THE BRITISH ACADEMY SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS I The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century t With a Revised Text of The Kletorologion of Philotheos J. B. Bury Fellow of the Academy London Published for the British Academy By Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press Amen Corner, E.G. Price Ten Shillings and Sixpence net THE BRITISH ACADEMY SUPPLEMENTAL PAPERS I The Imperial Administrative System in the Ninth Century With a Revised Text of The Kletorologion of Philotheos By J. B. Bury Fellow of the Academy London Published for the British Academy By Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press Amen Corner, E.G. 1911 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS PAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY .......... 3 A. PRELIMINARY .......... 7 (1) Sources for institutional history. (2) The text of Philotheos. (3) The contents and sources of the Kletorologion. The Taktikon Uspenski. (4) Scope of the following investigation. General comparison of the Constaiitinian with the later Byzantine system. B. DIGNITIES (at Sta /?/oa/3etW di'at) ...... 20 C. OFFICES (at Sia \6yov dtat) ....... 36 I. crrpar^yot. II. So/ACOTlKOl. III. Kptrai. IV. V. VI. VII. dtat D. DIGNITIES AND OFFICES OF THE EUNUCHS . . . . .120 I. d^tat Sta ^paj8etW. II. d^tat Sta \6yov. TEXT OF THE KLKTOROLOGION OF PHILOTHEOS . 131 Ml 226210 BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES. [Not. Dig.] [C. Th.] [C. I.] [C. I.] [Cass. Var.] [Lydus.] [Pet. Patr.j [(Maurice) Strut.] [Takt. Usp.] [Ibn Khurd. [Kudama] [Bas.J Saec. V. Notitia Dignitatum, ed/Seeck, 1876. Codex Theodosianus, ed Mommsen, 1905. Novettae Theodosii II, &c., ed. Meyer, 1905. Codex lustinianus (see below). Saec. VI. Codex lustinianus, ed. Kruger, 1884. lustiniani Novettae, ed. Zacharia von Lingenthal, 1881. lustini II, Tiberii II, Mauricii Novettae, in Zacharia v. Lingenthal, Ins Graeco-Romanum , Pars III, 1857. Cassiodorus Senator, Variae, ed. Mommsen, 1894. loannes Lydus, De Magistratibus , ed. Wiinsch, 1903. Petrus Patricius, Catastasis, fragments in Const. Porph. De Cerimoniis i, cc. 84-95 ; cp. also ib. pp. 497-8 (see below). Pseudo-Maurice, Strategikon, ed. Scheffer, 1664. Saec. VII. Descriptions of ceremonies in reign of Heraclius, in Const. Porph. De Cerimoniis ii, cc. 27-30 (see below). f Diva iussio lustiniani Augusti [II] ... in confirmationem sextae synodi Constantinopolitanae ' [A. D. 687], Mansi, Concilia, xi. 737- Saec. VIII. Leo III and Constantine, Ecloga, ed. Monferratus, 1889. Some descriptions of ceremonies, in Const. Porph. De Cerimoniis, esp. i. 43 and 44. Saec. IX. TOKTIKOV cv firiro^w ycvofievov eVi Mi^a/yX . . . KOI Qeoftwpas . . . ed. Th. Uspenski, in Izviestiia russkago arkheologicheskago instituta v Konstantinopolie, iii. 109, sqq. 1898. Ibn Khurdadhbah, ffitdb al-Masdlik wa 'l-Mamdlik, ed. De Goeje, in Bibl. Geogr. Arab, vi, 1889 (pp. 76-85). Kudama ibn Ja far, ibid. (pp. 196-9). Basilicorum libri Ix, vols. i-vi, ed. Heimbach, 1833-70 ; vol. vii, ed. Ferrini and Mercati, 1897. Ml 2 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY [Epan.] Epanagoge legis Basilii et Leonis et Alexandri, ed. Zacharia v. L., 1852. [Prochiron] 6 npoxdpo? vopos (of Basil 1), ed. Zacharia v. L., 1837. Leonis VI Novellae, in Zacharia v. L.,Ius Graeco-Romanum , iii (see above). [Leo, Tact.] Leo VI, Tactica, in Migne, P. G. y vol. 107. [Phil.] Philotheos, Kletorologion. Ceremonies. Many of the ceremonies described in Const. Porph. De Cer., date from the ninth century. Description of Triumph of Theophilus, Const. Porph. nepl T>V @av rageidtatv, 503 sqq. (see below). Description of Triumph of Basil I, ibid. 498 sqq. Leo VI. T6 tTrapxiKov pifiXiov (le livre du Pre'fet), ed. Nicole, 1893. Saec, X. [Cer.] Constantine Porphyrogennetos, De Cerimoniis, ed. Bekker [vol. i], Bonn, 1829. \nep\ ra.] nepl TO>V &a V dfudrav, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, xii, 592-4, 1903. Bury, The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos, in English Historical Review, xxii, April and July, 1907. Vogt, Basile I er , 1908. BIBLIOGRAPHY (On the organization, &c., of the Themes.) Diehl, L'origine du regime des Thtmes dans V Empire byzantin, 1896. [Gelzer] Gelzer, Die Genesis der byzantinischen Themenverfassung , in Abhandlungen der kon. sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissen- schaften, Phil.-Hist. CL, xviii, 1899. Brooks, Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, xxi, 1901. Kulakovski, K voprosy ob imeni i istorii themy c Opsikii ' , in Vizantiisld Vremennik, xi, 1904. (On titles of honour.) Hirschfeld, Die Rangtitel der romischen Kaiserzeit, in Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 1901, 579 sqq. Koch, Die byzantinischen Beamtentitel von 400 bis 700, 1903, THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN THE NINTH CENTURY A. PRELIMINARY. (1) Sources for institutional history. FOR the history of the administrative institutions of the Roman Empire in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries A.D., we have material which is relatively ample. We have the lawbooks of Theodosius and Justinian, arid the Notitia Dignitatum, of which the latest portions date from about A.D. 425. We have further the letters of Cassio- dorus, written in his official capacity as quaestor in the palace of Ravenna, and, although he is concerned with the Imperial institutions as they were modified to suit the conditions of the Ostrogothic kingdom, the offices and functions were so little altered that the information supplied by Cassiodorus is, as Mommsen perceived, of the highest value not only for the administration of Ravenna but also of Constantinople. In addition to these authoritative documents, we have the mutilated treatise Trept apy&v of John the Lydian, which, rambling though it is, furnishes precious material, the author having been himself an official in the reigns of Anastasius, Justin I, and Justinian. These sources supplemented by inscriptions and the incidental notices to be found in literature render it possible to obtain a sufficiently clear and fairly complete general view of the civil and military administration as it was organized by Diocletian and Constantine, and as it was modified in details down to the reign of Justinian. ^3ut after the death of Justinian we enter upon a period of about three hundred years which is absolutely destitute of docu- ments bearing directly upon the administrative service^ We have no source in the form of a code ; for the only lawbook that survives, the Ecloga of Leo III, does not deal with public law, and casts no light on the civil and military administration. We have nothing in the form of a Notitia of offices, no official correspondence like that of Cassiodorus, no treatise like that of John the Lydian. Moreover, in the seventh and eighth centuries there is very little literature, and 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY inscriptions on stone are few and far between. 1 Our only compen- sation is a very small one ; we now begin to get inscribed lead seals of officials, which become numerous in the eighth and ninth cen- turies. At lasfy^ibout the middle of the ninth century, a new series of sources relating to the official service of the Empire beginsN The first of these is a notitia or TCLKTIKOV, as it was called, of thfe chief j dignitaries and officials in order of rank, dating from the early years of the reign of Michael III. It is a bare list, but about half a ( century later comes the Kletorologion of Philotheos, which is by far the most important source for the organization of the Imperial civil service in the early Middle Ages. And then about half a century \ later still we have the Ceremonial book compiled by Constantine VII. This collection contains a great many older documents, some dating from the ninth century, and two or three even from the eighth. We have also other writings of Constantine VII, especially the Trept T&V paz> and some chapters of the De administrando imperio. Now^hese documents of the ninth and tenth centuries show us an administrative system quite different from that which prevailed in the days of Justinian y It is probably due, at least in part, to the nature of the documents that this later system has never been thoroughly examined. For the documents, though of official origin, are/not directly concerned with administration ; they are concerned with ceremonial and court precedence, and while they reveal a picture of the world of officialdom, they tell little of the serious duties of the officials N They have not therefore invited systematic investigation, like the Codex Theodosianus or the Notitia Dignitatum. One department indeed of the administration has, during the last twenty years, received particular attention, namely, the general administration of the provinces, the system of Themes. We have now a valuable study of the subject by the late Professor H. Gelzer, who has also partially examined the military organization. It must be added that the judicial machinery has been partly explored by Zacharia von Lingenthal. But the general civil administration and the great ministerial bureaux at Constantinople have not been studied at all. This neglect has been a serious drawback for students of the history 1 For the administration of Egypt the papyri supply considerable material, even for the period from Justinian to the Saracen conquest. Particular atten- tion may be called to the documents dating from the early Saracen period in Papyri in the British Museum, ed. Kenyon, vol. iv (accessible to me, before publication, through the editor's kindness). But the Egyptian material helps little for the general administrative changes with which we are here concerned. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 9 of the Eastern Roman Empire. We can observe its effects in most of the works that are published on the subject. We can see that the writers do not attach clear and definite ideas to the official titles which are mentioned in their pages ; they often confound distinct offices, and they confound offices with orders of rank. Schlum- berger^s magnificent work on Byzantine Seals may be cited in illustration; it is marred by many confusions between different officials and different departments. It is therefore a task of urgent importance to reconstruct, so far as we can, the official organization of the later Empire at the earliest period for which we have sufficient evidence. It is true that at no period of Byzantine history have we documents that can be remotely compared with the Codes of Theodosius and Justinian or with the Notitia Dignitatum ; but we must make the best of what we have. Now the most important document we possess, the only one that gives us anything like a full notitia of the bureaux and officials, is the Kletorologion of Philotheos, which was compiled in the reign of \ Leo VI, in the year A. D. 899. It is therefore the proper starting- point for an investigation of the subject. We may say that for the institutional history of the ninth and tenth centuries it holds the same position, in relative importance, which the Notitia Dignitatum occupies for the fourth and fifth. Once the actual organization existing in the time of Leo VI has been worked out, a further problem presents itself, namely, to trace the steps by which it developed out of the organization existing in the time of Justinian. The evidence of our literary sources shows us that in all main essentials the later system existed in the eighth \ century. The transformations were effected between the end of the sixth century and the middle of the eighth, in the darkest period of Imperial history, for which we have little more than meagre second- hand chronicles and a few incidental notices in ecclesiastical documents. In practice, however, it is impossible to separate the two investiga- tions, namely, that of the institutions actually existing in the ninth century, and that of their history. %The principal object of the present study is to determine the details of the ninth-century organization, but, as Philotheos, our main guide, only gives the names of the officials and does not indicate their functions, we are obliged to trace the offices, so far as we can, into the past, in order to discover what they werey \ln the case of many of the sub- ordinate officials we have no data, and must leave their functions undetermined/ 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (2) Text of Philotheos. As the foundation of these investigations, a critical text of Philotheos is indispensable. The Kletorologion has come down to us as part of the second book (cc. 52-54) of the De Cerimoniis of/ Constantine Porphyrogennetos. But it was an independent treatise ; it formed no part of Constantine's treatise, but was appended to it, along with other documents, probably by the Emperor's literary executors, shortly after his death, as I have shown in a study which I published on the Ceremonial Book in 1907. 1 The treatise known as De Cerimoniis was first published by Leich and Reiske at Leipzig, in 1751-4, in two volumes. It was re-edited by Bekker for the Bonn edition of the Byzantine historians in 1829. Bekker consulted but did not make a complete collection of the MS. The sole MS. in which this work of Constantine has come down to us is preserved in the Stadtbibliothek of Leipzig (Rep. i, 17). It is a fine large quarto parchment ; the titles and lists of contents are in red ink, and the initials at the beginnings of chapters are coloured. It seems to have been written about the end of the eleventh century. It contains 265 folia, but ff. 1-212 are occupied by another treatise of Constantine, which in the Bonn edition curiously appears as an appendix to Book I of the De Cerimoniis. I have shown that it is an entirely distinct treatise. 2 It concerns military expeditions con- ducted by the Emperor in person, and I have designated it as irepl T&V fiav rafeiSiW. Until recently our only source for the text of the work of Philotheos was the Leipzig MS. But some years ago Theodor Uspenski, the Director of the Russian Archaeological Institute at Constantinople, found a portion of the text in a Greek codex in the Patriarchal library at Jerusalem. This MS. is numbered 39 in the Catalogue of Papadopoulos-Kerameus. 3 It was written in the twelfth or thirteenth century. The portion of the treatise which it contains (f. 181-3, 192-4) is unfortunately small, corresponding to less than eleven pages of the Bonn edition. The fragment begins with TO'JUIO? ft' p. 726, 4 and ends at Kara rd^iv Tipaa-QuHrav = p. 736. Uspenski collated the fragment with the Bonn text and published his col- lation in Vol. Ill of the Izviestiia of the Russian Archaeological 1 English Historical Review, April, 1907. 2 English Historical Review, July, 1907, p. 439. 8 'lepoa-oXvpiTiKr) 'Bi^XiodrjKT], p. 115. * I refer throughout to the pages of Bekker's ed. which are entered in margin of my text, and in most cases add the line for the convenience of those who care to refer to that ed. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 11 Institute at Constantinople (pp. 98 sqq. Sofia, 1898). The occurrence of this fragment in the Jerusalem MS. illustrates the fact that the Kletorologion circulated quite independently of the De CerimoniiSy with which it has been accidentally connected. Uspenski observes (p. 101) that ( it is impossible to doubt that as a practical manual the treatise of Philotheos must have been diffused in separate copies \ But for the main bulk of the text we depend exclusively on the Leipzig MS. With a view to the text which I now publish, I had photographs made (by kind permission of the Oberbibliothekar) of the 27 folia which contain the treatise (cc. 52, 53). l A comparison shows that the Bonn text is by no means trustworthy or accurate. The MS. itself is also a very careless copy of the original. It is full of errors, which were left undetected by Reiske and Bekker. Bekker did not study the subject at all, and Reiske, although he published a learned commentary, never made a methodical examination of the official organization, and therefore was not in a position to criticize and control the text, or to detect inconsistencies and mistakes. The paucity of paragraphs and the absence of any tabular arrange- ment render the Bonn edition extremely inconvenient for practical use. I have endeavoured to remedy this defect. In introducing tabular arrangement I am only reverting to the form which the author undoubtedly adopted himself. For tabular arrangement is partly preserved in the Lipsiensis, and there can be hardly any doubt that Philotheos wrote his lists of offices in the form of a irtva or tabula. (3) Contents and sources of the Kletorologion. The Taktikon Uspenski. The superscription of the Kletorologion states that it was compiled in September of Indiction 3 = A.M. 6408 ( = September 1, 899- August 31, 900), i. e. September, A. D. 899. The author describes himself as ( Imperial protospatharios and atriklines '. ^The duty of the atriklinai was to conduct the ceremonial of the Imperial banquets in the palace, to receive the guests and arrange them in order of pre- cedence. In the MS. we find the form apTLK\ivrjs as well as aTpiK\(vrjs, but the latter is the true form of the word, which is evidently derived 1 The eKdfo-is of Epiphanios, which Philotheos appended to his treatise, and which appears as c. 54, does not concern my purpose, and I have omitted it. I may note here that (except in a few cases like aeKpfrov, TOTroTrjprjrrjs) I have not normalized the orthographical variations of the MS. but have retained the double forms Ka/ztVia : Ka/zqo-ta, aXXat'/xara : -j^/uaTa, trrpaTBjMt : -tapes, a.TpiK\ivr)$ '. apTiK\ivr)s (but not apro/cX.), &c. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY from a triclinio (cp. ao-rj/cpTJns). 1 KX-^-ropiov was a technical word for an Imperial banquet, 2 and the verb KXrjToptva was used both in the general sense of inviting, 3 and also in the special sense of receiving the guests and announcing their names in order of precedence/ a duty which devolved on the atriklines. To fulfil this duty, a list of the ministers, officials, and dignitaries, who had a right to be enter- tained in the palace, arranged in order of precedence, was indispen- sable to the atriklines, and such a list was called a KXrjropoXoyiov. These lists were revised from time to time ; for not only might new offices be instituted and old ones abolished, but changes might be made in the order of precedence. That such changes were made is clear from the comparison of Philotheos with an earlier document which was published by Uspenski from the same MS., in which he found a portion of Philotheos. 5 This is a Ta/criKoV, or table of ranks, which was compiled under Michael III and Theodora. The title is : TaKTtKoz; tv eTuro/xa) y(v6yAvov em Mt^a^A rov tyiXoyjzivTov becnrorov Kal 0o8copay rrjs opOobo^OTdrrjs /cat aytay avrov /xr/rpo's. Uspenski has not touched upon the limits of the date of this document, but it can be fixed within fourteen years. The fall of Theodora occurred at the beginning of A.D. 856, 6 so that the Taktikon must have been compiled before that year and after A.D. 842, the year of the accession of Michael. Internal evidence bears out the date of the superscription. The Strategos of Cherson (o-rparrjyos T&V KXifjidrcDv) is mentioned; the first Strategos of Cherson 7 was appointed by Theophilus (c. A.D. 834). The Charsian province appears as a kleisura not a strategis 8 ; this agrees with the Arabic lists which describe the themes as they existed in the period A.D. 838-845. 9 In 1 It occurs in Gen. 31 n TOV rr\v 7riptov as fj /Sao-iXt/o? rpa7rea. Cp. Pseudo-Symeon 703., Leo VI crowned Anna, 8ia TO pr) 8vvaa-6ai Troielv TO. e'/c TVTTOV K\rjTopia p,rj 3 Theoph. 375 ]9 (Justinian II) rrpbs apio-ToSenrvov K\i]Topfvcov. 4 We meet it in this sense in Philotheos. 5 loc. cit. 109 sqq. A notable example of changes in precedence is furnished by the different positions of the Domestic of the Excubiti and the Prefect of the City in the two lists. 6 See the evidence in Hirsch, Byzantitoische Studien, 60-1. 7 Cont. Th. 123. 8 P. 123, where we must read the singular 6 K\ei(rovpupxris Xapo-tavov. 9 Of Ibn Khurdadhbah, Ibn al-Fakih, and Kudama, depending on a work of Al-Garmi,, who had been a captive among the Romans and was redeemed in THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 13 A.D. 873 the Charsian theme was under a Strategos. 1 Kolonea, a theme in A.D. 863, is omitted, as in the Arabic lists. 2 The earliest mention hitherto known of the Strategos of Chaldia was in the Arabic lists ; he appears in the Taktikon. 3 The Taktikon is an epitomized catalogue of officials and dignitaries, for the purpose of showing their order of precedence. It is therefore not arranged like the Notitia Dignitatum (of the fifth century) in which the subordinate officials are placed under their chiefs. It is arranged in classes, according to ranks (patricians, &c.). It is not a kletorologion (or it would have been so named), but it must have served court ceremonials ; perhaps it was a handbook of the master of ceremonies (6 rrjs Karaorao-ea)?). Ta/crtxa /3i[3\ia are mentioned by the biographer of Theophilus (Cont. Th. 142), and evidently mean books which deal with court ceremonial, rafts meant, among other things, a ' ceremony % 4 and we might render TOLKTIK.OV as ' ceremonial list'. A. new list of this kind was naturally compiled with the help of older lists which it was intended to supersede. Philotheos tells us, as we shall see, that he made use of older kletorologia. Now in the Taktikon we can detect certain inconsistencies which must have arisen in the process of bringing an older Taktikon up to date. (1) The governor of Chaldia appears both as Strategos (113) and as archon (123). I infer that Chaldia had been an archontate till recently, when it had been made a strategis. The new dignity is duly inserted, but the compiler omitted to strike out the old title. (2) The same thing has happened in the case of Crete. We did riot know before the position of Crete in the administrative organization, before the Saracen conquest. The Taktikon shows that it was A.D. 845. For these lists see Brooks, /. H. S., xxi. 67 sqq. (1901) and Gelzer, 81 sqq. 1 See Gen. 122. But in A. D. 863 it was still a kleisurarchy, Cont. Th. 181. 2 Cappadocia, which is still a kleisurarchy in the Arahic lists, is omitted altogether in the text. But this is prohably a scrihe's mistake. The text has (p. 123) : o 01 l K\fi(Tovpdpxai XapcriavoO In the second and third cases 01 K\. must clearly be errors for 6 K\eia-ovpdpxr]s . But the first ot K\. cannot be right. ' The kleisurarchs ' would not be followed by a list of particular kleisurarchs. I have no doubt that we should read 6 3 An ap^coi/ XaXSt'ay is also mentioned (123). 4 Cp. e. g. Cer. 5 10 , 61 61 17 ram/ciy fiedodos 517i 2 Phil. (790 4 ) eV ro08e row 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY governed by an archon (123). But a strategos of Crete also appears (115), and it seems curious that this change should have been made in the period immediately after the loss of the island. 1 Perhaps we may suppose that some small islands of the Aegean were included in the circumscription of Crete^ so that the Cretan commander was not quite without a province. It is possible that the appointment of a strategos of Crete might have been made in connexion with the expedition of Theoktistos in A.D. 843 (George Mon. ed. Bonn, 814), in anticipation of the reduction of the island. In that case the date of the Taktikon would be 842-3. 2 (3) The same explanation must also apply to the duplication of 6 Trarpiiaos /cat o-a/ceA. \apios (111 and 115). The treatise of Philotheos is divided into four Sections, ro/uot. The beginning of the first is not clearly marked, for ro'/xos a has been omitted in the MS. The editors have inserted it before the list of afia>/mara, 6ia /3pa/3etW (p. 708 B), without any indication that it is an insertion of their own. What led them to do this was, I have little doubt, the occurrence in the margin of the words KttyaXaiov a. They took it for a heading corresponding to the subsequent ro/xoy fi' 9 T. y', r. 6"', and silently substituted TO'JUOJ for K(j>d\aiov. But it is clear that K(j>a\aiov a refers to the first of the eighteen classes of dignities, each of which is marked by a numeral in the margin. It is not quite certain where ro/utos a originally stood. The most probable place seems to be at the end of the Preface, before the heading apxn rfjs v7ro0eVeo>? \6yov, and I have placed it here conjecturally, but it is possible that it may have stood before the paragraph beginning EtVl be Tra) aTra6(apia>) KOI [o"T]p{a)T(?77s r\ ew6/3r)s KOI v0os /3ao-tAeia r/jucoi; a)? Kai ef ap\aiu>v rG>v \p6vu>v napa ru>v irpb fifji&v ei>o-e/3a>s (Bao-L\cva-dvTu>v Here Leo is speaking, not Philotheos. The ecthesis of Leo can hardly have been concerned exclusively with the dignities of the eunuchs, and I think we may conjecture with great probability that one of the lists of offices contained in Section I was transcribed from the Emperor's official book. In this Section the high officials are enumerated three times : (1) a full list, in order of precedence ; (2) a full classified list; (3) a list of the staffs, &c. (this is not complete, because only two strategoi are named as samples, and a few high officials who have no subordinates are omitted). Now of these three lists (1) and (3) are completely in agreement. But (2) exhibits one important difference. (1) enumerates 60 officials, while (2) enumerates 61. The additional dignitary is the eraipeiapx*7?- This raises a presumption that (2) was derived from a different document, and the words which conclude the first list KOL avrai TO. vvv Ti/xijtfeurai afuu em AeWros 5ea-7roTov are in accordance with the hypothesis that the transcriber at this point passed to a different source. The use of different sources here may be supported by the fact that, while (2) divides the officials into seven classes, this division is also mentioned at the beginning of the Section, where only six classes (ef j^epr?) are given (the stratarchai being omitted). It might be thought that we have further evidence that the source of Philotheos for his first list dated from the early years of Leo VI. It does not mention the theme of Longobardia. Now this province was not, as is generally supposed (for instance by Gelzer, 133), organized as a theme by Basil I. The strategoi who command in South Italy during and immediately after the conquest are not yet strategoi of Longobardia. The first who bears that title is Symbatikios in 891, but even then Longobardia has not yet been established as a distinct theme ; for this commander is e strategos of Macedonia, Thrace, Cephallenia, and Longobardia 5 , 1 and his successor George 1 Trinchera, Syllabus graecarum membranarum, No. 3. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 17 (A.D. 892) is ( Strategos of Cephallenia and Longobardia'. 1 Hence Gay has rightly concluded that it is not till after this year that Longobardia became a separate theme. 2 But, on the other hand, there is no evidence that the separation was made before A. D. 900. Hence no inference can be drawn from the omission of Longobardia as to the date of the list. The fact that the list includes the themes of Strymon and of Samos cannot be held to date it; for though the creation of these themes is often ascribed to Leo, this is by no means certain. The case of Thessalonica is a warning. Gelzer attributes the theme of Thessalonica to the Neuordnung of Leo VI (op. cit. 130) ; but this theme appears in the Taktikon of Michael III. 3 The themes of Strymon and Samos do not appear in that document, 4 but they may have been formed before the accession of Leo VI. The evidence, however, already adduced seems sufficient to date the source of the first list of Philotheos to the reign of Leo. The lists of precedence in Sections II and III (cod. Lips.) agree with list 1 of Sect. I in omitting the hetaeriarch, but there are some variations in order, (a) In Section III the Drungarios of the Fleet follows, instead of preceding, the Logothete of the Course, and (b) the Logothete of the Flocks precedes, instead of following, the Protospathar of the Basilikoi (the latter does not occur in Section II) ; (c) in Section II the Comes Stabuli precedes 6 c/c Trpoo-wirov r&v 0ejudYaw, but Section III agrees here with the lists of Section I. The variations are common to both MSS. Another point of difference to be noticed between Section I and Sections II, III, is the treatment of the Magistri. In Section II we have at 5e AOITTCU Traorcu rrjs Scvrepa? virdp^ovcn, Taea>9 olov 6 /utayiorpo?, 6 /mayio-rpoj, and in Section III (ad init.) simply 6 /idyicrrpos. In both cases we might expect ot /uaytorpoi. We may turn to the evidence of the Jerusalem MS. collated by Uspenski. (1) In this MS. in the lists of precedence, both in Section II and in Section III, we find the Hetaeriarch (jue'yas eraipi^px 7 ?*) immediately after the Drungarios of the Watch. The fact that he occurs in both lists shows that the omission in the Leipzig MS. is not acci- dental. (2) The Strategos of Longobardia appears after the Strategos of Sicily in Section II. He is not mentioned in any of the lists in the Leipzig MS. On the other hand, the Strategos of Nikopolis is omitted in the Jerusalem MS. ; but this may be a mere scribe's error 1 Chron. Vulturnense (Muratori, R. I. S. i. 2, 413). 3 L' Italic mtridionale, 171-4. 3 Uspenski, 115. Phil. 713, 728. M2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (there are several other omissions in H which are clearly accidental). (3) Instead of avOviraros Trarpuao? the Jerusalem MS. has throughout simply av6vTTo.TO$. (It also has in most cases o-nadapLoi instead of (nraOapoKavb&dToi, but probably this is merely a mistake of the scribe.) (4) In Section II where the Leipzig MS. has 6 ndyicrrpos 6 /uaytorpo? the Jerusalem MS. has 6 /layiorpoj; but this may be due to para- blepsia. (5) The precedence of the protospatharioi of the Chryso- triklinos is said in L to have been established 7ra\at (Section III, p. 732), but in H it is attributed to Leo VI. The probable inference seems to be that the Jerusalem fragment belonged to a slovenly copy of a later recension of Philotheos than that which is represented by the Leipzig text, which was copied from the original. The editor, whether Philotheos himself or another, brought the treatise up to date by inserting the Strategos of Langobardia, and repaired the error of omitting the Hetaeriarch. The discrepancies between Section II and Section III seem to be due to the circumstance that Philotheos was using old lists of different dates and he did not succeed in eliminating all the inconsistencies. 1 (4) Scope of the following investigation. General comparison of the Constantinian with the later Byzantine System. The following pages are not a complete commentary on Philotheos. The investigation is confined to the determination of the functions of the officials, and to the origin of the offices and of the orders of rank. I have not entered upon the subject of the fees (crwriQtiai) paid for dignities and offices, and the Imperial bounties (evo-e/3uu, a7roKo/x/3ia, 5<3pa) to which the dignitaries were entitled. The latter and main part of the book of Philotheos Section IV is important for my purpose, as it throws light on many difficulties which arise out of the earlier part; but a commentary on it belongs not to this inquiry, but to a treatise on the court ceremonies. From Philotheos we derive no information as to the civil govern- ment of the provinces, except so far as finance is concerned. The provincial judges are not mentioned. We hear nothing of ot avBvTraTOL KOL 7rapx ot T&V 0e/uara)z> or ot Trpatrope? TMV 0ejuara>z/ who appear in theTakt. Usp. (118, 119). A large question of considerable 1 In Phil. 788 n we meet the KarcTrdva of Paphlagonia. In the time of Philo- theos, and since the early years of Michael III, the governor of Paphl. had been a crrpaTyyos (Phil. 7l3 9 , Takt. Usp. 113). Under Theophilus he had been a Katepano (De adm. imp. 178 7 ), and perhaps Theophilus raised the dignity of the theme. It looks as if Philotheos were here using a document dating from more than sixty years back. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 19 difficulty, touching the position and the districts of these officials, and their relations to the Strategoi, is involved, and I have not been able to discuss it in the present investigation. A few remarks may be made here as to the general character of the organization of the ninth century as contrasted with the older system which it superseded. If we compare the scheme of administration which was founded by Diocletian, and completed by his successors, and which remained intact, except in details, till the beginning of the seventh century, with the later Byzantine system, we find that while there is no break in continuity, and the changes seem to have been gradual, the result of these changes is the substitution of a new principle. The older system has been described as a divine hierarchy. Gibbon designates its principle as c a severe subordination in rank and office'. 1 There was a comparatively small number of great ministers and commanders-in-chief who were directly responsible to the Emperor alone. All the other administrators were ranged under these in a system of graded subordination. In the Notitia Dignitatum of thel East we can count twenty-two high offices, 2 to some of which all the rest were in subordinate relations. In the ninth century it is quite different. There is no hierarchy of this kind, so far as office is concerned. 3 The number of in- dependent officials responsible only to the Emperor is enormously i larger. Instead of twenty-two it is about sixty. And these numbers do not fully express the magnitude of the change. For in the fifth and sixth centuries the territory ruled from Constantinople was far more extensive than in the ninth. It included Syria and Egypt and extended to the Danube. Long before the ninth century, Syria and Egypt and a great portion of the Balkan peninsula were lost. This change was brought about in two ways. (1) The whole provincial administration was reorganized. The provincial territory was divided into a number of military districts, or Themes, and the governor of each theme, who was primarily a military commander, \ had also a certain civil jurisdiction. He was independent, subject only to the Emperor. He was not under the orders of any Master of Soldiers or Praetorian Prefect. In fact the Masters of Soldiers ' and the Praetorian Prefects disappeared. (2) The great central 1 Decline and Fall, c. xvii, p. 169, in Bury, new ed. vol. ii (1009). 2 In the reckoning I omit the castrensis, and include the Proconsul Asiae, who was not under the vicarius Asianae or the Praef. Praet. Orientis. * The hierarchy of rank remains and has been developed into a more elaborate scale. M 22 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY ministries of the Master of Offices, the Count of the Sacred Largesses, and the Count of the Private Estate, each of which consisted of many different departments, and had an extensive range of functions, were broken up into a large number of offices with restricted competence. These changes were not brought about at a stroke, by a single deliberative act of administrative reform. They came about by a gradual series of modifications, but they all tended in the same direction, to substitute the principle of co-ordination for that of subordination, and to multiply supreme offices instead of placing immense powers in the hands of a few. We cannot point to any single emperor as the Diocletian of the new system. It is probable that Leo the Isaurian did much to normalize it, but it was in the seventh century under the Heraclian dynasty that the older system had broken down and been irrevocably abandoned, and the chief principles of the newer had been introduced. Even in the sixth century we can discern some foreshadowings of the change. B. DIGNITIES (at 8ia /3pa/3euoz> cifuu). In the sixth century, apart from the exceptional titles of Caesar, nobilissimus, and curopalates, there were a number of dignities, un- attached to office, which could be conferred by the Emperor. The highest of these was the Patriciate (introduced by Constantine), which was confined by a law of Zeno to men who had been consuls or prefects, but was opened by Justinian (Nov. 80) to all men of illustrious rank. There were also the titular offices of the consulship, the prefecture, and the stratelasia (magisterium militum). The acting administrative officials were distinguished as in actu positi or jjLirpaKTOL l from the titular officials (anpa^roi), who were of two kinds, (1) illustres vacantes, and (2) illustres honorarii. 2 The vacantes not only bore the title but wore the cingulum, the insigne of office ; the honorarii had the title but not the cingulum. But in all cases the dignity was conferred by codicilli. In the case of most offices, the titular dignity was probably conferred only on those who had once held the office, but the consulship, the prefecture, and the stratelasia were regularly conferred on others than officials. The 1 In later texts we generally find the forms efjnrparos and anparos, e. g. Cer. 239 4 *av arparr^yos c^irparos Kav TC arrpaTOS. Cp. rrepl ra. 502 19 cv rdis /u7rparois TrpoeXcvcrcaiv. In Cer. 798 we find a curious third term /zeeroTrparoy. From this passage it would appear that tfwrparo? was specially used of the Strategos, and fjiea-onparos TrarpiKios was applied to Patricians who held official posts in the capital (6 c fiird\iTiK&s ocpcpiKtuAtoy). 2 C. I. 12. 8. 2. Cp. Mommsen, Eph. Epig. v. 129. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 31 comitiva, which was in principle an order of the same kind, had been appropriated with its three grades to particular offices, to which it belonged as a matter of course. In the course of the seventh and eighth centuries, the number of these orders, or titular offices, was largely increased, and they were conferred by investiture with insignia. There were several schools of officers in the palace, who had various duties connected with the Imperial service : silentiarii, vestitores, mandatores, candidati, \ stratores, spatharii. All these titles came to be used as ranks of honour, and were conferred upon all the more important civil and military officials according to their degree. The chief of the school of spatharioi was entitled the protospatharios, and this term was 1 adopted to designate a higher rank than spatharios the rank next to Patrician itself. Between the spatharioi and protospatharioi was interpolated a new class of spatharokandidatoi. To the hypatoi J (consuls) was added a new and higher class of disypatoi (bis consules}. The protospatharioi were probably not instituted as an order before the end of the seventh century. In the seventh century, the Patricians\ and Hypatoi were the two most eminent ranks, and the aTiotitdLpyjuv (ex Praefectis) and or/oar?] Aareu were still very high dignitaries. In the course of the next two centuries these orders were re- arranged and multiplied. The Patricians were divided into two ranks : the ordinary Patricians (7repi/3Ae7rroi), who retained as their insigne (fipafitlov) the ivory tablets, and those to whom the dignity of Proconsul was added (avQvtiaToi /cat Trarpuaoi) who had purple tablets. More important and interesting is the creation of a new and higher rank, that of /xayto-rpot. This innovation was obviously connected with the abolition of the office of magister officiorum. At first it was intended that there should be only one magister (as there was only one curopalates) ; very soon we find more than one, but throughout the ninth century the dignity was sparingly conferred. In this place it will be convenient to add a note on the use of the terms airpaTos, Atro'?, and Trayctuo's which occur in Philotheos. chrpa-ros (vacans), to which reference has already been made, is used of persons who bear the titles of offices of which they do not actually perform the duties (e.g. o-rparr/yoi, aariKpiJTai, &c., see Phil. 710^, ?37 3 , 6 , 7 ). XITOS is applied to persons who have orders (dignities 8ta Jpa/3eiW), but are not ministers or officials ; Phil. 729 15 ot Atroi avdvnaTot., ib. 22 Aireoz; -narpi^i^v (where there is question of an office being conferred on such), 730 15 . iraya^s 1 seems to be a less technical term, and to 1 The nearest equivalent of Trayavos is ' ordinary '. Cp. Cer. 548 23 fj/jLtpav TT. ordinary day (not a s ecial feast), 234 2 KvpiaKi}v ir. ordinary Sunday^ 367 irrno- PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY be used in two senses, either as equivalent to Atro's, or to designate persons who were officials but had no rank bia /3pa/3etW (these would naturally be functionaries in a very subordinate position). In the first meaning we find it in Phil. 730 6 ci 6e /cat irayavol rvyoitv x( KIOIS TiiJid(r6(rav. Philotheos enumerates, in ascending scale, eighteen grades of dignity conferred by insignia, and as the lowest (iTpo^dd^Los) grade includes two titles which are on a parity, we have nineteen titles altogether. They are as follows : List of Orders. 1 *(a) a-TpanjXaTrjs ) *(b) a . Insigne *3 4 5 6 *7 8 9 *10 11 12 Trarpt/ctos 13 (TrorptKioj KCU) d 14 jutayiarpo? 15 16 17 18 Kats, 712 14 TTJ , the rest as TrpoeAewijucuot 1 or /3ai>, onA., ^ /3eor., VTT., 5wvir.)j the other of a military character (/uai>5., Kaz>5., orpar., (nrad.y (T7ra0apoKaz;8., 7rp&>ro rijs TrpoeAeweco?. All those who held dftat TrpoeA., from the magistri down to the candidati, were grouped together for some ceremonial purposes as ap)(ovTs TOV Aavo-iaKov (a building in the Palace), a category which also included eunuchs who were praepositi or protospathars. See Phil. 787 3 _ 7 . (1) aTTo 7rapx a)Z; an ^ o-rpar^Aarai. We know that the honorary eTrapxorr/s existed before the sixth century from a law of Justinian, Nov. 90 (ed. Zach. i. 500), which refers to it as ancient, ivfjiev yap wj TO apyjculov r\v nvbs (VapxorTyros r\v ovopapiav tuaXovv, Kco5tKtAAcoz; c/c rrjs /Saa-iAei'a? CTT' avrfj KT\. Menander (fr. 46, p. 255) mentions that Tiberius II honoured the physician Zacharias TTJ Aeyo/xeVr/ 0776 t-napxu>v d^ta. The historian Evagrius was an OTTO (irdp^v (p. 4, 1. 1 ; p. 241, 1. 6). The importance of the rank in this earlier period is illustrated by Cer. 306 (an old ceremony, not later than seventh century, since the praetorian 1 So I correct for the Trpoo-eAeutn/uaZoi of the MS. The same correction should be made, I think, in Miklosich and Mtiller, Acta et Diplomata, vi. 23. It seems probable that Philotheos intended to include the arparf/Xarai among the Senator ials. 2 Cp. 243 21 . 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY prefect appears ; cp. 343 12 ), and by early seals. Most of those pub- lished in Sig. 508-11 are of the sixth and seventh centuries; some of them are of men who had actually filled the office of Praet. Praef. or Praef. Urbis. 1 The dignity had been degraded to be the lowest in the scale, perhaps in the eighth century, at all events by the reign of Michael III (see Cer. 633 10 ). The association of the orpanjAao-ta with the a7ro7rapxorrjs is illus- trated by the same Novel of Justinian (p. 501), /cat yap 6"rj /cat orparTjAao-tas praefectorias tlvai ol ^e'repot Ae'yowi v6fj.oi, and the orparrjAacna could be conferred without a post, ot 5e \/uAot rrjs orparTj A aortas KtoSuaAAot p.6vrjv Trape^ovcrLV a^iav Tvyj]J> (cp. Cer. 99, 247) and the v 'iraAi'as (Sig. 211) belonged to Theodore Kalliopas, who was exarch in the seventh century (Lib. Pont. 126, 133), and is described in a papyrus (Marini, Pap. Dipl. 132) as gloriosus praefecturius. I believe that praefecturius is used as the equivalent of airofndpxuv (Diehl, Etudes sur Fadm. byz. dans tex. de Ravenne, 166, n. 2, suggests praefectus). L. Hartmann, note to Gregory I, Epp. ix. 115, vol. ii. p. 120 (Eutychuminlustrem praefecturium) is undecided. Note that arro tndpxvv is often treated as declinable : plur. afnofTrap\ovres or written ar6 er THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 25 their office, the golden band, is described by Peter Patr. (Cer. 389) ; four silentiaries were appropriated to the service of the Empress (ib.). Their chief duty, from which they derived their name, was to act as marshals at Imperial audiences ; silentium nuntiare was the technical phrase for calling a meeting of the consistorium (Justinian, Nov. 80, p. 463 ; cp. Mommsen, 482). 1 (For 6 dSjur^o-toyaAios see below under C. VII. 6.) The origin of the silentiarii as a senatorial rank is explained by a constitution of Theodosius II (C. Th. 6, 23, 4): cum optatam quietem acceperint (after their retirement from service) et inter sena- tores coeperint numerari, honors curiae sine aliquafunctione laetentur, &c. They were freed from senatorial burdens ; but this privilege was to be confined to thirty. The institution of a special senatorial class of ex-silentiaries naturally led to the creation of honorary silentiaries. There are several seals in which the silentiariate appears as an order. Panchenko viii. 240 (eighth or ninth century) yio> o-tAez^rta/oto) /cat /3ao-iAiK<5 /SeortVonp, cp. the earlier seal 602 (3) (reAenriapio> KOL (3) @ The vestitores, or officers of the wardrobe, were, like the silentiaries, cubiculariiy and the origin of the /3eor?jro/3s as a senatorial order was doubtless similar. Their creation by a petitorium, signed by the Emperor, is mentioned in Peter Patr., Cer. 390. For their duties cp. Cer. 305, 342, 129, Theoph. 226 20 . For seals of officers who had the rank of ^eorrjrwp see Sig. 180 (5), 194 (3). Cp. ib. 602 (3,4), 603 (6), 604 (15). 2 Compare Bieliaev, i. 172 sq. (4) fj-avbdropts, (5) See below under the office of the Trpcoroo-Tratfa/no? T&V (6) (TTpdropes. See below under the office of the Protostrator. (7) VTTCLTOl. After the abolition of the consulate by Justinian and the deaths 1 of those who had been consuls before that date, the consular order of the Senate was composed entirely of honorary vitaroi (who consulatus t 1 In illustration of their duties cp. Peter (Cer. 426), Cer. 233, 247, 306. * Schlumberger ha& confounded in the same category vtstetoreitf vestarckai, &c. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY insignibus decorantur, Justinian, Nov. 80, p. 464). 1 The honorary consulate can be amply illustrated from seals (iniaros and airb VTICLT&V)) of sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries, of which a selection is pub- lished in Sig. 476 sqq. A seal of Sisinnios dirb vTrdruv, who was Count of Opsikion in the eighth century, and prominent at the time of the revolt of Artavasdos, may specially be mentioned (Mel. 250). The title may also be illustrated from the addresses of letters of Theodore of Studion (cp. I, 44; II, 148, 218, 149, 173, also p. 1678, ed. Migne). It is to be remembered that the virarot were a senatorial order; compare the formula in the ceremonies Eorai/rcu ot VTTCLTOI KOL ol AOITTO! crvyK\r)TiKoi), Cer. 192 9 , 209 19 , 232 15 , &c. i (consulares) means the same thing : ot o-vyKArjrt/cot VTTCLTIKOL 303 fl ;cp. 2883,289,!, 2 (8) (TTTaOdpLOL. See below under the office of the npvToa-TraGdpios TU>I> /3ao-tAtKz/. (9) cnraOapOKavbLbaTOL. The earliest mention of a o-nadapoKavbibdros seems to occur in Sebaeos (ed. Patkanian, 114) in reference to A.D. 645 ; the next in the First Letter of Gregory II to the Emperor Leo III 8 to, avyovcrraXiov TOV cnraOapoKavbiSdrov, Mansi, xii. 959, and the officer who pulled down the Image ( in the Chalkoprateia ' is described as a spatharo- candidatus, ib. 970. This letter indeed is almost certainly a fabrica- tion of much later date than the age of Leo III, 2 but the insignificant detail of the rank of these officers may rest on older and genuine evidence. In any case, the institution of the order of spatharo- candidates seems to belong to the first half of the seventh century. Panchenko has published a seal (13, 85), Kcozxrra/myw [v-n-Jara) KCH 0-7ra0apoKar8tSar(i> which he attributes to the seventh or eighth century. A text in Chron. Pasch. 696, sub A.D. 605 'Itodvvrjs /cat Tftrras (TTraOdpioL KOI KavbibaToi suggests that (nraOdpLoi, who were also candi- dati, may have been set apart as a special class of (maSdpioi and were afterwards elevated into a new and separate order. It is remarkable that spatharocandidates are not mentioned in the Taktikon Uspenski. 1 In Procop. H. A. c. 2 (p. 14 Haury) es re viraTOiv dt' cma.6apoK.av- 6i6ara> /cat Aoyofle'rrj rov ofe'cos 6po'/xoi>, of Kosmas protonotary of Thessa- lonica (ib. 103), 1 and of Clement, commerciarius of Hellas (ib. 167). These and the seal of Thomas ({mart* (Bacr. O-TT. KCU -rovp/ixapx??, Panchenko, xiii. 106) are not later than ninth century. Spatharo- candidates will also be found in the correspondence of Photios. The spatharocandidates were not, like the spathars, under the Protospatharios T&V ftacn.\LKQv ; they did not form a taxis in any officium ; and in this they resembled the order of the protospatharioi. (10) The senatorial order of biavTraToi seems to have been a late institu- \ tion, perhaps of the eighth century, and we seldom hear of it. Theodore of Studion addresses a letter (i. 12, ed. Migne, p. 949) cojuta Sto-VTrara), and in the reign of Leo V we meet @o>^aj Trarpucio? OTTO biavTraTtov yvo^fvos (Scr. Incert. 358 12 ), who may be the same person. The disupatoi seem to have been a very small class; seals are rare. Of the five published by Schlumberger, only one (Sig. 215) is as early as the ninth century : eoScoro) 8io-i;7rar() 7rarp(iKt()) (11) The protospatharios was originally the chief of the taxis of Imperial ] spatharioi. Narses, the eunuch and cubicularius, held this post under Justinian (Theoph. 243 31 ). The order of protospatharioi was pro- bably differentiated from the spatharioi under the Heraclian dynasty. In A.D. 717-8 we meet Sergios 6 TrptoTOcmaOdpLos KCU crrparr/yos StKeAtay. Numerous seals of protospatharioi of the eighth and ninth centuries will be found in Schlumberger, Sig. (12) The order of patricians founded by Constantine survived till the latest period of the Empire. In the fourth and fifth centuries it was a very high dignity, sparingly bestowed. Theodosius II made an enactment disqualifying eunuchs (Theoph. 96 21 ), but in the sixth century this was a dead letter. Justinian (as we saw above) opened the patriciate to all illustres, and in his time the number of patricians increased considerably. The same law of Justinian (Nov. 80) enacts 1 I question whether the seal of Constantine Kontomytes (ib. 109) is as early. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY that consuls should have precedence among patricians. In the reign of Justinian II (A.D. 711) we find Barisbakurios, the Count of the Opsikian Theme, designated as TrpcoroTrarpuaos' (Theoph. 380 29 ), which appears to mean that he was the senior or doyen of the ifpa raft? T&V kvri^v irarpiKLODv (Cer. 37 4 ). A seal of this patrician is pub- lished by Schlumberger (Siff. 249) : Bapacr/3a[K]ou/n'(i> -rrarpiKUi) KCU Ko/x[tr]c TOV OtotyvhdKTov (3a(Ti\LKov O\I/LKLOV. For the patricians as an order in the Senate cp. John of Epiphania, F. H. G. iv. 274 (ol TT. rfjs (13) a This order seems to have been of comparatively late institution. Schlumberger (Siff. 438) has published some seals of avdviraroL (who are not patricians) mostly later than the ninth century. One (No. 6), with KctpOTorrfoov avQwarov, is of the sixth or seventh century, and probably belonged to a provincial governor with the proconsular title. We may suspect that No. 5 (Aavi.ba avOvTrara)) is also earlier than the Isaurian epoch. The first occasion on which we hear of a -rrarputos KCU avdvTTaTos is when the Emperor Theophilus raised Alexius Musele to be patrician and anthypatos (Cont. Th. 108). There seems good reason to think that at this time there was no order of avdviraToiy and that the title conferred on Alexius (who was presently elevated to the rank of magister) was singular. 1 For in the Taktikon Uspenski, which was drawn up soon after the death of Theophilus,, we find no mention of naTp. KO.L avO. distinguished from simple worpwcioi (as we find in the work of Philotheos), but we find 6 TrarptKio? KCU avOvnciTos enumerated as a singular office or dignity (p. Ill, between the Domestic of the Schools and the Strategos of the Armeniacs). It is legitimate to infer that under Theophilus, and in the first part of the reign of Michael III, there was only one bvOviraTos, and we may guess that the office was created for Alexius Musele. In that case the descrip- tion of the ceremony for the creation of avQv-naroi in Cer. i. 49 may date from the reign of Theophilus. In the reign of Michael III, Antigonos, Domestic of the Schools, is described as avOviraros Kal TTCLTPLKLOS (Cont. Th. 236). We may conjecture that it was in the latter part of the reign of Michael III that the rank of avdv-xaTos was extended, so as to constitute a class higher than patricians, to which only patricians could be raised. L the time of Leo VI it seems to have been conferred on not a few, as he contemplates the possibility of almost any of the chief administra- 1 It is perhaps significant that according to Stephen Asolik^ ii. 6, p. 171 transl. Dulaurier, Theophilus conferred the proconsular patriciate on Ashod, an Iberian prince. Cp. Marquart^ Osteuropdische und ostasiatische Streifzttge , 421. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 29 tive officials being invested with this order. The avOvTraroi are usually designated as av&imaToi KOL -narpUioi (regularly in Philotheos and constantly in the Ceremonies) ; cp. a.vQvna.ro'narpiK.iov^^ in Trepl TO 485 17 . (14) fJidyLO-TpOL. In A.D. 718-19 Nicetas Xylinites was the juayicrrpo? of the deposed Emperor Artemios (Theoph. 400 25 ^ayurrpou avrov) l ; in A.D. 741 the patrician Theophanes was juayicrrpoy ZK 7rpoo-a>7roi> of Artavasdos (ib. 415 3 ). Under Constantine V and his successors (A.D. 767-89) a certain Peter is /uufyior/oo? (ib. 442 26 , 456 16 , 464 23 ), and in A.D. 792 Michael Lachanodrakon (ib. 468J. In Cer. i. 43 a document is preserved dating from A.D. 768, and describing the ceremony of investing the sons of Constantine V with the rank of Caesar. 2 There we find 6 /xayiorrpos playing a part in the ceremony (21 9 9 , 220 4 ), but he is also designated as 6 -np&Tos p. (224 5 , 13 ), while at certain stages of the solemnity ot /utaytorpoi appear as a velum (218 n , 221 16 ). At this time, then, /xaytorpoi? was a dignity which could be conferred on more than one person, bat among the /u^ytorpoi there was one, 6 ju. or 6 Trpwro? /a., who had certain high functions in the court. Evidently this office is to be identified with that held by Xylinites in A.D. 718 and Theophanes in A.D. 741. The //aytorpos of the eighth century is the magister officiorum shorn of most of his old functions. This is not only clear from the name (the magistri militum and the magistri scriniorum were not termed pdyia-Tpoi in Greek), but can be proved by several facts. (1) The part which the /udyto-rpo? plays in the eighth-century ceremony, just referred to, is appropriate to the position occupied by the mag. off. as master of ceremonies. (2) In ceremonies which are of older date (Cer. i. 68 and 70) 3 the pciyto-rpos acts as master of ceremonies; and these seem to supply a link between the eighth and seventh centuries. (3) In the ceremony for the creation of a juayiorpos (i. 46) he is described as KetyaXr] rov creKptrov (233 13 ), which seems to mean that he was the highest in rank at an imperial audience ((reV/oerop = KOVO-HTT&PIOV, see below under the a-expert/cot). This ceremony (231-3) dates from a time when there was only one //ayiorpos, for no other jutdyiorpot are mentioned, whereas in the second ceremony described in the same chapter (234-6) the judytorpoi appear. 4 (4) Stylianos, the father-in- 1 See further below under the \oyoderrjs rov Spopov, p. 91, where the evidence for the mag. off. in the seventh century is given. 2 This was shown by Diehl. Cp. Bury, Ceremonial Book, 431. 9 See Bury, ib. 43,3. 4 Contrast 232 J9 with 235 7 ; in the second case the juay. must be already a patrician. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY law and minister of Leo VI, was a /otayicrrpos, and he (quite excep- tionally) bore the full title of JJL. r&v ofyfyiduv, by which he is designated in Leo's Novels. In the ninth century the chief evidence for the judyiorpot is as follows : Theoktistos was p. under Nicephorus I and Michael I : Theodore Stud. Ep. i. 24, ed. Migne, Theoph. 492 6 , 500. Under Michael II we hear of ras rG>v /xaytorpcoy ri/xas : Cont. Th. 72 3 . In the same reign Christophoros was made p. : Gen. 35 2 . Theodore of Studion addressed a letter of consolation to Stephen, magister, apparently in A.D. 821, in which he is described (ad fin.) as T?}? vvyK\riTov TrpwrofiaOpov (Ep. ii. 76, ed. Migne). Under Theophilus, Alexios Musele was raised to the rank of /x. before he became Caesar : Cont. Th. 108 3 . During the absence of Theophilus on a military expedition in A. D. 831, special responsibility devolved upon 6 /udyiorpo? for the security of the city : Trcpi raf. 504 4 . Manuel was jx. in and after A. D. 842 : Cont. Th. 148 13 . In the Taktikon Uspenski /xaytorpoi do not appear. Under Theophilus or Michael III, Arsaber (brother-in-law of the Empress Theodora) became /u., and it was perhaps in MichaePs reign that Theodora's nephews-in-law, Stephen and Bardas, became /ut. : Cont. Th. 175. Under Michael III his uncle Petronas was made JJL. : Gen. 97 8 ; and Basil received rj rG>v /x. TIJUTJ, ib. 1H 19 . In the same reign (Leo) Theodatakes was made a jx. : Nicetas, Vit. Ignatii apud Mansi, xvi. 237. In Cer. 631 12 , however, in a document of the same reign, we read avaptratv r&v bvo /xay torpor. In several ceremonies, which probably date from the reign of Michael III, the /xaytorrpot appear as an order like the patricians, and in Cer. i. 26 of the same period we meet the text et fj.i> KtAevet 6 /3a /cat ra> /x. Kal TO) 7rdpx (of the city) r?)i> TTJS TroAtretas Kal TOV KOLVOV [TTJI/] At the beginning of the reign of Leo VI Stephen (nephew-in-law of Theodora) was a /mdyio-rpo? (Cont. Th. 354 18 ), and Stylianos was created /u. and Logothete of the Course : ib. 354 9 . In the same reign, while Stylianos was in power, Katakalon, who became Domestic of the Schools, was a /x. : Cont. Th. 359 23 ; and at the same period the /m. Leo Theodatakes was still alive : ib. 361 n . In the Vita Euthymii (3 6 ) Stylianos is designated as Trpcoro/xdyiorpos'. A number of the Novellae of Leo VI (1, 18, &c.) are addressed r A seal of Stylianos has been preserved (Sig. 533) : juay(iVrpa>) av(0vndTu>) / 7rarp(tKtw) /3(ao"iAtKu>) (7rpa)To)o-7r(a0apuo) Kat \oy(o0Tr)) TOV 6po'ju(ov). Clearly he was not yet Basileopator^ so the date of the seal can be fixed to A. D. 886-8. From this evidence we may infer that at some time in the eighth century the title ndyia-Tpos was first conferred on eminent patricians for life, but involving certain duties. Not more than two bore this title at the same time. One of these was the leading member of the Senate ; he was designated as protomagistros, or 6 jutdyiorpos ; ; he was the K$aAr) TOV o-eKperoi> ; and he shared with the Praepositus and the Prefect the cares of government during imperial absences. Although he descends from the mag. off., his position is higher, as well as less onerous, and corresponds rather to that of a curopalates. The 7rpa>ro/*ayi0Tpo? is also mentioned in Philotheos, 781 n . The second judytarpos shares in the ceremonial duties of the first (Cont. Th. 347 6 , cited above). This is illustrated by the document cited above from Cer. 631, and by the description of the creation of patricians, Cer. i. c. 48, which probably dates also from the reign of Michael III. There (143) 6 Trpwroj /m. stands on the right of the new patrician, and afterwards another p. stands on his left (cp. below, 144 7 6 c/c btgL&v jut. KCLI 6 e apiorepwy). There is nothing to show that before the reign of Michael III there were as many as three bearing the title at the same time. We may conclude that in the eighth and the first half of the ninth century there were not more than two magistri ol bvo TIJS TroAtretas fx., and that the practice of creating more than two was introduced under Michael III. In the minority of Con- stantine we find three Stephen, John Eladas, and Leo Phocas (Cont. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Th. 380, 385, 388, 390). In the later period of Constantine's reign we meet four John Kurkuas, Kosmas, Romanes Saronites, and Romanes Muscle (ib. 443). It seems to follow from Cer. 24 that in that period the number of /x. was less than twelve. The text is rrj raet T&V re ^ayicrrp^v KCU avOvnarav ?Jyow rwr avTov$ Xcopov?. This shows that there were not enough magistri to wear the twelve loroi, and that some of the anthypatoi were chosen to make up the number (the other anthypatoi appeared with the patricians as a second velum). There is another piece of evidence which may tell in favour of the conclusion that there was a period in which the magistri were two in number. The repetition 6 /^ayio-rpoj, 6 jucfcytorpos in the text of Philotheos, 727 2 , would be explained if we may assume that it was taken from an older kletorologion compiled at a time when there were two magistri. Two seals published by Schlumberger call for notice. One, of Isaac, 7TaTp]LKLov /cat /xayiorpoi/, he ascribes to sixth seventh century (>S^. 563) ; the other of John, iraTpiKiw KCU fxayiVJrpw, to eighth- ninth century. It seems probable that both seals date from the period when /x. still designated an office and not an order of rank, and that Isaac was simply magister officiorum. John, if his seal is as late as Schlumberger thinks not earlier I suppose than the middle of the eighth century belongs to the period when there were only two magistri, and when the dignity had not yet been made an order of rank like the patriciate. To sum up. Before the end of the reign of Leo III the office of magister officiorum had been transformed; his special functions had been transferred to the Logothete of the Course, and other ministers ; and he was elevated to the position of head of the Senate and the ministerial world, representative of the emperor in his absence, &c. The dignity was conferred bia j3pa/3eiou, for life. He was called simply 6 juayioT/jo? (as the (JL. TU>V 6tiu>v ofyfy. is usually termed by Theophanes) . Perhaps at the same time, or perhaps soon afterwards, a second //ayiorpos was instituted, and the first was distinguished from him as 6 Trpcoro/zayio-rpos. This innovation was introduced before A. D. 768. I conjecture that the institution of the second /x. is to be connected with the imperial absences from the city. On such occasions the presence of the ^. in Constantinople was necessary, but the emperor may have found it inconvenient not to have a ju. in his moving court. (Observe that in the irepl raf. the emperor is accompanied by 485 ]6 .) This second p. would be on such occasions /x. *K the expression which Theophanes uses of the JA. of THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 33 Artavasdos (415 3 ). In the reign, probably, of Michael III, the dignity of p. began to be conferred on more than two ; and thus the nayicrrpoi came to form a small order of rank. Within that grade the two ndyicrTpoi (TTJJ TroAireiaj) continued to function ; and in the case of Stylianos Leo VI revived the original title f/ayiorpos T&V dQtyiKitov. In the middle of the tenth century, if we can trust Liutprand (Antapodosis, vi. 10) 1 I am not quite confident that we can there were as many as twenty-four magistri. (15) foXTTTJ TTCir/HKia. We have no material for determining the date of the origin of this title. The earliest fcoorrj TrarptKia, 2 of whom we hear on good authority, is Theoktiste, the mother of the Empress Theodora (Cont. Th. OOj). Antonina, according to the author of the Ilarpta (ed. Preger, p. 254), was (/oar?) of Theodora (sixth century) ; but there does not seem to be any contemporary confirmation of this statement. The (JooTTj TrarpLKia was the only lady who was irarpiKia in her own right, and the title might be translated, e mistress of the robes/ The elaborate ceremony for conferring the dignity is described in Cer. i. 50 : it probably dates from the ninth century, and possibly from the joint reigns of Michael II and Theophilus, when, we may suppose, Theoktiste was invested. (16) In the early part of the fifth century curapalati was the title of officials of spectabilis rank, who were subordinate to the Castrensis, and whose duties seem to have concerned the material condition of the imperial palace. See Not. Dig., Or. 17. 5 ; C. Th. xi. 18. 1 (probably A. D. 412, see ed. Mommsen). At the court of Theodoric we find a curapalati of spectabilis rank, but apparently not in the officium of a castrensis (there seems to have been no castrensis at Ravenna) : Cass., Var. 7. 5. There is some reason for supposing that in the course of the fifth century at Constantinople a new cur a- \ palati was instituted, independent of the castrensis, and at least equal in importance to him. For in the reign of Justin I the grand- daughter of a certain Nomos (or Oninos), a patrician, married the king of the Lazi, and Nomos is described as OTTO KovpoitaXar&v. 3 It 1 Four magistri are mentioned under Constantino VII in Cont. Th. 443. Some of them were strategoi. 2 (a>(TTT) must mean cingulo donata (Combefis, and Reiske, ii. 166), not ornatrix as Ducange thought. One seal of a COXTTJ/ (Maria Melissene), of the Commenian epoch, is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 607 ; she is simply ., not . n. 3 Chron. Pasch. 613, Theoph. 168 21 ; cp. John Mai. 413. M3 34, PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY is not at all probable that an ordinary curapalati would have been created a patrician unless he had risen to some higher office, and in that case he would have been designated by that higher office. I infer that in the time of Anastasius, at latest, there existed a high official, entitled Curapalati, to be distinguished from the earlier subordinate curapalati (who was one of several). If this conclusion is right we can the more easily understand the action of Justinian, who, towards the end of his reign, exalted the dignity and gave it a new significance by conferring the title upon his nephew Justin. 1 The title was taken to mean that Justin was marked out to be the successor to the throne, and the dignity evidently did not involve any of the functions con- noted by the name. Through jealousy, perhaps, Justinian did not care to create his nephew a Caesar, but /coupoTraXar^s was interpreted as equivalent. This is expressly said by Corippus (in laud. Just. i. 134 sqq.) : par extans curis, solo diademate dispar, ordine pro rerum vocitatus curapalati, dispositu nam Caesar eras. After this, and till the tenth century, the title curapalati, was only bestowed on a relative of the emperor : and the patriarch Nicephorus (7 3 ) describes the post as rt\v /uera /3curiA.e'a np^r^v apxnv (i. e. of course, when there was no Caesar). From the nature of the case it was, like Caesar, only occasionally conferred. The following is a list of the KovpoTraXareu till A.D. 900 : Emperor. Kuropalates. Justinian I Justin (nephew) : Corippus, loc. cit., Evagrius, 5, 1. Maurice Peter (brother) : Chron. Pasch. 694 6 . Phocas Domentziolos (nephew) : Theoph. 292 25 . Heraclius Theodore (brother) : Niceph. 7 3 . Leo III Artavasdos (son-in-law): Theoph.395 12 . 2 Nicephorus I Michael (son-in-law) : Theoph. 492 9 . Michael III Bardas (uncle) : Cont. Th. 176 3 . Leo VI conferred the title on the Iberian king Adranases (De adm. imp. 199); it had been more than once in earlier times bestowed on Iberian princes. In the tenth century Nicephorus II created his brother Leo a KoupoirdAarr/s ; in the eleventh the title was no 1 May the idea of this dignity have been derived from Persia ? Cp. Theoph. Sim. 3. 18. 12. 8 A seal of Artavasdos is extant, Sig. 249 'Apravdadrj 7raTp[tKto>] ovp[o7raXdr/] THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 35 longer confined to relatives of the Emperor (cp. the seals in Schlum- berger, Sig. 490 sqq.). A ceremony for the creation of a kuropalates is described in Cer. i. 45, p. 229 sqq. When this description was first written down there were two emperors, one of whom was still a boy (6 fxiKpo's). It may be conjectured that it refers to the creation of Michael by Nicephorus I and Stauracius. At the end of the chapter there is a notice to the effect that a kuropalates can be created ev rw t6uo by the Basileus, without a public ceremony. I conjecture that Bardas was thus invested, and that this additional notice dates from the reign of Michael III. (17) z/co/^eXrJo-t/xos. In the third century nobilissimus was the standing epithet of the title Caesar which the emperors conferred on natural or adopted sons (Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii. 3 1141 and note). In the fourth century we find Jovian creating his child-son Valerian a z>o>/3eA.io-i/zos, but not Caesar ; the epithet becomes an independent title (Philo- storgius 8. 8). In the fifth century Constantine, the e tyrant* of Britain and Gaul in the reign of Honorius, creates his eldest son, Constans, Caesar, and his second, Julian, z>co/3eAiWijuo? (Olympiodorus, fr. 12). Honorius created his child-nephew, Valentinian, nobilissimus (ib. 34), and afterwards V. was invested as Caesar at Thessalonica before he was crowned Augustus at Ravenna (ib. 46). Nobilissimus is thus a title lower than Caesar, but confined to the emperor's family. Justinian ] introduced the new title of kuropalates to do duty for nobilissimus or Caesar, but in the eighth century Constantine V revived the dignity of z>o>/3eArjo/3eA.iVtfxoy (Theoph. 444) : afterwards also his fifth son (ib. 450 2 ) : and the sixth received the same dignity from Leo IV (ib.). A description of the ceremony performed on the first of these occasions is described in Cer. i. 44 (the mention of two Caesars proves this, as Diehl has shown). As to the insignia there is a discrepancy between Cer. and Theoph. The latter says that the voj3. was invested with a \\aiva xpvvr] and 6 o-rtyavos. In Cer. 229 we read that his \\CLIJLVS is not purple like that of the Caesar but KOKKLVOS, and orTtyavov ov Treptr^erat. Philotheos says that the insignia are \iTvv ef a\ovpyibos ^pwrofleros KCLL x\afjivs /cat ((avrj. It is clear, then, that Theoph. has made two mistakes ; he has confounded the x^afoa 1 He seems himself to have borne the title under his uncle ; cp. Marcellinu sub A. D. 527. Women sometimes received the dignity, e. g. Galla Placida, C. I. L. 15, 7153. M3 2 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY or x^a/^? with the tunic which was \pw66 'ero?, and he erroneously supposed that the ra>/3eATJ0-ijtxos was crowned like the Caesar. (18) Kcuo-ap. For the Caesar title, as a promise of succession under the Princi-* pate, see Mommsen, Staatsrecht, ii. 3 1140. After Justinian's reign we find it conferred on Tiberius by Justin II ; on Germanus and Maurice by Tiberius II ; on Constantine junior by Heraclius ; on David and Marinus by Heraclius ; on Christophorus and Nicephorus by Constantine V ; on Alexios Musele by Theophilus ; on Bardas by Michael III. The only case I know (later than the third century) of the elevation to this rank of one who was not a near relative (by birth, adoption, or marriage) of the emperor is that of Patricius, son of Aspar, who was created Caesar by Leo I. From Theodosius I it was the invariable practice of the emperor, if he had a son, to create him a colleague (Basileus and Augustus). Hence the title Caesar was rarely conferred. Justin II and Tiberius II conferred it to mark out their successors, but after Maurice it was only conferred on persons who might, in certain events, succeed. Heraclius and Constantine V bestowed it on younger sons ; Theophilus on a son-in-law ; Michael III, who was childless, on an uncle. The ceremony which accompanied the elevation of the sons of Constantine V is described in Cer. i. 43. C. OFFICES (at Sia \6yov dftai). The administrative officials are grouped by Philotheos in seven classes : I. (rrparrjyoi, II. SO/U^OTIKOI, III. K/otrat, IV. o-eK/oeriKot, V. S?7/uoKpareu, VI. or parapyai, VII. various (duu ei'Si/ccu) ; and it will be convenient to take them in his order. The use of the term o0. are distinguished : 6 orrpar., 2 o$<. Cp. also 767^. (3) Equally clearly they are contrasted in 766 17 and 767 1 _ 3 . (4) So too in 7lO lo . 1 In784 15 and 767 9 o-expertKot d^txtaAtot are mentioned, meaning all those comprised in class IV. While offxfriKiov in later documents is more often used in our sense of office, than in its earlier meaning of the whole staff of subordinate officials, the term rais is employed for the staffs of the Strategoi, Domestics, Kritai, &c., and o-eKperoi; for the officials of class IV. 2 For this distinction cp. Cer. 6 8 , 9 iracrcus rats rcefe^i /cat Trcurt -rots cre/cperois. 3 On (TeKperov see below in section IV on a-expert/cot, p. 83. The high officials themselves are thus divided into seven classes, but their subordinates are grouped in three classes (716 9 ) : A. ray/xariKot, B. 0e/xartKot, C. crvyK.XriTiK.oL Obviously A comprises the subordinate o<$t'/aa of the Domestics (class II), and B those of the orparr/yot (class I) ; it follows that the subordinate officials of classes III-VII were all designated as o-vyKXrjTiKoi. The use of o-vyKArjrtKoi, which constantly occurs in Philotheos and the Ceremonies of Constantine, is confusing, and demands some observations. We must first of all distinguish the Synkletos in the narrow sense of the Council of high officials who assisted the Emperor in business of state from the whole body of o-vyKArjrtKot, or persons of senatorial rank, who had the right of being received at court, and were expected to take part in the ceremonies and processions. 4 But there are other variations in its meaning. It seems sometimes to be 1 In 784 n , however, trrpar^-yoi are loosely included under orfxp. 8 But afKperov was doubtless also commonly used of the bureaux of subordinate officials belonging to the other classes. 3 A. Vogt, in his Basils I er , p. 75, gives npoeXeva-is as the term for suite or bureau. Its ordinary meaning is ceremonial procession (cp. irpoepxeaOai), and it is used for the suite of a strategos (comitatus, cp. the TrpoeXeuo-t/zatoi of xptrai in Const. Porph. Nov. 9, p. 268j), but not for a bureau. The passage in Phil. 716 7 is difficult : eiSq dia>pdra>j> did, and some of the tagmatic officials. (2) 752j TOVS VTTO K. (TvyK\r]TLKOVs a7iavTas, olov acrrjKpriTas /crA. (various officials under classes III-VII, and also some of the tagmatic officials). (3) 757 19 i\ovs K T&V o-vyKXyTiK&v, TOVS VTTO K. TtdvTas, , TrpatTroo-trovs, TrarptKtov?, d^^tKtaAtofs, fiaor. , rov Trpforoao-TJKp^rty KrA. (including tagmatics). (5) 769 19 OTTO TTJS rafecos T&V /xayto-rpw^ 7rarpi/aW Kal AOITTWV vvv 1 Cp. Cer. SlGj ; 3^-^. 2 The Praepositus, e.g. was a member of the Senate. Cp. Mansi, xvi. 392 (A. D. 869) 6 p.ya\07rpf7re(TTaTos Trpauroviros cos ex npooraTrov TTJS If pas avyK\r)Tov t Ib. 329 Gregory, a Spatharocubicularius, is described as OTTO ra>v TTJS o-vy/ So/xeartKO) T>V cr)(oXG>v Kal /3ao-i/\i/c<3z> avQptoit<*>v OTTO rrjs rdfecos T&V a-iradapOKavbibcLTCtiV /uc'xpt TTJS Tafea>s T&V aTparwpcoz/ TOVS pv vird Kapnayw TravTas /xera T&V oueuoz; dAAa^rj/xdraw rovs 6e 7Tpa>roo-7ra0apiovs /xera cnreKwv TOVS 6* /Sao-tAiKovs jxera TO>I> o-Kapajxayytooi> KOI p-ovov. (6) 774 I5 . (7) 777 22 OTTO rwy o-KpcrtKa>ZJ rail' VTTO Ka/xTrdyw; 7rdrTa)r. (8) 779 10 raiv /may., di;^., irarp., o^^tKtaAtcov, TrptoToa-ir. Kal \onr&v (TVyKXf]TLK&V T&V VTTO KCLfJUldyiV OVTWV. (9) 780 2 ot fxcf jotay., TrpatTT., Trarp. 0((/>i/adA.ioi Kal ol VTTO TrdVres ol 5e AOITTOI /3acnAiKo. (10) 781 4 aTro r^s rdfecos TWI; /otay., TrpoiTT., d^^., Trarp., TrArji; roSv evvovx w ^ KC " dwo r^y rd^ecoj rrjs VTTO Kapnayiv o-vyKArjrou, Of these passages, 3, 4, and 5 make it clear that the kampagion was worn by the highest officials. 1 and 2 refer only to subordinates, and in 10 the high dignitaries are contrasted with ^ VTTO Ka/uTrdyu; o-vyKXrjTos. There is no real contradiction in this ; in 8 and 9 the magistri, &c., are specially singled out of the kampagion category, and the rest are grouped together as ot viro Ka/xTrdyiv. What digni- taries and officials did not belong to ot VTTO Ka/uTrdytv ? First of all, probably the eunuchs, except patricians and praepositi (cp. 4 and 9). Secondly, the Strategoi and their staffs, who are never mentioned in these passages. Thirdly, protospatharioi, &c., who were not Synkletic by virtue of office. Fourthly, some lower subordinates (cp. 7), such as o>o/uts (Phil. 752 12 ). It is remarkable that tagmatic officers, sub- ordinates of the Domestics, are enumerated among ot UTTO K. o-vyKArj- TIKOI (cp. 1-4). Is this loose language ? I. orparr/yot. (1) to (26). Strategoi. This class includes, along with twenty-five Strategoi of themes (including the Count of Opsikion), the official known as 6 CK vpoo-toirov T&V dtfjiaTwv (al. o"xoAo)^). The origin of the themes, and their history up to the ninth century, has been so fully treated by Gelzer l that I need only call attention to a few general points before considering the staff of the strategos. The precedence of the Eastern over the Western themes is funda- mental. This order of rank is not explained by the precedence of the 1 Gelzer's conclusions, for the ninth century, have indeed to be supplemented by the Arabic evidence produced by Brooks (see Bibliography) and by the Taktikon Uspenski. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Prefecture of the East over the Prefecture of Illyricum, as many of the provinces in the latter had a higher rank than the provinces of the former. It is due to the fact that the Illyric provinces were almost a lost position in the seventh century, and that the strength of the Empire lay entirely in Asia Minor with Thrace at the time when the theme system was developed and normalized under Leo III. I The naval circumscriptions, which were equally important when that emperor came to the throne, and which may truly be said to have saved the Empire under the Heraclian dynasty, were included by him among the Western themes, because recent experience had shown that they might prove a dangerous element of opposition, and his own power was based on the Asiatic armies. 1 On the other hand, when at a later time Macedonia became a theme, it was included in the Eastern class (while Thessalonica and Strymon remained in the Western). The Strategoi of the Eastern themes all received a fixed salary from the treasury, whereas those of the Western raised their pay in their own provinces ; but the naval themes were for this pur- pose included in the Eastern class. 2 The number of twenty-five strategiai corresponds of course only to the situation at the moment when this particular list was drawn up, in the early years of Leo VI. Before the end of his reign there was a new strategia of Mesopotamia, and the Kleisurarchies of Sebasteia, Lykandos, Seleukeia, and Leontopolis had been raised to the rank of themes. 3 The Strategos of the Anatolic theme 4 holds the highest rank among the strategoi, and his is the highest office of those not confined to eunuchs, with the exception of those of Basileopator and Rector and the ecclesiastical post of Synkellos. At a court reception, only the magistri, and these three dignitaries, the Praepositus (if a patrician), and eunuchs of patrician rank, preceded the Strategos of the Anatolics, provided he was a patrician. But so long as he was a patrician, although not an anthypatos, he sat among the anthypatoi. If he was 1 Cp. Gelzer, 34-5. 2 The salaries of the Eastern Strategoi were graded as follows : class 1, Anatolic, Armeniac, Thrakesian, 40 litrai (about 1752) ; class 2, Opsikian, Bukellarian, Macedonian, 30 1. (about 1314) ; class 3, Cappadocian, Charsian, Paphlagonian, Thracian, Kolonean, 20 1. (about 876), and to this class must be added the Chaldian strat. , who received only 10 1. , in consideration of the income he derived from custom-dues, and the Mesopotamian, who derived all his pay from customs. The naval themes formed a class 4, Kibyrrhaeot, Samian, and Aegean, 10 1. (about 438) ; and, class 5, the Kleisurarchs (Lykandos, &c.) received 5 1. (about 219). See the salaries as paid under Leo VI in Cer. 696-7. 3 Cer. 11. 50. 4 It is called TO a dtpa in Gen. 5 n . THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 41 only a protospatharios, he was first in that order, unless the Praepo- situs happened to be also a protospatharios. At one time the Sakellarios seems to have been superior in rank to the Strategos Anat. ; this question will be considered below in connexion with the Sakellarios. But the exalted position of the Strut. Anat. in the imperial service corresponds to what, as I pointed out long ago, was the origin of the post ; he took the place of the magister militum per Orientem. Next to him in rank, among the officials, was the Domesticus Scholarum, who in the later Empire corresponds most nearly to the old magister militum in praesenti (though he does not descend from him) ; and after the Domesticus comes the Strategos of the Armeniac theme, who represents the magister militum per Armenian!, instituted by Justinian. The officium of a Strategos is as follows : t (1) Turmarchae, (2) merarches, (3) comes rijj /co'pnjs, (4) chartularius, (5) domesticus, (6) drungarii bandorum, (7) comites bandorum, (8) cen- tarchus spathariorum, (9) comes rijs ereupeias, (10) protocancellarius, (11) protomandator (and in the case of the maritime themes, (12) pro- tocarabi, (13) centarchi). (1, 2) The turmarchs commanded the rovp\j.ai, or divisions of the ', military 0e/xa or corps, and governed the turms or districts of the geographical theme. The military unit was the fidvbov, of which \ the commander was entitled (7) comes. According to Leo, Tact. iv. ] 42, the fidvba were grouped in higher units, called /xotpcu or bpovyyoi, and these regiments were commanded by ^oipapxan or bpovyydpioi. , The turm or brigade consisted of three such /uotpcu, ib. 9. The turm \ was also called /ue/aoj, and the roup^cipx 7 ? 9 a J tJt P^/ 3 X 1 7 y * 1 There were three turmarchs under the Strategos. 2 This account differs from that of Ibn Khurdadhbah, who wrote his description of the administrative organization of the Roman Empire, c. A.D. 840-5 (ed. De Goeje, see Bibliography). According to him, there were two turmarchs under the command of the Strategos of one of the larger themes. Under the turmarch were five drungarioi, and under the drungarios five comites. 3 The discrepancy arises from the fact that the number of turms and turmarchs differed in the different themes. We have tenth-century documents (A. D. 935 and 949) showing that there were three turms in the Thracesian theme. 4 Ibn Khurdadhbah generalized 1 Ib. 8, 9. 2 Ib. 44. 3 Gelzer has tabulated the subdivision, pp. 116, 118. 4 Cer. 663 3 and 666 17 . The text of the former passage requires correction, it stands 6 Tovpp.ap\i]$ TO>I> QtoSomaKoo*', ot Tovpfiap^ni TU>V fiKTOpa)i/, ol Tovpp.dp\at rqy nnpciMov, Read 6 Tovppdpxqs for the plural in both cases (cp. 6G3 20 6 r. TVV 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY from one theme. We can prove this by the fact that he represents the numbers of troops in the (larger) themes as uniform 10,000 men. 1 Now we know from another Arabic writer, Kudama (who copied Ibn Khurdadhbah, but added new facts), that the number of the troops in the various themes both larger and smaller varied considerably. Leo VI speaks of /uepdpxqs as an (older) equivalent of Tovppdpxns (Tact. iv. 8, 9). In Philotheos they are distinguished, and other texts prove that juepapxs = r&v ftdvbw) it is distribu- tive, each comes commands a ftdvbov. For the drungarioi compare Cer. 666 19 (ol 5p. /cat KO'/LWJTCS), 667 10 , 662 15 , 21 . They are also called 1 From the Armeniac, if Gelzer is right in his probable correction of Kudama (p. 98). 8 The MS. of Cer. varies between i^piapxns and the right form nfpapxw (663 18 ). Compare the seal published by Schlumberger (Sig. 201) o-payls /zepeapx(ou) Kva>o-o-(ou) Kvvo-TavTivov. This belongs to the later period after the reconquest of Crete by Nicephorus II. In Genesios we meet the merarch of the Charsian theme in A. D. 863 (97 2 ). 3 Cor. 662 19 , 663 4 , and 663 18 (OTTO roG fidvSov rov /ncpap^ou, which is obscure). In the theme of Charpezikion we find great and minor turmarchs distinguished, f?R9 fiR7 fifiQ uu ^18^ 205 *""** ""^ej 8* 4 Cer. 482 19 . 5 This was not apprehended by Kulakovski, Dntng i drungarii. To this article I may refer for the history of the terms drungos and drungarios. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 43 482 19 , 663 6 . In Takt. Uspenski, 129, 6 must be corrected ol bpovyydpioi r. 6. (3) On the duties of the comes rrjs Koprrjs (count of the tent) 1 the) chief source is the treatise irepl T&V fiao-iXiK&v rafeiStW. When the emperor leads a military expedition, the comites TTJS KO'PTTJS of the , various themes attend the emperor to pitch the imperial tent, along with the cortinarii who are under their command, and accompany the Drungarios of the Watch in his nightly circuit round the camp. They supply posthorses to the Drungarios of the Watch for imperial business, Cer. 489-90. They might also be sent on special missions. For instance, the strategos of the Anatolic theme sent his comes TTJS KopTys to examine Theodore of Studion in prison at Smyrna (A. D. 819, Theod. Stud., Epist. ii. 38, p. 1233, ed. Migne). In Leo, Tact. iv. 30, the comes rfjs KO'/OTTJS is described as a member of the general's staff (TrpoeAeixris). These officials might be spatharioi, see Philotheos, 735 7 , where the text must be corrected 6 a-naOdpLos Kal KO'/ATJS rfjs KO'/OTTJS r&v 'AvaroXiK&v. The Theophylactus, count of the tent in the theme of Chaldia, whose name is preserved on a seal in Schlumberger's col- lection (Sig. 289, 331), was a candidatus. 2 The emperor sometimes had a comes rfjs KopTrjs of his own ; e.g. Michael the Amorian filled the post for Nicephorus I (Genes. 10 ]3 , Cont. Th. 9, 12). 3 The seal of a K. rrjs Koprrjs (ninth-tenth century) is published by Schlumberger, Mel. 245. j (5) The 6"o/ue'J> o-iraflapuoz; must be distinguished from the mentioned in Leo, Tact. iv. 11, who commanded each 300 was the tent, especially of the emperor, but also of the strategos. See Ducange, *. v. Cp. Cont. Th. 236 2 ; George Moil. (Bonn) 830 18 = Pseudo- Simeon, 678 21 . 2 The legend is tfeorocce fiorjdei T> (ro> SouXco + 0fo /3(ao-iXiKO>) Kav8(idaT(o) KOI Kr>p.(r)Ti) TTJS Koprfas) Xa\5(i'ay). The seal belongs to the ninth century. Clialdia seems to have become a separate government towards the end of the eighth century (Gelzer, 95-6), and it was raised to the rank of a strategia before the middle of the ninth century. Gelzer thought that it was a KXcurovpa till the reign of Leo VI. But the Taktikon Uspenski mentions 6 TrarpLKtos KOI crrparriyos XaXSt'as (p. 113) and also 6 8oi> XaXSi'as (p. 119). We may infer that it had been at first a Ducatus and had been recently made a o-Tparrjyia ; 6 doi>| X. was taken over from an older list. 3 In Alexius Comnenus, Nov. 30, p. 374 (foot of page) ru>v 6ffjLi> } we should, I conjecture, read KO^T^V TIJS 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY men, and were subject to the comes. 1 This distinction seems to correspond to the distinction in Phil. 738 ]8 , 2 o between the K^vrap\oL T&V (TTpoLTr]yG>v T&V OcpaTLK&v and the KeWap^os r&v (Sdvbwv. Are we to identify the /ceVrapx ? T&V & 17 . with the TrpwroKeVrapxos who is recorded on seals (Schlumberger, Sig. 166 SqoTjinja) 7rpa>ra>K(ez>)rdp(x<>) < EA(A)d6(os) 357 2rpariy(a)) dKej>rapK(fc>) ) ? But there were more than one TrpcDTOKtvTapxos in a theme. Six are mentioned in the staff of the general of the Thrakesians (Cer. 663 10 ). 2 It seems possible that Kcvrapxos in the text of Phil, is an error for K.tvrapyoi. The spatharioi whom the centarch commanded were probably a guard attached to the immediate service of the general. 3 (9) The KO'/XTJS TTJS ercupetas is, I conjecture, referred to in Cer. ii. 44, p. 659 J5 Iva d-Troo-raXct 777$ craipetas /xera KeAewecoy Trpbs rbv Kar7rai>a>, where perhaps TOV Ko^ra has fallen out after aTrooraAer. (4) The x. a P Tov ^P LOS f the theme was in the officium of the strategos, but his duties connected him with the department of the Logothete T&V arpartcortKO)^, so that he also belonged to his officium and was responsible to him. This is explained in Leo, Tact. iv. 31, where the function of the chartularius is described as irpos TT)V rov (rrpcLTov (MS. (TTpaTrjyov) KaTaypa^v re KOL avai]Trj THTIV) subject to the strategos, they were also directly responsible to the central government : TOVS \6yovs T&V IbiK&v avr&v StoiKT7y 7rpds TT\V fiaviXtiav wore 8t' avT&v pavBavtiv TCLS re T&V TTO^LTLK&V Kal rV crrparopwi/ of the strat. of the Anatolic theme. 4 Cp.'Rambaud, 204. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 45 whose seal is preserved (Panchenko, 9. 384) , was a spatharios. Drosos, chartularius of Thrace (eighth or ninth century) (Schlum- berger, Sig. 122), was a candidatus. Orestes, chartularius of the theme of the Aegean Sea (tenth century), had the higher rank of a spatharocandidatus (Sig. 194). 1 (10) The TTpd>To Kay K \\ap LOS was the chief of what would in earlier times have been called a schola of cancellarii. There was such a schola under the mag. off. of the West in the fifth century (Not. Dig. Occ. ix. 5). There was probably a cancellarius in all bureaux of the first and second class ; we find a cancellarius of the Prefect of the City in the time of Julian (C.I.L. 6. 1780), and one attached to the bureau of the Dux Pentapoleos in the reign of Anastasius I. \ His duty was to keep the public from entering the secretum of the minister, 2 and to carry communications between him and the general officium. He was outside the officium (see Cass. Var. xi. 6), and this may explain why he is not mentioned in the Not. Dig. When John Lydus wrote, the Praet. Praef. of the East had two cancellarii, but this may have been exceptional and temporary ; the Praet. Pref. selected his cancellarii from the schola Augustalium ; the post was not filled by ordinary advancement within the officium. 3 Cancellarii and a protocancellarius are found in most of the officia (except in the domesticates) enumerated by Philotheos, but they occupy a low position in the matricula. There are no seals of protocancellarii. The protocancellarius of the theme is mentioned in Cer. 659 17 . (11) Mandatores, with a Tr/xoro/za^arcop at their head, occur not only in the officia of the Strategoi, but also in those of the Domestics, of some of the Logothetes, and others. They were properly adjutants, . or bearers of commands (pavbarofyopoi) . The mandatores of the ' Strategos are defined in Leo, Tact. iv. 16, as ot TO, fj.avba.Ta CLTTO T&V ap-%6vT(Dv TTpos TOVS (TTpaTitoTas ofea>s biaKOfj.iovTS (cp. ib. 49) . 4 The protomandator of a theme was an official of some importance. For a seal of a protomandator of Dalmatia see Schlumberger, Sig. 206. Carbeas was protom. of the Strat. Anatol. under Michael III (Cont. Th. 166 2 ). 1 The seal of a viraros KO.\ x- of Cephallenia (eighth-ninth century), and another of a /3atr. } mirp(iKuo) Ki> (a proto- spatharios) . (2) Phil. 714 5 77 TOV e* TT. T&V 0. (3) ib. 729 6 6 avG. irarp. KCLL *K TT. T&V 0. Plural : (4) Phil. 715 7 ot ex -npovto-nov rS>v Qe^ar^v (cod. vyo\G>v). (5) ib, 732} ot TTpwrocnraOdpioL CK TrpodcoTrou r, he would use the existing of the Strategos in the theme to which he was sent ; and 1 837 ' puto eum fuisse qui legiones integras repraesentaret, eorum loco et nomine ad imperatorem peroraret ', &c. He is followed by Schlumberger. 2 197-8. 3 Sig. 576. 4 See Bibliography. Uspenski, Tabel, 135 quotes from Kekaumenos, Strattyi- kon, 40 (ed. Jernstedt) ey^fipto-^^Tt K&V Kirpo(ra>inKr)v iy rrjv apxovriap r/ TO fia TTJS TToXireias T)IJ.)V, where eWpoorcoTriKi) (apx*]) is probably the office of a locui tenens for a strategos. But Uspenski throws no light on the subject. 5 TOU yap TrpwTofnriidapiov Eiicrra$i'ou at CK Troa-uTvov a7roaTaXcvroy. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 47 therefore these officers are passed over by Philotheos in his list of the Philotheos 'mentions (788 10 ) the fees paid by the CK irp. to the atriklinai, and here he uses the phrase e/c Trpoa-^irov orpar^yoO, which illustrates the construction of the genitive T&V 0e//aro>z>, in the title e/c irp. rwv 0., as dependent not on e/c irp. but on orparTjywz; or a word of the kind. Schlumberger has published a seal (Sig. 245) of eleventh or twelfth century of an e/c TTPOO-WTTOV in the Theme of the Optimati : MixarjX TTpoo-wnov TCW oTTre^cmozj). 1 An earlier seal of the eighth or ninth century (ib. 577, No. 6) records a irpwToo-iraOapios /cat e/c Trpoo-wTrou. The e/c Trpoo-wTTov TOV bpopov (Sig. 123) must be kept apart from the T>V QffjLCLTMv. An earlier seal of Theodotos, e/c Trpoo-wTrov Meflow?]?, will be found in Mel. 204. II. o'ojxe'oTi/coi. The Domestici fall into two groups, the four Domestici of the Tagmata, 2 and the rest. Before treating them separately, some general words of explanation seem required concerning the Tagmata, as to which vague and incorrect opinions have been held. 3 The Byzantine army consisted of two great divisions, the Q^ara. / and the rayjuara, and troops were designated as thematic or tagmatic according to the division to which they belonged. 4 The themata were the troops of the provinces, and the tagmata were the troops j stationed in or about the capital. The themata were commanded by strategoi, the tagmata by domestici, and there were differences in the organization. The tagmata are frequently mentioned by Theophanes in the his- tory of the eighth century, e. g. v\o\apiol re Kat T&V \ourwv Tay/mara>z> (437 2 , A.D. 764), 5 and he opposes them to the themes (ra eco Q^ara 442 28 , cp. ra eo-a> ray/xara 449 27 ). In the ninth century there were four Tagmata proper, namely (1) the Scholarii, (2) the Excubitores or I 1 Cp. also 577, No. 4. 2 ot /neyaXoi 8o/iev r. in Cer. 287 j 299 14 seem to mean these four, cp. 291 17 . 3 The subject has been treated by Uspenski, Voennoe ustroistvo (see Bibliography). Ileiske (837) enumerates the four tagmata incorrectly, and it is clear that CJelzer (17 sqq.) did not realize what they were. * Cp. e. g. Nov. Nicephori Phocae xv'iii, p. 290 ray/xaTiKoi KOI Bf^iannoL 6 Also 461 20 , 468 7 , 471 14 , &c. It may be noted that ray/zara is used of the Scholarians by Agathias, 5, 15 (310,, 13 ). Cp. Menander, fr. 11 T>V Kara rt]v nv\rjv Tay/iartov commanded l>y the Mag. Off. In the sixth century ray^a was used for fidvdov, see above, p. 42. 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Excubiti, (3) the Arithmos, (4) the Hikanatoi. The evidence l for the four Tagmata is abundant in documents of the ninth and tenth centuries. For the eighth century there is no explicit evidence as to their number, but, as the Hikanatoi seem to have been instituted by Nicephorus I (see below),, we may assume that there were three. 2 They consisted of cavalry. 3 But tagmata was also used in a looser sense to include two other bodies, the Numeri and the Imperial fleet. 4 The Numeri were infantry 5 and did not leave Constantinople, and this applies also to the troops who were under the command of the Count of the Walls. 6 The term 0-xoA.d/not, though strictly used of the troops of one tagma, the 2xW? was also used for the rank and file of all four Tagmata. 7 It appears from a document of the tenth century that detachments of the four Tagmata were stationed in Thrace, in Macedonia, and in the ' Peratic ' region on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. 8 1 Phil. 758 4 \oura>v dpxovrcw rotv 8' rayndruv, 763 5 ot 8' 8o//f O-TIKOI TWV 8' Cer. 598 ]8 (ii. 16) ot rav 8' T. apxovres, KOI 6 fj.cv dopeariKos ra>v axokwv KOI 6 J;KovfSiTos KOI 6 iKavdros fla-fpxovrai . . . xtpertouo-ii> TUV dpovyydpiov rrjs fiiy\as. Cp. 605 18 _ 21 . Ilept ra. 484 ;s TCI rdyfjiara ... at o-^oXai . . . ra fieov$I> o-^oXapt'coj/ T * a i (Ko-KovftiTopwv KCU TO>V XotTrcoi/ ra-y/uarwi', esp. as ' the remaining tagmata ' may include the Numeri and Teichistai. The Arithmos (Vigla) is included 491 n , where however the Hikanatoi are not mentioned (A.D. 811). 3 Kudama says they were each 4,000 strong ; but Ibn Khurdadhbah (81) seems to suggest that they were 6,000. * CT. 604 7 01 TWV ray^dr^v ap^ovres' TO>V tr^oXwi', rou dpidp-ov, rwv vovpepov ev pia rdf-ei' ol 8e TWV f^aKovfBiTOiVy ol iKavdroi KOI ol TQV /3a(riXiKoO n\oip.ov ev frepa 5 Kudama, ib. 6 Cp. Cer. 524 22 -525 2 . 7 The text (which can be dated A.D. 949) in Cer. ii. 45, 666 3 _ 13 proves this quite clearly. The ap^ovres rwv 8' T. are opposed to the o-^oXapiot T&V 8' T., and the apxovrcs and o-^oXaptoi of the Excubiti and Hikanatoi are mentioned. So too Cer. 619 9 ot apx. r&v T. p.fra T>V (rxo\api(ov. This ought to have been recognized by Uspenski (cp. loc. cit. 171). 8 Cer. 666. This passage will be discussed below in connexion with the topoteretes of the Schools. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 49 As to the title Domesticus. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth cen- turies it constantly occurs in the sense of princeps officii, as the \ designation (primicerius is used in the same way 1 ) of the chief sub- / altern of a general, minister, or governor of a province. 2 In the fifth and sixth centuries the domestici of the magistri militum were im- portant persons. It will be shown below (p. 50) that the elevation of the title to designate the commanders of the guard troops was probably due to the withdrawal of the Schools from the control of i the Master of Offices. (1) 6 At the beginning of the fifth century there were seven scholae of. palace guards at Constantinople. 3 Some of these scholae were com- * posed of foreigners (gentiles),* and during that century up to the reign of Zeno the foreign element seems to have been chiefly Ar-\ menian. 5 Zeno introduced Isaurians. 6 The total number of the scholarian troops was 3,500, 7 and we may infer that each schola was 500 strong. As palace guards they were under the orders of the ! magister officiorum. Justinian at the beginning of his reign increased the number to 5,500, adding four new ' supernumerary* scholae. 8 \ The number might seem to have been afterwards reduced to the original seven by Justinian himself. For Theophanes records that in A. D. 562 that emperor transferred to Thrace (Heraclea and the ad- jacent cities) the scholarians who were settled in Nicomedia, Prusa, and other Bithynian towns. The text (p. 237) gives T&V eirra a-^oXa- roi;? Kaflcfo/AeWus 1 KrA., where cryoXapiav should be corrected to wz;. Again in the irpl rafeiStW of Constantine Porph. an account of a ceremony in the reign of Justinian is preserved, and at eTrra Trj o-^oX^ see schol. on Cer. 8 n . 2 We must eliminate a passage of Theophanes, which, as the text stands, might seem to point to a KO/ZTJ? over the scholae. He records a mutiny of the scholae in A. D. 562 (p. 237) : eVai/eVrijo-av at tr^oXai T< KO/UJ/TI avrS>v KOI Trr)\6ov avra>. We should expect rols fco/u?v a-yoX&v (as in Theoph. 456J0). 1 The Domestic! Schol. in the eighth century mentioned by Theophanes had the Patrician rank. From the Taktikon Uspenski (111) we learn that in the reign of Michael III they came in order of precedence above all military com- manders except the strategos of the Anatolics, and they hold the same place in the list of Philotheos. The Domesticate was held in the ninth century by such men as Manuel and Bardas^ and for military expeditions the Domestic was sometimes appointed Commander-j in-Chief of the whole army. 2 But it was not till the tenth century^ that it became the habit to appoint him to this supreme command. The biographer of Basil I says that he sent the Domestic of the Schools against Chrysocheir crvvriQus (Const. Th. 272 3 ). This 9 seems to be an inference of the writer from the practice of his own time. 3 In the second half of the tenth century the do/uflEort/coj T&V vyoX&v has become the So/xeWiKos ayaroAr/j, and has his counterpart in a new creation^ the 8o^ecm/coj wea>? 4 ; but this lies outside our present scope. The ceremony of creating the Domestic of the Schools was the same as that for other domestics (Cer. ii. 3). There are but few extant seals of these Domestici. Four^ none of which seems to be earlier than the tenth century, will be found in Sig. 360. In two of these the Domestic holds also the post of T&V aytXGtv. (1) The first official in the bureaux of all the Domestics is the TOTrorrjprjTTJj, which represents the Latin vicarius. We find the name^ used officially in this sense in the sixth century in laws of Justinian 6 : Nov. 152, 19 (p. 284) TOTrorrjprjTriv r&v ez/6oforara>z/ litdpyutv T) a-rpa- yiSos apx*7 ? j 16, 4 eKTrejotTretr fv rats Tro'Aeo-t rrj? eirapxCas rjs &PX et TOVS KaXov^tvovs TOTTorTjprjras. Nov. 166 (p. 375), topoteretai of praet. praef., com. larg., com. r. priv. Chron. Pasch. (A. D. 532), p. 876 1 Artavasdos, the Domestic of the tyrant Artavasdos (Theoph. 419 15 ), must have been Dom. Schol. Cp. Takt. Usp. 111. 2 The appointment did not depend on the post, but on the man. Thus Petronas, to whom the command of all the forces (both rayp-ara and &/uara) was entrusted in A. D. 863, was strategos of the Thrakesian theme at the time. In Cont. Th. 167 it is suggested that Bardas should have led an expedition, as being Dom. Schol., but that he deputed his brother Petronas to take his place. I imagine that the statement is coloured by the later practice. 3 Kestas Styppiotes is another instance of a Dom. Schol. appointed Commander- in-Chief under Basil : George Mon. 847, Cont. Th. 286. 4 Cont. Th. 415, 479 15 ; Leo Diac. 7 U , 49 6 , 18 12 . Cp. Cer. 610 16 , 613 15 . 8 See also Nov. 16. 4, p. 99 ; Nov. 21. 10, p. 144 of sending Terror, to provincial cities. Cp. also B. G. U. ii. no. 669 /iey cat 7rept/3XeVra> $Xavt'a> MapKeXXa) Kay*(f\\apUp) /cat TOTTOT^J/T;;). M4 2 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 6 TOTTOV TTOttoi; TOV fJiayiCTTpOV = ibid. TOV TOTTOTTIpOVVTa TOV pay ICTT pOV . It is often used of ecclesiastical deputies. The TOTroTTjpTyrat of the Domestics must not be confused with the provincial T07ror?7/>T]rai, whom we find in charge of districts and forts. The topoteresia or geographical bandon was a subdivision of the turma : see Const. Porph., Them. i. 16 ; De adm. imp. 50. Some seals of such officers have been preserved (Sig. 370 2 1). Schlum- berger cites one seal which might be that of a topoteretes of one of the Domesticates (633) [ + EOA]l2Pa [TOn]OTHPlT[H Til] KATAK[AA12NI]. He ascribes it to the ninth century. The official document on the Cretan expedition of A.D. 949 (in Cer. ii. 45) contains an important passage (666) bearing on the tag- mata and the topoteretai, the significance of which has not been appreciated. It must be given in full : (1) aTTO TOO Oe'jjiaTos 0paKT]s, 6 TOTTOTrjprjr^s KCU am) r&v 6' rayfxdVfoi; y avbpts pA0', o^oAaptot r&v b f rayjuarcoi; avbpes Tvb f ' 6[jiov ap- /cat cr;(oAaptot r&v 8' ray/otarcoz;, avbpes ve?y f [139+354 = 493], (2) CLTTO TOU O^jj-aros MaKeSoj'tas, 6 TOTionjpTjTT/y Kat 0776 r&v b' ray|u,ara>z> , avbpts ity . (T^pXapioi T&V ft TaypartoV avbpes v^y'' OJJLOV Kal cr%o\dpioi r&v 8' ray/xarcoz; avbpS co^' [83 + 293 = 376^ + 493 = 869]. (3, 4) aiTO TUl' TTepaTtKW^ 0JJKXTCi)^. (3) 6 ((rKOv{3iT(i)p /ara TOV TOTrorrjprjTOV avrov Kat Traz/ros TOV ray/ixa- TOS avTQVy ap\6vT(*)v KOI v O/JLOV avbp&v \js' [700]. (4) 6 tKazJaros fj,Ta TOV TO-noTrjprjTov ai)Tov Kat TTCLVTOS TOV ray/^aroy avTov, apxovTW Kat o-xoAaptcoz;, OJJLOV avbp&v vv see further Cer. 599 2 , 256 7 . The topoteretai 1 The inferences of Uspenski (loc. cit. 186-7) are very perverse. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 52 are spathars in Takt. Usp. 127 ; in Phil. (734) they may be spatharo- candidati. For their participation in ceremonies see Cer. 524 19 . (2) The Ko'/^res- T&V V o-^oAwz; rjyovv /co^res Kat So/zeartKOt. Anon. Vari, 6 23 KCLKWV KO/X7/T69 (TVV TOtS UTT* CLVTOVS bojJL(TTLKOLS. If the COniCS COI11- manded a bandon of fifty, it may be conjectured the domesticus commanded a subdivision of ten, so that there would be five domestici under each comes, and 150 domestici in all. (5) The Trpoe^juto? or irpo^os (so Takt. Usp. 129) was of lower than spathar rank. We meet him in the reign of Constantine V described as an avrjp fi^rjp?;? : in the Vita S. Stephani iunioris (Migne, P. G. 100, 1169, 1172) he removes Stephen from the prison of the Praetorium). The position of his tent in the camp (on an expedition led by the emperor) is noted in Anon. Vari, 5 6 . 1 From a comparison with the officium of the Domesticus Excubitorum we might surmise that he performed the same kind of duties as the protomandator of that officium, and this is confirmed by Cer. 599 n , 18 , where these two officers play corresponding parts in the ceremony there described. In early times proximus was the title of the chief in certain bureaux (scrinia), e. g. in the sacra scrinia (memoriae, &c., C. Th. 6. 26. 10), in the scrinium ammissionum (Peter Patr., in Cer. 394 6 Trpwfi/xos T&V ab^va-iovwv). We must suppose that the proximus of the Schools was chief of a scrinium (not mentioned in Not. Dig.), which performed for the Scholae the same functions that the scriniarii of the magister militum performed for them (Not. Dig. Or. v. 72, 73, &c.). (6) The irpoTiKTopts can hardly be dissociated from the protectores of the earlier empire. These guards, who were instituted in the third century, and the Domestici, have been fully studied by Mommsen, Eph. Epig. 5. 121 sqq. They were closely associated and were under the two comites domesticorum (equitum and peditum). In the latter half of the sixth century Menander, the historian, was a protector. 6 df rrpu>ifjt.os /cat 6 Ko/zrj? TU>V fiovKivoiv (TVV rots /u,ayK\aj3trais efaraxraj/ KT\. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY In a Novel of Justinian (158, A. D. 548) mention is made of domestici and protectores, deputed on service in Pontus. 1 In A. D. 559 the pro- tectores are mentioned with the Schools as guarding the walls against the Huns and Slavs (Theoph. 233 18 ). By the eighth century these guards and their counts have disappeared. The irporUTopts under the Domesticus of the Schools point to the conclusion that they were merged in the Scholarian guards. (7, 8, 9) The evr^xo^opoi (? evrv^ocbopoL) were so called because they carried tmvyia (vulgo irrvyjia), images of Fortune or Victory (see Reiske, 668 sqq., and Bieliaev, ii. 70-71, note). Cp. Cer. 576 16 eoTTjo-ai; ra 'Pcojuai/ca a-Kfjirrpa /cat Trrv^ia /cat Aonra yjpvva o-Kr/Trrpa. This passage does not support Reiske in holding that they were vexilla. Rather they were O-KT/TTT/XZ, staves, with images at the top. See Cer. lljg ra re 'Pa)/zaiKa (TKijurpa ra Aeyo/xez>a (3rj\a, ojxoia)? Kal ra evrv^La Kal ra *Tpa crKrJKTpa, -TT/O^S TOVTOLS ra 6poi. a-Kvr] is used as a general word for all such insignia or emblems. 2 We are not told what the o-Kewj of the protectores were. It is probable that the d^KUfxariKot also had o-Kev^. Each of the four tagmata had four (the Hik. alone, three) classes of this kind, and they may be placed here side by side. Scholae. Excubiti. bpaKovdpioi (TKVO(f)6pOL tnvarop^s Arithmos. Hikanatoi. We may conjecture that the KajUTr^Kro/na (Cer. 11 and 575), what- ever they were, 4 may have been the emblems of the a^tco/xartKot. These groups are arranged in strict order of precedence. 1 Cp. C. Th. 7. 4. 27, and Not. Dig. Or. xv. 8 et deputati eorum. 3 Cp. Cer. 640 16 -641 3 . 8 The text of Philotheos transposes, but in another place (738 2 _ 4 ) he shows the true order. 4 In connexion with this, it is relevant, I think, to note the part played by campiductores at the elevations of Leo I and Anastasius (Cer. 411, 423). THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 57 The agiapaTiKOL seem to be referred to in Cer. 250, where they are mentioned with the (rutvofyopoi of the Excubiti ; but in 251 23 , 230 22 , 236 8 , 239 17 the word can hardly have this narrow sense ; it means dignitaries, as generally elsewhere. (10) Of the fjLavbaTops it need only be said that they were a part of the officium of all military chiefs. The place of protomandator seems to have been taken by the proximos. (2) 6 So/Xe'oTlKO? T&V f^KO The Excubitores (e/cou/3 tropes' or KOV@LTOI) were a body of palace guards, as the name denotes, organized probably by Leo I. 1 They were under the command of a comes, a post which was held by Justin I at the time of his elevation (Cer. 426, John Mai. 410). We can trace this title down to A. D. 680. 2 In the eighth century we first meet the So/ueWtKos T&V KcrKov(3LTa>v instead of the KO/XT/S (Theoph. 438 n , A.D. 765). This was more than a simple change of title. There must have been a general reorganization of the guards (perhaps by Leo III), and the style of the commander of the Excubiti was assimilated to the title of the commander of the Scholae, the origin of which was discussed above. The high importance of the post in the sixth and seventh centuries is shown by the fact that it was held by Tiberius, afterwards emperor, by Philippicus, the brother-in-law of Maurice, and by such an important person as Priscus (under Maurice and Phocas) ; and by the fact that a subordinate of the Count had patrician rank in A. D. 680 (see below under roTrorTjpTjrrjs). In the eighth century we meet Domestic! Excubitorum who have only spathar rank (Theoph. 438 n , 454 ]8 ). This degradation in rank shows that the old comes was not renamed but abolished, and that the Ex- cubitors were placed under an officer of inferior rank and title. The policy of Leo III, to whom we may most probably ascribe the change, was to make the guards more dependent on himself by decreasing the dignity of their chiefs. But the inferior position of the commanders of such important troops did not endure. Their very position raised the title of Domesticus to high honour. In the case of the Schools we meet a Domestic who is a patrician in the reign of Constantine V (Theoph. 442. 25). In the case of the Excubiti the rise seems to have been slower. Michael the Amorian was created Patrician and Dom. 1 They first definitely appear in the reign of Leo I, John Mai. 371 23 , but we meet an Excubitor at an earlier period, in a letter of St. Nilus (Migne, P. G. 79, Epp. ii. 322) ; then A.D. 490, Chron. Pasch. 606, cp. 608. 2 Theoph. 272 21 (reign of Maurice), 294 12 (reign of Phocas) ; Chron. Pasch. 703, sub a. 612 ; Mansi, xi. 209 (A.D. 680). 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Exc. by Leo V (Gen. 12 16 ). In the Takt. Usp. the efa-Kou/Siroji; is a patrician, inferior in precedence to all the and to the Prefect of the City l ; in the time of Philotheos he imme- diately precedes the Prefect, and both of them are superior to the strategoi of the western themes. He is often called, for brevity, 6 cfKov/3iroy, according to a common Byzantine fashion (cp. 6 yeinKo's, 6 LKavaros), cp. e. g. -Trept ra. 460 13 , Cont. Th. 142 1Q . The Excubitors are often called as a body TO e^Kovpirov 2 or TO. e^Kov/3tra. 3 They were divided into eighteen or more bands. 4 In A. D. 949, according to the official text quoted above, p. 52, the total number of the body, including officers, was 700. Possibly there were 100 officers, and 600 guardsmen. But the organization seems to have been different from that of the Schools. The o-Kpifiovts (see below) correspond to the Ko'ju^re? T&V a"^o\wv y but no officers are mentioned corresponding to the So/zeVnKoi. Schlumberger has published a seal, which he does not date, of a Domesticus of the Excubitors (Sig. 346) : 7rarpiK(io>) /3(ao-tAtKo>) a(JTra6(apia>) Kal 8o^eo-r(i/ca>) T((DV) fi(a(Ti\t,Ka)v) efKov/3(ira>z>). (1) In the list of this officium the MS. has falsely the plurals TOTroTrjprjTai, yapTovXapioi, TTpa^TOfjLavbdropes for the corresponding singulars. 5 The topoteretes of the Excubitors first appears in the Acts of the Sixth Ecum. Council (A. D. 680 : see Mansi, xi. 209), and curiously has the rank of Patrician : ' Avaa-Taaiov TOV vbooTa.Tov OTTO TTCLTplKlOV KOL TOTTOTrjprjTOV TOV /CO/^TJTOS TOV (3a(Tl\LKOV (2) x a P T0 ^ptos. (3) In the sixth century we find o-Kpifi&vts as a company of imperial guards. The word first occurs, so far as I know, at the beginning of the fifth century in the address of a letter of St. Nilus, OvdXtvTL o-K/n/3am (ii. 204). Agathias (3. 14, p. 171) mentions (A. D. 554) Metrianus, a scribon, explaining that he was one of T&V a/x$t TO. /ScunOuia bopv^opw. Eustratios ( Vita Eutychii, P. G. 86 A, 2353) describes the persons who were sent to bring Eutychius back to Constantinople (A.D. 574-8) 1 In the Acts of the Fourth Council of Constantinople (A. D. 869), Leo dom. exc. is mentioned before the Prefect, but after the Logothete of the course ; his rank is not given (Mansi, xvi. 310). 2 Theoph. 491 U , Mansi, xi. 209 TOV jBao-iXiKov egKovpirov. 3 Theoph. 279 ]8 TO 6Aco-/cov/3tra. This plural also meant the quarters of the Excubitors in the palace, as in Cont. Th. 383 3 , &c. * Sabas, Vita loannicii, in AA. 88. Nov. 4 (1894) ad init. loannikios, at the age of 19, in A. D. 773 els rfjv TG>I/ e^oTCoujSiropcoj/ OTpanav Kal ev /3af5vs taking part in ceremonies separately from the rest of the Excubiton. Thus Cer. 81 20 Ka^8t8arot 8e /cat (TKpi(3ovs /cat /ucu>8aTopes /3ai/e?, 99 26 , and were at the emperor's disposal for special service. The scribones seem to have been employed in the same way. Scribones were regularly attached to the regiments of the themes, as deputati to remove and look after the wounded in battle. 1 They had the rank of stratores, Phil. 736 20 . The ceremony of creating a scribon was performed in the hall of the Excubiti (Cer. 130-1), and is described along with that of a KG/XT;? rS>v a-\o\^v (132). In the ceremony described in Cer. ii. 16 (599 16 ) they play a similar part to that of the /co/iTjres. (4) The TrptoTopavbdraip corresponded to the proximus of the Schools (see above). His rank was low (Phil. 737 19 ). Both he and the scri- bones are omitted in Takt. Usp. (5) The SpaKovdpioi, seem to correspond on one hand with the domestic! of the Schools (see Cer. 599 15 , where they are associated with the scribones, as the domestici are associated with the comites), but in rank they were lower, being inferior to the Tjyxm/cropes (Phil. 737 19 ), to whom they also seem to correspond, as bearers of insignia (6, 7, 8) The Trpwroo-Tradapia) /ecu Spoy-yapia) rr)s fiiy\Tjs, (2) Aeoi/ri /3acriAt/c(a>) ) KOI fipouyyapt(co) -n/fs 1 ] $eo0u(\aKTov) (3a(ri\iKr)s @[iy\rj]s. Both may be of the ninth century. Schlumberger suggests that Aetios may be the same as the patrician who was strategos of the East and in charge of Amorion when it was destroyed by Mamun (A. D. 838,, not, as Schl. says, A. D. 846). 6 The drungarios was one of the ministers who had the duty and privilege of attending the emperor in his private yacht, De adm. imp. 234. 7 Cp. also Cer. 546 5 01 rot) ap. where the other tagmata are not associated. 8 Leo, 6 Ka^ovfievos KaraKaXos-, wbo was rfjs /3. dpovyydpios under Basil I (Niketas, Vit. Ign. , Mansi xvi. 288), seems to be the same as Katakalon who was dom. schol. under Leo VI. Others who held the post in tbe ninth century are Petronas, Coiistantine Maniakes and Joannes (George MOD. 793, 822, 835, 842). THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 61 (Theoph. 233 18 ). The apiO^oi are clearly residential troops like the* scholarians. If we observe that the dpifyxo? appears in the plural, T&V apid^&v, in Takt. Usp. (loc. cit.}, there is evidently a case for the connexion of the later with the earlier body. The dptfyxot mentioned in A. D. 540 by Theophanes, who records that Bulgarian captives KCLTeTayrjaav, in Armenia tv rot? vovptpLOLs dptfyxoty (219 16 ), are numeti in the wide sense of the word, but there is some corruption in the phrase, and De Boor may be right in his conjecture kv rot? vov/ue/ootj (d/nfyxots being a gloss). Numeri meant generally the regiments, &c., of the army (cp. in numeris militant, frequent in the Not. Dig.). 1 d/nfyxoy is a translation of numerus, but was used (as numerus also) in a more restricted sense of certain troops stationed in the capital. It is tempt- 'ing to connect their origin with a regiment instituted by Arcadius. John Malalas, who has devoted only half a dozen lines to that em- peror's reign, singles out for mention the institution of the Arcadiaci (349 5 ) eTrotrjo-e KCU Ibiov apiOpov oi>s ?KctA.rc9 'ApKabiaKovs. These are, doubtless, to be identified with the Comites Arcadiaci, a vexillatio palatina, under the general command of the mag. mil. per Thracias (Not. Dig. Or. viii. 25). There were two other associated vexilla- tiones palatinae, the Comites Honoriaci and the Equites Theodosiaci iuniores (ib.), established evidently about the same time. My con- jecture is that these troops, as distinguished from the vex. pal. under the two magg. mil. in praesenti, had special garrison duties in the capital and came to be designated as ot apid/xoi. I put it forward merely as a guess, founded on the probability that the special mention of the Arcadiaci by Malalas points to their having an exceptional position, as well as the title comites. The title of bpovyydpios occurs on a seal which Schlumberger (Siff. 336) attributes to the sixth century : Ev[ye]z>ia> aTroTrap\(*)v KCU bpovy- yapiov (sic). He plausibly identifies Eugenios with Evy. 6 OTTO titapyvv mentioned by Theophanes, A.D. 560 (235J. Now the Emperor Heraclius, in his letter of A. D. 628, of which the text is given in the contemporary Chron. Pasch. (p. 731) relates that he sent to conduct Siroes 'HAiW TOV fvbo^oraTov tne chief of the office, was below spathar rank, Phil. 737 7 , Takt. Usp. 129. A seal of Nikolaos /3ao-iAiKo? (nraOapoKavbioaTos KOL yapTvXdpios TOV apiB^ov (ninth or tenth century) has been published by Panchenko (viii. 246) : the rank suggests a date later than Philotheos. (3) The aitoXovOos (Phil. 737 19 ) corresponds to the proximus of the Schools, and to the protomandator of the Excubiton. He is mentioned in Ceremonies in Cer. 523 U , 442 6 . He is omitted in Phil. 746 18 , where we should expect to find him no doubt accidentally. In later times anoXovOos was the title of the chief of the Varangian guard. (4, 5) The Ko/xryre? correspond in position in the officium to the KOjuqre? of the Schools and the scribones of the Excubiton (Cer. 494 20 ). In Cer. 599 they and the KeVapxo? accompany the topoteretes ; in Phil. 753^, 772 2 , they are also bracketed with the KtvrapxoL. In Takt. Usp. 129 6 KOJUTJS TOV apiB^ov is an error for ot Ko'/xTjrej. In Cer. 230 22 (ol dfto>juariKol KOL Ko'/ATjrej TOV apiB^ov) afia)/u,ariKoi means (not the af. of the Schools, but) the officials of the apiOpos superior in rank to the Ko'/utrjre?. These officers, like the Ko/zryres of the Theme, evidently commanded the banda of the Arithmos, and the divisions of the bandon were commanded, as in the Theme, by K.tvTap\oi. It is strange that in the list of precedence in Phil. 737 16 the /ceWa/>xot should have the rank of stratores, and the Akoluthos, who was superior to the KO'/XT/TCS in the officium, should have a lower rank (737 19 ). (6, 7, 8, 9) The fiavbo^opoi, Aa/3ovpiVioi, on^eto^opoi, and bovKLvidropts correspond (Phil. 737 22 -738 4 ) to the drakonarioi, skeuophoroi, signo- phoroi, and sinatores of the Excubiton respectively. Aa/3ap^(noL are mentioned in the sixth century (Peter Patr., Cer. 404 4 ), when they seem to have been under the magister officiorum. (10) The jutai;8arope9 appear Cer. 578 9 /mera a-naQiuv Kat o-Kovra/nW. There were also Aeyara/noi (Phil. 738 U ), o-Kouraptoi 1 (Cer. 236 9 ), i and Starpe'xopres (Phil. 746 20 ) attached to the Arithmos. 1 Pseudo-Symeon (719 17 ) has /ze'xP 1 rwi/ o-/courapicoj/, evidently a mistake for ft-Kov&irw, see the corresponding passage in George Mon. (ed. Bonn.) 875 2l (ed. Muralt, p. 800), Leo Gramm. 289 23 . THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 63 (4) 6 8ojHe'0TtKOS T&V IKCLVCLTtoV. The tagma of the Hikanatoi is not mentioned in our sources till the ninth century, and it was said to have been first organized by Nicephorus I. Our authority for this is a passage in the Vita Ignatii, ascribed to Niketas the Paphlagonian (in Mansi, xvi. 213) : 8e 7ipcoroi> fJitv Se/caer?] Tvy^dvovTa run? Aeyojue^coi' iKaz>ar&)i> Trapa ) a' (nr[a6]apia) ar (a>v), and [. . .] KOI T(O>V) [iKava\Ta>(v). Is it possible that the first of these might be loannes Krokoas who was Dom. Hik. under Basil I (George Mon. 847i 6 ) ? 3 Orestes, dom. T>V IK., present at the Council of Constantinople A.D. 869, was a protospathar, Mansi, xvi. 309. 4 See above, p. 48. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY ten years later, after the accession of Leo, A.D. 813, Thomas was made a captain of the (oi8eparoi : Gen. 12 14 Tovp^apyjqv els ) Kavbibarfo) KCU bpovvyapito [ro]u poujjuepov]. The corps is here called by a' collective singular TO vov^pov and the officer is a drungarios. Now there were no drungarioi under the Domestic of the ninth century, and it is permissible to infer that in older times the commander bore the title of Drungarios. The titles of some of the subordinate officers prove to a certainty that these troops were not a comparatively new institution like the Hikanatoi. The survival of the names rpifiovvoi and fiiKcipLOL is a guarantee of antiquity (cp. also Troprdptot). Now in the sixth-century document (probably from the Karaorao-is of Peter the Patrician) describing the accession of Justin I, we have the following passage : ^jjAoxrez; 8e /cat 6 rrjs Otias Arjfecoy 'lovo-rtro? rot? orparitorcuy KCU rpifiovvois /ecu (3iKapiot.s cuTavTrjcrai. KCU TOVS Trpcorov? (sic) r&v ef/cou/3tropco^ (Cer. 426). Justin was Comes Excubitorum. This suggests that the tribuni and vicarii were officers of a numerus, which then was subordinate to the comes excubitorum, and from which the later tagma of the Numeri descends. It may have been under a drungarios in the seventh century, and perhaps still subordinate to the comes excubitorum : it was probably organized under a Domestic 1 Kudama says that it was 4,000 strong. But we have seen that we can attach no weight to these numbers. 2 Cp. Pseudo-Symeon 668 12 . 3 The Domesticus is mentioned in Cer. 109 n in a ceremony of which the description probably dates from the reign of Michael III. 4 Sig. 355. Schlumberger confuses (after Reiske) the Numeri with the Arithmos. M 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY in the eighth century. Observe that the Drungarios had only the rank of a candidatus. In Takt. Usp. the Domestic is a proto- spathar (119). It is obvious that the first three items in the ofncium are (1) TOTnmjprjTTJ?, (2) xaprovAaptoj, (3) rpifiovvoi, and this correction of the text is demonstrated by another passage in Philotheos (753 X ), rovs bvo KOL \CLpTOV\CLpLOVS T&V VOVfJifptoV KCLL T6l)(ea)Z>, TplfioVVOVS, &C. 1 In 737 12 the tribuni precede the chartularius ; and while (5) ftLKapioi may be stratores (737 17 ), the (4) irptoTonavbaTup is of lower rank (738 8 ). The tribuni 2 and vicarii are commonly mentioned together, Phil. 789 21 , Cer. 293 17 , 294 12 , U9 295 22 . The tribuni evidently correspond to the Ko/x^res of the other tagmata, the vicarii to the K^vrap^oi,. In the Procheiron, xi. 20, p. 21, we read TOI/S- \apTov\apLovs KCU XrjyaTapiovs KCU Tpifiovvovs TOV apiQ^ov. As Phil. mentions no tribunes in the Arithmos, apiQ^ov is probably an error for vovfjitpov. The occurrence of Atyara/not here makes it probable that the Aeyarapioi mentioned immediately after the /3i*apioi in Phil. 753 2 were \ey. T&V vovpepw Kal T&V retx^^ (6) juavdaropej. (7) = OvpcapoL (6) 6 6ojoicrrtK09 r&v Although entitled a Domestic, and counted as such, the Domestic of the Optimati held the position of a strategos, as governor of a geographical circumscription, the 0e'jua T&V O7rrtjuara>^, and resided at Nicomedia. But these commanders occasionally adopted the title of strategos, as on a seal (not later than ninth century) published by Schlumberger (Sig. 244) : /3(ao-tA.iKco) o-Ty^arrjya)) /cat 8oju,(eo-rtK6o) TOV O7m/xar(a>y). Their order of rank, considerably below that of all the strategoi, corresponds to the inferiority of the optimatoi as a branch of the army. 3 The observations of Constantine Porphyrogennetos 1 Takt. Usp. 124 (under the spatharioi) of TOTT. TO>V vovp. Phil, enumerates the items of the officium as six (so also in the case of the K6p.rjs T. rei^.) ; they are really seven. 2 Ducange, sub rpiftovvos, cites Martyrium S. Mauricii num. 3 Tpi&ovvo? ^pr)fia.Ticrfv cTrio^/iordrou j/ou/uepou. I can find no trace of this document. It is not mentioned in his Index Auctorum. But the passage is irrelevant ; vovpepos is used in its wide sense. 3 The treatise Trept ra. furnishes information as to duties, connected with the baggage mules, to which Optimati were deputed, during imperial progresses through Asia Minor (476, 477, 487). But in the sixth century the Optimati had a privileged position, belonging to the select troops (eViXeKTa), among which they acted as a reserve. They were under a taxiarch. See (Maurice) Strat. i. 3, 28, cp. Aussaresses, op. cit. 16, who thinks they may have been about 2,000 strong. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 67 ( Them. 26) show how they were looked down upon by the scholarians, &c. They were exclusively infantry, and Ibn Khurdadhbah says that they numbered 4,000 (Gelzer, 18). The Optimati were not divided into turms or drungoi (Them., loc. cit.), and so there was no turmarch or drungary in the officium of the Domestic. His officium was similar to that of the other Domestics, though he seems to have had no protomandator ; on the other hand, like the strategoi, he had a protocancellarius. The chartulary and the KO'/^TCS are enumerated among the strators, Phil. ^ In Trept raf. 477 12 , 15 we find 5ta TOV KO'JUTJTO? T&V O7m/x. The question therefore arises whether fco/mqre? in Philotheos is a mistake for (7) 6 Kofjirjs T&V reiyjitov. This dignitary is called by Philotheos 6 bo^a-rtKos T&V retxeW twice (715 22 , 772 12 ), but elsewhere KOJLHJS (714 2 , 728 4 , 731 21 , 752 20 ), which was evidently the official title. So Takt. Uspenski 119, Cer. 6 7 . He was also called briefly 6 -retxecorr/s, Cont. Th. 175, 398, Cer. 295 21 , 7Tpl Taf. 460 14 . The post is mentioned by Genesios (5), where the reference is to the reign of Michael I. But it is of much older date. In A. D. 718-19 we meet an apx<*>v TOV Ttiyiov (Theoph. 401, TZIX&V Niceph. Patr. 56;,). 1 The question arises whether the Tei'xrj, with the care and defence of which he was charged, are the walls of the city, or the Long Wall of Anastasius. The title would apply to either, though in the latter case we might expect ^ctKpaw, but the singular TO reixtov, which comes no doubt from the common source of Theophanes and Nicephorus, would apply to the Long Wall, but not to the city walls. The Long Wall was called both TO /xa*poz> Tet^os and TO. fxa/cpa Tet'xTj (cp. De Boor, Index to Theoph., p. 655). The walls of the city were plural (including the T. 0eo8o? was used to denote the whole district between the Long Wall and Constantinople. 1 But he is undoubtedly wrong in his theory that both the military and civil administration of this district were in the hands of the Prefect of the City until the reign of Leo VI. For this there is no evidence. Uspenski has suggested that Kudama's province of Tafla should be connected with the KO'JUUJ? r&v ret^coj'. 2 But neither Uspenski nor Gelzer have noticed the important texts in the laws of Justinian bearing on the subject. In Nov. 16 (p. 114) we meet an official named 6 /3iKa/nos TOV Maxpov TCI^OVS (March A.D. 535). In Nov. 25 (published a couple of months later) we learn that there were two /StKaptoi TOV JJL. T., one military, the other civil (p. 170). Justinian, by this ordinance, combines the two offices in one, and gives to the new governor the title of -rrpamop 'lovoriznauo? errt paKTjs (p. 171). These texts permit us to infer that the district between the Long Wall and the capital had been segregated as a special circumscription by Anastasius when he built the Wall. The civil and military governors whom he set over it were vicarii respectively of the Praet. Prefect of the East and the Mag. Mil. per Thracias. We may take it, then, that the ap^cov TOV TCL^OV descends from the Justinianean praetor, who would certainly have been a comes primi ordinis. Though Kudamais wrong in co-ordinating the province of the Long Wall with the Themes, he is right in designating it as a district distinct from Thrace. 3 De Goeje's view (accepted by Gelzer) that Tafla should be corrected to Tafra = 17 ra^poy is not very convincing. It is to be noted that the Wall of Anastasius had no ditch. 4 We have no evidence to show whether the Count of the W r alls retained the civil powers entrusted to the praetor Justinianus. It is not inconceivable, for another of the group of Domestics, the Dom. of the Optimati, had civil powers, like the strategoi, in his province. In Takt. Usp. the Count of the Walls is a proto- spatharios. The omcium T&V Ttiyjiu>v was modelled precisely on the officium vovfj,p(tiv, or vice versa. 1 A A. SS. Oct. 8, iv. 179 C en p.r)V KOI GpaKTjs KCU TOV irpos Ev(avriov MaKpnv Tei\ovs. See also Theoph. 455 12 where, as Gelzer says (88), eV rols /ua/cpols re/^eo-t TT/S QpaKrjf means the district. 2 Op. tit. 181. 3 The Justinianean texts seem to me to dispose of the doubts of Vasil'ev (in his review of Gelzer's work, Viz. Vrem. 10, 201 (1903)), as to the existence of the circumscription. 4 Cp. Schuchhardt, in the Jahrbuch des deutschen arch. Instituts, 16, 107 sqq., 1901. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 69 III. KpiraL (1) 6 e7T<>p)(OS T7JS TToAeO)?. The Prefect of the City 1 is one of the few high officials of the Empire who retained both his name and, for the most part, his functions I unchanged throughout successive ages. In the capital his authority was supreme, next to the Emperor's. 2 His functions were both administrative and judicial. He was the head of the police adminis- tration and was responsible for preserving order in the City ; and all the trades were organized in colleges under his control. Cp. the 'Enapxi-Kov Bi/3Aioz> (see Bibliography), which is supposed to date from the reign of Leo VI. For his judicial functions see Zacharia von Lingenthal, Griech.-rom. Recht 366. His official quarters were the Praetorium (in the Mese, between the Augusteum and the Forum ' of Constantine), where was the chief prison of the city. 3 In Takt. Usp. (115) the Prefect ranks after all the strategoi and immediately before the Domestic of the Excubitors. In Philotheos his place is higher. He ranks above all the strategoi of the western Themes, but on the other hand the Domestic of the Excubitors is placed immediately before him. This change in precedence was probably due to Basil I or Leo VI. The ceremony of the Prefect's investiture is described in Cer. i. 52. He was officially termed irarr/p i rr/s TToAea)? (ib. 264 12 , 528 2 ; Cont. Th. 461), and his office was one of the few which could not be held by a eunuch. It has been held by Zacharia (op. cit. 365) that on the abolition of the Praetorian Prefect some of that minister's functions were transferred to the Prefect of the City. Zacharia puts it much too strongly when he says that ' die letztere Dignitat [Praef. Praet.] in damaliger Zeit mit der ersteren [Praef. Urbi] verschmolzen war/ The fact that both offices are treated together in Bas. vi. 4 does not prove this. The only evidence we have is Epan. xi. 9, where the 7rapxos is named as a judge of appeal; but it is not quite clear from this that appeals from provincial courts could come before his court, and the comparison of Bas. ix. 2. 7, to which Zacharia refers, does not prove it. The question must be left open. 4 It seems probable, however, that another office was transferred to 1 cTrapxos in the lawbooks, in the 'E-rrapxiicbv Rij3\iov, and in. the first list of Philotheos ; vnapx^s elsewhere in Philotheos and in Takt. Usp. 2 Cp. Epan. iv. 11. :{ Cp. Chron. Pusch. ad ann. 532. The principal modern study of the functions of the Prefect is Uspeuski's KonstanHnopoP sldi Eparkh (see Bibliography). It is probably he who is designated by Ibn Khurdadhbah as Great Judge (p. 84). 4 Uspenski accepts Zachariu's view without discussion, op. cit., 80, cp. 88. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY the Prefect of the City. Justinian (A.D. 535) abolished the old Praefectus vigilum or vvKTCTrapxos, who was subordinate to the Praef. Urbis, and instituted instead the Praetor plebis 1 or irpaiYcop 8rj/xcoi> (Nov. 38) who had a court, an assessor, twenty soldiers, and thirty firemen (^ar/oiKa/not) 2 under him (ib. e'). 3 One of his most important duties was to put out fires. This Novel is reproduced in Bas. vi. 5, and Zacharia (op. cit. 372) infers that the office existed in the ninth century, notwithstanding the fact that it is not mentioned in the Epanagoge, or the Peira. 4 But the silence of the Taktikoii Uspenski and Philotheos seems to be decisive against this supposition. It is not conceivable that such an important official could have been passed over in these notitiae if he had existed ; and there is no reference to him in the Ceremonial Book of Constantine. We must infer that the title in the Basilica has, like so many in that compilation, only antiquarian significance; that the praetor plebis and his court had been abolished, and that his duties devolved upon the Prefect and his officium. (1, 2) The o-vfji-novos and the AoyofleY?/? TOV -npair^piov were co-equal in rank (Cer. 274 3 ). In Takt. Usp. 127-8 they precede the chartularii of the military themes and domesticates, but are below spathar rank. In Phil. 735 10 they are included among the possible spathars. They appear together at court ceremonials 750 4 , 752 4 , 772 14 . The pro- cedure of their investiture is described in Cer. i. c. 57. Both officials are described as O-V^TTOVOL in Cont. Th. 470. Cp. also Cer. 13 6 . The title (rvpTtovos is equated with assessor in the Glosses to the *"* 1 The Novel speaks throughout of praetores plebis in the plural. But it also refers to vvKTenapxoi in the plural. Only one praetor seems to be contemplated. See Procopius, H. A. 20, p. 125 npaiTapa drjpav. Cp. Zacharia, op. cit., 372, n. 1336. 2 This seems to be the meaning of parpiKaptoi, cp. Ducange, s. v. Fire-engines are mentioned in the older Vita Theodori Stud. (Migne, 99, 312), rfjv TO>V pa KQI roC TrXcot'juou dpovyydpiov rrjs re fBly\r)s KCU ov KaAovcri There was no distinct great officer entitled wKTfTrapxos. We must read rfjs re (SiyXrjs ov Ka\ovat vvKTeirapxov, ' the drungarios of the Vigla who is known as vvKTeirapxos', viz. on account of his sentinel duties in keeping watch over the emperor's tent. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 71 Basilica. It seems impossible to identify this official with any of the subordinates of the Praefectus Urbis, who appear in Not. Dig. Occ. We may conjecture that he was the successor of the consiliarius or adsessor of the Prefect, who is found in a constitution of Theo- dosius II A.D. 444 (C. I. i. 51. 11), f non parum adsessoribus magistratuum maiorum . . . ideoque consiliarios virorum illustrium praefectorum tarn praetorio quam huius inclitae urbis/ &c. This may perhaps be borne out by a constitution of Zeno, in which such coadjutors (consiliarii, adsessor es) are described by the term (C. I. i. 51. 13 = Bas. 6. 1. 71) , though it is possible that may have been substituted for some other word by the compilers of the Basilica. We learn something about one branch of his duties from the ^irap-^LKov /3i/3Aiov, where he appears as acting for the Prefect in overseeing the guilds of the Acoporo/xot, apToiroioi and KaTnyAot. Thus xviii. 4 irpocrtpyjicrOtocrav rw Trap^(a), tva bia TOV CTV^TTOVOV oi (TTaOfjiol T&V aprcav irpos TTJJJ efcoz/rjo-iy yivtovrai, also xiv. 2, xix. 1. Nicole is quite in error (p. 90) in supposing that the corporations, or most of them, had each a O-V/^TTOI>OS of its own. It is quite clear that in all three texts the reference is to the u.7rovos of the Prefect. 1 There is no direct evidence for the functions of the logothete of the praetorium. His equality with the a-vfj.irovos makes it virtually certain that the sphere of the Prefect's administrative functions was divided] into two complex departments, in one of which he was represented \ and assisted by the crvunovos, in the other by the logothete. In the ' former was included the administration of the guilds; while from the title of the latter (associating him with the Praetorium, which was the Prefect's courthouse, and the chief prison of the city) we may . infer that his functions were specially connected with the administra- tion of justice. XoyoOtrrjs points to the descent of this official from an accountant in the Prefect's bureau, possibly from the chief of the numerarii (Not. Dig. Occ. iv. 24). (3) The Kptral T&V pcyc&vvv (who were, in the phraseology of the Notitia Dignitatum, sub dispositione but not in officio praefecti) . See Zacharia v. Lingenthal, Gr.-Rom. Recht, 373. (He thinks that they correspond to the old curatores regionum of the Descr. Urbis Cplanae. I would rather identify the latter with the ytiroviapyai, see below.) They might have the rank of protospathars, Phil. 732 18 . 2 1 It may be doubted whether the o-vfirrovoi of seals published by Panchenko, ix. 34o, and Schlumberger, Sig. 598, belong here. For a seal of a Xoy. TOV irpa(.T. see Konstantopulos, no. 407 ft. 2 For a seal with the inscription IIoAuSwpa) peyewraptw (6th-7th cent.) see Schlumberger, Mel. , 210. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (4) For the 7rtp T&V SYHJLUV under Justinian. This praetor existed under Maurice (Theoph. Sim. 6. 10. 6), but after- wards disappears. I conjecture that his functions were handed over to the Prefect, and the second TrpcoroKayKeAAa/jtos descends from the princeps of the praetor. In Cont. Th. 442 only one protocancellarius seems to be contemplated. (6) The name of the KtvTvpiav points to the office being relatively ancient. We may conjecture that he commanded the crrpan5>rai who were under the Prefect. See Epan. iv. 8 e'x et or/ocmwraj CTU TTJ dpr\vy KCU 7Tt TO aVCL(f)plV COTO) TO, TtGLVTCL\QV KLVOVjJLVa. (7) The eTTOTjrai rfjs TroOuw? (Phil. 750 7 ) were four in number (Phil. 772 19 ). (8) The efapxot were heads of guilds. In the eirapxiKov (3i(3\iov we find an eapx? of the irpavbioTrpdrai. (v. 1, 3), and ap\oi of the /merao7rparai. The presidents of other guilds were Tr/oocrrarai (men- tioned below). The Book of the Prefect does not refer to the heads of all the guilds ; some of them it describes by the general term 6 Tr/ooeoTwj. Probably in these cases the president was either an ea/>xo? (Nicole thinks in the case of the most important) or a irpo- orarrjj. (9) The twelve yemmapxat (Phil. 772 10 ) correspond to the curatores regionum of the Descriptio Urb. Const., who however were thirteen (p. 243 in Seeck's ed. of Not. Dig.}, the fourteenth region having none. Uspenski (op. cit. 100) would identify them with the old Vicomagistri, but these were far more numerous, sixty-five in all (Descr. ib.}. (10) For the college of the VO^LKOL or notaries l (cp. Cer. 12. 4) see the t-napxi-Kov fiifikiov i. (-n^pt Taf3ovX\apLa>v) , 13, 15, 16; cp. Nicole, pp. 82 sqq., who has not noticed the Glossa nomica cited by Zacharia (Gr.-Rom. Recht, 297, n. 99) ra/3eAAiW (that is, tabularius) 6 ra rr/? ypafyuv 0-uju/3o'\cua, 6 irapa rots -rroAAotj vofJUKns Aeyo'/xero?, a T&V TTO\LT&V ypa/xjuareta, tKacTTov avT&v OLKCLOVS t 1 The yfpuv vofjuKos tls TO. 2^opai'ou in Scr. Incert. (Leo Gramm.^ ed. Bonn, p. 350) was one of these. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 73 (11) The duty of the /SovAAcorcu was to mark with the bull or seal of the Prefect the weights, scales, measures, and sometimes the goods of the merchants and tradesmen. See ^ap^aCov /36/3AtW, viii. 3. (12) Trpoorarai, heads of trade corporations; cp. above under (8). From the enapx^ov fiifi\iov we learn that the presidents of the o-aTT&woTrparcu, \topoTOjJLOt, \oLp^iropoL y l^Ovon parcu, pyo\d(3oi y &c., had this title. (13) KayK\\dpioL. See above under (5). (14) For the TrapaflaAao-o-mjs, whose name connects his duties with the policing of the seashore, see Peira, li. 29 (ot Se irAeowi r^v OaXaaaav KCU viroKcivrat, TU> irapaQaXaa-cjLrrj). His position here argues that in the time of Philotheos he was not an important official; but half a century later Liutprand (Ant. 3. 7) speaks of him as if he were one of the high dignitaries of the court. He is mentioned in irept raf. 461 4 . On the occasion of the Cretan expedition A.D. 902 he was directed to arm 1,200 men (Cer. GGOg). 1 Uspenski compares the comes riparum and the comes portus who were under the Prefect of Rome. 2 Another member of the officium, not included in this list, is mentioned by Philotheos 750 8 (as a guest in the Palace) 6 Xtyarapios TOV Trpcurcopiof . The ti:apyj.Mv fiifiXiov, c. xx, treats of this functionary and explains his duties, which consisted in supervising foreign merchants and inspecting their merchandise. 3 (2) 6 KvaioTo>p. The Quaestor sacri palatii survived the changes of time, but the range of his functions was altered and his official rank was lowered. In early times his chief duties were leges dictandae and preces. He had to draft the Imperial laws and deal with the petitions addressed to the Emperor. He was the chief legal authority in the state and the legal adviser of the government. Cp. Cass. Var. vi. 5 (formula quaesturae) . 4 The quaestor of the ninth century had a court of his own and extensive judicial functions. 1 OTTO avvdocreus rwv avrwi/, Reiske ntrrcoi>, from a contribution by the citizens. 2 Op. cit. 100. (See Not. Dig. Occ., iv. 6, 7.) Cp. Zacharia, op. cit. 373. See also M. Goudas, 17 KciTu/jLeTprjais rS>v (fjLjropiKwv nXoiav, ill Bvfavris, I. 35 sqq. 1909. In the twelfth century there was a o-tKperov rrjs Ba\a(r (epewTjrrJs) who had been created by Justinian. The law which created the new office is Nov. 99. 1 Here the official is called quaestor, but Procopius, H. A. 20 (p. 125), and Lydus, 2. 29 (p. 85), call him quaesitor (/cvcno-tYco/)) ; Lydus however also speaks of him and the Quaestor together as ol a/uuo> Kuaia-ropes (3. 20, p. 109). In Bas. vi. 6 they are treated as the same office ; the compilers evidently did not realize that they were originally two. The section of the Epana- goge (5) on the quaestor merely reproduces Justinian^s Novel. But it would be erroneous to draw the conclusion that the later Quaestor is simply the Quaesitor and that this old Quaestor was abolished. This is disproved by the Quaestor's officium, in which we find the avTiypa$ri<$, that is the old magistri s. scriniorum (see below), whose functions were closely associated with those of the Quaestor of the Sacred Palace. This proves the continuity, which is borne out by the fact that a eunuch could not hold the post of Quaestor, a circumstance pointing to its ancient associations and prestige. For the functions of the Quaestor, derived from those of the Quaesitor, see Zacharia v. Lingenthal, op. cit. 368. They were of an administrative as well as judicial order : supervision of travellers and provincials visiting the capital ; supervision of beggars ; decision in the case of complaints of coloni or tenants against their landlords who resided in the capital ; duty of punishing injustice in such cases ; duty of reporting misconduct of magistrates to the Emperor ; judging all cases of forgery. Besides these duties (imposed on the Quaesitor by Justinian) the Quaestor had others connected with wills and in- heritances. All wills were sealed with his seal and opened in his presence ; 2 he had powers of supervision over the execution of wills, and especially over the administration of the property of minors. 3 The Quaestor ranks after the General Logothete both in the 1 It is entitled irepl rat-fas KaiaicrTapos KOL ra>v j3or/$a>j> avrov /cat rwv dvTiypa(p6a>v. This title is obviously late. The law has nothing- to do with the dvTiypcKprjs, who are not mentioned in the text. 2 These formalities formerly devolved on the magister census (for whom see Booking, Occ. 193-4). See Nov. 44 of Leo VI (cp. Peira, xiv. 11), Nov. 7 of Constan tine VII (at ftiadfJKdi Trapa TQ> Koiatorcopi dvoiyovrai, p. 258). The motive of transferring the duty to the quaestor (or quaesitor), after Justinian, may have been the competence of this minister in cases of forgery. See Zacharia, op. cit. 157. For the /xdyioTpoy T&V KJJIXTGJI/ (in connexion with orphans) cp. Justinian, Nov. 151, p. 275. 3 Cp. Peira, xvi. 5. 13. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 75 Taktikon Uspenski and in Philotheos. 1 For the ceremony of his creation see Cer. i. 54. (1) The &vTiypa^rjs (spathars, Phil. 752 4 ; of inferior rank, Takt. ^ Usp. 127, 128; in both texts, precede the Q-V/UTJWOS and Aoy. Trpatr.) are the old magistri scriniorum. 2 In the fifth century they were four inj number (memoriae, epistolarum, libellorum, graecarum : Not. Dig. Or._ xi and xix). 3 Their scrinia were sub dispositions of the Master of the Offices, not of the Quaestor, but the quaestor who had in former times no officium of his own made use of adiutores from the bureaux of the magistri (Not. Or. xii). In John Malalas 494 8 the cbnypa^rjs are mentioned along with the quaestor. 4 Their transference to the officium of the quaestor was probably connected with the abolition of the post of magister officiorum. In the Proem to the Ecloga of Leo III (TOVS h'booTa.Tovs VTTCLTOVS Kal avriypafyds, p. 3) they are associated with the quaestor [A.D. 740]. Cp. also George Mon. ed. Bonn. 749 9 . The magister memoriae dealt with decisions made in the form of annotationes by the emperor on the margins or backs of documents presented to him ; he also replied to petitions (preces). The magister epistolarum drew up the answers to communications from foreign powers and from the civitates of the empire; examined the questions . propounded by officials (consult ationes) ; and dealt with such petitions as were connected with his other duties. The magister libellorum dealt with the appeals to the emperor from lower courts and with petitions from parties to suits in such courts. The magister epistolarum Graecarum ' eas epistolas quae graece solent emitti aut ipse dictat aut latine dictatas transfert in graecum* (Not. Dig. Or., xix. 13). 5 It is clear that the duties of the magistri epistolarum connected ^ them more closely with the magister officiorum, while those of the ' two other magistri associated them with the quaestor. All four had the right of direct access to the emperor, but the functions of the \ 1 He comes last among the officials who have Patrician rank in the Acta of the 6th General Council, A. D. 680, Mansi, xi. 209 'ladvvov TOV evdo^ordrov dno vTrdruv irarpiKiov Kal KoiauTTtopo?. 2 Mommsen, 482. Peter Patr. fr. 14 dvriypa(j)fvs rfjs pvrjurjs. Suidas sub 'Adpiavos, dvr. ru>v f7no"roXa>i/ (see also Procop., B. P. 2. 23, H.A. 14 ; Justinian, Nov. 10, 113, 124, 133, 1). Cp. Bury, Magistri scriniorum (see Bibliography). 3 I do not include the comes dispositionum who was under the Master of Offices ; he was not one of the magistri scriniorum. He superintended the programme of the emperor's daily movements. 4 We meet an dvriypafavs in Chron. Pasch., s. a. 605, p. 973. Cp. also Menander, fr. 6, p. 248 els TWV ftcuriXtioav diaiTrjTwv ovs drj dvriypafaas d B For fuller explanation see Karlowa, i. 834 sq. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY magister memoriae would naturally bring him into most frequent contact with the sovran. As Greek became the official language of the empire, the necessity of a second magister epistolarum was less cogent, though so long as Africa (throughout the seventh century) and the Exarchate of Italy (till the middle of the eighth) were held, there must have been some provision for Latin. The abolition of the Master of Offices involved a change in the posi- tion of the scrinia. What seems to have happened was this. The magister memoriae remained an independent minister under the Greek name 6 rl rS>v berfo-twv (see below), while the magister libellorum and thej magister epistolarum (now Greek) along with their scrinia were sub- ordinated to the quaestor. That one of the quaestor's avTiypatyrjs was the mag. lib. is supported by the occurrence of the A.t/3e\urios (see below) in his officium. That there were two avTLypatyijs in the ninth and tenth centuries seems a probable inference from a passage in the ceremony of their investiture, Cer. 274 14 KCLV re ts eon K&V re bvo. 1 (2) The o-Kpifias of the quaestor is mentioned in a constitution of Constantine VII (Nov. vii, p. 259). We may conjecture that he descends from the scriba of the magister census, who in the fifth cen- tury was subordinate to the Prefect of the City (Not. Dig. Occ. iv). This official, whom Lydus describes as apyovra T&V apxtTvnuv had a scriba, instead of a notarius, in his scrinium (a-Kplfiav /uev avrl TOV viToypcKpta uTnjpereurtfai, Lydus, 2. 30). This identification is borne out by the circumstance that the functions of the magister census in connexion with the sealing and opening of wills were trans- ferred to the quaestor (see above), and we know the o-Kptpas represented the quaestor in looking after the interests of minors (Nov. 7, c. 3, of Constantine, vii, p. 259). (3) The o-KeVrco/o, evidently = exceptor, must descend from the eocceptores 2 of the sacra scrinia. In these scrinia the officials were (1) proximus, (2) melloproximus, (3) exceptores, (4) memoriales or epistolares or libellenses (respectively). The o-KeWcop had doubtless a number of clerks under him who performed duties similar to those of the exceptores, copying documents and writing from dictation. In Const. Porph,, Nov. vii, c. 2 the quaestor is said to have two vordpioi 3 : Zacharia (op. cit. 368) suggests that they are the vKeirTwp and \lj3t\LOTLOS. 1 In Vita Steph. iun. Migne P. G. 100, 1140 we meet Koju/3o*:oi/a>i>a rbv avnypafa'a. 2 Cp. Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, i,p. 91 (A.D. 295) eWKeV(ropo-i). 3 Peira, xiv. 11 ol rorv The functionary known as irl T&V berfcrfw, of which the Latin would be a precibus, must be regarded as the successor of the magister memoriae, one of whose functions was precibus respondere (Not. Dig., Or. xix. 7). It is true that on the magister libellorum and the magister epistolarum it also devolved preces tractare (ib. 9. 11) ; but the scrinium memoriae was the chief of the sacra scrinia (it is always mentioned first), and was therefore the most likely to have been made an independent office, and we have seen that there is reason for think- ing that the magister libellorum was one of the avTiypatyrjs subordinated to the quaestor. The mag. epist. need hardly be considered, as preces tractare can only have been a minor and incidental part of his business. While the airo Serjo-ecozj belonged to the judicial class, it does not appear that he had a court of his own ; he seems to have only examined and prepared petitions to be presented to the Emperor. Cp. Zacharia, Gr.-rb'm. Recht, 3 356. In Takt. Usp. 123 he is of spathar rank ; in Phil. 729, 732 he may be avOviraroSy TrarptKio? or Trpwroo-Traflapios. 1 It was obligatory for him (Kara TVTJW) to accompany the Emperor when he made excur- sions by sea in the neighbourhood of Constantinople (De adm. .imp. 234) . It may only be an accident, whether of his own or of a copyist, that the officium of the eni r&v ber/crew is omitted in the list of Philotheos ; but it may well be that he had no officium (except clerks) . If he had one, we have no materials for reconstructing it. Philotheos twice mentions an official whose name appears in the MS. as 1 Cp. Nicephorus Phocas, Nov. 22, p. 299 6 Trpcoroo-zra^aptos Bacrt'Aeios 6 eVi TOJV 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY o), 758 20 , and 8eK0-a)ypa, 774 4 . Reiske proposed to read btria>. But even if an emendation of this kind were accepted, it is not probable that the official in question was connected with the tm r&v 8e?jo-eG>z/. He is quite mysterious. In both passages he is named next the aktuarios and ot rov fj\iaKov irapao-TCLTai. In the provinces there were officials subordinate to the minister for petitions. Schlumberger (Sig. 493) has published the seal (eighth or ninth century) of an M r&v ^rja-f^v SiKeAia?. There are some other seals which probably belong to the minister himself. Schlumberger, Mel. 265 (eighth or ninth century), of Basil, /3ao-. o-iraO. and MT&V 8erj)] a'[o"7r]a0api(i> /cat [en-]! r(a>)y o"e?j[o-e]coz;, 9. 394 (ninth or eighth century) Bao-tA?7a> T&V o"e?7(rea>(j;) K(f)., where Panchenko proposes /ce^aArj ; but we should obviously read Ke^aXa ; Basileios Kephalas was the name of the person. IV. (TeKperiKOl. As all the officials of this section, except the Logothete of the Course (4) and the Chief Secretary (7), are connected with financial administration, it will be convenient to discuss here as a whole the troublesome but important question of the origin and nature of the financial bureaux which existed in the ninth century. One of our greatest difficulties in understanding and estimating the policy of the later Roman Emperors lies in our ignorance of the machinery of the financial administration. The chroniclers notice financial measures rarely and briefly, but do not explain the details in such a way as to let us see how they operated and how they were carried out. Official documents are few. Even for the earlier period, from Constantine to Justinian, though we have much information about the raising of the revenue and the methods of taxation, we have very little about the expenditure and how it was divided among the several treasuries. Under the system of Constantine there were two great financial ministries, unconnected and independent. These were the fisc, under the comes sacrarum largitionum (Ko'jur?? T&V Otlav Oya-avp&v), and the ^ res privata under the comes rei privatae (K. T&V 0eio>z> 7rpi/3arcoz> or TOV 0iov rafjiiov). Besides these two principal and independent treasuries there were also the chests of the Praetorian Prefects, to which part of t the fiscal revenue was diverted and from which the army was paid. 1 1 For the praefectoria area in the fifth century cp. C. Th., 11. 9. 17 (where it is distinguished from utrumque nostrum aerarium = s, iarg. and respriv.). For the THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 79 In the sixth century, if not earlier, the Praetorian Prefect of the East had two distinct chests, or at least two distinct accounts, which are designated as the yviv OLKL&V, Justinian, Nov. 46. 2). We meet in Novels of Justinian 3 6 0eio? OLK.OS distinguished from ra Oela Trpt/Bdra and TO Otiov Trar/oi/xwznoy, and as these laws do not refer to Cappadocia but to the provinces of Arabia and Phoenicia Libanensis, it would seem that the domus divinae, which were under the comes r. priv. (Not. Dig., Or. xiv. 3), had been detached from the res privata and joined with the dom. div. per Capp. as a separate administration. Now in A. D. 566 we find, instead of the 7re/)t/3Ae7rTo? KO/^ITJ? r&v otKi&v, a jueyaXoTrpeTreararos Kovparap T&V oiKiV drjfjLOffimv v T>V fls eKarepav rpdnf^nv elcrffoepOfAevav TOV 8iKao~Tr]piov rrjs o~rjS VTrcpo^rjs, rfj rf IdiKrj 17; re ycvuqj, also 11, 12, &c. Justin II, Nov. 1, p. 4. Cp. Lydus, 3. 36. 2 C. /., 12. 24. 3 ; 3. 26. 11 ; 12. 5. 2. 8 53, p. 357 ; 55, pp. 366-7. Also 17 17/zere'pa oma, 158. 2. 4 Justin II, Nov. 1, p. 4. 5 C.I., 1. 34. 1 ; Lydus, 2. 27. 6 Ib. Ko/itTa 7rp(/3aTa>i> dvrl TOV T&V Idia TTWS rot's- (3a, juteyaA?7 Kouparcopeta, dye'Aai, ora/3AozJ, et5t/coV. Of these the ytvimov corresponds to the sacrae largitiones. The orpartcortKo^ fulfils the functions of the arcae of the Praet. Prefects so far as military finance is concerned. The jue'yas /couparcop is the descendant of the Kovpdrcop T&V OLKI&V of the sixth century. The /Scoriapior is the old vestiarium sacrum which used to be under the control of the comes s. larg. (Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 28), and has become an independent office. The dye'Aat and crrdftXov are the greges and stabula which used to be under the comes r. priv. The ei8i/coV is concerned with the state- factories which used to be under the magister officiorum and the comes s. larg. All these offices will be discussed in detail below. More may be said here about the aaKt\\iov, because an important change is involved. o-a/ceAAa or a-aKeAAtoi/ means purse, and ora/ceAAapto? keeper of a purse. The Patriarch had a sakellarios (cp. e.g. Chron. Pasch. 697, sub A. D. 607), and we hear of the sakellarios of a ( strategos ' of Numidia (Ada Maximi, Migne, P. G., 90. 1 12). l Now the Emperors, manifestly, must always have had a private purse (apart from the treasuries of the res privata and s. largitiones), and an official in charge of it. Such an official, if he were mentioned in airl TOV S avrjKoio-rjs rc5 /SaaiXei K n-poyovoav irepiovo-ias. The last clause does suggest a distinction, and also perhaps the use of rots /Sao-iAeicn in one case, and ro> /Sao-iXet in the other. Pamphronios in Menander, fr. 8 (A. D., 561) Trpotorcora rrjs auroO /3a(7iAeajs irepiovo'ias, was pre- sumably com. r. priv. 1 A o-aKK(\\dpios is mentioned in a papyrus of seventh century, published in Wessely's Griechische Papyrusurkunden kleineren Formats,, no. 992, p. 174 (1908) and in the early Arab period craKfXAa is used apparently for the central treasury of that province ; e. g. Pap. Brit. Mus. iv, no. 1336 (A. D. 709) ano TTJS a., 110. 1412 (A. D. 710) els rr,v a: THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 81 the Notitia Dignitatum at all, would have appeared in the officium of the Praepositus where there is an unfortunate lacuna in our texts. The Sakellarios first appears as a prominent official, under this name, at the beginning of the seventh century ; but he seems to be men- tioned in the sixth under the periphrasis ra/xtas r&v J3a(ri\iKu>v \pf]^ar^v (see below under (ra/ceAAapios). I infer that the o-axe \\iov and 0-aKeAA.apio? had long existed, but that in the sixth and seventh centuries they begin to emerge from vomparative obscurity into administrative importance. Now it is to be observed that in the seventh century, while the Sakellarios is ascending in rank and prominence, we cease to hear of the comes rei privatae. In the ninth century we find no single department which can be pointed to as simply the old res privata with a new name. The management of the res priv. and the 0euu oucoi seems to be divided between two departments, that of the o-a/ce'AAioz; and that of the Great Curator the general administration of the estates being presumably under the latter, and the revenue being dealt with by the cra.K\\iov. We may conjecture that this new arrangement, which led to the disappearance of the comes r. p., and also of the comes s. patrimonii, came about in the seventh century. The administrative importance which the Sakellarios possessed in the reign of Justinian II, when he must have had a bureau of officials under him, points to this conclusion. The imperial estates res priv., s. pair., and 0eioi ot/cot were placed under the control of the Sakel- larios and the Curator (Kou/>dro>p T&V olKi&v), the former acting as\ Receiver, the latter as High Steward. We may suspect that this change may have been partly due to the loss of the Imperial estates in Syria and Egypt. This development was an intelligible consequence of the connexion which we may reasonably assume to have existed between the sakellion and the revenue of the Imperial estates in the fifth and sixth centuries. We may take it that the sakellion was the receptacle of the net profit arising from the Imperial estates. The treasuries of the s. largitiones and the Praetorian Prefects provided for the standing expenses of the government army, civil service, &c. and it is highly improbable that any money was diverted from these sources into the Emperor's sakellion. We may assume that, when the treasuries of the Private Estate, the Patrimony, and the Divine Houses had paid the expenses of administration, and perhaps certain stand- ing charges which were allocated to them, the net annual profits were deposited in the sakellion, which not only supplied the Emperor with money for his personal expenses, but also provided for extraordinary M 6 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY and irregular outlay, such as on wars, buildings, &c. The large accumulations which were made by the parsimony of Anastasius I were doubtless stored in the sakellion. It is to be noticed that the resprivata was itself a spending depart-, ment. Its expenditure was known as the largitiones privatae, for which there was a special scrinium. 1 This bureau must have been incorporated in the new organization of the Sakellion in the seventh century. Another change of great importance was subsequently made in the financial administration. In the ninth century the head of the Sakellion is no longer the Sakellarios, but the x a P TOV ^P ws T v riicoi by Peter the Patrician (Cer. 92, p. 418) 4 ; the evidence of Lydus (iii. 17, 18, 20, 27) ; and the Italian material in the letters of Gregory the Great and the Liber Pontificalis (reviewed by Diehl). 5 The original function of the chartularii, from which they derived their name, was probably to keep and register chart ae receipts, dockets, &c., connected with the financial business of the bureau to which they belonged. The registers, e.g. containing the debts to the fisc were called chartae, cp. C. Th. 11. 28. 2; 6 (chartis quibus debita publica continentur), 12, &c. A word may be said about the term (rtKperov = secretum (the long vowels are preserved in aorTjKpfjn?). Hesychius (s. v.) explains it as Kovo-HTTtopLov, and in C. Th. 6. 35. 7, we find intra consistorii secreta of notaries. Cp. Cass. Var. 6, 16 principis secretum et consilium. Also in Theoph. Sim. 8, 8, 9, the Emperor Maurice, having given an audience to Germanos, //.eflt'orarai rov Trapa'Pco/uatois AeyojueWv o-eupcTOv. It appears from these passages that originally crtKpcrov meant the Imperial Consistorium or Council, and the precincts in which it met. 1 Andreas, 6 OTTO XoyoQeratv, became Prefect of the City in A. D. 563, Theoph. 239 8 . 3 Cp. also the chartularii numerorum militarium, C. I. 12. 37. 19. Cp. too Justinian, Nov. 141, p. 221. 8 Cp. also ib., p. 404 15 , rovs #. r&v ftappdpav, and 405 18 . For chart, in the serin . fabr. of the mag. off. see Justinian, Nov. 108, p. 61. * L'exarchat de Ravenne, 154-5. Cp. also the chartarii in Cass. Var. 7. 43 (apparently of the comes patrimonii, cp. 8. 23). 5 Cp. Chron. Pasch. 703, sub A. D. 612 : Philaretos was one of these chartu- larii. For a seal of a V eo-7rorrai Koixrio-Ttopiou. (This latter phrase is frequent in the ceremonies : since the Con- sistorium had coalesced with the Synkletos, Koro-iorcopioi/ ceased to be used except in a ceremonial sense x with torao-dat, ' stand in atten- dance*.) Again 226 12 TO o-e/cpeToy oAoz>, 212 6 TO a. T&V ^Tremor, 616 10 TO" 0-aKeAAapuo TrpcoTw TTJV aftW Tvy%dvovTi, Ada Maximi, Migne, P. G. 90, 88, 112, 113) . 2 Under Justinian II the office was held by the notorious and influential Stephen (Theoph. 367 15 ). This functionary also appears in our records under another descrip- tion, Tdjuua? T&V j3a(n\iK&v xp^^circor. The equation of this expression with o-a/ceAAaptos results from three data. Nicephorus in his Chronicle 1 Also, of course, TO peya *., a hall in the palace. 2 The Abbot Maximus addressed a letter (c. A.D. 629) Trpo? Kcoyorni/Tti/oj' cra*fX- Xdptoi/ (Ep. 24, Migne, 91, G08), but he may have been an ecclesiastical, or a local, sakellarios. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 85 applies it (1) to Theodore (23 12 ) and (2) to Stephen (37 13 ), whom, as we have seen, Theophanes designates as sakellarioi. He also (3) applies it to Leontios (5 6 , A.D. 609), who is described as 6 dud craK\\apLO)v in Chron. Pasch. 701, sub A.D. 610. Hence we can infer that Philagrios, to whom he applies the same title (28 12 ), was Sakellarios in A.D. 640. The equation also enables us to trace the Sakellarios in the sixth century. For Agathias (3. 2, p. 140) designates Rusticus (who was sent by Justinian with money to the army in Lazica) as ra/uas T&V y and explains ov IM]V T&V K TT (i.e. he was not comes s. larg.), ciAAa r<3z> ova ec T&V 6r)(ravpG>v cTreTro/u^ei. Rusticus was Sakellarios. The history of the Sakellarios, so far as our meagre records enable us to discern it, has been traced above. At first he was simply the keeper of the Emperor's sakellion or treasury which received the surplus derived from the Imperial estates. In the seventh century, he took over the more specially financial functions of the ministers who managed the estates, and the Sakellion became an important ministry. As a treasury it was no longer merely the receptacle of a reserve fund for extraordinary expenses, but bore some of the regular state expenses. The Proem to the Ecloga of Leo III orders payments to be made CK TOV eixrefiovs fjn&v aa.KK\\iov to the quaestor, the avTLypcKfrrjsy &c. The third stage is reached when, probably in the eighth century, the Sakellarios (doubtless retaining the charge of the treasury) becomes a sort of Comptroller, with authority over all the financial ministries, while his place as head of the bureau of the Sakellion is taken by the -^aprovXapLos TOV o-aKeAAiov. 1 The Taktikon Uspenski (p. Ill) attests the importance 2 of the office of Sakellarios in the reign of Michael III by placing him at the head of all the officials of the Empire, not only the civil but also the military. But this position in the hierarchy depended on the order of rank of the man who held it, and the Sakellarios appears again in this document immediately after the Domestic of the Excubitors and before the General Logothete. In the list of Philotheos, he comes immediately after the strategoi of the western themes and before the General Logothete. However his place might vary in the scale as a whole, he had precedence over all the other 1 In George Mon. 842 22 (ed. Bonn), TOV craKfX\iov doubtless means x n P T ' T v V Ku/eXu- dw vr)0-Q>v. Cp. ib. 120 (A. D. 1186) ToartitpeTOV TOV /zeyaXou (ra/ceXXapi'ou. 3 In later times (twelfth century) the Sakellarios was called 6 p.tyas V 6pa>v Trjs earns npo TWOS Kaipov imb TOV avTOKparopos dncL- X?7<^i, bv fTrap\ov npaiTwpiuv tla)6ao-iv OVOUM^IV 'Ptopicuoi. But for the statement in Chron, Pasch. , these words would naturally be taken to mean that he was still Fraet. Pref. It looks as if \oyo&irr}s must mean here com. s. larg. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 87 as the ministry of the sacrae largitiones ; it surveyed and collected the taxation of the Empire. Some departments indeed were with- drawn from the Logothete^s control, especially the vestiarium which became an independent bureau. For early seals of XoyoOirai ytvLKoi see Schlumberger, Sig. 530 No. 1, 531 No. 10. 1 (1) The \apTov\apioi ptyaXoi TOV (reKptrov (below spathar rank Takt. Usp. 127; spathars Phil. 735 13 ) probably were the heads of a number of different departments or scrinia. Many of the same scrinia which existed in the officium of the comes largitionum must have continued down to later times. They are enumerated in the Not. Dig., Or. xiii (canonum, aureae massae, &c.). Their chiefs were then called primicerii. 2 (2) \apTov\apioL T&V apK\&v, also called ol eo> \apTov\dpLoi TOV yfViKov (Cer. 694 18 ), where !co shows that they functioned in the provinces. T&V apK\uv suggests that they may have taken the place of the praepositi thesaurorum of the Notitia. This, however, is by no means certain. But they cannot be identified with the chartularii de cohortalibus officiis uniusque provinciae, mentioned in a constitu- tion of Leo I (C. I. 10. 23. 3, A.D. 468) as revising taxes, for these are evidently mere clerks. There is an interesting seal (of a later period, tenth-eleventh century) in Panchenko, 13, 129, of Eustathios, spatharocandidatus, who was (at the same time, apparently) /3a were the provincial tax-controllers. Cp. Cont. Th. 346, Schlumberger, Sig. 513. The efircu seem to have been different from the eTroVrcu. The two names are closely associated in Cont. Th., loc. cit., but they are enumerated distinctly in Alexius Comn., Nov. 30 (Zach., p. 374). [The seal of Michael Kamateros, efio-corTjs rrjs AiVecos (end of twelfth century, Sig. 516) is hardly relevant.] (4) The functions of the Ko'/oujres vSdrcoi; must have been connected with the aqueducts, probably not in Constantinople but in all parts of the Empire. Cp. the comes formarum, under the Prefect of Rome in Not. Dig., Occ. iv. 4. 1 The curious seal, published by Panchenko 13. 124, is too uncertain to build on. He ascribes it to the first half of the seventh century, and restores ['ijuayi/nv v8o^o[r(aTov) ? a7r]o VTr(aTO)i') irarpi<(L)\ov Ao]yo0e'(Tou) /3acriX(iKa)i>) [a ?]/?fcu[pt'a>]i'. If dpKapictv is right, J. was a rationalis under the Praetorian Prefect. 2 For the creKperov of the Log. Gen. in the eleventh century see Miklosich- Miiller, op. cit. vi. 50, 54-5, where peyaXot ^aprovXdpioi and \oyapiao-rai are mentioned ; cp. his Xoyapiaa-rrjs and voidpioi in Alex. Comn. Nov. 34, p. 398. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (5) 6 ouacrriKo's. The name of this official is rightly given in Phil. 789 2 , but appears as 6 KHTUKO? in the list of officia and in 736 7 . The true form is shown by two seals of the Comnenian period (Siff. 559) : (1) laavvr) /3(ao-iAiKa>) cr7ra#(apia>) K.CLI \apTovXapia TOV OLKL- CTTLVOV (sic) ; (2) Ado [ = AautS] [a']j;orapta> TOV OIKIOTIKOU ; also a seal (3) in Konstantopulos, No. 435 a VOT. TOV OLKKTTLKOV. It is impossible to admit Panchenko's theory that ofcioruco? is a mistake for TUCTTIKOS (xiii. 116). The /3ao-iAi/cdj TTIOTIKOS of the three seals which he has published and who, as he has shown (ib. vii. 40 sqq.), 1 had functions connected with maritime commerce, must be accepted ; but there can be no doubt that OIKIOTIKO? was also an official title. Besides the seals cited above, cp. OLKLO-TLK&V in the Donation of Alex. Comn. A.D. 1087, Miklosich-Muller, Ada et Dipl. vi. 28. The meaning is quite obscure. (6) The KovpepKiaptoL were the officers who collected duties and customs throughout the Empire. They represent the comites com- merciorum of Not. Dig*, Or. xiii. 6, and are thus evidence of the continuity between the spheres of the comes s. larg. and the General Logothete. The term Koju//epKiapios is officially used in the sixth century. Schlumberger publishes a seal (Mel. 237, KO^ Tvpov) which he ascribes to that period, and another dates from the reign of Justin II (Siff. 317). In Chron. Pasch. 721 (A.D. 626) we meet 0eo'5ft>po? 6 vbooTaTos KOfi/xep/adpios o TT\V IO-CLTIV (?), 2 evidently a comes commerciorum. A seal [ro)V /3]curiAiK K0juficpjcla>]> oTpcmyias 'EAAaSojY] is dated to A.D. 708 (Mel. 221, and cp. 200). Early seals of nowtpKidpioi are comparatively numerous, cp. Siff. 471 sqq. ; Panchenko, viii. 18 sqq. I may note those of Constantine (Siff. 165) aTTotTTdpxwv /cat ytviKov KO(jip,pKtapLov airoOYiKrjs 'EAAafios (airoOrjKrj = customs depot), and of Kosmas (Panchenko, xiii. 115) Ko/xjuepKiapioi ^Tro^TJKrjs 'AyKi;pas (?), both belonging to the reign of Constans II, and the latter dated apparently to A.D. 644. These officials might have the rank of hypatos or spathar : cp. Panchenko, ib. 147 No. 489, 149 No. 495. (7) 6 T^y Kovparcoptaj, fuller title 736 2 6(o-7ra0. /cat) cm TTJS Kovparoopta? T&V fiao-LkiK&v olK)v (fdpMV KafliorajuieVovj, StouriTa? 8' avrov? f) o-w??0a>s ojuuAia .) Paulos 6 erdofoYaro? airo vTrarw KOL SIOIKTJT^S T&V avaroXiKutv , in the Acts of the Sixth Ecum. Council A. D. 680 (Mansi, xi. p. 209) probably represents the e comes largitionum per dioecesim Asianam ' (Not. Dig. Or. xiii. 5) . The abolition of the diocesan divisions led to the replacement of the e comites largitionum per omnes dioceses ' by bioLKrjTai of themes and districts. See the seals of Stot/crjrat in Siff. 496-7 (cp. Mel. 205 Stot/cr^rf) rrjs v A^8pov, saec. ix) ; Panchenko, xiii. 131 8101*77x7} 2ajutou Kat TTJS Xtou, saec. viii-ix ; Mansi, xii. 837 dioecete quod Latine dispositor Siciliae dicitur}. 1 They were respon- sible to the General Logothete for the fiscal revenue from their districts, and liable to punishment if it fell short (cp. Theoph. 367 27 , from which it appears that Theodotos, the Logothete under Justinian II, was unreasonably strict in calling the 8totK?;rat to account). It appears from Theoph. 412 18 that there were 8iour]rcu at Constantinople as well as in the provinces. The TrpaKropes, who are often mentioned in our sources, must not be confounded with the 8iotK7?rat. The TrpaKropes were the officials who actually went round and collected the taxes (^opoAoyot), and every StotKrjrrjs must have had a number of npaKTopes under him. (10) KOjutei/rtaros (KofavTiavos ?) 2 seems to be equivalent to K0ju/3ez>na- vos from icofA/3eWos = conventus (e. g. Chron. Pasch. 596 20 , John Mai. 438 23 , 494 12 ), cp. Cer. 422 n , 433 5 Kat KO 1 The office of 8. might be united with that of Ko^epKiapioSf cp. the seal (saec. viii-ix) published by Panchenko, xiii. 87. 8 The letters /A and (3 were easily confused. 90 PROCEEDLNGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY but the meaning is obscure. Can it have anything to do with market dues? (11, 12) TTpcoroKayKeAAapioy, /cayKeAAaptot. (3) 6 AoyofoYrjs TOV crrpcmamKou. In the fifth and sixth centuries one of the most important functions of the area of the Praetorian Prefect was to furnish the pay of the army (cp. C. I. 12. 37). Difficulty has been felt as to the duties of the schola chartulariorum in the officium of the Pr. Pr. of Africa (C.I. 1. 27. 1 (38)). 1 I conjecture that some of their duties were connected with the annonae militares. In the Prefecture of the East we find scriniarii of the Pr. Pr. administering military expenditure ((TrpaTitoTiKa o"toiKeu>), and in Egypt such a scriniarius was called orparimro's ; see Justinian, Nov. 96. 13, p. 544. In the seventh century we find that a separate military chest, \ called TO crrpariamKoV, has been formed, at least for the eastern portion of the Empire, and removed from the control of the Prae- torian Prefect. In A. D. 680 we meet Julian 6 ei;8ofo'raro? ^TTO inraTuv Trarpi/aos /cat orpartamKoO Aoyo0err;y, as one of the ministers who, along with the Emperor, are present at the Sixth General Council (Mansi, xi. 209). Schlumberger has published (Mel. 242) a seal EvaraOlov STRAT LOGOTHETOY which seem to belong to the seventh century. 2 Under Irene we meet loannes XoyoQ ir^s TOV orpcmcortKou Aoyo0(Tiou, holding the rank of (/Sao-iAi/co?) oVrtaptoj (therefore a eunuch) in A.D. 787 (Mansi, xii. 999, 1051) and attending the sessions of the Seventh Council; two years later he is Sakellarios as well as Aoy. orpar. (1) xaprovAaptot TOV tre/cpe'rov. Takt. Usp. ot \apT. TOV orpari&oriKov 127 (6 x<*pr. 129) ; Cer. 524 15 , 694 19 , Phil. 752 3 (TOV r ' orpaTTjor' (eighth-ninth century) and of John UTrarw /meya\a> x.^ 70 ^^^ Tov riKou Aoyofleoriou (perhaps tenth century). (2, 3) \apTovX&pioi T&V ^e/uaro)V and T&V rayjutarcoz;. The chartularius of a theme or a tagma was subordinate to the Log. Strat. as well as to the Strategos or Domestic. He performed similar duties to those which used to be performed by scriniarii (orpcmwros, &c.^ see above) of the Praetorian Prefect. 1 Cp. Karlowa, i. 887. 2 For other seals see *%. 352. Panchenko, ix. 372 '\.u>(dvvii) \>Tr(arw) [X]oyo^[tV]t [(j]Tp[aJno[r]tK[oD] (eighth-ninth century). THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 91 (4) We met Aeyara/uoi also in the office of the Excubiton and the Arithmos. (5) oKTLovts, the officers who distributed pay to the soldiers (ot oiTTLoves T&V Tay^cLTtov Phil. 738 6 ). This was their function in the sixth century, Procopius, B. V. i. 17, ii. 20 ; Justinian^ Nov. 150. 1, p. 262. (Cp. Nov. 141. 11, p. 221 in case of foederati.) (6) 7rp(DTOKayK\\apioSy implying KayKeAAa/uot. (7) pavba-Topes. The voTa.pt.oL TOV arpartwrtKoC, not mentioned in this list, appear in Cer. 694 20 (they received half the honorarium of the chartularii). (4) 6 Xoyodlrqs TOV bp6fj.ov. This title should correspond to rationalis cursus publici. There was no such official, and we may conclude that the Logothete of the Course descends from the Curiosus cursus publici praesentalis who was in the officium of the magister officiorum (Not. Dig., Or. xi. 50, cp. Lydus, 2. 10). The magister officiorum can be traced in the seventh century to the reign of Constantine IV. In the reign of Heraclius the post was held by Bonus (Chron. Pasch. 718, 726), by Anianus and Theodorus (Niceph. Patr. 24 6 , 25 ]8 ). 1 In A.D. 680 it was held by Niketas (TOV e^So^ordrov and vTiaTtov iiarpiKiov KOL juayurrpou raw (3a(n\iK&v d4>t/ua>2'j Acta Cone. Const. Ill, Mansi, xi. 209, 217). For the break-up of the office and for the jua'ytorpoi of the eighth century see above B (14) p. 29. The magister had performed multifarious duties, and he was the functionary who most nearly corresponded to a minister of foreign \ affairs. This important part of his work was transferred to the curiosus who presided over the state post. It seems not unlikely that before the time of Leo III the magister had been deprived of some of his functions, and, for instance, that the state post may have been raised to a separate and independent office. In any case the official who derived his title from the state post and was named TOV bpofjiov, a name which does not appear till the eighth . century, took over also from the mag. off. the duties connected with diplomacy, correspondence with foreign powers, and the reception of ambassadors. When AoyofleVrjs is used without qualification, in Byzantine writers, ' the Logothete of the Course is generally meant (e.g. Cont. Th. 122 3 , 1 In Chron. Pasch. 696, A.D. 605, the subadiuva of the magister is mentioned. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 198 16 , Cer. 520.3). 1 The office was sometimes united with others, e. g. in the reign of Theophilus, Theoktistos was Logothete and also CTTI TOV KavLK\fiov (Gen. 83 17 ). This must also, I think, have been the case with Gregory Bardas under Leo IV, of whom Schlumberger has published a seal (Sig. 528) which he reads [/3ares (= cursores) and /xaz^aropes, cp. Phil. 786 18M9 . The scrinium barbarorum, though not mentioned by Philotheos in connexion with the Logothete, seems to have been still in existence. Phil. 725 5 mentions 6 (Bappapos (see also -Tre/n raf. 461 4 ), who is evidently identical with 6 TH T&V fiapftdptov, who is recorded by several seals. Schlumberger has published six seals of Staurakios, a protospathar, who held this office. A seal of Peter ^8. a' oriratiapLos KOL irr) TMV pappapow he ascribes to the ninth century. Sig. 448 sqq. See also Panchenko, ix. 357, xiii. 142 ; Konstantopulos, No. 307. Rambaud thinks that the function of the scr. barb, was to defray the expenses of foreign ambassadors. It seems to me more probable that the fidpfiapos exercised supervision over all foreigners visiting Constantinople. (5) 6 \apTovXdpios TOV craKeXAiou. The Sakellion has been already dealt with. The Chartulary is sometimes called briefly 6 TOV o-aK\Atov (Phil. 777, Cer. 115 20 ). We also find craKe'AA^s instead of aa/ceAAi'ov (e. g. Takt. Usp. 127, Phil. 1 There were eVrio-KfTrrrjTru under (1) the Prefect of the City, (2) the Logothete of the Course, (3) the Great Curator, (4) the Logothete of the Flocks. Seals of officers with this title are generally ambiguous, e. g. that of an enurx. and K.OU- f3ovK\Lcrios published by Panchenko, xiii. 113. 2 A fp[j.rjvfvs for Arabic, in the army, is mentioned by Theoph. Sim. 2. 10. 6. 3 This word was applied to foreign as well as Imperial envoys ; cp. Theoph. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 735 22 , 750 18 , 763 6 . Schlumberger (Siff. 580) has published a seal of uncertain date (' VIIP-XP siecle') of a Chartulary : A.' /cat )(ap[rouX]ap' TOV /3[aa-(tAtKoi>) (r]a,KeA[At]ou. (1) vordpLOL /3ao-iAt/cot TOV (TKpTov (Takt. Usp. 6 vordpios read ot 01, under spathar rank), Phil. 735 21 ol a-iraddpioi KOI vordpioi rf/9 o-aKeAArjy, 752 5 v. TOV o-ctKeAAt'ov, Cer. 694 2o ot v. Trjs o-ctKe'AArjs, 594 7 . They correspond to the primiscrinii of the comes rei priv. (Not. Dig. Or. xiv). (2) vptoTovoTdpLoi OepaTuv. 1 The duties of a Trpcoro^oraptos of a theme are illustrated in the schedule of the preparations for the Cretan Expedition of A.D. 902, Cer. ii. c. 44. There we find the proto- notary of the Thrakesian theme arranging for the purchase of the provisions required by the soldiers, for a supply of flax for caulking the vessels and for the use of the Greek fire-guns, and for a supply of nails (p. 658). The protonotary of the Cibyrrhaeot theme is to buy 60,000 nails for fastening hides to the vessels (p. 659). For duties connected with moving the Imperial baggage, which the Emperor left behind when he crossed the Saracen frontiers, see Tre/ot raf. (see further 464 3 , 466 2 , 477 9 , 479 ]8 , 489 2 .) The protonotaries had it in their power to oppress the provincials, Cont. Th. 443 15 . Their seals are common. 2 (3, 6, 7) The ez>o5o'xot and yrjpoKopoi (spathars Phil. 736 4 , 6 ; inferior Takt. Usp. 127) were heads of (fv&vcs 3 and yrjpoKo^ela supported by the state. They appear in the company of 6 TOV o-aKeAAtou (sc. \o-pr. .), Cer. H5 20 , Phil. 777 r The \apTov\apiot. T&V ot/ca>i>, i. e. T&V evay&v otKO)^, dealt with the accounts and expenditure of these establishments. Possibly evay<3j/ should be restored here : Takt Usp. has ot \aprov\- Aa/not T&V evay&v oliuav 127, and so Phil. 753 4 . evayTJs was technical, in this connexion, from an early period: cp. C.I. 1. 3. 41 (11), A. D. 528 T&V re tvay&v i>v(av /cat uoo-oKOjotetW *rA. * the pious hostelries, hospitals/ &c. ; Justinian, Nov. 60, p. 388. (4, 5) The Cuyoo-rarris (spathar Phil. 736 4 , inferior Takt. Usp. 127) examined and weighed the nomismata which came into the treasury. 1 Cont. Th. 447 17 . 2 Cp. Sig. 103, 112, 122, 298-9, 345, &c., &c. See also MM. 208 2r6 /3' KavS' teat dvor. SiKeX', saec. ix ; 223 ft' a-nnSap' navft Kai avorap* IlfAoTroi/', saec. xi ; 236 Aeoj/Ti viraro) KCII avorap XaASmy saec. viii ix. 3 e. g. those of Sampson, Theophilus, Eubulus, Narses, St. Irene. There was a ^vo^o\fiov at Nicaea, cp. Panchenko, ix. 352 Mai/ou^X /3aa-iXt/v vTrdrcov, addressed to the comes s. largitionum, Nov. 81, p. 468 ray CTT! rrjs a-Krjvijs re KOL tibp&iff fibviraOeias. There seems to have been a theatrical treasury controlled by the Prefect of the City in the sixth century (TTJ flearpaAta, Nov. 84, p. 480). (6) 6 -)(apTov\apios rov In the fifth century (as stated above) the vestiarium sacrum was a scrinium in the officium of the comes s. larg., and its chief was, as usual, entitled primicerius. The officials at the head of the depart- ment were in the East the magistri lineae vestis (Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 14), in the West the comes vestiarii (ib., Occ. xi. 5). We may conjecture that the elevation of the vestiarium into an independent office, under \ a chartularius, was coincident with the transformation of the s. largitiones into the ytvtKov, was in fact part of that transformation. But when the vestiarium branched off from the fisc, the new office was increased in compass. In fact, three of the scrinia, which used to be under the comes s. larg., namely scr. vest, s., scr. ar genii, and scr. a miliarensibus, were combined to form a new office which was called the pea-Tiapiov. The minting departments of the argentum and a miliarensibus are represented in the new officium by the apyav rr/j The vestiarium or public Wardrobe must be carefully distinguished from the Emperor's private Wardrobe, the sacra vestis , over which a comes s. vestis (who was a cubicularius) presided (see C. Th. xi. 18. 1 with note of Godof redus) . These two wardrobes remained distinct in later times, though they have been confounded by Schlum- berger (in his Sigillographie) and by other writers. The comes s. vestis, who was under the control of the praepositus s. cub., is 1 Cp. Justinian, Nov. 152. 15, p. 282. The/urpa ando-ratf/za supplied by Praet. Praef. and Com. larg. are to be kept in the most holy church of each city. For a Sq/ioo-tof fuyoorarrys in Egypt A.D. 609 see B. G. U, iii. 837. 18. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY represented in the ninth century by the 7rpa>ro/3erior?is below, and Cer. 672 and 676) . 2 Two seals, which seem to belong to our period (ninth century), are published by Schlumberger 3 (Big. 603) AZOVTL //ayiorpo) /cat CTTI TOV /3eTov T>V ftrHriXiKuv vTro^v^/zaro)". For vrroypaf)s = the Imperial notarii see Socr., H. E., 7. 23 ; ' first of the Em- peror's vtroypa^fis ' in Agath. Pref., p. 7, means primicerius notariorum. Cp. Gen. 85 M eWi rG>v fiaxr&lKW V -rrp^rois vtroypcKpfw = Cont. Th. 161 2 o^povrt TTJV raw a(Tt]KprjTd)V (V Trpwroiy TifJUjV. M7 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY the Acts of the Council of A.D. 680 (Mansi, xi. 232, 324, 329): Paulus 6 fjiya\o7rpf7r(TTaros do-eKperts KCH {3aaL\LKbs 0-eKperapio? and Diogenes TOV ^yaXoir. ao-KpTis creKperaptov /3av doTf/cp^-ruou cr^oXrjs Trporcpov ytvoptvos tvapiOfjuos, Agathon Diac. in Mansi, xii. 193 ; Niceph. Patr. 49 20 ). The Patriarchs Tarasius and Nicephorus had belonged to this service (Theoph. 458, 481). It seems to have devolved upon the protoasecretis to draw up the Imperial x/wo-o/3ovA.\ta (Basil II, Nov. 29, p. 313 ed. Zach.). (1) Many seals of do-r/Kprjrat are extant. See Schlumberger, Sig., 444 sqq., Mel. 264, Panchenko, xiii. 89. (2) For seals of VOT&PIOI see i0r.,.551 sqq., Panchenko, ix. 356. The TrpwrovoTdpios or chief of the school of the notaries is not mentioned here but appears along with the protoasecretis in various ceremonies (Cer. 7^, 10 22 , 20 17 , 123 3 , 546 10 ). From the school of the notaries were drawn the vorapioi /3ao-iA.t/coi attached to most of the financial bureaux. The two categories are distinguished thus, Cer. 575 10 _ 12 01 dz> els TO elbutov. 2 Nearly all the equipments and hardstores required for the expedition seem to have been supplied by the eidikon and the vestiarion. In addition to sails, ropes, hides, axes, wax, tin, lead, casks, &c., the eidikon also furnished clothes (underclothes, leggings, &c.), 677-8. Another text bearing on the elbiKov is Cont. Th. 257, where we learn that Michael III deposited in its treasury gold which he had obtained by melting down works of art. The titles of officials under the eto"iKo'j further show that his sphere had nothing to do with that of the old comes rei privatae. It was specially concerned with the epyoSoVia or factories. In the fifth century the factories, fabricae, of arms (scutaria, clibanaria, armamen- taria, &c.) were under the control of the magister officiorum; the procuratores of other public factories were subordinate to the comes s. largitionum. We may therefore infer that when the s. largitiones was transformed into TO yeviKov, the management of the factories was constituted as a separate ministry, and termed, in con- tradistinction, TO elbiKov. The elbiKos had a treasury (probably supplied by the sale of manu- tures), from which we find him disbursing three litrae to the comes ibuli (Trept raf. 462 3 ), and sums to the Imperial household (ib. 463 13 ), m occasion of an Imperial expedition. On such an occasion he himself takes charge of the transport of all kinds of ei8?/, from shoes to candlesticks, with a caravan of forty-six pack-horses (ib. 473-4), and he, with his hebdomarioi, gives out' the supplies (cp. ib. 481 7 ). important item was the supply of barley for the animals ; this furnished at the several stations by the protonotary of the theme to the comes stabuli, the amount being entered in the presence of the and after the expedition the accounts were made up by the protonotaries and the chartularius stabuli in the bureau of the dbu<6s (ib. 1 It would not be correct to derive TO elSinov from eiSq in this sense. In r ptian papyri clBos frequently occurs for ' tax ' but generally suggests a tax in :ind, cp. Kenyon, Pap. Brit. Mus. iv, No. 1346. 2 Cer. 180 13 eVt TOV eldiKov. Does this mean the bureau of the elSiKos, in the lace ? M 72 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY The earliest mention of the et8iKoy is in Takt. Usp., where he appears with the rank of protospatharios (120 6 Trpooroo-Tr. /cat em TOV IbiKov). Under Basil I, Nicetas, son of Constantine Triphyllios, held the post (Photius, Ep. 130, ed Valettas ; Gen. 71). The seals published by Schlumberger (Sig. 518) belong to the Comnenian epoch ; likewise that published by Panchenko (xiii. 98, where I disagree with his Trpcoroyorapu*) [KCU] ei5iK(w) and would read [TOT;] (1) The Eidikos, like most of the other finance officers, had i/oraptot /3a0-iA.iKoi in his secretuni. (Spathars, Phil. 735 23 ; inferior, Takt. Usp. 127.) They received a large honorarium from newly appointed officials (Cer. 694 17 ). Demetrius, a fiao; VOT. TOV ei8i/co, took part in a conspiracy against Romanus I (Cont. Th. 400 12 ). There is a seal of a TTptoTovordpios of the Comnenian age (Sig. 517). (2, 4) apyovTcs and jotetfoVepot T&V epyoSoonW. 1 These apxovrts are doubtless descended from the tpya(TTr}piap\ai KCU apx ozrre? ^ whom two seals are preserved (Schlumberger, Mel, 240-1, Panchenko, xiii. 114), belonging to the seventh century, probably A.D. 643-4. For the term jutetfoYe/oos = mayor, overseer, cp. Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrkynchus Papyri, I. 158. 6 Ko/utert f/etforepa), ib. 2 ro> petfovi = overseer, 156. 5 xapToiAapi'ois xai /uei'Coori ; VI. 922 21 |ueibre/oou, 943 3 ; B. G. U. iL 368 : all documents of sixth to seventh century. (3) The e/38ofxa/>tot TOV tlbiKov are mentioned in ire pi ruf. 478 10 , 487 22 . (9) 6 /Wyos Kouparcop, and (10) 6 KovpaTMp T&V Mayyd.vwv. It was shown above (p. 79) that, in the reign of Justinian, the divinae domus, which had been administered by the comes r. priv., and the divina domus per Cappadociam, which had been under the Praepo- \ situs, seem to have been formed into a new and separate administration ' under a Kovpfowp r&v OIKI&V, whom we meet in A. D. 566. This functionary probably appears earlier in A. D. 557, for Agathias explains that Anatolios, who then bore the title of Kovparwp, had the charge of the Emperor's ot/coi and Kr^ara (5. 3, p. 284). We meet Aristobulos 6 Kovp. T&V /3ao-iAiK<3y otxcoi; in the reign of Maurice (Theoph. 261 3 ). The various estates and properties had special curators, subordinate to the Curator : Justin II, Nov. 8 (p. 19) ot re i>ofo'rarcH /cov T&V QttcDv o?Ka)i, Tiberius II, Nov. 12 (p. 26) T&V tvbo OTCLTUV rf We may say that the Curator has taken the place of the 1 Theophanes, A. M. 6285 (A. D. 792) mention ro {3avt\tKov cpyoftoa-iov rS>v THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 101 Comes domorum, 1 who was under the comes r. priv. ; but he has become an independent minister, and his administration has been enlarged. The Curator was doubtless called /uufya? to distinguish him from the subordinate curators. He had in his hands a considerable part of the administration which used to fall within the province of the comes r. priv. and comes s. patrimonii. The financial control, as we have seen, belonged to the Sakellion. The office was called TO jue'ya ; it and the office of Mangana were twins (TO. bvo ol bvo KovpaT&pts, Cer. 461j, 3 ). Philotheos says that the only difference was that there were no ^evM^oi under the Koup. r. Mayy. But did the sameness consist in actual identity or in same- ness of type (like the officia of the strategoi) ? The jueifoYepos ro>r 'EhtvOepiov, majordomo of the house of Eleutherios, occurring in both officia, if Philotheos is accurate, points to actual identity. The question is whether the TraAcma and KTrj/uiara were divided between the two Curators, so that the subordinate Kovparwpes in the officium of each were different persons, or whether both controlled all the private estates, but for different purposes. The latter alternative seems to be supported further by the existence of a special Kovpdr^p of the Kr?jjoiara. He is designated in irepi ra. 461 2 as 6 Kr??ju,arii>os, where he is distinguished from ot bvo Kovpara>pes, and in Phil. 788 21 as 6 K. TOV KTTHJLCLTOS. In the list of the officium the text gives KoupaVcopes r&v but the passages quoted point to the correction Kovparwp. 'his official was subordinate to the two Curators. The origin of the second Curator may be inferred from his title, tovpdrap T&V Mayyaiwi; (cp. Cont. Th. 397 6 ). The Imperial ( houses 5 , named Mangana 2 and New House, were founded by Basil I, and were really large agricultural estates (OIKOS like domus, in this sense), the revenues of which were destined to defray the costs of the Im- jrial banquets. This is explained in Constantine's Vita Basilii (Cont. Th. 337 /urj fiovXofjievos yap ra Srjjuoo-ta ^pi^ara &irp ol e/c TOV virrjKOov (fropoi ye^z/wrres av^dvovdiv eiy otKetas Ka.TavaXio'Keiv \petas Kal T&V ava TTCLV eros vif CLVTOV Ke/cA?jjueVcoi/, Kat rovs Irepcoi' TTOVOVS T^V ^av fjbvveiv 17 crvyKporctr, rous TOLOVTOVS OLKOVS 7rei;or](raro KOL bovs K yewpytas dircTofev V avrots iKaraj, a^)' &v 77 /3curiAiK7) Travbaicria -ov T Kal T&V jucr' CLVTOV afyQovov /cat oLxaiav Ti]v \opr\yiav l/xeAAei' e 1 C. Th. 10. 1. 15, A. D. 396. 2 Mangana seems to have been acquired by Basil from the Patriarch Ignatius, rho, when he returned to Constantinople to resume the patriarchal throne, was provisionally lodged ev rols yovutols avrov TraXariois roiy KO\OV pivots M.ayK.avois ( Vita fgnatii, Mansi, xvi. 257). The palace had seemingly belonged to his father, Michael I. J02 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY ai). This important text proves that the Kovparap r&v Mayyaviav was a new creation of Basil I. We might reasonably infer that the v4os OIK 09, established for the same purpose, was likewise under his control. But what Philotheos states about the officia seems to show, as we have seen, that he had to do with other estates and palaces, such as TO. 'EA.ev0epiou. It looks as if Constantine's account were defective, and that Basil had also allocated a portion of the revenue from other estates to the same purpose as the revenue from Mangana, and that all such portions were dealt with by the /coup. r. Mayyavav. If this were so, some (not necessarily all) of the special Koupdrwpes who were subordinate to the Great Curator would be for this purpose sub- ordinate also to the Curator of Mangana. But the whole question is very doubtful and obscure. Schlumberger has published (Sig. 142) a seal (which he ascribes to the ninth century) of Leo, protospatharios, /xeyaAw Kovpdr&pi TOV /ScunAiKou OLKOV r&v Mayyavav, which shows that the Curator of Man- gana also claimed the epithet juteya?. See also the later seals (eleventh century), id. 151. (1, 2) In this officium the Trpcorovordptos * is designated as well as the /3a(riAiKol voTapioi. (3) Kouparcopes r&v -rraAaruoz;. The curator T&V 'Op/xuro'ou, Ckron. Pasch.y A. D. 602, p. 972 2 ; the curator T&V 'Avno^ov, Theoph. Sim., 3. 3. 11 (cp. Chron. Pasch., p. 973). The curator in Cer. 374 10 is the curator of the palace of Hiereia. The curae palatiorum were in early times under the castrensis s. palatii (Not. Or. xvii). (4) Koupdrcopes r&v Kn/^droor. Probably an error for Koupdrwp r. K., cp. above and Phil. 788 21 . Perhaps, however, the plural includes both 6 KTIHJLCLTLVOS K. and also a number of subordinate local Kovpdrcopes. Cp. rj Koupanopeia T&V Tpvyjivav (in Lydia), -rrept ra. 462 7 . (5) The Palace of Eleutherios had a /zeiCoVepoy instead of a xovparwp. The Palace was built by Irene. 3 It is mentioned in MichaePs Vit. Theod. Stud. (Migne, P. G. 99. 269). (6, 7, 8) The evooyda of Sangaros, Pylae, and Nicomedia were exceptionally under the Great Curator. The other >o8oxeta were under the Sakellion. 1 Phil. 735 2 5 01 (nrad. /ecu Trpcoroj/OTaptoi rou fjeya\ov xovparuipiKiov must be cor- rected either to the singular or, more probably, by the addition of /cat TOV Mayya- va>v Kouparcopi/a'ov. Cp. Cer. 461 2 ot 5vo TrpcoropoTaptoi ra>v dvo Kovparo)piKia)v. 8 Cp. Acts of Council of A. D. 680, Mansi xi. 209 KuvvTavrivov TOV evdogor. OTTO VTrdrcDV narpiKiov KOI KovpaTcapos TOV f3ao-i\iKov raw 'Op/zterSou OIKOV. 3 riarpia, ed. Preger , 267 13 . It was probably no longer a palace in the thirteenth century ; cp. the seal of George in Sig. 155. For the term /ueioTpos see above under 6 crrt TOV fi THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 103 (9) The eTTKrKeTJTT/rai were the inspectors whom the Great Curator sent to inspect the management of the palaces and estates, 11. The 6p(f)avoTp6^os was the Principal of the great Orphanage of _ Constantinople, TO optyavorpofyeiov, which was situated north of the Acropolis near the Porta Eugenii. 1 In the reign of Leo I, Acacius, afterwards Patriarch, 2 and Nikon, a presbyter, were successively or- phanotrophoi, and in a constitution of that Emperor (C. I. i. 3. 34, A.D. 472) reference is made to Zotikos qm prius huiusmodi pietatis qfficium inuenisse dicitur. Theophanes records that in A.D. 571-2 (244 7 ) Justin II began to build the Church of SS. Peter and Paul, (V ro) opQavoTpotytLto. According to the Tldrpia Ka)i>oraz/nz;ou7ro'Aea>j, III TTpl Kn'oyjtaroojj, 47, p. 235, TOV ayiov YlavXov TO avriyetpcv 'lovcrrlvos Kal 2o^>ta* ? /cal TOV oaiov ro Aevrepov}' Kal erviraxrey avaTtavto-dai rovs A.a>/3ovy e/cet KCH Xafjipdveiv. Trapurraro 8e ZO>TIKO? 6 7rpa>TO/3eoTiapios' avrov rots criv (cp. 164, p. 267). M. Schlumberger has published a small seal, with the busts of SS. Peter and Paul on the obverse, and on the reverse a monogram surrounded by the legend OPANOTP00r. 3 This seal he dates from the reign of Justinian, for the same monogram appears on some bronze coins of that Emperor and has been explained as 1 VCTI N I AN V. 4 This interpretation is, I think, erroneous. The true interpretation is, I have no doubt, 'lovo-rtvov Kal 2o$tas, 5 and we may infer that the coins, as well as the seal, were connected with the foundation of the new orphanage by Justin II and Sophia. From this evidence it may perhaps be deduced that before the time of Leo I, and most probably in the fourth century, 6 an orphanage was founded in Cple by a certain Zotikos, whose piety was re- warded by the title of 00-109. Justin and Sophia founded a new orphanage, which was dedicated to SS. Peter and Paul, and restored the house of Zotikos, which was perhaps converted into a home for lepers (A.o>/3orpoavoTp6<$>u> 3 and this Leo was a Patrician, as his wife is mentioned in the letter as TTJS Kvpias, rrjs Judging from his officium, the Orphanotrophos does not seem to have possessed any control over, or duties regarding, provincial or- phanages. Other public charitable institutions (tvobo%la, evayei? owcoi, &c.) were subject to the administration of the Chartulary of the Sakellion and the Great Curator. The Orphanotrophos, therefore, cannot be rightly described as a minister of assistance publique. 2 Schlumberger has published a seal which may have belonged to John, the famous Orphanotrophos, brother of Michael IV. The legend is l(d(avvrj) Moz>ax(o>) /cat, O/)$az>orpo(/>(a>). See Sig. 380, Mel. 299. Another seal (tenth or eleventh century, Sig. 379, Mel. 298) has the legend irp^rr] fxaflrjTcoi; acfrpayls optyavoTpotyov. Schlumberger says that optyavoTpotytov is intended, but he has not observed that the inscription is metrical. The seal is probably to be referred to the great Orphanotro- pheion. Another, seal of the eleventh century bears the legend Mi^a^A) ALCLKOV(OS) KXnpiKos [/cat] dvos TOV Op$az>(o)r(po(/>eiov) o TerpaTro Siff. 379, Mel. 297. M. Sorlin-Dorigny has explained dvos as voo-oKOfjiosy or chief of the hospital staff. But I very much doubt this interpretation. There seems to be no mark of abbreviation after dvos, and I do not see how it can be otherwise explained than as = avQpu>-nos y for which it is the normal abbreviation in MSS. This would mean ( dependent * or ' retainer '. (1, 2) XaprovXdpioL TOV OLKOV and \apTov^dpioi TOV ocriou. There were thus two distinct establishments under the Orphanotrophos, each of which had its staff of accountants. We may take it that these establishments were the new Orphanotropheion ( e St. Paul 5 ) founded by 1 Nicetas, Vit. Ignatii Patriarchae, in Mansi, xvi. 275. Nicephorus, Bishop of Nicaea, became op(f>avoTp6 Ka\ opcjbavoTpo'^o), but it is not clear that this person was the Orphanotrophos ; he may have been the director of some provincial orphanage. The most famous Orphanotrophos, John (brother of Michael IV), who virtually governed the Empire for some years, was a monk. 3 On the general subject of t assistance publique see Ducange, Cplis.^ Christiana, B. iv, c. ix, and Schlumberger, M61. 281 sgq. Cp. also Pargoire, L'Eglise byzan- fine, 80 sqq. , 324 sqq. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 105 Justin and Sophia, and called 6 OLKOS, and the older foundation bearing the name of 6 oarios Zom/co's. 1 A late seal (thirteenth century) is pre- served (Siff. 155) of Niketas, Bishop of lonopolis and yaprovXapiu TOV (3) dp/capias. If the singular is right, both houses had a common area and treasurer. For apKapios cp. Justinian, Nov. 163 /3', p. 353 $ Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, I. cxxvi. 15 (A.D. 572). (4) Kovparcopes. Perhaps the curators of dependent or affiliated institutions. V. (1) 6 Srjjutapxos v Be^e'row, (2) 6 brjjJLap-^o^ T&V The organization of the denies (877/0101, jme'prj) of Constantinople is a subject in itself, 2 and I do not propose to go into it here, or to dis- cuss the functions of the officials, closely connected as they are with the hippodrome and the horse races. It must be sufficient to observe that there were four denies, the Blues and Greens of the city, and the Blues and Greens of the Asiatic suburbs. The city Blues, ol TroAiriKot BeWroi, and the city Greens, ol TroAtriKot Updo-wot, were under Demarchs ; the suburban Blues, ol Trepan/cot BeVeroi, and the suburban, Greens, ol Trepan/col npao-iz;oi, were respectively under the Domestic of the Schools and the Domestic of the Excubiti, who, acting in this capacity, were called Democrats. But the term dij/xo/cparTjs was applied in a general sense also to the Demarchs (Phil. 715 20 ). The demarch might have the rank of av0vira.Tos. The ceremony of his creation is described in Cer. i. 55. 1. 6 aevrepevcoz/. Cp. Cer. 269 16 , 798 20 . 2. 6 xaprouAapioj. The text of Philotheos is confusing ; he should have used either the plural or the singular throughout. That each of the two denies had its chartularius is shown by Cer. 799 2 . 3. OTTO'S. Cer. 272 17 , 799 5 . 4. 6 apx<*v. Is this the same as 6 jucuorcop (Cer. 272 18 ) ? In Cer. 269 16 rots AoiTroty ap%ov(n TOV jutepovs seems to mean the chartularius, the Trotr/rTJy, and the 1 The explanation of Vogt (Basile I er , 171) is impossible. ' Les chartulaires "TOV OIKOV" administraient probablement la partie materielle de 1'orphanotro- phion tandis que les chartulaires " TOV 6o~iov " en avaient 1'administration morale^ religieuse et intellectuelle. ' TOV 6o-iov could not possibly signify ' 1'administra- tion morale', &c., nor would the instructors be called xpTou\dptoi. 2 See Uspenskij Partii tsirfca i dimy v Konstantinopolie , Viz. Vrem. 1 . 1 sqq. 1894. The demes were the urban populace organized as a local militia. For their importance in Egypt (fourth to seventh centuries) cp. M. Gelzer, Stud, xur byz. Verw. Acgyptcns, 18, n. 2 X 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 5. 6 yeiTomdpxys. Cer. 799, 269 16 , 271, , 272 16 . 6. 6>eAioT7is. Cer. 799 6 , 272 17 . 7. 6 vordpios. Cer. 111 5 , 271 55 n . As the notarius was distinct from the chartularius (cp. also Philotheos, 738 14 ), the text in Cer. 272 17 6 vordpios TJTOI 6 \apTov\dpios should be corrected by the omission of 7/rot. 8. ot i]vio^oi. I write the plural supposing that the tyaKTLovdpios and the fjn.KpoTrav(rr)s are meant. Cp. Cer. 338 12 , and 799 3 , where, after the chartularii, are enumerated 6 (franTiovdpios Be^eVcoz;, 6 $. Upaariv&v, \CVKOS, 6 /z. /5ovot8epdroi in the early part of the ninth century. The evidence for the (/>oto'6paroi was cited above (p. 63, in connexion with a passage in Kudama). We saw that they were under rovp^dpyai, who are mentioned in the Takt. Usp. We may conclude that in Michael's reign these troops were reorganized, and that the turmarchs were replaced by Hetaeriarchs. The organization presents some difficulties. We have seen that there was a JUIK/OOS eraipetapx??? in BasiPs reign. This seems to imply a pu/cpa eratpeta. We often hear of fj pcyaXri eratpta (Cer. 519 15 553 18 , &c.) and of ^ /uVrj eraipeta (518 19 , 553 10 , &c.) ; but never, so far as I know, of ^ /at/cpa er. Yet the existence of the latter seems to be implied by the term fxe'cnj, which must have meant an intermediate body between the great and the little Hetaireiai. The only possible explanation seems to be that a little Hetaireia, which existed under Basil, was afterwards abolished ; we do not hear of a little Hetaeriarch after his reign. 1 In the tenth century we find that the juieV?; or /xeo-ata (Cer. 576) was under the creupeicipx*?? a well as the /zeyaA.??, and % ercupcfa, used without qualification, seems to have included both bodies. This may be inferred from Cer. ii. 1, where the daily opening of the palace is described. When the papias opens the doors in the morning, he is accompanied by the Hetaeriarch /*cra T>V apyor- T8pcs apydv(Dv Kal Xafdpav. Cont. Th. 358 Xafdpovs r&v e/c TT)S ercupetaj TOV /3as AeWro?. Pharganoi as well as the Hetaireia attended Basil I in his fatal hunting expedition in A.D. 886 (Vit. Euthymn, i. 12). Among the troops sent to South Italy in A.D. 935 were thirty-one of the jzey. er., forty-six of the ^(rrj, forty-five Phar- ganoi, and forty-seven Khazars (Cer. 660). An appointment to the fj.y. T. cost a minimum of sixteen litrae, to the jueVrj a minimum of ten, to the Pharganoi or Khazars a minimum of seven (Cer. 692-3). Philotheos mentions (772 17 ) ot ZOviKol rijs traipeCas olov Tovpnoi, Xaupeis Kal \OLTTOL. Turks means Hungarians in Byzantine writers of this period, though it would have been a perfectly proper description of the 3>apydvoL, who were Turks from Central Asia (Transoxiana and especially Ferghana, whence their name). 1 Each division of the Iraipeta had its own commanders (ol ap-^ovrfs T. er. Cer. 518 5 ) ; the /ueyaArj and the jueVrj had each its e^do/xa/not or TrapeflbofJidpioL (ib.). The jueyaAr/ had a logothete, Anon. Vari, 6 6 TJJS /uey. T. 6 XoyoOfrrjs. Protomandatores of the Hetaireia are mentioned in Takt. Usp. 129. The Hetaireia is constantly found in association with the jmay/cXa- /3iTat, 2 who were perhaps also under the control of the Hetaeriarch. For the duties of the Hetaeriarch and Hetaireia in guarding the Imperial tent see vtpl raf. 481. For his appearance in ceremonies in association with the TraTua? (both these officers were responsible for the safety of the palace) see Cer. 116 5 , 122 5 . Cp. also 442 16 . The Hetaeriarch might be a eunuch, Phil. 784 14 . (2) o A/oouyya/Hos TOV Tr The history of the naval commands in the seventh and eighth centuries has been elucidated by Diehl and Gelzer. Before Leo III the navy was under the supreme command of a high admiral entitled or/oan/yo? 1 It seems probable that there may have been &apydvoi among the subjects of the Caliph who deserted to the Empire in the days of Babek's rebellion, under Caliph Mamun. This is suggested by the case of Theopharies 6 etc Qapyavuv, Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn., 815 and 821. It is suggested by Reiske (860) that the obscure 6 /3ap/3apos in Phil. 725 5 may be the Hetaeriarch, so called as commander of foreign troops, but see above, p. 93. 2 Cp. Anon. Vari, 5 24 ; Cer. 9 16 TO nay\d$iov KOI f) eVaipem, 7 19 , 25 24 , 607 1S . We meet /LtayXa^Irai who were candidati (Phil. 786 8 ), stratores (ib. 736 18 ), and proto- spathars (ib. 785 10 ). Some of them were stationed in the Lausiakon, but they are not necessarily to be included among oi TOV Anvo-taKoG apxovres (785 17 ) ; for we find the stratores of the payXaftiov distinguished from the stratores of the Lausiakon (736 18 ) ; nay\dptov seems to have meant a stick, see Reiske, 53 sqf/. It occurs in the sense of ' stripe', De adm. imp. 236 10 ; George Mon., ed. Bonn., 804 l3 . THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 109 KapafiHTLavaiv. Under him was the bpovyydpios T&V (a post held by Apsimar before he became Tiberius III). Leo III abolished the great naval command, and subdivided it. He raised the drungarios of the Kibyrrhaeots to the rank of strategos. 1 The other principal naval theme, that of Dodekanesos or the Aiyaiov ireXayos was under a drungarios during the eighth century, 2 and until \ the reign of Michael III. For in the Taktikon Uspenski (120) the title is 6 bpovyydpios TOV Alyaiov vtkdyovs. The third naval theme, that of Samos, is not mentioned in the eighth century, nor does it appear in the Takt. Usp. It follows that it was instituted under Michael III, Basil I, or in the early years of Leo VI, as it is registered in the lists of Philotheos. According to Constantine Porphyrogennetos (Them, i, p. 41) Samos was formerly the capital TOV Oeparos T&V TrAcotfo- HV(Dv (which must be equivalent to the 0. T&V Kapa/3i 0e/*dra>z;. This fact has considerable importance. It shows that in the interval between the early years of Michael III and A. D. 900 the post of the Drungarios had become considerably more distinguished and important ; for in 1 Theoph. 410 6 . a A dpovyydpios rrjs Aa>$eKavr)TT' avrov SifTro/zei/T/ TOIV Alyaione\ayr)T5)v apxfj. Gelzer (80), ignoring this decisive passage, leaves the question open. 8 Cont. Th. 55 19 , 79 17 . The three themes of the Kibyrrhaeots, the Aegean Sea, and Samos were the naval themes par excellence, cp. Cer. 656 Sia rS>v irXoipuv TO>J/ y QepaTcav, &c. , but it must be remembered that other themes, e. g. Hellas, Peloponnesus, Cephallenia, Paphlagonia, had small naval establishments. 4 Theoph. 402 30 . 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Philotheos he comes immediately after or immediately before the Logothete of the Course (the order varies), and is superior to the Domestics of the Hikanatoi and Numeroi, to all the Chartularioi, and to several other officials who had formerly preceded him in rank. This change corresponds to the revival of the importance of the fleet in the ninth century a revival which is generally set down to Basil I and his son, but which really began under Michael III. We may be confident that the Drungariate had attained its new eminence when it was filled by Nicetas Ooryphas, a Patrician, in the reign of Basil. The fleet which was commanded by the Drungarios was now distinguished (from the thematic fleets) as the Imperial fleet, TO /3aoz; (Cer. 651 18 , 664 8 , &C.). 1 In the Taktikon Uspenski (120) we meet a naval commander who does not appear elsewhere, 6 bpovy-ya.pt.os TOV KO\TTOV. He is enumerated immediately after the drungarios of the Aegean. 2 The KO'XTTO?, so called without closer definition, must have been in the neighbourhood of Constantinople, and we may, I think, infer that the naval establish- ment which was stationed at or near the capital was, in the eighth and early part of the ninth century, under two admirals, the 5p. TOV irXot/xou and the 6> TOV KO'ATTOV. When the naval establishment was reorganized under or before Basil I, the latter command was abolished, and the whole fleet of Constantinople was placed under the 6p. TOV TrXoipov, who at the same time was elevated in rank and importance. The KO'ATTOS- was hardly the inner part of the Golden Horn? (cp. Cont. Th. 58 U h T$ irpos BXa\pvais KO'A.TT). It was rather the Gulf of Kios ? It may be observed that the information given by Constantine Porphyrogennetos in De adm. imp. c. 51 concerns only the ships appropriated to the personal service of the Emperor, and not the navy. The organization of this service by Leo VI was probably subsequent to A.D. 900, as the officer who controlled the marines of the Imperial dromonia and agraria, 6 irptoToo-naOdpios TTJS (pidXrjs, is not mentioned by Philotheos. The officium of the drungarios of the fleet corresponds to the type of the Domesticates, in (1) the roTronjpTjrTfc (Const. De adm. imp. c. 51, p. 238), (2) the xapTov\dpios (cp. Panchenko, ix. 386, ]eWr[t x]aprou[\a]p(i) TOV \_(3(a(TL\LKOv) 7rAa>]i/z(ov), a seal of eighth or ninth century; and Niceph. presb. in Vit. MS. And. Sal. apud Ducange), 1 At the time of Basil's accession Elias was 6 TrfpifyavivraTos r O~TO\OV dpovyyapioy, Nicetas, Vit. Ign. apud Mansi, xvi. 257. 2 The order is o dp. 6 TOV 7r\oip.ov t 6 e< TrpocrcoTrou TO>V $e/xaro>i>, 6 dp. TOV aly. 6 dp. TOV KO\TTOV. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 111 (3) the TrpvTOfjiavbdTtop (Cont. Th. 401 22 ), and (7) pavbaTopts, (4) the Kc^T/re?, 1 and (5) KeVapxot. But like the officium of a strategos it has (6) a KOfjiris rfjs Iratpctas (commander of foreign marines, esp. 'Po>s or Scandinavians). For the irpa>TOKapafioi see De adm. imp, 237 (cp. Cont. Th. 400 13 ), (3) 6 \oyo6*Tr]$ T&V Philotheos includes the Minister of the Flocks and Herds among the a-Tpardpxai, though as a logothete one might expect him to be enumerated among the o-e/cperiKou But from his officium it appears that he had no crtKptToVy and his duties were entirely connected with the army. He controlled the management of the large tracts in Western Asia Minor where horses were reared for the supply of the army, in the /urjraro, or military colonies. In the wept raf. 458-9 we find him distributing the burden of furnishing horses and mules among the various jurjrara of Asia and Phrygia, and transporting them to Malagina. (Cp. 460 2 .) His province shows that he descends from the praepositus gregum of the Not. Dig. ( Or.xiv. 6), who was subordinate to the comes reiprivatae. The pascua and saltus of the res privata seem to have been largely utilized for military settlements, and were designated (perhaps already in the fourth century) as 1 fjLrjrdra (fjurdra, John Malalas, 347 18 , cp. Theoph. 72 21 ). Compare Justinian, Nov. 150. 9, p. 265 ; Tiberius II, Nov. 12. 6, p. 29 (fjLT&Ta>i>). (1, 2) 6 wpcorororapios 'Aorta?, 6 Trpwro^orapto? pvytay. We can infer that the ju^rara were entirely in Western Asia Minor ; cp. the passage in wept ra. referred to above. (3) We may identify the StoiKTjrat T&V /Mjraraw with iheprocuratores saltuum of the Not. Dig. (4, 5) The Logothete, like the two Curators, has e-n-ta-KeTrr^rat, in- spectors, who were doubtless a check on the dtotKrjrat. There is no evidence for the functions of the Kojurjrej. Schlumberger (Sig. 467) has published a late seal of a yapTov\dpio$ y not mentioned by Philotheos. (4) 6 irp(DTO(rira0dpio$ T&V ot /3acriXtKot avOpwoL frequently appear in the court ceremonies (e. g. Cer. 20 20 , 30 15 , 15 7 ). They were divided into rafets of different orders : spatharocandidati, spatharioi, stratores, candidati, and man- datores. Cp. Philotheos, 769 20 (BaviXiK&v avOptoirvv 0716 TTJS rafew? r&v 1 Phil. 750 6 TUV Kop.T]Ta rov TrXot/xov, read rovs PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY i. e. all the /3a(rtAi/cot av0pi7Tot. except the candidati and pavbdropes (cp. 773 5 ). The ^SatnAt- xot (nra0dpLOL (Cer. 7 5 ; 10 12 where they carry the Imperial arms) or cnra- Bdpioi of the cnraOapiiaov ; the /3ao-iAt/col /caz^tSa'rot (Phil. 767 13 ,770 6 ) ; and the /3ao-tAi/coi pavbdropcs (Cer. 81 20 , Phil. 770 5 ) were under the control of the 7jy>a>rocr7ra0a/jio? ra>i> /3ao-tAtK<3z; ; the stratores were under the Protostrator (see below) ; as to the spatharocandidati we are not told (cp. Cer. 81 6 ) and we may suppose that there was no rat? of this order distinct from those who were on duty in the Chrysotriklinos (Phil. 733 19 ), or the Lausiakos (ib. 734), or performed some other special service in the palace. The Protospatharios, as his name in- dicates, was originally the chief of the spatharioi, and his control was afterwards extended over the taxeis of the candidati and mandatores. For some of his ceremonial duties cp. Phil. 706. The Protospatharios was also called 6 Kare7rdVa> T&V pacnXiK&v, cp. Cer. 20 20 ot /3ao\ &v0. /jtera /cat TOV Kareirdvcd avr&v /cat TOV 6*o/xeori- KOV O.VT&V (so also 6 4 , 9 15 , 568 9 ), and 6 KareTraW simply, Phil. 709 24 . In Anon. Vari. 6 8 the Katepano and the Domesticus are called ot Kare7ra/,'o) r&v /3a?, and in Cass. Var. 3. 43 a spatharios of Theodoric. (Under Anastasius I the Duke of Pentapolis had a spatharios under him, Zacharia von L., S. B. of Vienna Acad., Feb. 17, 1879, p. 142 ; and probably other military governors and generals had military attendants known by this name. Nilus, at the beginning of the fifth century, addresses a letter 2io-izWw a-nadapiv, i. 277, Migne, P. G. 79.) The o-naOdpioi /3a TV\, and was in command of a troop of cavalry at Tzurulon. A seventh century seal of a /Sao-iAuo? Kavb^dros is published by Panchenko, viii. 231, cp. xiii. 79. The seal of CARELLU(S) CANDIDATU(S) in Sig. 459 is probably earlier. Drosos, Chartularius of Thrace in eighth or ninth century, had the rank of candidatus, ib. 122. For other seals cp. ib. 214 (turmarch of Sicily), 197, 355, &c. (4) We have already met /mai/8aropej who acted as adjutants in the staffs of military and other functionaries (Strategoi, Domestics, the Logothete of the Course, &c.). Besides these there were Im- perial mandatores (/3ao-tAiKoi /x.), one of whom acted as spokesman of Justinian in the Hippodrome on the occasion of the Nika revolt. 2 Theophylaktos, whose seal (eighth to ninth century) is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 536, was a dioiketes who had belonged to the taxis of mandatores (/3ao-iAiK&> /xarSaropi /cat Stviciri). For a few other seals see ib. (5) 6 Ko'joujy TOV oraAou. The fco/uqs T&V fiao-iXiK&v oravAooz; appears in the sixth century. The post was held by Baduarius, brother of Justin II (Theoph. 246 U ). 3 1 Cp. Vegetius, 2, 7, who describes them as milites principales qui privHegiis muniuntur. 2 Theoph. 182 sq. Two mandators, with ten excubitors, were sent to bring the Abbot Maximus to Constantinople in the seventh century, see Ada of the examination of Maximus in Migne, xc. 109. At the Second Council of Nicaea (A. D. 787) 6 XapiTrpoVaros /3nz/, Anon. Vari, 5 22 ol TOV err. &P\., Cont. Th. 231 4 , though here ap^ovrts is more general). (1) 6 xaprovAaptos. Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737 10 , 788 23 ; irepl raf. 45 9 6 , 476 17 . He is distinguished as 6 lo-o) x from 6 x T&V MaXayivav, see below. Panchenko (ix. 390) has published a seal (tenth to eleventh century) in which the title seems to be x.apTov\api(p KCU ex irpoo-uTrov r&v (2) 6 fcrcfcrijs. Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737, 789, wepi raf. 459 6 , 478 18 . An occupant of the post in the reign of Leo VI is named in Cont. Th. 362. The word means an overseer who presses a work on, epyootwKTT??, cp. Theoph. 442 23 , 367, 384 9 . (3) 6 x.aprov\dpios r&v MaXayivvv (ire pi rag. 476 9 , 479 3 ). Presumably the same as 6 efo>. x, 459 7 . At Malagina there were important mili- tary stables. (4) 6 o-affrpafjLfvrapLos. The text here gives 8ia T&V o-a^pajaeWcor, but other passages in the same treatise, 476 10 , 47 9 4 , show that it must be amended : either 8ta TOV a-a^pa^evTapiov or more probably 5ta TOV T&V vafypaptvTtov (cp. 6 rrjs Karaorao-ea)?, &c.). The meaning is unknown. (5) ot b' KOfJLrjTes T>V MaXayivtov (uept ra^. 479 5 , 45 9 9 ). Besides these, there seem to belong here : (6) ol pf o~vvTpo(j)OL T&V cr\\api<0v (-Trept raf. 479 2 ), ot cruvTpo(f)OL rG>v bvo o-ra^Awv (Cer. 698 22 ), sc.of the city and Malagina. (7,8) 6 /ccAAaptos and 6 aTroOfrrjs. Trept raf. 478 18 5ta TOV avoOeTov TOV KeXAaptov TOV ft. ora/3Aov, cp. 479 19 6 KOJUITJ? TOV o*. Kal 6 x a P~ rovAapio? Kal 6 KcAAaptos. This xeAAapios must be distinguished from 6 otaeiaKos KeAAaptoj, ib. 464 n . See below, p. 121. VII. 'Afi' (1) 6 /Sao-tAeoTrarcop. This dignity was instituted, about six years before Philotheos wrote, by Leo VI, in order to give a pre-eminent political position to Zautzes Stylianos. Immediately after his accession (A. D. 886) he had appointed Stylianos to be Logothete of the Course, and conferred upon him the title of magister, with rank before the other magistri THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 115 a position designated by -TrpoorojxayioTpos. 1 After the death of his wife Theophano (Nov. A. D. 893) he married Zoe (already his paramour), the daughter of Stylianos, doubtless in 894,, and at the same time 2 conferred on Stylianos the new title of /3aa-iA.eo7rara>/>, or /3ao-iAo7rara>/>. 3 The general care of affairs of state was recognized as belonging: to this office. 4 The office of e Empress's father ' 6 was one which from its very definition could only be occasionally filled. It was conferred upon Romanus Lekapenos when the young Emperor Constantine VII married his daughter. The quasi-imperial title added to the prestige and authority of Stylianos, but probably did not increase the sphere of his political power. As -Trpcorojuayto-rpoj he had been virtually prime minister. For Leo had interpreted ^aytorpos in the ancient sense of Master of Offices ; in fact, he had revived that post, with a new meaning. In the long series of laws which are addressed to him, Stylianos is styled ro> 7r7rep(/>U(JTara> juayiVrpw T&V Oticav d0(/H/aW (Leo VI, Nov. 18 et sqq.). See above, p. 31. These laws were evidently promulgated before A.D. 894. Stylianos died in 896. 6 (2) 6 ' Philotheos is the earliest writer who mentions the Rector (whom Liutprand calls Rector domus, Antap. 6. 10), and we may assume with confidence that the post was not introduced before the latter half of the ninth century, by Basil I or by Leo VI. Basil the Rector, mentioned in George Mon., ed. Bonn, 837 n , must have held the office in one of these reigns. The Rector's prerogative probably consisted in exercising some authority over the Imperial household. He appears (Cer. 23) along with the praepositi and the members of the Kovfiov- K\CIOV. The ceremony of his creation (ib. 528) was probably composed in the reign of Constantine VII and Romanos II. He is mentioned in 1 Vita Euthymii } ii. 1 irapevdv 2r. TrpoaropayicrTpov KaBio-rrjcriv, Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn. 849 = Cont. Th. 354 Trpoe/SaXero ST. /zayiarpoj/ KOI Xoyoderrjv TOV dpopov. See above, p. 31. 3 Vita Euthymii, ib. /ztr' ov TTO\V 8c KCU /SatnXoTraropa avadciKwo-i. The chronology is well discussed by De Boor in his comments on this passage, 95-107. He con- cludes that Zoe was brought into the Palace, and her father created basileopator early in 894, and that the marriage was celebrated towards the end of the same year. Cp. Georg. Mon. 852. 3 This form occurs three times in the text of the Vita Euthymii. Cp. $aV fjrfp\ofjLva>v rfj /3a/za (58) ; and 6 (3a.(ri\cvs (Leo VI) (ruveuSo/cfi KOI ra opoia. \fycov /carepeve. Moreover, Stephanos says that the synkellate was conferred on himself by his father (eVc rrarpcoov fiwpear). Vita Euthymii, ib. 5 KO\OV yap ttrn K.CLI dfiapes KO\ dvm\r]7TTov TO irpayiia. He was expected to be constantly in the Palace, and to take part, like other members of the o-jry/cXf/ros-, in some of the ceremonies, ib. 9. 10. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 117 century aimed at making this succession a regular practice, since it would secure them the unrestricted appointment of the Patriarch. 1 (4) 6 -^apTovXdpios TOV This official, generally called 6 erri rov KaviKXtiov, first appears in our sources in the ninth century. Under Michael II it was held by Theoktistos, and Genesios (23 20 ) thus explains the meaning of the title : Tj]V 7Tt TOV (3acri,\LKov KaXd/JLOV ey/cexeip taTO Kpovotav, bC ov KariKAtos (bod(fTo. His duty evidently was to be present when the Imperial pen signed state documents, and he also signed for the Emperor. A bull of Manuel Comnenus (Nov. 63, p. 457) was endorsed 5m TOV 7n roi; KavtKXtiov KCU biKaioboTov &obv in the time of Justinian II along with a Trpcoroo-r/ocmo/} TOV In A.D. 765 we meet a LK\ftov the manu- facturer or mixer of the ink (Cer. 798 16 ). nav. seems to have properly meant the inkbottle., cp. Ducange, s. v. 3 C. Th. 6. 31. 1 (A.D. 365-373?) concerns stratores in the province of Nova Epirus, but it is not clear that they belong to the Emperor's personal service. 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY captives, 610 19 . He may introduce foreign visitors, instead of the Protospatharios r. /3ao-iAiKwv, or the Comes stabuli, 568 15 . In the age of Philotheos his place in the official hierarchy was not high, but in later times it grew in dignity and importance, and in the age of the Palaeologi it was one of the highest of all (Codinus, 9). Nicetas equates it with the marshal, /lapeo-xaA/coj, of the western kingdoms. (1) (rrpcmopej, TOV (3a(ri\iKov oTparcoptKiou Phil. 736 19 . Cp. Cer. 81 19 , 24 . Most of the seals of /3ay/za>v ap/xa/xeVrot/. It contained k}p6OS) seem to have remained under the Praepositus, and the primicerius s. cubiculi of the fifth century (Not. Dig., Or. i. 17) continued to be their chief (Phil. 721 21 , Cer. 798 17 ). The servants who attended to the cleaning, heating, lighting of the Palace, the porters of the gates, &c., had probably been under the control of the castrensis. In the later period we find that two have been raised to the dignity of independent officials, the Papias and the Deuteros. In a wide sense of the term all the eunuch officials belonged to the cubiculum. They were graded in eight ranks, and of these the praepositi, protospathars, primicerii, and ostiarii are described as ol Trpoeoroires TOV HVVTLKOV KOv{3ovK\iov (Phil. 750 16 ). 4 77 rafts TOV K., Phil. 705 20 , seems to be used in the wide sense. The term otxetaKos (privy, domestic) may be explained here. We find it used of the Parakoimomenos (Phil. 784 6 ), and of the private vestiarion (see above under 6 \apT. TOV /3eor.). In the latter case it distinguishes the private from the public Imperial Wardrobe, and its most important significance is to limit the term /3ao-tAtKos. There 1 Cp. Mommsen, 513. 2 Mommsen,z7>.j suggests that his place was taken by the cura palatl. 3 Cp. Phil.,734 22 _ 23 . 4 Cp ; Cer. , 551 1 6 THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM were many /3cunAiJte, of various ranks, who were not eunuchs and did not belong to the cubiculum, but were engaged in the more personal and domestic service of the Emperor in the Palace. These (protospathars, spatharocandidates, spathars, &c.) were distinguished as ot/ceiaKot. Compare Cer. 100 17 r&v apyovTvv rov KovfiovuXeiov KOL pav OIKCUIK&V (and 103 16 ). So in Takt. Usp. 118 ot OIK. TT/XOTO- (TTraOdpLoi, 123 ot a-naQdpioi K.OI ot/c., 128 ot oiKetaKot (candidati, &C.), 1 and cp. Phil. 785 22 . The a-naQapioi, &c., who were under the Proto- spatharios r&v /3ao-tAtK<3z> were of course not oiKetaKot, nor were the protospathars, &c., of the n-ayXafiiov . On the other hand, the pro- tospathars, &c., of the Chrysotriklinos (Phil. 732 17 , 733 19 ) probably were oi/ceiaKot. We also find the term used of K/otrat, Phil. 733 20 ot a-naOapoK. ot OIK. Kat KpircLL. But 732 18 ot TrpoiToo-TT. Kat Kp., 735 2 ot anaO. Kal up. These judges were doubtless those who were known later as the Kptrat TOV (Bri\ov or em rov linTobpo^ov (Zacharia von L., Geschichte des griechisch-rom. Rechts, 358 sqq.). otxetaKot seems to be used to distinguish them from the K/nrat r&v peyecoz/coz; who were under the Prefect of the City. The financial office eirt rS>v otKeiaKwz;, which was important in later times, was not instituted as early as the ninth century. The seal of Basil, a spathar who held this office, cannot be as early as Schlumberger thinks (Sig. 556). I. 'At'at 8ta fipafieiav. Of the eight orders by which the eunuchs of the Palace were graded, they shared two in common with barbati, namely, the proto- spathariate and the patriciate. The others are, as already observed, names of office which have become grades of rank. (1) vi\lst,crTL(ipLo$ Insigne (iBpafB^lov): linen Ka/ouVioz; with purple embroidery. (2) KovfiiKovXdpios KCLfjiio-iov edged with purple, and Trapayavbiov. (3) (nradapoKovfiiKovXapLos gold-handled sword. (4) oorta/Hos gold band with jewelled handle. (5) TrptjuuKTJ/oios white tunic with gold broidered shoulderpieces. (6) TTpuToo-TTaOdpLos gold collar with jewels and pearls. (7) Tipanroo-LTos ivory tablets, not inscribed. (8) TraT/HKtos ivory inscribed tablets. 1 The meaning of irpwrooiKfiaKoi, 124., is not clear. For a seal of a protosp. Sig. 558. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (1) The name of the rtx/ao-riapioi shows that their function was to preside over the Imperial ablutions. See Cer. 9 17 . The linen (chemise), which was their emblem of rank, was ayjipaTi oi. As it would always have been the duty of the chief of the Koirowrai to sleep near the Emperor, he came to be called 6 Trapa/cotjuco/xeros. The term occurs in Theoph. 285 17 , under the reign of Maurice (A.D. 602). At that time he was subordinate to the Praepositus (Ducange is, of course, wrong s. v. in identifying him with the Praepositus). We may conjecture that Stephen, the sacellarius of Justinian II, was also the parakoimomenos ; Theoph. calls him TrpcoroewoOxo? (367). In the ninth century, the post was held by Scholastikos (an ostiarios) under Theophilus, and by Damianos (a patrician) under Michael III (De adm. imp. 231), who afterwards appointed Basil the Macedonian to this office, though it was supposed to be confined to eunuchs. 1 Under Basil the post was left vacant (ib.}. Philotheos (784 6 ) calls the p. 6 oiKeiaicos Trapa/cot/xtojuezJO? TOV /3a. The Protovestiarius descended from the old comes sacrae vestis of the fifth century. He presided over the private wardrobe (sacra vestis, oLKtictKov pea-Tidpiov) of the Emperor, to be distinguished from the public wardrobe which was under the Chartularius TOV (Sea-Tiaptov (see above, p. 95). This wardrobe was a store of much besides dress (see Trept raf. 466 sqq.}, and probably a treasury. It supplied the gratifications (a7roKo/x/3ia) which were given to the court officials at the Brumalia and on other occasions (cp. Cer. 605 ]4 ). There must have been a considerable staff, but we only know that the chief subordinate was 6 TrpijuiKTJpios' TOV /3eoT. (iTpi ra. 466 8 , cp. Leo, Gramm. 300 18 ). For protovestiarii in the ninth century see Georg. Mon. 791 (Leo under Theophilus), 831 (Rentakios under Michael III), 845 (Proko- pios, sent by Basil I on an expedition to Sicily), 855 (Theodosius, a patrician, under Leo VI) 2 . The second Basileus had a proto- vestiarius of his own (ib. 846), and likewise the Caesar (ib. 830). We also hear of a prot. of the Domestic of the Hikanatoi (ib. 847). (3) 6 7rl rrj? rpaTrefrj? TOV The post of 6 em TTJS rpaWfts or 6 rr/y r. was apparently important in the seventh century : in the Acta Maximi^ c. 6, p. 120, we find 1 See De adm. imp. 231 17 ; Cont. Th. 206 4 . 2 See also Vita Eutliymti, eel. De Boor, i. 8, xiv. 1, viii. 10. 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Sergios Eukratas 6 eut rrj? r. rrjs /3ao-iAiK?}9 taking part in an examina- tion of Maximus. The full title seems to have been SojueWiKos rrjs ft. , see Mansi, xvi. 209 (A.D. 869) Aeovriou TOV k^oqorarov CLTTO KOL 8oju. TJJS ft. T. In the reign of Leo VI we find Constantine 6 rr/y r. appointed to command a military expedition to South Italy (Cont. Th. 356 17 ). Under this minister was probably 6 8ojueWtKos rrjs vnovpyias (irepl TO 463 95 464 lo , 491 8 , cp. Phil. 789J. Cp. Theoph. 462 n lffj\6c Tracra 77 /3a(riAi/c?) virovpyia /cat fj Koprj] ea>s MaXceytv&v (A. D. 786) ; 390 16 , 468 . V7roi>/oyi/ca=supellex, ib. 199 19 , 303 2 . We meet a vordpLos rrjs vTiovpytaj in Leo Gramm. 303 18 (reign of Romanus I). Constantine, De adm. imp. 184, mentions Constantine, a protospathar, who was So/z. rrjs vir., and afterwards became Great Hetaeriarch and The Kaorp^o-tos (castrensis) probably also belongs here : Phil. 742 n , 744 6 6 repnvos K., 744 15 6 xAetro? K. The arpiKXivai are not to be placed here. The office seems not to have been confined to eunuchs (spatharocandidates Phil. 733 21 ), and they probably formed a distinct rats, possibly under the Praepositus. (4) o 7U rr/s rpairefrj? r^y This functionary among his other duties had the care of the private barques (aypapia) of the Empress: De adm. imp. 235 19 . Those of the Emperor were under the management of the TTp<*>TO(nra0dpLos A seal is preserved of Nicetas Xylinites, who was eTrt rrjs of Eudoxia, wife of Basil I. Suspected of an intrigue with his mistress he was tonsured (Georg. Mon. 843, ed. Bonn). He was TrpaiToo-naOdpios Kal em rijs rpaTre'frjs rfjs OeocrTtTtrov Kvyov arris (Sig. 600). The incident shows that up to that time the office was not necessarily confined to eunuchs. (5) 6 Trcnri'as TOV jueyaAou TraAemou. The Papias x presided over all the service pertaining to the build- ings of the Palace (the Great Palace, as distinguished from its adjuncts ' l the Magnaura and the Daphne). He was responsible for the security of the doors and gates, and for all matters connected with clean- ing, lighting, &c. The keys of the gates and doors were in his possession, and in the case of a Palace conspiracy a great deal might 1 For the connexion of the name with naTras, Trdrnras, TraTTTror, t&c.^cp. Bieliaev, i. 146,n. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM depend upon his attitude. 1 As a rule he probably held the rank of protospathar. 2 Under the Papias were : (1) diatrapiot, namely, ot Staira/noi TOV p,yd\ov iraXaTiov (Cer. 800 9 ), or chamberlains-in-waiting, who had the care of the various rooms (di'curcu) in the Palace. They served in weekly relays and were hence called e/38o/xapiot. Their chief was 6 dojueortKos TOV jueyaXov TraAartou (Cer. 800 10 ; Bieliaev, i. 159). (2) Xova-raC (Phil. 724 4 ), who seem to have had the care of the baths (see Cer. 554 6 _ 14 , 555 18 ), and to include the paXvLapinis and the (3) Kavbr]XdnTai. (Phil. 724J had charge of the lighting of the Palace; there were special Kav8r]A.a7rrat for the Lausiakos and the Triklinos of Justinian (724 5 , 6 ). (4) Kaprivdocs (Phil. 724 5 ) had charge of the heating of the Palace, and seem to have been also called KaXbdpioi (Cer. 800 18 , 803 2 ). (5) wpoAo'yot (Phil. 724 6 ) attended to the clocks. 3 (6) (apdfiat, (Phil. 724 6 ). Their duties and the meaning of the word are uncertain. Reiske (859) thinks that fapa/Srj? is derived from the Arabic zarrab=pulsator } and that their function was to sound a gong (a-ri^avrpov) to announce the hours of divine service, &c. The Papias and his subordinates have been very fully discussed by Bieliaev, i. 145-63. (6) 6 $VTpOS TOV fJLyd\OV The Deuteros was the assistant of the Papias, and took his place when he was ill, but was independent of him, and had subordinates of his own. His special province was the care of the Emperor's chairs and thrones (and probably the furniture) in the Chrysotriklinos, as well as the curtains in those apartments, and all the Imperial apparel and ornaments which were kept there. See Phil. 724 n _ . His subordinates were : (1) ot rl T&V aXXa&iMv (Phil. 724 ]3 ), the attendants who took care of the Emperor's apparel ( e changes ' of dress). (2) ot /Seorrjropej (Phil. 724 14 ), with their primicerii, arrayed the Emperor on ceremonial occasions (cp. Cer. 9, &c., &c.). (3) ot em T&V afioojudroip (Phil. 724 15 ), the keepers of the insignia and ceremonial dresses worn by persons who were invested with 1 Compare the part he played in the overthrow of Leo V and elevation of Michael II (Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn, 678, &c.). 2 This is suggested by the context of 784i 4 . 3 Cp. Reiske, 559 ; Bieliaev, i. 162, n. Constantine, -rrfpl TCT. 472. 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY dignities. These cr/ceurj r&v dfiw/xdnoz/ were kept in the Imperial wardrobes, some of them in the oratory of St. Theodore in the Chrysotriklinos (Cer. 640) , of which the Deuteros kept the key (Cer. 623 7 ). Philotheos says (ib.) that these officials vvvdyovviv ra dfuo/zara Ttapa T&V \ajji(3av6vT(tiv ras dfias, which is interpreted to mean that they collected the fees paid by the recipients of the orders or offices, but we should expect rds vvvriOcias, not ra dt&>/uara. (4) ol diatrapioi. Phil. 724 tW^ei 6e 6 btvrtpos ra o-eAAta KOI TOVS SiaiTdptovs KOL TOV TT pLfjuKypiov avTQv. Bieliaev (i. 180) thinks that these were distinct from the Siatrdpiot who were subordinate to the Papias, and this seems borne out by the words of Philotheos (724 21 ) (TvvdytcrOaL 8e roi)j afx^orepwi/ tiuurapfovs, where Bieliaev is obviously right in explaining, f of both the Papias and the Deuteros/ But I suspect that the 5iaird*pioi TOV jueyaXov ?aXarou formed one ra^ts and had one primikerios or domestic, who was at the disposal of both the Papias and Deuteros, 1 though some of the diaitarioi were appro- priated to the duties over which the Deuteros specially presided. For these duties see further, Cer. 7 2 . For details see further, Bieliaev, i. 163-81. (7) 6 TnyKepvrjs TOV 8ecr7rorou, (8) 6 7rtyKeppT]9 Trjs Avyova'Trjs. The text of Philotheos has here, in the first case, eTriyKe'pz^j a form (which occurs in other texts also, see Ducange, s.v. -niyK.tpvr]s) evidently due to a false derivation from the preposition em. 2 (9) 6 TraTTta? r?js Mavvavpas, (10) 6 Tramas rrjs Ad(f)vr]s. The Magnaura and the Daphne, though closely connected with the Great Palace, had each a Papias of its own. In the case of the Daphne this was an innovation made in the reign of Michael III, see Georg. Mon. 816, ed. Bonn ; and it is possible that the Magnaura, as well as the Daphne, was originally under the charge of the Papias of the Great Palace. The Domestic (of the 8iaira/noi) of Daphne, and the 8iatrdpioi of Magnaura are mentioned, Cer. 800 10 , 17 . It is to be noticed that besides the 5iairdptot of the Great Palace, of Magnaura, and of Daphne, there were other rdfeis of dicurdptoi serving in various parts of the Palace : thus the 5. TOV Kovo-io-Tupiov, 5. TOV ayiov 2,Tpi/aoi>, 5. T&V iff aKou/SiYaw (Cer. 800). 1 In Phil. 721 9 the prim, is called 6 Trptfj.. avrov, sc. TOV devrtpov. 2 The TT. is mentioned in Vita Euthymii, x. 12. THE IMPERIAL ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM 129 I subjoin a list of officials mentioned by Philotheos, but not occur- ring in his lists of raeis and o-eKpera. Most of them have already been discussed incidentally. 6 dSpn/aiomXios, see above under C. VII. 6. 6 dicToudpios, see above under C. V. 1 and 2 ad fin. 6 apx&>^ TOU dpjAau.eVTou, see above under C. VII. 5 (2). 6 pdppapos, see above under C. IV. 4 ad fin. 6 8eKaoYpdos, see above under C. III. 3. 6 fjuyo-oupcrrwp, 788 21 . Cer. 244 17 etra Xafitov TOV Qvyuarov 6 /u.tr/> rj KOL 6 Tramas TOV TiaA. rou ptyaXov ; again, 245 16 6 p., if a eunuch, raises the curtain (cp. schol. ad loc.). This official must be distinguished from the military fjuvo-ovparupes (who measured the ground for camps, computed road distances, &c.), frequently mentioned in tactical treatises (e.g. Leo, Tact. ix. 7). He is mentioned in Gen. 125 22 . ol irapaoTciTai TOU rjXiaicou, Phil. 758 20 , 774 5 , cp. above under C. III. 3 (is the ^AtaKoV of the Chrysotriklinos meant?). ot TOiroTT)pT)Tal TWJ' XP"^ Phil. 738 22 . 6 xp uor l l /r l T1 iSr see iibove under C. IV. 6 (4). M9 AKPIBOAO1IA TH2 TUN BA2IAIK&N KAHTOPK2N KATA-^702 2TA2E&2, KAI EKA2TOT TUN AEmMATflN IIPO2KAH2IS KAI TIMH, 2TNTAX0E1SA ES APXAI&N KAHTOPOAOFmN EHI AEONTO2 TOT 4>IAOXPI2TOT KAI 2O4>aTATOT HM11N 5BA2IAE&2, MHNI SEIITEMBPmt, INAIKT. F', ETOT2 AIIO KTI2EH2 KO2MOT /rTH', TITO 4>IAO0EOT BA2IAIKOT IIPmX)2nA0APIOT KAI ATPIKA1NOT. 'E7reto'??'7rep ^juds 7rpoerpe'\/fa dpto-rot, els rd TriKVfJL\lsai (Tvyypajutjuara, KaKtWev rov TrpoK^evov vovv rrjs T&V o /mmozj ra^ecoj cratyfj rw A.oy(p aKpifi&s irapaa'Tria'aarOai, ^>fpe T) ra> eXKO/xei'ot TTO^W, Ka0' oo"oy ec^tKroz;, ra e^era r?}s v/xerepas eK7rA.?]pc)(ra)ja^. TroAA.wz' yap ovrtov KCLL /xeydXcoy r<3z> irapa rots apxaiois Kara\L(f)0evT(DV afia)/ucira)z>, TroAArj re xat /xeydXr] /cat 6vo-Xr]7rros ^ Trepl CLVT&V virdp^L o-a^TJi^cta. Kat yap at TroAAat rc5y 5 d^ta>ftara)i; d/^aupco^etcrat rw yjpovu* TTpoa-KXrja-fLS, dAAa ftr)z/ Kat Trao-at at to-at dta)/^ara)i; 8ta^>opat a-^y^i;(7ty rtra Trapeto-dyou- aKpifiovs CLVT&V KaraA?J\^cos. Kat eTretS?] r^ fjjJitTepav d/xd0etai> 703 TOVTOIV KaraA^ecos r^y K rwy irptorjv eyKet/xeVcoz; Kat o rjbvvri6r]iJLv, rr) ^/xcrepa (/uAt'a irepityav&s eKrt^e/xe^a. etSeVat yap v jSofAo/jte^a, ob crvvea'TrjKtv. 17 8e rc5z> dprtKAtraii; e7rto"r?7jut^ ey 't dAAo) ro zv^prjo'TOv beLKWcrw, dAA' ?) Iz^ ra> rd^et Kat (rwra(ret Kat raj r dtoojutdra)z; 6ta<^opas 5tao-reAAetr. Kat yap micra 25 Trept^di'eta /3tou 97 tvbofos dfta)jtxdra)i; dfta er ot>8ez>t dAAa) rot? op&a-iv dAA' ^ ^ r?] KA?j(7t rrjy TrpoKa^eSptaj r^j er r?) Aa/a-rrpa Kat 7rept7ro^?jra) o-D^eorrtdo-et raw a-o^cordra)!; ^/xwy jSao-tAecoz;. et 8e rts eK r?}s ^jaaiz; aTrpoo-efuzs e7rto-(/)aA^j Trpoo-yeVrjrat (ruyxvo-ts rots /3ao*tAtKots KA^rcoptots, ov \LQVQV rds roaz> /3ao"tAtKs Kat dxpetous r^s 6ta- 8to ovv, dyaTrr^rot, 8et ^//ds ei; rr) rotavrr^ AaxoVras eAer^s Kat eTTtoTTJ/xr;? rds rwz; dfta)/xdra)2; KDpto- rw otKeta) root 7reptypa$etz>, Kat et^' ovrcos raj avr&v 8tatpeVets :at ti7ro8tatpeo-et9 Kat aKpt/3ets cruo-rdo-ets eK^tovtlv KOL KTL0(T0(u. dAA' 704 His compendiis usus sum : L = Lipsiensis, H = Hierosolymitanus, B = Bekkeri 1. (Bonnensis), R = Reiskius. 702 i KAHTHPinN B 3 KAHTHPOAOriXlN B KTHCEH2 L B : correxi 8 TrpoeTpfyatrQxi L ras LB ^ 16 irapTf]ffdyovfftv L 22 ffvvf(TTiKev L 23 &\Ao L 24 5ioo"TeA.et L M9 2 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY eVetTrep rds r&v kpyattov eK0eVets ovyj. nda-as, dAA' oVas 6 xpo^os d/xat>- p, eKoVrt TrapeSpd/xo/xez^, e'pe ^*) Ta * irl ra>i> /3ao-tAeW f)iji>v, Ae'oi>ros Kat 'AAefdz^poi;, yucoptfo/xeVas re a/xa /cat Trparro/xe'uas s eV TTivaKOS rafet o-Tixybbv V7rordo/xez;. 7rot 5e roro, ovx a>s rds r<3i> apyaidov crvyy pachas dmrpeTiwres, dAAd ras Trept TOVTWV eK^ea"t9 ws 5 eu rafet KCLVOVOS ruTTSxrcu cnrovbdfovTfs, OTTCO? /xr) povov ot -Trept raura eo-xoAaKore? r^z; ei>X PV TOVTMV K-araX^iv l^coo-tz;, dAAa Kal ot Atav d/xa^ets ro) /xtKpw roi;r Kat epya> rrj avooOev xdptrt rertjutr^/xerw. 6ta rouro 6r) ov^ TrapaKaAw ^/xas, 2> t x Aot, Kat Trdrras rous eto-tevat, /XT) -Trapepycos Kat d^co/xdAcos ro Trap' Aoytor, dAAa 'Trpoa'ox^ /xeAerry? rw ey a^rai eyKet/xe^oz; 15 TVTTOV aKpifi&s ava^aTTdQai' Kat Trpwroz; /xer ras aKpt/3ets KVptoKA?](rtas r<3y dftcojotdra)^ yrcoptfetz^' Se^repoz^ 6e rds roimoz; 8tatpeVets Kat TJTTO- 705 StatpeVets, av^o-ets re Kat /xetcocrets, Trpoa-KAT/o-ets re Kat TjTroKAr/o-ets aKpt/3<3s -TTotetcr^at, Ka^cos VTroreVaKrat. rds yap 6td ^pa^Setcoz; 8t8o/xez^as dftas KAt/xaKOS v/xtr rdfet ef di^o/xaros Trao-as eKre^etKa, et^' oi/rcos rds 20 8td Adyov Trpoo'yt^o/xei'as e(rr//ixai'a, /xerd 8e ra?jras rds rai;rats VTTOK^L- /xevas o-vrerafa, rds /xer Kvptas Kat Trpcoras TOVTMV irpOKpivas rw Adyw, rds 8e VTroreray/xeWs t'8ta)s tKdorrrjv eKre^etKws. dAAd /XT)Z^ Kat rds rovrcou rdfets ev8tatpe'ra)s e8rjAa>s ey ettraycoyr/s rd^et, ro?s kvTvyyjLVOva'i 5td njs iJTroKet/xei'Tys 7rAty^t8os eyz^coptora, tVa ot ravrrjv TY]V Tr\Lv6iba eTTt/xeAais eTTOTrrevo^res /xe/x^o-^e rl]s r;/xQ)y /xerptoV^ros /Xll6"a/X&)S KdTOKVri(TLV. (Tfoos a.) 30 ys vTroOfffeoas rov \6yov. at yapiri eo t/xerat wpeat, a>s eK 0eoi; r^ \j/fj(f)ov Aa/xjSdi'ouo'at, e?rt roS tepoC Kat Oav^aa'Tov /3ao"tAtKoi; j3r}/xaros rou Aa/xirpoi; yjpvcroTpiKXivov v atcrtats 7//xepats Trapd ra>r Oeoirpo- p\.rjTa>v /3ao-tAecoz; rots dftots (3pa(3vovrai, brjXovoTL Trapeo-rcoa-r/s rl/s rdfecos roO (Bao-iXiKOv KOv(3ovKXiov Kat avr&v T&V /3pa/3etG)^ 706 \**tv(&v Tr\r](riov rr^s ^Qao-tAtK^s efoutrtas. ot yap /ixe'AAo^res avr&v drrtAr/\^ea)s T/ST; TrpoeurpeTrt^byrat VTTO rou reray/xerou TrpTat rw /3ao*tAtKa> bVrtapui) 6/xdrt/ixot r /oieAAoVro)^ ru^et^ durtAT^ecos avbpes (nra6apo(f)6poi rpe??, Kat TO orvvrjOcs (re(3as TTOLrja-avTes dvafjLevovcrL irpbs TO {Bfj\ov eortSreJ TTJV TOV eto-ayo/xeVov iiapova-iav, Kat av0LS TOV firi\ov 7rerartA?j\//-ea)?, Kat TOVTOV TTpoTp7r6[jLVOs rpttrt TOTTOLS Troifjcrai. Trjv Trpov avTov Aa/3ety ro fipapetov TOV afioo/xaros. Kat [JUKpbv CLVTOV TOV TV\OVTOL bLaa"r^(Tas oTncrOoTrobtos o CLVTOS / 7rpa)Too"7ra0aptos Trept^dAXei avroi 10 ro boQev Trapa TOV jQacriAecos /3pa/8etoy, /cat av0ty avroz; Trpoa-wOrjo-as ao~7rd(rao-6ai Trotet rov? tepov? TroSas TOV /3as laroTipov etcr- (f)L\ov, ro o-e^Qas irXrjpovvTCS TTJV tvyapurTtiav 8ta r^s Trpoo-- rw /3ao-tA.et Trpoa-fytovovcn, KOI o-vv()fp\T(U TOVTOLS. f] be Trdi^rooz; ra>y row Kov(3ovK\iov at'a roz; /3acrtXea aftcos eTrev- Kat avrr) crvve^epy^Tai TOVTOLS. tlo-dyovTcu be 7rao-at at rwr 8ta fipafBtitoV d^tcojudrcoz; biatyopal Kara rdfiy Kat apiQ^bv TOV ^brj \- 707 \6^(T(rdat, /uteXAorra, Kat ras o-vvrjOeias TiapeyjEiv 6 Trape'xo^rat, at 5e 8ta /3ao-iAtKoC Xo'you 20 TTpooryivovTai, Kat O~VVTTOVT(U TOLS bia j3pa(3i(i)v bibofjitvciLS aftats, Kat at jiiez; CLVT&V rd iJ.6vLfj.ov ^OVCTLV, at Se padtcos TT&Xiv a^aipov^vai IK Ettrt 6e Trao-at o/xoC at 6ta ppafieiwv bLbopevaL TOV apiQ^bv oKrco- Affita /3pa- trtre? aTraf 8t6o'/ae^at ovba^s avaa-TptyovTaL. Statpowrat 8 25 avrat ets )u,epr] duo, ets o-vyKAr;rtKoi)s Kat ets 7rpoeAei>o-t/x,atot>s. At 6~ 8ta Xo'you irpoa-yLVOfJLfvaL ravrat? Kat ro apyjEiv Zvb6a)s Xa/x- at 5i Xdyou fiavovo-ai eto-t Kat avrat 7rao-at roz^ apL0fj,bv f wo-Trep e$a/xi>, K Trpoo-eoTrcoz; ets Trpo'o-coTra /3ao-tA.tK(5 Ao'ya) 3 bLdLpovvTCLL be Kat avrat ets fiepr; e'f, 0102; ets o-rparryyovy, ets 8ojueo-rtKous, 6t9 Kptrdy, ets creKpertKovs, ets S^OKpdraj, ets t5ta rovs irpofla0iJ.tovs. <08 8e Kvptcos a^Lu>fjLaTa)v T&V bia Ppafietaiv i:ap\o^v()V at Kvpto- K\rj(TLaL, ets a? Kat o$etAouo-> 8owat crvvrjOefas, flo-lv avrat. 35 Trpwrry juez; rcou aAAcoz; aTrdrra)^ ws TTpofBddfJLLOS TJ]V dyr}V T&V a rj TOV a-rpar?]Adrov 7rt 0e/xdra)z; dfta, ^rot j3pa(B < Lov i eyyeypajut/xei^os ^dpn/j, 8ta t irpoffvvrjffepxovTai L 4 ffvpfj/ros COni. R 7 otKluv L IO irpoffoO-fjffas L 14 ffwepxerai L : corr. R TOUTOIS scrips! : roury L 707 23 at ... t^ quasi him in textu exhibet B oKTOKaiSeica L 25 Trpoffe\fvv L 708 32 hie inserit T^/xos a' B numeros in marg. non exhibet B 36 a|fa scripsi : d|U^ L B 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY /3aV criXtVTiapi(av, rjs fipafiz'iov, XP^ "^ pd/38o?, 8td /3ao-t (Tvvr\0tiav rV (BccrrrjTopdov dta, 7^? /3pa/3etbzJ, ro (^t^SAarooptoz;, 8ta 10? e7rt8i'8orat. 8t8et orvv^Oeiav rot? TrpatTroo-trot? K8 r , rai reraprrj ^ rwz^ (3a(TL\iK&v /^ta^Saropcoz; ata, ^? /3pa/3etoz/, pv0pobav(t)fjLvr], IK ^etpos /3ao~tXtK^s 7rt8t8orat. 8t8cocrt (rvvTjdeiav rw 1 e ' -Tre/utTTTT] 77 rwy Kar8t8drcoz/ dfta, 7^? /3pa/3etoz>, fj.avia,Kiov nXao-^voVy 8td x^V ? /3ao-tAtK7J? 7rt8t8orat. /3', rot? -TrpatTToortrot? g*'. 15 709 T' eKrTj 7; rwz; o-rparopcoz; dfta, 77? ppaficlov, (^payeAtov XP V(T0 ^ V * K ra> TraTTio, Kat rw Sevrepw /3 , rot? TrpatTroo-trot? 8 . j 7rt8t8orat. 8t8a>o't (rvwnOtLav rw 'Trpcorao'T/Kpr/rt? ,, Tra-TTta Kat rw 8evrep(p ^* . 7' 6y8o77 77 rwi^ (nraOapL&v dta, T^? f3paj3iov, crTrdOr] xP V(T o Kav s> * K 8 X , rot? (nraOapioLs t/3 , ra> TraTrta Kat rw Sevrepa),, /3 . K\a\aa-fj.vov K^Koo-y^^vov CK TreptAevKto?, eK /SacrtAtKTJ? xetpo? e7rt8t- 8orat. 8t8a)crt (rvvrjOziav r r^? Karao*rd- , rot? T) T&V 8torr'7rara>z; d^ta, ^? (Spafe'iov, y&pTir]s e-TTtStSorat. 8t8et (rvvrj0Lav rot? TrpatTroo-trot? ,, t/3 , ^7 row TTpaiTocnTaOapitoV dfta, ^? j8pa/3etoz^, KAoto? K \LQu>v rt^tcoz; KeKoo-/xr/fx,eVo?, 8ta \ipb$ /3ao-tAea)? e-Trt- 8t8a)o*t o~WiJ0etai> rot? Trpcaroo-Tra^aptot? 6vyo^x.ots ^8 , rot? TTp 9', rw Trama Kat rw Sevrepw ,,9'. et 8e et? roz; TrapaboOf), rw TraTTta 8t8a>o-t K8'. iarcov 8e, ort Kat, 8?}/>tapxo? et ef avT&v ri?, 8t8et rot? TrpatTroo-trot? o^3 . 6/otota)? Kat 6 r?j? Karao-rdo-eo)? rot? avrot? TrpatTroo-trot? o/3'. t/y 8a)8eKarr7 ^ TWV Trepi/SAe-Trrcoz; TrarptKta)^ d^ta, ^? /3pa/3tor, -rr 3 ffcXfvnapiwv L et sic ubique 7 SiSi L 709 23 KareSo^eo-Ti/cy L : corr. R 25 xpwrov L 30 St5t L 32 KA.uJy L, ot suprascr. man. rec. 710 37 Tt/0f; L 38 5/5i L 40 TT\dKais L 4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 135 \avTLV(u KeKO(r/u,r7/xeVai vvv KO)8tKeAAots eyyeypa/^e'rots ets TVTTOV TOV vofjiov, K paa-iXiKTJs x.ipbs em8i8ozrrat. Trape'xet 8e rots Kotramrats, et apa Kat /xr/zwflrj, Atrpas /3 . eis 6e TO aTTOKo'/ui/Btoy rots TrpatTroo-trots o-w row Kov(3ovK\Lov Kat rots Aotmns XP V " Atrpas r? . raura 6e o$(/HKidAios 5 Kat orparrjyos 5&OMWP. 6 8e aTrparos 8t'8et Atrpas f , Kat rw TTJS /cara- arev rou O^LKLOV tj8 , ro O^LKLOV TT , rw ^evrepco ^irep rfir cts ra ra/3Ata rou x^ az;t ^ t/01 ' > K , rw /caznKAeuo vTrep roo t^ , ets aTr) f] T&V avOvircLTtov dfta, ^s /3pa/3etor, KcoSt/ceAAot aAovp- iy' 10 yoet6"et? yeypajUjueVot, CK /3acrtAtK^s x.etpos e7Ti8t6ovrat. 8t8a)(rt (rvvriOtiai' TOV TOV /cazn/cAetou ,, r]', Kat rai 8evrepa> 8', Kat rots TrpatTroo'trots K^. 7] T&V e^Sofordrcor /xaytcrrpcoz; dfta, ^s fipapeiov, iS r KOKKIVOS K \{0(*)V TijJiitov KKo Sevrepw ,, K^', roi)s Kotrcoz;tras Atrpas y', ro Kov/3ovK\iov s Kat 6 KcopoTraAdn/s. OKrcoKatSeKarr; ?J roi; Kato-apos dfta, Trapo/xota rrjs (3acri\iKfjs 8o'frjs, ^s 07' 712 35 fipafitiov, a-Tttyavos x^P^ 5 orTavpLKOv TVTTOV, em vaov KvpCov eK /3ao-tAtK^s XCtpos em Kopv ray/xart Kat o(tKtW rr/ (rvoraorei. rots be Trpat- TToo-trots eV efatpe'ro) d$(/>tKta bLbaxnv Kat avTLXrj\lsL$ dftoo/xarcoz; ets Kat avOputTTOvs avr&v, Kat az/a/3i/3ao7xovs CLVT&V T>V 'npai'nocriTMV, az^ atrTJo-o^rai, Xa^ftavovo-iv. 5 6 6e ye Sevrepo? jSao-tAevs 8t6too-t ro rjfjua-v TOVTMV. K be T&V irpo\X^dcvTv a-tXe^rtaptcoz;, 77 rwr /3eo-r?]ropa)j;, V Kdi bLcrvTrciTtov. at 8e AotTrat 7ra(7at e^ rots /3acrtAtKO?9 Karararroz^rat Kca5tfiy. 10 (Dignitates per edictum Ix.) at 8e 8ta Ao'yov (3a(TL\iKOv rots d^tots -Trpoo-yt^o/xez/at 6"o'at Kat ets ro ap\LV T&V VTrorerayjueVcof dc^o/oto-^eto-at et(rt Kat atrat rov apiOjJLOv f , atrtres, a>s l^a/aer, Xoya) /3a(rtAea)s T:pocryiv6^vai t iraXw paStcos d<^>at- povvrai Kat eK 7rpoo"()7ra)^ ets TrpocrcoTra ^OLcrravTai. '5 713 [a'] Kat Trpcorrj /u,ez> Kat ^teyicrrr] ^ rou /3aIAOEOT KAHTOPOAOriON 137 TOV o~TpaTT)yov Kff 77 TOV crrpaTrjyov K(' f] TOV (TTpCLTYiyOV TOV KTJ f f] TOV CTTpaTTjyOV T7J9 SttjUOf 5 K#' r) TOV (TTpaTiqyov TOV Aiye'ov A' r) TOV o~TpaTr)yov Aa' f) TOV o-TpaTrjyov X(3 f rj TOV (TaKeAAaptoD* Ay fj TOV XoyoQtTov TOV 10 Xo' TJ TOV KVCLL(TT(t)pOS CL^ Ae' f] TOV XoyoOcTov TOV AS"' f) TOV bpovyyapiov TTJS /3i'yAas- \C f] T v XoyoOeTov TOV opofjiov a XTJ' f) TOV bpovyyapiov TU>V A^' 77 TOV 7Tpu>TO(T7ra6apiov fji 77 TOV XoyoQtTov T&V dyeA<3i>* l^Oi f) TOV OOfJi(TTCKOV T&V IKCLVCLTW /Z/3 7] TOV 00[J,O~TiKOV TWV VOVjJLp(tiV' 714 fJLy f) TOV bo]JL(TTLKOV T&V OT 2O fj,b f] TOV KOjUt7]TOS T&V jue' f) TOV \apTovXap LOV TOV o-a/ceAAioir JUKJ"' 77 TOV x a pTOvXapLOv TOV (3o~Tiap(ow /mf r) TOV \apTovXapiov TOV KavLK\fiov fJLT]' f) TOV TTpMTOO-TpCLTOpOS' 1*6' r) TOV TTpaiToao-TiKprjTis aia' V f) TOV K TTpOO-toTTOV T&V 0[JLaT(i)V Vdf f) TOV KOfJLYITOS TOV (TTafiXoW V$ 7} TOV lblKOV' vy f} TOV fjifydXov KovpaTaipos' 3 ^8' 77 TOV KovpaTO)po$ T&V V f] T&V v^ j] TQV v fj TOV vj] f] TOV brjfjidpxov 35 vQ' f) TOV TTJS f ' 7/ TOV bofJLZCTTlKOV T&V fiaV. Kat avTai TO, vvv TL^rjdelcrat, a^tat e^rt Aeorro? (Classes vii dignitatum supradictarum.) biaLpovvTat, ovv avTai naval els juep?] eTrra, olov ets o-Tpa,Trjyovs, els bofJ,(TTLKOVS, 19 KpLTCLS, LS (TKpTLKOVS, tS brj^OKpCLTaS, 19 Kal t9 t8iKa9 novas afui9. 5 Alyaiov B 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY (I. orparT/yoi 6Vat \v rats T&V (TTpaTrjy&v Karardrrovrat rdfets etcrt TOV a K ^ejutarcoi'. (II. So^e- a ^ g e ^ 9 go/aeo-rtKOVj rarro/xerat eta-t roz> apiO^bv f, otoi; 6 rail; cr^oAwz;, 6 SojuteVrtKos rcSz; efo"Kov^3tra)z;, 6 Spouyyciptoj roC 15 , 6 8o/xo-rtKOS r Uaz;ara)^, 6 8o/x,eVrtKOs rwi; vovptptov, 6 ra>z^ OTrrrj/xaroozJ, 6 8o/xeVrtKOS rwi; retxea)^, ot Kat Aeyorrat. (III. rptrm'S) O t 8e ets Kptras Aoytfo/xerot eto-t ror apiO^bv y' ', otoy 6 eirap^os TroAecoy, 6 Kueara>p, 6 rov 8e?}o-ea)s. 20 (IV. a-KpTi- a l g^ e fc o-e/cpera KaOe^ofJievaC ctcrt Kat avrat roy apiO^ov la, olov 6 0-ttKeAAapios, 6 Aoyo^erry? roi; yew/coS, 6 Aoyo^errys roi; (rrpartcortKoS, 6 Aoyoflerrjs roi; bpopov, 6 \apTov\dpios TOV craKeAAtov, 6 ^aprovAaptos roC /3eo-rtaptov, 6 Trpajroao-^Kp^rtj, 6 ro) etdtKou, 6 juteyas Kovpcircop, 6 TWZJ payyavtov, 6 optyavoTpotyos. 2 5 (V. dnpoicpd- at 8e et? 877 /a OK par as eto-t TOV apiQ^bv 8vo, otov 6 8?J/utapxos Bererco^ Kal 6 8?j/zapxos Tlpao-Lvow. (VI. orpa- at 8e ts o-rparap)(as etcrt Kat avrat roi; apiQ^bv e', otoy 6 erat- petapx^s, 6 bpovyyapios TOV TrAot/xov, 6 Aoyofle'rrjs raiz; dyeAwr, 6 -Trpcoro- cT7ra0dptos rwi; /3acrtAtKwz;, 6 Ko r /xrys roi; crrd/3Aot;. (VII. 6i'5tKai at 8e ets et'StKas ftoVas aft as eto-t Kat aSrat roi; apiQpbv f, otoi> 716 ^ /3acrtAeo7rdrcop, 6 paforoop, 6 cnyyKeAAos, 6 \apTov\dpios TOV KCLVIK\(OV, 6 -TTpcorocrrpdrcop, 6 rr/s Karacrrdcrecos, 6 So/^teVrtKos r. (OFFICIA. ) At Se vTTorfrajfjLfvai eKdffrr) rovrcav apx? ' Ka * ffweirtficvou avrais flffiv e| bv6p.aros 35 oSrat. TOVTU>V Kara ava\oyiav Kat raftr Kat r?js eKacrrou 7rpoeAev(rea>s, a Kat avra 714 7 (ffvv)api6fji.ovvrai scrips! : apiO/novvrai L 715 8 ireXoirovliaov L 12 At- B 13 ot scrips! (sed fort. del. eiVl) : ot L e^^arwv scrips! : ffxo^v L 17 OTTTTfjUaTCWI/ L $1 TcD^ apl9fJ.S}V L 716 36 00TO L IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 139 rpta- eis ray- 6Vo/zabyrat. 6"tatpowrat 8e Kat avra eis IJLCLTIKOVS, CIS 06/^artKOVS Kttt IS (T Vy K\r] T I KOV S. ro) yap crrparrjya) r&v ' AvaroXLK&v VTiomTrrova-iv Kara fiadfjibv afia)/xara>z; ta', olov / t 5 1 TOVpfJidp^aL, 7 KO[JL7)TS 6/01010)?, 2 /xepiapx.^?^ ^ Kevrapxos T&V 3 KO/xr^s r^s Koprr/s, 9 KO^S rrjs eratpeta?, 4 xaprovAapto? rou ^e/xaros, 10 5 $OIJL(TTIKOS TOV 6^jJLaTOS, 11 10 6 bpovyyapioL T&V fidvbav, ro) 8e SojuteortKO) r<3y 0-^0X0)1; VTroTriTTToww Kara fiaOfjibv etSrj dftca- M arcoV i', oloz; 1 fia.0ij.ov TTptorov, TOTroTrjprjTYis, 6 TrportKropes, 2 (/3 r ) 6vo Ko/x^rc? rwy o-)(oA5r, 7 I 5 3 y 7 -^apTovXapLoSy 8 4 8 r 6o/meVrtKot, 9 a 5 7Tpoefr//xoj, 10 ra> 8e a-rarrw rcSi; 'Ap/x,eiuaKaroAtK<3u. Kat Ka^ef??? rats 20 AotTrats o-rparTjytats, irXwz; er rots TrXotuotS' Trpoortflerai yap avrots Ke^rapvot Kat 7rpa>ro- rw n 1 ro7rorr;pryr??s, VTroreraKrat et8r/ a X, , , o crKVO(/)Opot, ', otoi; 2 5 3 cTKptySores, 4 7rpa)ro/zaz;6arft>p, 5 SpaKoraptoi, t rr?s TroAeojs VTroreraKrat 8 o-tr^ropes, Kat 30 35 ra i l / 1 (rvfjiTrovos, 2 Aoyo^err/s ro Trpatrcoptov, 3 Kptrat raJy peyew^coz^, 4 e7rt be Aoyofleny TOV yevLKOv VTroreraKrat etbrj dftco/u,dra>z> Kara ', olov 1 x.apTov\dpiOL jueydAot TOV , 4 5 6 oi 6 KOVfJLtpKL&plOl, ra> 8 6 KO//,??? r?/? Aa/xtas, 9 bioiKrjTai, 10 KopevTiavos, 11 TrpcoroKayKeAAapio?, 12 KayKeAAaptot. , ooz; 10 2 ffxptpas, 3 (TKeTTTCOp, ( ra> 8e Aoyo0eY?7 roi; (rrpartcortKou vTroreraKrat 6^8?] dia)/xaYa)i' ^"', otoy 1 )(aprovA(!tptot ro (reKpatrou, 5 oTrrtoi'es, 15 2 \apTov\dpioi TU>V ^e/udrcoz;, 6 TrpcoroKayKeAAdpios, 3 ^aprouAaptoi rwz; ray^ara)^, 7 /naz>8aropey. 4 Aeyaraptot, ra> 8e bpovyyapiv TOV apiOpov VTroreraKrat et8r; dftco/xartoi' t', otoi; 1 TOTTOTTJpTJTfJSf 6 (BcLvbocbopOl, 2O 2 yapTovXdpios, 7 AajSovptVtot, 3 aKoAov^o?, 8 4 Ko'jur/res, 9 5 Kcvrapxpi, 10 ra> 8e Sponyyapta) rooi; TrAoi/xcoy VTroreraKrat etSr; d^tco/adrcoz; f, otoy 25 1 roTTorrypryrTJj, 5 KVTapx<>i>, 2 -^apTovXdpLos, 6 KOjotr;? r^j eratpetas, 3 7rpa)ro//,a^8aro)p, 7 r<3 8e Aoyo^er?/ row bpofjiov vTroreraKrac et8ry dftca/uarcoz/ f 7 , otov 30 1 Trpcoroz/ordptos rod Spo/xou, 5 6 Koupdrcoproi; aTTOKpto-taptetot;, 2 \apTOV\dpioi, TOV bpopov, 6 3 7rto-K7rr?}rat, 7 rwz; 35 otov 1 bo[jiy, 2 (nraOdpLOL TOV cnTaOapiKiov, rjTOL 4 xat (3aIAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 141 1 6 Trpcoroyoraptos 'Ao-ta?, 2 6 TrpMTovoTapLos 4>pvyias, 3 OLOLKrjTOi T&V fJLrjTCLTMV, 37. Logothe- tae gregum. 8o/xeo-rtKO) T>V IKCLVOLTO^V vTroreraKrat ibr] dftoo/xara)^ & ', olov~ - 38. Domestic! 1 roTrorijprjrrjs, 2 xaprouAapios, 3 4 5 KVTCLpXOl TOTTOTrjpYJTrjS, 2 a rpifiovvoi, 3 Trpcorojuaz^arcop, 15 rcT 8e SojutecrrtKa) rwi; o-nrt/xarcoz; vTrorera/crat 6^77 dftcojutara)^ e', 1 ro-TTorr/prjr?]?, 4 K.tvrap\oi, 2 ^apTOvXdpios, 3 ro) 8e 8ojU(rru(p raiz; ret)(ecoz; -yTroreraKrat etdr; 20 1 rOTTOrTJpTJTTJS, 4 2 -^apTovXapios 2 a rpt/3owot, 5 3 7rpa>ro/xai'8ara>p, 6 Tropraptoc. TO) 8e xoprouAapto) roi; o-aKeAAtov VTroreraKrat etdr/ dftco/xira)i' 1 VOTCLpLOL fiCL(TL\I.Kol TOV (TKpTOV, 6 yrjpOKo'/XOl, 25 2 TrptoTovordpLOL rS>v 0juara>ZJ, 7 ^apro^Aapiot 3 ^euodo'xoi, 8 TrpairoKayKeAAaptoj, 4 6 fuyoora'njs, 9 KayxeAAaptot, Kat 5 /uerprjrcu, 10 6 So/xeWtKos TTJS ra> 8e \apTOV\apito TOV pecrTiapiov ^TroreraKrai etSry d 30 1 /3ao-tAtKOt vordpioL TOV (TKpTov, 6 )(aprovAaptos, 2 Kevrapxos', 7 Kovparope?, 3 Aeyarapto?, 8 4 apxjtov TTJS xapayfjs, 9 5 efaprtoT?]?, 10 (jaar8dr)opS. 35 rw 6e \apTOV\ap ta> roi; KaviKXeiov ovfev i;7ro7re7rra)K6 8ta ro fJLOVOV V otoz; hicanatorum. 719 39. Domestic! numerorum. 40. Domestic! optima- torum. 41.Domestici moenium. 42. Chartu- larii sacellii. i, olov 43. Chartu- larii vestiarii. kavTov 44. Chartu- larii caniclei. I (e') supplevi 6 TOTTOTTjprjr^s SCripsi : roirorripirai L 719 9 fjiavSarapfs L 12 TOTrorrjprjr^s scrips! : -rjrat L 13 et 21 x a P rov ^ L P L l T P l ~ fiovvoi L B correxi 16 et 20 TOTTOTT/P^T^S scrips! : Toiror-npl L : -rjTot B 28 /ue- rpirat L 33, 34 irp(aro^av5dr(Kez> flbrj dftaj/xdrcoz; y', olov 1 do-ryKpr/rat, 3 6 6eKai>dy. 2 vordpLoi /3a(rtXtKot, r oe Kouparopt rcor /uteydXw Koupdropt, TrX^ r<3i> ra> 8e op(f)avoTp6^ara)z; dra f, 6 /xeXttrrat, 7 voTapioi T&V /xep<3i>, 8 9 10 e r , oloi; 721 Ai ews /col T^S TJ/ d ru>v ffvyqQfiwv avrwv. dftat Kat aiirat /u,6i^ 8 avru>v KvpioK\r)(rias Ka\ bioovTai. yap at avraii; epyw rd? dft'a? ro/uttjacos Xappdvova-iv at 8e Xo'ya> roty dftots 35 t Kat pa8ta)s eK Trpoo-cuTrcoi; et? TrpoVaiTra Xdya> /3ao-tXeajs 3 ap/j.(ar)o(j>i>\aKs conicio 720 7 spatium duarum linearum in calce paginae vacat UTT& L : corr. R 14, 15 Kovpdrcapes B, et infra 22 t ' ? 24 ot Ac{/)iot /col oi TTOtTjrol expectes 29 oTrb eirdpxovTs LB 32 T 4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 143 (Dignitates eunuchorum per insignia.) etVt o"e opov irao-cu al 6 to, /3pa/3eto>z> avrots Ttapeyopevai TOV apiOfJibv oKrco. Kat TrputTr) jj,V tv avrots 77 T&V m\//-to-rtapta)z> dfta yya>pterat, 779 (r^TJ/^art fyiaXLov, Kat Xo'yw /3ao-tXea>s Trpo(rytz>o'juei>os. bibaxnv ow7J0taz> rots TrpaiTrocrtrots t/3', ra> o"ei>repa> y', ra> Trpt/uiiKrjpuj) avroC )3'. be fj TOV xovfiiKovXapiov afta, ^s (Spa(3iov f) ajuc^tao-ts rou /3 Ka/xt(rtoi> Kat ^ ro{5 Xeyo^vov Trapayafibiov oroXr}, ^ Kai 10 8ia TT^J rwz; Trpanroo-iTow irapovcrias yycoptferat* 8t8a)ort^ crvvriOciav rols TTpaLTTOCTLTOLS t/3', TW bfVTp ', TO) 7T/)tjUt/C?7pia) j8'. rpi'ri; ^ rot) (nraOapoKOvfiiKovXapiov aCa, r)$ fipaflelov, cnraOCov y , 6/uoia>9 rots cnraOapioLS bia (3aa-L\LKrjs x^po? e7rtt8oraf 8t8axrt rots TrpatTroo-trots tr;', ra> TraTTta Kat rw Sevrepw /3', r -Trptjut- 15 Krjpto) &'. f) T&V oo-rtaptcor dfta, ^s ^Spa^etoi;, XP V(T V pafibos e/c XiOwv tay exovo-a, 5ta \ipbs /3ao-tXea>s 7rt8t8orat. rw TraTrta Kat r, \ITU>V XevKos o-w 7ro- f /oitots Kat TrwXots xP vcr ov ( i>avTo<'S> A.afx,7rp t/3', ear apa G>(ret avroz; rw TTpl/XtKrjpUt) ,, ^ ?; r ez; avrots irpcoroo-Tra^apta)!^ d^ta, ^s (3pa(3eLov, \pv TraTrta Kat ra> Sevrepw 9'. 3 o kftbofjLrj be TT(f)VKV f) T&V Xa/X7r porarcor TrpatTrotrtrcoz; dfta, ^s /8pa/3etor, TrXaKes TrarptKtoVr^ros, az^ei; /uez; Kco^tKeXXcoz; 67rt XpV(roTpiK\ivov X 1 P' /Sao-tXecos eTrtStSoz^raf 6t8et crvvriQtiav, et apa Trpcoroo-Tra^ciptos ez^ ra> ajua, X. a', Kat r 8evrep&) VTrep rwr TrXaKwz^ K8 r . t 8e Kat TrarptKtos 6 avros ^ ravrai rt/xr;^^, 8t8a)0"t crvvriOeiav a>s ot 35 TrarptKtot. oydo'i? ^7 raiz; ey avrots TrarptKwoy dfta, ^s fipafieiov, TrXaKes, o^xotcos o-w Kco8iKeXXots ws Traa-t rots TrarptKtots bibovTai. ov 6"taXXarroi;0-i 8e ez; rats avru>v oroXats r?)s rwi^ Trpcoroo-Tra^aptcoz; d/x^tao-ecos TrXr/z> Xwpots Kat IJLOVOV, et apa Kat ^ r? Kat ol /3ap/3arot. irapa be T&V els fafflCiaa Trpo^aAAo/xeVcou Travrav eKKo/xtfb/xeVov TOV >? eK Trpoo-toTrou TOV /3ao-iAe'o>?, TTJV CLTTOK.PKTIV rr/? 7rpo/3A?}- 5 Xapfidveiv TOV CLVTOV TrpatTrorrtroy KaO* JfjcaoTOV ocfxpiKidkiov o~vvri~ Oeiav Kb'. umbels TOIVVV Trapa/Sat^e'rco TJ]V TOICLVTJ]V TO,LV re Kat o-racrti; T&V KTiOe^V(^v aftco/xarcoz;, rj aAXco? TTCOS ravra? //erepx.^ "^^* 7rA.?)y ra>z; K\rjpLKu>v KOL IJLOVOV. ovToi yap Aoyco jutoVa) nTpxovTai TCLS d^tas. 77 8e 6apL(t)v aia bia ^acriAt/c^s \eipbs /aera eTTiptTrraptov /3ao-i- 10 O 7rt(n;yKAeterat. rawa9 8e ras (rvvayofjievas o-vvrjOeCas T&V dftco- Trapa rot) TTCLTTLOV KOL TOV bevTepov fj,pi(r0ai avTots CTT' 10779 r^5 o-vvrfOeias TOV \pvo-OTpiK\ivov, OTI /xoro/xepcS? rot; iraTTta eoTtz>. 8e irXcLK&v KOL T&V /utaytarpa)^ Ka6 rwr TrptjuttK^ptcoy Kat rwz; Kovj3u<.ov\api 7rt- L, exet a^ra, Kat e CLVT&V bibaHriv Kat ri> KafJiap&v TOV \pv(TOTpiK.\ivov avv T&V KavbrjXaTTT&v. TO be e\aiov TOV TroX.VKavbrj\ov TOV Kara ro fdcrov Kpe/xjutajueVou roi; y^pvr Ao tTrcSz; TroXvKavbrjktov Kat \/na0tW, eTtiKpaTovoriv avTa avTol ot Kai>- drjXaTrrat. eiteyjEi 6e Kat rovs Ao?;o-ra9 Kat rovs Ka^vdbas Kat rovs Kavbr)\diTTas TOV Xav&LaKov Kat rou 'lovo-rt^tayoi; Kat rovs wpoAoyovs Kat 25 roi;j fapa^Sa?, Kat 6Vrt? e^ CLVT&V \etyr], e^et eovcriav Ttoie'iv avTia-rjKOVVTas, Kat Aaju/3az>et p x crvvr]6eiav avT&v, els /xe^ roi/s Trpt/xtKrjptov? ,, t^', Kat et? roi/j 8tatraptot? Kat AotTjm/? dz^a ,, s Statraptov? Kat ror TTptfjiLK^piov avT&v Kat ra o-rejut/xara Kat rds ecr^ras rwy ^an-iAecoi' 3 Kat ra ^8^Aa rov \pvaroT piK\ivov Kat rou? eTrt rwz; dAAaftjucoz; Kat rov? jBecrTTjTOpas crvv T&V TrptfxtKrjptoii' GLVT&V Kat ra a~Kevr] TU>V d^ta)/^ara)i' Kat roi? eTrt rear d^tco/xarcor, ot Kat (rwayoixTtz; ra d^tw/xara Trapa T&V Aa/x- fiavovTtov TCLS d^tas. Kat oorts ef avT&v Aetx/^r/, tVa Trapex?? o f*^AAwi> yiveo-Qai TCLS awrjfatas rw 8ei)repa), Karoos Kat 6 TraTrtas Aaju,/3a^et. et? 6e 35 ras 7rpoe\ev(reis IVa o-vrayco^rat ot /3eo-r?jropes Kat ot Trpt/^ttKrjptot TrdVres, Kat fiao-Tafovcrtv ra KopviK\ia avv rot? a-Te^acriv. (rvvdyeo-Oai be TOVS 725 afJL(f)OTep(tiv Statraptou? Kat /3a0Taetz> et? ra? 7rpoeAev(ret? ra ra/3Ata ra /3aortAtKa /uera rail' dAAaftjua)i>. aKoAov^etr 8e et? ra? TrpoeAewet? rou? 723 12 eQiffff-ns L : eV )fa-r?s B : fort. e| ^s 13 fjLovo^fpbs L 15 forte (ra) 20 ISoyiiaSos L 724 26 A.fy?7 L avriffiKovvTas L 27 ^2 L 33 L per errorem ut videtur. Scribendum ras (rwrjOeias 34, 36 t LB correxi IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 7 145 rov? acriiKovs Kat rovy (3a roy TraTtiav rrjv e/38ojutd5a iti&frav [JLLCLV, Kat TOV beurepov 5 Trtcrcraz; /xtai/. rai;ra 8e Traz^ra ^vAdrrccr^at, rr^p?cr^at re /cat a7rapa(rd\VTa /cat 8ta/LteVety /3e/3ata, /cameos 77 evcre^r)? Kat c^e^ero, ws Kat e apyjcuitov T&V \p6va>v irapa r&v irpo fj (Dignitates eunuchorum per edictum.) 8ta )8acriAt/coG A.J'you irpoffyivovrcu TOVTOIS aiau At 8e Aoya) upoayivo^vai TOVTOIS afuu t(rt Kat avrat roy apiOjJibv &' 1 6 TrapaKoi/xco/zeuos ro{5 8eo"7rorov, 6 6 Sevrcpo? ro{) /xeydAov 2 6 Trpcoro/SeoTidptoj roi; 8ecr7rorou, 7 6 77 tyKe/) 1/779 ro?5 6eo~7roroi;, 3 6 em r?]s Tpaire&s TOV becriTOTov, 8 6 7rtyKep^r;s rr^s aiiyowrr??, 4 6 eTrt rr^j rpaTreC^j rr/j avyovtrrryy, 9 6 TraTrtas rryj jjiavvavpas, 5 6 TraTrtas roi; /uteydAov TraAartoi;, 10 6 Dramas rrjs Ad(f)vr]s. aAAa fAr)z/ Kat at aAAat Trao-at, 6Vat Kat rots ^3a/)/3drots TrAr/z; r^s ro{! 7rdp\ov Kat KueVrcopos Kat 8o/xeo-rtKO)^ aftas. 20 T 8t5o/utera? d^tas crac^et Kat e Adyw 7rapao"r^(rat (T7rot;8do"arres, ov TOVTMV KaTairavaaL TOV \6yov, dAAa Kat, o /utdAto~ra v/ r^s Trept rwr KaOtbp&v aKpt^3etas KaOd^/aa-Oai Kat rr^z; viToOto-LV ets 25 dydyat, Ka^a efrjrrjo-ao-fle. Kat yap TraAtz; a>s e7raz>aA?}\i/et rat? a-Trdo-at? xP 7 l (r ^t JLVOL T ^ v ^Aarrjs TOL^LV Kat K\rj(nv Kat otKetaz> Ka0opav aa(j)(rTpov vy^iv Kavovrjo-au e7r?Jx^r]/>te^. 6et yap roz; KaAeoz^ra apTiK\ivr]v TCLVTCLS fJLtv a7rd(raj aKpt/3a>s et8eVat, a/xer, Kat rr/z; rcoz; tepaiy ^3ao-t- XLK&V K\r]T(opi(DV Kardcrra(rty 8trr&)9 Troteta-^at et? KOO-^CTLV, Kat ra> /xez/ Ao'ya) rTjz> K\.fj(nv rry? eKacrrou dftas otKeta? eK^epetz/, rrj 8e 8efta X et P Vt 8ta roi) (r^ry^aros Trpo&btiKvveiv TOV eKacrrrj apfJi6ovTa TOTTOV, Kat roz> /xez; Trp(*)TOK\riTov tAa), roz> 5e aTr' aiiroi; Sevrepor ey rot? Se^tdts Trpoo-KaAetcr^at, Kat Ae'yetv 6 Trarptdpx^J 6 Kat crap, 725 4 TV scripsi : T^ L TT? e/35o^uo5t B 726 20 Hie incipit fragmentum cod. H 2 3 farfireov L 24 irepi T^S TWV H 25 fi)r-i]p, 7) (/jOOTrj TrarptKta. e28eWt 8e Set, ort at avrai jzoVai aftat ez> rrj aTro/coTrrr) TOLS /3ao"tAeC(rtj>, a! 8e AotTrat Tracrai r^s Scvrepas V 6 juaytorpos, 6 /xdytorpos (c 8e rts TOVT&V 6(f)(f)[Kiov rert/xijrat, TrpoKptVerat TOV kraipov, 77). ctra 6 pCLLKTOlp, 6 o-vy/ceAAos 6 av-/K\Xos (e^ 8e Kat rS>v rfjs 'A^aroA?jy TraTpiapx&v ru\oiv Kara TO. t5ta avT&v TraTpiaoi). eW oi/rcos Ta.ya 10 728 VQVTO.I 6 ap^iTTLa-K07ros BovAyaptas, KCU KOL /cat Kdl Kat /cat Kat Kat Kat Kat Kat Kat Kat [KO! Kat Kat Kat Kat Kai Kat 15 (6 6e a>v e avr&v kv 6 avOvTraTos TrarpCKios 6 avOvTTCLTOS TTCLTplKLOS 6 avOviraros irarpLKLos 6 avOvTTCLTOS TTCLTpLKlOS 6 d^^VTraro? TrarptKtos 6 avOvKaTos TrarptKtoy 6 azj$v7raros Trarp^Ktoy 6 avOviraros TrarptKto? 6 avOviraros TrarptKtoy 6 dz>07r7raroy TrarptKtoj 6 avOvKCLTOs TrarptKtos 6 avOvTraros TrarptKto? 6 avOvTraTOs irarpCKLOs 6 avOvTraTOs Trarp^Ktos 6 avdvTraTos TrarptKtoy 6 avdvTraros irarp^Ktos 6 avOv-jraros TrarptKto? 6 avQvTraTOs TrarptKtos 6 tivOvTraros TrarptKtos 6 TrpoKpivtTCu. TOV crTparrjyos r&v * bofJ. Kt/Svppatcorw^ orpar^yoj 'EAAciSoy crrparr/yos 2tKeAAtas* 20 *5 I 30 35 727 4 OTTO/COTTTJ TpoW^Tjs H 7 6 fjidyiffrpos semel H, bis L B 8 o H : i> L B traipov L : Sfvr^pov H 9 &rxoTa>s pro ^ff^aros $ H 11-12 cnry- K6Aos L 13 rotxvev L 14 TOUTO H 1 8 irarpiicios om. H et in sequentibus 22 i ovfluiraroy /ctfyirjs H 25 ffTparyybs \apffiav6s H 31 /col o-rparrrybs L B : om. H 728 31 QffKovftir6pr om. H 37 6 avQinraros /col crrpaTijybs A.oyyifiap5ias post 2IA00EOr KAHTOPOAOriON 147 6 avOviTaTos TrarptKtos Kat orparTjyos 6 avOviraros TrarptKtos /cat OTparrjyos 6 avdvTraros 7rarp6ctos Kal orparrjyo's 6 frvdviraros TrarptKtos Kal orparT/yos TOV &vppayj.ow 5 6 avOviraTos TrarptKtos Kal orparrfyos TT/S 2a/utov 6 avOviraros Trarp^aos Kal orparrjyos TOV Alyeov 6 avdvTraTos TrarptKtos Kal orpar^yos AaA/uaras* 6 avOviraros TrarptKtos Kal OTparrjybs Xepoxouos* 6 avdvTraros irarpLKLos Kal o-a/ceAAa/otos* 10 6 avdvTraros TrarpiKios Kal yeuiKos \oyoOerr]S' 6 avOvTraros -rrarpuao? Kal Kueortop 1 6 avOvTraros TrarpiKLos Kal \oyodcrrjs rov (rrparta>rt/coi;* 6 avOviraTos TrarptKtos xal ftpovyydpios rrjs 6 avOviraros irarpiKios Kal bpovyydpios T&V 15 o av6vTraTOS Trarpt/ctos Kat \oyoOerrjs TOV bpopow 6 avOviraros TrarpiKto? /cat Aoyoflerrjs rair 6 avOvnaros TrarpiKLos Kal So/xea-rt/co? raii; 6 avOvTraros Trarpt/cto? /cat 6oju,e0Ti/cos 6 avOvTraros Trarp^ao? /cat So/xeort/cos 30 6 avOvTraros Trarpt/ctos /cat /CO'/UTJS rai^ 6 avOvTraros Trarpt/cto? /cat ^aprovAapto? rot) 6 avOviraTos Trarpt/ctos Kat \aprov\dpios TOV /Seartapt'ov 6 avdviraTos Trarp^Ktos Kat x.apTov\dpios TOV 6 dyflvTraro? TrarptKtos Kat Trpcaroorparcop' 2 5 6 avOviraTos Trarp^Ktos Kat TrpcoToacr^KpT^r^s 1 6 avOvTraTos TrarptKto? Kat KO/mr;? roO crra^Aov 6 a^^-Traroj TrarptKtos Kat CK Trpoo-wTrov r0V7raros Trarp^Ktos Kat 35 et 8e ^ eTez; Trai/re? avOviraToi ol kv rots o^c^tK^ot? rerayfi^roi, dAA' TTJ TWI^ TrarpiKtooi; dfta ra orparrjydra ^ ra 8o/xecrrtKara ^ ra TTpocr\dj3ovTo, ol fjicv Airot avOvTraTOi. T>V Iv rots d^x^tKiois rcray- arptKticor ^v rats Ka0e8pats irpoKpivowai, br)\ovoTt eKatrros avr&v Kara r^z^ ^TriboaLV TOV KcodtKeAAou avroC ra> 6 Pdyalov B 9 trahreAAapis H IO 'yevtKo? H 13 6 di/dviraros icai fteyas CTfpidpX'ns' 6 avQinraros Kal OIKOVU/J.OS rfjs jU67c(A'>7S ^KK\r)ffias post pty\r)s H 14 irAof- /ta/ B 17 (i dv0i5ir. . . . iKa.va.TW om. H Si T&V o-\o\^v OVTOL "yap fjidvoi, Kal fJLrj oVrej avdviraToi, ev rr) KaOtbpq TU>V avOvirdrtoV virept- yovviv airavras. et 6"e rives ef am&v, etre K rG>v avdviraTaiv, etre eK TMV XIT&V TraTpiKLMV, rj et? orparrjydra avr]ydT](Tav, eire kv aAA.a> rw 8ta 730 Aoyou TTpoa-yivofJievto d^icojitari, l/cacrro? am&v Kara TT)ZJ rou O^LKLOV 5 olKiav boav KCLL rrjs KaOtbpas airohavti. ov ^r\v 5e Kara r?)^ raiz> roi; (3a0fJiov rfjs eTrtSoVetos rou KO)8tKeAXov Kay rax T^XZ? TTpoKpLOijvai TOV Tr/xorou er oifa)8?]7rore d^x^tKta) rw 8ia Aoyou et 6e Kat Trayarot rvyoLev yjupls d^iKiW TrarptKtot, viroTriirrovcrL rots ra TrarptKiots. et 6e rty eK rwy Xy&4vr(&v ofyfyiKii&v 8ta- 10 KP&TOV fiaOfjibv rfjs ra^ecos roi) KwdtKeAAov avrou dz^a- rrj KA?}o-et. KkrjT&ptvovTat. be aTravres o#ra>s. Sectio III. TT/S TWJ/ $ia6pwv a|ia>/xaTa>?/ /ca^oAt/c^s KaOftipas. *O 6 6 '5 6 TCCLTptKLOS Kal TTpatTToVtrOS' ot mirptKtot ot evvovxpv ot avOvTraTOL TrarptKtot Kai crrparr^yot Kara ra orparr/ydra r/ ra o^^)tKta 20 TrarptKtot Atrot Kara rot)? KcoStKeAAovs avr&v TrarptKtot o-rparr/yot Kara ra (rr/oarrjydra avrtov T) ra o^ 6 TrpatTrocrtros /a^ 0)^ mirptKtoj* (ci 8e Kat er 6(p(f)LKL^ rert/utr^rat, TrpoKptVerat rot; Irepov) 6 TrpMToa-TraOdpLOS Kat crrpaTYjybs r&v ' 6 TTptoToa-TraOapios Kat dojue'artKOS ot Trpcoroo-Tra^dptot orparryyot 731 orparr/ytas avr&v 6 TrpamxTTrafldpioy Kat 8o/xeWtKos 6 Trpcoro(T7ra0dpioy Kat iTrap^o? r?}? ot 7rpa)roo"7ra^dptot Kat crrpaT7]yol o-rparr/ydra avr&v ol jur/rpOTroAtrar ot apxt7rtcTKO7rot Kara row? 6 Trpcoroo'Tra^dptos Kat (raKeAAaptos Ot eTTtO-KOTTOt Ot 25 avaToXiK&v ^e/xdrcor Kara ra? Kara rd 4 ety ffrparTtydra a.v-}ix^'n ffav L : ^ K ffrpa.r-nya.ro3V o.vt\v^t]oav H 730 6 T^J/ a^av H 9 TOtoGra H: TO?S T^ LB 17 v B ar^ TO L 731 30 5 TrpIA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 149 (et 8e Kat 7rpa>ro(T7ra0apto flviv, irpoKpivovraL T>V \irS>v et be Kal 6(f)LKia 7rpo0"eAa/3oyro, Kal et$' ourcos TrpoKpivovrai 6 TrpaiTocnTaOapios Kal Aoyotferrj? rov 5 Ot OOTtaptOt TOV KOV(3oVKh.lOV (et 8e Kal 6iKia tyoitv, TtpoKpivovTai T&V 6 Kve'crrcop Kat JUT) &v TTp(DTO(nraOdpLOS' 6 Trpa)TO(nra0dpios Kal Aoyo^err]? TOV 6 Trpooroa-Trafla/oto? /cat bpovyydpios rfjs 10 6 oiKOvofjios rijs /xeyaXi;s 6 irpaiToa-TraOdpios Kal Xoyo^err/s roi; 6 TTp(i)TO(nra6dpios Kal bpovyyapios T&V 6 TTp(t)Too"7ra0dpLos Kal Aoyo^errys rair 6 7rpa)Tocnra0apios Kal 67rt rail' 15 6 TTpMToa-iraOdpLos Kal 8ojueVrtKO? ra>y LKavdrw 6 Trpcoroo-Tra^apios Kat 6o/ieVrtKos r<3j> 6 TTpTO(T7ra6dpios Kal yapTovhdpios TOV craK\\Lov 20 6 TTpaiTocnraOdpios Kal ^apTovXapios TOV /3eorta/Hoir 6 -Trpcoroo-Tra^apto? Kat \apTOv\dpws TOV KaviK\Lov 6 7rpcoro(77ra^aptos Kat 7rp/)* 6 TTptoTocnraOdpios Kal Trpcoroaorr/KpT/rT/s' 732 ot 7rpcoro(T7ra^aptot Kat CK irpoa'umov T&V ^e/utarcoz^ Kara ro tStoi' eKacrrou 25 ^>a- 6 TrpooToo-iraOdpios Kal KO^? ro(5 o-ra/3A.oir 6 irptoToo-TraOdpios Kal em row etStKoi; Aoyov 6 TrpcorocTTra^aptoj Kat /xeyas Kovparcop- 6 Trpcoroo-Tra^apto? Kat Kovparwp ra>y 30 6 7rpcoro(T7ra0apio9 Kat e?rt. 6 7rpa)roo"7ra^apto9 Kat ot TrpcorocTTra^aptot Kat 6 irpc&TocnraOdpios Kal 6 7rpa>roo"7ra0aptos Kat 35 6 Trpooroo-Traflapios Kat 7Tt r?7? Karaorao-ecos' ot Trpcoroo-Tra^aptot Kat aTro crrparT/ya)z> rwy ' Ot TTp(t)TOv B 36 6 TrpcaroffiraQdpios LB airoffrparfiyoL H : a7r6 ffrpaTriyov L 37 ^ irp(i>TOTOO"naddpiOL Kal CLTTO 8o/X0TUC60I> T&V ol irp(DTOo"7ra6dpt,oL Kal diro itapy&v ot 7r/oa>roroo-7ra0aptot Kal ap\ovTes TOV ora/3Aoir ol 7rpa)ro(T7ra0aptot Kal airo oc/xtKtW Kara ra TTOTC ot TrpwTocnraOdpioL Kal ^SatrtAtKot Kara ras Trpo(3o\as 733 ot TTptoTocnraOdpiot. Kal ao-rjKpTJraf ol Trpa)TO(nra0apioi ol bia 7roA.ea)s* ot 7rpa)Toa"iraQdpi,oi ol ea>riKot. et 6e /XT) eteu Tra^res Trpcoroa-Tra^aptot, Kat ras 8ta Xoyov Trpoo-yivo/xeras 15 , ot vvv (rrparrjyot Trjs re dmroArjs Kat r^? Svo-ecos ov\ TTJs >/8r] Aaxovtrrj? avT&v T&V QffjLaTwv KaOtbpas bia TJ]V TOV (3pa(3fLov avT&v, vTrdp^ovTos d^tw/xaros, dAA* kv rr) ra^t, r^ , Kara ro olKlov Oeyia KaOt&VTai. axravra)? ovy Kat 6 eVapx * Kat 6 KuatVrcop. ol 8e AotTrot TrdVres o(/)(^tKtaAtoi ^r rots 6/xori- 20 wy 8ta /Spa^Setcay ftfdop&wiP dftaj/xarcoy Trporert/x^vrat. cz^ 8e r?j rafet rwr 6(f>(j)iKia)V eKaa-ros avT&v TT]V oltftav KaQtbpav Aa^ayet. (Spatharo- /aera 8e r^s ra>y 7r/xoroo-7ra0a/Ha>z; rt/zrjs Seurepa r; rwz; cnraOapoKav- candidati.) 8l8( Tft)i; e ^ yrat r ^ t? , otoz; cr7ra^apoKai'8t8arot Kat 6^)<^)tKiaAtot Kara ra o0<^tKta avT&v 35 ol (T7raOapoKov(3iKovXdpLoi TOV fia(ri\iKov KOLT&VOS' v\dpLOi TOV Kov/3ovK\iov ol /3ao*tAtKot* ol Trpea-pvTtpoi Kal rjyov^evoL Kal 7rpeot r?js eKKA^a-tay ol o"7ra^apoKa^6t5arot Kat aTro (TTpaTrjy&v 30 ol (nraOapoKavbibaTOL TOV \pva-oTpiK\ivow ol (nraOapoKavbibaToi ol otKetaKOt Kat Kptrat* ol 0-7ra0apoKaz>dt8arot Kat /uiayAa/Strat Kat ol 0"7ra0apoKaz>8t8arot ol 0:776 I 6 irpwroffiraddoios LB AiroSo/tfVrt/cot H : for& So/uLfO-riicov L Q H : ^ L : irciAat R B 6 /col dir? L : Trapo A.fovros TOV TOt; Secrir^rou H 7 Kpyral L 9 TOW H: TWJ/ ffra&\r. om. H 20 &fj.orifuav avrSiv Sia (3pa0fi<0v StSoyueVw^ i|W H 22 KaO&pav H : rof tv L B 23 T^J/ . . . ri/j.r)v conicio (TiraBaploov KavSijSdroav H 26 ffiradapoKov&tKov\dpioi L : (Tira0opoKo>'8<5aTOi al KovfiiKov\apioi H 28 ot e irpeff&v- Tfpoi faff. H 32 of of/ctioKo! ical K^IJTO^ L : om. ol H 33 (rwaedpioi H et infra passim Apro/tXtVoi H 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 151 ot (nraOapoKavb tdaro i ol oticetaKot TOV \avo~LaKov' 734 ot y 5 6 onraOapoKavbibaTos Kal roup/xdpx 7 ?? AvKaovias Kal Ylafji^vXCas* 6 (TiraOapoKavbibaTos Kal roTrorr/prjrrjy T&V (rxo\&v ol (nraOapoKavbibaToi Kal roup/xap^at T&V rr/y avarokrjs 0e/xaVa>z> Kara ra OfpaTa avr&v 6 (77ra0apoKar8t8droy Kat roTrorrjpTjrr/y T&V ^crKOV 10 ot cnraOapoKavbibaTot, Kal Tovpfj,ap\aL T&V ^e/xarcoy 6 (nraOapoKavbibaTos Kal TOTrorTjpTjrrjs TOV apL0fJLOV* ol (nradapoKavbibaTOL Kal rovppap^ai T&V 6 (nradapoKavbibaTos Kal roTrorrypr/r^s TOV 6 cnraOapoKavbibaTos Kal roTrorTypr/rr)? T&V Uaz/arcoy 15 6 cnraOapOKavbibaTos Kal TOTfOTrjprjrrjs raiz; 6 criraOapoKavbLbdTos Kal roTrorr/prjTT)? T&V 6 (nradapoKavbibdTos Kal ro7rorr;pr/rr)y T&V Tftxtw ol o-TradapoKavbibaTOL ol bia -TroAecas Kal ol T&V o~KpTv ol biorviraToi Kara ra? rafets avT&v. (Disypati.) 20 fl be /XT) eteu ourot o-7ra^apo/. B : om. H 5 of v H 13 6 OTrafl. al TOTT. T. irAof/tov Om. H 1 8 /cal Twy treKpercw H 23 ofoi' . . . KOITUVOS om. H 26 KovfiovK\flffioi H et forma contracta L : Kov&tKov\dpioi B 28 of SiaKovot of ... 4KK\-n* ot (TiraOdpioL Kal KOjur^res T&V (T)(oX(av' 5 ot (TiraOdpLOL Kal Ko'/zryres rr/s Koprrjs T&V dvaTo\LKu>v 0e/x,dra>i> Kara ra 0e/mara avT&v 6 (nraOdpios Kal O-VIJLITOVOS TOV cTrdp^oir 6 (TTtaOdpios KCU Aoyotferr/s T>V Trpatrcoptaw ot (nraOapioi KOL Ko/utryre? TT/S Koprrjs T&V Q^^aTu>v Trjs Svcrccoj Kara ra 10 ol o-7ra6dpLoi Kal \apTov\dpioi TOV yeviKov Aoyo^erov ot anraOdpioi Kal avTiypafyris TOV Kvaia-Tapos* ol o-TtaOdpioi Kal yapTovXdpioi TOV o-r/)arta)riKoi5 Xoyo^erou* . 6 cnraOdpios Kal yapTOvXdpios TOV ^e'juaros T&V 'A^aroXtKwy 15 6 (nraOdpios Kal \apTov\dpios TOV rayjuaros rwz; 6 o~TraOdpLos Kal a/crouaptos* ot cnraOdpioi Kal ^aprouAaptot T&V avaToXiK&v 6 o~TraOdpios Kal \apTov\dptos ol (riraOdpLOL Kal yapTov\dpioi T&V OVTLK&V ot (nraOdpLOL Kal paviXiKol z;ordptot r^s ot (riraddpioL Kal /3ao-tAtKOt voTapioi TOV /3e0rtapi'oi>* ot vnaOdpioi Kal fiacriXiKol voTapioi TOV LOLKOV' ol o"7raddpLOL Kal voTapioL T&V apK\S>v TOV yeviKov* 6 (TTra^dptos Kal Trpoorozjorapioy TOV /uteydAov KovparcoptKtoi)* 25 736 ot cnraOdpioL Kal bVTpvovTS T&V 8?7jadp^cov 6 o~7ra6dpio$ Kal irl Trjs Kovparcoptas T&V /3a(rtXtKa>y otKcov* 6 (nraOdpLos Kal SojueVrtKos r?/s 7;7rovpytas* 6 (nraOdpios Kal fvyoo-rdrrys* 6 (nraOdpios Kal xp^o"oe\^^r?iy 3 6 (nraOdpios Kal apyav TOV d ot (nraOdpLOL KOL ot cnraddpiOL Kal ot oriTaOdpLOL Kal -Trpcoro^ordptot rw^ dtpaTtov Kara ra ^e/xara I 6 ffiraddpios a.ffrjKp-fjr'ns H 2 (6 > . . . TOW rdy/a-aros ra>v om. H 19 6 fftr. . . . H-ffKovftfrcav om. H 21 r^y ro/ceAArjs L : TOU fieffriapiov H 22 roC jSetTTtopiou L : TTJS ffaKKf\\ov H 24 ot o*ir. . . . yeviKov om. H 25 ot ffiraOdpioi /cat Trpoarovo- rdpiot L H B : COrrexi KovparopiKlov B 736 27 OIK?) par wv H 30 d enr. /cai Xpwr- om. H xpuffoe^tT^js L 31 ot ffiraddpioi Kal apxovrcs H appevrov B S3 yi}poK<&noi H IAOGEOr KAHTOPOAOriON 153 6 (HraQdpios Kat otKtortKoV ot (nraOdpioi, ol 8ta Tro'Aecos Kat ot efcortKo. et 8e JUT/ etey Kat OVTOL (nraOdpLOL, ras /xez/ 8ta /3pa/3etcoz> dtas VTTO- TrtTrreYaxray, eV 6e rots avr&v d rt/xacrflcocraz;. rapt o 5 jutera rovrous eto-ayeo-^co TtrapTT] ra^ty, 77 rwy V7rara)f, o-rparopcoj/, v* 7P a ^ / /% \ SLl*3v, /Seo-rr^ropcor, airpaTtoV, rayjutartKcoi; Kat candidati, S. mandatores, r>x\\ x/ \/ x/i^ ' vestitores, pacrtAtKot Kat yaprovXapioi Kat vorapioi T/3tYcoj> Kat yapTov\apioi So/xeVrtKoi roi; rciy/xaros rwy a-)(oA5i'* SojueVrtKot rcoz^ ^e/xarcoz; r^s dyaroA^s Kat 8wecos Kara ra ray/txara 737 O.VT&V Kat ras dftas CLVT&V 20 ao-^KpijraL aTrparof vorapioi TU>V a Kaz^8t6arot pacrtAtKot row l KOL navbciTopts, ^ecrrTJropes, o-tAezrrtapiot, 8pouyyaptot rcoy aTrparot Kara ra OefjLara Kat rovs dpo'yyous CLVT&V 25 Ko^res rcoz; 0e/xarcozJ o/^otcos* Ko/x?7res rcoi^ apiOfjiutv aTrparot* o xaprouAaptos ro ^ apiOfjiov Ojutotcos* Ko/x?yres roi; TrAo't/xaros 6/xotcos* 6 xaprouAaptos roi) TrAot/xov 30 Ko/x?]res rcoy LKavdrutv 6//,otcos* xaprovAaptos rcoi? LKavarutv 6//,otcos* 6 xaprouAaptos TO^ o-ra^Aoi; 6/xotcos* 6 eTrtKr^s roi; 6 \aprov\dpios r&v ot 8ei;repe7;oz;res rcor ot Ko'jurjres rcoz^ OTrrr/jixarcoi;* 2 ot 5ta Tr^Aecws L : om. oi H 01 QoariKoi L : om. ot H 3 Kara ^Uej/ ray H : ras /xi/ L 737 18 rdy/ua L 34 ot addidi 35 locum ita scripserunt edd., notis correctionis in codice male intellects : ot' wo/*. T. OTTT^arwi/* OX-T. OTTT.* dx- T. Ttx." ot SCUT. T. STJ/*.' ot, rpt/J. T. retx 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 6 irpoe'^jotos T&V ol KeVrapxot TOV a ol KVTap\OL T&V ol TTpOrtKTOpeS T&V (T\0\&V Ot /3l*aptOt T&V VOVfJLpz>* ol bpaKovdpLoi T&V e(TKOi;/3tVa>i>* ot orpanjAarar 6 CLKOXOVOOS TOV apLdfJLOV* 6 7Tpa>TO/uiaz>6'ara)p rou ol Trpcoroyorapioi T&V 0ejuarcoz; Kal T&V ayc\&v ol a-Trparoi* 15 ol (3avboOpOl T&\ ol (TKVO vovpeptoV 6 TTpU>TOfJ.avbaT(^p T&V TL^ creKpercov 16 0avTo6poi TOV apiepou L 738 38 ^o^Saropes scrips! : TrpwrOiitcu/SaTopeJ L B 4>1AO0EOT KAHTOPOAOFION 155 ol biarpe\ovre$ rov ol ol ol VOrdpLOL T&V 5 01 xaprov\apt.oL r&v /uep* ot TrotTjrat KOL /uteAio*rat T&V ol rjvio^oL r&v ot fjiavbdropes r&v ol pavbdropes r&v 10 6 Aeyarapto? rov /3eartaptotr ol xoo-fiairai rov fteyaAou ot KcvrapxoL rS>v vr parrjy &v r&v d{j.ariKv Ka&rpwv airparoi' 15 Kfvrap\OL r&v ol 6r]/uo)raf ot bpovyydpioi r&v T ol Kay/ccAAaptot r&v ot roTTorrfprjral rutv 30 ot crrpartwrat r&v ot orpartwrat rwy et 8e ex Trarrcor rovrcoz; r&v \\0fvra>v rives \OLV a^tas ras OLCL {3pa- jSetov bibofAtvas, eKaoros avr&v rfj a^ta rov o/xortjuov roi; fiaOfjibv Trport- jutcio-^a). et 8e -Trayayot TreAotcz^, er povois rots dffxpLKLOLS rtjuao-^axray Kara 739 25 rrjr r/8r; (KreOtlvav rdw KAr^ropevo'/utei^ot. ot 8e ef eOv&v ts rtwi; a^iov^voi K\r]roptvovrai KOL avrol o^rcos* Of fork *Pe5/x7jy 4it(ffKoifoi irpotKpiQyffav ruv Kaff rjfias ol IJLZV aTTo 'Pw/xr^s px6fj.voi, fdv tlffLV cTTtoTKOTTot, TTporifj.&vrai r&v 30 tiTHTKOTTaiv rijs Ka6' fjfJMs KK\r]{Tias' (I 8e Trpecr/Svrepot ete^, wa-avrcos TTpoKpivovrai. OJUUHCOS Kal tv f-KCLcrrov rdyfjLa rrjs lfporzpa)S prjOelcrav. TO avro be KpareicrOa) Kal eirl r&v Iv rrj araroAr) ovrwv rpi&v Trarptapx^v. crtfxrj- 6r](rav be ol curb 'Pwjurjs ekOovres 5ta r^r eycoo-ty r?)? /c/cAr/(rtas 7rl 35 Aeoz^roy ro (f)i\o\picrrov beo-norov, olov 6 eiria-KOTTOS NtKo'Aaos /cat Kapbrj- vd\io$ 'lrto)(etas Kal 'lepoo-oAv/xcoz/ o-uyKeAAot V rrj Sevrepa Secret rijs rpaTre'c^s irp&roc firdva) iravrbs /otaytarpoi;. (Saraceni amici.) ot 6e e* 'Aydpav tAot rrj T&V -TrarptKtW /cat orparryycoy VTTOTTITTTOVO-L 5 rdet v rats Ka0e'6~pats, ot /xey dvaroXiKol irpoKpLvo^voL T&V eo-Treptcozr 740 KaOe^ovTdi 8e ey r?/ evw^/uta) 0etrei, ^ reraprot (|>tAot, 17 Tre/iTrrot, Trpos ro cr rw ^eurepw jutVcra) r^j rpa^e^r/J (Bulgari amici.) ot 5e a-rro rwy Nowa)r, r/rot BovAyapcoz;, eto-epxo'/xei>ot ^>tAot ez; /xe^ rr) 10 ra>r KOIV&V K\rjT(Dpia)v reraprot ^ TrejotTrrot ez; r^ evcovvfjup ^eVet brjXovoTL VTTOTriTTTovTts KOL avrol TTJ raiz; TrarptKtcoy /cat (rrpa- Kal TTCLVTUV T&V V rw /3?jA(i) TrarptKta)^ reray/xeWzJ Kat avrot roz> Sevrepoy \j,lv(Tov Trjs ^3ao-tAt/c^s 8e roty t^ r r<3^ toprav aKoi/3trots K\r)T<*>pVovTai oy8oot Kat cWarot, 8?;- 15 Aoz^ort VTroTTiTTTOvres rfj rafet roi; 7rpo\ex^eVros /3?jAov. (Francorum legati.) ot 5e 6K payyo>y TrpeV/Sct?, et /ut^ e^oter XipoTOVias, Kara ravras K^rjOrjorovrai' et 5e Trayavot dcnv, rfj r&v ofyfyiK-iaXitoV viroTTiiTTOvcrL rafet. ot 8e K rwz^ AotTrcS^ tdv&v kp\6^voi fyi VTroirCTTTovari irdvTs dfta. Sectio IV. TJ/ios rerapros. 'E7ret6^ r?J9 r apTLK\w&v eTrta-TTy/jtr/ ypd\jfacrOaL (nrovbd e^)' eKacrrry foprfj KiKA^crKo^era)!; ai TTJS Xpto-roS TTpos d^^pcoTTOVS eTTto'rjjittas, Kotz;rj rr)y Travb ^>tAot, ei^ ravrr/ r?J AajutTrpa Kat TreptSo^w r<3y Xptcrrou 35 at 7rova-ets Kat I Koi ot . . . irpoeK. IT. fiayiffrpov uncis inclus. RB I, 2 crvyKcXoi L 2 X's L 740 10 NotWv, id est Qvwv quod fortasse legendum est 22 741 28 a-t/j/Tjo-dVetf L 29 clre addidi 30 OeiwTaroi L 34 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOFION 157 uezj rfj /3ao-tAtKT/ rpa7re(J? Tov Kpa/zaro? TTJ? /xeyaArjs ety o-wecrrtWtr rcai; i\oxpioT(ov ^/xwr j3aa-L\ea)v /xe- ri}s /3acrtAiK?js cn;yKA?jroi> roz> dptfyxozj i{3', olov payivTpovs, , avOwiTaTovs, TTaTpiKiovs, (TTpaTrfyovs, d(/x/>tKtaAtot>s, ovs av 5 60^77 rot)? avTOKpdropas Aaju,/3dz;ev, ^/zt/ueo-jueuous 8e ra Ka^o-ia Kat jutoVa. et tfe (rrparriyoi KeK^rj^voL, /utera rwz/ oiKftiav (TKapafjiayyttoV eto~aye(r^a)- > TO) SpoDyyapto) TT/S (3iy\r]$. V r^ ra>y t^ r aKovflfatoV rt/xico- 742 rarr; Tpcartfy 8et ^as KaXetz^ ^ayicrrpovs bvo, avOvnaTovs TTarpLKiovs 10 p.\XovTU)V Trapao-TavcLL flacrikiK.&v viTovpy&v re Kat /3ovKaA.tW, br]\ovoTL Xafiovros TO o-^/xa rou Kao-rpr/crtou rrj? /3aiXov$ t ovs av ooy rw /SacrtAet. ey 8e rot? eKarepcoi; ra>r /xepSv aKovfifaois 8et TOUT?] rr) Aa/u,7rpa Kat Trept/SoT/ra) T^juepa r^r VTTO Ka//,7rayty Tracrav, olov acrr/KpTJraj, ~)(apTov\apiovs T&V jueyaAcor (TKpTa>v, voTapiovs T&V XeyOtvTUtv (rKpT(t)v, olov CLTTO T (nradapoKav- 35 8tSara>r Kat Karcorepw, VTrarcor, 8to-D7rarcoy, KOju^rcoz; rwr cr^oX&v, (ri\V- Tiapitov, TTpoTiKTOpaiv, evTvyj[)<$)6pu>v, o-K7]7rrpo^)Opa)i;, dftco/jtartKwz; ry)(aVet. etcrayeti; 8e 8et aTraz^ra? juera r^y afyi^iv TU>V uAcoz; r^s /3aa-tAtK^s rpaTre^s ovrto?' roi)y T&V OLKl(DV dAAaf LfJLCLTCOV, X^ a f Ji ^ 0(i)V T v Kara TOL^IV TOV CLVTOV d^tw/xaros Kat oc/x^tKtoir rot;? 8e 'Ayaprjvovs VTTobtbiJ.Vovs, brfXovoTL TrpOTropefo/xeVou CLVT&V TOV 3 i5' L : corr. R 5 avroKparcapas L 6 Kafjiiffia B et passim 742 13 5wi/ L 15 &' cKarepov T&V /xep<2z; bia TTJS OTTIO-OLOV 0eVea)? r&v avTutv aKovfifoctiV Kal ta TOV e/unrpoo-fltou TOTTOV ^apL0fJiovvTos (/>' eKaorw dKOU/3ira) 8a)8eKaSa Trpooxoiraju fjiiav Kal /xr; crvyxwpovvTos TLVCL avaK\rjdrjvai /xe^pt TTJS K(f>a)vr] crea)? raw 'Trapecrrcorcoi' /3az> /3oi>KaXtW. /xera o~e rr/r Trdrrcoz; av&K\r]criv 8et irpoar^eiv TO 5 744 fjiovcTLKov /xe'Aos, Kat ?Jz;tKa ro tStoi^ aTrr^^o-et (^^ey/xa, efarto-rao-^at aTravras fls V(f)r)iJ.Lav r&v becnroT&v Kal ras dAA.a /xr)y Kat otraKt? ^ ro fjLova"LKov TI irpbs Tp\fsi,v KT\(rOfj 7rpay/xa, Kat ?yrtKa rt ppto 8e rrj TOVT apiOfjiov LJ3 , crvvapiOiJiov^vov CLVTOLS eatpera>9 ro{5 8ojue rcoz^ o'^oXwi' Kara TVTTOV 745 etVayetr 8e avrovs Trdrras ez> rr) avr&v di^aKXr/o-et xXa^tSo^o'pous eoroXi- o-jueVovs Kara ro i8toy o-^/xa' rovj 8e otKetaKov? Trpcoroo-Tra^aptovs fxera rwz; otKettor o-7reKta>^ Kat ptoecor a-aytcaz;, cjutTrpoo-^ta) ra> o-^r/fxart, Ka&ws 25 dycorepa) 8e5?7Xa>rat. ei^ 8e rot? Treptf dKOVjStrot? 8et KaXet /txepr] em 8uo aKovfliTaiv /3ao-tXtKoi/? di^pwTrou? aTro rr/? raiz; bibdroiv d^ta? Kat Karcorepar ey 8e rot? XotTro?? aKov/3trot? aTravras TOVS ap-^ovTas TOV rdy/xaro? raiz; o-)(oX(Sz;, otoz; roTrorrjprrrrjy, et rrj^ot avroz/ etz;at (nraOapOKavbibaTov, TOVS Ko'/xrjra? raiy - jxartKov?, pavbaTopas, TOV apiQ^ov rr} ^Saa-tXtKr) TpaTtefr) ap\ovTas /xeyt- rov? dvcorepa) eTTt rr?? btVTtpas r;^epa? iJivr]fjLOVvdfVTas TOV dptfyxov t^3', a(f)aipov^vov fj.V TOV T>V o-xoXwi^ bo^o-TiKOV, OLVTCLO-LOVTOS 8e Kara TVTIOV TOV 8o/x(rrtK07j rwi^ eo"KOD/3tra>z>, et(rdyti> 8e avrorj? ev rr) dva- 40 744 12, 17 KA.JJ/OU L 16 virK$vIA00EOT KAHTOPOAOFION 159 KA?fcret xara TOV TrpobeL\6evTa TVTTOV. ev be roty eKarepoty T&V fjiep&v aKou/3troty bel KaAez/ 6/xoia>y e7rt roty bvcriv aKot>/3iroiy /3ao~iAiKoi>y avOp<&- 746 Trovy ez> dta>fxao*tz'* eV 6e roy AotTnny aKovfiirois aVaz/ray rovy &p^ovras TOV rdiy/xaroy r<3z> ef0-Kou/3rcoz/, olov roTrorr/pr/rTJz/, o-Kpi/3coz>ay, roz> yjzprov- 5 \dpiov, bpaKovapCovs, crKVOs etTretz;, Seftworecos 8et evrpeTTtfetz^ efc K\ij(nv TTJS /3ao-tA.tK?J9 rtjuttas rpaTre^s eK ro>y drwre'pco 10 (Kda-Trjv r)fjipav }JLVYiiJiovv6tvT Spovyyapta) r?js Kara TVTTOV TOV apiOfMov ifi', eto-ayetr 8e a-Trarray er r?j di>aKA.77v dAAa^t/uarcoz;, Ka0a>s etpr/rat* rw 8e bpovyydpiov /xera ro{> otKetov o-Kapa/uayytov Kat o-aytov po?Js. ez^ 5e rot? AotTrots jStrots Set ^/xa? KaAetz^ /Sao-tAtKovs avOptoirovs Kara roz; Aex#eVra 15 Kat aTrauras rovy apxovTas TOV rdyjuaroy roi> apiOfjiov, olov roTrorrjpr/rrji;, roz> yapTovXapiov, rovy Ko/jiryray, rouy Keurap^ouy, fiavbocfropovs, \aj3ovprj- O~LOVS, crr;/uteto^)opovy, Soimznaropay, /aardaropay, Ovpapovs, Starpe'^oz^ray, ror apiOfjibv o~b', Kat eta-dye LV avrovs oirrcoy ror /utez; TOTTOTrjprjT^v poe'ov o-aytov, rovy 8e Aot7roi;y /xera rwr otKfi&v (TKapajuayytcoy, 20 dzxore'pco 6e8?jAa)rat. e?rt 8e r?jy Tre'/uiTrrTyy ^e r pay 8et u/aa ety K\rjcriv rryy rt/mtay oz^rcoy jSao-tAtKTJy rpa-Tre^y 6/xou eK rair drcorepco T(i)v tvbo&v fxeytcrrdycoz/ trvz; row o"ojueo-r6cou rwz/ apiO^ov tfi', Kat etcrayetz; avrovy /xera rwr oZKetcor dz^core'pco SeSrjAairat. ez; 8e roty AotTroty aKou/3troty 8et 25 o/xoO jSao-tAtKovy avOpuwovs, a>y d^corepa) elpr\Ka^V. fv 5e roty Karcorepa) rovy dp^ovTas TOV rayjaaroy rwz; CLVT&V iKavaTtov, olov roTTor^pT/riji;, rovy Ko'^ray, roz/ \apTov\dpiov, rovy Kerrdpxovy, fiavbotyopovs, 8ovKtz^tciropay Kat (JLavbaTopas, o~b' TOV apiOfJiov, Kat TreVryray t^Q', 8e avrovy eV r^ araKA^a-et, KaOcbs Kat eV roty AotTroty ray/xao'iz' Trpoeypd- 30 (f)afjLV. v TOV Xpta-roi; yeye^Atoor eTreVrry eopr?j, Kat aTro ravrr/y ^ rcoz> t^' cLKOv(3LT ^Sao-tAet a/xa rou o-rtxov ey ro em btypov Ka0- trQijvai' TOVS be OCTLOVS ^yov/xe'z/ovy o~rtx^Soz/ Kara r^z/ oiKetav TO.IV Kat apnoovo~av boav elcrdyeiv be O.VTOVS, Ka^a>y Kat rovy TrarptKtovy, /xera 748 746 4 ToiroTTjprjTos L B : correxi 5 vpurofiaySdropa. scripsi : -opas L B 6 T^V apiBfibv scrips! : TOU apidpov L B 17 SovKtvdropas L B 18 rcl> /*ii/ L 19 ^a>6ov B 747 21 ^JATOJ L 23 aAAai/icTj> B et passim 26 TI/ KO^TUV L B : correxi 27 TO)J/ Ki/Tapx ftJI/ > &av8ovi(i)V cLTroXeXvfjievto r? {(TT&VTQS KVK\(p Trjs /3ao-tAtKr/? rpaTrefrj? els TO 7rpoo-KaAeVa(r0at TrArjtrteVrepoz; e avr&v ovs az> bofrj ra> flaffiXei. h' be rot? AotTrot? aKot>/3t'rot? bel v^as KaXeiv TOVS K bicKfropwv fjLova(TTr]pi(t)v avaypatyofjievovs d(3dbas, rjyovv TOVS ra 5 o-payt'6"ta Trap" r]^5>v etA??? avrovs e^> (Tiv KOL roz/ roO oiTTOfjiivo-ov fjiivo-ov, KOL tv TovT(p rw Kaipai eta-ayetr TT/DOJ ^eipovo- 10 juttav raw avaKCLfJievtoV Kal ^aXKovTav Trarepa)^ TOV? 8^0 KK\r](TLaS bofJ.(TTiKOVS KOL IcTTaV CLVTOVS *V0V KCLKfWtV TOV TpiK\Lvov Ttpos TO TTOteto-^at, ws etpr^rat, rr/r yeipovoniav cut 8tW r<3z> avaKifJLva)V Xartp&V. biboTai ovv Kara rvTroi; Trapa ro{5 Aoyoi) rot? ju,ez/ avaKifjLVois irl Trjs ftao-L^LKrjs Tpaire&s ifi f fjyovptvois ei? 15 ^)tAortjutta? eTTLOocriv ava z/o/xi(Tjuara>i> o* rot"? 8e AotTro?? JJLOVCL^OLS a r na(Tiv ava ro/otta-juaro? ew? Kat /xoVoir rot? 8e Svo 8ojU6(rrtKot? az^a VO^KT^OLT^V $ Kara TVTJW. 8et elotvai, OTL V avTy rrj fjiJitpq KOL ol Tre'z^re? ez/ ra> 749 Koro-to-ropta) (rO(ov(nv, Aajut/3az/oz^re? rr/r Kara aKOu^trwz^, 8et fyza? cr rrj KVpiaKrj Trjs TTpLobov Trjs avTrjs ffibojjidbos Trpo Trjs KAr/rreaj? ro{5 7rarptdp)(OD Kat rcoz; afidbctiv eKreAetz; ro Aeyo/ueroy K\rjTu>pLov TOV TTO\VTpL^ov f Kat VTp7ri^iv et? v elcrdyeiv be Kat e^dyeiv CLVTOVS )(Xavibo(j)6povs, KaOa Kat arwrepa) 8e8?iAa)rat. er 8e rot? a.Koi;/3trot? 8et v/xa? KaAetz> ^3ao"tAtKoi;? avOpairovs eOviKovs olov <&apydvovs, Xa^apov?, 'Ayapr]vovs, <&pdyyov$ Kat 6Vot r^? e CLVT&V airoXavovo-i T&V poy&v TTpo^r] Betas' eivayew 8e CLVTOVS 30 airavTas Kal e^ayeiv /uera ro eOviKov Ibiov o-x^J/xa, ot^o^et ro Trap 5 CLVT&V TTL\ey6fJievov KafidbiV* Kat t#' ovrco? r?j aTro ravrr^? ettrtowr? r^? e/38o- /xa8o? TeTpdbrj 7rpoo-KaAeto-0at rw Trarptapxrji' fiera rwr avroi; fjyovfjievutv fjfttpa g Ka \ novax&v, a>? TrpoAeAeKrat. evrt 8e rfj? eftbo^s r}^epas T&V CIVT&V CLKovpiTuv bel v^as empem^eiv els a-vvecrTLao-Lv em Trjs (Baa-iXiKrjs TpaTre&s 35 750 az>0t>7raroi;?, TrarptKtoi;?, (rrparr^yov?, d(/)? o~w rw VTrapxw ^? TroAeo)? Kat rw Spovyyaptw rwr 7rAot'ju,G>i>, 8e avrov? Kat e^ayeiv jxera rwz/ otKetcoz; dAAaftjutarcor, Ka^a Kat 8e8rjAa)rar ez^ 8e rot? AotTrot? CLKOV^ITOLS KaXelv els ea-Tiacriv TOV (TV^TIOVOV Kat roz^ XoyoOeTrjv TOV vrpatrajptov, roy roTror^p^r^ rwi' TrAotjucozJ, ror \apTovXapiov 748 4 5t L 17 vo^fffiaTos fris L 19 xP vffolffr P lu > L : corr - Bieliaev I 118 (cf. supra p. 135 1. 15) 749 20 Terdprr) B 21 &pxnrai B 29 ayapivovs L 30 eauTTjs L : corr. R 32 KaftdSiov B 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 161 TOV TiXoi^ov, roi/s KOJJLIITCLS TOV TtXotfWV, Kevrdp^ovs 6/^,0 icos, Kptrds rS>v pytoV(DV, 7T07rraj rrjs 7ro'Aea>9, yetro^etdpxas, roz; Aeyardptoz; ro rooptov, TOV KevTvpitova, TOVS TrpajroKayKeAAapious, KayKeAAaptoi>s, Kat o'dropas roC 7rAotjuoi>, TOV apiO^ov crb'' tivaytiv 6"e /cat e^dyetr auroi;? /xera 5 r oiKL(tiV (TKapajuayyuoz;, TrXrjv TOV roTrorrjp^roO /uerd /cat crayiaiv pajecoz>, a^corepco o'eo'^Acorat. e^u 6"e r^s oy8or]j 7//ixepas rwr CLVT>V CLKOV- e/creAetrat ro (3<*)Tov Traifoopofjiiov, KOL 6et v/xaj evrpeTrtfeti' et? (rW(TTLa(rLV T&V (3a(TL\t(DV TOVS TTpOV^OVTCLS T7/9 TafeO)? TOO fJLVCTTLKOV KOV- fioVK\LOV, olov TTpaLTTOO-lTOVS, TTp^TOCTTTaOapLOVS fVVOV^OVS, TTpLfJLLKTJpLOVS, 10 dortaptovj, roz; apiQ^bv r\ ', TOV \apTov\apiov TTJS /3a(rtAtK?/? craKeAAr;?, ro^ 7rt ro{> t8t/co! AoyoD, roi; aKTOvapiov /cat roi> r^j Karaorraa-eco?' eto-ayeti' be CLVTOVS juera rw^ ot/cetco^ dAAa^jotarcoz;, ov Ka^cos roi;? AotTroi;? airavTas cv rats -n-poAex^f tVat? ?Jjuepai9 /c rwv Kara) Trpos ra aVa) OT)^ ra> Kaa-Tprfa-itf TTJV TTOpiav Troiov^voi, aAA' aS^ts o-w rr; e^o^w rrj? /3aa-tAtK^j dz;a/cA?i(7a>9 751 15 OTi)(^4V CLVTOVS /cara ro t8toi; d^tcojita KVK\U> Trjs rt/xta? /3acrtAtK^j rpa- wtftff, Kat a/ua r?/? K(f)0)vr{o-(tis T&V Trapco-rwrcoz; /3oi>/caAtcoz; avaK\iviv O.VTOVS V Tr\ Aa/utTrpordrr; TpaTftfrj, t^dyeiv be CIVTOVS Trd\iv rrj avrry aKO- \ovOiq, a>s etpi]rat. e^rt 8e rot? AOITHHJ aKOU/3troi? Trpo r?j? ^Sao-tAtK^? d^aKArja-ea)? 7rpoava.K\ivovTai Trez-^re? ot ra o-payt6ta T/TTO dpriKAtVov, Kat StSorat Kara TVTTOV TTCLpa TOV tlblKOV \6yOV eKaOTCO TTVr]Tl tS (3a(TL\iK1]V V\OyiaV ttTTO- aKoi>/3trcoz> reAet^rat K\7]T^piov bewvov, o Kat rpt>y?/rtKoz> KaAelrat, Kat 5e? 25 iy/uias 7rpofrpe7rt{et^ et? crvvevTiacnv TOV beiirvov rw /3acrtAet &.ov$ t/3', oloi' /xayto'rpous', d^^i'Trdroi;? TrarptKtous crrparr^yoi;? OKrcu, ^)tAoi? BovA- yapcDV bvo, Kat roi)? KaTpu>v bvo brffjidp^ovs. TrpocrKaXovvTai, be OVTOI Trapd rot) /3acrtAea)? 6 id roi; dpTLK\ivov Trpcota?, Kat (TVVL(Tp')(OVTaL TTaVTZS Ot KK\T]fJLVOL etj aVV(TTLa(TLV 30 ((TTrepa?, Kat etddyorrat Kat e^dyorrat Trdrre? juera rv aKOVyStrot? Se? v/xd? KaAeti' Kara rw opoz^ r^s -rrpwrrjs fmepas TOVS virb KafjurdyLV o-vyK\.riTi,KOv$ airavTas, 752 otov a, d^rtypac^ets roi; KveVrcopo?, roz; O-VHTTOVOV, TOV Xoyo6tTr]v Kat rovs Kptrds, vorapiovs TOV o-aKtXXiov, voTaptovs TOV /3eo-rtaptov, voTapiovs TOV (tblKOV, viraTovs, (riXtvTiapiovs, ^3e(rrr/ropas Kat /xtKpovs dp^orras rwr ray/xdrcor, olov (TK^TTTpo^opovs, (TLyvocpopovs, evTV)(o(j)6povs, bpaKovapuovs, 750 i TrAofjuaTos bis B : ?rAo/L rby Ko^ra LB : COrrexi 2 irpaTL : irpot- jrotrirov B : irpaiTcpiov scrips! 5 TOU roiror-nprirov SCripsi : TO)^ TOTTOTTJPTJTWJ/ L B 13 KaffTpurly L 751 19 irpoavaKheivoyrcu TreVrjrais L 23 exwr L 752 35 x Aaptous bis SCripsi : -apiov B 36 /cuecrropos B M 11 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY "^ a' (TLVaTOpaS Kat boVKLViaTOpaS, Kat TOVS eKarepO)Z> fJLtp&V bpOfJifts aTTCLVTaS. Set be fla-dyciv TOVS pzv a~uyK\r]TiKovs airavTas jxera T&V otKetW dXXafr?- HaTtov Kat KajuurayiW, TOVS e Spojuety TTOLVTCLS /xera r<3z> CLVT&V TroSeW, Kat TOVS fJLV VLKrjTCLS M TTJS KptLTTOVOS 0(Ty, kv r\ Kat TOVS 7reVri_ray /uiera 6e rr]v irpotopTOV $u>Tavyiav KOL TTJV firLOoo-iv T&V ^arXicoz; avTovs TrdvTas Kara roz; TVTTOV TOV irpoypatyevTa irao-iv. firl 6e TT}S rf^pas T&V avT&v aKovfiiTuv Set v^as VTp7TL^Lv et? K\TJ(rtv TTJS (3a(ri\iKfjs T / :)a7re 'C ? 7 ? OfJ.Ol(t)S avOvTTaTOVS TTCLTplKiOVS 6(f>(f)LKia\lOVS CTVV TO) roov vovfjitptov Kal rw Ko/mr;rt rwi> TL^(^v, (f)i\ovs t/3 /% etcrayetr Kat efayetz^ ftera rwi^ oiKetcoy oXKa^^aT^v /cara roz; Sr^Xco^eWa TVTTOV. 753 > 8e rot? AotTrot? CLKOV/BLTOLS Set v/xas KaXeiv TOVS bvo roTrorr/prjra? Kat XapTovXapiovs T&V vovpcpuv KCU TCLX^V, Tpifiovvovs, fiiKapiovs, Aeyara- piovs, fj,avbcLTopas , ^vobo^ovSy yepoKOfjiovs, xapTOV\apiovs T>V tvay&v , dpx.tarpou? Kat rovy 5tatraptows roi; /neyaXoi) iraAartou Kat r^9 Aa- (rb f , Kat TreVryras t8 /0 TToKiv(TViv 6e 754 Kat yepoKo'/uouy \apTovXapiovs Kat laTpovs o~vv T&V StatraptW em rr) 0eVet row aKovfifaov TOV /3a(rtXe6oy, TOVS 8e ap^ovTas T&V bvo em Trj Kara irpoo-amov 0eVet row /3ao-tXe'a>y eta-dyetz; 8e avrovy Kat edyetz> rouy /u,ez> ^fvobfyovs //era rr rayjudrcoz; ap\ovTas, TOVS /u.er roTrorryprjray Kat avroi/y jixera pcoe'cor ta' rovy 8e XotTrovs /aera o-Kapa/xayytwz; Trdrray. em 8e r^y aTretpyerat juez^ T; r ra> Trept^SXeVro) roi5 Movcrrtrtaroi; rpt/cXt^a). Trpoorrot- 25 X^tTat yap ro avro K\r]Ttopi.ov irapa TOV /SacrtXe'coy Sta rou ai/roi; dprtKXtVov Trpauay, Kat Set ^/xay Trpoo-KaXeto-^at ety K\fj(riv TOV ai>Tov bciirvov /uayt- (TTpovs, dvdvTTaTovs, TrarptKtovy, ocfxpLKLaXiovs, Trpanroa'LTOvs, TrpcorocrTra- Oapiovs vvovx ovs > vplpuaiptovs, do-rtaptovy, /xayXa^Stray, Ko'/xryray ro(5 o?5 Kat KtvTapxovs, TOV apiQpov Kara ro TTOO-OZ; r^y rpaTre^y, Kat 32 rr]^ dtiav Trjs ecrTrepay fxixrraycoytau Sel ror KaXeVaz^ra dpTLKXivrjv TrdvTas cnroOta-Oat. ra tavT&v dXXa^TJ/xta Kat eTrevbvo-acrOaL TO, otKeta avr&v o-Kapa/xdyyta ety ro /xer 1 avT&v (rvveo-TiaQrjvai ra> ^Sao-tXet Kara rvTror. 77 Se dyta ra>^ (fxaTu>v 77/xe'pa tvr]v TLVCL Kat Trept^XeTrror XafJLTrpocfropiav flcrdyovcra davfJLacrTrjv Kat Traz^dyao'ro^ rr/y Se^ia)(rt^ eKreXet r?/y /3a(7tXtK7^y eortdVecoy. r^y yap evuxriv T&V ovpavtav Kat eTTtyetcoi' ray/xdrajy Sta rr?y Scopeay rot; dytou ^QaTrrtV/xaroy JJLVO-TLK^S < rovy ei; rdfet dyye'Xa)^ tepety rr^y /xeydX?7y roi; 0eoS KaOo\LKrjs Xev\rj[jiovovvTas ety (rvvz;?7ydyero. Kat Set rovy er TavTrj rr) r//xepa XaxoVray StaKOi^ta aKpt/3wy eTrtVrao-^at r?V e^Trpe-n-r] Kara- 40 (TTacriv Trjs TTpi yap rw reXoTj/xeVw Kpd/xart rr/y /oceydXr/y rou 0eo{5 eKKX^trtay Set" i$/xay KaXelz^ eTrt rr/y rt/xtay 6 MSuffiv L 754 35 tKreAetV L IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 163 /3acrtXtKTJs rpa-Trefts, juaytcrrpovs, avOvirarovs, TrarpiKtovs o-rparrjyovs, d<- 8e avrovs Kat edyetzJ juera r&v otKetW dXXaftjucoz;, aVev /xeVrot raw eavrcoz> gAapi&aw. ez; 8e rrj /3ao-tXtKrj rt/zia rpaWffl iipo ye mWcoz> owecmarat 6 Trarptdpx^S' rco /3a crvyKe'XXcp roy apiO^ov t/3', TrpocrTiyi&iv 8e avroi/j ez^ rr) avr&v eiyr) ap/xo8ta)9 Kara ror eKaa-rov Opovov, brjkovoTL Tjja^tea-^ei'ous a^rovj 7raous o/^otcoj X^"', dyayya)(rraj ojuotooy /c8', \^aXra? djuotcos K^' Kat TraTrao'as rot) tre/cperoi; roi; Trarpiap\ov XT'* o/xoi; (7t5" r * etaayety 8e avrovs 15 /cat eayeti> ovrcos* rovs /ixez; tepcojuie^ovs aTraz^ras /otera r otKetcoy Xcv/coiy , rovs e (re/cpert/covs, "v/^aXras re Kat avayvtocrTas /xera otKela fjiovov, o^Xo^ort Kara r^y raiv Kat e / K^e Kaipbv TOV T&V Xeyo/xei'toz^ SovXKtcoy, Kat (rw rr/ rovrcoi' eteicrayeti> 20 rovs 5vo r^s /xeyciXrjs eKKX?;a-tas Xa/utTrpovs Sojueo-ruovs crvz; r re Kat opfyav&v aTtavTav TOV crvfypaylov, XevxrjfJLOVovvTas Kat juteVovs ra otKeta ^eXwz^ta' biaipelv be avrovs ez^^er KaKtWev irpd Trjs et(ro6ou avT&v ovrcos. ra> /ixe^ ez;t avT&v 8o/xeo-rtK 8e 25 erepa) So/xeo-rtKO) avrcoy o-vy opfyav&v airavTaiv, Kat avroz; em rov evcoz^vjuov Kara TrpoVcoTroy ^eVecos ovVrjs rwz; aKov/3trcoy OT^few* eto-ayetz; 8e avrovs e' eKare'pa)^ rwy jutepwv a/m<^a) crw rrj evXoyta row 7rarptapx.ov, )(opo(rraret^ aTraz^ras Trpos avTifytoVov /xeXa)8iay. Kat ryi^tKa rwz; y' dz^rt- (j)u>vr](rL$ X?jfet, efdyetr avrovs Kl0V a/xa o^ey Kat eX?]Xv^ao-t^. Kat Trapa Aeoz^ros rov o-ov ap^aLOirapaboTov KOIVTJS 8tas, o-vreto-dyet^ ^/xas ey rw Katpai ra>y SovXKiW rovs 5 7 r?;s /xeydXrjs eKKXrjcrtas Trept^az^ets 8o/xeo-rtKovs, S^XovoVt ^^i^a-^vovs ra otKeta CLVT&V /ca/oirjo-ta Kat c^eXcoma jutoVa, Kat to-raz; avrovs eV rai //eVa) rov 7rept^8Xe7rrou rptKXtVov Kara Stao-rao-tz; ovrcos' roy //,ez> a' 8o/xeVrtKov r^s e/38o/xd8os Kara /xeVoy rcoy eKare'pco^ez; reo-crcipco^ Xa^7rpcoz> aKov/3ircoy, roi' 8e aTT* avrov btvTtpov bofjito-TiKov Kara juteVoz; o/xotcos rcoz; aTr' avT&v b' eKare'pco- ^ez^ Xa/xTrpcoi' aKov/3trcoy, roi' 8e y' 8o/otecrriKoy TrdXtv 6/xotcos Kara jueVoz> rcoz; OTT' avrcoz^ eKarepcotfez; XajUTrpcoy aKov/Strcoi', ror 8e 8 r Kara /zecror Kat 757 755 17 fj.vfiiJ.ovfvQriffo.v L 19 Tov\8i(DV L : COrr. R 756 24 aTrewra L : COIT. R 25 /cal L : tri/j/ R B 31 fiixo-piffrfiav L 34 ffvvyffdyetv L M 112 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY avTov T>V e eKaTepa>z> /xep<3i> Kat Aa/xTrpwz; a.K.ovfiiru>v. Kat (rvv rf) eTrt- uevVet Kat evAoyta TOV dytcoTaVov fjfjL&v irarpLap^ov a7rdpxeo-0at CLVTOVS TT}V TLfJiiaV Kat OtdptCTTOV CUV Trepaj, t8tK?}r rtz^a KaTaa-Tacriv eto-dyet 10 TraAtz;. ot yap ^eoTrpo^SAryrot croplOV 7Tt aTTO/COTTT^S TpaTTC^S, 6l> TW Aa/lXTTpOTaTQ) TptKAtZ^G) 'Ioi>- (TTiviavov TOV /aeyaAov, Kat Set T/juas evTpeTTtfetr ets crvvea-Tiavw T>V /3ao*tAeW (f>i\ov$ TOVS VTTO Ka^irdyiv airavTas, apxovTas TTJS OTV/K^TOV, 15 aTTO Te /xayto-Tpcor, avdviraTtov, TraTpt/ctcor, o$(t/aaAtW, /3ao-tAtKwz; Trpco- 758 TO(nraOapia>v, ao-rjKprjT&v, yja,pTov\apia)v T>V /xeyaAcor creKpeVcov, VTTOLTMV, , (TevaTopaiv /cat AotTraiz; ap\6vT(DV T&V b' Tay/xaTcoz;. 8et 5e CLTTCLVTCLS /caTa TO TTO(TOV Trjs TpaTre'ft?, Kat eto-ayety avTovs 20 /cat e^ayeti; aTrazrraj /ueTa TO>V otKetcov dAAa^jtxaTcoz; ?7ju,j Kat Tay ^(Aa/xv8a? e/xTrpotr^ta) TO> (T^r/fjiaTL' Kat 8e? iipoa'tyjEiv TO TOV opydvov Kat 7/ytKa T?)Z; aTnix 7 ? " 1 ^ ro ^ (f^Ooyyov Travo-rj, tavLr]fj.(av T&V becriTOT&v, Kat av^ts eKTt^ea-flai Tas eavT&v /xe\pt TTJS d^)tfea)s TOV HLVOTOV T&V bov\Ki(ov, Kat -TrdAtv Tawas di'a- 25 Aa//,/3dVecr0at Trdi'Tay, OTTCOS av /uteT* avT&v (TW^\9oLV tv TT} o/xota Tafet. TO 8e kiro^vov TW 8e^t/xo) tTTTrtKo^ aQXov TeAetTat fte^ Trj firavpiov TOV bc^ifjiov ^//e'pa, Kat fteTa T^y avToi; d-Tro'Avo-t^ TeAetTat K\r]Ta>piov tv T&> TptKAti>a> TcSi' Ka^t(7//aTO)^. Kat 8et T^/xas (VTptTrifciv (frfaovs ets avvf- (TTiaO~lV T&>V bt&TTOT&V KCLTO, TO 7TOOW T^9 TpaTT^rjS K TI/S O"l>yKA?JTOt> 30 Trdo-r;?, otoz^ /xayta-Tpov?, TraTptKtovs, TrpatTrocrtToi;?, 6(f)(f)iKLa\iovs, 7rpt/ut- Krjpiovs, do*Ttaptovs, y3acrtAtKOi;s TrptoToo-TraOapiovs orvv TW aKTovapta> Kat TW bK(Toypd(j)(i) Kat TOIS TOV ^AtaKov TrapaoraTats, a/ua T<3z> pts T Trapao-TCLTas /oteTa T<3z> otKetcoz; orKapajuayytcoz;. T?J 8e bfVTepa ^/xe'pa TOV 3>e/3povaptot> j V p( ov fin&v 'lyo-ov Xpto-Tov ev BAaxe'pratj, Kat Aa/u7rpas TrpoeAevo-eooj, TeAetTat TO fiao-iXiKov KXrjTtapiov ets TO^ Trept- 757 3 Qfdpcrov B xet/jcDi' coni. R 6 avfj.^d\etv L 13 TCI; A. L 758 22 T T. o. eeyfj.a.Ti R B 25 a^ecos L 27 rcV Se L 32 aKraplw L : correxi 33 T)\iaKov forma contracta L (non /c\t| ut ed. Bonn, falso adnotat) 759 35 r)\iaicov (non K\iaitov) L 37 ^UW/TJ (marg.) L 4>IA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 165 /3Ae7JTOy TpLK\LVOV TOV 'QKtCLVOV TTttAat eTTtKArjtfeVra 7TL rpa-Tre'c^S', Kat 8et ^juas 1 evrpe7rifeiz> et? crvvtcrTiaa-iv T&V /3az; (f)i\ovs K T&V cruyK\7)TiKG>v, Tovs VTTO KCLfjiTrayLV TT&VTCLS, olov /xaytorpouy, avOv- Trarouj, TrpaiTroa-trou?, TrarptKtou?, 6*roo"7ra- 5 Oapiovs, o-vyK\r]TiKOVs, TOV TrpcoroaerTJKprjrts, yapTovXapiov T&V efo-KOiL- /3tra)z>, VTTCLTOVS, /3e apxovTMV, TOV apid^ov Kara ro TTOO-QV rrjs rpaTref?;?- eta-aye tz; 6e ai&rovs /cat efayetz^ jutera r&ii' ot/cet, x w pt? rwz; ^ a l J 'V oa)V > Kara TT)I> eKao-ro) Trpoa-ovcrav Trjs bor}$ alav. 10 Tr) 8e KVpiaKT] TTJS TU>V Kpe&v airovcrias enl y&v TTJS ^SacriAtK^s rpa7re^r/s <^)iAous ov 6e? (7i)yKaAe?cr^at. ro yap avro K\r]T(apiov rots irtvrjcriv v- a rOK P fas a.TT\ovTai v rrj a\^t6t, Kat JJLOVOS 6 /3aa"tAevs roi/s eauroi) otxetovj /cat 760 0vyyPl$ Trpoj kcrTiaviv (rvyKaXtirai. rry 6e rptrry r?;s rupotyayov f Trpoo-KaAetrat roi; jSatrtAea a/xa rr) ?rept avroz; o-vyKA^ra) 6 15 Kw^o-raz/rtrovTro'Aecoj ez; rw evayet /xeyaAw Trarptap^tw, Kat reAou/xeVrjs r^j tepas Aetro^pytay, Trport^erat KArjrwptozJ cv rw /xeyaAco creKpeVco roC Trarptap^ou. Kat 8et ^/xas evrpe7rt{etr Trpos K\T)(TLV TTJS rotavrrys rpaTre'frjs, /xaytVrpovj, TrpatTroo-trou?, dy^Traroi;?, TrarptKtovs, o(/>^>tKtaAtoi>s, -Trpcoro- o"7ra^aptov9, (TTTaOapoKavbibaTovs, (nradapiovs, o-rparopas, Kav6t5arovs Kai 20 ap^ovTas T>V TayfJiCLTMV Kara ro TTOO-OV TTJS rpa-Tre'^s* eto-ayetv 8e avrovs Kat efayetu /xera rwr oiKeiW (TKapa/xayyiW Kat [JLOVOV. 0,776 8e ro KOv^to-jLtaros rou Trpwrov jutVcrov o"et ^/x^j etcrayetz; roy Trpcorororaptor ro Trarptapxou /otera roi; otKetov avroS ava\oyiov re Kat /St^Atou Kat temp a^roi^ e?rt r^s CVCDVVJJLOV ^eVecos r?js ^ao-tAtK?}? rpaTre'^s Trpos ro 25 VTravayv&vat, TOV Trept z^r^o-retay ap/xo^orra Ao'yoi'. /xera 6"e rr)y (rv/u- 7rA?ipa)o-t^ Trayro? rou Ao'yov Kat rr)z; eto-o8oz; r<3z> TVp\f/LT>v fcojuwz; det rov? x/^aAras a/x^)co o-vz; rai avT&v 6o/xe(rrtKa), ror apiOpov wcratrra)? Kat rovs drayrwo'ras' a/xc^a) o'vy rw avrwz^ 8o/xeo~rtKa), ror o/uotcoj, Kat to-raz^ avrovs e<' eKarepa /xe'pry, ets ro Trpoo-aSetzJ 30 tepoi' alvov Kara ru7roz>. ro?s 8e AotTrot? airacnv ava zvos Kat povov. r^ 761 8e Tre/X7rr?7 r^s a^rr;? e/35o/uia8os (rvyKaAerrat et? ecrrtacrtz^ VTTO r<3z> jSao-tAetoz; ez> rw /xeyaAw TraAarta) 6 aytwraros Kat OLKOV^VLKOS Kai a-vveiorfpxovTcu avrw jurjrpoTroAtrai, ovs az; ftov\f]Q^ 6 atiros Kat Set ?Jjua? evrpe7rtetz> et? KXrjvLV TTJS rtfxtas CLVT&V o-weo-rtdo-eco? 35 avT&v T&V ^rpoTroAtra)!', 0^9 ay T^X?7* K0 ^ ^pea-^Svre'pous roO TraAartov ef Kai riyovptvovs TWV fiaa-iXiK&v /xeyaAcoz; /xoz/acrr7]pta)z;, ay etyat rvx?7> K t o-eKpertKovs 7ra7ra8as roi; Trarptdpxov Kara ro VTTO- KfifjLcvov TTOO-OV Trjs rt/xtaj rpavre'^s' eto-ayetz; 6e avrovj Kat efayety fxera raw oiKL(tiv (TToX&v T Kat y aytW etKoVcoy opOoboias /utera r^y 760 30 Kara finrov. hie lacunam SUSp. R 39 &/ r^5 rpiK\iytf 'loucrr. TOW /j.fyd\ov K\t]ropo&ff(ov rinrov exspectes 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Trjs e/c (B\a^pv^v i tepa)- /xu(rraya>ytai> eKreAetrat K\r]TU>piov eK rfjs v^pccrias TOV /meydAov ra> Aa/xTrpordra> Kat /xeydAo) TrarptapxiKO) , Kat 8et evrpeTTifetz; ei? crvvea-Tiaa-iv 0UTrdroi>j, TrarptKtouy, /txryrpo- 5 TroAt'ras, dpxieTTio'Ko'Troi'?, ot/x/HKtaAiov? Kat ap-^ovras rrjs TrepK^avoGs 762 (TuyKATJrov, Kara ror apiO^ov TOV TTOz; otKeiW o-^/xfircoz/. M^v Maprtos. Tr) 8e KC' rou Maprtou fjirjvbs reAetrat 17 ev(rr;/xos Kat Trept^az;^? loprr) 10 rou evayyeAtcr/xoi; rrj? VTrepaytas 8eo-7rotVrys ^jnoiz; 0eoroKOV Kat afLTrapOcvov Maptas, Kat TfXov^vrjs rrjs rvTTtKTJ? TrpoeAe^o-ecos ey rw I'aa) rw^ XaAKO- -Trparetcor eto-ep^ovrat ot /3ao-tAets e^ rw TraAartG) juera r?}? 7rapaboov Trda-rjs o-vyKA?jrov Aa/xTrpo^opowre?, Kat /mera r^y etcro8ov Tavrrjv CLTTO- riOovrai TTCLVTCS ras kavr&v trroAa? Kara rvTror, Kat (fropovvrtov T&V 15 tvo-fp&v fjn&v /3ao-tAea>z; ra KXpva"cofteVa avr&v o-Kapajudyyta, (jovrai TT&VTCS o/xotcoj ra otKeta avr&v o-Kapa/udyyta, Kat reAetrat ptoz; ra> fiacTLXei v ro> 7repieoTar(t> rptKAtro) roi; KOTrr^s rpaTre^ryj, Kat 8e? ^/xas evrpeTrt^ety ets crvi'ea'rtacrti' ei/ rr) rotavrry ^/xepa /aaytcrrpovj, TrpatTroo-trovy, avOvnaTovs, -TrarptKtovs, 20 orparrjyovj, d^)^)iKtaAtov9, (3a(ri\LKOVs -TrpcorocrTra^aptov? Kat AOITTOV? apxpvras K T&V fiav ray/xdrcoz; Kara ro TTOCTOV rfjs rpa-TrefrjS' eto-dyetr 8e avrovs Kat efayeiz> ei^ rrj KA?7o-et /xera ra>z> otKetcov a-Kapa- /utayytcoy Kat povov. rfj 8e Trpo r^? Xptaroi; draa-rdo-ecos Aa//7rpa KvptaKr) 763 r<3i> /3at A cor reAetrat 17 Trpoe'Aevcris eV ra> ^eo^vAaKra) tepai TraAartw. Trpo- 25 Ka0eo-0eVra>i> yap e?rt roO \pva-OTpLK\ivov T&V evo-efl&v fm&v /3acriAeW e^aAAay/xe^cor a/xa ra> oiKOf/xe^tKa) Trarptdp^^ ^at roi; Kov(3ovK.h.Lov Tra^ros Trpo Trpoo-coTroi; CLVT&V Kara rdftz; OTI)(?}O'OI> Trapecrrwro?, eto-dyovrat ot 8' do/xeVrtKot rwz; ray/xdrcoi' o-vr rots St^rt Sry/xdpxot? Kat ra> yapTOV\api<*> rrjs /SacriAtKr/j (raKeAAr]9, Kat o-i)z; rovrots 8e Trdrres ot yr]pOKO/uot re Kat 30 fez>o8o / xot TWI; tvayStv otKtoz;, Kat rr^s eto-KO/xt8^9 raw rt/xtcoi; crravptcoz^ Trap* avrots reAov/xeVr]?, etcrdyoz;rat Trdz^res, /utdyto-rpot, avOvTraroi, TrarptKtot Kat o^x^tKtdAtot Kara TrpoVcoTroz; r<3i> cvcrffi&v fiacriXttov, eorroAto-/xerot ra? eavrwz; AeuKa? x^ az; ^ as> * Ka ^ r ^ s Stayo/xT/j raiz^ ri/xtcoi' (rravpttor e^s avrovs yeva/xerrys, reAe^rat r} Atrdrtos T$/xz>&>8ta aTro roiJ raoO r^s aytas eoroKov roi; 4>dpov Trpos roz; I'aoy rr^s ayta? rptd8os r?js Ad^^s, Kat aTro rr^s VTroorpo^TJs ravrr/s reAetrat KAryrcoptoz; rot? /3ao-iAe{5(rti> eTrt ro{5 Aa/xTrpordrov 'lovo-riz^taroiJ rptKAtVov, Kat 8et r;/xas cvTptTti&iv ets i'Aov?, /xaytVrpov?, TrpatTrofrtrovy, TrarptKtoi)?, o^x^tKtaAtovj, ^e^oSoxovj, yrypOKo/u,ovj, roTrorr/pryra? rcoz^ ray/ud- rcoi; Kara rov apid^dv TOV TTOO-QV Trjs rpaTre'fr/y, Kat etcrdyoprat Trdz/res ot 761 3 \ap.Trpurarw L 762 16 KfXP vffo f Ji ^ va 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 167 juerd ran- otKeuoi; dAAaftjuuoz;, irhrjv T&V \\avib IODV, ol 6e yrjpo- KOL ^vobo\oi Kat T07Torr]p7]Tal T&V ray/xdreoz> /xerd rd otKeta CLVTUU' (TKapajudyyta. rrj 6e dyta Kat tepa 7rejui7jT?7 r?js AajUTrpds o^rcoj /cat Trept- (fravovs e/36ojota8oj, eV ?f 6 rr/? tfeiay /uwraycoytas Trapd r?Js dixo o-os > , irarpiKLovs, d^x^t/ctaAtoDy, TrpaiToanraQapiovs fvvov- X.ovs, TtpLfjiLKripLovs, ocTTiapiovs, /xayAa/StVaj, Ko/xr]ras rot; apiOpov Kat 10 Kez^rap^ODS Kara ro irocrbv rrjs rpaTre^y, Kat rovrouj irpoo'Kahe'io'Oai CTTI roz^ Try? e(T7Tpas Senr^oz^. aTroAvo/xerrjs ovz^ TT/S (rvyKA^rov Trao^r/s Kat TraAty TT/OOS &pav B' 7raviov(rr]s, crvvlp^ovTai TTCLVTCS ol KeKAr^/xe^ot eis ro reAeVat T7)r tepaz; e^coxtaz;, Kat //era TT)Z; aTroAvo-tz; r^s Aetrovpyta? Trport^erat ro /3a(rtAtKW KA^rooptoz^ eTrt row Tr 15 rptKAiVoi) roi; 'lovo-rt^ia^oi;, Kat TrpoKa^ea-^crros roi; /3ao-tAeco? em r^s rt/utta? rpaTrefrjy, eto-ayoz>rat Traz^re? ot KK\TJIJL^VOL /xera rwz; otKttcoy o-Kapa- Kat povov, eirt 8e rf/ CLVT&V eo'8a> XafiovTts Trap" rj^Qv arAta ^ep\ovrai Traz^re?. rw 6e aytw Kat rt/xtw o-aj3/3arw avt&xOevTos TOV \afjLTTpov TraAarto?;, reAetrat TrpoeAeuo-t? 8r])icoo-ta -Trpo? rr)z; aytaz; 20 ^ofyiav, Kat {TraAAarrojoiei'^s r^s eV8i>r?js rrjs rt/xtas Kat aytas t(rep)(erat 6 fiacrikevs tv rw o-Kvo(/)i;AaKta), Kat r^s bLavofjLrjs roSy vapbuv, VTroa-rptytL TrdXiv 6 /3aa-tAevs /utera 6o^s ey r (|>tAoi;s, /^tayto-rpovy, TrpatTroo-troi)?, d^^fTrdrot;?, TrarptKtoi;?, 25 TTptoToo-TTaOapiovs d^)^)tKtaAtoi)j, irp(*)TO(T7raOapiovs ocrTiapiovs, juayAa^Stray, roTrorryp^rd? Kat K rwv apyjovrav TOV Kara ro TTOCTOV TTJS rpaTrtC^y, Kat (TTOi^ov^lvov Trapa TOV /3as rov avroi; K\.rT(*)iov, Kat 6 30 dpov T\ov{jLVY]s, /uerd r7)z; K(f)a>vr](riv TOV IJLVVTLKOV opydvov 7raz>res rd? eaurwz; a-roAd?, Kat eTrez^iSwKOzmu rd otKeta o-Kapa- Kat tWarat rd KA^rcoptoz^ ez^ rV 3r a-Kapa/xayyto)^ Kat JJLOVOV /xerd 8e rr)z; tiriboa-iv T&V (^arAtcoz; TjjMV 01 7rCLVTS. *H 8e dyta Kat 6e8oa(r/>ter?] rry? Xptcrroi) avaord(recos ^ 77 rd r^j a-corryptas T^/XWZ; otKoyoju?}^ Ke^dAatoz^, Kat 6 ^OLKOS *A8d/x eK r^s (frOopas Trpds TT)I; C^V eTravTJXOtv, Ka^irpdv Tiva Kat Trept^SAeTrroz; 40 tv(t>yiav rots (Sacri\V(Tiv rj^&v -TrpoefeVrya-ez;. rd yap ity-os r^s tepas inro(f)aCvovTs K ra>^ Kara) KaOeop&v eavrov? 764 4 fas L 765 27 ffTvxovfj.evov L 28 viro\vovrai B 35 40 Trpoffe^fyrjfffv B 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 766 irdpavTts irpbs vtyrjXriv Tiva Kat iroXvKvbov TOV /3r//xaros 0u>piav tavTovs 7ravdyovo"L, Kat Trjs Xpto*ro{5 a\rjOovs dya / 7rr7s TOV acnraa-fjiov eK/zt- ro V7nJKooz> airav o-\TLK(as Karao-7rabz>rat, Kat avOis crvv rrj rvyK\r]T(f irpbs Tr]v ava> 2twzJ, TTJV Xptoroi) tKK\r](riav, a>s /xa0r)rat, jx,era bor]s CTVVT proven. rr)z> yap ircpibo^ov Trjs r/jzepa? yappo- 5 vrjv vbeLKvvfJLVOi AajutTT potyopovcri rot? Xcopot?, ets TVTTOV rwu 6^ra^)ta)r Xptoroi) (TTrapyavMV ZCLVTOVS e^etAtrro^res. 8to Kat e^ rat? 8etcus \pcrlv aVTU>V TO VlKYjTLKOV TOV (TTCLVpOV KCLT^OVTCS T pOTTCLLOV , T7]V Trjs \o'iK.f)s f]fj,>v ova-Las v rats e^co^/xotj KaT^ovcn, Kat rr)z> rw @ea> avatyepovTts /xera rr)z; rwy aytcoy /^(rrrjptcoz; /utera- 10 irpbs (Tfj.vbv Kpapa TOVS Trjs o~vyKX.rJTov TrpoKptrouy, a>s Kot^a)z;oi;9 (ai>aj9 Trpoo-XajJipavovTai. Kat 8et ^/xa? tVTpemfav V rrj avr^ KA?jort roi; Kpa/xaros roi; reXov/xeVou Iz; rrj X/HOTOI) Ka6o\iKrj cria ts o-Wt\ovs and Trjs ra6o? r av6vTTaT(tiV, TrarptKtcoy, o-rparrjyoiy re Kat o^x/>tKiaA&oi>, ror apiQ^ov t8 r ' '5 8e ai'rovs em rr^y avTrjs r/oaTre'fr/? oirrcos* rov? /xe Kat TrarptKiov?, rov? Awpov? l^fi^tc otKetcoi; Ka/oir]o-t(oz;, ai^ev ifSi v w Kat ro Trept^az^e? Krrj/xa roi; els TLjjir]v irpotTcOr], 6et r/juas evrpeTrtfety ets crvvco-Tiao-LV rw 25 jSatrtAet ^tAovj eK rwz; Trpo\f\6* VT(t) v /xaytVrpcor, avOviraTtoV, TrarptKtW, (TTparr]y>v, d<^)^)tKtaAta)r creKpertKcSi', OTTO rrys ra^ecos roO orrpartcortKoi; Kat Karaire'pco, dcr^Kpr/rwz; re 6/aoi; Kat KOjurjrcoz; rcoz^ (rxoAwr Kat (TKpifitoVtov, orvv T&V bvo K BovXydpoiv (^t'Acoz;, rw apiQ^ov X f ' tv 6e rats 7Tpi^fjs reVcrapa-t rwz; Ka^apfov rpaTre^at? aTro rr^s ra^eco? rwz> 3 KavbibaTav, jQea-rryro'pcoz; re Kat 0-iAei>riapiW, , o-r]/xeto^)opa)y Kat asvaTopav TOV apiQ^ov AT'* K TOV /xeydAov Trpatrcoptov roz> apiO^ov if] , Kat eK rwr BovAya- pa)i> (^)tAa)z; dvOp^Trovs t,rj' f io~dyLV be avTovs Kat Trpocrrtxt^ety Trpo rr}s et(ro8oi; avr&v, TOVS fjiev eirt rrys ^pvcrrjs (3a(Ti\LKrjs rpaTreC^r/s 7Tpi(f)avis 35 baiTvpovas /xera rwz; otKetW dAAaf^/xarcoz; Kat x\avibi(t)v, Trpoo-KaAeto-^at 8e revs a7ro rwi; BouAyapcoy (f)i\ovs dirb Trjs rci^eco? rai^ ey rai 8evre'pa) /uttz^o-o) errt rr^s erjwwjuoi; ^eVecos rf^j rpaTre'fr?? Trpoy ro 768 avTovs TTffJLTTTOvs, rj Kat KTOVS (f)i\ovs, (TTL^i^LV be airavTas HvOev Kara rr^fy ap^o^pvcrav Trjs raecos eKacrra) So'^az'. OTTO 6e rr/s crrao"ea)s 4 766 8 vr)KT)TiKbt' L 1 1 irpoKp-nrovs L 767 20 eActTTwyes L 24 /cA^ua L : corr. R 25 es rt^V B 27 o^iKmAtW, ffeKpenicwv B, non recte, cf. infra 784. 5 fort. ToO (\oyo6frov TOV) ffrpari(ariKov sed vix necessarium 28 aa-r^Kpiriav L ro 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 169 X\OVTO)V TOVTMV s T&V KavSibaTcw Kal Kara>re'po> Trpos ro Ka0t(r6fjvai M T&V eKare'paw Svo TrpOKptrooy rpaTrefaw. enl 8~e rats Kara>re'pais rpaTre'^eus Set Trpoort- Xt&^j tvl JAW rr/s ef evcozw/uiov 0eVea>s rovs e 'Aydpa>z> 8eo7xtovs, eVl 8e 5 TT/y erepas rpaTre^rys rovs rwi; c^iAaw BovAyapcoy avOptoirovs TravTOS'- dvayeiv 8e avrovs airavras Kal e^ayeti^ ovrws* rovs fxer a^ro r^s Traz^ras KCU raiz; rayjuarcoi; fxera rwy otxeicoy aAAa^/uicoy, rovs Aev/coV ^OVCTIK&V opyavaiv, /cat ^in Hvov acrr/ jueAos, avio-rqv aTravras ets ev^/itaz; rwy 8ea-7rora)z; Kat av^ts ras eavrwz^ e/c8t8vo-Keo-^at x^- a M^ a? > Ka ^ ^ ra r ^J if^ffws rov JJLLVCTOV T&V bov\KL(*)v TtaXiv ravras avakayL^av^iv Trpbs ro /oter' avrz; 8' rpaTrefwz; KeKA?7jueVovs, fjiLKpov etpyoz;ras rovs a^co , Kat cT^' ovrcos o-wefepxo/u-eWvs aTrarras. 7rt 8c r^s 8evrepas f}[jLpas reAetrat /xe^eopros 7rpoeAevo-ts ei> rai a-ryKw rwz^ Kopv^atcov Kal 769 20 ayiwv aTroo-ro'Acoz;. Kal TrAr/pov/xeVr^s r^s tepas Aetrovpytas, Trport^crat K\riTa>pLov 7rl aTTOKOTrrT/s rpa?r^s > rw /ueyaAco rptKAtz^a) r /3ao-tAet jutaytVrpovs, Trpat- Trocrtrovs, d^VTrarovs, TrarptKtovs, crrpar^yovs, /urjrpoTroAtVas, d^^tKtaAtovs, Trpcoroo-Tra^aptovs, do-^KpTJras, xaprovhapiovs, VTrdrovs, /Seo-rrjropas, o-t- 25 Acvrtaptovs Kal dAAaft'/utcoy roSz^ rayjmariKwi' apxovTav Kara ro Troabv r?js rpa-Tre^Tys* eto-dyetz> 8e avrovs Kal efdyety //era raw OLKCLMV dAAaftjutcoz; Kal Ka/iuo-iW, avev /ixeVrot rwv lavrai^ xAajyc&w* Trpoa-t\t.v 8e rots 8?j/i/ots, Kal ^vtKa ap^ovrai aKroAoyetz/ rovs Sco-Tro'ras, Set qv TT&VTCLS rovs KK\rjfjLVovs Ttpos TO Kal avrovs Trpae'oos crwev- 30 (f)r]fj,lv rovs 8eo"7ro / ras. rry 8e rptrT/ T/juepa r?}s avr^s e/38ojud8os reAetrat Trayavrj Trpoe'Aevo-ts /xera dAAaft/xarcoz^ e^Soz; rov TraAartbv, Kal reAetrat KAryrwptoy em rov XP V(TOT P LK ^ VOV Kara ro o-^rjfjia rrjs Trpwrr^s ^jue'pas. Kal Set ^/xas evrpeTrtfetr ets K\rj(nv eirl r^s xP V(r ys rpoWfts aTro r^s rafecos rwy /aaytorrpcoy, TrarptKtwz^ Kal AOITTO)^ o-vz; rw So/aeo-rtKO) raw 35 o-)(o\S>v Kal fiacriXLK&v avdpuTTCDV airo rfjs rdfecos rwy o-7ra0apOKaz;8i6ara>z> jue'xpt rr)s rcifecos rtoy oTpara>pcoz>, Kara ro TTOO-QV rrjs rpaWfqs (^tAovs A eto-ayetz; 8e avrovs Kal efayetr, rovs //ez^ VTTO Ka^irayiv Travras /xera ra>z> 770 otKetcoz; dAAafr/juidrcoz', TrA^r Kal xAroa"7ra^aptovs /xera o-TreKtcov Kal pcoe'coz^ (ray fay rovs 8e /3ao-tAtKovs fxera rwy o-Kapa/utayytW 40 Kal fjiovov. eTrl 8e rats Kara) reVo-apo-t ra>v Ka/xapaw rpaTre'fats 8et ^jixas o-vyKaAeti> /3ao-tAtKOvs Kaz^8t8drovs Kal /xarSdropas Kal jutKpovs apyovras rov rdy/xaros raiz; orpd(ov, /cat reAetrat ro K\rjTu>piov cv rw ca>r<3 XP V(TOT P LK ^ V( ? ^l rfjs xpvo-rjs Kat 8et i7/xds evrpemeti> et? oweo-rtWiz; raw jSacrtAe'aw a>z> Kara rov f npo\^\Qivra Tvirov, Kat et avrou? Kat e^ayeti^, Ka0a etp^rat. 7rt 8e rat? Kara r<3i> Ka/xa- pwi' rpaTre^at? Set ^/xa? o-vyKa\ety eK rwr \yQevru)v (3aa-L\LK&v avOptoTrwv Kat roSi? fJLLKp&v apxovroDV TOV ef(TKOV/3troi> rw apid^ov ofi', Kat eto-ayeti/ 10 avrous Kara rov TtpoXGyOevTa TVTTOV. rrj 8e Tre/XTrr?/ rj^pa rrjs avrfjs TrarSeortas eto-epx^TCtt 6 Trarptapx 7 ? 5 M er " T ^ I; ct-uroi; /xr^rpOTroA 771 aycLTrrjv rw /3acrtAt, Kat reAeTrat Trpoe A everts Trayavrj bC dAAa^t/jtooz; row TraAartou, Kat (rvyKa^e'ferat ra> ^Sao-tAet ets (rvv(TTLa(riv 6 em r^s aTTOKOTrr?}? xpvo'TJs rpaTre^rys cv rai ^pvcrea) rptKAtz^w, Kat e ?y/ixaj 15 err! /xez; r^s XP V(7 ^ S Tpa/ytfqs (frfaovs airti /txez; rwr fjLfjrpo- Kat aTTo r^ (3a -Trpeo-^vrepcoi' row TraAartov ef, Kat T>V /SacrtAtKwr fjLovao-Tfjpuov t/3 r , etcrayeti/ 8e avrovs Kat efayetu ovrcoy rov? /xe^ /xryrpOTroAtra? /utera rwy otKetcoz; dAAa^/xarcoi^, 7rAr)i^ r rovj 8e Trpeo-ySvrepovs /xera raiz; AevKwy fahowCtav, TOVS 8e 20 Kat avroi)? /xera raiz; otKetcoy CLVT&V ^eAco^tcoi^. eVt 8e raiv ^ 8et ^/xay (rvyKaAer^ aTro r K\ripiK>v airo rfjs rafecoj rwr bLaKovcav Kat Karcore'pto Kat cbrd roi; o-eKpatrou roi; irarpiapxov Trcnrdbas, TOV apiOfJiov. . . . etcrdyety 8e Kat efdyety avrovs /xera rwy otKetW avr&v Ka/xryo-tW Kat povov. rfj 8e eKrr/ ^/xepa r^9 25 avr?i? TTpi6$ov reAetrat TrpoeAeua-ts trayavr] /xera aAAat/xdra)z> e^8oz; roi; TraAartov, Kat eto-dyorrat ot eK BovAydpcoz; ^)tAot /xera raiy eK BouAydpcoz; Kat reAetrat KAr]ra>ptoi> er rai avrw Trept^SAeVro) rptKAtVa) em (7?;j rpaire^s, Kat 8e? ?y/xas evrpeTrt^ety et? (rvvfOTCfWUt TOV /3a(rtAecoj (frikovs airo TIJS rd^ecoj r<3z> /xaytarpcoi;, avdviraTwv Kat AotTrovs 3 0-iw rwz; eK BovAydpcoz; $tAa>y Kat rw ^povyyapta) r?js ftiyXrjs Kat rw 5o/xe- o-rtKO) r(2z; iK.ava.Ttov, TOV apiOfJibv A r * o-rixt / t etz; 8e avrov? Kat 772 Kara rw Aex^eVra rvTroz; ri/s Trpwrr]? ^/xepas. eTTt 8e r<3z; Kara) 8et o-vyKaAeti; aTro' re KO/xTJrcoz; Kat KtVTapyjAV TOV apiOpov Kat ra>z; rcoz; avbpas vb', Kat eK r BovAydpcoz; fyiXuv avOpvTrovs {*{ (TTL^L^LV 35 8e 8e? rov? Boi>Ayapa>i> avOptoTtovs em r?ys Kara) reAevratas /xtas fjiovovs' elcrdyeiv be CLVTOVS Kat e^dyetv /xera raw otKta)i^ CLVT&V /xayytW. rrj 8e e/38d/x?7 rj^pa rrjs avTrjs ^e^twcrea)? reAetrat irayavrj Trpoe'Aeixrty ez;8oi; roi; TraAartov, Kat ytrerat K\r]Tu>pLov v rw rpiKAiW em rr}s avrr^s rpaTre'ft?, Kat o-uyKaAowrat ets eo-rtaati; rai 40 /3ao~iAer 6/xota)? aTro rrj? raea)9 rwr /xaytarpa)!' Kat 7rarptKta)r o~iw rw V7rdpx TTJS Tro'Aea)? Kat rot's 8i;0-t 8o/xeo-rtKot?, vov^tptov re Kat 771 14 (n/veflrflicunv L 20 ofjuxpopicav L 27 BouA'yaptay B Aoyofle'rr/ rov Trpatrooptoi* Kat ro> (TVjJiTTovto rov apiBfJibv A'. eto-dyoz>rat Se Kat eayoz>rat //era r<3z; otKetW avrQv dAAafijuara>z> Kat )(Aari8ta)z;. eV e rats Karco rpaTrefats crvyKa- \OVVrCLL TplfioVVOl, (3lKO.plOL, Oi tOviKol T7JS eratpetaS, oloV TotipKOl, XaaptS 5 Kat AotTrot, roz> dpt0/xoi> vb'. em be r?js rt/xtas rpam-'fts o-vyKaAowrai ot 6co8e/ca yetrovtap^at, ot 6' eTTOTrrat Kat ot 8vo Tr/ocoroKayKeAAaptot rot) ct(rayorrat 6e /xera r5v otK6ta)i> Ka/xt(7ta)^ Kat juoroi>, ot 6e TO. 7 roi; 773 eKreAetrat -TrpoeAeuo-ts AajUTrpo^o'pos ez; ra> o-j8ao-/ut(j> raw r<3v aytcoz; dTrocrroAcoi'' Kat reAovjuteVry? r^? tepas Aetrovpytay, Trport^erat KA?j- rwpiov ev rw \X0VTi TpLK\LV(p e7rt r^s bcvTcpas ^juepa?, Kat oweortarcu 15 rw ^Sao-tAet 6 aytwraros T^JUWZ; Trarptapx 7 ?? e^rt d-TTOKOTrr^? rpaWfty, Kat (rvyKaAowrat cts kfTTiaviv vvv rw /3ao-tAet ^)tAot Kara TVTTOV rfjs 8evrepas r?/ tiravpLov rov itpov Trao-^a. rrj 8e tTtavpiov rrjs veas eKreAetrat 6etcocrty be^ifJiov avtv o-aft)uov, Kat Ka^e'ferat 6 em a7roK07rr?is rpaTre^r;? /xera ro otKetov brjfirjno-iov em roi; ' 20 TpLK\(.vov. Kat 8et ^jua? o-vyKaAeti^ ets to-riavw airo rrjs ra^eoos r<3z/ /uayiVrpcoi;, TrpatTroo-trcor, dz>0wrarcoz;, TrarptKtcor, d(/)^)tKtaAta)y Ka^ \onr&v rG>v VTTO KafjLTrayLV Trdvraiv Kara ro iroo-bv rijs rpaTre'frys' eto-ayetr 8e Kal Trdrra? jaera rwz> otKetcoz; avr&v aAAaft/xarcoi; re Kat Kat ro JJLOVO-LKOV /xeAo? Kat ^avio-rav roi? 25 rai TrpobrjkoiOtvri \pov<& et? evtyrjfjiCav r>v bo~TTorG>v. rr\ 8e iravpiov rov avrov bf^ifjiov reAe?rat kiro^vov ITTTTLKOV aTroAwi/xov, Kat e^aTrocrreAAorrat Trpo? ra otKeta ot aTro BovAyapcoi' ^tAot, Kat 7rport0erat KA^rcoptor ez; rai 774 Trept/SAe'Trra) rptKAiz/w rwy KaOi(T}jidra)v, Kat o~vvfcr0Lovcri ra> ^Sao-tAet ot TrpatTToVtrot, TrarptKtot, ocfxpiKidXioi, Trpcoroo-Tra^aptot, ^aprovAaptot, inraroi, 30 /Sea-rTJropej, o-tAe^rtdptot, 6 aKrouapto? Kat ot roi; rj\iaKOv crvv rut 8eKO-co- ypac^a), roz/ dpt0ju,o/; Kara ro Troabv rijs rpaTrefrys. eto-ayoz^rat 8e Kat e^ayoz^rat Kara roz; avoorfpa \eyj)vra rpoirov. fjLcrov(rr]s be rrjs eoprrjs rov ird(T\a reAetrat Trpoe'Aeva-t? ^ry/xoo-ta, Kat Trpoep^oz^rat ot ^aa-tAet? ejonrparrcos ets ror z/aor roi; aytov MooKtov, Kal reAov/xeV?]? r^? tepaj 35 Aetrovpyta? irport^erat KA^rwptoz; ra> /3ao-tAe? eTrt aTTOKOTrr^s rpauefts ez^ rots eKeto-e rptKAiz^ots, Kat o-vvta-riarai 6 Trarptapx^s TW /3acrtAet, Kat 8et vrpiriLv ets (rvvta-riacriv avru>v $L\OVS CLTTO rrjs ra^ecos rwy J, avOvTrdrcw, irarpiKiutv, fx?]rpo7roAtras, d^^tKtaAtofs Kat rayjua- vs, Kat rwr eK rT/s o-vyKA^rov (-y-Tro) Ka^dyiv (ovjraiv Kara ro TTOO-OZ^ 40 rr/s rpaTre'^s* eto-ayetz; 8e avrovs Kat efayety /xera rwr otKetcoz^ dAAa- 772 9 vo^ff^aros L 773 II Qfwpru L 774 29 /cai xP T - B 30 Seijo-o- ypdci) B 39 (uTrb) Kafj.iro.yLV ovriav scrips! : ita/uLTray'icav rSiv L : Kafjuraylcav R B 40 e9 rov Kvptov fjn&v 'Irjo-ov Xptorov flav/xaarr/j jy/iepas reAetrat Srj/xoo-ta Trpoe'Aevcris 1 irapa T&V /3a0-iAeW ?7fx<3z; r<3z> dytW ey rw 7raz;o-e7rra) KCU 5 775 (re/3ao-/u(,ta) z/aw rr/s vTrepaytaj b(moivr)s rj^S>v eoroKot; TTJS Trrjyijs, KOL TT)$ te/oas Aetrovpytas, Trport^erac K\rjTu>piov rw /3ao~iAet CTTI rpaTre^?, /cat o-weo-riarat 6 Trarptapx 7 ? 9 r ^ /3ao-iAet, KCU o-vy- els (rvveo-riao-iv avrai <^)iAot OLTTO r^? rdfecos raiz; juaytVrpcoz; Kat Kara rr)z/ K0(riv KCU TO (ryfipCL r&v TTpoXex^KT&v 7ipL(f)avG>i> 10 H TTOTJJ- Trj 8e ayta rr}? TTVTrjKO(TTrjs fjnepq reAetrat 7rpoeAevpLov M cLTTOKOTTTrjs rpaTre'^s ez; ra> Trept^AeTrro) 'lof- (TTLviavov rptKAtVa), Kat o-weortwrrat rw /3aortAet ot Kara TVTTOV dvcorepco Aex^e^res ^>tAot, eto-ayojuevot Kat efayo/xez^ot /xera rwi^ otKetcoz; dAAaft- /xdrcoz; ^Mpls \Xav&iu>v. /xera 8e r^y ay tar r^s Trezm^KooT?}? rj^pav 20 KreAe?rat ro oreS/a/xou roi) SecrTrorou. rr/ 8e Trpcorr/ rou Matou fJLrjvos eKreAowrat ra eyKat^ta r^? i>ea? eKKAr^crtaj, Kat Atraz^tou TrpoeAewecos s. yivofj,vr]s aTTO Tov vdov rfjs aytas 0eoroKOV roO 4>dpov, reAetrat ^ ^eta 776 Aetroupyta, Kat Trport^erat KXrjrwpiov rot? /Sao-iAewrtz; ez; ra> repTrz^w XP V ~ o-orptKAtVo), Kat o-weo-rtarat rw /SacrtAet 6 Trarptdpx^s, Kat o-uyKaAowrat 25 ets (rvveo-TLaa-Lv avrov CLTTO rrjs rcifea)? rail' /uayto-rpcoz;, 7rpat7roo-tra)z% TrarpiKLMv Kat XoLTT&v /3a(TL\LK&v avQpu>iT(*)V (rvv T&v /x^rpoTroAtrwy Kara ro 7TO(Tov rrjs TpaTtiCfls. rfj be la TOV CLVTOV Ma'tov ^rjvos reAetrat ro Trjs Tro'Aea)? ravr?]?, Kat eKreAetrat 8eftco(rts be^ifjiov \o)pls Kat tTTTTtKoz^ iTnTobpofJLiov, Kat reAetrat KA^rcoptoy Kara roi^ 3 TVTTOV. rf) 8e dy8ory rou avrov Matof y^vos reAe^rat Trpoe- Aevcrts r?j? /xvrjjixr]? roi; eoAo'yoi) ez^ rai c E^8o'/x(i), Kat reAov/xeVrj? r?}? Aet- Tovpyias, Trport^erat KAr^rcoptoz', Kat (rvyKaAouz^rat Kara rvTro^ ot r?/^ (TvyKATJroD Trdrres Kara ro iroo-bv Trjs rpaWfts. rr} 8e K' rot) 'lovAtov Hr)vbs eKreAetrat 8ia XITCLVIOV TrpoeAevo-eco? eySof rov TraAartov r/ ja^rj/x>] 35 "HAtov rov Trpo^rjrov, Kat 5t' avr?}? r; ava.K\r)cris TTJS TreptopTJa-ea)? roO evdpw, Kat a8erat Trapa TTCLVTW aTroXva-L^ov oo-fjia lo-6fji\ov TOV ' (rvvTacfrevTts ', Kat 6t6orat rot9 /utaytVrpot?, Trpat- Troo-trots, avdvnaTois, TrarptKtots Kat d(/x^tKtaAtot? ets rvTror Trapa rov 4 /3ao-tAea)S (rravptrfta dpyvpa. rrj 6e tTravpiov fjfjiepq, tv rf rr)z; eoprr/r eKreAov/xei', 7rpoKa0e / ferat 6 /3aa-tAevj /xera dAAaft/xdrcoy em rov vboov 775 10 7r/9oA.e;K0T]j/ L 12 TrcvTLKoarrijs L 776 28 /u.irji'bs om. B 10 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 173 %pV(TOTplK\lVOV, Kat TTd/OeCTTCOrOS' TOV JJLVCTTIKOV KOV(3oVK\lOV, tlddyOVTOLl 777 o,re TOV craKtXXiov Kat ol ^evobo^OL Kat -yrjpoKOfjLOL, irpoo'dyovTes (rravpovs Xpvoroa-TOLpdaTovs Kara juu/^o""-' TS eoprrjs r<3i> fia'ttov, Kat Aa/x,7rpo- (f)opovvTo>v irdvTcov, ettrdycrat ^ rdt? TU>V fzaytVrjKou, di>0u7rdra>z;, Trarpt- 5 KiW Kat tKiaMav e^irpoo-Oev TOV bwiroTov, Kat biavofjLrjs T>V (TTavpiav VTTO TOV /SacTtAecos ye^o/xeVr;?, reAetrat, w? e^)a/xe Atraz;tos TTpoe'Aevo-i? aTro ro{5 raoi; r?js ayta? eoroKOD roS apo?j 7rt rdv TTpifi\TTTOv vciov Trjs fJi-/dX.7]s z>e'a? KK\r](rias, KOL T\ovfjLtvr]s TTJS tepas Aetrovpytas, Trport^erat K.Xr}T&piov rai /3ao-tAet 7Ti row XpvcroTpt,K\(vov, /cat o-wecrriarai rots fiao-iXtvcriv o,re 7rarptapx*7? fat ot ju?;rpo7roAtrat, juaytcrrpot, TrpatTroVtrot, avOvirciTOi, TrarptKtot, d^)^)t/ctaAtot Kat AOITTCH /3a(rtAtKOt Kara ro irocrbv rrj? rpaTre^?. TrpOKa^eferat 8e 6 /3a0-iAei>9 /X6ra roC otKtof St/S^r^o-tof, Kat et ^/za? eto-dyet^ Kat efayeiz/ Trdi^ra? rovs KK\r]iJ.Vov$ juera r<3z; otKeia)z^ CLVT&V dAAaftjutdrcoz; )(a)pts raw \\avi- 15 8tcoz;. rrj 8e tTravpiov reAetrat Seftcoo-t? Seft/xov Kat fteydAov (raft/jtov, Kat 7rpoTOevTO$ /3a ets O-VVO-TLCLO-IV CLVTOV airo rrj? rdfeco? TrpatTToo'tra)^, TrarptKtcop, d(|)0tKtaAta)i' Kat aTro rwz; (reKpertKaii' rw^ VTTO 20 Ka/xTrdytz; Trdz^rcoi; Kara ro TTOO-QV r^s rpaTrefrys* eto-ayetj' 8e avrovs Kat a r oiKta>i; dAAaftjudrcoz; re Kat ^\avLGLO)v. TOVS be AotTrov? 778 ^uTrdroi;?, 7rarptKtoi>? Kat airavTas TOVS (3acri\iKOv$ av0pu>- TTOVS TCLfJiLtVeiV CLVTOVS fJifTCL OtopaKlCDV Kttt KO^bo^aVLKMV IS TO O-di{JLOV Trjs Tpcnre&s, \opevovTu>v 8e TTCLVTO^V Treptf r^? /3ao-tAtK?j? rpaTrefrys Kat 25 r?/^ avdppvonv ev^/xowra)^ rou (ro^cordrou 8ea-7rdrou, 8t8orat Trap* a^rov rourots ets c^iAortjuuas 7ribo(riv aTTOKonfiiov (l^ov \pvcrov Atrpa? y r * Trpoo-- ^^ o-KToXoyiav TOV br/fjiov, Kat efazno-rau CLTTCLVTCLS bs V(f)r] fjiiav TOV b0"7TOTov Kara roi> Trpoypa <^ef7/s 6e TavTrjs Trjs fjfdpas reAetrat TrefoSpo'jottoz^ fiaiTov T&V TroAtrwz/ 30 rvTrco^ei; e-rrt Aeoi^ro? roi) (^tAoxptVrov 6eo-7roVov, Kat 6t8oz>rat a-^>payt8ta a>? Kara rvTiw ro{! {3a>TOv TrefobpofJiLOV, Kat irport^erat ptoz; rw ySao-tAet em aTroKOTmjs rpaTrefts Kara r^i; //eVr/z; 0eVti> roi; TTCprfavovs TpLKXivov rwr t0' Tepirv&v aKovfliTtoV, Kat (rv^ecrrtcorrat rw ^Sao-tAet ot TrpatTroVtrot payt8ta row /3ao-tAea>? 8ta ytipbs T&V /oteyt(rrdz;coz; Aa/3oVres, Kat 8t8orat avrots a^oK.6^iv dva z^ojotto-jotaros a y'. Kat /ute^' ^jote'pas 6^0 reAetrat LTTTTLKOV LTnrobpdiJUOV, Kat 7rpori'0erai KAr^rcoptoy eTrt roi; TpLKXivov TOV KafltVjuaros, Kat 8et e7/rpe7rieii> ets orvvzcrTiaanv roi /SacrtAet (friXovs Kara roz; e^ ro?s 40 bpoiuKois KA^rcoptots Aex^eVra n;7jw. 67rt 6e r?}s ^ ro Avyovo-rov 779 fj.rjvbs fjjjitpas eKreAetrat 17 Trpoe'Aevo-t? /uera dAAaft/xaros ez> r?) /neydAr/ 77 3 fj.-{\ij.i}t'Aot, Kat V7roo~rpeet 6 fBacriXevs em TO 7raAdrtoz> e/xTrpdrcos, Kat 7rport0erac K.\r\Tti>piov rw /3a, Kat Set T/jixas 1 evrpemfetz; eis crvvta-Tiaariv rw /3atAovj diro 5 rr;s % rdfea)? r<3z> /utaytVrpcoz;, dr^VTrara}^, -TrarptKta)^, 60(/)tKtaAtcoy, irpa)- rocnraOapitoV KCLL XOITT&V crvyKAryrtKoSi' raw VTTO K.a^ayiv OVTMV Kara TO 780 TTO(rbv Trjs Tpair^rjs' eto-ayetz; 8e avrovs Kat efayety juera raiy otKetcov (apls TU>V xA-artStcor 8ta ro Kat roz> /SarrtAea /utera rov otKetov TrpOKaOea-Orjvat. TTJ 8e te' ro{> avroi; fj,r]vbs fjnepq reAetrat 10 Srj/xocna TrpoeAeucris T^S KOt/XTJo-ea)? rr/s vTrepaytas bwnoivr]? f)fj,S>v 0eo- roKOu er TO) 7raz;o-e7rra) raw avTrjs rai ey BAaxeprat?, Kat reAou/AeV??? r^s tepas AetroDpytaj, Trport^erat KArjrcoptoz/ em aiTOKoiTTrjs rpaTre'^ry? er rw Kara) rptKAtVa) ra> oz;rt em ra TraAarta r^s ^aAao-crrys, Kat 7TpOKa0e'erat 6 jQaa-tAevs (rvr ra> Trarptapxj] /otera rou otKetoi; aiiroi; bi(3r]Tr](TLov. Kat 15 8et ?7/x,a9 evrpeTrt^eti' ets (rvvtcrTiacnv CLVTOV (pfaovs airb TTJS ra^ea>? rear jiaytorpcozj, TrpatTroo'tra)^, avOviraTMV, TrarptKtcor, d^x^tKtaAtcor, /X7]rpo- 7roAtra)z; Kat AotTrwz; ap\6vTa>v /3a0-tAtK /uci- ytcrrpot, Trpat-TroVtrot, TrarptKtot, o(/>$iKtaAtot Kat ot T^TTO Ka^irayiv mures 20 /xera rwz; otKetooz; dAAa?7/xarcoy ot 8e AotTrot /3ao-tAtKot juera rwz; otKetcor o-Kapa/xayytcoz; Kat jaoVor. ei^ 6e rrj avrr) ^/xe'pa 8etAr]s amp^erat 6 /3apLov Kara r^Troy, Kat vvvta'QiQva'i rw /3a(riAet o/xotcos ot eK r?Js o~vyKA?/roi; Trarrej. rr) 8e K^ X ro{5 a^roi; /xr/yoj ^juepa 25 eKreAetrat ^ f^^nM TM dytou Kat 6pOob6ov //.eyaAou /3ao-tAe'coj ^/xwi' Bao-tAetov, Kat Trpoepxorrat /xera o-Kapa/xayytcoz; ez> ra> raw rpLov ev rw 'Iovo-riytai;oi5 rptKAtVw, Kat 8et ^/xa? evrpeTrt^etr ets o-ui/eo-rtao-tz; rots 30 s aTro r^s rafeco? r<3z; /xaytVrpcoz;, rfiv (rvyKkrjTLK&v avOptoTTMV, Kara ro 7700*0^ r^s rpaTre^s* etcrayeti' 8e avrois Kat ^dyiv jutera rwz^ oiKeicav (rKapa/xayyta)^ Kat JJLOVOV 8ta ro Kat rovs jSacrtAets ez; rw rotovrw (7)(^M art CLKOV^I^LV. rrj 8e tTravpiov eKreAetrat ta 6eft/xov ^ ez; Xpto-rai airoKparopta ra>y TTHTT&V /3ao-tAecoz;, AeWros 35 Kat 'AAefai>o~poi>, Kat reAou/xeVov ato-tW rot; 6eft/xof, TrpoKa^efoz^rat ot eii(re/3ets 6eo-7ro'rat ets TroAAwy avTiX^iv em roO Opovov, KOL 781 crrotxetrat ro KAr^rcopior roi; 8ecr7rorov, Kat 8et ^/xas evrpeTu^etzJ ets a~vv- T>V /SacrtAecoz; OTTO r^s rd^ecos ra)i^ jixaytcrrpcor, TrpatTrocrtrcor, /, TrarpiKtcor, fy$iKwXla*Vi TrArjy rwz; evvov^v, TOVS ^jtxtVovs 40 , Kat d-Tro r?/s rdea>9 r^? i;7rd Ka/xTrdytz^ o-vyKATJrou, Kat raw 780 10 5t/3r?Trj(rtou B 22 S^ATJS L 32 an (al) )3a(T. ? 35 auroKpa- rupta L B IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 175 ray/uartKo>ZJ dAAatjuara>zJ Kara ro iroorbv rfjs rpa7re'r??> KCU, eto-ayetz> /uera T&V otKetcozJ aXXarifjLaT(i)V Kat x.Aazn8i6ozJ, TOVS be AotTrovy TafJ.lVLV ds yOpfVOriV Trj$ ~)(CLpaS TOV bcCTTTOTOV. KVK\(p yap /xera y^pvcr&v 0copaKtW TOVS tiraivovs TrXeKovo-L T&V var/3&v o"eo-7ror<3z>, 5 Kat 8t'8orat TTCLCTLV apTOKXivov Kara TVTTOV Kad* fjfws KovbaKLoiv. rr} 8e eTTtowr/ f)[J.tpq reAetrai 7ro/xeVa)s LTnrobpofjiiov, Kat Trport^erat ro KA^rwptoz^ e?rt rou TpiKXivov T&V rcoi;, Kat trvyKaAowrat et? (rvv^o-Tiacnv rw /SacrtAet <^>tAot Kara 10 roi; ez; rot? tTTTrodpo/xiKot? KAryrcoptots ypa<^eWa TVTTOV. TTJ bf oy8or/ roi) 27rre/x/3ptoi; fj,r]vb$ T/juepa reAetrat TrpoeAevcrts rwv yei/e^Atfoi' r^s v ytas bta-iroCvrjs fjfjL&v SOTOKOV Kat detTrap^eVoi) Maptas, Kat ot ^3ao-tAet? ejUTrparrcos /uera Trao-r/s r?js (ruyKATJroi; ey ra> z>as l^tiTTros /^era yjpvcrov o-Kapa/xayytov e/xTrparrcoy, Kat 782 at K\t]Ta>pLov em ctTTOKOTrr^y rpaTre^y ey ra> 'lovoTtzuayoi; rpt- Kat crvv(TTL&VTaL r<5 ;3a(rtAe? ot aTro r?}y ai>yKA?]ro et(rciyoyrat 6e //era rait' otKetcou (TKapajuayyta)!/ Kat [JLOVOV. rfj 8e KatSeKarr; rou avroi; /xry^oy reAetrat ^ vx/^cao-ty Kat e/jK/miua row rt/mtou 20 Kat (/ooTTOtoO o-ravpoi;, Kat avp\ovTai ot ^atrtAety opOpov jSa^e'coy ey r<3 raw r^y aytay 2o(/)tay, Trore 8e Kat aTro eo"7repay Kat reAov/uieVrjy r^y TpiTrjs v^cya-ecoy ro Travayiov v\ov, KdTtpxovTai TraAtr otKaSe 6ta ra>v 8ta/3artKS^ ei> Trpcoroty, Kal reAou//eVr;y irayavijs TrpoeAevorecoy eV8oi> rou TraAartov, Trport^erat K^rjT^piov tv rw 'loixrrtz/taz;o{; rpiKAti^w, Kat 8et 25 ^/xay o-uyKaAeVao-^at ety (rvvtcrTiao-iv T&V /Saa-tAe'cor ^8r; raiz; K\r)T(i)pi(tiv Ae^^eWa nfnw eto-ayetz^ 8e Traz^ray jixera raw otKetcoy (TKapa/jtayytcoz; Kat povov. e-rrt 8e rou fJLrjvbs Noe/>t/3ptou reAowrat ra T&V 8ea"7rory 35 Ipxopfvai rw XP V( P ^ATJo-ety et8tKri^ rtz^a etcrayovo-tz^, a>y e$a/xez>, rcSz; v TCLLV. bib Kat ra?;ray ety i)ii6[wt] ravraty ety jyjuaiz' s LB 33 KA.ii/oO L 783 38 o'yi'- K\fovs Kal So^av coni. R : fortasse /cai roi5 /3aa-tAea)s S^lai/ 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Tlepl Siavo/uioav TU>V tvffefiiui' TOV Pa fyfvrftnrfactS Ka l Aoyous eyetpowt Trept rr/s dta^o/iXT/s T&V 8t8o/xeVa)i> ^prjfjLaTMv Kal rfv e apyaitov T&V ^povMV TrapaKoAovfl?;- 5 (rarrav (Tvvrjdetav d^arpeVeti' a"novbdov(TL' $epe 817 Ka6a>$ K T&V irpb eyypa^)cos TrapeAa^o/xe^ TVTTO^, Kat V[MV TrapabuKrcofjifv. TTCLV yap ro biafyepov atSeo-tjutoi;, ovre TTpoo-d^Krjv TU>V TraAat fJLavofJL&v KOLIV- ovpytlv (nrtvbovTes, ovre eAarrcaorty rwy irpoirpaxOtvTMV TTOLOV^VOL. Set yap roi' biavo^a ru>v TOLOVTMV aprLK^ivrjv Trpo ye TTCIVTMV TO Tro roi^ re patKropa xal rr)i> ^OMTT^F 77arpt/cta^, roz^ (rvyKeAAoz; Kat rovj aTTo juaytorpfoi' juo^aStKOvs *at roy TrpatTrocriroy, a/uta 6e Kat rw otKetaKw 15 TrapaKOLfjLU>fjiVu> TOV /uteyaAov fjjji&v /SacrtAecos* ets 8e r^v rwz^ avdvirdraiv TCLIV rwy TrarptKtcoz; reray/xerovs , rjyovv TOVS -Trpcoroo-Tra^aptoD? Kat crTpaTrjyovs, TOVS Trpcaro- (nraOapiovs Kal TrpatTroo-trovs, roz> 8o/uteo-rtKoi; rail' (rxoAwz;, roy ef0-KOV/3iroz>, 20 ror virapxov, TOV yevtKov, TOV o-aKeAAdptoi', roy KueVrcopa, roy 6pouyydpio^ r^s /3tyAr/?, ro^ Trpwro/Seorrtdptov ro{] 8eor7ro'rov, rov rr)s rpaTre^s, Kat, et rvxotei^, TraTTtay /xe'yas Kat eratpetdp)(r]S TrpcDTOcnraOdpios vvov\os' ev 8e r?) rdet roiy i> 6v crvyKaTapiOfj-eiv TOVS evvov^ovs Trpco- TO(nra6apiovs (Kat) 7rpt//,tKT]ptoDs Kat o^rtaptoDs Kat rous e//7rpdrou? Kptraj 25 Kai fjiovov. K 6e r?ys rdfeo)? rair Trpcoroo-Tra^aptcov Set 8iao-re'AAeii> rois roi) \pvcroT piK\ivov Kai /utayAa/3tVas Kat dprtKAtVa?, -fjyovv piKpov TrAeW Trport/xao-^at. rovs 8e crTra^apOKa^StSdrov? . . . (rvvapiO^lv rots o-rra- OapoKovpiKOvXapiots (roirs 6e Kou/StKouAaptoDs) /xera rwr (nraOapiav Kal o-rparwpaii; Kat air' avr&v TOVS KavbibciTOvs (Kat) /uai>8dra)pas cruyKara- 30 Aeyetu, 8r]Aoi>drt rail' o r eKpertK(Si' voTapiwv v7reatpoi>/uez>a)ZJ eK Travrco row Aav rr/s evepyeo~tas roi> o-vAAoyto-juoV, a>s Aex^rjo-erat. ^i/ua yap 6 /utdytcrrpos dro/xoz/ Ad/3r/ nvpav, olovel K, dc^etAet Aa/x/3ai>eti> 6 avOviraTOs TO rjfjuo-v TOVTOV, 35 rojutV/utara t'. 6 8e TrarptKto? 60etAet VTTOTTLTTT^LV T& av6vnaT& ,, a , Kat \afjifidvtiv vofjLia-fjL. 0', o 8e o^iKtaAto? ro bifjLOipov TOV iraTpiKLOV vopfrp. T', ot 8e TTpIA00EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 177 8e ot rov \pvvoT pinkivov Kal ol TOV /xayAa/3tov Trpcoroo-Traflaptot Kal OL CLpTLK\LVOL VTTep TOVS AtrOVS TTp(^TO(TTTaOap(oVS rO/Xt(T/X. y ', Ot 8e 8t8arot TO bi^OLpov TOV TTpaiTOcriraOapCov y'. ol 8e Kot>/3tKOuAaptot Kal (nraOdpioi Kat crrpartopes Aa/ix/3ai>ouort ro 5 rjfJLKTV TOV Trpcoroo-Traflaptov ,, /38'* ot 8e Kau8t8arot /xayAa/Strat di>a ^._ Ot 8e /xa, rptroy. ot 8e ap^ovTcs TOV fiavi- \LKOV /3eo-ria/3tou V7ro7rt7rrovo-t Kat avrot Kara ras otKetas afta? aTro roSz; /3a(rt\tKcoi/ roi; XavcrtaKou Kara ro St/xotpov /uepos rou TrpcororuTrov, oto^ ot 10 77pcoro(T7ra^aptot OTTO rcSi' otKetaKoii; Atrwi' 7rpcoroo*7ra^apta)z;, ro 8t/xotpoi^ ,, y', Kat ot o-TraOapOKavbibdTot, T>V Tpi&v TO bifjLOLpov /3 r , Kat ol cnraOdpLOi Kat 786 o-rpara>pes rwz; 8vo ro bfaoipov ay, ot 8e Ka^8t8arot y', <^oA. K', ot 8e Xtrol Kat e/38ojuaptot a7ro ^9"', ot 8^ viroDpyot r^s rpa7ref?]s roC jSacrtAecoy Kal r^j avyovoTJjs OTTO {,() Trarrej. ot 8e 8ta TroAeco? Trpcoroo-Tra^aptot aTro 15 a', ot 8e o-7ra^apOKa^8t8aroi diro ^9' [ot 8e roo"7ra0aptoi; /38', ot 8e Kar8t8arot /xayAa/3trat dva,, dftcofia y'. ot 8e ap)(ovres rou (3a(TL\iKov /Seo-rtaptoi; vTroirCTTTOvo-i Kal avrol Kara ray otKetas dfta? aTro 20 rwy /3ao-tA.tK rou Aavo-taKoi; Kara ro 8t/xotpoz; /xepos rou TrpcororvTrov], ot 8e (nraQdpiot, crrparcopej, VTrarotd-Tro ^(), ot 8e Kar8t8arot pcorrJTopcs ano y'. 8t8orat 8e Kal efw rovrou CK r^s avr^s Troo-oV^ro? r Kara rr)z; Trocrorr^ra rwz; XiTpStv rr) \iTprj,, d, rai 8e rrjs Kara- crrao-ecos K' Kal rai da-rtapto) K', ra> /xepet BeWrcor ( 8' Kal rai) /xepet ITpa- 25 vivtov ,, 8', ra> opyjLCTTJ] ft , roty Ovp(topols y, ro?j) 8tarpexou(rt y", rots fxazj8arop(ri ro{) Aoyo^erov y', (rots ..... ) z> 8e rots ore'v/a/ixots rail' j3ao"tAea)i; Kal ra?s avroKparopats vTTf- 787 aipovvTcit, TrdvTts ol TU>V oreKpera)!; )(aproi;Aaptot Kal roraptot Kal ra /3ecrrta 30 Kal -y-TToupytat Kal ot 8ta TroAecos Travres. Kal ytWrat 77 8taro/xTj ets /xorovs rovs apx^^ras ro(5 Aavo-taKou, otov cts /xayta-rpovs, Trpai-rroa-trovs, avOvird- rovs, TrarptKtovs, Trpcoroo-Tra^aptoDs (ow rots evrovxot? Trpcoroo-Tra^aptots Kal fjiovov)' o-7ra^apoKar8t8arots, (TTra^aptots, Kal o-rparwpes Kal Kai>8t8a- rots, Kal eis rovs Ae^^ras efco/3pe/xa TWV aTTOKO/XjStcoi;. ot yap rou KOD- 35 ^ovKAetov Trarrcs i8iafoWcos ra a7TOKo/x/3ta Xapfidvovcriv. 3 S-fi/jioipov L et passim 4 v\al-i, cf. Cer. 8oi t 27 Stavfuovn rb o.-KOK6^iov. Kal ravra n\v B : Siavfjj.ovri . . . ift f a ..... j^v lego 787 28 ue. L 33 arpdropffi legendum 34 ^w^p^aroav B M 12 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY Tlepl ywr)dfias TWV o.priK\ivu>v. e ras 8ta ra>y /3pa/3euoy Kat 8ta Ao'ycoy Kal vTroo'tatpe'o-ety, a#eu re Kat /xetwo-et?, TrpocrKArjo-ets re Kat v7roKX.rj(rLS, ei? rov/x^ayes eTrot'/jo-ajuey, $e'pe 6r) Kat ray eKTraAat roi/s dprt- KAt'yay Trapa T&V /3ao"tAe'a)y eKruTrcofletVas trwnjfatas, Kat eK rtya>y Trpoo-co- 5 moy ravras 8to"o'yat aurots ffyoptotiri, eK raiy dpxatore'pcoy epayto-d/xeyot rrj8e rr) ypa^r) 7rapa8otr]juey. Trpo/SaAAo/xeyr;? yap fcoo-r^s 17 /xayiVrpou, 6t8orat avror? ef Kaarroi avr&v KaBairaj; K'. r 8t8orat aiirots awr/deia Trap' avrou KaOdira^ tj3 r . avayo/jLevov 8e 788 ^ (Sapfidrov ets TrarptKtorryra, ^ di^^VTrarov yevoyAvw TLVOS, 8t8orat awor? 10 ef eKaoTou avr&v t/3 r * o/xotcas Kat eK r?j? Si.avoiJ.fjs TOV KO^IOV rov 8180- Trapa rot; n^^vov warptKtou Xa^avova-iv VO\L((T\L. i(B f . ol 8e X L P~ (TTpaTrjyol Zv re rrj dz/aroArj Kat rrj Secret Trap^ovcnv avrots vojLttd-/u. t^S'. et 6e Kat eTTt/xeVwo-t crrparryyot, oo-aKt? ay poyevOuxrw, ol pep avarokiKol ava vo^icr}*. ifi', K.OLV rd\a rvyoitv et? ro tStoz; ^e'jua, 15 rr)!' poyav avrutv cnrocrTaXrjvai. ol 8e r^j Swecos Kat /XT) poyevo/xe^ot, 6o"aKts ay ey rr; /3ao~tAevov(TTy r3y TroAecoy eTrareA^axrt, Trape^oixrty avro?? dra yo/zta-/x. t/3 r . Trpo/SaAAojuteVoT; 6e eK TrpocruHrov crrpar^yov rj KAeto-- ovpap\ov TI KareTrdyco ITac^Aayamaj, 6t8orat avTots e eKao-rou avr&v ava rf ', Kat oaaKts eto-eA^oyre? poyeu^aio-t, TrdAty rr)y avryv Troo-orr^ra 20 avrotj. ot 6e d^x/)iKtaAtot, Kay re rrj rp, 6 Kovpdrcop rou Kr^aro?, ot yapTOvXapiot. rov dtov bpofjiov, 6 aKrovdptoy, 6 -Trpcoroyordptos roi; 6"po'/zov, o \aprou- 789 Adptos roi; ora^Aou, 6 eTrtKrr;? Kat 6 r^s virovpyias Sojueo-rtKO?, d fvyo- (rrdrr/9, d otKto-rtKos Kat d ^vo-oex/ayrrjy. eTTt 7rpo/3oA7J 8e Trayrdj Trpcoro- 30 (nraOapCov aito re /ixayAa/Strwy Kat raiy ey ry et? rovj /Sao'tAtKoi/j avOptoTrovs crvyrerayjueycoy, Kat rwy eTTt r?}? j3a(n\iKijs rpaTre'fr;? Trapta-rajuteycoy, Kat ra>y 8ta WAeco? criy rwy ea>rtKa>y rt/zw/xeycoy, 8t5orat avrot? airaf dya yo/xttr/Lt. r/', ot 6e r?] ra>y cnraOapOKavoibdTtov rj (nraOapiav rtjuw/xeyot dfta dya ^, ot 8e r?J 35 ra>y o-rparcopcoy ^ vTrdrcoy, 17 KayStSarcoy r) jutay8ardpa>y, ^ /Sea-rr^ro'pcoy, ^ o-tAeyrtaptcoy, 17 aTrd eTrdp^wy rtjutco/xeyot aft'a, Ttaptyowi Kat awot yo/xtor/x. (8'} ftxravrcos Kat e?rt rcSy creKpertK<3y rjyovv (TvyK\r]TLKov rt/xco/^teyou aurou ey dftw/xao-ty, 8t8orat ef eKacrrov avra>y Kara ro otKetoy d^ta>jua, ot /xey 4 TO?S apriKXivais legendum videtur 5 rtywi/ L 8 o-iry/ceAou L 788 1 1 5t- L 14 uffdicis L fxayevduffivit 17 fiaffiXevovcri L 23 SiSoffi L 25 S/Soortv L 789 30 xP vfff ty ir 'f]s L : correxi 38 numerura scriba non legere potuit. (S'} supplevi ; cf. infra 4>IAO0EOT KAHTOPOAOriON 179 rrj T&V TrptoToa-TTaBapitov ava if, ol be rr) r oriradapoKavbibaT^v rj cnra- 6api(DV ava ^, ol be rrj T&V orpartopcoz; r) virdrctiv TJ KavbcbaTo^v 77 fjiav- 8aropa>z> 77 /3eoT7T.ropa)z> rj o~tAez>rtapta>z> ava vofALcrp* b^ airpaTtov be creKpe- TIK>V yevofjievitiv, ava y ', ol be T&V ray/u,drcoz> Kal T&V 7rAof/xa>z> /cat rG>v 5 z>oujue'pa)Z' Kal reiyjiu>v roTrorryprirat a/xa rot? \apTOv\apfais avr&v ava Tpov eto-erryyeyjueVcoi', vvvl be us olov re j\v crac/xSs Kat ev&vvoiTTtos ev e7riro/xa) aweiAey/xeVcozJ, XPV rots, ocrot rr/z/ Trept rovrcoy typovriba Kal VTrrjpea-iav TreTrotr^i/rat Kara r?)i; 10 TTpoKeinevrjv bibao-KaMav, Kal irepl T&V /3ao-iA.iK<3z; K\?;ra)ptW, /cat wept ry biavo[j,G>v, eK rovbe TOV raKrtKov TrapayyeAjuiaros a>s dird Kavovos, %, TO ye aXrjOea-Tepov, a>s e/c roi; fiaviXiKov ^eo-7rto-/uiaro9, drafx^)to-/3?ira)9 evepyelv. ebei fjiev ^juas rots (rvvTayOelvw Tiepl KaOebp&v Xo'yots xat r?iz;8e rr)z; TWV leparLK&v eTTi(rvvd\lsai TCLIV, a>s are jJLa\\ov ra -TrpeV^eta rfjs TrpcaroK^o-tas 15 (frepovo-avi aAA' tVa /ix^ rts Ko'pos Ao'you rots avayLVwv Kat crTparr]yG>v wz^t 8e ri/s Trept rovrutv KVpLOK\.7](rias Kal TrpaiTOKaOebpias T&V re e 20 Kat /UT7rpo7roA.tra>z>, ap^LeTTLcrKOTTC^v avroKe^aAcoy Kat eTrto-KOTrcou ypevtov rrjv ap^o^ovcrav TCLLV et8tK(Ss ejJLffravfjcraL povKopevoi, elbiK^v riva Kal rr\v Trpay/aaretaz^ crvyypa\^at TTpoeOv^Orj^ev. ra yap et8tKws Xeyopeva craopjuas eKAa/So/xez^ot, dAAa ye Kat eK rz^ roi; deweo'iov 'Ei7Ti(j)avLov TOV dp^LeirLCTKOTTov K.v7Tpov (Tvyypatyrjs TO, 7rAe?o~ra dz^aAe^a- lv vfjieis ev rrj rotavrr; biaKOVia T&V dpTOK\ivG)V TvyxavovTes rera- ^ 8e ez' rovrw roi /zepet rt 8tajutaprr/re, dAAa Kat ez; v T&V dytcozJ etcrayryre. 6 vofji-f}(rfj.aro5 L 790 13 0WTax07jepovcrr)s L : corr. R 16 Ti/c^ L flffaycDfjifvois L 17 iroi-fiffei LB : correxi roir-rjKbs pet/ efti] L: corr. R OTT& L : eVl B 23 tro^e? L TTOJS LB : correxi 24 Sta Ka6i]p/j.bv L B : correxi 791 26 ap[j.6ui/Ti L 5te