rd p. sing, of the pres. Ind.). 4. Why is the poss. adj. repeated in Fr. before every word? and give the adv. of manner of commun.x , 5i De'- goutte: what is the difference ' be- tween the two verbs degoutter and degouter? and give the meaning of the foil, homonymous words: poids, pois, poix, with their respective genders. 6. Mou: give the other masc. form of this adj. ; say when it is used, and mention some adjs. of the same kind. Give the fern. sing, and the masc, pi. of bleu, and name the tense which is wanting in the conjug. of the imp. v. il faut. )/C-^ ' 15. Le lever du soleil. — On le voit s'annoncer de loin par les traits de feu qu'il lance au devant de lui. L'incendie augmente, rOrient parait tout en flammes ; ^ leur eclat on attend I'astre longtemps avant qu'il se montre : a chaque instant on croit le voir paraitre ; on le voit enfin. Un point brillant part comme un eclair, et remplit aussitot tout I'espace ; le voile des tdnebres s'efface et tombe. L'homme reconnait son sejour et le trouve embelli. La verdure a pris durant la nuit une vigueur nouvelle ; le jour naissant qui I'eclaire, les premiers rayons qui la dorent, la montrent couverte d'un brillant reseau de rosee, qui reflechit h. I'oeil la lumiere et les couleurs. Les oiseaux en choeur se reunissent et saluent de con- cert le pere de la vie ; en ce moment pas un seul ne se tait ; leur gazouillement, faible encore, est plus lent et plus doux que dans le reste de la journee ; il se sent de la langueur d'un paisible reveil. Le concours de tons ces objets porte aux sens une impression de frai- clieur qui semble pen^trer jusqu'^ Fame. II y a la une demi-heure d'enchantement, auquel nul homme ne resiste : un spectacle si grand, si beau, si delicieux, n'en laisse aucun de sang-froid. — J.-J. Rousseau. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Parait tout en flammes: parse parait, ac- count for the circumflex accent, and conj. interr. the pres. Ind. of this v. * What is tout here? 2. Illustrate, by some examples, the difference of HISTOIRE NATURELLE, ETC, 59 meaning between the Fr. v. attendre and the Engl, to attend. 3. Conjug. vxg. the pres. Subj. of a pris. 4. Give the homonyms of pere. 5. Ne se tait: parse this v., give its primi- tive tenses, and conjug. (a) affirma- tively, (b) neg., (c) interr., (d) in- terr. with a neg. the future of the same. 6. Forte aux sens: give, in Fr., the names of the five senses. 1 . Demi-heure '. why not demie? when does demi take the marl? of the fern.? 8. Give the verbs (with their re- spective meanings) corresponding to the foil, substs. : incendie, eclair, voile, sejour, rayons, gazouillemcnt, reveil. 16. Vhomme. — Tout marque dans I'liomme, merae a rexterieur, sa superiorite sur tons les etres vivants ; ii se soiitient droit et eleve ; son attitude est celle du commandement ; sa tete regarde le ciel, et presente une face auguste, sur laquelle est imprime le caractere de sa dignite ; I'image de Tame y est peinte par la physionomie ; Texcellence de sa nature perce a travers les organes materiels, et anime d'un feu divin les traits de son visage ; son port majestueux, sa demarclie ferme et hardie, annoncent sa noblesse et son rang ; il ne touche a la terre que par ses extremites les plus eloignees ; il ne la voit que de loin, et semble la dedaigner. Les bras ne lui sont pas donnes pour servir de piliers d'appui a la mass^ de son corps ; sa main ne doit pas fouler la terre, et perdre par des frottements reiteres la finesse du toucher dont elle est le principal organe : le bras et la main sont faits pour servir a des usages plus nobles, pour executer les ordres de la volonte, pour saisir les choses eloignees, pour ecarter les obstacles, pour prevenir les rencontres et le choc de ce qui pourrait nuire. Lorsque Fame est tranquille, toutes les parties du visage sont dans un etat de repos ; leur proportion, leur union, leur ensemble, marquent encore assez la douce harmonic des pensees, et repondent au calme de I'interieur: mais lorsque I'ame est agitee, la face humaine devient un tableau vivant, ou les passions sont rendues avec autant de delicatesse que d'energie, oii chaque mouvement de Tame est exprime par un trait, chaque action par un caractere, dont Timpression vive et prompte devance la volonte, nous decele, et rend au dehors, par des signes pathetiques, les images de nos secretes agitations. C'est surtout dans les yeux qu'elles se peignent et qu'on pent les reconnaitre ; I'ceil appartient a I'ame plus qu'aucun autre organe ; il semble y toucher et participer a tons ses mouvements ; il en ex- prime les passions les plus vives et les emotions les plus tumul- tueuses, comme les mouvements les plus doux et les sentiments les plus delicats; il les rend dans toute leur force, dans toute leur purete, tels qu'ils viennent de naitre; il les transmet par des traits rapides qui portent dans une autre ame le feu. Taction, I'image de celle dont ils partent. L'oeil refoit et reflechit en meme temps la lumiere de la pensee et la chaleur du sentiment : c'est le sens de I'esprit et la langue de I'intelligence. — Buffon, De rSomme, 60 PREMIERES CONNAISSANCES : prim, tenses of this v., and the 1st p. sing, of the imp. Ind. and past def. of the same v., and of peigner, 5. Put in the pi. : le bras et la main sont faits, and give the 2nd p. pi. of the imper. of sont and faits. 6. Put in the interr. with a neg. the last sentence : L*ceil regoit , . , . et la langue de l' intelligence. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Ac- count for the s in vivants, and transl. into Fr. : Men living in so- ciety are dependent on each other. 2. Give the 3rd p. sing, of the past indef. and fut., and the whole imper. of se soutient. 3. Sur laquelle: why not sur qui? 4. Y est peinte: what is y here? and account for the agreement of peinte ; give th'} 17. Le cheval. — La plus noble conquete que I'liomme ait jamais faite est celle de ce fier et fougueux animal qui partage avec lui les fatigues de la guerre et la gloire des combats: aussi intrepide que son maitre, le cheval voit le peril et I'afifronte: il se fait au bruit des armes, il I'aime, il le cherche, et s'anime de la meme ardeur ; il partage aussi ses plaisirs : a la chasse, aux tournois, a la course, il brille, il etincelle. Mais, docile autant que courageux, il ne se laisse point emporter k son feu, il salt reprimer ses mouvements non-seulement il flechit sous la main de celui qui le guide, mais il scmble consulter ses desirs, et, obeissant toujours aux impressions qu'il en re9oit, il se precipite, se modere ou s'arrete, et n'agit que pour y satisfaire: c'est une creature qui renonce a son etre pour n'exister que par la volonte d'un autre, qui sait meme la prevenir ; qui, par la promptitude et la precision de ses mouvements, I'exprime et I'execute ; qui sent autant qu'on le desire, et ne rend qu'autant qu'on veut ; qui, se livrant sans reserve, ne se refuse a rien, sert de toutes ses forces, s'excede, et meme meurt pour mieux obeir. — BUFFON. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Ait jamais faite : why the Subj. mood here ? 2. Put in the pi. : ce fier et fougueux animal, and form the adv. in -m£nt of fier. 3. Parse the foil, verbs : voit, se fait ; give their pri- mitive tenses, and the 1st p. pi. of the pres. Ind. of partage and etin- celle. 4. Aux impressions qu'il en regoit .... que pour y satisfaire : what kind of words are en and y ? 5. Give, with their respective mean- ings, the verbs corresponding to the foil, substs. : conquete, combat, maitrCy main. 6. Transl. into Engl, the foil, idiom, expr. about the v. faire: (a) Allons-nous-en ; il se fait tard. (b) Vous me faites beaucoup de peine. (c) H me fait honte. (d) Je ne sais >pas comment cela se fait, mais mon meilleur ami m^ fait mauvaise mine. (e) Cest bienfait. 18. Le chien (A). — Le cbien, ind^pendamment de la beaute de sa forme, de la vivacite, de la force, de la legerete, a par excellence toutes les qualites intericures qui peuvent lui attirer les regards de I'homme. Un naturel ardent, colere, meme feroce et sanguinaire, rend le cbien sauvage redoutable a tous les animaux, et cede dans le chien domestique aux sentiments les plus doux, au plaisir de s'attachcr et au desir de plaire; il vient en rampant mettre aux picds de son maitre son courage, sa force, ses talents ; il attend ses ordres, il le consulte, il I'interroge, il le supplie ; un coup d'oeil suffit, HISTOIRE NATtJRI^LLE, ETC. 61 il entend les signes de sa volonte. Sans avoir, comme Fhomme, la lumiere de la pensee, il a toute la chaleur du sentiment ; il a de plus que lui la fidelite, la Constance dans ses affections : nulle ambition, nul interet, nul desir de vengeance, nulle crainte que celle de de- plaire ; il est tout zele, tout ardeur et tout obeissance. Plus sensible au souvenir des bienfaits qu'a celui des outrages, il ne se rebute pas par les mauvais traitements; il les subit, les oublie, ou ne s'en souvient que pour s'attacher davantage : loin de s'irriter ou de fuir, 11 s'expose de lui-meme a de nouvelles epreuves ; il leche cette main, instrument de douleur, qui vient de le frapper ; il ne lui oppose que la plainte, et la desarme enfin par la patience et la soumission. — BUFFON. Grammatical Questions. — 1. Inde- pendamment de la heaute . . . . : how was this adv. formed? Ac- count for the repetition of the prep. de, and give the adjs. corresponding to the substs. heaute, vivacity, force, legerete'. 2. Qui peuvent lui attirer les regards: parse this sentence, account for the place of the pers. pron., and say in what case the pers. pron. is to be placed after the v. 3. Cede : why a grave accent here ? Conjug. iieg. the pres. Subj. of this verb. 4. II entend : illustrate, by short sentences, the different mean- ings of this V. 5. Sans avoir : why not sans ayant — without having ? Is there not a Fr. prep, governing the same tense as in Engl. ? 6. Sen- timents ; traitements : name (a) the only fem. Fr. subst. ending in -ment, and (6) the only fem. subst. ending in -ent, although coming from L. substs. neuter and masc. 19. Le cJiien (B). — Considerons ces courageux animaux au milieu des glaciers du mont Saint-Bernard, pretant assistance aux voy^ ageurs qui s'egarent, les guidant au sein des tenebres, leur creant des routes au milieu des torrents, a travers mille abimes, et par- tageant avec des hommes veneres les soins perilleux d'une bien- faisance hospitaliere. Voyez les chiens de Terre-Neuve s'elancer dans les flots, affronter le courroux des vagues, braver le dechainement des vents et de la tempete, se reunir pour mieux resister au courant des fleuves, plonger dans les gouffres de la mer, et ramener vers le rivage les malheureux naufrages. Qui n'a pas entendu parler des cbiens de la Siberie ? II semble neanmoins qu'on n'ait pas assez celebre leur intelligence, leur devoue- ment, leurs services, leur generosite. Ces animaux servent a la fois, pour les Samoiedes, de betes de somme et de betes de trait. lis manifestent une etonnante vigueur, et transportent des fardeaux ^ des distances prodigieuses. On les attelle a des traineaux. Plus lestes que nos coursiers, ils savent se frayer des issues au travers des routes les plus escarpees. lis ne font qu'effleurer le sol, et passent rapidement sur la neige sans jamais I'enfoncer. Aussi sobres que laborieux, il leur suffit, pour se nourrir, de quelques poissons qu'on fait mariner, et qu'on met ensuite en reserve. Mais, ce qu'il y a de merveilleux dans les habitudes de ces bons chiens, c'est qu'ils restent libres et livres ^ eux-memes pendant tout I'^te. Tant 62 PEEMli:RES CONNAISSAKCES : qu'on n'a pas besoiii de leur assistance, ils viveiit de leur seule Industrie. Ce n'est qu'a nn signal qu'on leur donne, apres I'appari- tion des premiers froids, qu'ils accourent aifectueusement aupres d(^ leurs maitres, pour leur rendre tons les services dont ceux-ci ont besoin. lis les dirigent pendant les tenebres de la nuit et au milieu des plus terribles orages. Quand les Samoiedes tombent engourdis sur la terre couverte de frimas, leurs chiens viennent les couvrir de leurs corps, et leur communiquer leur chaleur naturelle. Mais que fait I'homme, partout si ingrat, pour tant de bons ofiices ? II attend que ces animaux deviennent vieux pour exiger leur peau et pour s'en revetir. — Alibert. Grammatical Questions. — 1. S'cfga- I mark of the fern.? 5. Aussi sobres rent: conjug. inter r. with a neg. the que lahorieux: put this in the fern. pluperf. Ind. of this v. 2. Au sein des tenebres: give the homonyms of sein, and mention some substs. be- longing to the same class as tenebres. 3. Give the 1st p. sing, of the fut. of voyez, the 1st p. pi. of the past def. of s' dancer and plonger, and the 2nd p. sing, of the pres. Subj. ofram^ner. 4. Zeur intelligence, leur . . . : why is leur repeated before every subst. ? what kind of word is it when it pre- cedes a V. ? Does it ever take the and transl. into Fr. : (a) They are more abstemious than hard-working; (6) they are not more abstemious than hard-working ; (c) are they less ab- stemious than hard-working ? ( T^v K€(pa\^Uj j'ai mal i la tete, my head aches. 3. Ivry (the battle of), fought on the 14th of March, 1590, and won by Henry IV. over the ^' Ligueurs," commanded by the Due de Mayenne. Henry IV. (1553-1610), the first French king of the Bourbon dynasty. Fran9ais, from L. L. Francensis, from Franc, the name of a people, and the suffix ensis ex- pressing nationality in L. q. 1, avant: see Notes on Fables, 23, q. 4. q. 4 : see P. i. p. 70. 5. 4, joumee means the whole of the day, from rising to rest ; hence day^s journey, day's work, and, lastly, battle : e.g. One of these days come and spend the day with me = un de ces jours, venez passer la joumee avec moi. il n'en fallut pas davantage : this was quite enough, sufficient .... lit. nothing more was wanting. q. 2 : see P. i. p. 98, note, 1 and 3. q. 3 : plus, in a comparison, is foil . by gwe, and modifies an adj., whilst davantage is not foil, by qy£ or an adj., and is placed at the end of the sentence : e.g. " la pa- resse est plus dangereuse que la vanite'," idleness is more dan- gerous than vanity ; and " la vanite est dangereuse, la pa- resse Test davantage,'' vanity is dangerous, idleness is still more so. 6. de rhioiiiieur et de . . . : notice the repetition of the prep. The three prep., a, de, en, must be repeated before every word they govern. q. 1 : see Voc. q. 4: gloires = paintings in the- Page 19-20.] atres, representing clouds and the celestial region. 6. Raleigh (Walter), (1552-1618), who discovered Virginia (1584), gained several victories over the Spaniards, and introduced tobacco into England. He was beheaded on the 20th of October, 1618, under the reign of James If guerit de =: gu6rit. q. 3 : see P. i. p. 99, xxv. 7. La Rochejaquelein (1773-1794), the famous chief of the " Chouans " or Royalists, who often defeated the Republican troops in the west of France, and was killed near Nouaille. q. 1 : see P. i. p. 38, and p. 68. q. 3 : leur never takes the mark of the fem. q. 6 : see P. i. 64. 4. 8. prendre le mors aux dents: to run away ; lit. to take the bit between the teeth (incisive). The s of mors is silent = mor'^aux dents. q. 3 : see P. i. p. 60. 4. q. 4: see P. i. p. 138. 13. q. 6 : cf. the English to arrest. 9. allemand : German, from the 0. H. G. aleman, prop, a re- union of men. ville : town, from L. villa = a farmstead, then a hamlet, and lastly a town. q. 1 : see P. i. p. 42, Remarks. q. 3 : mile = mille, s.m. q. 6 : the rel. pron., which is un- derstood in Engl., must be ex- pressed in Fr. 10. Socrates, born at Athens in 470 B.C., was condemned to drink hemlock in 400. se faisait batir une maison : had a house built for himself; lit. was having a house built for himself ; se is here in the dat. a quoi bon : what use is it ? what is the good of? — an imitation of the L. cut bono ? plaise an ciel : would to Heaven ! The Subj. is governed by the wish expressed by the Greek AND THE GRAMMATICAL QUESTIONS. 147 [Page 20-21. philosopher. Cf. the L. in- teream si valeo stare = may I die if I have strength to stand ; — Valeant cives mei: sint in- columes, sint beati, Farewell to my fellow-citizens; safe and happy may they be ! q. 2 : tout, adv., quite, takes the ** mark of the fern, before an adj. or p. p. fern, beginning with a consonant or h aspirate. 11. vous n'avez point: see P. i. p. 104(7). bailler : to yawn, contrd. of-O. Fr. baailler, from L. L. badacHlare, from L. badare. N.B. Bailler (without the circumflex, from L. L. bajulare, " to carry ") means to give. The verbal subst. is bail, a lease. q. 2 : messieurs (= mes, sieurs). q. 4 : see Voc. N.B. The prefix re in Fr. implies a repetition. N.B. repartir is a reg. v., and therefore is not conjug. like repartir. q. 6 : say : can I help of to talkl 12. Descartes (1596-1650), the cele- brated author of ' Discours sur la Me'thode,* who established modern philosophy. usent-ils: do they avail them- selves ? q. 1 : grand homme : great man ; homme grand : tall man. q. 3 : see Voc. q. 5: the Subj. is governed by verbs of thinking used interr. 13. Fehrbellin (battle of), won by Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, over the Swedes, in 1675. montait : was riding, ecuyer: equerry. Formerly es- cuyer, hence the Engl, esquire, squire. coups : shots ; coup de /dw= shot. venir de : to have just .... q. 4: see P. i. p. 85, xxii. 14. grenadier, from grenade, a pro- jectile, having the shape of a pomegranate, from L. granata Page 21.] for granatum (sc. malum), from granum, grain, kernel. parade : parade. It was formerl\ a riding-school term from Sp. parada, which was one of the figures of the Carrousel. faire voir : to show. a toute heure : at every hour = q. 2 : the p. p. is by itself; not being conjug. with an aux. v., it follows the rule of agreement of adj. q. 3 : see P. i. p. 45. 3. q. 4 : see P. i. p. 65, note 2. 16. equipe : ill-treated, served. The proper meaning of equiper is to rig, fit out (a ship). sire : sire is a doublet of seigneur, by contraction, from L. ace. seniorem, an old man, whence the sense of master, lord. KoUin (battle o.^), 18th June, 1757. Daun (1705-1766), an Austrian general, who, after beating Frederick II. at Kollin and Hochkirchen (1758), was de- feated at Leuthen and Torgau (1760). He took Dresden in 1761. en ... . satisfait : pleased with it. q. 2 : see P. i. p. 44, Remarks, 2. q. 4: see P. i. p. 109, f. 16. sans fa9on : unceremonious. se mit : see P. i. p. 134. 7. a son aise: at his ease, com- fortable. etui a lunettes: spectacle-case. N.B. In compound subst. the Engl, order is reversed, and the two subst. are joined by the prep. • a to denote either the contents (as is the case here), or the pur- pose, the instrument. Ex. : un verre a vin — a wine glass, whilst un verre de vin = a glass of wine. The prep, c?^ joins two subst., the first of which is qua- lified by the second ; e.g. un chapeau a claque, an opera-hat, or a cocked-hat, but un chapeau L 2 148 NOTES ON SHORT TAT.ES, ANECDOTES, [Page 21-22. de paille, a straw hat. This prep, de is often rendered into Engl, by an adj., as du tin d'Fspagne = Spanish wine. le regardait faire: was looking at him. Faire not to be transl. mais: why! (a kind of inter j. here). q. 2: see P. i. p. 99, xxv. q. 3 : telescope, glass. 17, toutes les fois que : every time that, whenever. lui touma le dos : see Notes on Anecdotes, 2, q. 4. q. 2 : being conjug. with the aux. V. avoir, it agrees with the obj. which is placed before that anx. V. q. 4 : see Notes on Anecdotes, 4. a. 5: seeP. I. p. 103(4). 18.* Swift (Dean of St. Patrick's), the famous author of * Gulliver's Travels ' (1667-1745). au siecle dernier: (in the) last century. Dernier is one of the adjs. which have a diflferent meaning according as they are placed before or after the subst. : e.g. le siecle dernier = last century, whilst le dernier siecle = the last century (of any period): la semaine derniere j'etais a la campagne ; c^etait la derniere semaine de mes vacances = last week I was in the country ; it was the last week of my holidays. campagne : 0. Fr. champagne = country, from L. campania, which among the Roman sur- veyors had the meaning of " a plain." N.B. The prep, in is transl. into Fr. by a in expr. such as these, to go, to live in the country = aller k la cam- pagne, demeurer k la campagne. parlez plus bas : speak in a lower tone, lower your voice. dessus, having no object, is an adv. q. 6: a- advenire], v.n., 2, to happen, befall. adverbe [L- n. adverbium, from ad and verbum], s.m., adverb. adversaire [L- adversari- us, from adversus], s.m., adver- sary, antagonist, opponent. adversite [L- ace. adver- sitatemj, s.f., adiversity. aerien, -ne [L. a^. from Gr. aijp], adj., aerial^ of the air. aeronaute [Gr. a^P, "air," and i^avTTjs, "sailor ], s.m., aeronaut. aerostat [<^r. aijp, "air," and (TTaT6<;, " standing "], s.m., air-baJdoon. afifabilite [t^- ace. affabiU- tatem], s.f., affability, kind- ness, graciousness. affable [L. affabiUs, « easy of access for speech"], adj., affable, courteous, kind. affaiblir ifaiOIe'], v.a., 2, to xoeaken. S' , r.v., to grow weak, smaller and smaller. affaiblissement [affai- blir], s.m., weakening, decay. affaire [a, faire'], s.f., affair, business. Avoir a, Pj have to deal with. Avoir de, to have need of. AFIN QUE. affaisser [«, faix, from L. fascis], v.a., 1, to sink, weigh dx)wn. S' , r.v., to sink down, give way, droop. affame [«, /aim], adj., hungry, starving. affecter [I-, affectare"], v.a., 1, tb affect; assume, pretend; like, love. , v.n., if to make a point of.'^ affection [L. ace. affec tionem], s.f., affection, love, liking. affectionne, -e [p-p- of af- fectionner], adj., affectionate. affectueusement, adv., affectionately, fondly, kindly. affectueux, -euse [i^- affectuosus, from affectus, " impression "], adj., affec- tionate, kind affermir [«, ferme, adj.], v.a., 2, to strengthen. S' , r.v., to become strong. affilie, -e, adj. and subst., affiliated member, confederate. , affilier [L. adfiUare = ad, Jiliuni], v.a., 1, to adopt, affi- liate. S' , r.v., to become affiliated, to associate. affirmation [L. ace. affir- mationem], s.f., affirmation, assertion. afiirmer [L. affirmare], v.a., I, to affirm, assert, state. affliction [L. ace. affiiC' tionem], s.f, affliction, dis- tress, grief. affliger [L. affligere], v.a., 1, to afflict, grieve, trouble. S' , r.v., to grieve, mourn. affluent [L. ace. afflu- entem], s.m., tributary (river). . affrancMr [franc, f. franche, q.v.], v.a., 1, to set free. S' , r.v., to free oneself. affrancMssement [af- franchir],s.m., liberation, de- liverance ; payment of postage. 2i^QVi'aemeiit,adv., fright- fully, horribly. affireux [affres, «•/. pK "pangs of death," from 0. H. G. eiver, eipar, "sharp, rugged"], adj., frightful, hor- rible. affronter [affront], v.a., 1, to en counter, face, brave. affut [a, fut, " wood," from L. ace. fustem], s.m., lying in wait for game; gun-carriage. afin de> *»* order to, so as to. afinque [a, fin, que], conj., that, in aider that. N 2 180 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY Africain, -e, adj. and s.m. or /., African. Afrique [Africa, "the land of Afer, a son of the Libyan Hercules "], s.f., Africa. agacer [0. H. G. hazjan, " to harry "], v.a., 1, to irritate, excite, to set (dogs) at. age [L- Ij- w. aetaticum, from L. ace. aetatein], s.m., age, time of life, century. Moyen , Middle Ages. age, -e [%e]. adj., aged, old. agenda [L- agenda, "things to be done"], s.m., rMe or memorandum book. agenouiller (s') [L-L- ad- geniculari, in Tertuilian, from ad and genuculum, the L. L. form for geniculum, which gave the Old Fr. genouil, "knee"], r.v., to kneel down. agent [L. ace. agentem], s.m., agent, medium. agglomeration [L- ace. agglomerationem], sf., agglo- meration. agglomerer [L. agglome- rare], v.a., I, to agglomerate, collect. S' , r.v., to heap up. aggraver [« and grave], v.a., 1, to aggravate, increase, make worse. agile [L- agilis^a^j., agile, quick, liyht-footed. agilement, adv., nimbly, quickly. agilite [L. ace. agiUtatem'], sf., agility, nimbleness. agir [L- agere], v.n., 2, to act, behave. agit (il S'), imp. V. (3rd p. sing. pres. Jnd.), the thing m question is ; the thing is. agitation [L- ace. agita- tionem'], sf., agitation, stir, motion, emotion, excitement. agiter [L. agitare], v.a., 1, to agitate, stir, move, brand- i. s.f., Germany. Allemand, -e [<^t. all = ail, mann =.man], adj. and s.m. or/., German. aller L^-'- cLdnare], v.n., l, to go. L' et le retour, there and back. S'en , r.v., to go, to go away. AMALGAMATION. alliance [alUer], s.f., al- liance. allie, -e iallier], adj. and s.m. or/., ally. allier [L- alUgare], v.a 1, to ally, unite, combine, mix. allocution [L. ace. allocu- iionem], s.f., allocution, speech. allonger [«, long, q.v.], v.a., 1, to lengthen. S' , r.v., to stretch, stretch one's limbs, to get longer. aliens ! [.aller], interj., come! well! allouer [L- L. allocare, from L. ad, loco^re], v.a., 1, to allow, grant. allumer [L- L. adluminare, allujitmare {?), "to kindle," from L. ad, lumen], v.a., 1, to kindle, light up. allure [aller], s.f., gait, way of going or of dealing. allusion [L- ace. allu- sioneni], s.f., allusion. alni^anacli [L. L. almana- chus, from Gr. aAju,ej/axa, used by Eusebius in the 3rd cen- tury], s.m., almanac. alors [It. alloi-a, from L. hora], adv., then. alouette [dim. of 0. Fr. aloue, from L. alauda, " sky- lark"], s.f., lark. Alpes [L. Alpes], s.f. pi., the Aljjs. altere, -e, adj., thirsty. alterer [L- alterare], v.a., 1, to alter, change; to make thirsty. S' , r.v., to be changed ; to grov) thirsty. alternatif, -ive [aitemer, " to alternate "], adj., alternate, in turns. alternative, s.f., alterna- tive, choice. alternativement, a^^-, alternately, by turns. altesse [It. altezza], s.f., highness. altier, -ere [It. aitiere], adj. , haughty, proud. amabilite [L- ace. amabi- litatem], sf., amiability, kind- ness, politeness. amaigrir [« and maigrir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to emaciate, re- duce. S' , r.v., to grow thin. amaigrissementjS.m., emaciation, wasting. amalgamation [amalga- mer], s.f., amalgamation. amalgamer [amalgame, from Gr. ixdXayfxa., "soften- ing"]? v.a., and s' , r.v., to amalgamate amande [L- n. amygdalum, from Gr. d/xv-ySaAos], sf., almond. amandier, s.m., almond- tree. amarre [«. and N. maaren, " to fasten "], s.f., mooring, cable, rope. amarrer [«> and marrer, from N. maaren, " to fasten "], v.a., 1, to moor. amas [amasser], s.m., heap, mass, collection, crowd. amasser [«, masse, q.v.], v.a., 1, to gather, heap up. amateur [L. ace. ama- torem], s.'-fi., amateur, fan- cier. ambassade [L- L- am- bactia, froui ambactus, " a servant sent with a message," from 0. H. G. ambacht, " a servant "], s.f., embassy. ambassadeur [ambas^ sade], s.m., ambassador. ''The /. is ambassadrice.) ambiant, -e [i^- ace. am- bientem], adj., ambient, sur- ambigu, -e [L. amUguus], adj., ambiguous, obscure. ambiguite [L. ace. ambi- guitatem], s.f, ambiguity. ambitieux, -euse [L. am- bitiosus], adj., ambitious. ambition [L- ace ambi- tionem], s.f., ambition, aim. ambitionner [ambition], v.a., 1, to covet, aspire to. ambre [Ar. anbar], s.m., amber. ambroisie [L- ambrosia, from Gr. an^pocria, from dix^poTo<;, "immortal"], s.f., ambrosia (the drink of the gods). ambulance [ambulant], s.f., ambulance, field-hospital. ame [L- anima], s.f, soul, spirit, mind. amelioration [amcUorer, " to improve," from L. ad, me- liorem], s.f., improvement. ameliorer [L. L. ameiio- rari], v.a., 1, to ameliorate, improve. S' , r.v., to alter for the better. amen [L. amen, from Gr. oLfx-riv, from Heb, amen, " true," used as an adv., truly, surely ^ verily ; at the end of scntencea 182 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY AMENDE. Used for Gr. yevoiTO, and L. Jiat, " 80 be it "], adv., amin. amende [L. « and mendum, " a fault ' '], s./., /iw€, penalty. aniener [a. mener, 7.t).], v.a., 1, io bring ; draw, pull. amenite [L. ace. amodui- latem}, sf., amenity, plea:ant- ness. amer [L* amarus}, adj., hitter. amerement, adv., bitterly. Americain, -e [Ameri- que], adj. and s.m. or /., American. Amerique [Americus ( Ves- pucius), a proper name], s.f., America. amertume [L. ace amari- iadinem'], s.f., bitterness. ameuter [a, meute, q-v."}, v.a., 1, to stir up. See Notes on Nat. Hist., 25. amij -e [L. ace. amicum'], s.m. or f., friend. amical, -e [L- amicaZts], adj., friendly. amicalement, adv., in a friendly way, kindly. amincir [« and mince, q.v.j, v.a., 2, to make thinner. S , r.v., to grow thinner. amiral [L- L. ace. admira- iium, from L. Gr. a/xr/pa?, from At. amir al hahr, " commander of the sea"], s.m., admiral. amiraute, s.f., admiralty, admiralship. amitie [ij- ace. amidtatem, a common L. form of amicitia'], s.f. , friendship. amnistie [Gr. afxvTja-TCa, from a privative, and fjivaiofiat, " I remember "],s./., amneUy. amnistier, v.a., i, to grant an amnesty to ; to pardon. amoindrir [« and moin- dre, g.v.], v.a., 2, to lessen. S' , r.v., to grow less, decay. amollir [« and mol, see mow], v.a., 2, to soften. S' , r.v., to become soft or effeminate. amonceler [^. monceau, q.v.], v.a., 1, to accumulate, amass, heap up. amorce [0- Fr. amorse, from a and mordre, q.v.l, s.f., bait, allurement, priming. amercer, v.a., i, to bait, allure, prime. amortir [^ and mort, o.v.], v.a., 2, to'soothe, deaden, allay. S' , r.v., to be deadened or allayed. amour [L- ace. amorem'}, s.m., love, affection. pro- pre, conceit, vanity ; self-love, selfishness. (In the pi. this s. is/em.) amoxireusement, adv., lovingly, tenderly. amoTireux, -euse [L- L. j amorosus], adj., loving, fond. 1 amphitlieatre [L- w. am- phitheatrum, from Gr. a/u.(/)t- Oearpov, from a/u,<^i, " on both sides," and Oearpov, "theatre"], s.m., amphitheatre. amphore [L- amphora, " a large vessel with a handle on each side of the neck"], s.f., amphora, pitcher, jug. ample [L- amplus^t adj., ample, copious, full. amplement,. adv., amply, fully, copiously. ampleur [ample'], s.f., am- pleness, fulness, width. amplification [L. ace. am- plificationem], s.f., amplifica- tion, magnifying, exaggera- tion. amplifier [L. ampUficare'], v.a., 1, to amplify, enlarge on, exaggerate. amputation [Ij. ace am- putationem], s.f., amputation, cutting off. amputer [L amputare'], v.a., 1, to amputate, cut off. amunitionner [« and »;«- nition, q.v.], v.a., 1, to store, supply (military term). amusant, -e [amuser'], adj., amusing, laughable. amusement, s.m., amuse- ment, diversion, sport, play. amuser [?], «■«., i, to amuse, divert. S' , r.v., to be amused, to amuse oneself. an [L. ace. annum], s.m., year. anachorete [L- ace. anacho- retam, from Gr. avaxoipy]Tri^, "he who withdraws from the world," fr. ava, " far," and xo^- peti/, " to go"], s.m., anchorite. analogie [L. analogia, from Gr. avaXoy ia], S.f, ana- logy, resemblance. analogique [L. analo- gicus, from Gr. di/oAoytKos], adj., analogous. analogue [L. analogus, from Gr. di/aAoyos], adj., ana- logous. analyse [Crr. dfdAvo-t^.from ava\vv^ia, " stopping of the pulse "J, s.f, asphyxia, suffocation. asphyxier, v.a., i, to suf- focate, stifle. aspirant [aspirer}, s.m., candidate, probationer. aspiration [L. aec. aspirur ASSIfGER. tionem'], sf, inspiration ; as- piration, longing. aspirer [L- aspirare}, v.a. and n., 1, to inhale; aspire to, long for. assaillant lassailHrl s.m., assailant, besieger. assaillir [L- L. assalire}, v.a., 2, to assail, assault. assaisonnement [«. sai- son, q.v.}, s.m., seasoning, re- lish, delight. assaisonner [«, saison, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to season, dress, temper. assassin iHaschischin (drinkers of a decoction of hemp, called haschisch), a well- known sect in Palestine, who under the influence of the intoxicating liquor stabbed many of the leading Crusaders in the 13th century], s.m., as- sassin. assassinatf s.m., assassina- tion, murder. assassiner, v.a., i, to mur- der, kill. assaut [L- ace. assaltum, compd. ofsaltus'], s.m., assault, attack. assemblee [assembler'], s.f, meeting, assembly, audience. assembler [L. adsimulare = assimulare], v.a., 1, to as- semble, collect, gather. S' , r.v., to assemble, meet. asseoir [«. seoir, from L. ad, sedere = assidere], v.a., 3, to put on a seat, to seat. S' , r.v., to sit down. assertion [L- ace. asser- fionem}, s.f., assertion, affir- mation. asservir [L. asservire, from ad and sei-vus}, v.a., 2, to reduce to servitude, enslave. asservissement, «.w., en- slaving, servitude, bondage. assesseur [L- ace. asses- sorem}, s.m., assessor, assistant judge. assez [L. L. adsatis = ad, satis], adv., enough. assidu, -e [L- assiduus], adj., assiduous, steady, atten- tive, punctual. assiduite [L- ace. assidui- tatem}, s.f, assiduity, dili- gence. assidument, adv., assidu- ously, diligently. assiegeant, s.m., besieger. assieger lh.Ij.assedilare," to lay siege "], v.a., 1 to besiege. ASSUJETTISSEMEKT. assieges, s.m. pi., the be assiette [L- L. assecta (?), from L. ad, secare — lit. the platter on which the meat is cut up], s.f, plate. assiettee, s.f, plateful. assigner [L. assignare = ad, signum], v.a., 1, to allot. assimilation [L. ace. as- similationem], sf, assimila- tion. assimiler [L. assimilare}, v.a., 1, to assimilate. S' , r.v., to be assimilated. assise [asseoir], s.f, layer, row. Cour d* , assizes. assistance lassisto-], s.f, attendance, audience ; help. assistantj s.m., bystander, spectator. assister [L. assist&'e], v.a., 1, to assist, help. , v.n., to be present at. association [assoder], sf, association, union, partner- ship. associer [L- assodare], v.a., 1, to associate, take into part- nership. S' , r.v., to enter into partnership ; to be associ- ated with, connected with. assombrir [«. sombre, q.v.] v.a., 2, to darken. S' , r.v., to grow dark, cloudy. assoinmer {somme, *• a burden "], v.a., 1, to knock down, beat to death. assommoir [assommer], s.m., club, bludgeon. Coup d' , dreadful blow. assorti, -e Ip-P- of assor- tir], adj., well mxitched. assortiment [assortirX s.m., stock, set. assortir [a and sorte, q.v.], v.a., 2, to sort, match. S' , r.v., to be matcJied. assoupir [L. ad and sopire], v.a., 2, to lull, quiet, hush up. S' , r.v., to doze. ( Its doublet is as souvir. ) assoupissementf s.m., doze, drowsiness. assourdir [« and sourd, q.v.], v.a., 2, to deafen, muffle. assouvir [L. assopire], v.a., 2, to satiate. S' , r.v., tc be satiated, glutted. assujettir [« and sujet q.v.], v.a., 2, to subject, enslave. S' , r.v., to subject (meself submit. assnjettissement, s.m. subjection, submission, slavery TO FBENCH BEADING BOOK. 187 assumer [L- assumere], VM., 1, to assume, take. assurancet s.f., assurance, certainty, corifidence. assure, -e, adj., assured, sure, certain, positive. assurement, o^v., surely, certainly. assurer [L. L. assecurare'], v.a., 1, to assure, ensure, se- cure; assert, affirm. S* de, r.v., to be assured of, to ascertain, make sure of. astre [L. n. astrum, from Gr. aarpov'}, s.m., star. astreindre [L, astrin- gere], v.a., 4, to hind, compel, oblige. S' , r.v., to bind one- self, confine oneself. astrologie [L- astrologia, from Gr. acTTpoAoyia], sf., astrology. astrologue [L. astrologus, from Gr. ao-TpoAoyos], s.m., as- trologer. astronome [L. ace. astro- nomum, from Gr. acrrpoi/o/uLo?], s.m., astronomer. astronomie [L. astrono- mia, from Gr. acTTpovofiia}, s.f, astronomy. astuce [L- astucia], s.f, cunning, astuteness. astucieusement, adv., cunningly. astucieux, euse, adj., cunning, crafty. atelier (L.L.hastellarius (?), a place at which are made the hastelloe (for hastulcB, little planks or splints)], s.m., work- shop, manufactory, dockyard. athee [a^eos = a privative, and 0c69, "god"], s.m. or /., atheist. athlete [L. ace. athletam, from Gr. aO\r\Tri<;'],s.m., athlete. athletique [L. atkleticus, from Gr. a.(JA.rjTt«6s], adj., athletic. Atlantique [Gr. 'ArAavn- Kos], S.m., the Atlantic. atmospliere [Gr. ar/xd?, " vapour," a(f>alpa, " sphere "], *./., atmosphere. atmospherique. adj., at- mospheric. atome [L. adj. atomus, from Gr. aTOfxoq, " which can- not be divided "], s.m., atom. atroce [L. ace. atrocem'}, idj., atrocious, odious, cruel. atrocite [L. ace. atrocita- f^w], s.f., atrocity, cruelty, violence. ATTKACTION. attaLChe [attacher], s.m., attache. au service de, (officer) in waiting. attacheineiit} s.vi., attach- ment, affection. attacher [«, tocher, q.v.}, v.a., I, to tie, fasten ; set. S' , r.v.,to become attached to,to cling to. (Its doublet is attaquer.) attaque, s.f, attack ; fit. attaquer [attacker'], v.a., 1, to attack. S' (a), r.v., to attack. atteindre [L- attingerel v.a. and «., 4, to reach, to at- tain to. atteinte, s.f, reach, at- tack ; stroke, injury. atteler [0. Fr. astele, a part of the collar of a horse], v.a., 1, to put to (Jiorses, mules, tfec). attenant, -e [L. ace. atti- nentem], adj., adjoining, con- tiguous. attendre [L- attendere}, v.a., 1, to expect, wait, wait for ; to be in store for. S' a, r.v., to expect, look forward to. attendrir [«, tendre, q.v.], v.a., 2, to soften, move to tears. attendUj prep., consider- ing, in consideration of. que, considering that, he- cause, since. attentat lattenter], s.m., criminal attempt, outrage. attente [attendre], s.f, waiting, expectation, hope. attenter [L. attentare],v.n., 1, to make an attempt. attentif, -ive [L- atten- tivus], adj., attentive. attention [L- ace. atten- tionem], s.f, attention, care; kind treatment. attentivement, adc.,care- fully. attenuant, -e [attenuer], adj., extenuating, palliative. attenuation [L. ace. atte- nuationem], s.f, extenuation, palliation. attenuer [L- attenuare], v.a., 1, to extenuate, palliate. attester [L. attestari], v.a., 1, to bear witness to, to prove. attirer [a, tirer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to draw, allure, attract. attiser [L- L- atticinari, der. from titio, •' iire-brand "], v.a., 1, to stir {the fire). attitude [it. attitudine], s.f, attitude, posture. attraction [L. ace. attr ac- tionem], s.f, attraction. AUGMENTATION. attrait [L. ace. attractum], s.m., attraction, allurement. attraper [L. L. trappa, " a snare"], v.a., 1, to catch. attrayantj -e [attraire, " to attract," from L. attrakere], adj., attractive, engaging. attribuer [L- attribuere], v.a., 1, to attribute, impute. attribut [L- w. attributum], s.m., attribute, quulity. attribution [L. ace. attri- butionem], s.f.,privilege. s, sf. pi; functions, duties. attrister [^ and triste, q.v], v.a., 1, to sadden. S' , r.v., to grow sad, grieve. attroupement [attrouper], s.m., crowd, mob. attrouper [« and troupe, q.v.], v.a., 1, to gather. S' , r.v., to gather in crowds. au, aux, see le. aube [L- alba, f. of albus, " white "], s.f, dawn, break of day. aubepine [L. alba, spina], s.f, hawthorn. auberge [0. H. G. heri- berga, "military station," M. G. herberg, "inn"], s.f., inn. aucun [L. ace. aliquem], indef. adj., no, not one. aucunementj adv., by no means, not at all. audace [L- audacia], s.f., audacity, daring. audacieusement, adv., audaciously, daringly. audacieux, -euse, adj., audacious, daring. au de9a, adv., on this side. au dedans, adv., inside, at home. au dehors, adv., outside, abroad. au dela, adv., beyond, on the other side. ,au-dessous [au, des (for de), sous], adv., underneath. de, under. au-deSSUS de, prep., above. au devant, adv., towards (to meet). audience [L. audientia], s.f, audience, hearing. auditeur [L. ace. audi' torevi], s.m., hearer, auditor. audltoire [L- w- audito- rium], s.m., court, hall ; audi- ence, hearers. augmentation [L. L. ace. augmentationem], sf., aug* mentation, increase. 188 ETYMOLOaiCAL BtOTIONAfiY AUGMENTER. augment^r [L. augmen- tare], v.a, and w., 1, to in- crease. augure l^- w. augurium], s.m., augury, omen. augurer [L. augurare], v.a., 1, to augur, conjecture. augUSte [L. augustus], adj., august, noble, holy. aujourd'hui [«w, jour (q.v.), de, hui, from L, liodie'], adv., to-day, now, at the present time. aumone [0. Fr. almosne, from L. eleemosyna, from Gr. eKerffJioavvri, " pity, charity, alms "J, s./., alms. aumonier [aumdne], s.m., chaplain. auparavant [«", par, avant], adv., before. aupres iau,pres,q.v.^,adv., near, close by. de, prep., near, nigh, close to ; with. auquel, a laquelle, aux- Quels, auxquelles: see le- quel. aureole [I-"- aureola (sc. corona), " golden crown "1,5./., halo. aurore [L. aurora], s.f., dawn, break of day. aurore boreale [L. aurora horealis], s.f, aurora borealis. auspice [L- n. auspicium], s.m., auspice ; patronage, aus- pices. aussi [0. Fr. alsi, from L. aliud sic], adv., also, likewise ; therefore. . . .que, as... as. bien que, as well as. aussitot [aussi, tdt, q.v.], adv., immediately, as soon as. austere [L- austerus], adj., austere, rigid, severe. austerement, adv., aus- terely, rigidly. austerite [L. ace. austeri- tatem], sf., austerity, rigid- ness. autant [L. ad, tantum], adv., as much, as many, so much, so many, as well. que, loc, conj., as much as. 1)' plus que, so much the more that. autel [0. Fr. altel, from L. n. altare], s.m., altar. auteur [L- ace. autorem = auci.orem], s.m., author. authenticite [authen- tiqu£], s.f, authenticity. authentique [L. authen- ticus, from Gr. avOa'TiKo^, from avOevTt}?, " who acts by himself "], adj., authentic, original, jjenuine. autobiographic [prefix auto, from Gr. auro?, and bio- graphic, q.v.], s.f, autobio- nrn/nh.ir autOCrate [o- L. n. aban- taticum (?), from L. ab, ante] s.m., advantage, convenience^ gain. avantageusement, adv., advantageously, profitably. avantageux, -euse, adj., advantageous ; becoming ; com- manding : prepossessing. avant - coureur [avant, coureur, q.v.], s.m., forerun- ner, harbinger. avant-garde (avant, gar- de, q.v.), s.f., vanguard. avant-poste [avant, poste, q.v.], s.m., outpost. avare [L- avaints], s.m., miser, avarice [L- avaritia], s/., ava^'ice. avec [L- apud, hoc], prep., with. avenement [«. venir, q.v.], s.m., accession, coming. avenir [L. advenire], s.m., the future. avent [L- ace. ad centum], s.m., advent. aventure [Xt- odventm-us, from advenire, "to come to pass "J, s.f, adventure, accident. aventurer, v.a., l, to ven- ture, risk. S' , r.v., to venture, try the chance. aventureux, -euse, adj., adventurous, daring, dangei-- ous. avenue [L- advenire], s.f., avenue, walk. averse [« and verser, q.v.], s.f, shower (of rain). aversion [L. ace. aver- sionem, from a and vertere], sf., aversion, dislike. avertir [I-i- advertere], v.a., I, to inform, warn. avertissement [avertir], s.m., information, notice, warning. aveu [a and voeu^ q.v.], s.m., avowal, confession. aveugle [L- L. abocelUs, compd. of ab, privative, and oculus], adj. or s.m. or/., blind. aveugle, -e, adj., blinded, dazzled. aveuglement, s.m., Uind^ ness. aveuglement, adv., blindly. aveugler [aveugU], v.a., i, to blind, delude. S' , r.v., to deceive oneself. avide [L. avidml, adj.^ greedy, eager, thirsty. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK, 189 AVIDEMENT. avidementi adv., eagerly, greedili/. avidite [L. ace. avidita- teni], s.f., greediness, avidity. avilir [a, vU, " base, vile "], v.a., 2, to vilify, debase. S' , r.v., to degrade oneself. avilissant, -e laviUr'], adj., degrading. avilissement, s.m., de- basement, disgrace. aviron [« and viron, see vi7-er], s.m., oar. avis [«. vis, from L. n. visum], s.m., advice, opinion. avise, -e [aviser], adj., prudent, wise, wary, cunning. ayiser [avis'], v.a., l, to spy, advise; inforirL S' , r.v., to bethink oneself of, imagine, take in one's head. avocat [}■'• ace. advocatum, "the one called (to help)"], s.m., advocate, barrister. avoine [L. avena}, s.f, oats. avoir [!-<• habere], v.a. and aux., to have. Y , v. imp., there to be. II y a, there is or there are. avoir, s.m., property, for- tune, goods, wealth. avorter [L- abortare], v.n., 1, to fail. avouer [«, vouer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to avow, confess, acknow- ledge, admit, approve. avril [L. ace. aprilem], s.m., April. axe [1j- ace. axem, from Gr. a^iop, " axle "], i.m., optical axis. axiome [L- w. axioma, from Gr. a^LUifxa, " proposi- tion"], s.m., axiom, truism,. azur [L- L- n. lazzurum, from the Persian lazur, " the stone now called lapis lazuli "], s.m., light or sky-blue. babil [onomat.], s.m., chat- tering, prattle. babillage [babil], s.m., prattle, siUy talk. babillard, -e, ct^j- and s.m. or f., prattler, chatterbox. babiller, "y-w-, i, to chatter, prattle. babord [Gr- backbord], s.m., larboard, port. badin, -e [L. L. hadare, "to gape"], adj., playful, frolicwme. BALANCER. badinage \hadiner, from L. badare, "to gape"], s.m., jesting, joking, play, badiner} ^-a- and n., \,to play with ; to jest, to be jok- ing. bagage [0. Fr. lagues, s.f. pi., " parcels," from Gaelic bag, " parcel "], s.m., baggage. bagarre [?], s.f, hubbub, affray. bagatelle [it. bagatella, dim. of L. L. baga, " lug- gage "], s.f, trifle. bague [L- bacca, "a pearl or bead," and " a link of a chain"], s.f, ring. baguette [it. bacchetta, dim. of bacchio, " stick," from L. bacului], s.f., switch, rod. bai, -e [L- badius, "bay- coloured "], adj., bay. bale [L- L' baia], s.f, bay. baigner [L- balneare], v.a., I, to bathe, dip. Baigne de larmes, bathed in tears ; dans son sang, weltering in his blood. Se , r.v., to bathe, plunge, swim. bail [verbal subst. of bail- ler], s.m., lease. bailler [L- bajulare, "to carry "], v.a., 1, to give, deliver, lease. bailler [l^- L. badiculare, dim. of badare], v.n., 1, to yawn. bailli [bail], s.m., bailiff. baillon [bCdller], s.m., gag. baillonner [bdnion], v.a., 1, to gag, silence. bain [L. n. balneum], s.m., bath. baionnette [Bayonne, the name of a French town where this weapon was invented], s.f., bayonet. baiser [L- 'basiare], v.a., l, to kiss. baisser [bas], v.a., i, to lower, to draw down ; to fall, decline, decrease. Se , r.v., to stoop down. bal [0. Fr. v. bailer, "to dance," from L. ballare], s.m., ball, dance. balafre [?], s.f, gash, long scar. balai [0. Fr. lalain, from Breton balaen], s.m., broom. balance [L- ace bHancem], s.f., balance, scales. balancer, ""•«■., i, to rock, swing, nvove to and fro. Se , r.v., to swing, oscillate . to be balanced. balancier [balancer], s.m . pendulum. balancoire [bala7icer}, s./., swing. * balayer [balai], v.a., i, to . sweep ; to drag on the ground. ' balayeur, -euse, s.m. or /., sweeper. balbutier [L- balbutire, from balbus, "stammerer"], v.a., 1, to lisp, stammer. balcon [it- balcone, from L. L. ace. balcum, " scaffold- ing "], s.m., balcony. baleine [L. balaena], s.f, whale. ballade [bal], s.f., ballad. ballast [Gr. and Engl, bal- last], s.m., ballast. balle [0. H. G. balla], s.f, ball, bullet, shot; bale, pack. ballon [balle], s.m., bal- loon. ballot [dim. of balle], s.m., bale, package. ballottement [ballotter}, s.m., tossing, shaking. ballotter [ballot], v.a., i, to toss about. balustrade [It. ialustrata], sf., balustrade. bambin [It. bambino, from L. ace. Bambalionem, a Ro- man surname, from Gr. jSaju.- /SaAd?, from ^a/a/3aAt^eii/, "to stammer "], s.m., babe, little fellow, ban [0. H. G. bannan, " to publish a decreee "], s.m., ban, proclamation. banal, -e [ban], adj., com- mon, vulgar. banalite [banal], sf., com- mon-place, vulgarity. banc [0. H. G. banc], s.m., bench, form. bandage [bande], s.m., bandage, band. bande [0. H. G. band], s.f., band, strip, stripe ; troop, gang, party. bandeau [dim. of bande], s.m., head-band ; veil ; mist, cloud. bander \])ande], v.a., l, to bandage, bind up. les j'eux, to blindfold, hoodwink. banderole [It. bande- ruola], s.f, streamer, pen- nant. bandit [It. bandito], s.m*, bandit, thief. 190 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY BANTOULrERK. bandonliere [it. hando- lierd], s.f., shoulder-belt. banni, -e [bannir'}, s.m. or /., exile. banniere [dim. of L. L. n. "bandum," flag," from G. band}, s.f., banner. bannir [ban, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to banish, exile, expel. bannissement, s.m., ban- ishment, exile. banque [It. banca or banco], s.f., bank. {Banque is a dou- blet of banc.) banqueroute [it. banca rotta, " broken bank "], s.f., tankruptcy. banqueroutier, -iere, s.m. or/., bankrupt. banquet [banc, " a bench," from 0. H. G. banc], s.m., banquet, feast. [banker. banquier {hanque], s.m., bapteme [L. n. baptisma, from Gr. /3a7rTto-ju.a], s.m., baptism. baptiser [L. Mptizare, from Gr. ^aTrri^iiv, " to dip, plunge "], v.a., 1, to baptize, christen. baraque [L. L. barra, "pole." Cf. Gael, barrachad, " hut," from barrach, " bran- dies of trees," from Kymr. bar, "branch"], s.f., hut; Jield- larracks. baratte [Breton baraz, *■ tub "], sf., churn. baratter, I'-a-. i> to churn. barbare [L- barbarus], adj. and subst, "barbarous, savage; barbarian. barbarie, sf., barbarity, oruelty. barbe [L. larba], sf., leard ; awn ; feathers ; hook. barbiche [barbe], sf., beard (jyn the chin). barbier, s.m., "barber. barboter [-^J, ^.w., i, to dabble. barbouiller [0. Fr. bar, *pole," and bouille, "mud "J, v.a., 1, to daub, besmear. barde [L. ace. bardum, from Kymr. barz], s.m., bard. barge [L.L. barga], s.f., barge. baril [L. I^. ace. harillum, from Kymr. bar, " branch of a tree "], s.m., cask, barrel. bariole, -e [L- L- bisregu- lare, " to stripe with different colours"], adj., variegated, speckled, of various colours. oarometre ^ [Gr. /3apo?, " weight," fji€Tpov, " mea- sure "J, s.m., barometer. baron [0. Fr. ber, " strong man," from 0. H. G. beran, "to bear, to carry"], s.m.,baron, baronne, s.f, baroness. baroque [Port, barrocco, "rugged rock"], adj., queer, odd, whimsical. barque [L. L- barca, "a boat"], s.f., boat, ferry-boat. barrage Iparre], s.m., bar- ring, stopping up, dam. barre [see baraque], s.f., bar. barreau [dim. of barre, from L. L. ace. barrellum], s.m., bar, grating ; lawyers. barrer [barre], v.a., 1, to bar, stop. barricade [It. barricata], s.f., barricade. barriere [barre], s.f, bar- rier, fence. barrique [see baril], s.f., cask. bas, basse [L.L. bassus = L. humilis], adj., low, mean, abject, small. bas» s.m., lower part, bottom ; stocking. , adv., lovj. La , yonder. basane [Sp. hadana, from Ar. bithdnet, "prepared sheep- skm "], s.f., sheepskin. basane, -e [basane], adj., sunburnt. base [L. ace. basim, Gr. jSa'o-ts, "a stepping, going"], s.f, basis, foundation, foot, bottom, groundwork. baserj'w.a.. l, to base, found, ground. basin [0. Fr. bombasin, L. L. n. bambacium, from L. Gr. pdnBaKLov, from /36ju.^u^, " silk"i,\s.m., bombazeen. basque [?], s.f., skirt (of a coat). bas-relief [It. iasso relie- vo], s.m., bas-relief, basso- relievo. basse-cour [hasse, fern, adj., imdcour,q.v.],s.f., poultry or farm-yard. bassement [bas], adv., basely. bassesse [pas], s.f, base- ness, mean, low action. bassin [0. Fr. bacin, ba- chin, from L. L. n. bacchinon, " a vessel," from Celt, bac, "hollow"], s.m., basin; hol- low, valley ; dock. bastion [It. bastione, from L. L. bastire], s.m., bastion. bat [L. L. n. bastum, from 0. G. and A.-S. bat, "sup- port "], s.m., pack-saddle. bataille [L. batalia, com- mon form of the classical L. pugna], sf., battle. bataillon [it. battaglione], s.m., battalion. Bataves [L. Batavi], s.m. pi., Batavians (Dutch, Hol- landers). bateau [0. Fr. batel, from L. L. ace. batum, from Celt. bad], s.m., boat, wherry. batelier [0. Fr. batel, for bateau], s.m., boatman. batiment [bdtir], s.m., building ; ship. batir [same root as bat, q.v.], v.a., 2, to build. batiste [Baptiste, the name of the first cambric manu- facturer, whose statue was erected at Cambrai], s.f., cam- bric, lawn. baton [see bat], s.m., stick staff. battement [battre], s.m. beating, throbbing. batterie [battre], s.f., bat- tery. battre [L. L. batere for batuere], v.a., 4, to beat, strike, thrash, defeat. Se , r.v., to fight. baudet [0. F. baud, from 0. H. G. bald, "gay, pleased, content"], s.m., ass, donkey. baudrier [!<• L. ace. batte- rarium, from balteus, " belt "], s.m., shoulder-belt. baume [0. Fr. bausme, from L. n. balsamum, from Gr. /3aAcra/u,of, from Hebrew baal, " prince," and schaman, " oil "], s.m, balm, balsam ; comfort, consolation. bavard, -e [bave, onomat. for the chatter of young child- ren], s.m, or/., talkative per- son, prattler, gossip. bavardage, s.m., chatter, chattering. bavarder, 'v.n., i, to chatter. baver [bave, " foam "], v.n., 1, to foam. bazar [Ar. bazar, "mar- ket "], s.m., bazaar. beantt -e [jpres part, of the O. Fr. v. beer], adj., open^ gaping. TO FKENCH READING BOOK. 191 BfiATITUDK. beatitude [L. ace Uati- tudinem], s.f., beatitude, bliss. beau, bel, belle [L- Mel- ius}, adj., fine, beautiful. , adv., finely. Bel et bon, very fine. Avoir beau, to . . . in vain. De plus belle, afresh, anew, more than ever. beaucoup [&«aw,coMp,g.'u.]. adv., much, many. Be , byjiir. beau-frerCj s.m., brother- in-law, step-brother. beau-pere, s.m., father-in- law, stepfather. beaute [beau], sf, beauty. bee [L- L. ace. beccum, from Celt, bee or beg'], s.m., beak, bill. beche [l^- L- 1>«cca ; see bee], s.f, spade. becher \biche], v.a.,l,to dig. becquee [dim. of bee], s.f, beakful, food. becaueter, ^'ct., i, to peck. befiEroi [0. Fr. berfroi, from L. L. ace. berfredum, from Middle H. G, bervrit, " watch- tower"], s.m., belfry, bell- tower. begayement* ^wi-i stam- mermy. begayer V^egue], v.a. and n., 1, to stammer. begue [?]» adj., stammering. belement, s.m., bleating. beler [L. bdlare], v.n., 1, to bleat. belette [dim. of the 0. Fr. bele, from L. bella ; belette, " the pretty little beast "], sf, weasel. Belgique [L. Belgia (Gal- lia)], s.f, Belgium. belier [L. L. bella, from N. bell; the proper meaning of belier being " he who bears the bell "J, s.m., ram. belle, see beau. belle-fille, s.f, daughter- in-law, step-daughter. belle-mere, sf, mother- in-law, step-mother. belle-SOeur, s.f, sister-in- law, step-sister. belligerant, -e [L- ace belligerantem, from bellum, gerare, freq. of gerere], adj., belligerent. . belliqueux, -euse [L. bel- licosus], adj., warlike. benediction [l^. ace. bene- dictionem], s.f, benediction, blessing. I benefice [L. n. beneficium], s.m., benefit, advantage, privi- lege ; living, benefice. benet [L. benedictus], adj., simple, silly. benignite [L. ace. benigni- tatem],s.f., benignity, kindness. benin, -igne [L- benignus], adj., gentle, kind, favourable. benir [0. Fr. beneir, from L. benedicere], v.a., 2, to bless, consecrate. benit, -e IP-P- of benir], adj., consecrated. bercail [L. L. berbecalia (?) for vervecalia, from L. L. ace. berbecem for vervecem, " ram "J, s.m., sheepfold. berceau \bercer], s.m. , cradle. bercer [?], v.a., i, to rock, lull. Se , r.v., to lull oneself, berge [Gr. bergen, "to de- fend "], s.f, steep bank. berger [L.L. ace. berbica- rium, from L. L. ace. berbicem, " sheep "], s.m., shepherd. bergere, s.f, si bergerie, s.f, sheepfold. besace [L. L. bisacda, "a wallet with a pouch at either end "J, s.f, wallet. besogne [doublet of besoin, q.v.], s.f, work, trouble. besoin [prefix bes and soin], s.m., need, want. Au , when needed, necessary. Avoir de, to want, need, require. bestiaux [L- pi- n. bestia- lia], s.m. pi., cattle. betail [L. pi- n. bestialia], s.m., cattle. bete [L- bestial, s.f., beast. de somme, beast of bur- den. de trait, draught- horse, ass, mule, ox, etc. s fauves, wild beasts. betterave [bette, s.f, " root," from L. beta, and rave, q.v.], s.f, beetroot. beuglement, « bellowing. beugler [L. !-<• buculare, " to low like an ox," from L. buculus, dim. of bos], v.n., 1, to low, bellow. beurre [L. n. butyrum, Gr. PovTvpov — jSov?, " cow," and Tvp6ien, heureux, q.v.], adj., happy, blessed. bienseance [bienseant], s.f, propriety, good man- ners. bienseant, -e [bien, seant, pres. part, of seoir, q.v.]^ adj., becoming, proper. bientot [bien, tdt, q.v.], adv., soon. bienveillance [bienveii- lant], sf, benevolence, good- will. bienveillant, -e Ipiev, veillant, 0. Fr. pres. part, of vouloir, q.v.], adj., benevolent, kind, friendly, well-wish- ing. bienvenu, -e [bien, venu, p.p. of venir, q.v.], adj., wel- come. bienvenue, s.f, iveicome, footing. 192 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY biere [0. H. G. bierl s./., beer. biffer [?]. v-*^-. l. ^ erase, strike out. bifurcation [bifurquer}, «•/., bifurcation, forking. bifnrquer [L. bifurcus = bis, furca, " fork "], v.n., 1, iv) fork, branch off. bigarre, -e, af^^-, varie- gated, motley. bigarrer [L. bis, variare, " to diversify "], v.a., 1, to streak, variegate. bigot, -e [?:, s.m. or /., bigoted person. biJOU [L- bis, jocare, " the thing which shines on both sides"], s.m., jewel. biiouterie ibijoutierl s.f, jewelry. biioutier Ibijou], s.m., jeweller. bile [L. ace. bilem'], sf., bile; spleen; anger. bilieux, -euse [l^- pili- osus}, adj., bilious, choleric. billet [dim. of L. L. billa, " rescript, schedule "], S-m., note, letter. binage [biner, "to hoe or dress a second time," from L. L. binare, deriv. from binus'], s.m., second dressing. biner [L- L. binare, from L, binus, "double"], v.a., 1, to turn up the ground a se- cond time. binocle [I^- bini-ocuU], s.m., binocle, double eye- glass. biographe [Gr. ^I'o?, " life," ypd oddness, caprice, whim. blaireau [0. xir. blcreau, from L. L. ace, bladarzllum (?), dim. of bladarius, "corn- merchant," from bladum, " wheat "J, s.m., badger. blamable [bldmer], adj., blamable, faulty. blamer [L. blasphzmare], v a., 1, to blame, reprove. Se , r.v., to blame oneself. blanc, blanche [0. n. G. blanch], adj., white. , s.m,, white. blanchatre, adj., whitich. blancheur, s.f, whiteness. blanchir, v.a., 1, to whiten. , v.n., to grow white, old. blanchissage [blanchir], s.m., washing. blanchisseur, -euse, s.m. or/., washerman, laundress. blason [?], s.m., heraldry, armorial bearings. blasonner, v.a., l, to em- blazon. blasphemateur [blasphe- mer], s.m., blasphemer. (The /. is blasphematrice.) blasphematoire, adj., blasphemous. blaspheme [L. blasphemia, from Gr. ^kaai^-q^jiia], s.m., blasphemy. blasphemer [^'- biasvhe- mare, from Gr. ^\a(r(i>rifj.eiv, "to speak evil of"], to blas- pheme. ble [L. L. w. bladum, from ablatum, " the thing gathered in "], s.m., wheat, corn. bleme [Scand. bldmi, "blue"], adj., wan, pale, livid. blessant, -e [bUsser], a4j., shocking, offensive. blesse [P-P- of blesser], s.m., wounded (man,. soldier). blesser [0. G. bletzen, " to patch up," from bletz, " a strip of leather"], v.a., 1, to wounds offend. Se , r.v., to wound oneself or each other; to be blessure, s.f., wound, hurt. bleu [0. H. G. blao, blaw], s.m., blue. , -e, adj., blue. clair, light blue. bleuatre [bleu], adj., blu- ish, dark blue. bleuir, v.a., to blue, make blue. , v.n., to become or turn blue. bloc [0. H. G. bloc], s.m., block, lump. blocus [G. blockhaus], s.m., blockade, investment. blond, -e [L. L. blundus = L. fiavus], adj., fair, flaxen, bloquer [bloc], v.a., 1, to block up, invest. blottir (se) [?], r.v., to squat, crouch. blouse [?], s.f, blouse, cmock frock. bluet [0. Fr. bleuet, from bleu], s.m., cornflower. bluteau or blutoir [biu- ter], s.m,, bolting-mill. bluter [0. Fr. bureter, " to sift over the cloth called bure"], v.a., 1, to bolt, sift {meal). bobine [?], s.f., bobbin, reel, bocage [L. L. ace boscati- cum, dim. of boscus], s.m., grove, thicket. boeuf [Li. ace. bovem], s.m., ox. boire [L. bibere], v.a., 4, tt drink. bois [L. L. ace. boscum, from G. busch, " bush "], s.m., wood ; horns, antlers. boise, -e, adj., woody. boisseau [0. Fr. boissel, from L. L. ace. bustcllum, dim. of busta, " a vessel to measure grain "], s.m., bushel. boisson [L.. L. ace. bibi- tionem], s.f, drink, beverage. boite [L. L. bossida oi boxida, from buxida, from the Gr. Trv^iSa, ace. of ttu^i?, "a box," from 7rv$o<;, " box- wood "J, s.f, box, case ; snuff' box. boiter [boUe], v.n,, 1, to limp, halt, walk lame. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 193 boiteux, -euse [boiter}, adj., lame, limping. bpl [Kngl, bowl], s.m., bowl, basin. bombarder [bombarde, from bombe, "shell, bomb," from L. ace, bombum, " a deep sound," from Gr. p6ixPo<; (pno- mat.)], v.a.y 1, to bombard, shell. bombe, s.f., bomb, shell (see bombarder). bon, bonne^ [L. bonus], adj., good. X quoi , what is the use of ... ? bond [verbal subst. of bondir], s.m., bound,'leap. bondir iX'- L. bombitare, "to buzz, to make a noise"], v.n., 2, to bound, leap. bonheur [bon, heur, from L. n. bonum, "good," augu- rium, " omen " ], s.m., happi- ness ; luck. bonhomie [bonhomme] , s.f., simplicity, good-nature, credulity. bonhomme [pon, homme, q.v.], s.m., good man, rather simple fellow ; credulous old man. bonJOUr [bon, jour, q.v.], s.m., good morning or day. bonne [fem. of bon], s.f, servant - maid, nursemaid, nurse. bonnement [bonne, f. of bon, and suffix -ment], adv., simply, candidly, really. bonnet [L- L- boneta, bone- tum, " a kind of stuff "], s.m., cap. bonnette [bonnet], sf, studding-sail. bonsoir [bon, soir, q.v.], s.m., good evening. bonte [L. ace. bonitatem], s.f, goodness, kindness. bord [0. H. G. borr, "board, plank"], s.m., bank, shore ; side ; board ; ship ; broadside. [side. bordee [bord], s.f, broad- border, va-> l, to border, skirt, bound, edge with; to sail along, to coast. bordure [border], s.f, bor- der, trimming. boreal, -e [L- borealis], adj., boreal, northerly. borgne [?], adj- and s.m. or /., blind of one eye. borne [L. L. bodina, 0. Fr. bodne], s.f, bound, limit. Fr. p. II. borner [bome], v.a., 1, to bound, limit. Se , r.v., to confine oneself ; to be limited. bosquet [dim. of boscus, see bois], s.m., thicket, grove. bosse [L- L- bocia, " ulcer," from Celt, both, "tumour"], s.f., bunch, hump, bump, swell- ing. bossu, -e [bosse], adj. and s.m. or/., hunchback. botanique [Gr. ^oraviKri, from fioTOivri, " a plant "], s.f, botany. , adj., botanical. botaniste, s.m., botanist. botte [0. H. G. bdzo, "a fagot "], sf., truss, bundle. botte [L. L. botta, A.-S. biltte, "a large vase"], sf, boot, butt, leather-bottle. botteler, v.a., i, to truss, put in bundles. hotter (se)5 f-v-, to put one's boots on. bottine [dim. of botte], sf., half -boot, boot. bouc [Celt, boc, buic], s.m., he-goat. (The f subst. ischevre, q.v.) bouche [L- bucca, from the Sanscrit bhuj, "to eat"], s.f, mouth. a feu, cannon, gun. bouchee, s.f, mouthful. boucher [bouche], v.a., i, to stop up, cork. boucher [bouc, q.v.], s.m., butcher. (The /. is bouchere.) boucherie [boucher, "one who kills bowcs = he- goats "], s.f., butchery ; slaughter- house ; butcher's shop. bouchon [bouche], s.m.f cork. boucle [L- L- bucUla, "shield's boss" and "ring"], s.f., buckle, ring; curl, ring- let. bonder, v.a. and 71., 1, to buckle; curl. bouclier [L- L. ace. buccu- larium (clypeum) = " a shield with a boss," from L. L. bu- cula (scuti), from L. buccula, "cheek," dim. of bucca, " mouth"], s.f., shield, buckler. bonder [?]> v.a. and n., 1, to pout ; to be sulky. bouderie, s.f, sulkiness. boudeur, -euse, s.m. or /., sulky person. bone [Celt, baw, " mud "J, s.f, mire, mud. bouee [0. Fr. boye, from L. bqja, " chain "], s.f, buoy. boueux, -euse, adj., dirty, muddy. bouffee [bouffer, "to puff," onomat.], s.f, puff, gust, whiff. bouffon [It. buffone], s.m., buffoon. , -onne, adj., fa- cetious, comical. bouifonnerie, s.f, buf- foonery, drollery, jest. bouger [Prov. bolegar, " to disturb oneself," from L. L. bullicare, freq. of bullire], v.n., 1, to stir, move. bougie [Bougie, a town in Africa where wax candles were first made], sf, wax- candle, taper. bouillant, -e [pres. part. of bouillir], adj., boiling, burn- ing, ardent, fierce. bouillir [L. bullire, from bulla, "bubble"], v.n., 2, to boil, ferment. bouillon [bouillir], s.m., bubble, froth ; broth. bouillonnement, s.m., bubbling, boiling, efferves- cence. bouillonner, v.n., i, to bubble, boil. boulanger [L. L. ace. bo- langarium, " baker," from L. bulla, " ball "], s.m., baker. boulanger [bouie], s.m., baker. (The/, is boulangere.) boulangerie, sf., bread- making, baker's shop. boule [L- bulla], sf, ball, bowl. boulet [boule],s.m.,cannon- ball. boulevard [G. boiiwerk, " fortification "], s.m., bulwark, rampart ; boulevard, public walk. bouleversement \bouie- verser], s.m., upsetting, con- fusion, overthrow. bouleverser [boule, and L. versare, " to turn "], v.a., 1, to upset, overturn, over- throw, ruin. bouquet [bosquet], s.m., bouquet, nosegay. (Its doublet bosquet, q.v.) bouquin [Gr. buch], s.m., old book. bourbe [?]. s.f., mire, mud. bourbeux, -euse [bourbe], adj., miry, muddy. bourbier [bourbe], s.m., bog, mud, mire. bourdon [bourde, "prop ' (used in the Navy), contr. of 194 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY tehourt, " a lance used in tournaments," from G. hiirde, "hurdle," 0. H. G. hurt], s.m., pilgrim's staff. bourdon [L- L- ace. durdo- nem and burdonuTn], s.m., drone. bourdonnement [hour- donner^, s.m., buzzing, hum- ming. bourdonner ihourdon'], v.n., 1, to buzz. bourg [L- L- ace. burgum, from 0. H. G. burg, Celt, borg, Gr. irvpyosl, ^-^i-, borough, market-town. bourgeois Ihourg}, s.m., citizen, townsman. bourgeoisie, s.f., citizens, middle classes ; freedom of the city. bourgeon [0. H. G. bur- jan, "to lift"], s.m., bud, shoot. bourgeonnement U^our- geonner}, s.m., budding. bourgeonner [bourgeon}, v.n., 1, to bud, sprout. bourgmestre [G^. burger- meister'], s.m., burgomaster. BourgOgne [L. Burgun- dia], s.f.. Burgundy. Bourguignons [L- Bur- gundiones'], s.m. pi., inhabi- tants of Burgundy, Burgun- dians. bourrasque [It- burrasca"], s.f., squall, storm. bourreau {Borel, a proper name (?)], s.m., executioner. bourrer [bourre (see bour- ru)], v.a., 1, to stuff, pad ; choke up ; load, ram. bourru, -e {bourre, from L. L. burra, " a heap of wool "J, adj., cross, surly. bourse [!>"• byrsa, from Gr. /3vp brutality. BUVEUR. brute [/. of brut], s.f, brute. bruyamment [bruyant], adv., loudly, noisily. bruyant, -e [bi-uire], adj., loud, noisy. bruyere [L- L- brugaria, from Celt, brwg," hush"], s.f., heather, heath, furze. bdche [I^- L- bosca, fern, form of boscus, see bois], s.f, log of wood. biicher [bUche], v.a. and n., 1, to rough-hew ; fig., woi'k hard. biicher [buche], s.m., stake ; icood-house. biicheron [bUche], s.m., ivoodcutter, woodman. blichette [dim. of bUche], s.f, stick, small piece of wood. budget [Kngl. budget], s.m., budget. buffet [?]j s.m., side-board, service (of plate) ; refresh- ment-room. buis [L. ace. buxum, from Gr. TTu^o?], s.m., box-wood. buisson [puis], s.m., bush. bulle [L-- bulla], s.f, bub- ble; bull (papal letters-patent). bureau [bure, "drugget," from L. L. burra, from Gr. ■nvpp6<;, " red "], s.m., writing table; offce. Burgondes [L. Burgun- dii], s.m. pi., h'urgundians. burin [it. borino, from 0. H. G. boron, " to pierce "], s.m., burin, graver. buste [It. busto, "the body "], s.m., bust. but [bout], s.m., aim, mark, object, end in view. butin [Scand. byti. Middle H. G. biiten], s.m., booty. butiner [butin], v.a. and n., 1, to plunder, collect booty, gather, make one's provisions. butte [O. Fr. bute, fem. form of but, q.v.], s.f., butt, knoll, rising ground. butter [doublet of bouter, "to push, stumble"], v.n., 1, to stumble. buvard [bwant, pres. part. of boire, q.v.], adj. (m. only), blotting. , s.m., blotting' book. buveur, -euse [O. Fr. beu- veur, beveur, beveor, from L. ace. bibitorem], s.m. or /., drinker, toper. 196 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 5A. ca, dem. pron., see cela. ^a [L.L. ecc'oc, coinpd. of L. ecce, hoc], adv., here. et la, here and there. Or , now then, come I Cabale [Hebrew Tcdbala, " traditional teaching "], s.f., cabal, cabala. cabane [L- L- capanna, from Celt., Kymr., and Gael. caban, from cab, " hut "J, s.f., hut. cabaret [?J, s.m., public- house, tavern, tvine-shop. cabestan [Engl, capstan], s.m., capstan. cabine [Engl, cabin'], s.f., cabin. cabinet [it. gabinetto], s.m., study, closet. cable [L.L. n. capulum, caplum, "cord," from L. Gr. KanXiov], S.m., cable. cabotage [caboter], s.m., coasting-trade. caboter [?]. "^-n., i, to coast. caboteur, s.m., coaster. cabrer (se) [Span, cabra, " a goat," i.e. " to prance like a goat on its hind legs "J, r.v., to rear (of a horse). cacao [introduced at the end of the 16th century from America], s.m., cacao, cocoa. cacher [L. coactare, "to press together"], v.a., 1, to hide, to conceal. Se , r.v., to hide oneself, keep from sight. cachet [cacJier], s.m., seal, stamp. cacbeter [cacJiet], v.a., i, to seal, seal up. Cachette [cacher], s.f, hiding-place. En , se- cretly, by stealth. Cacbot [cacher], s.m., pri- son, dungeon. cadavre [L. n. cadaver], s.m., corpse, dead body. cadeau [L. ace. catellum, dim. of catena, "a little chain "], s.m., gift, present. cadenas [L.L. n. catena- cium, from L. catena, "chain"], ».m., padlock, clasp. cadence [It. cadenza, from L. cadere], s.f, cadence, mea- sure, harmony. CALENDRIER. cadencer, v.a., i, to give a cadence to ; regulate, time. cadet, -ette [0. Fr. capdet, from L. L. n. capitettum, dim. of L. caput], adj. and s.m. or /., younger, junior. cadran [0. Fr. quadrant, from L. ace. quadrantem], s.m., dial-plate, clock-face. solaire, sun-dial. cadre [It. quadro], s.m., frame. cadrer [cadre], v.n., 1, to agree with ; suit. caduc, -uque [L. caducus], adj., frail, decrepit, decayed. caducee [L. n. caduceum, from Gr. K-qpvKeLov, " the in- signia of a herald"], s.m., caduceus, herald's staff. caducite [caduc], s.f, de- crepitude. cafe [Turkish kahveh], s.m., coffee ; coffee-house. cage [L. cavea], s.f, cage. cahier [0. Fr. quayer, cay- er, from L. L. n. quaternum, " a book of four leaves "], s.m., writing-book. cahot [verbal subst. of ca- hoter], s.m., jolt, shake. cahoter [?], v.a. and n., 1, to jolt, shake. caille [Medieval L. qua- quilla, from 0. N. quakele], s.f, quail. caillou [L. ace. calculum], s.m., flint, pebble. caisse [L. capsa, "box"], s.f, case, box, chest. caisson [caisse], s.m., am- munition-waggon. cajoler [prefix ca, and adj. joli, "pretty," the primitive meaning of cajoler being " to embellish"], v.a., 1, to cajole, coax. cajolerie, sf., cajoling, coaxing. calamite [L. ace. calami- tatem], sf, calamity, mis- fortune. calcul [L« ace. calculum, " pebble " (to count with)], s.m., reckoning, computation. calculer, v.a. and n., 1, to compute, reckon. cale [G. keil, "wedge"], s.f, wedge, stocks, hold (of a ship). A fond de , down in the hold. calendrier [L. n. calen- darium], s.m., calendar. CAMPAGNAllD. caler [cale], v.a., 1, to wedge up, prop, stay. calibre [it. calibro, from Arab, kdldb, "mould"], s.m., calibre, size, bore. Calice [L. ace. calicem, from Gr. kvKl^, " cup," from Kv\rj, " a hollow "], s.m., chalice, cup ; calyx (of flowers). calicot [the city of Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, where the stuff was first made], s.m., calico. calin, -e [Wallon calin, " canine," from L. canis, " dog "], adj. and s.m. or /., cajoling, coaxing ; cajoler. Caliner, v.a., l, to caress, coax. Se , r.v., to coddle oneself ; to take one's ease. calleux, -euse [L. cai- losus], adj., callous. Callosite [L. ace. callosi- tatem], s.f, callosity, callous- ness. calme [it. calma], adj., calm, quiet, still. , s.m., calmness, stillness, quietness. calmer, v.a., l, to calm, hush, quiet, still. Se , r.v., to become calm, quiet, cool ; to subside. calomniateur [L. ace. calumniatorem], s.m., calum- niator, slanderer. (The fern. is calomniatrice.) calomnie [L. calumnia], s.f, calumny, slander. calomnier [L. caium- niari], v.a., 1, to calumniate, slander. calomnieux, -euse [L. calumniosus], adj., calum- nious. calotte [dim. of 0. Fr. cale, "a sort of head-dress for wo- men," from caler, " to thrust in "], s.f., skull-cap. calquer [it. calcare], v.a., 1, to trace, copy. calumet [another form of chalumeau, q.v.], s.m., calu- met, pipe of peace. camarade [Sp. camarada, lit. "the one who shares the same room," from camera], s.m., comrade. camp fL. ace. campum, " field of "battle "], s.m., camp, encampment. Lit de , camp-bed, field-bed. campagnard, -e [cam- pagne], adj. and s.m. or /., TO fSENCH EEADiNG BOOK. 197 CAMPAGNE. country, rural, rustic; coun- try-man or woman. campagne [L- campania, from campus], s.f., country, fields, campaign. Maison de , country-house. A la , in the country. En , in campaign. camper [camp}, v.n., 1, to encamp. Canada, s.m., Canada. canal [L- acc.cawa^ew], s.m., canal, pipe ; channel, straits. canard [cane, in O. Ft. ane, from L. ace. anatem, " duck," or from the G. kahn, " boat," which has given rise to the L. L. canardus, a kind of boat], s.m., drake, duck. Candelabre [L- w. cande- labrum], s.m., candelabrum ; candeur [L. ace. candor- em], s.f., candour, openness. Candidat [L. ace. candi- datum, " candidate " (because clothed in white)], s.m., can- didate. candidature, sf., candi- dature. Candide [L. candidus], adj., candid, sincere, honest. canicule [L. canicula, from canis], s.f, canicule, dog-days. caniculaire [L- canicu- laris], adj., canicular, exces- sive (heat). candidement [candide, and suflRx -ment], adv., can- didly, sincerely, honestly. canif [0. Scand. kntfr], s.m., penknife. canne [L" canna, "reed," from Gr. Kawa, Kavvr)], sf, cane, walking-stick. cannibale [American Can- niba, proper name], s.m., can- nibal, man-eater. canon [It. cannone, from L. canna], s.m., cannon. canoniser [canon, "rule," from Gr. Kavojv, " rule, list "J, v.a., 1, to canonize. canonner [canon, « gun "], v.a., 1, to cannonade. canonnier [canon], s.m., gunner, artilleryman. canot [Gr. kahn, "boat"], S.m., canoe. cantatrice [It- cantatrice], s.f., professional singer or actress. cantiquo [L- w. canticum], s.m., canticle, hymn. canton [Kymr. canty CAQUET. "brim," or "hoop (of a wheel) "], s.m., canton. cap [It. capo, from L. ca- put] s.m., cape, headland. capable [L- capabiUs], adj., capable, able. capacite [L. ace. capaci- tatem], sf., capacity, capa- bility ; abilities. cape [L- L. cappa], sf., cape, hooded cloak. N'avoir que la et I'epee, to have but one's cloak and sword. capitaine [L- L. ace. capi- taneum, der, from L. caput], s.m., captain. capital, -e [L- capitalis], adj., capital, chief, main. Capital, s.m., capital ; main point. capitale, «•/•> capital, me- trop^is. capiteux, -euse [it. capi- toso, from L. caput], adj., heady, strong (of wines). Capitole [L- w. capitolium], s.m., Capitol. capitulaire [L.capitularis, from L. n. capitulum], s.m., capitular. capitulation [L. L. ace. capitulationem], s.f, capitu- lation. capituler [L. w. capitu- lum, "chapter"], v.n., 1, to capitulate. caporal [it. caporale], s.m., corporal. caprice [It- capricdo, from capra, " goat "], s.m., caprice, whim, freak. capricieusement, adv., capriciously. capricieux, -euse, a,dj., capricious, whimsical, fickle. Capter [L- captare, freq. of capere, "to take"], v.a., 1, to gain insidiously. captif, -ive [L- captivus], adj. and s.m. or /., captive, prisoner. captiver, '^•<^-> 1» io capti- vate, charm, enslave. captivite [L- ace. captivi- tatem], s.f, captivity. capture [L- captura], s.f, capture, prize, booty. capturer, v.a., l, to cap- ture. Capucin [It. capucdo, "hood"], s.m., Capuchin friar. caquet [verbal, subst. of caqv£.ter], s.m.^ cackling, chat- tering. CARQUOIS. Caqueter [onomat.], v.a., 1, to cackle, prattle, gossip. car [L- quare, " wherefore "1 con j., for, because. carabine [it. carabina], s.f., carbine. caractere [L- w. charac- ter, from Gr. x^pa/cTTjp, lit. "marker"], s.m., character, disposition, nature, temper ; expression, style ; letter, type. caracteriser [caractere], v.a., I, to characterize, distin- Caraque Ul, s.m., Caracas. Caravane [Persian kar- ouan, " a company of travel- lers "], sf., caravan. Caravelle [it- caravella, " boat "], sf., caravel (ship). Carbonique, adj., carbonic. carboniser [L- carbo, " charcoal "], v.a., 1, to car- bonize. Se ', r.v., to be carbonized ; to become charred. carcasse [see carquois], s.f., carcase. cardinal, -e [L- cardinaUs, "that on which all hinges"], adj., cardinal, principal, first. Cardinal, s.m., cardinal. cardinalat, s.m., cardinal- ship. Careme [L- quadrdgesima], s.m.. Lent. (Its doublet is quadragesime, q.v.) carene [L- carina], s.f, keel, ship's bottom. caresse [It- carezza, from L. carus, " dear "], s.f, caress. caresser, v.a., i, to caress, fondle, stroke. cargaison [carguer, " to clew up (sails)," from L. L. carricare], s.f, cargo, lading. caricature [it. caricatura], s.f, caricature. carillon [L. L. ace. quad- rilionem, "the chiming of four bells "], s.m., chime. carillonner, v.a. and n., i, to ring a peal, to chime. carnage [L. L.w. camati- cum, derived from L. ace. car- nem, "flesh"], s.m., carnage, slaughter. carnassier, -ere [L. L. carnacea, deriv. from L. ace. carnem], adj., carnivorous. carnivore [L- carnivorus (carnem vorare)], adj., carni- vorous. , s.m., carnivo- rous animal. [carrot. carotte [L- carota], s/., carquois [0. Fr. tarquoiSf 198 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOi^AllY CABRE. from L. L. tarcasia, from L. Gr. TapKaa-Lox', "a quiver"], 8.m., quiver. {Carcasse is de- rived from the same L. Gr. word.) carre, -e [PP- of carrer, " to. square," from L. quad- rare], adj., square. Carre', s.m., square. Carreau [0. Fr. quarr/el, carrel, from L. L. n. quadra- tellum (?), dim. of quadrum], s.m., tile, pavement; pane of glass ; cushion. carrefour [0. Fr. quarre- four, from L. L. n. quadri- furcuvi, from L. quadri = quatuor, "four," and furca, "fork"], s.m., cross-way. carriere [L- L. quadraria], s.f., quarry ; career ; race- course. carrosse [It. carrozza, dim. of carro, " car "], s.m., car- riage. carrousel [It- carosello'], s.vi., carousal, tiltivg-match. carte [L- charta, from Gr. Xaprrjs], S.f., chart, map, card. carton [It. cartone"], s.m., pasteboard. cartouche [It. cartoccio, from carta], s.f., cartridge. Cas [L. ace. casum], s.m., case, circumstance. Dans le oil, in case. casaque [It- casacca, from L. casa], s.f., coat, cassock. cascade [It. cascata, from cascare, from L. cadere, "to fall "], s.f., cascade. case [L. casa], sf., divi- sion, compartment, square. caserne [Span, casema, from L. casa], s.f., barracks. easier [case], s.m., piy&m- holts. casque [It. casco, " skull "j, s.m., helmet. casquette [casquet, " small helmet," dim. of casque], sf, cap (for men or boys). casser [L. quassare], v.a., 1, to break. Se , r.v., to be broken. casserole [dim. of casse, " crucible," from L. L. caza, from 0. H. G. kezi, " stove "], sf., saucepan. cassette [dim. of caisse, q.v.], s.f, casket, money-box. Castillan, s.m., CastiUan. castor [L. ace. castoremy from Gr. Kao-Twp], s.to., heaver. CE. Huile de , castor-oil, cas- tor eum. casuel, -elle [L. casualis], adj., casual, accidental. catacombes [L. L. cata- cumba], s.f. pi., catacombs. Catalan» s.m., Catalonian. catalogue [Gr. KaraXoyo^, fiom Kara, and Aoyo?, " ar- rangement "], s.m., catalogue. Cataracte [L- L- cataracta], sf, cataract, waterfall. catechumene [Gr.^ Karrj- Xov/xei/os, from /caTTjxeii/, "to instruct"], s.m., catechumen. CategOrie [Gr. Karqyopia], s.f, category. Cathedrale [L- cathedralis, sc. ecclesia, " the church in which is the bishop's seat (cathedra)"], s.f., cathedral. catholicisme [cathoUque], s.m., Catholicism. catholique [xa^oAiKd?, "universal"], adj., catholic. cause [L- causa], s.f, cause, motive ; case ; party ; side. A de, on account of, for. causer [L- causari], v.a., 1, to cause. , v.n., to con- verse, talk. causeur, -euse, s.m. or /., talker, talkative man or woman. caustique [L. caustlcus, from Gr. jcauo-TiKo?, " burn- ing "], adj., caustic, biting, cutting. , s.m., caustic. Cauteriser [I^. cauteriza- re], v.a., 1, to cauterize, burn. caution [L- ace. cautio- nem], sf, surety, security. Sujet a , not to be trusted. cavalcade [it. cavalcata], s.f, cavalcade. cavalerie [it. cavalleria; cavalerie is a doublet of che- valerie], s.f, cavalry. cavalier [it. cavaliere ; cavalier is a doublet of che- valier], s.m., cavalier, horse- man, horse-soldier. cave [L- cLclj- f^fn. cava, "hollow"], s.f, cave, cellar, vault. Caveau [dim. of cave], s.m., cellar, vault. caverne [I-"- cavema], s.f., cave, cavern. cavite [L. ace cavitatem], ./., cavity. Ce (cet before a vowel or h silent), cette, CCS [0. Fr. igo, from L. ecce-hoc], dem. adj., this, that ; these, those. ce, dem. pron., this, that. qui or que, that which, what. ceci, cela, or ca, dem. pron., this, that. Cecite [L- ace. caecitatem], s.f, blindness. ceder [L. cedcre], v.a., 1, to give, yield; sell. , v.n., to give way, give up, yield. Ceindre [L. cingere], v.a., 4, to gird ; encompass, sur- round. Ceinture [L. cinctura], s.f, girdle, belt ; inclosure. Ceinturon [ceinture], s.m., sword-belt. cela and (^a [ce, la],^ dem. pron., that, that thing. A pres, tvith that exception, save, excepting. celebre [L. ace, adj. cele- hrem], adj., famous, renoivned. Celebrer [L- celebrare], v.a., 1, to celebrate, praise. celebrite [L- ace celebri- tatem], s.f, celebrity, fame. Celer [L- celare], v.a., 1, to hide, conceal. celer it e [L. ace. cderi- tatem], sf., celerity, swift- ness, quickness. celeste [L- coelestis], adj., celestial, heavenly, divine. Celibat [L- ace. caelibatum, from caelebs], s.m., celibacy. celibataire, s.m., single man, bachelor. cellule [L. cellula, dim. of cella], s.f., cell. celui, celle, ceux, celles [L. ecce -illius, -ilia, -illos, -illas], dem. pron., he, she, one ; him, her, the one ; they, those. .celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux- ci, Celles-ci, dem. pron., this one, the latter, these, these people. ^celui-la, celle-la, ceux- la, celles-la, dem.'pron., that one, the former (or the first), those, those people. cendre [L- ace. cinerem], s.f., cinders, ashes. cene [L. coena], sf., the Lord's Supper, Communion. Cenobite [L- ace. coenobi- tam, " the one who lives in the coenobium, convent," from Gr. KOLvo^Lov, from K0Lv6<;, " com- mon," and /3to?, " life "], s.m., cenobite, monk. cens [L. ace. censum], s.m., census; rating. ~ TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 199 Censet -e iP-P- of censer (from L. censere), "to deem, reckon"], adj., deemed, sup- posed, considered as, pretended. censeur [L- ace. censorem], s.vi., censor, critic. censure [L. censura'}, s.f., cen sure, blame, disapproba Hon . Censureij 'y-a., l, to cen- sure, blame. cent [L. ceixtum}, num. adj. {card.}, hundred. centaine [cenv\, s.f., col- lection of a hundred. centaure [Gr. KeVraupo?], s.m., centaur. centenaire [L- cidj. cen- tenarius}, adj. and sm. or /., centenary, centenarian. Centieme [L. centcsimus'], num. adj. (ord.\ hundredth. , s.m., hundredth part. centime [doublet of cen- tieme'], s.m., centime {Jiun- dredth part of a franc). centimetre [centi-, metre'], s.m., centimetre (hundredth part of a metre). central, -e [L- cenb-alis], adj., central ; principal. centralis jBr [central j v.a., 1, to centralize. Se , r.v., to become centralized. centre [L. n. centrum,fTom. Gr. Kevrpov, " a sharp poiat "], s.m., centre, middle. centuple [L- centupus], adj. and s.m., centuple, hun- dredfold. centupler» v.a. and w, 1, and se , r.v., to centuple, increase a hundredfold. centurion [L. ace. centun- "lem], s.m., centurion. Cep [L. L. ace. cippun, " tnmk of a tree "j, s.m., vire- stock, vine-plant. cependant [ce for cela,per- dant], conj., in the mean- while. , adv., however. Cerbere [Gr. Ke'p^epo?^ s.m., Cerberus; savage watch dog ; jailen; warder. cercle [L- ace. drculum], s.m., circle, ring, hoop. cercler, v.a., i, to hoop. cercueil [0. Fr. sarcueu, sarcueil, from L. L. ace. sar- cnm, from 0. H. G. sarc. Mod. G. sarg, " coffin "], s.m., coffin. Cereale [L- cerealis], adj. (/. only) and s.f., cereal. s, s.f. pi., cereals, corn-crops. ceremonie i^->- caeremo- nia], sf.y ceremony ; state. cerf [L- ace. cervum], s.m., stag, hart. cerise [L- cerasa, pi. of cerasum, from Gr. Kepacro?, in Pontus, from which Lu- cullus brought the cherry- tree], s.f, cherry. cerisier, s.m., cherry-tree. Cemer [L. circinare], v.a., 1, to encircle, surround, invest. certain, -e [L- certus], adj., a, some; certain, posi- tive, sure. certainement, adv., cer- tainly, surely. Certes [L. certe], adv., cer- tainly, truly. certificat [L. n. certifi- catum], s.m., certificate, testi- monial. certifier, v.a., i, to attest, certify. certitude [L- L- ace certi- tudinem], s.f, certitude, cer- tainty. Cerveau [0. Fr. cervel, from L. n. cerebellum], s.m., brain. Cervelle, s.f, brain; in- telligence, brains. cesse [verbal subst. of ces- ser], s.f, ceasing, rest. Sans , without ceasing, for ever. cesser [L. cessare], v.a. and n.,l,to cease, leave off. c'est-a-dire [ce, est, a, dire], conj., that is to say, that is. cetace [L. L. ace. cetaceum, from L, ace. cetum, " sea- monster "], s.m., cetaceous animal; whale. CeuX, see celui. Ch.acal [Turkish' schakal], s.m., jackal. chacun, -e [L- guisque unus], ind-. pron., each one. chagrin [by metaphor from the Turkish sagri, "sha- green"], s.m., sorrow, grief. Chagriner, v.a., l, to grieve. Se , r.v., to grieve, fret. chaine [L. catena], s.f, chain, fetters; ridge, range. chair [L- ace. carnem], s.f, flesh, meat ; human nature. chaire [L. cathedra], s.f, pulpit, see ; professorship. chaise Ichaire], s.f., chair, seat. Chaland, -e [prop, "mer- chant-vessel," from L. L. che- landium, from L. Gr. xeAav- Slov], s.m. or/., customer, pur- chaser. ohaleur [L. ace. calorem], s.f.t heat, warmth. chaleureusement, adv., warmly, zealously. chaleureux, -euse, adj., warm, animated, zealous. chaloupe [N.sZoep," sloop "j, s.f, sloop ; long boat. chalumeau [0. Fr. chale- mel, from L. ace. calamel- lum, dim. of calamus], s.m., straw, pipe. chambellan [0. H. G. chamarline, " an oflRcer of the chamber"], s.m., chamber- lain. chambre [L. camera], sf., room ; chamber, house {of par- liament). chameau [0. Fr. chamel, from L. ace. camelum], s.m., camel. chamelier, s.m., camel- driver. chamois [0. H. G. gam-z. Mod. G. gemse], s.m., cha- mois. champ [L. ace. campum], s.m., field. Sur-le- , adv. loc, at once ; on the spot, forth- with. champagne Icampagne], s.f, champagne. , s.m., champagne {wine). champetre [L. ace. cam- pestrem], adj., country, rural, rustic. champion {champ, q.v.], s.m., champion. chance [0. Fr. chSance, from L. cadentia, from cadere, "that which falls out fortu- nately"], s.f, chance, hazard, luck. chanceler [L- cancellare, "to make zigzags "], v.n., 1, to stagger. chancelier [L. ace. cancel- larium], s.m., chancellor. Chancellerie [chancelier], s.f, chancery, chancellor's office. chandelier [chandeiie], s.m., candlestick. chandelle [li.candela], s.f., candle. change [verbal subst. of changer], s.m., change, ex- change, barter ; wrong scent. changeant, -e ipres. part. of changer], adj., changing, variable, fickle. changement, s.m., change. changer [L- L- cambiare, from L. cambire], v.a., 1, to change, alter. , v.n., to change or to be changed, Se 200 ETYMOLOGICAL DlCTlONAIit CHANSON. , r.v.y to he changed; to alter. Chansoil [L. L. ace. can- tionem], s.f., song. chant [L- ace. cantum], s.m., singing, warbling, chir- ruping. chanter [L- cantare'], v.a. and n., 1, to sing. chanteur [L. ace. can- torerri], s.m., singer. (The /. is chanteuse.") chantier [L. ace. canteri- um, "rafter"], s.m., timber- yard, building-yard. chantre [L- nom. cantor'], s.m., singer, songster; choris- ter. ( Its doublet is chan- teur.) chanvre pj« ace. canndbim, from Gr. Kawa^isi], s.m., hemp. chaos [L- w. chaos, from Gr. Xao?, from Skr. kJia, "hol- low"], s.m., chaos, confusion, disorder. chapeau [It. cappello, from L. L. cappa, "a hooded cloak "], s.m., hat. chapelain [chapelW}, s.m., chaplain. Chapelet [chapel, dim. of chapeau], s.m., beads, chaplet, rosary. (It meant formerly the wreath of roses placed on the head of the Virgin Mary.) chapelle [L. L. capella, dim. of capa, " cope "], s.f., chapel. chapitre [L. w. capitulum], s.m., chapter. chapon [L. ace. caponem, from Gr. Kd-mav], s.m., capon. chaque [L- quisque], indef. adj., each, every. char [L. ace. carrum], s.m., chariot. charbon [L. ace. car- bonem], s.m., coal. — — de terre, coals. de bois, charcoal. charbonnier* s.m., char- coal-burner or seller. charbonniere, s.f, place where charcoal is made, char- coal-pit. chardon [1j. L- ace. car- duonem, deriv. from L. car- duus], s.m., thistle. chardonneret [.chardon], s.m., goldfinch. charge [verbal subst. of charger], s.f, load, weight; charge, office, function, dig- nity ; charge (of cavalry). CHASSERESSE. Battre la , to beat the charge {double quick time). charger [L- L. carricare, from L. oarrus], v.a., 1, to load; instruct; charge; ac- cuse. Se , r.v., to take charge of, to undertake; to load oneself chariot [char}, s.m., wag- gon, chariot. charitable [charitS], adj., charitable, kind. charitablement, adv., charitably, kindly. charite [L- ace. caritatem], s.f, charity ; kindness ; bene- volence. Demander la , to beg. charlatan [It. darlatano, from ciarlatare, " to prattle "], s.m., quack ; impostor. charlatanisme [charla- tan], s.m., quackery; cheat, imposition. charmant, -e [j>res. part. of charmer], adj., charming, delightful. charme [L. n. carmen], s.m., charm, spell ; beauty, attraction. [L. ace. car- pinum], s.m., witch-elm. charme, -e [P-P- of char- mer], adj., pleased, delighted. charmer [charme, from L. n. carmen], v.a., 1, to please, delight, charm, fascinate. charmille [charme,^^ witch- elm "], s.f, row of witch-elm trees. charnel, -elle [L. car- nalis], adj., carnal, sensual. charpente [L. n. car- pentum, " a two-wheeled cha- riot"], s.f, timber-work, car- penter's work; framework. charpentier [L. ace. car- pentarium, " a wheelwright "], s.m., carpenter. charrette [dim. of char], s.f, cart. charrue [L. carruca, "a vehicle"], s.f, plough. Charte [L. charta], s.f, charter; title-deeds. chasse [verbal snbst. of chasser], s.f, chase, shooting. chasse [L- capsa, caisse], s.f, shrine, reliquary. CHAUFFER. (This word is used in poetry only.) chasseur, -euse, s.m. or /., hunter, huntress ; bird-, bu tterfl^y -catcher. chassis [chasse], s.m., sash, frame. chaste [^■'- castus], adj., chaste. Chastete [L- ace. castita- tem], s.f, chastity. chat [L. L. .ace. catum], s.m., cat. (The f em. is chatte, " puss.") chataigne [L. castaneal, s.f, chestnut. Chataignier, s.m., chest- nut-tree. Chatdn [chataigne], adj. (m. onl7) and s.m., nut-broivn, chestnvt colour. clair, light brown, auburn. chateau [0. Fr. chastel, chdtel, from L. n. castellum], s.m., castle. chatelain [0. Fr. chdtei:], s.m., governor of a castle, lord of a nanor. chatier [O. Fr. chastier, from L. castigare'], v.a., 1, to chatise, punish. clatiment [L. L- w. casti- gawentum], s.m., correction, chastening, punishment. cdatouillement [chatou- iller], S.m., tickling. (hatouiller [L.L. cattu- liare, der. from cattuUre, for h.titillare], v.a., 1, to tickle; ezsite, please, gratify. chatoyant, -e [pres. part. of the n.v. chatoyer (chat), neaning "to sparkle," "to ciange colour like the cat's ey^es "], adj., sparkling, glisten- ing. chaud, -e [0. Fr. chald, from L. caldus for calidus], idj., warm, hot. Chaud, s.m., warmth, heat. chaudement, adv., warmly, hotly ; quickly. chaudiere [L- caldaria, se. vasa], s.f, copper, boiler. chaudron [see chaudiere], s.m., caldron. chaudronnier [chaudron}. Cha'sser [L. L. captiare, s.m., coppersmith. deriv. of captare, se. feras}, chauifage [chauffer], s.m., v.a., I, to hunt, chase, drive warming, heating ; fuel, wood, away. \ for fuel. chasseresse [chasseur}, chauifer [!«• I-- calefare (?) adj. and s.f., huntress. ' compd. form of L. calefacere] TO FRENCH HEADING BOOK. 201 v.a., 1, to warm. Se , r.v., to warm oneself. chaume [L- ace calamum'], s.m., stubble, thatch. chaumiere [chaume'], s.f., (thatched) cottage. chaussee [L. caldata, sc. via], s.f., causeway, embank- ment, dyke. chausser [L. calceare], v.a.., 1, to put a person's shoes, boots, stockings on (for him or her) ; to make shoes or boots (for somebody). Se , r.v., to put on one's shoes, etc. Chaussure [chausser], s.f, boots, shoes. chauve [L- calvus], adj., bald. chauve-souris [L. calvus, and ace. soricem], s.f, bat. Chaux [L. ace. calcem], s.f, lime. Chavirer [0. Fr. chapvirer, "to turn upside down," from chap = cap, from L. n. ca- put, and virer, q.v.], v.n., 1, to capsize, upset. chef [L- w. caput], s.m., head, leader, chief. d'oeuvre, masterpiece. diemin [L. L. ace. cami- num], s.m., way, road; pro- gress. faisant, on the way. Oheminee [L. caminata, deriv. of caminus, " hearth," Gr. KaiJ.lvo<;, "oven"], s.f., chimney. cheminer [chemin], v.n., 1, to walk, travel. chemise [L- camisia], s.f, shirt; wrapper, case. chene [L- L- ace. casnum for quercum], s.m., oak. chenille [L. canicula, the head of some caterpillars being like that of a little dog], s.f, caterpillar. cher, chere [L. carus], adj., dear, beloved; expensive. Cher, adv., dear ; dearly. '^ chercher [L. circare, "to go round"], v.a., 1, to seek, look after, fetch. a, to endeavour, try. Se , r.v., to look for each other. chere [in O. Fr. = "face, greeting ; " L. L. cara, from Gr. Kapa, "head"], s.f, cheer, fare. cherement [chere, adj. fem., and suflBx -ment], adv., dearly ; at a high price. Cheri, -e [P-V- of cherir], adj., beloved, cherished, dar- ling. cherir [cher], v.a., 2, to cherish, love, to be fond of. Cherte [L- ace. caritatem], s.f, dearness, high price. chetif» -ive [L. captivus], adj., poor, mean. (Chetif is a doublet of captif, q.v.) cheval [L- ace. caballum], s.m., horse. chevaleresque [it. caval- leresco], adj., chivalrous. Chevalerie [chevalier], s.f, chivalry, knighthood. chevalier [L. L. aec. ca- ballarium], s.m., knight. chevelure [L. L. capiiia- tura, deriv. from L. capillus], s.f, head of hair, hair. Chevet [dim. of chef, q.v.], s.m., bed-head. cheveu [0. Fr. chevel, L. a,cc. capillum], s.m., hair. cheville [L- L. clavicula, from L. clavis], s.f ., peg; ankle. Chevre [L- capra], s.f, goat. chevreau [dim. of chhire], s.m., kid. chevrefeuille [L. w. capri- folium], s.m., honeysuckle. Chevrette [dim. of chevre], s.f, little goat. {fem. of chevreuil), doe. chevreuil [L- ace. capreo- lum, from caper], s.m., roe, roebuck. chez [L. casa],prep., at the house of, among. chicane [L- Gr. t^vkolvlov, "game of the mall and dispute in that game "], s.f., cavilling, quibble. chicaner [chicane], v.a. and n., 1, to cavil, quibble, annoy. chicanerie [chicaner], s.f, cavil. chicaneur, -euse, or chi- canier, -ere [chicaner], s.m. or/., caviller ; pettifogger. ohiche [L- ace. ciccum, from Gr. KLKKcy;, "the core of a pomegranate," hence " a trifle "], adj., poor, miserable, stingy. Chichementj adv., stingily, meanly. chien [L- ace. canem], s.m., dog. Chiifon [dim. of chiffe, " rag "], s.m., rag, bit, scrap. Chiffire [Arab. i^afar, " empty "], s.m., figure, cipher. cMffrer, v.n., l, to cipher. Chimere [L. chimaera, from Gr. x'-Z^'i'-pa, " goat "], s.f, chimera, idle fancy. Chimerique [chimt;re], adj., chimeHcal, imaginary, fanciful. chimie [Gr. x^/^^'a], s.f, chemistry. chimiste» s.m., chemist. chirurgie [Gr. x^'-povpyCa, from xetp, " hand," and epyov, " work "], s.f, surgery. chirurgien» s.m., surgeon. choc [It. Cisco, " log of wood "], s.m., shock, collision ; dash, attack. chocolat [Sp. chocolate], s.m., chocolate. Choeur [L- ace. Chorum, from Gr. xopo?]> s.m., chorus, choir. choisir [Goth, kausjan, " to see, examine "], v.a., 2, to choose, Se , r.v., to choose for oneself. choix [verbal subst. of choi- sir], s.m., choice. choquer [choc], v.a., 1, to shock, offend, displease ; strike against, clash with. Se , r.v., to come into collision; to clash ; to take offence. chose [L- causa], s.f, thing. Chou [0. Ft. chol, L. ace. caulem, from Gr. /cauAo?], s.m., cabbage. Chouanj s.m., CJwuan, in- surgent of Vendee(119l-ll96). Chouette [dim. of the 0. Fr. choue, from 0. H. G chouch, " owl "], s.f, owl, owlet. Chretien, -enne [L. cliris- tianus], adj. and subst., m. and /., Christian. Chretiente [L. ace. chris- tianitatem], s.f, Christendom. Christianisme [Gr. Xpto-- Tiavto-jao?], S.m., Christianity. chronique [L- chronica, Gr. xpoi'iKo?, from xp6vo<;, "time"], s.f, chronicle. Chroniqueur, s.m., chro- nicler, reporter. chute [chu, p.p. of choir, "to Ml"], fall. A la du jour, at the close of the day. ci, for ici, see ce. ciole [0. Fr. cibe, from 0. H. G. sciba], s.f, target. cicatrice [L. aec. cica- tricem], s.f, cicatrice, scar, seam. 202 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY CIDRE. cidre [L- w. sicera, from Gr. (Tt/cepaj, s.m., cider. Ciel [L- n. coelum or caelum'], s.m., heaven, sky ; Providence. cielSj s.m. pi., hed-testers. CieUXj s.m. pi., the heavens. cigale [L. cicadula, dim. of cicada], s.f., grasshopper. Cigogne [L- ciconia], s.f., stork. cigue [L. cicuta], s.f., hem- lock. cil [L. w. cilium], s.m., eye- lash. cime [0. Fr. cyme, from L. cyma, from Gr. Kvixa, " a young sprout of a cabbage "], s.f, top, summit. cimeilt [Ij- w. caementum, " rough stone "], s.m., cement. cimenter, v. a., l, to cement, strengthen. Se , r.v., to be cemented, strengthened. Cimetiere [L. n. coemete- rium, from Gr, KOLiJirjrrjpLou, " sleeping-place," from KOifxdo}, " to sleep "], s.m., burial- ground, cemetery. cimier icime], s.m., crest (of helmets). Cingler [0. Fr. sigler, sin- gler, from 0. Scand. sigla, "to sail"], v.n., 1, to sail, steer. cinq [L. quinque], num. adj. (card.), five. Cinquantaine (cinquante), sf., collection of fifty ; age of fifty- Cinquante [L- quingua- ginta], num. adj. (card.), fifty. Cinquantieme {cinquante], num. adj. (o7-d.}, fiftieth. cinquieme lcin.q], num. adj. (ord.), fifth. ciroonnexe [L- drcum- flexus], adj., circumflex. circonscrire [L. drcum- scribere], v.a., 1, to circum- scribe. circonspect, -e [L. cir- cumspectus], adj., circumspect, cau t ious, 'prudent. circonspection [L. ace. circumspectionem, "a looking on all sides"], s.f., circum- spection, caution. circonstance [L. circum' stantia], sf., circumstance. circonvenir [X'- drcum venire], v. a., 2, to circumvent, deceive, impose upon. circuit [L. ace. circuitum], s.m.y circuit, compass ; way round, roundabout way. Circulaire [L- circularis], adj., circular. , s./., cir- cular. circulation [L- ace. circu- lationem], s.f., circulation. circular [L. drculari], v.n., 1, to circulate, revolve; spread abroad ; move about. cire [L- cera], sf., wax. cirer, v.a., l, to wax, polish. Ciseau [0. Fr. dsel, from L. L. ace. cisellum, from L. ace. caesum, "cutting," from L. caedere], s.m., chisel. Ciseaux, s.m. pi., scissors. ciseler [0. Fr. dsel for ci- seau], v.a., 1, to chisel, carve. Se , r.v., to be carved. citadelle [It- dttadella, dim. of citta, "city"], s.f., citadel. citation [citej-], s.f., cita- tion, quotation. cite [L- ace. citatem for civitatem], s.f, city, town. citer [L. citare], v.a., 1, to cite, name, quote. citerne [L. dstema], s.f, cistern, tank, reservoir. citoyen, -enne [L. L. dvi- tadanus (.?), deriv. from L. ace. civitatem], s.m. or /., citizen. citron [L. n. dtrum], s.m., lemon. Citronnier, s.m., lemon- tree. civiere [L- L- coeno-vehum, from L. n. coenum, " mud," ve- here, " to carry "], s.f., litter. civil, -e [L- civilis], adj., civil ; polite. civilementj adv.y civilly, politely. civilisateur [civiUser], adj. and s.m., civilizing, civi- lizer. (The/, is dvilisatrice.) civilisation, s./., civiliza- tion. civilise, -e [P-P- of civi- User], adj., civilized. civiliser [civil], v.a., i, to civilize. Se , r.v., to be- come civilized. civilite [L- ace. dviUtatem], s.f., civility, courteousness, politeness, attention, compli- ment. claie [L. L- clida, clia], s.f, hurdle. clair, -e [L- clams], adj., bright, clear, light, limpid. Clair, s.m., light. clairement, adv., clearly, distinctly. Olairiere iclair],sj'., glade. clairon [L. clarus], s.m.y clarion (the clear - sounding trumpet). clairvoyance [clair- voyant], s.f., clearsightedness, perspicacity. clairvoyant, -e [clair and voyant, pres. part, of voir, q.v.], adj., clearsighted, acute. clamour [L- ace. cla- mor em], s.f, clamour, outcry. clandestin, -e [l^- cian- destinus], adj., clandestine, underhand. clandestinement, o.dv-, secretly. clapoter [dim. of clapper, " to smack," from the G. Happen], v.n., 1, to splash. Clarifier [L. clarificare], v.a., 1, to clear, clarify. Se , r.v., to grow clear, settle. Clarte [L- ace. claritatem], s.f, clearness, brightness, light, limpidity. classe [L- ace. classem], s.f., class, order, rank; school- room. classement [classer], s.m., classing. classer, v.a., l, to class, sort. Se , r.v., to be class- ed, sorted. classification [classifie?-], s.f, classification. classifier [L. L. ciassi- ficare (J), from L. classis, fa- cere], v.a., 1, to classify. Classique [L. classicus], adj., classic, classical, aca- demical. , s.m., classical author or standard work. clef or cle [L. ace. clavem], s.f., key. clemence [L. dementia], s.f., clemency, mercy. clement, -e [L- ace. cle- mentem], adj., clement, merci- ful. clerc [L- ace. clericum, from Gr. kAt/pikos], s.m., clerk, scholar. clerge [L- ace. clericatum, from clericus (Gr. kAtjpikos, from /cArjpos)], s.m., clergy. client, -e [L- ace. cUentem], s.m. or/., client. clientele [L- cUentela], sf., connection, business, practice. clignement [cUgner], s.m., winking, blinking. cligner [L- L. cUnare, " to lower"], v.a. and n., 1, to xvink, blink. climat, from Gr. nXiixa, TO FRENCH EEABING BOOK. 203 indinatio coeli, " parallel of latitude," " clime," from kAiVw, "to incline"], s.m., climate. clin (d'oeil) [verbal subst. ofcligner, ceil, f/.v.], s.m., wink. En un d'oeil, iii a trice. cliquetis [0. Fr. cliqueter, " to make a noise," onomat.'}, s.m., clashing, clanking. cloche [L.L. clocca, from 0. H. G. clocca, in the 9th cen- tury], s.f., bell. cloclier icloche'], s.m., steeple. Clocher [1--. L. cloppicare, from L. L. clqppus, " lame "], v.n., 1, to limp, halt, walk lame. cloison [L- L- ace. closi- onem, from L. claudere}, s.f., partition, septum {in ana- tomy). cloitre [0. Fr. cloistre, from L.pl.n.claustra],s.m.,cloister, convent. cloitrer, v. a., i, to shut up in a convent. So , r.v., to enter a convent; to shut one- self up. clore [L- claudere'], v.a., 4, to close, shut ; end, conclude. cloSj -e? PP- of the above v. cloture [L- L- clausitura, from L. claudere], sf, enclo- sure, fence, close. clou [L- ace, clavum}, s.m., nail. clouer [clou'], v.a., I, to nail, fasten doxon. coadjuteur [prefix co, and L. ace. adjutorem], s.m., co- adjutor. coaliser [L- coalescere], v.a., 1, to unite. Se , r.v., to form a coalition. coalition Icoaliser], s.f, coalition, league. COCarde [0. Fr. coquarde, "cock's comb," see coq], s.f., cockade. COChe [L- concha, "shell, conch "], s.m.f carriage (boat originally). [?], s.f, notch, tally. COCher [coche], s.m., coach- man. COChon [Kj-mr. hwch, Bre- ton hoch, Engl, hog], s.m., pig. de lait, sucking-pig. coco [I'ort, coquo], s.m., cocoa. cocon l<:oque, q.v.], s.m., cocoon. COLLECTIF. COCOtier [coco], s.m., cocoa- nut-tree. code [L- ace. codicem], s.m., code. COeur [L- n. cor], s.m., heart, courage. De bon , heartily, willingly. coffee [L- ace. cophinum, from Gr. Kd(/)ij/o?, "basket"], s.m., coffer, chest, box. COgnee [L- L. cuneata, from cuneus, "wedge"], s.f., axe, hatchet. cohorte [L- ace. cohortem], s.f., cohort. COiffe [L- L- cofea, cu- phia, from O. H. G. kuppha, " mitre "], s.f., head-dress, cap, hood. coiffer [coiffe], v.a., i, to dress a person's hair. Se , r.v., to dress one's hair ; to be infatuated. COiifure) s.f, head-dress. coin [L. ace. cuneum], s.m., wedge; corner. du feu, fireside, home, chimney-corner. coincidence Ico'incider], s.f, coincidence. COincider [L. co-incidere, "to fall with"], v.n. 1, to co- incide. coing [L. cydonium, sc. malum, from Gr. KvSiovia, from Cydon, in Crete], s.m., quince. col [see cou], s.m., neck; collar, stock. COlere [L. cholera, from Gr. xoAe'pa], sf., wrath, anger, passion. , adj., pas- sionate. coUaborateur [coiiaborer, from L. collaborare], s.m., col- laborator, associate. collaboration [coiiaborer], s.f, collaboration, co-opera- tion, assistance. coiiaborer [L- collaborare], v.n., 1, to work together; con- tribute. colle [Gr. K6X\a],s.f., paste, glv^. COllecte [L. collecta, p.p. f'm. of colligere], s.f, collec- tion (of money); collect {prayer). COllecter [collecte], v.a., 1, to make a collection. collect eur [L.L. ace. coi- lectorem], s.m., collector. (The fern, is collectrice.) collectif, -ive [L. coilec- tivus}^ Ck^'., collective. I collection [L. ace. collec- I tionem], s.f., collection. \ college [L. n. collegium], \ s.m., school, college. I coUegien [college], s.m., I school-boy, collegian. j COllegue [L. ace. collegam], I s.m., colleague, fellow-member. COller [colle], v.a., 1, to stick, glue, paste, fix. Se , r.v., to stick on, cleave to. collet [dim. of col], s.m., collar {of a coat). collier [cou], s.m., necklace, collar. CoUine [L. colUna, used by Roman surveyors], s./., hill. collision [L. ace. colli- sionem], s.f., collision. COlloque [L. n. colloquium], s.m., colloquy. COlloquer [L. collocare], v.a., 1, to place; invest. Colombo [L. columba], s.f, dove. COlombier [L. n. columba- rium], s.m., pigeon-house. colon [L. ace. colonum],s.m., husbandman, ploughman. colonel [It. colonello], s.m., colonel. COlonie [colon], s.f, colony. colonisation [coloniser], s.f., colonization, settlement. coloniser [colonic], v.a., 1, to colonize. Se , r.v., to become colonized. colonnade [colonne], s.f, colonnade. colonne [L. columna], s.f, column ; party. Tete de , foremost body of troops. COlorer [L. colorare], v.a., 1, to colour, tinge, dye, paint. Se , r.v., to colour; to as- sume a colour. COloris [colori, p.p. of the 0. Fr. V. colorir = colorier, "to illuminate, paint"], s.m., colour, hus. colossal, -e [colosse], adj., colossal, huge, immense. colosse [L- ace. colossum, from Gr. /coAocrcro?, " gigantic statue "], s.m., colossus. combat [verbal subst. of combattre], s.m., fight, battle. combattant [pres. part, of combattre], s.m., combatant. combattre [com = cum, battre, q.v.], v.a. and n., 4, to fight, oppose, resist. COmbien [comme, bien], adv.f how much, how many. 204 JiTYMOLOGICAL BiCTIONABt COMBINAISON. com"binaison [L- ace. com- hinationem], s.f., comhination. 001111)11161 [L- comUvare'], v.a., I, to combine, contrive. Se , r.v., to he combined. COmble [L. ace. cumulum'], s.m., top, summit ; fulfilment ; heaping ; over-measure. Au de, at the height of, com- plete. COmbler [comble], v.a., 1, to overwhelm, load (with). combustible [combustion'], adj., combustible. , s.7n., fuel, article of fuel. combustion [L. ace. com- hustionem, from comburere, "to burn"], s.f., combustion, burning. comedie [L- comoedia'], s.f, comedy. comedien, -enne, s.m.. or /., comedian, actor; actress. comestible [L- L- comesti- bilis (?), from L. comedere, " to eat up "], adj. and s.m., eat- able. s, s.m. pi., eatables, provisions. comete [L- cometa, Gr. K0jar)-nj9, from /co/xtj, "hair; coma "], sf, comet. comique [L- comicus], adj., comic, laughable. COmiquement, adv., comi- cally. COmite [Engl, committee'], s.m., committee, board. commandant li)res. part. of commander], s.m., com- mander, commanding officer. commandement [com- mnnder], s.m., command, com- mandment, orders. commander [L. L. com- mendare = cum, mandare, "to order"], v.a. and n., 1, to command, order, govern, rule. commandeur, s.m., com- mander. COmme [L- quomodo], adv., as ; how ! commemoration [L. ace. commemorationem], s.f., com- memoration. commencant, -e [pres. part, of commencer], adj., be- ginning. , s.m. or /., be- ginner. commencement , [com- mencer], s.m., beginning. commencer [L- L- comini- tiare, eompd. of L. cww, ini- tiare], v.a. and n., 1, to begin. commensal, -e i^- L- cow- COMMDN. mensalis (?), der. from L. cum and mensa, " table "], adj. and s.m. or /., commensal, mess- mate. comment [L- quomodo, inde], adv., how, what 1 commentaire [L. n. com- mentarium], s.m., commen- tary. commentateur [L. ace. commtntatorem], s.m., com- mentator. commenter [L. commen- tare], v.a. and n., I, to comment, comment on, criticize. COmmerage [commere], s.m., gossiping, gossip. commer9ant, -e [pres. part, of commercer], adj. and s.m. or /., commercial ; mer- chant, tradesman, dealer. commerce [L- ^- commer- cium], s.m., business, trade, commerce, intercourse, con- versation. commercer, v.n., i, to do business with, trade with. commercial, -e [ com- merce], adj., commercial. commere [prefix co, mere, q.v.], s.f, gossip, godmother. commettre [L- commit- tere], v.a., 4, to be guilty of ; commit, entrust. Se , r.v., to be committed. COmmis [J?P- of commettre], s.m., clerk. commiseration [L. ace. commiserationem], s.f, com- miseration. commissaire [L- sup. com- missum, with the termination arius], s.m., commissioner. commissariat [commis- saire], s.m., commissioner's office, commissaryship ; com- missioners (in the Navy). commission [L. ace. com- missionem], s.f, commission, errand. commissionnaire, s.m., messeiiger, porter. commode [L- commodus], adj., convenient, easy, snug. , s.f., chest of drawers. COmmodement, adv., con- veniently, comfortably. commodite [L- ace. com- moditatem], sf, convenience, comfort, ease. COmmuer [L- commutare, "to alter"! '"•<*•» 1» ^^ com- mute. COmmun, -e [L. com- munis], adj., common, general, COMPARTIMENT. public, low ; common ; mutual, joint. communaute [L. L. ace. communalitatem (?)], s.f, com- munity. commune [commun], s.f, parish. communement [adj. f em. commune, and suffix -ment], adv., commonly, generally. communicatif, -ive [com- muniquer], adj., communica- tive. communication [L. ace. communicationem], s.f, com- munication, intercourse, con- nection. communier [L- communi- care, "to receive the Eu- charist," in ecclesiastical lan- guage], v.n., 1, to receive the holy Sacrament. communion [L- ace. co7n- munionem], s.f., sacrament, communion ; fellowship. communiquer [L. com- municare], v.a., 1, to com- municate, impart, relate. , v.n., to correspond, have communication. Se , r.v., to be communicated, to spread. commutation [L. ace commutationem], s.f, commu- tation. COmpacte [L- compactus, p.p. of compingere, "to fix together "], adj., compact, dense. compagne [see compa- gnon], s.f, companion, com- rade, partner, mate, wife. compagnie [compagne], s.f, company, guests, friends. De , in troops, together. compagnon [L. L. ace. cumpanionem, from L. cum, " with," and panis, " bread "], s.m., companion. de voyage, fellow-traveller. d'armes, brother in arms. comparable [L- compara- bilis], adj., comparable, to be compared. comparaison [L. ace. com- parationem], s.f, comparison. comparaitre [com and paraitre, q.v.], v.n., 4, to ap- pear. comparer [L- comparare], v.a., 1, to compare. Se , r.v., to be corapared. compartiment [0. Fr. v. compartir, " to divide," from TO FBENOH BEADING BOOK. 205 L. L, compartirx], s.m., com- partment, division, panel. COmpas [com, Siudpas, q.v.^, s.m., pair of compasses. compasser [compas], v.a., 1, to measure. compassion [L. ace. com- passionem}, s.f., compassion, pity. compatible [It. compa- tibile], adj., compatible, con- sistent. compatir [L- cum, pati], v.n., 2, to sympathize with, pity. compatissant, -e ipres. part, of compatir), adj., com- passionate, sympathizing. compatriote [L- L- ace. comjKitriotam], s.m., fellow- countryman. com'pensateur {compen- ser'], adj., compensating. , s.m., compensator. compensation [L- aec. compensationem], sf., compen- sation. compenser [L- compens- are], v.a., 1, to compensate, maJce. up for. Se , r.v., to be balanced.' compere [com, pere, q.v.'], s.m., godfather ; crony, com- rade, fellow, partner, com- peer. competence [L- competen- iia'], s.f., competence ; province. competent, -e [L- aec. of the pres. part., competentem'], adj., competent, fit. competiteur [L. ace. com- petitorem], s.m., competitor. compilateur [L- ace. com- pilatorem], s.m., compiler. compilation [L- ace. com- pilationem], s.f, compilation. compiler [L- compilare'], v.a., 1, to compile. complainte [p-p- of the 0. Fr. V. complaindre'], s.f, lamentation, wailing, com- plaint. COmplaire [L- complacere'], v.n., 4, to please, gratify. Se a, r.v., to delight (in). complaisance [complai- sant], sf., complacency, kind- ness, attention; delight, plea- sure. complaisant, -e [jpres. part, of complaire], adj., ob- liging, kind. complement [L- n. com- plementum}, s.m., complement, completion ; object. complementaire [com- plement], adj., complementary, completing. complet, -ete [L. com- putus], adj., complete. completement, «^"-. com- pletely, entirely. completer, v.a., l, to com- plete. Se , r.v., to become complete ; to realize. complexion [L- ace. com- plexionem], sf, constitution (of body) ; temper, disposition. complication [i^. ace. com- plicationem], s.f., complication, intricacy. complice [L- ace. compli- cem], s.m., accomplice. COmplicite [complice], s.f, complicity, participation. compliment [It. compU- mento], s.m., compliment. complimenter [compli- ment], v.a., 1, to congratu- late. complique, -e [p.p. of compliquer], adj., complicated, intricate. compliquer [L. compU- care], v.a., 1, to complicate, render intricate. Se , r.v., to become complicated. comporter [Lc comportare], v.a., 1, to allow. Se , r.v., to behave. compose [partic. subst. of composer], s.m., compound. composer [com. poser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to compose, make up, distil. Se , r.v., to be composed. compositeur [L- ace. com- positorem], s.m., composer, compositor. composition [L- aec. com- positionem], s.f, composition, compound. comprehensible [L. com- prehensibilis], adj., intelli- gible. comprehension [L. ace. comprehensionem], s.f, com- prehension. comprendre [L. compren- dere for comprehendere], v.a., 4, to understand; comprise, include. comprimer [L. compri- mere], v.a., 1, to compress, re- press. Se , r.v., to be com- pressed, kept down. COmpris, -e [PP- of com- prendre, q.v.], adj., understood. Non compris, not includd, without. CONCRRTER. compromettant, -e [pres. part, of compromettre], adj.,. unsafe, disreputable, incrimi- nating. compromettre [L- com- promittere], v.a., 4, to com- promise, implicate, endanger. Se , r.v., to commit oneself. COmpromis, -e [p-p. of com- promettre], adj., compromised. Compromis, s.m., compromise. COmptant [pres. part, of compter], s.m., ready money, cash. COmpte [L- aec. computum], s.m., account, calculation, purpose. Se rendre de, to account for, understand, make out. compter [L. computare], v.a., 1, to count; reckon. — "- sur, to rely on. Se , r.v., to be counted, reckoned. COmptoir [compter], s.m., counter, counting-house. COmpulser [L- compulsare, "to force, oblige"], v.a., 1, to search, examine, go through. compulsion [L. aec. com- pulsionem], s.f, compulsion. computation [L- ace. com- putationem], s.f., computation. computer [L- computare], v.a., 1, to compute. COmte [L- comitem, ace. of comes, "a companion"], s.m., count. (^The fem. is comtesse.) COmte [comte], s.m., earl- dom ; county, shire. concave [L. concavus], adj., concave. COncavite [L- ace. concavi- tatem], s.f., concavity. COnceder [L. concedere], v.a., 1, to grant. Se , r.v., to be granted. concentrer [con for cmwj and centre], v.a., 1, to concen- trate. Se , r.v., to be con- centrated. conception [L. ace. con- cqptionem], s.f, conception-, idea, notion, understanding. concernant [pres. part, of concerner], prep., concerning, relating to. concerner [L- concemere], v.a., 1, to concern, relate to. concert [It- concerto], s.m., concert, union, agreement. De , in concert, together. COncerter [concert], v.a., 1, io concert, plan, devise. Se , r.v., to deliberate, con- sult together. 206 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY CONCESSION. concession [L- ace. conces- sionem^, s./., concession, grant. COncevable [concevoir'}, adj., conceivable. COncevoir [L- condpere'], v.a., 3, to conceive, understand, entertain, form. Se , r.v., to be understood. concierge [L.L. ace. con- servium(?), from L. cum and servire'], s.m., door-keeper. conciergerie, s.f., porter's lodge ; Concier.gerie (a prison in Paris). COncile [L. n. concilium'], s.m., council. COnciliant, -e ipres.part. oi concilier'], adj., conciliating, conciliatory. conciliateur {concilier'], adj. and s.m., conciliatory; conciliator. (The /. is con- ciliatrice.) concilier [L- condUare], v.a., 1, to conciliate ; gain, win. Se , r.v., to gain for oneself. concitoyen, -enne [prefix con, citoyen, q.v.], s.m. or /., fellow-citizen. COnclure [L- concludere], v.a. and n., 4, to conclude, end. Se , r.v., to be concluded. conclusion [L- ace. conclu- sionem], s.f., conclusion. concordance [concordant, from concorder, " to agree "], sf., concordance, concord, agreement. Concorde [L. concordia], sf., concord, good understand- ing. COnCOUrir [l^- concurrere], v.n., 2, to concur, contribute. COncours [L. ace. concur- sum], s.m., concurrence ; as- sistance ; competition. concurrence [concurrent], sf., competition, opposition. concurrent, -e [L- ace. con- currentem, from concurrere], s.m. or/., competitor, rival. condamnable [condam- ner], adj., condemnable, blam- able. condamnation [L. ace. condemnationem], s.f, con- demnation, judgment, sen- tence. condamne [partic. subst. of condamner], s.m., man con- demned to death ; convict. condamner [L. condem- nare], v.a., 1, to condemn, sen- CONFESSEB. tence, doom. Se , r.v., to condemn oneself. condensation [l^- ace. con- densationem], s.f., condensa- tion, condensing. condenser [L- condensare], v.a., 1, to condense. Se , r.v., to condense, to be con- densed. condescendance [It. con- descendema], sf., condescen- sion, compliance. condescendre [L. condes- cendere], v.n., 4, to condescend. condition [L- ace, condi- tionem], s.f, condition, state, rank. conditionnel, -elle [con- dition], adj., conditional. Conditionnel, s.m., conditional (mood). conditionnellement, adv., conditionally. condoleance [L- condo- lere], sf., condolence. conducteur [L. ace. con- ductorem], s.m., guid^e, leader. COnduire [L- condu^ere], v.a., 4, to lead, conduct, take to; attend, train. Se , r.v., to behave ; to be led. conduit [L- ace. conduc- tum], s.m., conduit, pipe, tube. COnduite [partic. subst. of conduire], s.f, guidance, com- mand ; behaviour. cone [l-i- ace. conum, from Gr. Kwi/o?], s.m., cone. confection [L. ace. confec- tionem], s.f., making; con- struction. confectionner [confec- tion], v.a., 1, to make up, execute, manufacture. ,confederatif, -ive [confc- derer], adj., confederative, federal. confederation [I^. ace. confoederationem], s.f, con- federacy, league. confedere [l^- pp- confoe- deratus], s.m., confederate. confederer [L. confocde- rare], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to confederate. conference [conferer], sf., conference, lecture, debate. conferer L- [covferre], v.a. and n., 1, to bestow, grant, confer ; compare. confessor [L- confessum, sup. of confiteri], v.a, 1, to confess. — ^, v.n., to acknow- CONFORMATION. ledge, own. Se , r.v., to confess. confesseur [L. aec. con- fessorem], s.m., confessor confession [L- aec. con- fessionem], s.f, confession, avowal. COnfiance [confiant], s.f, confidence, trust, reliance, security. confiant, -e [pres. part, of confer], adj., confiding, un- suspicious. confidemment [confident], adv., confidentially. confidence [L- confidentia], s.f., confidence, secret, secrecy. confident, -e [l-'- ace. con- ! fidentem, from confidere], s.m. or/., confidant. confidentiel, -elle [con- fidence], adj., confidential. confidentiellement, adv., confidentially. COnfier [prefix con, fier, q.v.], v.a., 1, to trust, confide. Se , r.v., to confide in, rely on ; to confide to each other , to trust in. COnfiner [confins], v.a. and n., 1, to confine, shut up, to limit ; to be contiguous, to border upon. confins [L. cidj. confinis], s.m. pi., confines, borders. COnfire [L- conficere], v.a., 4, to pickle, preserve. confirmation [L- aec. con- firmationem], s.f, confirma- tion, sanction. COnfirmer [L. confirmare], v.a., I, to confirm, strengthen. Se , r.v., to be confirmed. confiscation [confisquer], S.f, confiscation. confisquer [L. confiscare], v.a., 1, to confiscate. confit, -e [pp- of confire], adj., pickled, preserved. confiture [confit], s.f, pre- serve, jam. COnfiit [L- aec. confiictum], s.m., conflict, contest, combat. confluent [L- aec. conflu- entem, from confiuere, " to flow together "], s.m., confluence, confluent. COnfondre [L- confundere], v.a., 4, to mix; confuse; mis- take ; overpower, crush. Se , r.v., to mix together ; to be confused, lost, mixed. conformation [L. ace. con- formationem], s.f, covforma^ tvm. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 207 CONFORME. COnibrme [L- conformis], adj., conformable to, agree- able loith. conformement, o^^-, «- greeably, a/^cording to. conformer [L. confor- mare'], v.a., 1, to conform, suit. Se , r.v., to comply, sub- mit. COnformite [L- ace confor- mitatem'], s.f, conformity, compliance. conforter {confort, from Engl, comfort'], v.a., 1, to com- fort, strengthen. confrere [cow, frere, from L. cum, and a.cc.fratrem'], s.m., colleague, fellow-member. confrerie [confrere-], s.f, confraternity, brotherhood. confronter [prefix con and front, q.v.],v.a., \,tocovfront, compare. COnfuS, -e [L. confusus], adj., confused, ashamed. COnfusementj o^dv., con- fusedly, vaguely. confusion [L. ace confu- sionem], s.f, confusion, dis- order. conge U-i' ace. commeatum, "permission, leave"], s.m., leave, permission ; discharge, dismissal, notice (to quit). COngedier Iconge], v.a., 1, to dismiss. congratulation [L. ace. congratulationem], s.f., con- gratulation. congratuler [L. congra- tulari], v.a., 1, to congratu- late. congregation [L- ace. con- gregationem], s.f., congrega- tion. COngreS [L. ace. congres- sum], s.m., congress. COnique [Gr- Kwj/iKos], adj., conic. conjecture [L. conjectura, from conjicere], s.f., conjec- ture, guess, supposition. COnJecturer, v.a., l, to con- jecture, surmise, guess, sup- pose. conjoint? -e iP-P- of con- joindre, " to connect, join, unite "], adj., joined, united. conjointement, adv., con- jointly. conjonction [L. ace. con- junctionem], s.f., conjunction; union. conjugaison [L- ace con- jugationem], s.f, conjugation. CONSECRATrOK. conjugal, -e [L. conjuga- lis], adj., conjugal. COnJUguer [L. conjugare], v.a., 1, to conjugate. So , r.v., to be conjugated. conjurateur [conjurer], s.m., conspirator, conjuration [I^ ace. con- jurationem], sf., conspiracy, league. conjure, -e [P-P- of conju- rer], adj. and s.m., compir- ing ; conspirator. conjurer [L- conjurare], v.a., 1, to entreat, conspire; ward off. Se , r.v., to con- spire, league. connaissance [connais- sant, pr. p. of connattre, q.v.], s.f, knowledge, learning ; ac- quaintance. Faire la do, to become acquainted with, to make the acquaintance of. COnnaisseur [connaltre], s.m., connoisseur, good judge. COnnaitre [L- cognoscere], v.a., 4, to know, to be ac- quainted with. Se , r.v., to know oneself or each other. Se en tout, to know, understand everything. COnnetaWe [0. Fr. cone- stable, from L. comes stabuli, "count of the stable"], s.m.. Constable. COnnu, -GiPP- of connattre, q.v., known. con,querant [pres. part, of conquerir], s.m., conqueror. COnquerir [L. conquirere], v.a., 2, to conquer. COnquete [L- conquisita, p.p. fem. of conquirere], sf, conquest. COnquis, -e, P-P- of con- querir, conquered. COnsacrer [L- consecrare], v.a., 1, to consecrate; devote. Se , r.v., to devote oneself to. conscience [L- conscien- tia], sf., conscience. consciencieusement, adv., conscientiously. consciencieux, -se [con- science], adj., conscientious. conscription [L. ace. con- scriptionem], s.f, conscription, recruiting. COnSCrit [L- ace. conscrip- tum, p.p. of conscribere], s.m., conscript, raio recruit. consecration [L. ace. con- secraiionem], s.f., consecration, dedication, ordination. CONSIST ANCE. consecutif, -iVe [consecu- tion], adj., consecutive. consecution [l-^. consecu- tum, sup. of consequi], s.f., consecution. , consecutivement [con- secutive, adj. fem., and suffix -ment], adv., consecutively. COnseil [L- »i- consilium], s.m., advice, counsel; council. conseiller [conseii], v.a.-, 1, to advise, counsel. , s.m., counsellor, adviser. COnsentir [L. consentire], v.n., 2, to consent, assent. COnsequemment [conse- quent], adv., consequently, ac- cordingly. consequence [L- conse- quentia], s.f, consequence. En , consequently. consequent (par), adv. loc, consequently. conservateur [L. ace. con- servatorem], s.m., preserver, defender. (The /. is conser- vatrice.) conservation [E. ace. con- servationem],sf., preservation. conservatoire [conserver], s.m., conservatory. conserve [verbal subst. of conserver], s.f, preserve, pickle. , convoy (naut.). A Her de , to sail in company. conserver [L- conservare], v.a., I, to keep, preserve. Se , r.v., to be kept, preserved. considerable [considerer], adj., considerable ; large ; long; important. considerablement, adv., considerably, very much. considerant [pres. part of considerer, q.v.], s.m., pre- amble (law). consideration [L. ace. considerationem], s.f, con- sideration, attention; regard, respect. considerer [L. consider- are], v.a., 1, to look at, gaze. , v.n., consider ; look at ; think. Se , r.v., to con- sider each other; to be con- sidered. COnsigne [verbal subst. of consigner], s.f, orders, in- structions. consigner [T^- consignare], v.a., 1, to consign, mention ; confine to barracks, keep in. COnsistance [consistant], s.f, consistency ; stability , full growth; extent. 208 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY CONSIST ANT. consistant, -e ipres. part. of consister], adj., consistent; Jirm, solid. COnsister [L. consistere], v.n., 1, to consist (of). consolateur [L- ace. con- solatorem], adj. and s.m., con- soling, comfortino; consoler, comforter. (Thej. is consola- trice.) consolation [consoler}, sf., consolation, comfort. consoler .[L. consolari], v.a., 1, to console, comfort. Se , r.v., to be consoled, comforted. COnSOlider \Ij. consoUdare], v.a. and n., 1, to consolidate ; strengthen. Se , r.v., to grow firm, strong. consommation [L. ace. consummationem], s.f, con- summation, consumption, use. consommer [L- consum- mare], v.a., 1, to finish, con- sume. COnsonne [L- consona], s.f., consonant. conspirateur [L. ace. con- spiratorem'], s.m., conspirator. conspiration [L. ace. con- spirationem], sf., conspiracy, plot. COnSpirer [L. conspirare], v.n., I, to conspire, plot. constamment [constanf], adv., with constancy ; always. Constance [L. constantia}, sf., cmistancy, faithfulness, firmness, courage. constant, -e [L. ace. con- stantem'], adj., constant; un- interrupted. constater [L- cum, status'], v.a., 1, to state, ascertain, prove. Se , r.v., to be as- certained. constellation [L. ace. con- stellationem], sf., constella- tion. constelle, -e [L- constel- latus, from cum and Stella, " star "], adj., studded with stars. consternation [L. ace. consternationem'], sf., conster- nation,, dismay. COnsteme, -e IP-P- of con- sterner], adj., struck with con- sternation. COnstemer [consternere, " to throw down "], v.a., 1, to dismay, strike with consterna- tion. constituer V^- constituere]^ v.a., 1, to constitute, establish, form, organize. constitution [L. ace. con- stitutionem], s.f., constitu- tion, order, arrangement. constitutionnel, -elle, adj., constitutional. constructeur [L. ace. con- structorem}, s.m., constructor, builder. construction [L. ace. con- structionem], sf, construc- tion, building. COnstruire [L. constru^re], v.a., 4, to construct, build. Se , r.v., to be built. consul [L- ace. consulem], s.m., consul. COnsulaire [L- oonsularis], adj., consular. COnsulat [L- ace. consula- tum], s.m., consulship, con- sulate. consultation [L. ace. con- sultationem], sf., consulta- tion, conference; advice. COnsulter [L. consultare], v.a., 1, to consult. Se , r.v., to consult each other, confer. consumer [L- consumere'], v.a., 1, to consume, destroy. Se , r.v., to be consumed, to pine away, to exhaust oneself. contact [L. ace. contac- tum'], s.m., contact, touch, con- nection. contagieux, -euse [L. contagiosus], adj., contagious, infectious. contagion [L- ace. conta- gionem], s.f, contagion, infec- tion. COnte [verbal subst. of conter, q.v.], s.m., story, tale. contemplatif, .-ive [L. contemplativus], adj., contem- plative, gazing. contemplation [L. ace. contemplatiovem], s.f., contem- plation; meditation. contc^.pler [L- contem- plari], v.a., 1, to contemplate, behold. Se , r.v., to con- template oneself or each other ; to be contemplated. contemporain [L- contem- poraneus], adj. and s.m., con temporary. COntenance [contenant], s.f, bearing, air, look, coun- tenance. contenant, -e Ipres. part. of covtenir}, adj., containing, holding. , s.m., container^ holder. CONTORSION. COntenir [L. continere], v.a., 2, to contain, confine, keep back or in. Se , r.v., to restrain oneself; to keep down one's anger (or joy). content, -e [L- contentus], adj., content, pleased, glad, satisfied. contentement [contenter], s.m., satisfaction, joy . COntenter [content], v.a., 1, to content, please, satisfy. Se , r.v., to be satisfied. COntenu [partie. subst. of contenir], s.m., contents. center [L- computare], v.a., 1, to tell, relate. contestable [ contester ], adj., disputable, questionable. contestation [L- ace. con- testationem], s.f., contestation, dispute. contester [L- contestari], v.a., I, to contest, dispute. Se , r.v., to be disputed; to contest with each other. contour, -euse [conter, q.v.], s.m. or /., relater; story- teller. COntigU, -e [L- contiguus], adj., contiguous, joining, ad- jacent. COntiguite [contigu], s.f, contiguity. continence [L. conti- nentia], s.f, continence. continent, -e [L. ace. continentem], adj., continent. Continent, s.m., continent. continental, -e, adj., con- tinental. contingent [L- ace. con- tingenteni], s.m., contingent, share, contribution. COntinu, -e [L- continuus], adj., continuous, continued. continuation [L. ace. con- tinuationem], s.f., continua- tion. continuel, -le [continu], adj., continual. continuellement, adv., continually, always. continuer [L. continuare], v.a. and n., 1, to continue, go on. Se , r.v., to be con- tinue. continuite [L. ace. con- tinuitatem], s.f, continuity, series. continiiment [adj. fem. continue, and suffix -ment], adv., continv^dly, without in- terruption. COntorsion [L- ace. contor- *0 FEENCa READING BOOK. ^09 tionem}, s.f., contorsion, twist' ing. contour [prefix con and tour, g.v.], s.w., outline, cir- cumference. contractor [L. L. con- tractare, from L. contractus], v.a., 1, to contract, enter into, make, incur. Se , r.v., to contract ; to he contracted. contraction [L- ace. con- tractionem], s.f., contraction. contradicteur [L. ace con- tradictorem], s.m., contra- dicter, opponent. contradiction [L. ace. contradictionem}, sf., contra- diction, denial, opposition. COntradictoire [see con- tradicteur], adj., contradic- tory, inconsistent. contraindre [L. constrin- gere~\, v.a., 4, to constrain, compel. Se , r.v., to lay a constraint upon oneself. contrainte [partic. subst. of contraindre], sf., compul- sion, constraint, restraint. COntraire [L. contrarius], adj., contrary, adverse, un- favourable. , s.m., con- trary. Au , on the con- trary. contrairement) o^dv., con- trarily, contrary. COntrarier [L. contrarius], v.a., 1, to thwart, cross, vex. contrariete [L- ace con- trarietatem], s.f, annoyance. contrasts [L. contra, stare], s.m., contrast. COntraster lcontraste],v.n., 1, to contrast. COntrat [L. ace. contrac- tum], s.m., contract, deed, agreement. contravention [L. L- con- traventionem], s.f., contra- vention, iv fraction, offence, centre [L- contra], prep., against. jDontre-allee [contre, al- lee, q.v.], s.f., side-walk. contre"balancer [contre, balancer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to coun- terbalance. Se , r.v., to counterbalance each other ; to be counterbalanced. contrebande [It. contra- bando, from contra, " against," bando, " decree "], s.f., contra- band, smuggling. contrebandier [contre- hande], s.m., smuggler. contredire [L. contradi- Fr. p. II. cere], v.a., 4, to contradict. Se , r.v., to contradict one- self or each other; to be in- consistent. COntree [L- L- contrata, prop. " the country before you," from contra], s.f, country, region. contrefa9on Icontre and fagon, q.v.], s.f, forgery. contrefacteur icontre- faire], s.m., forger. COntrefaire [.contre, faire], v.a., 4, to mimic, imitate. le mort, to pretend to be dead. contribuer [L. contri- buere], v.a., 1, to contribute ; tend. COntributeur [contribuer], s.m., contributor. contribution [L. ace. con- tributionem], s.f., contribu- tion, share, part. COntritj -e [L- contritus, p.p. of conterere, " to rub down "], adj., contrite. contrition [I^- ace, contri- tionem], s.f., contrition. COntrole [contre, role ; " contra-roll," " a double re- gister"], s.m., counter-roll. controler [controle], v.a., 1, to control, check, register. controuve, -e [Pi>- of con- trouver], adj., invented, false. controverse [L- contro- versia], s.f., controversy. controverser, v.a. and n., 1, to dispute, debate. convaincant, -e [convain- cre], adj., convincing. COnvaincre [L- convincere], v.a., 4, to convince. Se , r.v., to convince oneself; to be convinced. convaincu, -e [p-p- of con- vaincre], adj., convinced ; sin- cere. convalescence [L. conva- lescentia], s.f., convalescence. convalescent, -e [L- ace convalescentem, pres. part, of convalescere, " to regain health "], adj. and s.m. or /., convalescent. COnvenable [convenir], adj., prefer, suitable. convenablement, adv., properly, well. convenance [L- conveni- entia], s.f, relation; pro- priety, decency. convenir [L. convenire], I COORDINATION. v.n., 2, to agree ; suit ; admit. Se , r.v., to suit each other, agree. convention [L- ace. con- ventionem], s.f., convention, agreement. convergence [convergent], s.f, convergence. convergent, -e [L. L. ace. convergentem], adj., converg- ing. converger [L. L- conver- gere], v.n., 1, to converge. conversation [converser], s.f, conversation, talk. converser [L. conversari, " to live with one," hence " to converse, talk with"], v.n., 1, to converse, discourse, talk. conversion [L- ace. con- versionem], s.f, conversion. COnvertir [L- convertere], v.a., 2, to convert. Se , r.v., to be converted, changed. COnvexe [L- convexus], adj., convex. COnvexite [L- ace. convexi- tatem], sf., convexity. conviction [L. ace. con- victionem], s.f, conviction. COnvie [partic. subst. of convier], s.m., guest. cqnvier [L- L. convitare, for invitare], v.a., 1, to invite, request. convive [I^- ace. convivam], s.m., guest. convocation [L- ace. con- vocationem], s.f., convocation. COnVOi [verbal subst. of convoyer, " to escort "], s.m., funeral procession; convoy; train. convoiter [L- L- cupidi- tare], v.a., l, to covet. Se , r.v., to be coveted. convoitise [L- L- cupidi- tia], s.f, covetousness. COnvoquer [L- convocare], v.a., 1, to convoke, summon. Se , r.v., to be convoked. convulsion [L- ace. con- vulsionem], sf., convulsion, trembling, moving. convulsivement [convul- sive, adj.f., and suffix -ment], adv., convulsively. cooperation [r^- ace. co- operationem], s.f., cooperation, concurrence. COOperer [L- cooperari], v.n., 1, to cooperate concur. coordination , [coordon- ner], s.f., co-ordination, ar- rangement. 210 ETtMOLOGiCAL DiCTiOKAM COOKDONNER. coordonner [prefix co and ordonnei\ ^.r.], v.a., 1, to co- ordinate, arrange. COpie [L. copia, prop. " abundance, reproduction "J, «/., copy. copier [copie], v.a., 1, to copy. copieusement, adv., copi- ously, abundantly. copieux, -euse [L. copio- sus], adj., copious, plentiful, abundant. COpiste [copier], s.m., co- pier, copyist. COq [L. L. ace. coccum, from A.-S. coco, onomat.], s.m., cock. COque [L. concha], s.f., shell. coquet, -ette Lcoq], adj., coquettish. coquettement, adv., co- quettishly, prettily, elegantly. COQUiilage [dim. of co- quille], s.m., shell. COquille [L. conchylia, pi. of conchylium, from Gr. Koy- XuA.LOi', dim. of Koyxri], S.f., shell. COquin, -e [L- adj. coquin- us, from coquus, " cook "], .s.m. or^., rascal, rogue, scoundrel, knave. coquinerie Icoquin], s.f, roguery; knavish trick. cor [L- w. cornul, s.m., horn, hugle : corn (on the foot). COrbeau [L. L. ace. corvel- lum, dim. of corvus], s.m., raven. COrbeille [L. corbicula, dim. of corbis, " basket "j, s.f, small basket. cordage Icorde}, s.m., rope, rigging. COrde [T^- chorda], sf, cord, rope. COrder [coi-de'], v.a., 1, to cord, twist. cordial, -e [L. n. cor, •' heart " ], adj., cordial, hearty. Cordial, s.m., cordial. cordialement, adv., cordi- ally, heartily. cordialite Icm-didl'], sf., cordiality, lieartiness. cordier icorde], s.m., rope- maker. cordon [dim. of corde], s.m., string ; cord ; line. cordonnier [0. Fr. cor- douanier, " one who works with cordovan (leather)"], s.m., shoemaker (cordwainer). coreligionnaire [prefix co COBROMPU. and religion, q.v.], s.m., coreli- gionist. COrnac [Skr. kamikin, " elephant "], s.m., elephant- driver. come [L. cornua, pi. of cornu], s.f., horn. COmeille [L. comicula, dim. of cornix], s.f, crow, rook. cornemuse [come = cor, muse = musette, " bagpipe"], s.f, bagpipe. cornet [dim. of corne}, s.m., cornet, horn, dice-box. COrnette [dim. of cornet], s.f, broad pendant (naut.); mob-cap. , s.m., cornet (officer). cornu, -e [L« comutus], adj., horned. corporel, -elle [T^. corpo- ralis], adj., corporal, bodily, material. COrporellement, adv., cor- porally, materially. corps [L. n. corpus],^ s.m., body; force, mass. A ■ perdu, headlong, dtsperately. a , hand to hand. corps de garde, s.m., military post, guard-room. correct, -e [L- correctus], adj., correct, right, accurate. correctement, adv., cor- rectly, accurately. correspondance [corre- spondant], sf., correspondence, connection, intercourse. correspondant [pres.part. of correspondre], s.m., corre- spondent. correspondre [L. corre- spondtre = cum, respondere], v.n., 4, to correspond ; to be in correspondence. corridor [it. corridor e], s.m., corridor, gallery, pas- sage. COrriger [L- corrigere], v.a., 1, to correct, set right, rectify. Se , r.v., to cor- rect oneself; to amend, to be corrected. corroboration [corro- borer], sf., corroboration, strengthening. corroborer [L- corrobo- rare], v.a., 1, to corroborate, strengthen. corrompre [L. corrum- pere], v.a., 4, to corrupt, spoil, rot, destroy. Se , r.v., to get corrupt, vitiated. corrompu, -e iPP- of cor- COTISEB. rompre], adj., corrupt putrid ; dissolute. corrupteur [L. ace. cor- ruptorem], s.m., corrupter. corruption [L. ace. cor- ruptionem], sf, corruption. COrS [L. n. cornu], s.m. pi., starts, branches, antlers. corsage [corps, q.v.], s.m., bust, waist. COrsaire [Prov. corsari, " one who makes the course " (corsa)], s.m., pirate, corsair, privateer. corselet [double dim. of corps, q.v.], s.m., corselet (of insects'). cortege [It. corteggio, from corte, " court "], s.m., cortege, train, retinue. corvee [L- L- corvata, from corrogata, " work done by com- mand "], s.f., statute-labour, forced labour. corvette [L- corbita, " ship of burden"], s.f., corvette, sloop of war. coryphee [Gr. Kopv(}>a7o^, from Kopvcfj-fj, " head "], s.m., corypheus, leader ; hero. Cosaque [Kirgbise kasak, " horseman, warrior "], s.m., Cossack. cosmopolite [Gr. koo-uo- TToAtTTj?, from Koafxo^, "world," and no\LTr)<;, "citizen"], s.m., cosmopolitan. COSSe [Flemish schosse, " cod "], s.f., cod, pod, husk, shell. cesser [it. cozzare, "to hurt"], v.n., 1, to butt (of rams). costume [doublet of cou- tume, q.v.], s.m., dress. cote [L. costa], s.f, rib, slope (of a hill) ; shore, coast ; side. a , side by side. cote [L. L. costatum, from L. costa], s.m., side. X de, by the side of, near. COteau [cote, "hill"], s.m., hillock, slope. coterie [L. L. coteria], s.f, coterie, set. cotier, -iere [c6te], adj., coasting. Cotier, s.m., coaster. COtisation [cotiser], s.f, clubbing, subscription. cotiser [cote, " quota, share"], v.a., 1, to rate. Se , r.v., to club togetlcer, sulh scribe. TO PEENCH BEADING BOOK. 211 COTON. COton [Arab, gotlion], s.m., cotton. cotonnade Icoton'}, s.f., cotton stuff. cotoyer icOte], v.a., i, to coast ; to walk by the side of- COtte fl-'- 1^- cotta, from 0. H. G. kott. Mod. G. kutt, kittel, " tunic "J, s/., petti- coat. d'armes, coat of arms. COU and col [L- n. collum], s.m., neck. COUChant [pres. part, of coucher}, s.m., the setting sun, the west. COUChe [verbal subst. of coucher], s.f, stratum, layer. COUCher [L- collocare'], v.a., 1, to lay flat or down. Se , r.v., to lie down, to go to bed. COUCh.er [fnf. used as a subst.], s.m., sunset ; bedtime. COIlde [L- ri. cuhitum], s.m., elbow. Coup de , see coup. coudoyer [coude], v.a., i, to elbow, jostle. COUdre [0. Fr. cousdre, from L. consuere, " to sew with "], v.a. and n., 4, to sew, stitch. COUler [L- colare, " to filter," then " to run," cf. Engl, colan- der'], v.a., 1, to flow, cast, pour. , v.n., to run, slip, glide. COUleur [L- ace. colorem], s.f., colour, hue, dye ; paint. couleuvre [L. colubrd], s.f, snake. couloir \couler, q.v.'], s.m., passage; lobby. coup [L. L. ace. colpum for colapum, from L. colaphus, Gr. KoAa^o?], s.m., blow, stroke, knock, thrust, wound ; aim. d'air, cold. de ca- non, cannon shot. de chapeau, bow. de coude, nudge. de dent, bite. de feu, shot, shot-wound. de fusil, gun or musket shot. de langue, slander. de main, sudden attack. de maitre, masterly stroke. d'oeil, glance, look. de pied, kick. de pistolet, pistol-shot. de poing, blow with the fst. de sabre, sabre-cut. de soleil, sunstroke. de vent, gust of wind. Apr^s , afterwards, too COUKOKNER. late. Pour le , this time, as to this. Tout a , sud- denly. Tout d'un , all at once. COUpable [L- culpabiUs], adj., guilty. coupe [verbal subst. of couper], s.f., cutting, felling. coupe [L. cupa, Gr. kvittj, "a hollow," from Skr. kupa, "a small pit, cistern"], sf., cup, vase. couper {coup'], v.a., 1, to cut, fell, cleave, intersect, in- tercept. Se , r.v., to cut oneself; to be cut. couple [L- copida, "band, tie"], s.m. and /., couple, brace, pair. couplet [dim. of couple], s.m., couplet (of lines), verse, stanza. COUpole [It. eupolaj, s.f, cupola, dome. COUpure [couper], s.f, cut- ting ; gash, division. COUr [0. Fr. court, from L. ace. cohortem, "a court- yard "], s.f, court-yard ; court. Basse , poultry- yard. courage [L.L. n. coragium, deriv. of L. n. cor, " heart "], s.m., courage, spirit, daring. courageusement, adv., courageously, bravely. courageux, -euse [.cou- rage], adj., brave, courageous. couraminent [courant], adv., readily, fluently. courant, -e [pres. part. of courir], adj., current, ordi- nary, present. Courant, s.m., current; stream. COUrbe [L- curvus], adj., bent, crooked. ,sf., curve, bend. courber [courbe], v.a., i, to bend, to make crooked. Se , r.v., to stoop, to be bent. COUreur [courir], s.m., runner, skirmisher. Avant- , forerunner, harbinger. courir [L- currere], v.a. and n., 2, to run. un dan- ger, to be exposed to a danger. COUronne [L- corona], s.f, crown. couronnement [couron- ner], s.m., coronation, crown- ing. COUronner [couronne], v.a., 1, to crown, cap. Se , r.v., to crovm oneself; to be crowned. COUTUME. courrier [courre, " to hunt," from L. cun-ere], s.m., courier, messenger ; mail, post. par , by return of post. COUrroie [L. corrigia, " shoe-tie "], s.f, leather- strap. courroucer [from L. I.. corruptiare, deriv. of L. L. corruptum, properly "ruin," then " indignation," and lastly "wrath"], v.a., 1, to irritate, anger. courroux [verbal subst. of courroucer], s.m., wrath, an- ger. COUrs [L- ace. cursum], s.m., course ; current. course [L.L. cursa], s.f, running, run, race; expedi- tion. COUrsier [course], s.m., courser, steed, horse. (Its doublet is corsaire, q.v.) court, -e [L. curtus], adj., short, brief, curt. courtier [O. Fr. couratier, from It. curattiere, from L. curatus, from curare, " to take care of, nicxnage "], s.m., agent, broker. maritime, shijj- broker. COUrtisan [It. cortigiano], s.m., courtier. COUrtiser [courtisaner, in the 16th century, from 0. Fr. cortoier, "to be at a prince's court"], v.a., 1, to pay court to. courtois, -e [cour], adj., courteous. Armes s, pa- rade, blunt weapons. courtoisement, (^dv., cour- teously. courtoisie [courtois], s.f, courtesy (in It. cortesia). COUrUt -e [p-P- of courir, q.v.], adj., run for or after ; in request or demand, popular, frequented (of places of resort). cousin, -e [L. L. ace. cosi- num, from L. consobrinus], s.m. or f, cousin. COUSSin [L. L. n. culciti- num, dim. of culcita, " a little mattress "], s.m., cushion. COUteau [0. Fr. .costel, coutel, from L. ace. cultellum], s.m., knife. codter [L. constare], v.a. and n., l, to cost. coiiteux, -euse [coiUer], adj., costly, expensive. OOUtume [L. L. cosluma, V 2 212 ETYMOLOGICAL BlCT^lONARY from L, ace. cons(ue)tudine7n'], s.f., custom, habit. Avoir de, to be in the habit of. coutumier,-ere [coutume'], adj., accustomed to; custom- ary. du fait, an old hand at it ; old offender. couture 'J-'- consutum, sup. of consuere, see coudre}, s.f., serving; seam, couturiere [couture], s.f, seamstress, dressmaker. COUVee [partic subst. of couver], sf, covey, brood. cquvent [L. ace. conven- tumj, s.m., convent. COUVer [L- cubare'], v.a. and n., 1, to hatch, brood. Se , r.v., to be brooding. COUVercle [L- n. coopercu- lum, from cooperire], s.m., lid, cover. COUVert [partic. subst. of couvrir, q.v.], s.m., dinner- things, knife and fork, cover, place (at table). A , un- der cover or shelter, safe. couverture icouvert, p.p. oi couvrir], s.f, blanket. COUVreur [couvrir, q.v.], s.m., roofer, slater. couvrir [L- cooperire], v.a., 2, to cover; protect; muffle. Se , r.v., to cover oneself; to get cloudy. cracher [0. Fr. racher, from Scand. hrdchi, " spittle "J, v.n., 1, to spit. craie [0. Fr. croie, from L. creta], s.f, chalk. craindre [L,- tremere], v.a., 4, to fear, dread. Crainte [partic subst. of craindre], s.f, fear, dread, awe. craintif, -ive [crainte], adj., fearful, timorous. craintivement, adv., timidly, timorously. crampe [G. krampe], s.f, cramp. crampon [G. krampe], s.m., cramp-iron, crank. cramponiier [crampon^], v.a., 1, to fasten. Se , r.v., to cling, holdfast. cran [L. arena (in Pliny)], s.m., notch. crane [Gr. n. Kpdviov, " skull "J, s.m., skull. crapaud [der. from 0. Fr. V. craper, from A.-S. creopan, *' to creep "J, s.m., toad. craquement [craquer], s.m., creaking. craquer [onomat.], v.n., 1, to crack. cratere [L- ace. craterem, from Gr. /cpariyp, "bowl"], s.m., crater. Cravate [« Croat (a word of historical origin for an article of dress imported into France by the Croats)], s.f, cravat, neckcloth. crayon [craie], s.m., pencil. crayonner [crayon], v.a., i, to pencil, sketch. creance [doublet of croy- ance,q.v.], s.f, trust; credit; debt; confidence. creancier, -ere [creance], s.m. or/., creditor. Createur [L- ace, crea- torem], s.m.. Creator. creation [L. ace. creatio- nem], sf., creation, produc- tion, J'oundation. creatrice [L^ ace. crea- tricem], s.f, she who brings forth. creature [L. creatura], s.f, creature. creche [A.-S. crybbe, 0. H. G, krippa], s.f, manger, crib; day-nursery ; foundling- hospital. credence [doublet of cre- ance and croyance, q.v.], s.f, credence, credence-table, but- tery, safe. credit [L. n. creditum, from credere], s.m., credit. crediteur [L- ace. credi- tor em], s.m., creditor. credule [L- credulus], adj., credulous. credulite [L. ace. creduli- totem], s.f, credulity. creer [L- creare], v.a., 1, to create, make. Se , r.v., to make for oneself; to be created. creme [L- crema (in For- tunatus)], s./., cream; (fig.), flower, best. creneau [cran, " notch," from L. crena (in Pliny)], s.m., battlement. crepe [0- Fr. crespe, from L. crispus], s.m., crape. , s.f ., pancake. Crepu, -e [crepe], adj., woolly {of the hair), crisped. orepuscule [L- w. crepus- culurr^, s.m., twilight, dawn. Crete [I-i. crista, "tuft"], S.f, tuft, comb, crest, top. CROC. ridge. de coq, cock's comb. cretonne [?J, sf, linen- cloth. creuser [creux], v.a., 1, to dig ; search, Se , r.v., to get hollow; to dig for one- self. la tete, to rack one's brains. creux» -euse [L- L. crosus, contrd. from L. corrosus, p.p. of corrodere,^^ to gnaw "], adj., hollow, deep. Creux, s.m., hol- low, cavity. crevasse [crever], s.f, crack, crevice. crever [L. crepare], v.a. and n., 1, to burst, to break, split. cri [verbal subst. of crier], s.m., cry, shout. criard, -e [crier], adj., noisy, shrill. crible [L- w. cribrum], s.m., sieve, riddle. cribler [crible], v.a., i, to sift, pierce through, cover, load, overwhelm. Crible de blessures, covered with wounds. de dettes, over head and ears in debt. crier [L- quiritare, " to wail," lit. " to call the Quirites to one's help "], v.n., 1, to cry out, shout, shriek. crime [L. w. crimen], s.m., crime. criminel, -elle [L. crimi- nalis], adj., criminal, guilty. Criminel, s.m., culprit. criminellement, od'o-, cri- minally, wickedly, crin [L, ace. crinem], s.m., hair, mane, bristles. criniere [crin], s.f, mane. crise [Gr. xpt'cn?], s.f, crisis, fit, convulsion. Crispation [crisper], s.f, shrivelling, twitching, con- traction. crisper [L. crispare, "to curl, crisp "], v.a., 1, to shrivel, contract. Se , r.v., to shrivel up, twitch, contract, Cristal [L. n, crystallum], s.m., crystal. critique [L- ace. criticum, from Gr. KptriKo?, from Kpiv€iv, " to judge "], s.m., critic. , s.f, criticism, critique. Critiquer [critique], v.a.,1, to criticize. Se , r.v., to criticize one another; to be criticized. croc [N. krCk], s.m., hook. TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 213 crochet [crocj, s.m., hoolc. crochu, -e Icroc], adj., hooked. crocodile [L. ace. crocodi- lum, from Gr. icpoKoSetAo?], s.m., crocodile. Croire [T^- credere'], v. a., 4 to believe, to think. Se , r.v., to believe oneself, think oneself. croisade [Prov. crozada, from croz, from L. ace. cru- cem], sf, crusade. Croise [partic. subst. of se croiser, "to take the cross"], s.m., Crusader. croisee iv^imitWely fenetre croisee, from croiser, i.e. " di- vided into four compartments by mullion and transom "J, s.f, window. croisement [croiser], s.m., crossing ; cross-breeding. croiser [croix], v.a., 1, to cross, thwart. Se , r.v., to cross each other. croissance [L. crescentia], sf, growth. croissant [pres. part, of croitre], s.m., crescent ; cushion in the shape of a crescent. croitre [L- crescere], v.n., 4, to grow, increase. croix [L' ace. crucem], s.f, cross. croquer [onomat. croc}, v.a., 1, to crunch. croSSe [croix], s.f, hooked- stick, crutch ; crosier ; butt- end (of a gun). crossette [dim. of crosse], sf, layer. croulement [crouler], s.m., falling in, downfall, ruin. crouler [0. Fr. croller, from L. L. corotulare (?), " to roll together "], v.n., 1, to fall down. croupe [0. Fr. crope, from G. kropf, " protuberance " ], s.f, crupper. croupiere [croupe], s.f, crupper {of saddles'). Tailler des a, to cut out work for ; to put to flight, pursue. Croupir [croupe], v.n., 2, to stagnate, to become putrid. croupissant, -e [pres. part, of croupir], adj., stag- nant. croilte [L- crusta], s.f, crust. croyance [croire], s.f, be- lief, creed. (Its doublets are credence and creance.) croyant [pres. part, of croire], s.m., believer. cru, PP- of croire, q.v. cru [partic. subst, of croitre, q.v.], s.m., growth, vintage. cruaute [L- ace. crudeli- tatem], s.f, cruelty. Cruche [Kymr. crwc, 0. H. G. cruoc, krog, Mod. G. krug], s.f, pitcher, jug. Tant va la h. I'eau qu'a la fin elle se casse, the pitcher goes so often to the well that it comes home broken at last. Crucifier [L. crux, " cross," and figere, " to fix "J, v.a., 1, to crucify. crue [partic. subst. of croitre, q.v.], s.f, increase, rise, swelling, flood. cruel, -elle [L- crudelis], adj., cruel, hard-hearted ; painful. cruellement, adv., pain- fully; sadly; cruelly. crypto [L. crypta, from Gr. Kpvnrri, "a concealed subter- ranean passage"], s.f., crypt, vault, (its doublet is grotte, q.v.) cube [L. ace. cubum, from Gr. /cu/3o5], s.m., cube. Cubique [L- cubicus, from Gr. /cujStKos], adj., cubic, cu- bical. Cueille [verbal subst. of cue- illir], s.f, gathering, picking. CUeillir [L- colUgere], v.a., 2, to pick, gather. Se , r.v., to be picked or gathered. cuiller or cuillere [L- n. cochleare], s.f, spoon. cuilleree [cuiller], s.f, spoonful. cuir [L. n. corium], s.m., leather, hide, skin. OUiraSSe [cuir], sf.,cuirass. Cuirasser [cwiVasse], v.a., 1, to put a breastplate on, arm, strengthen, harden. cuirassier, s.m., cuirassier. Cuire [L- coquere], v.a., 4, to cook. Se , r.v., to be cooked. cuisant, -e [pres. part, of cuire], adj., bitter, smarting, sharp, keen. cuisine [L- coquina], s.f, kitchen ; cooking ; cheer. cuisinier, -ere [cuisine], s.m. or/., cook. cuissard [cuisse], s.m., cuissart (armour). cuisse [L. coxat "the hip "], s.f, thigh, leg. CUKIOSITfi. cuisson [Tj- ace. coctionem, "digestion of food"], s.f, cooking, baking. cuivre [L. w. cuprum, from Gr. Ku7rpo9, the isLand in whicli copper was then found], s.m., copper. culbuter [cui, "bottom," and butter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to upset. Se , r.v., to be upset. culminant, -e [ pres. part, of culminer], adj., prominent, highest, culminating. culminer [L- culminare], v.n. ] , to culminate. Culotte [cul, from L. ace. culum], sf, knee-breeches. culpabilite [L- culpabiUs, " guilty "], s.f, guilt. culte [L- ace. cultum], s.m., worship, religion, creed. cultivable [cultiver], adj., cultivable. cultivateur [cultiver], s.m., husbandman, farmer. cultivation [cultiver], s.f. cultivation. cultiver [L- L. cultivare], v.a. 1, to cultivate, till, grow, improve. Se , r.v., to be cultivated. culture [L- cultura], s.f, culture, cultivation, tillage. CUmuler [L. cumidare], v.a., 1, to accumulate. , v.n., to hold several offices. CUpide [L- cupidus], adj., greedy, covetous. CUpidite [L- ace. cupidi- tatem], s.f, cupidity, covetous- ness. curable [It- curabile, from L. curare], adj., curable. cure [L. cura, "attention, care"], s.f., cure, doctoring; cure (of souls), parish. cure - dent [curer, dent, q.v.], s.m., toothpick. (The pi. is cure-dents.) cure [L- cidj. curatus], s.m., priest, parson. curee [Medieval L. corata, "the entrails of an animal," from L. cor], s.f., quarry. Curer [L. curare, " to take care of"] v.a., 1, to cleanse^ clean. curieusement, adv., curi- ously, inquisitively. curieux, -euse [L- curi- osus], adj., rare ; singular ; curious ; inquisitive. CUriosite [L- ace. curiosi- tatevi], s.f., curiosity, inquisi- tiveness; rarity. 214 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY cuve [!-<• cvpa, see coupe], s.f., vat. cuvette [dim. of cuve], s.f., basin. Cyclope [Gr. KvK\bo\p, " the round-eyed "], s.m.. Cyclop. Cygne [L. ace. cygnum], s.m., swan. cylindre [L. ace. cylin- drum, from Gr. Kv\iv8po^], s.m., cylinder, roller. cylindrique [Gr. kvXlv- SptKo^], odj., cylindrical. Cynique [L. cynicus, from Gr. KvviKo^, " dog-like "], adj. and s.m., cynical, bare-faced, impudent, cynic. cyniquementj CLd'^-, cyni- cally, impudtntly. cynisme [Gr. Kvvt pieces. Se , r.v., to he taken to pieces. demontrer [L. demons strare], v.a., 1, to show, demon- strate. Se , r.v., to be demonstrated. demoralisation [demora- liser], s.f., demoralization. demoraliser [de, mora- liser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to demoral- ize. Se , r.v., to become or to be demoralized. demordre [d^, mordre, q.v.], v.n., 4, to let go, swerve from.^ denature, -e [p-p- of de- naturer], adj., unnatural^ barbarous, cruel. denaturer [de, nature, q.v.]. v.a., 1, to alter the nature of, misrepresent, disguise. denicber [de, nicher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to take out of a nest. denier [L- ace. denarium], s.m., denier, farthing, mite. A beaux s comptants, in cash, ready money. denier [L- denegare], v.a.., 1, to deny. denigrer [L- denigrare], v.a., 1, to revile, disparage, run down. denombrement [denom- brer, from L. denumerare], s.m., numbering, census. denomination [L. ace. denominationem], s.f, deno- mination, name. denommer [L. denomin- are], v.a., 1, to denominate, call, name. Se , r.v., to be denominated, called. denoncer [L. denuntiare], v.a., 1, to denounce, inform, against. denonciateur [L. ace. de- nuntiatorem], s.m., informer, denunciator. denonciation [L. ace. de- nuntiationem], s.f, denuncia- j tion, information, accusation. I denoter [L. denotare], v.a., \\,to denote, indicate, shoio. denouement or denod- I ment [dcnouer], s.m., conclu- sion, end, solution. I denouer [de, nomr, ^r.r.]. TO FEENOH READING BOOK. 219 DKNRgE. v.a., 1, to untie, unravel. Se , r.v., to become or he ww- tied ; to unfold, unravel. denree [0. Fr. deneree, from L. L. denerata, for dena- riata, " merchandise worth a penny," from L. denarius'], s.f.,food, provisions. dent [I^- ace. dentem}, s.f., tooth. Coup de , see coup. dentelle [denf], s.f., lace (prop. " a little tooth"). dentiste [dent, q.v.}, s.m., dentist. dentition [L. ace. dentitio- nem], sf., dentition, teething. denuder [l^. denudare], v.a., 1, to denude, lay hare. denue, -e [.P-P- of denuer'], adj., deprived ; destitute, void. denuement or denii- ment [denuer'], s.m., destitu- tion, deprivation, poverty, want. denuer [L- denudare], v.a., 1, to strip, deprive; to leave destitute. (Its doublet is de- nuder.^ depart [verbal subst. of de- partir], s.m., departure, leav- ing. departement [departir], s.m., department, county, dis- trict ; office, province. departir [L- dispartiri], v.a., 2, to distribute, hestoio, grant. depasser ide, passer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to go heyond, pass hy. depecer {.de, piece, q.v.], v.a., 1, to cut to pieces, carve, tear up. ,depeche [verbal subst. of depecher], s.f, despatch, mes- sage. depecher [L. L. dispedi- care, from h.pedica, " snare "], v.a., 1, to despatch, hurry over. Se , r.v., to make haste. depeindre [L. depingere], v.a., 4, to depict, describe. dependance, [dependant, pres. part, of dependre], s.f, dependence. dependre [L- dependere], v.n., 4, to depend; to be de- pendent on ; to belong. depens [L- depensum, sup. of dependere], s.m. pi., expense. depense [verbal subst. of di'penser], s.f, expense, outlay. Faire de la , to live ex- pensively; to spend much money. depenser [L- dispensare], v.a., 1, to spend, lay out, con- sume, waste, deperir [L- deperire], v.n., 2, to decay, die away, decline, waste away, wither. deperissement [deperir], s.m., decaying, decay, decline, pining away, withering. depetrer [prefix de and 0. Fr. pestrer, from Medieval L. n. pastorium, "a clog for horses at pasture"], ^.a., 1, to disentangle, extricate, free. Se , r.v., to disentangle oneself, get out of. depeupler [de, peupler, q.v.], v.a., I, to depopulate. Se , r.v., to become depopu- lated. depister [prefix de^ piste, q.v.], v.a., 1, to track, find out, discover. depit [L- ace. despectum], s.m,, spite, vexation, rancour. En de, in spite of. deplacement [depla^er], s.m., displacing, change of place, removal. deplacer [de, place, q.v.], v.a., 1, to displace, remove. Se , r.v., to change one's place ; to be removed, dis- placed. deplaire [de, plaire, q.v.], v.n., 4, to displease. Se , r.v., to dislike; to displease each other. deplaisant, -e [p-es- po-rt. of deplaire], adj., unpleasant, unpleasing, annoying, dis- agreeable. deplaisir [de, plaisir, q.v.], s.m., displeasure, dislike, vex- ation. deplanter [de^ planter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to displant. deplier [de,plier, q.v.], v.a., 1, to unfold, display, unfurl. Se , r.v., to come or be un- folded. deplorable [deplorer],adj., sad, lamentable, deplorable. deplorer [L. deplorare], v.a., 1, to deplore, mourn, lament. deployer [de, ployer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to unfold, expand, spread ; display. Se , r.v., to he unfolded ; to stretch out. deportation [L. ace. de- portationem], s.f, transporta- tion. dePOSer [de, poser, q.v,], DfRANGEB, v.a., 1, to lay or put down ; depose, divest. depositaire [L- ace. depo- sitarium], s.m., depositary, guardian, trustee, confidant. depOSSeder [de, posseder^ q.v.], v.a., 1, to dispossess. depot [L. depositum, sup. of deponere], s.m., depositing, trust, depdt. ,depouille [verbal subst. of depouiller], s.f., spoil, skin, re- mains. s, sf.pl., spoils^ booty. depouiller [L. despoUare], v.a., 1, to strip, spoil, plunder ; to take the bark off' ; to make an abstract of, to read over. Se , r.v., to throw or put off- depourvoir [de, pourvoir, q.v.], v.a., 3, to deprive ; to Uave unprovided, destitute. ,depourvu, -e [p-p- of depourvoir], adj., destitute, unprovided. Au , una- wares. deprave, -e [p-p- of de- praver, from L. depravare, " to pervert "], adj., depraved, vitiated. deprecier [L. depretiare], v.a., 1, to depreciate, under- rate, disparage. Se ,r.v.y to depreciate oneself or each other; to fall in value. depredation [l^- ace. de- praedationem], s.f, depreda- tion, plundering. depuiS [de, puis, q.v.], prep., since, for, from,, during. que, conj., since, ever since. deputation [L. L. ace. de- putationem], s.f, deputation. depute [partic. subst. of deputer], s.m., ambassador, deputy. deputer [L- deputare, "to cut off; destine"], v.a., 1, to depute, send. deraciner [de, radne, q.v.], v.a., 1, to uproot, extirpate. deraisonnable [de, raison- nable, q.v.], adj., unreason- able. deraisonner [de, raison- ner, q.v.], v.n., 1, to talk ir- rationally or nonsense ; to wander. derangement [d^rangeri s.m., derangemenx,* disorder, inconvenience, disturbance^ confusion. deranger [de, ranger, q.v.}. 220 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY DtRtGLt. v.a., 1, to derange, inconve- nience, disturb, throw in con- fusion. Se , r.v., to dis- turb or inconvenience oneself; to get out of order. deregle, -e [p-p- of dere- glerj, adj., intemperate, dis- orderly, unruly, dissolute, profligate. dereglement [deregler'], s.m., excess, disorder, debauch- ery, profligacy.^ derider ide, rider, q.v."], v.a., 1, to unwrinkle, smooth, cheer up. Se , r.v., to be- come unwrinlcled, smooth, cheerful. derision [L. ace. derisio- nem], sf., derision, mockery, ridicule. derisoire [L. derisoHus^ adj., derisive, mocking. derivation [L- ace. deriva- tionem^, sf., derivation. ,derive [verbal subst. of derive!-'], .^sf, drift, lee-way (naut.y A la , adrift. deriver [L. derivare], v.n., 1, to spring; to be derived (from). dernier, -ere [formerly derrainier, from 0. Fr. der- rain, from barbarous L. dere- tranus, deriv. of deretro, "one who walks behind"], adj., last; latter. dernierementj adv., late- ly, of late, recently. derober [de, 6. Fr. rober, "to steal"], v.a., 1, to steal, rob; conceal. Se , r.v., to escape, avoid, shun. derOTller ide, router, q.v.], v.a., 1, to unroll, unfold. Se , r.v., to be unfolded; to open to one's view. deroute [L- disrupta, from disrumpere}, sf., rout, defeat. derouter [de, route, q.v.}, v.a., I, to lead astray, baffle, confuse. derriere [L. de, retro], adv. and prep., back, behind. Par , behind, from behind. , s.m., back, rear. des [eontr. of dels for de Ze.9], def. art, of the. , part, art., some. des [L. de, ex], prep., from, since. que, as soon as, when. desabuser [.des, abuser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to undeceive. Se ■ , r.v., to undeceive oneself. desaccord [des, accord, DfiSENCHANTEMEXT. q.v.], s.m., disagreement, va- riance. desaifection [des, affec- tion, q.v.], s.f, disaffection, dislike. desaffectionner [des, affec- tionner, q.v.], v.a., 1, to disaf- fect. Se , r.v., to become dis- affected; to lose the affection of. desagreable [des, agrS- able, q.v.], adj., disagreeable, unpleasant. desagrement [des, agre- ment, q.v.], s.m., unpleasant- ness, annoyance, vexation.^ desalterer [des, alterer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to quench the thirst of. Se , r.v., to quench one's thirst. desapprobateur [des, ap- probateur, q.v.], adj. and s.m., disapproving, disapprover. (The fem. is desapprobatrice.) desapprouver [des, ap- prouver, q.v.], v.a., 1, to disap- prove, blame. desarmement [desarmer], s.m., disarming. desarmer [des, armer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to disarm. desastre [It. disastro, from dis and astro, from L. dis, neg., and astrum, " good for- tune"], s.m., disaster, ca- lamity. desastreux, -euse [des- astre], adj., disastrous. desavantage [des, avant age, q.v.], s.m., disadvantage, detriment, prejudice. desavantageuz, -euse [desavantage], adj., disadvan- tageous, unfavourable. desavouer [des, avouer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to disavow, dis- approve; disown. descendance [descendant], s.f, descent, extraction, line- age. descendant [pres. part, of descendre]^ s.m., descendant, offspring. descendre [L. descendere], v.n., 4, to go down, descend; fall, sink. descente [partic. subst. of descendre], s.f, descent, going down, alighting, declivity. description [i^- ace. de- scriptionem], sf., description. desemparer [des, empar- er, q.v.], v.n., 1, to leave, quit. Sans , without leaving off- desenchantement [desen- chanter], s.m., disenchant- ment. desenchanter [des, en- chanter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to disen- chant. desert, -e [L. desert^^s], adj., desert, uninhabited. Desert, s.m., desert, wilderness. deserter [desert], v.a. and n., 1, to desert, abandon. deserteur [L. ace. deser- torem], s.m., deserter. desertion [L- ace. deser- tionem], s.f., desertion. desespere, -e [p-p- of des- esperer], adj., in despair, dis- consolate ; desperate. desesperement, adv., des- perately. desesperer [des, esperer, q.v.], v.n., 1, to despair. desespoir [des, espoir, q.v.], s.m., despair, despondency ; grief, deep sorrow, affliction. desbabiller [des, habiller, q.v.], v.a., 1, to undress. Se , r.v., to undress oneself. deshonnete [prefix des- honnete, q.v.], adj., immodest, indecent. deshonneur [des, hanneur, q.v.], s.m., dishonour. deshonorant, -e [pres. part, of deshonorer], adj., dis- honourable, discreditable. deshonorer [des, honorer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to dishonour, dis- grace. designer [L. designare], v.a., 1, to designate, describe, denote, point out. desillusion [des, illusion, q.v.], s.f, disillusion, disap- pointment. desillusionner [desillu- sion], v.a., 1, to dispel the illu- sions of. Se , r.v.y to lose one's illusions. ,desinteresse, -e [p-p- of desinteresser], adj., disinter- ested, unselfish, indifferent. desinteressement, s.m., self-denial, indifference, im- partiality. desinteresser [des, inte- resser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to indem- nify, repay. desir [verbal subst. of de- sirer], s.m., desire, wish. desirable [desirer], adj., desirable. desirer [L. desiderare], v.a., 1, to wish, long for. desireux, -euse [desir], adj., desirous, anxious, eager. TO FRENCH EEAMNG BOOK:. 221 DfSISTER desister (se) [L. desistere], r.v., to desist, renounce. desobeir ides, obeiVj q.v.2, v.n., 2, to disobey. desobeissance [desobeis- sant], s.f., disobedience. desobeissant, -e [pres. part, of desobeir], adj., dis- obedient. desobligeance IdesoUi- geant], s.f., unkindness. desobligeant, -e [desobii- ger], adj., disobliging, un- kind. deSObliger [des, obUger, q-v.}, v.a., 1, to disoblige, dis- please. desoeiivre» -e [prefix des, ceuvre, q.v.], adj., unoccupied, idle. descenvrement [des- ceuvre'], s.m., want of occupa- tion, idleness. desolant, -e [pres. part, of desoler}, adj., aivful, sad, dis- tressing, disheartening. desolateur [desoler'], adj. and s.m., desolating, destruc- tive ; desolator, destroyer. (The /em. is desolatrice.) desolation [L. ace. deso- lationem], s.f, desolation, affliction. desole, -e [P-P- of desoler], adj., desolated; desolate, dis- tressed; vexed, extremely sorry. desoler [I^- desolarx], v.a., 1, to desolate, ravage ; to grieve. Se , r.v., to la- ment, grieve. desordre ides, ordre, q.v.], s.m., disorder, confusion; de- bauchery, dissipation. desorganisation ides, or- ganisation, q.v.}, s.f, disor- ganization, disorder. desorganiser ides, organ- iser, q.v.2, v.a., 1, to disorgan- ize. Se , r.v., to become disorganized. desorienter ides, orienter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to bewilder. Se , r.v., to lose one's way. desonnaiF [0. Fr. des, ore, mais, from L. de-ex, hora, magis], adv., henceforth. deSPOte [Gr. Seo-Trdnjs, " master," from Skr. dasa, "country," and patis, "mas- ter "], s.m., despot. despotiquei cidj., despotic. desquels, desquellesi see Itquel. dessaisir (se) idesy sai- sir, q.v.], r.v,, to give up, let go ; to divest oneself. dessecber ides, secher,q.v.2, v.a., 1, to dry up. Se , r.v., to become dry. dessein [doublet of dessin, q.v.], s.m., design, intention. dessert [partic subst. of desservir], s.m., dessert. desservir ides, servir, q.v.2, v.a. and n., 2, To clear away (after meals). dessin [verbal subst. of dessiner], s.m., drawing. dessiner [L- designare], v.a., 1, to draw, plan, sketch. Se , r.v., to be drawn, planned, sketched. deSSOUS ides, sous, q.v."], adv., underneath. Au- de, below, underneath. Dessous, s.m., under or lower part. desSUS ides, sus or sur, q.v.], prep., upon, above. , adv., upon it. Au de, above. Dessus, s.m., upper side or part. destin [verbal subst. of destiner], s.m., fate, destiny. destine, -e iP-P- of des- tiner], adj., intended for; doomed, fated. destinee [partic. subst. of destiner], sf., destiny, fate. destiner [L- destinare], v.a., 1, to destine, intend (for), doom. Se , r.v., to be des- tined or intended. destituer [L- destituere], v.a., 1, to dismiss. destitution [L- ace. desti- tutionem], s.f., dismissal, dis- charge. destructeur [L. ace. de- structorem], adj. and s.m., destroying ; destructor. (The fem. is destructrice.) destruction [L. ace. de- structionem], s.f., destruc- tion. desuetude [L- ace. desue- tudinem], s.f., disuse. desunion ides, union, q.v.], s.f., disunion, separation. desunir ides, unir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to disunite. Se , r.v., to be disunited. detacbement idkacher], s.m., detachment (of soldiers) ; indifference. detacber ide, tache, q.v.], v.a., 1, to untie, unfasten ; take away, remove, separate. Se , r.v., to be loosened; to come off; to be detached. ,detail [verbal subst. of detailler, "to cut up," from de and tailler, q.v.], s.m., de- tail, particular. detaille iPP- of detailler], adj., circumstantial, with every particular. detailler ide, tailler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to cut up, retail ; detail. deteler ide, atteler, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to unharness, unyoke. detendre ide, tendre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to unbend, relax. Se , r.v., to slacken, loosen. detenir [L- detinere], v.a., 2, to detain, keep, confine. detention [L- ace. d^eten- tionem], s.f., detention, im- prisonment. detenu, -e iP-P- of detenir], adj., detained, in prison. , s.m. or /., prisoner, con- vict. deteriorer [L- deteriorare, "to make worse"], v.a., 1, to damage. Se , r.v., to get worse. determination [L. ace. determinationem], sf., deter- mination, resolution. determine, -e iP-p. of de- terminer], adj., determinate, well-defined ; resolute, bold, confirmed, determiner [L. determi- nare], v.a., 1, to determine, settle. Se , r.v., to come to a decision ; to resolve. deterrer ide, terre, q.v.], v.a., 1, to dig up, to take out of the ground. detestable idctester], adj., detestable, abominable. detester [L- detestari], v.a., 1, to detest, hate. detonation idStoner], s.f., detonation, report. detoner [L. detonare], v.n., 1, to detonate. detour ide, tour, q.v.], s.m., turn, winding, roundabout way, shift. detourner ide, toumer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to turn away, avert, ward off; lead astray. Se , r.v., to turn out of the way ; to turn round ; to swerve, leave off. detracteur [L. ace. de- tractorem], s.m., detractor, traducer. detresse [0. Fr. destrece, verbal subst. from L. L. de- strictiaret der. from L. de- 222 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTlOKAM DETRIMENT. strictum, sup. of destringere], s.f., distress, trouble, misery. detriment [L- ■«• detri- mentum, "rubbing ofif"], s.m., detriment, injury. detroit [0. Fr. destroit, from L. districtus, p.p. of distringere], s.m., strait, pass. detromper [de, tromper, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to undeceive. Se , r.v., to be unde- ceived. detroncment [.dctrdnerl s.m., dethronement. detroner Ide, trone, q.v.}, v.a., I, to dethrone. detruire [L. destruere], v.a., 4, to destroy, ruin ; put an end to; do away with, neutralize. Se , r.v., to destroy or ruin oneself; to ruin or neutralize each other ; to be destroyed ; to die away. dette (i^-pl- n. debita, fTom debitum, " what is due "J, s.f., debt. deuil [verbal subst. of the 0. Fr. V. douloir, " to mourn," from L. dolere], s.m., mourning. deux [L- duo], num. adj. (jcard.), two. Tous , or tous les , both. deuxieme ideux], num. adj. iprd.), second. deuxiememeiit, ati"-, se- condly. devaliser {cle, valise, q.v.], v.a., 1, to plunder, rijle. devancer [de, avant, q.v.2, v.a., 1, to precede, go before. devancier Idevancer], s.m., predecessor. devant [de, avant], adv., before. Pieds de , fo7-e feet. , prep., before, in front of. Au de, before. Aller au de, to go to meet. Devant, s.m.,front, front part. devastateur [L. ace. de- vastatorem], s.m., despoiler, ravager. devastation [L- ace. de- vastationem], s.f., devastation, ravage, havoc. devaster [L. devastare], v.a., 1, to devastate, ravage, lay waste. developpement idevelop- per], s.m., development, ex- pansion. developper [?], v.a., i, to develop, unfold. Se , r.v., to expand, develop oneself (or itself). devenir [L. devenire], v.n., 2, to become. devers [de, vers, q.v.],prep., towards, by. deviation Idevier], sf, de- viation. devier [L. deviare], v.a. and n., 1 , and se , r.v., to deviate, glance off, swerve. devin [L. a'cc. divinum], s.m., diviner, conjuror. (The fern, is devineresse.) deviner [devin], v.a., 1, to guess. Se , r.v., to be guessed; to understand each other. devisager [de, visage, q.v.], v.a., 1, to scratch the face of; to stare at. devise [deviser, which in 0. Fr. meant " to distribute "], s.f, device, motto. (The de- vice was formerly a part of the shield in which some figure was inscribed.) deviser [devise], v.n., 1, to converse, chat, talk. devoiler [de, voiler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to unveil, reveal, ex- pose. Se , r.v., to be un- veiled ; to betray oneself. devoir [L- debere], v.a., 3, to owe ; to be obliged ; to be necessary (must before an Inf.). Se a soi-meme, to owe it to oneself. Vous vous deviez a vous-meme, it was your duty towards yourself. Ne se devoir rien les uns aux autres, to owe nothing to each other, to be quits. devoir [i^if- used as a subst.], s.m., duty. de,vorant, -e [pres. part. of devorei'], adj., consuming, burning. devorer [L- devorare], v.a., 1, to devour, eat up, consume. Se , r.v., to devour each other. deVOt» -e [L. devotus], adj., devout. devotement, adv., de- voutly, religiously. devotion [!><■ ace. devo- tionem], s.f, devotion. devone, -e [p-p- of de- vouer], adj., devoted, true, faithful. devouement [d^vouer], s.m., self-sacrifice, devoted- ness ; attachment. devouer [L- devotare], v.a., 1, to devote, consecrate. Se , r.v., to devote oneself. DIFFEREMMEKT. dexterite [L- ace. dexteri- tatem], s.f., dexterity, skill. dey [Arab, ddi, "the one who calls"], s.m., dey (the title of the ancient commanders of Algiers). diable [L. ace. diabolum, from Gr. StajSoAo?], s.m., devil. diabolique [L. diabolicus, from Gr. Sta^oAt/cdj], adj., dia- bolical, devilish. diacre [L- ace. diaconum, from Gr. 5ta/foi/os], s.m., deacon. dialecte [Gr. 5iaAe/cTos], s.m., dialect. dialogue [L- ace. dialogum, from Gr. fitdAo-yo?], s.m., dia- logue. diamant [L. ace. ada- mantem, from Gr. aSa/xa? ;= a privative, and 5a/u,dw, "to conquer "], s.m., diamond. diametre [Gr. Std/aeTpos], s.m., diameter. diapliane [Gr. bia^av6<;], adj., diaphanous, transparent. diapre, -e [p-p. of dia- prer], adj., variegated. diaprer [0. Fr. diaspre, "a stuff of jasper-colour," from It. diaspi'o], v.a., 1, to variegate. Se , r.v., to become varie- gated. dictateur [L- ace. dicta- torem], s.m., dictator. dictatorial, -e, adj., dic- tatorial. dictature [L. dictatura.], sf., dictature. dieter [L- dictarc], v.a., I, to dictate ; impose. dicton [li. dictum, p.p. n. of dicere], s.m., saying, by- word. didactique [Gr. fitSaKTcxd?], adj., didactic. , s.f, didactics. diete [Gr. Staira], S.f., loxo diet, little food. [L.L. dieta (from L. dies), " one day's duration "], sf., diet, assembly. Dieu [L. ace. Deum], s.m., God. dilFamant, -e [jpres part. of dijfamer], adj., defamatory. diffamateur [diffamer], s.m., defamer, slanderer. difFamation [L. ace. difa- mationem], s.f., defamation, slander, libel. diffamer [L- difamare], v.a., 1. to defame, slander. difFeremment [different], adv., differently. To FEENCH EBAMlfG BOOK. 223 DIFFERENCE. difference [L- differentia], s.f., difference. differend Ldifferer], s.m., dispute, quarrel. different, -e [L. ace. differ- entem], adj., different ; di- verse, various. differer [L. differrel v.a. and n., 1, to put off, defer; to differ, to be different; to disagree. difficile [L. difficilis'], adj., difficult, hard. difficilementj o,dv., with difficulty. difficulte [L- ace. difficul- tateui], s.f., difficulty. difforme [JLi-L. difformis, from dif, for dis, and forma}, adj., deformed. difformite [difforme'], s.f., deformity. diffus, -e [L. diffusus], adj., diffuse. [fusely. diffusement, adv., dif- ditfusion [i^- ace. diffu- sionem], s.f., diff'usion. digerer [L- digerere], v.a., 1, to digest. Se , r.v., to be digested. digestion [L- ace digesti- onem], s.f., digestion. digne [L- dignus], adj., worthy ; good. [nobly. dignement, adv., worthily, dignite [JLi. ace. digni- tatem], s.f, dignity, power. digression [L. a:c. digres- sionem], s.f., digression. digue [0. Fr. dicque, from N. dyk, (x. deich, Gael, dig], s.f., dike, embankment. dilapidation [L. ace. di- lapidationem], s.f., dilapida- tion. dilapider [L- dilapidare], v.a., 1, to dilapidate. dilatation [L. ace. dilata- tionem], s.f., dilatation, ex- pansion. dilater [L- dilatare], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to dilate, expand. dilemme [L- **• dilemma, from Gr. StArj/ajaa, from 6t5, " two," and A^/uL/ixa, " argu- ment "], s.m., dilemma. diligemment [diligent], ado., diligently, quickly. diligence [L- diUgentia], s.f., diligence, care, prompti- tude. diligent, -e [L- ace. diU- gentem], adj., diligent, indus- trious, quick. DISCERNEB. dimanche [L- {dies') do- minica], s.m., Sunday. dime [L- decima (in Varro)], s.f, tithe. (Its doublet is dixieme, q.v.) dimension [Tj. ace. dimen- sionem], s.f., dimension, mea- sure. diminuer [L. diminuere], v.a. and n., 1, to diminish, lessen. diminntion [L- ace. dimi- nutionem], sf., diminution. dinde [lor une poule d' Indie,- " a hen from India" (the original name for America)], s.f., turkey-hen, turkey. dindon [dinde], s.m., tur- key-cock. diner [L- L- disnare, from L. L. dicaenare], v.n., 1, to dine. , s.m., dinner. diocese [L- dioecesis, from Gr. SiotACTjo-t?, " adiniuistra- tion," from fitoi/ceiv, " to man- age," from Slol, and oi/cia, " house "j, s.m., diocese. diplomate [diplOme], s.m., diplomatist. diplomatic [di2Jlomate], s.f., diplomacy. diplomatique [diplomate], adj., diplomatic. diplome [L- w. diploma, from Gr. StVAwjaa, "a letter folded double," from StTrAdw, "to fold"], s.m., diploma. dire [L. dicere], v.a., 4, to say. Vouloir , to mean. Pour ainsi , so to speak, as it were. Se , r.v., to call, style oneself ; to say to oneself, or to each other ; to be said. dire [i"f' used as a subst.], s.m., saying, statement, asse7'- tion. direct, -e [L. directus], adj., direct, straight. directement, adv., direct- ly, straight. directeur [L- L- ace di- rectorem], s.m., director. (The fem. is directrice.) direction [L- ace. direc- tionem], s.f., direction, con- duct, government. diriger [L- dirigere], v.a., I, to direct, lead, aim, point. Se , r.v., to proceed, go to or towards. discernement [discemer], s.m., discrimination, distinc- tion, judgment. i discerner 0^- discemere], DiSPARAlTRE. V.a., 1, to discern, distinguish, judge. Se , r.v., to be dis- cerned. disciple [L- ace. discipu- lum], s.m., disciple, follower. discipline [I^. discipUna], s.f., discipline, training. discipline, -e [pp- of dis- cipliner], adj., trained, disci- plined. discipliner [discipline], v.a., 1, to discipline, train, drill. discorde [L- discordia], s.f, discord, disagreement, strife. discourir [L- discurrere] v.n., 2, to discourse, expatiate. discours [Li- ace discur- sum], s.m., discourse, speech, words. discret, ete [L- discretus], adj., discreet, cautious, judi- cious. discretement, adv., dis- creetly, cautiously. discretion [l^. ace. dis- cretionem], sf., discretion, mercy. disculper [prefix dls, and ! L. culpare, "to blame "], r.a , 1, to exculpate. Se , r.v., to clear oneself. discussion [L- ace. discus- sionem], s.f., discussion. disCUter [L- discutere], v.a., I, to discuss, examine. Se , r.v., to be examined. disette [desecta, p.p. of de- secare, "to cut oil, retrench"], s.f, dearth, scarcity (of wheat, corn, tfec). disgrace [dis, grace, q.v.], s.f., disgrace, disfavour, mis- fortune. disgracie, -e [pp- of dis- gracier], adj., out of favour. de la nature, illfavoured, deformed. disgracier [disgrace], v.a., 1, to disgrace ; to put out of favour. disgracieux, -euse [dis, gracieux, q.v.], adj., ungrace- ful, awkward. dislocation [disloquer], s.f., dislocation, derangement, dismemberment. disloauer [prefix dis, and L. locare, "to pJace"], v.a., 1, to dislocate, put out of joint. Se , r.v., to be dislocated ; to be taken to pieces; to put one's . . . out of joint. disparaitre [dis, parai- 224 ETYMOLOGICAL DICtlOl^AR^ DISPENDIEUX. tre, q-v."], v.n., 4, to vanish, disappear. dispendieux, -euse [L. dispendiosus^t adj., costly, expensive. dispenser [L. dispensare, "to grant'*], v.a., 1, to ex- empt. Se , r.v., to dis- pense with, to exempt oneself. disperser [L. L. disper- sare, a deriv. of dispersus, p.p. of dispergere], v.a., 1, to disperse, scatter. Se , r.v., to be dispersed ; to break up. dispersion [L.L. ace. dis- persioneni], s.f., dispersion, scattering. disponible [L.L. disponi- bilis (?), from L. disponere'] adj., at one's disposal. dispOS [L. dispostus, con- trd. for dispositusi, adj. (m. only), active, in good health or spirits. dispose, -e iP-P- of dis- poser'], adj., ready, inclined, willing. Bien , well dis- 2 0sed. Mai , ill disposed. disposer [dis, poser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to dispose, order, make ready. Se , r.v., to pre- pare, make ready. disposition [L. ace. dis- positionem], s.f., disposition, arrangement, state. dispute [verbal subst. of disputer], sf, quarrel. disputer [L- dlsputare'], v.a., 1, to contend, deny. , v.n., to dispute, argue, vie rvith. Se , r.v., to dispute, contend for; quarrel. Le a, to contend, vie with. disque [L- ace. discum}, s.m., disk. dissection [L. L. dissec- tionem, from L. dissectum, sup. of dissecare, " to cut up "J, s.f., dissection. disseminer [L. dissemi- nare], v.a., 1, to disseminate, spread. Se , r.v., to be disseminated. dissension [L- ace. dissen- sionem'}, s.f., dissension, strife. dissertation [L. ace. dis- sertationem'}, s.f., dissertation. disserter [L- dissertare], v.n., 1, to dissert, to discourse. dissimulation [l^- ace. dissimulationem}, sf., dis- simulation. dissiniuler [L. dissimu- Zare], v.a., \, to dissimulate, DISTRIBUTION. dissemble. Se , r.v., to be concealed. dissipateur [L- ace. dissi- patorem], s.m., spendthrift. I dissipation [L. ace. dissi- ! pationem], s.f, dissipation, waste, squandering. dissiper [L. dissipare"], v.a., 1, to dissipate, scatter, waste. Se , r.v., to be dispelled ; to vanish. dissplu, -e [L. dissolutus'], adj., dissolute, profligate. dissolution [L- ace. dis- solutionem}, s.f., dissolution ; profligacy. dissonance {dissonant, pres. part, of dissoner, "to be dissonant," from L. dissonare], s.f, dissonance, discord. dissoudre [L- dissolvere], v.a., 4, to dissolve. Se , r.v., to dissolve; to be dis- solved. disSOUS, -OUte IP-P- of dis- soudre], adj., dissolved, broken up. dissuader [L. dissuadere], v.a., 1, to dissuade. distance [L. distantia], s.f, distance. distiller [L. distHlare], v.a., 1, to distil, discharge. distinct) -e [L. di^tinctus], adj., distinct. distinction [L. ace. dis- tinctionem], s.f, distinction; rank; eminence. distingue, -e [p-p- of dis- tinguer], adj., distinguished, of distinction, genteel, noble. distinguer [L. distin- guere], v.a., 1, to distinguish, know, discern, perceive, see; make a distinction (between). Se , r.v., to distinguish oneself; to be distinguished. distraction [l^- ace. dis- tractionem], s.f., distraction, inattention; diversion, relax- ation. distraire [L. distrahere], v.a., 4, to distract, divert, amuse. Se , r.v., to amuse oneself distrait, -e [P-P^ of dis- traire], adj., inattentive, list- less ; absent. distribuer [L. distribu- ere], v.a., 1, to distribute, ar- range, lay out ; allot, bestow. distribution [L. ace. dis- tributionem], s.f, distribu- tion, arrangement, division, supply. DOCTEUft. district [L. L. w. districtum, " a territory under one juris- diction"], s.m., district. divaguer [L- divagari], v.n., 1, to wander, rave. divergence {divergent], s.f, divergency. divergent, -e Idiverger], adj., divergent. diverger [L. L. divergere, from prefix di, and vergere, " to turn, incline "], v.n., 1, to diverge, branch off. divers, -e [L. diversus"], adj., diverse, various. diversement, oi^'O; in various ways. diversifier [L. L. diversi- ficare, der. of diversus], v.a., 1, to diversify, vary. Se , T.V., to be diversified. diversion [L. divertus, from divertere, "to go differ- ent ways"], sf, diversion. diversite fL- ace. diversi- tatem], s.f., diversity, variety. divertir [L. divertere], v.a., 2, to divert, amuse, entertain. Se , r.v., to amuse one- self. divertissement Idivertir;}, s.m., amusement, entertain- ment, sport. divin, -e [L- divinus], adj., divine, heavenly. 0£Bce , divine worship. diyiniser [divin], v.a., i, to deify. divinite [L- ace. divini- tatem], sf, divinity, deity. diyiser [L. divisare, freq.. of dividere], v.a., I, to divide. Se , r.v., to divide ; to be divided. division [L- aec. divisio- nem], sf., division ; quarrel, strife. divorce [L. n. divortium, from di, vertere, " to turn "], S.m., divorce. dix [L. decem], num. adj. (card.), ten. dixieme [L- decimus], num. adj. (ord.), tenth. Le , s.m., the tenth part. dizaine [dix], s.f, about, ten, half a score. docile [L- docilis], adj., docile, obedient. docilement, ad^-f obedi- ently. docilite [L- aec docilitoLr' tern], sf., docility, obedience. docteur [L. ace. doctorem'\, TO I^EENCa READING BOOK. 225 s.m., doctor ; physician, medi- cal man. doctrine [L- doctrina'], sf., doctrine. documeilt [L. n. documen- tum'], s.m., document, title, title-deed. dogme [L- n. dogma, from Gv- SoYM-a], s.m., dogma, doc- trine, tenet. doigt [L. ace. digitum"], s.m., finger. domaine [L- n. dominium'], s.m., domain, estate; limits, sphere. dome [L. doma, Gr. Sujfxa, ** house "], s.m., dom£ ; canopy. domestiQue [L- domesti- cus], adj., domestic ; tame. , s.m., servant. domicile [L. n. domici- lium'j, s.m., domicile, abode, home. domicilie, -e [p-p- of (se) domicilier, " to settle "], adj., settled, domiciled, having a home. dominant) -e Ipres.part. of dominer], adj., predomi- nant, commanding, leading, ruling. dominateur [L. ace. do- mdnatorem'], adj. and s.m., dominant ; ruler. (The fern. is dominatrice.') domination [L- ace. domi- nationem], s.f., domination, pouter, sway. dominer [L. dominari'], VM. and n., 1, to dominate, govern, rule. dommage [L. L. n. doma- oium or domaticum (?), from 3j, domare, " to tame," with the meaning of " to do wrong to "], s.m., damage. C'est , it is a pity. domptable [dompter}, adj., tameable, manageable. dompter [L. domitare'], v.a., 1, to daunt, subdue, master, conquer ; break, tame. Se , r.v., to subdue one's passions ; to be subdued. don [L- n, donum}, s.m., gift, present. donateur [L. ace. dona- torem], s.m., giver, donor. ('ITie/em. is donatrice.) donation [L. ace. dona- tionem'], s.f., donation, grant, gift. done [0. Fr. adonc, from L. ad, tunc], conj., then, tfiere- fore ; now then, come ! Tr. p. II. DOUCEUR. donjon [L. L. ace. domni- onem for dominionem, "a tower which dominates "], s.m., donjon, tower, castle- keep. donnee [partic. suhst. of donner}, s.f, datum, idea, notion. donner [L- donare], v.a., 1, to give ; present ; produce. sur, to look over. raison a, to decide in favour of. Se , r.v., to be fought {of battles). dont icle> unde], rel. pron., of whom, of which, whose, whereof. dorCj -e IP-P- of dorer], adj., gilt, gilded; rich, bril- liant. dorenavant Ide, ore Qicure), en, avant, q.v.], adv., henceforth, in future. dorer [L' deaurare], v.a., 1, to gild. Se , r.v., to become yellow; to assume a golden hue. dormant, -e {pres. part, of dormir], adj., stagnant, still. dormir [L. dormire], v.n., 2, to sleep ; to be asleep, stag- nant. dos [L* w. dorsum], s.m., back. dossier [L- L. n. dorsarium, from L, n. dorsum], s.m., back. dot [L« ace. dotem], s.f, dowry. dotation [L. L. ace. dota- tionem], s.f, dotation, endow- ment. doter [L. dotare], v.a., 1, to portion, endow. (Its dou- blet is doner, q.v.) douairiere idouaire, " dowry," from L. L. w. dota- rium], s.f., dowager. douane [!*• doana = do- gana, " custom-duty "], s.f, custom-house. douanier [douane], s.m., custom-house officer. double [L- ace. duplicem or duplum], adj., double. doubler Idouble], v.a., 1, to double ; to plate. Se , r.v., to become double ; to be doubled. doublure [doubter], s.f, lining ; plating. doucement [douce, f em. of adj. doux, and suflfix -ment], adv., gently, softly. douceur [L. ace. dulcorem], s.f, sweetness, smoothness, gen- tleness. douet -e [p-p- of douer], adj., endowed, gifted. douer [doublet of doter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to endow, gift. douleur [L. ace. dolorem], s.f , pain; grief. douloureusement, adv., painfully, grievously. douloureux, -euse [dou- leur], adj., painful. doute [verbal subst, of douter], s.m., doubt. Sans , without doubt, undoubt- edly. douter [L. duMtare], v.n., 1, to doubt, question. Se de, r.v., to suspect. douteux, -euse [doute], adj., doubtful, ambiguous, vague. douve [L- doga, from Gr. 5ox77, " a sort of vessel "J, s.f., stave (of casks). doux, douce [L. dulds], adj., sweet, gentle; soft. douzaine [douze], s.f, dozen. douze [L- duodecim], num. adj. (card.), twelve. douzieme [douze], num. adj. (ord.), twelfth. doyen [L. ace. decanum], s.m., dean. dragee [L. L. dragata, tra- gemata, from Gr. Tpayrnxara, " dainties "], s.f, sugar-plum. dragon [L. ace. draconem], s.m., dragon. drague [Engl, drag], s.f, dre ' dramatique [L- drama- ticus], adj., dramatic. drame [L- n. drama, from Gr. SpoLfj^a, from Spav, " to do " = L. agere], s.m., drama. drap [L. L. n. drappum], s.m., cloth ; sheet. drapeau [dim. of drap], s.m., ensign, fag, colours. drecbe [L.Ij. ace, drascum, from 0. H. G. drascan, "to thresh corn"], s.f, malt. dreSSe, -e [p-p- of dresser], adj., trained ; erected, straight. dresser [L. L. drictiare (?), from L. drectus, for directus], v.a., 1, to erect, arrange, set up, train. Se , r.v., to stand up; to stand on end ; to be erected, trained. drogue [Engl, drug, from N. droog, *' dry " (provision)] sf, drug. droit [L- w. directum], s.m right, claim, power, law. 226 ETYMOLOGICAL DlCTlOKAEY droitt -e [L. directus], adj., straight, right. , adv., straight, right. droitementj a<2v., rightly, uprightly. droiture [droit, q.v.'], s.f., uprightness, rectitude. drole [Engl, droll], adj., queer, odd; comical, funny. , s.m., rogue, knave. dru, -e [Kymr. drud, " bold, vigorous "], adj., fledg- ed ; lively ; thick. Druide [L. ace. druidam, from Bas - Breton derv, " oak "j, s.m., druid (^Celtic priest). druidique Idruide}, adj., druidic. du [for de le], def. art, of the. , part, art., some. dil» due, P-P- of devoir, q.v. dO. [panic, subst. of devoir, q.v.], s.m., due. due [L- ace. ducem], s.m., duke. ducal, -e [due], adj., ducal. ducat [It. ducato], s.m., ducat. duche [due, q.v.], s.m., duchy, dukedom. duchesse, s.f, duchess. duel [L- '^- duellum (hel- ium), "a contest between two"j, s.m., duel. duelliste [duel], s.m., duel- list. dune [Celt, and Irish dUn, " a hill "], s.f., sand-hill, down. dupe [?], s.f, dupe. duper [dupe], v.a., 1, to dupe, fool. duperie [duper], s.f., cheat, imposition. duplication [L- ace. dupU- cationem], s.f., duplication, doubling. duplicite [L- ace. duplici- tatem], s.f., duplicity, deceit. duQuel, desquels, see le- quel. dur, -e [L- durus], adj., hard, harsh, hardened, hard- hearted. durable [L- duraUlis], adj., lasting, strong. durant [pres. part, of durer], prep., during ; for. durcir [dur], v.a. and n., 2, to harden. Se , r.v., to grow hard. duree [partie. subst. of durer], sf., duration, con- tinuance. durement [fem. adj. dure, fBRANCHElt. and suflSx -ment], adv., hardly, harshly, severely. durer [L- durare], v.n., 1, to last, endure, continue, re- main. durete [L. aec. duritatem], s.f., hardness, roughness. duvet [L- L. duma, from G. daune], s.m., down, wool. dynastie [Gr. ^vvaa-reCa, " power, sway "J, s.f, dynasty. dynastique, adj., dynastic. E eau [L« aqua], s.f, water. de vie, brandy. x mortes, still, stagnant waters. ebahij -e [PP- of ebahir], adj., amazed, dumbfounded. ebahir (s') [onomat. from bah ! interj., q.v.], r.v., to be amazed ; to wonder. ,ebats [verbal subst. of s'ebattre], s.m. pi., sport, play. Prendre ses , to play, sport, enjoy oneself. ebattre (s') [e or es in 0. Fr., and battre], r.v., to play, sport, enjoy oneself. ebauche [verbal subst. of ebaucher], s.f, sketch, outline, rough draught. ebaucber [prefix e and 0. Fr. bauche, "work;" cf. debaucher], v.a., 1, to sketch, outline, prepare, attempt. ebene [L- ace. ebenum, from Gr. e/Sei/os, from Hebrew hob- nim], s.f, ebony. eblouir [es, and 0. H. G. blodi, " weak ;" cf. the G. blod- sichtig, " dim- or weak- sighted"], v.a., 2, to dazzle. eblouissant, -e [pres.part. of eblouir], adj., dazzling. eblouissement [eblouir], s.m., dazzling ; dizziness ; fascination. eboulement [eboulei-], s.m., falling-down; landslip. ebouler (s') [prefix e (for es), boule, q.v.], v.a., 1, to cause to fall. , v.n., and 8' , r.v., to fall dawn. ebourgeonnement [ebour- geonner], s.m., nipping off the buds. ebourgeonner [e, bour- geon, q.v.], v.a., 1, to nip the buds off. ebrancher [^'j branche, q.v.], v.a., 1, to Ic^, prune. fCHANTILLOK. ebranlement [ebranier], s.m., shaking, shock ; decay. ebranier [^. branler, "to shake"], v.a., 1, to shake, un- settle, stir, move. S' , r.v., to move forward. ' ebruiter [c, bruit, q.v.], v.a., 1, to divulge. S' , r.v., to be divulged. ebullition [L- ace. ebulU- tionem], s.f, ebullition, boil- ing, eruption. ecaille [G. schale], s.f, scale, sliell. ecarlate [L. galaticus, sc. rubor, "the red from Galatia"], s.f. and adj., scarlet. ecart [verbal subst. of ecar- ter], s.m., stepping aside, di- gression, mistake, fault. A r , aside, in a lonely place. ecarte, -e [P-P- of ecarter], adj., remote, secluded, lonely, solitary. ecarter [4 carte, q.v.], v.a., 1, to remove, set aside, dispel. S' , r.v., to deviate, disperse, go astray. ecclesiastique [L. ecclesi- asticus], adj., ecclesiastical, clerical, belonging to the church. , s.m., ecclesias- tic, priest, clergyman. ecervele, -e [prefix e (for es), cervelle, q.v.], adj., hare- brained, wild, giddy. echafaud [L- L- n. scada- faltum, " scaffolding," compd. of ex and cadafaltum], s.m., scaffold. echafaudage [echafaud], s.m., scaffolding. ■ echalas [L- L- ex-caratium, "a pale or stake," from Gr. xdpa.^], s.m., stake, vine-stick. ecbancrer [^. chancre, from L. ace. cancrum (from Gr. KapKLvos), prop, "a crab," then " a canker"], v.a., 1, to hollow out. ecbancrure [echancrer], s.f., hollowing out, scallop, in- dentation. ecbange [e, change, q.v.], s.m., exchange, barter. echanger [khange], v.a., 1, to exchange, barter, reci- procate. echanson [L. T^. aec. scan- tionem (in Germanic laws), from 0. H. G. scengo], s.m., j cupbearer. I , echantillon [dim. ofO. Fr. I cchantil, from prefix e (for es To FftEKOH KfiADllfG BOOK. 227 and cant, " corner, piece "], S.W., sample, pattern. echappee [partic. subst. of echapper], s.f., escape, prank. de lumiere, accidental light. de vue, vista. echapper [L- L. excappare, lit. " to get out of the cape (of the cloak) "J, v.n., 1, to escape ; fall, drop. S' , r.v., to escape, get away, slip, fall, hurst. echarpe [0. H. G. scJierpe, " a pocket "], sf., scarf, sling. echarper [L- <^^, carpere, "to cut to pieces"], v.a., 1, to slash, cut to pieces. echasses [0. Flemish schoetse'], s.f. pi., stilts. ecliauifer [e, chauffer, q.v.'], v.a., 1, to warm, heat, ex- cite, provoke. S' , r.v., to become warm or animated ; to grow angry. , echauffouree [0. Fr. v. echauffourer, compd. of e (for es), chaud (for feu), andfour- rer, q.v.], s.f., affray, skir- mish. echeance [ccheant], s.f, expiration, falling due. , echeant [pres. part, of I'choir, q.v.}, falling. Le cas • , if such should he the case, in that case. echec [Persian schah, " king," which gives its name to the game], s.m., check, loss, failure, repulse. ■ s, chess. et mat, checkmate. echelle [0. Fr. eschele, from L. scaZa], sf., ladder. echelon [dim. of echelW], s.m., round {of a ladder''), step, degree; echelon (rnil it.). echelonner lecheionj, v.a., 1, to graduate; place apart; drawn up in echelons. S' , r.v., to extend in echelons.^ echevele, -e [p-p- of eche- veler, " to dishevel the hair "], adj., with dishevelled hair, in disorder. echevin [L. L. ace. sca- binum, from 0. H. G. ske- peno}, s.m., alderman, sheriff. echine [0. Fr. eschine, from Celt, chein, "back"], sf., spine. echiquier [echecl s.m., chess-hoard ; exchequer. echo [L. echo, from Gr. r}X(o, "sound, voice"], s.m., echo. echoir i^- ex, cadere], v.n. fCOLIER. and defect., 3, to fall to the lot, become due. echoppe [0. Fr. eschoppe, from 0. H. G. shupfa, G. schoppen, "shop"], s.f., stall {in a market). echouer [?], v.n., l, to run aground, fail. echu, -e,PP- of echoir, q.v. eclair [verbal subst. of eclairer], s.m., lightning, fash offre. eclairage [eclairer], s.m., light, lighting. eclaircie [partic. subst. of eclaircir'], s.f., glade, vista, opening. eclaircir C^, clair, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to clear up, brighten, thin. S' , r.v., to clear up. eclaircissement [eclair- cir'}, s.m., clearing up, expla- nation. eclaire, -e iP-P- of eclairer}, adj., enlightened, intelligent, vjell-in formed. eclairer [0. Fr. esclairer, from L. exclarare}, v.a., 1, to light, illuminate, inform. S' , r.v., to be lighted ; to grow enlightened ; to get in- formation. eclair eur [eclairer}, s.m., scout. eclat [verbal subst. of ecla- ter}, s.m., splendour, glare, brilliancy, glory. eclatant, -e [pres. part. of eclater}, adj., remarkable, signal, striking; bright, bril- liant, splendid. eclater [0. H. G. sldeizan, " to break," " to fly into frag- ments "], v.n.; 1, to burst, break out. eclipse [L. ecUpsis, from Gr. €/cAetv//t9, " a forsaking, being absent," from exAeiVeii/], s.f, eclipse. eclipser [eclipse}, v.a., 1, to eclipse, throw into the shade. S' , r.v., to disappear, to be eclore [L- L- ex-claudere}, v.n., 4, to spring up, open, dawn ; to be hatched ; to shoot. ecluse [0- Fr. escluse from L. exclusa, sc. aqua}, sf, mill-dam, lock, sluice. ecole [0. Fr. escole, from L. schola}, s.f., school. ecolier, -ere [L. adj. scho- laris}, s.m. or /., pupil, scholar. ^CBASER. eCOnduire [0. Fr. escondirc, from L. ex-condicere, "to re- fuse "], v.a., 4, to deny, refuse ; show out, dismiss. econome [L. ace. oeco' nomum, from Gr. ot/coi/6/u,o?], s.m., steward, bursar. , adj\, saving, thrifty. economie [L- oeconomia, from Gr. oi/coi/oju-ta], sf, economy, good management ; order, system, arrangement, disposition, structure. economique [i-*- oecono- micus, from Gr. oi/coi^o/ixtKo?], ad^., economical. economiquement, adv., economically. economiser [econoviie}, v.a., 1, to put by, save ; hus band; spare. economiste [econome, and suffix -iste}, s.m., economist. ecorce [0. Fr. escorce, from L. L. excorticea, deriv. of L. ace. corticem}, s.f, bark, rind ; outside. ecorcer [ecorce}, v.a., 1, to bark, peel. ecorcher [0. Fr. escorcher, from L. L. excorticare, "to take away the bark"], v.a., 1, to flay, skin. S' , r.v., to rub one's skin off. ecorchure [ecorcher}, s.f, grazing, excoriation. Ecossais, -e [i-^cosse}, s.m. or/., and adj., Scotch. Ecosse [L- Scotia}, s.f, Scotland. ecot [Engl, scot, " contribu- tion "], s.m., share, score, ex- pense. eCOUlement [ecouler}, s.m., flowing out, emanation. eCOUler [0. Fr. escouler, from e, couler, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to pour away. S' , r.v., to run or flow out ; to elapse, pass aivay. ecoute [verbal subst. of ecouter}, s.f, listening-place. £tre aux s, to be listening. [Swedish skot, Danish skidd}, s.f., sheet (naut.). ecouter [L- auscultare}, v.a., 1, to lislen to. Ecoute 1 ecoutez ! look here ! listen '. ecran [G-. schragen}, s.m., screen. ecrasement [ecraser}, s.m., crushing. ecraser [0. Fr. escraser, from 0. Scand. krassa, "to Q 2 ^28 IlTYMOLdGlCAL DlCTIONARt ^CREVISSE. crusli"], v.a., 1, to crush, squash. ecrevisse [0. Fr. crevice, from 0. H. G. schrepix. Mod. G. krebs'}, s.f., crayfish, craw- fish. eerier (s') ie, crier, q.v.2, r.v., to exclaim, cry out. ecrin [L- '^^ scrinium'}, s.m., casket, jewel-box. ecrire [L- scrihere'], v.a., 4, to write. S' , r.v., to write to each other ; to be spelt. ecrit [0. Fr. escrit, from L. n. scriptum], s.m., writing, work, paper. ecriteau [ecrif], s.m., bill, label, written paper, placard. ecritoire [L. n. scripto- rium], s.f., inkstand. ecriture [L- scriptural, s.f., handwriting ; Scripture. ecrivain [L- L- ace. scri- banum, from L. scriba'], s.m., writer, author. ecrOTl [Gr. schraube and Engl, screw, or, according to Diez, L. ace. scrobem, "a ditch"], s.m., screw, screw- nut ; entry in the jail-book. ecrouer [ecrou'], v.a., 1, to commit to prison, confine. ecroulement (ecrouUr-], s.m., fall, crash, falling down. ecrouler (s') [e, crouler, from L. L. corotulare, " to roll together "], r.v., to fall down, fall into decay ; tumble down, perish. ecu [L- w. scutum'], s.m., sJdeld ; crown (money). ecueil [0. Fr. escueil, from L, ace. scopulum, from Gr. cr/coTreAo?], S.m., rock, reef. ecuelle [0. Fr. escuelle, from L. scutella, " salver "], sf., porringer. , ecumant, -e [pres. part, of ecumer], adj., foaming, frothy. ecume [0. H. G. scum], s.f, foam, froth. ecumer [ecume], v.a., i, to skim. , v.n., to foam, froth. ecumeux, -euse ['xwme], adj. , frothy, foaming. ecureuil [O- Fr. escureuH, from L. L. ace. scuriolum, dim. of sciurus, from Gr. cr/fiovpo?, from lever, q.v.], v.a., 1, to raise, bring up, educate, train. S' , r.v., to rise up, ascend, arise, grow up, in- crease ; to be built. elire [L- eligere], v.a., 4, to choose, elect. elite [^lit, old p.p. of elire], s.f, jiower, prime. D' , choicest, best. ^lle, see Ui^ EMBARBASSER. eloge [L- w. elogium, from Gr. eWoyiov, from iv, Adyos], s.m., eulogy, praise. eloigne, -e [P-P- of eloi- gner], adj., remote, distant, far. eloignement [eloigner], s.m., removal, departure, dis- tance. eloigner [e, loin], v.a., 1, to send away, to dismiss, take away, banish, alienate. S' , r.v., to go away, to leave, to withdraw. eloQuemment [eloquent] adv., eloquently. eloquence [L. eloquentia], s.f, eloquence. eloquent, -e [L. ace. elo- qu£ntem], adj., eloquent. elucider [L- L* elucidare (e,lucidus, "clear")], v.a., 1, to elucidate, make clear. S' , to be elucidated, made clear. eluder [L. eludere], v.a., 1, to elude, evade. email [0, H. G. smalt i, " that which has been melted"], s.m., enamel. , emaille, -e [pp- of emailler], adj., enamelled, brilliant. emailler [email], v.a., i, to enamel, adorn. emanation [L- ace. emana- tionem], s.f., emanation. emancipation [L. arc. emancipationem], sf., eman- cipation. emanciper [L. emanci- pare], v.a., 1, to emancipate. S' , r.v., to free oneself, take too much liberty. emaner [I-i- emanare], v.n., 1, to emanate. embarcation [Span, em- barcacion], s.f., embarkation. embarquement [embar- quer], s.m., embarking. embarquer [ew, barque, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to ship, embark, take on board. S' , r.v., to embark, go on board. embarras [en, barre, L. L. barra, from Celt, bar, "a branch "], s.m., encumbrance, embarrassment, confusion. embarrassant, -e [pres. part, of embarrasser], adj., embarrassing, cumbrous, awk- ward, perplexing. embarrasse, -e [p-p- of embarrasser], adj., puzzled. embarra§9er [embg,rras], 230 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY EMBAUMF.MENT. v.a., 1, to encumber, obstruct, embarrass, puzzle. S' , r.v., to get entangled ; to become embaumement {embau- wie/], s.m., embalming. embaumer [en, baume, q.v.'], v.a., 1, to embalm, per- fume. embellir [^n, beau — beV], v.a., 2, to adorn, beautify. S' , r.v., to grow beautiful. embellissement [embel- lir], s.m., embellishment, orna- men t, decoration, improvement. emblee (d') [partic. subst. of»0. Fr. V. embler, " to steal," from L. involare'], adv. loc, at the first onset, instantly, at once. emblematique [embleme'], adj., emblematic. embleme [L- «• emblema, from Gr. e/A/SArj/xa, "that which is put in, a graft"], s.m., emblem. (N.B. Embleme .meant originally miaid work.) embonpoint [ew, bon, p)oint, q.v.], s.m., stoutness, plumpness. emboucher [en, bouche, q.v.], v.a., 1, to put to one's mouth, blow, sound. S' , r.v., to discharge itself (of a river). embouchure [emboucher, " to put one's mouth to," from en and bouche, q.v.], s.f, mouth (of rivers) ; mouthpiece (of wind instruments). embrancbement [ em- brancher, "to branch off"], s.m., branch, branching, junc- tion. embrase, -e [pp- of em- braser], adj., in flames, on fire. embrasemeiit [embraser], s.m., conflagration, eruption (of a volcano). embraser [en, braise, " burning embers," from 0. G. bras, " fire "], v.a., 1, to set on fire, burn. S' , r.v., to taJce fire ; to become inflamed. embrassade [embrasser], s.f, embrojce. embrassement [embras- ser], s.m., embrace. embrasser [en, bras, q.v.], v.a., 1, to embrace, take in one's arms, clasp, seize, take up, xvrap up. S' , r.v., to em- brace each other; to be em- braced. embrasure [embraser}, EMMENER. S.f., embrasure (of a battery) ; window-recess. embrocher [en, broche, q.v.], v.a., 1, to put on the spit, to spit, run through. embrouille, -e [p-p- of embrouiller], adj., contused, perplexed, obscure. embrouillement [em- brouiller], s.m., embroiling, entanglement, confusion. embrouiller [en, brouiller, q.v.], v.a., 1, to entangle, em- broil, throw into confusion. S' , r.v., to get perplexed ; to become intricate. embryon [Gr. cfx^pvov (er, " in," Ppveiv, " to grow "], s.m., embryo. embiiclie [0. Fr. v. em- bucher, from L. L, imboscare, " to allure into the bush "], s.f, ambush, snare. embuscade [it- imboscata], s.f., ambuscade, ambush. embusquer [L. L. imbos- care], v.a., 1, to place in am- bush. S' , r.v., to place one- self in ambush, lie in wait. emeraude [L. ace. smarag- dum], sf., emerald. emerger [L- emergere], v.n., 1, to emerge, rise out. emerveiller [e, merveille, q.v.], v.a., 1, to amaze. S' , r.v., to wonder. emettre [L. emittere], v.a., 4, to emit, issue, utter. emeute [esmeu, the p. Fr. p.p. of cmouvoir, now emu], s.f., riot, disturbance. emeutier [emeute], s.m., rioter. , emigrant [pres. part, of emigrer], s.m., emigrant. emigration [L. ace. emi- grationem], sf., emigration, migration. emigre [PP- of emigrer], s.m., refugee. emigrer [L. emigrare], v.n., 1, to emigrate. eminemment [eminent], adv., eminently, in a high eminence [L. eminentia], s.f, eminence, height. eminent, -e [l^- ace. emi- nentem], adj., eminent, high. emission [L- ace. emis- sionem], s.f, emission, issue, uttering ; discharge. emmener [en, mener, q.v.], v.a., 1, to take away, lead awaij. EMPLACEMENT. emoi [0. Fr. esmai, verbal subst. of 0. Fr. v. esmaier, " to be anxious," from prefix es, and 0. H. G. magan, " to be strong"], s.m., anxiety, emotion, agitation. emonder [L. emundare, "to cleanse"], v.a., 1, to lop^ prune, trim. emotion [L. ace. emotio- nem], sf., emotion, stir, ex- citement. emousse, -e [p-p- of emous- ser], adj., blunt. emousser [^, mousse, q.v.i, v.a., 1, to blunt. S' , r.v., to get blunt, dull ; to be weak, softened down. emouvant, -e [pres. part. of emouvoir], adj., moving, touching. emouvoir [L. emovere]. v.a., 3, to move, stir. S' , r.v., to become moved, excited; to stir about. emparer (S*) [en, parer, q.v.], r.v., to lay hold of, take possession of, seize. empechement [empkher'], s.m., impediment, obstruction. empecher [0. Fr. empee- chier, from L. L. impedicare, from L. in, " en," and pedica, "snare;" see depecher], v.a., 1, to hinder, prevent. S' de, r.v., to keep from. empereur [L. ace. impera- torem], s.m., emperor. (The fern, is imperatrice.) empester [en, peste, q.v.], v.a., 1, to infect, taint. ,empetrer [en, petrer; seo depetrer], v.a., 1, to entangle ; fetter. S' , r.v., to entangle oneself. emphase [Gr. enx(^ao-i?], s.f., emphasis, stress ; affectation. emphatique [Gr. ^tn^aTi- k6<:], adj., emphatic; affected pompous. empbatiquement, adv., emphatically ; affectedly, pom- pously. empietement [empilter], s.m., encroachment. empieter [en, pied, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to encroach. empire [L. n. imperium], s.m., empire, reign, sway. empirer [en, pire, q.v.], v.a., 1, to exaggerate. , v.n., to grow worse and worse, emplacement [en, place- ment, q.v.], s.m., site, place, ground,, TO FEENCH EEADING BOOK. 231 emplatee. emplatre [L- »»• emplas- trum, from Gr. efj-nXaa-Tpov], s.m., plaster, ointment. emplette [0. Fr. emploicte, from implicita, p.p. fern, of L. L. implicare], s.f.j pur- chase. emplir [L- implere^, v.a., 2, to Jill. S' , r.v.y to be Jilled. emploi [verbal subst. of employer}, s.m,., place, post ; office, use. employe [partic. subst. of employer}, s.m., clerk. employer [L. impUcare = in L, L. " to employ for some one's profit"], v.a., 1, to em- ploy, make use of. S' , r.v., to be employed, used. empoisonne, -e iP-P- of empoisonner], adj., poisonous. empoisonnement lempoi- sonner}, s.m., poisoning. empoisonner [en, poison, q.v.], v.a., 1, to poison. empoisonneur, -euse [em- poisonner'}, s.m., poisoner. emporte, -e Lp-p- of empor- ter}, adj., passionate, hasty. emportement \emporter\ s.m., passion, anger. emporter i^n, porter, q.v.}, v.ch., 1, to carry away ; gain, obtain, take by storm. L' sur, to excel, get the better of, prevail. S' , r.v., to Jiy into a passion ; to run away (of horses). empreindre [L. impri- mere}, v.a., 4, to impress, im- print. empreinte [partic. subst. of empreindre}, sf., impres- sion, mark. empresse, -e iP-P- of em^ presser}, adj., eager, earnest. empressement iempres- ser}, s.m., eagerness, cordi- ality ; alacrity. empresser (s') [en, pres- ser, q.v.}, r.v., to hasten ; to be eager. S* , r.v., to make haste. emprisonnement [em- prisonner}, s.m., imprison- ment. emprisonner [en, prison, q.v.}, v.a., I, to imprison, con- fine. emprunter [L. L. impro- mutare, compd. of promutari, from L. n. promutuum, " a ENDETTER. loan"], v.a., I, to borrow, take from. emU) -Cj PP- of emouvoir, q.v. emulation [L- ace. a^mu- lationem}, s.f, emulation. en [L. in}, prep., in. en [L. inde}, pers. pron., of or from him, her, it, them ; thence. encadrement [encadrer}, s.m., frame, framing. encadrer [en, cadre, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to frame. enceindre [L- indngere}, v.a., 4, to encircle, surround. enceinte [partic subst. of enceindre}, s.f, enclosure, cir- cuit. encens [L- w. incensum, p.p. of incendere, " to burn "], s.m., incense. enchainer [en, chaine, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to chain, fetter. enchantement [L- n. in- cantamentum}, s.m., charm, enchantment, spell. enchanter [L. incantare}, v.a., I, to enchant, fascinate. enclin, -e [L- incUnis}, adj., inclined, prone. enclore [L. L. inclaudere for L. incliidere}, v.a., 4, to enclose, fence in. enclos [partic. subst. of en- clore}, s.m., close, enclosure. encolure [en, col, q.v.}, sf, neck and shoulders. encombre [L- L- ace. cum- brum, "things pulled or cut down"], s.m., obstacle, impedi- ment. encombrement [encom- brer}, s.m., obstruction, hin- drance. encombrer [encombre}, v.a., I, to obstruct. encore [L- ace. Jtanc ho- ram}, adv., again, still, yet. Pas , not yet. enconrageant, -e [pres. part, of encourager}, adj., en- couraging, inspiriting. encourager [en, courage, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to encourage, in- spirit. S' , r.v., to encou- rage each other. encourir [L- incurrere}, v.a., 2, to incur. encre [0. Fr. -enque, from L. n. encaustum}, sf., ink. encrier [encre}, s.m., ink- endetter [en, dette, q.v.}. v.a., 1, to get into debt. S' , r.v., to run into debt. endommager [en, dom- mage, q.v.}, v.a., 1 to damage, injure. endormi, -e [pp- of endor- mir}, adj., asleep, sleeping. endormir [en, dormir,q.v.}, v.a., 2, to send or lull to sleep. &' , r.v., to fall asleep. endroit [en, droit, q.v.}, s.m., place, spot, passage, point. enduire [L. inducere}, v.a., 4, to cover, coat. endurant, -e [pres. part. of endurer}, adj., patient, en- during. endurcir [en, durcir, q.v.}, v.a.,2, to harden. S' ,r.v.,to inure oneself, grow hardened. endurcissement [endur- cir}, s.m., hardening, hard- ness of heart. endurer [L. indurare}, v.a., I, to endure, suffer, bear, allow. energie [Gr. ivepyeia, " ac- tivity, power," from epyov, " work"], s.f., energy, strength. energique [energie}, adj.. energiQuement, cbdv., with energy, vigorously. enfanoe [L- infantia}, s.f, infancy, childhood. enfant [L- ace. infantem, from in, neg., fari, " to speak"], s.m., child. s perdus, /orZorw hope. enfanter [enfant}, v.a., 1, to bring forth, produce. enfer [L. pi- n. inferna}, s.m., hell. enfermer [en,fermer, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to shut in, contain. S' , r/o., to shut oneself in or up. enfiler [en,fil, q.v.}, v.a., i, to thread, run through, engage in. S' , r.v., to be run through ; to get involved. enfin [en, fin}, adv., at last, at length. enflamme, -o [pp- of enflammer}, adj., burning, scorching. enflammer [L. injiam- mare}, v.a., 1, to inflame; rouse, incense. S' , r.v., to take fire, fire up ; to be in- enfler [L. infiare}, v.a., 1, to inflate, swell. S' , r.v., to swell oneself. enflure [enfler}, s.f, stoeW- ing ; pride. 232 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY ENFOXCK. enfonce, -e \j>-p- of en- f oncer], adj., deep, hollow. enfoncement lenfoncer'}, s.m., sinking, forcing in ; depth, holloio. enfoncer [ew, f oncer, from fo7id, q.v.], v.a., 1, to drive in, break open, heat, rout, defeat. , v.n., to sink down. S' , r.v., to sink, go deep or far. enfouir [L. infodere'], v.a., 2, to bury, dig in. S' , r.v., to earth or biiry oneself. enfreindre [L. infrin- gere], v.a., 4, to infringe, vio- late, break, disobey. enfuir (s') [en, fuir, q.v.2, r.v., to run away. engageant, -e [pres.part. of engager], adj., engaging, winning, attractive. engagement s.m., engagement, promise, action, fight. engager [en, gage, q.v.], v.a., 1, to pledge; induce, urge; be- gin (of a conversation) ; in- volve. S' , r.v., to enter into an engagement; to get involved. engeance [engeant, pres. part, of enger, " to multiply "j, s.f, breed, brood, race ; lot. engelure [0. Fr. v. engeler, " to freeze "J, s.f, chilblain. engendrer [L. ingenare], v.a., 1, to beget, breed; pro- duce. engin [It. ingegno, from L. ingtnium, " a war-engine " (in Tertullian)], s.m., engine, ma- chine ; instrument, implement. engloutir [L. L. in^glutire ; see glouton], v.a., 2, to swal- low up. S' , r.v., to be swallowed up. engloutissement [englou- tir], s.m., swallowing up, sinking. engoue, -e [PP- of engouer], adj., infatuated with, wrap- ped up in. engonement [engouer], s.m., ivfatuation. engouer (s') [?]. r.v., to be or become infatuated. engourdi, -e [pp- of en- gourdir], adj., benumbed. engourdir [en, gourd, " be- numbed," from L. L. gurdus, " heavy, clumsy "J, v.a., 2, to benumb. S' , r.v., to be- come numb ; to get benumbed. ENXOBLIB. engourdissement [en- gourdir], s.m., numbness. engraisser [L- incrassare], v.a., 1, to fatten, manure. , v.n., to grow fat, stout. S' , r.v^ to fatten, grow fat. enhardir [en, hardi, q.v.], v.a., 2, to embolden. S' , r.v., to grow bold. enigmatique [enigme], adj., enigmatical. enigme [L- n. aenigma, fr. Gr. aiviyixa.], S.m., enigma. enivrant, -e [pres. part, of enivrer], adj., intoxicating. enivrer [L. inebriare], v.a., 1, to intoxicate. S' , r.v., to get or be intoxicated, to be enraptured. enjamber [en,jambe,q.v.], v.a., 1, to stride over, to be- stride ; skip over, encroach. enJeu [en, jeu, q.v.], s.m., stake (at play). enJoindre [L- injungere], v.a., 4, to enjoin, order, com- mand. enjolement [enjdler], s.m., coaxing, wheedling. enjoler [en, geole, q.v., lit. " to put in a cage "J, v.a., 1, to coax, wheedle, inveigle. enjoleur, -euse [enjdler], s.m. or/., coaxer, wheedler. enjolivement [enjoUver], s.m., ornament, decoration. enjoliver [en, joU, q.v.], v.a., 1, to adorn, beautify, decorate. enjoue, -e [p-i>. of 0. Fr. v. enjouer, compd. of en and jouer, q.v.], adj.^ playful, lively. enjouement [enjouer], s.m., playfulness, liveliness. enlacement [enlacer], s.m., entwining ; entanglement. enlacer [en, lacs, q.v.], v.a.y 1, to entwine. S' , r.v., to be entwined. enlevement [eniever], s.m., removal, carrying away. eniever [en, lever, q.v.], v.a., 1, to lift up, raise ; to carry away, steal ; taJce off or away ; remove ; deprive. S' , r.v., to be raised, lifted up, carried away. ennemi [L. ci4J- inimicus], s.m., enemy. ,-e, adj., in- imical, beUjnging to the enemy, hostile. ennoblir [en, noble^ q,v,], ENROUEE. 2, to exalt, ennoble, r.v., to ennoble one- v.a., S'— self ennui [L- in odio ; L. L. in odio habui, " 1 was sick of," in Charlemagne's time], s.m., ennui, weariness. ennuyant, -e [pres. part. of ennuyer], adj., tiresome, wearisome, irksome. ennuyer [ennui], v.a., i, to weary, bore, bother. S' , r.v., to be weary. ennuyeux, -euse [ennui], adj., wearisome, tedious. enoncer [L. enuntiare], v.a., 1, to express, state. S' , r.v., to be expressed. enorgueillir [en, orgueil, q.v.], v.a., 1, to render proud. S' , r.v., to be or get proud. enorme [L- enormis], adj., huge, large, enormous. enormementf adj., enor- mously, immensely. enormite [L- ace. enormi- tatem], s.f., enormity, huge- ness ; atrocity. enquerir (s') [L. inqui- rere], r.v., to inquire. enquete [L. (res) inqui- sita, fem. p.p. of inquirere], s.f, inquest, inquiry. enraciner [en, racine, q.v.], v.a., 1, to root, implant. S' , r.v., to take root. enrage, -e [p-p- of en- rager], adj., mad, rabid, en- raged. enrager [en, rage, q.v.], v.n., 1, to go mad; to be en- raged. enregistrer [en, registre, q.v.], v.a., 1, to register. enrhumer (s') [en, rhume, q.v.], r.v., to catch a cold. enrichir [en, riche, q.v.], v.a., 2, to enrich. S' , r.v., to grow rich. enrichissement [en- richir], s.m., enriching; em- bellishment. enr element [enrdler], s.m., enlisting, enlistment. enroler [en, rdle, q.v.], v.a., 1, to enroll, enlist. S' , r.v., to enlist, enroll oneself. (Its doublet is enrouler, q.v.) enroue, -e [P-P- of enrouer], adj., hoarse, husky. enrouement [enrouer], s.m., hoarseness, huskiness. enrouer [en and L. raucus, see rc^uque], v.a,, 1, to ma,Jc6 TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 233 ENROULER. hoarse. S' , r.v., to get hoarse or husky. enrouler [«w, rouler, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to roll up, twist, coil. ensablement [ensaUer}, s.m., sandbank; gravelling. ensabler Len, sable, g-.v.], v.a., 1, to Jill or cover with sand; gravel. S' , r.v., to run aground. ensanglanter [en, san- glant, q.v.'], v.a., 1, to stain with blood. enseigne [L- adj. insignia, pi. n. of insignis}, s.f., sign, token. s, colours, flag. enseignement [enseigner}, s.m., teaching, instruction. enseigner [L.L. insignare, prop, "to engrave"], v.a., 1, to teach, show. ensemble [L. in, simul}, adv., together. , s.m., the whole, harmony, general appearance. ensemencer [en, semence, q.v.], v.a., 1, to sow. ensevelir [L- L. insepelire, compd. of sepelire'], v.a., 2, to bury, swallow up. S' , r.v., to bury oneself; to be buried. ensevelissement [en- sevelir], s.m., laying out ; burial. ensorceler [en, sorcier, q.v.], v.a., 1, to bewitch. ensorcellement [ensor- celer], s.m., bewitching. ensuite [en, suite, q.v.], adv., afterwards. ensuivre (s') [en, suivre, q.v.], r.v. and impers., 4, to follow, ensue. entaille [verbal subst. of entailkr], s.f., notch, cut. entailler [en, tailler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to notch, cut. entame [verbal subst. of entamer], s.f, first cut or slice. entamer [L. attaminare, " to touch"], v.a., 1, to make the first cut in, break into. entasser [en, tas, q.v.],v.a., 1, to heap up. S' , r.v., to accumulate. entendement [entendre], s.m., understanding , sense. entendre [L- intendere, " to apply to, pay attention," thence " hear"], v.a., 4, to hear ; understand, expect, intend, mian. parler de, to hear of. Cela s' , that is under- stood, [agreed. entendu (c'est), ii is entente [partic. subst. of entendre], s.f., agreement, har- mony. Mot a double , word with a double meaning enter [ente, "graft," from Gr. eju.(|)UToi/, "planted"], t).a,, 1, to graft. entete, -e [P-P- of ent^ter], adj., obstinate. entetement [enteter], s.m., obstinacy. enteter [en, tete, q.v.], v.a., 1, to affect the head. S' , r.v., to grow obstinate, stub- born. enthousiasme [Gr. eueov- (Tiaa/u-o?, from evdovs, " in- spired by a god"], s.m., en- thusiasm, rapture. enthousiasmer [enthou- siasme], v.a., 1, to enrapture. S' , r.v.y to be in rapture; to become enthusiastic. enthousiaste [see enthou- siasme], s.m., enthusiast. entier, -ere [L- adj. n. integrum], adj., whole, total. Entier, s.m., the whole, to- tality. J]n , the whole; fully, entirely. entierement» adv., wholly, entirely, totally, quite. entonner [L. intonare], v.a., 1, to begin to sing; to sing. entonnoir [entonner, " to put into tuns"], s.m., funnel. entortiller [en, tortHler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to twist, entangle, perplex. S' , r.v., to get twisted, entangled. entour [en, tour, q.v.], s.m., neighbourhood. X 1' , around. entourage [entourer], s.m., enclosure ; intimates, com- pany, circle. entourer [entour], v.a., 1, to surround, encompass, en- close, wreathe, clasp. S* , r.v., to associate with. entr'acte [entre, acte, q.v.], s.m., interval between the acts. entr' aider (s') [se, entre, aider, q.v.], r.v., to help each other. entrailles [L- L- pi- n. in- trania, from L. interanea], s.f pi., bowels, entrails. entrain [verbal subst. of entrainer], s.m., high spirits, animation. ENTREPRENANT. entrainant, -e [pres. part, of entrainer], adj., win- ning, overpowering. entrainement [entrainer], s.m., sway; impulse, spirit, enthusiasm ; seduction, allure- ment; mistake, error. entrainer [en, trainer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to carry away ; gain over, urge. entraver [entraves], v.a., 1, to fetter; tie; entangle; hinder; thwart. entraves [L. in, trabes], s.f. pi., fetters, hindrance. entre [L. intra], prep., between. entre-choquer (s') [entre, choquer, q.v.], r.v., to knock against each other, clash. entreCOUper [entre, couper, q.v.], v.a., 1, to intersect; in- terrupt. S' , r.v., to inter- rupt each other. entre-croiser (s') [entre, croiser, q.v.], r.v., to cross each other ; to intersect. entre:decliirer (s') [se, entre, dechirer, q.v.], r.v., to tear each other to pieces. entre:detruire (s') [se, entre, detruire, q.v.], r.v., to destroy each other. entre-devorer (s') [entre, devorer, q.v.], r.v., to devour each other. entree [partic. subst. of entrer, q.v.], s.f, entrance, admission ; first course (at dinner). entrefaites [entre, fait, q.v.], s.f. pi., used only in the adv. loc. Sur ces , mean- while, in the interval. entr'egorger (s') [se, en- tre, egorger, q.v.], r.v., to cut each other's throat, kill each other. entrelacer [entre, lacer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to interweave, blend. S' , r.v., to twine round each other, entwine. entremets [entre, mets, q.v.], s.m., side-dish. entremettre (s') [entre, mettre, q.v.], r.v., to inter- pose. entremise [partic. subst. of entrem£ttre], s.f, mediation, interposition. entreposer [entre, poser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to warehouse. entrepot [entreposer], s.m., warehouse. entreprenani, -e [pres. 234 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY ENTREPRENDllE. part, of entreprendre], adj., enterprising, adventurous. entreprendre lentre, pren- dre, q.v.], v.a.y 4, to undertake, venture. entreprise [partic. subst. of entreprendre], s.f., under- taking ; enterprise, attempt. entrer [I-*- intrare'], v.n., 1, to enter, go or come in, pene- trate, share. entre-SOl [entre, sol, q.v.], s.7n., mezzanine floor. entretenir [entre, tenir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to hold together, keep up, entertain, converse with. S' , r.v., to converse, talk together, to be kept up or maintained. entretien [verbal subst. of entretenir], s.m., keep, main- tenance, repair; conversation, talk. entrevoir lentre, voir, q.v.], v.Oi-j 3, to catch a glimpse of, foresee. S' , r.v., to see each other ^ meet; to he foreseen. entrevue [partic. subst. of entrevoir], s.f, interviexo, meeting. entr'OUVrir [entre, ouvrir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to half-open, open a little. S' , r.v., to half- open, gape ; to he ajar. enumeration [Li- ace enu- merationem], sf, enumera- tion. enumerer [L. enumerare], v.a., 1, to enumerate. envahir [L- invadere], v.a., 2, to invade, overrun. envaMssant, -e [pres. part, of envahir], adj., invad- ing. envahissement [envahir], s.m., invasion. envaMsseur [ envahir ], s.m., invader. enveloppe [verbal subst. of envelopper], s.f., envelope, cover, exterior. envelopper [en, and 0. Fr. voUper, Span, and Prov. vola- par], v.a., 1, to wrap up, fold up, hide, surround, involve. S' , r.v., to wrap oneself up ; to he involved. envenimer [en, venin, q.v.], v.a., 1, to envenom ; exas- perate; embitter. S' ,r.v., to fester. envergure [enverguer, " to bend sails," from en, and ver- gue, " yard "], s.f., the bending ^PANCHER. of sails (thence the unfolding of birds' wings) ; spread of wing, length, breadth. envers [en, vers, q.v.], prep., towards, to. , s.m., wrong side, reverse, back. A 1' , on the wrong side, inside out; all wrong ; deranged. envi (a 1') [0. Fr. v. envier, a term used in gambling, now r envier, "to place a further sum on the game," from L. invitare, whence the verbal s.m., envi, "a challenge"], adv. loc, vying with each other, with emulation. enviable [envier], adj., en- viable, to be envied. envie [L. invidia], s.f, envy, spite, wish. envier [L- L. invidiare], v.a., 1, to envy, long for, fancy, like. envieux, -se [L. invidi- osus], adj., envious. , s.m. or/., envious person. environ [en, and 0. Fr. viron, "around," from 0. Fr. vire, "circle, ring," from L. viria, which in Pliny means a ring], adv., about. environnant, -e [pres. part, of environner], adj., sur- rounding. environner [environ], v.a., 1, to surround, encompass, enclose. environs [environ], s.m. pi., neighbourhood, country round, vicinity, environs. envisager [en, visage, q.v.], v.a., 1, to look at, face, con- sider. S' , to look at each other. envoi [verbal subst. of en- voy er], s.m., envoy, sending, thing sent. envoler (s') [se, en, voler, q.v.], r.v., to fly away. envoyer [L- L- indeviare, from L. inde, viare from via], v.a., 1, to send, despatch, for- ward. S' , r.v., to send to each other. epais, -aisse [L. spissus, " compact, dense "], adj., thick, dense, profound ; heavy, dull. epaisseur [epais], s.f, thickness, depth ; heaviness, dulness. epaissir [epais], v.n., 2, to grow thick. S' , r.v., to grow thick, duller. epancher [L. L. expandi- fiPICE. care, der. of expandere], v.a., 1, to pour out, disclose. S' , r.v., to pour itself out, un- bosom oneself. epanouir (s') [0. Fr. es- panir, from espandir, from L. expandere], r.v., to expand its leaves, bloom. epanouissement [epan- ouir j, s.m., opening, blootning. epargne [verbal subst. of epargner], s.f, saving, thrif- tiness. epargner [0. H. G. sparen, A.-S. sparian, " to spare ;" cf. L. parcere], v.a., 1, to spare, save. S' , r.v., to spare oneself or each other. eparpillement [eparpH- ler], s.m., scattering, disper- sion. eparpiller [0. Fr. espar- piller, prop, "to fly off like a butterfly;" from the It. par- paglione, from L. ace. papilio- nem, "butterfly"], v.a., 1, to scatter, disperse. epars, -e [0. Fr. espars, from L. sparsus], adj., scat- tered, dispersed. epate, -e [P-i'- of epater, " to flatten," from prefix e for es, patte, q.v.], adj., broad, flat, pug (of the nose^. epaule [L- spatula], s.f, shoulder. Coup d' , help, lift. epaulette [epaule], s.f, epaulet. e p a V e [L. expavidus, " frightened "], adj., stray. , s.f., waif s, sf. pi., wrecks. epee [0. Fr. espee, from L. spatha, in Tacitus], s.f, sword. epeler [0. H. G. speium, " to relate "], v.a., 1, to spell. S' , r.v., to be spelt. eperdut -e [jp-p-, of the 0. Fr. V. eperdre=.e, perdre, q.v.], adj., bewildered, dis- eperdument, adv., des- perately, distractedly. eperon [0. Fr. esperon, from 0. H. G. sporo, in the 7iom., and sporon in the ace], s.m., spur. eperonner [eperon], v.a., i, to spur. epi [L. spica], s.m., ear {of corn), cluster. epice [0. Fr. espice, from L. species, "spice" (in the TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK, 235 £PICEB. Pain Digest)], s.f., spice. d' , gingerbread. epicer [^Ipice], v.a., i, to spice, season. epicerie [epice], s.f., gro- cery, spices. epicier, -ere, s.m. or /., grocer. epicurien, -enne IJ^picu- rus, the Greek p)hilosopher'\, adj., epicurean. , s.m. or f., epicure. epidemie [Gr. kTTi^n.o<; {v6cro<;), from errt, " upon," and 6t)ju.o9, "people"], s.f., epi- demic. epidemique {fpidemie'], adj., epidemic, zymotic. epiderme [Gr. emSep^iCs, " a crust formed over a sore," from enC, " on," and Se'p/xa, " skin "], s.m., epidermis, cuticle. epier [0. Fr. espier, from 0. H. G. spehdn, Engl, spy], v.a., 1, to spy, watch. epieu [0. Fr. espieu, from L. n. spiculum], s.m., boar- spear. epigramme [L- epigram- ma, from Gr. kiriypafxixa, " in- scription (in verse)," from ini, " on," and -ypd^eti/, " to write"], s.f., epigram. epigraphe [Gr. e7riypa<^^ (exrt, Ypa^eti/)], S.f., epigraph. epilogue [L. ace. epilogum, from Gr. iiriKoyo^, " the per- oration of a speech "], s.m., epilogue. epine [0. Fr. espine, from L. spina], s.f., thorn. epineux, -euse [L- spi- nosus], adj., thorny, full of thorns. epingle [0. Fr. esplngle, from L. spinula, " a little thorn"], s.f., pin. epique [L. epicvs, Gr. em- Kos], adj., epic, heroic. episcopal, -e [L. episco- palis, see eveque], adj., episco- pal. episcopat [L- ace. episco- patum, see eveche], s.m., epi- scopacy, the bishops. episode [Gr. eTretcroSioi/, from cTTt, "upon," tU, "in," o56?, "way, road"], s.m., epi- sode. epistolaire [L. epistolaris], adj., epistolary. epitaphe [L. n. epita- phium, from Gr. kniTd^iov, " a funeral oratiou," from en-t, gPL'ISOIENT. " upon," and ja^rf, " burial "], s.f., epitaph. epithete [L- n. epitheton, from Gr. kiriOtrov, " the thing added "], s.f., epithet. epitre [0. Fr. epistre, from L. epistola), s.f., epistle, letter. eplucher [prefix e for cs, pluche, q.v.], v.a., 1, to clean, pare, pick ; sift, examine closely. epluchures {eplucher], s.f. pi., parings, refuse. eponge [L. spongia, from Gr. oTTroyyta], S.f., sponge. eponger ieponge], v.a., I, to sponge up. epopee [Gr. eiroTTota, from cTTos, " poem," and Troieti', " to make "], s.f., epopee. epoque [Gr. inoxnl, s.f., epoch, time, period. epouse [L- sponsa], s.f., wi^e. epousee [epouse], s.f., bride. epouser [0. Fr, espouser, from L. sponsare], v.a., 1, to marry, w&i ; take up, embrace, adopt. epouvantable [epouvan- ter], adj., dreadful, frightful. epouvantablement, odv., dreadfully, frightfully. epouvantail [epouvanter], s.m., scarecrow, bugbear. epouvante [verbal subst. of epouvanter], s.f., fright, panic. epouvanter [L. L. expa- ventare, deriv. of L. ace, ex- paventem, pr.p. of expavere], v.a., 1, to frighten, scare, terrify. S' , r.r,, to be frightened. epoux [L. sponsus], s.m., husband. , s.m. pi., mar- ried couple ; couple. eprendre (s') [« for es, prendre, q.v.], r.v., to fall in love ; to be smitten, charmed, fascinated. epreuve [verbal subst. of eprouver^, s.f., trial, test, proof. A toute , proof against anything, well-tried, tru£. epris, -e IP-P- of eprendre], adj., smitten, in love, capti- vated. eprouver [e,prouver, q.v.], v.a., 1, to feel, experience, un- dergo. epuisement iepuiser], s.m., eyahaustion ; draining off. ERGOT ERIE. epuiser \c,puiser, q.v.], v.a. 1, to exhaust, wear out, tire, drain. S' , r.v., to be ex- hausted, to exhaust oneself. epurer [^ for es, pur, q.v.], v.a., 1, to purify, clear, refine. S' , r.v., to be purified, re- fined; to become pure ov purer. equateur [L- ace, aequa- torem, "a circle dividing the earth into two equal parts"], s.m., the equator. equatorial, -e lequateur], adj., equatorial. equerre [0. Fr. esquerre, from L. L.exquadrareQ)], s.f., square rule. En , square. (Its doublets ai-e escadre and square, q.v.) equestre [L. equestris], adj., equestrian. equilibre [L- w. aequiU- brium], s.m., equilibrium, bal- ance. equinoze [L- ri. aequinoc- tium^ " the time of equal days and nights"], s.m., equinox. equinoxial, -e [equinoxe], adj., equinoctial. equipage [equiper], s.m., equipage, train, tackle, imple- ments, crew. equipee [partic. subst. of equiper], s.f., freak, frolic, prank. equipement lequiper], s.m., equipment, outfit. equiper [esquif, from 0. H. G. skif, " skiff"], v.a., 1, to equip, fit out; fig., to dress out, ill-treat. S' , r.v., to rig oneself out. equitable [equite], adj., equitable, just. equitablement, adv., equitably, justly. equitation [L- ace. equita- tionem], s.f., riding, horse- manship. equite [L- ace. aequitatem], s.f., equity, justice. equivoque [L. aequivocus], adj., equivocal, suspicious. erable [L. ■«• acer, " maple," and arbor, " tree "], s.m., maple, maple-tree. ere [L- aera], s.f., era. erection [L. ace. erectio- nem], s.f., erection, raising. ergot [?], s.m., spur (of birds). ergoter [ergot], v.n., i, to cavil, quibble. ergoterie [ergoter], s.f., cavilling, quibbling. 236 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY ergoteur, -euse [ergoter}, s.m. or/., caviller, quibbler. eriger [L- erigere], v.a., 1, to erect, raise, huild, set up. S' , r.v., to set up for ; to he erected (of things'). ermitage [ermite}, s.m., hermitage. ermite [L. ace eremitam, from Gr. eprjfJLinri^, from epTjyoios, "desert"], s.m., hermit. errant, -e [0. Fr. v. errer, " to travel," from L. L. ite- rare^, adj., errant, wander- ing. errer [L- errare"], v.n., 1, to err, to he mistaken; to wander, rove, ramble. erreur [L- ace. errorem'], s.f, error, mistake, wander- ing. errone, -e [L. erroneus, " wandering about "], adj., er- roneous. erudit, -e [Tj. eruditus,p.p. of erudire, " to instruct," from e, rudis, , " ignorant "], adj., learned. Erudit, s.m., scholar, learned man. erudition [L. ace erudi- tionem], sf., erudition, learn- ing. eruption [L. ace. erup- tionem'], sf., eruption, break- ing out. escabeau [L. n. scahellum, dim. of scamnum, " stool "J, s.m., stool, steps. escadre [it. squadra}, sf., squadron (of vessels). escadron [It. squadroned, s.m., squadron (of cavalry). escalade [it. scaZato, from L. scalare, from scala, "lad- der "], s.f., climbing over ; es- calade (military). escalader [escalade}, v.a., 1, to climb over; escalade (military). escalier [L. L. n. scala- rium, deriv. of L. scala'], s.m., staircase. escamotage [escamoter'], s.m., sleight of hand, trick; filching. escamoter [Span, esca- motar'], v.a., 1, to juggle; filch, pilfer. escamoteur, -euse [esca- moter}, s.m. or f., juggler, con- jurer ; fllcher, pilferer. escapade [it. scappata'], s.f, escapade, freak, prank, spree. escarbot [L. ace. scara- beum, from Gr, (TKapa^o<;, " scarabee "], s.m., beetle. escarboucle [L. ace. car- bunculum], s.f., carbuncle (precious stone). escargot [0- FT. escargol, from ex and cargol, from Sp, caracol], s.m., snail, edible snail. escarmouche [It. scara- muccia, G. scharmiitzel, from 0. H. G. skerman, " to fight "J, sf, skirmish. escarpe, -e [escarpe, " scarp," from 0. H. G. scarp], adj., steep, rugged. escarp ement [escarpe], s.m., escarpment, steep side, steepness. escient [L. ace scientem, pres.part. of scire, " to know"], s.m., knowledge, used only in adv. loc, such as : a bon , knowingly, wittingly; a son , to one's knowledge. esclandre [doublet of scaw- dale, q.v.], s.m., noise, scandal, scene, fracas. esclavage [esclave], s.m., slavery, bondage. esclave [L. ace. Slavum, " Slavonian"], s.m. or/., slave, captive. escompte [verbal subst, of escompter], s.m., discount. escompter [prefix es and compte, q.v.], v.a., 1, to dis- count, cash. escorte [It. scorta], s.f, escort, guard, retinue ; convoy (naut.). escorter [escorte], v.a., 1, to escort, accompany. escouade [it. squadra], s.f, squad, gang. escrime [verbal subst. of escrimer], s.f, fencing. escrimer [it. schermare, from 0. H. G. skerm, " shield, defence"], v.n., 1, to fence. S' , r.v., to endeavour, work; dispute, fight. escroc [it. scrocco, G. schurke, from 0. H. G. scurgo, " rogue"], s.m., swindler. escroQuer [escroc], v.a., 1, to swindle. escroquerie [escroquer], s.f, swindling, swindle. espace [L- w. spatium], s.m., space, room, distance, interval. espacer [espace], v.a., 1, to place apart, separate. S' , r.v., to be placed apart; to ex- tend. I Espagne [L. Eispania], s.f, Spain. Espagnol, -e [Espagne], adj., Spanish. , s.m. or/., Spaniard, Spaniard lady. espalier [It. spalUera, "the back of a chair," and " espalier "], s.m., espalier, wall-fruit tree. espece [L- ace. speciem], s.f., species, kind, sort, breed. esperance [it. speranza], s.f., hope. esperer [L. spe^'are], v.a. and n., 1, to hope, expect. espiegle [G. Eulenspiegel, a very popular tale, translated into Fr. under the title of ' Histoire joyeuse de Till Ule- spiegle,* in which the hero performs a number of tricks], 0'^J-> frolicsome. , s.m. ox f., frolicsome child ; roguish man or woman. espieglerie [espiegle], s.f., frolic, trick. espion [it. spione, " scout ;" see epier], s.m., spy, scout. espionnage [espionner], s.m., spying, espionage. espionner [espion], v.a., i, to spy, watch. espoir [I-i- a.cc. pi. speres, in Ennius], s.m., hope. esprit [L. ace. spiritum], s.m., spirit, bi'eath ; mind, wit, intellect, sense. esquif [0. H. G. skiff], s.m., skiff. eSQUisse [It. schizzo, from L. schedius, " made suddenly, off-hand," from Gr. o-xefitos], s.f, sketch. esquisser [esquisse], v.a., 1, to sketch. esquiver [it. schivare, from 0. H. G. skiuhan. Mod. G. scheuen, "to be fright- ened "], v.a., 1, to avoid, shun. , v.n., to get out of the way, escape. S' , r.v., to steal away, escape. e S S a i [L. w. exagium, " weighing"], s.m., trial, essay, attempt. Coup d' , first at- tempt: essaim [L. n. examen], s.m., swarm, bevy, host. essayer [essai], v.a. and n., 1, to try, endeavour, attempt. essence [I--. essentia], sf., essence. essentiel, -elle [L. essen- tialis], adj., essential. ^0 ¥RENCS KEADING BOOK. 237 ESSEKTIELLEMENT. essentiellement, a^tJ-. essentially. essieu [0. Fr. aissieu, from L. ace. axiculum], s.m., axle- tree. eSSOr [0. Fr. v. essorer, " to soar," from L. L. exaurare'], s.m., flight (of birds), soar- ing ; impulse. essouffle, -e [p-p- of es- souffier], adj., out of breath, breathless. essoufiler [es, souffler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to put out of breath. S' , r.v., to get out of breath. eSSUyer [L. exsuccare], v.a., 1, to wipe, clean, dry ; undergo, suffer, encounter ; to be exposed to. S' , r.v., to wipe one's face, hands, shoes, &c. est [Gr. ost], s.m., east. estampe [it. stampa"], sf., print, engraving. estampille lestampe'], s.f, stamp, mark. estampiller [estampille], v.a., 1, to stamp, mark. estimable [L. aestimabi- lis], adj., estimable. estimation [L- ace. aesti- mationem], sf., esteem, esti- mation, valuation. estime [verbal subst. of estimer], s.f, esteem, estima- tion. estimer [L. aestimare], v.a., 1, to esteem, value, prize. S' , r.v., to esteem oneself or each other. estomac [L. ace. stoma- chum, from Gr. o-roju-axo?, "throat, pharynx"], s.m., stomach. estrade [it. strada, from L. strata (sc. via), " paved way," from stratum, sup. of sternere, " to spread out"], s.f, platform. et [L- ei], conj., and. Et . . et . . ., both . . . and . . . etable [L. n. stabulum], sf., stable, cattle-shed. etabli [verbal subst. of eta- blir], s.m., work-bench. etablir [L. staMUre'], v.a., 2, to establish, make, set up, settle. S' , r.v., to settle; set up in business. etablissement [etablir'], s.m., establishment, setting up, settlement. etage [0. Fr. estage, from Prov. estatge, from L. stare], s.m., story (of a house). etain [L. L- n. stagnum, an archaic form of L. stannum], s.m., tin, pewter. eta.lB.ge[etaler], s.m., stall, shop-window ; show, display. etaler [i'tal, "stall, but- cher's shop," from 0. H. G. stal, " stall, shop "], v.a., 1, to expose for sale, lay out, dis- play. S' , r.v., to stretch oneself out. etamage [etamer], s.m., tinning, silvering, plating. etamer [etain, q.v.], v.a., 1, to tin, silver, plate. etamine [L.pi. n. stamina, "threads"], s.f., stamen (of plants) ; fig., examination, ordeal. etancher (?), v.a., i, to stop, quench. etang [0. Fr. estang, from L. n. stagnum], s.m., pond, ipool. etape [L- L- stapula], sf., station, halting-place. etat [I-*, ace. statum], s.m., state, condition, position, pro- fession. £tre en de, to be able. Etat -major, s.m., sta,ff. e t a y e r [etai, Flemish staeye, "support"], v.a., l,to support, prop. etCj PP- of ^ti'e, q.v. (N.B. ete never takes the mark of the /em. or of the pi.) ete [!<• ace. aestatem], s.m., summer. eteindre [0. Fr. esteindre, from L. exstinguere], v.a. 4, to extinguish, put out, quench. S' , r.v., to be extinguished, quenched ; to. perish, die. etendard [Hendre], s.m., standard, flag. etendre [L- extendere], v.a., 4, to extend, spread, stretch. S' , r.v., to extend, stretch oneself out, reach, expand, lengthen, last. etendu, -e,P-P- of s'etendre, lying down. , adj., large, wide, extensive. etendue [partic. subst. of etendre], sf., extent, expanse, le.ngth, duration. eternel, -elle [L. aeter- nalis], adj., eternal. etemellement, adv., for ever, everlastingly. eterniser [L. L. aetemi- sare, from L. aeternus], v.a., 1, to immortalize, perpetuate. fiTOtJRBEElE. S' » r.v., to immortalize oneself, eternite [L- ace. aeterni- tatem], sf, eternity. eternuement [etemuer], s.m., sneezing. etermier [f-*. stemutare], v.n., 1, to sneeze. ethique [Gr. r/^cfcd?, " moral," from r)Qo<;, e0o?, " morals "], s.f., ethics, morals. etincelant, -e [pres. part. of etinceler], adj., sparkling, glittering. etinceler [kincelle], v.n., I, to sparkle, glitter, flash. etincelle [0. Fr. estincelle, from L. scintilla], s.f, spark. etiolement [etioler], s.m., etiolation (of plants) ; emaci- ation. etioler [Norman s'etieuler, from eteule, "stubble," from L. stipula, " haulm of corn "], v.a., 1, to etiolate (of plants) ; emaciate. S' , r.v., to etio- late ; to waste away. etiquette [?], s.f, label; ceremony, customs, etiquette. etoffe [0. Fr. estoffe, from G. stofl", from L. stuppa], s.f, stuff", cloth. etoile [0. Fr. estoile, from L. Stella], s.f, star. etoile, -e [P-P- of etoiler], adj., starred, studded. etoiler [eloile], v.a., 1, to star, stud ; light. S' , r.v., to be or become studded with stars. etonnant, -e [pres. part. of ctonner], adj., wonderful. etonne, -e [p-p- of eton- ner], adj., astonished, wonder- ing. etonnement [etonner], s.m., astonishment, amaze- ment. etonner [L. ex, tonare], v.a., 1, to astonish, amaze. S' , r.v., to wonder, marvel, be astonished. etouifer [0. Fr. estouffer, from L. ex and a d'eriv. (touf- fer?) from Gr. tv^o<;, "va- pour," = to stifle in vapour], v.a., 1, to stifle, choke, smother. , v.n., to be suffocated, stifled, smothered. etoupe [O. Fr. estoupey from L. stuppa], s.f, tow. etouper [etoupe], v.a., 1, to stop with tow ; caulk (naut.). etourderie [etourdiri 238 ETYMOLOGICAL BlCTlONAHY fTOURDI. «/., heedlessness, giddiness etourdi, -e [p-p- of kour- diV], adj., heedless, giddy, thoughtless. etourdiment, adv., heed- lessly, giddily, thoughtlessly. etourdir [L. L. extorpi- dire, "to make torpid"], v.a., 2, to deafen, stun, astound ; to make giddy. S' , r.v., to shake off the thoughts (of). etrange [0. Fr. estrange, from L. extraneus}, adj., strange, queer. etrangement, adv., strangely. etranger [etrange"], s.m., stranger, foreigner; foreign country. , -ere, adj., for- eign, unknown. etranglement [etrangler], s.m., strangling, strangula- tion. etrangler [O.Fr. estrangler, from L. strangulare}, v.a., 1, to strangle, throttle. S' , r.v., to strangle oneself. etre [L. L. essere, for L. esse], V. subst. and aux., to he. Y , to understand ; to he at home. etre [Inf- iised as a subst.], s.m., being, creature ; exist- ence, life. etreindre [0. Fr. estrein- dre, from L. stringere'], v.a., 4, to hind, tie up, clasp. etreinte [verbal subst. of etreindre], s.f., clasp, em- brace. etrenne [0. Fr. estrenne, from L. strena, " omen " and " a New Year's present " (given for the sake of the omen)], s.f.. New Tear's gift, Christmas- box. etrier [formerly estrier, contr. of estrivier, a deriv. of 0. Fr. estrif, from 0. G. strippe, " a leathern strap "], 8.m., stirrup. etrille [0. Fr. estrHle, from L. ace. strigilem], s.f, curry- comb. etriller letrille'], v.a., 1, to curry, to comb. etriviere [see etrier'], sf., stirrup - leather. Les s (fig.), s.f. pi., horsevjhipping. etroitj -e [0. Fr. estroit, from L. strictus], adj., nar- row, close, strict. etroitement, odv., tightly, narrowly, strictly. flVECHfi. etude [L. n. studium], s.f., study; examination. , etudiant [pres. part, of etudier], s.m., student. etudier [etude], v.a. and n., 1, to study, watch. S' , r.v., to study oneself or each other. ^ etui [0. Fr. estui, from Mid. H. G. stUche, "sheath"], s.m., box, case, sheath. etymologic [L. etymologia, from Gr. erv/LLoA-oyia, from ervjao?, "true, real," and \6yo<;, " word, statement "], s.f, etymology. euphonic [Gr. ^v^oivia, "goodness of sound"], s.f., euphony. euphonique [ euphonic ], adj., euphonic. Europe [L. Europa, Gr. EupwTrrj], S.f., Europe. Europe en, -enne [L. eu- ropaeus], adj. and s.m. or/., European. eux [L. ace. pi. m. illos], pers. pron. m. pi., they, them. — memes, themselves. (The /. is elles.^ evacuation [L. ace. eva- cuationem], s.f., evacuation, clearance. evacuer [L- evacuare], v.a., 1, to evacuate. evader (s') [L. evadere], r.v., to escape. evaluation [evaluer], s.f., valuation, estimate. evaluer [e, value, p.p. f. of valoir], v.a., 1, to value. evangelique [l^- evan- gelicus], adj., evangelical. evangile [h.n.evangeUum, from Gr. evayye\LOv, " good tidings "], s.m., the Gospel. evanouir (s') [!-<. ex, vanes- cere, from vanus], r.v., to vanish, disappear ; sicoon, faint. evanouissement [han- ouir], s.m., disappearance, fainting. evaporer [L- evaporare], v.a., 1, to evaporate. S' , r.v., to evaporate. evasion [L- L- ace. eva- sionem, from L. evadere], sf., escape, flight. eveche [0. Fr. eveschie, from L. ace. episcopatum], s.m., bishopric, bishop's palace. {Eveche is a doublet of epis- copat, q.v.) See eveque. EXALTATION. eveil [verbal subst. of eveiller], s.m., awaking, alert, hint, warning. evcille, -C [p-p- of eveilUr], adj., awake, alert, lively, quick, sharp, intelligent. eveiller [L. L. exvigilarej, v.a., 1, to awake, rouse, excite, enliven. S' , r.v., to awake. evenement [It. eveni- mento, from L. evcnire], s.m., occurrence, event. eventail [eventer], s.m., fan {pi. eventails). eventer [e, venter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to fan; to get flat (of liquors) ; divulge. eventrer [. fatalis], adj., fatal, unfortunate. fatalement, adv., fatally, unfortunately. fatalisme, s.m.,fatalism. fataliste, adj., fatalistic. , s.m. or f., fatalist. fatalite [L. ace. fataUta- tem], s.f, fatality. fatigant, -e [fatiguer], adj., tiring, fatiguing, irk- some, wearisome. fatigue [verbal subst. of fatiguer], s.f., toil, fatigue. fatiguer (L.fatigare], v.a., 1, to fatigue, weary. Se , r.v., to fatigue oneself, to be tired. fatuite [L. ixcc.fatuitatem], s.f, conceit, foppishness. faubourg [L. L. n. foris- burgum, from L. foris, " out- side," and burgus, " a fort "J, s.m., suburb, faubourg. fauchage [faucher], s.m., mowing. fauchaison [faucher], s.f, mowing, mowing-time. faucher [L. L. falcare, from L. Sicc. falcem, " scythe "], v.a., 1, to mow, cut down. faucheur [faucher], s.m., mower. faucille [dim. of faux, s.f, q.v.], sf., sickle. faucon [L- ace. falconem], s.m., falcon, hawk. faufiler [faux (adj.), fil, q.v.], v.a., 1, to tack (in sew- ing). Se , r.v., to slip or creep into; to introduce or insinuate oneself. faussement [adj. fausse, fem. oifaux, and suffix -ment], adv., falsely , wrongly. fausser [L. falsare, "to falsify "], v.a., 1, to bend, twist, force, strain ; falsify, forge. fausset [It. falsetto, from L. f.pl. fauces, "throat"], s.m., falsetto. fausset [?]. s.m., spigot, vent-peg. faussete [L. ace. falsita- tem], s.f, falseness, untruth. faut, ^rd p. sing., pres. Ind. of falloir, q.v. faute [It. falta, from L. L. fallita, "act of failing," der. from L. fallere], s.f, fault, mistake. de, for want of, in default of. fauteuil [L. L. n. faldesto- lium, from 0. H. G. faltstuol], s.m., arm-chair. fautif, -ive [faute], adj., faulty, bad. fauve [0. Fr. falve, from G. falb, from 0. H. G. falo, "tawny"], adj., tawny. Bete , fallow deer; wild beast. , s.m., fallow, fawn colour. fauvette [fauve], sf., warbler. faux [L. ace. falcem], s.f, scythe. faux, fausse [L. faisus], adj., false, untrue; sham. faveur [L. ace. favorem], sf; favour, kindness. PJu de,/or, in behalf of. favorable [L. favorabiUs], adj., favourable, propitious. favorablement, adv., fa- vourably, propitiously. favori, -ite Ipp- of the 0. Fr. v. favorir], adj. and s.m. or f, favourite. favoriser [faveur], v.a., 1, to favour, befriend, support. fecond, -e [L. fecundus], adj., fertile, fruitful. feconder [L. fecundare], v.a., 1, to fertilize. fecondite [L. ace. fecun- ditatem], s.f, fecundity, fer- tility. federal, -e [L. L. foeder- alis, deriv. of foedus], adj., federal. federaliser (se) [fedirai], r.v., to federalize. federalisme [federaliser], s.m., federalism. federation [h. ace. foeder- ationem], sf., federation. fee [It. fata, from L. fata, " one of the Parcse," from n. fatum], s.f., fairy, elf. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 243 FfERIE. feerie Ifee], s/., fairy- land, enchantment, fairy- scene. feerique, adj., fairy, magic, enchanting. feindre [L. fngere], v.a. and n., 4, to feign, counter- feit, pretend. feinte [partic. subst. of feindre], s.f, dissimulation, pretence. feld-marechal [G. feld- marschall], s.m., field-mar- shal. feler [L. fssiculare (fis- sus), "to divide the entrails for the purpose of divination"], v.a., 1, to crack. Se , r.v., to get cracked. felicitation ifelidter], sf., congratulation. f eliciter [L- felidtare, " to make happy"], v.a., 1, to con- gratulate. Se , r.v., to congratulate oneself or each other. felin« -e [L. felinus}, adj., feline. felon, -onne [L- L. ace. fellonem], s.m. or f, felon. felonie, s.f felony, treason. femelle [L- L- femella, dim. of L. femina}, adj. and s.f, female. feiuinin, -e i^-femininus], adj., feminine. Feminin, s.m., feminine gender. femme [L. femina], s.f, woman, wife. fenaison (^- n. foenum or fenum], sf, hay-making. fendre [L. findere], v.a., 4, to cleave, split, divide. Se , r.v., to split, crack. fenetre [L- fenestra], s.f, window. fenil [L. pi. n. foenilia], s.m., hayloft. fenouil [L. n.foeniculum], s.m., fennel. fente [verbal subst. of fendre], s.f, chink, crack, slit. feodal, -e [Medieval L. feodalis], adj., feudal. feodalite [feodal], s.f, feudality, feudalism. fer [L- n. ferrum], s.m., iron; horse-shoe. s, s.m. pi., irons, fetters. fer-blanc ifer, Uanc (adj.), q.v.], s.m., tin. ferie [L. feriatus, from L. pi. fern, feriae, " holidays "], adj. (m. only), of holidays. Jours 8, holidays. FETE. ferir [L. ferire], v.a., 2, to strike. Sans coup , with- out striking a blow, i.e. with- out meeting resistance. ferme [L- L. firma], s.f, farm, farm-house. ferme [L. firmus], adj., firm, steady. , adv., firmly, hard, fast. ferme, -e iP-P- of fermer], adj., shut, closed, inclosed with. fermement [.adj. ferme, and suffix -men^], adv., firmly, resolutely. fermentation [fermenter], s.f. , fermentation. fermenter [L.fermentare], v.n., 1, to ferment. fermer [L- firmare], v.a., I, to close, shut, fasten. Se , r.v., to close, shut. fermete [L- ace. firmita- tem], s.f , firmness, resolution, strength, vigour. fermier, -ere [ferme, s.f], s.m. or/., farmer; farmer's wife. feroce [L- aee. adj.ferocem], adj., fierce, ferocious, wild. ferocite [L- aee. feroci- tatem], sf, ferocity, fierce- ness. ferre, -e iP-P- of ferrer], adj., iron-shod, shod, tagged. a glace, rough-shod. Chemin ferre, stone-road. ferrer [L. h.ferrare], v.a., 1, to bind with iron, shoe, tag. ferrngineux, -euse [L- L. ferruginosus, deriv. of ace. ferruginem, "rust"], adj., ferruginous. fertile [L. fertilis], adj., fertile, fruitful. fevtllementif^dv., fertilely, fruitfully. fertilisation [fertiliser], s.f. , fertilization. fertiliser [fertile], v.a., 1, to fertilize. fertilite [L- aee. fertili- tatem], s.f, fertility, fruit- fulness. fervent, -e [L. aee. fer- ventem, pres. part, of fervere, " to be warm "], adj., fervent. ferveur [L- ace. fervorem], s.f, fervour. festin . [It- festino], s.m., feast, banquet. fete [L- festa, pi. of festunh " holiday "], s.f, feast, fes- tival, entertainment. feter [fete], v.a., l, to cele- brate, feast, welcome, enter- tain. fetide [L. fetidus], adj., fetid, offensive. feu [L- ace. focum], s.m., fire; ardour, zeal, spirit. Faire , to fire. Coup do , shot, shot-wound. Coin du , fireside. feudataire [L- L- ace. feu- datarium, from L. L. n. feu- dum, " fief"], s.m. or /., feu- datory. feuillage [feuille], s.m., foliage, leaves. feuille [L. folia, pi. of folium], s.f, leaf feuillet [dim. of feuille], s.m., leaf (of a book). feuilleter [feunief], v.a., 1, to hurry through (a book). feve [L.faba], sf., bean. fevrier [L. ace. Febru- arium], s.m., February. fi [onomat.], interj.,fie ! fiacre [St. Fiacre], s.m., hackney-coach, cab. (See Notes p. 151, No. 33.) fian9ailles [fiancer], s.f pi., betrothal. fiance, -e [partic. subst. of fiancer], s.m. or /., betrothed, bridegroom; bride. fiancer [Medieval L.fidan- tiare, from L. ace. fidantem, from fidare, seefier (se)], v.a., 1, to betroth. Se , r.v., to be betrothed. ficelle [L- L- '^' filicellum, dim. of L. n. filum, or L. fis- cella, "a small wicker-work basket"], s.f, string, twine. fichier [L. I", figicare (?) or fixicare, dim. of L. figere], v.a., 1, to drive in, stick in, fix on. Se , r.v., to be driven in or stuck; to enter into. fictif, -ive [L-L- fi^tivus, deriv. of L. fictus], adj.,fi<;ti- tio^is. fiction [L- aee. jictionem], s.f. , fiction, fable. fidele [L. fidelis], adj., faithful, true, trusty, sure. fidelement, adv., faith- fully, truly, trustily, surely. fidelite [L- ace. fidelita- tem], s.f, fidelity, faithful- ness, loyalty, honesty, probity. fief [L- L- n.feudum, from 0. H. G. feod, " possessions "], s.m., fief. R 2 244 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY fiel [L. n. fel], s.m., gall; malice, hatred. fier (se) [L- L- fidare, from L. Jldus], r.v., to trust, rely, depend on. fier [L. ferns'], adj., proud, haughty. fierement, adv., haughtily, proudly. fierte [L. ace. feritatem], s.f., pride, haughtiness. fievre [L- ace. /e&rem], s./., fievreux, -euse Lfevre}, adj., feverish, fever-giving, fifre [0. H. G. pffa, "whistle"], s.m.,ffe. figue [L- acc^cwm], sf.,fig. figuier [/i^'Me], S.W., /^5r- figuratif, -ive [L- L- /5^- ra^ivws], adj., figurative. figurativement, o.dv., fi- guratively. figure [L.^^rwra], s.f, face ; figure ; form ; shape, appear- ance ; figure-head (of a ship). figure, -e LP-P- oifigurer], adj., figurative. Figure, s.m., figurative sense. figurement, adv., figura- tively. figurer [L. figurare], v.a., 1, to Jigure, represent. , v.n., to look, appear, match. Se , r.v., to fancy, ima- gine, picture to oneself. fil [L. n. filum], s.m., thread, web, edge, wire. filasse C.^^], s.f, tow. file \.fil\ sf.,file, rank, row. filQT lfil'],v.a.,\,to spin,con' duct, carry on, manage. , v.n., to file off, give in, he off. filet C/^]> s.m., snare, net, string, thread. fileur, -euse ifil], s.m. or/., spinner, spinster. do cartes, card-sharper. fille [L- filia'], sf., girl, maid, daughter. fiUeul [L. ace. filiolum, dim. of filiusl, s.m., god-son. filleule [L- filiola, dim. of filia], s.f, god-daughter. filon Ifil], s.m., vein, lode. filou [doublet of fileur, q.v.], s.m., pickpocket, sharper. fils [L. ace. filium], s.m., son, boy. fin [I^- ace. j^nem], s.f, end, close, conclusion. fin, -e [L. finitus, "fin- ished perfected"], adj., fine. thin, slender, nice, acute, keen, artful. final, -e [L- finalis], adj., final, last. finalement, adv., finally, lastly. finance ifinant, pres. part. of the 0. Fr. v. finer (from L. finis), "to end, conclude"], s.f, cash, ready-money, fine, finances. finement [adj. f em. fine, and suffix -ment], adv., finely, delicately, cunningly, sharply, skilfully. finesse LM, a^j-], s.f, fineness, delicacy, subtlety, wit, sharpness, cunning, trick. finir [L. finire], v.a., 2, to end, finish, conclude. , v.n., to end, come to a conclu- sion. par, to end in, or finally to . . . , at last to. fiole [L- phiala, from Gr. 0taAr}], S.f, phial, bottle. fisc [L. ace. fiscum], s.m., fisc, the treasury. fiscal, -e [L. fiscalis], adj., fiscal, financial. fixe [JLi- fixus], adj., fixed, firm, set, regular. fixe, -e IP-P- of fixer], adj., fixed, settled, fastened. fixement, adv., fixedly, hard, in the face, steadily, firmly. fixer Ifixe], v.a., 1, to fix, stick, fasten, stare at. Se , r.v., to stick on ; to settle. fixite [fixe], s.f , fixedness, stability. flacon [L- L- ace. fiasconem, dim. of flasca, from L. n. vas- culum], s.m., flagon, bottle. flair [verbal subst. of fiairer], s.m., scent (of dogs). flairer [L. fiagrare], v.a., 1, to smell, scent. flambeau [0. Fr. flambe, from L. fiammula, dim. of fiamma], s.m., torch, candle- stick. flamber [0. Fr. fiambe], v.n., 1, to blaze up. flamboyant, -e [pres. part. of Jiamboyer], adj., blazing, glistening. flamboyer [fi^mber], v.n., 1, to blaze, glisten. flamme [L- fiamma], s.f, flame, blaze. flanc [L. adj. flaccus, " weak, soft," i.e. the soft part of the body], s.m., flank, side. Flandre, sf., Flanders. flanquer iflarw], v.a., i, to flank, cover. flaque [Flemish vlacke, " a pool by the sea-shore, at low- water"], s.f ., pool, puddle. flasque [h.'L.flaxidus,foT li. flaccidus], adj., soft, flabby. flatter [0. H. G. flaz, « flat, smooth"], v.a., 1, to flatter; caress, stroke. Se , r.v., to flatter oneself or each other; to hope, expect; to de- lude oneself flatterie [flatter], s.f, flat- tery, caress. flatteur, -euse, adj. and s.m. or f, flattering, pleasing, agreeable ; flatterer. flatteusement, adv., flat- teringly. fleau [L- n.flagellum], s.m., scourge; flail. fleche [Mid. H. G. flitsch], s.f, arrow. flechir [L. flectere], v.a., 2, to bend, bow, move, appease, , v.n., to bend, give way. fletrir [?]» v.a., 2, to brand, blight, cause to fade, wither. Se , r.v., to fade, wither ; dishonour oneself. fletrissure [fletrir], s.f, brand, disgrace, stain, blight, fading, withering. fleur [L- ace. florem], s.f., flower. Yeux a de tete, goggle-eyes. fleuraison [fleur], s.f, blossoming, flowering-season. fleurir [L- florere], v.n., 2, to flower, flourish. fleuron [fleur], s.m., gem, jewel, ornament. fleuve [L- ace. fluvium], s.m., river. flexibilite [L. ace. flexi- bilitatem], s.f., flexibility, pli- ability. flexible [Jj. flexibilis],adj., flexible, pliant, supple. flocon [L- ace. floccum], s.m., fl^ke, flock. florin [It. fiorino], s.m., florin. florissant, -e [pres. part. of fleurir], adj., flourishing, blooming. flot [L- ace. fluctum], s.m., wave, flood, tide. flottant, -e [pres. part, of flatter], adj , floating, waver- ing. Aotte [flot], s.f, fleet. flotter [flot], v.n., 1, tQ TO PEfiNCH KEADlNG 130011. 245 fioat, swim; fluctuate, waver, hesitate. fluide [L. fluidus}, adj., fluid, flowing, liquid. , s.m., fluid. fl^te [0. Fr. flaute, verbal subst. of the 0. Fr. v.flaiiter, "to blow in a wind instru- ment," from L. ace. flatum, " breath "], s.f., flute. flux [L. ace. fluxuiri], s.m., flow, rising. foi [L. ace. fldem}, s.f., faith, belief, trust. Ma ! upon my word, indeed ! foie [I-i- flcatum (sc. jecur), " the liver of an animal which has been fattened with figs"], s.m., liver. foin [L' w. foenuml, s.m., hay. foire [L./ena], s.f, fair. fois [L. vices, " times "], sf., time. Toutes les , every time. A la , at the same time; both. foison [L- ace. fusionem, «• pouring out"], s.f., plenty, abundance. A , plenti- fully. folatre Ifol (see fou) and sufiQx -astre = -dtre}, adj., playful, sportive. folatrer [foldtrel v.n., i, to play, sport. folie ifol, see fou], s.f, folly, madness. folle, see fou. follement [a^j- A^- folle, and sufiBx -ment}, adv., fool- ishly, madly. fomentation Ifomenter}, s.f, fomentation. fomenter [L. fomentare'], v.n., 1, to foment. fonction [L. ace. func- tionem], s.f, function, office, charge, duty. fonctionnaire Ifonction'], s.m., functionary, officer. fond [L. a,cc. fundum'], s.m., depth, bottom. superieur, head (of a cask). fondamental, -e [fonde- ment}, adj., fundamental, es- sential. fondatenr [L. &cc.funda- torem}, s.m., founder. (The fem. ia fondatrice.) fondation [L- ace. funda- tionem], s.f, foundation. fondement [L. n. funda- mentum}, s.m., foundation, reliance. fokjiellemext. fonder [L. fundare'], v.a., 1, to found, establish, erect. Se , r.v., to be founded ; to rely, build. londre [L- fundere'], v.a., 4, to melt, thaw, cast. , v.n., to make a sudden stoop at, pounce upon. Se , r.v., to melt. fonds [L. ace. fundum}, s.m., ground, landed property ; cash, funds. fondu, P-P- of fondre, q.v. fontaine [L. L. fontana, from L. ace. fontem'], s.f, spring, fountain. fonte [partic. subst. of fondre], s.f, melting, casting; cast-iron. fonts l'L.fontes,pl. of fons], s.m. pi., the baptismal font. forban [L foris, and L. L. n. bannum; see ban], s.m., one who is out of the pale of the law, bandit, pirate. for cat [forcer], s.m., con- vict. * force [L.L. fortia], s.f, might, strength, force, power. De toutes ses s, with all his might. De , by force. forcer [force], v.a., 1, to compel, oblige, break open, storm. a la course, to hunt, run down. foret [L- 'L.foresta, from L. foris, " outside "], s.f ., forest. forfaire [L- L- forisfacere, " to do things contrary to what is right "], v.n. and defect., 4, to forfeit, prevaricate. forfait [L-L. n. forisf ac- tum], s.m., crime. forfanterie [it. furfante- ria, "wicked action"], s.f., boasting, bragging. forge [L. fabrica], s.f, forge, blacksmith's shop, iron- works. {Forge is a doublet of fabriqueT) forger [Jorge], v.a., 1, to forge, make; invent, imagine. forgeron [forger], s.m., blacksmith. formation [L- ace. forma- tionem], sf., formation, Or- dre de , forming {in a battle). forme [L- forma], sf., form, shape, figure; last {for boots). formel, -elle [L. formaUs], adj., formal, express, absolute. formellement, adv., for- mally, expressly, absolutely. FOUDROYER. former [L- formare], v.a., 1, to form, shape, make; bring up. Se , r.v., to form, he formed, grow, ripen. formidable [L. formida- bilis], adj., formidable, tre- mendous, dreadful. formule [h. formula], s.f, form, formula, prescription. formuler [formule], v.a., 1, to express. fort, -e [L- fortis], adj., strong ; powerful ; bad. Fort, s.m., strong man ; main point ; heart; thickest part; skill; forte ; stronghold, fortress, fort. , adv., very, much. fortement, adv., strongly ; hard; tightly; much. forteresse [h.h.fortaiitia, . der. from L. fortis], s.f ., for- tress. fortification [L. siccforti- flcationem], s.f ., fortification. fortifier [L. fortiflcare], v.a., 1, to fortify, strengthen. Se , r.v., to fortify one- self; to grow stronger. fortuit, -e [L- fortuitus], adj., fortuitous, casual, acci- dental. fortuitement, adv., by ac- cident, by chance. fortune [L- fortune.], s.f, fortune ; chance, luck ; wealth, property. fortune, -e [L.fortunatus], adj., happy , fortunate. fosse [h. fossa], s.f ., grave, pit. fosse [L.L. n. fossatum, deriv. from L. fossa], s.m., ditch. fossette [dim. of fosse], s.f, pit; dimple. fossoyeur [fossoyer, "to dig a trench"], s.m., grave- digger. fou, folle [0. Fr. fol, from L. \j.follis, "foolish," from L. follis, " a pair of bellows "], adj., mad, insane, wild. Fou, s.m., madman ; bishop {chess). foudre [0. Fr. foldre, from L. n. fulgur], s.f, lightning, thunder. (flg-)» ^-^-t thunderbolt, hero, great war- rior. foudroyant, -e [pres.part. of foudroyer], adj., thunder- ing ; crushing; tremendous. foudroyer [foudre], v.a., i, to strike with lightning; crush, destroy ; fulminate, anathe- matize. ■■ ' 246 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTION AEY. fouet [0. Fr. fou, from L. acc.fagum, "beech"], s.m., ivhip, hundle of twigs, lashes. fouetter [fouet], v.a., i, to heat, whip, flog. fougere [L. ace flicem], sf.,fern. fougue [It. foga, from L. fuga], sf.,flre, spirit, fury. fougueux, -euse [fougue], adj., fierce, fiery, ardent. fouille [verbal subst. of fouiller], sf., digging, exca- vation. fouiller [L. fodicare, freq. of fodere, "to dig"], v.a. and n., 1, to excavate, dig, search. Se , r.v., to fumble in one's pockets. fouine [0- Fr. faine, from L. adj. fern, fagina, " of beech "j, sf., beeJi-marten, weasel. foulard [?], s.m., silk- handkerchief. fcule [verbal subst. of fouler], s.f, crowd. fouler [ii- L. fullare, from L. ace. fullonem], v.a., 1, to tread upon, press, crush. foulon [L. ace. fullonem], s.m., fuller. foulure [fouler], sf., sprain. four [0. ¥T.forn,for, from L. ace. furnum], s.m., oven, furnace. fourbe [It. furbo], adj., cheating, knavish. , s.f, cheat, imposture. , s.m., cheat, knave. fourberie Ifourbe], s.f, imposture, fraud. fourbir [0. H. G. f urban], v.a., I, to furbish. fourche [L. f ureal s.f, fork, pitchfork. fourchette [dim. of four- che], sf., tablefork. fourgon [?], s.m., baggage- waggon, cart ; poker. fourmi fL. formica], s.f, ant. fourmiliere [fourmi], sf, ant-hill or -nest, swarm of ants. fourmiller [L. L. formi- culare (?),from h. formicula], v.n., 1, to swarm. fournaise [L- ace. /or- nacem], sf, furnace. fourneau [L- L- ace. /wr- nellum, dim. of L. furnus, "oven"], s.m., stove, kitchen- range ; furnace. FRAiCHIR. foumir [0. H. G.frumjan, "to furnish, procure"], v.a., 2, to supply, give, furnish, provide. fournisseur [foumir], s.m., purveyor, tradesman. fourniture [foumir], s.f, furnishing ; provision, goods. fourrage [0. Fr. foare, see fourreau], s.m., forage. fourrager [fourrage], v.a. and n., 1, to forage, plunder. fourre [partie. subst. of fourrer], s.m., thicket. fourre, -e [P-P- of fourrer], adj., furry, feathered ; woody, thick, full of thickets. fourreau [dim. of the O. Fr. fuere, from the 0. H. G. fodr, " sheath." But, in Fr., fuere or foare meant also " straw, forage"], s.m., sheath, case, scabbard. fourrer [fourreau], v.a., 1, to thrust, push in. Se , r.v., to thrust oneself; intro- duce oneself; intrude; meddle; hide oneself. fourrure [fourrer], s.f, fur, furred garment. fourvoyer [L. foris, " out of," and via, "way"], v.a., 1, to mislead. Se , r.v., to go astray ; to blunder. foyer [L. L. n. focarium, "hearth," dim. of L. focus], s.m., hearth, fireside, native land. fracas [it. fracasso, " noise, tumult "], s.m., crash, uproar. fracasser [it. fracassare], v.a., 1, to break, shatter. Se , r.v., to be shattered to fraction [L. ace. frac- tionem], s.f, part, fraction ; breaking. fragile [L. fragilis], adj., frail, weak, fragile. (^Fragile is a doublet of frele, q.v.) fragilite [L. ace. fragili- tatem], s.f, fragility, frailty, brittleness. fragment [L. n. frag- mentum], s.m., fragment, piece, particle. fraiche, seafrais. fraichement, adv.,freshly, coolly, recently, newly. fraicheur [frakhe, fem. of frais], s.f ., freshness, cool- ness ; sweetness, bloom; breeze. fraichir [fraiche], v.n., 2, to freshen, get cool. FRATERNITY. frais Ipl' of 0. Fr. frait, from L. L. n. fredum, " a fine," from G. friede, " a payment for having broken the public peace "], s.m. pi., expense, cost. frais, fraiche [O. H. G. frisc. Modern G. frisch], adj., fresh, cool, siveet, new. fraise [L- L- fragea, deriv. of L. n. fragum], s.f, straw- berry. fraise [frise], s.f, ruff. fraisier [f raise], s.m., strawberry plant. franc [see FQ-ank], s.m., franc (ten pence). franc, -ch.e [L. li.francus, "free"], adj., free, exempt, frank, open-hearted, pure. Fran9ais, -e [L.L. fran- censis, deriv. of Franc], adj., French. , s.m. or /., Frenchman, Frenchwoman. France [Franc], s.f., France. franchement [fem. adj. franche, and sufQx -ment], adv., frankly, openly, sin- cerely, outright. franchir [franc], v.a., 2, to leap over, clear, rush through or across, go beyond, break through. franchise [franche, fem. of the adj. franc], s.f., fran- chise, frankness, candour, ex- emption, privilege. francisque [L.L. fran- cisca, from L, L. francus], s.f, battle-axe. frange [0. Fr. fringe, from L. pi. fimbriae], s.f., fringe. Frank or Franc \fem. Franke or Franque], adj. and s.m., Frank. frappant, -e [pres. part. of frapper], adj., striking, impressive, remarkable. frapper [N. flappen, "to give a blow"], v.a., 1, to strike; impress, beat. , v.n., to knock, hit. Se , r.v., to knock or strike oneself or each other ; to be impressed. fratemel, -elle [it- fra- ternale, from L. fraternus], adj., fraternal, brotherly. fraternellement, adv., fraternally, brotherly. fraterniser [L- adj. fra- temus\ v.n., 1, to fraternize. fraternite [L. ace. frater- nitatem], s.f., fraternity, bro- therhood. TO PEENCa READING BOOK. 247 fraude [L- ace. fraudem}, s.f., fraud, deceit, cheat. ' frauder [fraiide'], v.a. and n., 1, to defraud, deceive, cheat. frayer [L- fricare, "to rnb"], v.a., 1, to trace out (a road), open, prepare. Se , r.v., to make, open for oneself (a road). frayeur [I- ^^cc friyorem'], s.f., fright, terror. fredonner [L. fritinnire, " to twitter"], v.a. and n., 1, to hum. fregate [it. fregata, from 1,. fabricata], sf., frigate. frein [}■'• n. frenum], s.m., hridle, bit, curb, restraint, check. frele [0. Fr. fraile, from Jj. fragilis'], adj., frail, weak. (Its doublet is fragile, q.v.) frelon [.A'cie], s.m., hornet. fremir [L. fremere], v.n., 2, to slmdder, tremble, quiver, murmur. fremissement [fremir], s.m., shudder, quivering, trembling, murmuring. frene [0. Fr. fresne, from Ij. ace. fraxinum'], s.m., ash- tree. frenesie [L. phrenesis, from Gr. ^perrjo-i?, " delirium," from (l)p-qv, "thought"], s*f., frenzy, madness. frenetique [L. phrene- tic us], adj., frenetic, fran tic . frequemmeilt [frequent], adv., frequently, often. frequent, -e [L. ace. adj. frequentem], adj., frequent. frequentatif, -ive, adj., frequentative, frequente, -e [P-P- of fre- quenter], adj., frequented, at- tended, of resort, run after. frequenter [L. frequent- are], v.a., 1, to frequent, go often to, use ; associate with. frere [L. aec. fratrem], s.m., brother ; friar. friand [frire], adj., dainty, fond of. friandise [friand], s.f., dainties. friche [Gael, frithe], s.f, waste land. En , uncul- tivated. frimas [0. Fr. f rimer, " to freeze," 0. Scand. hrim, " rime, hoar-frost"], s.m., hoar-frost, frost and snoxo, cold, winter. fringant, -e [fmnguer, FRONCEMENT. "to frisk or skip about"], o>dj., frisky, brisk. friper [?]. f^-O", l, to gobble down, swallow up. fripon, -onne [friper, " to swallow;" the original mean- ing of fripon was " gour- mand"], s.m. or /., knave, cheat. , adj., roguish, knavish. frire [L- frigere], v.a., 4, to fry. Faire , to fry. frise [Friesland, a word of historical origin], s.f., curly woollen frieze (which came from Friesland). friser [frise], v.a., 1, to frizzle, curl ; border upon, graze, pass very near. frisson [0. Fr. frigon, from L. ace. frictionem], s.m., shi- vering, shudder. frissonnement [frisson- ner], s.m., shiver, shudder. frissonner [frisson], v.n., 1, to shiver, shudder. frivole [L- frivolus], adj., frivolous, trifling. frivolement, cwZu., frivo- lously. frivolite [L- ace. frivoU- tatem], s.f., frivolity, trifle. froc [L.L. ace. /irocum, from 0. H. G. hrock], s.m., frock, monk's frock. froid, -e [J^. adj. n.frigid- um], adj. and s.m., cold, cold weather, coldness. froidement, adv., coldly, coolly, in cold blood ; calmly. froideur [froid], sf., cold- ness, coolness, chill, reserve. froidir [froid], v.a. and n., 2, see refroidir. froissement [froisser], s.m., bruising, clashing, of- fending, offence. froisser [L. L- frictiare Q), deriv. from frictus, p.p. of fricare], v.a., 1, to bruise, rub violently, offend, hurt. Se , r.v., to be bruised; to take offence. frolement [froier], s.m., rustling. froler [!-'• L- fiictulare (?), dim. of L. L. frictare (.?), freq. of L. fricare], v.a., 1, to touch, rustle against ; to rub in one's hands. fromage [L- L. formati- cum, se. caseum], s.m., cheese. froment [L- n- frumen- tum], s.m., wheat, corn. froncement [froncer], s.m., knitting, wrinkling. des sourcils, frowning, frown. froncer [L.L.frontia7-e(?), deriv. from L. ace. frontem], v.a., 1, to frown, wrinkle up. fronde [0. Fr. fonde, from L. funda], s.f, sling. Fronde, s.f, the Fronde (in Fr. his- tory). fronder [fmnd^i], v.a., i, to sling, fling, rail, carp at. frondeur, s.m., sUnger^ railer, carper; Frondeur (in Fr. history). , -ense, adj, and s.m. or /., railing, jeer- ing ; railer, jeerer. front [L. ace. frontem], s.m., front, forehead; bold- ness, impudence. frontiere [Jj.L. fronteria, in medieval documents, from L. aec. frontem, " the face-to- face boundaries between two countries"], s.f., frontier, limit, boundary. frontispice [L. L. n. frontispicium, from L. fron- tem, spicere], s.m., frontis- piece. (Frontispice {frontis hominis inspectio) meant ori- ginally the examination of a man's face.) frottement [f rotter], s.m., rubbing. frotter [L. L. frictare (?), freq. of fricare], v.a., 1, to rub. Se , r.v., to rub oneself. fructidor [L- fructus, and Gr. 6(opetv, "to give"], s.m., Fructidor (the twelfth month in the Republican calendar, Aug. 18-Sept. 16). fructifier [L.fructificare], v.n., I, to bear fruit. fructueux, -euse ["L.fruc- tuosus], adj., fruitful. frugal, -ale [L. frugalis], adj., frugal. frugalement, adv., fru- gally. frugalite [L. ace. frugali- tatem], s.f, frugality. fruit [L- acc/rwciwrn], s.m., fruit, production ; profit. fruitier, -ere [fruit], adj. and s.m. or f., fruit-bearing ; fruiterer. Arbre , fruit- tree. frustrer [L. frustrari], v.a., 1, to frustrate, defraud. fugitif, -ive [h. fugitivus], adj., fugitive ; fleeting, tran- sient. fuir [L- fugere], v.n., 2, to flee, take flight, run away. Se 248 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTlOKAEt FUITE. , r.v., to avoid each other, run away from each other. fuite [partic. subst. of fuir], s.f., flight, running away. falminer [L. fulminare'], v.a., 1, to fulminate, storm, thunder. fumee [partic. subst. of fumer}, s./., smoke. fumer [L- fumare}, v.a. and 71., 1, to smoke, steam; manure. fumeux, -euse [L. /mwo- sus], adj., smoky. fumier [0. Fr. femier, from L.L. n. fimarium, deriv, of L. n. fimum'], s.m., dung- hill, manure. funebre \lj.funebris],adj., funereal, mournful, ominous. funerailles [L.L. pi. n. funeralia'], s.f. pi., funeral. funeste [L./wnesfws], adj., fatal, baleful. funestementi adv., sadly, fatally. fur [L. n. forum, in the sense of "price"], s.m., in proportion. An et a mesure, in proportion, by de- grees, as soon as. furet [L. ace. furonem (in Isidore of Seville)], s.m., ferret. f ureter [furet], v.n., l, to ferret, rummage, ransack. fureur [I^- ace. furorem], s.f, fury; frenzy, enthusiasm, rapture. furie [L./wria], s.f, fury, rage; height. Furies [L. furiae], s.f. pi., the Furies. furieusement, adv., furi- ously, awfully, dreadfully. furieux, -euse [L. furi- osus'], adj., furious, enraged, terrible. furtifj -ive [L. furtivus}, adj., furtive, stealthy, secret. furtivement, adv., stealth- ily, secretly. fuseau [0. Fr. fusel, from L. L. ace. fusellum, from L. fusus], s.m., spindle, distaff. fusee Ifuseau], s.f, spindle-full ; rocket. fusil [it- focile, from L. L. focile, "steel" (to strike fire with), from L. focus], s.m., gun, musket, firelock; steel. Coup de , gun-shot. Coups de , reports of gun or musketry. fusilier ifusil'], s.m., fusi- leer^ private. fusillade [fusilier], s.f., volley of musketry, firing, shooting. fusilier [fusil], v.a., i, to shoot, fire at. fusion [L. ace. fusionem], s.f, fusion, melting ; coalition. (Its doublet is foison, q.v.) fustiger [lj.fustigare,ixoxQ. fustis, " stick"], v.a., 1, to beat, whip. fUt [0. Fr.fust, from L. ace. fustem], s.m., cask, stock, shaft. futaie [fut], s.f., wood, forest. Arbre de haute , timber-tree. futaille [fut], s.f., barrel, cask. futile [L. futilis], adj., futile, trifling. futilite [L. ace. futili- tatem], s.f, futility, frivolity. futur, -e [h.futurus, part. of sum], adj., future, to come. Futur, s.m., futurity, future ; intended, bridegroom. Future, s.f, bride. fuyard, -e [fuir], adj. and s.m. or f., fugitive, runaway. gabelle [L. L. gablum, from A.-S. gafol, " tax"], s.f, gabel, salt-tax. gaffe [Grael. gaf], s.f., boat- hook. gage [L. L. w. vadium, from Goth, vadi], s.m., pledge, for- feit. s, s.m. pi., wages. gager [jgage], v.a., 1, to wager, bet. gageure [gager], s.f, wa- ger, bet. gagne-petit [gagner, pe- tit, q.v.], s.m., knife-grinder. gagner [O. H. G. weidan- jan, "to pasture cattle," in L. L. weidaniare, "to make profit by pasturing cattle"], v.a., 1, to gain, win, earn; reach. gai, -e [0. H. G. gaki, "alert, lively"], adj., gay, blithe, merry, cheerful. gaiement or gaiment, adv., cheerfully, merrily. gaillardt -e [Gael, galach, " courage " ], adj., gallant, spirited, jolly, jovial. Gaillard, s.m., jolly fellow. gain [0. Fr. gaaing, verbal subst. of gagner], s.m., gain, fTOfU. GARDE-CHASSE. gaine [L. vagina], s.f., sheath, case. gaite or gaiete [gai], sf., gaiety, mirth, cheerfulness. galamment [galant], adv., politely, gallantly. galant, -e [0. Fr. v. galer, "to rejoice," from A.-S. gal], adj., good, worthy, genteel, gallant. galanterie [jgaiant], s.f, politeness, attention, compli- ment, gallantry. galere [It. galera], s.f, galley. s, s.f. pi., galleys, penal servitude. galerie [0. Fr. galilee, fr< m L. L. galilea, " a long church- porch " ], s.f., gallery, passage. galerien [galere], s.m., galley-slave, convict. galet [0. Fr. gal, from Gael, gal], s.m., pebble, shingle. galop [verbal subst. of galoper], s.m., gallop. galoper [Goth, gahlaupav, compd. of hlaupan, " to run," and the prefix ga], v.n., 1, to gallop, run about, make haste. gambade [0. Fr. gambe, for jambe, q.v.], s.f, gambol, caper. gambader [gambade], v.n., 1, to gambol, caper. gant [L. L. ace. wantum, Swedish wante, from 0. Scand. vdttr], s.m., glove. gantelet [dim. of gant], s.m., gauntlet. garant [L.L. aco. warant- um, from 0. H. G. weren, " to furnish, pledge"], s.m., gua- rantee, surety, voucher. garantie [partic. subst. of garantir], s.f, pledge, secu- rity, voucher. garantir [garant], v.a., 2, to guarantee, warrant, be security. for. Se , r.v., to shelter, screen oneself. gar90n [dim. of gars, "boy," from L.L. ace. garci- onem, Gael, garsun], s.m., boy, lad; bachelor; waiter, journey- man. garde [verbal subst. of garder], s.f, guard; keeping; watch. Se tenir en , to be on one's guard. :fetre sur ses s, to be on the watch. Avoir de, to be careful not to ; to take good care not to ; to know better than to . . . , s.m., guardsman. garde-chasse [garde, chasse, q.v.], s.m,, gamekeeper TO FEEIJCH BEADING BOOK. 249 GARDE-CoTE. garde-cote [garde, cote, q-v.}, s.m., coast-guard. garder [0. H. G. warten, "fo watch over"], v.a., I, to keep; look after. Se ,r.v., to beware ; to be kept, preserved. gardien, -enne [garder^, s.m. ory^., guardian, keeper. gare [verbal subst. of garer}, s.f., station, terminus. / interj., look out ! mind ! garer [0. H. G. wardn'}, v.a., 1, to shunt, dock. Se , r.v., to get out of the way, avoid, beware. garenne [Medieval L. war- enna, from 0. H. G. waron, "to forbid"], sf., warren. garni) -e [P-P- of garnir'\, adj., furnished, provided with, set, adorned (with). Garni, s.m.j furnished lodgings, lodg- ing-house. Appartements s, furnished apartments. garnir [A.-S. wamian, «' to protect, defend"], v.a., 2, to furnish, fill, stuff; set, adorn, mount. garnison [gamir}, sf., garrison. gars [see gargon"], s.m., boy, fellow, lad. Gascon, -onne [L. ace Vasconem, "an inhabitant of Vasconia"], s.m. or /., and adj., Gascon, braggart. gasconnade iGasconi, s.f, gasconade, boast, bragging. gaspiller [A.-S. gespHlan, " to waste "], v.a., 1, to squan- der, tvaste. gastronome [see gastro- nomie], s.m., gastronomist, gast7'onomer. gastronomic [Gr. yaa-rpo- vofxia, " the art of regulating the stomach," from yao-r^p, gen. yao-rpo?, " stomach," and J/6/X09, " law, regulation"], sf., gastronomy. gateau [0. Fr. gastel, from 0. H. G. wastel, "to waste" ], s.m. , cake. gater [0. Fr. gaster, from 0. H. G. wastel, "to spoil, waste," or from L. vastare'], v.a.,1, to spoil, soil, damage, waste. Se , r.v., to be* or get spoiled, soiled, damaged. gauche [f^in. form of gauc, originally gale, from 0. H. G. welk, "weak"], s.f, the left hand {lit. " the weak hand" ). , adj., left, awkward, clumsy. gauchement, adv., awk- wardly, clumsily. gaule [formerly waule, from Friesish walu, " stick "], s.f., long pole, switch. Gaule [L- Gallia'], s.f, Gaul. Gaulois IGaule], s.m., a Gaul. , -e, adj., Gallic, old, old French, rough, un- polished; Jionest, frank. gaz [word invented by the Flemish alchemist Van Hel- mont, in the 16th century, from the Flemish geest, G. geist, "spirit"], s.m., gas. gazelle [Arab, ghaza, intro- duced from Africa by the Crusaders, in the time of St. Louis], s./., gazelle. gazette [it. gazzetta, pro- perly " a small coin," the price of the newspaper sold at Ven- ice, in the 16th century], s.f., gazette, newspaper. gazon [0. H. G. waso], s.m., grass, turf. gazouillement IgazouH- ler'}, s.m., warbling, chirping, singing. gazouiller [0. Fr. gazHler, dim. of gaser for jaser, from Scand. gassi, " a prattler ; " — or Breton geiz, geid, " warbling," from Kymr. gyth, "murmur"], v.n., 1, to warble, chirp, sing, prattle. ^eai [0. Fr. gai; see gai, adj.], s.m., jay. geant, -e [L. L. ace. gigan- tem, from Gr. ytya?], s.m. or /., giant; giantess. gelee [partic. subst. of geler, " to freeze"], sf., frost. blanche, hoar-frost. geler [L. gelare], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to freeze. gemir [L. gemere], v.n., 2, to groan, moan, wail. gemissant, -e Ipres. part. of gemir], adj., groaning, moaning, wailing. gemissement Igf^rnir], s.m., groan, moan, lamenta- tion, murmur. gemme [L- gemma], adj. and s.f., gem. Pierre , pre- cious stone ; sel , rock-salt. gendarme [gens, de, armes, q.v.], s.m., gendarme, policeman. gendre [L- ace. generum], s.m., son-in-law. gene [contrd. from, gehenne, from L. gehenna, from Gr. ye- ivvat from Heb. gehinnom = GfiNUFLEXION. geia, Hinnom, "the valley of Hinnom," and fig. " the place of eternal doom "], s.f, incon- venience, pain, constraint, want, need. gener [gene], v.a., l, to hin- der, disturb, constrain, thwart, straiten. Se , r.v., to in- convenience, disturb, trouble, straiten oneself; to stand on ceremony. general* -e [L- generalis], adj., general. General, s.m., general, chief, commander. En , in general, generally. generalement, ad^-, in general, generally. generalite [L- ace. gene- ralitatem], s.f., generality. generation [L. ace. gene- rationem], s.f., generation. genereusement, adv., generously, liberally, nobly. genereux [L. generosus], adj., generous, liberal, noble, brave, courageous. generosite [L. ace. genc- rositatem], s.f, generosity, liberality, nobleness, bravery. genie [L- ace. genium], s.m., genius, spirit, talent; engi- neering, engineers. genievre [L- ace. juniper- um], s.m., juniper.; gin. genisse [L. ace. junicem], S.J., heifer. genitif [L- ace. genitivum], s.m., genitive case. geniture [L- genitura], S-f-i offspring, child, progeny. genou [0. Fr. genouil, from L. n. geniculum, dim. of genu], s.m., knee. genre [L. genere, abl. of genus, Gr. yeVo?], s.m., kind, description, gender, species. gens [pl- of gent, " nation," from L. ace. gentem], s.pl., m. and /., people; inhabitants. Jeunes , young men, young people. gent [L. ace. gentem], s.f., tribe, race, people. gentil, -ille [L. gentiUs], adj., pretty, nice. gentilhomme [gentu, hom- me, q.v.], s.m., nobleman, lord, noble. gentillesse [gentil], s.f, prettiness, gracefulness. gentiment [gentil, old fem. adj., and sufBx -ment], adv., gently, nicely, prettily. genuflexion [L. L< ace. 250 ETYMOLOGICAL DiCTlONAEY GfOGRAPHE. genujlexioneni, from L. n. gunu, " knee," and flectere, " to bend "], s.f., genuflexion, geOgraphe (Gr. yewypa- eiv, "to write, describe "j, s.m., geographer. geographic [Gr. -yewypa- ifyials.f., geography. geole [^^- Fr. gaiole, from L. L. caveola (?), which be- came gdbiola in the 12th cen- tury, dim. of L. cavea], s.f., gaol, prison. {Geole meant formerly " a cage.") geolier {jgeCW], s.m., gaoler, turnkey. geometre [Gr. yew/aeVpo?, from yri, " earth," and ixerpov, " measure "J, s.m., geometri- cian. geoinetrie [Gr. yew/neTpia], s.f., geometry. gerbe [0. Fr. garhe, from 0. H. G. garba], s./., sheaf. gerer [L- gerere'], v.a., 1, to manage, administer. Germam [L. Germanus'], s.m., German. , -e, adj., German. Cousin germain, ~^rst-cousin. germanique [L. German- icus'], adj., Germanic. germe [L. n. germen], s.m., germ, shoot ; cause, principle. germer [germe'], v.n., 1, to shoot, sprout, spring up. germinal, -e [L. germin- alis], adj., germinal. Ger- minal, Germinal, s.m. (seventh month in the Republican cal- endar, March 21-April 19). germination [L. ace. ger- minationem'], s.f ., germination. gerondif [L- ace. gerund i- vum], s.m., gerund. gesir [Ij. jacere], v.n. and def., 2, to lie. geBte [L. ace. gestum], s.m., gesture, sign, wave (of the hand). gesticuler [L. gesticulari}, v.n., 1, to gesticulate. gestion [L- ace. gestionem, from gestum, sup. of gerere], s.f, management, administra- tion. gibeciere [see gibier], s.f, game-bag. gibeme [It. gibema, from L.L. giba, "bale," from Gr. Kt^^a, "pouch"], s.f., cart- ridge-box. gibet [It. giubbetto], s.m., gibbet, gallows. GLOBE. gibier [0. Fr. v. gibeer = gi- boyer, " to go hunting with a gibe, a stick "], s.m., game. gigantesque [it. gigan- tesco], adj., gigantic, enor- mous. gigot [gigue, "leg"], s.m., leg of mutton. gilet [.'7*We, "a clown" (gilet was formerly the name of the sleeveless waistcoat worn by clowns)], s.m., waist- coat. girafe [Arab, zurdfa}, s.f, giraffe. girouette [0. Fr. v. girer, from L. gyrare, "to turn round," from Gr. yupo?, " circle "], sf., vane, weather- cock. gisant [L' ace. jacentem, pres. part, of jacere], ad^., ly- ing QUI or dead). See gesir. git, 3rd p. sing., pres. Ind. of gesir. Ci , here lies. gite [L- L- gista, represent- ing L. L, jacita, " a sleeping place," from L. jacere], s.m., lodging, home, form. givre [L- 'W. gelicidium'], s.m., rime, hoar-frost. glace [L. ace. glaciem], s.f, ice, coldness ; plate-glass, look- ing-glass. glacer {jglace], v.n., 1, to freeze, ice. glacial, -e [L. giaciaiis], adj., freezing, icy. glacier iglace], s.m., gla- cier. glacon [glace], s.m., block of ice. gladiateur [L- ace. gladla- torem], s.m., gladiator. glaieul [L- ace. gladiolum], s.m., gladiolus, sword-lily, corn-flag. glaive [L. ace. gladium], s.m., sword. gland [L- ace. glandem], s.m., acorn ; tassel. glande [L. ace. glandem], s.J\, gland, tumour. glaner [L- L- glenare, " to glean," or L. L. gelina, " hand- ful"], v.a. and n., 1, to glean. glaneur, -euse [jgianer], s.m. or/., gleaner. glisser [N. glitsen], v.n., 1, to slide, glide, touch lightly. , v.a., 1, to slip, introduce, insinuate, whisper. Se , r.v., to creep in, steal. globe [L- Sicc. globum], s.m.. GOULU. globe, orb, ball. de feu, fire-ball. gloire [L. gloria], s.f, glory, fame. [riously. glorieusement, adv., gio- glorieux, -euse [L.glori- osus], adj., glorious; proud, vain. gloriiier [L. glorificare], v.a., 1, to glorify, give glory to, honour. Se , r.v., to glory in, pride otieself upon. glousser [L. glocire], v.n., 1, to cluck. glouton, -onne [L. ace. gluttonem], adj. and s.m. or/., gluttonous, greedy ; glutton. glontonnementi adv., gluttonously, greedily. glu [L- n. gluten], s.f, bird- lime, glue. gluant, -e [pres. part, of gluer], adj., limy, clamm,y, sticky. glliau [5*^^], s.m., lim£- twig. gluer [glu], v.a., l, to lime, make sticky. gond [L- L- gumphum, from Gr. y6/a<^09, " nail "], s.m., hinge. Hors des 6, off the hinges ; fig., beside oneself. gonflement [gonfler], s.m.., swelling; inflation; increase. gonfler [L- L- conflare],v.a., 1, to inflate, swell out. Se , T.V., to swell oneself up. gorge [L- ace. gurgitem, prop. " a whirlpool V], s.f, throat, pass, defile. A deployee, with open throat, i.e. heartily. Faire des s chaudes, to laugh at, make fun of gorge e [gorge], sf, draught, mouthful. gosier (J),s.m., throat, gul- let, voice. gothique [L- Gothicus], adj., Gothic. Goths, s.m. pi., the Goths. gOUdron [Arab, kathrdn], S.m., tar. goudronne, -e [pp- of goudronner], adj., tarred. Toile e, tarpaulin. goudronner [goudron], v.a., 1, to tar. gOuflEre [0. Fr. golfre, from Gr. koAtto?], s.m., abysa, gulf, whirlpool. goulot [0. Fr. goule, " mouth," from L. gula], 8.m., neck (o/ a bottle). gOUlu, -e [goule, 0. Fr, for TO PBENCH EEADING BOOK. 251 GOULUMEKT. gueule, q.v."}, adj., greedy, glut- tonous. goulumentf cid^-> greedily, gluttonously. gourde [0. Fr. gouourde, gougourde, from L. cucurbita], s.f., gourd, pilgrim's bottle. gourmand, -e [?]. adJ- and s.m. or /., gluttonous, greedy ; gourmand, glutton. gounnandise [gourmand], s.f., gormandizing, gluttony, greediness. gourmet [0. Fr. groumet, " a wine - merchant's man," dim. of groume, " a boy," for N. groni], s.m., judge of wines and good living, epicure. gOUSSe [It. gusciol s.f., pod, husk, shell. gOUSSet • [dim. of goussel s.m., fob. gout [L- ace. gustum"}, s.m., taste, inclination, fancy, lik- goute or gouter [gouter, V.}, s.m., luncheon. godter [L- gustare], v.a., 1, to taste, relish, like, appreciate. goutte [L. gutta], sf, drop; gout. gouttiere {.goutte], s.f., gutter, spout. gouvernail [L. n. guher- naculum'], s.m., helm, rudder. (The pi. is gouvernails.) gouvernement [gouver- ner], s.m., government. gouvemer [L- gubemare'], v.a., 1, to govern, rule, sway, guide, manage, conduct. Se , r.v., to govern oneself; to be governed. gouverneur [L. ace. guber- natorem], s.m., governor, master. (The fem. is gouver- nante.) grabat [L. ace. grabatum, Gr. /cpa/Saro?], S.m., pallet. grace [L. gratia], s.f, grace, favour; gracefulness. Demander , to beg pardon, cry for mercy. a, hy means of, thanks to. De , for mercy's sake. Rendre s, to thank, return thanks. gracieusementi o.dv., kindly, graciously. gracieux, -euse [L. gra- tiosus], adj., gracious, grace- ful, kind, obliging. gradation [L. ace. grada- tionem], s.f, gradation, de- grees. grade [L. ace. gradum], s.m., grade, rank, degree, posi- tion. gradin [grade], s.m., step, seat (in tiers'). gradue, -e pp- of gra- duer], adj., graduated, pro- gressive. , s.m. or/., gra- duate. gradual, -elle [L. ace. ^rra- dum], adj., gradual. graduellement, o.dv., gra- dually. graduer [L. gradus], v.a., 1, to graduate ; increase, raise. grain [L. w. granum], s.m., grain, corn ; seed, berry. graine [£/rain], s.f, grain, berry, seed. graisse [gras, q.v.], s.f, fat, fatness, grease. graisser [graisse], v.a,j i, to grease, make greasy. ^and, -e [L- grandis], adj., great, large; high, tall ; noble, advanced (of age). Les s, s.m. pi., the great, the nobles. Grand - pei-e, s.m., grandfather; grand'mere, s.f, grandmother. grandement, adv., greatly, much, largely, highly. grandeur [grand], s.f., greatness, grandeur. d'ame, magnanimity. grandir [L- grandire], v.n., 2, to grow tall, increase, spring up, flourish. grange [i^- L- granea, deriv. of L. n. granum], s.f, barn. granit [L- L- 'n. granitum, from L. n. granum], s.m., granite. grappe [L. L. grappa, from 0. H. G. chrapfo. Mod. G. krappen, "hook"], s.f, bunch (clustered fruit). gras, -se [0. Fr. eras, from L. crassus], adj., fat, fleshy, greasy. Gras, 5.m., fat, flesh. gratification [L. ace. gra- tijicationem, " a showing kind- ness"], s.f, gratuity, present. gratifier [L. gratifcari], v.a., 1, to favour, oblige, bestow. gratitude [I^- ace. gratitu- dinem], s.f, gratitude. gratter [L- L- cratare], v.a., 1, to scrape, scratch. Se , r.v., to scratch oneself or each other. ^ratuit, -e [L- gratuitus], (nAj-f gratuitous, wanton. GRENADIER. gratuitement, adv., gra- tuitously, gratis, wantonly. grave [L- gravis], adj., grave, serious, stern, impor- tant. gravement, adv., gravely, seriously, severely. graver [N. graven], v.a., 1, to engrave. Se , r.v., to be engraved, impressed (on one's mind). graveur Igraver], s.m.^ engraver. gravier [0. Fr. grave, " sand mixed with stones "], s.m., gravel. gravir [It. ^rad ire, from L. gradus], v.a., 2, to climb up, ascend. gravite [L- ace. gravita- tem], sf., gravity, graveness, solemnity, importance. gravure [graver], s.f, en graving, cut. gre [L- adj. n. gratum], s.m., will, pleasure, inclina- tion, taste. Bon , mal , willingly or unwill- ingly. Au de, according to, with. Grec, Grecque [L. Grae- cus],adj. a.nd s.m. or/., Greek. Grece [L- Graecia], s.f, Greece. greement [grkr], s.m., rigging. greeT[(^oth.ge-raidjan, "to get ready"], v.a., 1, to rig, ft out. grefFe [L.L. n. grapJdum, from Gr. ypai^iov, " a stilus for writing with"], s.m., record- office. , s.f, graft. greffer [greffe, s.f.], v.a., 1, to graft. Se , r.v., to be grafted. greffier [grefe, s.m.], s.m., registrar, recorder. grele [L- gracilis], adj., slim, thin, slender, small, weak. grele [see gresil], s.f, hail. greler [grele], v. impers., 1, to ha:il. grelon [grele], s.m., hail- stone. grenade [see grenadier], s.f., pomegranate ; grenade (artillery). grenadier [grenade, from L. n. granatum (sc. malum), "an apple full of grains"], s.m., properly pomegranate- tree ; grenadier (soldier). . 252 ETYMOLOGICAL DiCTlOKAtiY grenier [L. pi. n. grana- ria], s.m., granary, loft. grenouille [L- ranuncula'], s.f.,frog. grenu, -e [grairi], udj., corned, granular. gres [0. H. G. gries, "gravel"], s.m., sandstone. gresil td^esj, s.m., slett. greve [see gravier}, sf., strand. grief [L. adj. n. grave'], s.m., grievance, wrong, in- jury. , -ieve, adj., griev- ous, serious, severe. griSe [O.-R. G. griff, "anj- thing to seize with "], s.f., claw. griifer [griffe], v.a. and n., 1, to claWy scratch. griffon [L- ace. gryphum or grypum, from Gr. ypv^, "vul- ture"], s.m., griffon, tawny vulture. griffonner [griffon, -onne, s.m. or /., "scribbler"], v.a. and n., 1, to scrawl, scribble. gril [L. L. ace. craticulum, masc. form of craticula], s.m., gridiron. grillage [grUler], s.m., gril- ling, burning. [grilW], wire-work or lattice ; grating, railing. grille [L- craticula, deriv. of L. crates'], s.f., grate, rail- ing, bars, iron gates. griller [grille], v.a., l, to grill, broil, burn, scorch. grimace [0. Scand. grima, "mask"], s.f., grimace, grin, wry face. grimacer [grimace], v.n., 1, to grin, make wry faces. grimper [N. grippen, "to seize"], v.a. and n., 1, to climb, climb up, creep, creep up. litre grimpe, to be perched up. grincer [0. H. G. gremizOn, "to grind one's teeth"], v.a. and w.,1 , to gnash, grind, grate. Grippeminaud [gripper, " to pounce upon," minaud, "a cat "], s.m., Grimalkin. gripper [Dutch grijpen, G. greifen, "to seize"], v.a., 1, to grip, seize. griS, -6 [0. H. G. gris, " grey-haired "], adj., grey ; grey-headed; tipsy. grison, -onne [gris], adj., grey-headed. Grison, s.m., donkey. grisonner [grison], v.n., i, to get or turn grey, become GUERRE. grizzled (of persons' hair or beard). grognemsnt [giogner], s.m., grunt, growl, snarl; groan grogner [L- grunnire, " to grunt (said of pigs)], v.n., 1, to growl, grumble, grunt. gronder [L. grundire = grunnire], v.a. and n., 1, to scold, grumble, roar, peal. gros, -se [L. L- grossus], adj., big, large; great, stout, considerable. groseille [H. G. krdusel- beere], sf., currant. groseillier [^y-oseiZZe], s.m., currant-bush. grosseur [gros], s.f, big- ness, bulk, stoutness, large size. grossier, -ere [gros], adj., coarse, rough, rude, un- grossierement, adv., coarsely, roughly, rudely. grossierete, sf., coarse- ness, roughness, rudeness. grossir [gros], v.a., 2, to enlarge, make bigger. ■ , v.n., to grow bigger. Se , r.v., to increase, swell, rise. grotesque [it. grottesca, from grotta, " grotto " (on ac- count of the arabesque pictures found in ancient caves, especi- ally in the thermal baths of Titus at Rome)], adj., gro- tesque. groupe [It. groppo], s.m., group, cluster, flock, crowd. grouper [groupe], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to gather together. grue [L- L- grua, fern, form of grus], s.f., crane. gue . [L- »*• vadum], s.m., ford. guenillel?], s.f., rag, tat- ters. guepe [L- vespa], sf, wasp. guere and gueres [0. H. G. ne weigaro, "not much"], adv., not much, not very. gueret [L- ri. vervactum, " fallow ground "], s.m., ploughed land, corn-field. guerir [0. H. G. warjan, " to protect, defend "], v.a., 2, to cure, heal, remedy. Se ,^ r.v., to get or to be cured; to- cure oneself. guerison [guerir], sf., cure, recovery. guerre [0. H. G. werra, " a quarrel "], s.f., war KABITATION. ire]. guerrier, -lere ,.' adj., warlike. GuerriC warrior. guet [0. H. G. uahta, " watch "], s.m., watch. guet-apens [guet, apense (from a, penser), " premedi- tated "], s.m., lying in wait, ambush, snare. guetter [guet], v.a., i, tc watch, lie in wait for. gueule [L- guia], sf., mouth {of animals), gueux [doublet of queux, from L. coquus, " cook "], s.m., beggar; scoundrel. guide [It. guida], s.m., guide, leader. , s.f., rein ; stage-fee. guider [guide], v.a., l, to guide, lead. Se , r.v., to be guided ; to guide oneself, goby. guillotine [from GuHlotin, the name of the French physician who invented it], s.f, guillotine. guillotiner [guillotine], v.a., 1, to guillotine, behead. guirlande [it. gUrlanda], s.f., garland, wreath. guise [0. H. G. wisa], s.f., wise, way, manner. En de, instead of. guttural, -ale [L.L. gut- turalis (.?), from L. ii. guttur], adj., guttural. H habile [L- haMlis], adj., able, skilful, clever. , s.m., clever man. habilement, adv., ably, skilfully, cleverly. habilete [L- ace. habilita- tem], s.f, ability, cleverness, skilfulness, talent. babillement [haUlier], s.m., clothes, clothing. habiller [L- adj. habiUs, " fit, proper," prop. " to make fit for," thence " dress "], v.a., 1, to clothe, dress. S' , r.v., to dress oneself. habit [L- ace. habitum], s.m., dress, clothes. habitable [L. ace. adj. hdbitabilem], adj., habitable. habitant [pres. part, of habiter], s.m., inhabitant. ■ habitation [L- ace habita- tionem], s.f., habitation, dwell' ing, abode. TO FEENCH READING BOOK. 253 habiter [L. hahUare], v.a., 1, to inhabit, to live or dwell in. habitude [L. ace. habitudi- nem], s.f., habit, custom, use. habituel, -elle [L. L- 'ict- bitualis], adj., habitual, usual. habituellement, adv., ha- hitually, usually. habituer [L- habituare'], v.a., 1, to accustom. S' , r.v., to get used to, to accustom oneself to. bache [0. H. G. hacco'], s.f., axe, hatchet. bacber [hache], v.a., i, to chop, hash, mince. bacbette [dim. of hache], s.f., hatchet. hagard, -e [0. Engl, hanke, " hawk "], adj., haggard, wild. bale [L- L. haga, from 0. H. Gr. haga, "hedge"], s.f., hedge, fence. baillon [0. H. G. hadil, " rag "J, s.m., rag, tatter. haine lhaA,r, g.v.J, s.f., hatred. haineux, -euse [haine'], adj., hateful, spiteful. hair [0. Fr. hadir, from Goth, hatan, A.-S. hatian, "to hate "], v.a., 2, to dislike, hate. Se , r.v., to hate oneself or each other. bale [verbal subst. ofhdler'}, s.m., heat, sun-burn, tawny complexion. bale, -e iP-P- of hdler'], adj., sun-burnt. baleine [0. Fr. aleine, from 0. Fr. V. alener, " to breathe," from L. anhelare'], sf., breath; wind. baler [ Flemish hael, "dry"], v.a., 1, to burn, broxon, tan. baletant, -e [pres. part, of haleter'], adj., panting, out of breath. baleter [L. halitare'], v.n., 1, to pant. balle [0. H. G. halla, " temple "], s.f., hall, market. ballebarde [It. alabarda, from 0. G. helmbarte, from helm, " handle," and barte, "axe"], s.f., halberd. ballucmation [L. ace. hdl- lucinationein}, sf., hallucina- tion, delusion. hallucinej -e L^^- haiiuci- natus, p.p. of hallucinari'], adj., hallucinated, deluded. balte [0. Fr. halt, from G. halten, "to stop"], sf., halt, halting -place. bamac [Amer. Ind. hamaca, " a net "J, s.m., hammock ; net- ting or strong cloth, suspended by the comers and used as a bed by sailors. bameau [0. Fr. hamel, dim. of A.-S. ham, "dwelling"], s.m., hamlet. bamecon [L- L- ace. hami- cionem (?), dim. of L. hamus], s.m., fsh-hook. bampe [G. handhabe, "handle"], s.f, staff, handle. banche [0. H. G. ancha, "leg"], sf., hip, haunch. bangar [0. Fr. angar,from L. L. n. angarium, " shoeing- shed"], s.m., shed, cart-house. banneton [dim. of G. hahn], s.m., cockchafer. Hanovre, s.m., Hanover. banter [L- habitare], v.a., 1, to haunt, frequent, keep company with. bapper [N, happen, "to bite "], v.a., l, to snap up. barangue [0. H. G. hring, "assembly, circle"], s.f, ha- rangue, address. baranguer [harangue], v.a., 1, to addiess, harangue. harasser [?], v.a., \, to harass, fatigue, tire out. barceler [n-erce for herse, "harrow"], v.a., 1, to harass, torment. bardes [0. Fr. fardes, see fardeau], s.f. pi., clothes, lug- gage. bardi, -e [hardi, p.p. of 0. Fr. V. hardir, from 0. H. G. hartjan, "to harden"], adj., bold, daring, impudent, rash. bardiesse [hardi], s.f., boldness, courage, daring. bardiment, adv., boldly, courageously, daringly. barmoZLie [L- harmonia, from Gr. apixovCa, " an agree- ment of sounds"], s.f., har- mony, concord. bann.oiiieusenisnt> adv., harmoniously. barmonieux, -euse [har- monic], adj., harmonious, sweet, agreeable. barnais [0. Fr. hamas, from Low Breton harnez, Kymr. haiarnez, " implements of iron," thence " armour "], s.m., harness, trappings. barpe [L. L. harpa. HfiBERGER. from 0. Scand. harpa:], s.f., harp. barpon [0. H. G. harfan, "to seize"], s.m., harpoon, spear. barponner [harpon], v.a., 1, to harpoon. basard [Arab, al-sdr, " the game of dice"], s.m., chance, hazard, risk. Au , at random. basarder [hasard], v.a., 1, to hazard, risk, venture. Se , r.v., to venture, expose oneself. hasardeux, -euse [ha- sard], adj., hazardous, ventu- rous, dangerous. bate [0. Scand. hasta,, G. hast], sf., haste, hurry. A la , in haste, in a hurry, hastily. bater [hate], v.a., 1, to hasten, hurry. Se , r.v., to make haste. bausse [verbal subst. of hausser], s.f, rise. Etre en , to be rising. bausser [L. L. altiare, der. from altus], v.a., 1, to raise, lift up, shrug. Se , r.v., to raise oneself. bautj -e [L- altus], adj., high, tall, lofty ; noble ; upper. Haut, s.m., top, height, head, upper part. Haut, adv., high, up, proudly. bautain, -e [haut], adj., haughty, proud, overbearing. bautainement, adv., haughtily, proudly. bautement [haute, fem. adj., and suflix -ment], adv., highly, loudly, openly, proudly. bauteur [haut], s.f, height, high ground, eminence; haugh- tiness, arrogance. bave [A.-S. hasva, "pale"], adj., wan, emaciated. bavre [L. L- haula, from A.-S. hdfen, "haven," Bas- Breton and Kymr. aber, "port"], s.m., haven, port, harbour. bavresac [G. hdbersack, " oat-l)ag "], s.m., knapsack. he ! inter j., hoy ! hey '. bien ! well 1 heaume [0. Fr. ?ielm, from 0. H. G. helm], s.m., helmet. bebdomadaire ['- L- heb- domadarius, from Gr. e/SSojuds (eTTTct, " seven "), " a week "J, adj., weekly. neberger [formerly Tier- 254 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY HfBRAlQUE. herger, from herheiige, from G. herherg, see auberge], v.a., 1, to entertain, harbour. hebraique [Gr. e^pai/co?], adj., Hebraic, Hebrew. Hebreu [Gr. 'EjSparo?], ad;, and s.m., Hebrew. hectometre [Gr. e/faroi/, and metre, g-.r.], s.m., /lecto- me^re (328-09167 Engl. feet). helas! [0. Fr. he! las! from L. lassus, "unhappy,"] interj., alas ! heler [Engl, hail], v.a., i, to hail, speak ; call. hemisphere [L. n. hemi- sphaerium, from Gr. i^/u-i- v.a. and n., I, to strike, hit; strike against, knock, offend, hurt, clash with. Se , r.v., to dash against each other, clash together. hibou [onomatop.], s.m., owl. hideusement* adv., hide- ously, frightfully, horribly, dreadfully. hidenx, -euse [L. hispi- dosus (in Catullus)], adj., hideous, frightful, horrible, dreadful. hier [L. heri], adv., yester- day. ^ hierarchic [L. hierarchia, from Gr. iepapxta, from itpo?, " holy," and apx^Lv, " to rule "], sf., hierarchy. hilarite [L. ace. hilari- tatem], s.f., hilarity, mirth. hippopotame [Gr. Imro- TTOTa/aoT, from iTTTTo?, " horsc," TTOTaju-o?, "river"], s.m., hip- popotamus. hirondelle [L. ace. hirun- dinem, with dim. suffix -elle], s.f, swallow. hisser [G. Mssen], v.a., l, to hoist. Se , r.v., to raise oneself. histoire [L. historid], s.f, history, story. historien \histoire], s.m., historian. historique [L. historicus], adj., historic. historiquement, adv., his- torically. histrion [t^- ace. histrio- nem], s.m., stage-player, come- dian. HORDE. hiver [L. adj. Mbemus], s.m., winter. hiverner [L. hibemare], v.n., 1, to winter. hocher [Flemish hutsen, " to shake "], v.a., 1, to shake, toss. ' hochet [hocher], s.m., rattle, child's coral ; bauble. Hollande [G. hohi, "hol- low," and land, "land"], sf, Holland. homicide [L. n. homiddi- um], s.m., homicide, murder. [L. ace. homicidam], s.m. or /., homicide, murderer, murderess. , adj., homi- cidal, murderous. hommage [L. L. n. homina^ ticum], s.m., homage, respect, gift, tribute. homme [L. ace. hominem], s.m., man. fait, grown- up man. homonyme [Gr. bixu)vvfjLn<;, " having the same name "J, s.m., homonym. , adj., homonymous. honnete[L- honestus],adj„ honest, upright, virtuous ; polite. honnetement, adv., hon- estly, uprightly, virtuously, politely. honnetete [L. ace. hones- tatem], s.f., honesty, integrity, honour, politeness, civility. honneur [L. ace. honorem], s.m., honour, credit, respect. 8, honours, distinctions. honnir [0. Fr. honir, from 0. H. G. honjan], v.a., 2, to disgrace, brand, revile, spurn. honorable [L. honorabi- lis], adj., honourable, respect- able. honorablement, adv., honourably, creditably. honorer [L. honor'are], v.a., 1, to honour, do credit to. S* , r.v., to distinguish, honour, glory, pride oneself. honorifique [L. honori- fcus], adj., honorary. honte [Sax. honda, "dis- grace "], s.f, shame. honteusement, adv., shamefully, dispracefidly. honteux, -se [honte], adj., ashamed, abashed, shameful. hopital [L. L. n. hospitale], s.m., hospital. horde [Slavonian hord, Mongol ordou," the king's camp or court "], s.f., horde, band. TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 255 horizon [L- horizon, from Gr. bpC^uyv'], s.m., horizon. horizontal, -e [horizon^ adj., horizontal. horizontalement, «^^» horizontally. horloge [L- n. horologium'], s.f., clock. ^ horlogerie [horloge], s.f., clockwork. hormis ihors, g.v., and mis, p.p. of mettre, q.v.'], prep., save, except. horreur [L- ace. Jiorrorem], J s.f., horror, aue, dread. horrible [L- horrihilis'], adj., horrible, dreadful. horriblementj adv., hor- ribly. hors, hors de [0. Fr. fors, from L. foras"], prep., out of, without; except, save. Hors- d'oeuvre, s.m., digression, ac- cessory. hospice [L- n. hospitiuni], s.m., hospital, convent. hospitaller, -ere [i^- L- hospitalarius], adj., hospit- able, charitable. hospitalite [L- ace. hospi- talitatem'], sf., hospitality. hostile [L- hostilis'], adj., hostile, adverse, of the enemy. hostilement, adv., hos- tilely, adversely. hostilite [L. L. hostili- taiem'], s.f., hostility, enmity. hote [L- hospitem, ace. of hospes], s.m., host ; landlord. hotel [L. n. hospitaW], s.m., mansion, hotel, inn. des monnaies, mint. de ville, town-hall. -Dieu, hos- pital. hotesse {hdle"], s.f, hostess, landlady, lady of the house. hotte l^- hotze, "basket"], s.f., basket (carried on the back). hottee [hotte'], s.f, basket- ful. honblon [L- L- ace. hupu- lum, der. from hupa, " hop "], s.m., hop. houblonniere [houUon], s.f., hop-garden. hOUe^O. H. G. houwa], s.f, hoe. houille [L- L- hullae], s.f, coal houilliere [houille], s.f., coal-pit. houleCBret. houl, " wave "], sf., billow. houlette [L- L- agoUttai?), dim. of L. n. agolum, from agere, " to drive "], s.f., shep- herd's crook. houleux, -euse [houie], adj., billowy, rough. houppe [hvppe, q.v.], sf., tuft. housse [L- L- hultia, doriv. from U. H. G. hulst, "a covor- ing "], s.f., horse-cloth, saddle- cloth, cover. hOUX [0. H. G. hitliz, "thorny shrub"], s.m., holly, holm-tree. hoyau [dim. of houe], s.m., mattock, pickaxe. huee [onomat.],s.f., hooting. huer [huee], v.a., 1, to hoot. Huguenot, -e [?], adj. and s.m. or/.. Huguenot, Calvinist. huile [0. Fr. oile, from L. n. oleum], s.f, oil. huiler [huile], v.a., i, to oil, grease. huileux, -euse [L. oieosus], adj., oily, greasy. huis [0. Fr. uis, fronj L. n. ostium], s.m., door. A clos, private, with closed doors. huissier [huis], s.m., usher, tipstaff, bailiff. huit [0. Fr, uit, oit, from L. octo], num. adj. (card.), eight. huitaine [huit], s.f, about eight, eight days, week. A , this day week. huitieme [huit], num. adj. (ord.), eighth. huitre [L- ostrea, from Gr. oarpeov], S.f, oyster. humain, -e [L- humanus], adj., human ; humane, kind. humainement, adv., hu- manly, humanely, kindly. humanite [L- ace. huma- nitatem], s.f, humanity, man- kind, human nature. s, 5./. pi., humanities, classical studies. humble [L- ^humiUs], adj. Tiumble, meek, modest, low. humblement, adv., hum- bly, meekly, modestly. humecter [L- humectare], v.a., 1, to moisten ; refresh. humer [onomat.], v.a., 1, to inhale, suck up. humeur [L- ace. humorem], s.f, humour, temper, mood, disposition, anger, caprice. humide [L- humidus], adj., humid, damp. , s.m-., hu- midityy dampness. HYrOTHfTIQUE. humidite [l^- ace. humidi- tatem], sf., humidity, damp- ness. humiliation [L. ace. Zim- miliationem], s.f, humilia- tion, abasement. humilier [L- humiUare] v.a., 1, to humiliate, humble, abase. S' , r.v., to humble oneself. humilite [L. ace. humili- tatem], s.f., humility. hune [A.-S. hun, "top"], sf., top (naut.). IKuns, s.m. pi., the Huns. huppe [L- upupa, akin to Gr. eTToi//, " the hoopoe "], s.f., txft, crest. hure [?], s.f., head (of boars'). hurlement [huriei-], s.m., howling, yell. hurler [0. Fr. uller, from L. ululare], v.n., 1, to howl, yell, roar. hussard [Hungarian huszz=. 20, with the suffix ar, because in time of war each magnate had to equip a troop, of which each horseman was counted for 20 infantry], s.m. hussar. hutte [G. hiitte], s.f, hut, cabin. hyene [Gr. vlava.], s.f, hyena. hymen [L- hymen, Gr. vix-qv], S.m., hymen, marriage. hymenee [L- ace. hymen- aeum, from Gr. v/tieVatos], s.m., marriage, nuptials. hymne [L- ace. hymnum, from Gr. v/u.i/09], s.m., song, hymn. , s.f., sacred hymn, anthem. hyperbole [L. hyperbole, from Gr. vnepfiokr)], s.f, hy- perbole, exaggeration ; hyper- bola (in geometry). hyperbolique [L- hyper- bolicus, from Gr. vTrep/SoAi/cog], adj., hyperbolical, excessive, overstrained. hypocrisie [L- hypocrisis, from Gr. vnoKpLcns, lit. " part acted "], s.f, hypocrisy. hypocrite [L. hypocrita, from Gr. vnoKpLr^<;], adj. and s.m. or/., hypocrite. hypothese [Gr. vvoOea-L^, from vTTo, "under," and 9eaL<;, " argument "], s.f, hypothesis, supposition. hypothetique [L- hypo- theticus, from Gr. vnoOtTi.KO'i], adj., hypothetical. 256 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY ici [L. ecce, hie], adv., here. Jusqu' , until now, hi- therto. ideal, -e [L- idealis], adj., ideal, imaginary, vain. idee [L. idea, from Gr. tSe'a], s.f., idea; thought; notion; opinion. identifier [L. idem], v.a., 1, to identify. identique [scholastic L. identicus], adj., identical. identite [L- L- ace. identi- tatem, der. from idem], s.f., identity, sameness. idiomatique [idiome], adj., idiomatical. idiome [I^- idioma, f?om Gr. iSiuiixa, from 16109, _" pro- per, special "], s.m.^ idiom, language. idiotj -e [L. ace. idiotam, from Gr. tStwrrj?, "ignorant person"], adj., idiotical, stupid, foolish. , s.m. or /., idiot. idiotisme [L- ace. idiotis- mum, from Gr. tSttuTto-jixo?, "the common manner of speaking "], s.m., idiom, pecu- liarity of speech; idiocy. idolatre [L. ace. idola- tram, from Gr. eiScoAoAdrpTj?], s.m. or /., idolater, idolatress. , adj., idolatrous, fond to idolatry. idolatrer [idolatre], v.a., 1, to idolize, to he extremely fond. idolatrie [L. idolatria, from Gr. ctScoXoAarpeiaJ, s.f., idolatry. idole [L. w. idolum, from Gr. el8(o?^ov, "image, statue"], s.f., idol. idylle [L. n. idylUum, from Gr. €lBvK\lov, dim. of elSos, " form "], sf., idyl. ignoble [L- iynoUUs], adj., ignoble, low, base, vile. ignoblement, adv., igno- yiy, basely, vilely. ignominie [L- ignominia], s.f, ignominy, shame. ignominieusement, adv., ignominiously, shamefully. ignominieux, -euse 0->- ignominiosus], adj., ignomi- nious, shameful. ignorance [L- ignorantia], sf., ignorance, error. ignorant; -e [L- ace. igno- rantem], adj., ignorant. , IMAGINABLE. ,m. or /., ignorant person, fool. ignore, -e [J>-P- of ignorer], adj., concealed, unknown. Ignorer [L. ignorare], v.a., 1, to ignore; to be ignorant of; not to be aware of il, ils [L' ille], pers. pron., h£, it ; they. lie [L. insula], s.f, island. illegal, -e [L- L. Ulegalis], adj., illegal, unlawful. illegalement, adv., ille- gally, unlawfully. illegalite [illegal], s.f., il- legality, unlawfulness. illegitime [L. L. illegi- timus], adj., illegitimate, un- lavjful, spurious. illegitimement, adv., il- legitimately, unlawfully. illegitimite [illegitime], s.f, illegitimacy, unlawful- ness. illettre, -e [L. iiuteratus], adj., illiterate. illicite [L- illicitus], adj., illicit, unlawful. illicitement, adv., illi- citly, unlawfully. illimite, -e [H for in, neg., and limiter, q.v.], adj., unlimited, boundless. illisible [H for in, neg., and lisible, q.v.], adj., illegible. illisiblement, adv., ille- gibly. illumination [L. ace. il- luminationem], s.f., illumi- nation, lighting ; inspiration. illuminer [L- illuminare], v.a., 1, to illuminate, light up. S' , r.v., to be or become illuminated. illusion [L. ace. illu- sionem], s.f., 'illusion, delu- sion. illusionner [illusion], v.a., 1, to deceive, delude. S' , r.v., to deceive, delude oneself. illusoire [L- L- iUusorius], adj., illusory, deceitful, delu- sive. illustration [L. ace. illus- trationem], s.f., illustration, lustre, glory. illustre [L- Ulustris], adj., ilUistrious, celebrated. illustrer [L. illustrare], v.a., 1, to illustrate, render illustrious. image [L- ace. imagincm], s.f, image; resemblance; em- blem. I imaginable [L. L. ima- IMMOBILITfi. ginabilis], adj., imaginable, conceivable. imaginaire [L. imagina^ rius], adj., imaginary, fan- cied, fantastic. imagination [L. ace. ima- ginationem], s.f., imagina- tion, fancy, idea, thought. imaginer [L- imaginari], v.a., 1, to imagine, conceive. S' , r.v., to imagine, fancy ; think. imbecile [L- imbedllus], adj. and s.m. or /., imbecile, silly, stupid, fool. imbecillite [L. ace. imbe- cillitatem], s.f., imbecility, silliness, foolishness. imbu, -e [L- imbutus, p.p. of imbuere (lit. "to saturate"), " to impress with, to imbue "], adj., imbued, impressed. imitable [L- imitabilis], adj., imitable. imitateur [L- ace. imita- torem], s.m., imitator. (The fem. is imitatrice.) imitation [L- ace. imita- tionem], s.f, imitation. imiter [L- imitari], v.a., 1, to imitate, copy, mimic. immateriel, -elle [L- *w- materialis], adj., immaterial. immediat, -e [L-L- i'm- mediatus], adj., immediate, direct. immediatement, adv.,im- mediately, at once. imm,emorial, -e [im, neg., and memoire, q.v.], adj., im- memorial. immense [L- immensus], adj., immense, very large. immensement, adv., im- mensely. immensite [L. ace. im- mensitatem], s.f, immensity. immerger [L. immergere], v.a., 1, to immerge, immerse, dip. S' , r.v., to be im- merged ; to plunge, sink. immersion [L. ace. im- mersionem], s.f., immersion. immeuble [L- adj. immo- bilis], s.m., landed property. imminence [L. immi- nentia], s.f., imminence. imminent [L- ace. immi- nentem], adj., imminent, im- petiding. immobile [l--- immobUis], adj., immoveable, still, mo- , tioriless ; firm, unshaken. I immobilite [L- ace, immo- TO FKENCH KEADING BOOK. 257 IMMODflRfi. hilitatem], s.f., immobility, stillness, firmness, stability. immodere, -e [L- immode- ratus], adj., immoderate, ex- cessive, violent. immoderement, adv., im- moderately, excessively, vio- lently. immoler [L- immolare'], v.a., 1, to immolate, offer up, sacrifice. immonde [L- immundus'], adj., unclean, filthy. immoral, -e C^wi for in, neg., and moral, q.v.'], adj., immoral. [morally. immoralement, adv., im- immoralite [immoral], s.f., immorality. immortaliser [immortei], v.a., 1, to immortalize. S' , r.v., to immortalize oneself. immortalite [L- ace. m- mortalitatem'], s.f, immor- tality. immortel, -elle [L- irn- mortalisl, adj., immortal. immuable [L. immuta- hilis'], adj., immutable, un- changeable. immunite [L. ace. immu- nitatem], s.f, immunity. impair, -e lim for in, neg., and pair, q.v.}, adj., uneven, odd. impardonnable [i^ for in, neg., and pardonnable, q.v."], adj., unpardonable. imparfait, -e [L- imper- fectus], adj., imperfect, in- complete. Imparfait, s.m., im- perfect tense. imparfaitement, adv., imperfectly, incompletely. impartial, -e [im for in, neg., and partial, q.v."], adj., impartial, unbiassed. impartialement, adv.,im- partially. impartiality [impartial}, s.f., impartiality. impasse C^'wi for in, neg., and passe, q.v.}, s.f, blind alley ; entanglement, difficulty, scrape. impassibilite [L. ace. im- passibilitatem'], s.f., impassi- bility, calmness. . impassible [L- impassi- bilis}, adj., impassible, un- moved, calm. impassiblement, adv., impassively, calmly. impatiemment [impa- tient}, adv., impatiently. Fr. p. d. impatience [L- impati- entia], s.f, impatience, rest- impatient, -e [L- ace. im- patientem}, adj., impatient, restless, hasty. impatienter [impatient], v.a., 1, to put out of patience, provoke. S' , r.v., to lose patience, to grow angry. impenetrable [L- impene- trabilis}, adj., impenetrable; close, secret. impenitence [L- impoeni- tentia}, s.f., impe'nitence. impenitent, -e [L- aee. impoenitentem}, adj. and s.m. or/., impenitent. imperatif, -ive [L- im- perativus}, adj., imperative. Imperatif, s.m., imperative (mood). imperativement, adv., imperatively. imperatrice [L. ace. impe- ratricem}, s.f., empress. imperceptible [ii^ for in, neg., and perceptible, q.v.}, adj., imperceptible. imperfection [LL- ace. imperfectionem}, s.f, imper- fection. imperial, -e [L- imperi- alis}, adj., imperial. imperieusement, adv., imperiously, urgently. imperieux, -euse [L. imperiosus}, ad^., imperious, urgent. imperitie [L. imperitia}, s.f., incapacity. impersonnel, -elle [L. impersonalis}, adj., imper- sonal. impertinemment [imper- tinent}, adv., impertinently, rudely. impertinence [imperti- nent], s.f., impertinence, rude- ness. impertinent, -e [L- ace. impertinentem], adj., imper- tinent, rude, impetueusementi adv., impetuously. impetueux, -euse [L. L. impetuosus], adj.. impetuous, wild, fierce. impetnosite [L. L. ace. impetuositatem], s.f., impetu- osity, violence, force. impie [L- impius], adj., impious, ungodly. impiete [L. ace. impieta- tem], s.f., impiety, ungodliness. impitoyable {.im for in, neg., and pitoyable, q.v.}, adj., pitiless, unmerciful, relent- less. impitoyablement, adv., pitiles.'^ly, unmercifully. implacable [L. implaca- bilis], adj., implacable. implanter [*wi. for in, planter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to im- plant, fix, ingraft. S' , r.v., to take root, grow. impliQUer [L- impUcare], v.a., 1, to implicate, involve. (Impliquer ia a doublet of employer, q.v.) implorer [L. implorare], v.a., 1, to implore, beseech. impoli, -e [L. impoUtus], adj., unpolished, uncivil, rude. impoliment, adv., unpo- litely, uncivilly, rudely. impolitesse C^»i for in,neg., and politesse, q.v.}, s.f., unpo- liteness, incivility, rudeness. impopulaire [I'w- for in, neg., and populaire, q.v.}, adj., unpopular. importance [important], s.f, importance, worth, note. important, -e [importer], adj., important, of moment. importation [importer], S.f., importation, import. importer [L. importare], v.n., 1, to import; to matter, to be of importance. importnn, -e [L- impor- tunus], adj., importunate, irk- some, troublesome. importunement,«'Z«-, importunately. importuner [impoi-tun], v.a., 1, to importune, bore, annoy, weary. importunite [L- ace. im- portunitatem], s.f, importu- nity. imposant, -e limposer], adj., imposing, commanding. imposer [im for in, poser, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to impose, com- mand, order. silence, to silence. En , to overawe ; deceive, impose upon. S' , r.v., to force oneself upon. S'en , to deceive oneself. impossibilite [L. ace. im- possibilitatem], s.f., impossi- bility. impossible [L- impossi- bilis], adj., impossible. imposteur [L- ace, impos- torem, from impositum or impostum, sup. of imponere, 8 258 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY IMPOSTURE. "to deceive"], s.m., im- postor. imposture l^- impostura], s.f., imposture. impot [L. L. n. impositum'], s.m., impost, tax. impotence iL.impotentia], s.f., impotence, infirmity. impotent, -e [L- ace. im- potentem}, adj., impotent, in- firm. impraticable [*'»» for in, neg., and praticable, q.v.'],adj., impracticable. imprecation [L. ace. im- precationemj, s.f., impreca- tion, curse. imprenable iim for in, neg., and prenable, q.v.'], adj., impregnable. impression [L. ace. im- pressionem'], s.f., impi'ession, mark, trace, scent. imprevoyance [imprkvoy- anf], s.f, thougJitlessness, im- providence. imprevoyant, -e [im for in, neg., and privoyant, q.v.'], adj., improvident. imprevui -e [*wi for in, neg., an^prevu, q.v.], adj.,un- foreseen. imprimer [L. imprimere], v.a., 1, to imprint, print, im- press, communicate. imprimerie {imprimer], s.f, printing, printing-office. imprimeur, s.m., printer. impromptu [L. in, promptu], adj. and s.m., im- promptu, extempore. A 1' , extemporarily, tuithout pre- paration. impropre [L- improprius], adj., improper, unfit, wrong. improprement, adv., im- properly. improvisateur [impro- viser],'s.m., improvisator, ex- temporizer. (The fern, is im- provisatrice.) improvisation, s.f, im- provisation, extempore speech. improviser [it. improv- visare], v.a., 1, to improvise, extemporize. improviste (aD [It. im- provvisto], adv., suddenly, un- awares. imprudemment [impru- dent], adv., imprudently. imprudence [L- impru- dentia], s.f., imprudence, folly. imprudent, -e [L. ace. imprudentem^, adj., impru- dent, heedless. Imprudent, s.m., imprudent, heedless person. impudemment [*»i- pudent], adv., impudently. impudence [L. impuden- tia], s.f, impudence. impudent, -e [L- ace. adj. impudentem], adj. and s.m. or f., impudent ; impudent fel- low or ivoman. impuissance [impuissant], s.f., powerlessness, inability. impuissant, -e [im for in, neg., and puissant, q.v.], adj., powerless, unable. impulsion [L. ace. impul- sionem], s.f, impulsion, im- pulse. impunement [impunie- ment, in the 16th century], adv., with impunity. impuni, -e [L- impunitus], adj., unpunished. impunite [L. ace impuni- taterti], s.f., impunity. impur, -e [L. impurus], adj., impure, unclean, dirty. impurete [L- ace. impuri- tatevfi], sf., impurity, foul- ness. imputation [L. ace. impu- tationem], s.f, imputation, charge. imputer [L. imputare], v.a., 1, to impute, charge, ascribe. S' , r.v., to as- cribe to oneself. inabordable [in, neg., and abordable, " accessible "], adj., inaccessible, unapproach- able. inaccessible [L. inacces- sibilis], adj., inaccessible, un- attainable. inaccoutume, -e [in, neg., and accoutume, q.v.], adj., un- accustomed. inapheve, -e [in, neg., and acheve, q.v.], adj., unfinished. inactif, -ive [in, neg., and actif, q.v.], adj., inactive, un- employed. inaction [in, neg., and action, q.v.], s.f, inaction, in- dolence. inalienable [in, neg., and alienable, " alienable, trans- ferable "], adj., untransfer- able, inalienable. inalterable [in, neg., and alterable, " changeable "], adj., that cannot be altered. inanime, -e [L. inanima- tus], adj., inanimate, lifeless. inanition [L. ace. inani- tionem], s.f, inanition, star- vation. inapergu, -e [in, neg., and apergu, p.p. of apercevoir, q.v.], adj., unperceived, unseen. inappreciable [in, neg., and appreciable, q.v.], adj., inappreciable, invaluable. inattendu, -e [in, neg., and attendu, " expected "], adj., unexpected. inattentif, -ive [in, neg., and attentif, q.v.], adj., inat- tentive, careless, heedless. inattention [in, neg., and attention, q.v.], s.f, inatten- tion, carelessness, heedlessness. inauguration [L- ace. in- augurationem, "beginning"], s.f, inauguration. inaugurer [L. inaugu- rare], v.a., 1, to inaugurate. incalculable [in, neg., and calculable, "calculable, com- putable"], adj., incalculable, innumerable. incapable [in, neg., and capable, q.v.], adj., unable, in- competent. incapacite [in, neg., and capacite, q.v.], s.f, incapacity, incompetence. incarceration [incar ca- rer], s.f, imprisonment. incarcerer [L. L. incarce- rare, from L. in, and car cere, ablative of career], v.a., 1, to incarcerate, imprison. incartade [Span, encar- tada, from encartarse, "to draw a bad card"], s.f, wan- ton insult; prank, freak. incendiaire [L- incendi- arius], adj. and s.m. or /., incendiary. incendie [L- n- incendium], s.m., fire, conflagration. incendier [incendie], v.a., 1, to set fire to. incertain, -e [in, neg., and certain, q.v.], adj., uncertain. incertitude [L- L. ace. incertitudinem], s.f, uncer- tainty. incessamment, adv., in- cessantly ; immediately. incessant, -e [L. L. ace. incessantem], adj., unceasing, incessant. incident, -e [L. ace. incidentem], adj., incidental. Incident, s.m., incident, occur- rence. incisif, -ive [inciser, "to TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 259 make an incision," from L. L. insicare, from L. incisum, sup, of incidere], adj., incisive. incision [L. ace. incisio- nem], s.f., incision. inciter [Tj. incitare], v.a., 1, to incite, induce, stir up. incivil, -e [L.- inciviUs'], adj., uncivil, rude. incivilement, a^^., un- civilly. inciyilise, -e [in, neg., and civilise, q.v.], adj., uncivilized, barbarous. incivilite [L. ace. incivili- tatem'}, s.f., incivility, rude- ness. inclemence [L- incie- mentia'], s.f., inclemency. inclement, -e [L. aec. adj. inclementem], adj., inclement. inclinaison [L- ace. incU- nationem], s.f., inclination, incline, slope. inclination [L. ace. incU- nationem], sf., propensity, attachment. (^Inclination is a doublet of tncimawow.) incline! [L- incUnare], v.a. and n., 1, to incline, stoop, slope. S' , r.v., to slope ; to feel disposed, to be inclined. incluS) -e [L- inclusus], adj., enclosed. Ci , herein enclosed. inclusivement, a^^., in- clusively. incoherence [incoherent}, s.f., incoherence. incoherent, -e [in, neg., and coherent, " coherent "], adj., incoherent. incolore [I^. incolor}, adj., colourless. incommensurable [L- in- commensurabilis], adj., incom- mensurable, boundless. incommode [L- incom- 7nodus], adj., inconvenient. incommode, -e [p-p. of incommode}'], adj., indisposed, poorly, unwell. incommodement, adv., inconveniently. incommoder [L. incom- modare], v.a., 1, to inconveni- ence, disturb. S' , r.v., to put oneself to inconvenience. incommodite [L- ace. in- commoditatem], s.f., incon- venience; indisposition. incomparable [L. incom- parabilis], adj., incomparable, matchless. INCONVENIENT. incomparablementj adv., incomparably. incompatible [in, neg., and compatible, q.v.}, adj., in- compatible, inconsistent. incompetence [in, neg., and competence, q.v.}, s.f, in- competence. incompetent [L- ace. in- competentem}, adj., incompe- tent. incomplet, -ete [L- in- computus}, adj., incomplete, unfinished. incompletement, adv., in- completely. incomprehensible [L. m- comprehensibilis}, adj., incom- prehensible, that cannot be un- derstood. inconcevable [in, neg., and concevable, q-v.}, adj., inconceivable, extraordinary, wonderful. inconnu, -e [in, neg., and connu, p.p. of connaitre, q.v.}, adj., unknown. , s.m. or /., unknown person, stranger. inconsequence [L. in- consequentia], s.f, inconse- quence, inconsistency, thought- lessness. inconsequent, -e [L. aec. inconsequentem}, adj., incon- '; inconsistent, thought- inconsidere, -e [L- incon- sideratus}, adj., inconsiderate, heedless, rash. inconsiderement, adv., inconsiderately, heedlessly, rashly. inconsolable [L- incon- solabilis}, adj., inconsolable, disconsolate. inconstance [L. incon- stantia], s.f., inconstancy, un- steadiness, fickleness. inconstant, -e [in, neg., and constant, q.v.}, adj., in- constant, unsteady, fickle. incontestable [in, neg., and contestable, q.v.}, adj., in- contestable, unquestionable. incontestablement, adv., incontestably, unquestionably. incontinent [L. in, and continenti}, adv., forthwith. inconvenance [inconve- nant}, s.f, impropriety, un- becomingness. inconvenant, -e [in, neg., and conveiiant, "proper"], adj., impropi'r, unbecoming. inconvenient [L- ace. adj. INDfLICATESSE. inconvenientem}, s.m., inconve' nience ; untoicard accident. incorrect, -e [L. incor- rectus}, adj., incorrect, inaccu- rate. incorrectement, adv., in- correctly, inaccurately. incredule [I^- incredulus}, adj., incredulous, unhelieving, , s.m. or /., unbeliever^ infidel. incredulite [L. ace, incre- dulitatem}, s.f, incredulity, unbelief. incriminer [L- in, cri- minari, " to accuse "], v.a., 1, to incriminate, accuse. incroyable [in, neg., and croyable, " credible "], adj., in- credible. incruster [L. incrustare}, v.a., 1, to incrust, inlay. S' , r.v., to be or become incrusted. inculpation [L- L. ace, in- culpationem}, s.f., inculpation. inculpe, -e [p-p- of incul- per}, adj. and s.m. or/., in- culpated, accused ; prisoner. inculper [I^- L. inculpare}, v.a., 1, to inculpate, accuse. inculquer [L. inculcare}, v.a., 1, to inculcate, impress. S' , r.v., to be impressed ; to impress on one's mind. inculte [L, incultus}, adj., uncultivated, waste ; unpo- lished, rough, coarse. incursion [L- ace. incur- sionem}, s.f., incursion, expe- dition. Inde [L- India, from Skr. Sindhus, the name of the river Indus}, s.f, India. indecemment [indecent}, adv., indecently. indecence [L- indecentia}, s.f, indecency. indecent, -e [L- aec. adj. indecentem}, adj., indecent. indecis, -e [L- indecisus}, adj., undecided, irresolute, ivavering. indecision [in, neg., and decision, q.v.}, s.f, indecision, irresolution. indefini, -e [L- indefi- nitus}, adj., indefinite, un- limited. .indelicat, -e [in, neg., and delicat, q.v.}, adj., indelicate, unscrupulous. indelicatement, adv., in- delicately, unscrupulously. indelicatesse [indelicat}, s 2 260 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY INDEMNISER. s/., indelicacy, un scrupulous- ness. indemniser [L. indemnis'], v.a., 1, to indemnify, make good, recoup. indemnite [L. ace. indem^ nitatem], s.f., indemnity. independamment iinde- pendant], adv., independently. independance [indepen- danf], s.f., independence, free- dom. independant, -e [in, neg., and dependant, pres. part, of dependre, q.v.], adj., indepen- dent. IndeSi see Inde. indescriptible [in, neg., and descriptible, from decrire, q.'v.'], adj., indescribable. indestructible C^w, neg., and destructible, from detruire, q.v.'}, adj., indestructible. indetermine, -e [L. in- determinatus], adj., undeter- mined, unlimited, irresolute. index [L- index], s.m., index, forefinger. indicatif, -ive [L. indica- tivus], adj., indicative. Indi- catif, s.m., indicative (mood). indication [L. ace. indica- tionem], s.f., indication, in- formation, sign, proof. indice [L- w. indicium'], s.m., indication, token, sign, clue. indicible [L. L. indici- bilis], adj., unutterable, in- describable. Indien, -enne [inde], adj. and s.m. or /., Indian. Indi- enne, s.f ., printed calico, print. indiiferemment [indiffe- rent], adv., indifferently, equally, alike. indifference [L. indiffer- entia], s.f., indifference, un- concern. indifferent, -e [L. ace. adj. indifferentem], adj., indiffer- ent, unconcerned, indolent. indigence [L- indigentia], s.f., indigence, poverty. * indigene [L- indigena], adj. and s.m. or /., indige- nous, native. indigent, -e. [L. aec. adj. indigentem], adj. and s.m. or /., indigent, poor^ needy; pauper. indigeste [L. indigestus], adj., indigestible, crude. indigestion [L. ace. indi- gestionem], s.f, indigestion. INDOCILE. indignation [L. ace. indig- nationem], s.f, indignation, wrath. indigne [L- indignus], adj., unworthy, vile, infamous. indignement, adv., un- worthily, vilely, infamously. indigner [L- indignari], v.a., 1, to make indignant. S' , r.v., to be or grow in- dignant. indignite [L. aec. indigni- tatem], s.f., indignity, worth- lessness, baseness, infamy. indiquer [L- indicare], v.a., 1, to indicate, point out, show. indirect, -e [L. indirectus], adj., indirect. (Its doublet is endroit, s.m., q.v.) indirectement, adv., in- directly. indiscipline [L. indisci- plina], s.f, indiscipline, in- subordination. indiscipline, -e [L. indis- ciplinatus], adj., undisci- plined, unruly. indiscret, -ete [L. L. in- discretus], adj., indiscreet, inquisitive. indiscretement,' adv., in- discreetly, in an indiscreet manner, inquisitively. indiscretion [in, neg., and discretion, q.v.], s.f, indiscre- tion, liberty, inquisitiveness. indispensable [in, neg., and dispenser, q.v.], adj., in- dispensable. indispose, -e [p-p- of in- disposer], adj., indisposed, poorly, unwell. indisposer [in, neg., and disposer, q.v.], v.a., I, to in- dispose, estrange; to make unwell. indisposition [in, neg., and disposition, q.v.], s.f., in- disposition. indistinct, -e [L. indis- tinctus], adj., indistinct, con- fused, vague, dim. indistinctement, adv., in- distinctly, confusedly, vaguely, dimly. individu [L. ace. indivi- duum], s.m., individual, person. individuel, -elle [indi- vidu], adj., individual, individuellement, adv., individually. indocile [L. indocilis],adj., indocile, disobedient. INEXACTEMENT. indocilite [indocile], s.f., indocility, disobedience. indolemment [indolent], adv., indolently. indolence [L. indolentia], s.f, indolence, idleness. indolent, -e [L. L- ace. odj. indolentem], adj., indo- lent, idle. indubitable [L- indu- bitabilis], adj., indubitable, beyond doubt. indubitablement, adv., undoubtedly. induction [L- ace. induc- tionem], s.f, induction, infer- ence. induire [L. indu^ere], v.a., 4, to induce, lead. indulgence [L. indui- gentia], s.f, indulgence. indulgent, -e [L. ace. adj. indulgentem], adj., indulgent, lenient. industrie [!"• industria], s.f, industry, skill, talent, ingenuity. industriel, -elle [In- dustrie ], adj., industrial, commercial, manufacturing. Industriel, s.m., manufac- turer, commercial man. industrieux, -euse [L. industriosus], adj., industri- ous, ingenious. inebranlable [in, neg., and ebranler, q.v.], adj., un- shaken, resolute. inedit, -e [L. ineditus], adj., unpublished. mefiable [L. ineffabiUs], adj., ineffable, unspeakable. inegal, -e [L- inaequalis], adj., unequal, uneven. inegalement, adv., un- equally, unevenly. inegalite [L. ace. inae- qualitatem], s.f, inequality, unevenness. , inepuisable [in, neg., and epuiser, q.v.], adj., inexhaust- ible. inerte [L- aec inertem], adj., inert, inactive, sluggish. mertie [L- inertia], s.f, inertness, inactivity, indolence. inevitable [L.^weui^abiVis], adj., inevitable, unavoidable, sure, certain. inevitablement, adv., in- evitably, unavoidably. inexact, -e [in, neg., and exact, q.v.], adj., inexact, in- accurate, unpunctual, wrong. inexactement, adv., in- TO FRENCH EEADIHG BOOK. 261 INEXACTITUDE. exactly, inaccurately, un- punctually, wrongly. inexactitude C^'w. we^-» and exactitude, q.v.'\, s.f., in- exactness, inaccuracy, un- punctuality, negligence. inexcusable [L- inexcusa- bilis], adj., inexcusable, un- justifiable. inexorable [L- inexora- bills], adj., inexorable, unre- lenting. inexperience [.in, neg., and experience, q.v.}, s.f., in- experience. inexperimente, ,-e [in, neg., and experimente, " expe- rienced "], adj., inexperienced ; untried. inexplicable [L- inexpii- cabilis], adj., inexplicable, un- accountable. inexpugnable [L- inex- pugnabilis'], adj., impreg- nable, inexpugnable. infaillibilite iinfailUble}, sf., infallibility. infaillible [L. L. infaiii- bills, or in, neg., a,udfaillible, from faillir, q-v.], adj., in- fallible, unerring. infailliblement, cttZu., in- fallibly, unerringly. infame [L- infamis], adj., infamous, shameful. infamie [L- infamia], s.f., infamy, infamous action or thing. infanterie [ It. infant- eria], s.f, infantry, foot-sol- diers. infatigable [L- infatiga- bilis}, adj., indefatigable. infect* -e [L. infectus], adj., infected, corrupt, foul. infecter [infect}, v.a., 1, to infect, corrupt. , v.n., to stink. infection [L. ace. infec- tlonem'], s.f., infection. inferieur, -e [L- ace. adj. inferiorem}, adj., lower, infe- rior. Inferieur, s.m., subaltern. inferiorite [inferieur], s.f., inferiority. infernal, -e [L- infer- nalis], adj., infernal, hellish. infidele [L- injldelis], adj., unfaithful, untrue, faith- less. , s.m. or /., un- faithful person, unbeliever, infidel. infidelite [L- ace. infide- litatem], s.f., infidelity, dis- loyalty, unbelief. ING^NU. infime [L* infimus], adj., lowest. infinit "6 [L- infinitus], adj., infinite, boundless, end- less. Infini, s.m., infinity. X r , without end, infinitely. infiniment» cidv., infinite- ly, exceedingly. infinite [L. ace. infini- tatem], s.f, infinity, immense number, multitude. infinitif [L- ace. infini- tivum], s.m., infinitive (mood). infirme [L- infirmus, " not strong "], adj. and s.m. or /., infirm, sickly; invalid, dis- abled person. infirmite [L- ace. infirmi- tateyii], s.f, infirmity. inflammable [L. infiam- mare], adj., infiammable. inflexibilite [inflexible], s.f., inflexibility. inflexible [L- inflexibilis], adj., inflexible, unrelenting. infliger [L. infligere], v.a., 1, to inflict, impose. S' , r.v., to inflict oneself or each other ; to impose on oneself or on each other. influence [L- influentla], s.f, influence, power, credit. information [L. aec. in- formationem], s.f, informa- tion, inquiry. informe [L- informis], adj., shapeless, incomplete, crude. informer [L. informare], v.a., I, to inform, acquaint, apprise. S' , r.v., to in- quire. infortune [L- n. infortu- nium], sf., misfortune, misery. infortune, -e [L. in- fortunatus], adj. and s.m. or /., unfortunate, unhappy ; wretched creature. infraction [L. ace. infrac- tionem], s.f., infraction, vio- lation, breach, offence. infranchissable [in, neg., and franchir, q.v.], adj., in- superable. ingenieur [Medieval L. ace. ingeniatorem, " military engineer "], s.m., engineer. ingenieusement, adv,, in- geniously, cleverly. ingenieux, -euse [L. in- geniosus], adj., ingenious, clever. ingenu, -e [L- ingenuus], adj. and s.m. or /., ingenuous, artless, candid, sincere (per- , son, young man or girl). JNJURIER. ingenuite [L- aec. ingenui- tatem], s.f, ingenuity, artless- ness, frankness, candour. ingenument [ingenu and suffix -ment], adv., ingenu- ously, frankly, candidly. ingrat, -e [L. ingratus], adj., ungrateful, thankless, unpleasant. , s.m. or /., ungrateful man or woman. ingratitude [L- aec. ingra- titudinem], s.f, ingratitude, ungratefulness. ingredient [L. ace. ingre- dlentem, pres.part. of ingredi, " to enter "J, s.m., ingredient. inhabile^ [L. inhabiUs], adj., unskilful, incapable, in- competent. inhabilete [inhaUle], sf., unskilfulness, inability. inhabitable [L- inhabita- bilis], adj., uninhabitable. inhabite, -e [in, neg., and habiter, q.v.], adj., unin- habited. inhospitalier, -ere [in, neg., and hospitalier, q.v.], adj., inhospitable. inhumain, -e [L- inhu- manus], adj., inhuman, cruel. inhumainement, adv., inhumanly, cruelly. inbumanite [L. ace. inhu- manitatem], s.f, inhumanity, cruelty. inimitable [L- inimita- bilis], adj., inimitable. inimitie [L- L- aec. inimi- citatem (?). from L. inimicus], s.f, unfriendliness, enmity, hatred. inique [Li- iniquus], adj., unjust, iniquitous. iniquite [L- ace. iniqui- tatem], sf,, iniquity, un- righteousness. initiation [L. aec. initla- tionem], s.f., initiation. (Pro- nounce iniciacion.) initie, -e [JPP- of initier], adj., initiated. , s.m. or f., initiate. (Pronounce inicie.) initier [L- initiare], v.a., 1, to initiate. (Pronounce ini- cier.) injonction [L- ace. injunc- tionem], s.f, injunction, order. injure [L. injuria^ sf., injury, wrong ; abuse, insult, injustice. Faire a, to injure, do wrong to. injurier [L. injuriari], v.a., 1, to abuse, insult, revile, S' r.v., to revile each other. 262 ETYMOLOGICAL MCTlOlJAttY INJRUIEUX. iniurieux, -euse [L. w- juriosus], adj., abusive, in- sulting. injuste [T^- in Justus'], adj., unjust, unrighteous. mjustement, o.dv., un- justly, unrighteously. injustice [L- injustitia^, s.f., injustice, wrong. inne, -e [L- innatus'], adj., inborn, innate. innocemment [innocent], adv., innocently, harmlessly. innocence [L. innocentia], s.f., innocence ; simplicity, ignorance. innocent, -e [i^- ace. inno- centem], adj., innocent, pure ; simple. innombrable [L. innume- rabilis], adj., innumerable, nuviberless. innovatem- linnover], s.m., innovator. innovacjon [L. ace. inno- vaiionem], s.f., innovation. innover [L- innovare], v.a. and n., 1, to innovate. inoculer [ L- inoculare], v.a., 1, to inoculate, vaccinate. S' , r.v., to be inoculated. inodore [L- inodorus], adj., inodorous, scentless. inoifensif, -ive Lin, neg., and offensif, q.v.], adj., in- offensive, harmless. inondation [L- ace inun- dationem], sf., inundation, flood. inonder [L. inundare], v.a., i, to inundate, overjlood. inopine, -e [L- inopinatus], adj., unexpected, sudden. inopinement, a^^., unex- pectedly ^ unawaies. inopportnn, -e [L. inop- portunus], adj., inopportune, unseasonable. inopportunement, adv., inopportunely, um^easonably. inoui, -e [in, neg., and oui, p.p. of ou'ir,q.v.], adj., unheard of, unprecedented, extraordi- nary. inquiet, -ete [L. inquic- tus], adj., uneasy, anxious, restless. inquiet er [L. inquietare], v.a., 1, to alarm, disturb, vex, harass. S' , 7'.v., to be or make oneself uneasy ; to trouble oneself. inquietude [L- ace. in- quietudinem], s.f., uneasiness, fear. IKSIPIDITfi. inquisiteur [L. ace. in- quisitorem], s.m., inquisitor. inquisition [L- inquisi- tionem], sf., inquisition. insaisissable [in, neg., and saisir, q.v.], adj., not liable to be seized, not to be caught; indiscernible, imperceptible. insanite [L. ace. insani- tatem, from insanus], sf., in- sanity, madness. insatiable [L- insatiabilis, from in and satiare], adj., insatiable. inscription [L- ace. in- scriptionem], s.f, inscription. inscrire [L. inscribere], v.a., 4, to inscribe, write down. S' , r.v., to write one's name. S' en faux contre, to dispute the truth of. insecte [L. n. insectum], s.m., insect. insense, -e [L- insensa- tus], adj., foolish, insane. insensibilite [L. !>•• ace. insensibilitatem], s.f., insen- sibility, unconcern. insensible [L- insensi- bilis], adj., insensible, unfeel- ing, heartless, unconcerned. insensiblement, adv., in- sensibly, imperceptibly, by degrees. inseparable [L. insepara- bilis], adj., inseparable. inserer [I-i- inserere], v.a., 1, to insert, put in. insertion [L- ace. inser- tionem], s.f., insertion. insidieusement, adv., in- sidiously. insidieux, -euse [L. in- sidiosus], adj., insidious. insigne [L. insignis], adj., distinguished, signal, dmvn- right. s, s.m.pl., insignia. insignifiant, -e [in, neg., and signifier, . q.v.], adj., in- significant. insinuant, -e [pres. part. of insinuer], adj., insinuating, winning. insinuation [L. ace. in- sinuationem], s.f., insinua- tion, hint ; innuendo ; in- trigue. insinuer [Tj. insinuare], v.a., 1, to insinuate, hint, in- timate. S' , r.v., to in- sinuate oneself, creep into. insipide [!-'• insipidus], adj., insipid, tasteless. insipidite [insipide], s.f, insipidity, tastelessness. insistance [insister], s.f, insistence, urgent request. insister [L. insistere], v.n., 1, to insist, persist, urge, dicell upon. insolence [L- insolentia], s.f., insolence, impertinence. insolent, -e [L. ace. adj. insolentem], adj. and s.vi. or /,, insolent, impertinent, ex- traordinary, unheard of; in- solent fellow or creature. insomnie [L- insomnia], s.f., sleeplessness. insouciance [insouciant], s.f, carelessness, heedlessness. insouciant, -e [in, neg. and soucier, q.v.], adj., care- less, heedless. insoumis, -e [in, neg., and soumis, q.v.], adj., unsubdued; unruly, refractory. insoumission [in, neg., and soumission, q.v.], s.f., in- subordination. insoutenable [in, neg., and soutenable, q.v.], adj., inde- inspecter [L. inspectare], v.a., 1, to inspect, survey, ex- amine. inspecteur [L- ace inspec- torem], s.m., inspector, ex- aminer, overseer. (The fern. is inspectrice.) inspection [L- ace. inspec- tionem], s.f, inspection, ex- amination, supervision. inspiration [L- ace. inspi- rationem], s.f., inspiration. inspire, -e [p-p- of in- spirer], s.m. or /,, a man or woman inspired. inspirer [L- inspirare], v.a., 1, to inspire, prompt, impel. S' , r.v., to draw one's in- spiration. instability [L- ace. insta- bilitatem], s.f, instability. instable [L- instabiUs], adj., unstable, unsteady. installation [installer], s.f., installation. installer [prefix in, and stalle, q.v.], v.a., 1, to install ; establish. S' , r.v., to settle. instamment [instant], adv., earnestly, urgently. instance [L- instantia], s.f., entreaty, solicitation. instant, -e [L. ace. adj. in- stantem], adj., urgent, press- ing. Instant, s.m., instant, moment. En un , in a TO PKENCH READING BOOK. 26S INSTIGATKUR. trice. \ r , instantly, immediately. instigateur [L. ace. insti- gatorem], s.m., instigator, in- citer. (The/, is instigatrice.) instigatibn [L- ace. insti- gationem], s.f., instigation, incitement. instinct [L- aec. instinc- turn'], s.m., instinct. instinctif, -ive [instinct], adj., instinctive. instinctivement, adv., in- stinctively. instituer [I-*- instituere], v.a., 1, to institute, establish. institut [L. n. institutum], s.m., institute, institution. instituteur [L- aec. insti- tutorem], s.m., teacher, master, tutor. (The fern, is institu- trice.) institution [L. ace. insti- tutionem], s.f., institution, es- tablishment, hoarding-school. instructeur [L- ace. in- structorem], s.m., instructor. Juge , examining magis- trate. instructif, -ive [L. L. in- structivus (.?), der. from L. in- struere], adj., instructive. instruction [L. aec. in- striictionem'], s.f., instruction, education, knowledge, learn- ing. instruire [L- instruere'], v.a. and n., 4, to instruct, educate, inform, apprise. S' , r.v., to improve oneself, learn. instruit, -e IP-P- of in- struire'], adj., learned, well- educated ; acquainted with. instrument [L. w. instru- mentum], s.m., instrument, tool, implement. inSU (a 1') Lin, neg., and su, p.p. of savoir, q.v.], prep., unknown to. insubordination [in, neg., and subordination, q.v.], s.f., insubordination, disobedience. insubordonne, -e iin,neg., and subordonne, q.v.], adj., insubordinate, disobedient. insuffisamment [insuffi- sant], adv., insufficiently. insuffisance [L- insuffi- cientia], s.f, insufficiency. insuffisant, -e [i^- aec. adj. insufficientem], adj., insuf- ficient, inadequate. inaultant, -e [pres. part. of insulter], adj., insulting. insulte [L- aec. insultum'], s.f., insult, affront. insulter [L- insultare], v.a., 1, to insult, affront, taunt. insupportable [in, neg., and supportable, q.v.], adj., insupportable, unbearable. insurge [p-P- of s'insur- ger], adj. and s.m., insurgent. insurger (s')» r.v., to rebel, revolt, rise. insurmontable [yn, neg., and surmonter, q.v.], adj., in- surmountable, insuperable. insurrection [L. ace. in- surrectionem], s.f., insurrec- tion, rebellion, rising. intact} -e [L. intactus], adj., intact, entire, undam- aged, spotless, pure. integre [L- integer], adj., just, honest, upright. integrite [L. aec. integri- tatem], s.f, integrity, honesty, uprightness. intellect [L- aec. intellec- tum], s.m., intellect, under- standing. intellectuel, -elle [L. in- tellectualis], adj., intellectual. intelligence [L- inteiu- gentia], s.f., intelligence, un- derstanding ; harmony; cor- respondence. intelligent, -e [L. ace. adj. intelligentem], adj., intelli- gent, clever, quick. intelligible [L- intelUgi- bilis], adj., intelligible, clear, distinct. intemperance [L- intem- perantia], s.f., intemperance. intempere, -e [L- intem- peratus], adj., intemperate. intemperie [L- aec. in- temperiem], s.f., inclemency (of the weather). intempestif, -ive [L. in- tempestivus], adj., unseason- able. intempestivement, adv., unseasonably. intendant [L- aec. inten- dentem, pres. part, of in- tendere], s.m., steward, super- intendent, manager, chief officer, commissioner. intense [L- intensus], adj., intense, great, violent. intensite {intense], s.f., intensity, severity, violence. intenter [L- intentare], v.a., 1, to bring an action at INXEUMINABLK. intention [L. ace. inten- tionem], s.f, intention, design, purpose, view. intentionne, -e [inten- tion], adj., intentioned, dis- posed, meaning. interceder [L. intercedere], v.n., 1, to intercede. interceptor [L. L. inter- ceptare {?)], v.a., 1, to intercept, cut off. intercesseur [L. ace. in- tercessorem], s.m., intercessor, mediator. intercession [L. ace. in- tercessionem], s.f., interces- sion, mediation. interdiction [L- &cc. in ter- dictionem], s.f., interdiction, deprivation. interdire [L- interdicere], v.a., 4, to interdict, suspend, deprive of. interdit, -e [P-P- of inter- dire], adj., speechless. In- terdit, s.m., interdict, prohi- bition, taboo. interessant, -e [pres. part, of interesser], adj., in- teresting. interesser [l^- intercsse], v.a., 1, to interest, concern, affect. S' a, r.v., to take an interest in. interet [L- interest, 3rd p. sing. pres. Ind. of interesse], s.m., interest, good, concern, advantage. interieur, -e [L- aec. adj. interiorem], adj., interior, in- ward. Interieur, s.m., inte- rior, inland, home, conscience, soul ; Home Department. interieur ement, adv., in- ternally, inwardly. interim [L- adv. interim], s.m., interim. interjection [L. ace. inter- jectionem], s.f., interjection. interlocuteur [L.L. aec interlocutorem, from L. in- terloqui], s.m., interlocutor, speaker. interlocution [L- ace. in- terlocutionem], s.f., interlocu- tion, dialogue. intermede [L- adj. inter- medins], s.m., interlude, me- dium. intermediaire [inter- mede], adj., intermediate, in- tervening. , s.m. or /., medium, go-between. interminable [L- inter- 264 ETYMOLOGICAL DlCTlOi^AEY INTEBNE. minabilis'], adj., interminable, endless. interne [L- intemusl, adj., inward, interior. , s.m. or/., hoarder. internement [intern^-], s.m., confinement (within the country}. interner [interne'], v.a., 1, to confine (within the country) . interpeller [L. interpei- lare}, v.a., 1, to question, summon, call upon, address, challenge. interposer [L. inter, and posery q.v.], v.a., 1, to inter- pose. S' , r.tj., to inter- pose. interpretation [L-. ace. interpretationem], s.f., inter- pretation, construction. interprete [L. ace. inter- pretem], s.m.orf., interpreter, tra'Aslator, expounder. interpreter [L. interpre- tari], v.a., 1, to interpret, translate, explain, expound. interregne [L. n. interreg- num], s.m., interregnum. interrogatif, -ive [L- interrogativus], adj., interro- gative. interrogation [L- ace. interrogationem], s.f., interro- gation, question, call. interroger [L. interro- gare}, v.a., 1, to question, exa- mine, ask questions. interrompre [L- inter- rumpere], v.a., 4, to interrupt, stop, disturb. S' , r.v., to interrupt oneself or each other, break off, leave off. interruption [L- ace. in- terruptionem], s.f, interrup- tion, suspension. intervalle [L. n. interval- lum], s.m., interval, distance, space. D' en , at in- tervals. intervenir [L. interve- nire], v.n., 2, to intervene, in- terfere. intervention [L. ace. in- terventionem], s.f, interven- tion, interference. intervertir [L. interver- tere], v.a., 2, to invert, reverse. intestin, -e [L. intestinus], adj., intestine, interior, do- mestic, civil. Intestin [L. n. intestinum], s.m., intestine, bowel. intime [L. intimus], adj., intimate, familiar. ,s.m. or/., intimate friend. intimementt adv., inti- mately, familiarly, inwardly. intimer [L- intimare], v.a., I, to notify, give notice ; sum- mon. intimide, -e [p-p- of inti- mider], adj., intimidated, frightened, cowed. intimider {in and timide, q.v.], v.a., \, to intimidate, frighten, cow, abash. S' , r.v., to be or become, intimi- dated, nervous, or confused. intimite [intime'], s.f, in- timacy, close connection. intituler [L. intitulare], v.a., 1, to entitle, name, call. S' , r.v., to call oneself, to take or assume the title of. intolerable [L. intolera- bilis], adj., intolerable, un- bearable. intolerance [L- intoler- antia], sf, intolerance. intolerant, -e [L. ace. adj, intolerantem], adj., intolerant. intonation [L- L. ace. in- tonationem (?), der. from L. in- tonare], s.f., intonation. intransitif, -ive [L- w- transitivus], adj., intransi- tive. intrepide [L- intrepidus], adj., intrepid, daring, fear- less, dauntless. intrepidement, adv., in- trepidly, daringly, fearlessly. intrepidite [intrepide], s.f, intrepidity, fearlessness. intrigant, -e [intriguer], adj., intriguing. , s.m. or/., intriguer, adventurer. intrigue [it. intrigo], s.f, intrigue, plot. intriguer [intrigue], v.a., 1, to puzzle, perplex, to lay the plot of. , v.n., to intrigue. S' , r.v., to intrigue, take great pains, puzzle, perplex each other. introduction [L. ace. in- troductionem], sf., introduc- tion, entrance, beginning. introduire [L- introdu- cere], v.a., 4, to introduce; show in ; begin. S' , r.v., to get in, find one's way in, get access into. introuvable [in, neg., and trouver, q.v.], adj., undis- coverable, matchless. inusite, -e [I-*- inusitatus], adj., unused, unusual. INVIOLABLE. inutile [L- inutiUs], adj.j useless, needless, unnecessary. inutilementj o.dv., use- lessly, in vain. inutilite [L- aec. inutiU- tatem], s.f., uselessness, need- invalide [L- invalidus], adj. and s.m. or/., invalid, in- firm ; disabled soldier or sailor. invariable [in, neg., and variable, q.v.], adj., invari- able. invariablement, adv., in- variably. invasion [L' ace. inva- sionem], s.f, invasion. invective [L- invectiva], s.f., invective. S'aecabler d' 8, see accabler. inventaire [L- n. inven- tarium], s.m., inventory. inventer [L- L. inventare, from inventum, sup. of inve- nire], v.a., 1, to invent, find out, forge. inventeur [L. ace. inven- torem], s.m., inventor, author. (The/, is inven-trice.) inventif, -ive [invention], adj., inventive, ingenious, quick, sharp. invention [L. ace. inven- tionem], s.f., invention, dis- covery ; fiction, untruth. inverse [L- inversus], adj., inverse, inverted, contrary. (Its doublet is envers, q.v.) inversion [L- ace. inver- sionem], s.f, inversion; in- verted order (military). investigateur [L. ace. in- vestigatorem], s.m. and adj., investigator, inquirer ; in- vestigating, inquiring. (The /. is investigatrice.) investigation [L. ace. in- vestigationem], s.f., investiga- tion, inquiry. investir [L. investire], v.a., 2, to invest. ,invetere, -e [p-p- of s'in- veterer, r.v., "to become in- veterate"], adj., inveterate. invincibillte [invincible], s.f, invincibility. invincible [L-. invind- bilis], adj., invincible, uncon- querable. invinciblement, adv., in- vincibly, unconquerably. inviolabilite [inviolable], s.f, inviolability. inviolable [L- inviola- bilis], adj., inviolable, sacred. TO FilENCM READING BOOK. 265 IXVISIBILITfi. invisibilite [L. ace. invisi- hilitatem], s.f., invisibility. invisible [L- invisibilis}, adj., invisible, not to be seen. invisiblement, adv., in- visibly. invitation [L. ace. invita- tioneni], s.f., invitation, in- ducement, request, exhorta- tion. invite» -e LP-P- of inviter"], adj., invited. , s.m, or/., guest. inviter [L- invitare], v.a., 1, to invite, bid, incite, ask, request, exhort. invocation [L- ace. invo- cationem], s.f., invocation. involontaire [L- invoiun- tarius], adj., involuntary, un- intended. involontairement, adv., involuntarily, unintention- ally. invoquer [L. invocare], v.a., 1, to invoke, appeal to. invraisemblable [in, neg., and vraisemblable, q-v.}, adj., improbable, unlikely. invraisemblance [.in, neg., and vraisemblance, q-v.], s.f., improbability. invulnerable [L. invulne- rabilis], adj., invulnerable. irascible [L- irasdbilis'], adj., irascible, passionate. iris [L- i'''is, "goddess of the rainbow"], s.m., iris, rainbow. Irlandais, -e [irlande, from Engl. Ireland, contrd. of Ivernya], adj. and s.m. or/., Irish ; Irishman, Irishwoman. ironie [L- ironia, from Gr. etpwreta, from slpcov, " one who says less than he thinks"], sf., irony. ironique [Gr. eZpwi/i/cos], adj., ironical. ironiquement) adv., ironi- cally. IroqnoiSi s.m., Iroquois. irraisonnable [prefix ir (for in, neg.), and raisonnable, q.v.'], adj., unreasonable, irra- tional. irraisonnablement, adv., unreasonably, irrationally. irreconciliable [ir (for in, neg.), and reconcilier, q.v.], adj., irreconcilable. irrecusable [L- irrecusa- lilis'], adj., undeniable, unex- ceptionable. irreflechi, -e [prefix ir (for in, neg.), and reflechi. p.p. of reflechir, q.v."], adj., thoughtless, inconsiderate. irreflezion [prefix ir (for in, neg.), and reflexion, q.v.], s.f., thoughtlessness. 'irrefutable [L. irrefuta- bilis], adj., irrefutable. irregularite [ir (for in, neg.), and regularite, q.v.}, s.f, irregularity. irregulie;r, -ere [ir (for in, neg.), and regulier, q.v.], adj., irregular. irregulierement, adv., ir- regularly. irreligieux, -euse [L. ir- religiosus], adj., irreligious. irreligion [L. ace. irre- ligionem], sf., irreligion. irreparable [L. irrepara- bilis], adj., irreparable. irreprochable [ir (for in, neg.), and reprocher, q.v.], ir- reproachable, blameless, fault- less. irresistible [L- L. irresisti- bilis], adj., irresistible. irresolu [ir (for in, neg.), and resolu, q.v.], adj., irreso- lute. irresolumentj adv., irre- irresolut;ion [ir (for in, neg.), and resolution, q.v.], s.f, irresolution. irrevocable [L- irrevoca- bilis], adj., irrevocable, irre- versible. irrigation [L. ace. irriga- tionem], s.f., irrigation, water- ing. irriguer [L. irrigare], v.a., 1, to irrigate, water. irritable [L. irritabiUs], ad^., irritable. irritation [L- ace. irrita- tionem], s.f., irritation, exas- peration. irriter [L. irritare], v.a., 1, to irritate, provoke, • enrage, aggravate, increase. S' , r.v., to get angry. irruption [L. ace. irrup- tionem], s.f., irruption, in- road. isole, -e [P-P- of isoler], adj., isolated, desert, lonely, solitary. isolement, adv., separate- ly, solitarily. isolement [isoler], s.m., loneliness, isolation, retire- ment, solitude. isoler [L. insulatus, from insula, "island"], v.a., 1, to JALONNKB. insulate, isolate, separate, se- clude. S' , r.v., to live retired, to be solitary. issu, -e [P-p. of the 0. Fr V. issir, from L, exire], adj., sprung from, born, descended. issue [partic. subst. of the 0. Fr. V. issir; see issu], s.f., issue, egress, way out. isthme [l--- ace. isthmum, from Gr. laBfios, "passage"], s.m., isthmus. Italie [L. Italia, "the country of cattle," from Gr. irako^, " bull "], sf., Italy. Italien, -enne [it. itaiia- no], adj. and s.m. or /., Italian. italique [L- italicus], adj., italic. , 5./., italic (let- ter). itineraire [L- n. itinera- rium], s.m., itinerary, route, journey. ivoire [L. eboreus, adj., der. from ebur], s.m., ivory. ivraie [L- adj. /, ebriaca, " drunken," by reason of the drunkenness or torpor caused by it], s.f., tares, darnel. ivre [L- ebrius], adj., drunken, intoxicated, tipsy. ivresse [ivre], sf, drunk- enness. ivrogne [ivre], adj., drun' ken. , s.m., drunkard. (The/, is ivrognesse.) ivrognerie [ivrogne], s.f, drunkenness. JabotCL. gibha, "hump"] s.m., craw, maw ; shirt frill. jacque [see jaquette], s.f, coat, jacket. Jacques [L. Jacobus, from Gr. 'Id/fwj3o?], s.m., James {Christian name). jactance [L.jactantia], s.f, boasting. jadis [j^, from L.jam, and dis from L. dies], adv., for- merly, once, of old, of yore. jaillir [0. Fr. jailler, from L. h.jaculare, " to dart "],un., 2, to gush out, spout, spring. jaillissement [jaiiUr], s.m., gushing, spouting out. jalon [?]» ^-wi-. stake, land- mark. jalonner [jalon], v.a. and n., 1, to stake out, place land- marks. 266 ETYMOLOGICAL BldTlONAHY jalousie IMioux], s.f., jealousy, umbrage. jaloux, -ouse [L. zelosusi adj., jealous, envious, am- bitious. jamais [0. Fr. ja, from L. jam, and mats, q.v.'], adv., ever, never. A , for ever, ever. jambe [L. L. gamba, " ham- string," from Gr. Ka/u-TT^, "bend- ing "J, s./., leg. janissaire [Turkish ieni- tcheri, " new body of troops "], s.m., janissary, janizary. Janvier [L. ace. Janua- rium'], s.m., January. jappement ijapper-], s.m., yelp, yelping. japper lonomatop.'], v.n., 1, to yelp. jaquette [0. Fr. jaque, of historical origin, "a garment worn by the Jacques, or re- volted peasants of the 14th century"], s.f., jacket. jardin [0- Fr. gardin, from G. garten, akin to L. Jiortus and Gr. x^Pt°^^' ^•'"^■i gO't'den. jardinage, s.m., gardening. jardiner, v.n., l, to garden. jardinier, s.m., gardener. (The/. \% jardiniere.) jargon [?], s.m., jargon, lingo, slang. jarret [0. Fr. garret, from Breton gar], s.m., hamstring, ham, hough. jarretiere [jarret], s.f, garter. jars [Old Scand. gassi, "a prattler "], s.m., gander. jaser [jars], v.n., 1, to chatter, prattle, tattle. jasmin [Sj). jasmin], s.m., jessamine. jaspe, -e [PP- of jasper], adj., jasper-like, variegated, marbled. jasper [jaspe, "jasper," from L. iaspis (in Pliny), from Gr. laa-m^, "a green- coloured precious stone"], v.a., 1, to marble, vein. jatte [0. Fr. gatte, from L. gabata], s.f, bowl. jaunatre [jaune], adj., yellowish. Jaune [0. Fr. jalne, from L. galbinus], adj. and s.m., yellow. jaunir [jaune], v.a., 2, to colour yellow, gild. , v.n., to be or turn yellow. Java} s.f, Java (island of). javelle [0. Fr. gavelle, from It. gavella, " a bundle of shoots or ears," from L. L. capella, "a handful"], s.f., bundle of corn or vine- branches. javelot [javelle (Littre), or A.-S. gafiac, ' "javelin " (Grimm), or Kymr, gaf-ach, "feathered lance" (Diez)], s.m., javelin. je [0. Fr. jo, io, eo, from L. ego], pers. pron., I. Jean [0. Fr. Jehan, from L. Johannes], s.m., John (Chris- tian name). Jeanne ) s.f., Joan (Chris- tian name). Jesuite [formerly Jesuiste, from Jesus], s.m., Jesuit. jet [verbal subst. of jeter], s.m., throw, jet, gush, stroke. jetee [partic. subst. of jeter], s.f., jetty, pier, cause- way, embankmeiit ; casting. Jeter [L- jactare], v.a., 1, to throw, cast, hurl, Jiing, shoot, take. Se , r.v., to throw oneself, rush, fall, dash ; to be thrown away. jeu [Prov. joe, from L. ace. jocum], s.m., play, perform- ance; sport, frolic, trick. jeudi [It. Giovedl, from L. Jovis dies], s.m., Thursday. jeun (a) [L. jejunus], adv. loc, fasting. jeiine [L- juvenis], adj., young, youthful, younger. jeune [L- n.jejunium], s.m., fast, fasting. jedner [lj.jejunare], v.n., 1, to fast. jeunesse [jeune], s.f, youth. joaillier [joyau, from L. L. jocale, "a jewel," der. from jocari], s.m., jeweller. joie [Jj- gaudia, pi. of s.n. gaudium], s.f., joy, gladness, happiness, pleasure. joindre [L- jungere], v.a. and n., 4, to join, unite, con- nect, reach, meet. Se , r.v., to join, unite, couple ; to be joined, united, added. joint, -e [pp- of joindre], adj., joined, united. Joint, s.m., joint, seam. jointure [L.junctura], sf., joint. joli, -e [0. Scand. Jul, " a festival"], adj., nice, pretty, fine, handsome. JOURNELLEMENT. JOliment» adv., nicelv prettily, finely, handsomely. jonc [L. ace. juncum], s.m., rush, bulrush; hoop-ring. joncher [jonc], v.a., i, to strew, scatter. jonction [L. ace. junctio- nem], s.f, junction, joining, meeting. JOngler [L. joculari, "to jest"], v.n., 1, to juggle. jongleur [L. ace. jocula- torem, "a jester"], s.m., jug- gler. JOUe [0. Fr. jode, from Medieval L. gauta, contrd. from gavata, from gabata, " porringer " (in Martial) ; thus jowe is a doublet of jatte, q.v.], s.f, cheek. Coucher or mettre en , to take aim at. JOUer [L. jocari], v.a. and n., 1, to play, sport; act; to make fun of, to be trifled with. de malheur, to be unlucky. Se de, r.v., to play, sport, make light of; to set at de- fiance. JOUet [dim. of jeu, q.v.], s.7n., toy, plaything, sport, laughing-stock. joueur, -euse [jouer], s.m. or /., player, gambler, per- former. JOUg [L- n. jugum], s.m., yoke. jouir [0. Fr. jo'ir, from L. gaudere], v.n., 2, to enjoy, possess, have pleasure. jouissance [jouir], s.f, enjoyment, possession. JOUJOU [reduplication of the first syllable of the v. jou-er, "to play"], s.m., toy, plaything. jour [It. giorno, from L. adj. diurnus], s.m., day. Tons les 8, every day. s,pl; life. Faire , to be light, daylight. Mettre au , to bring to light, bring forth. journal [0. Fr.jomal, from L. adj. n. diurnale], s.m., journal, newspaper. journalieri -ere [journal], adj., daily, variable. journaliste [journal], s.m., journalist. JOUrnee [L- L. jomeia, see jour], s.f, day (from rising to rest), day-time, day's work ox wages; battle. joumellement [journeiie, fern, of the 0. Fr. a^J.journel, *0 ]?RENCH fefiAWNG BOOK. 267 and suffix -ment], adv., daily, every day. JOUte [verbal subst. of j outer], s/., joust, tilting, strife. JOUter [I^- I^- jvxtare, " to draw near "], v.n., 1, to joust, tilt, cope with. JOUteur [jouter], s.m., an- tagonist, champion. jovial, -e [it. gioviale, from L.jovialis, " belonging to Jupiter"], adj., jovial, merry. jovialement, adv., jovially, merrily. JOVialite {jovial], s.f., jovi- ality, merriment. joy an [see joaillier'], s.m., jeioel. joyeusement, adv., joy- fully, cheerj'ully, merrily. joyeux, -ense [L- gaudi- osus], adj., joyous, joyful, merry. .iudiciaire [L. jMdiciariMs], adj., judicial, legal. judiciairement, adv., ju- dicially. judicieusement, adv., ju- diciously. judicieux, -euse [L-L. jw- diciosus (.?), from h. n. judi- cium, " discernment "], adj., judicious, sensible. JUge [L. ace. judicem], s.m., jugement Uuger], s.m., judgment, sentence, opinion, view. juger [L- judicare], v. a. and n.,\, to judge ; deem, think, ima- gine, bring to trial, sentence. Juif , -ive [L- Judaeus], adj. and s.m. or /., Jewish ; Jew, Jewess. juillet [dim. of L. ace. Julium], s.m., July. itlin [L- ace. Junium], s.m., June. jumeau,. jumelle [L- ge- mellus], adj., twin. , s.m. or/., twin, twinborn. jument [L. n. jumentum, " beast of burden," but In Me- dieval L. " mare "], s.f., mare. jure [p-P- of jurer], s.m., juryman, juror. jurement [L. n. juramen- tum], s.m., oath, swearing. jurer [L- jurare], v.a. and n., 1, to swear ; to take an oath. juridiction [L. ace. juris- dictionem], s.f, jurisdiction, department, province. KILOGRAMME. juridique [L. juridicus], adj., juridical, judicial. jurisconsulte [L. ace. jurisconsultum], s.m., juris- consult, lawyer. jurisprudence [L. juris- prudentia], s.f ., jurisprudence, law. juron [jurer], s.m., oath. jury [Engl.jwry, from 0. Fr. jurce, s.f, "an assembly of men sworn in"], s.m., jury. jus [L. n. jus], s.m., juice, liquor, gravy, sauce. JUSant [0. Fr. jus, from L. L. jusum, " down," from L. adv. deorsum], s.m., ebb-tide. JUSque [L- de usque], prep., as far as, until, even. jusqu'a ce que, conj. loc.y until. justaucorps ijii^ste, au, corps, q.v.], s.m., close coat, jerkin, jacket. juste (L. Justus], adj., just, righteous, fair, right, correct, accurate, exact. , s.m., righteous, upright man. , adv., accurately, just, exactly. JUStement, adv., just, pre- cisely ; justly. JUSteSSe [L. justitia], s.f, justness, accuracy, propriety. justice [L. justitia], s.f, justice, integrity; rectitude. justicier [justice], s.m., justiciary, judge. justifiable [justifer], adj., justifiable, warrantable. justificatif, -ive Liusti- fier], adj., justificative. Pieces ivos, proofs, illustrations. justification [L. ace. justi- ficationem], s.f, justification, defence, vindication. JUStifier [L. justificare], v.a., 1, to justify, vindicate, clear. Se , r.v., to justify oneself. juxtaposer [L. juxta, and poser], v.a., 1, to juxtapose, place side by side. juxtaposition [L- juxta, and Fr. position, q.v.], sf, juxtaposition. K kilo [Gr. xt''^toO> s.m., one thousand. kilogramme [Gr. x^^f-oi-, " thousand," and ypa^xfia, "gramme"], s.m., kilogram (2 lb. 3 oz. 4-428 dr. avoirdu- pois). kilometre [Gr. xt'Atot and metre, q.v.], s.m., kilometre (1093-6389 yards). kiosque [Turkish kieuchk, " belvedere "], s.m., kiosk. kyrielle [from tlie first two words of the Greek Litany, Kupte e\eriourer'], s.m., ploughing, tillage, hus- bandry. labourer [L. laborare], v.a., I, to till, plough. laboureur [L. L. ace. laho- ratorem, " workman "], s.m., ploughman, husbandman. labyrinthe [L. ace. laby- rinthum, from Gr. Aa/3vptv- 0o?], s.m., labyrinth, maze. lac [L- ace. lacum], s.m., lake. lacer [lacs, q.v.], v.a., l, to, lace. laceration [L. ace. lacera- tionem], s.f., laceration, tear- ing. lacerer [L- lacerare], v.a., 1, to lacerate, tear. lacet [lacs, q.v.], s.m., lace, springs, snare. lache [L- lascus = laxus]^ adj., slack, loose; cowardly* 268 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOI^AIIY LiCHEMENT. dastardly. , s.m., cowardy dastard. lachementj adv., slacUy, loosely; cowardly. lacher [0. Fr. lascher, from L. laxare], v.a., 1, to slacken, loosen, let go. prise, to let go one's hold, give way. lachete [L- ace. laxUateni], s.f., laxity, sloth, cowardice. laoonique [L. laconicus, from Gr. \aKwviK6<;, from AaKtor, " Lacedasmonian"], adj., laconic, brief. laconisme [Gr. A.a s.m., latten, brass, wire. laitue [L. lactuca], sf., lettuce. lambeau [O. Fr. lambel, from G. lappen, Engl, lap, " loose part of a coat, border, hem "], s.m., shred, scrap, rag. lambris [0. Fr. lambre, from L. lamina], s.m., abode, dwelling. lame [L. lamina], s.f, blade, wave. lamentable [L. lamenta- bilis], adj., lamentable, mourn- ful, distressing. lamentation [L. ace. la- mentationem], s.f, lamenta- tion, bewailing. lamenter [L. lamentari], v.a., 1, to lament, mourn, be- wail. Se , r.v., to mourn over, bewail. lampe [L. ace. lampada, from Gr. Aa/u-Tra?], s.f., lamp. lampion [dim. of lampe], s.m., lamp. lance [L. lancea], sf, spear, lance. lancer {lanc^], v.a., 1, to dart, shoot, throw, hurl, fling. Se , r.v., to rush, dart. lancier [lance], s.m., lancer. lande [Gr- lande], s.f, waste land, sandy jnoor. langage [langue], s.m., language. langoureux, -euse [lan- gueur], adj., languishing, lan- guid. langue [L. lingua], s.f, tongue; language. Coup de , backbiting, slander. de terre, narrow strip of land. langueur [L. aec. languor- em], sf., languor, debility. languir [L. languere], v.n., 2, to languish, pine away. languissant, -e [pres. part, of languir], adj., lan- guid,pining, declining, droop- ing; weak. laniere [L. adj. fem. lan- aria, from lana, " wool ; " in 0. Fr. laniere meant " a woollen strap "], sf, thong, narrow strap of leather. lanterne C^- lanterna], s.f, lantern, lamp-post. laper [G. lappen], v.a., 1, to lap, lick up. lapereau [dim. of lapin], s.m., young rabbit. lapidaire [L. aec. lapida- rium], s.m., lapidary. lapider [L- lapidare], v.a., 1, to stone to death. lapin [from the root Zep, found in the L. lep-us], s.m., rabbit. laps [L- acc- lapsum], s.m., lapse, space. laquais [Sp. lacayo], s.m.. lackey, servant, footman. larcin [0. Fr. larrecin, from L. n. latrocinium], s.m., larceny, theft. lard [L- n. lardum for lari- dum], s.m., bacon. lares [L- s. pi. lares], s.m. pi.. Lares, household gods. large [L* largus], adj., large, broad, wide, plentiful, generous, liberal, grand. , s.m., breadth, width, open sea. Au , at a distance, out at sea. largement, adv., largely, broadly, amply, fully, liber- ally. largesse [L. L. largitia]^ s.f, largess, bounty. largeur [large], s.f., breadth, width. larme [L- lacryma], s.f, tear. larmoyer [larme], v.n., 1, to shed tears. larron [L. ace. latronem], s.m., thief. larve [L- larva], s.f, larva, worm, maggot. larynx [Gr. \dpvy^], s.m., larynx, throat. las, lasse [L. lassus], adj., weary, tired. lasser [L. lassare], v.a., 1, to tire out,fatigue, discourage. Se , r.v., to be or become tired. lassitude [L. ace. lassitti- dinem], s.f, lassitude, weari- ness. lateral [L. lateralis], adj., lateral, side. Latin, -e [L. Latinus], adj., Latin, Roman. Latin, s.m., Latin language. latinite [L. ace latinl- tatem], s.f, latinity ; know- ledge of Latin. latitude [L. aec. latitudi- nem], s.f., latitude ; room, space ; freedom of action ; clime, climate. latte [G. lalte, latte], s.f, lath. laureat [L. adj. laureatus], adj. and s.m., laureate. laurier [L. L. ace. laura- rium (?), from L. laurus], s.m., laurel ; victory, glory. lave [it. lava], s.f, lava. laver [L. lavare], v.a., 1, tc wash, clean ; clear. Se , r.v., to wash oneself, bathe; clear oneself. lazaret [it. lazaretto], s.m., lazaretto, quarantine hospi- tal. TO FRENCH HEADING BOOK. 269 le» la. r, les.[L. ace. Ulum, illam, illos], def. art., the. , pers. pron., him, her, it, them. lecher [G. lecken], v.a., 1, to lick. lecon [L- ace. lectimem'], s.f., lesson, lecture, advice, warning. lecteur [I-"- ace. lectorem'], s.m., reader. (The /. is lec- trice.) lecture [L. L. lectura}, s.f., reading, perusal, lecture. legal, -e [L- legalis], adj., legal, lawful. legalement, (^v., legally, lawfully. legaliser [legal], v.a., i, to legalize. legalite [I^. L. ace. legali- tatem], s.f, legality, lawful- ness. legat [L. ace. legatum'], s.m., legate. legataire [L. ace. legata- rium], s.m. or /., legatee. universal, -elle, sole lega- tee. legation [L- ace. legatio- nem'], s.f, legation, embassy. legende [L- legenda, pi. n. of the future past part, legen- dus, from legere], sf., legend, inscription, story. leger, -ere [L. L. leviarius, der. from levisl, adj., light; swift; slender, fickle, thought- less. legerement, adv., lightly, siviftly, slightly, frivolously, thoughtlessly. legerete [leger], s.f, swift- ness, lightness, slenderness, thinness ; frivolity, thought- lessness. legion [L- aec. legionem], sf., legion. legionnaire [L. adj. legio- narius], s.m., legionary. legislateur [L. ace. legis- latorem], s.m., legislator, law- maker or giver. legislatif, -ive [L. L. le- gislativus Q?)], adj., legislative. legislation [L- ace. legis- lationem], sf, legislation. legislature [legislateur], s.f., legislature. legitime [L- legitimus], adj., legitimate, rightful, just, justifiable. legitimement, adv., legi- timately, lawfully, rightly, justly, justifiably. LfiTHARGIE. legitimer [legitime], v.a., I, to legitimate, recognize. legitimite [legitime], s.f, legitimacy, lawfulness. legs [verbal subst. of le- gvLer], s.m., legacy, bequest. leguer [L. Ugare], v.a., 1, to bequeath. legume [L- n. legumen], s.m., vegetable. lendemain [eompd. of le, en, and demain, q.v.], s.m., the following day, the morrow. lent [L. lentus], adj., sloiv, tardy, sluggish, dull. lentementi adv., slowly, sluggishly. lenteur [L. ace. lentorem, which means only " flexibility, viscosity "], s.f., slowness, sluggishness, dulness. lenticulaire [L. lenticu- laris, "like a lentil"], adj., lenticular. lentille [L- lenUcula], sf, lentil ; lens; freckles. leonin, -e [L- leoninus], adj., leonine, lion-like. leopard [L- ace leopar- dum, from Gr. A.€07rap5aAos], s.m., leopard. lepre [L. lepra], sf., le- prosy. lepreux, -euse [L- lepro- sus], adj., leprous. , s.m. or/., leper. lequel, sing, m., laquelle, sing, f, leSQUels, pi- m., lesquelles, Pl-f [le, quel], rel. pron., loho, whom, that, which. les, see le. lese» - (*w compounds) [L. laesus], adj., treason against. majeste, s.f., high treason. leser [Use], v.a., 1, to in- jure, wrong, hurt. lesiner [lesine, "stingi- ness," from It. lesina], v.n., 1, to be stingy or mean. lesinerie [lesiner], s.f, stinginess, meanness. lesion [T-"- ace. laesionem, from laedere, " to hurt "], s.f, injury, wrong, hurt, wound. lest [G. last], s.m., ballast. leste [It- lesto, from G. listig], adj., brisk, nimble, quick. lestement, adv., briskly, nimbly, quickly. lester [lest], v.a., l, to ballast. lethargie [L- lethargia. LIB^RALITfi. from Gr. X-rjOapyCa, "drowsi- ness," from Atj^tj, "forgetful- ness "], s.f, lethargy. lethargique [L. uthar- gicus, from Gr. ATj^apyiKos, "drowsy"], adj., lethargic. lettre [L. Httera], sf., letter, note, bill. b, s.f. pi., letters, literature, learn- ing ; arts, as Baehelier es 8, s.m., bachelor of arts. lettre [L- Utteratus], s.m., learned man, scholar, literate, leur [L. illorum], pers. pron., to them, them. leur, leurs [L. illorum], poss. adj., their. leurre [Middle G. luoder, " deceit "], s.m., lure, trap. leurrer [leurre], v.a., 1, to allure. Se , r.v., to delude oneself. levain [L- n. levamen], s.m., leaven, yeast. Levant [pres. part, of lever], s.m., Levant, the Fast. levee [partic. subst. of lever], s.f, raising, removal, levy, embankment. lever [L. levare], v.a., 1, to raise, lift up, remove, levy. Se , r.v., to rise, get up, stand up. lever [inf. used as a subst.], s.m., rising, rise, dawn ; levee. levier [lever], s.m., lever, crowbar. levraut [dim. of Uevre, q.v.], s.m., leveret. levre [L- pi- n. labra], s./., lip. levrier [li^vre], s.m., grey- hound. lez [L. latus, which in L. L. was used for juxta, "near"], adv., near. Plessis Tours, I'lessis-near- Tours. lezard [L. ace. lacertum], s.m., lizard. liaison [L- ace. Ugationem], s.f., connection, junction, binding, unison, acquaint- ance, intimacy. liane [Her], sf, liana, tropical climber or creeper. (Its doublet is lien, q.v.) libation [L- ace. Ubatio- nem], s.f, libation, potation. libelle [L- ace. libellum]^ S.m., libel. liberal, -e [L. Uberaiis], adj., liberal, free, generous. liberalement, adv., liber- ally, freely, generously. llberallte [L' ace. liberalU 270 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY LIBf KATEUR. tatem"], s.f., liberality, gene- rosity, gift, gratuity. liberateur [L. ace. Uhera- torem], s.m., liberator. , adj., liberating. (The /. is liberatrice.) liberation [T^. ace Ubera- tionem], s.f., liberation, re- lease, deliverance. libere, -e IP-P- of Uberer'], adj., liberated. For9at , released convict. liberer [L- Uberare], v.a., 1, to liberate, free, release. liberte [I^- ace. Ubertatem], s.f., liberty, freedom, facility, permission. libraire [L. ace. libra- rium], s.m., bookseller. librairie [L. Ubraria, pi. of s.n. librarium, der. from liberl, s.f., book-trade, book- seller's shop. libre [L- Uber^ adj., free, 'easy, disengaged, clear, open. librement, tt^^"-. freely, easily. lice [L- L- licia'], s.f, lists, arena, tiltyard. licence [L- Ucentia'], s.f, licence, liberty, licentiousness. licencie [P-P- of Ucencier], s.7n., licentiate. licenciement [Ucencier'], s.m., disbanding. licencier {licence'], v.a., 1, to dismiss, disband. licencieux, -euse [L. u- centiosus'], adj., licentious. lichen [Gr. Aetxr?«/], s.m., lichen. licite [L. licitus}, adj., licit, lawful. licOU or licol [lie, from Her, and cou or col, q.v.], s.m., halter. lie [?]» s.f, lees (of wine), dregs, scum. liege [L- Ij. 'W' levium, der. from levis], s.m., cork. lien [Ij- '^- ligamen'], s.m., hand, bond, tie, union. s, s.m. pi., fetters. lier [I-"- ligare], v.a., 1, to bind, tie, join, fasten. Se , r.v., to bind oneself; to he hound; to become acquainted, form a league. lierre [0. Fr. ierre, and hierre, from L. hedera}, s.m., ivy. lieu [L. ace. locum], s.m., place, spot. Au de, in- stead of. Avoir , to take place, happen. Tenir de, to fill the place of, stand in- stead of. Les saints x, the holy places, in Palestine. lieue [L. leuca], s.f, league (two miles and a half). lieutenant [Heu, tenant, pres. part, of tenir, q.v.], s.m., lieutenant. lievre [0. Fr. levre, from L. ace. leporem], s.m., hare. ligament [L- n. Ugamen- tum], s.m., ligament. ligature [L- Ugatura], sf., ligature. lige [Gr. ledig], adj., liege. ligne [L- linea], s.f., line, troops, soldiers of the line. lignee \ligne], sf., lineage, issue, progeny. ligue [verbal subst. of li- guer], s.f, league, confederacy. liguer [L. ligare], v.a., 1, to unite in a league. Se , r.v., to league together. ligueur [liguer], s.m., lea- guer, confederate. limacon [limace, " slug," from L.' ace. limacem], s.m., snail. lime [L- lima], s.f, file. limer [L- Umai-e], v.a., 1, to file, polish. limier [0. Fr. Uemier, from 0. Fr. Hem, " leash," from L. 71. ligamen], s.m., bloodhound. de police, detective. limite [L. ace. Umitem], sf., limit, bound, boundary. limiter [I-i- Umitare], v.a., 1, to limit, bound, confine. limitropbe [L- Umitro- phus], adj., bordering, neigh- bouring, adjacent. limon [Li- ace. limum], s.m., mud, slime, clay. limon [It. limone, from Persian lainum, Skr. nim- buka, " lemon "], s.m., lemon. limonade lUmon], s.f., lemonade. limpide [Ij- Umpidus], adj., limpid, clear. limpidite [L- L. ace. Um- piditatem], s.f, limpidity, clearness. lin [L- n. linum, from Gr. \ivov], S.m., flax, linseed, linen. linceul [L- n- Untedlum], S.m., shroud, winding-sheet. linge [L- cidj. lineum. In 0. Fv. linge was an adj., e.g. "un drap linge" = a linen cloth], s.m., linen. LITIGIEUX. lingere [Unge], s.f, semp- stress. lingot [Engl, ingot, from G. eingiessen, Dutch ingieten, " to pour in, cast in "J, s.m., ingot. lingual, -e [L. L. lingua- lis (?), from L. lingua], adj., lingual. linguiste [L- lingua], s.m., linguist. linguistique [linguiste], s.f, linguistics. linotte [lin, as the linnet feeds chiefly on flax], s.f, linnet. lion [L- ace. leonem], s.m., lion. (The s.f. is lionne.) lionceau [dim. of lion], s.m., lion's cub, young lion. lionne [Hon], s.f., lioness. lippee [lippe, " thick lip, pouting lip," from G. Uppe], s.f., mouthful, meal, feast. liqueur [L- ace. liquorem], s.f., liquor, drink, beverage, liquid. liquide [L- liquidus], adj., liquid, clear. , s.m., li- quid, fluid. liquider [Hquide], v.a., 1, to liquidate, pay off, wind up. Se , r.v., to pay one's debts. lire [L- legere], v.a., 4, to read, peruse. Se , r.v., to be read. lis [L. L. ace. lilium, from L. n. lilium, from Gr. Aeiptoi'], s.m., lily, lys. User on [Hs], s.m., hind- weed. liseur [lire], s.m., reader. lisible [lire], adj., legible. lisiblement, adv., legibly. lisiere [Hste], s.f, list, binding (of cloths), edge, skirt, border. lisse [Gr. liese],adj., smooth. lisser [Usse], v.a., 1, to smooth, glaze, polish. liste [0. H. G. lista, "a band," as liste meant origin- ally " band " or " strip "], s.f., list, roll. lit [L. ace. ledum], s.m., bed. de camp, camp or field bed. de plume, feather-bed. litiere [Medieval L. lec- taria], s.f., litter. litige [L- 'W- litigium], s.m. litigation. litigieux, -euse [L- H- tigiosus], adj., litigious. TO FBENCH READING BOOK. 271 litre [Gr. AtVpa], s.m., litre (i pii)t 3 gills 1/5). litteraire [L. lUterarius], adj., literary. litteral, -e cr-"- utteraiis], adj., literal, exact. litteralementj adv., liter- ally, exactly. litterateur [L- ace. Uttera- torem}, s.m., man of letters. litterature [L. uttera- tura], s.f., literature. littoral, -e [L- Uttoralis], adj., littoral, of the coast. Littoral, s.m., sea-coast. liturgie [Gr. XeLTOvpyCa, " public service," from Astros (from Aaov, " people "), " pub- lic," and epyov, " work "J, s.f, liturgy. livide [L- lividus}, adj., livid, black and blue. lividite [Uvide'}, s.f, Uvid- ness. livraison [L. ace. Ubera- tionem], s.f, delivery (of goods), part, number (of peri- odicals). livre [L- . ace. librum}, S.m., book. A ouvert, at LONGTEJirs. tionem^, s.f, form of speech, expression. ! loge [Medieval L. laubia, j " lodge "J, sf., lodge, cell, hut, I box (in theatres), booth, stand. logement iioger'] j lodging, ax)artment, residence. livre [L. libra], s.f, pound (weight or money), livre, jranc. • livre, -e, "P-V- of Uvrer, left, given up. livrer [L. Uberare], v.a., 1, to deliver, give. bataille, to give battle, fight Se , r.v., to give oneself up; to in- dulge (in). livret [dim. of livre], s.m., memorandum-book, handbook; certificate. local, -e [L- adj. localis, from locus], adj., local. Local, s.m., premises, room, house. loealiser[^oca?j, v.a., i, to localize. localite [L. ace. locali- tatem], s.f., locality, place. locataire [L. ace. loca- tarium], s.m., tenant. location [L. ace. loca- tionem], s.f, letting out, hiring. locomotion [L. abi. loco and ace. motionem], s.f, loco- motion. locomotive [prop, an Engl. ad.j. locomotive {engine)], sf., locomotive, engine. locuste [L. locusta], s.f., locust, grassJwpper . locution [L. ace. locu- house. I loger [loge], v. a. and n., l, to lodge, quarter, billet, house, harbour, reside. Se , r.v., to take lodgings, put up; to fix itself (of things). logeur, -euse [loger], s.m. or/., lodging-house keeper. logicien [logique], s.m., logician. logique [L. logica, from Gr. \oy LKYj (se. Texvr))], s.f, logic. , adj., logical. logiquement, adv., logi- cally. Iqgis [loger], s.m., house, [ habitation,, dwelling, home. j La foUe du , imagination, ! fancy. loi [L. ace. legem], s.f, law ; rule, statute, command. loin [L. longe], adv., far. de, far from. Au , in the distance. lointain, -e [L. L. longi- tanus, der. from L. longe], adj., far, distant. Lointain, s.m., distance, far away. loisible iloisir], adj., allow- able, allowed. loisir [L. licere], s.m., lei- sure, spare time. (Loisir is properly an Infinitive, mean- ing, "to have permission not to work.") Lombards [Gr. lang-bart, " long beard "J, s.m. pi., Lom- bards. long, -ue [L. longus], adj., long, extensive, distant, slow. Long, s.m., length, extent. Le de, along, alongside, \'by. longanimite [L. ace. long- animitatem], s.f, longani- 1 tnity, forbearance. '■ longer llong], v.a., 1, to go ! along, follow. I _ longe vite [L. ace. longae- vitatem], sf., longevity, long life. longitude [L. ace. longi- tudinem], s.f., longitude. longtemps [L. adj. n. longum, and s.n. tempus], adv., long, a long while. Aus3i que, as long as. longueur [long], s./:, length, extent, delay, slowness. ^ longue-VUe [longue, f of long, and vue, q.v.], s.f, s»y- glass, telescope. Ipquace [L. ace. loquacem], adj., loquacious, talkative. loquacite [L. ace. loquaci- tatem], s.f, loquacity, talka- tiveness. ^ lord [Engl, lord], s.m., lord. lorgner [Swiss G. loren, "to look"], v.a., 1, to ogle, glance at. lorgnette {lorgner], s.f., spy-glass, opera-glass. lorgnon [lorgner], s.m., eye-glass. lors [0. Fr. I'ores, from L. Jiora], adv., then. de, at the time of meme, even when. lorsque [loi'S, que], con'i., when. " losange [?], s.m., lozenqe. lot [Engl, and Flemish lot\ s.m., lot, fate, portion, share.' loterie [lot], s.f, lottery, raffle. loti, -e [p.p. of lotir, "to lot, portion"], adj., portioned. Bien loti, favoured, lucky ; in a fine iMght. Ipuable [L. laudabilis], adj., praiseworthy. louage [louer, from L. lo~ care], s.m., letting, hiring. louange [L. L. laudemia, der. from L. ace. laudem], s.f, praise, eulogy, credit. louanger [louange], v.a., 1, to praise up. louche [L, luscus, "ono- eyed"J, adj., squinting; am- biguous, suspicious. louchement [imcher], s.m., squinting. loucher [louche], v.n., 1, to squint. louer [L. laudare], v.a., 1 , to praise, eulogize. Se , r.v., to praise oneself or each other ; to be pleased with. louer [L. locare], v.a., 1, to let, hire, rent. Se , r.v., to hire oneself, to be let or hired. loueur, -euse [louer], s.m. or f, letter. de voitures, job-master. Louis [L. ace, Ludovicum], o.m., Louis (proper name). louis [Louis], s.m., louis (an old French gold coin, 272 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY which was ivorth 24= francs = 19 shillings). loup [I*- ace. lupurn], s.m., wolf. (The sf. is louve [L. lupa'].) loupe [loup], s.f., magnify- ing glass ; wen. lourd, -e [L- luridus], adj., heavy ; clumsy, dull, slow. lourdementj adv., heavily. lourdeur [lourdi s.f., heaviness, weight, slowness. loutre [L- lutra], s.f, otter. louve, see loup. lOUVeteau [dim. of louve"], s.m., wolf's cub. louveterie [louvetierls.f, wolf-hunt. louvetier [louvet, "wolfs cub "], s.m., wolf-hunter ; master of the wolf-hounds. louvoyer [0. Fr. lovoyer, from lof, from Engl, luff], V.71., I, to tack about. loyal, -e [L- legalis], loyal, honest, true, faithful, honour- able. loyalement, a«^v-. honestly, faithfully. loyaute [0. Fr. loydltk, from L. ace. legalitatem'], sf., loyalty, fairness, honesty, good faith, fidelity. loyer [L- w. locarium, from locarel, s.m., rent, hire. lucame [L- L- lucama, for lucerna], sf., dormer-win- dow. lucide [L- lucidus"}, adj., lucid, clear. lucidement, cl^v., lucidly, clearly. lucidite [lucide}, s.f, luci- dity, clearness. iucratif, -ive [L. adj. lu- crativus], adj., lucrative. lueur P^' ace. lucorem, hypothetical deriv. from L. ace. lucem}, sf., light, glim- mer. lugubre [I^- lugubris}, adj., disvial, mournful. lugubrement, adv., mournfully, dismally. lui [L- illi-huic},pers. pron., ne, it (nom.) ; to him, to her, to it, to one (dat.). lui-meme, elle-meme ; eux-memes, elles-memes, himself, her- self; themselves. luire [L- lucerel, v.n., 4, to shine, glitter, gleam, dawn. luisantj -e I>»'«s. part, of luire], adj., shining, glitter- ing. Ver , glowworm. lumiere [l^- P^- i^- lumi- naria], s.f, light ; knowledge, sense, intellect, abilities. luminaire [L- pi- n. lumi- naria], s.m., luminary. lumineux, euse [L. lumi- nosus], adj., luminous, shin- ing, bright. lunaire [L. lunaris], adj., lunar, lunary. lunatique [L. lunaticus], adj., whimsical. , s.m. or /., whimsical man or woman. lundi [It. luned'i, from L. lunae dies'], s.m., Monday. lune [I-"' luna], s.f., moon. Clair de , moonlight, moon- shine. lunette ilune], s.f, tele- scope. d'approehe, spy- glass. 8, s.f. pi., spec- tacles. lustre [L- lustrare], s.m., gloss, brilliancy, splendour. lustre [L- w- lustrum], s.m., lustre, lustrum {space of five years). lustre, -e iP-P- of lustrer], adj., glossy. lustrer [L. lustrare], v. a., 1, to give a gloss to, glaze. luth. [It. liuto], s.m., lute. lutin [?]. s.m., goblin, elf. , -e, adj., roguish, wanton. lutte [L. lucta], s.f, struggle, fight, contest, wrest- ling. lutter [L. luctari], v.n., 1, to struggle, fight, contend, wrestle. lutteur [lutter], s.m., wrestler, struggler. luxe [L- ace. luxum], s.m., luxury, exuberance. luxueusement, adv., lux- uriously, richly, sumptu- ously. luxueux, -euse [luxe], adj., luxurious, sumptuous, magnificent. luxure [L. luxuria], sf, lust. luxuriance [luxuriant], s.f, luxuriance. luxuriant, -e [T^. ace. luxuriantem, pres. pa/rt. of luxuriari, "to be too fruit- ful "], adj., luxuriant. luxurieusement, adv., lustfully. luxurieux, -euse [L. tuxuriosus], adj., lustful. luzerne [Engl, lucem], sf., Iv^ern. lycee [Gr. Avkclov, "the Lyceum at Athens"], s.m., lyceum, college. lyceen [lycee^, s.m., school- boy, collegian. lynx [L. lynx, from Gr. \vy$], s.m., lynx. lyre [L- lyra, from Gr \vpa], S.f., lyre. lyrique [L. lyricus], adj., lyric. M ma, see mon. Macedoine [Gr- Ma/cc- BovLo], sf., Macedon. Macedonien [Macedoine], s.m., Macedonian. maceration [L. ace. mace- rationem], s.f., maceration. macerer [L. macerare], v.a., 1, to macerate. Se , r.v., to macerate one's body ; to be macerated. macher [0. Fr. mascher, from L. masticare], v.a., 1, to masticate, chew. machinal, -e [L. machi- nalis], adj., mechanical. machinalement, adv., me- chanically. ' machinateur [L- ace. ma- chinatorem], s.m., plotter, con- triver. machination [L. ace. ma- chinationem], s.f, machina- tion, plot. machine [L. machina], s.f, machine, engine. machiner [L. machinare], v.a., 1, toplan,plot, machinate. machoire [macher], s.f, jaw. macon [L. L. ace. macio- nem], s.m., mason, bricklayer. maconner [magon], v.a., 1, to build up, wall up. macule [L- macula], s.f, spot, stain. maculer [macule], v.a., 1, to maculate, stain. madame [ma, dame, q.v.], s.f, madam, mistress. ma-demoiselle [wa and demoiselle, q.v.], s.f, mademoi- selle, miss. Madone [It. Madona], s.f, Madonna. madre, -e [0. Fr. madre. mazdre, from G. maser, " spotted wood "], adj., spotted, speckled ; sly, cunning. madrier [t.L. ace materia-^ TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 273 rium, der. from L. materia}, s.m., joist, hoard, plank. madrigal [It. madrigale, from L. L. n. matriale], s.m.j madrigal. magasin [Ar. machdzin, " stores "], s.m., warehouse, shop. magicien, -enne [magie'], s.m. or/., magician. magie [L- magia, from Gr. fxayeCa, "the science of the Magi "]j s.f., magic. magique [L- magice, from Gr. /xaytK^ (bc. Te'xioj)], S^/^., the magic art. , adj. (L. magicus), magic. magistral, -e [L- magis- tralis}, adj., magistral, ma- gisterial. magistral [L. ace. magis- tratum], s.m., magistrate, justice. magistrature Imagistrat], s.f., magistracy, the bench, judges. magnanil^e [L- magnani- wws], adj., magnanimous, high-minded, noble. magnanimite [L. ace. magnanimitatem}, s.f., mag- nanimity. magnificence [L. magni- fhcentia'j, s.f., magnificence, splendour, grandeur. magnifiqne [L- magni- ficus], adj., magnificent, splen- did, noble, grand. magnifiquement, adv., magnificently, splendidly, no- bly, grandly. Mahometan, -e [Mahomet, in Arab. Mohamed, "the praised," from hamad, "to praise"], adj. and s.m. or /., Mahometan. Mahometisme [Mahomet], s.m., Mahometanism. mai [Medieval L. ace. Ma- dium, for L. ace. Maium], s.m.. May. maigre [L- ace, adj. ma- arum], adj., thin, lean, scanty, poor. maigrement, adv., mea- grely, thinly, scantily, poorly. maigreur [L. ace. ma- crorern], sf., leanness, emaci- ation, thinness. maigrir [maigre], v.n., 2, to grow lean, fall away, waste. mail [L- ace. malleum], s.m., mallet, mall ; pall-mall. maille [L- macula], s.f., stitch, mesh, link. Fr. p. II. conj., man- home. maillet [mail, from L. ace. malleum], s.m., mallet. main [L. ace. manum], sf., hand, handwriting ; help. Coup de , sudden attack, surprise ; help, lift. maint, -e [0. H. G. manag, "many"], adj., many a, many. maintenant [pres.part. of maintenir], adv., now. maintenir [main,tenir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to maintain, up- hold. Se , r.v., to keep up, hold out, last. maintien [verbal subst. of maintenir], s.m., mainten- ance, support, bearing, car- riage, deportment. maire [L- ace. adj. major- em], s.m., mayor. (Its doublets are majeur and major, q.v.) mairie [maire], s.f., mayor- alty, town-hall. mais [L' magis], but. mais [Sp. mahis], maize, Indian corn. maison [L. ace. sionem], sf., house, family, firm. maisonnee [maison], s.f., whole house, whole family, houseful. maisonnette [dim. of mai- son], s.f., small house, cottage. maitre [L- &cc.magistrum], s.m., master, owner, teacher. Coup de , masterly stroke. maitresse [maitre], s.f., mistress, lady, owner; teacher. maitriser [maitre], v.a., 1, to master, rule, domineer over. majeste [L- ace. majes- tatem], s.f., majesty. majestueusement, adv., majestically. majestueuz, -euse [ma- jeste], adj., majestic. maJeur, -e [L- ace. adj. ma- jorem], adj., major, greater, chief ; of age, of full age. major [L- ace. adj. major- em], s.m., major (in the army), surgeon (of a regiment). maJorite [L. ace. majorita- tem], s.f., majority; full age. mal [L' w. malum], s.m., evil, ill, hurt. , adv., badly. malade [!>• maU, aptus], adj., ill, sick, unwell. , s.m. or/., an invalid, patient, sick person. maladie [malade], s.f., sick- ness, illness ; disease. MALGRfi. maladif, -ive [maladie], adj., sickly, ailing, unhealthy. maladresse [mat, adresse, q.v.], sf., unskilfulness, awk- wardness. maladroit, -e [mal, adroit, q.v.], adj., unskilful, awk- ward, clumsy. maladroitement,a(iv., un- skilfully, awkwardly, clum- sily. malaise [mal, aise,q.v.], s.m., uneasiness, indisposition, embarrassment, straitened cir- cumstances. malaise, -e [mal,aise,q.v.], adj., hard, difficult, embar- rassed, hard up. malaisement [mal, aisi- ment, q.v.], adv., not easily, with difficulty. malavise, -e [mal, avis*-, gi.v.], adj., ill-advised, ill- judged. malcontent, -e [mal, con- tent, q.v.], adj., discontented, malcontent. Les malcontents, s.m. pi., the discontented sub- jects.^ male [L- masclus, for mas- culus], adj. and s.m., manly, virile; male. malediction [L. ace. male- dictionem], s.f., malediction, curse. malefice [L. n. maleficium], s.m., witchcraft, sorcery, spell. malencontr eusement, adv., unluckily. malencontreux, -euse [mal, encontre, verbal subst. of the 0. Fr. v. encontrer, from contre, q.v.], adj., unlucky, untoward. malentendu [mal, en- tendu, p.p. of entendre, q.v.], s.m., misunderstanding. malfaisance [malfaisant], s.f., evil-doing, mischief. malfaisant [mal, faisant, pres. part, off aire, q.v.], adj., malevolent, malicious. malfaiteur [L. ace male- factorem], s.m., malefactor. malfame, -e [mal, fame, q.v.], adj., ill-famed. malgracieusement, adv., rudely, with ill grace. malgracienx, -euse [mal, gracieux, q.v.], adj., rude, un- civil. maigre [mal, grc, q.v.], prep., in spite of, notwith- I standing. 274 E'TtMOLOGiCAL BIcriONAOT MALHABILE. malhabile {.fnal and ha- tile, q.v.'\, adj., unskilful. malhabilement, adv., un- skilfully. malhabilete {mal,hdbilete, g.v.], s.f., unskilfulness. malheUT [L. w. malum, " bad," augurium, " omen ; " see bonheur'], s.m., misfor- tune, unhappiness, adversity, poverty. inallieureusement, adv., unhappily, unfortunately. malheureux, -se {mai- heur], adj., unhappy, wretched, unfortunate: malhonnete [mal, honnete, g.-u.], adj., dishonest, rude, un- civil. malhonnetement, adv., dishonestly, rudely, uncivilly. malhomietete [mal, hon- netete, q.v.], s.f., dishonesty, rudeness, incivility. malice [L- mdlitia'], s.f., malice, spite, mischief, trick. malicieusement, adv., maliciously, spitefully, mis- chievously, roguishly. malicieux, -euse [L. 'ma- litiosus], adj., malicious, spite- ful, mischievous, roguish. malignement [maiigne,f. of adj. malin, and suffix -menf], adv., maliciously, slily. malignite [L- ace. malig- nitatem], s.f., malignity, ma- lice, mischievousness. malin, -igne [L. malig- nus], adj., malicious, mis- chievous, sly, cunning. malintentionne, -e Imai, intentionne, q.v.}, adj., evil- intentioned. malle [0. H. G. malha"], s.f., trunk, box. poste, mail (coach). malleable [malleer, from L. malleare, " to beat with the hammer," from L. malleus, " hammer "], adj., malleable. malmener [mal, mener, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to maltreat. malotru, -e [0. Fr. males- tru, from L. mule, and L. L. astrutus, " under the influence of a star"], s.m. or /., rude, ill-bred man or woman. malpropre [mal, propre, q.v.}, adj., dirty, slovenly. malpropronent, adv., dirtily, slovenly. malproprete [.mal, pro- MANGEUR. prete, q.v.}, s.f., dirtiness, slovenliness. malsain, -e fmal, sain, q.v.}, adj., unhealthy. malseanti -e [mal, seant, q.v.}, adj., unbecoming, un- seemly. maltraiter [mal, trailer, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to maltreat. malveillance [maiveii- lant} s.f., malevolence, ill- will. malveillant, -e [mal, veii- lant ; see bienveillant}, adj., malevolent, ill-disposed, spite- ful. maman [onomat.}, s.f., mamma. mamelle [L- mamilla, dim. of mamma}, s.f., breast; udder. mamelon [dim. of ma- melle], s.m., nipple, teat ; emi- nence, hill. mammifere [L- mamma, ferre}, adj., mammiferous. , s.m., mammifer. manant [L- ace. manentem, " one who remains (attached to the soil)," a term of feudal law], s.m., peasant, clown, churl, cad. manche [L- manica}, s.m., handle. , s.f., sleeve, channel. La Manche, the British Channel. manchette [dim. of manche}, sf., cuff, wrist-band. mancbot, -e [0. Fr. mane, from L. mancus}, adj. and s.m. or /., one-handed, one- armed; maimed man or wo- man. mandat [L- »^- mandatum}, s.m., mandate, order, war- rant. mandataire [mandat}, s.m., proxy, representative. mander [L- mandare}, v.a., 1, to inform, write to say; summon; order. mandibule [L- mandibu- la}, sf., mandible, jaw. manege [Jt. maneggio}, s.m., training (of horses), riding-school ; manoeuvre, in- trigue, trick. mangeable [monger}, adj., eatable. mangeoire [manger}, s.f., manger, crib. manger [l>. manducare}, v.a. and w., 1, to eat, eat up, consume, squander. mangeur, -euse [manger}, MANQUANT. s.m. or /., eater, prodigal, spendthrift. maniable [manier}, adj., easy to handle, tractable, manageable. maniaque [L- L, mani- acus], adj., maniacal. , s.m. or/., maniac. manie [L- mania, Gr. ixa- via, "madness"], s.f., mania, passion. maniement [manier}, s.m., handling, management. manier [L. L. manicare, from L. manus}, v.a., 1, to handle, touch, govern, manage. maniere [L. L. maneriaJ}, s.f., manner, way. De que, in such a way that. , maniere, -e [pp- of mani- erer, "to force, to make un- natural "], adj., affected. manifestation [L. ace. manifestationem}, s.f., mani- festation. manifeste [L- manifestus}, adj., manifest. ,s.m.,ma- nifesto. manifestement, adv., ma- nifestly. manifester [L- manifes- tare}, v.a., 1, to show, display, manifest. manipulateur [manipu- ler}, s.m., manipulator. manipulation [mani- puler}, s.f., manipulation. manipuler [manipule, "handful, maniple," from L. ace. manipulum}, v.a., l, to manipulate. manne [L- manna}, s.f., manna. manne [G. manne}, s.f., hamper, basket. mannequin [N^. maneken, " little mau "], s.m., manni- kin, lay-figure. mannequin [dim. of manne}, s.m., basket, hamper. manoeuvre [L. L. manu- opera, contrd. to manopera}, s.f., manoeuvre, work, drill, tactics ; intrigue. , s.m., workman. manceuvrer [manoeuvre}, v.a. and n., 1, to manoeuvre, work ; drill ; work the ship. manoir [Medieval L. n. ma- nerium, from L. manere, " to reside "], s.m., manor. manquant, -e [pres.part. of manquer}, adj., missing, wanting. , s.m. or /., absentee, defaulter. TO PRENCH KEADIUa BOOK. 275 manque [verbal subst. of manquerjyS.m., xoant, defect, failure. manque J -e iP-P- of man- quer], adj., defective, imper- fect, spoiled, missed. manquement [manqtier], s.vi., omission, slip, failure, want. manquer [L- L- mancare, lit. " to mntilsite"], v.n., 1, to fail, to be wanting, neglect, forget what is due to, , v.a., to miss, lose, spoil. Se , r.v., to te missed, lost, spoilt; to forfeit one's honour. mansarde [Mansard, (1645-1708), the architect who invented this kind of window], «•/., a garret-window, garret, attic. mansuetude [L- ace. man- suetudinem'], sf., gentleness, forbearance. mante [L- L- n. mantum, "a short cloak "], s.f., mantle. manteau [0. Fr. mantel, from mante], s.m., cloak. manuel, -elle [L- manu- alis], adj., manual. Manuel, s.m., manual, hand-book. manuellementj cLdv., ma- nually. manufacture [L. manus, factura], s'f., making, manu- facture, factory. manufacturer [manufac- ture], v.a., I, to manufacture. manufacturier [manufac- ture], s.m., manufacturer. , -ere, adj., manufactural, manufacturing. manuscrit [L- manu, scriptum], s.m., manuscript, copy. manutention [L. manus, tenere], sf., maintenance, ma- nagement ; army bake-house. mappemonde [L- mappa mundi, " a cloth of the world"], s.f., map of the world. marais [L- L- ace. maris- cum, "marsh"], s.m., marsh, »wamp, moor. maratre [L- L- matrastra, " step-mother," from L. mater], s.f., step-mother. , adj., unkind, cruel. maraudage [maraud, "rascal, knave," from 0. Fr. marrir, " to stray," L. ace. moratorem, " a loiterer "], s.m., marauding. maraude [verbal subst. of marauder], sf., marauding. MARGUEKITE. marauder [see maraud- je], r.-n., l, to maraud. maraudeur [ maraude ], s.m., marauder. marbre [L. w. marmor, from G. fjidpfxapo<;, " brilliant "], s.m., marble. marbrerie [marbre], s.f., marble-cutting, marble-yard. marbrier [marbre], s.m., marble-mason. marc [0. H. G. marc], s.m., mark (8 oz,). marc [?] s.m., residuum, murk, grounds. marchand, -e [L. L. ace. mercatantem, pres. part, of the Medieval L. v. mercatare, " to sell "], s.m. or /., dealer, shopkeeper, seller, merchant. marcbander [marchand], v.a., 1, to bargain for, haggle. marcbandise [marchand], s.f., merchandise, goods. marcbe [verbal subst. of marcher], s.f, march, march- ing, walking, course, way; marches (in geography). marcbe [L- ace mercatum], s.m., market, market-place. marcber [L. L. marcare, from marcus, "a hammer," lit. "to tread down"], v.n., 1, to walk, march, advance, go on, progress. marcbeur, -euse {mar- cher], s.m. or/,, walker, pedes- trian. mardi [It. martedl, from L. Martis dies], s.m., Tuesday. mare [Medieval L. s.f. mara, for L. n. mare], s.f, pond, pool, mere (Winder- mere). marecage [marais], s.m., bog, marsh, swamp. marecageux, -euse [mare- cage], adj., marshy, boggy. marecbal [L- L- ace. mari- scalcum, " an officer in charge of the king's horses," from G. mdkre schalk], s.m., field-mar- shal. de camp, brigadier- general. ferrant, /arrier. marecbale, sf., field-mar- shal's wife or widow. maree [L- «• raare], s.f, tide. marge [L- ace. marginem], s.f., margin ; room ; time. margelle [marge], s.f., kerbstone {of a well), brim. marguerite [L- margarita, "a pearl"], s./., daisy. , Margaret (proper name^. MAUQUKB. mari [Tj. ace. maritum], s.m., hnshoiid. mariage [Medieval h. V. maritaticum], s.m., marriage. marie [partic. s.m. of ma- rier], s.m., bridegroom. Nou- veaux s, newly-married couple. mariee [partic. s.f. of ma- rier], s.f., bride. marier [L- maritare], v.a., 1, to marry, match. Se r.v., to marry, get married. mariUf -e [L- marinus], adj., marine, sea-, nautical. Marin, s.m., sailor. marinade [mariner], s.f., pickle. marine [marin], s.f., navy. mariner [marin], v.a., i, to pickle. marinier [marin], s.m., mariner, boatman, bargeman. marionnette [for mario- lette, dim. of mariole, which, in the Middle Ages, meant " a puppet, a doll." It meant ori- ginally a little figure of the Virgin Mary], sf., puppet, marionette. maritime [L- maritimus], adj., maritime, naval, nauti- cal. marmelade ["^p- marme- lada], s.f., marmalade. maxvaite Ul s.f., pot. marmot [•'']. s.m., child brat. Croquer le , to wait dance attendance. marmotte [L- ace. murem, and gen. montis], s.f, mar- mot; head-wrapper. marmotter [?], v.a. and n., 1, to mutter; to grumble. marne [0- Fr. marie, from L. marga], s.f., marl. marneux, -euse [mame], adj., marly. maroquin [Morocco, where this leather was first made], s.m., morocco. marotte [Medieval Fr. mariole, originally " a little figure of the Virgin Mary "], sf., hobby-horse, fool's cap. marquant, -e [pres. part. of marquer], adj., remarkable, of note, striking. marque [G- mark], s.f., mark, sign, proof, token. marque, -e [PP- of mar- quer], adj., marked, remark- able, great, particular. marquer [marque], v.a., 1, to mark, state, point out, shoit\ T 2 276 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY MARQUIS. define, express. , v.n., to fee evident, to he of note, strik- ing. Se , r.v., to be marked, noticed. marquis [L. L. ace. mar- chensem, from 0. H. G. marcha, " boumlary "], s.m., marquis. marQUise [marquis], sf., marchioness ; marquee, awn- ing. marraine [L. L. matrina, der. from L. ace. matrem], s./., godmother. marron [It. marrone'], s.m., chestnut. marteau [0. Fr. martel, from L. L. ace. martellum, for martulus, dim. of L. L. martus}, s.m., hammer. martial, -e [L. martialis'], adj., martial, warlike. martyr, -e [L. martyr, from Gr. fidprvp, from Skr. root smar, as in smardmi, " I remember"], s.m. or /., martyr. martyre [L- n. martyrium, from Gr. ju,apruptov, "a testi- mony, sealed with one's blood, to the truth of the Christian religion "j, s.m., martyrdom. martyriser {martyr^ v.a., 1, to martyrize, torment, tor- ture. martyrologe [Gr. fidprup, A6yo9, " recital "J, s.m., martyr- ology. masculin, -e [L. mascu- linus], adj., masculine, male. Masculin, s.m., masculine (gender). maSQiue [it. maschera], s.m., mask. maSQUer [masque}, v.a., I, to mask, disguise, cloak, hide. Se , r.v., to put on a mask; to he disguised. massacre [verbal subst. of massacrer], s.m., massacre, slaughter. massacrer [L. G. matsken, " to kill "J, v.a., I, to massacre, slaughter. massacreur [massacrer'], s.m., murderer, slayer. masse [L- massa], sf., mass, heap, bulk. masser [masse], v.a., i, to dispose in masses. massif, -ive [masse], adj., massive, heavy. massivement, adv., mas- sively, heavily. massue [Medieval L. max- uca], s.f, club. mastication [L. ace, mas- ticationem], s.f., mastication, cliewing. mastiquer [L- masticare], v.a. and n., 1, to masticate, chew. maSTire [L. L. mansura, " residence," from L. manere], s.f., hovel, ruin. mat [Persian mat, "dead"], s.m., mate (in chess). mat, -e [G. matt, " weary, weak "], adj., dead, dull. mat [Gr- and Engl, mast], s.m., mast, pole. matelas [0. Fr. materas, from Ar. al matrah, "cover- mg for the beasts of burden "], s.m., mattress. matelot [?]» s.m., seaman, sailor. mater [mat, s.m.], v.a., l,to checkmate, subdue. mater [mat], v^a., i, to mast. materialiser [materiel], v.a., 1, to materialize. materialisme [material- iser], s.m., materialism. materialiste, s.m., mate- rialist. , adj., material- istic. materiaux [pi- of 0. Fr. material, from L. materialis, from materia], s.m. pi., mate- rials. materiel, -elle [L. mate- rialis], adj., material, coarse, rough, dull, heavy. Materiel, s.m., working-stock, stores. materiellement, adv., materially, coarsely, roughly. matemel, -elle [L. L. ma- ternalis, from ynaternus], adj., maternal, motherly. maternellement, adv., maternally, motherly. maternite [L. L. ace. ma- ternitatem, from L. adj. maternus], s.f., maternity, motherhood. mathematicien [mathe- matique], s.m., mathemati- cian. mathematique [L- mathe- maticus, from Gr. fx.a6rjfjiaTiK6^, from ixdOiqfjia (jxavOdvia), " in- Btruction "], adj., mathema- tical. 8, 5./. pi., mathe- matics. matiere [L. materia], sf, matter, cause, reason, subject, grounds, occasion. matin [L. n. matutinum]. s.m., morning. , adv. early in the morning. matinal, -e [ L- matutina- lis], adj., up early, rising early. matinalement, adv., early in the morning. matinee [matin], sf., morning, the whole morning, forenoon. matines [matin], s.f. pi., matins. matineux, -ense [matin], adj. and s.m. or /., rising early ; early riser. matois, -e [?], adj. and s.m. or /., cunning, sly ; sly dog, sly puss. matricide [L. n. matri- cidium], . s.m., matricide, murder of one's mother. [L. ace. matricidam], s.m. or /., matricide, murderer or murderess of one's mother. matrimonial, -e [L- tna- trimonialis], adj., matrimo- nial, conjugal. matrone [L- matrona], s.f, matron. mature [mat], s.f, masts. maturite [L- ace. matu- ritatem], s.f, maturity, ripe- ness, completion. maudire [0. Fr. maldire, from L. maledicere], v.a., 4, to curse. maudit, -e [JP-P- [of mau- dire], adj., cursed, horrible, execrable. maugreer [mal, gre, q.v.], v.n., I, to swear, curse and swear. Maure, see More. mausolee [L- w- mauso- leum, from Gr. MavcrtoKelov, tomb of Mausolus, king of Caria], s.m., mausoleum. maussade [O- Fr. malsade, "of a bad taste," from mal, sade, from L. sapidus], adj., unpleasant, sulky, sullen. mauvais, -e ![Goth. baiva- vesli, " bad," which gave bal- vais and malvais], adj., bad, wicked, wrong, adverse. mauve [£• malva], s.f, mallow. , s.m., mauve (colour). , adj., mauve- coloured. maxillaire [ L. maxil- laris], adj., maxillary. Os , jaw-bone. maxime [L- maxima (sc. sententiarum)], s.f., maxim. maximum [L. adj. n. maximum], s.m., maximum. TO FRENCH KEADING BOOK. 277 ME. me [L. me], pers. pron., me, to me. mecanicien [mkanique], s.m., mechanician, engine- builder, engine-man. nieoanlQUe [L- mechanica'], s.f., mechanics. , adj. mechanical. mecaniquement, adv., mechanically. mecanisme [L- mechanis- ma, from Gr. fxr^xd-v-q, "ma- chine "], s.m., mechanism. Mecene [^cecewas.minister of Augustus], s.m., a Mcecenas, patron (of literature). ^ mechammeiit [mechant], adv., wickedly, spitefully, cru- elly. mechaiicete [mechanf], s.f., wickedness, perversity, ill- nature, spite, cruelty. mechant, -e [0. Fr. mes- cheant, "unhappy, unlucky," pres. part, of mescheoir, from L. minus cadere, lit. "to fall amiss "], adj., bad, wicked, perverse, cruel; poor, worth- less. Mechant, s, s.m., sing, or plur., the wicked, the evil-doer or -doers. meche [0. Fr. mesche, from L. myxa, Gr. /utv^a], sf., wick (of a lamp, candle); lock of hair. mecompte [prefix mes ( = me, from L. minus), compte, q.v.], s.m., miscalcu- lation, mistake ; disappoint- ment, drawback. meconnaissable imS, con- naitre, q.v.], adj., not to be re- cognix^ed. meconnaitre ImS, con- naitre, q.v.}, v.a., 4, to fail to recognize, deny, disown, slight. meconiiUf -e Ip-p- of me- connaitre'], adj., unknown, unappreciated. meconteiitj -e [0. Fr. mes- content, from mes, content, q.v.J^, adj., discontented. , s.m. or/., malcontent. mecontentement Ime, contentement, q.v.], s.m., dis- content, dissatisfaction. ^ mecontenter [me, con- tenter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to dis- please, dissatisfy. mecreant (.me, creant, from L. ace. credentem, from credere], s.m., unbeliever, in- fidel. x?iedaille [it. medac/iia, MfiFIAXT. from L. L. medalla, " money"], s.f, medal. medaillei -e Lp-p- of me- dailler, "to reward with a medal "], s.m. or /., medallist. medaillon [dim. of m^- daille], s.m., medallion, locket. medecin [L- o^cij. m^di- cinus], s.m., physician, doctor. medeoine [L- medicina], s.f., medicine, physic. medial, -e [L- medialis], adj.,medial. median, -e [L. medianus], adj., median, middle. (Its doublet is moyen, q.v.) mediateur [L. L. ace. mediatorem], s.m., mediator. (The /. is mediatrice.) mediation [L- L- ace. me- diationem], sf., mediation. medical, -e [L. L. medi- calis, der. from L. medicus], adj., medical. medicament [L. n. medica- mentum], s.m., medicament, medicine. medicamenter [medica- ment], v.a., 1, to doctor, physic. medicinal, -e [L. medid- nalis], adj., inedicinal. mediocre [L. adj. medio- cris], adj., mediocre, mid- dling, indifferent, poor. mediocrement, adv., not much, so so, indifferently. mediocrite [L- ace. medio- critatem], s.f, mediocrity. medire [0- Fr. medire, from me, dire, q.v.], v.n., 4, to speak ill of, slander. medisance [medisant], s.f., slander. medisant, -e [pres. part. of medire], adj., slandering. , s.m. or/., slanderer. meditatif, -ive [L. medi- tativus], . adj., meditative, thoughtful. meditation [L- ace. medi- tationem], s.f, meditation. mediter [L. meditari], v.a. and n., 1, to meditate, think. mediterranee [L- ctdj- / mediterranea, "inland"], ady'., mMiterranean. , s.f., the Mediterranean Sea. mefait [me, fait, q.v.], s.m., misdeed. mefiance [mefant], s.f, mistrust. mefiant, -e [pres. part, of mefier], adj., mistrustful, sus- picious, MfiSIORIAL. mefier (se) [0. Fr. mesfier, from mes, fier, q.v.], r.v'., to mistrust, suspect. megarde (par) [0. Fr. mesgarder, " not to keep care- fully"], adv. loc, unawares, inadvertently. meilleur, -e [Tj. ace. adj. meliorem], adj. (comp. of bm ), better; le, la , -e (sup.), the best. melancolie [L. melan- cholia, from Gr. /xeAayxoAia, from fieKa^, "black," and XoKrj, " bile "], s.f., melan- choly. melancolique [L. meian- Cholicus, from Gr. /uteAayYoAi- k6<;], adj., melancholy, dismal. melancoliquement, adv., with melancholy, sadly, mournfully. melange [mSler, q.v.], s.m., mixture, mixing, alloy. melanger [melange], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to mix, blend ; to be mixed, blended. melee [partic. subst. of meter], s.f, close or hand-to- hand fight. meler [L. L. misculare], v.a., I, to mix, blend, involve, bring in, entangle. Se , r.v., to be mixed, blended; to become entangled, confused. Se de, to interfere, mind. melodic [Gr. /xeAwSta], s.f, melody, sweetness. melodieusement, adv., melodiously, sweetly. melodieux, -se [melodic], adj., sweet, melodious. melon [L- ace. melonem, from Gr. /x^Aoi/], s.m., melon. membrane [L. membrana], s.f., membrane. membre [L- w. membrum], s.m., limb, member. membru, -e [membre], adj., strong or large-limbed. membrure [Ij- membra- tura], s.f., limbs, frame; timbers, ribs (naut.). memo [L- metips[iss]imus], adj., same, very. , adv., even. memoire [L. memoria], s.f, memory, recollection. , s.m., memoir; bill, account. memorable [L- m^mora- bilis], adj., memorable. memorial [L- adj. n, memoriale], s.m., memorial. 278 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY MENA9ANT. inena9aiit, -e Ipres.part. of menacerl, adj., threatening. menace [L. /. pi. mina- ciae], s.f., menace, threat. menacer [menace'], v.a., 1, to threaten, menace. Se , r.v., to threaten each other. menage [0. Fr. maimage, mesnage, from L. L. n. man- sionaticum, " expenses of a household "], s.m., household, housekeeping, family. ^ menagement [menager'], s.m., regard, consideration, caution, care, arrangement, management. menager [menage], v.a., 1, to manage, spare, save, treat with regard, dispose, contrive, take care not to offend. Se , r.v., to take care of one- self ; to keep in good terms ; to obtain. menager, -ere [menage], adj. and s.m. or/., thrifty, eco- nomical; saving man or wo- man. menagerie [menager], s.f., menagerie. mendiant [pres. part, of mendier], s.m., beggar. mendicite [L- ace. mendi- citatem], s.f, beggary, men- dicity. mendier [L. mendicare], v.a. and n., 1, to beg, implore, solicit. menee [partic subst. of mener], s.f, intrigue, under- hand dealing. mener [L. minare], v.a., 1, to lead, carry, conduct, com- mand, rule, influence, man- age, handle. meneur [mener], s.m., leader, ringleader. mensonge [mentir], s.m., falsehood, lie. mensonger, -ere [men- songe], adj., untrue, deceitful. mensongerement, adv., untruly, falsely. mensuel, -elle [der. from L. mensis], adj., monthly. mensuellement, ddv., monthly. mental, -e [L. L. mentalis], adj., mental. mentalement, adv., men- tally. menteur, -euse [mentir], adj. and s.m. or /., lying, delusive ; liar, story-teller. mention [L- ace. men- tionem], s.f, mention. MERIDIONAL. mentionner [mention], v.a., I, to mention, make mention of. mentir [L. mentiri], v.n., 2, to lie, tell a falsehood. Sans , truly, really. menton [L. L. ace. mento- nem, der. from L. n. mentum], s.m., chin. mentonniere [menton], s.f, chin-band or strap. Mentor [Mentor, the ad- viser of Telemachus], s.m., Mentor, tutor, guide. menu, -e [L. minutus], adj., slender, small, minute. Menu, s.m., detail, bill of fare. menuiser [menu], v.a. and n., 1, to cut, hew, do carpenter's or joiner's work. menuiserie [menuisier], s.f., woodwork, carpenter's ov joiner's work. menuisier [menuiser], s.m., carpenter, joiner. meprendre (se) [0. Fr. mesprendre, from mes, pren- dre, ^.v.], r.v., to be mistaken. mepris [verbal subst. of m^- priser], s.m., contempt, scorn. meprisable [mepriser], adj., contemptible. meprisant, -e [pres. part, of mepriser], adj., contemptu- ous, scornful. meprise [partic. subst. of meprendre], s.f, mistake. mepriser [me, priser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to despise, scorn, con- temn. mer [L. n. mare], s.f., sea. Pleine , open sea. mercenaire [L- mercena- rius], adj. and s.m. or /., mercenary; hireling. mercerie [mercier], s.f, mercery, haberdashery. merci [L. ace. mercedem], s.f, mercy, discretion, plea- sure. , s.m., thanks. mercier, -ere [L. L. ace. mercerium, from L. merx, mercis, "merchandise"], s.m. or/., mercer, haberdasher. mercredi [L. MercurU dies], s.m., Wednesday. mere [L. ace. matrem], s.f, mother. meridien [L- w. meridia- num], s.m., the meridian. meridienne sf., meridian line. meridional, -e [L- "meri- dionalis], adj., meridional, southern. meritant, -e [pres. part. of meriter], adj., deserving. merite [L. n. meritum]^ s.m., merit, desert, worth, due. meriter [merite], v.a., 1, to merit, deserve, earn. Se , r.v., to be deserved, earned. meritoire [L- meritorius, from meritum], adj., merito- rious, deserving. meritoirement, adv., me- ritoriously. merle [L. ace. merulam], s.m., blackbird. merveille [L. adj., pi. n. mirabilia], s.f, wonder, mar- vel. A , adv. loc, wonder- fully well, capitally. merveilleusement, adv., wonderfully, marvellously. merveilleux, -se [mer- veille], adj., wonderful, mar- vellous. mes, see mon. mesange [A.-S. mdse," tom- tit "], s.f., tomtit, titmouse. mesaventure [mes, aven- ture, q.v.], s.f., misadventure, mishap. mesdames [mes, pi. of ma (see mon), and dame, q.v.], s.f. pi., ladies. mesdemoiselles [mes, pi. of ma (see mon), and demoi- selle, q.v.], s.f. pi., young ladies. mesintelligence [mes, in- telligence, q.v.], s.f, misunder- standing, variance. mesinterpretation [mes- interpreter], s.f., misinterpre- tation, misconstruction. mesinterpreter [mes, in- terpreter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to mis- construe. meSQUin, -e [Sp- mezquinot " slave "], adj., mean, shabby, paltry. mesQuinement, adv., meanly, shabbily. mesquinerie [mesquin^, s.f, meanness, shabbiness, stinginess, paltriness. message [L. L. n. missatU cum], s.m., message. messager, -ere [message], s.m. or/., messenger. messagerie [messager], s.f, goods traffic ; line of mail steam-packets. messe [L. L. missa], s.f, mass. (Its triplets are mise and mets, q.v.) messeance [messeant], s./., unlteccmingneis. TO FBENCH BEADING BOOK. 279 MESSfiANT. messeant, -e [pres. part. of messeoir, from mes, seoir, q-v.], adj., unbecoming, un- seemly. messeigneurs [mes, pi. of mon, and pi. of seigneur, q.v.'], s.m. pi., my lords. messidor [L. messis, " harvest," and Gr. Swpov, "gift," from Scjpeiv, "to give "], s.m., Messidor (the tenth month in the Republican calendar, June 19-July 18). Messie [L. Messias, from Syriac meshiha, " anointed," from Hebrew mesha, "to anoint"], s.m., the Messiah. messied [3rd person sing, of the pres. Ind. of messeoir, from mes and seoir (L. sedere)], ill becomes. messieurs [pi- of monsieur, g.v.], s.m. pi., gentlemen. messire [0. Fr. mes, " my," for mon, and sire, q.v."], s.m., sir, master. mesurable [L. mensura- bilis], adj., measurable. mesurage imesurer"}, s.m., measurement. mesure [L. mensura"], s.f., ovv, "to transform," from iJieTo. (denoting " a change ") and /xop(/)77, " form "], s.f., meta- morphosis, transformation. metamorphoser [meta- morphose], v.a., 1, to metamor- phose, transform. Se ,r.v., to be metamorphosed, changed. metaphore [Gr. /xerac^opa, " a transferring of a word from its proper signification to an- other"], s.m., metaphor. metaphorique [Gr. fiera- (^opi/cos], adj.^ metaphoriCf metaphoriquement, adv., metaphorically. metaphysicien, -enne [metaphysique, and the termi- nation -ien], s.m. or /., meta- physician. metaphysique [Gr. /otera TO. (fyvaLKOi, "after the natural things "], s.f., metaphysics (science of intellectual things). metayer [Medieval L. ace. medietarium, " he who pays the lord half the produce of his farm "], s.m., farmer. metempsycose [Gr. /xere/m- i/fvxwcrt?, from /xera, indicating " change," and efx^vxovv, " to animate," from ev, " in," and \f/vxrit "soul"], s.f., metem- psychosis. meteore [Gr. jaeTewpo?, " which takes place in the air"], s.m., meteor. methode [Gr. fx4doSo<;, from ju-eTot, " according to," and 656?, "way"], s.f, method, habit, way, system. methodique [Gr. /xeeoSt- Ko^], adj., methodical. methodiquement, adv., methodically. meticuleusement, adv., scrupulously, fastidiously. meticuleux, -euse [l^- meticulosus (from metus, "full of fear, timid")], adj., scrupulous, fastidious. meticulosite [meticuleux], s.f., scrupulosity, fastidious- ness. metier [0. Fr. mistier and mestier, from L. n. ministe- rium, " office "], s.m., trade, craft, profession, work, occu- pation. metonymie [Gr. rieroiw- ixia, from /Ltera (denoting " a change") and oia;/ia, "name"], s.f., metonymy. metre [Gr. fxirpov], s.m., metre (39 Engl, inches). metrique [Gr. /xerptKo?], adj., metrical. metropole [Gr. /i-TjTpoTro- Xt9, from M^TTjp, "mother," and TToAt?, " city "], s.f., metropolis. metropolitain, -e [L- me- tropolitanus], adj., metropo- litan. metsX^- PP- w. missum, lit. " what is sent to or helped at table "], s.m., dish, viand. mettre [L- mittere], v.a., 4, to put, place, set, give, make, r^nd^r. au jour, to bring to light or out. Se , r.v., to put or place oneself, begin, set about. meuble [T-<. adj. n. mobile, " easy to be moved "], s.m., piece of furniture. (See im- meuble.) meubler [meuble], v.a., I, to furnish. meule [L- mola], s.f., mill- stone. meule [L- mstula, dim. of meta, " rick "], s.f., rick, stack. meunier, -ere [0. Fr. meulnier, from L. ace. moli- narium], s.m. or /., miller, miller's wife. meurtre [L. L. n. mor- drum, " murder," from Goth. maurthr], s.m., murder. meurtrier, -ere [meur- trir], s.m. or f., murderer, murderess. , -ere, adj., murderous. meurtrir [meurtre], v.a., 2, to bruise, mangle, kill. meurtrissure [meurtrir], s.f, bruise, contusion. meute [L- L- mota, "a troop raised for an expedi- tion "], s.f., pack of hounds. mi- [L. medius], adj., mid, half. miasme [Gr. fxCaa-fMa, from ^iiaiveiv, "to soil"], S.m., miasma, infectious emanation. miaulement [miauier], s.m., mewing. miauier [onomat], v.n., 1, to mew. microscope [Gr. fxtxpo?, " small," tTKOTTeti', " to ex- amine "], s.m., microscope. microSCOpique [micro- scope], adj., microscopic. midi [ini, from L. medius, and di, from L. ace. diem], s.m., noon ; south. mie [L- mica], s.f, crumb. miel [L' f^- mel], s.m.. mielleusement, adv., blandly, sweetly. mieileux, -euse [L- rnei- losus], adj., honeyed, bland^ sweet. mien (le), sing, m., mienne(la), sing.f, miens (les), pi' m., miennes (les), pi. f. [see mon], poss. pron., mine. miette [dim. of mie, q.v.], s.f, crumb. mieuz [L^ melius}, adv. 280 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY (compar. of hien, "well"), better. Le (sup.), the best. Faire de son , to do one's best. mignon, -onne [0. H. G. minnia^, adj. and s.m. or /., darling, favourite. migraine [ L- hemicra- nium, Gr. rjiJLLKpdvLoVf " a pain on one side of the head "], s.f., sick headache. migration [L. ace. migra- tionem], s.f., migration. mil [L. n. milium'}, s.m., millet. mil [L' mille'], num. adj. (card.), one thousand (in dates of the Christian era). milan [Sp. milano}, s.m., kite. Milanaisj -e [Milan, It. Milano], adj. and s.m. or /., Milanese. Le , s.m., the old Duchy of Milan (in the north of Italy). milice [L. militia}, s./., militia, body of troops. milieu [wi^ H&u, q.v.}, s.m., middle, midst, centre, heart, depth, means, company. militaire [L^ L- miUtaris], adj. and s.m., military, be- longing to the army; soldier. Chirurgien , army-sur- geon. militairement, adv., mi- litarily. mille [L- millia, pi. of mille}, num. adj. (card.), thousand. , s.m., mile. millesime [L- cidj. miiie- simus, " the thousandth "], s.m., date on coins. (Its doublet is millieme, q.v.) millet [dim. of mil}, s.m., millet. milliard [mille}, s.m., a thousand millions of francs, = i;4o,ooo,ooo. millieme [see millesime}, adj., thousandth. millier [L. n. milUarium}, s.m., thousand. million [mille}, s.m., million (million francs = £40,000). millionieme [million}, adj. and s.m., millionth. millionnaire [million}, s.m. or /., millionaire (a person worth a million). mimique [L- mimicus, from Gr. /u.t/jitK6?],a(Zj., mimic. , «./., mimic art. mince [?J. odj., slender, slight, thin. minceur [mince}, s.f., thinness, slenderness ; poor- ness. mine [It- mina}, s.f, look, appearance, mien. mine [verbal Bubst. of miner}, s.f, mine, pit, ore. miner [L- minare}, v. a., 1, to undermine, dig, hollow; waste, prey upon. miner ai [miner}, s.m., ore. mineral, -e [miner}, adj., mineral. Mineral, s.m., min- eral, ore. mineur [miner}, s.m., miner, pitman. mineur, -e [L- ace. adj. minorem}, adj. and s.m. or/., less, inferior; minor, person under age. (Its doublet is moindre, q.v.) miniature [L* L- minia- tura, "painting done with minium, ' vermilion,' the initials of MSS. being usu- ally drawn with vermilion "], s.f., miniature. minime [L. minimus},adj.f very small. TniniTTiTim [L. adj. n. mini- mum}, s.m., minimum. ministere [L- «• ministe- rium}, s.m., ministry, office, minister's office, agency, good offices. , ministeriel, -elle [minis- tere}, adj., ministerial. ministre [L- ace. minis- trum}, s.m., minister, secre- tary of state, secretary (for or of). minorite [L- L- ace. mino- ritatem}, s.f, minority. minuit [mi, nuit, q.v.}, s.m., midnight. minute [L- cidj. f. minu- ta}, s.f., minute. minutie [L- minutia}, s.f., trifie. minutieusement, adv., minutely. minutieux, -euse [minu- tie}, adj., minute, particular. miracle [L- w. miraculum}, s.m., miracle, wonder. miraculeusement, adv., miraculously, wonderfully. miraculeux, -euse [L. miraculosus}, adj., miracur- lous, wonderful. mirage [mirer], s.m., mi- rage ; delusion, MITKAILLE. mire [verbal subst. of mirer}, s.f, aim, sight. mirer [L. mirari}, v.a. and n., 1, to aim at, have in view. Se , r.v., to contem- plate oneself. miroir [mirer}, s.m., mir- ror, looking-glass. miroitement [miroiter}, s.m., glittering ; reflection. miroiter [miroir}, v.n., 1, to glitter, reflect. misaine [It. mezzana, "the middle sail" (in the Middle Ages)], s.f., fore-mast, fore- sail (naut.). misantnrope ^[Gr. fxicrav- 6puiTro<;, from fxiaelv, " to hate," and av6pu}iro<;, "man"], s.m., misanthrope. misanthropic [Gr. /xia-av- OpixiTTLo}, S.f., misanthropy. mise [partic. subst. of mettre}, s.f., laying, putting, setting; dress. (Its doublet is messe, q.v.) miserable [L- miserabiUs}, adj., miserable, wretched. miserablement, adv., miserably, wretchedly. miser e [L^ miseria}, s.f., poverty, misery, wretchedness. misericorde [L. miseri- cordia}, s.f, pity, mercy, for- giveness. misericordieux, -euse, adj., pitiful, merciful, for- getful. missel [L- L. n. missale, from missa; see messe}, s.m., missal, mass-book. mission [L. ace. mis- sionem}, s.f., mission. missive [L- L- missiva, from missum, p.p. of mittere, " to send "], s.f., missive, note, letter. mistral [It. maestrale, from L. magistralis, i.e. "the masterful wind"], s.m., mis- tral (north-west wind of Provence). mitaine [L- L. mitana, " half-^love "], s.f, mitten. , mitigation [L. ace. mitiga- tionem}, sf., mitigation. mitiper [L. mitigare}, v.a., 1, to mitigate, soften. mitoyen, -enne [L- L. me- dietaneus}, adj., middle, in- termediate, party. Mur mi- toyen, party-wall. mitraille [0. Fr. mitaille, dim. of 0. Fr. mite, " small copper coin "], s.f, fVfi^U «/w(, TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 281 JIITKAILLICU, grape-shot. Tirer a , to Jire grape-shot. mitrailler imitraille'], v.a. and n., 1, to fire with grape- shot. mitre [L. mitra, from Gr. ixLTpa, "an Asiatic head-dress, a coif"], s.f., mitre. mitrei -e imitre], adj., mitred. mobile [L- moMlis"}, adj., mobile, moveable. mobilier [mobile], s.m., furniture. , -ere, adj., personal, of personal property. mobilisation [mobiUser], sf., mobilization (military). mobiliser [mobile'], v.a., 1, to mobilize (military). mobilite [L- ace. mdbili- tatern], s.f, mobility, insta- bility, versatility, uncer- tainty. mode [L- ace. modum], s.m., mode, mood. , sf, mode, fashion, manner. modelage [modeler], s.m., modelling. modele [It- modello], s.m., model, pattern. modeler [modele], v.a., 1, to model, mould. Se ■ sur, r.v., to copy, imitate. moderateur [L. ace. mo- deratorem], s.m., moderator. , adj., moderating. (The fern, is moderatrice.) moderation [L. ace. mode- rationem], s.f, moderation, mitigation. ,modere, -e [p-p- of mo- derer], adj., moderate. moderementj adv., mode- rately. moderer [L. moderari], v.a., 1, to moderate, restrain, temper. Se , r.v., to re- strain oneself, to keep one's temper. moderne [L. modemus], adj., modern. Les s, s.m. pi., the modern authors, in- ventors, physiologists, <&c. modeste [L- modestus], adj., modest, humble. modestement, adv., mo- destly, humbly, simply. modestie [L- modestia], s.f., modesty, humility. modification [L. ace. mo- dijicationem], s.f, modifica- tion, restriction. modifier [L- modificare], v.a., 1, to modify. Se , r,v, to be or becorfie modified, modique [L. modicus], adj., moderate, small. modiquementf adv., mo- derately, little. modulation [L. ace. modu- lationem], s.f, modulation. moduler [L. modulari], v.a. and n., 1, to modulate, warble. moelle [L- medulla], s.f, marrow, pith. moelleux, -euse [L- wi«- dullosus], adj., marrowy, pithy, soft, easy. moellon [moelle], s.m., soft and rough stone, ashlar. moeurs [L- pi- mores], sf pi., manners, morals. moi [Ij- wt for mihi], pers. pron., I, me, to me. moindre [L- adj. minorem] (comp. of petit), adj., less ; le, la (sup.), the least. moine [from a L. type mo- nius, from Gr. fiovo^, "alone"], s.m., monk, friar. moineau [formerly mois- nel, eontrd. of moissonel, dim. of 0. Fr. moisson, from L. L- ace. muscionem, " small bird," from L. musca], s.m., sparrow. moins [L- minus] (comp. of peu), adv., less. Le (sup.), the least. ^ Au , du , at least. A que, unless. mois [L- ace. mensem], s.m., month. moisi? -e [P-P- of moisir], adj., musty, mouldy. moisir [0. Fr. muisir, from L. mucere], v.n., 2, and se , r.v., to grow mouldy. moisissure [moisissant, pres. part, of moisir], s.f, mAmldiness, mustiness. moisson [L^ ace. messio- nem], s.f, harvest, crop, harvest-time. moissonner [moisson], v.a., 1, to reap. Se , r.v., to be reaped. moissonneur, -euse [mois- sonner], s.m. or/., reaper. moite [0. Fr. moiste, from L. adj. musteus, "juicy," der. from L. n. mustum, "un- fermented wine "], adj., moist, damp. moiteur [moite], s.f, mois- ture, dampness. moitie .IL- medietatem], s.f, half. A , half molj see Imou. njplaire [h- nwlari?), adj„ MONDAINEMENT. m^lar. , s.f, molar-tooth, grinder. mole [L- ace. molem], s.m., mole, jetty-head, pier. molecule [Scholastic L. molecula, dim. of L. moles], s.f., molecule, particle, atom. molestation [molester],sf., molestation. molester [L. molestare], v.a., 1, to annoy, molest, vex. moUement [moiie, f of mou, and suffix -ment], adv., softly, weakly, carelessly, gently. mollesse [L. L. molUtia], s.f, delicacy, softness, indo- lence, effeminacy. moliet [mol, see mou], s.m., calf (of the leg). moUir [L. molUre, "to soften "], v.n., 2, to slack, fiag, give way. moment [L- n. momentum], f.m., moment, instant, occa- sion, interval. Au de, on the point of. momentane, -e [L. mo- mentaneus], adj., momentary. momentanementi adv., tennporarily. momie [it. mummia, from Persian and Arab, mumia, from Persian mourn, " wax "], t.f, mummy: sluggard. mon, sing. PI., ma, sing, f, mes, pi- m. and /. [L. adj. n. meum],poss. adj., my. monacal, -e [L- L. mona- ehalis], adj., m^onacal. monarchie [Gr. Moi'opxta, from /uLoi/os, "alone," and ap- xetv, "to rule"], s.f., mon- archy. monarcMque [Gr. ttovap- XtKos], adj., monarchical. monarchiste [monarchic], s.m. or/., monarchist. monarque [Gri. /aoi/apxTj?], s.m., monarch. monastere [L- w. monaste- rium, Gr. )xova.a-Trip(.ov, from [xovaa-TTJp, " monk," from IJiovd^€iv, " to live alone " ], s.m., monastery. monastique [L- monas- ticus, from Gr. /aomo-rtKo?], adj., monastic. monceau [L- L- w. monti- cellum], s.m., heap, mass, pile. mondain, -e [L- mundor- nus], adj., mundane, worldly. mondainementi adv., worldly. 28S ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY MONDANITfi. mondanite Imondain'], s./., tvorldliness. monde [^- ^cc- mundum], s.m., world; universe, man- kind, people, crowd. Tout le , everybody. monetaire [L- ace. mone- tarium, " master of the mint"], adj., monetary. moniteur [L. ace. moni- torem'], s.m., monitor; gazette. (See Notes, p. 176.) monition [L- ace. moni- tionem], s.f., admonition. monnaie [0. Fr. monnoie, from L. moneta, "a surname of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money was coined," hence " the Mint "], s.f., money, change. Hotel de la , Mint. monnayer [monnaie}, v.a., 1, to coin ; stamp. monnayeur [monnayer"], s.m., mintman, coiner. Faux , coiner of bad money. monologue [Gr. tiovoKoyia, from /uLox/o?, " alone," and Koyo^, " speech "], s.m., monologue. monomanie [Gr. fi6vo<;, " alone," and fxauCa, " mad- ness "], s.f, monomania. monopole [Grr- /u,oi/o7ruA.ta], 5.771., monopoly. monopoliser [monopole], v.a., 1, to monopolize. monosyllabe ^ [Gr. fiovo- av\K6ipo<;, from /xoi/o?, and (tv\- \afiri, "syllable "], s.m., mono- syllable. monosyllabique [mono- syllabe], adj., monosyllabic. monotheisme [prefix mono, from Gr. fx.6vo<;, and theisme, q.v.], s.m., monotheism. monptheiste [prefix mono, and theiste, q.v.], s.m. or /., monotheist. , adj., mono- theistic. monotone [Gr. fxovorovo^, from ju.6vo;, and rovo^, "sound"], adj., monotonous. monotonie [monotone], s.f, monotony, sameness. monseigneur [mon, sei- gneur, q.v.], s.m., my lord, your lordship, your grace. {The pi. is messeigneurs.) monaieur [mon, sieur, q.v.], s.m., sir, mister (before a pro- per name), gentleman. (The pi. is messieurs.) monstre [L- w. monstrum], s.m., monster. monstruensement, adv., mmistrously. monstruenx,. -ense [L- monstruosus], adj., monstrous, prodigious. monstruosite [L- adj. mon- struosus], s.f., monstrosity. mont [L- ace. montem], s.m., mount, mountain. montagnard, -e [mon- tagne], s.m. and /., moun- taineer, highlander ; Mon- tagnard (in French hist.). montagne [L- L. monta- nea, der. from L. ace. montem], s.f, mountain, highland. montagneux, -euse [mon- tagne], adj., hilly, mountain- ous. montant [pres. part, of monter], s.m., amount, sum total, height. , -e, adj., uphill, rising, ascending, steep. montee [partie. subst. of monter], s.f, ascent, slope, height. monter [mont], v.a. and n., 1, to ascend, go up ; grow up, increase ; ride (a horse). montgolfiere [Montgol- fier, the name of the inventor of balloons], s.f., fire-balloon. monticule [L- ace. monti- culum], s.m., hillock. montre [verbal subst. of montrer], s.f, watch ; exhibi- tion, show. montrer [L- monstrare], v.a., 1, to show, point out, in- dicate, prove. Se , r.v., to show oneself or itself, appear ; turn out, prove. montueux, -euse [L. mon- tuosus], adj., hilly. monture [monter], s.f, horse, steed, nag, donkey, any animal for riding. monument [L- w. monu- mentum], s.m., monument, memorial. monumental -e [monu- Tnent], adj., monumental, me- morial. moquer (se) Ul r.v. (foil. by prep, de), to laugh at, ridicule, sneer, make game of; set at defiance. moquerie [moquer], s.f, mockery, sneering. moQueur, -euse [moquer], adj. and s.m. or /., mocking, jeering ; mocker, jeerer, sneerer. moral* -e [L. moralis],adj., TTwral. Moral, s.m., moral or mental sense, spirits. morale [moral], s./., ethics, morals, morality. MORTELLEMEXT. moralementj cbdv., mo- rally. moraliste [moral], s.m., moralist, moralizer. moralite [L- ace. morali- tatem], s.f, morality, moral sense, morals. morbide [L- morbidusi, adj., morbid. morceau [I-*- L. n. morsel- lum, dim. of L. morsus, "a bite "], s.m., piece ; morsel^ scrap, fragment. morceler [O. Fr. morcel = morceau], v.a., 1, to parcel out, divide. morcellement [morceler], s.m., parcelling out, division. mordant) -e [L- ace. mor- dentem, pres. part, of mor- dere], adj., biting, cutting, sharp, satirical. Mordant, s.m., smartness, sarcasm. mordre [L- mordere], v.a., 4, to bite, gnaw, carp at, attack. More [L- ace. Maurum], s.m.. Moor. moresque [More], adj., Moorish. morfondre (se) [lit- "to strike a chill," from morve, "glanders," eLud fondre, q.v.], r.v., to shiver with cold; (fig.) to dance attendance. morgue [?], s.f, arrogance ; dead-house. moribond, -e [L. mori- bundus], adj. and s.m. or /., dying (man or woman). morne [0. H. G. mornen, " to mourn"], adj., dull, down- cast, gloomy, sad. morose [L- morosus], adj., morose, sullen, surly. morosite [L- ace. morosi- tatem], s.f, morosity, sullen- ness, surliness. mors [L- ace. morsum], s.m., bit (of a bridle). morsure [L.L. morsura (?), from L. morsum, sup. of mor- dere], s.f, bite, sting. mort [L. ace. mortem], s.f., death. mort? -e [P-P- of mourir], adj. and s.m. or/., dead ; dead man or woman, deceased per- son. mortalite [L- ace. mortali- tatem], s.f, mortality. mortel, -elle [L- mortalis], adj., mortal, deadly. mortellement, c^v., mor* tally, deadly. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 283 MOBTIER. mortier [L. n. mortarium], s.m., mortar. mortifiant, -e ipres. part of mortijier], adj., mortifying, annoying, vexing. mortification [L- a?c. mortijicationenv\, s.f., mortiji- cation. mortifier [L. mortijicare], v.a., 1, to mortify. Se , r.v., to mortify one's body ; to mortify. mortuaire [L. mortua- rius], adj., mortuary, fune- ral. Drap , pall. morue [L. L. moruta], sf., cod-fish. Moscovite {Moscow], adj. and s.m. or/., Muscovite. moSQUee [It. moschea, from Arab, mesgid], s.f, mosque. mot [L. n. muttum, "a mutter"], s.m., word, saying, expression, instruction, note. moteur [L. ace, motorem}, s.m., moter, mover, contriver. (The fem. is motrice.) motif tL.L. ace. motivum (?), from L. ace. motum, "mov- ing, stir "], s.m., motive, cause, ground, reason. motion [L- ace. motionem'], sf., motion. motiver {rnotif], v.a., 1, to state the motive of; to he the mx)tive of ; to cause. motte [0. II. G. moltal s.f, clod, peat ; mound, hillock. mou, mol, /• moUe [L- mollis], adj., soft, weak, lax, indolent, slow. mouchard [mouche], s.m., police-spy. mouche [0. Fr. mousche, from L. musca], s.f, fly. Oiseau , humming-bird. moucher [L. L- muccare, from mucus], v.a., 1, to wipe the nose. Se , r.v., to blow one's nose. moucheron [dim. of mouche], s.m., gnat. moucheter [mouche], v.a., 1, to speckle ; cap (of foils). mouchettes [moucher], sf. pi., snuffers. mOUChoir [moucher], s.m., handkerchief. moudre [0. Fr. moire, mol- dre, from L. molere], v.a., 4, to grind. [ing. raoue [N. mowe], s.f, pout- mouette [dim. of 0. Fr. miawe, from Gr. mowe], sf., gull, seamew* mouillage [mouHler], s.m., anchorage. mouiller [I^- L. molliare (J), der. from mollis], v.a. and n., 1, to wet, steep in water; moor. Se , r.v., to get wet or drenched. moulage [mouUr], s.m., moulding, moule [L- ace. modulum], s.m., cast, mould. moule [L- ace. musculum], s.f., muscle, mussel. mouler [m^ule, s.m.], v.a., 1, to mould. [moulder. mouleur [mouler], s.m., mpulin [Medieval L. ace. molinum,], s.m., mill. a eau, water-mill. h vent, windmill. moulu, -e [P-P- of moudre, q.v.], adj., ground, bruised, knocked up. moulure [moule, s.m.], s.f, moulding. mourant, -e [pres. part, of mourir], adj., dying; languid. mourir [L- moriri, an archaic form of mori], v.n., 2, to die, perish, go off. Se , r.v., to be dying out. mousquet [it- moschetto], s.m., musket. mousqueterie [mousquet], s.f, volley of musketry. mousse [it- mozzo, "a lad "], s.m., cabin-boy. mousse [0. H. G. mos], s.f, moss. mousseline [Mossoul, the name of the town where it was originally made], sf., muslin. mousser [mousse, s.f], v.n., 1, to froth, foam. moussu, -e [mousse, s.f.], adj., mossy. moustache [It. mostacdo], s.f, moustache. moiit [0. Ft. TTWUst, from L. n. musium], s.m., must (unfermented wine). moutarde [moM], s.f, mustard. moutardier [moutarde], s.m., mustard-pot; mustardr maker. mouton [L- L- ace. multo- nem, from Kymr. mollt, " ram "], s.m., sheep. moutonner [mouton], v.n., 1, to foam {of the sea, i.e. to become fleecy). mouture [0. Fr. molture, from L. molitura, " grinding "], 5./., grinding. MULTIPLE. mouvant, -e [Jpres. part. of mouvoir], adj., moving, animated. Sable , quick' sand. mouvement [L- 1--- ^- mo- vimentum], s.m., mm^ement, motion, agitation, animation, life. mouvoir [L- movere], v.a., 3, to move, stir, incite, prompt. Se , r.v., to act, move, stir. moyen [L- n. medianum], s.m., mean, way, power, me- dium. 8, s.m. pi., abili- ties ; means, fortune. Au de, by means of. moyen, -enne [L- medi- anus], adj., middle, middling ; middle-class. (Its doublet is median, q.v.) moyennant [pres. part. of moyenner, "to contrive"], prep., by means of, in consi- deration of. moyenne [fem. of moyen, adj.], sf., average, mean. En , on an average. moyeu [L- ace. modiolum]^ s.m., nave-box (of a wheel). mil, -e» PP' of mouvoir^ q.v. muable [I--- mutabilis]^ adj., mutable, changeable. mue [verbal subst. of mwer], s.f., moulting, moulting-time, cast skin, cast horns. muer [L- mutare], v.n., 1, to moult; to cast its skin or horns ; to shed its coat. muet, -ette [L. mntus], adj. and s.m. or/., mute, dumb ( person). mugir [L. mugire], v.n.. 2, to bellow, roar. mugissant, -e [pres. part. of mugir], adj., belloxcing, roaring. mugissement [mugissant], s.m., bellowing, roaring. mulatre [Sp- mulato], adj. and s.m., mulatto. (The s.f. is mulatre or muldtresse.) mule [L- mula], s.f, mule. mulct [dim. of 0. Fr. mul, from L. ace. mulum], s.m., he- mule. muletier [muiet], s.m., muleteer, mule-driver. mulct [^- ^ol, "a mole"], " s.m., Ji eld-mouse. miilticolore [^- multi- colorus], adj., many-coloured. multiple [L- ace. adj. muU 284 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY MULTIPLICATEUR. tipUcem},adj., multiple, mani- fold. multiplicatenr [L. ace. tnultiplicatorem'], s.m. and adj.f multiplier; multiply- ing. multiplication [L. ace. multiplicationem}, s.f., multi- plication. multiplicite [L. ace. adj. multiplicem\ s.f., multipli- city. multiplie, -e iP-P- of mul- tiplier'], adj., multiplied, mani- fold, frequent. multiplier [L. multipU- care], v.a. and n., 1, to multi- ply. Se , r.v.y to multi- ply ; to be renewed. multitude [L- ace. multi- tudinem'], sf., multitude. muni, -e tpp- of munir], adj., supplied, provided ; armed. municipal [L- munici- palis], adj., municipal. municipalite [municipal'], sf., municipality, corporation. munificence [L- munifi- centia], s.f, munificence. munir [L. munire], v.a., 2, to supply, provide, arm. munition [L. aec. muni- tionem, from munire], s.f, ammunition, provisions. mur [L. ace. murum], s.m., wall. miir, -e [L. maturus], adj., ripe, mature. muraille imur], s.f, wall, rampart. mural, -a [L- muralis], adj., mural. mdre [0. Fr. m^ure, from L. mora,f. form of n. morum, from Gr. /u.a>poi/], s.f., mul- berry. m^ement imUr], adv., maturely. mure, -e IP-P- of murer], adj., walled up. murer imur], v.a., i, to wall up. Hock up. mdrier [mUre'], s.m., mul- berry-tree. miirir [mUr], v.n., 2, and se , r.v., to ripen, to ma- murmure [L. n. murmur, from Gr. ti.opfx.vpu>, Skr. mar- mara, onomat], s.m., mur- mur, whisper, gentle noise. murmurer [L- murmur- are], v.a. and n., 1, to mutter, whisper ; murmur, grumble. muscle [L. ace. musculuvi], s.m., muscle. musculaire [L- muscu- laris], adj., muscular. muscideux, -euse [L. musculosus], adj., muscular, musculous. muse [L- musa], s.f, muse. museau [0. Fr. musel, dim. of 0. Fr. muse, " mouth," from L. L. ace. musum, from L. morsus, p.p. of mordere], s.m., muzzle, nose, snout. musee or museum [L. n. museum, from Gr. iMova-elov, " a seat of the Muses "], s.m., museum. musette [dim. of 0. Fr. muse], sf, bagpipe. (See cor- nemuse.) musical, -e C musique], adj., musical. musicalement, adv., mu- sically. musicien, -enne [mu- sique], s.m. or/., musician. musique [L. musica, from Gr. iJLovoss. pron., ours, our own. nouer [L- nodare}, v.a., 1, to knot, tie up, join, get up, form. Se , r.v., to be tied; to knot, set, knit. noueux, -euse [L. nodo- sus}, adj., knotty. nourrice [L. ace. nutri- cem}, s.f, nurse, foster- mother. nourrir [L- nutrire}, v.a., 2, to nourish, feed, maintain, support, rear, bring up, enter- tain. Se (de), r.v., to feed on, live on ; to delight or indulge in. nourrissant, -e [pres. part, of nourrir}, adj., nutri- tive, nutritious. nourrisson fL- ace. ntUri- tionem}, s.m., nursling ; fos- 288 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOKARY NOUKRITURE. ter-child. (Its doublet is nu- trition, q.v.) nourriture [L. nutritura], s.f., nourishment, food, living, diet; board. nous [L- nos], pers.pron. pi., we, us, to us. nouveau, -elle [0. Fr. nouvel, from L. novellus], adj., new ; recent, fresh, different, young. Be nouveau, ado. loc, anew. nouveaute [L. L. ace. no- vellitatem], sf., novelty, change, new thing. nouvelle [fem. of the adj. nouveau, used as a subst.J, sf., news, intelligence. nouvellementj adv., new- ly, recently. HOUVelliste [nouvelle], s.m., newsmonger, quidnunc ; tale-writer. novateur [L. ace. nova- torem], s.m., innovator. (The fern, is novatrice.) novembre [L. ace novem- brem'], s.m., November. novice [L. adj. novicius, der. from novus}, s.m. or /., novice, probationer. npviciat Inovice], s.m., novitiate, probation. noyade [noyer], sf., drown- ing. Les Noyades, the Noyades (in French history, 1794:). noyau [L. adj. nucalis}, s.m., fruitstone, kernel ; core, nucleus. noye» -e [PJ^- of noyer"], adj., drowned. Yeux s de larmes, eyes swimming in tears. noyer [L. necare, lit. "to kill"], v.a., 1, to drown, deluge, bathe, sink, swamp ; ruin. Se , r.v., to drown oneself, to be droumed ; to welter. noyer [L. L. ace. nucarium, from L. ace. nwcem], s.m., walnut-tree. noyeur [noyer, v.a.j, s.m., the one who drowns other people. nu» -e [L. nudus'], adj., bare, naked ; without dis- guise, plain. Nu-tete, bare- headed. Nu-pieds, bare-foot, bare-footed. nuage [see nue], s.m., cloud ; gloom, shadow ; doubt, dissension. nuageux, -euse [nuage], adj., cloudy, obscure. nuance [nue, s.f], sf, shade, hue. nuancer [nuance], v.a., i, to shade, variegate, blend. Se , r.v., to be or get varie- gated or blended. nubile [L. nubiUs], adj., nubile, marriageable. nubilite [nubile], s.f, nu- bility, marriageable age. nudite [L- ace. nuditatem], s.f, nakedness, nudity. nue and nuee [L. ace. nubem], sf., cloud; host, swarm. nuire [L. nocere], v.n., 4, to injure, harm, hurt, wrong, prevent. Se , r.v., to in- jure oneself or each other. nuisible [L- L. nodbiUs], adj., injurious, hurtful. nuit [L- ace. noctem], s.f, night, darkness. nuitamment [fictitious Fr. adj. nuitant, from nuit, and suffix -ment; the 0. Fr. was nuitentre], adv., by night. nul, nulle [L. nuiius], adj., no, none, not any, null, worthless. nuUementj odu., by no means, not at all. nullite [nul], sf, nullity, incapacity; cipher (applied to numeraire [L. ace. nume- rarium, " accountant "j, s.m., specie, cash. numeral, -e [L. nume- ralis], adj., numeral. numeration [L. ace. nu- merationem], s.f, numeration. numerique [L* L- numeri- cus (?), from L. numerus], adj., numerical. numero [it. numero, from L. numerus], s.m., number; size; ticket. numeroter [numero], v.a.y 1, to number. nuptial) -e [L. nuptialis], adj., nuptial, bridal, wedding. nuque [N. nocke, "the spine "], s.f, nape of the neck. nutritif, -ive [L. L. nutri- tivus (?), der. from nutritum, sup. of nutrire], adj., nutri- tive, nutritious. nutrition [L. ace. nutri- tionem], s.f., nutrition, nou- rishment. (Its doublet is nourrisson, " nursling.") nymphe [L- nympha, from Gr. vviJL(f)rj, properly "young ur. vvix(brh &rl"],sf. nymph. oasis [Gr. oacrt9, an Egyptian word], s.f, oasis. obeir [L. obedire], v.n., 2, to obey, yield, give way to. obeissance [obeissant], s.f, obedience, allegiance, submis- sion. obeissant, -e [pres. part. of obeir], adj., obedient, duti- ful, submissive, docile, man- ageable. Obelisque [L. ace. obelis- cum, from Gr. 6j3eA.ta-K:o9, "a small spit "], s.m., obelisk. obese [L- obcsus, properly " well-fed," from ob and edere], adj., fat, obese, corpulent. obesite [Ij* ace. obesitatem], sf, obesity, corpulence. Objecter [L- objectare], v.a. and n., 1, to object to, allege, demur to. objection [L. ace. objec- tionem], s.f., objection. objet [L. ace. ohjectum], s.m., object, matter, aim, thing. oblation [L. ace. obla- tionem], sf., oblation, offering. obligation [L- ace. obliga- tionem], s.f, obligation, duty. Avoir a, to owe (in the sense of gratitude). obligatoire [L. obiiga- torius], adj., obligatory, com- pulsory, binding. oblige, -e [P-P- of obliger], adj., obliged, bound, compelled. obligeamment [obu- geant and suffix -ment], adv., obligingly, kindly. Obligeance [obligeant], s.f.y obligingness, kindness. obligeant, -e [pres. part. of obliger], adj., obliging, kind. obliger [L. obUgare], v.a., 1, to oblige, compel, bind. S' , r.v., to oblige oneself, to oblige each other. oblique [L- obliquus], adj., oblique, askew, side ; indirect. Obliquement, adv., ob- liquely, sideways ; indirectly. obliquer [oblique], v.n., 1, to oblique, turn, swerve. Obliquite [L. ace. obliqui- tatem], s.f, obliquity ; un- fairness. oblong, -ffue [L. oblongus], adj., rather long, oblong. Obole [L. ace. obolum, from Gr. hpoKos, "obole" (the 6th TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 289 OUSCENE. part of a drachm)], s./., oboUy obohis ; groat, mite. obscene [L- obscenus'}, adj.t obscene. obscenite [L- ace. obsceni- iateiti], s.f., obscenity. pbsciir, -e [L. obscurus], adj., obscure, dark, black. obscurcir lobscur^, v.a., 2, to darken, dim, tarnish. S' , r.v., to grow dark, cloudy, gloomy; to become stern. obscurcissement iobscur- ciV], s.m., darkening. obscurement ifem. adj. obscure and suflix -ment}, adv., obscurely, darkly. obscurite [L- ace. obscuri- tatem], s.f., obscurity, dark- ness. obsecration [L. ace. o6se- crationem], s.f., obsecration. obseder [L. obsidere'],v.a.,l, to beset, importune, torment. obseques [L. /. pi. obse- quiae, from obsequil, s.f. pi., obsequies, funeral. obsequieusement, adv., obsequiously. obseqnieux, -euse [L. ob- sequiosus], adj., obsequious, complying, complaisant. observable [observer], adj., observable. observance [L- observan- tia], sf., observance. observateur [L. ace. 06- servatorem], s.m. and adj., observer, of observation. (The /em. is observatrice.) observation [L. ace. obser- vation^m], s.f, observation, notice, remark. observatoire [L. aee. obser- vatum, "observation"], s.m., observatory. observer [L. observare}, v.a., 1, to observe, notice, watch, practise, perform. Faire , to remark. Je vons fais que, I beg you to observe. S' , r.v., to be cautious ; to watch each other; to be ob- served. obstacle [L. n. obstaculum'], s.m., obstacle, hindrance, ob- struction. obstination [L- ace. ob- stinationem'], s.f, obstinacy, stubbornness. qbstine, -e [L- obstinatus], adj., obstinate, stubborn, wil- ful. Fr. p. II. OCTROTEK. obstinementt (idv.,ob- stinately, stubbornly, wil- fully. obstiner (s') [L- obstinare], r.v., to be obstinate ; to per- sist. obstruction [L. aee. ob- structionem}, s.f, obstruction, stoppage. obstmer [L- obstruere], v.a., 1, to obstruct, stop up. S' , r.v., to become ob- structed. obtemperer [L. obtem- perare}, v.n., 1, to obey, comply with. obtenir [L. obtinere}, v.a., 2, to obtain, gain, get. S' , r.v., to be obtained. obtus, -e [L- obtususj, adj., obtuse, dull. obus [Sp. obuz}, s.m., shell (artillery). obusier [obus], s.m., how- itzer {artillery). obvier [L. obviare], v.n., I, to obviate ; prevent. occasion [L. aee. occa- sionem], s.f, occasion, oppor- tunity. occasionnel, -elle [occa- sion], adj., occasional. occasionnellement, adv., occasionally. occasionner, v.a., 1, to occasion, cause, produce. Occident [L. ace. occi- dentem], s.m., west. occidental, -e [L- ocd- dentalis], adj., occidental, western. Indes es. West Indies. OCCUlte [L- occultus], adj., occult, hidden, secret. occupation [L- aee. occu- pationem], sf., occupation ; business, work. OCCUper [L. occupare], v.a., 1, to occupy; busy; take up. S' , r.v., to apply or occupy oneself. occurrence [L. aee. occur- rentem], s.f, occurrence, emer- gency. ocean [L. aee. oceanum], s.m., ocean. OCtobre [L- aee. octobrem], s.m., October. OCtOgenaire [L- octogena- rius], adj. and s.m. or /., eighty years old ; octogenarian. octroi [verbal subst. of octroyer], s.m., concession, grant ; town-du^ ; city-toll. octroyer [L- L. auctori- OFFICIEUX. care (?), der. from L. auctorare, "to procure"], v.a., 1, to grant. oculaire [L- ocularius], adj., ocular. Temoin , eye-witness. ode [Gr. wS>j], s.f., ode. Odeur [Tj- ace. odorem], sf., odour, smell, fragrance. odieusement, adv., odi- ously, hatefully. odieux, -eiise [L. odiosus], adj., odious, hateful. odorantt -e [L- ace odo- rantem, pres. part, of odorari, which gave the 0. Fr. v. odorer, "to have the sense of smell"], adj., odorous, fragrant, sxceet- scented. odorat [L. ace. odoratum], s.m., sense of smell. odoriferant, -e [compd. of L. ace. odorem and ferentem], adj., odoriferous. oeilvCL- aee. oculum], s.m., eye. A vue d' , visibly, by ihe eye. Coup d' , glance. ceillet [dim. of csil], s.m., eyelet ; pink, carnation. oeuf [L. n.ovum], s.m., egg. oeuvre [L- w. opera, pi. of opus], sf, work, production, deed. Chef-d' , master- piece, standard work. oifensant, -e [pres. part. of offenser], adj., offensive, abusive. offense [L. offensa], s.f, offence, insult ; transgres- sion. offenser [L- offensare], v.a., 1, to offend, give offence to, injure. S' , r.v., to take offence ; to offend each other. offenseur [L. ace. offen- sorem], s.m., offender. offensif, -ive [offenser], adj., offensive. offensivement, adv.,offen- sively. office [L- w. officium], s.m., office, post, functions; turn, service ; worship. officiel, -elle [L. offidalis], adj., official. officiellement, adv., offici- ally. officier [office], s.m., officer. , v.n., 1, to offi- ciate ; play one's part. officieusement, adv., offi- ciously, obligingly. officieux, -euse [L. offici- osus], adj., officious, obliging. 290 ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONABY officine [L. officinal «•/•. laboratory. offrande [L. pi. n. offer- enda], s.f., offering, present. offre [verbal subst. of offrir], s.f., offer, proposal. ofirir [L. L. offerers, der. from L. offer7'e], v.'a., 2, to offer, present, give. S' , r.v., to offer oneself ; to offer to each other. offusquer \Jj.offuscare'\,v.a., 1, to obscure, cloud, give offence to. S' , r.v., to take offence. Ogival, -e [ogive'], adj., ogival, ogive. Ogive [0. Fr. augive, from L. L. augiva, der. from L. augere, "to increase"], s.f., ogive, a pointed arch. Ogre [L- ace. Orcum, "god of the infernal regions "], s.m., ogre. (The fem. is ogrcsse.) oh, interj., 0, oh ! oie [Medieval L. auca, " goose "J, s.f, goose. oignon or ognon [L. ace. unionem], s.m., onion, (its doublet Is union, q.v.) oindre [L- ungere], v.a., 4, to anoint. oiseau [0. Fr. oisel, from L. L. ace. aucellum, masc. form of L. aucella, " small bird "], s.m., bird. — ;— mouche, hum- ming-bird. A vol d' , as the crow flies, in a straight line. oiseleur [piseaul, s.m., hird-catcher. oiseux, -euse [L- otiosus], adj., idle, trifling. oisifi -ive [L- n. otium], adj., idle, unoccupied. oisivemeilt ioisive,fem. of oisif, and suffix -ment], adv., idly. Oisivete ioisif], sf., idle- ness ; ease. oligarchie [Gr. oAiyapxta, from oAiyot, "a few," and apx€Lv, "to rule"], sf., oli- garchy. oligarchique [Gr. hxtyap- Xixo?], adj., oligarchical. Olivatre [pUve and suffix 'litre'], adj., olive-coloured. olive [L- oliva, from Gr. ikaia], S.f., olive. Olivier [L. cbdj. oUvanus], s.m., olive-tree. Olympe [L- ace. Olympum, from Gr. 'OAv/httos], s.m., Olympus. olympien, -enne ioiym- j)e], adj., Olympian. olympiQue [L. olympicus, from Gr. oKvixttiko^], adj., Olympic. ombrage [L. adj. umbrati- cus], s.m., shade; umbrage, suspicion. ombrager [ombrage], v.a., 1, to shade, shelter, conceal, hide. ombrageux, -euse [om- brage], adj., shy (of a horse shying at its shadow) ; sus- picious. ombre [L- umbra], sf, shadow ; darJc, ddrJcness, gloom ; protection ; ghost. ombreux, -euse [L. um- brosus], adj., shady. omelette [0. Fr. alumelle and alumete, from a and la- melle, dim. of lame, " narrow and thin plate," because the omelette is thin as a lame], s.f., omelette. omettre [L- omittere], v.a., 4, to omit, leave out, forget. omission [L- ace. omis- sionem], s.f., omission. omnibus [L- omnibus, " for all "], s.m., omnibus. omnipotence [L. omni- potentia], s.f., omnipotence. omnipotent, -e [L. ace. adj. omnipotentem], adj., om- nipotent. pmnivore [L. omnivorus], adj. and s.m., omnivorous (animal). on [L- homo], indef.pron., one, they, people. Onagre [L. ace. onagrum, Gr. ovaypos], s.m., wild ass. once [L- uncia], s.f., ounce. oncle [L« ace. avunculum], s.m., uncle. Onction [L. ace. unctio- nem], s.f, unction, anointing. onctueusement, adv., unctuously ; impressively. onctueux, -euse [L. L. unctuosus, der. from L. unc- tus], adj., unctuous, oily ; im- pressive. onde [L- unda], sf., wave, water. ondee [onde], s.f, shower. ondoyant, -e [pres. part. of ondoyer], adj., undulating. ondoyer [onde], v.n., i, to undulate, wave. ondulation [onduler], sf., undulation, waving. ondule, -e Ip-p- of onduZer], adj., undulated. onduler [L. L. undu- lare(?)], v.n., 1, to undulate, onduleux, -euse [ondu- ler], adj., undulating, waving. onereux, -euse [i^- one- rosus], adj., onerous, burden- some. ongle [L- ungula], s.m., nail (of fingers and toes), hoof, claw. onglee [ongle], sf, numb- ness in the finger-ends. onguent [L- n. unguen- tum], s.m., ointment. onomatopee [Gr. ovo/xaro- iTota, from ovop.a, " noun," and TToieii/, "to make"], s.f,, ono- matopoeia. Onze [!>• undedm], adj. num. (card.), eleven. onzieme [onze], adj. num. (ord.), eleventh. onziemement, adv., eleventhly. Opacite [L. ace. opadta- tem], s.f, opacity, darkness. , opaque [L. opacus], adj., opaque, dark, shady. opera [it. opera, from L. pi. n. opera], s.m., opera; opera-house. operateur [L. ace. opera- torem], s.m., operator. operation [L. ace. opera- tionem], s.f, operation, per- formance, transaction. Operer [L. operari], v.a. and n., 1, to operate, effect, work out. opiner [I^- opinari], v.n., 1, to speak, give one's opinion. Opiniatre [opiner, the real meaning of opiniatre being " one who is obstinately attached to what he opines "], adj., obstinate, stubborn, un- shaken. opiniatrement, adu., ob- stinately. Opiniatrer (s') [opiniatre], r.v., to get obstinate, persist. Opiniatrete [opiniatre], s.f, obstinacy, stubbornness. opinion [L- ace, opinio- nem], s.f, opinion, vote. opportun, -e [L- oppor- tunus], adj., opportune, ex- pedient, favourable. opportunement, a<2w., opportunely, conveniently. opportunite [L- ace. op- portunitatem], s.f, oppor- tunity, expediency. opposant, -e [pres. part. TO I^EEUCH EEADtNa BOOK. 291 OPPOSE. of opposer], s.m. or /., oppo- nent, adversary. oppose, -e IP-P' of opposer'], aiy., opposed; opposite. Op- pose, s.m., opposite. OPPOSer [prefix op for oh (as in the L. opponere), and poser, q.v.2, v.a., 1, to oppose, compare. S' , r.v., to op- pose, object. opposite [L- oppositus}, adj. and s.m., opposite, reverse, contrary. A 1' , adv. loc, opposite, facing. opposition [L- ace. opposi- t'ionem'}, s./., opposition, con- tradiction ; stoppage. oppresser [prefix op (for ob) and presser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to oppress, depress. oppresseur [L. ace. oppres- sorem], s.m., oppressor. oppressif, -ive [oppresser], adj., oppressive. oppressivement, adv., op- pressively. opprimer [L- opprimere], v a., I, to oppi-ess. opprobre [L. n. oppro- brium'], s.m., opprobrium, dis- grnce, shame. OPter [L- optare], v.n., 1, to choose. option [L- ace. optionem], s.f., option. optique [Gr. oTTTt/co?], adj., optical. , s.f., optics. opulemment [opulent and suffix -ment], adv., opu- lently, ivealthily. opulence [L. opulentia], S.f, opulence, wealth. opulent, -e [L- opulentus], ad.j., opulent, wealthy. opuscule [L- n. opuscu- Imn], s.m., small work, essay. or [L- •"" aurum], s.m., gold. or [L- hora], conj., now, but. oracle [L- n. oraclum, for oraculum], s.m., oracle. orage [L- L- n. auraticum, der. of L. aura], s.m., storm, tempest. orageusement, adv., stor- mily. orageux, -euse [orage], adj., stormy, tempestuous. oraison [L- ace. orationem], s.f'., oration, prayer. oral, -e [L- oralis], adj., oral, verbal. oralement, adv., orally, verbally. orange JSp. naranja, from At. TwiraTy 1- ^/., orange. ORGANISMB. oranger [orange], s.m., orange-tree. orateur [L. ace. oratorem], s.m., orator, speaker. oratoire [h. oratorius], adj., oratorical. orbe [L- ace. orbem], s.m., orb, orbit, fold, coil. orbite [L- orbita], s.f., orbit. orchestra [Gr. hpx-ncTTpa], s.m., orchestra, band of musi- cians. ordinaire [L- ordinarius], adj., ordinary, usual, common. ordinairement? adv., gen- erally, usually, commonly. ordinal, -e [L- ordinalis], adj., ordinal. ordination [L- ace. ordi- nationem], s.f, ordination. ordonnance [ordon- nant, pres. part, of ordonner], s.f, order, prescription, sta- tute. ordonnateur [ordonner], s.m., ordainer, superintend- ent. ordonner [L- ordinare], v.a., 1, to order, enjoin, regu- late, ordain. ordre [L> ace. ordinem], s.m., order; command, man- agement, rule, class, rate. ordure [0. Fr. adj. ord, from L. horridus, and suffix -ure], s.f., dirt, filth, corrup- tion. oreille [L- auricula, der. from auris], s.f., ear. oreiller [oreille], s.m., pil- low. orfevre [compd. of L. auri and ace. fabrum, " a work- man who works in gold"], s.m., goldsmith. orfevrerie [orfevre], s.f, goldsmith's work or trade. Organe [L- n. organum, Gr. opyavov], S.m., organ, voice ; means, agency. Organique [I^. organicus], adj., organic. Organisateur [organiser], s.m., organizer. , adj., or- I ganizing. (The/ew. is orga- nisatrice.) organisation [organiser], s.f., organization, arrange- ment, nature. organiser [organe], v.a., 1, to organize, arrange, draw up. organisme [organiser], s.m., organism, arrangement, system. ORNEME.NTAL. organiste [0. Fr. v. or- ganer, " to play the organ "J, s.m. or/., organist. orge [L. n. hordeum], sf., barley. Orgie [Gr. opyta], s.f, orgy, carousal, drinking-bout. orgue [It. orpano, from L. n. organum], s.m., organ. s, s.f. pi., organ. orgueil [G. orgel], s.m., pride, arrogance. orgueilleusement[or- gueilleuse, f. of orgueilleux, and suffix -ment],adv., proudly, haughtily. orgueilleux, -euse [or gueiV], adj., proud, haughty. orient [L- ace. orientem], S.m., east; rising; rise. oriental, -e [L- orientalis], adj., oriental, eastern. oriente, -e [p-p- ot orien- ter], adj., set, disposed, situ- ated. orienter [orient], v.a., 1, to set towards the east. S' , r.v., to turn towards the east ; to find out where one is. orifice [^^- n- orifcium] s.m., orifice, opening, hole. oriflamme [L- L. auri- flamma, der. from L. aurum axidflamma], s.f, orifiamme. Originaire [L. origina- rius], adj., native of, first, primitive. originairement, adv., ori- ginally, primitively. original, -e [I^- originaUs], adj., original, primitive : odd, singular, quaint. , s.m. or/., queer person, oddity. originalemcnt, adv., ori- ginally, primitively, oddly, singularly, quaintly. originalite [original], s.f., originality, oddity, eccentri- city. Origine [L- ace. originem], s.f, origin, source, beginning, extraction. Originel, -elle [second form of original], adj., original, primitive. Originellement, adv., ori- ginally, primitively. Orme [L- ace ulmum], s.m., elm-tree. ormeau [dim. of orme^f s.m., young elm-tree. ornement [L- n. ornamen- tum], s.m., ornament. orneniental,-e [omemenf}, adj., ornamental. u 2 292 ETYMOLOGICAL DtCTlOJ^ARY orner [L- omare], v.a., I, to adorn, decorate ; illustrate, grace. orniere [L- T^- orhitaria (?), from L. orbita, "wheel- track"], s.f., beaten track, rut. orphelin, -e [0. Fr. or- phanin, from L. L. adj. orpha- ninus, from Gr. opc^avo?], s.m. or/., orphan. orphelinat lorphelin2,s.'m., orphanage. orteil [0. Fr. arteil, from L. ace. articulum'], s.m., toe. orthodoxe [Gr. opOoSo^o?, from 6p0d?, " right," and S6^a, " opinion "], adj. and s.m. or/., orthodox. orthodcxie [Gr. opdoSo^ia], s.f., orthodoxy. orthographe [Gr. hpeo- ypa<^ia, from bpOo^, and ypd- (fxLv, "to write"], s.f., ortho- graphy. Ortie [L- urtica'], s.f., nettle. OS [L- w. OS, ossis], s.m., bone. oscillation [L. ace. oscU- lationem}, s.f., oscillation. oscillatoire [osciller], adj., oscillatory. OSCiller [L- oscillare'], v.n., 1, to oscillate. oser [L- L. ausare, der. from L. awswm, sup. of au- dere"], v.a. and n., 1, io dare, venture, presume. osier [Gr. oTo-os, " wicker "], s.m., osier, water-willow. ossements [L. L, ossa- menta, der. from L.pl. n. ossaj, s.m. pi., bones (of the dead). osseux, -euse [l^- ossu- osus], adj., bony. ostensible [L. L. ostensi- bilis, der. from L. ostensum, sup. of ostendere], adj., osten- sible, visible. OStensiblement, adv., os- tensibly. ostentation [L- ace. osten- tationem], sf., ostentation. , Otage [0. Fr. ostage, from L. L. n. obsidaticum, der. from L. obsidatus, "the act of being made a hostage"], s.m., hostage. oter [L. L. haustare, freq. of L. haurire], v.a., 1, to take off or away, deprive, put aside, deduct, rid. S' , r.v., to remove, get away ; to be taken away ; to deprive oneself. Ottoman, -e [Turkish ots- mdniyy, "pertaining to Ots- man "], adj. and s.m. or /., Ottoman. OUTRAGEUX. OU [L. aut], conj.y or. od [L. w&i], adv., where. ouailles [in 0. Fr. oeille, from L. ovicula, dim. of ovis, " sheep "], s.f. pi., (fig.) sheep, Jlock. OUais ionomat.], interj., what ! why 1 dear me ! OUate [0. Fr. ouette, dim. of 0. Fr. oue, for oie, " goose "], s.f, wadding, cotton-wool. OUate» -e [P-P- of ouater], adj., wadded, padded. ouater ioimte}, v.a., 1, to wad, pad. OUbli [L- dblitum, sup. of oblivisci'], s.m., for getting, for- getfulness, oblivion, slip, neg- lect. oublier [L- L. obUtare, from L. oblitus, past part, of oblivisci], v.a., 1, to forget; leave behind, omit, neglect, forgive. S' , r.v., to forget oneself; to be forgotten. oubliettes loubUer'], s.f. pi., oubliettes, trap-dungeon. oublieux, -euse [it. ob- lioso], adj., forgetful. OUest [G. west], s.m., west. OUi [0. Fr. oil, from L. hoc illud], adv., yes. OUi, -e, PP- of owir, heard. Oui-dire, s.m., hearsay. OUie [verbal subst. of aulr], s.f, hearing. s, s.f. pi., gills. OUir [0. Fr. otr, from L. audircj, v.a. and n., 2, to hear. OUragan [Sp. huracan}, s.m., hurricane. OUrdir [L- ordiri, "to lay the warp, to begin "], v.a., 2, to warp, plot. ours [L- ace. ursum], s.m., bear. ourse [L- ursa], s.f., she- bear. OUrson [dim. of ours], s.m., bear's cub. OUtil [0. Fr. oustil and us- til, from L. L. n. usitellum (J), der. from L. usitari], s.m., tool, implement. outrage [putrer], s.m., in- sult, offence, bad treatment. outrageant, -e {pres.part. of outrager], adj., insulting, outrageous. outrager [outrer], v.a., i, to abuse, insult, outrage. outrageusement, adv., outrageously. outrageux, -euse [out- rage], adj., outrageous. OUtrance [outrer], s.f, ex- cess. A , to the utmost, to the knife, without mercy. outre [L- ace. utrem], sf., leather bottle. outre [0. Fr. oltre, from L. ultra], prep., beyond. En , adv., moreover. outre, -e IPP- of outrer], adj., furious, in a great anger ; excessive, extravagant. outrecuidance [outrecui- dant], s.f., presumption. outrecuidant, -e [outre, q.v., and cuider, "to think," from L. cogitare], adj., over- weening, conceited. outre -mer [outre, mer, q.v.], adj. and adv., ultra- marine, across the Channel, beyond the seas. outre-passer [outre, pas- ser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to go beyond, exceed. outrer [outre, prep.], v.a., 1, to exaggerate, exceed; ex- asperate. puvert, -e [pp- of ouv7-i7'], adj., open, frank, sincere, un- covered, exposed, unfortified. ouvertement [ouvert], adv., open ly, freely, frankly. ouverture [ouvert], s.f, opening, entrance, gap; over- ture, beginning. U V r a g e [ouvrer, " to work," from L. operari], s.m., work ; book ; performance. ouvrier, -ere [L- ace. ope- rarium], s.m. or/., workman, workwoman. OUvrir [L. aperire], v.a., 2, to open, disclose, unfold, spread, begin, start. S' , r.v., to open, burst, expand; to open one's heart; to be opened. ovale [I^. ovalis], adj. and s.m., oval. ovation [L. ace. ovatio- nem], s.f, ovation. ovifere [L- w. ovum, and ferre], adj., oviferous. OYlforme [I--- gen. ovi and forma], adj., egg-shaped. ovine [L- ovinus], adj., ovine. ovipare [I^- oviparus], adj. and s.m., oviparous (animal). OXyde [word invented by Lavoisier, in 1787; from Gr. 6fv9,""acid"], s.m., oxyde. OXyder [oxyde], v.a., 1, and 8' , r,»«M to oxidate, oxy- dize. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 293 oxygene [Gr. 6^u«r, " acid," id yeVos, "birth"], s.m., and yeVos, oxygen. pacha [Turkish pacha, " governor "], s.m., pasha. pachyderme [Gr- ^raxv?, "thick," SepiLia, " skin "], a(i;. and s.m., pachydermatous ; pachydermatous animal. pacificateur [L. ace. paci- Jicatoren], s.m., peacemaker. pacification [L. acc.paci- ficationem'], s.f., pacification, peacemaking. pacifier [L- padficare'], v.a., 1, to pacify. Se , r.v., to become pacified. pacifique [L- pacijicus], adj., pacific, peaceful. pacifiquement, adv., peacefully, peaceably. paCOtille [paquetl S.f, venture (in commerce), stock (of goods). Marchandises de , goods for exportation, trumpery ware. pacte [L. n. pactum'], s.m., pact, agreement, contract, treaty. pactiser [pacte], v.n., i, to make an agreement, contract, treaty. paganisme [L. L. ace. paganismum, see paien], s.m., paganism,. page [L- pagina], s.f, page (of a book). page [Ij-L. pagius, from L. li. pagensis, from pagus, "village"], s.m., page (ser- vant). paien, -enne [T^- paganus, from pagus, "village"], adj. and s.m. or f, pagan, heathen. paillasse [paiiie], s.f, straw mattress, palliasse. paille [L- paleal s.f, straw. paillette [dim. of paille], s.f, spangle. pain [L. ace. panem], s.m., bread. pair [!•• pct^]. adj., similar, even, equal, like. pair [L- pa^]» »•"*•» P^^^- (The /em. is pairesse.) paire Ipair^ " similar," from L. par], 5./., pair; 1}TQ/CB» pairie [pair, s.n-}, s.f, peerage. paisible {.pai^l, adj., liet. lementf adv., peaceful, quiet paisib" quietly. paitre [L- L- pascere, dcr. from L. pasci, from Skr. pa, "to feed "], v.n., 4, to graze, feed, pasture. paix [L- ace. pacem], s.f, peace, rest, quietness. pal [Ij- ace. palum], s.m., pale, stake. (The doublet of pal is pieu, q.v.) paladin [it. palatino, from L. palatinus, "oflBcer of the palace "], s.m., paladin ; champion. (The doublet of paladin is palatin, q.v.) palais [L- n. palatium], s.m., palace, court. palais [L« w. palatum], s.m., palate. alanquin [ Hindu, Pali palangka, " litter "], s.m., pa- lie lanquin. palatal? -e [L- n.palatum], adj., palatal. palatin, -e [L- palatinus], adj., palatine. palatinat [palatin], s.m., palatinate. pale [L* pala, " spade "], s.f, blade of an oar, pale, stake. (Its doublet is pelle, q.v.) pale [L- pallidus], adj., pale, wan. Jaune , light yellow. palefrenier [paiefroi, from L. L. ace. paraveredum, " post-horse "], s.m., groom, ostler. Palestine [Palaestina," the land inhabited by the Pales- tines or Philistines "], s.f, Palestine. paletot [N. paltsrok], s.m., overcoat. palette [dim. of pale, q.v.], s.f, bat, battledore, pallet. palenr [L- ace. pallorem], s.f, paleness. palier [0. Fr.pailUer, from paille, " straw," on account of the straw-mat], s.m., landing, stair-head. palinodie [Gr. n-aAtrtoSia, from irdKiv, " anew," and wSt}, " song "], s.f., palinode, re- cantation. palir [pale, q.v.], v.n., 2, to turn pale ; to grow dim. palissade [it- palizzata], s/., palisade, paling. PAKCAUTE. palliatif, -ive [pailier], adj., palliative. palliation [!-". pdiUatum, sup. of palliare], s.f, pallia- tion. pailier [L. palUare], v.a., I, to palliate. palme [L. palma], sf., palm-branch, palm ; victory. (The doublet of palme is paume, <^.v.) palme, -e [i^- pdimatus, from palma (Gr. ira\dfx-n), "the palm of the hand"], adj., palmed, webbed, web-footed. palmier [L- adj. palma- rius], s.m., palm-tree. palmipede [L- ace. adj. pal- mipedem], adj. and s.m., web- footed ; web-footed animal. palpable [L- palpabiUs], adj., palpable. palpablementj adv., pal- pably. palper [h. palpare],v.a., \, to feel about, touch, finger . palpitation [L. ace. palpi- tationem], s.f, palpitation, throbbing. palpiter [L. palpitare], v.n., 1, to palpitate, throb. pamer (se) [0. Fr. pasmer, from L. spasmare, der. from spasma, Gr. oTracr/aa, " spasm, cramp"], r.v., to faint, swoon ; to be enraptured. pamoison [pdmer], s.f, fainting fit, swoon. pamphlet [Fng\. pamphlet, from Sp. papelete, "a written slip of paper"], s.m., pam- phlet. pampre [L- ace. pam- pinum], s.m., vine-branch. pan [L- ace. pannum, " gar- ment"], s.m., skirt; piece of wall. panacee [L- panacea, from Gr. TravoKeia, " universal re- medy," from navaKrj<;, "all- healing," from ndva^, "an herb to which was ascribed the power of healing all dis- eases"], s.f, panacea, uni- versal remedy. panache [It. pennachio], s.m., plume, feathers, pa- nache, cap, tuft. panache, -e [p-p- of pan- acher, " to plume, streak "], adj., plumed, streaked, varie- gated. pancarte [1>.L. pancJiarta, a hybrid compound of Gr. nav 294 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY PANfiGTBIQUE. and L. charta}, s.f., placard, hill. panegyrique [L. &cc.pane- gyricum, from Gr. Travi^yv pi k6^ (\6yo<;), " pertaining to a pub- lic assembly "J, s.m., pane- gyric, eulogy. panegyriste [L. ace. pane- gyristam., from Gr. -rravrffvpLa- Trj?], s.m., panegyrist. panier [L. n. panarium (fvora. panis), "bread-basket"], s.m., basket. d'osier, wicker-hasket. paniQUe [Ctr. iraviKOV (Sel- /Att), "panic fear"], adj. and s.f., panic. panne [L- !<• panna, "stuff"], s.f., plush. (In naut. terms it applies to the sails, eg., en , lying to ; mettre en , to bring to, heave to.) panneau [dim. of pan, q.v.'], s.m., panel ; snare. Donner dans le , to fall into the snare. panoplie [Gr. nav, "all," oTrAa, " arms "], s.f, panoply, trophy. panorama [<5r. irav, " all," and opa/xa, " view "], s.m., panorama. pansage [panser}, s.m., dressing {of wounds) ; groom- ing. pansement [panserl s.m., dressing (of vcounds) ; groom- ing. panser [0. Fr. penser, from L. pensare, " to consider, exa- mine "], v.a., 1 , to dress ; groom. (Its doublet is penser, q.v.) pantalon [it. pantalone, from St. Fantalone, the fa- vourite saint of the Venetians, Pantalone comes from Gr. "navra e\€rifX(tiv, " all merci- ful "], s.m , pantaloons, trou- sers. pantelant, -e [pres.part. of panteler, from, pantois, adj., " out of breath," frorn Kymr. pant, "oppression"], adj., panting. pantheisme [Gr. nav, " all," ^eos, *' god "], S.m., pan- theism. pantheiste, ci^j- and s.m. or /., pantheistic ; pantheist. pantheon [L- n. pantheum or pantheon, a temple, in Rome, dedicated to all the gods, from Gr. adj. n. rrav Beiov, " common to all gods "], S.m., pantheon. pIqueebtte. panthere [L- panthera, from Gr. ndvOrjpa}, sf, pan- ther. pantomime [L- ace. panto- mimum, from Gr. iravToiJLLfxo^, "a male ballet-dancer "], s.m., pantomime. , s.f, panto- mime, dumb-show. pantouiie ['t- pantofola], s.f., slipper. paon [L- a.w.pavonem'}, s.m., peacock. (Pronounce pan.) paonne [paon], s.f, pea- hen. (Pronounce pann.) papa ionomat.], s.m., papa. papal, -e Lpap^], adj., papal. papaute [L. L. ace. pappa- litatem, from L. papva}, s.f., papacy, pontificate. pape [L. papa, "father*], s.m., pope. papelard, -e [it- pappa- lardo, "glutton"], adj. and s.m. or /., hypocritical ; hy- pocrite. paperasse ipapier"], s.f., old paper, waste paper. papeterie [papier], s.f, paper-making, paper-manu- factory. papetier [papier], s.m., paper - manufacturer, sta- tioner. papier [L- L. ace. papy- rium, from L. papyrus, Gr. 7rd7rvpo9, " paper-reed "], s.m., paper. papillon [L. ace. papi- lionem], s.m., butterfly. (Its doublet is pavilion, q.v.) . papillonner [papHion'}, v.n., I, tojlutter about; trifle, flirt. papillote [0. Fr. papillot = papillon], s.f., curl-paper, curl. papisme [s&&papiste],s.m., popery. papiste [0. Fr. V. papisser, " to rule the Holy See "], s.m. or f., papist. ,adj., popish. papyrus [L.papyrus], s.m., papyrus. paque [L- pascha], s.f. Faster, passover. — -a, s.f. pi., Easter. s fleuries, Palm Sunday. paquebot [Engl, packet- boat], s.m., packet-boat, steam- boat. paquerette [0. Fr. pas- querette, from 0. Fr. pasquier (der, from L. n, pascuum), PARALYSIE. " the pasturage flower "], s./., daisy, Easter daisy. paquet [L- L- ace. pascum^ "parcel "], s.m.,packet, bundle, parcel. par [L. per], prep., by, through, by meatus of ; per, a, with, f dr. parabole [L- parabola, from Gr. trapa^oXri, "compa- rison"], s.f., parable, alle- gory. parabolique [Gr. -napa- /SoAtKo?], adj., parabolic. parachute [parer, a, chute, q.v.], s.m., parachute. parade [Span, parada], s.f, parade ; display ; boast. Lit de , bed of state. parader [parade], v.n., 1, to parade, show off. paradis [L. a.cc. paradisum, from Gr. TrapdSetcro?, " gar- den," which is derived from the Persian pairidaeza, "en- closure "], s.m., paradise. (Its doublet is parvis, q.v.) paradoxal, -e [paradoxe], aaj., paradoxical. paradoxe [L. n. paradox- um, from Gr. TrapaBo^ov, " that which is contrary to expecta- tion or opinion"], s.m., para- dox. parafeorparaphe [L. ace. paragraphum, from Gr. irapa- ypac^TJ], S.m., flourish (jin writing). (Its doublet is pa- ragraphe, q.v.) parafer or parapher [pa- rafe], v.a., 1, to sign with a flourish. parage [parer (se), r.v., " to prepare, get ready " (naut.)], s.m., quarter {sea- shore), parts. paragraphe [Gr. napa- ypa^rf], s.m., paragraph. (Its doublet ^isj>ara/(2, q.v.) paraitre [L- L. parescere = L. parere], v.n., 4, to ap- pear, seem ; to make one's ap- pearance, come to, come in. parallele [L. parallelus, from Gr. TrapdAArjAo?], adj., parallel. , s.m., parallel, comparison. , s.f, par- allel {line). parallelement, adv., com- paratively. paralyser [paralysie], v.a., 1, to paralyze. Se , r.v., to be or become paralyzed ; to paralyze each other. paralysio [I^- paralysit TO FRENCH READING BOOK, 295 PARALYTIQUE. from Gr. 7rapaXvartir], s.f., part, party, match, game, project, side, adversary, Faire -r. — r de, to belong to. PASSE. partiel, -elle [&^q partial], adj., partial. partiellement, adv., par- tially, in part. partir [L. partiri, "to divide "], v.n., 2, to depart, set out, leave for; spring from, arise, begin. partisan [It. partigiano], s.m., partisan ; friend. partitif, -ive [L. L. parti- tivus (?), from L. partitum, sup. of partiri], adj., parti- tive. partition [L. ace. parti- tionem], s.f, partition, divi- sion. partOUt [par, tout, q.v.], adv., everywhere. parturition [L. ace. par- turitionem, from parturire, " to bring forth "], s.f, partu- rition, bringing forth. parure [parer, q.v.], s.f, dress, attire, ornament. parvenir [L. pervenire], v.n., 2, to succeed, arrive ; reach; come to; maTce one's fortune. parvenu, -e [partie. subst. of parvenir], s.m. or/., a man or woman raised from the ranks ; upstart, parvenu. parvis [L. aec. paradisum, meaning "the space before a church porch"], s.m., cathe- dral-yard, church-porch, sa- cred enclosure. (Its doublet is paradis, q.v.) pas [L' ace. passum], s.m., step, pace, rate, passage ; pre- cedency. , adv., not, any, never. l^ascal, -e [L. paschal is], adj., paschal. passable [passer], adj., passable, tolerable, middling. passablement, adv., toler- ably, so and so. passage [passer, q.v.], s.m., passage, passing, pass, cross- ing ; change, transition. passager, -ere [passage], adj., of passage, transitory. , s.m. or /., passenger, traveller. passagerement, adv., for a short time. passant, -e [pres. part, of passer], adj., passing. , s.m. or/., passer-by. passe [passer], s.f, pass; situation; case. pasge, -? '' past part, of pa$- ser], adj., past, gone by. Passe, s.m., the past, past times. passe-droit [passer, droits q.v.], s.m., favour, injustice. passeport [passe, port, q.v.], s.m., passport. passer [L. L. passare, from L. passum, sup. of pandere, " to open "], v.a. and n., 1, to pass, pass by, call on, go to, run over, turn, become, go down, fade, die, pass down, overlook, surpass, forgive, pass away. Se , r.v., to pass away, fade, elapse, fall off; take place, happen; gratify. Se de, to do without, dis- pense with. passereau [L. ace passer- ellum, dim. of passer], s.m., sparrow. passeur [passer], s.m., fer- ryman. passif, -ive [L. passivus], adj., passive. passion [L. ace. passionem], s.f, passion, love ; fondness. passionne, -e [pp- of pas- sionner], adj., passionate ; pas- sionately fond of, affection- ate. passionnement, adv., fondly, passionately. passionner [passion], v.a., 1, to animate. Se , r.v., to become impassioned ; to fall into a passion. pass iv erne nt [passive, adj. fem., and suflBx -ment], adv., passively. pastel [It. pastello], s.m., pastel, crayon. pasteur [L. aec. pastorem], s.m., pastor, shepherd ; minis- ter, clergyman, (its doublet is pdtre, q.v.) pastille [L. pastilla, fem. form of pastillus, "small cake "], s.f ., pastille, lozenge. pastoral, -e [L. pastor- alis], adj., pastoral. pataud [patte, q.v. ; pa- taud means properly "a pup with big paws"], s.m., clumsy fellow. patauger [patte], v.n., i, to splash, dabble. pate [0- Fr- paste, from L. pasta], s.f, paste, dough. pate [p^te], s.m., pie. patee [p(ite], s.f, hash of dog's meat. patelin, -e [name of a cha- racter in a conicdy of the X5tiil TO FRKNCH READING BOOK. 297 century], adj. and s.m. or /., smooth-tongued ; wheedler. patent, -e [L- ace. paten- tern], adj., patent, evident, ob- vious. patente [patenf], s.f., li- cence; letters patent. patente, -e [p-P- of pa- te7iter], adj., licensed. patenter [patente], v. a., 1, to license. paternel, -elle [L- L- pO'- ternalis, der. from L. pater- nus], adj., fatherly, paternal. paternellement, adv., fa- therly, paternally. paternite [L- ace. patemi- tatem], s.f., paternity, father- hood. pateux, -euse Lpate], adj., pasty, clammy, thick. pathetique [L- patheticus, from Gr. Tra^rjTtKos], adj., pa- thetic, afecting. pathetiquement, adv.,pa- thetically. pathologic [Gr. Ka9oXoyCa, from Trade?, " illness," and K6- 70?, " doctrine "], s.f., patho- logy. patholOgique [Gr. Tra^oAo- ■yt/cos], adj., pathological. patibulaire [L- n. pati- bulum, "the gallows"], adj., patibulary, hanging. patiemment [patient], adv., patie7itly. patience [L- patientia], s.f., patience, endurance, for- bearance. patient, -e . [L. ace. adj. patientem], adj., patient, en- during, forbearing. paticnter [patient], v.n., 1, to take patience. patin [patte], s.m., skate. patiner [patin], v.n., 1, to skate. patincur, -euse [patiner], s.m. or/., skater. patir [L. L. patiri, der. fi'om L. pati], v.n., 2, to suffer. patisser [L. L. pastid- are (?), from L. L. pasticius, " pie," from L. pasta), v.n., 1, to make pastry. patisserie [patisser], s.f., pastry. patissier [jpatisser], s.m., pastrycook. {The f. is pdtis- siere.) patois [for patrois, from L.L. patriensis, "a native"], S.m., patois, jargon, brogue. patr© lI^- iiom. pastor]. PAUVRESSE. s.m., shepherd, herdsman. (Its doublet is pasteur, q.v.) patriarcal, -e [patri- arche], adj., patriarchal. patriarche [L- patriarcha, from Gr. Trarpiapxry?, " the father of a tribe "], s.m., patri- arch. patricicn, -enne [patrice, from L. patricius], adj. and s.m. or f., patrician, noble. patrie [L. patria], s.f., native country, fatherland. patrimoine [L. n. patri- monium], s.m., patrimony, in- heritance. patriote [Gr. TrarpttoTr}?], s.m., patriot. patriotique [patriote], adj., patriotic. patriotisme [patriote], s.m., patriotism. patron [L- ace. patronum], s.m., patron, master, cox- swain, captain. (The fern, is patronne.) patronage [patron], s.m., patronage. patronner [patron], v.a., 1, to patronize. patronymiqnc [Gr. Trarpw- WfJiLK6<;, from Trarrjp, " father," and 01/Oju.a, " name "], adj., pa- tronymic. patrouille [fovmeTlypatou- ille, from It. pattuglia], s.f., patrol. patte [0. H. G. pad. Mod. G. pfote ; cf. Gr. Trdro?, " trod- den way," TTaTelv, " to walk "], s.f ., paw, foot, leg. pattu, -e [patte], adj., long- pawed, rough ov feather-footed. paturagC [pdture], s.m., pasture-land, pasturage. pature [L- pastura], s.f., food, pasture. paume [L. palma, from Gr. TraAd/xTj], S.f., palm (of the hand); tennis (game). (Its doublet is palme, q.v.) pauperismc [pauvre], s.m., pauperism. paupiere [L. palpebral S.J., eyelid. pause [L- pausa], s.f., pause, stop, rest. pauvre [I^- panperus, ar- chaic form of pauper], adj., poor. , s.m,., poor man. pauvrement, adv., poorly, in poverty, wretchedly. pauvrcsse [pauvre], s./., poqr woman. PECHKR. pauvrete [L- ace. pauper- tatem], s.f., poverty. pavage [paver], s.m., paving. pave [partic. Bubst. of pa- ver], s.m., paving-stone, pave- ment. pavement [paver], s.m., paving, pavement. pavar [L.L. pavare, from L. pavire, "to tread down"], v.a., 1, to pave. paveur [paver], s.m., pa- vier. pavilion [see papillon], s.m., pavilion, tent. pavois [It. pavesse], s.m., shield. pavoiser [pavois], v.a., 1, to deck with fags. pavot [L. n. papaver], s.m., poppy. payable [payer], adj., pay- able. payant, -e [pres. part, of payer], adj. and s.m. or /., paying ; the one who pays. paye [verbal subst. of payer], s.f, pay. payement [payer], s.m., payment. payer [L. pacare, lit. "to appease," thence " to pay "J, v.a., 1, to pay, discharge. Se , r.v., to pay oneself or each other ; to be repaid. payeur, -euse [payer] s.m. or/., payer. pays [L.L. pagensis (se. ager), der. from L. pagus], s.m., country, land, father- land. paysage [pays], s.m., land- scape, scenery. paysagiste [paysage], s.m., landscape-painter. paysan, -anne [L. ace. pa- ganum], s.m. or /., country- man, countrywoman. peau [L. ace. pellem], s.f., skin, hide, rind, peel, husk. peccadllle [it. peccadiglio, dim. of peccato, " fault "], s.f, peccadillo, slight offence. peche [0- f r. pesche, from It. persica. from L. persicum (se. malum)], s.f, peach. peche [verbal subst. of pecher], s.f., fishing. peche [L- ■"• peccatum, " transgression "], s.m.. sin. pecher [L. peccare], v.n., 1, to sin. pecher [peche], s.m., peach- tree. 298 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY pecher [L. piscare], v.a. and n., 1, to fish. pecheur [L. ace. peccato- rem}, s.m., sinner. (The /em., is pecheresse.^ pecheur [L- ace. piscato- rem], s.m., fisherman. (The /em. is pecJieuse.) pecore [it. pecora], s.fi., animal, creature ; fool. pectoralf -e \h.pectoralis'], adj., pectoral. pecTine [L* pecunia], s.f., money. pecuniaire [I-*- adj.pecuni- arius], adj., pecuniary^ per- taining to money. pedagOgie [Gr- iroiSayw- yCa], s.fi., pedagogy. pedagogique, adj., peda- gogical. pedagogue [L. ace paeda- gogum, from Gr. fl-atSaywyos, from Trai?, " child," and ayetj', "to lead"], s.m., pedagogue, teacher. pedant, -e [it. pedante], adj. and s.m. or /., pedantic : pedant. pedanterie [It. pedan- teria'], sfi., pedantry. pedantesque [it. pedan- tesco], adj., pedantic. pedantisme [pedanf], s.m., pedantry. pedestre [L- pedestrisl, adj., pedestrian, onfioot. peigne [L. ace. pectinem], s.m., comb. peigner [L. pectinare], v.a., 1, to comb. Se , r.v., to comb one's hair. peindre [L- pingere'], v.a., 4, to paint, portray, depict, represent. Se , r.v., to represent oneself; to bepainted or described. peine [L- poena], s.f., pain, trouble, grief, affliction, anxiety, penalty. A , adv. loc., scarcely, hardly. A grand* , with much trouble. Faire de la a, to pain, give pain to, be pain- ful to. peine, -e {p-p- of peinerl adj., grieved, afflicted, dis- tressed. peiner {.peine], v.a. and n., 1, to give trouble; to grieve, jfatigue; to labour, work hard. Se , r.v., to take trouble ; to grieve. peintre [L-L* ace. pinc- torem, from L. ace. pictorem], s.m., painter; a rope called ''painter" in the navy. peinture [L- L- pinctura for Jj. pictura], sf., painting, picture ; description. pelage [L- L- n. pHaticum, from L. pilus, " hair "], s.m., colour of the hair, coat {ofi animals). pele-mele LpeZie," shovel," meler, " to move, mix "], adv., pell-mell. pele, -e iP-P- of peler], adj., bare, naked. peler Ipeau, q.v.l, v.a., 1, to skin, peel, pare. Se , r.v., to peel off, come off. pelerin [L' ace. peregri- num, " traveller "J, s.m., pil- grim. pelerinage ip^erin], s.m., pilgrimage. pelican [L. aicc.pelicanum, Gr. 7reA.eKai/09, from TreAexaw, " to hew with an axe " (7reA.e- Kus)], s.m., pelican. pelisse [0. Fr. pelice, from L. adj. fi. pellicia, " made of skins "], s.fi, pelisse. pelle [seepage], sfi, shovel. pelote [dim. of L. pila, "ball"], s.fi., ball, pin-cushion. peloton [.pelote], s.m., ball (of thread, wool) ; platoon. pelonse [Prov. pelas, " thick-set," from L. pilosus], s.fi., lawn. pelure [P^^f], s.fi., peel, paring. penal, -e [L. poenalis], adj., penal. penalite [penal], sfi., pen- alty. penates [L. pi. penates], s.m. pi., penates, household gods, fireside, home. penaud, -e [peine], adj., abashed, sheepish, penchant [pres. part, of pencher], s.m., declivity, slope ; inclination, propensity, taste. pencher [L. L. pendicare, der. from L. pendere], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to in- cline, bow down, bend, lean, tilt, slope ; to be inclined. pendable [pendre], adj., deserving hanging. pendaison [pendre], s.fi., hanging. pendant [pres. part, of pendre], prep., during, fior. , s.m., pendant, counter' part. PENSIONNAT. pendeur [pendre], *.m., hangman. pendre [Lf pendere], v.a., 4, to hang up, suspend. , v.n., to hang; droop, hang down. pendu, -e [PP- of pendre], adj., hanged. , s.m. or/., man or woman hanged. pendule [L- 1^- ace. pendu- lum, from L. adj. pendulus], s.m., pendulum. , s/., clock (with a pendulum). penetrable [penetrabiUs], adj., penetrable. penetrant, -e [pres. part, of p^netrer], adj., penetrating, piercing, sharp, acute, impres- sive. penetration [L. ace. pene- trationem], s.fi., penetration, acuteness. penetre, -e [pp- of pene^ trer], adj., penetrated, satu^ rated ; affected, gratefiul. penetrer [L. penetrare], v.a., 1, topenetrate,go throii^gh. Se , r.v., to be deeply im- pressed. penible [peine], adj.,pain' fiul, toilsome, hard. peniblement, cidv., pam- fiidly. i^eninsnlaire [peninsule], adj., peninsular. peninsule [L- peninsula], s.fi, peninsula. penitence [L.poenitentia], s.f., penitence, repentance, penance. penitent, -e [L. ace. adj. poenitentem], adj., penitent-, repentant. pensant, -e [pres. part, of penser], adj., thinking. pensee [verbal subst. of penser], s.fi., thought, opinion^ mind, idea, conception, notion. penser [L. pensare, "to weigh"], v.a. and n., 1, to think; believe; conceive; in- tend ; take care ofi. (Its doublet is panser, q.v.) penseur [penser], s.m., thinker. ijensif, -ive [it. pensivo], adj., pensive, thoughtful. pension [L- ace. pensio- nem], sfi., boarding-house or school ; pension, annuity. pensionnaire [pension], s.m. ox f., pensioner, boarder. pensionnat [pension], 9.m., boarding-i ' ' TO fKENCH BEADING BOOK. 299 TENSIONNEB. pensionner ipension], r.a., 1, to pension. pensum. [L- w> pensum}, s.m., task, imposition. pente [partic subst. of pendre], s.f., slope, descent, in- cline. En , sloping. Al- ler en , to slope. penteCOte [Gr. TrevrrjKoa-n] (77/uiepa), "the fiftieth day"], «./., Pentecost, Whitsuntide. penultieme [L. penulti- ma (sc. sylldba)], adj. and s.f., penultimate (Jast but one). penurie ['^- penuria], s.f., penury, need, want. pepin [L- ace. peponem, from Gr. ■jreTrwi', " pumpkin "J, s.m., pip, kernel. pepiniere Ipepin}, s.f., nursery (of plants, trees, (fee). per^ant, -e [pres. part, of percer}, adj., piercing, keen, sharp. perce [verbal subst. of per- cer'\, s.f, piercer, borer. En , on tap. Mettre en , to tap. percepteur [L. ace. per- ceptorem], s.m., collector {of taxes). perceptibilite [per- ieptible], s.f, perceptibility. perceptible [L- L- per- ceptibilis, from L. perceptum, sup. of percipere'], adj., per- ceptible, perceivable. perceptiblement, adv., perceptibly. perception [L. ace per- ceptionem], s.f., perception, collection. percer [L. prep, per; cf. avancer, from L. abante'], v.a. and n., 1, to pierce, bore, cut through, grieve, break through, come out, rise. percevable [percevoir], adj., perceivable. percevoir [L. percipere'}, v.a., 3, to perceive, collect, gather in. perche [L* pertica}, s.f, perch, pole. perche, -e [pp- of percher], adj., perched up. percher {.perche"], v.n., I, and se , r.v., to perch, roost. perchoir tpercher}, s.m., perch, roost. perclus, -e [L- perclusus}, adj., crippled, impotent. percnoptere [Gr, irepKvos, pfiaipfiTiE. " black," irrepov, " wing "], s.m., Egyptian vulture, Pha- raoh's hen. percussion [L. ace. percus- sionem, " beating, striking "J, s.f., percussion. perdition [L- ace. perdi- tionem], s.f, perdition, de- struction, ruin, damnation. perdre [L- perdere], v.a., 4, to lose, ruin, waste. Se , r.v., to go to ruin ; to be lost. perdreau [dim. of per- drix}, s.m., young partridge. perdrix [L. ace. perdri- cem], s.f, partridge. perdu, -e IP-P- of perdre], adj., lost, ruined ; bewildered, remote, desolate, vanished, ex- tinct, out of use. Enfants 8, forlorn hope {soldiers). Sentinelle e, advanced sentry. pere [L- ace. patrem], s.m., father. peremptoire [L- percmp- torius], adj., peremptory. peremptoirement, adv., peremptorily. perfection [L. ace. perfec- tionem], s.f, perfection. perfectionnement [per- fectionner], s.m., improve- ment. perfectionner, v.a., 1, to improve, perfect. Se , r.v., to improve oneself ; to be improved. perfide [L- perfidus], adj. and s.m. or /., perfidious, de- ceitful, false, treacherous (man or woman). perfidement, odv., per- fidiously, treacherously. perfidie [L- perfdia], s.f, perfidy, treachery. peril [L- w. periculum], s.m., peril, danger, risk. perilleux, -euse [L. peri- culosus], adj., perilous, dan- gerous. perimetre [Gr. Trepi/u-crpo? (sc. ypa/x^Tj)], S.m., perimeter. periode [L. ace. periodum, from Gr. nepCoSov, " a complete sentence "], s.f., period. , s.m., degree, pitch, point. periodicite [pcriodique'], s.f, periodicity. periodique [li.periodicv^], adj., periodical. periodiquement, adv., pe- riodically. peripetie [Gr. TreptTrereta, •♦ uuforeseen conclusion "}, sf., febp£tbeb. incident, event, vicissitude, catastrophe. periphrase [Gr. ircpi- pacri.<;, " circumlocution "], s.f, periphrasis, circumlocu- tion. perir [L. perire], v.n., 2, to perish, die; fall; to be lost or destroyed. perissable [perir], adj., perishable. peristyle [Gr. TrepCa-rvXov, from irepC, " around," and cttv- A.0?, " column "], s.m., peri- style. perle [L- pirula, perula, der. from L. n. pirum, "pear"], s.f., pearl (^pear- shaped). perle, -e [perle], adj., pearly, pearled. perler [perle], v.n., 1, to pearl, bead. permanemment [perma- nent], adv., permanently. permanence Ijpermanent], s.f ., permanence, permanency. En , permanent, perma- nently. permanent, -e [L. ace. permanentem, pres. part, of permanere], adj., permanent, constant, lasting. permettre [Ij- permittere], v.a., 4, to permit, allow. Se , r.v., to allow oneself, take the liberty of, indulge in. permis, -e [P-P- of per- mettre], adj., allowable, justi- fiable. Permis, s.m., permis- sion, licence, leave, pass. permission [L- ace. per- missionem], s.f., permission, leave, consent. permutation [L. ace. per- mutationem], s.f, permuta- tion, exchange. permuter [l^- permutare], v.a., 1, to exchange. pemicieusement, adv., perniciously. pemicieux, -euse [L.per- niciosus], adj., pernicious. peroraison [L. ace pe.rora- tionem], s.f ., peroration. perorer [!--• perorare], v.n., I, to speechify, harangue. perpendiculaire [I^. p^^r- pendicularis], adj. and sf., perpendicular. perpendi culairement , adv., perpendicularly. perpetrer [L. perpctrare], v.a-, 1, to perpetrate, commits 300 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY TERPfiTUEL. perpetuel, -elle [L. per- petualis], adj., perpetual, end- less. perpetuellement, adv., perpetually, constantly. perpetuer [L. perpetuarel, v.a., 1, to perpetuate. Se , r.v., to he perpetuated. perpetuite [L- ace. per- petuitatem], s.f., perpetuity. perplexe [L- perplexus], adj., perplexed, intricate. perplexite [L- ace. per- plexitatem], s.f., perplexity. perquisition [L- ace. per- quisitionem, from perquirere, from per and quaerere, "to seek "J, s.f., perquisition, search. perron [L.L. ace. petro- num, from L. petra, " stone "], s.m., flight of steps. perroquet [\t. perrochetto'], s.m., parrot. perruque [It. parrucal, s.f., wig. perruquier [perruquel s.m., wig-maker, hair-dresser. Persan, -e [Perse], adj. and s.m. or/., Persian. Perse [L- Persia], s.f, Persia. perseCUter Iperskuteur], v.a., 1, to persecute, torment; importune. persecuteur [L- ace. perse- cutorem, from ^erse^wi], s.m., persecutor. (The /. is persn- cutrice."^ persecution [L- ace. per- secutionem], sf., persecution, torment; annoyance. perseverance [L- perseve- rantia'], s.f ., perseverance. perseverant, -e [L- pres. part. ace. per sever antem], adj., persevering. perseverer [L. perseve- rare], v.n., 1, to persevere. persienne [historical ori- gin : a fashion introduced from Persia], s.f, Venetian blind. persiflage Ipersifler], s.m., quizzing, bantering. persifler [per and siffler, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to quiz, banter. persifleur Ipersiflerl s.m., quiz, banterer. persistance [persistant], s.f ., persistence. persistant, -e [pres. part. of persister], adj., persistent. persister [l^- persistere], v.n., 1, to persist, persevere. PERVERSITY. personnage [personncj, s.m., personage, great person ; part, character. personnaliser [L. adj. personalis], v.a., 1, to imper- sonate. , v.n., to indulge in personalities. personnalite [L- adj. per- sonalis], sf., personality ; self-love. personne [h. persona], s.f, person, creature, self; ex- terior. , ind. pron. [with ne], no one, nobody. (This pronoun is always of the m. gender.) personnel, -elle [Tj. per- sonalis], adj., personal, own. Personnel, s.m., persons, offi- cials, people employed, atten- dants. personnellement, adv., personally. personnification [person- nifier], s.f., impersonation. personnifier [personne], v.a., 1, to personify, imper- sonate. Se , r.v., to be personified. perspective [adj. fem. perspective, from L. L. per- spectivus (?), der. from L. perspectus], s.f, perspective, distance; view. perspicace [L- perspi- cacem, ace. of adj. perspicax, from perspicio], adj., perspi- cacious. perspicacite [L. ace. per- spicacitatem], s.f., perspica- city. persuader [L- persuadere], v.a. and n., 1, to persuade, convince. Se , r.v., to persuade or convince oneself; to imagine. persuasif, -ive [persua- sion], adj., persuasive. persuasion [L- ace. per- suasionem], s.f, persuasion, conviction. perte [partie. subst. of per- dre], s.f, loss, ruin, destruc- tion; death. perturbateur [L- ace. per- turbatorem], s.m., disturber. perturbation [L. ace. per- turbationem], s.f, disturb- ance. servers, -e [L- perversus], adj., perverse. , s.m. or /., perverse person, evil-doer. perversement, adv., per- versely. perversite [L. ace. per- PfiXITIONNER. versitatem], s.f, perversity, frowardness. pervertir [L. pervertere], v.a., 2, to pervert. Se , r.v., to be or become perverted. pesage [peser], s.m., weigh- ing. pesamment [pesant],adv., heavily ; slowly. pesant; -e [pres. part, of peser], adj., heavy; slow, slug- gish. Pesant, s.m., weight. pesanteur [pesant], s.f, heaviness, weight; slowness; gravity, gravitation. peser [L- pensare], v.a. and n., 1, to weigh, ponder, con- sider ; to lie heavy ; to dwell ; to be a burden. Se , r.v., to weigh oneself ; to be weighed. peste [L- ace. pestem], s.f, plague, pestilence; nuisance, torment. pester [peste], v.n., 1, to fret and fume, storm. pestifere, -e [L- pesti- ferus], adj., infected, plague- stricken. , s.m. or /., man or woman infected with the plague. pestilence [L- pestHentia], s.f, pestilence. pestilent, -e, pestilen- tiel, -elle [L- ace. adj. pesti- lentem], adj., pestilential, con- tagious, infectious. petale [Gr. TreraXor, " leaf," from TreVaA-os, "spread out"], s.m., petal. (Its doublet is poele, q.v.) petulant, -e [pres. part. of petiller], adj., crackling, sparkling. petillement [pknier], s.m., crackling, sparkling. petiller [dim. of peter, " to crack," from pet, from L. n. peditum], v.n., 1, to crackle, sparkle. ipetit, -e [KjTnr. pitw], adj., sm^ll, little. , s.m. or /., little one (boy or girl), little dear; young one (cub, whelp, kitten, pup). petitement, adv., nar- rowly, poorly, meanly, little. petitesse [petit], s.f, smallness ; meanness; shabby action. petition [L- ace. petitio- nem], s.f, petition, memorial. petitionnaire [petition], s.m., petitioner. petitioimer [petition}, v.a. 1^0 fRENdH EEADlitG BOOK. 301 p£tkel. and n., 1, to petition^ memo- rialize. petrel [see note 36, p. 163], S.m., petrel. petrification Ipetrifier^, 5./., petrifaction. petrifier [L. L. petrijicare, der. from L. petra'], v.a.y 1, to petrify. Se , r.v., to petrify; to he petrified. petrin [0. Fr. pestrin, from L. n. pistrinum'], s.m., knead- ing-trough. petrir [0. Fr. pestrir, from L. L. pisturire, der. from L. pistura, " grinding, pound- ing"], v.a., 2, to knead. Se , r.v., to he kneaded. petulammeilt, adv., petu- lantly. petulance [L- petulantia}, s.f., petulance. petulant, -e [L. ace. adj. petulantem], adj., petulant. peu [I--- pau^us], s.m. and adv., little, few ; not very, not much. peuplade Ipeuplei s.f., people, tribe. peuple [1j- ace. populum'], s.m., people, nation, race; crowd ; lower classes. peuple, -6 [P-P- of peu- pler}, adj., peopled, populous. peupler [peuple], v.a., 1, to people, stock. Se , r.v., to he or become peopled. peuplier LO. Fr. peuple, from L. aec. populum], s.m., poplar tree. peur [L. &CC. pavorem], s.f., fear, fright. Be que, for fear, lest. Faire , to frighten. peureux, -euse [peur], adj., timid, timorous, fearful. peut-etre [pent etre = may- be], adv., perhaps. phalange [L- ace. pha- langem], s.f., phalanx, hand, battalion. phalene [Gr. ^dKaiva, " moth "J, s.f., moth. ph. are [Gr. $apo9, the island, near Alexandria, where was built the celebrated light- house], s.m., lighthouse. phannacie [trr. dotVtf], s.m., phoenix. phenomene [Gr. <^ati/d- fjLcvov], S.m., phenomenon, wonder. philanthrope [Gr. L\av- Bpojiria], S.f ., philanthropy. philanthropique [philan- thropic], adj., philanthropic. philosophe [Gr. ^l\6- ta], s.f., philosophy. philOSOphiqUC [Gr. <^tAo- o-oc^tKo?], adj., philosophical. philosophiqucment, adv., philosophically. phoque [Gr. (^wKTj, "sea- calf, seal "], s.f., seal. phosphore [Gr. ^(atT^6po<;, "morning star," lit. "bring- ing light"], s.m., phosphorus. phosphorescence [phos- phorescent], s.f., phosphores- cence. phosphorescent, -e [phos- phore], adj., phosphorescent. phosphorique [phos- phore], adj., phosphoric. phrase [Gr. ^pao-i?, from (^pd^ojxaL, "I speak"], s.f., phrase, sentence. Phrygien, -enne [Phrygie, from L. Phrygia, from Phryx], adj. and s.m. or /., Phrygian. physicien [physique], s.m., natural philosopher. physionomie [Gr. ^va-io- ?'V(Ofxia for ^vcnoyvbifJLovCa, rom (f)vleasure, will and plea- sure. plan, -e [L- -planusl, adj., even, fiat, level. Plan, s.m., plan, draught, scheme. planche [L- plancal, s/., plank, board. plancher [planche^, s.m., floor. planer [plan"], v.n., l, to hover ; soar, tower, look down. planetaire iplanete}, adj., planetary. planete [L. planeta, from Gt. Tv\avr]Tri<;, "a wandering star "J, s.f., planet. plant [verbal subst. of planter^ s.m., sapling; slip; plantation. plantation 0->- ace planta- tionem'],s.f,plantation,plant- ing. plante [L- plantal, s.f, plant ; sole (of the foot). plantement [planter}, s.m., planting. planter [L. plantare"], v.a., 1, to plant, set, fix. Se — — , r.v., to be planted ; to stand. planteur [planter}, s.m., planter, settler. planton [planter'], s.m., orderly. plaque [Flemish placke, " piece of wood "], 5./., plate, sheet, slab. plaquer [plaque], v.a., 1, to plate, lay, aj^ply, patch, veneer. plat, -e [Gr. platt, "flat"], adj., fiat, level. Plat, s.m., fiat part; dish. platane [L- ace. platanum], s.m., plane-tree. plateau [plat], s.m., pla- teau, table-land; tray, waiter. plate-bande [plate, fem. of plat, and bande, q.v.], s.f, border, plot (in a garden). platine [Sp- platino], s.m., platinum. platitude [Vlat], s.f, fat- ness, insipidity, rionsense. platre [L- I-^- 'n- plastrum, for L. n. emplastrum], s.m., plaster. platrer [pldtre], v.a., i, to plaster. platrier [picure], s.m., { plasterer. plausible [L- plausibiUs], adj., plausible. plausiblement, cul^-y plausibly. plebe [L- ace. plebem], s.f., common people, lower orders. I plebeien, -enne [L. L. I plebeianus (.''), from L. ple- j beius], adj., plebeian. ' plebiscite [L- n. pUbis- j citum], s.m., plebiscite, vote of I the people. '' pleiUj -e [L- plenus], adj., fml; complete, whole. pleinement, adv., fully, entirely, quite. plenier, -ere [L- L- plena- rius], adj., full, complete. plenipotentiaire [L- ple- na potentia], adj. and s.m., plenipoten tiary. plenitude [L- ace. pleni- tudinem], s.f ., plenitude, ful- ness. pleurer [L. plorare], v.a. and n. l,to weep, cry ; mourn over. pleurs [verbal subst. of pleurer], s.m. pi., tears. pleuvoir [L. pluere], v.n. and impers., 3, to rain. ' a verse, to rain hard. pli [verbal subst. of plier], s.m., fold, crease; bent. pliant, -e [pres. part, of plier], adj., pliant, flexible, supple. Pliant, s.m., camp- stool. plier [L- plicare], v.a. and n., 1, to bend, fold, furl; yield, give way. Se , r.v., to be folded ; to bend ; comply with, yield. pllSSer [L. L. plictiare, der. from L. plicare], v.a., 1, to plait. , v.n., and se , r.v., to be plaited, wrinkled; to wrinkle. plomb [L- w. plumbum], s.m., lead. plombe, -e [p.p. of plom- ber], adj., leaden; leaden- hued. plomber [L- plumbare], v.a., 1, to plumb, lead. plongeon. [plonger], s.m., ducking, diving. plonger [L- L- plumbicare, " to fall like lead," der. from L. 71. plumbum], v.n., 1, to plunge, dive. plongeur [plmger], s.m., diver. POfiSIE. ployer, see plier. PlU, P'P. of plaire or pleU' voir, q.v. pluie [li.pluvia],8f.,raint shower. plumage [plume], «.m., plumage, feathers. plume [h- pluma], 8f., plume, feathers, pen, quill. plumer [L. plumare, "to cover with feathers"], v.a., 1, to pluck, fieece. plumet [dim. of plume], s.m., feathers, plume. plupart [plus, part, q.v.], s.f., the most part. pluriel, -elle [L.piuraiis], adj., plural. Pluriel, ».m., plural number. plus [Ij' plus], adv., more, most, no more. Au , at the most. De , besides. i)e en more and more. Le , the most, as . . , a«. Ne . . . . que . . . ., only. plusieurs [L. L. pluriores, der. from L. plures], ind. adj., several, m.any. plus - que - parfait, s.m., pluperfect. plutot [plus, tot, q.v.], adv., rather. pluvieux, -euse [L- piu- viosus], adj., rainy. pluviose [L- pluviosus], s.m., pluviose ( fifth month in the Republican calendar, Jan. 20-Feb. 19). poche [A.-S. pocca, "poc- ket"], sf., pocket. podagre [L- podagra, from Gr. -noSdypa], S.f, the gout. [L. ace. podagrum, from Gr. TToSaypo^], adj. and s.m., gouty; gouty person. poele [L- L. n. petalum, lit. "the plate of gold placed over the Pope's head," from Gr. TreVaAoi/, " outspread "J, s.m., canopy, pall. poele [L- n. pensile (from pensum, "a tiisk"), the servants' ( penciles ancillae) workroom in the gynaeceum], s.m., stove. poele [L- patella, dim. of patera, " dish "], sf., frying- pan. poeme [L- w. poema, from Gr. TToi-qixa, from iroielv, "tO make "J, s.m., poem. poesie [L- poesis, from Or. TToiTjo-tj], sf., poetry. 304 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY poete [L- ace. poetam, from Gr. TTotr^Trj?], s.m.,poet. poetique [tj- poeticus, from Gr. TToiTjTiKo?], adj., poetical, poetic. poetiquement, adv.,poeti- cally. poids [L- w. pensum, "weight"], s.m., weight, bur- den. poignant, -e [pres. part. of poindre, g.t).], adj., poig- nant, keen, sharp, painful. poignard ipoing, q.v.'\, s.m., poniard, dagger. poignarder [poignard'], v.a., 1, to stab, kill with a poniard. Se , r.v., to stab oneself. poignee ipoing, q.v.], sf., hand/ill ; handle, hilt. poignet [dim. of poingl s.m., ivrist. poll [L- ace. pilum'], s.wi.i hair (of the beard) ; coat (of animals). (Hair on the head is cheveu, q.v.; horsehair, crin.) poilu, -e [poil], adj., hairy. poin90n [L. ace. pimc- tionern], s.m., bodkin, pun- cheon. poindre [L- pungere, "to priek "], v.n., 4, to appear, spring up ; dawn. poing [L. ace. pugnum], s.m., fist. Coup de , a punch ; see coup. point [L- n. punctum'], s.m., a point, speck, dot. , adv., no, not, not at all. pointe [L- puncta, p.p. f. of pungere], sf., point, head, top : break (of day) ; tartness, smart saying; move, march (military). pointer [point], v.a. and n., 1, to point, aim, level ; pierce, dot; spring up, ap- pear. pointenr [pointer], s.m., pointer. pointilleux, -euse [poin- tille, from It. puntiglio, dim. oipunto, " point "], adj., punc- tilious, cavilling. pointu, -e [pointe], adj., pointed, sharp. poire [L. n. pirum], sf., pear. poirier [poire], s.m., pear- tree. ^pois [L- n. pisum, from Gr. iricrov], s.T/i., pea. poison [L. ace. potionem]. s.m. poison. (Its doublet is potian, q.v.) poisson [L. L. ace. piscio- nem, der. from L. piscis], s.m., fish. 8 TOVLges, gold fish. poissonneux, -euse [pois- son], adj., full offish. POitraU [L. L. n. pectora- culum (?), from L. n. pecto- rale], s.m., chest, breast. poitrinaire [poitrine], adj. and s.m. or /., consump- tive (person). poitrine [L. L. pectori- na (?), from L. pectoris, gen. of pectus], s.f, chest, breast. poivre [L- n. piper, from Gr. TreTrept, from Skr. pippali], s.m., pepper. poivrer [poivre], v.a., 1, to pepper ; fieece. poivriere [poivre], s.f, pepper-box. poix [L- ace. picem, from Gr. TTtVcra], s.f., pitch. polaire [pole], adj., polar. pole [L- ace. polum, from Gr. TTo'Ao?, "the end of an axis"], s.m., pole. polemique [Gr. TroXejaiKo'?, "belonging to battle"], adj. and s.f., polemical; polemics, controversy. polemiste [polemique], s.m. or f.,polemist. poli, -e [p p. of polir], adj., polite, polished. police [L- politia, from Gr. TToAtTcta, " government "], s.f, policy, police. policer [police], v.a., 1, to civilize ; polish, refine. poliment [poU and suffix -ment], adv., civilly, politely. f)Olir [L- polire], v.a., 2, to ish. polisson [L- Sicc.politionem, " polishing ; " cf. nourrisson], s.m., scamp, rogue, black- guard. POlitesse [it. politezza], S.J., politeness. politique [L.politicus, from Gr. TToAtTiKos], adj., political. , s.m., politician. , s.f., politics. politiquement, adv., politically. poUuer [L- polluere], v.a., 1, to pollute, defile. pollution [L- ace. pollu- tionem], s.f., pollution, con- tamination, defilement. Folonais [Fologne, "Po- land," from Slavonian pole, " a plain "], s.m., Pole. poltron, -onne [h.pollice truncus, "deprived of the thumb" (to avoid military- service) ; or It. boldrone, " wool blanket," from 0. H. G.polstar and bolstar], adj. and s.m. or /., cowardly ; coward. poltronnerie [poltron], S.J., cowardice. POlygame [Gr. iroXvyafio^, from TToXv?, "many," ydfjioq, " marriage "J, s.m. or /., poly- polygamie [Gr. ttoAv- yoifxia], sf., polygamy. polygene [Gr. ttoAvvwi/o?, from 7roAv9, "many," and ycovCa, "corner"], s.m., poly- gon, ordnance-yard. polysyllabe [Gir- ttoAvo-uA- Aaj3o9, from ttoAv?, "many," and (TvAAajS^, " syllable "], adj and s.m., polysyllabic; poly syllable. polysyllabique [polysyl- labe], adj., polysyllabic. polytheisme [Gr. ttoAv?, "many," and 0e6s, "God"], s.m., polytheism. polytheiste [polytheisme], s.m. or /., polytheist. — — , adj., polytheistic. pomme [L- f^- pomum], s.f., apple. pommeau [dim. of pomme]^ s.m., pommel. pommele, -e [p-p- of pom- meler], adj., dappled, mottled. pommeler [pomme], v.a., 1, to dapple. Se , r.v., to become dappled. pommier [pomme], s.m.. pompe [L- pompa, from Gr. TTo/aTTTj, "public proces- sion"], s./., pomp, solemn procession. pompe [G. pumpe, Engl. pump], s.f., pump. pomper [pompe], v.a. and n., 1, to pump up. pompeusement, adv., pompously. pompeux, -euse [pompe], adj., pompous, stately. pompier [pompe], s.m., pump-maker ; fireman. pompon [either L. ace. peponem, from Gr. irinuiv, " pumpkin," or pompe], s.m., tuft, top-knot. ponce [T-i- ace. pumicem], TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 305 «./., pumice. Pierre , s.f., pumice-stone. ponceau [L- L- a^i- puni- cellus (?), from L. puniceus'}, adj. and s.vi., poppy-coloured ; corn-poppy. ponctualite [ponctueli s.f., punctuality. ponctuel, -elle [LL- punctu,aUs (from L. n.punc- tum), " one who does his duty at the point of time"], adj., punctual. ponctuellement, O'dv., punctually. ponctuer [L- "n. punctum, "point"], v.a. and n., 1, to punctuate. pondre [L. ponere'], v.a. and n., 4, to lay eggs. pont [L. ace. pontem], s.m., bridge ; d-eck. -levis, draw-bridge. pontife [L. ace, ponti- Jicem], s.vi., pontiff, high priest. pontifical, -e [f^- pontifi- calis], adj., pontifical. pontiflcat [L- ace. pontif- catum], s.m., pontificate. ponton [L- ace. pontonem, " a kind of Gallic transport "], s.m., pontoon, pontoon-bridge, hulk. pontonnier [ponton], s.m., pontonier. populace [It. populazzo], s.f., populace, mob. populaire [L. popularise, adj., popular. populairement, a^l^., popularly. populariser [populaire'], v.a., 1, to popularize. Se , r.v., to make oneself popular ; to become popular. popularite [L- ace. popu- laritatem], s.f., popularity. Avoir de la , to be popu- lar. population [L. ace. popu- lationem, from populus], s.f., population. populeux, -euse [ij.popu- losus], adj., populous. pore [L. ace. porcum, from Gr. TTop/cosJ, s.m., pig. porcelaine [it. porcellana], s.f., porcelain, china. porche [L- ace. porticum], s.m., porch, portico. porcher, -ere [l^- ace. porcarium], s.m. or /., swine- herd. pore CL- ace. porum, from Fr. p. II. POSITIVEMt;NT. Gr. 7r6po5, " a passage "], s.m., pore. poreux, -euse [pore], adj., porous. porosite [poreux], s.f, porosity, porousness. port [I-", iicc. portum], s.m., harbour, haven, port. POrtaiL [L. L. »^- portacu- lum, from L. porta], s.m., portal, porch. portatif, -ive [L- L- porta- tivus (?), from portatum, sup. of portare], adj., portable. POrte [L. porta], s.f., door, gate. porte-drapeau [porter, drapeau, q.v.], s.m., colour- sergeant, ensign. portee [partic. subst. of porter], s.f, range; ability. A de fusil, loithin mus- ket-shot. , porte-etendard [porter, etendard, q.v.], s.m., standard- bearer, cornet. porte-faix [porter, faix, q.v.], s.m., porter. portefeuille [porter, feuU- le, q.v.], s.m., portfolio, pocket- book. porter [L. portare], v.a., 1, to carry, wear, bring; take with; induce, lead. Se , r.v., to be (in good or bad health). porteur [porter], s.m., bearer. portier [L. ace. portari- um], s.m., door-keeper. i portiere [porte], s.f, cur- i tain (over a door), window (of a carriage). portion [L- portionem], s.f ., portion, share, allowance. portrait [partic. subst. of portraire, " to draw," from L. pro-trahere],. s.m., picture, portrait, likeness. pose [verbal subst. of poser], s.f., posture ; laying. pose, -e [P-P- of poser], adj., sedate, quiet, steady, grave. poser [L. pausare], v.a., 1, to place, put, lay. Se , r.v., to place oneself; to as- sume a position, a rank. ]?ositif , -ive [L- positivus], adj., positive. position [L. ace. positio- nem], s.f., position, place, situ- ation; posture. positivement [positive, f. of positif, and sufll.x -ment], adv., positively, absolutely. POSSeder [L. 2>ossidere], v.a., 1, to possess, own, enjoy ; know thoroughly. Se , r.v., to keep one's temper. possesseur [L. ace. posses- soi'em], s.m., possessor, owner. possessif, -ive [!-<• posscs- sivus], adj., possessive. possession [L. ace. posses- sionem], s.f.,possession, owner- ship. POSSibilite [L- ace. possi- bilitatem], s.f., possibility. possible [L. possibilis], adj., possible, that may exist or may be done. possiblement, adv., pos- sibly. postal, -e [poste, s.f], adj., 'Ij0ivpa], adj. and s.f, purple. pourpre, -e [pourpre], adj., purple. pourquoi [pour, quoi, q.v.], adv., why. pourri, -e [P-P- of pourrir], adj., rotten. pourrir [L. putrere], v.n., 2, to rot. pourriture [pourrir], s.f, rottenness. poursuite [partic. subst. of poursuivre], s.f., chase, pur- suit, persecution ; action (suit). poursuivant, -e [pres. part, of poursuivre], s.m. or/., suitor, candidate, applicant. poursuivre [L. prosequere for prosequi], v.a., 4, to pur- sue, continue, proceed (with). Se , r.v., to be pursued, continued ; to chase each other. pourtant [pour, tant, q.v.], adv., however, yet, nevertheless. pourtour [pour, tour, q.v.], s.m., circumference, com- pass. pourvoir [L. providere], v.n., 3, to provide, make a pro- vision for, supply. Se , r.v., to provide oneself. pOUrVU que [pourvu (p.p. of pourvoir) and que], conj., provided that. pOUSSe [verbal subst. of pousser], s.f, shoot, sprout. poussee [partic. subst. of pousser], s.f, pushing. pousser [L. pulsarc], v.a., 1, to push; utter (a cry). a bout, to put out of patience; to confound, drive into a corner. , v.n., to shoot forth, advance. poussiere [fem. form of poussier, "dust," fxovo. pousse, 0. Fr. polce, from L. nom. pulvis], s.f, dust. pOUSSif, -ive [pousser], adj., broken-winded ; wheezy. poUSSin [L. ace. pullice- num], s.m., chick, chicken. poutre [L. L. n. pulletrum, " colt "], s.f., beam, rafter. Q^ Poutre means properly 'a mare,' then later came to designate a piece of wood which supports the joists of a floor, by application of the common metaphor which gives to pif'cos of wood which uphold a weip:l)t the name of beasts of burden."— /yrac/te^.) pOUVOir [L. L. potere for L. posse], v.n., 3, to be able. , s.m., power. prairial, -e prairie], adj., of meadows, Prairial, prai" rial (ninth month in the Re- publican calendar. May 20 — June 18). prairie [L- prataria, from L. n. pratum], s.f, mea- dow. praticable [pratiquer], adj., practicable, feasible. pratique [L. practicus, from Gr. npaKTiKo^, " active "1 , adj. and s.f., practical ; prac- tice, custom. pratiquer [pratique], v.a.., 1, to practise, exercise, obtain, arrange. Se , r.v., to be practised ; to make or open for oneself. pre [L. n. pratum], s.m., field, meadow. prealable [pre, aller, q.v.], adj., previous. , s.m., pre- liminary. Au , first, pre- viously. prealablement, adv.,first, previously. preambule [L- adj. prae- ambulus, " walking before "J, s.m., preamble, preface. preau [L- L- w. prateMum, for L. pratulum, dim. of pratum], s.m., yard; green. prebende [L. L. prae- benda, from praebere, for praehibere], s.f., prebend. prebendier [.prebende], s.m., prebendary. precaire [L- precarius], adj., precarious. precairement, adv., pre- cariously. precaution [L. ace. prae- cautionem], s.f, precaution, care. precautionner [precau- tion], v.a., 1, to caution, guard. Se , r.v., to take one's precautions, guard oneself against. precedemment [prece- dent], adv., formerly, jjre- viously. precedence [precedent], precedent, -e [L- ace, praecedentem, pres. part, of praecedere], adj., preceding, former, before. Precedent, s.m,, precedent. preceder [L. praecedere], TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 307 PKfiCEPTE. v.a. and «., 1, to precede, go first or before. precepte [L- n- praecep- tum], s.m., precept. precepteur [L- ace. prae- ceptorem], s.m., preceptor, teacher, tutor. precher [L- praedicare'], v.a. and n., 1, to preach; praise, publish. precheur [L. ace. praedi- catorem], s.m., preacher. (Its doublet is predicateur, q.v.) precieusement, adv-, preciously. precieux, -euse [L. pre- tiosus], adj., precious, valu- able. precipice [L- n. praedpi- tiuvi], s.m., precipice. precipitammeiit [0- Fr. adj. precipitant, used in the 16th century], adv., precipi- tately, hastily. precipitation [L- ace praecipitationem}, s.f., preci- pitation, hurry, haste. precipiter [L. praedpi- tare], v.a., 1, to hurl, fiing headlong, precipitate. Se , r.v., to throw oneself down, to rush on ov forward. precis, -e [L. praedsus, p.p. of praecidere, "to cut off"], adj., precise, short, brief. precisement, adv., pre- cisely, exactly, just so. preciser [precis], v.a., 1, to specify, determine. precision [L- ace. praeci- sionem'], s.f., precision. precoce [L. ace. adj. prae- cocem], adj., precocious, early, forward. precocite Iprkoce'], s.f, precocity. preconiser [L- L.praeconi- sare], v.a., l, to extol, cry up, praise. precurseur [L. aee. prae- cursorem], s.m., precursor, forerunner. predecesseur [ L. aee. praedecessorem], s.m., prede- cessor. predestination [L. ace. praedestinationem], sf, pre- destination. predestine, -e Ip-P: of predestitier], nate, elect. predestiner [I- _ tinare], v.a., ]. to predestine, predestinate. adj., predt'sti- , pra£des- predicateur [I^. aee. prae- dicatorem], s.m.,preac?Ler. predication [L. ace. prae- dicationem], s.f, preaching. prediction [L. ace. prae- dictionem], s.f, prediction, foreboding. predilection [pre (L. prae) and dilection (L. ace. dilectionem, " love ")J, sf., predilection, partiality, pre- ference. predire [!-<• praedicere'], v.a., 4, to foretell. predisposer [L. prae, and Fr. disposer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to predispose. predisposition [predis- poser], s.f, predisposition, tendency. predominance [predomi- nant], s.f, predominance, predominant, -e [pres. part, of predominer], adj., pre- dominant, prevailing. predominer [L- prae and Fr. dominer, q.v.], v.n., 1, to predominate, prevail. preeminence [L- prae- eminentia], s.f., pre-eminence. preeminent, -e [L. ace. prae-eminentem, pres. part, of prae-eminere], adj., pre-emi- nent. preface [L- aee. praefa- tionem], s.f, preface. prefecture [L. praefec- tura], s.f, county-hall, pre- fecture. preferable [prefSrer,q.v.], adj., preferable. preference [preferer], s.f, preference, choice. De , in preference. preferer [L. praeferre], v.a., 1, to prefer. prefet [L- aee. praefectum], s.m., prefect. prefixe [L- ctdj. praefixus, " put in front"], s.m., prefix. prejudice [L- n. praejudi- cium], s.m., prejudice ; injury, wrong. prejudiciable [prejudice], adj., prejudicial, injurious. prejudicier [prejudice], v.n., 1, to be prejudicial, in- jurious. preJUge [partic. subst. of prejuger, "to prejudge," from L. prae and Fr. juger, q.v.], s.m., prejudice. prelat [I"-- praelatus, p.p. of praiferre], s.m., prelate. PRtPARATEUR. prelever [!-<• prae and Fr. lever, q.v.], v.a., 1, to deduct from, take first from. Se r.v., to he deducted previously. . preliminaire [L- prae, liminaris, from limen, " thres- hold"], adj. and s.m., pre- liminary. preliminairement, adn., preliminarily. prelude [verbal subst. of prcluder], s.m., prelude. preluder [L- prael-udere, "to play beforehand"], v.n., 1, to prelude, begin. premature, -e [L. L. prae- maturatus, from L. praema- turus], adj., premature, too early, forward. prematurement,a<^y- prematurely. prematurite, sf.,- preco- city. premeditation [L. ace praemeditationem], s.f., pre- meditation. premediter [L- praemedl- tari], v.a., 1, to premeditate. premices [i^-/- pi- primi- tiae], s.f. pi., first-fruits, prime. premier, -ere [T^. pri- marius], adj., first ; fornvr ; primitive, leading, chief. (Its doublet is primaire, q.v.) premierement, adv.,firsf, firstly. premisses [L. pi- n. prae- missa, "things sent in ad- vance "], s.f pi., premisses {in logic). premunir [^.praemunire], v.a., 2, to forewarn. Se , r.v., to arm oneself against ; to provide. prendre [L. prendere, eontrd. for prehendere], v.a., 4, to take, to catch, assume. , v.n., to break out (of fire) ; freeze (of rivers) ; take root (of plants). prenom [h.n. praenomen], s.m., prenomen ; Christian name. preoccupation [L- ace. praeoccupationtm], sf, pi-e- occupation, thought, anxiety. preoccupe, -e ip-p- oXpr!- occuper], adj., thoughtjul, deej) in thought. preoccuper [L. praeoc- cupare], v.a., 1, to preoccupy, absorb, disturb. Se , r.v., to be preoccupied, absorbed. preparateur [L. ace. prae X 2 308 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY PEErARATIF. paratoretn], s.m., jpreparator ; dresser; assistant. preparatif [preparer}, 5.m., preparation, prepara- tive. preparation [L. ace prae- parationem},s.f., preparation, dressing. preparatoire [L. praepa- ratorius], adj., preparatory. preparer [L. praeparare}, v.a., I, to prepare, get ready, cook. Se , r.v., to prepare oneself, make ready. ^preponderance [prepon- derant], s.f., preponderance, sway. preponderant, -e [L. ace. praeponderantem, pres. part. of praeponderare], adj., pre- ponderant, prevailing. Voix - — e, casting vote. prepose [partic. subst. of prtposer], s.m., officer, super- intendent. preposer [L- prae and Fr. poser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to appoint, set over. preposition [L. ace. prae- positionem'], s.f., preposition. pres [L- cidj. pressus, " close "J, prep., and de, near, nigh, close to, on the point of. Ici , close "by. presage [L. n. praesagi- um], s.vi., presage^ omen. presager [presage], v.a., 1, to forebode. presbyteral, -e [presby- tere], adj., priestly. Maison e, parsonage. presbytere [Gt. rrpea^vri- piou], s.m., parsonage. Presbyterien, -enne [presbytere], adj. and s.m. or /., Presbyterian. prescience [L. praesci- entia], sf., prescience. prescription [L. a.cc.prae- scriptionem], s.f, prescrip- tion. prescrire iL. praescribere], v.a. and n., 4, to prescribe, order. preseance [L. L. praesi- dentia, der. from L. praesi- dere. "to have the preced- ence"], sf., precedence. (Its doublet is prcsidence.) presence [L- praesentia], s.f., presence. present, -e [L- ace. adj. praesentnn], adj., present ; ready. ^ Present, s.m., present time. A , at present, now. PRESSENTIR. present [verbal subst. of presenter], s.m., present, gift. presentable [presenter], adj., presentable. presentation [presenter], s.f., presentation, introduc- tion. presentement [adj. /. presente and suffix -ment], adv., now, at present. presenter [It.praesentare], v.a., 1, to present, offer, offer up ; show ; introduce. Se , r.v., to present oneself, apply, come; occur. preservateur [preserver], adj., preservative. , s.m., preserver. (The fern, is pre- servatrice.) preservatif, -ive [pre- server], adj., preservative. Preservatif, s.m., preservative. preservation [preserver], s.f., preservation. preserver [L.praeservare], v.a., 1, to preserve. Se , r.v., to preserve oneself; to be preserved. presidence [sqq preseance], s.f., presidency, chairman- ship. president [L- ace. praesi- dentem], s.m.,president, chair- man. presider [L- praesidere], v.a. and n., 1, to preside, pre- side over. presomptif, -ive [L- prae- sumptivus], adj., presumptive. presomption [L- a-ccprae- sumptionem], s.f., presump- tion. presomptueusement, adv., presumptuously . presomptueux, -euse [L- praesumptuosus], adj., pre- sumptuous, presuming. presque [pres, que], adv., almost. presqu'ile [presque, tie, q.v.], s.f., peninsula. pressant, -e [verbal adj. of presser], adj., urgent. presse [verbal subst. of presser], s.f., press; crowd; haste; difficulty. presse, -e [P-P- of presser], adj., hurried, urgent; thick, crowded ; pressed by the crowd. pressentiment [pressen- tir], s.m., presentiment, fore- boding. pressentir [L. irraesent- ire], v.a., 2, to have a presenti- ment of; to surmise, guess. rBETER. presser [L- pressare], v.w., 1, to be urgent; to entreat. , v.a., to press, crush; urge. Se , r.v., to crowd, throng ; to make haste. pression [L- ace. pressio- nem, from premere], s.f., pres- sure. pressoir [L. n.pressorium, " press "], s.m., wine-press. pressurage [pressurer}, s.m., pressure, pressing, marc- wine. pressurer [L. pressura, "pressing"], v.a., i, to press out, squeeze. prestance [L. praestan^ tia], s.f., imposing deport- ment, commanding look. preste [It. presto, from L. L. praestus], adj., quick, agile. (Its doublet is ^rei.) prestement, adv., nimbly, quickly. prestesse [It. prestezza^, s.f, agility. prestige [L- /• praestigia^ " illusion, juggler's trick "], s.m., prestige, fascination. presumer [L.praesumere], v.a. and n., 1, to presume, sup- pose. pret [verbal subst. of pre- ter], s.m., loan. pret, -e [L- I--- praestus], adj., ready, on the point of. (Its doublet \Q preste.) prete [partic. subst. of preter], s.m., loan. Un rendu, tit for tat. pretendant [pres. part. of pretendre], s.m., pretender, claimant. pretendre [L.praetendere], v.a. and n., 4, to pretend, claim ; intend, mean, maintain. pretendu, -e [pp- of prS- tendre], adj., so-called, su^^- I posed. , s.m. or /., in- tended {future husband on wife). Pretendu, s.m., suitor, lover. pretentieusement, adv., aff'ectedly. pretentieux, -euse [pre- tention], adj., pretentious, ' affected. i pretention [L. L. ace. I praetentionem, from L. prae- ' tentum, sup. of praetendere], s.f., pretension, claim; affec- , tation. 1 preter [L. pmestore, prop. i "to furnish"], v.a., l, to lend, \ attribute. Se , r.v., to TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 309 yield, give way to ; to he lent. preteur Ipreter'], s.m., lender. (The /em. is pretense.) pretexte [L- ace. prae- texturri], s.m., pretext, pre- tence. pretexter [pretexte}, v. a., 1, to pretend, allege, feign, plead. pretre [0. Fr. prestre, from L. ace. presbyterum, from Gr. Trpco-jSuTepos, "an elder "J, s.m., priest. pretresse [pretre}, s.f., priestess. pretrise [pretre}, s.f., priesthood, holy orders. preuve [L. proba}, sf, proof, testimony. preux [?], o,dj. {used in the masc. only), doughty, valiant. prevaloir [L- praevalere], v.n., 3, to prevail, supersede. Se , r.v., to take advan- tage, avail oneself, boast. prevaricateur [!<• ace. praevaricatorem}, s.m., pre- varicator. (The fern, is pre- varicatrice.) prevarication [L. ace. praevaricationem}, s.f, pre- varication. prevariquer [L. praevari- cari}, v.n., I, to prevaricate. prevenance [prevenant}, s.f, kind attention, kindness. prevenant, -e [pres. part. of prevenir}, adj., prepossess- ing, engaging, attentive, kind, obliging. prevenir [L. praevenire}, v.a., 2, to anticipate,forewarn, apprise. preventif, -ive [see pre- vention}, adj., preventive, pre- sumptive. prevention [L. ace. prae- ventionem, from praeventum, sup. of praevenire}, s.f., pre- vention ; prejudice ; suspicion, accusation. prevenn, -e [P-P- of pre- venir}, adj., preceded, pre- vented ; predisposed, preju- diced. , s.m. or /., pri- soner, accused. prevision [L. prae and Fr. vision, q.v.}, s.f., prevision, foresight. prevoir [L. praevidere}, v.a., 3, to foresee, anticipate. preVOt [0. Ft. prevost, from L. ace. praepositum, "over- seer"], s.m., provost, mar- shal, justice. Grand de rhotel, ordinary judge of the king's household. prevotal, -e [prevot}, adj., of the provost ov provosts. prevote [prcvdt}, s.f., pro- vostship. prevoyance [prcvoyant}, s.f ., foresight, prudence, fore- thought. preyoyant, -e [pres. part. of prevoir}, adj., provident, prudent, careful. preVUj -e [P-P- of prevoir}, adj., foreseen. prier [L- precari}, v.a., 1, to pray, beg, ask, entreat. Se faire , to require pressing. priere [L- L. precaria, " a prayer," in medieval docu- ments], sf., prayer, request, entreaty. prieur [L. ace. adj. pri- orem}, s.m., prior. prieure [prieur}, s.f, pri- oress. prieur e [prieur}, s.m., priory. primaire [L. primarius}, adj., primary, elementary. (Its doublet is premier, q.v.) primat [L. ace. primatem}, s.f, primate. primaute [L. L. ace. pri- malitatem (?), from L. pri- mus}, s.f, supremacy, prece- dence. prime [L. primus}, adj., as in de abord, at first. prime [Engl, premium, from L. praemium, "profit derived from booty"], s.f., premium. primer [prime}, v.a. and n., 1, to take the lead, surpass, beat. prime-saut (de) [prime, saut, q.v.}, adv., suddenly, at once. prime-sautier, -ere, adj., spontaneous, off-hand, impul- sive, inconsiderate. primeur [prime}, s.f, early fruit or vegetable ; first thing of the season. primevere [L. primus, "first," and ver, "spring"], s.f., primrose (Primula veris). primitif, -ive [L- primi- tivus}, adj., primitive, ori- ginal. primitivement, adv., pri- mitively, originally. prince [!«• ace. principem}, s.m., prince. ^)rincesse [prince}, s.f., princess. princier, -ere [prince}, adj., princely. principal, -e [T^- princi- palis}, adj., principal, chief, capital. I'rincipal, s.m., head- master, chief ; main point. principal em entjotiw-. principally, chiejly. principante [i^. ace. prin- cipalitatem}, sf., priricipa- lity. principe [L. n. princi- pium}, s.m., principle ; cause ; origin. printanier, -ere [prin- temps}, adj., spring, vernal ; youthful. printemps [I^- w. primum temp us], s.m., spring. priorite [f^- L.prioritatem, from L. prior}, s.f., priority. pris, -e [P-P- of prendre.}, adj., taken, caught ; occupied ; set, frozen. prise [pris (L. prensus), p.p. of prendre, q.v.}, s.f., hold, capture, prize. Lacher , to let go one's hold, give way. priser [L. pretiare, from pretium}, v.a., 1, to prize, value. , v.n., to take snuff. prism at ique [prisme}, adj., prismatic. prisme [Gr. irpia-ixa, lit. " the thing sawn," from irpi- ^eiv, "to saw "], s.m., prism. prison [Tj- ace. prensionem for prehensionem}, s.f, prisan, gaol. prisonnier [prison}, s.m., prisoner. (The fem. is pri- sonniere.) privatif, -ive [L. priva- tivus}, adj., privative. privation [L. ace. priva- tionem}, s.f ., privation, want, hardship. priver [L. privare}, v.a., 1, to deprive; tame. Se , r.v., to deprive, restrict, or deny oneself. privilege [L- w. privile- gium}, s.m., privilege, prero- gative, right. privilegie, -e [pp- of pri- vilegier}, adj., privileged, ex- empt ; favourite. privilegier, v.a., l, to pri- vilege, exempt. prix [f--- n. pretium}, s.m.^ price; recompense. Au 310 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOKARY PROBABILITY. de, at the cost of; in compari- son with. probabilite [L. ace. pro- hahilitatem}, s.f,, probability, likelihood. probable [L. probdbilis}, adj., probable, likely. probablementj adv., pro- bably, likely. probation [L. ace. proba- tionem'], s.f., probation. probe [L. probus}, adj., honest, upright. probite [L. ace. probi- tatem'], s.f., probity, honesty, integrity. problematique [Gr. Trpo- /SArjjaaTtKos], adj., problema- tical. probleme [Gr. irpo^Xiqfia, lit. •"the thing thrown for- ward," from 7rpo/3aAAeti/], S.m., problem. procede [partic. subst. of proceder'], a.m., proceeding, behaviour; process. proceder [L. procedere}, v.n., I, to proceed, go on ; be- have. procedure [proceder}, s.f., procedure, proceedings. proces [L- ace. processum"}, s.m., lawsuit, trial, action, proceedings. Faire le de, to try, prosecute, condemn, pass sentence upon. Sans autre forme de , without further formality, at once. procession [L. ace. proces- sionem'], s.f., procession. prochain, -e {proche, q.v.'], adj., next, neighbouring, com- ing. Prochain, s.m., neigh- bour, fellow-creature. prochainement, adv., soon, shortly. proche [L. adv. propius, comparative of prope}, adj., near, close to, at hand. s, s.m. pi., relatives, near rela- tions. proclamation [L. acc.pro- clamationem'}, s.f., proclama- tion. proclamer [L. procia- mare'], v.a., 1, to proclaim, publish, declare. proconsul [L. ace. pro- consulem}, s.m., proconsul. proconsulaire [L- procon- sularis}, adj., proconsular. proconsulat [L. ace. pro- consulatum}, s.m., procon- sulate. procreation LL. ace. pro- PROFANATION. creationem'], s.f., procrea- tion. procreer [L. procreare"], v.a., 1, to procreate, beget. procuration [L- ace. pro- curationem'], s.f, procuration, proxy. procurer [L- procurare}, v.a., 1, to procure, get. Se , r.v., to obtain ; to be pro- cured or obtained. procureur [L- ace. procu- ratorem'], s.m., proxy, attor- ney, proctor. prodigalite [L. ace. prodi- galitatem'], sf., prodigality, wastefulness. prodige [L- w. prodigiuml, s.m., prodigy, wonder, miracle. prodigieusement, adv., prodigiously, wonderfully. prodigieux, -euse [L. prodigiosus], adj., prodigious, wonderful. prodigue [L. prodigus], adj., prodigal. , s.m. or /., spendthrift. prodiguer [prodigue'], v.a., 1, to lavish, waste away, squander. Se , r.v., to expose oneself (in battle) ; to make oneself cheap. producteur [L. ace. pro- ductorem], adj. and s.m., pro- ducing, productive ; producer. (The /em. \b productrice.) productif, -ive [L- L- pro- ductivus, from L. productum, sup. of producer e], adj., pro- ductive. production [L. ace. pro- ductionem, from productum, sup. of producere], s.f., pro- duction, product. produire [L. producerel v.a., 4, to produce, bear; cause, bring. Se , r.v., to show oneself, appear ; occur. produit [partic. subst. of produire}, s.m., product, pro- duction. proeminence iproemi- nenf], s.f., prominence, pro- jection. preeminent, -e [L. ace. proeminentem, pres. part, of proeminere], adj., prominent, projecting. profanateur [L. aec. pro- fanatorem], s.m., profaner. , adj., profaning. (The fem. is profanatrice.) profanation [L. ace. pro- fanationem], s.f., profana- tion, desecration. PROGRESSIVEMENT. profane [L. prof anus], adj., profane. , s.m. or /., profane man or woman, unworthy person. profanement, adv., pro- fanely. profaner [L. profanare], v.a., 1, to profane, desecrate. proferer [L. proferre}, v.a., 1, to utter, speak. profes, professe [L. pro- fessus], adj. and s.m. or /., professed {of religious orders) ; professed monk or nun. professor [profes}, v.a. and n., 1, to prof ess, lecture, teach. professeur [L. ace. profes- sorem^, s.m.,professor, teacher. profession [L. ace. profes- sionem}, s.f., profession, call- ing, occupation, trade. professorat [L. L. accpro- fessoratum}, s.m., professor- ship. profil [It. proffilo, from L. pro and n. filum, " outline, contour"], s.m., prof le. profit [L- ace. profectum, from L. profectum, sup. of pro- ficere, "to gain"], s.m., profit, gain, advantage. profitable [li-profittabiW], adj., profitable, advantageous. profitablement, adv., pro- fitably. profiter [pTofif], v.n., i, to profit, benefit. de, to profit by, to take advantage of. profond [L. profundus], adj., deep, low, profound. profondementj adv., pro- foundly, deeply. profondeur [profond], s.f, depth. profus, -e [L. profusus'], adj., profuse. profusement, adv., pro- fusely. profusion [L. ace. profu- sionem], s.f, profusion. A , in profusion. progeniture [L. L. pro- genitura, from L. progenitum, sup. of progignere, " to beget "], s.f ., progeny, offspring. progres [L. aec. progres- sum], s.m., progress ; growth. progresser [progres], v.n., 1, to progress, improve. progressif, -ive [progres- sion], adj., progressive. progression [L- aec. pro- gressionem], s.f., progression. progressivement [/. provi- PSALMODIER. adj., provisory, tem- porary. provisoirement, adv.,pro- visionally, temporarily. provocateur [L. ace. pro- vocatorem, " a challenger "], adj. and s.m., provoking; pro- voker. (The /em. i^provoca- trice.) provocation [L. ace. pro- vocationem], s.f., provocation, incitement, challenge. provoquant, -e [pres. part. of provoquer], adj., provok- ing. provoquer [L. provocare], v.a., 1, to provoke, incite, challenge ; cause, produce. proximite [L. ace. prox- imitatem], , s.f., proximity, vicinity. A de, near, within a short distance of. prude [formerly ^rocZe,/ew. of the adj. preux, q.v.], adj. and s.f., prudish ; prude. prudemment [prudent], adv., prudently, wisely. prudence [L- prudentia], s.f, prudence, wisdom, dis- cretion. prudent [L. ace. adj. pru- dentem], adj., prudent, care- ful, wise, discreet. pruderie [prude], s.f ., pru- dery. prud'homie [prudiwm- me], s.f, prudence, wisdom. prud'homme [prud (see preux and^rwde)and homme], s.m., skilful man, umpire, ar- bitrator. prune [L- n. prunum], s.f, plum. pruneau [dim. of prune], s.m., prune, dried plum. prunelle [dim. of prune], s.f, sloe ; pupil, eyeball, apple (of the eye). prunier [prune], s.m., plum-tree. Prusse [G. Preussen], s.f. Prussia. Prussien, -enne [Prusse], adj. and s.m. or/, Prussian. prrtanee [L. n. prytane- um, from Gr. Trpvraveioi', " a public building where the chief magistrates (Prytanes) assem- bled and dined "], s.m., pry- taneum, public school. psalmodie [L- psalmodia, from Gr. xf/aAixwdCa, from xj/aKixo^, "psalm,'* and to8^, " song "], sf., psalmody. psalmodier [psalmodie]^ TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 313 v.a. and n., 1, to chant or sing psaume [T-i' pcc. psalmum, from Gr, ^a\fx6?'], s.m., psalm. psautier [L. n. psalterium, from Gr. \jja\TrjpLov, "a psal- tery"], s.m., psalter. pseudonyme^ [Gr. \i/evSa>- vv/xo?, from i/zeuSo?, " false," and ovvixa = ovofxa, " name "], adj. and s.m., pseudonymous ; pseudonym. psychologie [Gr. i/^uxi?, "soul," and Aoyo?, " doctrine "i, s.f., psychology. psychologique {psycholo- gie'], adj., psychological. PU» PP- of pouvoir, q.v. puant, -e Ipres. part, of piier'}, adj., fetid, fulsome, offensive, stinking. puanteur [puant], sf., stench, stink. pubere [L- puher], adj., pubescent, of puberty. puberte [L. ace. puher- tatem], s.f, puberty. public, -ique [h.puMicus], adj. , public, general ; national. Public, s.m., public. publication [L- ace, pub- licationem], s.f, publication. publiciste [public], s.m., publicist, journalist. publicite [public], s.f, publicity. publier [L. publicare], v.a., 1, to publish, make known; bring out, issue. Se , r.v., to be published. publiquement [pubUque, fern, of public, and suffix -ment], adv., publicly, openly. puce [0. Fr. pulce, from L. ace. pulicem], s.f, flea. puceron [dim. of puce], s.m., plant-louse. pudeur [L. ace pudorem], s.f, shame, modesty, decency; bash fulness, reserve. pudicite [L. L. pudicita- iem (?), from 1,. adj. pudicus], s.f., chastity, modesty. pudique [L. pudicus], adj., modest, chaste, pure. pudiquement, adv., modestly, chastely. puer [0. Fr. puir, from L. putere], v.n., 1, to stink, to be offensive. pueril, -e [L. puerilis], adj., puerile, childish. puerilement, adv., child- ishly. puerilite [I^- ace. puerili- tatem], s.f, puerility, child- pugilat [L- ace. pugila- tum], s.m., pugilism, boxing. puinCj -e [0. Fr. puisne, from L. post-natus], adj., younger (brother or sister). puis [Ij- post], adv., then, next, afterxcards. puiser [puits], v.a. and n., 1, to draw {from a well), dip, fetch, take. Se , r.v., to be drawn. puisque [puis, que], conj., since, as. puissamment [puissant], adv., powerfully, greatly, very. puissance [puissant], s.f, might, power, authority, vir- tue, property. Toute , Omnipotence. Puissances, s.f. pi.. Powers, States. puissant, -e [L. L. ace. possentem], adj., mighty, poiv- erful, strong, influential, wealthy. Tout-Puissant, Om- nipotent, Almighty. puits [L. nom. puteus], s.m., a well. puUuler [L. pullulare], v.n., 1, to multiply, swarm. pulmonaire [L- puimona- rius], adj., pulmonary. pulpe [L.pulpa], s.f, pulp. pulsation [L. aec. pulsa- tionem], s.f, pulsation, throb- bing, beat. pulverisation [pulveri- ser], s.f., pulverization. pulveriser [L. pulveri- zare, "to reduce to dust"], •u.a., 1, to pulverize, ground, crush. Se , r.v., to be pulverized. punais, -e [0. Fr. put (L. putidus), and suffix -nais (L. -inaceusj], adj., fetid. punaise [punais], s.f, bug. punir [L. punire], v.a., 2, to punish. Se , r.v., to punish oneself; to bepunished. punissable [punir], adj., punishable. punition [L- ace. puni- tionem], s.f ., punishment. pupille [L. pupilla], s.m. or /., ward {orphan boy or girl). , s.f., pupil (of the eye). pupitre [L- n. pulpitum, " scaffold "], s.m., desk. pur, -e [L- purus], adj., pure, genuine, real true, in- nocent, chaste. PYGMfiE. PUrement, adv., purely, really, truly, innocently, chastely. ct simplemcnt, without reserve, merely. purete [I^. sxcc. puritatem], s.f, purity, innocence, chas- tity. purgatif, -ive [T--. purga- tivus], adj., purgative. I'lu- gatif, s.m., xmrgative, medi- cine. purgation [T-<. ace. pur- gationem], s.f, purgation, purge. purger [L. purgare, "to cleanse, purify"], v.a., 1, to purge, cleanse^ purify ; weed, free, clear. Se , r.v., to take medicine. purificateur [puriflcr], s.m., purifier, purificator. , adj., purifying. (Tlie fem. is purijicatrice.) purification [L. purifca- tionem], s.f., purification, cleansing. purifier [L. purifcare], v.a., 1, to purify, cleanse. Se , r.v., to purify oneself; to bepuri^ed, cleansed. Puritain [Engl. Puritan], s.m., Puritan. ■purulence [Jj.purulentia], s.f., purulence. purulent, -e [L. puru- lentus], adj., purulent. pus [L- "n. pus], s.m., pus^ purulent matter. pusillanime [L.pusillani- mis=pusillt(S animus, "very little spirit, courage"], adj., pusillanimous, faint-hearted. pusillanimite [L- ace. pa- sillanimitatem], s.f, pusil- lanimity, fain t-heartedness. pustule [L. pustula], s.f, pustule, blister. putatif, -ive [L. puta- tivus, " supposed "], adj., pu- tative, supposed, reputed. putrefaction [L. L. ace. putrifactionem], s.f., putre- faction, putrid state. putrefier [L. L. putrifl- care (?), from L. putris, " rot- ten," and facere, "to make "], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to putrefy, rot. putride [L.putridus],adj., putrid, rotten, stinking. P y g m e e [Gr. irvy(xalo<;, from TTvy/aTj, "a measure of length, tne distance from the elbow to the knuckles "], S.m., pigmy, dwarf. 314 ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIOKAEY PYRAMIDE. pyramide [L- ace. jpyra- midem, from Gr. jrvpa/xiV], 5./., pyramid. python [L. python, Gr. •n-u6(uv, "dragon"], s.m., py- thon, rock-snake. pythonisse [Gr. TrvOutvia-- a-a], s/., pytlwness, witch. Quadragenaire [T^- quad- ragenarius], adj. and s.m. or /., forty years old : quadrage- narian. quadragesime [L. quadra- gesima (dies)], s.f., quadra- gesima, first Sunday in Lent. (Its doublet is Carime, q.v.) quadrangle [L- n. quad- rangulum'}, s.m., quadrangle. qnadrangulaire [quad- rangle], adj., four-angled, quadrangular. quadrilateral, -e [quadri- latere], adj., quadrilateral. Quadrilatere [L- adj. qua- drilaterus, " four-sided "], adj. and s.m., quadrilateral. quadrille [it. quadriglio], S.m., quadrille, square-dance. quadrupede [L- quadru- pedem, ace. of quadrupes], adj. and s.m., four-footed; quad- ruped. quadruple [L. quadru- plus], adj. and s.m., fourfold ; quadruple. quadrupler [L. quadru- plare], v.a., 1, to increase four- fold, quadruple. quai [L- L. n. caium, from Bret, kae], s.m., quuy, wharf. qualifiable {.qualifier}, adj., qualifiable, that may be called or termed. qualificatif, -ive [L. L. qualificativus, from L. qua- tificare], adj., qualificative, qualifying. qualification [L- L. ace. qualificationem}, s.f., qualifi- cation. qualifier [L- qualificare'], v.a., 1, to qualify, term, style, call. Se , r.v., to style oneself. qualite [L. ace. qualitatem], s.f, quality, qualification, rank, title. s, s.f . pi., qualities, qualifications. quand [L. quando'], adv., when, , conj., eren, though. QDELQUUN. mgme, even if, even though. quant a [L. qv^intum'], prep., as for, as to. quantieme [quanf], s.m., day of the month. quantite [L. ace. quanti- tatem], sf., quantity; many, a deal, multitude. quarantaine Iquarante'], s.f, about forty ; forty years, as in " il a passe la ," he is more than forty years old. quarante [L. quadra- ginta], num. adj. (card.), forty. quarantieme Iquarante], num. adj. (or d.), fortieth. quart [L- w- quartum], s.m., fourth, quart, quarter; watch . (in the navy). quartier [L. ace. quarta- rium}, s.m., fourth part, quarter; quarter's rent ; dis- trict; hall; barracks, quar- -general, head- — maitre, quar- quasi}, adv., [L. quatuor- adj. (card.). ters. quarters. — termaster. quasi [L. almost. quatorze decim], num. fourteen. quatorzieme [quatorze], num. adj. (ord.), fourteenth. quatre [I-"- quatuor], num. adj. (card.), four. Se mettre en , to do one's utmost, strain every nerve. Temps, s.m. pi.. Ember-days. vingts, num. adj. (card.), eighty, fourscore. vingt- dix, num. adj. (card.), ninety. quatrieme [quatre], num. adj. (ord.), fourth. quatuor [L. quatuor, " four "J, s.m., quartet. que [L« quod], conj., that. , adv., how ! how mu^h ! wherefore? why? que [L- quern], rel. pron., whom, that, which, what. quel, -elle [L. qualis], adj., what, who, which. quelconque [L- qualis- cunque], indef. adj., whatever, whatsoever. QUelque [quely que], indef. adj., some, any, a few. quelquefoiS [quelque,fois, q.v.], adv., somttimes. quelqu'un, e- [quel- que, un, q.v.]. indef. pron., some one, somebody ; one ; anyone, anybody. (The pi. QUINCONCE. is quelques-uns for the wi., and quelqu^s-unes for the fem.) quenouille [L. L* colucula, dim. of L. cuius], s.f, distaff. querelle [L. querela], s.f, quarrel, strife. quereller [querelle], v.a., 1, to quarrel with. Se , r.v., to wrangle, quarrel with. querelleur, -euse [que- relle], adj. and s.m. or /., quarrelsome ; quarreller. querir [L. quaerere], v.a., 2, to fetch, seek. question [L. ace. quaes- tionem], s.f, question, query ; rack, torture. questionnaire [L. ace. quaestionarium, " torturer "], s.m., chapter or book of ques- tions, examination questions. , Q.ue stionner [question], v.a., 1, to question, ask ques- tions. quete [L- quaesita, p.p. fem. of quaerere ; see querir], s.f, search, collection ( of alms), offertory. queter [quete], v.a., 1, to search, collect (alms). queteur [quite], s.m., alms- collector. Frere , mendi- cant-friar. (The jfem. is queteuse.) queue [L. Cauda], sf., tail, end, rear, handle. qui [L. qui], rel. and interr. pron., who, whom, which; he who, him who, what, some one. quiconque [L. quicumque], indef. pron., whosoever, whom- soever. quietude [L. ace. quietu- dinem], s.f, rest, quietude. quille [Span, quilla, from 0. H. G. kiol, A.-S. ceol. Modern G. kiel], s.f, keel. [O. H. G. kegil. Modern G. kegel], s.f, skittle. quincaillerie [quincaille, "ironmongery," from 0. Fr. clincaille, lit. "that which clinks "], s.f., ironmongery, hardware. quincailiier [quincaille], s.m., ironmonger. quinconce [L- ace. quin- cuncem, from the way of marking five, as on dice * , « *- to designate a method of plant- ing tn'es. (See Dr. Smith's Latin-Eng. Diet.)], s.m., quin- TO PBEHOH BEADING BOOK. 315 QDINQUAGfiNAIllE. cunx, plantation of five trees disposed in a square. quinquageiiaire [L. quin- quagenarius'}, adj. and s.m. or /'., of fifty years; quinqua- genarian. quinquet [word of histo- rical origin, being tlie name of the inventor], s.m., lamp. quint [Tj. quintus'], num. adj. {ord.), fifth. {Quint is used only in " Charles-Quint " and " Sixte-Quint.") quintal [L- L. n. quintale, from Arab, quintdr, "hun- dred-weight "], s.m., hundred- weight. quinte {liU "(coughing) five times "], s./., fit of cough- ing , whim, crotchet. quinteux, -euse iquinte], adj., 'Whimsical, crotchety. quintuple [L- ace. quintu-^ plicem], adj. and s.m., five- fold: quintuple. quintupler [quintupW], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to increase fivefold, quin- tuple. quinzaine Iquinzel sf., about fifteen ; fortnight. quinze [L- quindecim], num. adj. (card.), fifteen. quinzieme Iquinze}, num. adj. (ord.), fifteenth. quiproquo [L. quid, pro, quod, lit. " to take a quid for a quod"], s.m., quidproquo, blunder, mistake. quittance [L- L' quietan- tid], s.f, receipt. quitte [L- quietus], adj., free, discharged, clear. a or pour, at the risk of. a , quits. En etre pour, to get off with . . . only. quitter [L- L. quietare], v.a., 1, to part from ; to leave; to quit ; to forsake. Se , r.v., to part from, each other, to be left. qui-vive {.qui, vivre, q.v.], s.m., challenge, alert, look-out. Qui vive,'' who goes there f {military expression.) quoi [L- quid], rel. pron., what, which, that. ! in- ter j., what I quoique Iqu^i, que], conj., though, although. quolibet [L- quod libet], s.m., quibble, joke, trivial pun. quote-part i^- quota, and Fr. part, q.v.], s.f, quota, share. quotidien, -enne [L. quo- tidianus], adj., daily. R rabais [verbal subst. of rabaisser], s.m., abatement. Au , at reduced prices. rabaissement [rabaisser], s.m., lowering, depreciation, humiliation. rabaisser [re, abaisser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to lower, under- rate, abate. Se , r.v., to lower oneself. rabat [verbal subst. of ra- battre], s.m., band {for the neck). rabattre [^«> abattre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to beat down; lessen, abate. raboteux, -euse [raboter, "to plane "], adj., uneven, rough, rugged. raccommodage [raccom- moder], s.m., repairing, mend- ing. raccommodement [rac- commoder], s.m., reconcilia- tion. raccommoder [»'e, accom- moder, q.v.], v.a., 1, to repair, mend; reconcile. Se , r.v., to be mended ; reconciled. raccourci, -e [pp- of raQ- courcir], adj., shortened. A bras raccourci, with might and main. raccourcir [re, accourdr, "to shorten"], v.a., 2, to shorten, curtail. Se , r.v., to get shorter ; to shrink. raccourcissement [rac- courcir], s.m., shortening. raccroc [verbal subst. of raccrocher], s.m., lucky hit, fluke. raccrocher [re, accrocher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to hook again, hang up; recover. Se , r.v., to cling to, fall back upon ; to be hooked on again. race [it- razza, from O.H.G. reiza, " line "], s.f, race, kind. r a oh at [verbal subst. of' racheter], s.m., repurchase, re- demption, recovery. racheter [re, acheter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to repurchase, redeem, atone for. Se . , r.v., to RAFFKRMIR. redeem oneself: to be re- deemed. r a C i n e [L. L. radicina, from L. ace, radicam], sf., root ; beginning, origin. racle [verbal subst. of racier], s.f., scraper. racier [L. L. rasiculare, der. from L.L. rasicare, fre- quent, of L. radere], v.a., I, to scrape off. raconter [re, conter, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to relate, tell. raconteur, -euse [racon- ter], s.m. or/., relater, teller. racornir (se) [re, come, q.v.], r.v., to shrivel up. racornissement [ra- cornir], s.m., shrivelling up. racquitter (se) [re, ac- quitter, q.v.], r.v., to win back, recoup oneself. rade [it. rada, from 0. Scand. reida, " fitting out of ships "], s.f., road, roadstead. radeau [L.L. ace. radcl- lum, dim. of L. ratis, " a boat "], s.m., raft. radiation [L. ace. radia- tionem], s.f, radiation. radical, -e [L. L. radicalis, from L. ace. radicem], adj., radical. radicalement, adv., radi- cally. radieux, -euse [L. radir osus], adj., radiant, beaming. radis [L. ace. radicem, " root "], s.m., radish. radotage [radoter], s.m., dotage. radoter [0. Fr. redoter, from re and 0. Fr. doter, from Engl, to dote, Flemish doten], v.n., 1, to dote, twaddle. radoteur, -euse [radoter], s.m. or/., dotard, twaddler. radoub [verbal subst. of radouber], s.m., refitting, re- pair {of ships). radouber [0. Fr. redouber, from re and 0. Fr. douber, from A.-S. dubban, ** to strike"], v.a., 1, to refit, re^ pair {ships). radoucir [re, adoucir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to soften, pacify, calm. Se , r.v., to soften doivn ; relent, subside. radoucissement [radou- cir], s.m., softening, relent- ing. rafale [?], s.f, squall. raffermir [re, affer- mir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to harden^ 316 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY RAFFEKMISSEMENT. strengthen, fasten. Se , r.v., to grow stronger, firmer. raflfermissemeiit [raf- fermir'], s.m., hardening, strengthening, fastening. raffinage iraffiner}, s.m., refining. raffine, -e Ip-P- of raffi- ner}, adj., refined, delicate; keen, sharp. raffinement [raffmer], s.m., refinement. raffiner [re, affmer, "to refine "], v.a., 1, to refine. Se , r.v., to become refined, sharp. ^ raffinerie [ro^wer], s.f, sugar refinery. raffineur [raffiner}, s.m., refiner, sugar-baker. raffoler [re, affoler, " to be infatuated "], v.n., I, to he pas- sionately fond of. rafraicMr [re, and obsolete afratchir, compd. of a and fraiche,fem. of the adj.frais, q.v.'], v.a., 2, to cool, refresh. Se , r.v., to cool, refresh or rest oneself. rafraicMssant, -e [pres. part, of rafraichir}, adj., cool- ing, refreshing. rafraichissement [ra- fraicMr}, s.m., refreshment. ragaillardir [re, gaillard, q.v.}, v.a. 2, to enliven, cheer up. rage [!<• ace raMem}, s.f, rage, fury. (Its doublet is reve, q.v.^ rageur, -euse [rage}, adj. and s.m. or /., ill-tempered ; passionate man or woman. rag lit [verbal subst. of ragouter}, s.m., stew ; relish. ragoutant, -e [pres. part. of ragouter}, adj., relishing, tempting, savoury; pleasing. ragouter [re, gouter, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to revive the appetite of; tempt, excite. raide or roide [L. rigidus}, adj., rigid, steep, rapid, inJLex- ible. mort, stone-dead. raideur or roideur [raide or roide}, s.f, stiffness, steep- ness, rapidity, inflexibility. raidir or roidir [raide or roide}, v.a. and n., 2, to stiffen, tighten, to become inflexible. Se , r.v., to battle hard against ; to become stiff, tight. raie [}-'■ L. radia, fern, form of L. radius}, s.f, line ; part- ing (of the hair). K ALLONGE. rail [Engl, rail}, s.m., rail. railler [L. L. radiculare, from L. radere, "to scrape, scratch, shave off the hair with a razor "], v.a., 1, and se de, r.v., to rally, jest at, laugh at. raillerie [railler}, s.f, raillery, jeering. railleur, -euse [railler}, adj. and s.in. or /., rallying, jeering ; rallier,jeerer, sneerer. rainure [rainer, "to groove "], s.f, groove. rais [L. ace. radium}, s.m., spoke (of wheels); ray, beam (of light). raisin [L. ace. racemum, from Gr. pa^, pay6<;, from Skr. draksha, " grape "J, s.m., grape. raison [L. ace. rationem}, s.f, reason, sense, cause, ground, motive. Avoir , to be right. raisonnable [L. rationa- bilis}, adj., rational, sensible, reasonable. raisonnablement, a^v., reasonably, justly, wisely. raisonnement [raison- ne7'}, s.m., reasoning, argu- ment. raisonner [raison}, v.a. and n., 1, to reason, argue, consider. raisonneur, -euse [rai- sonner}, s.m. or /., reasoner, answerer, grumbler. rajeunir [re, jeune, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to restore to youth, make younger. , v.n., to grow young again. rajeunissement [rajeu- nir}, s.m., restoration to rale or ralement [H. G. rasseln, "to make a noise"], s.m., rattle (in the throat). Raie, s.m., rail (bird). ralentir [re, lent, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to slacken, lessen, re- tard. Se , r.v., to become slower ; to slacken the speed. ralentissement [ra- lentir}, s.m., slackening. raler [rale}, v.n., 1, to rattle in one's throat. ralliement or rallimeiit [rallier}, s.m., rallying. rallier [re, allier, q.v.}, v.a., 1, and se ^ r.v., to rally. rallonge [verbal subst. of rallonger}, s.f, piece to length- en, leaf (of a table). rallongement [rallonger}, s.m., lengthening. rallonger [re, allonger, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to lengthen. rallumer [re, allumer. q.v.}, v.a., 1, to rekindle, light again. Se , r.v., to light again ; to break out again. ramage [formerly chant ramage, " song of birds in the branches," from L. L. n. ra- maticum, deriv. of L. ramus}, s.m., warbling, singing. ram as [verbal subst, of ramasser}, s.m., heap, collec- tion, lot. ramasser [re, amasser, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to pick up, gather up. Se , r.v., to be collected or gathered ; to roll oneself up ; to pick oneself up. rame [L. ace. m. remum}, s.f, oar. rameau [0. Fr. ramel, from L. L. ace. ramellum, dim. of L. ramus}, s.m., branch, twig. ramee [L- L* ramata, der. from L. ramus}, s.f, green boughs. ramener [re, amener, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to recall, bring back, restore, revive. [7'ow. ramer [rame}, v.n., i, to rameur [ramer}, s.m., rower. ramier [ramee}, s.m., wood- pigeon. ramification [ramifier}, s.f, ramification, branch. ramifier (se) [L, L. rami- ficare}, r.v., to ramify, branch out. ramoUir [re, amolUr, q.v.}, v.a., 2, and se , r.v., to soften ; to get soft. ramollissement [ra- mollir}, s.m., softening. ramonage [ramoner}, s.m., chimney-sweeping. ramoner [0. Fr. ramon, L. ace. ramum, " a broom made of a branch"], v.a., 1, to sweep ramoneur [ramoner}, s.m., chimney-sweeper, sweep. rampant, -e [pres. part. of ramper}, adj., crawling, creeping, low, rampant, ser^ vile. rampe [verbal subst. of ramper}, s.f, handrail, balus- trade, ; declivity, descent, slope. TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 317 RAMPKJIENT. rampement lrainper],s.m., craioling, creeping. ramper [L. G. rapen, "to cling to "], v.n., 1, to creep, crawl, crouch ; to be low, ser- vile. r a mure [L- ace. ramwn], s.f., branches, boughs : horns, antlers {of stags). ranee [L. rancidus'], adj., rancid, rank. ran90n [0- Fr. raengon, from L. ace. redemptionem'}, s.jF., ransom. (Its doublet is redemption, q.v.) rail9011lier [rangori], v.a., 1 , to ransom, tax ; fleece, over- charge. rancune [0. Fr. rancure, from Medieval L. rancura, from L. rancor], s.f., rancour, malice, grudge, ill-will, spite. Garder , to bear a grudge rancunierj -iere [ran- cune and suffix -terj, adj. and s.m. or/., spiteful ; rancorous or spiteful man or woman. rang [0. H. G. hring, " ring, circle "], s.m., rank, row, station, degree. rangee [partic. subst. of ranger], s.f, line, range, row, tier. ranger [rang], v.a., 1, to put in order, in array. Se , r.v., to place oneself, to draw up. ranimer [re, animer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to restore to life again ; cheer up. Se , r.v., to re- vive. ranz [G .-Swiss ram, " run- ning, eliase "], s.m., ranz, tune. des vaches, ranz des vaches (melody of Swiss herds- men). rapace [L- ace. adj. ra- pacem], adj., rapacious. rapacite [L- ace. rapaci- tatem], s.f, rapacity, greedi- ness. rape [verbal subst, of ra- per], sf., rasp, grater. rape, -e [P-P- of rdper], adj., rasped ; threadbare, shabby. raper [0. H. G. raspdn, "to grate*'], v.a., 1, to rasp, grate. rapetisser [re, a, petit, q.v^, v.a., 1, to lessen, shorten. Se '- , r.v., to gro%o less ; to thrinhp BAS. rapide [L- rapidus], adj., rapid, swift. rapidement, adv., rapidly, swiftly. rapidite [L- ace. rapidi- tatem], sf., rapidity, swift- ness. rapiecer [re, a, piece, q.v.], v.a., 1, to mend, patch. rapiere [L- L,- rapperia], s.f, rapier. rapine [L. rapina], s.f, rapine, plunder. rappel [verbal subst. of rap- peler], s.m., recall, roll-call. rappeler [re, appeler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to recall, call back. Se , r.v., to remember. rapport [verbal subst. of rapporter], s.m., relation, re- port, produce, revenue, bear- ing. rapporter [re, apporter, q.v.], v.a., ], to bring back; relate, tell. , v.n., to bear, produce, bring in. rapporteur [rapporter], s.m., reporter ; judge-advocate ; tell-tale. rapproche, -e [p-p- of rapprocher], adj., near, close at hand. rapprochement [rappro- cher], s.m., reconciliation ; comparison. rapprocher [re, appro- cher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to draw near ; bring together, com- pare ; reconcile. Se , r.v., to draw near ; resemble ; to get reconciled. rapsode [Gr. pai/^wSo?, from pdnTCLv, "to sew," and wSrj, " song "], s.m., rhapsodist. rapsodie [Grr. pa»//w5ta], s.f., rhapsody. rapt [^' ri. raptum, p.p. of rapere], s.m., abduction. raquette [L. L. racha, " the wrist "J, s.f, racket. rare [L. rams], adj., rare, scarce, uncommon. rarefaction [rarefier], s.f, rarefaction. rarefier [L. L. rareficare, compd. of L. rarus and suflRx -flcare], v.a., 1, and se r.v., to rarefy. rarement [rare and suffix -ment], adv., rarely, seldom. rarete [L- ace. raritatem], S.f., rarity, scarceness. ras, -e [L. rasus, p.p. of radere], adj., close-shaven, shorn, cut close ; flat, open. rasade [raser], s.f, bumper. raser [ras], v.a ., l, to shave ; cut down, raze to the ground; skim along. Se , r.v., to shave oneself. rasoir [raser], s.m., razor. rassasiement [rassasier], s.m., satiety, surfeit. rassasier [re, o. Fr. as- sasier, from 1j. L. adsatiare, compd. of L. ad and satiare], v.a., 1, to satiate, to satisfy. Se , r.v., to satisfy one- self rassemblement [rassem- bler], s.m., gathering, crowd, mob, riotous meeting. rassembler [re, assembler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to reassemble ; summon up : muster. Se , r.v., to assemble, meet again, muster. rasseoir (se) [re, asseoir, q.v.], r.v., to sit down again. rasserener [re, a, and serein, q.v.], v.a., 1, to restore serenity to. Se , r.v., to clear up; to recover one's serenity. rassis, -e [re, assis, p.p. of asseoir, q.v.], adj., stale; sedate. rassurant, -e [pres. part. of rassui'ei-], adj., encourag- ing, reassuring. rassurer [re and assurer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to reassure, strengthen. Se , r.v., to recover oneself, take confidence or courage, to be reassured. rat [0. H. G. rato], s.m., rat. ratatine, -e [p-p- of se ratatiner, " to shrink "], adj., shrunk, shrivelled up. rate [N. rate, properly "honeycomb"], s.f., spleen. rateau [0. Fr. rastel, from L. ace. rastellum], s.m., rake. ratelier [dim. of rdteau], s.m., rack ; set of teeth. rater [rat; e.g. ce pistolet a pris un rat, " this pistol missed fire," in writers of the 18th century], v.n., 1, to miss fire. ratiere [rat], s.f, rat-trap. ratification [L. L- ace. ratijicationem], sf., ratifica- tion. ratifier [L- L- ratificare, der. from L. ratum (" settled, certain "), 2'i'- w. of reor; cf. L. ratum aliquid facere, " to confirm"], v.a., 1, to ratify. ration [L- ace. rationem 318 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY KATIONALISME. "measure"], s./., ration, al- lowance. (Its doublet is rai- 8on, q.v.) rationalisme [l^- adj. rationalis], s.m., rational- ism. rationaliste [L- odj. ra- tio nalis}, s.m. or /., ration- alist. rationnel, -elle [L- ra- tionalis], adj., rational. rationnellement, adv., rationally. rationner [ration}, v.a., i, to ration, alloivance. ratissage [ratisser}, s.m., scraping, raking. ratisser [see rature], v.a., 1, to scrape off, rake. raton [dim. of rat], s.m., little rat ; racoon. rattacher [re, attacker, q.v.], v.a., I, to fasten again, connect. Se , r.v., to he fastened, attached again, con- nected. rattraper ire, attraper, q.v.], v.a., 1, to catch again, overtake; recover. Se , r.v., to compensate oneself. rature [der. from 0. Fr. v. rater, "to erase"], s.f, era- sure. raturer [rature], v.a., i, to erase, scratch out. rauque [L. raucus], adj., hoarse, rough. ravage [Prov. ratey, " tor- rent," from L. rapere; see ravine], s.m., ravage, devasta- tion.* ravager [ravage], v.a., i, to ravage, plunder, lay waste. ravageur [ravager], s.m., ravager, spoiler. ravaler [re, avaler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to sivallow again ; lower, disparage. Se , r.v., to lower oneself. rave [L. rapa, from Gr. pdirv; or pd(f)v<;, " turnip "], sf., radish, turnip. ravi» -e [P-P- ofravir], adj., enraptured, delighted. ravilir [^«» avilir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to revile, debase. Se , r.v., to debase oneself. ravin [see ravine], s.m., ravine, hollow road. ravine 0^- rapina, "carry- ing olf," from rapere], s.f, tor- rent, ravine. ravir [L- rapere], v.a., 2, to ravish, steal, carry off; de- light, enrapture. raviser (se) [re, aviser, q.v.], r.v., to alter one's mind ; to think better of it. ravissant, -e [pres. part, of ravir], adj., ravishing, ra- pacious ; charming, lovely, delightful. ravissement [ravi.r], s.m., ravishment ; rapture, delight. ravitaillement [ravitaii- ler], s.m., revictualling. ravitailler [re and 0. Fr. avitailler, " to provision "], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to re- victual. raviver [re, aviver, "to brighten "], v.a., 1, to revive, rouse up. rarer [L- radiare], v.a., 1, to scratch out, erase. rayon [rais, q.v.], s.m., ray ; radius, circumference, spoke, shelf. rayonnant) -e [pres. part. of rayonner], adj., radiant, beaming, radiating. rayonnement [rayonner], s.m., radiancy, radiation. rayonner [rayon], v.n., i, to beam., radiate, irradiate. rayure [rayer], sf., stripe, streak, groove. reaction [re, action, q.v.], s.f, reaction. reactionnaire [reaction], adj. and s.m. or/., reaction- ary; reactionist. reagir [re, agir, q.v.], v.n., 2, to react. real [Sp. real, "royal"], s.m., real (Spanish coin). realisable [realiser], adj., realizable. realisation [realiser], s.f, realization, realizing. realiser [L- L- realis], v.a., 1, to realize. Se , r.v., to be realized. realit [L. L. ace. reali- tatem], s.f, reality. reapparition [re, appari- tion, q.v.], s.f, reappearance. rebaisser [re, baisser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to lower again. rebarbatif, -ive [re, barbe, q.v.], adj., cross, surly, stern, dogged. rebatir [re, bdtir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to rebuild. Se , r.v., to be rebuilt. rebattre [re, battre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to beat again; to say over and over again ; to repeat. rebelle [T^- rehelUs], adj., reUellioas. , s.m., rebel. RECfLEUR. rebeller (se) [L- rebellare], r.v., to rebel. rebellion [L- ace. rebel- lionem],s.f., rebellion. rebiffer (se) [re, and 0. Fr. biffe, "a kind of stuff; " rebiffer means properly "to put in order the folds of the stuff," hence " to bridle up "], r.v., to resist; to kick against the pricks. reblancMr [re, blanchir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to whiten again. rebondir [re, bondir, q.v.], v.n., 2, to rebound. rebondissement [rebon- dir], s.m.,rebound, rebounding. rebord [verbal subst. of re- border], s.m., brim, border, edge, ledge. reborder [re, border, q.v.], v.a., 1, to border again. reboucber [re, boucher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to stop or cork up again. Se , r.v., to be stopped up again. rebonrs [L- L- adj. rebur- sus, " bristling "], s.m., wrong way or side, reverse, contrary. A or au , the wrong way, against the grain. rebrousser [re, brosse, q.v.], v.a., 1, to turn back, re- trace (one's steps'). rebut [verbal subst. of re- buter], s.m., refuse, rubbish. rebutant, -e [pres. part, of rebuter], adj., repulsive, dis- couraginp. rebnte, -e [P-P- of rebuter], adj., discouraged, disheart- ened. rebuter [re, buter, "to anger"], v.a., 1, to repel, re- buff, dishearten. Se , r.v., to be disheartened. recacheter [re, cacheter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to seal again. recalcitrant, -e [L- ace. recalcitrantem, pres. part, of recalcitrare, "to kick back (of horses)"], adj., recalci- trant, refractory. recapitulation [recapitu- ler], s.f, recapitulation, sum- ming up. recapituler [L. recapitu- lare], v.a., 1, to recapitulate, sum up. receler [re, celer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to conceal ; to receive stolen goods. receleur, -euse [receler], s.m. or /., receiver of stolen goods. TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 319 KfiCEMMENT. reCemment [recent], adv., recently, lately. recensement [recenser], s.m., census, return. recenser [L. recensere, "to enumerate, reckon up "j, v.a., 1, to take the census of. recent, -e [L. ace. adj. recentem], adj., recent, new, late. receptacle [L. n. recepta- culum], s.m., receptacle. reception [L- ace. recep- tionem], s.f., reception, admit- tance, admission, audience. recette [L- L. recepta, " re- ceipt"], s.f., receipt; collec- tion. recevable [recevoir], adj., receivable, admissible. receveur [recevoir'}, s.m., receiver. recevoir [L. recipere'], v.a., 3, to receive, accept, introduce, admit, approve, entertain. rechange [re, change, q.v.], s.m., spare thing (clothes, stores). Habits de , a change of clothes. recharger [re, charger, q.v.l, v.a., 1, to reload. rechauifer [re, khauffer, q.v.l, v.a., 1, to warm again, to give new life to. Se , r.v., to warm oneself. recherche [verbal subst. of rechercher], s.f, search, pur- suit ; inquiry. recherche, -e [p-p- of re- chercher, q.v.), adj., studied, affected ; elegant, in great re- quest, exquisite. rechercher [re, chercher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to seek again, search, inquire, investigate, seek after. Se , r.v., to seek each other's company. rechute [re, chute, q.v.], s.f., relapse. recidive [L. adj. reddivus], s.f., fresh offence, relapse, re- petition. recidiver [recidive], v.n., 1, to repeat the offence. recif [Port, recife, from Ar. ar - racif, " embankment " ], s.m., reef, ridge of rocks. recipiendaire [L-L- ace. recipiendarium], s.m., new mernber. recipient [L. ace. recipi- entem], s.m., recipient, re- ceiver ; cistern, well. reciprocite [L-T^- ace. re- ciprocitatem], s.f, reciprocity. EECOMITER. reciproque [I^- reciprocus], adj., reciprocal, mutual. reciproquement, adv., re- ciprocally, mutually. reciproquer [L. recipro- care], v.a. and n., 1, to reci- procate. recit [verbal subst. of re- citer], s.m., relation, narra- tive, account. recitateur [L. ace. recita- torem], s.m., reciter. recitation [L- ace. recita- tionem], sf., recitation. reciter [L. redtare], v.a., 1, to recite, repeat, relate. reclamation [L- ace. re- clamationem], s.f, claim, pro- test, objection, complaint. reclamer [I^- reclamare], v.a. and n.,l, to demand, claim, protest, oppose, complain. reclus, -e [L. reciusus, p.p. of recludere], adj. and s.m. or /., shut up ; recluse. reclusion [rectus], s.f, re- clusion, confinement; impri- sonment. recoin [re, coin, q.v.], s.m., nook, corner. recoller [re, coller, q.v.], v.a., I, to paste or glue again. recolte [it. raccolta, from L. recollectus p.p. of recolli- gere], s.f, crop, harvest. recoiter [recolte], v.a., i, to reap, gather in. Se , r.v., to be reaped or gathered in. recommandahle [recom- mander], adj., commendable, respectable. recommandation [recom- mander], s.f, recommenda- tion, introduction, reference. recommander [re, com- mander, q.v.], v.a., 1, to recom- mend, beg or pray for. Se , r.v., to recommend one- self; to ask for the protection of; to refer to. recommencer [re, com- mencer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to begin again, renew, try again. recompense [verbal subst. of recompenser], s.f, reiuard, recompense ; compensation. recompenser [re (for re), compenser, trom L. cumpen- sare, "to weigh"], v.a., 1, to reward, recompense, make up for. Se , r.v., to recom- pense or compensate oneself; to be recompensed. recompter [re, compter. q.v.], v.a., 1, to recount, reckon again. . reconciliable [ rkonci- lier], adj., reco-ncilahle. reconciliateur [L. ucc. re- conciliatorem], s.m., recon- ciler. (The fern, is rkonci- liatrice.) reconciliation [L. ace. re- conciliationem], s.f., reconci- liation. reconcilier [L. reconci^ Hare], v.a., l, to reconcile. Se , r.v., to be reconciled, reconduire [re, conduire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to take back, ac- company, see home. reconforter [re, conforter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to comfort, re- vive. Se , r.v., to recruit one's strength. reconnaissahle [recon- naitre], adj., recognizable. reconnaissance [recon naissant], s.f, gratitude ; re- cognition ; recon n o itring. reconnaissant, -e [p-p- of reconnaitre], adj., grateful, thankful. reconnaitre [re, connaitre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to recognize, know again ; discover ; ac- knowledge ; explore, recon- noitre. Se , r.v., to re- cognize, know oneself or each other again; to know what one is about ; to find one's way. reconqnerir [re, conqv^rir^ q.v.], v.a., 2, to reconquer, re- gain. reconstruction [re, con- struction, q.v.], s.f, recon- struction, rebuilding. reconstrnire [re, con- struire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to recon- struct, rebuild. Se , r.v., to be rebuilt. recopier [re, copier, q.v.], v.a., I, to recopy. recoquiller [re and co- quilU, q.v.], v.a., 1 , and se , r.v., to curl up, shrink up. recoudre [re, coudre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to seiu again. reoouper [re, couper, q.v.], v.a., 1, to cut again. reconrbe, -e [p-p- of re- courber], adj., bent back^ hooked. reconrber [re, courbevf q.v.], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to bend round or back, to be- come crooked. recourir [re, courir, q.v.]. 320 ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONAKY liECOURS. v.n.y 2, to run again ; to have recourse to ; apply, appeal. recours Lre, cows, q.v.'\, s.ni., recourse, refuge; help, recouvrement [recouvrer^, s.m., regaining, recovery ; pay- ment. recouvrer [L. recuperare], v.a., 1, to regain, recover, get lack. recouvrir ire, couvrir, q.v.2, v.a., 2, to cover again, hide, conceal. Se , r.v., to cover oneself again ; to cover each other ; to be covered again, overcast (of the sky). recreatif, -ive Irecreer], adj., recreative, amusing. recreation [L. ace. recrea- tionem, "restoring"], s.f, re- creation, amusement. recreer [L. recreare, "to revive, refresh "], v.a., 1, to re- create, amuse. Se , r.v., to take some amusement. recreer [.re, crkr, q.v.], v.a., 1, to create anew. recrier (se) \re, crier, q.v.l, r.v., to express one's admira- t io n , exclaim, protest. recrimination {recri- miner'], s.f., recrimination. recriminer [re (for re) and L. criminari, "to accuse"], v.n., 1, to recriminate. recrire [re, ecrire, q.v."], v.a. and n., 4, to write again. recrn, -e [p-p- of 0. Fr. V. recroire'], adj., tired out, knocked up, recrudescence [L- recru- descere'], s.f., recrudescence. recrue [partic. subst. of recroitre,q.v.}, s.f., recruiting; recruit. recrutement [recruterl, s.m., recruiting. rscruter [recrue], v.a., 1, to recruit. recruteur [recruter], s.m., recruiting officer or sergeant. rectangle [L.L. ace. rect- angulum], s.m., rectangle. , adj., rectangular. rectangulaire [rectangle], adj., rectangular. recteur [L. ace. rectorem], s.m., rector, provost. rectification [rectifier], sf., rectification, amendmevt. rectifier [L.L. rectifcare, from L. rectus, facere], v.a., 1, to amend, correct, rectify. rectitude [L- ace. recti- tudinem], s.f., rectitude, up- rightness. recu [partic. subst. of re- cevoir, q.v.], s.m., receipt. recueil [verbal subst. of recueillir], s.m., collection, selection. recueillement [recueil- lir], s.m., refection, medita- tion, devout attention. recueillir [L. recolUgere], v.a., 2, to reap, gather, collect, 7-eceive, shelter; inherit. Se , r.v., to collect oneself, re- flect, meditate. recuire [re, cuire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to cook again, reheat, anneal. recul [verbal subst. of re- enter], s.m., recoil. reculer [re and cul, "bot- tom"], v.a. and n., 1, to move hack, fall back. Se , r.v., to move back. reculons (a) [recul], adv. loc, backwards. recuser [L- recusare], v.a., 1, to challenge, object to, reject, deny. Se , r.v., to excuse oneself ; to decline. redacteur [L.L. ace. re- dactorem, from L. redactum, sup. of redigere], s.m., writer, editor. redaction [L.L. ace. re- dactionem], s.f., redaction, drawing up, writing. reddition [L. ace. reddi- tionem], s.f., rendition, sur- render. redemander [re, deman- der, q.v.], v.a., 1, to ask or claim again. Redempteur [L. ace. re- demptorem], s.m.. Redeemer. redemption [L. ace. re- demptionem], s.f, redemption. (Its doublet is rangon, q.v.) redescendre [re, descendre, q.v.], v.a. and n., 4, to come down again. redevable [redevoir], adj., owing, indebted, obliged. redevance [redevant, pres. part, of redevoir], s.f., rent, due, royalty. redevoir [re, devoir, q.v.], v.a., 3, to owe still ; to remain in one's debt. rediger [L. redigere], v.a, 1, to draw up, write out redingote [Engl, riding coat], s.f, frock-coat. redire [re, dire, q.v.], v.a., KfiFLfCHI. 4, to repeat; blame, find fault with. redite [partic. subst. of re- dire], s.f, repetition. redonner [re, donner, q.v.], v.a., 1, to give back. redoublement [redoubler], s.m., reduplication, increase. redoubler [re, doubter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to increase, re- double, repeat. de, v.n., to increase, redouble. redoutable [redouter], adj., redoubtable, formidable. redoute [it. ridotto], s.f., redoubt. redouter [re, douter, which, in 0. Fr., meant " to fear "], v.a., 1, to dread, fear. redresser [re, dresser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to straighten, correct, redress. Se , r.v., to be- come straight ; to stand erect; to hold up one's head. reduction [L. ace. reduc- tionem], s.f, reduction, abate- ment. reduire [L. reducere], v.a., 4, to reduce, abate, diminish; compel; subdue. Se ,r.v., to be reduced ; to amount. ,reduit [partic. subst. of reduire], s.m., small habita- tion, retreat. reedifier [re, cdifier, q.v.], v.a., 1, to rebuild. reelj -elle [L. L. realis, from L. ace. rem], adj., real, true, actual. reelection [re, election, q.v.], s.f., re-election. , reeligible [re (for re) and eligible, q.v.],^ adj., re-eligible. reelire [re, elire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to re-elect. reellement [fem. adj. r&- elle and suffix -ment], adv., really, truly. refaire [re, f aire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to remake. Se , r.v., to be done afresh; to recover one's strength ; to retrieve one's losses. refaucber [re, faucher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to mow again. refectoire [L.L. n. refec- torium], s.m., refectory, din- ing-hall. referer [L. referre], v.a. and n., l, to report, refer to. reformer [re,fermer, q.v.], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to shut again, to close again. reflecbi, -e [p-p- of rt- TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 321 EfiFLECHIR. Jiechir], adj., thoughtful, guarded: rejiected. reflechir [L. rejlectere], v.a., 2, to reflect back. , v.n., to think, ponder. Se , r.v., to be rejiected. reflecliissaiit, -e [pres. part, of reflechir}, adj., re- flecting. , , reflecMssement Irefl^- chir], s.m., reflection. reflecteur [L. reflecterel adj. aud s.m., reflecting; re- flector. reflet [verbal Bubst. of re- fl^ter], s.m., reflexion. refleter [L. reflectere], v.a., 1, to reflect (light). Se , r.v., to. be reflected. refleurir Ire, fleurir, q.v.}, v.n., 2, to flourish again. reflexion [L- ace. reflex- ionem'], s.f., reflexion, thought. refiner [L. refluere], v.n., 1, tojiow back. reflux ii'e, flux, g.v.], s.m., ebb, ebb-tide. refondre [re, fondre, q.v.l v.a., 4, to recast, remould. Se -^ , r.v., to be refounded ; to reform oneself. refonte [partic. Bubst. of refondre], sf., refounding, re- casting, remoulding, recoinage. reformateur [L- ace. re- formatorem}, s.m., reformer. reformation [L. ace. re- fonnatio7iem}, s.f, reforma- tion, ,reforme [verbal Bubst. of reformer'], s.f, reform. reforme, -e [PP- of re- former], adj., reformed. Les reformes, s.m. pi., the Protes- tants. reformer [L. reformare], v.a., I, to reform, transform, change. reformer [re, former, q.v.], v.a., 1, to form anew. refonler [re, fouler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to drive back, force back, press back. refract aire [L. refrac- tarius], adj., refractory. , s.m., defaulting recruit. refractenr [refracter, "to refract"], s.m., refractor; re- fracting telescope. refraction [L.L. refrac- tionem, from L. refractum, sup. of refringere], s.f, re- fraction. A , refracting scope. refrain [verbal subst. of Fr. p. II. KfGflNfRATEUR. 0. Fr, 'V. refraindre, "to break"], s.m., burden (of a song), chorus. refrener [L- refrenare], v.a., 1, to bridle, check. refrogner (se) [re, and 0. Fr. V. frogner, " to frown "], r.v., to frown. refroidir [re,froidir], v.a. and n., 2, and se , r.v., to cool, get cold, relent. refroidissement [re- froidir], s.m., cooling, cool- ness, chill. refuge [L- w. refugium'], s.m., refuge, shelter. refugie, -e [partic. subst. of se r'efugier], s.m. or/., re- refugier (se) [refuge], r.v., to take refuge, seek shelter. refus [verbal subst. of re- fuser], s.m., refusal, denial. refuser [L- L- refutiare, from L. refutare, "to push back," whence "to refuse"], v.a. and n., 1, to deny, refuse. Se , r.v., to refuse or grudge oneself. refutable [refuter], adj., refutable. refutation [L. ace refuta- tionem], s.f, refutation, dis- proof. refuter [L. refutare], v.a., 1, to refute, disprove. Se , r.v., to refute oneself or each other ; to be refuted. regagner [re, gagner, q.v.], v.a., 1, to regain ; go back to; make up for ; reach. Se , r.v., to be regained. regain [re and 0. Fr. gam or wain, " grass "], s.m., after- math. regal [verbal subst. of re- galer], s.m., feast, treat, ban- quet. regaler [Sp. regalar], v.a., 1, to treat. Se , r.v., to treat or enjoy oneself. regard [verbal subst. of re- garder], s.m., attention, notice ; look, glance. regarder [re, garder, q.v.], v.a., 1, to look at; behold, see, examine. , v.n., to con- sider, think. Se , r.v., to look at oneself; consider one- self; look at each other. regence [regent], s.f, re- gency. regenerateur [L.L. ace. regeneratorem], s.m., regene- rator. , adj., regenerat- ing. (The f em. is regenera- trice.) regeneration [L. ace. re- generationem], s.f, regenera- tion. regenerer [L. regenerare], v.a., 1, to regenerate. Se , r.v., to grow again; to be re- generated. regent, -e [L. ace. regen- tem], s.m, or/., regent. regicide [L. ace. regem and caedere], s.m., regicide (murder of a king or queen). , s.m. or /., murderer or mur- deress (of a king or queen). , adj., regicidal. regimber [?]. ^-w-. i> <^nd se , r.v., to kick, resist. regime [L. n. regimen], s.m., regimen; system; rule, government; diet. regiment [L. n. regimen- tum], s.m., regiment ; swarm. regimentaire [regiment], adj., regimental. region [L. ace. regionem], s.f, region, country. regir [L. regere], v.a., 2, to rule, govern, manage. Se , r.v., to be governed. regisseur [regir], s.m., manager, steward. registre [L. L. n. regis- trum, "a journal"], s.m., re- gister. regie [L. regula], sf., ruler ; rule, regulation. regie, -e [PP- of re'gler], adj., ruled; orderly, punctual, good, steady. reglement [rSgler], s.m., regulation. reglement aire [regle- ment], adj., regulating; al- lowed, ■ lawful, according to regulations. regler [L. regulare], v.a., 1, to regulate, rule. regnant, -e [pres. part, of regner], adj., reigning; pre- valent. regne [L. n. regnum], s.m., reign ; prevalence. regner [L. regnare], v.n., 1, to reign, rule; govern, prevail. regorgement [regorger'] s.m., overflowing; superabun- dance. regorger [re, gorge, q.v.], v.n., 1, to overflow; to be plen- tiful , to be surfeited. regret [verbal subst. of regretter], s.m., regret, sorrow, grief; repentance. 822 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY REGRETTABLE. regrettable [regretterl adj., lamentable, to he regret- ted. regretter [0. Fr. regreter, from re, and greter, " to pity," from G. gretan, "to greet"], v.a. and n., 1, to regret, la- ment, grieve; to he sorry; to repent, regularisation \_r6guia- riser], s.f., regularization, settlement, putting in order. regulariser [L. regularise, v.a., 1, to set in order. Se , r.v., to become regular. regularite [L. L. ace. regu- laritatem, from L. regularis], s.f., regularity. regulateur [L. L. ace. regulatorem, from L. regu- lare], s.m., regulator. , adj., regulating. (The fem. is regulatrice.) regulier, -ere [L. regu- laris}, adj., regular. regulierement, adv., re- gularly. rehabilitation {rehabiU- ter}, s.f., rehabilitation. rehabiliter C'*^. habiuter, "to entitle"], v.a., 1, toreha- hilitate, reinstate, set right. Se , r.v.y to rehabilitate oneself. rehaussement [rehausser^ s.m., raising, enhancement. rehausser [ ^e, hausser, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to raise, enhance. reine [L- regina], s.f, queen. reins [L- «*• P^- renes, Gr. peve^'], s.m. pi., kidneys. reinstallation ire, instal- lation, q.v.}, s.f, reinstalla- tion. reinstaller {.re, installer, q.v.'\, v.a., 1, to reinstall. reintegrer [L- redinte- grare, " to make whole again"], v.a., 1, to reinstate. reiterer [L- reiterare], v.a. and n., 1, to reiterate. reitre [G^- reiter, "horse- man "], s.m., German trooper, horseman^ rejaillir [re, jaillir, .q.v.l v.n., 2, to gush out ; reflect. rejaillissement [re- jaillir'], s.m., gushing out, re- reJet [verbal subst. of re- jeterj, s.m., rejection ; shoot. reJeter [L. rejectare], v.a., 1, to throw hack ; reject, refuse. Se , r.v., to throw oneself again ; to fall hack. rejeton [dim. of rejef], s.m., shoot ; scion, offspring. reJoindre [re,joindre,q.v.'], v.a., 4, to rejoin, meet again ; catch, overtake. reJOUi, -e [P-P- of rejouir], adj., joyous, merry, jolly. reJOUir [re,jouir, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to delight, rejoice. Se , r.v., to rejoice, enjoy oneself. rejouissance [rejouis- sanf], s.f, rejoicing, festivity. relache [verbal subst. of 7'eldcher], s.f, relaxation, rest, intermission. relache, -e [p-p- of re- ldcher\ adj., relaxed, loose. relachement [reidcher'], s.m., loosening, looseness, re- laxation. relacher [L. relaxare'], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to slacken, relax, loosen, release, set at liberty ; to let go, yield. relais [verbal subst. of re- layer}, s.m., relay, stage, fresh horses. relaps, -e [L- relapsus}, adj., relapsed. , s.m. or /., relapser. relatif, -ive [L. relativus}, adj., relative. relation [L. ace rela- tionem}, s.f, relation, account, reference, acquaintance, in- tercourse. relativement [relative, adj. fem., and suffix -menf], adv., relatively, comparatively. relayer [re, and 0. Fr. v. layer, "to stop," from Goth. IcUan}, v.a. and n., 1, to relieve, change horses. releguer [L. relegare}, v.a., 1, to banish, exile; confine; send off, keep away. releve, -e [PP- of relever], adj., exalted, high, noble. relevement [relever}, s.m., raising again. relever [L- relevare}, v.a., 1, to raise up again, pick up ; set off; relieve (sentries). , v.n., to he amenable, to depend. Se , r.v., to rise again, retrieve, get over. relief [Medieval L. n. rele- vium, from L. relevare}, s.m., relief, relievo (in art) ; lustre, distinction. relier [L. religare}, v.a., i, to bind (books). REMBRUNIR. relieur [relierV s.m., hook- binder. religieusement, adv., re- ligiously, scrupulously. religieux, -euse [L. re- ligiosus], adj., religious, pious ; strict, scrupulous. religion [L- ace. religio- nem}, sf, religion. relique [L. pi. reliquiae}, s.f., relic. relire [re, lire, q.v.}, v.a., 4, to read again. reliure [relier}, s.f., book- binding. reluire [L. relucere}, v.n., 4, to glitter, gleam, shine. reluisant, -e [pres.part. of reluire], adj., glittering, shin- ing. remaniement or remani- ment [remanier], s.m., alter- ing, doing^ over again. remanier [re, manier, q.v.], v.a., 1, to handle again, do over again. remarier [re, marier, q.v.}, v,a., 1, and se , r.v., to marry again. remarquable [remarquer, q.v.}, adj., remarkable, con- spicuous. remarquablement, adv., remarkably. remarque [verbal subst. of remarquer], s.f, remark, ob- servation, notice. remarquer [re, marquer, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to notice, remark. Faire , to observe. Se , r.v., to be remarked or noticed. rembarquement [rem- barquer], s.m., re-embarking. rembarquer [re, embar quer,q.v.], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to re-embark. remblai [verbal subst. of remblayer], s.m., embank- ment. remblayer [re, emblayer, lit. " to sow with corn ; " see hie], v.a., 1, to embank. remboursement [rem- hourser], s.m., reimbursement, repayment. rembourser [re, embour- ser, from bourse, q.v.], v.a., 1, to reimburse, repay. Se , r.v., to repay oneself; to he repaid. rembrunir [re, en, hrunir q.v.], v.a., 2, to make brown; to darken. Se , r.v., to grow sad or gloomy. TO FRENCH EEAMNG BOOK. 323 remede CL- n. remedium'j, S.m., remedy, cure. remediable [L- remedia- Mlis], adj., remediable. remedier [L. remediare], v.n., 1, to heal, cure, remedy. remercier [^«. merd, q.v.}, V'.a., 1, to thank; to decline (an offer). remerciment Iremer- cier], s.m., thanks. remettre [L. remittere}, v.a., 4, to put back ; give ; re- mit ; deliver ; jmt off; recog- nize. Se — -, r.v., to put ■ oneself again or back ; refresh oneself; recover ; begin again. S'on a, to trust to, leave it to. reminiscence [L. pi. re- miniscentiae], s.f, reminis- cence, recollection. remise [partic. subst. of remettre'], s.f, delivery, sur- render ; discount ; hired brougham, coach-house. remission [L- ^cc- remis- sionem], s.f, remission, par- don, forgiveness. remonter b'^, monter, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to remount, re- ascend ; wind up ; repair ; cheer up. Se , r.v., to re- cover one's spirits or strength. remontrance [remontrer, "to remonstrate "J, s.f, re- monstrance. remontrer [re, montrer], v.a., 1, to shoxv again, repre- sent ; remonstrate. En a quelqu'un, to be more than a match for one ; to outdo one. remordre [ re, mordre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to bite again. remords [verbal subst. of remordre], s.m., remorse. rismorque [0. Fr. remolque, from L. n. remulcum, "^tow- rope"], s.f, towing. A la , in tow. remorquer [L. remulcare, "to tow," from the Gr. pv- fjLov\ic€Lv, from pu/xa, " rope," and e'A/cetr, " to drag about "], v.a., 1, to tow, tug. remorquenr Iremorquer], s.m., tugboat. remoudre [re, moudre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to grind again. remouleur [remoudre], s.m., knife-grinder. remous [verbal subst. of re- m,oudre], s.m., eddy ; eddy- water. du courant, rip- pling. RENCONTRE. rempart [se remparer, " to fortify oneself"], s.m., ram- part. remplacant [pres. part, of remplacer], s.m., substitute. remplacement [rem- placer], s.m., replacing, rein- vestment, getting a substitute. remplacer [re, en, placer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to replace, take the place of, succeed ; to be the substitute of. Se , r.v., to replace, succeed, or supersede each other ; to be replaced. remplir [re, empUr, q.v.], v.a., 2, tofll up ; fulfil; act (a part) ; fulfil, accomplish, per- form. Se , r.v., to be filed up, fulfilled. remporter [re, emporter, q.v.], v.a., i, to gain, obtain, win; get, carry away. Se , r.v., to be carried back. remnant, -e [pres. part, of remuer], adj., restless, bust- ling, turbulent, seditious. remuement or remu- ment [remuer], s.m., stirring, motion, agitation, disturbance, tumult. remuer [re, muer, q.v., from L. mutare, " to change "], v.a. and n., 1, to stir, move, set in motion, agitate, disturb. Se , r.v., to stir about ; to be moved, agitated, disturbed. remunerateur [L. ace. re- muneratorem], s.m., remune- rator, rewarder. {The fern, is remuneratrice.) remuneration [L- ace re- munerationem], s.f, remune- ration, reward. remunerer [ L. remune- rare], v.a., 1, to remunerate, revjard. renaissance [re, naissance, q.v.], s.f, new birth, revival ; Renaissance. renaitre [L- L- renascere for L. renasci], v.n., 4, to be born again, revive. renard [0. Fr. regnard, from G. reginhart, " cunning, cruel"], &.m.,/oa;. renckerir [re, encherir, " to bid for "], v.a., 2, to raise the price of. , v.n., to rise in price. sur, to outdo, surpass. rencherissement [ren- cherir], s.m., increase of price, rise, advance. rencontre [re, and en- contre, verbal subst. of the RENGAINER. 0. Fr. V. encontrer, compd. of contre], s.f, meeting. Aller a la , to go and meet. rencontrer [re, 0. Fr. en- contrer], v.a., 1, to meet ;find; encounter. Se , r.v., to meet; come in contact or col- lision ; agree ; occur, happen. rendez-vous [imper. of rendre, and vous, q.v.], s.m., appointment, time or place of meeting. rendormir [re, endormir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to lull to sleep again. Se , r.v., to go to sleep again. rendre [L. L. rendere for reddere], v.a., 4, to render, return; make; give up, sur- render. Se , r.v., to go, repair; become; yield, sub- mit, surrender; to be re- turned ; to be exhausted ; to be expressed or translated. rendu, -e [P-P- of rendre], adj., exhausted, spent, tired out, knocked up. rendurcir [re, endurdr, q.v.], v.a., 2, to harden. Se ^, r.v., to become hardened. rene [It. redina, from L. L. retina, "a leather strap to hold in a horse," from L. retinere], s.f^ rein. renegat, -e [it. rinnegato], s.m. or/., renegade. renfermer [re, enfermer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to shut up, en- close, contain, comprise, con- ceal, imprison. Se , r.v., to shut oneself up ; to be shut up. renflement [renfier], s.m., swelling. renfier [re, enfler, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, and se , r.v., to swell out, rise. renfoncement [renf oncer], s.m., hollow, cavity, recess. renfoncer [re, enfoncer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to pull down or over one's eyes; to drive fur- ther. Se , r.v., to be sunken. renforcement [renforcer], s.m., reinforcement. renforcer [re, en, force, q.v.], v.a., 1, to reinforce, strengthen. Se , r.v., to be reinforced ; to gather strength. renfort [verbal subst. of renforcer], s.m., reinforce- ment, supply, help. rengainer [re, engainer, "to sneathe"], v.a., 1, to sheathe; withdraw. Y 2 324 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY KENGOEGEMENT. rengorgement \rengorger\ s.m., bridling up. rengorger (se) Lre, en- gorger, from en, gorge, q.v."], r.v., to bridle up, carry the head high. reniement [renter], s.m., denial. renter [re, nier, q.v."], v.a., 1, to deny again, disown. renne [Swedish ren}, s.f., reindeer. renom [verbal subst. of re- nommer'], s.m., renovm, fame. renomme, -e ip-p- of re- nommer'], adj., famous, noted, celebrated. renommee [parti c. subst. of renommer'], s.f.. Fame, re- nown ; report, rumour. renommer Ixe, nommer, q-v."], v.a., 1, to name or men- tion again; celebrate, make famous. renoncement . [renoncer'], s.m., renunciation, denial, self-denial, abnegation. renoncer [!'• renuntiare], v.a., 1, to deny, disclaim, for- sake. , v.n., to renounce, give up. renonciation [L. ace. re- nuntiationem}, s.f, renuncia- tion; self-denial, abnegation. renouement or renod- ment [renouer}, s.m., renewal, new bond. renouer [re, nouer, q.v."], v.a., 1, to tie again; renew, resume. Se , r.v., to be tied again, renewed or resumed. renonveler [L- L. renovel- lare'], v.a., 1, to renew, revive, repeat, re-establish, republish. Se , r.v., to be renewed. renouvellement i^e- nouveler}, s.m., renewal, revi- val, repetition. renovateur [L. ace. reno- vatorem], s.m., renovator, re- storer. , adj., renovating. (The fern, is renovatrice.) renovation [L- ace reno- vationem], s.f, renewal, reno- vation. renseignement [rensei- gner'], s.m., information, in- quiry, reference. renseigner ire, enseigner, q.v.^, v.a., 1, to inform, tell, direct, show. Se , r.v., to get information, make in- quiries. rente [partic. subst. of ren- dre}, s.f, income, annuity. KfiPANDU. 8, stocks,funds. Be s, income, ... a year. rentier, -iere [rente}, sm. or /., stock-holder, pensioner, annuitant, independent gen- tleman or lady. rentree [partic. subst. of rentrer}, s.f, re-entrance, re- opening, reappearance. rentrer [re, entrer, q.v.}, v.n., 1, to re-enter, come in again, go home, return. , v.a., to take back, bring in; suppress, check. renverse ^^^[renverserl adv. loc, on one's back, back- wards. renversement [renverser}, s.m., overthrow, ruin, destruc- tion. renverser [re, and 0. Fr. V. enverser, from envers, q-v."], v.a., 1, to throw down, over- throw, upset, reverse, confuse, rout. Se , r.v., to upset ; throw oneself back; throw each other down ; to be thrown down. renvoi [verbal subst. of renvoyer'}, s.m., sending back, dismissal ; adjournment. renvoyer [re, envoy er, q.v.], v.a., 1, to send again, return, dismiss, adjourn, re- ject. Se , r.v., to bandy, send back from one to another ; to be sent back, returned. reorganisateur [re, or- ganisateur, q.v.], s.m., reor- ganizer. reorganisation [re, or- ganisation, q.v.'], s.f, reorga- nization. reorganiser [re, organiser, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to reorganize. reouverture [re, ouver- ture, q.v.}, s.f, reopening. repaire [0. Fr. v. repairer, " to return home," from L. L. repatriare}, s.m., lair, den, haunt, hole. repaitre [re, pattre, q.v.}, v.a. and n., 4, and se , r.v., to feed, feast; delight, in- dulge in. repandre [re, epandre, "to spread," from L. expandere}, v.a. 4, to spread ; shed ; strew ; pour; exhale; propagate; be- stow. Se , r.t., to be spread or shed, spilt, scattered ; to spread ; to get known. repandu, -e [P-P- of re- pandre}, adj., common, pre- HfiPEKTOIRE. valent, known; fashionabUt known in society, in request. reparaitre [re, paraUre, q.v.}, v.n., 4, to reappear, ap- pear again, come back. reparation [L. ace. repa- rationem}, s.f, repairing, re- pairs, mending ; amends, satisfaction, apology. reparer [L. reparare}, v.a., 1, to repair, mend; recruit, recover, retrieve; to make re- paration for, apologize, re- deem, atone for. repartie [partic subst. of repartir}, s.f, reply, repartee, retort. repartir [re, partir, q.v.}, v.n., 2, to set out again. , v.a. and n., to reply. repartir [re, partir, q.v.}, v.a., 2, to divide, portion out, allot. Se , r.v., to be divided. repartition [repartir}, s.f, distribution, division, allot- ment. repas [L- L. ace. repastum, compd. of L. pastus, " food "J, s.m., meal, repast. repasser [re, passer, q.v.}, v.n., 1, to pass again, return. , v.a., to whet; iron; smooth ; rehearse, look over again. repecher [re, pecher, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to fish out or up again, take out of the water. repeindre [re, peindre, q.v.}, v.a., 4, to paint again. repentance [ repentant ], s.f, repentance. repentant, -e [pres.part. of se reperitir}, adj., repentant, penitent; sorry. repentir (se) [re, 0. Fr. v. pentir, from L. poenitere}, r.v., to repent. repentir [Infln. used as a Bubst.], s.m., repentance; re- gret, sorrow. repercussion [L. ace. re- percussionem}, s.f, repercus- sion ; reverberation, refec- tion. repercuter [L. reper- cutere}, v.a., 1, to drive or beat back, reverberate. Se , r.v., to be reverberated ; to re- sound, echo. reperdre [re, perdre, q.v.}, v.a., 4, to lose again. repertoire [L. n. reper- torium}, s.m., repertory, col^ lection. TO PKENCH BEADING BOOK. 325 repeter [L. repetere}, v.a., 1, to repeat; reproduce; re- flect ; echo ; rehearse. Se , r.v., to repeat oneself or itself; to repeat to each other; to he repeated. repetiteur [L- ace repeti- toreiri], s.m., private teacher. repetition [L- ace. repeti- tionem], s.f, repetition; re- production; rehearsal. repeupler ire, peupler, g.v.], v.a., 1, to repeople, re- stock. Se , r.v., to he re- pe-opled, restocked. repit [L. ace. respectum, "consideration," whence "de- lay "], s.m., respite, delay. (Its doublet is respect, q.v.) replacer ire, placer, q.v.l v.a., 1, to replace, reinvest. Se , r.v., to replace one- self; to be replaced. replant er ire, planter, q.v."], v.a., 1, to replant. replet, -ete [L. repUtus], adj., replete, stout. repll [verbal subst. of re- plier\ s.m., fold ; winding. replier ire,plier, q.v.'], v.a., 1, to fold up, coil up. Se , r.v., to coil oneself up ; to bend. .repliqne [verbal subst. of repliquer'], sf., reply. repliquer [L. replicare}, v.a., 1, to reply, answer. replonger ire, plonger, q.v.}, v.a. and w., 1, to plunge, immerse again ; to dive again. repondre [L- respondere], v.a. and n., 4, to answer, re- ply ; correspond; satisfy; to be security; to warrant; to obey. Se , r.v., to answer oneself or each other ; to suit, correspond. reponse [Ij- ri. responsum, from respondere}, s.f., answer, reply. reporter [L. reportare], v.a., I, to carry back. Se , r.v., to go back ; look back. repos [verbal subst. of re- poser], s.m., rest, repose, peace. reposer ire, poser, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to place again, lay, refresh, lie down. Se , r.v., to rest ; depend, trust. repoussant, -e ipres. part. of repousser], adj., repulsive. reponsser ire, pousser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to push back, re- pel ; reject, spurn. , v.n., to shoot again, grow again. reprehensible [L. repre- KEPROCHER. Jiensibilis], adj., reprehensible, blameaUe. reprehension [L. ace. re- prehensionem], s.f, blame, re- primand, censure. reprendre ire, prendre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to retake, resume ; rebuke, reprove. , v.n., to reply, rejoin ; grow again. Se , r.v., to correct oneself or each other. represailles [it. ripre- saglia, from L. reprehendere], sf. pi., reprisals. repr,esentant ipres. part, of representer], s.m., represen- tative, agent. representatif, -ive ire- presenter], adj., representa- tive. representation [L. ace. repraesentationem], sf., re- presentation, image, likeness ; exhibition, show, display; re- monstrance. representor [L. repraesent- are], v.a., 1, to represent ; act (a play). , v.n., to re- mind of, keep up appearances ; make a display. Se , r.v., to reappear, occur again; fancy, imagine to oneself; to present oneself again. repressif, -ive [L.L. re- pressivus, from L. repressus], adj., repressive. repression [L. L. ace. re- pressionem], sf., repression. reprimande [L. pi. n. re- primenda, from reprimere], s.f, reprimand. reprimander irepri- mande], v.a., 1, to reprimand, rebuke. reprimer [L. reprimere], v.a., 1, to repress, check, re- strain. Se , r.v., to check oneself; to be repressed. reprise ire,pnse, q.v.], sf., resumption, renewal, revival. reprobateur [L- ace. re- probatorem], s.m. and adj., re- probater ; reprobating. (The fem. is reprobatrice.) reprobation [L. ace. repro- bationem], s.f, reprobation. reprochable ireprocher], adj., reproachable. reproche [verbal subst. of reprocher], s.m., reproach, blam^. • reprocher [L. L. repro- piare, "to bring near"], v.a., 1, to reproach, blame, taunt ; grudge. Se , r.v., to re- RfiSEAU. proach oneself with; to up- braid one another ; to begrudge oneself. reproductif, -ive ire, pro- ductif q.v.], adj., reproduc- tive. reproduction ire, produc- tion, q.v.], s.f, reproduction: republication. reproduire ire, produire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to reproduce. Se , r.v., to propagate one's species ; to reproduce oneself or itself; to reappear, occur again. reprouve, -e [partic. subst. of reprouver], s.m. or/., repro- bate. reprouver [L. reprobare], v.a., 1, to reprobate, condemn. reptile [L- ace adj. repti- lem, " creeping," from repere], s.m., reptile. republicain, -e irepubli- que], adj., republican. republique [L- res pub- lica], s.f, republic. repudier [L- repudiare], v.a., 1, to repudiate; reject; renounce. repugnance irepugnant], s.f, repugnance, dislike. repugnant, -e [L. ace. re- pugnantem], adj., repugnant, offensive. repugner [L. repugnare], v.n., 1, to be repugnant to, offensive, distasteful. repulsif, -ive [L. L. re- pulsivus, from L. repulsus], adj., repulsive. repulsion [L- ace. repul- sionem], s.f, repulsion, re- pugnance. reputation [L. ace. repu- tationem, "reckoning"], sf, fame, repute. reputer [L. reputare], v.a., 1, to repute, esteem, consider, deem, think. requerir [L. requirere], v.a., 2, to request, require, summon. requete [L. requisita, p.p. f of requirere], s.f, request, demand, petition, prayer. requin [formerly requien, from L. ace. requiem], s.m., shark. requis, -e ip-p- of re querir], adj., requisite. requisition [L. ace. re- quisitionem], s.f, requisition, call, levy. resoau [L. L. n. reticellum, 326 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY BfsfDA. dim. of L. n. rete], s.m., net, network. reseda [L- reseda], s.m., mignonette. , reserve [verbal subst. of reserver], s.f., reserve, stock, store ; caution, modesty. En , in store, in reserve. reserve, -e iP-P- of re- server}, adj., reserved, cau- tious, guarded, close. reserver [L. reservare], v.a., 1, to reserve, spare, keep in store. Se , r.v., to re- serve oneself; to wait for an opportunity ; to be reserved. reservoir ireserver], s.m., reservoir, tank. residant, -e [L- ace. resi- dentem], s.m. or/., resident. residence [resident], s.f, residence, dwelling ; stay. residjBr [L. residere], v.n. 1, to reside, live, lie. residu [L. n. residuum], s.m., residuum, sediment. resignation [L.L. ace. re- signationem, from L. resig- natus], sf., resignation. resigner [L- resignare], v.a., 1, to resign, lay down. Se , r.v., to be resigned, submit oneself, reconcile one- self to. re sine [L- resina], sf, rosin. resineux, -euse [L. resin- osus], adj., resinous. resistance [resiistant, pres. part, of resister], sf, resist- ance, opposition; power of endurance. resister [L. resistere], v.n. ; 1, to resist, offer resistance to ; endure, bear. resolu, -e [p-p- of re- soudre], adj., resolute. (See resous.) resoliinientj cwZv., re- solutely. resolution [L. ace. resolu- tionem], s.f, resolution. resonnance [L- resonan- tia], sf, resonance, echo. resonnant, -e ipres. part. of rcsonner], adj., resonant, sonorous. resonnement [resonner], s.m., resounding, resonance. resonner [L. resonare], v.n., 1, to resound, echo. resondre [L- resolvere], v.a., 4, to resolve, decide; solve, melt. Se , r.v., to resolve ; KESSERRER. melt ; to be resolved or solved: to be determined. ,resous, resoute Ip-p- of resoudre], adj., melted, dis- solved. (See resolu.) respect [L- ace. respectum], s.m., respect, reverence, regard. (Its doublet is repit, q.v.) respectabilite [.respect- able], s.f, respectability. respectable [respect], adj., respectable. respectablement, adv.. respecter [respect], v.a., i, to respect, revere ; spare. respectif, -ive [L.L. re- spectivus], adj., respective. respectivement, adv., re- spectively. respectueusement, adv., respectfully. respectueux, -euse [L.L. respectuosus, from respectus], adj., respectful, dutiful. respiration [L. aec. respi- rationem], sf, respiration, breathing. respiratoire [ respirer ], adj., respiratory. respirer [L. respirare], v.a. and n., 1, to respire, breathe ; long for. resplendir [L. resplendere], v.n., 2, to shine brilliantly. resplendissant, -e [pres. part, of resplendir], adj., re- splendent. responsabilite [responsa- ble], s.f, responsibility. responsable [L. L. respon- sabilis, from responsum, sup. of respondere], adj., respon- sible, accountable, answerable. ressaisir [res (for re), and saisir, q.v.], v.a., 2, and se , r.v., to seize again. ressemblance [ressem- blant], s.f, resemblance, like- ness. ressemblant, -e [pres. part, of ressembler], adj., re- ressembler [res (for re), and sembler, q.v.], v.n., 1, to resemble, be alike. Se , r.v., to resemble each other, to be alike. ressentiment [ressentir], s.m., resentment. ressentir [res (for re), and sentir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to feel, resent. resserrer [res (for re), and serrer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to tighten, EESTREINDBE. dind, narrow. Se , r.v., to contract, shrink ; to grow nar- rower ; to retrench one's ex- re S S r t [verbal subst. of ressortir (a)], s.m., spring; buoyancy. [ressortir (b)], jurisdiction, province, depart- ment. ressortir [res (for re), and sortir, q.v.], v.n., 2, (a) to go or come out again ; to show off, appear, spring, result. (6) [Medieval L. resor- tiri, " to be in the jurisdiction of"], v.n., 2, to be in the juris- diction. ressource [res (for re), and source, q.v.], s.f, resource, ex- pedient, shift. ressouvenir (se) [re, sou- venir, q.v.], r.v., to remember. ressusciter [L. resusd- tare], v.a., 1, to bring to life again. , v.n., to rise from the dead. restant [partie. subst. of rester], s.m., rest, remainder, remains. , -e, adj., re- maining, left. Poste restante, poste restante (office for letters till called for, or on letters " to be left {at the post-office) till called for.") restaurant, -e [pres. part. of restaurer], adj., restorative. Restaurant, s.m., restorative, gravy soup ; eating - house, dining-rooms. restaurateur [L. L. aec. restauratorem], s.m., restorer; eating-house keeper. restauration [L. ace. res- taurationem], s.f, restoration, re-establishment. restaurer [L. restaurare], v.a., 1, to restore, revive, repair. Se , r.v., to take food or refreshments ; to recover one's strength ; to be restored. r e S t e [verbal subst. of rester, q.v.], s.m., rest, re- mains, remnant. Du , besides. rester [L. restare], v.n., 1, to remain, stay ; dwell, reside. restituer [L. restituere], i v.a., 1, to give back again. Se , r.v., to return to each other ; to be returned. restitution [L. ace. resti- tutionem], s.f, restitution, restoration. restreindre [L. restrin- gere], v.a. 4, to restrict, re- TO FEENCH BEADING BOOK. 327 RESTRICTION. strain, limit Se , r.v., to restrict oneself or each other ; to he restricted. restriction [L- ace restric- tionem], s/., restriction, re- straint. resultat [resulter}, s.m., result. resulter [L- resultare, " to spring back"], v.n., 1, to re- sult, follow. , resume [partic subst. of resumer], s.m., sum^mary; com- pendium; epitome. En , after all, upon the whole. resumer [L. resumere], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to sum up ; to he summed up. resurrection [L. ace. re- surrectionem], 5./., resurrec- tion. retablir [re, etdblir, q.v.'], v.a., 2, to re-establish. retablissement Ire, ka- hlissement, q.v.'], s.m., re-esta- ilishm^nt, restoration. retailler [re, tailler, q.v.l, v.a., 1, to cut again, mend (^pencils, pens). retard [verbal subst. of re- tarder}, s.m., delay. En , late, behind one's or its time. retardataire iretarder], adj., behind time, in arrears. , s.m. or /., a person in arrears, late; loiterer; de- faulter. retardement Iretarder], retarder [L- retardare], v.a., 1, to delay, put off. , v.n., to lose, to be slow (of clocks and watches). reteindre i'^e, teindre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to dye anew. retendre C^^, tendre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to stretch out again. retenir [L- retinere], v.a., 2, to hold fast; keep back; remember. Se , r.v., to refrain, check oneself, stop ; cling to. retentir [re, 0. Fr. tentir, from L. L. tinnitire, for L. tinnifare], v.n., 2, to resound, echo. retentissant, -e ipres. part, of retentir], adj., re- sounding, sonorous. retentissement [retentir], s.m., resound, re-echo, clink, rattle, report, noise. retenu, -e IP-P of retenir], adj., reserved, discreet, cau- tious, modest ; engaged. R^TRfiCIB. retenue [partic subst. of retenir], s.f, reserve, pru- dence, discretion ; detention, confinement. reticence [L- reticentia], s.f, reticence, concealment, re- serve. retif, -ive [0. Fr. restif, from L. L. restivus, der. of re- sta7'e], adj. restive ; stubborn. retine [L. L. retina, der. from L. n. rete, "net"], s.f, the retina (properly, a net-like membrane). retire, -e iP-P- of retirer, q.v.], adj., solitary, lonely. retirer \re, tirer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to remove, draw again, loith- draw. Se , r.v., to retreat, withdraw, subside; fiow back, ebb. retomber [fe, tomber, q.v.], v.n., 1, to fall again. retorQUer [L. retorquere], v.a., 1, to retort. retouclier [re, toucher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to retouch, touch up or again, alter, correct. ret our [xe, tour, q.v.], s.m., return ; change, vicissitude ; retribution ; reciprocity ; com- pensation; turning. retourner [fe, tourner, q.v.], v.a. and n., 1, to come back, return; turn round or about; revolve; revert. retracer {.re, tracer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to retrace; describe, relate; recall. Se , r.v., to recall to mind, remember, to be traced again. retractation [L. ace. re- tractationem], s.f, retracta- tion, recantation. retractor [L- retractare], v.a., 1, and se , r.v., to retract, recant. retraite [L. retracta, p.p.f. of retrahere, from whicli is derived the Fr. v. retraire, " to withdraw "], s.f, retreat, seclusion; retiring pension. retraite, -e [retraite], adj., superannuated, retired. Re- traite, s.m., pensioner. retranchement [re- trancher], s.m., retrenchment, curtailment ; intrenchment. retrancher [re, trancher, q.v.], v.a., 1, to retrench, cut off, curtail. Se , r.v., to retrench; to fall back upon; to intrench oneself. retrecir [re and trecir, " to make narrow"], v.a., 2, to RfiVEILLER. narroui, straiten, shrink, con- tract. Se , r.v., to become narrow, contract, shrink.^ retrecissement [retrecir], s.m., narrowing, straitening, contraction, shrinking. retremper [re, tremper, q.v.], v.a., 1, to temper anew ; strengthen. Se , r.v., to be strengthened; to recruit one's strength. retribuer [L. retrlbuereJ], v.a., 1, to reward, remunerate. retribution [L. ace. retri- butionem], s.f, retribution, recompense. retrograde [L. ace. adj. retrogradem], adj., retrograde. retrograder [retrogra- dare], v.n., 1, to retrograde; to go backwards. retrospectif, -ive [L- re- trospicere], adj., retrospective. retrousser [re, trousser, q.v.], v.a., 1, to tie up, tuck up, turn up. Se , r.v., to tuck up one's dress. retrouver [re, trouver, q.v.], v.a., 1, to find again ; meet. Se , r.v., to find oneself or each other again; to find one's way again ; to meet again. rets [L- retis = Q-ete], s.m., net, snare. reunion [re (for re), union, q.v.], s.f, reunion, concourse, collection. reunir [re (for re), unir, q.v.], v.a., 2, to reunite, rejoin, to bring together again. Se , r.v., to reunite, to be re- united; to join together; to muster ; to club. reussir [it. riuscire, from ri or re, and uscire, corre- sponding to the 0. Fr. v. issir, from L. exire, " to go out, ter- minate "], v.n., 2, to succeed. reussite [it- riusdta], s.f, success. revanche [verbal subst. of revancher, " to defend oneself," from re and L. vindicare], s.f., retaliation, revenge. reve [L- ace rabiem, " frenzy"], s.m., dream ; fancy. (Its doublet is rage, q.v.) reveil [verbal subst. of re- veiller], s.m., awaking, wak- ing ; revival. reveille-matin [re- veiller, matin, q.v.], s.m., alarm-clock. reveiller [re, eveiller, q.v.], v.a., 1, to awake; call; stir 328 ETYMOLOaiCAL DICTIONAEY RfivfLATEUR. up, revive. Se , r.v., to awake, wake up ; to be revived, roused. revelateur [L. ace. reve- latorem], s.m., revealer. revelation [L. ace. reve- lationem], s.f., revelation ; dis- closure, information. reveler [L. revelare'], v.a., 1, to reveal, discover, disclose, inform against. revendeur, -euse Ire, ven- deur, q.v.], s.m. or /'., retailer. revendication [revendi- quer], s.f, claim, demand. r evendiquer [prefix re, and L. vindicare}, v.a., 1, to claim. revendre [re, vendre, q.v.']^ v.a., 4, to resell. revenir [re, venir, q.v.'ji v.n., 2, to come back, return; reappear; recur; cost. revenu [partic. subst. of revenir'}, s.m., revenue, income. rever [rive, L. rahere, "to rave " ], v.a. and n., 1, to dream; imagine; think. reverberation [reverbe- rer}, s.f, reverberation. reverberer (L.reverbe- rare], v.a. and n., 1, to rever- berate. reverdir [re, verdir, q.v."], v.n., 2, to grow green again ; to bloom again. reverence [L- reverentia'], s.f., reverence ; bow, curtsy. reverer [L- revereri], v.a., 1, to revere, venerate. reverie [rever, g.v.], s.f., deep thought ; musing, re- verie. revers [L- reversus, p.p. of reverti], s.m., back (of a coin) ; reverse, misfortune. revetir [re, vStir, q.v."], v.a., 2, to put on, clothe, invest, be- stow ; assume. Se • , r.v., to clothe oneself; to assume, put on. revenr, -euse [reveri adj. and s.m. or f, pensive, thought- ful ; thinker, dreamer. revirement [revirer], s.m., sudden change. revirer [re, virer, q.v.2, v.n., 1, to veer, tack (of ships). reviser [L- revisere], v.a., 1, to revise, review. revision [L- ace. revisio- neml, s.f, revision, review. revivre [L- revivere'], v.n., 4, to rise from the dead, revive. Faire , to bring to life again, raise from the dead. revocable [L- revocabiUs], adj., revocable, repealable. revocation [L- ace. revoca- tionem], sf., revocation, re- peal. revoir [re, voir, q.v^"], v.a., 3, to see again, revise. A , to be revised. Au , or adieu jusqu'au , (ellip- sis for jusqu'au plaisir de vous ), good-bye for the present, till we meet again. Se , r.v., to meet again; to be seen again. revoler [re, voler, q.v.2, v.n., 1, to fly again. reyoltant, -e [pres. part. of revolter], adj., shocking, disgusting. revolte [it. rivolta], s.f., revolt, rebellion. revolter [revolte'], v.a., 1, to revolt, stir up ; disgust. Se , r.v., to rebel, mutiny. revolution [L. ace. revolu- tionem], sf, revolution. revolutionnaire [revolu- tion], adj. and s^m., revolution- ary ; revolutionist. revolutionner [revolu- tion], v.a., 1, to revolutionize ; upset. revoquer [L- revocare], v.a., 1, to revoke, recall, re- verse. revne [partic. subst. of re- voir], s.f, review. rez [doublet of ras, q.v.], prep., on a level with. -de-chau8see, s.m., ground- floor. rheteur [L. ace. rhetorem, Gr. prfTwp, from pew, " to say, speak "], s.m., orator, rhetori- cian. rhetorique [L- rhetorica, Gr. pyjTwptKTy], s.f., rhetoric, oratory. rhinoceros [L. rhinoceros, Gr. ptvoKepbjg, from pCv, " nose," and Kepa^, " horn "], s.m., rhinoceros. rbum [Engl, rum], s.m., rum. rhumatisme [L- ace rheu- matismum, Gr. peu/u-arttT/ao?], s.m., rheumatism. rhume [L« w. rheuma, Gr. pcu/aa, " a flowing "], s.m., cold (in the head). rhythme [L. ace. rhyth- mum, from Gr. pvBii.6^, pecLv], s.m., rhythm; measured mo- tion; harmony. EIN^URE. riant, -e [L- ace. ridentem], adj., smiling, cheerful. ricanement [ricaner], s.m.,giggling, sneering, chuck- ling. ricaner [?]. ij.w., i, to sneer. riche [G. reich, Engl, rich], adj., rich, wealthy, abundant. , s.m., rich, wealthy man. richement, adv., richly, copiously, abundantly. richesse [riche], s.f, riches, wealth. ricin [L. ace. ricinum], s.m., castor-oil plant or tree. Huile de , castor-cil. ricocher [?], v.n., l, to re- bound, ricochet. ricochet [verbal subst. of ricocher], s.m., rebound, rico- chet. ride [verbal subst. of rider], s.f, wrinkle. rideau [rider], s.m., cur- tain, screen. rider [0. H. G. riden], v.a., 1, to wrinkle. ridicule [I^. ridiculus], adj., ridiculous. , s.m., ridicule. Tourner en , to ridicule. ridiculement, adv., ridi- culously. ridiculiser [ridicule], v.a., I, to ridicule. Se , r.v., to ridicule each other. rien [L- ace. rem], adv. and s.m., nothing, not anything; trifle, nonsense, idle talk. rieur, -euse [rire], s.m. or/., laugher, sneer er, jeer er. rigide [L- rigidus], adj., rigid, strict, severe, harsh. rigidement, odv., rigidly, strictly, severely, harshly. rigidite [L. ace. rigidi- tatem], s.f, rigidity, stiffness, severity, harshness. rigoureusement, adv., rigorously, strictly, harshly, closely. rigoureux, -euse [L. ri- gorosus], adj., rigorous, strict. rigueur [L- ace. rigorem], s.f, rigour, severity, strictness, harshness. rime [0. H. G. rim, Bret. rumm," number "],s./., rhyme. rimer [rime], v.a. and n., 1, to rhyme, make verses. rincer [0. Scand. hreinsa, "to clean out"], v.a., I, to rinse. rin9ure [rincer], sf., rinsings. to fBENCH READING BOOK. 329 riposte [!*• rCposta], s/., repartee. riposter [riposte], v.n., 1, to answer, reply; to make a repartee. ripuaire [L. ^- ripuarius, from L. ripa, "bank of a stream, shore of the sea "J, adj. and s.to., ripuarian. rire [L- ridere], v.n., 4, to laugh, grin, sneer; smile; favour. Se de, r.v., to laugh at, make game of. , s.m., laughter, grin, sneer. lis [L. ace. risum}, s.m., laughter, smile ; grin ; sneer. risee [ris}, s.f, jeer, mock- ery, laughing-stock. risible [L- risiUlisI, adj., risible, laughable. risiblement, adv., risibly, laughably. risque [Span, risco, "a reef, a rock at sea"], s.m., peril, danger. risQuer [risqus], v.a., i, to risk, venture. Se , r.v., to take one's chance, venture. rit or rite [L. ace. ritum], s.m., rite. rituel [L- ritualis (so. libery\, s.m., ritual. rivage [L. L- w. ripati- cum, der. from L. ripa], s.m., shore, bank, beach. rival [L- ace. rivalem}, s.m., rival, competitor. rivaliser [rival], v.n., 1, to rival, vie, cope, compete. rivalite [L' ace. rivali- tatem], s.f., rivalry. rive [L. ripa], s.f, bank, shore. river [Dan. rive, "to flat- ten"], v.a., 1, to rivet, clinch. riverain, -e [riviere], adj., situated on a river's bank. s, s.m.pl., inhabitants of the bank of a river, borderers. riviere [Span, ribera, from L. L. riparia, der. from L. ripa], s.f, river. rixe [L« rixa], s.f, scuffle, affray. riz [It. riso], s.m., rice. robe [L- L. rauba, "the spoil of robbery," hence, but later, " clothes, garment "], sf., dress, gown; skin, coat (of an animal). de chambre, dressing-gown. robinet [Bobin, "a nick- name for sheep," taps having in the Middle Ages the shape ROM ANTIQUE. of a sheep's head], s.m., tap, cock. robuste [L- robust-us], adj., robust, strong, hardy. robustement, adv., ro- bustly, stoutly. roc [L- L- ace. rupicum, der. from L. rupes], s.m., rock. rocailleux, -euseLrocaille, " pebbles "], adj., stony, rocky. roche [L.L. rupea, der. from L. rupes, or L. L. rocca, from Gael, roc], s.f, rock. rocher [roche], s.m., rock. rocheux, -euse [roche], adj., rocky. roder [L- rotare], v.n., 1, to prowl, roam, ramble. rodeur [rdder], s.m., prowler, stroller. rogner [0. Fr. roogner, " to cut the hair all round," from 0. Fr. roond = rond, "round "], v.a., 1, to cut off, pare, clip, retrench, curtail. rogHOII [L. L. ace. renio- nem, dim. of L. ren], s.m , kidney. rogue [Icelandic hrok, " ar- rogant," or Low Breton rok, rog, "proud"], adj., proud, supercilious. roi [L. ace. regem], s.m., king. En , like a king, royally. roide, see raide. roideur, see raideur. roitelet [dim. of roi, q.v.], s.m., petty king ; wren. role [L' ace. rotulum], s.m., list, roll ; character, part. Romain, -e [L- ace. eo- manum], adj. and s.m. or /., Eoman. Roman, -e [doublet of Fo- main], adj., Romance. Le roman, the Romance language. Les langues romanes, the Ro- mance languages. roman [abbreviation of romance], s.m., romance, novel. romance [L- L- romanice (sc. loqui)], s.f, romance, ballad. romancier [romance, " tale "], s.m., novel - writer, novelist. romanesque [It- roman- zesco], adj. and s.m., romantic. romantique [Engl, ro- mantic], adj. and s.m., ro- mantic. rompre [L- rumpere], v.a., 4, to break, rout ; discontinue, part, blend (of colours). Se , r.v., to break asunder; to be broken ; to be refracted. rompu, -e [JP-JP- of rompre], adj., broken asunder, routed. ronce [L- L- rumca, " a place covered with briars," der. from L. runcare, "to weed out"], s.f., bramble, briar. rond, -e [L- rotundus], adj., round. Rond, s.m., round, ring. V ronde [rond:], s.f, round. A la , round, around. Faire la , to go the round. rondeau [rond], s.m., ron- deau (a poem of thirteen verses). rondeur [rond], s.f, round- ness, rotundity. ronflement [ronfler], s.m., snoring, rumbling, roaring. ronfler [onomat], v.n., 1, to snore, rumble, roar. ronfleur, -euse \:ronfler], s.m. or/., snorer. rongement [ronger], s.m., gnawing, nibbling, biting. ronger [L. rumigare], v.a., 1, to gnaw, nibble, bite; cor- rode, prey upon. Se , r.v., to be gnawed, nibbled; to fret, to bite one's (nails, etc.). Se le ccEur, to despond, yield to despair. rongeur, -euse [ronger], adj., gnawing. Rongeur, s.m., gnawer. rosace [L. adj. f. rosacea, "made of roses"], s.f, rose- window. rosaire [L- ace. rosa- rium, "garland of roses"], s.m., rosary. rose [L- rosa], s.f, rose. , adj., rosy, rose-coloured, pink. rose, -e [rose], adj., rosy, roseate, pink. roseau [Goth, raus, " reed "], s.m., reed. rosee [partic. subst. of 0. Fr. v. roser, from L. rorare, "to distil dew," or from L. adj. roscidus, "wet with dew "], s.f, dew. rosette [dim. of rose], s.f, rosette. rosier [L. n. rosarium, "a rose garden"], s.m., rose- tree, rose-bush. rosse [Gr. ross, "horse"], s.f, poor horse, jade. 330 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY rosser [0. Fr. roissier, lit. " to treat as a horse "j, v.a., 1, to thrash. rossignol [L. /. luscini- ola], s.m., nightingale. rot [verbal subst. of rdtir q.v.], s.m., roast. rotation [L. ace. rota- tionem}, s.f., rotation. roti [partic. s.m. of rotirj, s.m., roast joint, roast. rotie [partic. s.f. of rotir'], s.f., toast. au beurre, 'buttered toast. rotir [0. Fr. rostir, from 0, H. G. rostjan, " to roast "], v.a., 2, to roast, parch. Se , r.v., to be roasted^ to roast oneself. rotondite [L. ace. rotundi- tatem], sf., rotundity ; plump- ness. roture [L- ruptura, pro- perly " breaking (clods)," which in Medieval Latin meant " cultivating fields "], s.f., commonalty, plebeian state. roturier, -ere [roture'], adj. and s.m. or/., plebeian, vulgar ; clown, clodhopper. rouage [roue, q.v.'], s.m., wheels, wheelwork, movement. roucoulement [roucouUr'], s.m., cooing. roucouler [onomaf], v.n., 1, to coo. roue, -e Ip-p- of rou^r], adj., crafty, artful, sharp. Koue, s.m., profligate, rake. rouer [roue'], v.a., 1, to break on the wheel. de coups, to thrash soundly. rouerie [roue], s.f, deceit, cheat, trick ; cunning. rouet [roiie], s.m., spin- ning-wheel. rouge [L. adj. rubeus or robeus], adj., red. , s.m., red, blush, redness, colour; red heat. rougeatre [^rouge and suffix -citre], adj., reddish. rouge-gorge [rouge, gorge, q.v.], s.m., robin redbreast. rougeur [rouge], s.f, red- ness, flush, blush, colour. rougir [rouge], v.a. and n., 2, to tinge with red, wine, or blood ; to redden, flush, blush, colour up ; to become red. rouille [L- L- rubigula, dim. of ruMgo], s.f, rust, mil- devj. rouiller [rouUle], v.a., i, and se , r.v.^ to rust, to grow rusty, blighted. roulade [rouler], s.f, trill, shake. roulant, -e [pres. part, of rouler], adj., rolling (on cas- tors or small wheels). rouleau [L. L. w. rotulel- lum, dim. of h.rotulus, " small roll "], s.m., roll, coil ; pile (of money). roulement [rouler], s.m., rolling, rattle, rotation, roll (of drums). rouler [L. L. rotulare, from L. rotulus], v.a., 1, to roll, wheel, revolve. , v.n., to roll, rattle, ramble; circu- late. roulis [rouler], s.m., rolling (naut.). route [0. Fr. rote, from L.L. rupta (sc. via), " a broken- up path"], s.f., road, way, route, course, direction. r u t i e r [L. L. ace. rupta- rium, see route], s.m., stager, shrewd fellow. routine [dim. of route], s.f, routine, rote. routinier, -ere [routine], cidj., of routine. , s.m. or /., man or woman acting by routine. rouvrir [re, ouvrir, q.v.], v.a., 2, and se , r.v., to re- open. roux, rousse [L. russus], adj., red, reddish. Blond roux, sandy. royal, -e [L. regalis], adj., royal, regal, kir^gly. Royale, s.f, tuft of beard under the lip, imperial. royalement, ad-^-, royally. royalisme [royal], s.m., royalism. royaliste [royal], adj. and s.m., royalist. royaume [L- L- w- rega- limen (?), der. from L. re- galis], s.m., kingdom, realm. royaute [0. Fr. roialte, from L. L. ace. regalitatem, from L. regalis], s.f, royalty. ruade [ruer, q.v.], s.f, kick (of horses, mules, etc.). rub an [N. ring-band, " collar "], s.m., ribbon, stripe. rubicpnd, -e [L- rubicun- dus], adj., rubicund. rubis [Span, rubi, from L. CLdj. rubeus], s.m., ruby. EUMINER, ruche C Breton rusken, " hive "j, s.f, bee%ive, hive. rude [L- rudis], adj., rough, harsh; steep, rugged; diffi- cult ; rude, uncouth. rudementj <^dv., roughly, harshly, coarsely, bluntly, rudely. rudesse [rude], s.f, rough- ness, harshness, i-udeness ; steepness, ruggedness. rudiment [L- ^- rudimen- tum], s.m., rudiment. rudoyer [rude], v.a., 1, to use or treat roughly or harshly. rue [L. ruga, properly " a furrow "], s.f, street. ruelle [dim. of rue], s.f, lane; bed-side. ruer [L- ruere, " to rush "], v.n., 1, to kick (of horses, mules, etc.). Se , r.v., to rush. rugir [L. rugire], v.n., 2, to roar. rugissantj -e [pres. part. of rugir], adj., roaring. rugissement [rugir], s.m., roaring. rugosite [L. ace. rugosi- tatem], s.f, roughness, un- evenness; wrinkle. rugueux, -euse [L. rugo- sus], adj., wrinkled; rough, uneven. ruine [L- ruina], s.f, ruin, decay, destruction, fall, over- throw. ruiner [ruine], v.a. and n., 1, to ruin, destroy, over- throw; to "be ruinous. Se , r.v., to lose one's for- tune ; to decay ; to be ruined. ruineux, -euse [mine], adj., ruinous. ruisseau [0. Fr. ruissel, from L. L. ace. rivicellum, dim, of L. rivus], s.m., stream, brook ; gutter (in streets). ruisselant, -e [pres. part. of ruisseler], adj., streaming. ruisseler [0. Fr. ruissel = ruisseau], v.n., 1, to stream, gush, trickle down. rumeur [!<• ace. rumorem], sf., rumour, report ; stir, up- roar. ruminant» -e [pres. part. of ruminer], adj., chewing the cud. Ruminant, s.m., rumi- nant. rumination [L- ace. rumi- nationem], if., rumination. ruminer [L« ruminare. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 331 from n. rumen, " the gullet "], v.a. and n. 1, to ruminate; muse on ; think over. rupture [L- rujptura], s.f., breaking off. rural, -e [L. ruralisl adj., rural, country, farm-, field-. ruse [verbal subst. of ruser'], s.f., cunning, ruse. ruse, -e iP-P- of ruser}, adj., cunning, crafty. ruser [0. Fr. reilser, " to use artifice," from L. recusare], v.n., 1, to use artifice, strata- gems ; to shuffle, dodge. (Its doublet is recuser, q.v.) Russe [Russie}, adj. and s.m. or/., Russian. Russie, s.f., Russia. rustaud, -e [0. Fr. adj. ruste, " rustic "], adj., rustic, boorish, coarse. Rustaud, s.m., hoor. rusticite [L- ace. rustid- tatem], sf., rusticity, Jjoorish- ness. rustique [L- rusticus}, adj., rustic, rural; rude, coarse. , s.m., peasant. rustre [L- ace. rusticum, " countryman "J, s.m., clod- hopper, churl, hoor. s Sabbat [L- n. salhatum'], s.m.. Sabbath ; nocturnal meeting (of witches'). sable [L- »*• sabulum], s.m., sand. sabler [sabW], v.a., i, to gravel, sand. sableux, -euse [L. sabu- losus}, adj., sandy. sablier [sable'], s.m., sand- glass, hour-glass. [pit. sabliere [sable], s.f, sand- sablon [L- ace. sabulonem], s.m., fine sand, grit. sablonneux, -euse [L. L. sablonosus], adj., sandy, gra- velly, gritty. sablonniere [sablon], sf., sand or gravel-pit. sabord [?]> s.m., port-hole (jLaut.). sabot [see savate], s.m., wooden shoe, clog; drag (for wheels). sabotier [sabot], s.m., maker of wooden shoes. sabre [G-. sabel], s.m., sabre, sivord. Coup de , sabre- cut. sabrer [sabre], v.a., i to cut with a sabre, slash aboui. sabreur [sabrer], s.m., slasher, hard fighter ; bully. sac [L' ace. saccum, from Gr. cra/cKos, " bag ""], s.m., sack, bag. saccade [It. staccato], s.f, jerk, jolt ; fit, freak, whim. saccade, -e [p-p- of sacca- der, "to jerk"], adj., jerked, by jerks; fitful, irregular. saccager [it. saccheggiare, "to plunder"], v.a., 1, to pil- lage, sack. saccageur [saccager], s.m., pillager, sacker. sacerdoce [L- n. sacerdx)- tium], s.m., priesthood. sacerdotal, -e [L- sacer- dotalis], adj., sacerdotal, priestly. sachet [dim. of sac], s.m., satchel. sacoche [It. saccocda], s.f., saddle-bag, money-bag. sacramental, -e, orsacra- mentel, -elle [L. L. sacra- mentalis, from L. n. sacra- mentum], adj., sacramental, formal; solemn. sacre [L- '*• sacrum], s.m., coronation, consecration. sacre, -e [L- sacratus], adj., holy, inviolable; con- secrated, anointed, crowned. sacrement [L- w- sacra- mentum], s.m., sacrament. (Its doublet is serment, q.v.) sacrer [L- sacrare], v.a., 1, to anoint, crown ; consecrate. sacrificateur [L.acc. sacri- ficatorem], s.m., sacrificer. sacrifice [L. n. sacrifi- cium], s.m., sacrifice ; offering. sacrifier [L. sacrificare], v.a., 1, to sacrifice, devote. Se , r.v., to sacrifice, devote oneself. sacrilege [L- '>^- sacrile- gium], s.m., sacrilege. , s.m. or/., sacrilegious man or woman. , adj., sacrile- gious. safran [It. zafferano, from Arab, az-zaferan, from Per- sian zaafer], s.m., saffron, cro- cus. sagace [L. ace adj. saga- cem], adj., sagacious, shrewd, acute. sagacite [L- ace. sagad- tatem], s.f, sagacity, shrewd- ness, acuteness. sage [L. L- sapius, from SALADE. L. sapere, "to be sensible, wise"], adj., wise, sensible, judicious ; prudent, steady. , s.m., wise man. sagemeiit, adv., wisely, sensvbly, judiciously, pru- dently. sagesse [sage], s.f, wisdom, prudence, discretion. sagittaire [L. ace. sagit- tarium], s.m., archer; Sagit- tarius (in astronomy). saignant, -e [pres.part. of saigner], adj., bleeding. Saiguee [partic. subst. of saigner], s.f, bleeding, blood- s a i g n e ment [saigner] , s.m., bleeding. saigner [L- L. sanguinare, from L. ace. sanguinem], v.a. and n., 1, to bleed ; drain. Se , r.v., to bleed oneself; to make a sacrifice. saillant, -e [pres. part. of saillir], adj., projecting; striking. sail lie [partic. subst. of saillir], s.f ., gush, spurt; fiash of wit, sally ; projection. saillir [L. salire], v.n., 2, to gush out ; project. sain, -e [L- sanus], adj., sound, healthy. Sain et sauf, safe and sound. sainement, adv., soundly, healthily. sainfoin [sain, foin, q.v.], s.m., sainfoin, French grass. saint, -e [L. sanctus], adj., holy, sacred, consecrated, godly, righteous, blessed. saintement, cidv., holily, saintly, piously. saintete [L. ace. sancti- tatem], s.f, holiness, sanctity, godliness, piety. Saisie [partic subst. of saisir], sf., seizure. saisir [Medieval L. sacire, from 0. H. G. sazjan, "to place, occupy, seize"], v.a., 2, to seize, grasp, lay hold of, clutch. Se de, to lay hold of, secure. saisissable [saisir], adj., seizable, liable to seizure. saisissement [saisir], s.m., shock, startling. saison [L- ace. sationem, "sowing-time"], s.f., season; time. De , in season, seasonable. Hors de , out of time. salade [0. It. salata = 332 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY SALADIEB. Mod. It. insalata], s.f., salad. saladier [salade], s.m., salad-howl. salaire [L. n. salariuin], s.m., salary. salaison [L. L. ace. sala- tionem, from L. ace. salem], s.f., salting ; salt provisions. salamandre [L- saiaman- dra, from Gr. craKaixdvSpa], s.f., salamander. salant [pres.part. of saZer], adj. (m. only), saline. Marais , salt-marsh. salarie, -e [p-P- of sala- rier], adp., paid, hired. salarier [salaire'], v.a., i, to hire, pay a stipend to, give wages; reward. sale [0. H. G. salo, " dim, dull," thence "dirty"], adj., dirty, Mthy. sale, -e iP-P- of saW], adj., salted, pickled ; hriny. salement {(idj. sale and suffix -menf], adv., dirtily, nastily, Imsely. saler [L. L. salare, from L. saX}, v.a., 1, to salt, pickle. salete isalel, s.f, dirtiness, mthiness ; dirty action ; filthy words. Saliens [from the river Sala, now called Yssel], s.m. pi., the Salian (Franks). saliere Isaler], s.f, salt- cellar. salin, -e [L- salinus'], adj., saline. saline [L. fem.pl. salinae], s.f, salt-works, salt-pit. salique [see Saliens], adj., Salic. salir [sale], v.a., 2, to dirty, soil. Se , r.v., to dirty oneself; to get dirty, soiled. salissant, -e [pres.part. of salir], adj., soiling; liable to get dirty. salive [L. saliva], s.f, saliva, spittle. saliver [salivare], v.n., 1, to salivate, spit. salle [Medieval L. sala, from 0. H. G. sal, " dwelling, abode"], s./., hall, room; ward, house. a manger, dining-room. salon [salle], s.m., drawing- room; fashionable circle ; ex- hibition. salpetre [L. L. salpetra, from L. sal petrae], s.m., salt- petre. SANG-FEOID. salpetriere [salpetre], s.f, saltpetre-works. saltimbanque [It- saitim- banco, from It. saltare in banco, " to jump on a bench "], s.m., mountebank. salubre [L- salubris], adj., healthful, salubrious, whole- some. salubrement, adv., salu- briously, healthily. salubrite [L- ace. salubri- tatem], s.f, salubrity, health- saluer [L. sdlutare], v.a. and n., 1, to salute, greet, bow to. Se , r.v., to bow to each other, salute each other. saint [L. ace. salutem], s.m., salutation, salute, bow; safety ; escape ; salvation ; hope. salntaire [L. saiutaris], adj., salutary, beneficial, wholesome. salntairement, adv., salu- tarily; beneficially. salutation [L- ace. saluta- tionem], sf., salutation, bow. 8, compliments. salve [It- salva], s.f, salute, round, volley. samedi [L- sabbati dies], s.m., Saturday. sanctification [ L. ace. sanctificationem], s.f, sancti- fication, keeping holy. sanctifier [L- sanctificare], v.a., 1, to sanctify, hallow, keep holy. sanction [L. ace. sanctio- nem], sf, sanction, approba- tion. sanctionner [ sanction ], v.a., 1, to sanction, approve. sanctnaire [L- n. sanctu- arium], s.m., sanctuary, chan- cel, altar ; shrine. sandal or santal [Port. sandalo, from Arab, sandal, from Skr. tchandana], s.m., sandal-wood. sandale [!<• w. sandalium, from Gr. aavSakiovt "a slip- per "], s.f, sandal. sang [L. ace. sanguinem], s.m., blood; kindred; race; nature. Coup . de , apo- plectic fit, congestion of the brain. Mettre a feu et a , to put to fire and sword ; to ,lay waste. sang-froid [sang, froid, q.v.], s.m., cold blood; pre- sence of mind, coolness. sanglant, -e [L. sangui- lentus = sanguinolentus], adj., bloody, covered with blood ; attended with bloodshed. sangle [L. cingula, "a girdle "], s.f, strap, saddle- sangler [sangle], v.a., 1, to girth ; lash, beat. Se , r.v., to gird oneself sanglier [0. Fr. pore sen- glier, from L. ace. porcum singularem, "a solitary or wild pig "], s.m., wild-boar. sanglot [L- ace. singultum], s.m., sob, sobbing. sangloter [L. singultare], v.n., 1, to sob. sangsue [L. sanguisuga, " a blood-sucker, leech "], s.f, leech. sanguin, -e [L. sangui- neus], adj., sanguine; full- blooded ; blood-coloured, red. sanguinaire [L- sangui- narius], adj., bloodthirsty. sanitaire [Engl, sanitary], adj., sanitary. sans [L- sine], prep., with- out; but for, were it not for. sansonnet [dim. of the proper name Samson; birds being often designated by the names of men], s.m., starling. sans-SOUCi [sans, souci, q.v.], s.m., freedom from care; careless, jolly fellow. santal, see sandal. sante [L. ace. sanitatem], s.f, health; toast. Porter la de, to propose the health of sape [L' L- sappa, "a pick "], s.f, sap (military'). saper [sape], v.a., 1, to sap undermine. sapeur [saper], s.m., sapper. pompier, j^remow. saphir [L. ace. sapphirum, from Gr. o-dTr^etpos], s.m., sapphire. sapin [L. ace. sapinum], s.m., fir-tree or wood ; deal. sapiniere [sapin], s.f, fir- plantation. sarcasme [L- ace. sarcas- mum, from Gr. a-apKaa-iJi6<;, from (TapKoi^eLv, " to tear flesh like dogs," from crdp$, "flesh "], s.m., sarcasm, taunt. Sarcastique [Gr. dyo^, "flesh devouring," from crap^, " flesh," and <{>ayelv, "to eat"], s.m., sarcophagus, coffin. sardine [L. sardina}, s.f., sardine, pilchard. sardoniQue [Gr. a-apSdvLo? (so. ye'Aco?), " convulsive laugh caused, as the Greeks believed, by a Sardinian weed"], adj., sardonic. sarment [L- w. sarmen- tum'}, s.m., vine-shoot. sarmenteux, -euse [L- sarmentosus], adj., full of twigs. sarrasin [proper name Sar- rasin, " Saracen "], adj., as in ble , hlack wheat. sas [L- L- setaceum, from L. seta, " silk "], s.m., sieve. sassement [sasser], s.m., sifting, winnowing. sasser [sas], v.a., 1, to sift. Satan [L. Satan, from Gr. Sarai/a? or '^ardv, from He- brew Satan, " adversary "], s.m., Satan. satanique [Satan], adj., Satanic, diabolical. satellite [L- ace satelli- tem], s.m., satellite, attendant. satiete [L. ace. satietatem'], s.f, satiety. satin [barbarous L. ace. setinum, der. from L. seta, " silk "], s.m., satin. satine, -e [p-P- of satiner], adj., satin-like ; glossed, glazed. satiner [satin], v.a., l, to satin, gloss, glaze. satire [L- satira}, s.f, sa- tire. satiriQue [L- satiricus], adj., satirical. , s.m., satirist. satiriquement} cidv., sati- rically. satisfaction [L. ace. satis- factionem], s.f, satisfactiont , pleasure; atonement. satisfaire [L. satisfacere], v,a. and n., 4, to satisfy, give satisfaction to, fulfil ; comply with; obey. satisfaisant, -e [pres. part, of satisfaire], adj., sa- tisfactory. Satisfait, -e [P-P- of satis- faire], adj., gratified, pleased, satisfed. satrape [L- ace. satrapen, from Gr. craTpdirri'; (a Persian word), " a governor of a pro- vince "], s.m., satrap. saturation [L. ace. satura- tioyiem], s.f, saturation. Saturer [L- saturare], v.a., 1, to saturate, fill, surfeit. Se , r.v., to be saturated. Saturne [L- ace Satur- num], s.m., Saturn. satyre [L- ace. satyrum, from Gr. adTvpo<;, " a kind of wood deity "], s.m., a Satyr. Satyrique [L- satyricus, from Gr. crarvpiKos], adj., sa- tyric. sauce [L- L- salsa, "a seasoning of salt and spices "J, s.f., sauce, pickle. saucer [sauce], v.a., 1, to dip in sauce ; to sop ; drench. Saucisse [Medieval L. sal- satire, " to salt usus, V.J. "], s.f.. saucisson [dim. of sau- sse], s.m., sausage. sauf, sauve [L- saivus], adj., safe. Sain et sauf, see sain. Sauf, prep., save, ex- cepting ; subject to; at the risk of. sauf-COnduit [sauf, con- duit, p.p. of conduire, q.v.], s.m., safe-conduct, pass. sauge [L- salvia], s.f, sage. saugrenu, -e [0. Fr. sai- ,grenu, " coarse salt "], adj., ridiculous, absurd, stupid. saule [0. H. G. sala, " wil- low "], s.m., willow. pleu- reur, weeping willow. saumatre [L. L. n. sal- mastrum, der. from L. sal], adj., briny. saumon [L- ace. salmo- nem], s.m., salmon. saumure [L. sal, "salt," and muria, "pickle"], s.f, brine,.pickle. sauner [L. L. salinare, from L. salinarius, "pertain- ing to salt-works"], v.a. and n., 1, to make salt, turn into salt. saunier [L- adj. saliTia- rius], s.m., Salter, salt-maker^ sauriens [Gr. o-avpo?, " liz- ard "], s.m. pi., saurians, liz- ard tribe. Saut [L. ace. saltum], s.m., leap, jump ; fall, waterfall. saute-mouton [sauter^ mouton, q.v.], s.m., leap-frog. sauter [L. saltare], v.n., 1, to leap, to jump. , v.a., to leap over; leave out, omit. sur, to spring, fall upon. Faire , to blow up, do away with, ruin. sauterelle [sauter], s.f, grasshopper, locust. (Its doublet is saltarelle, "salta- rello," a Neapolitan dance.) sauteur [sauter], s.m., leaper, jumper ; tumbler ; quack, humbug. Sautiller [freq. of sauter], v.n., 1, to hop, skip, jump about. sautoir [L. L. sanatoria, from L. saltare], s.m., St. An- drew's cross; saltire; scarf. En , over the shoulder. Sauvage [L. L, salvaticus for silvaticus], adj., savage, wild, fierce. , s.m., savage. sauvegarde [sauve, garde, q.v.], s.f, safeguard, protec- tion. sauver [L. salvare], v.a., 1, to save, rescue, deliver. Se , r.v., to save oneself; escape ; run away ; to retrieve oneself sauvetage [sauver], s.m., salvage, rescuing. sauveur [L. ace. salvato- rem], s.m., deliverer, rescuer, saver; Saviour. savamment [savant], adv., learnedly, skilfully, cleverly. Savane [Span. Savana], s.f. Savannah. savant, -e [properly the pres. part, of savoir], adj., well-informed, learned. , s.m. or /., learned person, scholar. savate [It. ciabatta, "slip- per," from L. L. sabbatum, chabata], s.f, old shoe, slip- shoe. savetier [savate], s.m., cob- bler. Saveur [L. ace. saporem], s.f., savour, flavour, relish, taste; zest. savoir [L. sapere], v.a., 3, to know, be aware of, learn; 334 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY SAVOIR-FAIRE. to "be able ; to contrive, succeed in. , s.m., knowledge, learning, science. savoir-faire [savoir,faire, q.v.}, s.m., skill, ability, tact. savoir-vivre {savoir, vi- vre, q.v.'], s.m., good-breeding, refined manners. savon [L- ace. saponem, from Gr. adniov, a word of German or Celtic origin], s.m., soap. savon 11 age Isavonner}, s.m^., washing. savonner [savon], v.a., i, to soap, lather, wash. savourer [saveur}, v.a., 1, to savour, relish. savoureux, -euse [ see saveur'], adj., savoury. Savoyard, -e {.Savoie], s.m. or/., inhabitant of Savoy. sayon [saie, from L. n. sagum, " a cloak "], s.m., sa- gum, great coat, frock. sbire [it. sblrro'], s.m., sbir- ro, police-officer, myrmidon. scabreux, -euse [L. sca- brosusl, adj., rugged, rough; dangerous, ticklish. scalpel [L- ''^' scalpellum], s.m., scalpel, surgical knife. scalper [Engl, scalp], v.a., 1, to scalp. scandale [L- w. scandalum, from Gr. crKoivSakov, " stum- bling-block "], s.m., scandal, offence, exposure, shameful action. scandaleusement, o,dv., scandalously. scandaleux, -euse [L. L. scandalosus], adj., scanda- lous. scandaliser [L. scandali- zare, from Gr. cr/cai/SaAt^etr], v.a., 1, to scandalize. Se , r.v., to be scandalized ; to take offence. scarabee V^- ace. scara- beum, from Gr. or/capa'/Seio?, from a-Kapa^o^, " beetle "], s.m., scarabee, beetle. SCeau or seel [L. n. sigil- lum], s.m., seal. SCelerat, -e [L- sceleratus], adj., villanous, wicked, un- principled. , s.m. or f., profligate, wretch. sceleratesse lscelerat2,s.f., villany. sceller [sceT], v.a., i, to seal up, fasten; cementy strengthen. scene [L- scena, from Gr. SCOLASTIQDE. p-KTqvri], s.f, scene, stage; scenery ; uproar, row. SCenique [L- scenicus, from Gr. a-KrjviKos], odj-i scenic, theatrical. SCepticisme {.sceptique], s.m., scepticism. SCeptique [L. scepticus, from Gr. o-kctttiko?, from a-zceV- Tea-Oai, "to consider"], adj. and s.m., sceptical; sceptic. sceptre [L. n. sceptrum, from Gr. a-K-qiTTpov, "a royal staff"], s.m., sceptre. SChelling [Engl, shilling], s.m., shilling. schismatique [L- schis- maticus, from Gr. o-xio-fiaTt- Kos], adj. and s.m. or /., sepa- ratist, schismatic. scMsme [L. w- schisma, from Gr. (T\iaixa, "a separa- tion "], s.m., schism. SCiage [sder], s.m., sawing. SCie [verbal subst. of scier], s.f, saw. SCiemment [for scientment, compd. of scient, from L. ace. scientem, and suSix -ment], adv., knowingly, wittingly. science [I^- sciential s.f, science, learning, knowledge. SCientifique [science], adj., scientific. scientifiquement, adv., scientifically. scier [0. Fr. sier, from L. secare], v.a., 1, to saw, reap, cut down. SCierie [scier], s.f., saw- mill. SCieur [scier], s.m., sawyer, reaper. SCinder [L. scindere], v.a., 1, to cleave, divide. Se , r.v., to be divided. scintillant, -e [pres. part. of scintiller], adj., scintil- lant, scintillating, twinkling, sparkling. scintillation [L- ace. scin- tillationem], s.f, scintillation, sparkling. scintiller [L. scintniare], v.n., 1, to scintillate, sparkle, flash, gleam. scission [L* ace. scissio- nem], s.f, scission, cleaving, dividing. SCiure [scier], sf., sawdust. SCOlaire [L. scholaris], adj., scholastic, academic. scolastique [L' scholas- ticus], adj., scholastic, aca- demic. , s.f, scholastic philosophy. scorpion [L. ace. scor- pionem, from Gr. aKopTrCuiv], s.m., scorpion. scribe [L- ace. scribam, from scribere, " to write "], s.m., scribe, writer; secretary. SCrupule [L. ace. scrupu- lum], s.m., scruple; scrupu- lousness, doubt. scrupuleusement, adv., scrupulously; strictly, rigor- ously. scrupuleux, -euse [L. scrupulosus], adj., scrupulous, strict, careful. scrutateur [L. ace. scru- tatorem], s.m., investigator, searcher, scrutinizer; scruti- neer, teller. , adj., search- ing, scrutinizing. (The fern. is scrutatrice.) SCruter [L. scrutari], v.a., 1, to scrutinize, search, exa- mine, investigate. SCrutin [L. n. scrutinium, " search, inquiry "], s.m., bal- lot. SCUlpter [L. L. sculptare, from L. sculptus, p.p. of scul- pere], v.a., 1, to carve, chisel, sculpture. SCUlpteur [L. ace. sculp- torem], s.m., sculptor. sculpture [L. sculptura], s.f, sculpture. se [L- se], pers. pron., him- self, herself, itself; oneself, themselves ; or to himself, her- self, etc. seance [seant], s.f, sitting, meeting, performance. tenante, forthwith. scant [L. ace. sedentem], s.m., sitting posture. lEtre sur son , to be sitting up. Se lever sur son , to sit up. , -e, adj., seemly, be- coming, proper. seau [0. Fr. seel, from L. L. sitellum, neuter form of L. sitella, "a vessel, an urn "J, s.m., bucket. SeCj secbe [L- siccus], adj., dry, lean, spare; sharp, tart, blunt, harsh, stiff. secession [L. ace. seces- sionem], s.f, separation, seces- sion. sechement [shhe, fern, oj sec, and suflBx -ment], adv., dryly ; sharply, bluntly, harshly. secher [L. siccare], v.a. TO FEENCH BEADING BOOK. 335 SfiCHERESSE. and n., 1, to dry, wither, languish, pine away. Se , r.v., to dry oneself.^ secheresse Iseciier}, s.f., dryness, drought, aridity ; sharpness, harshness. second, -e [L. secundus'], num. adj. (ord.), second. secondaire [L- secundari- us], adj., secondary. Enseigne- ment , classical tuition. secondairement, adv., se- condarily. seconde isecond], s.f., se- cond (QOth part of a minute). secondement Ladj. fem. seconde and suffix -mew^], adv., secondly. seconder [L. secundare'], v.a., 1, to second, hack, assist, help. secouement or secod- ment [secouer], s.m., shaking, jogging. secouer [L. L. succutare, secondary form of L. succu- tere'], v.a., 1, to shake, throw off; jog, jolt ; rouse. Se , r.v., to shake oneself, rouse or exert oneself. seconrable isecourir'], adj., helping, charitable, benevo- lent ; relievable. seCOUrir[L. succurrere'], v.a., 2, to help, succour, rescue. SeCOUrS [L. succursum, sup. of succurrere], s.m., help, re- lief, succour. secousse [L- L- succussa, partic. subst. der. from L. suc- cussus, p.p. of succutere], s.f, shaking, shock, jerk, concus- sion; agitation. secret, -ete [L- secretus], adj., secret, concealed, myste- rious, private. secret [L. n. secretum'], s.m., secret, secrecy, privacy, retreat. secretaire [L. n. secreta- rium, " secret place "], s.m., writing desk ; secretary. secretariat [.secretaire'], s.m., secretaryship ; secretary's office. secretement [P'dj. fem. secrete and suftix -ment], adv., secretly, in secret, in private. Secreter [L. L. secretare, der. from secretus, p.p. of se- cernere, " to sift apart "], v.a., 1, to secrete. Se , r.v., to be secreted. secretion [L. ace secre- tionem], s.f, secretion. Seotaire [secte], s.m., sec- tarian. sectateur [L. ace. secta- torem, " a follower "], s.m., votary, follower. seote [Ij- secta, contract, of secuta, from sequi], s.f, sect. section [L. ace. sectionem], s.f, section. seculaire [L- saecularis], adj., secular, ancient, cente- nary, a hundred years old. secnlier, -ere [L. saecu- laris], adj.f secido)', worldly. {Seculier is the doublet of seculaire.) seculierement, adv., secu- larly. securite [L. ace. securi- tatem], s.f, security. sedentaire [L» sedentari- us], adj., sedentary, station- ary. sediment [L- »*• sedimen- tum, "settling down"], s.m., sediment, dregs. seditieusement* adv., se- ditiously. seditienx, -euse [L- sedi- tiosus], adj., seditious. Sedi- tieux, s.7n., mutineer. sedition [L. ace. seditio- nem], s.f, sedition. seducteur [L. ace seduc- torem, " misleader "], s.m. and adj., seducer, enticer ; seduc- ing, enticing. (The fem. is seductrice.) seduction [L. ace. seduc- tionem], s.f, seduction, entice- ment, charm ; bribery. seduire [L. seducere], v.a., 4, to seduce, entice, captivate, charm; bribe. seduisant, .-e [pres. part. of seduire], adj., seductive, en- ticing, lovely, captivating. seigle [L. n. secale], s.m., rye. seigneur [L- ace. seniorem], s.m., lord. Grand , high personage, nobleman. (Its doublet is sieur, q.v.) seigneurial, -e [seigneur], adj., lordly, manorial. seigneurie [seigneur], s.f, lordship. seille [L. situla], s.f, pail, bucket. sein [L. ace. sinum], s.m., bosom, breast; heart, midst, depth. Au de, in the midst of. Seine [I--- Sequana], s.f, Seine (river). seing [L. n. signum], s.m., signature, sign manual. (Its doublet is signe, q.v.) seize [L- sedecim], num. adj. (card.), sixteen. seizieme [seize], num. adj. (ord.), sixteenth. ,SeJOUr [verbal subst. of sejourner], s.m., stay, sojourn ; abode, habitation. sejourner [0. Fr. sojourner, from L.L. subdiurnare, compd. of lj.,diurnare, "to last long "], v.n., 1, to sojourn, remain, stay, dwell. sel [L- acG. salem], s.m., salt ; wit, humour. sella [L- sella, " seat "], s.f, saddle. Cheval de , sad- dle-horse. seller [selle], v.a., i. to sellette [dim. of selle], s.f, stool; stool of repentance. Tenir sur la , to cross-question. sellier [selle], s.m., saddler, harness-maker. selon [0. Fr. selone, solonc, sulunc, from L. L. sublongum, prop, "along of"], prep., ac- cording to. semailles [L. n. pi. semi- nalia], s.f. pi., sowing, seed, sowing-time. semaine [0. Fr. sepmaine from L. septimana], s.f, week. semaphore [Gr. cr^|u.a, " sign," (j>op6<;, " bearing "], s.m. semaphore, coast signal-mast. semblable [sembler], adj., similar, like. , s.m., fel- low-creature. semblablement, adv., likewise, also, in the same manner. semblant [partic. subst. of sembler], s.m., seeming, appear- ance. Faire de, to pre- tend. sembler [Tj. similare], v.n., 1, to seem, appear; think, strike. semelle [?], s.f, sole (of boots) ; foot's length. semence [L- L. sementia, from L. sementis, " sowing "], s.f., seed, sowing. semer [L. seminare], v.a. and n., 1, to sow, strew, scatter, spread, distribute. Se r.v., to be sown, scattered. semestre [L. ace. adj. se- mestrem, from sex and mensis], s.m., a half-year ; six months' salary, income, or leave. 336 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAKY SEMESTRIEL. semestriel, -elle [se- mestre], adv., half-yearly. semeur Isemer], s.m., sower. semi [L. semi-], adj., half, semi-. semillant, -e Ipres. part. of semiller'}, adj.y brisk, lively, quick. semiller [Kym. sim, " light, brisk "J, v.n., 1, to be brisk, quick, lively. seminaire [L. n. semi- narium, *' a nursery-garden "], s.m., seminary. sempiternel [L. L. sempi- ternalis], adj., everlasting. senat [L- ace. senatum}, s.m., senate. senateur [L. ace. senato- rem], s.m., senator. senatus-consulte [L. n. senatus - consultum], s.m., senatus-consultum. senechal [0. Fr. seneschal, from L. L. aec. seniscalcum, •' overseer," from Goth, sinista, " the oldest "], s.m., seneschal. senile [L- senilis, "per- taining to old people"], adj., senile, old. senilite isenile'], sf., seni- lity. sens [L. ace. sensum'], s.m. , sense ; feeling ; understand- ing ; mind ; opinion ; way. dessus dessons, upside down, topsy-turvy. sensation [L- L. ace. sen- sationem'}, sf., sensation. sense? -e [L- L- sensatus}, adj., sensible, judicious, wise. sensementj cLdv., sensibly, judiciously. sensibilite [L. ace. sensi- bilitatem'], s.f., sensibility, sensitiveness. sensible [L- sensibiUs'], adj., feeling, sensible, sensi- tive; tender; perceptible, vi- sible. sensiblement, adv., feel- ingly, sensibly ; keenly ; vi- sibly ; considerably. sensitif) -ive [it. sensitivo, from L. sensus], adj., sensi- tive. sensualisme [L- adj. sen- sualis], s.m., sensualism. sensualiste [L- sensualis'], adj, and s.m., sensualistic ; sensualist. sensualite [L- ace sensu- alitatem'], s.f., sensuality. SfiPULCRAL. sensnel, -elle [L. sensu- alis'], adj., sensual, voluptuous. sensuellement, adv., sen- sually. sentence [L- sententia'], s.f, sentence, maxim ; verdict. sentencieusement, adv., sententiously. sentencieux, -euse [L. sententiosus], adj., sententious. senteur Isentir}, s.m., scent, fragrance, perfume. sentier [L. adj. semita- rius, "pertaining to lanes"], s.m., path. sentiment {.sentir], s.m., sentiment, feeling, sensation ; consciousness ; opinion. sentimental, -e Isenti- menf], adj., sentimental. sentimentalementj adv., sentimentally. sen timentalite [ senti- mental ], sf., sentimentality. sentinelle [it. sentinella'], sf., sentinel, sentry. perdue, /orZorw sentinel. Sentir [L. sentire], v.a. and n., 2, to smell; feel; experi- ence, bear; smell of; under- stand ; know ; stink. Se , r.v., to feel oneself ; to be con- scious ; to be sensible; to be smelt; to be visible or perceived. seoir [0. Fr. seder, from L. sedere}, v.n. and defect., 3, to become, suit. separation [L. ace. separa- tionem], sf., separation. separe, -e [pp- of se- parer], adj., apart, distinct. separement» adv., apart, separately. separer [L. separare}, v.a., 1, to separate, divide, cut off. Se , r.v., to part, separate, secede ; break up. sept [L- septeml, num. adj. {card.), seven. septembre [L. ace. septem- brem], s.m., September. septentrion [L. ace. sep- tentrionem], s.m., the North. septentrional, -e [L. sep- tentrionalis], adj., northerly. septieme Isept], num. adj. (prd!), seventh. septiemement, adv., se- venthly. septuagenaire [L- adj. septuagenarius], adj. and s.m. or/., seventy years old; septua- genarian. sepulcral, -e [L- sepul- cralis}, adj., sepulchral. sepulcre [L. n. sepul- crum}, s.m., sepulchre, tomb. sepulture [L. sepultura], s.f, sepulture, burial. sequestration [L. aec. sequestrationem}, s.f, seques- tration. Sequestre [L. aec. seques- trum], s.m., sequestrator, de- positary ; sequestration. sequestrer [L. seques- trare], v.a., 1, to sequester. sequin [it. zecchino, from Arab, sekkah, " coining-dies "], s.m., sequin (a Levantine gold coin). Serail [Turkish sera/i, "pa- lace "], s.m., seraglio. Seraphin [Hebrew sera- phim, " angels of lire "], s.m., seraph. SerapMque [ seraphin ], adj., seraphic. serein [L. serenus, con- sidered as der. of serum, " evening "], s.m., evening dew. , -e, adj., serene, happy, calm. serenade [it. serenata], s.f, serenade. Serenite [L. ace. sereni- tatem], s.f., serenity, calm- ness. serf [L. ace. servum], s.m., serf, slave. serge [L. serica, "silk stuff "], s.f, senge. sergent [0. Fr. serjent, from L. ace. servientem], s.m., Serjeant. serie [L. ace. seriem], s.f., series. serieusement, adv., seri- ously. serieux, -se [L.L. seri- osus, der. from L. serius], adj., real, grave, serious, in earnest. serin [L. adj. citrinus, " citron-coloured "j, s.m., ca- nary bird. serment [L. n. sacra- mentum], s.m., oath. (Its doublet is sacrement, q.v.) sermon [L. ace. sermonem], s.m., sermon ; lecture. sermonner [sermon], v.a., 1, to lecture. Serpe [verbal subst. of L. sarpere, " to cut, prune "J, s.f, pruning-hook. serpent [I--- ace. serpentem], s.m., seiyent. serpenter [serpent], v.n., 1, to wind. TO PEENCH READING BOOK. 337 serpette [dim. of serpe}, s.f., pruning-knife. serpolet [L- n. serpulhim or serpyllmn], s.m., wild thyme. serre [verbal subst. of ser- rer], s.f., greenhouse; hot- house ; talon (of birds), claw, clutch. serre, -e LP-P- of serrer], adj., close, compact; oppressed; small ; hard up. serrement [serrer}, s.m., pressing, clasping ; squeezing. serrer [L. L- serrare, "to lock"], v.a., 1, to press close, squeeze, lock ; tighten, fasten ; put close together. Se , r.v., to press close to each other ; crowd, thicken. Serrure [serrer'}, s.f., lock. serrurerie [serrure}, s.f., locksmith's trade ; locks. serrurier [serrure}, s.vi., locksmith. servage [serf}, s.m., serf- dom, bondage. servante [partic. subst. of servir}, s.f, maid-servant. serviable [servir}, adj., serviceable. service [L. n. servitium}, s.m., service, attendance^ duty, administration ; kindness ; set, course. serviette [servir}, s.f, table-napkin, towel. servile [L- sei^iUs}, adj., servile, mean. servilement, adv., ser- vilely, meanly. Servilite [servile}, sf., ser- vility, meanness. servir [L. s&rvire}, v.a., 2, to serve, attend; minister to, oblige. , v.n., to serve as or for; to be useful; to be used. Se , r.v., to help oneself; to serve each other. Se de, to use, avail one- self of. serviteur [L. ace. servi- torem}, s.m., servant. servitude [L- ace. servitu- dinem,}, s.f, servitude, slavery. seSj see son. session [L. ace. sessionem}, s.f, session; sitting. Seuil [L. L. n. soleum, secondary form of L. solea, " sill "], s.m., threshold. seul [L. solus}, adj., alone, only, one, single, mere. seulement, adv., only, merely. Fk. p. II. seve [L- sapa}, s.f., sap, pith ; strength. severe [L. severus}, adj., severe, strict ; pure, correct. severement) adv., severely, strictly ; purely, correctly. Severite [L. ace. severi- tatem], s.f, severity, strict- ness ; purity, correctness. Sevices [L- saevitia}, s.f. pi., cruelty, violence, ill-treat- ment. Sevir [L. saevire}, v.n., 2, to act cruelly; to treat vrith cruelty. sevrage [sevrer}, s.m., weaning. sevrer [L- separare, "to separate (from the mother) "J, v.a., 1, to wean ; deprive. sexagenaire [L- adj. sexa- genarius}, adj. and s.m. or/., sixty years old ; sexagenarian. seze [L- ^■ce. sexum}, s.m., sex. sexuel, -elle [L- sexuaiis}, adj., sexual. si [L. sic}, adv., so (before an adj. or adv.). si, S' [L. si}, conj., if (before a verb). S i b e r i e [Russian Sibir, from Siever, "North"], s.f, Siberia. sibylle [L- sibylla}, s.f, sibyl. sibyllin [L. sibylUnus}, adj., sibylline. sicaire [L- ace. sicarium, from sica, " a curved dagger, a poniard "], s.m., assassin. Sicilien, -enne [Sicile, " Sicily "], adj. and s.m. or /., Sicilian. S i e C 1 e [L- "fi- saeclum = seculum}, s.m., age, cevtriry. Sied, 3rd p. sing, of the pres. Indie, of seoir, q.v. siege [verbal subst. of sieger}, s.m., seat; carriage- box; bench; siege. sieger [L- L- sediare, from L. L. n. sedium, from L. sedes}, v.n., 1, to sit, be seated; to lie. sien (le), la sienne ; les siens, les siennes [see son}, poss. pron., his own, her own, its own, one's own. sieste [Span, siesta}, s.f., siesta, afternoon's nap. sieur [doublet of seigneur, q.v.}, s.m., Mr. Un Jones, a certain Mr. Jones. siflBLant, -e [pres. part, of SILHOUETTE. siffler}, adj., whistling; sibi- lant. sifflement [sifP^cr}, s.m., whistling, hissing; wheezing. Siffler [L. L. sifdare, popular L. form of sibilare}, v.a. and n., 1, to vjhistle, hiss ; wheeze. Sifilet [siffler}, s.m.-, whistle. Coup de , vjhistle, hiss. siffleur,-euse [siffler}, s.m. or/., whistler, hisser. signal [L. L. signale, der. from L. n. signum}, s.m., signal. signale, -e [P-P- of signa- ler}, adj., signalized, conspi- cuous, remarkable. signalement [signaler}, s.m., description. signaler [signal}, v. a., 1, to point out, describe; sig- nalize; signal. Signataire [signer}, s.m. or /., signer, subscriber. signature [L. signatura (in Suetonius)], sf, signature, signing. Signe [L- n. signum}, s.m., sign; mark, token; nod; wink. (Its doublet is seing, q.v.) signer [L. signare}, v.a. and n,, 1, to sign, subscribe. Se , r.v., to be signed (of things) ; to cross oneself, make the sign of the cross. signet [dim. of signe}, s.m., book-marker. signifiant, -e [pres. part of signifer}, adj., significant, expressive. significatif, -ive [L. sig- nificativus}, adj., significa- tive. signification [L. ace. sig- nificationem}, s.m., significa- tion, sense, meaning. signifier [L. significare}, v.a., 1, to signify, mean ; announce, declare, intimate. silence [Tj- n. sHentium}, s.m., silence; stillness; se- crecy ; oblivion ; pause. silencieusement, adv., silently, in silence. silencieux, -euse [L. si- lentiosus}, adj., silent, mute, still. silex [L- silex), s.m., silex, flint. silhouette [name of a French statesman, under Louis 338 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIOHAEY XV.], s/., silhouette (por- trait in dark profile). siliceux, -euse [L- silicem, ace. of silex], adj., silicious. Sillage Isiller'}, s.m., steer- age-way, track, ship's way. siller [Scand. sila, " to fur- row "], v.n., 1, to run ahead, cleave the seas. sillon Isiller], s.m., furrow. sillonner Isiilon], v.a., i, to furrow, plough ; wrinkle; to flash through. similarite [L. adj. simi- lis], sf., similarity. similitude [L- ace. simili- tudinem], s/., similitude, simile. Simoniaque Isimonie}, adj., simoniacal. simonie [Ecclesiastical L. simonia, from the name of Simon Magus (see Acts of the Apostles, ch. viii.)j, sf., simony. simple [L. ace. adj. sim- pUcem], adj., simple, mere; simple - minded, silly. soldat, private. matelot, common sailor. simplement, adv., simply, merely ; artlessly, sillily. Simplicite [L. ace. simpli- citatem], s.f, simplicity, plainness, artlessness, silli- ness. simplifler [simple}, v.a., 1, to simplify. Se , r.v., to • become or be simplified. Simulacre [L- n. simu- lacrum], s.m., image, represen- tation, phantom ; sham, simule, -e Lp-p- of simu- ler], adj., fictitious, counter- feit, sham. simuler [1^- simulare], v.a., 1, to feign, simulate, pretend, sham. (Its doublet is semUer, q.v.) simultane, -e [L.L. si- multaneus, from L. L. simul- tim, from L. simul, "at the same time"], adj., simulta- neous. simultaneite Isimultane], s.f., simultaneity, simultane- ousness. simultanement, adv., si- multaneously, at the same time. sincere [L- sinx^erus], adj., sincere, true, honest. sincerementj a<2u,, sin- cerely, truly, honestly. SIXIEMEMENT. sincerite [L. sinceritatem], s.f., sincerity, honesty. sinecure [L. sine cura, " without care or work "], s.f, sinecure. singe [I>- ace. simium], s.m., ape, monkey. singer [singe], v.a., 1, to ape, imitate, mimic. singerie [singer], s.f., apish trick, grimace, apishness. singulariser (se) [L. adj. singularis], r.v., to render oneself singular; to affect singularity. singularite [L. ace. singu- laritatem], sf., singularity, peculiarity, oddness, quaint- ness. Singulier, -ere [L- sin- gularis], adj., singular ; pe- culiar, queer, odd, Singulier, s.m., singular (number). singulier ement, adv., singularly, peculiarly, oddly, quaintly, sinistre [L- sinister], adj., sinister, inauspicious, of bad omen, , s.m., disaster, accident. sinon [si, non, q.v.], conj., otherwise, or else, if not, un- less it be. sinueux, -euse [L- sinu- osus], adj., sinuous ; winding. sinuosite [L- L- ace. sinu- ositatem], s.f., sinuosity, wind- ing. sinus [Ij- sinus], s.m., sinus, sine. (Its doublet is sein, q.v.) sire [see seigneur], s.m., sire, sir, lord ; squire. sirene [L- ace. sirena, from Gr. Setp^j^], s.f., siren, mer- maid. sirop [It. siroppo], s.m., syrup. (Cf. sorbet.) sis, Sise [PP- of seoir, q.v., but derived from L. situs, pp. of sinere, "to put down"], adj., situate, situated. site [L- ace. situm], s.m., site; scenery. Sitot [si, tot, q.v.], adv., so soon, as soon. See aussitot. situation [site], s.f, situa- tiouy position ; state of affairs. situer [L- situs], v.a., 1, to place, situate, seat. six [L. sex], num. adj. (card.^, six. sixieme [six], num. adj. (ord.), sixth. sixiemementt adv., sixthly. Slave and Slavon, -onne [Bohemian slawa, "glory"], adj. and s.m. or /., Slave, Slavonic, Slavonian. SObre [L- sobrius], adj., sober, abstemious, temperate. SObrement, adv., soberly, abstemiously, temperately. SObriete [L. ace. sobrie- tatem], s.f, sobriety, modera- tion, temperance. sobriquet [0. Fr. sot- briquet, from sot "foolish," briquet (It. bricchettn) " young ass "], s.m., nickname. SOC [L- ace. soccum, " shoe "], s.m., sock, share (of a plough). SOCiabilite [L- L. ace. socia- bilitatem, from L. sociabilis], s.f., sociability ; intercourse. sociable [L- sociabilis], adj., sociable, social. sociablementj adv., soci- ably, socially. social, -e [L- socialis], adj., social. [ally. socialement, adv., soci- SOCiete [L- ace. societatem], s.f., society, company ; party ; community ; partnership. socle [it' zoccolo, from L. ace. socculum, dim. of soccus, "a low-heeled shoe"], s.m., pedestal. SOeur [L. ace. sororem], s.f., sister. Les neuf s, the Muses. soi, soi-meme [L. sibi], r. pron., oneself, himself, her- self, self, itself, themselves. SOi-disant [ soi, disant, pres. part, of dire, q.v.], adj., self-styled, would-be. SOie [L' seta], sf., silk; bristle, hair {of animals). soierie [soie], s.f., silk stuff, silk trade or manufactory. SOif [L. ace. sitim], s.f, thirst. Avoir , to be thirsty; (fig.), to long for. soigne, -e [PP- of soigner], adj., carefully done, made, executed ; nicely got up ; care- ful, neat. soigner [soin], v.a., 1, to look of'ter, take care of, attend, nurse ; do carefully So r.v., to take care of oneself. soigneusement, adv., carefully. soigneux, -euse [soin], adj., earful, mindful, dili- gent. soin [?], s.m,, care, duty, attendance. TO FRENCH EEADING BOOK. 339 SOIR. SOir [L. n. serum'}, s.m., evening. soiree isoir], s/., evening, evening party. SOit [3rd p. sing, of the pres. Subj, of etre, L. sit], adv., be it so I very well I granted. Soit {repeated), either . . ., or ; whether. que, whether, or. soixantaine isoixante], sj'., sixty or so, threescore. SOixante [L. sexaginta], num. adj. (card.), sixty. soixantieme [ soixante ], num. adj. (ord.), sixtieth. sol [L. n. solum], s.m., soil, ground. SOlaire [L. Solaris], adj., solar. Cadran , sun-dial. SOldat [It- soldato, from soldare, " to pay "], s.m., sol- dier, private. soldatesQue [it. solda- tesca], s.f., soldiery. SOlde [It- soldo], s.f., pay. , s.m.y balance, Jinal set- tlement solder [it. soldare], v. a., l, to pay, settle. sole [L- solea, in Pliny], s.f., sole (Jish). SOleil [L- L- ace. soliculum, der. of sol], s.m., sun. Coup de , sunstroke. Lever du , sunrise. Coucher du , sunset. solennel, -elle [L.L. solen- nalis, from L. solennis], adj., solemn. solennellemeiit, adv., so- lemnly. solennisation _ niser], s.f, solemnization, solenniser [L- adj- solen- nis], v.a., I, to solemnize. SOlennite [L. ace. solenni- tatem], s.f., solemnity. solidaire isoUde], adj., solidary, jointly and severally liable. solidairement, adv.,solid- arily, conjointly. SoUdarite isolidaire], s.f, solidarity, community of in- terests, joint responsibility. SOlide [L* solidus], adj., solid, firm, strong, sound, real. solidementj ad'^-, solidly, firmly, strongly, soundly, really. SOlidifier [L. solidus and facere], v.a., 1, to consolidate. Se , r.v., to become solid ; to solidify. solidite [L- ^cc. soUdita- tem], s/., solidity, strength, soundness. SOliloque [L- w. solilo- quium {solus, loqui)], s.m., soliloquy. solitaire [L- soUtarius], adj., solitary, lonely. , s.m., hermit. SOlitairement, adv., soli- tarily. solitude [L- ace. soliiu- dinem], sf., solitude, loneli- ness. SOlive [0. Fr. solieve, ver- bal subst. of L. sublevare, "raise up, support"], s.f., joist. soliveau [dim, of soUve], s.m., small joist. sollicitation [L- ace. sol- licitationem], s.f, solicitation, entreaty ; application. SOlliciter [L- solUdtare], v.a. and n., 1, to solicit, beg for; entreat; urge; petition, apply for. solUciteur, -euse {.soiU- citer], s.m. or/., solicitor, soli- citress ; petitioner; applicant. SOUicitude [L- ace solUci- tudinem], s.f, solicitude, care, anxiety. solubilite [I^- L- ace soiu- bilitatem, from L. adj. solu- bilis], s.f, solubility. soluble [L- solubilis], adj., soluble. solution [L- ace. solu- tionem], s.f, solution ; break. solvabilite [L. L. ace. soi- vabilitatem], s.f, solvency. solvable [L- L- solvabiUs], adj., solvent. sombre [Span, sombra, " a shade "], adj., dark, gloomy, dull, melancholy, sombre. sombrementj adv., gloom- ily, dully. ^ sommaire [L- w- summa- rium], s.m., summary. sommairement, adv., summarily. SOmmation Isommer], s.f, summons, notice. Faire les trois 8, to summon three times to disperse (in a riot) ; to read the Eiot Act. SOmme [L- summa], s.f, sum, total. SOmme [L- ^- salma, cor- ruption of L. sagma, Gr. (rdy- fia], S.f, load, burden. Bete de , beast of burden, sumpter. SOmme [L- ace. somnumit s.m., nap, sleep. sommeil [L. L. ace. somni- culum, dim. of L. somnus], s.m., sleep. sonuneiller lsommeil],v.n., 1, to slumber, doze. SOmmer [L. L. summare, der. from L. summa], v.a., 1, to summon, call upon. SOmmet [0. Fr. som, from L. n. summum], s.m., summit, height. som mite [L- ace. sum- mitatem], s.f, summit, top. somnambule [L- somnus, " sleep," and ambulare, " to walk"], s.m. or /., somnam- bulist, sleep-walker. SOmnambulisme [som- nambule], s.m., somnambu- lism, sleep-walking. somnolence [somnolent], s.f., somnolence, drowsiness. somnolent, -e [L- somno- lentus], adj., somnolent, drotvsy. somptueusement, adv., sumptuously, splendidly. somptueux, -euse [L. sumptuosus], adj., sumptuous, splendid. somptuosite [L. ace. sumptuositatem], s.f, sumptu- ousness, splendour. son, sa, ses [L- L. sum or som, for L. n. suum], poss. adj., his, her, its, one's. son [L- w. summum, prop. " the top of the meal "], s.m., bran. son [L. ace. sonum], s.m., sound. SOndage [sonder], s.m., sounding ; probing. sonde [verbal subst. of sonder], s.f, fathom-line, sounding lead ; probe. sonder [L. sub-undare, "to go under water "], v.a. and n., 1, to sound, fathom, probe. SOnge [L- n. somnium], s.m., dream. SOnger [L- somniare], v.n., 1, to dream, think, bear in mind. songeur, -euse [songer'}, s.m. or/., dreamer. SOnner [L- sonare], v.a. and n., 1, to ring ; chink, jingle. Une heure vient de , the clock has just struck one. sonnerie [sonner], s.f. 7'inging ; bells ; striking. z 2 340 ETYMOLOGICAL DiCTlONAltY sonnet [it. sonnetto}, 5.m., sonnet. sonnette [sonner], s.f., hell. Serpent a s, rattle-snake. sonneur Isonner'], s.m., bell-ringer. SOnore [L- sonorus], adj., sonorous, sounding. SOnorite [L- L- ace sonori- tatem], s./., sonorousness. SOphisme [L- ^- sophisma, from Gr. o-oc^ta/xa, "a false conclusion "], s.m., sophism. SOphiste [L- ace. sophistam, from Gr. o-o0to-r^9], S.m., a sophist. SOPOrifiqne [L- sopor and facere}, adj. and s.m., so- porijic. sorbet [Port, sorlete, from Arab, sharbet, from sharab, " to drink "], s.m., sherbet. Sorbonne [Robert Sorbon, who founded this institution in the reign of St. Louis], s.f., Sorbonne, Academy of Paris. sorcellerie [sorder-], s.f., sorcery. sorcier, -iere [L.L. ace. sortiarium, "a teller of for- tunes by lot," from L. L. sor- tiare, from L. ace. sortem, " lot, oracle "], s.m. or /., sor- cerer, witch. SOrdide [L. sordidus"}, adj., sordid, filthy ; mean. sordidement, «cZu., sor- didly; meanly. SOrdidite [sordide'], sf., sordidness, filthiness ; mean- ness. sornettes [dim- of 0. Fr. sorne, from Kynir. swrn, " trifle "], s.f. pi., trifles, idle tales, nonsense. sort [I^- ace. sortem\ s.m., lot, fate, destiny ; state, social condition. sortable Isorte}, adj., suit- able. SOrte [It. sorta], sf, kind, sort, species; manner. De or en que, so that. sortie [partic subst. of sortir], s.f, going out, egress, issue, way out, sortie (mili- tary'), sally, tirade. sortilege [LL- "n- .«<'^*^- legium, from L. sortilegus, " fortune-teller," from ace. sor- tem and Icgere'], s.m., sorti- lege, sorcery, witchcraft. sprtir [L. sortiri, lit. "to divide by lots "], v.n., 2, to go out, rush out; burst; gush; SODFFRIR. depart; escape; spring up; shoot out. sot, -te [L- L. sottus, from Syriac sckotch, " foolish "], adj. and s.m. or f, foolish ; fool. SOttement, adv., foolishly. SOttise [soi], s.f, foolish- ness. sou [0. Fr. sol, from It. soldo, from L. adj. solidus}, s.m., sou, halfpenny. soubresaut [Sp. sobre- salto, from L. supra and sal- tus], s.m., start, jump. SOIlche [?]. sf., stock, stump (of a tree), stem, head, founder. SOUCi [soucier^, s.m., care, anxiety, uneasiness. soucier (se) [L. solUci- tare], r.v., to mind, care ; like, wish. soucieux, -euse Isouci}, adj., anxious, full of care ; gloomy, careworn. soudain, -e [L. L. subi- tanus], adj., sudden, unex- pected. Soudain, adv., sud- denly. soudainement, adv., sud- denly, unexpectedly. SOUder [L.L. soUdare], v.a., 1, to solder, weld together, join. Se , r.v., to be soldered or welded. SOUdoyer [L.L. soldicare, from L. n. soldum, " a sum of money," in Martial], v.a., 1, to keep in one's pay, hire. SOUdure Isouder'], s.f, sol- der, soldering, welding. souffle [verbal subst. of souffler^, s.m., breath, puff, inspiration. SOuffler [L. sufflare], v.a. and n., 1, to blow, puff, pant, breathe; whisper; prompt. SOUfflet [souffler}, s.m., bel- lows ; box on the ear ; affront. SOUffleter [soufflef], v.a., 1, to box (a person's) ears, in- sult. SOuffleur isouffler'], s.m., blower, prompter. souffrance [souffranf], sf., suffering, pain. souifrant, -e \jpres. part. of souffrir], adj., suffering, ailing, sick, ill. SOUffrir [L. L. sufferrere, secondary form of L. sufferre], v.a. and n., 2, to suffer, endure ; bear; allmv ; to have pain; to grieve; to be a sufferer. Se , r.v., to suffer, bear each other. soupgoN. SOUfre [0. Fr. solfre, from L. n. sulfur], s.m., sulphur, brimstone. soufrer [soufrel, ^-ct-j 1» io dip in sulphur. SOUhait [verbal subst. of souhaiter], s.m., wish, desire. souhaiter [sous and 0. Fr. haiter, "to desire," from Scand. heit, " a wish "], v.a., 1, to wish, desire, long for. Se , r.v., to wish each other. SOUiller [L. L. suculare, " to wallow like a pig "], v.a., 1, to soil, dirty, stain, defile ; profane. Se , r.v., to dirty oneself; to disgrace oneself. SOUillure Isouiller}, s.f., stain, pollution, defilement. Sodlj -e [0. Fr. saoul, from L. L. satullus, "satiated"], adj., glutted, surfeited ; drunk. soulagement [souiager}, s.m., ease, relief, comfort; alleviation. SOUlager [L. L. subleviare, der. from L. sublevare], v.a., 1, to solace, ease, relieve, help; alleviate, allay. Se , r.v., to relieve oneself or each other. soiiler isoul], v.a., l, to in- toxicate, surfeit, satiate. Se , r.v., to get tipsy. soulevement [souiever], s.m., heaving; rising, revolt, insurrection. SOUlever [L. sublevare'], v.a. and n., 1, to raise, lift up, heave, stir up, to cause to re- volt; to revolt. Se , r.v., to rise, heave, swell, rebel. Soulier [L. L. n. solarium, deriv. of L. solea, " sandal "], s.m., shoe. souligner isous, Ugne, q.v.'}, v.a., 1, to underline, dash ; lay a stress upon. SOUmettre [L. submitterel, v.a., 4, to submit, subdue, con- quer. Se , r.v., to submit, yield, give way. soumis, -e [P-P- of soumet- tre], adj., compliant, submis- sive, humble, obedient, dutiful. soumission [L. ace. sub- missionem], s.f, submission, obedience. so UP ape [Span, sopapo, "a tap given under the chin (to make the mouth shut)," from so, "under," and papo, "the flesh under the chin"], s.f, valve, plug. SOUPCOn [0. Fr. souspefon. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 341 SOUPyONNER. from L. ace. suspicionem}, S.ni., susji-icion. soupgonner Isoupgon], v.a., 1, to suspect. soiiP90iineiiz, -euse [soupgon], adj., suspicious. SOUpe [G. suppe], s.f., soup, broth. SOUper isoupe], s.m., sup- per. , v.a., 1, to sup. SOUpir [verbal subst. of soupirer], s.m., sigh, breath; longing. SOUpirail [L- L. n. suspira- culum, from L. suspirare], s.m., air-hole. SOUpirer [L- suspirare^, v.n., 1, to sigh, breathe. apres, to long for. SOUple [L' ace. adj. sup- plicem], adj., pliant, supple, flexible, compliant. souplementj adv.,fiexibiy, pUantly. souplesse isoupW], s.f., flexibility, suppleness, pliant- ness; compliance, submissive- ness. souquenille [dim. of 0. Fr. souquenie, from L. L. soscania, succania, from L. Gr. aov- Kavia, "froek"], s./., smock- frock, old coat. source [partie. subst. of sourdre, " to bubble up," from L. surgere], s.f, spring, foun- tain, source, cause. SOUrcil [L. n. supercilium], s.m., eyebrow. SOUrciller [sourcil], v.n., 1, to knit one's brows. Saus , without wincing. SOUrd, -e [L- surdus], adj., deaf; dead, hollow, dull, un- derhand. , s.m. or /., deaf person. squrdementj adv., deafly; indistinctly ; with a rumbling noise; secretly. sourdine (a la) Isourd], adv. loc, secretly, on the sly. sourd-muet, sourde- muette Isourd, muet, q.v.], s.m. or /., deaf and dumb boy or girl, man or woman. sourdre [L. surgere], v.n., 4, to rise, spring up, gush out. sourioiere [souris, s.f, q.v,], s.f, mouse-trap. SOUrire [L. subridere], v.n., 4, to smile; delight, take the fancy of. [Inf. use(J as a 8Ub3t.], s.m., smile. SOUris [L. ace. subrisum], s.m., smile. SOUris [L. ace. soricem], s.f, mouse. SOUrnois, -e [?], adj. and s.m. or /., sneaking, under- hand ; sneak (boy or girl, man or woman). SOUrnoisement, adv., cun- ningly, silly, sneakingly. sournoiserie [ soumois ], s.f, underhand trick. SOUS [L. subtus], prep., under, beneath; upon, with, within, by. sous-chef [sous, chef, q.v.], s.m., chief assistant. souscripteur [L. ace. sub- scriptorem], s.m., subscriber. souscription [L. ace. sub- scriptionem], s.f, subscription, signature. SOUSCrire [L. subscribere], v.a. and n., 4, to subscribe, sign ; consent, agree to ; ap- prove. SOUSSigne [sous, signS, p.p. of signer, q.v.], adj., under- signed. soustraction [L. L. ace. subtr actionem], s.f, subtrac- tion ; stealing, theft. SOUStraire [L. subtrahere, or sous, traire, q.v.], v.a., 4, to subtract, take away, steal ; shelter, screen. Se , to es- cape ; to exempt or free oneself SOUte [It. sotto, "below," from L. subtus], s.f., store- room. aux poudres, powder-magazine. SOUtenable [soutenir], adj., sustainable, supportable, ten- able. SOUtenir [L. sustinere], v.a. and n., 2, to support ; bear up; uphold; endure; strength- en; assert; back; protect; to be nourishing. Se , r.v., to support or keep oneself up ; to stand upright; subsist; last. soutenu, -e ip-p. of sou- tenir], adj., steady; continued; constant ; high, elevated (style). souterrain, -e [L- subter- raneus], adj., underground. Souterrain, s.m., subway, cave, tunnel. SOUtien [verbal subst. of soutenir], s.m., support ; prop ; maintenance; supporter; de- fence. SOUtirer [sows, tirer, q-'v-], v.a., I, to draw of. SPfiCULATlF. souvenir [inf. used as a subst.], s.m., remembrance. souvenir (se) [L. subve- nire], r.v., to remember, re- collect. SOUVent [L. subinde], adv., often, frequently. SOUVerain, -e [L. L. super- anus, "the one above"], adj., sovereign, supreme, highest, without appeal. , s.m. or /., sovereign. Souverain, s.m., sovereign (coin). souverainement, adv., su- premely, in the highest degree ; souverainete [souverain], s.f, sovereignty, supremacy; dominion. soyeux, -euse [soie, q.v.], adj., silky; soft, fine. spacieux, -euse [L. spati- osus], adj., spacious, large, wide. spadassin [it. spadaccino, from spada, " sword "], s.m., fighter, bully ; hired assassin. Spasme [L. ace. spasmum, from Gr. ana SUPERPOSER. series; line; set. Tout de , immediately, at once; a la de, after. suivant, -e [pres. part, of suivre], adj., following, next. Suivant, s.m., attendant, fol- lower. Suivant, prep., ac- cording to. SUivre [L. sequi], v.a., 4, to follow; to keep pace with; accompany, attend; give way to, indulge ; run after. SUJet [L. n. subjectum (sc. verbumy\, s.m., subject ; cause, motive, matter, topic. , subject (of a sovereign"), indi- vidual. Mauvais , rogue. suJet, -ette [L. subjectus], adj., subject, liable, exposed, prone, given to. SUJetion [L. ace. subjec- tionem], s.f, subjection, de- pendence. sulfureux, -euse [L. sui- furosus], adj., sulphurous. sultan [Turkish sultan, "sovereign"], s.m., sultan. (The f em. subst. is sultane.) S U P e r b e [L. superbus], adj., proud, haughty ; superb. superbement, adv.,proud- ly ; splendidly. supercherie [It. soper- chieria], s.f, deceit, fraud. superficie [L. ace. super- flciem], s.f., superficies, area. superficiel, -elle [L. su- perficialis], adj., superficial; shallow. superficiellement, adv., superficially. SUperfin, -e [L. super, and Fr. fin, q.v.], adj., superfine. superflu, -e [L. ^uper- fluus], adj., superfluous. SUperfluite [L. ace. super- fluitatem], s.f, superfluity, superabundance. superieur, -e [L. ace. adj. superiorem], adj. and s.m. or /., superior, higher, upper; superior, superintendent. superieurement, a*^^-? *w a superior manner or degree ; capitally, splendidly. superiorite [L. L. ace. superioritatem], s.f, supe- riority. superlatif, -ive [L. super- lativus], adj., superlative. Su- perlatif, s.m., superlative. superlativement, adv., superlatively. I Buporposer [L. super, and SUPPOSE. Fr. poser, q.v."], v.a., 1, to super- pose, place over or upon. superposition [L. L. ace. superpositionem], s.f, super- position. superstitieusement, adv., superstitieux, -euse [L. superstitiosus], adj., super- stitious. superstition [L. ace. super- stitionem], s.f, superstition. SUpin [L. n. supinum (sc. verbum)], s.m., supine. supplanter [L. supplan- tare, " to trip one's heels "], v.a., 1, to supplant. Se , r.v., to supplant each other. suppleance [suppieant], s.f, substitution ; assistant- ship. suppleant, -e [pres. part. of suppleer], adj. and s.m. or /., substitute, assistant, de- puty. suppleer [L. supplere], v.a. and n., 1, to supplement, fill up, take the place of. Se , r.v., to complete itself ; to be completed or supplied. supplement [L. n. sup- plementum}, s.m., supplement, addition. supplementaire [supple- ment}, adj., supplementary, additional. suppliant, -e [J>res. part. of supplier], adj., supplicat- ing, beseeching. supplication [L. ace. sup- plicationem], s.f, supplica- tion, entreaty. supplice [L. n. suppli- cium], s.m., punishment, exe- cution, torture; pain, an- guish. supplier [L. suppUcare], v.a., 1, to entreat, beseech, beg. SUPPlique [It. supplica], s.f, petition, prayer. support [verbal subst. of supporter], s.m., support ; prop; help. supportable [supporter], adj., supportable, tolerable. supporter [L- supportare], v.a., 1, to support, bear, en- dure; tolerate, put up with. Se , r.v., to support oneself or each other; to bear with each other. supposable [supposer], adj., supposable. suppose, -e [p-p- of stip- TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 345 poser], adj., assumed, ficti- tious, reputed. Suppose que, suppose, supposing. SUPPOSer [L- L- suppau- sare, from L. suT), pausare; see poser], v.a., 1, to suppose, infer; assume ; feign. supposition [L- ace sup- positionem'], sf, supposition. SUPPOt [L. ace. suppositum, "a subordinate," from sup- poncre, " to place under "], s.m., agent, instrument. suppression [L. ace. sup- pressionem], sf., suppression, concealment. supprimer [L- suppri- mere], v.a., 1, to suppress, omit, abolish, retrench, con- ceal. supputation [L. ace. sup- putationem}, s.f., computa- tion, calculation. SUPPUter [L. supputarel v.a., 1, to compute, calculate. suprematie Isupreme], sf., supremacy. supreme [ L- supremus], adj., supreme, highest, last. SUpremement, adv., su- premely. sur, -e [0. H. G. sur. Mod. G. sauer], adj., acid, sour. sur [L- super], prep., on, upon, above, over. sur [0. Fr. seiir, from L. securus], adj., sure, safe, cer- tain, secure, trustworthy. surabondamment isura- hondant and suffix -ment], adv., superabundantly. surabondance Lsur, prep., and abondance, q.v.], sf., su- perabundance. surabondant, -e [sur, prep., and abondant, q.v.], adj., superabundant. surabonder Lsur, prep., and abonder, q.v.], v.n., 1, to superabound. suranne, -e Ip-p- of sur- anner, " to expire "], adj., antiquated, obsolete. surcharge [verbal subst. of surcharges], s.f., overcharge, additional burden ; excess, in- crease. SUrcharger [sur, charger, q.v.], v.a., 1, to overload, over- tax, overv)helm, oppress. SUrcroit [verbal subst. of surcroitre, " to increase exceed- ingly," from sur, croitre, q.v.], ^.m., increase^ excess. SURNOMMER. SUrdite [L. ace. surdi- tatem], s.f, deafness. SUreau [0. Fr. seUerel, dim. of 0. Fr. seii, from L. ace. sabu- cum], s.m., elder-tree. surement ifem. adj. sure and suffix -ment], adv., surely, safely, certainly. surencbere [.sur, prep., enchere, q.v.], s.f, higher bid. sureucberir [sur, prep., encherir, q.v.], v.n., 2, to over- bid. surerogation [sur, prep., and rogation], sf, superero- gation. surer ogatoire [sur, prep., rogatoire, "judicial, of in- quiry " (law)], adj., superero- gatory. surete [ L. ace. securi- tatem], s.f, safety, security. surexcitation [sur, prep., excitation, q.v.], s.f, over excitement. surexciter [ sur, prep., exciter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to over- excite. surface [L- L. ace. super- faciem, for L. superficiem], s.f, surface, appearance, out- side. SUrfaire [sur, prep., faire, q.v.], v.n., 4, to overcharge; exaggerate. SUrgir [L. surgere], v.n., 1, to spring up, arise. (Its doublet is sourdre, q.v.) surbumain, -e [sur, prep., humain, q.v.], adj., super- human. surintendance [sur, prep., intendance, q.v.], s.f, superin- tendence. surintendant [sur, prep., intendant, q.v.], s.m., superin- tendent. surlendemain [sur, prep., lendemain, q.v.], s.m., the day after the morrow, second day after. SUrmontable [surmonter], adj., surmountable, superable. surmonter [sur, prep., monter, q.v.], v.a., 1, to sur- mount, overcome, subdue. SUrnager [sur, prep.,- na- ger, q.v.],v.n., 1, to float on the surface ; survive, remain. surnaturel, -elle [sur, prep., naturel, q.v.], adj., supernatural. surnom [sur, prep., nom, q.v.], s.m., surname. eumojxuner [*wr, prej>., SUSCEPTIBILITY. nommer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to sur- name. SUrpasser [sur, prep., passer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to surpass, outdo; go beyond, exceed; astound. surplomber [sur, prep., plomber, q.v.], v.a.smd n., 1, to overhang, hang over. surplus [sur, prep., plus, q.v.], s.m., surplus, remainder, difference. Au , besides, moreover. surprenant, -e [pres.part. of surprendre], adj., surpris- ing, wonderful. surprendre [sur,prep., prendre, q.v.], v.a., 4, to take by surprise ; catch ; over- reach; impose upon, beguile; amaze. surprise [partic. subst. of surprendre], s.f, surprise, astonishment ; deceit, decep- tion. sursaut [sur, prep., saut, q.v.], s.m., start. En , with a start. sur sis [partic. subst. of surseoir, "to suspend," from L. supersedere], s.m., delay, respite, reprieve. sur tout [sur, tout, q.v.], adv., above all, especially. , s.m., overcoat. surveillance [surveillant], s.f, superintendence, super- vision. surveillant, -e [pres.part. of surveiller], s.m. or/., super- intendent, overseer. surveiller [sur, prep., veil- ler, q.v.], v.a., 1, to superin- tend, survey, look after, watch over. survenant, -e [pres. part. of survenir], adj., coming un- expectedly. , s.m. or /., chance-comer. survenir [L. supervenire], v.n., 2, to arrive unexpectedly; drop in ; happien ; come upon. SUrvivant, -e [pres.part. of survivre], adj., surviving. , s.m. orf, survivor. survivre- ^L- supervlvere], v.n., 4, to survive, outlive. SUS [L. adv. susum for sur- swn], adv. and prep., upon. En , over and above. En de, above. Courir a, to attack. done ! inter j., up then ! come then ! courage ! susceptibilite [L.L. sus- ceptibilitatem], s.f, suscepti- 346 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY SCSCEPTIBLE. hility, irritability; feelings, delicacy. susceptible [L-L. suscep- tibilis], adj., susceptible, ca- pable ; irritable, touchy. SUSCiter [L. susdtare], v.a., 1, to raise up, create, produce, . excite, stir up. SUSCription [L. ace. super- scriptionem, from super and scribere'], s.f., superscription, address. SUSdit, -e [sus, "above," dit, " said "], adj., aforesaid. suspect, -e [L- suspectus;\, adj., suspicious, suspected. Suspect, s.m., suspected or sus- picious man. Busvecter [suspect}, v.a., i, to suspect. Se , r.v., to suspect each other. SUSpendre [L. suspendere'], v.a., 4, to hang up, suspend; discontinue, stop, delay, put of. suspendu, -e Ip-P- of sus- pendre'], adj., hanging, hung, in abeyance. Pont suspendu, suspension-bridge. suspens (en) [L. sus- pensus, pp. of suspendere], adv. loc, in suspense, unde- cided, in abeyance. suspension [L- ace. suspen- sionem], s.f, suspension, sus- pense, interruption, cessation. suspicion [L- ace. suspid- onern], sf., suspicion. (Its doublet is soupgon, q.v.) SUStenter [L- sustentare}, v.a., 1, to sustain, maintain, feed, keep. suzerain, -e Isus, " above," and suffix -erain], s.m., suze- rain, sovereign. suzerainete [ suzerain ], s.f, suzerainty. svelte [It- svelto], adj., slender, slim. sybarite [Gr. Su/Saptnj?, from 2v^apt9, a city of Magna Graecia, noted for luxury], s.m., sybarite. sycomore [L- L- ace. syco- morum}, s.m., sycamore. sycophante [Gr. dvTr}<;, prop, "a fig informer," one who informed against those who exported figs from Attica contrary to law, from (TvKov, " fig," and ^aiveLv, " to discover "], s.m., sycophant, knave, impostor. syllabe [L. syllaba, from Gr. KTuhka^ri, from avWa^Ji- /Savetv, " to take with "], s.f, syllable. Syllabique [L- syllabicus, from Gr. cruAAa/Sofo?], adj., syllabic. Syllepse [L. syllepsis, from Gr. (ruK\r]\}/L^, from o-uAAa/x- pdvcLv, " to take together, to comprehend "] s.f, syllepsis. Syllogisme [L. ace. syllogis- mum, from Gr. (TvXkoyi(T^i.6^, from (TTJv, " with," and A6'yo9, " reason "], s.m., syllogism. Symbole [L- »*• symbolum, from Gr. avix^oKov, from a-ufx- /BdAAeti/, "to put together"], s.m., symbol, creed. Symbolique [L. symboUcus, from Gr. (ru/x^oAt/cos], adj., symbolical. symboliser Isymbole}, v.a. and n., 1, to symbolize. symetrie [L- symmetria, ftrom Gr. avixfi-^Tpia, from (tvv, " with," and fMerpov, " mea- sure "], s.f, symmetry. Symetrique [Gr- a-ufj-iierpL- Kos], adj., symmetrical. symetriquement, adv., symmetrically. Sympathie [L. sympathia, from Gr. (rufxirdOeLa, from af ore, floor (of bridges)^ TO FRENCH EEADING BOOK. 347 tabouret [see tamhour}, s.m., stool, footstool. tache [It. taccia], s.f., spot, stain, blot, hlemish. tache [0. Fr. tacclie, from Medieval L. tasca, for tacsa = taxa, verbal subst. of L. taxare, " to touch repeatedly "], s.f., task, task-work. tacher Itaciie], v. a., i, to spot, stain, soil, sully. Se , r.v., to soil one's clothes, fingers, etc. ; to dirty oneself; to get soiled or dirty. tacher [tdche'], v.n., l, to try, strive, endeavour. tacheter [dim. of tacher}, v.a., 1, to spot, speckle. tacit e [L- tacitus], adj., silent ; tacit, implied. tacitement, adv., tacitly, silently. tacitume [!•• tacitumus}, adj., taciturn, silent. tacitumite [L- ace. taci- turnitatem], sf., taciturnity, silence. tact [L. ace. tactum], s.m., touch ; tact. tacticien itactique], s.m., tactician. tacti^me [Gr. raKTiK^ (sc, Te'xvrj), "the art of marshal- ling troops "], s.f., tactics. taffetas [It. taffeta, from Persian tCtftah, p.p. of taften, " to tress, weave "], s.m., taf- feta, silk. taie [0. Fr. toie, from L. theca, from Gr. Q-jicri, "case, sheath "], s.f., pillow - case ; speck (in the eye). taillanderie [taillandier}, sf., edge-tool making. taillandier {taiiieri], s.m., edge-tool maker. taille [verbal subst. of tail- ler], s.f, cutting, cut, prun- ing, dressing; size, height, stature ; capitation-tax. tailler [L. L- taleare, tali- are, from L. talea, "a cut- ting"], v.a., 1, to cut, hew; carve ; prune, dress ; make (a pen). tailleur [ tailler ], s.m., tailor. de pierre, stone- cutter. tain [corruption of etain, q.v.}, s.m., tinfoil, tin-leaf; quicksilvering. taire [L- tacere}, v.a. and 92., 4, not to say, to suppress. Faire quelqu'un, to si- lence somebody. Se , r.v.. to hold one's tongue, to e or keep silent. talent [L. n. taUnium'], s.m., talent, ability, art. talion [L. ace. talionem'], s.m., retaliation, tit for tat. talisman [it. talismano, from Arab, telsamdn, pi. of telsam, from the Gr. T€T€\€ -e [PP- of tanner], adj., tan-coloured, tawny. tanner [tan], v.a., l, to tan. tannerie [tanner], s.f, tan-yard. [tanner. tanneur [tanner], s.m., tant [L- tantum], adv., so much, so many. que, as long as. et plus, very much, ever so mu^h, soit peu, little. very little, ever so bien que mal, so so, indifferently, somehow. 11 est vrai, so true it is. mieux, so much the better. pis, so much the worse. Tous que vous etes, all the lot of you. tante [0. Fr. ante, from L. amita], s.f, aunt. tantot [tant, tot, q.v.], adv., presently, by and by ; this afternoon, now . . . now (when repeated in the same sentence). taon [L. ace. tabanum], s.m., horse-Jly, gad-fly. tapage [taper], s.m., great noise, uproar. tapageur, -euse [tapage], s.m. or /., noisy fellow, noisy creature, rioter. tape [verbal subst. of taper], s.f., slap, tap. taper [G. zapfen, Swed. tapp,'^ to strike, cork"], v.a., 1, to strike, slap, tap, stump. tapinois (en) [ Medieval L. tapinus, from Gr. TaTreu'o?, " low, humble "], adv., stealth- ily, slily. [squat. tapir (se) [?]» ^-v., to crouch, tapis [L. n. tapete, Gr. TaTn)?, TttTTis], S.m., carpet ; cover; tapis. Etre sur le , to be talked about. tapisser [tapis], v.a., i, to hang with tapestry, carpet. tapisserie [tapisser], s.f, tapestry, hangings ; carpet ; upholstery. tapissier [tapisser], s.m., upholsterer. tapon [dim. of 0. Fr. tape, from A.-S. tape, " bundle "], s.m., bundle; plug (naut.). (Its doublet is tampon, q.v.) taquin, -e [Span, tacam, " tease "], adj., teasing. , s.m. or/., teaser. taquiner [taquin], v.a., 1, to tease, plague, torment. taquinerie [taquiner], s.f., teasing. tard [L. €Lv, "to describe"], sf, topography. topographique [topogra- phic], adj., topographic, topo- graphical. toque [It. tocca, from Kymr. toe, "cap, head-dress"], sf, cap. toque, -e [P-P- of toquer, "to touch"], adj., touched, cracked, crazy. torche [L. L. toi-tia (?), " a wisp of straw," from L. tortus, p.p. of torquere, "to twist"], s.f, torch. tordre CL- torquere], v.a., 4, and se , r.v., to twist, writhe: to be convulsed with laughter. torpeur [L. ace. torporem], s.f, torpor, numbness. torrent [L- ace. torrentem], s.m., torrent, fl^od, flow. torrentiel, -elle [torrent], adj., pouring, coming down in torrents. tors, -e [L. tortus,p.p. of tor- quere], adj., twisted, crooked. torsade [tors], s.f, twisted fringe, twist. torse [It. torso], s.m., torso, bust, trunk. tort [L. L. n. tortum, " in- justice," from L. p.p. tortus], s.m., wrong, fault, harm, in- jury. A , adv. loc, wrong. fully. Avoir , to be wrong, in the wrong. tortiller [L.L. torticulare], v.a., 1, to twist. tortu, -e [L.L. tortu- tus (?), from L. p.p. tortus], adj., crooked, wry, twisted. tortue [rustic L. tortuca, so called on account of the twisted shape of its feet], sf., tortoise, turtle, testudo. tortueux, -euse [L. tor- tuosus], adj., winding, tor- tuous, crooked. torture [L. tortura, lit. "twisting"], s.f., torture, rack. torturer [torture], v.a., i, to tease, torture, wrest. tot [L. tostus, burnt, i.e. aa quick as the flash], adv., early, soon, quickly. Plus , sooner. Trop , too soon. ou tard, sooner or later. total, -e [L. L. totalis, der. from L. totus], adj., total, whole, entire. Total, s.m., sum total. totalement, cLdv., totally, wholly, entirely. totalite [total], s.f, tota- lity, whole. touchant, -e [pres. part. of toucher], adj., touching, affecting, moving. Touchant, prep., about, concerning. toucher [0. H. G. zuchCn, "■ to draw, snatch "], v.a. and n., 1, to touch, to feel; affect, concern; to approach; to be near. Se , r.v., to touch each other; to meet, join. tOUffe [0. Fr. toffe, from L. G. topyp], sf., tuft; clump. 352 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTlONABt touffu, -e ito'uffe'}, adj., tufted, bushy. toujours [tons, jours, pi of tout and jour, q.v.}, adv., always, ever, for ever, usually. tour [verbal subst. of tour- ner}, s.m., turn ; trick; wind- ing, round ; circuit, turning- lathe. de gosier, strain, trill. tour [L- ace. turrim, from Gr. Tuppi?], sf., tower; castle {at chess). tourbe [0. H. G. zurf. Modern G. torf], s.f., peat, turf. tourbeux, -euse Itourbe'], adj., peaty, turfy. tourbiere [tourbe}, sf., peat-bog, turf -pit. tOTirbillon [L. L. turbi- cula, der. from L. turbo, tur- binis'j, s.m., whirliHnd, whirl- pool, vortex, eddy. tourbillonnement {tour- billon'], s.m., whirling, eddy- ing. tourbillonner {tourbii- lonl, v.n., 1, to whirl, eddy; tvind. tourelle [dim. of tour, s.f. 2, sf, turret. tourment [L- w. tormen- ium'], s.m,, torment ; anguish, pang; vexation. tourmentant, -e Ipres. part, of tourmenter}, adj., troublesome. toiirmeiite [verbal subst. of tourmenter], s.f., storm, tempest. • tourmenter [tourmenf], v.a., 1, to torment, torture; annoy, tease, vex; worry, dis- tress. toumant, -e [pres. part. of tourner], adj., turning. Toumant, s.m., turn; eddy; corner, winding ; wheel. toumebroche [ toumer, broche, q.v.], s.m., jack, turn- spit. tournee [partic. subst. of tourner'], s.f, round, walk; visitation ; journey, tour. tourner [L. tomare], v.a. and n., 1, to turn, turn round; turn over; twist, wind; twirl; revolve; change. Se ,r.v., to turn round; change; to be changed, turned. tournesol [tourner, sol for soleil, q.v.], s.m., sunflower. tourneur [L- ace. toma- torem], s.7n., turner. TRACASSERTE. tourniquet [tourner], s.m., turnstile, turnpike. toumoi [verbal subst. of tournoyer], s.m., tournament. t^oumoiement or tour- noinient [tournoyer], s.m., turning round, whirling. de tete, giddiness. tournois [L- Turonensis], adj. (m. only), of Tours. Livre , Tours livre, i.e., about ten pence. (This coin was suppressed in 1795.) tournoyer [L. L. tomicare, from L. tomare], v.n., 1, to turn round and round. tOUmure [tourner], s.f, turn; direction; shape, form, figure, appearance, look. tourte [L- L. torta, " rolled cake "], s.f, tart,pie. See tarte. tourtereau [0. Fr. tour- terel, from L. L. ace. turtu- rellum, dim. of L. turtur], s.m., turtle-dove. (The /em. is tourterelle.') Toussaint [ ious, saint, q.v.], s.f. Ml Hallows, All- Saints' day. tousser [L- tussire], v.n., I, to cough. tousseur, -euse [tousser], s.m. or/., cougher. tout, sing, m., toute, sing. f, tons, pi- m., toutes, pl-f- [L. totus], indef. adj., all, whole, every, any. Tout, s.m., the whole, everything, any- thing. Tout, adv. [toute or toutes before a cons, or h aspirate], wholly, quite, tho- tOUtefoiS [toute, fois, q.v.], adv., however, nevertheless, still, yet. Toute-puissance [toute, puissance, q.v.], s.f. Omni- potence. tout-puissant, toute- puissante [tout, puissant, q.v.], adj., omnipotent, all- powerful. Le Tout-puissant, s.m., the Almighty. tOUX [L. ace. tussim], s.f, tracas [verbal subst. of tracasser], s.m., worry, bother; bustle, stir, noise. tracasser [see traquer], v.a. and n., 1, to worry, annoy, bother, torment^jplague, bustle, stir. tracasser ie [tracasser], s.f, cavil, bickering; trickery; annoyance. TRAINEAU. tracassier, -iere [tra- casser], s.m. or /., caviller; pesterer, mischief-maker. trace [verbal subst. of tra- cer], s.f, trace, track. footstep ; sign, mark. tracer [L. L. tractiare, der. from L. tractus,p.p. of trahere, "to draw lines"], v.a., 1, to trace, draw, mark, lay out. tradition [L. ace tradi- tionem], s.f, tradition. (Its doublet is trahison, q.v.) traditionnel, -elle [tra- dition], adj., traditional. traducteur [L. ace. tra- ductorem], s.m., translator. traduction [L. ace. traduc- tionem], s.f., translation. traduire [ L- traducere], v.a., 4, to translate, interpret ; show; bring, indict, arraign. traduisible [traduire], adj., translatable, expressible. trafic [It. traffico, compd. of L. trans, "across," vices, "interchange"], s.m., traffic, trade. trafiquant [pres. part. of trafiquer], s.m., trader, dealer. trafiquer [it. trafficare], v.n., 1, to traffic, trade, deal. tragedie [ L- tragoedia, from Gr.TpayajSt'a.from rpayo?, " he goat," and wS-q, " a poem for singing "], s./., tragedy. tragedien, -enne [trage- die], s.m. or/., tragedian. tragique [ L. tragicus, from Gr. rpayiKo?], adj., tra- gic. , s.m., tragic author or actor. tragiquement, adv., tra- gically. trahir [L. tradere], v.a., 2, to betray; disclose, reveal, deceive. Se , r.v., to betray oneself or each other. trahison [L. ace tradi- tionem], s.f, treason, trea- chery. (Its doublet is tradi- tion, q.v.) train [0. Fr. tra-in, from It. traino, from L. trahere, " to draw "], s.m., rate, pace, train, retinue; course; rail- way-train ; train of artillery. trainant, -e [pres. part, of trainer], adj., dragging, trail- ing ; drawling; languid. trainard [trainer], s.m., straggler, laggard. traineau [trainer], s.m., sledge, sleigh. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 353 TRAINEE. trainee [partic subst. of trainer], s.f., train, track, line. trainer [L- L. traginare, "to draw," from L. trahere], v.a. and n., 1, to lead, drag, haul; protract, linger; lan- guish; to be in suspense. Se , r.v., to crawl, creep, lag behind. traire [L- trahere, "to draw "], v.a., 4, to milk. trait [L- ace. tractum"], s.m., feature; act, action, deed, in- cident ; trace ( of harness). Bete de , draught animal. Arme de , missile weapon, missile. traitable [L- tractabiUs], adj., tractable, manageable, docile. traite if em. form of traif], s.f, journey ; exportation, trading ; slave-trade. traite [L- ace. tractatum], s.m., treaty, agreement ; tract, treatise. traitement itraiter'}, s.m., treatment ; salary, stipend. traiter [L. tractare'], v.a., 1, to treat; deal with; trans- act; entertain; to come to terms. de, to treat of, call, style. Se , r.v., to treat oneself or each other; to be one's own physician. traiteur [trailer}, s.m., eating-house keeper. traitre [L. nom. traditor], s.m., traitor. (The fem. is ti'aitresse.) traitreusement [fem. adj. traUreuse, and sufBx -ment}, adv., treacherously. trajet [L- ace. trajectum], s.m., passage, crossing, jour- ney, distance. trame [L. trama}, s.f, woof, weft ; (fig.) thread, plot. tramer [trame], v.a., 1, to weave; hatch, plot. Se , r.v., to be hatched. tramontane [It. tramon- tana, from tra, for L. trans, " beyond," and L. ace. montem, " mountain "], s.f, north star. Perdre la , not to know where one is ; to get bewilder- ed or confused. tranchant, -e [pres. part. of trancher], adj., sharp, cut- ting, peremptory. Tranchant, s.m., edge. tranche [verbal subst. of trancher], s.fy slice. Fk. p. II. TRANSGRESSER. tranch.ee [partic. subst. of tranclier], s.f, trench. trancher [L- truncare], v.a., 1, to cut; mark; solve; end; settle; set up for; con- trast. tranquille [L. tranquU- lus], adj., quiet, peaceful. tranquillementj adv., quietly, peacefully. tranquilliser [tranquiller, in the 16th century, from L. tranquillare], v.a., 1, to quiet, still. Se , r.v., to make oneself easy ; to become quiet. tranquillite [L- ace. tran- quillitatem], s.f, tranquillity, stillness. transaction [L- ace. trans- actionem], s.f, transaction, arrangement. transalpin, -e [L- trans- alpinus], adj., transalpine, beyond the Alps. transatlantique [l^trans, and Fr. atlantique, q.v.], adj., transatlantic. transcendance [transcen- dant], s.f, transcendency. transcendant, -e [L. ace. transcendentem, pres. part, of transcendere], adj., transcen- dent. transcription [L. ace. transcriptionem], s.f, tran- scription, copy. transcrire [ L- transcri- bere], v.a., 4, to transcribe, copy. trans 6 [verbal subst. of transir], s.f, affright. transferer [L. transferre], v.a., 1, to transfer, remove; postpone. Se , r.v., to be removed. trans fert [transferer], s.m., transfer. transfiguration [L. ace. transfgurationem], s.f., transfiguration. transfigurer [L. trans- figurare], v.a., 1, to trans- figure. Se , r.v., to be transfigured. transformation [L. ace. transformationem], s.f, trans- formation. transformer [L. trans- formare], v.a., 1, to trans- form, change. Se , r.v., to be transformed. transfuge [L. ace. trans- fugam], s.m., fugitive, de- serter. transgresser [L. L. trans- TRANSPORTATION. freq. of L. trans- _. v.a., 1, to transgress, break, infringe. transgresseur [L. aec. transgressorem], s.m., trans- gressor. transgression ["L. ace. transgressionem], s.f., trans- gression, violation. transi, -e [past part, of transir], adj., chilled, be- numbed. transiger [L. transigere], v.n., 1, to compound, come to terms. , v.a., to trans- act. transir [L. L. transire, "to die " (in Medieval L.), compd. of L. trans, "beyond," and ire, "to go "J, •y.o.,,2, to chill, benumb. , v.n., to be chilled, shiver. tiansition [ L. aec. transi- tionem], s.f, transition. transitoire [ L. transi- torius], adj., transitory. translation [L. aec. trans- latiofiem], s.f, translation, removal ; postponement. transmettre [L. trans- mittere], v.a., 4, to transmit, transfer, forward, hand down. Se , r.v., to transmit to each other ; to be transmitted. transmission [ L. aec. transmissionem], s.f., trans- mission ; transfer. transparence [transpa- rent], s.f, transparency. transparent, -e [L. L. ace. transparentem], adj., transparent. transpercer [L. trans, and Fr. jpercer, q.v.], v.a., 1, to pierce through. transpiration [trans- pirer], s.f, perspiration. transpirer [L. trans, " through," spirare, " to pant"], v.n., 1, to perspire, ooze out. transplantation [trans- planter], s.f, transplanting. transplanter [L. trans- plantare], v.a., 1, to trans- plant. Se , r.v., to be transplanted. transport [verbal subst. of transporter], s.m., removal, conveyance ; delight, pleasure, rapture, ecstasy. Moyens de , conveyances. transportation [L. ace. transportationem, " remov- ing "J, s.f, transportation. 2a 354 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY TRANSPORTER transporter [L. trans- portare], v.a., 1, to transport, convey; enrapture. Se , r.v., to transport oneself; go, repair. transposer [L. trans, and Fr. poser, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to trans- pose. Se , r.v., to be trans- transposition [L. trans, and Fr. position, q.v.}, s.f., transposition. transvaser [L. trans, and Fr. vase, s.m., q.v.}, v.a., 1, to decant. transversal, -e [trans- verse, from L. transversus}, adj., transverse, transversal. transversalementt adv., transver sally, crosswise. trappe [Medieval L. trap- pa, "snare," from O. H. G. trapo, "trap"], s.f., trap, trapdoor. trapu,-S [0. H. G. tapar, " heavy "J, adj., thickset ; stumpy. traqnenard {.traquer}, s.m., trap, snare. traquer [N. trekken, "to draw a net"], v.a., 1, to "beat up (a wood), hunt; enclose, surround. travail [L. L. n. trdba- culum, from L. ace. trdbem, lit. " a horsebreaker's break "], s.m., work, labour, toil, pains ; trave. travailler [travail}, v.n., 1, to work, labour, toil. travallleur, s.m., hard- worker, labourer, workman. travauz, pi- of travail, q.v. travers [L. traversus, for transversus}, s.m., breadth ; eccentricity, whim ; defect, fault. A , prep., across, through. Au de, prep., through. traverse [verbal subst. of traverser], s.f, traverse, cross-bar, cross-beam, girder; cross-way or cut. traversee [partic. subst. of traverser}, s.f, crossing, pas- sage, voyage. traverser [travers}, v.a., 1 , to cross, go through, pierce through; thwart. travestir [it. travestire, from L. trans, vestire}, v.a., 2, to disguise ; misrepresent. Se , r.v., to disguise oneself. travestissement [traves- tir}, s.m., disguise. trebuchement [trebucher}, s.m., stumbling, fall. trebucher [tre for tra (L. trans) and 0. Fr. buc, from 0. H. G. buh, "trunk (of the body)," prop, "to make the body lose its balance"], v.n., 1, to stumble, fall. trebnehet [dim. of 0. Fr. trabuc, " ballista," an an- cient war-engine for hurling stones], s.m., trap, snare. trefle [L. n. trifolium}, s.m., tr^oil. treillage [treille}, s.m., lat- tice-work. treille [L" trichila, "sum- mer-house, bower "], s.f., vine- arbour. treillis [L. L. tralidum, from L. ace. adj. trilicem, " triple-twilled "], s.m., lattice- work, trellis. treize [L. trededm}, num. adj. (card.), thirteen. treizieme [treize"], num. adj. (ord.), thirteenth. trema [Gr. rp^ixa, " hole "], s.m., dicBresis. tremblant, -e [pres. part. of trembler}, adj., trembling, tottering. tremblement [trembler}, s.m., trembling, shaking, shivering. de terre, earthquake. trembler [L. L. tremulare, der. of L. tremulus}, v.n., 1, to tremble, shake, shiver, shud- der, quake. trempe [verbal subst. of tremper}, sf, temper (of steel), tempering; stamp; character. trempe, -e [p-p- of trem- per}, adj., drenched, soaked. tremper [L. temperare}, \ v.a., 1, to temper, dip, soak, \ wet, dilute; to have a hand in; to be concerned in. (Its ; doublet is temperer, q.v.) i trentaine [trente, q.v.}, s.f, about thirty. I trente [L. triginta}, num. adj. (card.), thirty. I trentieme [trente}, num. \ adj. (ord.), thirtieth. jtrepas [verbal subst. of j trepasser}, s.m., death, decease. trepaSSCj -e [p-p- of tre- passer}, adj. and s.m. or /., deceased; dead person. 1 trepasser [L.L. transpas- sare, " to pass across "], v.n., 1, to depart this life, die. trepied [L. ace. adj. tri- pedem}, s.m., tripod; trivet. trepignement [trepigner}, s.m., stamping (of the feet). trepigner [0. Fr. treper, from N. trippen}, v.n., 1, to stamp one's feet. tres [L- trans, lit. "be- yond," and later " very "], adv., very, very much. tresor [L- ace. thesaurum}, s.m., treasure; treasury, ex- chequ£r. tresorerie [tresor}, s.f, treasury. tresorier [L. adj. thesau- rarius}, s.m., treasurer. tressaillement [tressaii- lir}, s.m., start, starting, thrill, trembling, trepidation. tressaillir [L- L. trans- salire}, v.n., 2, to start, shud- der, tremble. tresse [verbal subst. of tresser}, sf, tress, plat, plait, braid. tresser [L.L. tricciare, from L. L. triccia, a later form of trichea, from Gr. rpCxa, "tripartite"], v.a., 1, to tress, plat, plait, twist. treteau [0. Fr. trestel, from L.L. n. transtellum, dim. of L. n. transtrum, " cross-beam, transom "], s.m., trestle, boards, stage, platform. treve [0. Fr. trive, from 0. H. G. triggua, " security "], s.f., truce. de, enough of, let us have no more . . . triage [trier}, s.m., choice, sorting, picking, selection, winnowing. triangle [L. n. triangu- lum}, s.m., triangle. triangulaire [L. triangu- laris}, adj., triangular. tribord [0. Fr. estribord, from Engl, starboard}, s.m., starboard. tribu [L. tribus}, s.f, tribe, caste. tribulation [L. ace tri- bulationem}, s.f, tribulation, trouble. tribun [L. ace. tribunum}, s.m., tribune. tribunal [L. n. tribunal}, s.m., tribunal; court of jus- tice. tribune [L.L. tribuna}, s.f, tribune, stand, platform^ gallery. TO FEENCH READING BOOK. 355 tribut [L- w. trihutum'], s.m., tribute, tax. tributaire [L. adj. tribu- tarius'jy adj. and s.vn. or /., tributary. t richer [0. Fr. trecher, from L. tricari, "to play- tricks"], v.a. and n., 1, to cheat, trick. tricherie Itricher}, s.f., cheating, trickery. tricheur, -euse [tricher}, s.m. or /., cheat, trickster. tricolore [L-L- tricolor'], adj., tricoloured. tricot [dim. of trique, q.v., lit. "wooden needle"], s.m., knitting. tricotage Itricoter}, s.m., knitting. tricoter [G- stricken, "to make knots"], v.a. and n., 1, to knit. tricoteur, -euse itri- coter], s.m. or /., knitter. trident [L. ace adj. tri- dentem], s.m., three-pronged spear, trident. triennal, -e [L.L. trien- nalis, from L. triennis], adj., triennial. trier [L- L- tritare, der. from L. tritus, p.p. of terere, "to beat (the corn from the chafE)"], v.a., 1, to sort, choose, pick, select, winnow. Se , r.v., to be sorted, winnowed. trimestre [L. ace. adj. tri- mestrem], s.m., quarter, three months ; quarter's money, rent or salary. trimestriel, -elle itri- mestre], adj., quarterly. Trinite [L. ace. trinitatem], s.f., the Trinity. trinquer [Gr. trinken, "to drink"], v.n., 1, to touch glasses. trio [It. trio, from L. n. tria, " three "], s.m., trio ; triplet. triomphal, -e [L- trium- phalis], adj., triumphal. triomphalemeiit, adv., triumphantly. triomphant, -e [pres.part. of triompher], adj., trium- phant, victorious. triomphateur [L. ace. tri- umphatorem], adj. and s.m., triumphant; triumpher, con- queror. (The fern, is triom- phatrice.^ triomphe [L- ace. trium- phum, from Gr. OpCati^o^, "a procession in honour of Bac- chus "], s.m., triumph. triompher [L- trium- phare], v.n., 1, to triumph, to be triumphant. triple [L. triplus, from Gr. TpcTrAou?], adj. and s.m., treble, triple, threefold. triplement, adv., trebly, triply. tripler [triple], v.a. and w., 1, to treble, triple. tripot [0. Fr. V. triper, " to jump, stamp one's feet "], s.m.y gambling-house. tripotage [tripoter], s.m., medley, mess; low intrigue, jobbery. tripoter [tripot], v.a. and n., 1, to handle, job; to make a medley ; to meddle, intrigue. trique [N. strijken, "to strike "], s.f., stick, cudgel. triste [L. tristis], adj., sad, dull, gloomy, melancholy, mournful. tristement, adv., sadly, dully, melancholily. tristesse [L- tristitia], sf., sadness, sorroiv, melancholy, mournfulness,dulness, gloom. trituration [L. ace. tri- turationem, "thrashing"], s./., trituration. triturer [L. triturare, " to thrash"], v.a., 1, to triturate, grind, masticate, pound. triumvir [L. nom. trium- vir], s.m., triumvir. triumviral, -e [L. trium- viralis], adj., triumviral. trium virat [L- ace. trium- viratum], s.m., triumvirate. trivial, -e [L- trivialis], adj., trivial, common, vulgar, low; trifling, light. trivialement, adv., trivi- ally, vulgarly. triviality [trivial], s.f, triviality, vulgarity, vul- garism. trois [L- tres], num. adj. (card.), three. troisieme [trois], .num. adj. (ord.^, third. troisiemement. adv., thirdly. trombe [L. ace. turbinem], sf., waterspout. t r m p e [it. tromba, from L. tuba], sf., horn, trumpet; trunk, proboscis. tromper [^rompe, prop. " to play the horn" (like quacks and mountebanks) ; hence "to cheat"], v.a., 1, to de- ceive, cheat, impose upon, he- tray, disappoint, beguile. »Se , r.v., to make a mistake ; to deceive oneself; to be de- ceived ; to deceive each other, tromperie [tromper], s.f., deceit, deception, fraud, impo- sition, delusion. trompette [dim. of trompe], sf, trumpet. , s.m., trum- peter. trompeur,-euse[^''omi)er], adj. and s.m. or /., deceitful, deceptive, false; deceiver, cheat, impostor. tronc [Ij- ace. truncum]y s.m., trunk, stock; poor-box. tron90n [dim. of tronc], s.m., fragment, broken piece, stump. trone [L- ace. thronum, from Gr. 6p6vo^, " an elevated seat"], s.m., throne. troner [trone], v.n., 1, to sit on a throne ; to sit in one's glory; to be pre-eminent. tronquer [L. truncare, " to maim "], v.a., 1, to mutilate, maim, curtail. trop [L- L. troppus, " herd " (used adverbially to denote superabundance), from 0. IL G. drupo], adv., too much, too many. Par , too, too much. Pas , not too much. , s.m., excess, superfluity. trophee [L. w. tropaeum, from Gr. Tpoiraiov, " memorial of victory "], s.m., trophy. tropical, -e [see tropique], adj., tropical. tropique [L- adj. tropicus, fromGr. rpoTrt/co?, "pertaining to a turning," from TpeTreti, "to turn"], adj., tropical. , s.m., tropic. i trot [verbal subst.w. of irof- 1 ter], s.m., trot. Grand , I full trot. Petit , jog-trot. I trotte [verbal subst./em. of I trotter], s.f, distance, walk, \ step. I trotte -menu [trotter, I m^nu, q.v.], adj. (which dots not take the sign of the /em.), slow-trotting, wee-footed. La gent , the small trotting race, i.e. the mouse-tribe. trotter [L. L- tolutare = L. ire tolutim, "to go at a trot" (in Pliny)], v.n., 1, to trot, run about. trotteurj -euse [L. adj. 2 A 2 356 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY tolutarius, "trotting " (in Seneca)], s.m., trotter. , adj., trotting. trottoir [trotter'}, s.m., foot- way or path, side-walk, pave- ment. trou [L- L. ace. traugum], s.m., hole, orifice, gap. troubadour [Prov. tro- bador, ft-om trovar, "to in- vent "] s.m., troubadour, southern bard. (Its doublet is trouvere, q.v.) trouble [L. L. ace. turbu- lum, " that which is in dis- order "], adj., turbid, muddy, thick. , s.m., confusion, tumult, agitation. trouble, -e Ip-P- of trou- bler], adj., confused. troubler [L- L- turbulare], v.a., 1, to disturb, agitate; to make thick, muddy; to con- fuse, confound ; dim. trouee Itrou-], s.f, gap, opening. trouer itrou"], v.a., l, to per- forate, make a hole in, bore. troupe [deriv. from L. L. ace. troppum, " a herd "], s.f, troop, multitude, crowd, band, herd; soldiers. troupeau [ troupe}, s.m.. Hock ; herd, drove. troupier {troupe}, s.m., sol- dier. trousse [verbal subst. of trousser}, s.f., truss, bundle, case, quiver. Aux s de, in pursuit of. trousseau Itrousse}, s.m., bunch {of keys); bride's out- fit; trousseau. trousser [L. L. tortiare, "to bind together," from L. tortus, p.p. of torquere}, v.a., 1, to tuck up, turn up, pack up, dispatch. Se , r.v., to pick up one's clothes. trouvable {trouver}, adj., to be found, discoverable. trouvaille {trouver}, s.f, godsend, prize, discovery. trouvC; -e [P-P- of trou- ver}, adj., found; happy, lucky {of things). Enfant trouve, foundling. trouver [L. turbare, "to move, seek for," thence " find "], v.a., 1, to find, meet with, get. Se , r.v., to find oneself or to be found ; to be, happen to be. trouvere [doublet of trou- badour, q.v.}, s.m., trouvere, northern bard. truand [L. L. ace. truda- num, from Kymr. try an, "va- gabond "], s.m., vagrant, vaga- bond. truanderie {truand}, s.f, vagrancy. trucbement [Span, truche- man, " dragoman "], s.m., in- terpreter, spokesman. truelle [ dim. L. trv^, " ladle "], s.f, trowel. truffe [L. n. tuber}, s.f, truffie. truie [L. L. troja. Cf. L. porcus troianus, " a roast pig in the stomach of which were put birds, in allusion to the Trojan horse "], s.f., sow. tu [L. tu}, pers. pron., thou. tuant, -e {pres. part, of tuer}, adj., killing, tedious, toilsome. tube [L- ace. tubum}, s.m., tube, pipe. tubercule [L. n. tuber- culum}, s.m., tubercle. tuberculeux, -euse {tu- bercule}, adj., tuberculous. tubereuse [ L. tuberosa}, s.f, tuberose. tubulaire {tube}, adj., tubular. Tudesque [!*• tedesco, from 0. H. G. diutisc. Mod. G. deutsch}, adj., Teutonic. , s.m., Teutonic language. tuer [in 0. Fr. = to stifle, from L. tutari, "to defend," then " cover for defence," then "stifle"], v.a. and n., I, to kill, slaughter, destroy ; stifle; tire to death. tuerie {tuer}, s.f, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage; slaughter-house. tue-tete (a) {tuer, tete, q.v.}, adv., at the top of one's voice. tueur {tu£r}, s.m., killer. tulle [L. tegula}, s.f, tile. tuilerie {tuiUer}, s.f., tile- works, tile-kiln. Les s, the palace of the Tuileries (in Faris). tuilier {tuile}, s.m., tile- maker, tiler. tulipe [Span. tuUpa}, s.f, tulip. tulle {^lle, a town of France, where this textile fabric was first woven], s.m,., tulle, net. tumeur [Ij. ace. tumorem}, sf., tumour, swelling. tUULUlte [l-i' ace. tumul- TTPHOIDE. tum}, S.m., tumult, noise, agi- tation, bustle. tumultueusement, adv., tumultuously, riotously. tumultueux, -euse [L. tumultuosus], adj., tumultu- ous, riotous. tunique [L. tunica}, s.f, tunic, coat. turban [It. and Port, tur- bante, from Arab, dulband, from dul, "round," and Per- sian band, "band"], s.m., turban. turbot [L- turbo, " a top," on account of the shape of the fish], s.m., turbot. turbulemment {turbu- lent and suflix -ment}, adv., turbulently, wildly. turbulence [ L. turbu- lentia}, s.f, turbulence, wild- n^ss. turbulent, -e [L. turbu- lentus}, adj., turbulent, wild. Turc, Turque {Turquie}, adj. and s.m. or /., Turkish ; Turk. turpitude [L. ace. turpitu- dinerri}, s.f, turpitude, base- ness, shame. Turquie, s.f, Turkey. tutelaire [ I-"- tutelaris}, adj., tutelar, protecting. tutelle [L. tutela}, s.f, tutelage, guardianship, pro^ tection ; subjection. tuteur [L. ace. tutorem}y \s.m., guardian, trustee.- (The fern, is tutrice.) tutoyer {tu and toi, q.v.}, v.a., 1, to say thou and thee to; to treat intimately. Se , r.v., to thee-and-thou one an- other. tuyau [0. Fr. tuyel, from L. L. ace. tubellum, dim. of L. tubus}, s.m., pipe, tube; chimney-flue; shaft; barrel (of a pen). tympan [L. n. tympanum, from Gr. rviinavov, "drum"], s.m., tympanum, drum {of the ear). (Its triplets are tim- bale and timbre, q.v.) type [L. ace. typum, from Gr. TVTTos, "figure, image"] s.m., type, model, character, emblem. typhoide [Gr. rvi^aJSr/s, from TU0O9, "stupor arising from fever," and eUosr " form "], adj., typhoid. TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 357 typhon [ Gr. Tu0c6?, "storm"], s.m., typhoon, furi- ous storm. typhus [<^r. TV(f>o^ (see typhoide), from tv<^€iv, "to burn slowly"], s.m., typhus, typhus fever. typique [L. typicus, from Gr. TUTTixd?, " figurative "], adj., typical. typographic [ ^r. tutto? (see type), and ypa^tiv, "to write "], s./., typography. typographique [ wwi- formly. uniformite [L. ace. uni- formitatem], s.f, unifor- mity. uniment [uni and suffix -ment], adv., evenly ; plainly. union [L. ace. unionem], s.f, union, concord, har- mony. (Its doublet is oignon, " onion.") unipersonnel, -elle [un, personnel, q.v.], adj., imper- sonal. unique [L- unicus], adj., only, single, sole, unique; matchless ; unprecedented; odd. uniquement, adv., only, solely. unir [L- unire], v.a., 2, and s' , r.v., to unite, join, level, smooth. unisson [L. L. adj. uni- .s.m., unison; har- mony. A r , in unison, in concert. unite [L' ace. unitatem], s.f, unity ; unit. univers [Tj. n. universum], s.m., universe. universalite [L. L. ace. universalitatem], s.f., univer- sality. universeL -elle [L. uni- versalis], adj., universal. universellement, adv., universally. USURPATION. universitaire [universite], adj., of a university, aca- demic. universite [L. ace. uni- versitatem, which meant "a college, a corporation," in the sixth century], s.f, university. urbain, -e [ i^. urbanus], adj., urban. Garde e, mu- nicipal guard, city guard. urbanite [^- ace. urbani- tatem], s.f, urbanity, polite- ness. urgence [urgent], s.f, urgency. urgent, -e [T^- ace. adj. ur- gentem (from urgere)], adj., urgent, pressing. urne [L. uma], s.f, urn, ballot-box. us [L- ace. usum], s.m., u>e, usage, way. et coutumes, ways and customs. usage [user], s.m., custom, habit, usage; use. user [L. L- usare, der. from L. usus, p.p. of uti], v.n., 1, to use, make use of, enjoy. , v.a., to use up, to wear out. S' , r.v., to be consumed; to wear out; decay. USine [L. L. usina, "the use of water-power"], s.f., manufactory, works. usite, -e [L- usitatus, p.p. of usitari, "to use often"], adj., used; usual. ustensile [L- pi- n. uten- silia], s.m., utensil, tool, im- usuel, -elle [L- usuaii'^], adj., usual, customary, com- mon. usuellement, adv., usu- ally, commonly. USUfruit [ L- ace. usufruc- tum], s.m., usufruct, use for life. usufruitier [L- ace. usu- fructuarium], s.m., usufruc- tuary, tenant for life. (The fem. is usufruitiere.) usuraire [ L- usurarius], adj., usurious. USUre [ L- usura ], sf., usury ; wear and tear. usurier, -iere [L. adj. usurarius], s.m. or/., usurer. usurpateur [L. ace. usur- patorem ], adj. and s.m., usurping ,- usurper. (The fem. is usurpatrice.) usurpation [L. ace. vsur- pationem], s.f, usurpation, encroachment. 358 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY usurper [L. usurpare], v.a. and w., 1, to usurp, en- croach. utile [ L. utilis], adj., use- ful, serviceable, beneficial, good, proper. Utilement, adv., usefully; profitably, advantageously. utiliser [utiW], v.a., i, to utilize, turn to account, make use of. S' , r.v., to be uti- lized. Utilite [L. ace. utilitatem'], s.f, utility, usefulness, service, advantage. Utopie [Grr. ov, TOTTo?, "no place," i.e., "the land of no- where"], s.f, Utopia. Utopiste {.Utopie}, s.m. or /., utopist, dreamer. vacance {vacanf], s.f, va- cancy. s, holidays, va- cation. Entrer en , to break up. vacant, -e [L. ace. adj. vacantem (from vacare)}, adj., vacant, unoccupied. vacarme [N. wach arme, " woe to thee, wretch !"], s.m., tumult, hubbub, uproar. vaccin [L. adj. vaccinus, "from cows"], s.m., vaccine- matter. vaccinateur [ vacdner ], s.m., vaccinator. vaccination Ivacdner], sf., vaccination. vaccine [vaccin^, s.f, cow- pox, vaccination. vacciner [yaccin^, v.a., i, to vaccinate. vache [L- vaccd], s.f, cow. vacher, -ere ivache'], s.m. or/., cow-herd, cow-keeper. vacillant, -e [pres. part. of vaciller'}, adj., vacillating, unsteady. vacillation [L. ace. vacH- lationem], s.f, vacillation, wavering. vaciller [L- vadllare'], v.n., 1, to vacillate, waver. vagabond, -e [L. vaga- bundus], adj. and s.m. or /., wandering ; vagrant, vaga- bond. vagabondage [vagabondl s.m., vagabondage, vagrancy. vagabonder {vagabond}, VALETAILLE. v.n., 1, to wander; to be a vagabond. vagir [L. vagire}, vji., 2, to wail. vagissement [vagir}, s.m., wailing. vague [O.H.G. wdc}, sf, wave, billow. vague [L. vagus, " wander- ing "], adj., vague, uncertain, wandering. , s.m., vague- ness, vacancy; vacuum. vaguement, adv., vaguely. vaguemestre [Gr- wagen- meister, " baggage - master " (military)], s.m., baggage- master. vaillamment {vaiiiant and sufiBx -ment], adv., va- liantly; gallantly ; bravely. Vaillance [L- valentia}, s.f, valour, bravery, courage. vaillant, -e [L. ace. adj. valentem, from valere}, adj., valorous, brave, courageous. Vaillant, s.m., worth. N'avoir pas un sou , to be penni- less. vaille que vaille, see m- loir. vain, -e [L. vanus], adj., vain, conceited, empty, idle, foolish; useless, frivolous. En , in vain, uselessly. Vaincre [L. vincere}, v.a., 4, to conquer, vanquish, subdue ; surpass. Se , r.v., to con- quer oneself, to conquer each other. vaincu IP-P- of vaincre}, s.m., the vanquished, con- quered {enemy). vainement Ifem. adj. vaine and suflBx -ment}, adv., vainly, in vain. vainqueur {vaincre}, s.m., conqueror, victor. vaisseau [L- n. vascellum, der. from vas}, s.m., ship, vessel, man-of-war. vaisselle {fem. form of vaisseau}, s.f, crockery, plates and dishes. plate or d'argent, silver plate. val {Li- ace. vallem}, s.m., dale, vale, valley. valable {valoir}, adj., valid, good, legal. valablement, adv., in due form, validly. valet [L- L- ace. vassalet- tum, dim. of vassalis}, s.m., valet, servant, footman. valetaille {valet}, sf, valets, servants, Jlunkeys. VANITY. valetudinaire [L. valetu- dinarius}, adj. and s.m. or /., valetudinarian, invalid. valeur [L- L. valorem}, s.f, worth, price; weight; valour, courage. valeureusement, adv., va- lorously, bravely. valeureux, -euse {va- leur}, adj., valorous, brave. validation {vaiide}, s.f, validation, ratification. valide [L- validus}, adj., valid, good ; healthy. Homnie , able-bodied man. valider [L. L. validare}, v.a., 1, to validate, ratify. validite [L. ace. validi- tatem, " strength (of body) "], s.f, validity, availableness. valise [It. vdligUa, from L. vidulus, " knapsack "], s.f, portmanteau. vallee {val}, s.f, valley^ vale. Vallon {val}, s.m., dale, vaU. valoir [L. valere}, v.a. and n., 3, to be worth; procure; gain; bring in; yield; to be equal to; stand for. Faire , to cultivate, turn to ac- count; impress upon; object, raise; set off, plead. Se faire , to boast, push oneself forward. Vaille que vaille, for all it may be worth ; at all events ; for better for worse. valse [verbal subst, of val- ser}, s.f, waltz, waltzing. valser [Gr. walzen}, v.n., 1, to waltz. valseur, -euse {valser}, s.m. or/., waltzer. valve [L. valva, "folding- door "], s.f., valve ; trap. valvulaire {valvule}, adj., valvular. valvule [dim. of valve}, s.f., valvule, valve. vampire [a word of Ser- bian origin], s.m., vampire; a large bat. van [L- ace, vannum}, s.m., fan (for winnowing grain). Vandale [the name of the ancient German barbarians who sacked Kome, a.d. 455], adj. and s.m.. Vandal. vandalisme [ Vandale}, s.m., vandalism. Vanille [Span, vainilla}, s.f., vanilla. vanite [L- acc; vanitatem}, s.f, vanity, emptiness; self- conceit. TO FEENCH HEADING BOOK. 359 1, to VANITEUSEMENT. yaniteusement, cidv.^ con- ceitedly, vaingloriously. vaniteux, -euse [vanite'], adj., conceited, vain, vainglo- rious. vannage [vawwer], s.m., winnowing. vanne [vanl, s.f., shuttle. 8, paddles. vanner [van], v.a., winnow, fan, husk. vannerie [yannier'], s.f., basket-maJcing ; basket-work. vanneur, -euse [vanner], s.m. or/., %oinnower. vaimier [van^, s.m., basket- maker. vantail [vent, q.v.], s.m., leaf of a door. (The pi. is vantaux.) vantard, -e [vanter], s.m. or/., braggart, boaster. vanter [L.L. vanitare'], v.a., 1, to boast; praise, extol. Se , r.v., to boast. vanterie [vanter], s.f, brag, boasting. vapenr [L- ace. vaporem], sf., vapour, steam, smoke, Jum£. Bateau a , steamer. vaporeux, -euse [L. va- porosus], adj., vaporous. vaporiser [L. vapor, vapo- ris], v.a., I, and se , r.v., to vaporize. vaquer [L. vacare], v.n., 1, to be vacant, not to sit ; to at- tend, pay attention to (busi- ness). varec or varech [A.-S. vrdc, " something thrown back (in a wreck)"], s.m., sea- wrack, sea-weed. vareuse [?]. s.f, Guernsey frock, yachting-jacket. variabilite [variable:], s.f, variability, changeableness. variable [h. variabilis], adj., variable, changeable. variablement, adv., vari- ably, changeably. variant, -e [pres. part, of varier], adj., varying, fickle, changeable. variante [variant], s.f, diij'erent reading or interpre- tation. variation [L. ace. varia- tionem], s.f, variation, altera- tion. varier [L. variare], v.a. and n., 1, to vary, change, diversify ; differ, disagree.. variete [L. ace, varietatem], S.f, variety, diversity. VEILLEUSE. vase [Ij- '"'■ vasum], s.m., vase, cup, vessel. vase [A.-S. vase], s.f, slime, mire, mud. vaseux, -euse [vase, s.f], adj., slimy, muddy. vassal [L. L. vassalis, der. from L. L. vassus, from Kymr. gwas, "a servant"], s.m.. vasselage [vassal], s.m.. vaste [L. vastus], adj., large, spacious, wide, immense. vastementj cidv., vastly, extensively. vaurien [vaut, 3rd p.s. of the pres. Ind. of valoir, and rien, q.v.], s.m., good-for- nothing fellow, scamp. (Cf. faineant, q.v.) vautour [L- ace. vulturi- um], s.m., vulture. vautrer (se) [0. Fr. voltrer, from L. L. voltulare, der. from vol'tus, contr. of volutus, p.p. of volvere, " to roll "], r.v., to wallow, welter. veau [0. Fr. veel, from L. ace. vitellum, dim. of vitulus], s.m., calf; veal ; calf skin. vedette [It- vedetta], s.f, vedette, mounted sentry, scout. vegetal, -e [L. L. vegetans], adj., vegetable. Vegetal, s.m., vegetable, plant. vegetation [L. ace. vege- tationem], s.f, vegetation ; plant. vegeter [L. vegetare (used in a neuter sense)], v.n., 1, to vegetate. vehemence [vehement], s.f., vehemence, impetuosity, violence. vehement, -e, [L. ace. adj. vehementem], adj., vehement, impetuous, violent, passionate. veille [L. vigilia], s.f, watch, watchfulness ; eve, day or night before. s, s.f pi., studies, night-labours. (Its triplets are vigie and vigile, q.v.) veillee [parti e. subst. of veiller], sf, evening-work, v)atching ; evening-meeting. veiller [L- vigilare], v.a. and n., 1, to watch, take care of, nurse ; to be awake, sit up, look after. veilleur [veiller], s.m., watcher, watchman. veilleuse [veiller], s.f, watcher; night-lamp. VfNflNEUX. veine [L. vena], s.f, vein ; seam ; run of good luck. veineux, -euse [i^- veno- sus], adj., veinous, veined. velleite (L-v. velle], s.f, desire, fancy. veloce [L« aec. adj. velo- cem], adj., swift, rapid. Velocite [L- ace. veloci- tatem], s.f, velocity, rapidity, swiftness, speed. velours [0. Fr. velous, from L. L. n. vellutum, from L. adj. villosus, " hairy, shaggy " ], s.m., velvet. veloute, -e [p-p- of ve- louter], adj., velveted, velvet- like, soft and smooth. velouter [see velours], v.a., 1, to make velvet-like. velu, -e [L. villosus], adj., hairy, shaggy. venaison [L- ace. vena^- tioneni, " hunting "], s.f, veni- son. venal, -e [L- venalis], adj., venal, mercenary. venalement, (^dv., venally. Venalite [L- ace venali- tatem], s.f, venality. venant, -e [pres. part, of venir], adj., coming, growing. Venant, s.m., comer. A tout , to anyone. vendange [!»• vindemia], s.f, grape-gathering, vintage. vendanger [L. vindemi- are], v.a. and n., I, to gather the grapes; to sweep away, destroy. vendangeur, -euse [L. ace. vindemiatorem], s.m. or /., grape-gatherer, vintager. vendemiaire, [L- vinde- mia], s.m., Vendemiaire ( first month in the Republican ca- lendar, Sept. 22-Oct. 21). vendetta [it. vendetta, from L. vindicta, " revenge "J, sf., vendetta, private revenge {in Corsica). vendeur, -euse [vendre], s.m. or /., vendor, seller, dealer. vendre [l^. vendere], v.a., 4, to sell. Se , r.v., to sell for; to be sold; to betray one- self; to sell oneself or each other. vendredi [L- VeTieris dies], s.m., Friday. veneneux, -euse [L. vene- nosusj, adj., venomous, poi' sonous. 860 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY V^N^RABLE. venerable [L- venerdbilis], adj., venerable. venerablement, adv., venerably. veneration [L- ace venera- tionem], s.f., veneration. venerer [L- venerari], v.a., 1, to venerate, reverence, revere. venerie \yener, from L. venari, "to hunt"], s.f., hunt- ing, hunt ; hunting-train. veneur [L- ace. venatorem], s.m., huntsman. vengeance [vengeant, pres. part, of venger}, s.f., ven- geance, revenge. venger [L- vindicare}, v.a., 1, to avenge, revenge; to take revenge for. Se , r.v., to revenge oneself, to be revenged. vengeur, -eresse [yenger], adj. and s.m. or/., avenging; avenger. venimeux, -euse Ivenin'], adj., venomous, poisonous. venin [L- "n. venenum'], s.m., poison, venom; rancour, malice, spite. Venir [L- venire], v.n., 2, to come, arrive, proceed. de (before an Jnf), to have just .... En a, to come to ; to be reduced to. Faire , to send for, call in. Se faire bien de, to ingratiate one- self with. Vouloir en a, to aim at. vent [L. ace. ventum"}, s.m., wind, gale ; vent, scent. vente [partic. subst. of vendre], s.f, sale, selling, auc- tion. venter [vent}, v.n., l, to blow; to be windy. 11 vente (v. impers.\ the wind blows. ventilateur [L- ace. venti- latorem], s.m., ventilator, fan, air-trap. ventilation [Ij. ace. venti- lationem], sf., ventilation, air- ing. V e n 1 S e [L- ventosus}, s.m., \entose (sixth month in the Republican calendar, Feb. 19-March 20). ventre [L- ace. ventrem], s.m., belly, stomach. a terre, flat on the ground; at full speed. ventricule [L- ace. ventri- culum, dim. of venter}, s.m., ventricle. ventriloque [L- ace. ven- triloquum, from venter and loqicij, s.m., ventriloquist. VERGETf.. Venn, -e» P-P- of venir, used as an adj. or subst., come, arrived, comer. Bien , welcome. Le premier , the first comer, anyone. venue [partic. subst. of venir}, sf., arrival, coming; groioth. Vepres [0. Fr. vespre, from L. ace. vesperum, "evening," from Gr. eo-Trepo?], S.f. pi., ves- pers (in the litur.gy of the Roman Catholic Church"). ver [L- ace. vermem, from vertere, "to wind about"], s.m., worm. a soie, silk-worm. Veracite [L- L- ace. veraci- tatem}, s.f., veracity. verbal, -e [L- verbalis}, adj., verbal. Proces-verbal, official report, declaration, minutes. verbalement, a^v., ver- bally, by word of mouth. Verbe [L- n. verbum}, s.m., verb ; tone of voice. verberation [L. ace. ver- berationem, "striking"], s.f., verberation. verbeux, -euse [L. ver- bosus}, adj., wordy, prolix. verbiage [verbe, " tone of voice"], s.m., verbiage, twad- dle, empty talk. verdatre [see vert}, adj.. verdeur [see vert}, sf., greenness ; vigour, briskness. verdict [Engl, verdict, from L. vere, "truly," and dictum, " said "], s.m., verdict. verdir [see vert}, v.n., 2, to grow green. , v.a., to paint green. verdoyant, -e [pres. part. of verdoyer}, adj., green, ver- dant. verdoyer [see vert}, v.n., 1, to be or grow green. verdure [see vert}, sf., ver- dure ; green turf or branches. vereux, -euse [ver}, adj., rotten, worm-eaten; suspici- ous, unsound, bad. verge [L- virga}, s.f, rod, stick, wand. (Its doublet is vergue, q.v.) verge, -e [L. virgatus}, adj., streaky, striped. verger [L- w. viridiarium}, s.m., fruit-garden, orchard. vergete, -e [p-v- of ver- geter, "to «treak"], adj., streaJred, speckled. VERROUILLER. verglas [verre, glace, q.v.}, s.m., glazed frost. vergOgne [L. verecundia}, s.f, shame. vergue [doublet of verge, q.v.}, s.f., yard (naut.). veridique [L. adj., veracious, truthful. verificateur [vcrifer], s.m., inspector, examiner, re- viser. verification [verifier}, s.f, verification, examination, re- verifier [L. L. verificare], v.a., 1, to verify, examine, re- vise, confirm. veritable [vcrite}, adj., true, real. veritablement, adv., truly, really. Verite [L- ace veritatem}, s.f, truth, truthfulness. En , indeed, truly. verJUS [vert, jus, q.v.}, s.m., verjuice, sour grapes. vermeil, -eille [L. L. ver- miculus, " scarlet "], adj., rud- dy, rosy. Vermeil, s.m., silver- gilt. vermilion [vermeil}, s.m., vermilion. vermine [L* ace. vermem}, s.f, vermin. vermisseau [0. Fr. ver- micel, from L. L. ace. vermi- cellum, der. from L. vermis], s.m., small worm. vermoulu, -e [ver and moulu, p.p. of moudre, q.v.], adj., worm-eaten. vernal, -e [L- vemaiis], adj., vernal, belonging to spring. vernir [L. L- vitrinire, " to make as bright as glass "], v.a., 2, to glaze, varnish, polish. vernis [L- L- ^i- vemicium], s.m., varnish, glaze, polish. vernissage [vemis], s.m., varnishing, glazing. vernisser [vemis], v.a., i, to varnish, glaze, japan. verre [L- '^^ vitrum], s.m., glass. verrerie [ verrier }, s.f, glass-making, glass-ioorks. verrier [L. ace. vitrarium], s.m., glass-maker. verrou [0. Fr. verrouil, from L. n. veruculum, " a small javelin "], s.m., bolt. verrouiller [0. Fr. ver- rouil], v.a., 1, to bolt, shut up. Se , r.v., to bolt oneself itu TO FRENCH READING BOOK. 361 verrue [L- verruca}, s.f., wart. vers l^' versus}, prep., to- wards ; about. vers [L. ace. versuTn], s.m., verse, line. Y er sa.nt [pres. part, of verser], s.m., side {of a hill, mountain^, slope; watershed. versatile [L- versatiUs}, adj., versatile. versatilite [versatile}, s.f., versatility. verse (a) [verbal subst. of verser}, adv. loc, fast, hard. Pleuvoir , to rain in torrents. verse, -e IP-P- of verser}, adj., versed, conversant, skilled. versement [verser}, s.m., payment, deposit. verser [L- versare, " to tilt over "], v.a. and n., 1, to pour, empty, discharge ; upset ; throw; pay. verset [ dim. of vers, s.m.], s.m., verse. versificateur [L. ace. ver- sifhcatorem}, s.m., versifier, verse-maker. versification [L. ace. ver- sijicationem}, s.f, versifica- tion. versifier [L- versiflcare}, v.a. and n., 1, to put into verse, versify. version [L. L. ace, versio- nem, from L. versum, sup. of vertere, "to turn"], sf., ver- sion, translation. verste [Russian verstd, from verstati, "to measure"], s.f, verst (a Russian measure of length = 3501 feet). vert, -e [0. Fr. verd, from L. viridis}, adj., green; un- ripe, sour; tart, severe; raw, fresh; vigorous. Vert; s.m., green colour ; grass. Vert-de-gris [0. Fr. verte- grez = vert, aigret, i.e. " green produced by acid "], s.m., ver- digris. vertebral, -e [vertebre}, adj., vertebral. Colonne e, spinal column, spine. vertebre [ L. vertebra, "joint"], s.f, vertebra. vertebre, -e [L- verte- b7-atus}, adj., vertebrate, verte- brated. Vertebre, s.m., verte- brate. YeTteia.e'n.t[verte,fem.axJlj. &ndsu&x-ment}, adv., sharply, severely; vigorously. vertical, -e [L. L. verti- calis, der. from L. ace. verti- cem}, adj., vertical, upright. verticalement, adv., ver- tically. vertige [L. ace. vertigi- nem}, s.m., vertigo, giddiness ; j infatuation, madness. I vertigineux, -euse [L. i vertiginosus ], adj., vertigi- I nx)us, giddy. ! vertu [L. ace. virtutem}, j sf., virtue ; chastity ; quality ; property, power. En de, j by virtue of, in pursuance of. vertueusement, adv., vir- tuously. vertueux, -euse [L. L. virtuosus}, adj., virtuous, chaste. verve [L- L- verva (from L. vervex), " a sculptured ram's head; a fanciful sculpture"], s.f, fancy, inspiration, vein, rapture, humour. verveine [L- verbena}, s.f, vervain, verbena. vesce [L. vicia}, s.f., vetch. vessie [L. vesica}, s.f, bladder; wind-bag. vestale [L. vestalis (sc. virgoy], sf., vestal virgin. veste [ L- ace. vestem}, sf, jacket. vestiaire [ L- w. vestia- rium, " clothes-press "], s.m., wardrobe ; cloak-room. vestibule [L. n. vestibu- lum}, s.7n., vestibule, entrance hall, hall, lobby, passage. vestige [L- n. vestigium}, s.m., vestige, track, Jootstep, mark, trace. vetement [L- w. vestimen- tuiii}, s.m., vestment, clotftes, dress. veteran [L- ace. veteran num}, s.m., veteran, old sol- dier, pensioner. veterinaire [L- ace. vete- rinarium, " cattle-doctor "], s.m,., veterinary surgeon. vetille [Piedm. vetilia, "trifle"], s.f., trijie. vetilleux, -euse [vetille}, adj., minute, tedious, fastidi- ous, trifling, punctilious. vetir [L. vestire}, v.a., 2, to clothe, dress. Se , r.v., to clothe oneself, dress. veto [L. veto, " I forbid "], s.m., veto. vetu, -e [PP- of vetir}, adj., clothed, clad, dressed. VetUSte [L- ace. vetustatem}, s.f., old age, oldness, decay. veuf, veuve [L- adj. vidu- us, "separated from"], adj., widowed, bereft. , s.m. or /., widower ; widow. veuvage [veuf}, s.m., widowhood, bereavement. vexation [ L- ace. vexa- tionern], sf., vexation, annoy- ance. vexatoire [L- ace. vexa- torem, " vexer "], adj., vexing, vexatious. vexer [L. vexare}, v.a., l, to vex, annoy, provoke. viaduc [compd. of L. via, "way," and ace. ductum, " leading "], s.m., viaduct. viager, -ere [0. Fr. viage, " course of life "], adj., for life. viande [L- L- pl- n. vivanda (for L. vivenda), " sustenance necessary for life "], s.f., meat. vibration [L. ace. vibra- tionem}, s.f., vibration. vibrer [L. vibrare}, v.n., 1, to vibrate. vicaire [L. ace. vicarium, " substitute "], s.m., curate. vice [L- n. vitium}, s.m., vice, defect. vice-amiral [vice, prep., " in the place of," from L. vice, and amiral, q.v.}, s.m., vice- admiral. vice-president [vice, pre- sident, q.v.}, s.m., vice-presi- dent. vice-roi [vice, roi, q.v.}, s.m., viceroy. vicier [L- vitiare}, v.a., I, to corrupt, soil, taint. Se , r.v., to become vitiated, corrupt, foul. vicieusement, adv., vici- ously. vicieux, -euse [L- viti- osus}, adj., vicious, faulty, defective. vicinal, -e [L- vidnalis, "neighbouring"], adj., paro- chial, pertaining to the parish, vicissitude [L- ace. vicis- situdinem}, s.f, vicissitude, change. vicomte [L- vice, and ace. comitem ; see comte}, s.m., vis- count. (The fern, is vicom- tesse.) victime [L. victima, "a beast for sacrifice (adorned with the fillet, vitta)"}, sf., victim, sufferer. 362 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY victoire [L. victoria], s.f., victory. victorieusement, adv., victoriously. victorieux, -euse [L. vic- toriosus], adj., victorious. vide [ 1j- viduus], adj., empty, vacant. , s.m., emptiness, blank, vacuum. vider [vide], v.a., 1, to empty; leave, vacate, evacuate ; settle, decide. vie [L. vital, s.f., life; way of living; character; life- time; livelihood; spirit, ani- mation. ' vieili see vieux. vieillard Ivieii], s.m., old man. vieillesse [vieii], s.f, old age; antiquity. vieillir Ivieil], v.a. and n., 2, to make old, make {one) look old ; to become obsolete or antiquated ; to grow old, out of date. vielle [L- L- vitella, "a viol"], s.f., hurdy-gurdy. vierge [L- ace virginemj, s.f, virgin, maid. La Sainte , the Holy Virgin. vieux or vieil, vieille [L. L. veclus, vetlus for L. vetulus'], adj., old, aged. , s.m. or /., old man, old woman. vif, vive [L. vivus], adj., sharp; lively, quick; great, high, intense ; spirited. Fauve vif, reddish. Yif, s.m., quick, Uve-Hesh. vif-argent [.vif, argent, q.v.], s.m., quicksilver. vigie [X>- vigilia], s.f, look- out ; look-out man (naut.). (Its tiiplets are veille and vigile, q.v.) vigilamment [vigilant and suffix -ment], adv., watch- fully, vigilantly. vigilance [vigilant], s.f, vigilance, watchfulness. vigilant [T^- ace adj. vigi- lantem, from vigilare], adj., vigilant, watchful. vigile [L. vigilia], s.f, vigil, eve. (See veille and viyie.) vigne [L. vinea], s.f, vine ; vineyard. vigneron [0. Fr. vimr (from vigne), "to cultivate tlie vine "], s.m., vine-dresser. vignette [dim. of vigne, lit. " a little vine "], s.f., vignette. engraving (originally adorned with vine-leaves). vignoble [L. vini opulens, "(the land) rich in wine"], s.m., vineyard. vigoureusement, adv., vigorously. vigoureux, -euse [vi- gueur], adj., sturdy, strong. vigueur [L. ace. vigorem], s.f., vigour, strength, force, energy. vil, vile [L. vilis], adj., vile, low, base, common, vulgar. vilain [L. L. ace. villanum, "tenant of a farm (villa)"], s.m., villain, bondman; vil- lain,blackguard. , -e,adj., ugly, low, wretched, wicked, bad. vilainementj adv., villa- nously, nastily, shamefully. vilement [vHe, adj. fem., and sufQx -ment}, adv., vilely, basely. vilenie [vilain], s.f, mean- ness, dirty action. s, abusive words. vilipender [L. viUpendere, " to despise "], v.a., I, to vilify, cry down. village [L. L. n. villati- cum, " a collection of several farms," from L. villa], s.m.. villageoiS, -e [village], adj. and s.m. or /., rustic; countryman, countrywoman ; villager, cottager. ville [L. villa], s.f., town, city. Diner en , to dine out. villegiature [it. villeggia- tura], s.f, villegiature, stay in the country. vin [L. n. vinum], s.m., wine. vinaigre [vin, aigre, q.v.], s.m., vinegar. vindicatif, -ive [L.L.ww- dicativus, from L. vindicare], adj., vindictive. Vindicte [L. vindicta], s.f, prosecution or punishment of crime. vingt [L. viginti], num. adj. (card.), twenty. vingtaine [vingt], sf., a score, about twenty. vingtieme [vingt], num. adj. (ord.), twentieth. viol [verbal subst. of violer], s.m., violation, rape. violateur [L. ace. viola- torem], s.m., violator, trans- gressor. (The fem. is violor- trice.) violation [L. ace. vidla- tionem], sf., violation, trans- ■gression, breach. violemment [violent and suffix -ment], adv., violently. violence [L. violentia], sf, violence, force. Faire , to do violence to. Se faire , to force one's inclinations. violent? -e [l^- vioientus], adj., violent, sharp, strong; stormy. violenter [violent], v.a., 1, to do violence to; treat with violence. violer [L. violare], v.a., l^ to violate, transgress. violet, -ette [see violette], adj., violet (colour), purple. violette [dim. of O. Fr. viole, from L. viola; cf. Gr. 101/], s.f, violet (flower'). violon [it. violone], s.m., violin. violoniste [violon], s.m. or /., violinist. viorne [L. n. viburnum], s.f, viburnum. vipere [L. vipera], s.fy viper, adder. virement [virer], s.m.. virer [0. Fr. vire, "circle"], v.a. and n., 1, to turn, tack about. de bord, to tack about. virginal, -e [L. virginalis], adj., virginal, maiden. virginite [L. ace. virgini- tatem], s.f, virginity, maiden- hood. virgule [L. virgula], s.f, comma. viril, -e [L. viriUs], adj., virile, manly. virilement, adv., manly. Virilite [L. ace. viriUtCL- tem], sf., virility, manhood^ manliness. virtualite [virtuei], sf. virtuality. virtuei, -elle [it. virtuaie^ from L. virtus], adj., virtual, potential. virtuellement, adv., vir- tually, potentially. virulence [L- virulentia], s.f, virulence. virulent, -e [L. viru- lentus], adj., virulent. vis [0. Fr. vis de pressoir. TO FRENCH READING BOOK, 363 " screw of a wine-press," from L. vitis, " the tendril of the vine "], s.f., screw. visage [0. Fr. vis, from L. ace. visum, properly " appear- ance"], s.m., face; counte- nance, look. vis-a-vis [see visage"}, adv. and prep., apposite, face to face ; relatively to. , s.m., vis-a-vis, partner. viscere [L- P^- ^' viscera'], s.m., internal organ. s, s.m. pi., entrails. viscosite [L- «<^i- viscosus'], s.f., viscosity, sliminess. visee [partic. subst. of viser], s.f, aim, design, end. viser [L-L. visare, from visus, p.p. of videre], v.a. and n., 1, to aim, aim at, take aim, drive at, refer to. visible [L- visibilis'], adj., visible ; evident, obvious. yisiblement, O'dv., visibly, evidently, obviously. visiere [0. Fr. vis; see visage], s.f, visor (of a hel- met). Rompre en a, to quarrel openly with. Visigoth [L- L. ace. Visi- gothum, from G. west and go- tkus], s.m., Visigoth. vision [L. ace. visionem], s.f, sight, vision, fancy. visionnaire [.vision], adj. and s.m. or/., visionary, fan- ciful ; visionary, dreamer. visir or vizir [Arab, oua- zir], s.m., vizir. yisite [verbal subst. of visiter], s.f, visit, call, ex- amination, search. Faire , to call (on). visiter [I^- visitare], v.a. and n., 1, to visit, examine, inspect, search. visiteur [L. ace. visitato- rem], s.m., visitor. visqueux, -euse [L. vis- cosus], adj., viscous, slimy. visser ivis, s.f], v.a., 1, to screw. Se , r.v., to screw or be screwed. visuel, -elle [L.L. visu- alis], adj., visual. vital? -e [L- vitalis], adj., vital; essential. vitalite [L. ace. vitalita- tem], s.f, vitality. vite [It. visto, " seen," i.e. "as quick as sight"], adj., quick, swift. , adv., quickly, swiftly. vitement [.vite, and sufiix -ment], adv., quickly. Vitesse [vite], s.f, quick- ness, swiftness, speed. yitrage [vitrer], s.m., glass windows. vitraux, pi. of vitrail [see vitre], s.m. pi., stained-glass windows. vitre [L. n. vitrum], s.f, pane of glass, glass window. vitrer [vitre], v.a., 1, to glaze. vitreux, -euse [L. L. vitro- sus], adj., vitreous, glassy. vitrier [vitre], s.m., glazier. vivace [L. ace. adj. viva- cem], adj., vivacious, long- lived, perennial. vivacite [L- ace. vivaci- tatem], s.f, sprightliness, vi- vacity, liveliness. vivandiere [L- L. pi. n. vivenda], s.f, sutler, canteen- woman. vivant, -e [pres. part, of vivre], adj., living, alive. Les vivants, s.m. pi., the living. vivement [vive, adj. fem., and suffix -ment], adv., lively, sharply, deeply, strongly, greatly. vivier [L- n. vivarium], s.m., fish-pond. vivifiant, -e [pres. part. of vivifier], adj., vivifying, quickening. vivifier [L. vivificare], v.a., 1, to vivify, quicken, animate, enliven, revive. vivre [L- vivere], v.n., 4, to live, to be alive; to exist, subsist. Vive ! long live I God save ! V i V r e S [vivre], s.m. pi., food, victuals, provisions. vizir, see visir. vocabulaire [L. L. n. vo- cabularium, der. from L. n. vocabulum], s.m., vocabulary. vocal, -e [L- vocalis], adj., vocal, oral. VOCatif [L. ace. vocativum], s.m., vocative case. vocation [L- ace. voca- tionem, "calling"], s.f., voca- tion, calling. vociferations [L. ace. vod- ferationem, "loud calling"], s.f. pi., vociferations. VOCiferer [L. vociferari], v.a. and n., 1, to vociferate. voeu [L- n. votum], s.m., prayer; wish. vogue [verbal subst. of voguer], s.f, vogue, repute, favour, fashion. voguer [It. vogare, from 0. H. G. vagdn (Mod. G. wogen), " to float "], v.n., 1, to sail, move forward. yoici [vois, imperative of voir, and adv. ci for ici = " see here "}, pj-ep., behold, here is or are. voie [L. via], s.f, way; means. La lactee, the Milky Way. VOila [vois, imper. of voir, " see," and la, adv., " there "], prep., behold, there is, there are, lo ! Te , here you are ! voile [L' w. velum], s.m., veil. , s.f, sail. Faire , to sail. Faire force de s, to crowd sail. Mettre a la , to sail. VOiler [L. velare], v.a., 1, to veil, shroud, hide. VOilier [voile, s.f], s.m., sail-maker ; sailer (of ships). Bon , fast sailer. voilure [voile, s.f], s.f, set of sails, sails. voir [L. videre], v.a., 3, to see, behold, perceive, observe; inspect; visit; look; attend. Se , r.v., to see or to find oneself; to be seen or found ; to see each other, visit each other; to be seen; to happen. voire [L. vere], adv., indeed. meme, even, nay even. VOisin, -e [L- vicinus], adj. and s.m. or /., neighbouring, near, adjoining; neighbour. VOisinage [voisin], s.m.r neighbourhood. VOiture [L. vectura, from vehere, "to convey"], s.f, car- riage. voiturer [voiture], v.a., i, to carry, convey. VOiturier [voiture], s.m., carrier, waggoner. yoix [L. ace, vocem], s.f, voice; tone; sound; vote. vol [verbal subst. of voler, " to fly "], s.m., flight. vol [verbal subst. of voler, " to steal "j, s.m., theft. VOlage [L- volaticus], adj., volatile, flighty, inconstant. VOlaille [!-<• pi- n. volati- lia], s.f ., poultry , fowls. volant, -e [pres. part, of voler, " to fly "], adj., flying, loose. -' Feuille e, fly-leaf. VOlatil, -e [L- volatilis'^ adj., winged; volatile. 364 ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY VOLATILE. volatile Ivolatil}, s.m., foivl, bird. volatilisation [voiatili- ser], s.f., volatilization. volatiliser {voiatii'],v.a., i, and se , r.v., to volati- lize. volcan [It. volcano}, s.m., volcano. volcaniQue Ivolcan}, adj., volcanic. VOlee [partic. subst. of voler, "to fly"], s.f., flight, brood; bevy; discharge, vol- ley ; full peal. voler [L- volare}, v.n., 1, to fly, soar; hasten. voler [L. L. volare, abstract form of involare], v.a., 1, to sital, rob, usurp. volerie [voler, "to steal "], s.f., theft, robbery. volet [voler, " to fly "], s.m., shutter. voleur, -euse [voler, "to steal "], s.m. or /., robber, thief. voliere [voler, "to fly"], s.f., aviary. volontaire [L. volunta- rius], adj., voluntary, wilful, self-xoilled. , s.m., volun- teer. volontairement, od^-, vo- luntarily, willingly, sponta- neously. VOlonte [L. ace. volun- tatem'], s.f, will, mind, wish, inclination. VOlontiers [L. voluntaries, adv., willingly. VOltiger [it. volteggiare], v.n., 1, to flutter about, hover ; vault. VOltigeur [voltiger], s.m., vaulter ; light infanti-y soldier. yolubilite [L- ace. volu- bilitatem'], sf., volubility, rapidity ; fluency. volume [L. n. volumen], £.m., volume-; size, bulk. voluminenx, -euse [L- voluminosus, "full of wind- ings "], adj.f voluminous, large, bulky. VOlupte [L. ace. volupta- tem}, sf., voluptuousness, plea- sure, delight. voluptueusementi adv. voluptuA>usly. voluptueux, -euse [L- voluptuosus], adj., voluptuous, sensual. VKAISEMBLABLEMEKT. VOmir [L. vomere'], v.a. and , 2, to vomit, bring up. vomissement [vomiri ni., vomiting, expectora- tion. vorace [L- ace. adj. vora- cem], adj., voracious, rave- nous. VOracite [L- ace. voraci- tatem], sf., voracity, rave- nousness, greediness. VOS> pl' of votre, q.v. VOtant [partic. subst. of voter}, s.m., voter. vote [L. n. votum}, s.m., vote, voting. voter [vote}, v.a. and n., 1, to vote, poll. votre [L- ^' (^j- vostrum, archaic form of vestrum}, poss. adj., your. votre (le or lB,),poss.pron., yours. VOUer [L- L. votare, from votus, p.p. of vovere], v.a., 1, to vow, devote, doom. VOUloL [L- L- volere = L. velle}, v.a. and n., 3, to will, wish, want. dire, to mean. En a, to have a grudge against, to be angry with. VOUS [!"• vos}, pers. pron., you. -meme, reflective pron., yourself. VO^te [0. Fr. volte, from Medieval L. voluta, from L. volere, " to turn round "], s.f., vault. voilte, -e [P-P- of vouter}, adj., arched; crooked, bent, round-shouldered. vouter [voute}, v.a., 1, to vault, arch. Se , r.v., to bend; to grow round-shoul- dered, to stoop. voyage [L. n. viaticum}, s.m., journey, voyage. voyager [voyage}, v.n., 1, to journey, travel. voyageur, -euse [voyager}, s.m. or/., traveller, passenger. VOyelle [L. ace. vocalem}, s.f., vowel. vrai, -e [L. L. veragus}, adj., true, genuine. Vrai, s.m., truth. vraiment» adv., truly, in- deed. vraisemblable [vrai, sem- blable, q.v.}, adj., likely, prob- able. , s.m., likelihood, probability. vraisemblablement cbdv., likely, probably. vraisemblance [vrai, sem- blant, pres. part of sembler, q.v.}, s.f, likelihood, proba- bility. vnlle [L' L- vericula, from L. L. n. vericum, "a spit"], s.f, gimlet. yu [partic. subst. m. of voir, q.v.}, s.m., examination, inspection. vue [partic. subst. fern, of voir, q.v.}, s.f, sigJit. VUlgaire [L- vulgaris}, adj., vulgar, low, common. , s.m., vulgar, common people. vulgairement, o,<^v., vul- garly, commonly. vulgariser [vulgaire}, v.a., 1, to vulgarize. Se , r.v., to be vulgarized. vulgarite [L- ace. vulgari- tatem}, s.f, vulgarity. vulnerable [L- vulnera- bilis'], adj., vulnerable. w whiskey [Engl, whiskey}, s.m., whiskey. wMst [Engl, whist}, s.m., whist. xeres [the name of a town in Spain], s.m., sherry. (Pro- nounce Keres.) Y [0. Fr. iv, L. ibi}, adv., there. , pers. pron., to him, her, it, them. yacht [Engl, yacht}, s.m., yacht. yatagan [Turkish yata- ghan}, s.m., yataghan. yeuse [L. ace. ilicem}, s.f., evergreen oak. yeux [see ceil}, s.m. pl., eyes; buds. yole [Engl, yawl}, s.f.. zebra [Ethiopian word] s.m., zebra. Zebre» -e [P-P- of zebrcr TO FRENCH BEADING BOOK. 365 z£latedr. (zehre), "to stripe (like the zebra)"], adj., zebra-striped. zelateur [!■•• ace. zelato- rem], s.m., zealous ^ person, zealot. (The f em. is zelatrice.) zele [L. ace. zelum, from Gr. ^TjAos], s.m., zeal, ardour, warmth. zele, -e [zele'], adj., zealous. zenith [it. zenit, from Arab. semt, "vertical way"], s.m., zenith. zepMre or zephyr [L- ace. zephirum, from Gr. ^€^vpo9], s.m., zephir, gentle breeze (from the west). zero [ It. zero, from Arab. cifron], s.m., zero, cipher. zigzag [onomat., from G. zickzack^, s.m., zigzag, ^ficlair en , forked lightning. zinc [G. zink], s.m., zinc. zizanie [L- JP^- w. zizania, from Gr. ^i^dvca, "tares"], s.f, discord, dissension. En , at variance. zodiaque [L- ace. zodiacum, from Gr. ^coStaKo?], s.m., the zodiac. ZOile [Gr. ZwtAo?, the name of an ancient critic, very bitter against Homer], s.m., bitter or snappish critic. zone [L. zona, from Gr. Cu)vr], " girdle "], s.f, zone. ZOOlogie [Gr. ^woi', "liv- ing," and A6yo9, "subject- matter "], s.f, zoology. ZOOlogique Izoologie'], adj.; zoological. zoologiste Izoologie], s.m., zoologist. zoophyte [Gr. ^oi64>vTov, " that which is between a plant and an animal," from ^wov, " living," and (J)vt6v, " plant "], s.m., zoophyte. zouave [Zouaoua, the name of an African tribe], s.m., zouave ( " ' " THE END. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFOBD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 50, Albemarle Street, London, March, 1879. MR. MURRAY'S LIST OF SCHOOL BOOKS. MURRAY'S STUDENT'S MANUALS: % ^jeries of (HH^^-boob for ab6mtab ^tl^olars. FORMING A CHAIN OF HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST AGES DOWN TO MODERN TIMES. " We are glad of an opportunity of directing the attention of teachers to these admirable sc/wol books." — The Mtisetcm. THE STUDENTS OLD TESTAMENT HIS- TORY. From the Creation of the World to the Return of the Jews from Captivity. With an Intro- duction to the Books of the Old Testament. By PHILIP SMITH, B.A. With 40 Maps and Woodcuts. (630 pp.) Post 8vo. ^s. 6d. 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