fj* '■'..My • 1 The Jiterarr Digest ATLAS OF THE NEW EUROPE and THE FARj) EAST 1 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES UCLA MAP LIBRARY Rec'd 3 OCT 1970 No.: File-- The Jiterar^ Digest ATLAS of the NEW EUROPE and THE FAR EAST Showing the new Countries and new Boundaries resulting from the Great War and from the Treaties of Peace \ WITH EXPLANATORY HISTORICAL, POLITICAL and ECONOMIC ARTICLES Prepared, from the most Recent and Authoritative Sources in Europe and America, By Allan Updegraff Of The Literary Digest Editorial Staff FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON 1922 3U424 Copyright, 1921, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY [Printed in the United States of America) Published in December, 1921 Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention of the Pan-American Republics and the United States. August 11, 1910. Map Library CONTENTS France, with the Lost Provinces Regained 4 The New German RepubHc 6 Shrunken Russia of the Soviets 8 Greater Britain 1^ ^ The New Republic of Austria • 12 f^ The New Kingdom of Hungary 14 „ The New Czecho-Slovakian RepubHc 16 The New Kingdom of Jugo-Slavia 18 The New Bulgaria 20 The New Kingdom of Greece 22 The New Italy 24 The New and Greater Roumania 26 The Waning Turkish Crescent 28 The New Transcaucasian RepubHcs 30 The New Republic of Finland 32 The New Republics of Poland and Lithuania 34 The Island Nations of the Pacific 36 The New "Land of Promise" in Palestine 38 The European Advance in Asia ' 40 The New Partition of Africa 42 France, with the Lost Provinces Regained BACK IN ITS OLD BOUNDARIES of 1870, with added advantages from the war in economic concessions, the \-irtual ownership of the rich German coal mines of the Saar Basin, and an increase of nearly 200,003 square miles in its overseas domain, modern France is once more admittedly "the dominant power of Continental Europe." The return of the lost provinces, Alsace and Lorraine.added a total area of 5,605 square miles, with a population of approximately 1,900,000. The total present area and population of the Republic, 212,6.59 square mUes inhabited by 41,500,000 people, represent the nation's greatest expanse since the time of the Napoleonic wars. The power of Germany, so long potentially, if not actually, dominant on the continent, remains only a threatening shadow on the other side of the Rhine. The present situation in Alsace-Lorraine, as may be gathered from the reports of several recent investigators, somewhat re- sembles that which existed in 1789, shortly after France first gained the provinces as a result of European wars and treaties, in which Germany was then, as now, her chief opponent. "Both in Lorraine and Alsace there existed at this time" (1789), record the writers of "An Historical Atlas of Modern Europe" (by C. Grant Robertson and J. G. Bartholomew, Oxford University Press, London), "a network of imperial feudal rights and jurisdic- tions, connected with the organization of Germany. A series of maps would be required to Ulustrate the diversity, lack of unification and symmetry, that underlay the deceptive uni- formity of the political map. The revolutionary "and the Napoleonic epoch swept all these obstacles to a real unification away, and embarked Revolutionary France on a series of wars of conquest, the results of which reached their climax in 1810." A modern American investigator, Laurence Hills, of the Paris Bureau of the New York Herald, writing on the occasion of the third anniversary of France's recovery of her provinces (Novem- ber 25, 1921), lost to Germany in 1870 and returned by the Great War, speaks of the present Alsace-Lorraine as"topsy turvj'land." He writes, in a way whicli suggests history repeating itself: " In their fifty years of administration (since 1870), the Ger- mans had made Alsace-Lorraine face the fatherland, never patriotically, but economically and by force politically. They had Germanized the schools, Germanized all the system of law and pretty well Germanized all of the business practise. "The people who believed that Alsace-Lorraine after these fifty years coidd be turned completely around over night and made to face France had not counted upon all this. The fact that it is only half turned around after three years of desperate struggling with the problem by the French administration is to them the cause to-daj' of much disappointment and complaint. The real Alsatians who want to be French are complaining bitterly that they are yet neither one thing nor the other. French pf)liticians are complaining that this is because the people of Alsace-Lorraine do not seem to want to be either one thing or the other. "As one French official in Strasbourg exprest it to the cor- respondent: 'We tried to put on a ready-made French suit here and found that they had to have one made to order.' "That the country is only half turned around is evident the moment one crosses the Vosges. Fifty per ctrnt. of the laws under which the people are living and trying to do business are still German laws. A man does busin(!ss under the Froncdi commercial law, but goes to jail under the German penal code. F'rench teachers in the schools arc trying to teach the tlu-ee Us in French to children whose language many of them do not speak. The universities are without their full comi)Iement of professors be- cause there have not b<-en found enough l''reiiclimen or enough intellectuals among the Alsacc-Lorraiiie j)oj)ulatii)n to take the places of the German intellectuals, all of whom cleared out of the country after the armistice and have been forbidden to reenter it." Out of this situation, "with its resultant confusion and com- plaint," reports Mr. Ilills, "German proi)agandisls inside and outside of Alsace-Lorraine are now trying to nuik<; all the capital they can." If a plebiscite had been taken immediately after the armistice, Ije admits, it would have shown a higher percentage in favor of French citizenship than to-day, for "no pot of gold has been found and the rainbow has faded before hard realities." It is estimated by this authority that, out of 400,000 immigrant Germans in Alsace before the war, more than 300,000 pure Germans remain intermingled with the French population "because of the clause of the peace treaty permitting those married to Alsatian women to take the citizenship of their wives." On the economic side, the long haul required for French goods, and the failure to secure orders from France has' resulted in putting the cost of living 16 per cent, higher than elsewhere in the Republic. "Alsace-Lorraine is, economically, perhaps the best example, on a large scale, of the enormous dislocation pro- duced by the peace treaty," Mr. HiUs reports. "For the moment, it is almost as bad as if one of the New England Spates suddenly found itself annexed to Canada, with wages and pro- duction costs in the United States about one-third those across the line." The regained provinces, however, find themselves in scarcely / harder circumstances than does all France. Norman Angell, known as the author of "The Great Illusion" and the more recent anti-militaristic volume, "The Fruits of Victory" (1921), presents the case of the Republic as an outstanding example of the cost of victory in modern warfare. "A courageous ex- penditure of her energies and resources," throughout the war, agrees Isaiah Bowman, President of the American Geographical Society of New York, in his study of after- war problems, "The New World: Problems in Political Geography," have brought her "a crop of after-war troubles of the gravest import." Also, as the author points out: "Every Frencimian took for granted what Lloyd George felt obliged to promise the British people in December, 1918 — that Germany could be made to pay the cost of the war; it was in that expectation that many men had toiled and fought during four years of war^ It was like\vise expected that the bill to Germany should include compensation for all the damage done to civalian property. When the war ended and a settlement came to be made, it was discovered that Germany had destroyed so much that she could never pay the damage in addition to the costs of war. This was a terrible blow to France. The effect on the French spirit was not unlike that of a great military defeat." In addition to the difficulties within her own borders, which many economists consider so serious as to tlu-eaten her with actual bankruptcy, her publicists dwell on the fact that she is faced by a constant threat from Germany. England, it is felt, is no longer sympathetic. "We are accused of merciless aiming to crush Germany, or constantly brandishing the saber and disturbing the peace of Europe," complains Raymond Recouly, in Le Revue de France, as translated for The Living Age (Boston): "We should say to England: 'The guarantee which you and Amerii^a promised us in the form of an alliance has vanished into thin air. When, in three years, or in ten, the question of the evacuation of th(^ Rhine arises, our immediate interest, wliich is the protection of our country, will oblige us to seek a new guaranty. .iVll we ask is that we attempt to look for one togel lier. Help us to find it. But we .shall insist without llinching on the need of some guaranty.' " "From every point of view," concludes this French apologist: "It is advisable for Franco to adopt a frank, loyal, and open policy toward (iormany, bo it in matters of security or of r(«para^ tions. We should like nothing better than to come to an under- standing with the ( iernuin Democrats. But we are, nevertheless, ol)lige(l to keui) a sharp eye on affairs bejond the Rhine. The position of the (ierman Democracy is none too stable — far from it. A return to power of the military roiictionarios is quite l)ossihle, not to say probable. And we well know what such a restoration would bode for us!" DECISIONS BY TREATY 1 Alsace-Lorraine returned to France as in ItiTl. O Sarre Basin coal mines ceded to France, territory under League of Nations, wilh plebiscite after 15 yearaaa betwoen Ciermany, France and the League of Nations. q Circles Eupen and Malmedy ceded lo Belgium. 4 Morcsnet under full sover- eignty of Belgium. pr Luxemburg neutral without any German control. ^'-i Start Point * lorro: ISLANDS (B, ALOE, St.A CHANNEL St. Valcry -su r -y umm e^^ll>*rfl" '■ai.,.--'^'"''"'"^ fkn\>atnvx^l/ Spa! Liiru^hf;, j?,,","' fs >iHH^ Vp-aiA^ ^^Sr,''*!/ /"rj;'^ jMl-«^S>S^^^n \AfJOL--W:^]:r^,,k,,r<' 0^' I Rouea ^W^i^JSy.v- iCrei] I Carlla.,, ^„.„ ^ ,,, „ „> n ,, .,>-^ ■^i ?N orten t/ Ohartre g. ^■Etamp^ 'fdil Bi I^HeVinJ r^'aleatrqft teaufrUntie FunUln^y rate ,^^^'!'''J-^'t'"V-"7iBS^^ Bl.a™-»-S„«.^^^^ .^ ,, >i'in PO'^teaiibriaTit ) leaUi ency* (Uoe' lu o.,1S'jS'''sJ rVAT' ^^^sj^^^H, tea sabisa ti'ojiK"'"^^ . /;;fi';^■nay. St.Mart^l^tfiajWbelltvCl ,5oolj t.Joan ■Mai-enn^ tl7W)Kel St.^ra lort^ ,pntiViorillon_ Sens PV^ >^ IJ J?^n,l{-lot .r^ ^ilV /-^ ?>), ,-.,./■„ >. JiBoufy/ . ^Bourg^^euf _) ^ I ^]\ K'>arii»-ytViMe^lr. ;t.LL-onarJ ft A / li"Jfnv/ Jp^J^ (Tararl :outri (_^'[J^ Ambyrl %yjijiJ^ //Vicnno ^^^ tMauriac ^ R.feii(tn\ J— r vCTSr-^V.— ^^ j^ icauf-Cero/ ■^jVLanB^qr M\TY33iifyeauj5^]V--/^RDman3 (^ vizine MojraSc />^Bort -.J o- St}Flour \ Le^Puy ,/AurilIac^>v-./ — ^ 'feneval'^i'^f^.on , , , 'ClKC=Loca„a Moutierj ». '"":',C,„,, .); iLa^igognei ] Aubi Valence Ik B riancpn -^ •«£ Sailtans ' 'Dccazti^illip- RodezV, Koquefoftj ,-!?K '« V.Aa^t, Sebastian/,« /> V! j St.G\i;ldcq4; arbes y^ .1^?^ Carcassonne,'^- -''^ v-it^^ v^ AnduzCj,' Lc_Vigan_ n/AuP^ Gra^^Kj FRANCE BELGIUM and LUXEMBURG CnpenduS Siee **"[( Tuchand Territory before the War in light color Territory added according totreaty of Versailles in darker color . . "t" tlAuljagne , Frejos iSl.Tropez Co/Jl?" Gulfof^Liqns erpignau j^^jyiJERRANEAN SEA Scale of Milek 20 40 60 80 1 100 1: ArgeloB |Port-Vendrca - Kilometers 60 io6 160 COPYRIGHT. 1921, eV fUNK A W*ONAI.Ls COMPANY. NEW V0«« TwE liATTMEWS-NORTMHuP W0*"i6. BuFF«Li3, ^. ». Longitude East 3 from Greenwicb The New German Republic REVOLUTION WITHIN and territorial losses along its borders have produced a modern Germany vastly dif- ferent from the nation which "stood forth in shining armor" only three or four years ago. On the 18th of January, 1921, occurred the semicentenary of the founding of the German Empire, an event that stirred publicists all over the world to com- pare the Germany that was with the Germany of the present time. "If seven years ago one had been asked to look ahead to this fiftieth anniversary," observed the New York Times, "it would have been predicted that it would be celebrated with such triumph and jubilations as the world has rarely seen. The German dynastj% Government, and people could have been counted on to do something colossal on an anniversary which could so truly be called golden. . . . But last Tuesday saw no ex- pressions of friendship coming in from foreign peoples. It found a Germany universally regarded with suspicion and resentment, and so weak that its ill-will to the world, tho everywhere taken for granted, aroused no particular apprehension. The dynasty glorified in 1871 was in exUe, the military caste which had glorified it was in at least temporary eclipse. Such commemora- tion of the day as openly took place in Germany was regarded by large factions of the German people as little better than a trea- sonable demonstration against the existing Government, and the memory of 1871 was equally bitter among those who saw in that great day a splendor such as Germany might never attain again, and in circles where it was regarded as the beginning of the march to destruction. In all history there can hardly be found so complete a peripety as the story of the rise and fall of the German Empire." In several basic respects, however, it appears that the world at large has been inclined to overestimate the "fall" of the nation from its previous high state. The present population of Germany, according to official government statistics recently made public, is placed at 60,900,197. This is some 5,000,000 more than the most reliable previous estimates, notably that in "The Statesman's Year-Book" for 1920, which placed the "probable population" at 55,086,000. Since the total population in 1914 was 64,925,993, the new government figures show that Germany has lost only four and a half million net population by war and annexation, or less than half the estimated number. Figures taken from the recent German census throw light, also, on the reported sufferings of German children through shortage of the mUk supply. The number of cows at present in the country is placed at 16,500,000. The ratio of cows to population, even tho comparing unfavorably with the American total of 68,232,000 in a population of about 105,.")(l0,000, is seen to be not hopelessly small. In 1914, with a population about 4,500,000 larger than at present, Germany owned 22,000,000 cattle; in 1916, 21,000,000. Territorially, Germany proper has not suffered anything like the immense losses which have been borne by her partners in the war. The European area, as shown on tho accompanying map, is reduced from a total of 208,780 square miles in 1914 to a present total of 183,381. These figures, which represent a eom- liination of statistics compiled by "The Statesman's Year-Book" for 1921, The Geof/raphical Review (Now York), and the Matthews- Northrup Map Works of Buffalo, may be subject to slight re- vision. In Africa, where the country's huge territorial losses occurred, the Government has been forced to give up an empire almost four times as large as the present republic. Gorman East Africa, conquered by the British in 1918 and now called "Tanganyika Territory," was .384,180 square miles in extent and supported a population, according to tho "World Almanac" for 1921, of 7,6.50,000. German Southwest Africa, with an area of 322,4.'J0 square miles and a population of about l.lO.fKJO, was con- quered by tho British in 1915, and madc> a protectorato under the Union of South Africa. These great tracts were chiefly valuable to Germany, in the view of most British authorities, as stepping- stones on the way to India. Of the territorial losses of Germany in Europe, it is noticeable that more than three times as much territory goes to Poland as Prance received in the much-diseust annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. The following table, compiled from ' The Statesman's Year-Book" and The Geographical Renew, gives the disposition and extent of the lost German lands: Square Ionics German territory lost to France 5,604 German territory lo.st to Denmark 1.53.3 German territory lost to Poland 17,756 G.erman territory lost to Belgium 386 German territory lost to ^lemel 1,057 German territory lost to Danzig 794 The Sarre Basin which will be placed under the Govern- ment of the League of Nations 751 Total 27,881 Further territoi-y may be lost in plebiscites still to be held. The population lost to Germany with the alienated territory, as shown above, is estimated at about 6,000,000, not including the inhabitants of the Sarre Basin. This reduced and fallen Germany, as it may appear from cer- tain view-points, does not seem either greatly, reduced, or per- manently fallen, to French statesmen on the other side of the Rhine. There is a motto formed in letters of bronze on the colos- sal monument of the Emperor William I. at Coblenz which fits the situation, remarks Paul Le Faivre, writing in La Revue Uni- verselle (Paris). It is the refrain of one of the most popular songs sung by passengers on the Rhine steamers. An English transla- tion of the French translation of the German original might run: Close up your faithful ranks — The good old days will come again. "The old Rhine, they feel it running in their veins . . . with its majesty and its attributes," says this observer, who sees everywhere a "reaction against the vision of defeat presented on all sides." The division which the League of Nations made of the dis- puted Silesian territory, as shown on the accompanying map, roused loud German protests. Germany, as a Berlin eorre^ spondent of the New York Times understands it, loses 64 per cent, of the Upper Silesian anthracite production, that is, 67 anthracite coal mines which last year produced about 32,000,- 000 tons. She loses all her Upper Silesian zinc, or about 60 per cent, of her former total zinc production. It is believed that Germany loses about 63 per cent, of the Upper Silesian iron in- dustries production, about 1,500,000 tons of iron and stoel prod- ucts. In coal deposits German experts declare they are losing 86 per cent, of ITppor Silesian anthracite, or 42 per cent, of all tho former Gorman anthracite deposits. "The turnips for tho Ger- mans, tho mines for the Poles," is one German editor's bitter commentary upon this loss of formerly German mining area. A number of British economists have published a letter to the press assorting that the Upper Silesian decision is "perhaps the severest blow to the prospects of peace in Europe and its economic recovery." They feel that it brings the day of German default measurably nearer, since Germany's ability to pay is so much diminished by the loss of the largest Silesian mineral deposits. Tho pro-League Now York Evening Post answers that — "A league decision, arrived at after due judicial d(4ib('ration and after a solution by violence and diijlonuicy had failcil, spoils loss trouble for tho future than a decision that would have loft Poland with the sense that it had been cheated. As against German discoiitont W(> must weigh the gain for tlio priiicipl« underlying the League of Nations and its authority." 6 Shrunken Russia of the Soviets A" VAST IRREPARABLE BREAKDOWN," as a leading British publicist exprest his "dominant im- pression" of Russia in its first throes of revolution, has continued to be the dominant impression of most observers throughout the years that have followed. In the very persis- tence of this "irreparable breakdoT^Ti," however, several inves- tigators discover hope for the future. The "final eoUapse ot all that remains of modem ci\-ilization in what was formerly the Russian Empire" has been anticipated for so long that, it is argued, the matter may have been indefinitely postponed. E\en so careful a critic as Isaiah Bowman, Director of the American Geographical Society of New York, suggests that Russia may soon be in process of "gathering itself together" rather than going to pieces. The Bolshevik rulers of the state, it is pointed out, have modified many of their doctrines which stood in the way of conventional bourgeois development of the countrj', and contact with the outside world is increasing. Imports from Russia into Great Britain, which were valued at only £6,500,000 in 1918 had risen to more than £34,000,000 in 1920. Exports to Russia from the United Kingdom had risen in the same time from £298,000 to almost £12,000,000. "By far the most serious politico-economic problem of the present is the reconstruction of Russia," writes Mr. Bowman in his recent volume "The New World: Problems in Political Geography" (World Book Company). Reorganization, he be- lieves, may be "most soundly based upon the traditional and dis- tinctive Russian institutions kno^vn as the zemstvos and eoopera^ tive societies." He continues, going back to the conditions pre- cedent to the present disorganization: "The break-up of the Russian Empire now seems a rather natural event, seeing how diverse were its various parts in cus- toms, ideals, ethnography, history, and mode of life. The ap- parent harmony of the political map was merely the expression of centralized imperial power exercised upon an ignorant peasan- try. Just as soon as industries developed trained men and edu- cational f.icilities, the old system failed, not so much because it was ill adapted to modern needs, as because it ceased to function, particularly in the world war." When revolution took hold upon the war-shaken and disordered Empire, in the spring of 1917, the territory controlled by Russia comprised one-seventh of the land surface of the globe, an area of some 8,.500,000 square mUes. The present area actually under the Soviet Government, consisting of the greater portion of what was formerly Eluropean Russia, is less than one-fourth as large. In addition to Finland and Poland, which have been definitely set up as independent governments, the Soviets have recognized the practical independence of the "Far Eastern Democratic Re- public of Siberia," and Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kuban, North Caucasia, Azerbaijan, (ieorgia, and Russian Armenia, with total areas of nearly 300,000 square miles, have become either independent or practically so. The Soviet Government asserts its control in most of these terri;torios, with the assis- tance of a "Red" army of more than half a million men, the largest standing army in Europe. The total population of the Republic is given as 130,000,000 in the official census of 1920, as against a population of some 180,000,000 for the whole Empire at the beginning of the war. The th — there is no private press at all. The railways built liy the capitalist society continue to exist, but freedom of communication — one of the expressions of economic freedom — has been abolished more completely than over before in the history of Russia. "Th(! Ru.ssian experiment has in fact demonstrated a (ruth — which to most minds is sufficituitly iiulicaled by elementary reasoning — namely that the abolition of private jiroiierty and the ecinse(|uential prevention of trade involves the destruction not only of economic freedom and economic prosperity but also ot individual freedom iu all its manifestations." \^<7 ^,TJ^ .1 J! c T .4^ ii.,j,,„. 1^ ''^ji^''''''''''Z'''^^ ^^ ^•'^.r>e°"°^° ^''"'•'Si^^lS'ffa'* ^j^uJ.J/^'"''!?/ ■''"'rfii/, /*''o;iJ^ >;i4. If': LofWJ":-; ^Bryansk , , i»x, .,„ ™ 1 J-'-j •} ,„,„?j»»T , ' . ourll'*"' bvalynsk^'.o \ _ -> 0IS»^»'%A^ '■""7;l.;>,„„i,„,, Kalftch '^ai^i* saritzyn J>P'' -^^fc.l'.'r.V 5vi..X, ^ \_ , S p E '" ^ ■y^ Copyrighl. 1921 by Funk i Wagnalls Co.. New > or.: .MESOl?pTAMIA *\ The Matlheivs-Norlhrup Works. Buffalo, N. Y. L-jngitude East 10" from Gtocnwicli Greater Britain THE COAST LINES OF THE WORLD, which are said to have been "the frontiers of Britain" ever since the fall of Napoleon, include nearly 900,000 more square miles of British territory, as one result of the World War. The British Lion, the world's publicists agree with varjing de- grees of admiration, rancor, or philosophical resignation, has absorbed the greater part of the territories and other emoluments removed from the Triple Entente. British apologists reply by mentioning "England's manifest destiny," and arguing that, considering the respective parts played in the conflict b\ those whi have profited by it, England has been not only fail but liberal. The actual gain in square miles of the earth's area which has c^me under British control since 1914, computed on the basis of figures coUeeted by the Matthews-Nortlirup Map Works and "The Statesman's Year-Book," is 882,22,5, which represents an in- crease of approximately 7 per cent, in the area of the Empire on which the sun never sets. The population of the newly acquired territories is placed at 11,938,132. The little island kingdom off the northwest shoulder of Europe, containing 121,033 square mi'es of area all told, is now the head of an Empire more than four times as large as the United States, with a total present po-i'ation of about 442,000,000. Along with this increase, however, has gone a loosening of the bonds of empire which such students of international affairs as Gene'-al Jan Christian Smuts of South Africa and H. G. Wells consider among the most significant developments of English history. Ireland presents a particularly violent example of a wide-spread state of mind. The dominions are taking to heart Kipling's description, more picturesque than literal when it was made, of the Canadian attitude: "Daughter in my mother's house, but mistress in my own." General Smuts, objects one cri*ic. H. Dean Bamford, LL.D., writing in The National Review (London), has gone so far as to declare the practical autonomy of the dominions, not only in their internal affairs, but in their for- eign relations also. His statement that "if war is to affect them, they must declare it; if peace is made in respect to them, they have to sign it," protests this critic, means that — "The various Dominions and the Mother Country are now no more united than were England and Hanover under George I. They have become a mere congeries of separate and independent States which happen to have the same person as their constitu- tional sovereign, and are bound together only by a feeling of kinship, by community of interests and by a more or less effective liaison which makes cohesion in the larger matters of foreign affairs likely for some time to come. The unity of the Empire has ceased, and its place has been taken by a probability of unanimity, the result of a kind of entente cordiale between the former component parts." This view is put in a slightly different light by H. G. WeUs, who joins Premier Smuts in advocating more prerogatives for the dominions. "A very fine feat of statecraft," he calls "the con- version of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa from mere administered dependencies into quasi-independent allies." Looking back to 1914, he gives the following summary of that "unique p'llitical combination," the British Empire, which endures little changed, except, perhaps, in spirit and intention: "First and central to the whole systtan was the 'crowned republic' of the United British Kingdoms, including (againsi the will of a considerable part of the Irish people) Ireland. The ma- jority of the British Parliament, made up of the three united parliaments of England, Scot land and Iniaiid del criiiinea the head- ship, the quality, and the policy of the ministry, and determines it largely on considerations arising out of British domestic politics. It is this ministry which is the effective supreme government, with powers of peace and war, over all the rest of tlie enii)ire; "Next in order of polilienl importance to the Brilish States were the 'crowned rcpul)lies' of Australia, Canada, Newfound- land (the oldest British possession, l.")H3), New Zealand, and South Africa, all practically iiidependeni and self-governing states in alliance with Great Britain, hut each vn\h a representa- tive of the Crown appointed by the Government m office: "iNext the Indian Empire, an extension of the empire of the Great Mogul, with its dependent and 'protected' states reaching now from Baluchistan to Burmah, in all of which empire the British Crown and the Indian Office (under Parliamentary con- trol) played the role of the original Turkoman dj-nasty; "Then the ambiguous possession of Egypt, still nominally a part of the Turkish Empire and still retaining its own monarch. The Khedive, but under almost despotic British official rule; "Then still more ambiguous ' Anglo-Egj-ptian' Sudan prov- ince, occupied and administered jointly by the British and by the (British controlled) Egyptian Government; "Then a number of partially self-governing communities, some British in origin and some not, with elected legislatures and an appointed executive, such as Malta, Jamaica and Bermuda; "Then the Crown colonies, in which the rule of the British Home Government (through the Colonial Office), verged on autocracy, as in Ceylon, Trinidad and Fiji (where there was an appointed councO), and Gibraltar and St. Helena (where there was a governor); "Then great areas of (chiefly) tropical lands, raw-product areas, with politically weak and under-civilized native commu- nities, which were nominally protectorates, and administered either by a High Commissioner set over native chiefs (as in Basu- toland) or over a chartered company (as in Rhodesia). . . . "No single office and no single brain had ever comprehended the British Empire as a whole. It was a mixture of growths and accumulations entirely different from anything that has ever been oaded an empire before. It guaranteed a wide peace and security; that is why it was endured and sustained by many men of the 'subject' races — in spite of official tyrannies and insufficiencies, and of much negligence on the part of the 'home' public." Mr. Wells traces a "deterioration in the quality of British Imperialism in relation to 'subject peoples,'" in the last few decades, and argues for an impartial world-court of appeal, to do away with the wrong that must follow when "any civilized country is ruled by the legislature of another." He thus takes a sort of middle ground in the present ivade-spread discussion of England's imperialism. A small group of English publicists opposes the retention of the colonies in any form, while a con- siderably larger bloc agrees with the general position of Com- mander Lord Teignmouth, who writes on "Our Manifest Destiny — Egypt," in The Nineteenth Century and After (London, Novem- ber, 1921). The writer quotes Professor Ernst Haeckel and Admiral Dewey, among others, in praise of "the British genius for founding and governing colonies," and concludes: "The continuous effort, the mental strain essential to the maintenance of our position as a World Power, may cause despondency amongst dilettante politicians; but effort is the very Salt of life to young and \'igorous Britons. There is no standing still in this world; stagnation, ca'canny, means retrogression. And to recede from the position which has been attained with such infinite labor would be an unparalleled act of cowardice. Better to die fighting than to incur the contumely of posterity as 'slackers.' " The new British colonial possessions, which bring the total aroa of the Empire up to .some 13,.')00,00() square miles, are thus catalogued by the Matthews-Northrup Map Works: * Area m Sq. Miles Palestine (British Mandate) 9,000 Mesopotamia (British Mandate). . . . 54,540 Tanganayika Ter. (British >landate) 365,180 Southwest Africa (Un. of S. Af. Man- date) 322,400 Togoland (British Mandate) . ... 12,.500 CJameroon (British Mandate) 30,000 New Guinea, etc. (Australian Man- date) 87,300 Western Samoa (New Zealand Man- date) 1,300 Nauru Island (British Mandate) ... 5 882.225 Estimated Population ()47,850 2,S49,'282 7,000,000 200,000 30(),(KX) 400,000 600,000 41,000 ? 11,938,132 in SHETLAND ISLANDS f)uN8T ■l" WEeTRHV-fl" « N.BONALOSHAY "T '■J ./piANDAV B0W6AV fl*^ I BRITISH ISLES ENGLAND, WALES, SCOTLAND and IRELAND Comparative territorial.extent of*the British Empire and its Colonial Possessions, (including mandates.) a ' 1. Extent of the British,lsle=, taken as a unit, 121,633.sq. jrii, 2. Extent of British Enfpire before the war, 12.786.472 sq. mi 3. Extent of territory gained through the war, 882.225 sq. mi, 'V's. A T L A N T O C E A Longitude Longitude East 11 The New Republic of Austria y 'T'NE CAPITALS et une banlieue paysanne" (a capital # / and a countrified subizrb) — these only remain, in K^ the words of a \\Titer in Le Figaro (Paris), of that proud and warlike Austria which was once the center of the great Austro-Hungarian Empire. The present Republic of Aus- tria is slightly smaller in territorial extent than our own State of Maine, and contains a total population somewhat larger than New York city's. Out of a population of approximately fifty million at the beginning of the war, of which twenty-eight million belonged to Austria proper, only 6,139,197 fall to the new Austria. Of its territorv. comprising 115,903 square miles in 1914, it has now 32,066. By t,Le terms of the constitution, which was adopted October 1, 1920, and came into force on November 10 of the same year, Austria, says "The Statesman's Year-Book," "is declared to be a Democratic republic com- posed of seven provinces and the City of Vienna." No other country of the new Europe, victor or vanquished, finds itself in such an unfortunate situation as the result of the changed boundaries created by the war as does the new Austrian Republic. The five vowels. A, E, I, O, U, so often associated with the colors and the insignia of the old Empire, and said to signifj' AustritB Est Imperare Orbi Universo — "It is Austria's part to rule the world" — have fulfilled the interpretation put upon them by a French wit, Austria Erit In Orbe Ultima — "Austria shall be hindmost in the world." The real tragedy in the country's present situation, according to a wTiter in "Harms- worth's New Atlas" (London), appears in the fact that nearly two million of the country's population are concentrated in the city of Vienna, while most of the agricultural lands from which this great urban population used to draw have been assigned to the new countries to north and south. Austria has been shorn of its granaries, Bohemia and Moravia. In the old days of the Empire the two million concentrated in the capital city did not seem very disproportionate; but the proportion that now exists, amounting to more than a quarter, is making necessary much economic and social readjustment. The advantageous geogi-aph- ical situation of Vienna, at the crossroads of the great European routes from west to east and from Baltic to Mediterranean, with the Moravian Gate to the north, the Pressburg Gate to the east, the splendid waterway afforded by the Danube — all these factors are unchanged. Consequently the present crisis through which the city is passing provides an illustration of the effect of purely political changes. The interesting problem, according to the writer, is this: Will Vienna escape the fate of Rome? Has the world changed as a consequence of modern capitalistic develop- ment so that the greatness of a city depends on jts own advan- tages rather than on the political power of the state in which it lies? An attempt was made at the recent partitioning of the coun- try, says the same authority, to include all the essentially German localities in the little Austrian Republic which contains the heart and head of the old Empire. Physically, the country may be divided into two main areas: The Alpine lands which stretch from Vorarlberg to Styria, and that section of the Danube Valley between the German frontier at Passau and a point where three countries meet at a town with three names — Bratislava (the present official Czech narne), Pozsony (the former official Magyar name), and Pressburg (the commonly used German name). These two sections include the old provinces of Upper and Lower Austria, Salzburg, and Vorarlberg, parts of Styria, Carinthia, and Tyrol, and a strip of former Hungarian territory along tlio old boundary between Au.stria and Hungary. In the south of Carinthia, where lie the two sections whose fate is to bo decided Ijy a plebiscite, it has been arranged that, if the voting in the larger and more southerly area goes in favor of Austria, both areas are to remain Austrian. There are a number of Slovene in- habitants in this section, and the result is doubtful. If the vote goes against Austria, then a second ])lebiscite will decide the fate of the smaller district, which includes the city of Klagenfurt. As far back as history carries any record of the country now known as the Austrian Republic, notes a writer in the latest edition of the "Encyclopedia Britannica," the region around the present city of Vienna has been known as a great meeting-place of east and west, of north and south. Like Venice, it drew from "the gorgeous East," and its civilization long since began to be colored by the luxury and fondness for sensuous beauty and pleasure which distinguish the capital even in the misfor- tunes that have befallen it to-day. Strange merchandise and strange peoples and customs gathered there from east and west by way of the Danube, and from north and south between the Baltic and the shores of the Mediterranean. The southern part of the country was inhabited, before the opening of the Chris- tian era, by a Celtic tribe, called the Taiirisci, who were con- quered by the Romans about 14 b. o., and under Roman rule, Vindobona, the modern Vienna, became a place of importance. In late Roman times the country was an easy prey for the bar- barians. During the period of the great migrations it was ravished in quick succession by a number of these tribes, promi- nent among whom were the Huns. The valley of the Danube became a melting-pot for all tribes and races, including a large admixture of Slavic peoples from the northeast. At the end of the Middle Ages, during which Vienna was a bone of contention among many leaders and factions — "Haps- burgs and Guelfs," as Lowell wrote, "whose thin bloods crawl do'mi from some A-ietor in a border brawl" — the kingdom emerged with an area of some fifty thousand square miles, eighteen thou- sand more than it has to-day. It was not untU after the battle of Leipzig led up to the great international Congress of Vienna, however, that Austria fully realized her ambitions of conquest, which held scores of hostUe races in subjection until the recent war set them free. Prince Metternieh, whose name is synony- mous with all that is skilful and unscrupulous in "secret diplo- macy," so played upon racial rivalries, both during the Con- gress and afterward, that the great ramshackle Empire was not only held together, but increased in size. "Hungarian regiments garrisoned Italy, Italian regiments guarded Galicia, Poles occu- pied Austria, and Austrians, Hungary." Bosnia and Herzego- vina, were annexed, contrary to promises and treaties, in 1909, and the way opened for the Serajevo murder that was the imme- diate cause of the World War, five years later. "Divide and rule," the famous motto in which Metternieh summed up his policy, to-day carries all the bitterly ironical implications of that once popular German toast, "Der Tag." Against the movement that has arisen in both Germany and Austria to unite the two countries, on the ground that the genius of both is essentially German, the Allies, and especially the French, have opposed both force and argument. Vienna, in despair of assistance from Allied sources, is turning again toward Berlin, report two Froneh now.si)apor correspondents who re- cently investigated conditions there for a Paris journal. The citizen of Vienna will say, willingly enough, that he is really a German, they report, and they sum up the anti-German position in the following reply which, they say, the Allies should make and are making: " 'Your language is German, but your blood is not, and the spirit of your city is even less. France and Italy have stamped, in the course of time, an ineffaccalile iiiii)rint both upon your fine buildings and your souls. In comparing your city with an- other ontsicie your boundaries, certainly no one W'ould choose a German city, but much more probably a city of the north of Italy, Milan, for e.xaniple.' . . . Vienna is not, and should not become, a (iernian city; it slioiild lie inhrn.-ilionai." 19 CO " - ° - " I— c 2" n." ■j; I: .2 n S i s "^ = s Sis-Si s-i.2g;.£o|i.| «'i=^ •^ ^ta^SM SCO ''^ lA tDtr- rtga 13 The New Kingdom of Hungary THE REDUCED AND HUMBLED HUNGARY left by tlie war was the last of the major partners of the Teutonic Alliance to submit to the will of the victorious western nations; and if she has anything to say in the matter she will be the first, at least in the opinion of several leading American and British publicists, to rebel against the Peace Treaty, which she finally signed on the fourth of June, 1920. Less harshly dealt with by the terms of the Treaty than was Austria, her old partner in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, she is said to be far less ready to accept the consequences. The Hungary of to- day, as Eugene S. Bagger sums up Anglo-American opinion in The Current Hislorij Magazine (New York), is inspired by "the three R's of Magyar jingoism: Restoration, Revenge, Reconquest." The recent history of the country, leading up to the second attempt of former Emperor Charles of Austria-Hungary to seize the power, and resulting in his exile, is considered especially il- luminating by critics who hold this \iew. On October 31, 1918, to quote the historical summary of "The Statesman's Year Book," a revolution broke out in Hungary with the object of establishing a republic and making the country independent of Austria. On November 13 King Charles issued a letter of abdi- cation, and on November 16, 1918, Hungary was proclaimed an independent republic. "The Hungarian People's Republic," to give it its official name, and the lilierally inclined Count Michael Karolyi became Pro\'isional President. The two Houses of the Legislature were abolished, and their place taken by a Provisional National Assembly. The Karolyi regime continued until March 22, 1919, when the Count resigned in consequence of the inter- ference by the Allies in the matter of the disputed boundary be- tween Hungary and Roumania. Count Karolyi's Cabinet was succeeded by a Soviet Government, under the leadership of Bela Kun, which proclaimed the dictatorship of the proletariat. An opposition government was soon set up at Arad and Szeged, which, with the assistance of the Roumanian army, swept away the Soviet rulers. Bela Kun's "Red Terror" was succeeded by a "White Terror" of reaction, which neutral observers found equally tyrannical and bloody. Elections, held under the author- ity of the new government, resulted in a strongly conservative parliament. A Regent, officially styled "Protector of the Magyar Republic," was elected in the person of Admiral Nicholas von Horthy. Shortly after his induction into office, a government order was promulgated to the effect that "Hungary was a Mon- archy, that the official style of the Ministry was 'Royal Hunga- rian Ministry,' that the nation should be described as a Monarchy in all official documents, and that the Royal Arms were to be adopted again." A general impr. .^sion tha^ F^^iiiy was merely "keeping the throne warm for ex-Lmperor Charles " was dissipated when Charles made his attempt to come back. Admiral Horthy 's hand may have been forced, as the Philadelphia Record believes, by the Allies, and more particularly by Roumania, Jugo-Slavia, and Czecho-Slovakia, "all of which acquired large blocks of Hun- garian territory in its partial dismemberment, and which now constitute the Little Entente." Nevertheless, observed the Pittsburgh Dispatch, "The suspi- cion that the restoration of Charles to the throne is only a ques- tion of time, in view of Pjuropean diplomatic dickering and mili- tary strategy, will not down," and the Troy Record thus reaches the same general conclusion : "The life figuratively went out of Austria atid Hungary with the fall of the proud and historic House: of Hapslmrg- Charles is the legitimate representative of that House, and there unciues- tionably is very inten.se and wide-spread sentiments in his favor in both Hungary and Austria. Such sentiment only awaits the opportunity for expressing itself. That is why a sudden move as that made by Charles is always apt to meet with success." As soon as the Magyar nation gets over its political troubles, in the opinion of Dr. J. Poltera, a Swiss economist, who lately visited the country and whose report is translated by The Lining Age (Boston), the country has an excellent chance to become prosperous. Orographically, the Republic consists of high mountain ranges surrounding an immense fertile plain. The cultivation of the soil is the chief industry, but the land is also rich in minerals. Manufactures have not been largely developed, except those which produce malt and spirituous liquors. The development of its resources will not be retarded by any such unequal division of the population between city and country as is noticeable in the neighboring country of Austria. The new state is roughly about one-third the size of the old Kingdom of Hungary. In the years shortly preceding the war, the "Realm of the Crown of St. Stephen," as Hungarian Monarchists have dubbed their fatherland in deference to one of its earliest and greatest heroes, included 125,402 square miles of territory, some 4,000 more than the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Its population, according to the census of 1910, was 20,886,487. The new boundaries cut its territorial extent practically in half. Le Correspondent, a Liberal Catholic bimonthly of Paris, pre- sumably sympathetic with the present Government, presents this pessimistic view: "The Peace Treaty has deprived Hungary of more than 70 per cent, of its territory, and 60 per cent, of its former inhabitants. Among the latter are three and a half million Magyars, or about one-fourth of the nation. It has given Hungary almost impossi- ble frontiers from either the strategic or the economic point of \'iew. They follow the foot of the mountains, leaving in the hands of the neighboring governments the natural market-places, transverse railway lines, and military approaches. The country has lost 46 per cent, of its factories, 60 per cent, of its coal-fields, and 65 per cent, of its wheat^lands. It has lost 85 per cent, of its forests, and 95 per cent, of its water-power. "This may seem a dark picture. However, in spite of its losses the country still possesses important resources with wliich it can build up a thriving foreign trade. But such trade presupposes friendly relations with its neighbors. Such relations do not e.'dst in Central Europe. "It would be impossible to And a single Hungarian to-day who accepts the present dismemberment of his country as final. The nation believes with absolute unanimity that its gcogi'aphical and economic unity will eventually be restored. Hungarians still fancy that they excel their neighbors in morale, patriotism, and race-spirit. This is a sentiment fostered by centuries of over- lordship over neighboring peoples. "Consequently the Peace Treaty has left in Central Europe an unreconciled nation, which refuses to accept its terms, and which considers it not only a right, but a duty, to overthrow that treaty at the first opportunity. "However, the country will not be strong enough to do this without a powerful army and sound economic recovery. But these two tilings are incompatible, tt Hungary tries to maintain a strong military cstabhshment, it will stifle the possibility of economic recovery. The nation can recover its health only by forgetting the past. But it will not forget." The mixture of races that went to form the old Kingdom (Magyarorszfig) has been somewhat "unscrambled" by the new division of the land. In 1900, according to figures collected for the last edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, the population consisted of approximately 8,500,000 Magyars, 3,000,000 Rou- manians, 2,000,000 Slovaks, 2,0(X),f)00 Germans, and a scattering of a dozen other nationalities. The attempt to "Magyarizo" these foreign elements resulted in a large emigration to America. Rtaurning emigrants, carrying with them American ideas and American money, are said to have played a large part in iho break-up of the old despotism. Hungary still is "a question mark," admits Isaiah Bowman, Director of the American Geographical Society of New York, reaching much the same conclusions in his chapter on "The New Hungary" in his book, "The New World: Problems in Political Geography" (World Book Company). 14 16 The New Czecho-Slovakian Republic A FEW MONTHS before that fateful August of 1914 brought the most world-unsettling war of all times, two English geographers completed a map of Europe in which the boundaries were laid out according to racial affini- ties, not on the political lines then accepted. Their map was prophetic of a change which was coming sooner than they dreamed. In the new geography of Europe, now almost com- pleted, national boundaries follow this ethnographical chart much more closely than they do the maps of yesterday. The new Czecho-Slovakian Republic, in particular, almost exactly coincides T^dth the territory allotted racially to the Czechs and Slovaks. The new nation that has arisen out of the former pro-\Tnce is larger than either the new Austria or the new Hungary left from the disintegrated Austro-Hungarian Empire. Indeed, this new republic is now almost as large as Austria and Hungary together. The term Czecho-Slovak, as the two English geographers and ethnologists mentioned above point out ("A Historical Atlas of Modem Europe from 1789 to 1914," by C. Grant Robertson and J. G. Bartholomew, published by the Oxford University Press), covers two branches of the same West Slav nation: the 7,000,000 Czechs of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and the 3,000.000 Slovaks of Slovakia, who speak a dialect of Czech. Racially close together tho the two peoples are, time and the unlucky chance which made the Czechs vassals of Austria, while the Slovaks were turned over to Hungary, have brought con- siderable differences. By the terms of a recent law, Czech is made the official language for Bohemia and Mora\-ia, and Slovak for Slovakia. Behind these differences is the significant fact that they both have the same Bible. Intermixt with Czechs and Slovaks is a large German and Magyar element, estimated at 35 per cent, of the total before the war. At last year's national elections, says The Current History Magazine (New York), the German parties polled a total of 1,422,036 votes as against 3,096,391 polled by the Czechs. These proportions indicate a Czecho-German problem, comments this authority, which only time and statesmanship can solve. The area and population of the Czecho-Slovak RepubUe, together with its natural advantages, give it a foremost place among the new nations of Europe. Territorially, as a wricer in ■'The Statesman's Year-Book" observes, it consists of Bohemia, Mora^-ia, Slovakia, Silesia and Autonomous Ruthenia. Its complete area is given as 56,316 square miles, and its popula- tion, according to estimates by the experts of the Mattliews- Northrup Works is at present approximately 14,000,000. Slo- vakia and Ruthenia supply most of the territory to the new Republic, or 25,309 square miles, as against 20,065 for Bohemia, but Bohemia's population is set at 6,769,548 according to the census of 1910, as against 3,654,435 for tho two other territories, The country has been listed as predominantly Roman Catholic, the census of 1910 crediting 11,836,933 to that religion as against 976,.567 to Protestant faiths. However, in January, 1920, says "The Statesman's Year-Book, " "the reformed clergy of Czecho- slovakia decided to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the Pope and to found a National Church." Appro.ximately 30 per cent. of the clergy of tho country, on the authority of the Czecho- slovak Consul-General in Nov/ York City, are included in this movement. Tho chief differences between this n(;w church and the Roman Catholic body from which it has seceded lie in the facts that the National Church permits its clergy to marry, and stipulates that all services must bo conducted, not in Latin, but in the national tongue. Historians will find in this situation a suggestion tlwit (lie Iimd of John Has is true to its traditions, for in the history of Bohemia similar religious disagreemonts with Rome have playerl a large part. Hus, who criticized tho Roman Catholic clergy some- what in Martin Luther's way, even while remaining a Catholic, was biu-ned as a heretic in July, 1415. His followers, said to have comprised the great majority of the population of tho Kingdom of Bohemia, did not allow the movement to die with its leader. During a demonstration of Husites in Prague, Umr years later, stones were thrown from the windows of the To«ti HaU, with the result that the paraders rushed the hall, threw the magistrates out of the windows, and started the long and bloody series of so-called Husite wars. Bohemia, or Czechy, as the inhabitants called it, became thoroughly Roman Catholic again under the Hapsburgs. The Hapsburg claim to the territory, which has played so large a part in recent history, had a woman at the bottom of it, it appears. Ferdinand I., afterwards Emperor of Austria, married a daughter of the ruling line of Bohemia, and on that basis urged his selection as the Bohemian King. The Bohemian Diet, at a special election on October 23, 1526, accepted his alaim as valid. "Soon after the Hapsburgs' accession to the throne," to quote again from "The Statesman's Year-Book," "they began to violate Bohemia's religious and national liberties, and this action eventually led to the Czech Revolution of 1618 and the beginning of the Thirty Years' War." The revolution was completely crusht in 1620. Bohemia's struggle to reclaim its ancient rights as an independent nation, never wholly subdued, has been especially strong since 1848. The present national feeling is traced back by one authority to the literary revival of the Czech language, a movement which started shortly after the French Revolution. The Slovaks, during most of the period of the oppression of the Bohemians liy the Austrians, were very much under the domina- tion of the Magyars of Hungary, who conquered their country in 907, displaced or assimilated the southern Slovaks, and have practically ever since been lords of a:U the rest. "The Magyars have always treated the Slovaks as an inferior race," says a writer in the last edition of "The Encyclopedia Britamiica." "Tho result is a large emigration to America. . . . The Slovaks are a peaceful, rather slow, race of peasants (their aristocracy is Mag- yarized), living almost exclusively upon the land, which they till after the most primiiivs methods. When this does not yield sufficient, they wandsr as laborers, and especially as tinkers, all ov3r Austria, Hungary, and even into South Russia. They are fond of music, and their songs have been collected." It is this peasant territory which affords agricultural resources more than sufficient to support the new Republic. Bohemia, Mora\'ia and Silesia complement these agricultural resources with industrial developments, soon to be increased by certain rights which the Peace Treaty gives to Czecho-Slovakia in the German ports of Hamburg and Stettin. On November 14, 1918, the National Assembly met in Prague and formerly declared the Czechc-Slovak state to be a Republic, with Prof. T. G. Masaryk as its first President. Czecho-Slovakia, according to figures supplied by the New York Consulate, has the distinction of being less burdened by debt than any other nation in Europe. By contrast with her immediate neighbors, Austria and Hungary, her condition is especially enviable. At the 1920 elections, the Socialists, both in the Senate and in the Chamber of Deputies, gained a substantial plurality, their . representation in the Chamber of Deputies being recorded at 141 as against 137 for tho other parties, and in the Senate at 68 as against 75 for tho rest. Tho Socialistic program, which was ex- jiected to follow, has not developed to any great extent, however, and the tendency is, in the words of the Nebra.ska Jniiriial: "Not toward the Cojnmuiiism of Soviet Russia, but a nalion- alization of industries and i)ublie utililies by political mclliods and iiiiilcr |)(>litical control, after the manner of orthoclox Socialism." Ifi 17 The New Kingdom of Jugo-Slavia A PRODUCT OF INTELLECTUAL FORCES" is the descriptive phrase applied by one of the most competent of British publicists to the newly formed state of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; and, therefore, he says, it "offers peculiar difficulties to the Anglo-Saxon imagination." The binding element of the new amalgamation is called "the sentiment of a racial unity transcending political and religious di^^sions." This conception of Jugo-Slavia is summed up in the reply of a deputation of Serbs to the question, "What do you un- derstand by a nation?" The question was put in 1848, when the Serbs were petitioning for recognition of their national language in the Magyar state, and thej- replied: "A nation is a race which possesses its own language, customs, culture, and enough self- consciousness to preserve them." According to this ^^ew, a single nation could exist divided among several political rulers, and in this sense, we are told, the Kingdom of the Jugo-Slavs has existed for many years. Political organization came in those dark daj-s of 1917, when the present Kingdom's territory was altogether in the hands of the enemy, and the government had fled, with the remnants of the army, to the Greek island of Corfu. There on July 20, 1917, the so-called "Declaration of Corfu" was signed by "the President of the Council, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Serbia, Nikola Pashitch, and the President of the Jugo-Slav Committee, Dr. Anton Trumbic." This declaration, practically all of whose terms have since been put iuto effect, runs, in its most essential parts, as follows; 1. The state of the Serbs. Croats and Slovenes, who are also known by the name of Southern Slavs or Jugo-Slavs, will be a free and independent Kingdom, 'svith an indivisible territory and unity of power. This state will be a constitutional, demo- cratic and parliamentary monarchy, with the Karageorgevitch dynasty, which has always shared the ideals and feelings of the nation in placing above everything else the national liberty and will, at its head. 2. The name of this state will be the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and the title of the sovereign will be King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. . . . 9. The territory of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes will com- prise all the territory where our nation lives in compact masses and without discontinuity, and where it could not be mutilated without injuring the vital interests of the community. 10. The Adriatic Sea, in the interests of liberty and equal rights of all nations, is to bo free and open to all and each. 11. All citizens throughout the territory of the Kingdom are equal and enjoy the same rights in regard to the state and the law. The present Kingdom, whose largest recent difficulty van- ished with the suppression of d'Annunzio and the creation of the "Free State of Fiume," is credited, by the current issue of "The Statesman's Year-Book" with a total area of 101,246 square miles, and a population of 14,318,89.3. Basically, there is little difference between the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes making up the population. The sole difference between the Serbs and Croats, writes Vladislav R. Savic, former head of the Serbian Foreign Oflico's Press Bureau, in a recent volume entitled "Southeastern Europe" (Revell), was, as recently as medieval times, one of religion. "Western tribes fell under the influonco of Rome and became Roman Catholics; the eastern tribes came under the influence of Byzantium and embraced Greek Ortho- doxy." Religious antagonism, however, "appears on the whole to have been conspicuous by its absence," according to a hand- book, "The Jugo-Slav Movement," prepared by the British Foreign Office (London, 1920). "There is a Jugo-Slav proverb, 'A brother is dear, whatever his faith'; and, in fact, the tie of blood and language seems to have counted for more than religious differences." In spite of the political barriers which have im- peded mtercourse, their language, says this authority, is at the present day unifonn to such a degree that its extreme varieties. as spoken by the Croats of the Save Valley and by the Herze- govinian Serbs of the Narenta, differ less than do the dialects spoken in different counties in England. The Slovenes, tho belonging to the same great South-Slav family, received a special impress from their long domination by the Austrian Duchies and the Hapsburg dynasty. Their speech, says the British handbook quoted above, is a distinct variety, but inteUigible to their Serbo-Croatian neighbors. For some time, we are told, an educational literary movement has been at work among them, tending toward linguistic assimila- tion with the Serbo-Croats. "From close contact with German and Italian elements in the towns," this authority continues, "the Slovenes have been able to obtain a relatively high educa^ tiorial standard. They alone among the Jugo-Slavs were affected by the Reformation: and, tho the movement was finally stamped out by the Counter-Reformation, it maj' be said that something of its spirit siu^vives in the temper of the Slovene people." Napoleon may be considered one of the founders of the present Kingdom, for the literary and linguistic movement which devel- oped in the first half of the nineteenth century and is asso- ciated with the name of Vuk Karadzic, was greatly stimulated bjf the French conqueror's creation, in 1809, of the lUj-rian Pro\dnces. The British Foreign Office historian presents this resume of the subsequent history of the nation: "The new provinces, which included the greater part of the Slovene lands, the Croatian littoral, and Dalmatia, were designed to be a French outpost on the high road to the East and a fortress on the flank of Austria,; hence Napoleon deliberately aimed at uniting in them considerable Slav populations under a government sympathetic to their national spirit. The aboli- tion of the frontiers which had hitherto di\aded them and the material and intellectual progress which resulted from the able and enhghtened government of the French made on the subjects of the new state an impression which was never effaced. 'I11\t- ism' became the watchword of the next generation of political thinkers; but in their definition of Ill>Tia they included, besides Napoleon's provinces, all lands inhabited by Jugo-Slavs, to whose ultimate union in some yet undefined form they now began to aspire. The revolt of Serbia and her emancipation from Turkish rule, after a heroic struggle, promoted this ideal at a time when political and religious considerations alone wouid have favored the narrower Napoleonic conception. "The labors of Vuk Karadzic, the founder of modern Jugo- Slav culture, gave a solid basis to the ideas of the lUjTists. One great obstacle to the spread of IlljTist ideas was the fact that, while one vernacular was spoken by the whole race, there was no standard literary language. Vuk, strongly interested from the first in the speech and traditions of his people, had already begun to write in the vernacular. His great dictionary, whose second edition (1852) satisfied the most exacting standards of western scholarship, fixt the forms of the htorary language at the time, and remains a linguistic authority of the first importance. "In the second half of the nineteenth century, and especially after tho union of Croatia-Slavonia with Hungary, the Jugo- slav idea was most actively promoted in Croatia, where its most notable champion was Bishop Strossmayer (1815-190.^)." Montenegro, included in the new state in spite of the ob- jections on the part of its former rulers, and of many of its citizens, inspired a resolution of protest signed by some fifty prominent members of the British Parliament, including Viscounts Bryoo and Curzon. This protest, as reported by Current History (New York), is oxprest in the following terms: "Having regard to the most gallant services rendered by Montenegro, the snuiUost of our Allies, and to the heavy cost she lias sustained, her people have tho clear right to determine their future form of governnu^nt; it is, therefore, noces.sary that a Parliament should be elected under the Montenegrin (Con- stitution to decide this question, free voting being secured by the withdrawal of all llu^ Serbian troops and ollicials at present occupying the country." la !S * it « m |! w £ E !■« 7, -■2 a .2 M S to H c .S C 3 e .2 E = ? 19 The New Bulgaria THE KINGDOM OF BULGARIA comes out of the recent European melee somewhat less disfigured than the other members of the Germanic alliance. It has lost a small amount of territory on the south, including its jEgean Sea littoral, but the Council of the Peace Conference, as an editorial WTiter m Current History (New York) observes, "is expected to assign a port on the ^Egean." That southwestern vermiform appendix containing the fortress of Strumitsa (marked "2" on the map), which was a veritable thorn in the side of the Allies during the war, has also been lopped off. "Un- der the guise of frontier rectification, a large strip of territory containing no Serbians and 1)2,000 Bulgarians, who had formed an integral part of Bulgaria, has been annexed to Serbia," com- plains a Bulgarian apologist. Theodore Vladimiroff, who pre- sents, in Current History, a bitter protest against the injustices of the Peace Treaty. Dobrudja, with a Roumanian popula- tion of less than 7,000 out of a total of 275,000, has been left in the possession of Roumania, further objects Mr. Vladi- miroff. According to the current issue of "The Statesman's Year-Book," however, nearly all of the remaining 268,000 are Turks and Tartars. The indemnity laid upon the country, about .$450,000,000 at the normal rate of exchange, is responsible for much bitterness in Bulgarian governmental circles, but per- haps the worst blow is the fact that, by the Treaty of Versailles, Bulgaria's old rival, Roumania, is practically tripled in area and population. In the days before the war the countries were of approximately equal strength. The population of Bulgaria in 1918, according to a compila- tion made for the Matthews-Northrup Map Works was 4,467,- 000, and the total area 43,305 square miles. "The Statesman's Year-Book" presents figures, admittedly estimates, for 1920, which give the area as 42,000 square miles, with a total popula- tion of 5,000,000. Mr. Vladimiroff. mentioned above, credits the present kingdom with "about 35,000 square miles and 4,- 500,000 people." It is a farming population to a great extent, with the unusually high proportion of 82 per cent, of the people owning their own land and homesteads. About a year after the conclusion of the armistice, the Farmer party came into power and the present head of the government. Premier Stam- bolisky, "a farmer himself," is said to be more interested in agrarian reforms than international politics. The population includes as diversified a mixture of nationalities as is found in any of the heterogeneous Balkan States. In 1910, according to "The Stateman's Yfear-Book," there were 3,203,810 Bul- garians, 488,010 Turks, 98,004 Gipsies, 75,773 Roumanians, 63,487 Greeks, 37,663 Jews, 3,863 Germans, 3,275 Russians, and 61,690 of other nationalities. Figures representing the proportion of nationalities in the various disputed provinces vary according to the national aspirations of the government which presents them. The present boundaries of Bulgaria are practically the same as those the kingdom had obtained lialf a century ago, as is shown by an Oxford University publication, "An Historical Atlas of Modern Europe," which follows the recent development of Eur.opean nations. In 1885, notes a writer in this work, eastern Roumelia revolted and united with the Bulgaria of I87S, a union reluctantly recognized by Turkey, whose suzerainty over the state continued. In 1908, following the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria, Bulgaria renounced Turkish con- trol, changed the title of her ruler from "Prince" to "Czar," and assisted in the formation of the Balkan League, including Mont(!negro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. The League prompt- ly challenged "a weakened Turkey, just freed from the war with Italy and the loss of the Tripolitana" (October 18, 1912). The complete defeat of the Porte was followed by a failure of the victors to agree over the divisions of the spoil, which led up to the second Balkan war. Serbia, Montenegro and Greece took the field against Bulgaria, whose defeat, made decisive by the intervention of Roumania, left national feuds that worked them- selves out in the recent war. The Dobrudja, which Roumania forced from beaten Bulgaria in 1913, was one of the prizes for which Bulgaria took up arms in 1915, and to whose loss the recent statements of her Premier prove her still unreconciled. While waiting for her port on the ^gean, Bulgaria has been obliged to use her Danubian ports. Thus handicapped, observes an editorial writer in Current History, "she is said to have per- formed wonders, particularly in the production and export of cereals": "The official statistics show that the yield of cereals in 1919 for the whole of Bulgaria was 2, .327, 614 tons, of which 1,800,000 tons were required for consuniijtion and for sowing, leaving 727,614 tons free for export. Of the total yield wheat pro\ided 926,112 tons, rye 164,860, barley 228,809, oats 107,226, and maize 985,296. Information furnished by the Director-General of the Bulgarian statistics and by the Ministry of Agriculture indicates an increase of at least 20 per cent, on the above figures for the 1920 yield." One of the outstanding measures elaborated for the recon struction of the country is the so-called Labor Conscription Law, which has been put into effect in combination with a law for "expropriating the surplus land of individuals who can not cultivate it themselves." To quote from Mr. Vladimiroff's exposition of this experiment in State Socialism, in Current History: "The law provides that all Bulgarian citizens of both sexes, who have completed, the men twenty, the women eighteen years of age, are subject to obligatory labor. Men will work sixteen and women ten months. No substitutes are allowed, but every- body who is not physically or mentally incapable must do his bit of work. For religious reasons, which prescribe the seclusion of Mohammedan women, the latter are exempt from this oliliga- tory labor. The conscripted persons will be put to work upon tasks for which they are fit, and part of their time of service will be de\oted to mental and manual training. For this pur- pose, schools, workshops, etc., will be provided. "As stated in the preamble of the law, the aim of this obligatory labor is: "1. To organize and utilize the social forces in order to increase production and general welfare; "2. To stimulate in all citizens, irrespective of their social and material condition, devotion to public things and love for physical labor; "3. To elevate the people morally and economically by cul- tivating among the citizens the sentiment of duty to themselves and society, and by teachmg them rational methods of work in all the domains of national economy. "This labor conscription, as well as the project of expropriating the surplus land of individuals who can not cultivate it them- selves, is dictated not only by the necessity of increasing pro- duction, but also by that of pi'oviding (he many thousands of refugees with homesteads and land. Owing to the cession of eastern and western Thrace to Greece, of Macedonia (o Serbia aiul Greece, and of Dobrudja to Roumania, thousands of Bul- garians have been forced to abandon their homes and seek refuge in Bulgaria. The number of (licse unforlunafe exiles may be safely ostinuited at b('tween 2.")(),000 and 300,000. The Bul- garian Government has done and is doing what it can for their scUlemenl, and the above-mentioned measures aim (o effect this setllement wilh as little dislurbance of the economic life of the country as possible." In spile of these economic innovations, which have been o|)i)osed both inside and outside of the nation as "pure Bol- shevism," Bulgaria .shares with Turkey the distinction of being one of the two nations of the defeated alliance which retain their monarchical system practically unaltered by the war. The pro- Gorman Czar, Ferdiiumd, resigned when it became apparent that lie had l)acked the losing faction, and his s(m, Boris, the present Czar, is said to be somewhat more democratically inclined. 20 21 The New Kingdom of Greece A GREECE GREATER than any the world has known since the long-past days of its great glory, shortly Iiefore the birth of Christ, emerges from the war of 191-1. The kingdom's recent increase, in territory and prestige, is somewhat contingent, however, upon the future attitude of ex-King Constautine, just returned to his country from exile. The national election, which repudiated Venizelos and favored the return of the ex-King, came as a great shock to most of the AUied friends of the kingdom, who look upon Constantine and his supporters as pro-German, and as he returns to power, pro- testing his desire to show himself a good friend to the Allies, the Allies, and especially England, raise a chorus of regret over the departure of the ex-Premier, Eleutherios Venizelos. "There was once a great sculptor," says The Outlook (London), "whom the whim of a tjTant condemned to model a statue in snow." The comparison continues, with several side-lights on the recent history of the kingdom: "Something of that tragic contrast between the skill of the artificer and the rottenness of the material is felt when we contemplate the life-work of Venizelos. Twice he has been rewarded with the foulest ingratitude for great services rendered. Eight years ago he raised Greece from the position of a petty and insecure Power to that of a considerable kingdom. As his guerdon he was first thwarted and then dismissed by his king; his policy was reversed, his adherents were persecuted and murdered, and even his own life was in danger. Toward the close of the war a turn of fortune placed him again in power; and his skilful diplomacj', taking the fullest advantage for his country of the confidence he personally inspired in the Allies, contrived to ^-in for Greece, which had acted against us during the war, accessions of territory and influence which would have been a more than sufficient payment for great ser\'ices and sacrifices. Greece, at the time Venizelos first took charge of its government, was almost on the point of dissolution; he has given it all the potentialities, and some of the actuality, of a Great Power. And now this great Minister has fallen as the result of a popular vote. History, rich as it is in in- stances of national ingratitude, hardly affords so flagrant an example." The history of Greece, however, presents several such ex- amples, as most high-school students know. Miltiades, the famous \-ictor at Marathon, was banished shortly after his great achievement. Themistocles, who saved his country at Salamis by "wooden walls," as he called the great fleet which he forced his reluctant countrymen to build, was not only banished, but declared a traitor. They were perhaps the two most notable leaders of Greece's ancient period of glory and power, and their fate naturally suggests comparison with that of Venizelos, recently repudiated after an attempt at assassination which was almost successful. It may be mentioned, however, that most historians agree there was excellent reason for Greek rescmtment in the ease of both of her two great ancient leaders who fell upon evil times. It was said of them, as it has been said of Venizelos, that they were great men, but ambitious and unscrupulous. According to the terms of the Near-Eastern settlement which forms the basis of the accompanying map, the postwar Greece includes a considerable amount of Thracian territory gained at the expense of Bulgaria and Turkey, a large collection of islands formerly Turkish property, practical sovereignty over a con- siderable district of Asia Minor, and a claim to a section of the Epiriis. This claim seems in a fair way to bo allowed, through arrangement with the Italian Government and Albania. The present population of the kingdom, allowing for all increases, is, according to the editor of the New York Atlantis, a Greek asures apply in the first place to estates held in mortmain, and the rich holdings of tho Orthodox (^hurch have already been largel.v broken up. Aj^plieation of tlie law meets with determined oi)i)osition on tho part of some of the Magyar churches in Transylvania, whose syiniiathizors exert themselves abroad to represent the expropriation proceedings being directed specifically against tho Magyars — -notwithstand- ing the fact that all land taken is paid for in full on tho basis of pre-war \ahu^s, and that tho law is ajipliod to tlu^ Roumanian Church with equal vigor. The i)easaTitry pays ()5 per cent, of the <^\propriati(m price, tho remaining 35 per cent, being borne by the state. A period of forty-five y('ars is allowed for pay- ment. A sjiecial 'law of jjastures' encourages cattlo-raising on expropriated areas, an industry much needed." 26 27 The Waning Turkish Crescent ««fT-^HE LAST CRUSADE," as a British author char- I acterizes that part of the world-war which centered M around the Turkish Empire, has made real one of the most ancient dreams of Christian Europe. The Turk has finally been driven out of the holy places of the East. His power is broken, also, in that "cradle of civilization" which many anthropologists place between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in Christian Armenia, where he massacred and opprest, in Bagdad of the "Thousand and One Nights," even in Mekka, shrine of the Mohammedan world. The present Turkish nation is confined to the peninsula of Asia Minor, with a few square miles of European territory around Constantinople. Even the control of the Straits is taken away, to be placed in the hands of a neutral commission representing the League of Nations. Inside its present ethnographic boundary, the realm of the Sublime Porte, no longer literally worthy of the name "Turkish Empire," is suffering from such modem disturbances as Feminism, Bol- shevism, and a particularly violent form of new democracy. This last great dismemberment of an empire once comparable in wealth, in lu.vury, and in power to the Roman Empire of the earlj- Christian era, means the loss to Turkey of nearly three- fourths of its territory and more than half its population. Before the war, according to figures presented in "The Statesman's Year-Book," the population was 20,973,000, dis- tributed over an empire of 613,724 square miles. The area of the new Turkey, according to the same authority, is 174,900 square miles, and the population about 8,000,000. England, France, Italy and Greece profit by this "economic partition," as the New York Times calls it. America refused the job of reorganizing the Near East, remarks The Times, speaking for several champions of self-determination who see little good in the "partition of the spoils of war" among Britain, France, Italy and Greece. "But citizens of a nation which had the opportunity to reorganize the country pretty much as it pleased can hardly avert the moral eye if others take up the work after our refusal. We might have done it better, but we would not do it at all. British, French and Italian diplomats are going about it in the only way they know." An answer to these and harsher criticisms is supplied by Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, in The Contemporary Review (London). To turn these countries over on a basis of strict self-determination, he objects, "would not only give rise to local anarchy, liut would constitute a direct challenge to a Bolshevik overflow from Persia. . . . To one who knows the East the chaos and disaster that would spread from British withdrawal would be all too plain." The passing of the Turk has not, in the view of most English, French and Italian authorities, made the dismembered portions of Turkey safe for democracy. " 'Turkey' is, in a way, a misnomer," says a contemporary historian, discussing the former empire in one of the series of handbooks prepared under the direction of the British Foreign Office: "Tlic old Turkey was not a coun(ry inhaliited mainly by Turks, as Italy is inhabited by Italians, England by Englishmen, Spain by Spaniards, etc. As -Austria' used to connote a congeries of non-Austrian races held together l)y a dynastic system, so Turkey, or tlie Ottoman Ijiiii)ire, stood for a number of non-Turkish races held togetlur by the militarist and theo- cratic dynastic system of the Ottoman Sultanate. The Turkish language ha,s no word for 'Turkey,' which would properly hv Turkestan, as Arabistan stands for Arabia. The Young Turks have endeavored to po[)ulari/.e the Le\aiitim' form, i. e., 'Turkia.' "The Turks, or Turanians, coming originally from Mongolia, spread westward through Turk()(), 0(K) are Poli.sh, one- quarter Jews, and the remaining half white Ruthenians. A Polish apologist, Joseph Freilich, Ph.D., in a pamphlet on the "Funda^ mental Conditions of the Economic Independence of Poland," issued by the Polish National Defense Committee of (^hii ^ , „ vBraunsberii' ■^i (Klbi/ig^ — / \ ! \ JP R U S^ Mtiz^irian C^IIenstein ^' <3irudLi^d^ ^1 y"^ ^ypin^-•^ ///Chd,l2ipJ ^arnkoiv PoscS. (1 nzna n i^ f-'Cro.lzisIt I_ ^totirfy"" '^nowroclaV ^J? uSzezuczyn^ Miawa l^^^izw^^^r"! -iJ^Sxi/lT' /> . 0stlot^ES5vjtzA'^^ /S" ) Odo(anaW7-, .^>-~i*SS?za'lkow onin'^-5'OCoro Kutri' 'zorkowo Lask yltusk r.Ra. (Warsz '^ . miir WttTow' Siedlc^ /NowominskX LSokWo Skierniewicz --^^■^. I -L'ukowji^ liny 1 Grojoco (l) V^>\°GarwpUn> Kawa I Sieradz <^ /Urie^ \ r> P^bromil ) ,Krd.n4 ...n- rrs)^ffjf^~^ ^ Zloczow ^anowi(S»\ U K R (D Poznania part of West Prussia, ' ^^-rw^^ " fe -Jj East I'russia, and part of Sil- (?) Vilna and vicitiity in dispute esia, ceded by Germany to Poland, between Poland and Lithuania. (?) Galiria from Austria-Hunearv Plebiscite abandoned, to besettled to Poland. by arbitration. (4) Part of Russia acquired by ©Part of Suwalkl, proposed to^ ^ Poland through the Polish- Eo to Lithuania. '-yl Russian Soviet agreement, Oct. (3) Memel, with part of East 20, 1920. Prussia north of the Niemen. (6)Upper Sifesia. Division "Line ceded by Germany to Allied and ^ determined by Council of the Associated Powers. -^ X Tv»' J.eague of Nations.and accepted ® Free City of Danzig, interna-, - ' I by the Supreme Council of the tional urder guarantee of the xi TT M /-• 'Allies shown thus:"*--b-+— t*— League of Nations. 11 U W Ijr Sambi D,fohobycz, yslaw urka , , C iUszi/k UTohobj I ( LVi'6w )^S— sZborow- — — ^/ ^Bobrka^l TaVjiopolT ^ , , , ,.,..^^ohatyn ^^—^--^t ^ o ^iSb&at proskur^w^ ,'da':;zo\>*;^j— — l>-^-<'"^=^^r2ezany\Wrembowft£ >oahajc^S^ I (f Bu^zacz DolinaT3 Uzhorod '^ : Stanislay^ riumaozi . Horodenka 5 -^ "^^ ARY' , ,"\Czorikow f o Lon^tude East R O 1^^/M A N 35 The Island Nations of the Pacific BALANCES OF POWER, national interests, and the ownership of some hundreds of ishmds in the Far-Eastern regions of the Pacific, badly upset by that world cata- clysm which centered in northern France, have settled back to times of peace under very much changed conditions. Australia and New Zealand have recei^'ed such a large measure of self- government that they may be considered practicaUy independent nations. The former German possessions have been divided between them and the Empire of Japan. In this case, as it has been observed elsewhere in the break-up of old empires into small nations, "every little nation has a problem of its own," and Aus- tralia and New Zealand find themselves somewhat at odds with Great Britain and Japan over the arrangement of the Oceanic mandates. When Great Britain and Japan notified the League of Nations that they had prolonged their Treaty of Alliance for one year, "considerable opposition was exprest by the Austra- lian press," observes Current History (New York). Australia's feeling against the Japanese is said to resemble the feeling aroused on our own California coast, and "racial discrimination" is being as strongly opposed by the Japanese Government there as here. A further complication is added by our Government's refusal to recognize the Japanese mandates in the North Pacific. China, also, is reported to be far from resigned to the terms of the Treaty which give to Japan considerable slices of Chinese territory and ■\'aluable rights in much larger areas. Japan, presented with all the former German islands north of the equator in addition to the Chinese territory referred to, has profited notably by the war. The total area of the empire in 1914, according to "The Statesman's Year Book" for that year, was about 175,.540 square miles, with a total population of about 53,000,000. The present area, according to the 1921 edition of the same book, is 260,738 square miles. Four hundred and eighty-nine small islands are included in this estimate. The population in 1918, exclusive of the dependencies of Korea, Taiwan, and Karafuto, was placed at 57,070,936. The total, including these provinces, is given as 77,005,510, which may be compared to an American population of approximately one- third larger in an area more than ten times as large. It was in 1853, Isaiah Bowman, the geogi-aphical expert, re- minds us in his new volume, "The New World: Problems in Political Geography," that Commodore Perry, with an American fleet, demanded protection for American sailors and property wrecked on the coast, and permission for American ships to use Japanese ports as a base for food or for trade, thus forcing Japan "into the current of modern international life." He continues, taking up the remarkable development of the Empire since that time: "After 1808 Japan modified her political and social institu- tions in what is probably the most complete and radical change of its kind that has ever occurred in the world's hi.story. The basis of Japanese social and military organization had been feu- dalism, hi 1868 the system was abolished by revolution, and a national spirit sprang up th'at was to be used as a powerful instru- ment in emjjire-building. The first railroad was begun in 1870; to-day there are nearly eight thousand miles of rail. In 1872, military service became univer.sal and obligatory. A constitution was granted in 1889, and Parliament met for the first time in 1890." In the midst of this process 'of modernization, Japan con.soli- dated her island possessions. In 1875 she got the Kurile Islands, thus rounding out her domain on the north. In e.vchango she relinquished her claim to the island of Sakhalin, the .southern half of which was again recovered in 1905; the northern half is occupied at the present time. In 1876 she seized the Liukiu Islands, which extend southward almost to Formosa. In 1895 as a result of her war with China she won Formosa, the richest of her island prizes, with a population of 3,6."i0,000. Iler island empire fringes the coast of Asia for 3,000 miles. As per popula- tion increased, we read : "The merchants of Japan turned to overseas trade and her business men began to manufacture articles of commerce. At the present time the Japanese trader can be found everywhere through the East from Sumatra and Singapore up through the Philijipines and in all the open ports of the coast of China. Jap- anese banks and warehouses sprang up in India during the World War, and Japanese merchants went in numbers into the Ivlalay States, buj-ing u]5 rich concessions. Japan's commerce with Siam doubled during the war and in the same period she increased her trade wth the Dutch East Indies fivefold. In New Zealand the Japanese have won over the former trade of Germany and have taken away much of British trade also. A fleet of Japanese steamers makes regular runs to Seattle and San Francisco and another fleet plies between Japan and the west coast of South America. Japanese trade expansion on a huge scale in southern Asia, in Far East, and the Pacific, is one of the really marvel- ous economic consequences of the World War." Australia, tho so predominantly the greatest land mass in this region, is habitable by white races only on its borders and in a few interior districts of the South and West. Its total esti- mated population, in 1919, was 6,247,019. Recently, however, reports Current History (New York) : "Sir James Connelly, agent in London for Western Australia, announces that for the next two years a thousand emigrants from the British Isles will be sent to Australia each month. The first large party, comprising 1,100 emigrants, left Great Britain early in January." The continent is of practically the same area as the United States, containing 2,974,.581 square miles. Up to the year 1918, says "The Statesman's Year Book," only 5.63 per cent, of the land had passed into private ownership. Sheep raising and agriculture are the chief industries. "In Australia, the chief problem is to keep out the Malays, the natives of India, the Chinese, and the Japanese," says Mr. Bowman, in his chapter on "The Pacific Realm and Australia." As for the physical problem confronting the continent, he writes: "The eastern portion is mountainous, and receives rainfall from the southeastern trade winds. All the rest of the country is desert, save for a small district in the southwestern corner which has winter rains sufficient to give it better resources, and a strip on the north coast which falls within the limits of the equa- torial rains during the southern summer. "The population is disposed in a manner to correspond with the rain belts. Nearly half is uninhabited. Only one per cent, of the total area is under cultivation." The Australian commonwealth, which came into existence in 1901 , permits the separate states much larger rights, as con- trasted with the rights of the central government, than is the case in the United States. The Labor Party is, and has been for some time, in practical control of the government. Immigration by Chinese, Japanese and Indian groups is especially opposed by the labor unions. The new Australian mandate covers all the for- merly German islands south of the equator, with the exception of the Samoan group, allotted to New Zealand. Tho two largest islands of the group, formerly known as the Bismarck Archipel- ago, have recently been renamed New Britain and New Ireland. New Zealand, founded in great parts by the younger sons of the British aristocracy, has in recent years gained a reputation as one of the most carefully governed territories in tho world. Tho pop- ulation is estimated by "The Statesman's Year Book" at 1,139,- 014, e.xchisive of some .')(),()00 natives Maoris. The total area is 103,.581 square miles. This docs not include the Dominion's new mandate over the former German Samoan Islands, now tho Territory of Western Samoa, which adds an anui of 1,200 square miles. 86 37 The New-Old ''Land of Promise" in Palestine A MODERN HEBRAIC EXODUS has taken place into "what has become once more the Land of Promise," in the phrase of The American Israelite, and the result of the fij'st tliree years of the changed regime, reports PatrieJi Geddes in The Contemporary Review (London), has been the beginning of a real "renewal " of the country. The publication of the Palestine mandate, under which the British Government wOI administer the country, was followed by an official declaration that England "views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." Jews all over the world are organizing and collecting funds, with the immediate object of caring for the Jewish immigrants already in the country. As an ultimate goal, many of them look forward to a return of national power and unity in a free nation controlled by the descendants of its ancient inhabitants. Whether this "dream empire" is realized or not, the New York Times sums up the present situation correctly, says The American Israelite, and quotes with approval: "The mandatary will control the foreign relations of Palestine and protect diplomatically Palestinians abroad. The mandatary also will impose taxes and customs and will report annually to the League of Nations. The phrase 'a national home for the Jewish people' is fre- quently employed. The League, it is e\ ident, has not set up a Jewish state or nation in Palestine. The effect of the mandate is to create a national home or refuge for Jews who, because of oppression or perse- cution in any other land, may desire to seek shelter there." A multitude of small differences have appeared among the individ- uals and associations charged with rebuilding Palestine, much in the manner of the difficulties that arose as soon as the world had been "made safe for democracy," but the essential fact, announces The American Hebrew, is that "Palestine will be rebuilt." The rebuilding will be accomplished, be- lieves this authority, "by plans and methods of the American- Palestine Company, of New York." To carry out the work of reconstruction, the editor continues: "In every great city throughout the country Jews wiU or- ganize such companies, each to pursue the do\'elopnient of particularized constructive work in Palestine. In time, a super- organization compo.sed of all these individual companies, and governed by a hoard of directors t-hat will represent all of them, for the coordination and the systematic development of the undertaking of each without overlapping, will eventually create that Jewisli organization in which all Jews will be enrolled and which will rebuild Palestine." The new mandate, according to estimates presented by "The Statesman's Year-Book, " is 13,724 square miles in area, with a total population of 67.5,000. In Biblical times the population rose to between five and si.x millions. By a strange turn of events the Philistines, those ancient enemies of the C'liildrcn of Israel, have succeeded in giving their name to the whole of the THE B1I3L.CAL "KINGDOM OF D.WID." The liounfiaricj^ of the Hebrew nation at its greatest ex- lent are thus dc dned by MacCoim's Bible Atlas (Poates, New York). The now British mandate of Palestine is shown by tlie liea\y dotted line. country, for "Palestine," as a historical geographer observes, is directly derived from "Philistine." The territory "has never belonged to one nation, and probably never will," this wrier, G. A. .Smith, continued in his "Historical Geography of the Holy Land" (London), wTitten shortly before the war came to upset a number of preconceived notions along with territorial boundaries. Near the beginning of historical times, it "lay at the gate of Arabia and Egypt and at the tad-end of a number of small states stretching up into Asia Minor." A period of Greek influence was followed by Roman conquest. After the success of the First Crusade, it was ruled for almost a hundred years by European princes. In spite of these various waves of immi- grants and conquerors, "the essential characteristics of the Jewish people persisted," as a writer in the Encyclopedia Bri- lannica points out, together with the idealism and high moraMty of their religion. One of the difficulties faced by the modern state is the fact that only a small percentage of the present population is Jewish. Thus, in the 9,000 square miles included in that part of Palestine west of the Jordan, "The States- man's Year-Book" states that there were in 1919, 515,000 Moslems, 65,300 Jews, 62,.500 Christians, 1-50 Samaritans, and 4,900 others. "The feeling between Mos'.em, Christian and Jew is perhaps more intense," adds Dr. Albert E. Clay, professor of AssjTiology and Baby- lonian History in Yale University, writing in The Atlantic Monthly, "than in any other land." Fighting has occurred between Jews and Arabs, notably at Jaffa, "where recently many persons were killed or wounded," according to a dispatch received in this country in May, 1921. Bedouins have at- tacked Israelite colonists, say later dispatches, and British troops have been called in to preserve order. The present British High Commis- sioner, Sir Herbert Samuel, lately made a tour of the towns east of the Jordan in an attempt to pacify the Bedouins. Winston Churchill, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, said, in a recent address in Jerusalem: "Examine Mr. Balfour's careful words: Palestine to be 'a national home,' not 'the national home,' a great differ- ence in meaning. The est.ablislimeut of a national home does not mean a Jewish Go\'erninent to dominato the Arabs. Great Britain is the greatest Mo.selin .Slate in the world, and is well- disposed to the Arabs, and chorisiies their friendship. 1 found since my arrival that the ministrations of the officials make no distinction between Jew and Arab. "Above all; there will be respect for the different religions. Tho the Arabs are in a largo majority in I'alestine, tho the British lOmpire has accepted the mandate in tlie wider sense, Palestine belongs to the whole world, and this city of Jerustilern is almost equally sacred to Moslems, Christians and Jews, and not only to tlie dwellers in Palestine, but everywhere. Instead of sliaring miseries tliroiigh quarreling, tho Palostimaus should sliaro blessings thi'ough cool>oration." PREbENT BOUNDARY GENERAL DffAFTING CO. INC . 3S 34^ MAP OF PALESTINE (BRITISH MANDATE) Railr-oads ... , M t-iw»^ Principal Highways mostly lat Class IIoaHH — — 2nd Class Roads - - - Trails Limits of Palestine. ^^^ ■ ■ • ■■KOBa Limits of Palestine, tentative IB 1M H Lands below Sea Level ^^^^^^ Scale of Miles m 20 80 40 60 1'^iiomei.erd 9 10 ^0 ap 40 60 COPYRIGHT. 1921, BY FUNK & WAGNALL8 CO. NEW VOBK THE MATTHE A'i-MORTHRUP WORKS, BUFFALO, N> Y» Beirari c~=^'TE1 Atcibe lEl Hidjane Zimmarv Kaisariyafi MI:DI TEHRAN BAN S EA \^. Kai>r ^iiweiP4 EI Audi>aN T!-''- ^ \ , , f ,-' ^ ■!.,•- ^-'"^ ■'' fe. EI AudjU ,>\ -[ \ v^ \ El Kossaima? eV^ ^^4 Bir el Hassana'' ^i^J.Maghara —~y /<^^x 7 ' " - ■■■/- rs V \ I '"'..'A' -\ \ ) ,! Bosra^^ski sham »vo'Orman ! " '^•,'''»?S*.^Siilkha °":^"'% I* Gueira *"■•*& * -■, ^ pAkaba ^ itlf o!^kab'a\ Longitude East from Greenwich 3( \> l§ y , sos^- / Megalla 37° 39 The European Advance in Asia HUGE ASIA'S SUBSERVIENCE to smaller but more aggressive Europe has been increased, territorially at least, by the settlements following the war. Mesopo- tamia, SjTia and Palestine have been added to the vast extent of Asiatic territory already under the control of Western Powers. This gain is slightly counterbalanced by the German Asiatic territory taken ever by .lapan, the first Asiatic Power in cen- turies to take rank with the nations of the Atlantic and Medi- terranean. Europe now controls Asiatic territory somewhat greater in population, and far greater in extent, than the whole of Europe, but many observers find a loosening of political and military bonds which ultimately, they argue, will result in the rise of sovereign autochthonous nationalities. Of Asia's total area, given as 17,206,000 square miles in the World Almanac for 1921, or 16,819,000 in the latest edition of the "Encyclopedia Britannica," approximately 10,000,000 square miles are under the control of Russia, Great Britain, Holland, France and the United States. The following table, prepared in 1910 for the "Encyclopedia Britannica," shows the distribution of Asiatic territory at that time: Territory Square Miles Russian 6,49.5,970 British 1,998,220 Dutch 586,980 French 247,580 U. S. A 114,370 German 1 93 Turkish 681,980 Chinese 4,299,600 Japanese 161,110 Other independent territories 2,232,270 The changes shown on the accompanying map include an in- crease of rather more than 100,000 square miles in the holdings of both England and France, small mandates to Italy and Greece, the increase of the Japanese area to 260,738 square miles, the wiping out of the small German possessions, and the decrease of the Turkish total to 438,750 square miles. Of the total Asiatic population, estimated in 1920 at 872,.522.000, approximately 345,000,000 inhabit Chinese territory, 325;000,000 British, and 25,000,000 Russian. "The purely arbitrary borderline, which is supposed to sep- arate the Continent of Europe from the Continent of Asia," writes H. M. Hyndman, the British publicist, in his recent ex- tended study of Asia as ailected by the war ("The Awakening of Asia," by H. M. Hyndman, Boni & Liveright), "at times leads to the misapprehension that there really is such a break in territorial continuity." There is, of course, no recognized divi- sion between the two continents, either in the matter of geog- raphy or of race, he points out. Europe, in fact, he writes, is "a great conterminous colony of Asia, which, in the course of thousands of years, has set up for itself." As for the mutual reaction between the two countries, he finds that: "We arc inclined nowadays to take more account of tlio European invasion of Asia than of the Asian invasion of Europe. Yet the influence of the East upon the West and the far less powerful influence of the West upon the East have been going on for many, many centuries. The successive waves of invasion and counter-invasion from Europe to Asia and from Asia to Kuriipe are not easy to record accurately and intelligibly. Some of the Asiatic attacks upon Europe were no better than mere tem- porary raids givuig no permanent results, and the same may bo said of the greater portion of the European advances upon Asia. At some periods botli attacks wore going on simultaneously, and the direct military influence of Asia upon Europe has been nuich more recent and more pov.erful than we generally recognize. Even in the Great War, wiiile tens of thousands of Asiatic Turks wer(^ fighting on the side of German.v, Japan threw in her lot with the Allies and has been fighti'ng on their side against Germans in the East, while largo forci^s from India have been engaged with the enemy in the West. -But, \n any survey of the inutunl aggressions from one side or other, there is nothing in the European attempts upon Asia, ur t.il the period from the six teenth to the nineteenth cen- tury, which can be compared for vigor, continuity, and effect to the pressm-e exerted for a far longer period by Asiatics upon Europe." - There have been four great European invasions of Asia within historic times. As classified by Mr. Hyndman, the first is that famous campaign of Alexander of Macedon and his Greek armies. Then came the Roman invasion, which lasted for many cen- turies. The Middle Ages brought the invasion by the Crusaders, whom Mr. Hyndman calls "freebooters of Christianity and marauders of feudalism." The fourth European invasion of Asia has taken place in modern times, he observes, and comments: " It is a much wider, more continuous and far more formidable assault than any of its predecessors. This great movement is still in progress, and we are by no means as yet in a position to judge of its final effect. French, English and Russians, following upon the early religious and commerical efforts of the Portuguese and Dutch, have carried on for three centuries a steady pressure of first, religious propaganda, then mercantile persuasion, and lastly armed conquest at the expense of the inhabitants. The result is that Europeans have now seized and dominate more than half of the area and little less than half of the population of the great Eastern Continent, with its adjacent islands. The fact that the country we speak of as Russia in Europe, which suffered most in old times from the inroads of barbarous hordes from Central Asia, to-day holds sway over the territories whence these tribes swept in succession to the West on their missions of massacre, is a strange instance of historic revenge for the horrors of the past." The immense conquest of Siberia, started near the close of the seventeenth century through Russian support of freebooters and traders, was completed by 1860. England in India extended her rule through the Bast India Company. The United States, with its present control of 114,370 square miles of Asiatic territory, fell heir to the ancient Spanish conquests. Most of Asia that is worth exploiting has come under control of most of Europe. In spite of widening spheres of European influence in the East, howe^•er, Europe's hold on Asia is loosening, maintains Mr. Hyndman. Asia, he declares, "is already far from being the Asia which was fau- game for adventurous European experi- ments," and he predicts that the time will soon come when, un- less the Allied nations apply to Asiatics, "the principles for which they justly claim they fought Germany," history may record a return of the predominating pressure of Asia on Europe. H. G. Wells, the novelist, historian, and publicist, strongly agreeing in this view with Mr. Hyndman. inveighs in his "Out- line of History," against persons who believe that " the vast popu- lations of eastern Asia can be permanently subordinated to Europe." He writes: "They do not realize that in Asia the average brain is not one whit inferior in quality to the average European brain; that history shows Asiatics to bo as bold, as vigorous, as generous, as self-sacrificing, and as capable of strong collective action as Europeans, and that there are and must continue to bo a great many more Asiatics than Europeans in the world. Undej modern conditions world-wide economic and educatioual equali- zation is in the long run inevitable." Air transport may already be opening the way to a still more extensive and universal "Pax," suggests Mr. Wells, in which the British system "may of its own accord merge," and he adds that "it is impossible to say whether this unprecedented imperialism will obstruct or help forward that final unification of the world's affairs towards which all history is pointed." He feels that "it is open to question whether the British rule in India does not compare favorably with any other domination of one entirely remote and alien civilization by anollu'r," and he concludes: "What is wrong is not so much that Britain rules India and Egypt, but that any ci\'ilized counlr.v should bo ruled by the legislature of another, and that tlu^ro should be no impartial court of app(\al in the world yet to readjust this arrangement." 40 2 i Jf 1 •a 41 The New Partition of Africa GERISIANY'S VAST HOLDINGS IN AFRICA have fallen, under mandates, to the two strongest nations of the ^^cto^ious Allies. Southwest Africa, formerly Ger- man Southwest Africa, a huge, thinly populated district of 322,250 square miles, goes to the British dependency, the Union of South Africa, and the other territories, a total of some 608,000 square miles, with an estimated population of 13,335,000 in 1913, according to "The Statesman's Year-Book" for that year, are allocated directly to England and France. Germany, the last of the European Powers to acquire African territory when it was being parceled out among the nations of Europe, is the fh-st to be forced out of the continent, with England as her chief inheritor. Numerous British authorities have alleged, in the last twenty years of Germany's penetration in Africa, that her interest lay not so much in obtaining comnieroial and colonial advantages as in establishing military "stepping-stones" on the way to India. According to figures collected in 1911, the total imports from the German colonies into Germany amounted to only about §10,000,000 in that year, with exports of a few mil- lions more, a decrease of a million and a half dollars in imports from the preceding year. "One of the little-known results of the World War," a writer in Current History points out, is the American commercial penetration in Africa. Even tho this country controls no territory, our commercial hold is shown by the growth of trade, amounting to .$47,000,000 in 1914 and to S325,000,000 in 1920. The WTiter explains: "With the opening of the war, German trade was absolutely cut off and British and French manufacturers were too busily occupied with supplying government needs to give close attention to African markets. In South Africa alone American imports, which in 1914 were .§25,000,000, reached S.54,000,000 in 1916, $98,000,000 by 1919, and $165,000,000 in 1920." A comparison of the map of Africa in 1800 with that of 1914 "contains both the history of its extended exploration and the elaborate process, comprest mainly into the period from 1800 to 1914, by which the vast continent has been parceled out" between European states. "A map of Africa of 1800," the authority quoted ("An Historical Atlas of Modern Europe from 1789 to 1914," by C. Grant Robertson and J. G. Bartholomew, 0,xford University Press, London), goes on — "represents a fringe of Eiiropean settlements and trading sta- tions: French, Dutch, and British at Senegal and on the Gold Coast, Portuguese from Calabar to Cape Negro, Dutch and Briti.sh at the Cape of Good Hope and in Natal, Portuguese along the Mozambique channel and from Cape Delgado to the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, unoccupied liy any European power even on tlie coast fringes, wliile the remaining nine-tenths of the interior form a vast area, unlcnown, unexplored, and represented by a significanl blank or dotted with hypothetical names." The discovery of the source and character of the four great rivers, the Nile, the Niger, the Kongo and the Zambesi, "made the continent ripe for distribution under tho competitive pressure of an expanding Europe, the major states of which were seeking for areas of commercial iniijortanco or for strategical positions to strengthen dominions or territories acquired elsewhere." The authorities quoted justify the partition of the wild and un- developed country on the general_ ground that — "Between 'commercial penetration' and political control there is no Batisfatftory half-way stage, and indirect political control by an irresi)onsibIe financial or commercial sjaidicatc or com- pany is far more dangerous and harmful than the direct political control of a slate, responsible for its actions, whoso contracts can bo made a part of the public law, in tho maintenance of which all civili/.ed communities have an interest. . . . Tho i)erfectibili(y of mankind may be an iwademic siijM'r.stition or a philo.sophic chimera, but experience has shown that as a working hyi)othesis of government, particulai'ly in the relations of the white to sub- ject riKu.s, it can a'-day life, which precipitate the individual into an abnormal state, and how just as these conditions are formed, they can be reformed and normal health regained. i2mo. Cloth, 75 cents; by mail, i^3 cents. 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Cloth bound. $1.75; by mail, $i.85- HOW TO BUILD MENTAL POWER By GRENVILLE KLEISER. is a new and different book, explaining thts vital subject in a new and bet- ter way. Not only does it tell you what are the characteristics of the trained rnmd — it also shows you by specific instructions and exercises just how Sou may develop these characteristics in yourself, •ozens of such all-important subjects as these are covered: Crystallizing Desire Into Will. Seven Cardinal Rules for Clear Thinking. How to Con centrate on a Chosen Thought. How to Prevent Mind Wandering. How to Get Ideals and Inspira- tion. How to Distinguish Between Truth and Error. Gaining Accurate, Infallible Judgment. Cultivating Power of Observation. Developing Imagination — Intuition — Breadth of Mind. How to Cultivate Persistence. How to Systematize your Mind. How to Reason Directly and Logically. How to Analyze a Proposition and Test Its Value. Cultivating a Commanding Personality. Building a Strong Memory. Gaining Forceful Expression. Etc.. Etc., Etc. This great work is highly recommended by many famous men. including— GOVERNOR CAPPER. Kansas. BISHOP FALLOWS. RUSSELL H. CONWELL, HON. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. Cloth. Svo. 607 pages. Price $4.00 postpaid. THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND A brilliant study of this tremendously important factor in your Hfeby Alfred T. Schofield, M.D.. showing how it is the real seat of character and source of conduct and makes you what you are. how it may be educated, its wonderful influence in the cure of disease, the correcting of harmful habits, etc A book of profound importance. Svo. Cloth, $3-oo; by mail, ^jMJ. THE FORCE OF MIND or The Mental Factor in Medicine, by DR. AL- FRED T. SCHOFIELD. An able exposition of the action of the mind in causing disease and in curing disease. 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It is a personal message of tremendous impor- tance to every man, woman, and child All that concerns the training of the young and the perfect- ing of out own hves. in every-day professional or business life, is treated by a master mind. Svo- Cloth. $2.00; by mail, $2.12. PERSONAL POWER A straight-from-thc-shouUlcr. practical, thor- ough-going book by KEITH J. THOMAS, that gives you simple directions for acquiring a knowl- edge of the basic impulses that move men to action and shows you how to employ this knowledge to advance yourself in any profession or business. The author is an experienced man of affairs and he writes with a direct inspimtional force that will make you over mentally and morally and give you a gripon life that means victory. He stirs your latent energies to action, tells you how to direct them to produce results, and meets your needs fairly and squarely. Andrew Carnegie said of this book: "It has been written by one who knows. Every young man should read and study it. because it points the way to success and honor in life.'.' $i-75 net; by mail, $i.S7. FUNK & 354-360 Fourth Avenue WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers New York, N. 44 11 inches wide by 15 inches deep Strong, handsome half- leather bindine, beautifully em- bossed and dec orated in gold. Some of the Painters Included Famous Paintings Reproduced in Colors In Two Large, Handsome Volumes HIS magnificent work contains actual color reproductions of the world famous "Old Masters" which thousands upon thousands of Americans yearly travel all over Europe to see and study. You no longer need leave your own home to see these famous masterpieces. We bring them to your very doorstep. Just think of possessing in actual colors a beau- tiful reproduction of the Mona Lisa — the most famous picture in the world — -"The Angelus" by Francois Alillet, "The Judgment of Paris" by Rubens, "Venus and Adonis" by the great Titian, Turner's wonderful Marine Pictures, the famous portrait of King Philip of Spain by the immortal Velasquez, and nearly lOO others almost equally famous — the choice of the entire art loving world! It's just as though you visited the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries in Paris — the National, Tate and Guildhall in London, the Wallace Collection, and many others — yet you don't even have to stir from your chair. And instead of seeing the pictures once and then hurriedly, as you do in visiting the galleries, you can have them to own and live with year in and year out. Over $5,000,000 Worth of Paintings Archer Bompard Botticelli Bouveret Brett Brown Cazin Chaplin Clark Constable Coiot Correggio Crome Da Vinci Detaille Duverger Fragonard Furse Gainsborough Gore Greuze Guthrie Hals Henner Holbein Holiday Hook Hunt Israels Landseer Latour Le Brun Legros Leighton Lawrence Lucas Mauve Meissonier Millet Morland Murillo Peacock Rembrandt Reni Reynolds Riviere Romney Rossetti Rubens Sadler Sargent Stanley Steen Stone SwcUl Titian Troyon Tuke Turner Velasquez Walker Waller Watts Webster Whistler Zorn The paintings in this great collection are those which are talked of and discussed by intellectual people everywhere — paintings with which every well-educated person should be familiar. They represent canvases valued at over Five Million Dollars. There could be no more elevating, pleasurable way to spend leisure hours than in studying the works of these masters — like fine books, they become dear old friends in whose companionship you will find untold inspiration and happiness. This is true whether you have ever seen the originals or not. If you have, these volumes will enable you to live over and over again your visits to the great galleries — if you have not seen the originals, they will open up an entirely new field of almost ecstatic pleasure. And the children — don't let them grow up without the refining influence of these great painters — give them an opportunity to learn and appreciate the real and the beautiful. Art is as much of a requisite to a liberal education as music — nay more so, for everyone with eyesight can find a wonderful satisfaction in art, and not everyone has an ear for music. A Real Library of Art "Famous Paintings" is more than a mere collection of pictures. It is published in co-operation with Cassell & Company, the famous London publishers. The paint- ings are reproduced on a specially prepared canvas paper which perfectly conveys the color values of the original. Each one is mounted by hand on lieavy white art board, which can easily be detached for framing, and the whole is handsomely bound in two large volumes — 11x15 inches. The introduction is by G. K. Chesterton, and each picture is accompanied by a lucid explanation of the motif of the painting itself and a brief sketch of the life of the artist. Vou not only become thoroughly acquainted with the char- acter of each man's work, but you learn the chief points about the artist's life and habits, so that you'll be able to talk about them with authority. It is a comprehensive reference library ever at your elbow. You'll be proud to possess such beauti- ful volumes, and proud to show them to your friends. 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Sent For Free Inspection The two splendid volumes of "Famous Paintings" will be shippod to you on api roval. Merely tnclose J2.00 with the coupon. Your set will be forwarded, ai' charges prepaid, at once. Examine it at your leisure in youi own home. Then if you feel you can afford noi o own this treat work, send it back within five days and your money %viu r.e instantly re- funded without question or red tape, otherwise pay $2.00 montlily until 525.00 — the price of the set — is paid. If you wish to pay cash, send only 524.00. But you must act at once. Our present supply of tnese sets is limited and to insure your receiving your set you must act promptly — copy the coupon or write it on a post-card NOW. FREE EXAMINATION COUPON SIGN AND MAIL TO-DAY t I FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY. j Dept. 543 354-360 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. ■ Send me, on approval, carriage charges paid, the two vol- I umcfi ot Famous PiirUings. I enclose S2. 00. If satisfactory. , I will retain the work and send you S2. 00 per month thcre- I after until *S2.oJ).» in all have been paid, completinL: the purchase. If I do not want the books. \ will return ihem within five days at your expense, you will refund the money I I have paid, and I will owe you nothing. I 1 I NAME ADDRESS CITV •If you prefer t'. STATE . - . . . send only $:i4.(X). 45 How to Make Yourself WORTH MORE Through y4pplied Psychology ANOTHER MAN started even with you in life, no richer, no more talented, no more ambitious. But in the _/jL years that have passed he has somehow managed to move far ahead. What is the secret of it? Why should he, apparently, have the power to get so easily the things he wants while you must work so hard for all that comes to you t Another woman, madam, no more able than yourself, has the good gifts of life fairly thrust into her hands. You have compared yourself to her and questioned what there is in her character and talents that you somehow lack. Learn the Reason from Science Scientists have found the secret. They can show you how you, too, can obtain the better things of life. How you can arouse the hidden powers of your mind and make them bring you more influence, a larger income, greater happiness. Human intelligence acts and reacts according to certain laws known as the Laws of Psychology — "organized common sense." Either by instinct or by study some individuals master these laws. To them the minds of their associates become like fine instruments on which they can play at will. They have but to set the train of circumstances moving and await results. In other words — they apply Psychology. No Longer the Dream of Theorists To-day we see Psychology studied by the business man and its principles applied to the management of factory and office. We see men in every profession, as well as those in many lines of industry and business, applying Psychology to their personal occupations, and from the benefits derived from it, greatly increasing their incomes, en- larging the scope of their activities, rising to higher positions of responsibility, influence, and power. Applied Psychology— The Direct Method to Attain Success Recognizing the need for a popular understanding of its priceless truths, an organization was founded by Mr. Warren Hilton some years ago to coordinate the principles of Psychology and apply them to every-day life — thus the Society of Applied Psychology came into being. Among the members of the Advisory Board, who also con- tributed to the Society's literature, are such well-known men as Henry A. Buchtel, D.D., LL.D., Chancellor, University of Denver, former Governor of Colorado; Hadsqn Maxim, D.Sc, Inventor ana Mechanical Engineer; George Van Ness Dearborn, M.D.; Ph.D., Psychologist and Author; Harry S. Tipper, Chairman, National Educational Committee, Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, and others. Because of the very great value of the Society's Basic Course of Reading to the average man and woman. The Literary Digest is cooperating to bring it within the means of every earnest seeker for self-betterment. fFhat Others Say: Hudson Maxim, Inventor, The Society's books on Applied Psychology I consider the most valuable of any books on the subject that I have seen. I have read Spencer's Psychology, Munster- burg's Psychology, William James' Psychology, and many others, but from the view- point of usefulness these books, to my mind, are much more valuable. They are especially adapted to the puri)ose for \phich they are intended — the application of psychology to the affairs of every-day life. Ron. George TV. P. Hunt. Governor of Arizona. I am glad to express my approval of the work which is being done by this organiza- tion. I believe it to be a fact that the business world has but recently discovered the application of psychological principles as a distinct and valuable asset, worthy of study and greater utilization. R. H. Aishioti. Vice-President . Chicago &* Northwestern Railway Company. The educational work which your Society has undertaken on lines tending to tcich men and women how their individual efficiency may be increased by more piofilable use of energies now wasted, is a most commendable one and can not but result in a better understanding of these matters. • £. O. McCormtck, Vice-President. Soulherti Pacific Company. I think your Society is proceeding along i he right lines and believe that the practical application of psychologicjl principles such as you teach will in time show results that will be worthy of the effort put forth. Francis A. Hancock. Mechanical Mining Engineer, Cook, Park County, Montana. I have been a student of pyschology for the most part of my life, and have studied many of the standard books on the subject, but know that I have gained more in the short time that it has taken to read your works, than all my previous study of the subject, I urge all men and women who are struggling to improve and better themselves and their positions in life, to read and study thoroughly the Basic Course of Reading in Applied Psychology, knowing that it will bring success, and that they will look upon life and their fellow men in a new and better light. Surely there is no easier road to self improvement. Dr. Gunning Butler. Santa Ana.. Calif. I consider this set of books on psychology the most terse, clear-cut, understandable, and interest-compelling text on this vital subject I have ever read. For eighteen years I have been a student of psychology and I can enthusiastically recommend this set of books to any one at all interested." Coleman DuPont, President, E. I.Du Pont de Nemours Powder Company. The undertaking of your Society is one of great importance to this country alid the question of mind training for our young men is one that should be given much more consideration than it is given to-day. W. W. Clarke. Sec'y &* Treas. Smith &- Clarke Co., Owensboro, Ky. For some years I have been interested in the science of psychology, and have read works on that subject by McCosh. James, Munsterburg. Prince, Jastrow, and others; and fascinating reading it was. too. I have also read and am now studying the " Basic Course of Reading," It is, in my opinion, the only time that the problem, as a practical, workable proposition, has been approached from the right direction. F. P. Schiffley, Assistant Cashier, Peoples National Bank, Orangeburg. .S. C. If a man makes a real study of your course 1 can not see why he should fail to reach the to[i rung of the ladder if he wants to. It is uo to him. FRKE I 'HOW TO DEVELOP YOUR OWER OF ACHIEVEMENT" A compelling booklet packed with information on such topics as:_ Psychology Reduced to Easy, Simple Language; How to Apply Psycholo^ in Salesman- ship; in Pubhc Speaking; in Retail Selling — Psychology Applied by the Pro- fessional Man — Your Undiscovered Resources— Source of Will Power — How to Avoid Worry — How Ideas are Created — The Ability to Read Men, etc. Sign and mail coupon and you will also receive full particulars of the Society of Applied Psychology, and what membership in it will mean to you. Copy the coupon or write it on a postal card NOW. I I I Name . Street Address. Oily. THE LITERARY DIGEST Dopt. S41 354-360 Fourth Avenue, New York City Please send mo by m.nil the free booklet, "HOW TO DEVELOP YOUR I POWER OF ACHIEVEMENT." i _l Slate. J 4r. Do YOU Know the English Language of To-day ? Are you familiar with the wealth of new words with which our already wonderfully expressive tongue has been enriched since the Great War — eve7i during the past fezv months? Have you amplified your vocabulary with all of them? Can you, on the instant, use them correctly in your conversation and writings? Do you fully comprehend their true meaning when you see them in the current newspapers, periodicals, and books, and in your daily mail — when you hear them from the pulpit, on the stage, and in the conversation of your friends? Can you define and pronounce them accu- rately for your children ? Packed in the pages of this wonderful volume — -the greatest of abridged dictionaries — you have instantly available the definitions of over 83,000 terms, more than in any other dictionary of its size, including the very latest words that have come into our language! 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Its presence in the home is an evidence of care in the rearing of children. Whether You Want to Know Jugo-Slav Rainbow Division Soviet C zee ho-Slovak Cantigny jazz-band slacker Pershing Saint-Mihiel Maximalist gob pussyfoot nose dive nnassif Aviatik Blighty dud Anzac In the School It has now established itself as the most easily understand- able classroom dictionary pub* lished . It will answer more classroom questions with au- thority than any other dic- tionary. It indicates pronuncia- tion by the text-book key and the revised scientific alphabet. AH information in the book is in one simple alphabetical order. Principal events in American and English history are recorded in alphabetical place. Recent advances of science covered. Thorough synonym treatment, etc. how to pronounce, divide, spell, understand, or define thou- sands of word?, phrases, terms, proper names, etc.. such as questionnaire gas-helmet shock troops proration baby bond pragmatic Hooverize Hiwer > anti-aircraft etc., etc. You're Sure to Find It in The Volume This Coupon Brings You It should be in the hands' of every stenographer and cor- respondent. It should be in evidence at the conference table and on the desk of every executive. Big business houses are equipping their employees with it, an order for 125 copies being received recently from a large insurance company. Pro- tect your business documents from error by having this abso- lutely dependable guide-book at your stenographer's right hand. An error in spelling or punctuation may change the entire meaning of a contract or letter. Supply your employees with Desk Standard Dic- tionaries NOW. Ideal For Personal Use Authors. Writ'T- of Advertisements. 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NOIV. M^^ \ ' FCXK d- WAGXALLS COMPAXY. Dept.54^ 354-300 Fourth Avenue, Xtiv York CUy I enclose $^.T5''plits 16 cents for carriage charges i$z.oi in all), for which please send me THE NEW DESK STAXDARD DIC- TlUXAKY, bound in half-leather, indexed. Xame . . A ddress . City. . . . State . . . *If \ou wish this dictionary, richly bound in full limp leather, in- dexed, enclose $6.00: or exquisitely bound in full crushed English Morocco, dark' brown, polishtd: I b-'xed. em.lose fi^.oo- gilt edges, hand tooled, raised bands. 47 © HARRIS A EWINQ Pershing Haig Mercier Foch Hin de nbur^ Old World Intrigue Laid Bare ! How the murder of a prince and his wife in a little Bosnian town in iqi4 gave a pretext for declaring war — -almost overnight. And then — -how "diplomacy" was like a joke in Europe. Treaties between sovereign states became "scraps of paper." Constitutional rights of countries were vio- lated. Nation after nation was dra^vn into the vortex — England, Fra.nce, Russia — thirty in all. The greatest— and the worst — -war of modern times was fought. Now that correspondence of the intrigues and secret diplomacy that brought on this war has been revealed, it has been carefully collated and printed for your information in the opening pages of TheJiterarxD^st History of the World War THIS GREAT \\'ORK, in TEN big vol- umes, is the result of four vears' labor. It teUs the \MIOLE STORY as never told before, of that terrible struggle, which, despite twentieth centurv' civilization, lasted five years, kOled or injured nearly thirty mil- lion human beings, destroyed six thousand ships, brought about "meatless" days and suffering throughout the United States, laid waste vast parts of Belgium, Poland, and Serbia, completely changed the face of Europe, and imposed a tax on every one of us that we are still paying to-day. You ask how such a conflict would rage so long among nations professing to be religious and most of them worshiping the same God? For answer read this remarkable Histor>'. It will give you a clearer insight into the causes underlying the war — "way back of that royal couple's murder in Bosnia — than you can possibly get from any other .source. Genf^^als as Historians The Literary Digest History of the World War is flot a mere one-man history. It is a careful compila- tion by F'rancis Whiting Halsey of official reports and thrilling personal experiences supplied by dis- tinguished officers and enlisted men in the fight; by war correspondents, strategists, statesmen and other authorities. You will read what was said by General Pershing, Marshal I'och, .Admiral Hugh Rodman. Field Mar- shal Haig, Major-Genera! von Bernhardi, Field Marshal von Hindenburg, Major-General Maurice, and other noted officers on both sides. You will find elaborate reports, official and other- wise, of blood-stirring happenings, deeds of daring. suffering, sacrifice, cruelty, torture, massacre. One tells you of works of kindness and charity. Another tells of acts of wholesale miurder and destruction. Full Accounts of Battles You will read thrilling reports of battles in France, Belgium, Italy, Russia, Japan, China, Egypt, the Holy Land, everywhere — on land, on and under the water, in the air. You will read — perhaps for the first time — carefully guarded information about the transportation of two million American soldiers to Europe, notwithstanding German submarine activity. You will discover the remarkably quick turn in the tide of the war when the *' Yanks" finally landed on the firing line. You will devour the memorable campaigns of "Our Boys" — maybe of YOUR boy — thru every glorious engagement, including the memorable moment at Chateau Thierry, where the French had been fighting almost hopelessly for days, when the American officers hurried up, saluted and spoke eight words to the French: "Vous etes fatigues. Vous allez partir. Notre job." ("You are tired. You get away. Our job.") From that point you will follow the triumphant course of our armies thru the Marne saUent, in the Argonne, at the St. Quentin Tunnel and on to the overwhelming victory under General Pershing at the St. Mihiel salient. Was Your Boy There? These battles, with the names of troops taking part, have gone down into history and taken their rightful places with the battles of Bunker Hill in 1775, New Orleans in 1815, Gettysburg in 1S63, Manila Bay in 1898. The Literary Digest History of the World War in your home tells of these glorious deeds and will lead your children and generations to come to revere the memories of their ancestors 10 Beautiful Volumes— 4000 Pages Bound in Dark Blue Ribbed Cloth. Printed on High Class Paper From Large Clear Type. 1000 Illustrations and Maps in Black and White and in Colors. as we now do homage to the valorous achievements of Washington, Lafayette, Andrew Jackson, Grant, Lee, Dewey, and others who gave us our heritage of freedom and made possible the United States as it is to-day. EVERY American home should have this History — for study and reference. Especially should it be in homes from which a father or son or husband or brother went into the war. Perhaps you never have heard the whole story of what HE did! .\nd so you should have this History. You should have a complete, authentic record of HIS achievements as shown in accounts of when and where HIS company or regiment or division went "over the top, " and how HE helped to strangle German imperial autocracy. This History links HIS life and HIS heroism with the greatest miUtary victory of civilization. More Than a War History The Literary Digest History of the World War does not end with the signing of the armistice in 191S. It vividly describes all the events of re- construction days, including the surrender of Germany's ships. It tells of the abdication of Wilhelm, the German Kaiser; his flight into Holland; his life at .-\merongen. It gives long- suppressed facts about the abdication, imprison- ment and cold-blooded murder of Nicholas II, Czar of Russia. You have all the facts about President Wilson's activities in the war, from his proclamation of neutrality in 1914 to and including trips to the Paris Peace Conference, and his veto of the Knox Peace resolution in 1920. The story has never been published before in such readable form. Nothing But Praise General Pershing said he was "very pleased to have this valuable History in his library." Ex- Secretary of the Na\'y Josephus Daniels said: "It is remarkable how full and clear and informing this narrative is. It will be of lasting value and its pages will be drawn upon by future historians to emphasize this or that phase of the great struggle." Major-General Leonard Wood said: "Your work will give the general public a very satisfactory and inter- esting story of the war and furnish information which the reading pubUc is anxious to obtain and will enable it to follow the progress of the war from the beginning to end. It will also furnish a useful reference for the militar\ :>tudent." Send *2- You Get the Books On receipt of $2 and a copy 01 the coupon below we will forward to your address, ALL CARRIAGE CHARGES PREPAID, the ten volumes of The Literary Digest History of the World War. The remaining $23 of the purchase price you can send in instalments of $2 a month. Remember we DELIVER the books without expense to you. Our guarantee of satisfaction is backed by nearly HALF A CENTURY of great publishing achievements. Copy this coupon on a post-card or letter — NOW. FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY Dept. S45 354-360 Fourth Avenue, New York, N, V. I enclose $2 for which send mc, carriaKC charees PREPAID, for ten days' examination. THE LIT- ERARY DIGEST HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR.. If satisfactory I am to send yu monthly payments of $2 each to pay S25 in all. If the Hi.s- tory is not satisfactory, I will return the books to you within 10 days at YCTUR expense, you are to refund the J2 I have paid, and I shall owe you nothing. Name Street Cily SiaU. 48 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-Series 4939 nils,?." "ff^'MW LIBRARy F,r„ ,r,, mim D 000 680 68 1 4