QL 
 
 i55 
 
 A4 
 
 no. 15
 
 LIBRARY _ 
 
 University of C.HfomfO* '
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICUfcftfkE 
 DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY .. 3 ' 
 
 
 NORTH 
 
 ISTo. 15 
 
 [Actual date of publication, August S, 1899] 
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS 
 
 EDWARD A. PREBLE 
 ASSISTANT IN BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Prepared under the _ direction of 
 
 Dr. C. HART MERRIAM 
 CHIEF OF DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1899
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Washington, D. C., June 15, 1899. 
 
 SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication, as No. 15 
 of North American Fauna, a 'Revision of the Jumping Mice of the 
 Genus ZapusSby Edward A. Preble, assistant in the Biological Survey. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 T. S. PALMER, 
 
 Acting Chief, Biological Survey. 
 Hon. JAMES WILSON, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 2
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Paga 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 History and material 5 
 
 Distribution 6 
 
 External characters 7 
 
 Habits 7 
 
 Nomenclature 9 
 
 Generic names 9 
 
 Specific and subspecific names 10 
 
 Genus Zapus Coues . 13 
 
 Key to subgenera 13 
 
 List of species and subspecies, with type localities 13 
 
 Subgenns Zapus Cones 14 
 
 Key to species 14 
 
 Napceozapus subgenus novuin 33 
 
 Key to species 33 
 
 Eozapus subgeuus no vuui 37 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 Page. 
 PLATE I. Skulls of Zapus insignia, Z. setcliuanus, Z. hiulsonius, Z. orariu*. 
 
 Z, trinotatus, and Z. princeps 42 
 
 TEXT FIGURES. 
 
 FIG. 1. Molar teeth of Zapus hudsonius 14 
 
 2. Molar teeth of Zapus insignia 33 
 
 3. Molar teeth of Zapus setchuanus 37 
 
 4. Skull of Zapus setchuanus 38
 
 No. 15, NOBTH AMERICAN FAUNA. August, 1899. 
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 
 
 By EDWARD A. PREBLE. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 History and material. The Jumping Mice of North America early 
 attracted the attention of naturalists, but their true status and rela- 
 tionships long remained in obscurity. The first reference to any of the 
 species seems to have been made by Thomas Pennant, in the latter part 
 of the last century, who mentioned the animal under the name of the 
 1 Long-legged Mouse of Hudson's Bay.' In 1780 Zimmermaun, basiug 
 his description on that of Pennant, and supposing the animal to be con- 
 generic with the jerboas of the Old World, named it Dipus hudsonius. 
 Subsequent authors, recognizing the inapplicability of Dipus, referred 
 the species successively to Gerbillus, Meriones, and Jaculm, until finally 
 Dr. Elliott Coues, in 1875, after showing that all the generic names 
 previously used were untenable, proposed Zapus. 
 
 Previous to 1857 a number of specific names were used for members 
 of this genus (see pp. 10-13), but were applied mainly to specimens from 
 the eastern United States and Canada. Suffice it to say that Baird, 
 in 1857, and Coues, in 1877, recognized but one species, having a range 
 nearly coincident with the present geographic distribution of the genus 
 in North America. This resulted mainly from two causes poor qual- 
 ity of existing material and the prevailing tendency of the times to 
 lump distinct species having a superficial resemblance to one another. 
 The material consisted mainly of poorly preserved alcoholic speci- 
 mens, or skins badly made (in most cases with the skulls inside), 
 and without satisfactory measurements. The characters distinguishing 
 the species, therefore, were not apparent or were considered as being 
 due merely to individual variation. In failing to examine skulls, both 
 Baird and Coues referred specimens of the animal since described as 
 
 5
 
 6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Zapus insignia to Z. hudsonius, though insignia has a different number of 
 teeth and is now considered subgeuerically distinct from the latter. 
 Under the improved methods of collecting and preserving mammals 
 now in vogue large series of well-prepared specimens have been brought 
 together during the past few years, and several new forms have been 
 described, mainly from the west and northwest. 
 
 The following revision of the genus Zapus is based on a study of more 
 than 900 specimens, mainly in the collections of the Biological Survey of 
 the U. IS. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. National Museum, and 
 several private individuals. 1 To the custodians and owners of these 
 collections my thanks are cordially extended. For kind assistance and 
 advice my thanks are also especially due to Dr. 0. Hart Merriam, Dr. 
 T. S. Palmer, and Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Through the courtesy of 
 Mr. Miller I have had an opportunity of examining the types of Zapus 
 setcliuanus Pousargues, temporarily placed in his hands for comparison, 
 and am thus able to present a complete account of the genus, includ- 
 ing a description of this very interesting Asiatic species, the only one 
 known from the Old World. 
 
 The National Museum collection of Zapus, though not extensive, 
 contains many specimens of unusual interest from widely separated 
 localities ; that of the Biological Survey is especially rich in western 
 specimens; and those of Miller and Bangs contain good series of east- 
 ern species. These collections, comprising many large suites of well- 
 prepared skins, nearly all accompanied by perfect skulls and by meas- 
 urements taken in the flesh, have afforded facilities for comparison never 
 before enjoyed. Much additional material is needed, however, before 
 certain questions concerning relationship and seasonal variation can 
 be satisfactorily settled. 
 
 Distribution. Zapus is a Boreal genus, and, with the exception of a 
 single species, is confined to North America. The exact northern lim- 
 its of its range are not well known, but are indicated by specimens 
 from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador; Fort Churchill, on Hudson Bay; Fort 
 Rae, on Great Slave Lake; and the Yukon River (probably Fort Yukon, 
 just below the Arctic Circle). Southward it extends as far as Raleigh, 
 N. C.j Wheeling, W. Va,; Jackson County, Mo.; Santa Fe, N. Mex.; 
 and Kern River, California. Within the region thus roughly outlined 
 there are probably no large areas where at least one member of the 
 genus is not found. In regions where there is little or no woodland its 
 distribution is more or less local, and is confined almost exclusively to 
 the borders of streams. Of course, the arid deserts of the West do 
 not offer a congenial environment. 
 
 'These specimens are as follows: Biological Survey, 378; U. S. National Museum, 
 85; Merriam Collection, 60; Bangs Collection, 132; Miller Collection, 200; ami a few 
 from each of the following collections, American Museum of Natural History, New 
 York; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Carnegie Museum, Pittshnrg, 
 Pa.; Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; and the collections of Samuel N. Rhoads 
 and Charles F. Batchelder.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 7 
 
 Very little is known of the geological history of Zapus, except that 
 the genus dates back to the Postpliocene. In 1871 Prof. E. D. Cope 
 recorded a inandibular rainus with incisor and second molar of a Jump- 
 ing Mouse from the Port Kennedy Bone Cave in Pennsylvania. 1 On 
 account of lack of recent specimens for direct comparison he was some- 
 what in doubt as to the specific identity of the remains, but referred 
 them to Jacultis (= Zapus) Inidsonius? 
 
 External characters. The external and cranial characters of Zapus 
 have been so exhaustively treated by Baird, Cones, and others that 
 a brief reference to them here will be sufficient. The body is consider- 
 ably enlarged posteriorly, the hind legs and tail greatly developed, the 
 forelegs rather short, and the ears somewhat longer than the surround- 
 ing fur. All the species agree closely in color and markings. A broad 
 dorsal stripe of some shade of yellowish brown, quite thickly flecked 
 with black-tipped hairs, is bordered by a slightly narrower lateral stripe 
 of a lighter color and usually with less black. The fur of the entire 
 upper parts is uniform plumbeous at base, only the tips of the hairs 
 affecting the external appearance of the animal. Between the darker 
 color of the sides and the white of the lower parts is a narrow stripe 
 of clear yellowish orange, unmixed with black, and with the base of 
 the hairs white. The lower parts are white, sometimes suffused with 
 the color of the sides, and one species, Z. setchuamts, from China, has 
 a well-defined brown ventral stripe. The tail is very long, usually about 
 60 per cent of the total length, and more or less distinctly bicolor, 
 brownish above and whitish below. It is thinly covered with short 
 hairs, which are longer on the terminal part and form a short pencil. 
 In two of the three subgenera the tail is conspicuously tipped with 
 white. The spring and early fall pelages differ noticeably, except in 
 members of the subgenus Napwozapux, the bright color of the spring 
 and early summer pelage becoming duller in the fall, and the dark dorsal 
 area partially obliterated. In some species, however, the dorsal area 
 is darker and more sharply defined in late summer and early fall than 
 in spring and early summer. 
 
 The teats are normally 8, and arranged in pairs at regular intervals. 
 The pectoral pair is situated just back of the forelegs, the inguinal pair 
 far back at the base of the thighs, and the remaining pairs between. 
 Sometimes the anterior or posterior pair remains undeveloped. 
 
 Habits. In general but one species occurs in a given locality, but 
 Zj)ttx huclsonius, which has the widest range of all, seems to be always 
 present throughout the range of the subgeuus Xap(i'o.?pus, the members 
 of which are almost invariably found in deep woods near streams. All 
 the other species delight in meadows, shrubby fields, and thickets along 
 
 1 Preliminary report on the Vcrtebrata discovered in the Port Kennedy Bone Cave 
 <Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XII, p. 86, 1871. 
 
 Vertebrate Remains from Port Kennedy Bone Deposit <Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Phil.-.., I'd ser., XI, p. 200, 1899. 
 
 -Spelled hudsonianus by Zittel, Haudbuch der Paheoutologie, IV, p. 527, 1893.
 
 8 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 the edges of woods, and show a marked preference for moist locations. 
 During the summer Jumping Mice are often seen in meadows and fields, 
 and are more readily detected during the haying season than at other 
 times, when they are driv r eu from their hiding places while the grass is 
 being cut. When disturbed they move off by a series of frog like leaps, 
 and often remain motionless after a jump or two, especially when 
 frightened from a nest. In leaping they are greatly assisted by their 
 long tails, which aid in preserving their balance as in the case of other 
 animals similarly endowed. If, by any accident, a portion of the tail is 
 lost, the power of balancing is greatly impaired, and the animal, if 
 startled, seems unable to pursue a direct course because of failure to 
 land properly on its feet. Some of the earlier writers ascribe to the 
 animal the power of leaping 4 or 5 yards. Such statements are probably 
 exaggerated, but it is certain that Zapus does possess remarkable leap- 
 ing powers, and when disturbed will jump G or 8 feet, and under some 
 circumstances perhaps much farther. In their chosen haunts these 
 mice do not follow beaten paths or runways like many small mammals, 
 notably meadow mice, but seem to wander rather indiscriminately, 
 availing themselves to some extent of natural pathways or open places. 
 
 The birth of the young (five or six in number) which occurs in a nest, 
 ordinarily underground but sometimes placed in a hollow tree, usually 
 takes place in May or June. Sometimes, however, it occurs as late as 
 September; from which it seems probable that a second litter is raised, 
 or that the breeding season continues throughout the summer. Three 
 specimens obtained by my brother at Wilmington, Mass., September 25, 
 1897, which with their parents were turned up by a plow, were so young 
 that the posterior upper molars had just appeared. 
 
 During the latter part of summer Zapus makes a globular nest of 
 grass about 4 inches in diameter, with a small entrance at the side- 
 All that I have seen were on the ground in meadows among thick grass 
 or small bushes. One that I examined was made entirely of the straight 
 narrow leaves of grass, and was a very beautiful little home; but though 
 seemingly compact, it was so frail that it was impossible to preserve it. 
 These nests are usually occupied by two individuals, presumably a pair, 
 and seem to be used only at the close of the breeding season. 
 
 The hibernation of Zapus has been frequently noticed and several 
 interesting articles have appeared mainly on this habit. 1 All the species, 
 so far as known, hibernate during winter, though in one, at least, hiberna- 
 tion is not always complete that is, individuals may awake and come 
 out during warm intervals, after the manner of the common skunk. Dr. 
 Merriam mentions having seen Jumping Mice abroad in northern New 
 York on several occasions during the unusually mild winter of 1881-82. 
 Messrs. H. H. and C. S. Brimley report that they have no positive evi- 
 dence of the hibernation of Zapus liudsonius amcricanus at Raleigh, 
 N. C., although they add that the animal is too rare to enable them to 
 
 'Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, IV, p. 155, 1798; Barton, Trans. Am. Philos. 
 Soc., VI, p. 143, 1804 ; Tenuey, Am. Nat., VI, p. 330, 1872.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 9 
 
 find out much about it. Hiberuation varies with the locality, but usu- 
 ally begins about the time of the first heavy frosts and lasts uutil 
 spring. The fall pelage is usually assumed and the animals become 
 exceedingly fat before entering winter quarters. Although they often 
 lay up stores of food in nests or burrows during summer, it is not known 
 that they use this food during winter. The animals are generally found 
 singly (sometimes in pairs) in nests in holes at a depth varying from 
 a few inches to 2 or 3 feet below the surface. They lie rolled up like 
 a ball with the feet close together and tail curled about them. If 
 removed from the nest and subjected to a moderate degree of heat they 
 revive and in the course of a few hours move about freely, but gen- 
 erally resume their lethargic state if again exposed to cold. The pulse 
 and respiration are very slow. 
 
 Hibernation sometimes takes place in a nest above ground. Dr. 
 A. K. Fisher tells me that some years ago a Zapus was brought to him 
 at Lake George, iSTew York, which some men at work in the woods had 
 found hibernating in an elaborate nest of grass and moss, exposed by 
 moving a log. This nest was destroyed, but when the animal was 
 given material it constructed another, in which it resumed its inter- 
 rupted sleep. It was occasionally awakened, and observations were 
 taken on its weight, respiration, and heart beats, after which it would 
 relapse into its state of lethargy. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 Five generic and 30 specific and subspecific names have been applied 
 to various forms of Jumping Mice now included in the genus Zapm. 
 In order to discuss the different species and subspecies intelligently it 
 becomes necessary to separately consider each of these names, which 
 may be taken up alphabetically. 
 
 GENERIC NAMES. 
 
 Dipus Zimuiermann, Geog. Geschichte des Menschen u. vierfiissigeu 
 Thiere, II, p. 358. 1780. The original description of the genus Dipus 
 included six species: T>. jaculus, D.sagitta, Yerbua capensis ( = Mus 
 cafcr), D. longipes, D. tamarichms and D. hudsonius. The name was 
 subsequently restricted to the Old World jerboas. 
 
 Gerbillus Desmarest, Nouv. Diet, d'Hist. Nat., XXIV, p. 222, 1804. A 
 genus of Old World rodents allied to Meriones. Four nominal species 
 of American Jumping Mice were referred to this genus by Katines<|ne 
 in ' Prrcis des Decouv. somiologiques ' (p. 14, 1814), and Am. Monthly 
 Magazine (III, p. 440, Oct., 1818). 
 
 Meriones Illiger, Prod. Syst. Ma mm. et Avium, p. 82, 1811. The name 
 Avas originally proposed by Illiger for a group including Dipun tumnn- 
 cinus and />. incridiinitis. Cuvier apparently proposed it independently, 
 twelve years later, for the American Jumping Mouse (Dents des Mamm., 
 pp. 187, 250, 1823).
 
 10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Jaculus Erxleben, Syst. Nat., p. 404, 1777. A genus of Old World 
 jerboas. The name was first used for North American species by 
 Wagler (Nat. Syst. Amphibien, p. 23, 1830). 
 
 Zapus Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 2d ser., No. 5, p. 253, 
 1875. The first tenable generic name based on a North American 
 Jumping Mouse. 
 
 SPECIFIC AND SUBSPEC1FIC NAMES. 
 
 Acadicus (Meriones) Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., new 
 series, III, p. 2, 1856. Dawson, after unmistakably referring the animal 
 since described as Zapus insignis to the Meriones labradorius of Richard- 
 sou's Fauna Boreali- Americana (i. e., Z. hudsonius), goes on to describe 
 Z. hudsonius from Nova Scotia, calling it provisionally Meriones acadicus. 
 
 Alascensis (Zapus) Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 223, July 
 15, 1897. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has described a subspecies of Z. hud- 
 sonius under this name, from specimens collected at Yakutat Bay, 
 Alaska. 
 
 Alleni (Zapus) Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., Pub. 27, Zool. Ser., I, 
 No. 10, pp. 212-213, March,. 1898. Under this name Mr. D. O. Elliot 
 described the form of Zapus inhabiting the Sierra Nevada in California. 
 
 Americanus (Dipus) Barton, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., IV, No. XII, 
 p. 115, 1799. Under this name Benjamin Smith Barton described 
 specimens from the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa. Later (ibid, VI, 
 1804) he discussed the habit of hibernation and presented a figure of 
 the animal. Mr. C. F. Batchelder has recently revived americanus for 
 the form of Z. hudsonius inhabiting the Upper Austral zone in the 
 Eastern States. (Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, I, p. 6, 1899.) 
 
 Brachyurus (Gerbillus) ' Rafinesque.' A name referred to by Fischer 
 (Syn. Mainm., p. 340, 1829) without reference, and included in the syn- 
 onomy of Zapus by Coues (Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, p. 468, 1877). I have 
 been unable to find the original reference, but the inapplicability of the 
 name is self-evident. 
 
 Canadensis (Dipus) Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, IV, p. 157, 
 1798. Maj. Gen. Thomas Davies described specimens which he had 
 procured in the vicinity of Quebec, Canada. He undoubtedly referred 
 to an animal of the hudsonius type, and as specimens from that region 
 do not deserve separation fiom the typical form, the name becomes a 
 synonym of hudsonius. 
 
 Daviesii (Gerbillus) Rafinesque, ' Precis des Decouv. somiologiques, 
 p. 14, 1814.' Rafinesque is said to have renamed Dipus canadensis after 
 its describer. 
 
 Hardyi (Zapus) Batchelder, Proc. New. Eug. Zool. Club, I, p. 5, 
 February 8, 1899. Mr. C. F. Batchelder has recently applied this name 
 to specimens from Mount Desert Island, Maine. From a careful study 
 of the material at present accessible, I can find no characters of impor- 
 tance to separate this form from hudsonius as here restricted.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 11 
 
 Hudsonius (Dipus) Zimmermaim, Geog. Geschichte des Menscheu n. 
 vierfiissigen Thiere, II, p. 3.~>8, 1780. This is the first specific name pro- 
 posed for any species of .Tumping 1 Mouse in America, and undoubtedly 
 refers to the common eastern species which has so long- borne the name. 
 It is the only species thus far known to occur about Hudson Bay the 
 locality of Pennant's 'long-legged mouse,' to which Zimmerman 11 
 referred. 
 
 Imperator (Zapus) Elliot, Field Columbian Mas., Pub, 30, Zool. Ser., I, 
 No. 11, p. 228, February 1 , 1893. Mr. D. G. Elliot has recently described 
 a Zapus from the Olympic Mountains of Washington, but specimens 
 from that region not being considered separable from typical Z. trinota- 
 tiix, the name becomes a synonym. 
 
 Insignis (Zapus) Miller, Am. Naturalist, XXV, p. 472, August, 1891. 
 Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr., described the species erroneously referred to 
 .17. labfftdorius (Z, hudsonius) by Dawson, from specimens collected on 
 the Restigouche Eiver, New Brunswick. 
 
 Labradorius (Dipus) Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 276, 1792. Based on 
 the 'Labradore Jerboid Rat' of Pennant's History of Quadrupeds, 1781. 
 Kerr sa} r s, " Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Labradore. This species was 
 sent over from Hudson's Bay by Mr. Grah'am." Although Labrador is 
 mentioned in the habitat of the species, the specimen came from Hud- 
 son Bay, and consequently the name should be restricted to the animal 
 from that region, thus becoming a synonym of Imdsonim. 
 
 Ladas (Zapus) Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, I, p. 10, February 
 28, 1899. Under this name Mr. Outram Bangs has described, as a 
 subspecies, the form of Imdsonius inhabiting the Labrador Peninsula. 
 
 Leonurus (Gerbillus) Rafiuesque, Am. Monthly Mag., Ill, p. 446, Octo- 
 ber, 1818. From the description "body fallow, ears very long, white 
 inside, tail as long as body, black with a fallow tuft at end, length 6 
 inches, body 3'' the animal is plainly not referable to Zapns. 
 
 Longipes (Mus) Zimmermann, in Pennant's Arkt. Zool. I, p. 131, 1787.* 
 Ziinmermann erroneously identified a Jumping Mouse in spirits, sent 
 from Hudson Bay by Mr. Graham, as Mns longipcs of Pallas, an animal 
 from the deserts about the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Macrourus (Gerbillus) ' Rafinesque,' a name referred to by Fischer (Syn. 
 Mamin., p. 340, 1829), without reference, and included in the synonomy 
 of Zi>us by Dr. Coues (Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, p. 468, 1877). I have 
 been unable to find the original reference. 
 
 Megalops (Gerbillus) Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag., Ill, p. 446, Octo- 
 ber, 1818. This animal he describes as follows: "Body gray, belly 
 white." * * * "Total length 5 inches, body only 2. From the 
 barrens of Kentucky." This can not apply to any species of Jumping 
 Mouse. 
 
 Mellivorus (Dipus) Barton, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., VI, p. 143, 1804. 
 
 *Fide Coues, Mon. X. Am. Kodcntia, p. 4t>7, 1877. I have not seen this edition of 
 Pennant.
 
 12 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 This name occurs incidentally in the text, being- applied to a supposed 
 new species, with remarks on its reputed habit of passing the winter in 
 beehives and living on the honey. 
 
 Microcephalus (Meriones) Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1, 1839. 
 Under this name Dr. Harlau described specimens from the vicinity of 
 Philadelphia, Pa. The name, being- antedated by americanus Barton, 
 becomes a synonym. 
 
 Montanus (Zapus) Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 104, April 
 26, 1897. Dr. C. Hart Merriam described the form inhabiting the Cas- 
 cade Range in Oregon, under the name Zapus trinotatus montanus, but 
 the characters seem to warrant its recognition as a full species. 
 
 Nemoralis (Meriones) Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Diet. Classiqued'Hist. Nat., 
 VII, p. 323, Fev., 1825. Under this name Geoffrey published a careful 
 description of two specimens (without locality), in the Museum d'His- 
 loire Naturelle of Paris, which were figured by F. Cuvier and served as 
 the basis of Cuvier's genus Meriones. There is nothing in the descrip- 
 tion of nemoralis that gives any clue to the specific identity of the animal. 
 
 Niger (Gerbillus) Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag., IV, p. 106, December, 
 1818. A nomen nudum used by Rafiuesque in an article entitled l General 
 Account of the Discoveries made in the Zoology of the Western States.' 
 
 Pacificus (Zapus) Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 104, April 
 28, 1897. Under this name Dr. C. Hart Merriam described a form 
 represented in the Biological Survey collection by specimens collected 
 in upper Rogue River Valley, Oregon. 
 
 Princeps (Zapus) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, pp. 71-73, April 
 28, 1893. Dr. J. A. Allen described under this name a large species 
 from Florida, La Plata County, Colo., which proves to be a very dis- 
 tinct form inhabiting the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. 
 
 Saltator (Zapus) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XII, p. 3, 
 March 4, 1899. Dr. J. A. Allen has recently described under this name 
 a well-marked form inhabiting northern British Columbia and the 
 adjacent region. 
 
 Setchuanus (Zapus) Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat., 8e ser., I, No. 4, p. 220, 
 Avril, 1896. The only name based on the single Old World species of 
 Zapus. 
 
 Soricinus (Gerbillus) Rafinesque, 'Precis des DL-COUV. somiologiqnes 
 p. 14, 1814.' I have not seen the original reference. 
 
 Sylvaticus (Gerbillus) Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag., Ill, p. 354, Sep- 
 tember, 1818. A nomen nudum used by Rafiuesque in a letter addressed 
 to "Samuel L. Mitcbill, president, and the other members of the 
 Lyceum of Natural History, * * * dated at Louisville, Falls of 
 Ohio, 20 July, 1818." 
 
 Tenellus (Zapus) Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 103, April 26, 
 1897. Under this name Dr. C. Hart Merriam has described a form 
 from Kamloops, British Columbia. 
 
 Trinotatus (Zapus) Hhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1849, p. 421 
 (January 15, 1895). Under this name Mr. S. N. Rhoads described, from
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 13 
 
 specimens taken on Lulu Island, near the mouth of Fraser River, a 
 well marked form inhabiting the Pacific coast region from Fraser 
 River, British Columbia, to Humboldt Bay, Calif. 
 
 Genus ZAPUS Coues. 
 
 Dipns Zimmermaun, Geog. Geschichte d. Menschen u. vierfiissigen Thiere, II, p. 358, 
 
 1780. 
 Gerbillus Rafmesque, 'Precis des Decouv. somiologiques, p. 14, 1814'. (Not Gerbillus 
 
 Desmarest, 1804.) 
 
 Meriones F. Cuvier, Dents des Manim., pp. 187, 256, 1823. (Not Merionea Illiger, 1811.) 
 Jaculus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, p. 23, 1830. (Not Jaculus Erxlebeu, 1777.) 
 Zap us Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 2d ser., No. 5, p. 253, 1875. 
 
 Characters. Skull not massive; brain case rather high and rounded; 
 antorbital foramen large and oval; zygomata not widely spreading, 
 broadly expanded anteriorly where the malar extends upward to the 
 lachrymal. Teeth 16 or 18 (upper premolar present or wanting); 
 enamel much folded; upper incisors compressed, much curved, deeply 
 snlcate, and deep orange. 
 
 Body enlarged posteriorly; hind legs and tail greatly developed, the 
 latter much exceeding length of head and body. Tail slender, uni- 
 formly tapering. Toes of hind foot five, each with separate metatarsal. 
 Upper parts ochraceous; median dorsal band dark. Under parts 
 white (often suffused with ochraceous); one species with brown ventral 
 stripe. 
 
 KEY TO THK SUBGKNERA OF ZAPUS. 
 
 Vremolar present: 
 
 Eiiamel folds closely crowded; tail not tipped with white; ears rather Jong; 
 
 lower parts white or ochraceous Zapua 
 
 Enamel folds not crowded; tail tipped with white; ears rather short; lower 
 
 parts white with brown ventral stripe Eozapus 
 
 Premolar absent : 
 
 Enamel folds closely crowded ; tail tipped with white; ears rather long ; lower 
 parts white Napceozapus 
 
 LIST OK SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES, WITH TYPE LOCALITIES. 
 
 Subgenus Zapus. 
 
 Zapus alascensis. Yakutat, Alaska. 
 
 alleni. Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, California. 
 
 americanus. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
 
 campestris nob. Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. 
 
 hudsonins. Hudson Bay. 
 
 laclns, Kigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. 
 
 major nob. Warner Mountains, Oregon. 
 
 minor nob. Wingard, Saskatchewan. 
 
 monianns. Crater Lake, Mount Mazama, Oregon. 
 
 nei-adensis nob. Ruby Mountains, Nevada. 
 
 orarins nob. Point Reyes, California. 
 
 oregonus nob. Elgin, Oregon. 
 
 pacificus. Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Oregon. 
 
 princeps. Florida, La Plata County, Colorado. 
 
 saltator. Telegraph Creek, Northwest Territory. 
 
 tenelli<8. Kamloops, British Columbia. 
 
 trinotattts. Lulu Island (month Fraser River), British Columbia.
 
 14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Subgeuus Xapa'ozapus. 
 
 abietorum nob. Peninsula Harbor, Ontario. 
 
 insiynis. Restigouche River, New Brunswick. 
 
 roanensis nob. Magnetic City, Roan Mountain, North Carolina. 
 
 Subgenus Eozapus. 
 setchuanus. ' Ta-tsieu-lou, Szechueu, China. 
 
 Subgenus ZAPUS Coues. 
 
 Type Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermanu), from Hudson Bay. 
 
 Subgeneric characters. Teeth: i. ^, p. ^, m. |5j = 18. Upper pre- 
 molar very small, nearly cylindrical ; anterior upper molar large, broadly 
 oval; in 2 similar, bat noticeably smaller; m 3 con- 
 siderably smaller and nearly circular. Lower 
 molars similar in shape and relative size (tig. 1). 
 Enamel folds closely crowded. Interorbital con- 
 striction of medium width; frontal region inoder- 
 FIG. i. Molar teeth of ately swollen ; brain case rather high; rostrum 
 zap us AtMbonitu from s i eu( i er and somewhat attenuated. 
 
 Tower, Minnesota (No. 
 
 72695, u. s. Nat. MUS.) Upper partsas m entire genus; lower parts white, 
 x 6 - sometimes suffused with color of sides; tail more or 
 
 less distinctly bicolor, normally without white tip. 
 
 KEY TO SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS ZAPUS. 
 
 Lower parts much suffused with color of sides orarius. 
 
 Lower parts not much suffused with color of sides. 
 Size, large; hind foot usually more than 32 mm. 
 Ears never conspicuously bordered with whitish. 
 
 Larger; pencil of tail never normally white ; lower parts often suffused with 
 
 ochraceous tnnotatus. 
 
 Smaller; pencil of tail usually white; lower parts never suffused with 
 
 ochraceous alleni. 
 
 Ears usually conspicuously bordered with whitish. 
 
 Sides light ochraceous buff nevadensis. 
 
 Sides not light ochraceous buff. 
 
 Skull narrow ; incisive foramina very large solicitor. 
 
 Skull broad ; incisive foramina not very large. 
 
 Hind foot about 35 mm major. 
 
 Hind foot about 32 to 34 mm. 
 
 Incisive foramina broad posteriorly orer/onus. 
 
 Incisive foramina narrow posteriorly princcps. 
 
 Size medium or small; hind foot usually below 32 mm. 
 
 Size medium; hind foot 30 to 32 mm. ; total length of adults more than 215 
 mm. 
 Skull rather heavy ; brain case broad; incisive foramina rather large. 
 
 Dorsal area not very distinct pacijicits. 
 
 Dorsal area distinct. 
 
 Rostrum considerably deflected minor. 
 
 Rostrum not much deflected .. .. montanm.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 15 
 
 Skull rather light: brain case narrow; incisive foramina small. 
 Coloration dark and dull. 
 
 Larger; basilar length of skull usually more than 18 imu. 
 
 alascensis. 
 
 Smaller; basilar length of skull usually under 17.5 um\. .teneUus. 
 Coloration not dark and dull. 
 
 Dorsal area very much flecked with color of sides; fall pelage 
 
 with dorsal area nearly black campestris. 
 
 Dorsal area not much flecked with color of sides; fall pelage 
 
 with dorsal area not very dark. 
 Larger; hind foot about 32 mm.; tail usually more than 
 
 140mm ladas. 
 
 Smaller; hind foot usually 30 or 31 mm.; tail usually below 
 
 135 mm hudsonius. 
 
 Size small ; hind foot usually below 30 mm. ; total length of adults usually 
 under 215 mm americanus. 
 
 ZAPUS HUDSONIUS (Zimmermaun). Hudson Bay Jumping Mouse. 
 
 1780. Dipus hudsonius Zimmermann, Geog. Geschichte d. Menschen u. vierfiissigeu 
 
 Thiere, II, p 358. 
 1792. Dipus labradorius Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 276 (based on the ' Labradore 
 
 Jerboid Rat of Pennant' ).' 
 
 1798. Dipus canadensis Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, IV, p. 157. 
 1822. GerbiUus canadensis Desmarest, Mammalogie, II, p. 321. 
 1825. Gerbillus labradorius Harlau, Fauna Am., p. 157 (in part). 
 
 1829. Meriones labradorius Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Ainericaiia, I, p. 144. (Not .17". 
 labradorius Dawson, 1856.) 
 
 1830. Jaculus americanus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, p. 23. 
 
 1839. Jferiones microccpltalus Harlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 1. 
 1843. Jaculus labradorius Wagner, Suppl. Schreber's Saugthiere, III, p. 294. 
 
 1856. Meriones acadicua Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jouru., new ser., Ill, p. 2. 
 
 1857. Jaculus hndsonius Baird r Mamm. N. Am., p. 430 (in part). 
 
 1875. Zapus hudsonius Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 2d Ser., No. 5, p. 253; Mon. N. 
 
 Am. Rodentia, p. 467, 1877 (in part), and recent authors (in part). 
 1899. Zapus hudsonius canadensis Batchclder, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, I, p. 4. 
 1899. Zapus Jntdsonius hardyi Batchelder, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, I, p. 5. (Mount 
 
 Desert Island, Maine.) 
 
 Type locality. Hudson Bay. 
 
 Geographic distribution. As restricted in the present paper, this spe- 
 cies is found from the southern shores of Hudson Bay south to Xew 
 Jersey, and in the mountains to North Carolina, west to Iowa and Mis- 
 souri, and northwest to Alaska. It iutergrades with Z. amerlcanux in 
 the upper part of the Carolinian zone in the Eastern States; with cam- 
 pestris along the edge of the Great Plains, and probably with alascensis 
 somewhere in northern British America. 
 
 General characters. Size medium, smaller than Z. insignia, Z. trinota- 
 tus, or Z. princeps. Skull less massive, with small molars and incisive 
 foramina. 
 
 1 "Inhabits Hudson's Bay and Labradore. This species was sent over from Hud- 
 son's Bay by Mr. Graham." Kerr.
 
 16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Color. Summer pelage : Fur of entire upper parts plumbeous at base, 
 with tips of hairs ranging from yellowish fawn to rather dark ochra- 
 ceous, rather thickly necked with black-tipped hairs; broad dorsal, 
 stripe reaching from upper part of face to base of tail much darker than 
 remainder of upper parts, the black-tipped hairs predominating; tail 
 rather sharply bicolor, grayish brown above and whitish beneath ; lower 
 parts white, sometimes suffused with color of sides; feet white. Fall 
 pelage: Ochraceous of sides duller and more yellowish, encroaching 
 more on the dark dorsal area, which is sometimes almost obliterated. 
 Young of the year with more ochraceous in fall pelage than the adults, 
 and a greater tendency to fulvous wash on lower parts. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull rather lightly built, with rather narrow 
 brain case, small incisive foramina, and small molars; zygomata not 
 widely spreading; rostrum not appreciably deflected. 
 
 Measurements. Two specimens from James Bay, Canada, measured 
 from alcohol, average: Total length, 209; tail vertebrae, 124; hind foot, 
 30.5. Eleven from Tower, Minn., average: Total length, 218; tail ver- 
 tebrae, 133 ; hind foot, 30.2. Thirty- four adults from Keene Valley, Essex 
 County, N. Y., average : l Total length, 216.6 ; tail vertebrae, 129.25 ; hind 
 foot, 31.25. Skull: An adult skull from James Bay measures: Basilar 
 length, 18.5; zygomatic breadth, 11; mastoid breadth, 10; iuterorbital 
 constriction, 4.2; incisor to postpalatal notch, 8.5; foramen magnum to 
 postpalatal notch, 8; fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.5. 
 An adult ? from Ossipee, N. H., measures: Basilar length, 18.8; zygo- 
 matic breadth, 11.6; mastoid breadth, 10; interorbital constriction, 4.3; 
 incisor to postpalatal notch, 8.6; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 
 8.2; frou to-palatal depth at middle of molar Aeries, 6.2. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus hudsonius, the type of the genus, was until 
 recently the only well established species. The foregoing list of 
 synonyms indicates that it attracted the attention of many naturalists 
 during the early part of the century, all the names published previous 
 to 1856 referring almost exclusively to it. Jaculus hudsonius of Baird 
 (= Zapus hudsonius Coues) is a composite species including nearly a 
 dozen forms now recognized as distinct. The distribution of hud- 
 sonius^ including its four well-marked subspecies, is by far the most 
 extensive in the genus, few North American rodents equaling it in 
 this respect. 
 
 The only specimens of Zapus from Hudson Bay at present available 
 are four alcoholic examples, in rather poor condition, from James Bay, 
 and a part of a skin from Fort Churchill, Northwest Territory. This 
 skin has evidently been in alcohol, and hence its color can not be 
 depended upon. I have removed several skulls from the James Bay 
 specimens, including one perfect adult. Since this skull agrees essen- 
 tially with skulls from Tower, Minn., from which place the Biological 
 Survey has a large series, these specimens have been assumed to be 
 
 i Fide Batchelaer.
 
 REVISION OP THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 17 
 
 fairly typical and have been used for comparison in most instances. It 
 is quite possible, however, that a series of skins from Hudson Bay 
 would measure slightly more than the Minnesota specimens, and would 
 perhaps differ in color. While this material, taken in connection with 
 what is available from the type locality is sufficient for comparison with 
 the subspecies here recognized, it will not permit the recognition of 
 other nominal forms which may eventually prove to be well founded. 
 A skull from Saint Catharines, Ontario, however, which may be con- 
 sidered a topotype of canadensis, is identical in appearance with one 
 from James Bay. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 319, from the following localities : 
 
 Northwest Territory: James Bay, 4; Fort Churchill, 1; Fort Kae, 1; Fort 
 Resolution, 1. 
 
 Ontario: Nepigon, 7; North Bay, 6; Mount Forest, 3 ; Michipicoten, 1; Saiut 
 Catharines, 6. 
 
 New Brunswick : Oak Bay, 30. 
 
 Nova Scotia: Halifax, 6; James River, 2; Digby, 4. 
 
 Maine : Walker Pond, 4; Mount Desert Island, 4. 
 
 New Hampshire : Ossipee, 1 ; Fabyans, 1. 
 
 Vermont: Brandon, 1; Mount Mansfield, 1; St. Johnsbury, 2. 
 
 Massachusetts: Wareham, 70; North Truro, 6; Middleboro, 2; Wilmington, 
 3; Luuenburg, 2; Belmont, 2; Ipswich, 1; Concord, 4; Lexington, 1; 
 Dighton, 1; Wellesley, 1; Barnstable Neck, 5. 
 
 Connecticut: East Hartford, 1 (not typical); Wethersfteld, 2 (not typical). 
 
 New York: Peterboro, 39; Catskills, 8; Elizabethtown, 2; Waterville, 1; 
 Patten Mills, 1; Locust Grove, 7; Lake George, 5. 
 
 New Jersey : Lake Hopatcong, 5. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Leasuresville, 3. 
 
 Maryland: Cumberland, 1; Finzel, Garrett County (6 miles north of Frost- 
 burg), 1. 
 
 West Virginia: Wheeling,!. 
 
 North Carolina : Roan Mountain, 1 ; Magnetic City, 1. 
 
 Ohio : Portland Station, 1. 
 
 Indiana : Terre Haute, 1. 
 
 Wisconsin: Racine, 1. 
 
 Michigan : Seney, 1. 
 
 Minnesota: Lac qui Parle, 1; Elk River, 25; Tower, 26. 
 
 ZAPUS HUDSONIUS LAD AS Bangs. Labrador Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapus huflsonins ladas Bangs, Proc. New Eug. Zool. Club, I, p. 10, Feb. 28, 1899. 
 
 Type locality. Kigoulette, Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Eastern Quebec north to Hamilton Inlet, 
 Labrador; limits of range unknown. 
 
 General characters. Larger than typical Zapus hiidsonius with longer 
 tail and hind foot; coloration darker; differing also in cranial char- 
 acters. 
 
 Color. Summer -pelage: Sides rather dark, bright ochraceous buff, 
 
 moderately lined with blackish-tipped hairs; dorsal area usually less 
 
 distinct than in typical hudsonius, much flecked with ochraceous. 
 
 Lower parts white, usually more or less suffused with color of sides. 
 
 22095 No. 15 2
 
 18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Tail quite sharply bicolored, dusky above and whitish beneath; ears 
 usually edged with ochraceous (whitish iu Inidsonius). Feet white. 
 Fall pelage: Dorsal area usually even less distinct than in summer, with 
 the general tinge of entire upper parts yellowish instead of ochraceous. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull longer than that of typical hwdsoniiis; 
 zygomata considerably longer; zygomatic breadth about the same ns 
 in largest skulls of hudsonius; interorbital constriction slightly wider; 
 brain case higher and averaging slightly longer; rostrum and nasals 
 longer; bullre considerably larger; molar series averaging slightly 
 longer. 
 
 Measurements. Type No. 4169 9 ad., collection of E. A. and O. 
 Bangs: Total length, 238; tail vertebrae, 153; hind foot, 32. Average 
 of five adults from Black Bay, Labrador: Total length, 228; tail verte- 
 brae, 142; hind foot, 32. Skull: Average of four adults from Black 
 Bay, Labrador : Basilar length, 18.8; zygomatic breadth, 11.4; mastoid 
 breadth, 10.2; interorbital constriction, 4.5; incisor to postpalatal 
 notch, 8.9; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.5; fron to-palatal 
 depth at middle of molar series, 6.3. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus h. ladas is a fairly well-marked subspecies 
 represented by 23 specimens in the collection of E, A. and O. Bangs, 
 and 5 in the Biological Survey collection. The best characters separat- 
 ing this form from typical hudsonius, as here restricted, are the longer 
 tail, larger hind foot, and longer skull, with larger audital bulhe. 
 This latter character is very evident, even iu young skulls. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 28, from the following localities : 
 
 Labrador: Hamilton Inlet (type locality), 3; Black Bay, 20. 
 Quebec: Godbout, 5. 
 
 ZAPUS HUDSONIUS ALASCENSIS Merriam. Alaska Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapus Inidsonins alascensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 223, 1897. 
 
 Type locality. Yakutat, Alaska. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Yakutat Bay, north to Yukon Eiver; limits 
 of range unknown. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Zapus hudsonius, but slightly larger 
 and darker. 
 
 Color. Sides dull, dark ochraceous, with many black-tipped hairs; 
 dorsal area quite distinct, but thickly necked with brownish; beneath 
 pure white; tail rather sharply bicolor. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of typical hudsonius, but 
 slightly longer and narrower; zygomata less bowed outward and 
 slightly longer; brain case narrower; molar series longer; crown of 
 last lower molar longer. 
 
 Measurements. Average of four specimens from type locality: Total 
 length, 218; tail vertebra?, 132; hind foot, 31.5. Sknll: Average of 
 two adults from type locality: Basilar length, 18.2; zygomatic breadth,
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 19 
 
 10.7; inastoid breadth, 10.2; iuterorbital constriction, 4.2; incisor to 
 ]>ostpalatal notch, 8.5; foramen maguuui to postpalatal notch, 8; 
 fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.2. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus h. alascensis is a fairly well-marked subspe- 
 cies based on four specimens collected at Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Four 
 additional specimens in the National Museum from Alaska have been 
 examined, but are in such poor condition as to furnish no additional 
 characters. This form undoubtedly iutergrades with true hudsonius 
 somewhere in northern British America. - 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 8, from the following localities: 
 Alaska: Nusliagak, 2; Yakutat Bay, 4; Yukon River, 2. 
 
 ZAPUS HUDSONIUS AMERICANUS (Barton). Carolinian Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Dipus americanus Barton, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., IV, No. XII, p. 115, 1799. 
 Zapus hudsoiiius americanus Batchelder, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, I, p. 6, 1899. 
 
 Type locality. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Geographic distribution. From vicinity of Raleigh, N. C., north 
 through Upper Austral zone along coastal plain to southern Connec- 
 ticut and lower Hudson Valley, intergrading in upper edge of its range 
 with Z. hudsonius. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Zapus Jmdsonius, but smaller; dorsal 
 area less distinct; skull and teeth smaller. 
 
 Color. Description of specimens in summer pelage from Raleigh, 
 2f. C. : Entire upper parts deep dull ochraceous, the dorsal area very 
 indistinct and but slightly mixed with black-tipped hairs; sides of head 
 much lighter than remainder of upper parts; ears very dark, nearly 
 black; under parts whitish, suffused with ochraceous. In the fall the 
 dorsal area is indistinct and very thickly flecked with yellowish-tipped 
 hairs ; sides dull yellowish. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull considerably smaller than in Z. hudsonius, 
 with zygomata more arched and brain case shorter; incisive foramina 
 shorter and relatively broader; interorbital breadth about the same; 
 rostrum relatively deeper and shorter; molar series shorter. 
 
 Measurements. Average of 7 adults from Raleigh, N. C.: Total 
 length, 191.3; tail vertebra?, 115.4; hind foot, 28.3. 1 Two Trom Wash- 
 ington, D. C., average: Total length, 198.5; tail vertebrae, 117.5; hind 
 foot, 28. Skull: Average of two from Raleigh, N. C.: Basilar length, 
 l^j zygoinatic breadth, 10.3; mastoid breadth, 9.2; iuterorbital con- 
 striction, 3.9; incisor to postpalatal notch, 8.2; foramen magnum to 
 postpalatal notch, 7.5; fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6. 
 
 General remarks. It is unfortunate that the name americanus must 
 be adopted for this subspecies, since it was based on specimens clearly 
 intermediate between the extremes of this form and true hudsonius. 
 
 1 Fide Batcbekler.
 
 20 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 54, from the following localities: 
 
 New York : Long Island, 3 ; Montauk Point, 8 ; Raynor Beach, 1 ; Roslyn, 3 ; 
 Sing Sing (not typical), 1. 
 
 New Jersey : Chatham, 1; Englewood, 1; Mount Holly, 2; 'New Jersey', 1; 
 Phillipsburg, 1. 
 
 Pennsylvania : Chester County, 1 ; Culver Lake, 2; Delaware County, 2 ; Mar- 
 pie (Delaware County),!; Schuylkill, 1 ; Tinicum (Delaware County),!; 
 Upper Darby, 1. 
 
 Maryland: Kensington, 1; Laurel, 4; Prince George County, 5; Sandy 
 Spring, 1. 
 
 District of Columbia : Washington, 2. 
 
 Virginia : Accotink, 1 ; Falls Church, 1. 
 
 North Carolina : Raleigh, 7; Weaverville, 1. 
 
 ZAPUS HUDSONIUS CAMPESTRIS subsp. nov. Prairie Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming, No. 65872, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Museum, 
 Biological Survey Coll. Collected June 12, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher. Original 
 No. 600. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Great Plains from Manitoba southward to 
 Nebraska and westward to Colorado and Wyoming. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Z. hudsonius, but slightly larger and 
 brighter in color; differing also in cranial characters. 
 
 Color. Slimmer pelage: Sides bright ochraceous-buff, similar to 
 brightest specimens of hudsonius from Eastern States, moderately lined 
 with black-tipped hairs; dorsal area distinct, strongly suffused with 
 color of sides; tail yellowish white below, dark grayish above. Fall 
 pelage: Sides dull yellowish instead of ochraceous; dorsal area nearly 
 black, very slightly necked with yellowish-tipped hairs; dorsal surface 
 of tail much darker than in summer; ears darker, conspicuously 
 bordered with whitish. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull slightly larger than in Z. hudsonius. Skulls 
 from the type locality, compared with those of Z. hudsonius from Tower, 
 Minn., agree in interorbital breadth; brain case about as wide but 
 higher; incisive foramina slightly larger; process on lower border of 
 maxillary portion of zygoma more pronounced; viewed in profile, the 
 cranium is more evenly curved. 
 
 Measurements. Average of 4 adults from type locality : Total length, 
 222; tail vertebrae, 135; hind foot, 30.5. Skull: Average of 4 wlult 
 skulls from type locality : Basilar length, 18.7; zygomatic breadth, 11.4; 
 mastoid breadth, 10.4; interorbital constriction, 4.2; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 8.9; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 7.9; fronto- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.3. 
 
 General remarks. The present well-marked form replaces^, hudsonius 
 over the northern and more elevated portions of the plains west of 
 Minnesota and Iowa to the base of the Eocky Mountains. The char- 
 acters of this form remain remarkably constant throughout its known 
 range. While no good intergrades have been examined, it doubtless
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 21 
 
 does intergrade with true hudsonius in western Minnesota. The dif- 
 erence between summer and early fall pelage is very great, apparently 
 greater than in any other species. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 35, from the following localities: 
 
 Manitoba : Carberry, 2 ; Portage la Prairie, 1 ; Red River settlement, 4 ; Sel- 
 kirk settlement, 1. 
 
 North Dakota : Devils Lake, 1 ; Fort Sisseton, 1 ; Fort Wadswortb, 1 ; Pem- 
 bina, 2. 
 
 Montana : Little Big Horn River, 1. 
 
 South Dakota : Cnster, 4. 
 
 Wyoming: Bear Lodge Mountains (type locality), 6; Cheyenne, 1; Devils 
 Tower, 1 ; Sherman, 1 ; Sundance, 1 
 
 Nebraska : Columbus, 1. 
 
 Colorado : Loveland, 5. 
 
 Missouri : Jackson County, 1. 
 
 ZAPUS TENELLUS Merriam. Kamloops Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapm lenellns Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 103, April 26, 1897. 
 
 Type locality. Kamloops, British Columbia. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Known only from vicinity of type locality. 
 
 General characters. Size rather small; ears rather large; coloration 
 dark. 
 
 Color. Early fall pelage : Somewhat similar to Zapus hudsonius in 
 corresponding pelage but much darker; sides olive yellowish, heavily 
 intermixed with black-tipped hairs; dorsal area somewhat as in hud- 
 sonius, but not well denned, contrasting less with sides; tail sharply 
 bicolor, darker above and at tip than in hudsonius; nose, ears, and 
 outer sides of thigh and forearm dusky, much darker than in hudsonius; 
 fore and hind feet soiled whitish. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of Zapus hudsonius, but 
 less swollen in frontal region; border of ascending portion of jugal 
 straighter; cranium more arched. 
 
 Measurements. Average of four specimens from type locality: Total 
 length, 208; tail vertelme, 128; hind foot, 30.5. Skull: Average of 3 
 skulls from type locality : Basilar length, 1G.5; zygomatic breadth, 10.6; 
 nmstoid breadth, 9.0; interorbital constriction, 4.2; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 7.0; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 0.9; frouto- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 5.7. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus tenellus is a well-marked form requiring 
 comparison only with Z. hudsonius and its subspecies alascensis. In 
 color it resembles alascensis, but in cranial characters it departs from 
 Jnidisonius in another direction. There is a possibility that it may be 
 found to intergrade with one of them to the northward, but until such 
 intergradation is proved, it seems best to allow it full specific rank. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 7, from the following localities: 
 British Columbia : Ducks, 2; Kamloops, 5.
 
 22 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 ZAPUS PRINCEPS Allen. Rocky Mountain Jumping Mouse. 
 
 (PI. I, figs. 6, 6a.) 
 Zapus princeps J. A. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., V, p. 71, April 28, 1893. 
 
 Type locality. Florida, La Plata County, Colo. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Rocky Mountain region from northern New 
 Mexico northward to Henry House, Alberta. 
 
 General characters. Size large; skull broad and heavy, much as in 
 Z. hudsonius, but much larger. 
 
 Color. Summer pelage: "Above with the middle of the dorsal region 
 pale yellowish brown, profusely mix< d with blackish, so that sometimes 
 the blackish color, sometimes the pale yellowish brown, predominates; 
 sides of the body, forming a band on either side about equal to the 
 dark dorsal area, yellowish brown, slightly mixed with blackish, except 
 over a narrow lateral line, adjoining the white of lower parts, which is 
 a clear, strong yellowish brown; lower parts white to the base of the 
 hairs, varying in some specimens to strong ochraceous; tail indistinctly 
 bicolor grayish white below and pale brown above, and very thinly 
 haired; hind feet grayish white above like the lower surface of the 
 tail; ears narrowly edged with yellowish white." 1 In fall pelage adults 
 have the dorsal area with more black and sides more yellowish than in 
 summer; under parts pure white; immature in same pelage similar, 
 but with dorsal area more suffused with yellowish ; under parts some 
 what suffused with color of sides. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull large and heavy, with rather heavy denti- 
 tion. In some specimens the premolar is very small, occasionally being 
 flattened against the adjacent tooth and scarcely functional. Imma- 
 ture skull short and broad, with large brain case. The incisive foramina 
 in this and closely related species much larger than in those more nearly 
 i elated to Z. hudsonius. 
 
 Measurements. Average of 7 specimens from Fort Garland, Colo. : 
 Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 147 ; hind foot, 32. Average of 4 from 
 La Barge Creek, Wyo.: Total length, 239; tail vertebra, 150; hind 
 foot, 32. Average of 6 from St. Mary Lake, Mont, : Total length, 232; 
 tail vertebrae, 139; hind foot, 32. Skull: Average of 2 adult skulls 
 from Fort Garland, Colo. : Basilar length , 20.7 ; zy gomatic breadth, 12.5 ; 
 mastoid breadth, 11; interorbital constriction, 45; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 9.8; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.8; fronto- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.6. One from Preuss Moun- 
 tains, Idaho: Basilar length, 20.5; zy gomatic breadth, 13.2; mastoid 
 breadth, 11; interorbital constriction, 4.8; incisor to postpalatal notch, 
 9.8; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.8; fron to palatal depth 
 at middle of molar series, 6.5. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus princeps is one of the largest species of 
 the genus and has the widest range of any except Z. hudsonius. It 
 is mostly confined to mountains, though northward its range extends 
 
 'From original description in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., V, p. 71, 1893.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 23 
 
 over the plains of Assiuiboia and Saskatchewan, where it grades into 
 the form here described as subspecies minor. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 101, from the following localities: 
 
 Alberta: Crow Nest Pass (Rocky Mountains near forty-ninth parallel), 1; 
 
 Henry House, 2; 15 miles south of Henry House, 3. 
 British Columbia: Field, 3; Glacier, 1. 
 Montana: Bear Paw Mountains, 6; Big Snowy Mountains, 12; Blackfoot 
 
 Agency, 2; Fort Ellis, 1; Paola, 1; Pryor Mountains, 1; St. Marys Lake, 
 
 13; Summit, 5; Upper Stillwater Lake, 2. 
 Idaho : 1'reuss Mountains, 8; Salmon River Mountains, 5. 
 Wyoming: Clark Fork, 1; La Barge Creek, 11; Yellowstone Lake, 1. 
 Colorado: Co<hetope Pass, 1; Florida (type locality), 5; Fort Garland, 10; 
 
 Gold Hill, 2; Rocky Mountains (39), 1. 
 New Mexico: Camp Burgwyn, 2; Santa Fe, 1. 
 
 ZAPUS PRINCEPS MINOR subsp. nov. Saskatchewan Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Wingard, near Carlton House, Saskatchewan, No. 73673, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. 
 Museum, Biological Survey Coll. Collected July 23, 1895, by J. Alden Loring. 
 Original No. 3123. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Plains of Saskatchewan; limits of range 
 unknown. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Zapus princeps, but smaller and differ- 
 ing in color and cranial characters. 
 
 Color. Summer pelage: Similar to Z.princtps, but dorsal area darker; 
 lower parts suffused with salmon. Fall pelage with dorsal area thickly 
 necked with yellowish and sides yellowish olive; lower parts much as 
 in summer. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skulls of the present form from Osier and \Vin- 
 gard, Saskatchewan, compared with those of Z. princeps from Colorado, 
 differ as follows: Smaller; rostrum shorter and more deflected; nasals 
 much narrower anteriorly; brain case relatively higher; interpterygoid 
 fossa shallower. 
 
 Measurements. Average of 10 specimens from Osier, Saskatchewan: 
 Total length, 219; tail vertebra", 131; hind foot, 29.9. Average of 2 
 from type locality: Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 131.5; hind foot, 
 28. Skull: Average of 3 skulls from Osier, Saskatchewan: Easilar 
 length, 18.7; zygomatic breadth, J2.2; mastoid breadth, 10.7; interor- 
 bital constriction, 4.4; incisor to postpalatal notch, 9; foramen mag- 
 num to postpalatal notch, 8.3; fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar 
 series, 6.7. 
 
 General remarks. Z. minor is a well-marked subspecies requiring 
 comparison only with Z. princeps. Jt is evidently the northern plains 
 representative of that species, probably intergrading with it in Assini- 
 boia and eastern Alberta near the United States boundary and along 
 the eastern base of the Canadian Kockies. Lack of specimens from 
 this region makes it impossible to conclusively settle this point. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 21, from the following localities: 
 
 Saskatchewan: Osier, 15; Wingard (type locality), 3. 
 Assiniboia: Indian Head, 3.
 
 24 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 ZAPUS PRINCEPS OREGONUS subsp. nov. Blue Mountains Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Elgin, Blue Mountains, Oregon, No. 78156, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Museum, 
 Biological Survey Coll. Collected May 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble. Original 
 No. 959. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Blue Mountains of Oregon. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Zapus princeps, but differing in color 
 and in cranial characters. 
 
 Color. Early summer pelage : Very similar to Z. princeps, but slightly 
 lighter on sides, especially anteriorly; dorsal area and head more finely 
 flecked with color of sides, the head especially presenting a grayish 
 appearance ; beneath pure white ; whitish edging of ears very indistinct. 
 
 Cranial characters. Compared with Z. princeps from Colorado, the 
 skull of the present form differs as follows: Brain case more rounded, 
 especially shorter and more rounded behind; zygomata shorter; inci- 
 sive foramina larger and very much broader behind; audital bul he 
 slightly smaller. 
 
 Measurements. Type: Total length, 250; tail vertebrae, 154; hind 
 foot, 33. Average of 3 adults from Strawberry Butte, Oregon: Total 
 length, 243; tail vertebra?, 146; hind foot, 32. Skull: Average of 3 
 adult skulls from type locality : Basilar length, 20.1 ; zygomatic breadth, 
 12.9 ; mastoid breadth, 1 1 ; interorbital constriction, 4.4 ; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 9.7; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.5; fron to- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.5. 
 
 General remarks. The present form seems to replace Z. princeps 
 throughout the Blue Mountains region of northeastern Oregon. Speci- 
 mens from this region agree very constantly with each other and differ 
 from typical Z. princeps as above indicated. It is much larger than and 
 not at all closely related to Z. montanus, its relative on the west. A 
 specimen from Mountain City, Nev., in the Brunneau Mountains, though 
 differing in many details, is doubtfully referred to this form. Exter- 
 nally it differs considerably from Z. oregonus and agrees with Z. neva- 
 densis, from the Ruby Mountains, Nev., though the skull shows that it 
 is not closely related to that form. The skull of the Mountain City 
 specimen also differs somewhat from that of typical Z. oregonus, and addi- 
 tional material will doubtless show it to represent a form which merits 
 separation. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 9, from the following localities: 
 
 Oregon: Elgin, 3; Harney (10 miles north), 2; Strawberry Butte, 3. 
 Nevada : Mountain City (not typical), 1. 
 
 ZAPUS MAJOR sp. nov. Warner Mountain Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Warner Mountains, Oregon, No. 79983, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Museum, Biolog- 
 ical Survey Coll. Collected August 4, 1896, by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon 
 Bailey. Original No. 5720. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Known only from the type locality. 
 General characters. Similar externally to Zapus princeps, but larger; 
 skull closely resembling that of Z. trinotatus.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 25 
 
 Color. Type in summer pelage: Sides ochraceous-buff, moderately 
 lined with black-tipped hairs; back slightly darker, thickly flecked 
 with black; tail not sharply bicolored; beneath, dull white; feet soiled 
 white. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull massive; brain case high and broad; 
 zygomata rather short; palate broad and long; interpterygoid fossa 
 broad and shallow, with bordering edge of palate much excavated. 
 Maxillary portion of zygomata heavy and nearly perpendicular to main 
 axis of skull; incisive foramina large and elliptical. The skull of Z. 
 major differs from those of Z. trinotatns taken near type locality and from 
 northern Washington, as follows: Rostrum larger and nasals broader; 
 brain case higher; ascending portion of jugal steeper. 
 
 Measurements. Type: Total length, 255; tail vertebra?, 155; hind 
 foot, 35. Skull (type): Basilar length, 20.4; zygomatic breadth, 13; 
 mastoid breadth, 11.2; iuterorbital constriction, 4.7; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 10; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.6; fronto- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, G.5. 
 
 General remarks. The present form is based on a single adult speci- 
 men from the Warner Mountains, in southern Oregon. The skull bears 
 some resemblance, especially in the form of the brain case, to those ot 
 Z. trinotatus and its subspecies alien! . It is apparently shut off by 
 natural barriers from all of the forms surrounding it, with the possible 
 exception of Z. montanus, and has no close affinities with them. From 
 Z. montanus it differs to such an extent that intergradation is out of the 
 question. 
 
 Specimens examined. The type. 
 
 ZAPUS NEVADENSIS sp. nov. Nevada Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Ruby Mountains, Nevada, No. 94185, 9 ad., U. S. Nat. Museum, Biological 
 Survey Coll. Collected June 21, 1808, !>y Vernou Bailey. Original No. 6581. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Known only from type locality. 
 
 General characters. Size rather large; color light; molar series long 
 and rather narrow. 
 
 Color. Dorsal area about as in Z. princeps, pale yellowish-brown, 
 profusely mixed with .black-tipped hairs; sides light ochraceous-buff, 
 becoming almost white on cheeks, moderately lined with black-tipped 
 hairs, the basal portion of fur cinereous, noticeably lighter in color than 
 in Z. princeps, with a few white hairs intermixed; beneath, pure white. 
 
 Cranial characters. The skull of the type and only known specimen 
 is large, but rather lightly bnilt. Compared with skulls of Z. pri turps 
 from Colorado it is smaller and natter; brain case shorter and more 
 rounded; incisive foramina smalt and elliptical; bullre smaller; molars 
 rather narrow, but molar series long; zygomata short and not broadly 
 spreading. Compared with skulls of Z. trinotatus alleni from the Sierra 
 Nevada, Calif., it differs as follows: Smaller, but with molar series 
 longer; incisive foramina smaller and narrower posteriorly; zygomata
 
 26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 shorter and less spreading 5 brain case flatter; rostrum shorter. Com- 
 pared with the skull of the specimen from Mountain City, Nev., doubt- 
 fully referred to Z. oregonus, the type differs as follows : Slightly smaller 
 and younger; zygomata shorter and zygomatic breadth slightly less; 
 shape of brain case not strikingly different; molar series decidedly 
 longer; incisive foramina very much smaller and narrower posteriorly; 
 postpalatal notch indenting palate farther, nearly to middle of posterior 
 molars; bulhe slightly smaller. Mandible slighter, but lower molar 
 series longer. 
 
 Measurements. Type: Total length, 242; tail vertebra, 150; hind 
 foot, 33. Skull (type): Basilar length, 19.4; zygoraatic breadth, 12; 
 mastoid breadth, 11; iuterorbital constriction, 4.6; incisor to postpalatal 
 notch, 9.5; foramen inagnum to postpalatal notch, 8; fron to-palatal 
 depth at middle of molar series, G. 
 
 General remarks. The present form is based on a single adult speci 
 men collected in the liuby Mountains in east-central Nevada. It does 
 not seem to be closely related to any of the forms whose ranges partially 
 surround its habitat. While it is probably most nearly related to Z. 
 princeps, it seems to differ enough to warrant specific separation. 
 
 Specimens examined. The type. 
 
 ZAPUS TRINOTATUS Rhoads. Northwest Jumping Mouse. 
 (Pl.I,flgs.5,5a.) 
 
 Zapua Irinotatus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 421, Jan. 15, 1895. 
 
 Zapua imperator Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., Pub. 30, Zool. Ser., I, No. 11, p. 228, 
 
 Feb. 1, 1899; ibid, No. 13, pp. 260-261, 1 fig. in text, March, 1899. (Type from 
 
 Sieg's ranch, Elwah Kiver, Clallam County, Wash.) 
 
 Type locality. Lulu Island, mouth of Fraser River, British Columbia. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Coast region of southern British Columbia, 
 Washington (including Cascades), Oregon (west of western base of 
 Cascades), and northern California, south to Huinboldt Bay. 
 
 General characters. Size large; color bright; skull large and broad. 
 
 Color. Summer pelage: Sides dark ochraceous-buff', rather heavily 
 lined with black-tipped hairs; dorsal area very distinct, moderately 
 flecked with color of sides; beneath white, frequently suffused or 
 blotched with fulvous, especially in young; outer surface of forearm 
 and legs dusky; tail quite strongly bicolored, in dried skins dusky 
 brown above and yellowish-white below. In early fall pelage the sides 
 are dull yellowish instead of ochraceous; dorsal area duller than in 
 summer, much more thickly flecked with yellowish hairs. In immature 
 individuals the dorsal area is especially indistinct. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull large and rather heavily built, about the 
 size of that of Z. princeps. Brain case broader and more globular; 
 zygomatic breadth greater; palate shorter; molars more lightly built 
 than in that species.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 27 
 
 Measurements. Average of 4 adults from Xeah Bay, Wash.: Total 
 length, 248; tail vertebrae, 153; hind foot, 33.5. Four specimens from 
 Lake Washington, Wash., average: Total length, 240; tail vertebra?, 
 147.5; hind foot, 34.2. Ten specimens from Lake Cushman, Wash., 
 average: Total length, 239.5; tail vertebra?, 144.5; hind foot, 32.5. 
 Sknll: Six adult skulls from five localities iu Washington, average: 
 Basilar length, 20.2; zygomatic breadth, 13; mastoid breadth, 10.9; 
 interorbital constriction, 4.3; incisor to postpalatal notch, 9.6; foramen 
 magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.8; fronto-palatal depth at middle of 
 molar series, 6.7. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus trinotatus is one of the largest, and in early 
 summer pelage one of the most showy species in the genus. In the 
 absence of specimens from the exact type locality, specimens from Port 
 Moody, British Columbia, a few miles distant on the mainland, are 
 assumed to be typical. 1 The species is remarkably constant in char- 
 acters throughout its range, examples from near the type locality not 
 differing much from specimens from Yaquina Bay, Oregon. In the 
 Sierra Nevada of California this species is replaced by the closely 
 related subspecies alleni. In a recent paper entitled ' Preliminary 
 descriptions of Xew Eodents from the Olympic Mountains,' Mr. D. Gr. 
 Elliot has described the Zapus from that region under the name Zapus 
 imperator, but in making his comparisons he ignores Z. trinotatus, con- 
 trasting impcrator only with Z.princeps. Through the courtesy of the 
 author I have been able to examine the type and a topotype of imper- 
 ator. They do not differ sufficiently from Z. trinotatus, from the con- 
 tiguous coast region and from the type locality, to admit of even sub- 
 specific separation. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 99, from the following localities: 
 
 British Columbia: Luln Island (type locality), 2; Mount Baker Range, 4; 
 
 Mount Lehman, 1 ; Port Moody, 3 ; Sumas, 3. 
 California: Crescent City, 1; Mad River (Carson's Camp), 1. 
 Oregon: Astoria,!; Beaverton, 3; Elk Head, 1; Giendale, 1; Lincoln County, 
 
 1; Marshfield, 1; Salem, 1; Yaquina Bay, 9. 
 Washington: Cascade River (head), 2; Easton, 3; Granville, 1; Fort Steila- 
 
 coom, 1; Kichelos Lake, 1; Lake Cnshrnan, 15; Lake Washington, 4; 
 
 Lapnsh, 2; Mount Rainier, 12; Mount St. Helens, 3; Neah Bay, 5; Nis- 
 
 qually River, 4; Olympic Mountains (head El wall River), 2-; Olympic 
 
 Mountains (head Soleduc River), 2; Pacific County, 5; Puget Sound, 3; 
 
 'Washington,' 1. 
 
 ZAPUS TRINOTATUS ALLENI Elliot. Allen's .lumping Mouse. 
 
 Yapits alleni Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., Pub. 27, Zool. Ser., I, No. 10, pp. 212-213, 
 March, 1898. 
 
 Type locality. Pyramid Peak, Lake Tahoe, California. 
 Geographic distribution. Mount Shasta and southward in the Sierra 
 Nevada to Mammoth and North Fork of Kern River, California. 
 
 1 Since the above was written the type and a topotypo have been examined and 
 found to agree with the specimens from Port Moody. 
 
 2 Type aud topotype of Zapus impcrator.
 
 28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 General characters. Similar to Z. trinotatus; differing slightly in 
 external anil cranial characters. 
 
 Color. Early summer pelage: Sides rather pale ochraceous-buff, 
 only moderately lined with black-tipped hairs ; dark dorsal area well 
 defined, rather lighter than in Z. trinotatus; under parts pure white; 
 never marked with fulvous, except that rarely young specimens are 
 slightly suffused with this color beneath; tail in dried skins rather 
 light grayish-brown above and yellowish- white below; tail lighter 
 toward tip, the pencil often white. Compared with Z. trinotatus, adults 
 of this species have dorsal area less necked with color of sides and fewer 
 black-tipped hairs on sides. Upper surface of tail, ears, head, and 
 outer surface of thighs lighter than in Z. trinotatus. Immature indi- 
 viduals in late summer pelage have dorsal area very indistinct and 
 much mixed with ochraceous. Fall pelage: An adult taken at Cassel, 
 Calif., August 29 (very fat and doubtless about to hibernate), is in a 
 pelage quite similar to that worn in early summer, but the sides are 
 lighter ochraceous, especially anteriorly, and the dorsal area is more 
 thickly necked with color of sides. Z. alleni apparently does not assume 
 the dull yellowish fall pelage of Z. trinotatus. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skulls similar to those of Z. trinotatus, but 
 smaller, with much smaller bulhe. From that of Z. montanus of the 
 Cascade Range the skull of the present species differs so much as not to 
 require comparison. 
 
 Measurements. Eight adults from Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe, aver- 
 age: Total length, 234.6; tail vertebrae, 143.6; hind foot, 32.5. Two 
 adults from Mount Shasta, Calif., a-verage: Total length, 249.5; tail 
 vertebrae, 152.5; hind foot, 32.5. Skull: Eight skulls from Emerald 
 Bay, Lake Tahoe, average: Basilar length, 39.7; zygomatic breadth, 
 12.6; mastoid breadth, 10.5; interorbital constriction, 4.5; incisor to 
 postpalatal notch, 9.3; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.2; 
 fronto- palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.5. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus t. alleni is a fairly well-marked subspecies 
 occupying the Sierra Nevada of California, from Mount Shasta south 
 to the region about the head of the North Fork of Kern Eiver. It is 
 a very beautiful species and differs from all others of this subgenus in 
 often having the pencil, and occasionally more of the tail, white. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 61, from the following localities: 
 
 California: Big Trees, 1; Cassel, 1; East Fork Kaweah River, 2; Emerald 
 Bay, Lake Tahoe, 19; Kern River (North Fork 'Kern Lakes'), 1; Lasseii 
 Peak, 14; Mammoth, 1 ; Monnt Shasta, 20; Summit, 1 ; Upper Bear Creek. 1. 
 
 ZAPUS MONTANUS (Merriam). Mountain Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapus Irlnotatus montanus Merriam, Proc. Bio]. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 104, April 26, 1897. 
 
 Type locality. Crater Lake, Mount Mazama, Oregon. 
 Geographic distribution. Cascade Kange in Oregon. 
 General characters. Smaller and duller in color than Z. trinotatus; 
 also differing in cranial characters.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OP THE GENUS ZAPUS. 29 
 
 Color. Summer pelage: Sides rather dark, ochraceous-buff, heavily 
 lined with black-tipped hairs; dorsal area quite sharply defined, griz- 
 zled dusky and yellowish; outer side of legs dusky to heel; tail sharply 
 bicolor, dark gray above and whitish beneath ; fore and hind feet soiled 
 white ; immature, suffused beneath with yellowish. Fall pelage : Dorsal 
 area darker than in summer, thickly flecked with light yellowish, pre- 
 senting a pepper-aud salt appearance; sides yellowish-olive, heavily 
 lined with black-tipped hairs. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull smaller than those of Z. trinotatus and 
 Z. pr incepts oregonus and much narrower throughout; incisive foramina 
 much narrower posteriorly; bullse smaller. 
 
 Measurements. Eight specimens from type locality average: Total 
 length, 228; tail vertebrae, 135; hind foot, 31. SMll: Three skulls 
 from type locality average: Basilar length, 19.5; zygomatic breadth, 
 12.4; mastoid breadth, 10.1; interorbital constriction, 4.5; incisor to 
 postpalatal notch, 9; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.3; 
 frontq-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.4. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus montanus is a very well-marked form inhabit- 
 ing the entire Cascade Range in Oregon. It is apparently totally dis- 
 tinct from all of the species whose ranges surround its habitat. The 
 type series was taken in August, 1896, near Crater Lake at the head 
 of a tributary of Anna Creek, on Mount Mazama, Oregon. The species 
 was quite abundant in the meadows and the shrubbery of the wet hill- 
 sides, and nearly a dozen were taken within a few days. Several of 
 their summer nests were found. A week or two later other specimens 
 were taken in the same valley a few miles below. These had begun to 
 assume the fall pelage, being slightly more olivaceous. 
 
 Two specimens taken September 9, at Fort Klamath, at the base of 
 the mountains, had assumed the complete fall pelage. They were 
 excessively fat, and were doubtless nearly ready to hibernate. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 16, from the following localities: 
 
 Oregon: Crater Lake (type locality), 9; Diamond Lake, 1; Fort Klamath, 2; 
 Mount Mazama (Anna Creek), 2; Mount Hood, 2. 
 
 ZAPUS ORARIUS sp. nov. Coast Jumping Mouse. 
 (PI. I, figs 4, 4a). 
 
 Type from Point Reyes, Calif., No. 250, $ ad., collection of E. A. and O. Bangs. Col- 
 lected May 14, 1893, by Charles A. Allen. Original No. 618. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Coast of California from Point Eeyes north 
 to Mad River, Humboldt County; limits of range unknown. 
 
 General characters. Size, medium; dorsal area and lower parts 
 strongly suffused with color of sides. Skull rather small and peculiar 
 in shape. 
 
 Color. Type in rather worn spring pelage: Sides of body and head 
 rather dark ochraceous, moderately lined with black-tipped hairs; 
 dorsal area not sharply defined and strongly suffused with color of
 
 30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 sides. White of lower parts so strongly suffused with ochraceous 
 that the white is almost obsolete, appearing only 011 lower parts of 
 forelegs aud between thighs ; hind legs ochraceous all arouud ; sides of 
 throat deeper ochraceous than remainder of lower parts; feet yellowish 
 white; tail yellowish-white below and grayish above. A specimen 
 from Point Reyes, in the collection of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, about one- 
 fourth grown, " has the upper parts almost uniform deep ocbraceous 
 yellow, with only the faintest trace of the dorsal area." 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull rather small; rostrum short and consider- 
 ably deflected; nasals very narrow anteriorly; greatest zygomatic 
 breadth on plane of middle molars; zygomata rather light, the maxil- 
 lary portion meeting nearly at right angles to main axis of skull; pro- 
 cess on lower border of maxillary arm of zygoma very pronounced and 
 nearer autorbital foramen than in any other species. Brain case high 
 and rather globular in shape; interorbital constriction narrow; inter - 
 pterygoid fossa narrow and shallow; incisive foramina rather small 
 and evenly" elliptical in shape; audital bulla? small aud rather near 
 together; upper incisors slender and more projecting than usual; man- 
 dibular symphysis short. 
 
 Measurements. The type measures : Total length, 220; tail vertebra', 
 127; hind foot (dry), 30. Skull (type) : Basilar length, 19; zygomatic 
 breadth, 12; mastoid breadth, 10.6; iuterorbital constriction, 4; incisor 
 to postpalatal notch, 8.5; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 7.1); 
 fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.2. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus orarius appears to be a very well-marked 
 species requiring close comparison with no other known form. The 
 type has the lower parts more intensely suffused with the color of the 
 sides than any other specimen of the genus that I have seen. A speci- 
 men from Mad River, Humboldt Couuty, resembles the type very closely, 
 and another from Eureka, without a skull, undoubtedly belongs to this 
 species. The latter is suffused beneath with ochraceous, though to a 
 lesser extent than the type. The skull of the type bears a slight resem- 
 blance in some respects to that of Z. pacificus, but the differences are 
 so great that unless the type specimen is abnormal orarius can not be 
 considered closely related to pacificus. Much additional material is 
 needed to clear up satisfactorily the relationships of these and other 
 forms from this region. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 4, from the following localities: 
 
 California: Eureka, 1; Mad River (Carson's Camp), 1; Point Reyes (type 
 locality), 2. 
 
 ZAPUS PACIFICUS Merriam. Pacific Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapus pacificus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XI, p. 104, April 26, 1837. 
 
 Type locality. Prospect, Eogue River Valley, Oregon. 
 Geographic distribution. Interior valleys of southwestern Oregon 
 and northwestern California; limits of range unknown.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 31 
 
 Color. " Dorsal area not sharply defined, but so strongly suffused with 
 yellowish that the yellow predominates over the black; sides butty- 
 yellow, moderately lined with black hairs; inner side of legs only 
 slightly darkened; tail sharply bicolor; grayish above, white beneath; 
 lore and hind feet soiled white." ! A topotype, younger than the type 
 from which the above description was taken, "has the dorsal area even 
 less distinct, the entire upper parts being ochraceous yellow." 
 
 Cranial characters. Compared with that of Z. montanus (its nearest 
 relative geographically) the skull of Z. pacificus is smaller; the rostrum 
 and nasals shorter; audital bulhe smaller; basi-occipital broader between 
 bulht; interpterygoid fossa shorter; upper molar series more divaricat- 
 ing posteriorly. 
 
 Measurements. The type measures: Total length, 225; tail vertebrte, 
 141; hind foot, 31. Skull: Basilar length, 17.5; zygoinatic breadth, 
 12; mastoid breadth, 10; interorbital constriction, 4.5; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 8.4; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 7.2; fronto- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6. 
 
 General remarks. Owing to the small number of specimens available 
 from the immediate region, it is impossible to discuss satisfactorily the 
 true relationship of Zapus pacificus to the surrounding species. The type 
 and a topotype taken at the same time are in a peculiar washed-out, 
 almost albinistic, pelage, and may possibly be abnormal, especially as 
 the locality is well within the humid, heavily forested area, where most 
 of the animals are darker in color than their congeners to the eastward. 
 The species, however, has fairly well marked skull characters and is 
 undoubtedly a good form. An immature specimen from Siskiyou, Oreg., 
 taken September 28, doubtless referable to this form, has dorsal area 
 more distinct; sides brighter ochraceous and with more black hairs; 
 upper surface of tail darker and fur of upper parts darker at base than 
 specimens from the type locality. Another, from Little Shasta, Calif., 
 taken September 20, also provisionally referred to this form, resembles 
 the Siskiyou specimen, but has dorsal area finely flecked with yellowish 
 instead of ochraceous. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 4, from the following localities: 
 Oregon: Prospect, Rogne River Valley (type locality), 2; Siskiyou, 1 (not 
 
 typical). 
 California: Little Shasta, 1 (not typical). 
 
 ZAPUS SALTATOR Allen. Stickeeu Jumping Mouse. 
 Zapits sallator Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XII, p. 3, Mar. 4, 1899. 
 
 Type locality. Telegraph Creek, Northwest Territory, Canada. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Telegraph Creek south to mouth of Skeeua 
 Kiver and Tschimshian Peninsula; limits of range unknown. 
 
 General characters. Similar in early fall pelage to Z. trinotuttui, but 
 smaller and differing in cranial characters. 
 
 1 From origiual description.
 
 32 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Color. Fall pelage: Sides yellowish, moderately lined with black- 
 tipped hairs; dorsal area well-defined, rather dark, and thickly flecked 
 with yellowish ; ears like back, narrowly edged with yellowish ; beneath. 
 pure white; tail dusky above and gray beneath. Compared with Z. 
 trinotatus in corresponding pelage, the back is slightly darker, the tail 
 darker above, and gray, instead of yellowish-white beneath. 
 
 Cranial characters. Compared with Z. trinotattis, the skull of Z. sal- 
 tator differs as follows : Brain case narrower; zygomatic breadth con- 
 siderably less; nasals broader posteriorly. Compared with skulls of 
 Z. princeps from Field and Glacier, British Columbia, and Heniy House, 
 Alberta, the skull of Z. saltator has the rostrum longer; palate from 
 incisive foramina to postpalatal notch shorter; and molars, especially 
 last upper, smaller. All of the skulls of Z. saltator examined agree 
 very well among themselves, and all have the incisive foramina very 
 large and broad posteriorly. The zygomatic expansion is small and 
 the brain case high and narrow. 
 
 Measurements. An adult from Port Simpson, British Columbia, 
 measures : Total length, 245; tail vertebrae, 145 ; hind foot, 32. Average 
 of five young adults from same locality: Total length, 234; tail verte- 
 brae, 151; hind foot, 32. 'Skull: An adult skull from Port Simpson, 
 British Columbia, measures: Basilar length, 20; zygomatic breadth, 
 11.8; rnastoid breadth, 10.5; interorbital constriction, 4.5; incisor to 
 postpalatal notch, 9.4; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8; fron to- 
 palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.4. 
 
 General remarks. Zapus saltator is a well-marked form, differing con- 
 siderably from its relatives to the southward. With Z. hudsonius alas- 
 censis, which probably meets it on the north, it requires no comparison, 
 the immensely larger incisive foramina and larger molars of the pres- 
 ent species distinguishing the two forms at a glance. A small series 
 of Z. saltator^ which forms the basis of the present description, was 
 taken by the writer at Port Simpson, British Columbia, in August, 
 1897. Some of these were taken in a grassy thicket near the edge 
 of the forest, a few feet above high-water mark, and the remainder in 
 a garden in the village. Z. saltator may be found to intergrade with 
 either Z. trinotatus or Z. princeps (it seems nearer the latter), but until 
 its true relationship is proved it seems best to allow it full specific rank. 
 The tail is longer and the hind foot shorter, relatively, than in Z. trino- 
 tatus. Through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Allen, J have been enabled 
 to examine the type of Z. saltator. The skull of the type being imper- 
 fect, the cranial characters given above are taken from Port Simpson 
 specimens. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 8, from the following localities : 
 
 Northwest Territory: Telegraph Creek, 1 (the type). 
 
 British Columbia: Inverness (mouth of Skeena River), 1 ; Port Simpson, 6.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 33 
 
 NAP^EOZAPUS 1 subgenus novum. 
 
 Type Zapus insignia Miller, from Restigouche River, New Brunswick. 
 
 Subgcneric characters. Teeth: i. ^ p. ^, m. |J= 16. Skull stouter 
 than in other subgenera; interorbital constriction 
 greater; frontal region more swollen ; middle molars 
 equaling first in size. Enamel pattern of molars 
 not essentially different from Zapus, but sulcus on 
 inner side of upper molars deeper and persisting 
 longer in the wearing tooth (fig. 2). General color FIQ 2 _ Mo]ar ^^ of Za _ 
 pattern as usual in the genus, bat tail tipped with PUS (Napceozapus) tnsig. 
 
 w ],jf e nis (topotype), from 
 
 Restigouche River, N. B. 
 (No. 2333, coll. E. A. and 
 O. Bangs) X 6. 
 KEY TO SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS NAPJEOZAPUS. 
 
 Hind foot less than 33 mm. ; interorbital constriction usually more than 4.5 mm. 
 
 Larger and lighter in color; hind foot usually more than 30 mm. ; skull broader 
 
 and stouter insignis. 
 
 Smaller and darker; hind foot about 30 mm. or less; skull rather slender. 
 
 roanensis. 
 
 Mind foot about 33 mm. ; iuterorbital constriction narrow, usually less than 4.5 mm. ; 
 size large abietorum. 
 
 ZAPUS (NAPCEOZAPUS) INSIGNIS Miller. Woodland Jumping Mouse. 
 (PL I, figs l. la.) 
 
 1856. Meriones labradorlus Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., new aer., Ill, p. 2. 
 
 1857. Jaculus httdsonius Baird, Mamm. N. Am., p. 430 (in part specimen from Nova 
 Scotia). 
 
 1877. Zapus hudsonius Coues, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, p. 467 (in part 1 ). 
 1891. Zapus insignis Miller, Am. Naturalist, XXV, p. 472, August, 1891. 
 
 Type locality. Kestigouche River, New Brunswick. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Canadian Zone in eastern Canada and south 
 to western Maryland. 
 
 General characters. Size rather large, larger than Zapus hudsonius, 
 with longer ears and paler, more fulvous coloration. Tail tipped with 
 white. 
 
 Color. "Adult male No. Iff f, collection of G-. S. Miller, jr., Peterboro, 
 N. Y., August 22, 1892; length, 250; tail vertebra, 154; hind foot, 31.6; 
 ear from notch, 18.6. Tip of tail for 23 mm., dorsum of manus and pes, 
 and entire ventral surface pure white to base of hairs. Sides buff-yellow, 
 tinged with clay color, except on cheeks, fore neck, and a narrow line 
 bordering white of belly, where the yellow is noticeably purer; the fur 
 plumbeous- gray at base and a trifle sprinkled with black, bristly hairs. 
 These black hairs predominate on the back, where they form a sharply 
 
 1 Xapwozaptts : raTtato?, belonging to a wooded vale or dell; -f- Zapus. This name 
 was suggested to me by Mr. Gen-it S. Miller, jr.
 
 34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 defined dorsal stripe slightly mixed with the color of the sides, broad- 
 est just back of the shoulders, tapering gradually to base of tail, and 
 becoming indistinct on the head after passing between the ears. Ears 
 externally concolor with back, internally buff-yellow; muzzle grayish- 
 brown; whiskers mixed brownish and whitish, the longest hairs reach- 
 ing beyond shoulders; tail thinly haired, so that the aunulation shows 
 distinctly, sharply bicolor, dark brown, except ventrally and at tip." 1 
 There is very little seasonal variation in this species, and the white of 
 lower parts is never suffused with the color of sides. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull rather broad and stout; frontal region 
 much swollen; brain case broad and rather flat; interorbital constric- 
 tion broad as compared with that of all other species of the genus. 
 
 Measurements. Nine specimens from Nova Scotia average: Total 
 length, 238; tail vertebrae, 146.7; hind foot, 31.1. Sixteen from Peter- 
 boro, N. Y., average: Total length, 236; tail vertebrae, 147; hind foot, 
 30.25. One from Pocono Mountain, Pennsylvania: Total length, 224; 
 tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 31. Two from Lake Hopatcong, New 
 Jersey, average: Total length, 231; tail vertebrae, 140; hind foot, 31.5. 
 Skull: Two skulls from type locality average: Basilar length, 18.7; 
 zygomatic breadth, 12.3; nlastoid breadth, 10.2; interorbital constric- 
 tion, 4.9; incisor to postpalatal notch, 8.8; foramen magnum to post- 
 palatal notch, 7.8; fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6. 
 Four skulls from New York average: Basilar length, 19.6; zygomatic 
 breadth, 12.9; mastoid breadth, 10.8; interorbital constriction, 5; incisor 
 to postpalatal notch, 9; foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.6; 
 fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.1. 
 
 General remarks. Apparently the first published record which refers 
 unmistakably to this species is that of Prof. J. W. Dawson, who, in 
 1856, in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, called attention to 
 the fact that two distinct species of Jumping Mice inhabited Nova 
 Scotia. The present species he wrongly referred to Meriones labradorius 
 (= Zapus hudsonius), and described true Z. hudsonius as a new species, 
 calling it, provisionally, Meriones acadicus. In the National Museum 
 are two specimens of Zapus deposited by Dawson ; though mounted, they 
 are in good condition for examination and are plainly referable respec- 
 tively to Z. insignis and Z. hudsonius. Both Baird and Coues examined 
 them, or at least similar specimens received from Dawson, but did not 
 consider the two animals specifically distinct. Zapus hudsonius also 
 occurs throughout the range of the present species, but the two prefer 
 different situations Z. hudsonius, shrubby fields and meadows, and Z. 
 insigniSj deep woods near streams. 
 
 This species presents remarkably little variation throughout its range. 
 Specimens from central Pennsylvania, in the collection of Mr. S. N. 
 Rhoads, are practically indistinguishable from examples taken near 
 the type locality. Three specimens from Lake Hopatcong, N. J., have 
 
 i G. S. Miller, jr., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VIII, p. 2, 1893.
 
 REVISION OP THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 35 
 
 slightly smaller skulls than usual, but are otherwise perfectly typical. 
 I have also examined two specimens from western Pennsylvania, col- 
 lected by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, and have myself collected a speci- 
 men in the mountains at Finzel, in Garrett County, Md. None of 
 these show any approach to Z. insignis roanensis from Eoan Mountain, 
 North Carolina. Mr. S. N. Ehoads writes me that he has also taken 
 the species at Summit, Cambria County, Pa. 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 107, from the following localities : 
 
 New Brunswick: Restigouche Eiver (type locality), 3. 
 
 Nova Scotia: Halifax, 3; James River, 4. 
 
 Ontario : North Bay, 6. 
 
 New Hampshire: Antrim, 1; Chocorua^S; Dublin, 3; Fabyans, 1; Franco- 
 nia, 4; Profile Lake, 10. 
 
 Vermont: Mount Mansfield, 4. 
 
 Massachusetts : Mount Grey lock, 1. 
 
 New York: Cascadeville, 4; Catskilla, 4; Elizabethtown, 10; Glenville, 1; 
 Lake George, 1; Peterboro, 30. 
 
 New Jersey: Lake Hopatcong, 3. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Cherry Spring, Potter County, 1; Eaglesmere, 2; Kingston, 
 Westmoreland County, 1; Mount Pocono, 1. 
 
 Maryland: Finzel, Garrett County (6 miles north of Frostburg), 1. 
 
 ZAPUS (NAPJEOZAPUS) INSIGNIS ROANENSIS subsp. nov. Roan Mountain 
 Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Magnetic City, foot of Roan Mountain, North Carolina, No. 66283, $ ad., 
 U. S. Nat. Museum, Biological Survey Coll. Collected May 22, 1894, by A. G. 
 Wetherby. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Known only from Eoan Mountain, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 General characters. Smaller and darker than typical Z. insignis, with 
 smaller, narrower skull. 
 
 Color. Sides bright tawny ochraceous ; entire upper parts, including 
 ears, considerably darker than in typical Z. insignis. Beneath, pure 
 white; amount of white on tail averaging less than in Z. insignis. 
 
 Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of Z. insignis, but smaller 
 and more slender throughout; mandible much more slender, especially 
 in region of molars; interorbital constriction very slightly less; frontal 
 region much less swollen; brain case narrower; fronto palatal depth 
 about the same. 
 
 Measurements. Sixteen specimens from Eoan Mountain average: 
 Total length, 220; tail vertebra, 131 ; hind foot (dry), 29.5. Skull: Six 
 adult skulls from Eoan Mountain average: Basilar length, 18.8; zygo- 
 matic breadth, 11.7; mastoid breadth, 10.1; interorbital constriction, 
 4.7; incisor to postpalatal notch, 8.8; foramen magnum to postpalatal 
 notch, 8; fronto palatal depth at middle of molar series, 6.2. 
 
 General remarks. The collection of the Biological Survey contains 
 24 specimens of this form, collected from May to September. As in 
 typical Z. insignis. there is very little seasonal variation. A young 
 individual, about one-third grown, collected at the type locality Sep- 
 tember 11, 1892, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, resembles adults in color,
 
 36 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 except that the dorsal area is very indistinct and the nose is white. 
 Several of the type series, including this young one, have the white 
 on the tip of tail reduced to the merest trace. While the material 
 examined from Maryland and Pennsylvania shows no indication of 
 iutergradatiou existing between typical Z. insignis and the present 
 form, I have thought best to give it a trinomial name in the belief 
 that intergradation does exist. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 24, all from Roan Mountain, 
 !North Carolina. 
 
 ZAPUS (NAP^OZAPUS) INSIGNIS ABIETORUM subsp. nov. 
 Northern Woodland Jumping Mouse. 
 
 Type from Peninsula Harbor, north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario, No. 4268, 9 ad., 
 collection of Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Collected Sept. 27, 1896, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Probably throughout Hudsonian zone in 
 eastern Canada; limits of range unknown. 
 
 General characters. Larger than typical Z. insignis, with shorter 
 ears and peculiar skull. 
 
 Color. Apparently not distinguishable from Z. insignis. 
 
 Cranial characters. Compared with typical Z. insignis the skull of 
 the type has molar series longer and heavier; interorbital constriction 
 narrower than in any specimen of insignis examined; ventral border of 
 pterygoids nearly on plane of palate; maxillary process of zygomata 
 shorter and zygomata much less curved than in typical insignis; 
 mandible much heavier. 
 
 Measurements. Type: Total length, 255; tail vertebrae, 160; hind 
 foot, 33; ear from meatus, 16.6. An adult male from Godbout, Quebec, 
 measures: Total length, 250; tail vertebra, 160 ; hind foot, 32.5. Skull 
 (type): Basilar length, 19.4; zygomatic breadth, 12.2; mastoid breadth, 
 10.5; interorbital constriction, 4.3; incisor to postpalatal notch, 9.6; 
 foramen magnum to postpalatal notch, 8.4; fronto-palatal depth at 
 middle of molar series, 6. 
 
 General remarks. This form is based mainly on a single specimen, 
 collected at Peninsula Earbor, Ontario, on the north shore of Lake 
 Superior, in the Hudsonian zone, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Mr. Miller 
 recorded this specimen l and described its peculiarities in some detail. 
 A specimen in the Bangs collection, from Lake Edward, Quebec, and 
 two from Godbout, Quebec, in Dr. Merriam's collection, while not per- 
 fectly typical, agree with the type in large size, narrow interorbital 
 constriction, and in other peculiarities. This makes it probable that 
 this form will be found to occur throughout the Hudsonian zone, in 
 eastern Canada. The specimen of Z. insignis, recently recorded from 
 Labrador by Mr. Outrani Bangs, 2 which he thinks is not typical, may 
 
 'Notes on the Mammals of Ontario <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXVIII, No. 1, 
 p. 10, April, 18P7. 
 Am. Naturalist, XXXII, No. 379, p. 493, July, 1898.
 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 37 
 
 belong to this form. The type of abietorum is slightly larger than the 
 largest specimens examined of the typical form, while the ear is slightly 
 shorter than usual. 
 
 Specimens examined. Total number, 4, from the following localities: 
 
 Ontario: Peninsula Harbor, 1 (type). 
 Quebec: Godbout, 2; Lake Edward, 1. 
 
 EOZAPUS 1 subgenus novum. 
 
 Type Zapus setchuanus Pousargues, from Szechuen, China. 
 
 Subgeneric characters. Teeth: i. |, p. J~J, m. || = 18. Skull similar 
 to those of the subgenera Zapus and Napceozapus, but differing as fol- 
 lows: Skull relatively broader, shorter, and lower; nasals broad, dis- 
 tinctly forked posteriorly; antorbital foramina rather large; incisive 
 foramina medium; posterior palatine foramina mid- 
 way between incisive foramina and postpalatal 
 notch, the latter barely reaching posterior plane 
 of molars. Rostrum relatively shorter and broader; 
 zygomata relatively shorter, with jugal portion 
 almost perfectly straight, frontal region less swol-Fi 
 len. Enamel pattern of molars somewhat similar, 
 but enamel folds not closely crowded; last lower Ta tsien-iou.Szechuen, 
 molar relatively larger (fig. 3). Color pattern differ- China> x 6> 
 ing from that of other subgenera in having a brown ventral stripe; tail 
 tipped with white, as in Napceozapus. 
 
 ZAPUS (EOZAPUS) SETCHUANUS Pousargues. Szechuen Jumping Mouse. 
 
 (PI. I, figs. 2, 2a.) 
 
 Zapu* setcliuanus Pousargues, Ann. Sci. Nat., 8 e ser.. I, No. 4, p. 220, Avril, 1896; Bull. 
 Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, II, p. 13, figs. 1-3, 1896. 
 
 Type locality. Ta-tsieu-lou, Szechuen, China. 
 
 Geographic distribution. Known only fi om the type locality. 
 
 General characters. Differing from all other known members of the 
 genus in having a ventral stripe of brown. 
 
 Color. Upper parts dark, tawny ochraceous; dorsal area sharply 
 defined and very thickly flecked with black-tipped hairs, the sides mod- 
 erately lined with same. Pattern of color above as in the American 
 species. Beneath white, suffused with ochraceous, the white nearly 
 obsolete on fore, breast; a brownish stripe about 5 mm. wide extends 
 the entire length of breast and belly; feet, chin, and lips white; tail 
 strongly bicolored; brownish above and whitish beneath, with about 
 15 mm. of the tip pure white; ears dusky. 
 
 Cranial characters. Compared with 7i. hudsonius the skull of setchu- 
 anus differs as follows: In terorbital constriction relatively narrower j 
 
 J Eozapus: ?}o:>s, dawn, 7. e. eastern; -\-Zapus.
 
 38 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. 
 
 Fio. 4. Skull of Zaput 
 (Eozapus) setchuanus (co- 
 type) from Ta-tsien-lou, 
 Szechuen, China. X 1J. 
 
 frontal region less swollen; rostrum shorter and less attenuated; zygo- 
 mata shorter, the maxillary portion more nearly perpendicular to main 
 axis of skull, the jugal portion heavier and nearly straight; palate 
 longer, the postpalatal notch not quite reaching 
 posterior plane of molars (in American species 
 commonly exceeding that point) ; nasals prolonged 
 farther posteriorly and forking (in American spe- 
 cies generally irregularly truncated) ; bullae larger; 
 the coronoid process of mandible not ascending 
 so high, but longer, broader, and straighter, and 
 the coronoid notch deeper and less rounded than 
 in Z. hudsonius (fig. 4). 
 Measurements. The following measurements from Pousargues will 
 serve for comparison with other species : * Vieux,' head and body, 100; 
 tail, 120; foot, 31; 'adulto,' head and body, 80; tail, 103; foot, 30; 
 'semiadulte,' head and body, 70; tail, 95; foot, 28. Skull No. 2: 1 
 Zygomatic breadth, 11.6; iuterorbital constriction, 3.6; incisor to post- 
 palatal notch, 8.5; fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar series, 5.5. 
 No. 3: Zygomatic breadth, 11.5; interorbital constriction, 3.8; incisor 
 to postpalatal notch, 8.2; -fronto-palatal depth at middle of molar 
 series, 5.6. 
 
 General remarks. This very interesting species was described from 
 three skins in alcohol accompanied by imperfect skulls. Its describer, 
 M. E. De Pousargues, discusses its color and other peculiarities in con- 
 siderable detail, and presents a table showing the measurements of the 
 three specimens, together with the corresponding measurements of a 
 specimen of Z. hudsonius, taken from Coues. These measurements of 
 hudsonius (head and body, 85; tail, 135; foot, 27), if all from one indi- 
 vidual, must have been taken from a distorted specimen and do not 
 give a fair idea of the proportions, the foot measurement, 27 mm., 
 being evidently too small for an animal with the tail measuring 135. 
 On this account the proportional differences between setchuanus and hud- 
 sonius are exaggerated. Through the courtesy of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, 
 jr., I have been able to examine two of these skins and the skulls, gen- 
 erously loaned to him by M. Pousargues. The color of these skins is 
 apparently not much changed by the action of alcohol. The brown 
 ventral stripe and comparatively short, hairy-tail with its white tip, 
 constitute the most striking peculiarities. The hind foot is about the 
 same size as in hudsonius; the ear shorter and broader than in the 
 American species. 2 As already stated, the skulls are all imperfect. 
 
 1 These numbers are provisional, and owing to the imperfect condition of the skulls 
 only these measurements could be taken. 
 
 2 The following table will serve to show the approximate ratio of width to height 
 of ear in Zapus insignia, Z. hudsonius, and Z. setchuanua (alcoholic specimens) : 
 
 
 Z. insignis. 
 Two specimens. 
 
 Z. hudtonius. 
 Two specimens. 
 
 Z. setchuanus. 
 Two specimens. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Larger. 
 
 Smaller. 
 
 Height of ear from notch . 
 
 15.5 
 9 
 
 .15.5 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 12.5 
 10 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 Greatest width of ear 

 
 REVISION OF THE JUMPING MICE OF THE GENUS ZAPUS. 39 
 
 The largest is so badly crushed as to be almost worthless, and the two 
 smaller ones lack the occipital portion of the cranium and the posterior 
 parts of the mandibles, the shape of the angular process, therefore, 
 being unknown. This species has the small upper premolar as in the 
 subgenus Zapus, that tooth being larger than in Z. hudsonius. The last 
 lower molar is also proportionately larger. All the molars difl'er from 
 those of any American species in having the enamel folds not closely 
 crowded, the resulting wide and deep sulci giving the teeth a very 
 different appearance, though the general pattern of enamel folding is 
 perhaps not essentially different. The incisors are lighter in color 
 than in the American species. 
 
 Specimens examined. Two skins and three skulls, from the type 
 locality.
 
 IjSTDEX. 
 
 [Xew names in black-face type; synonyms in italics.] 
 
 Dipus, 9, 13. 
 
 americamtt, 10, 19. 
 
 canadensis, 10, 15. 
 
 hudfonius, 11, 15. 
 
 labradorius, 11, 15. 
 
 nulUvorus, 11-12. 
 EozapiiM (submenus), 37. 
 GerbUlui, 9, 13. 
 
 brachi/urus, 10. 
 
 canadensis, 15. 
 
 daviesii, 10. 
 
 labradorius, 15. 
 
 megalops, 11. 
 niger, 12. 
 soricinus, 12. 
 !acw, 12. 
 Ztt, 10, 13. 
 !rtcai, 15. 
 ilsonius, 15, 33. 
 abradorius, 15. 
 3/e one, 9, 13. 
 
 cadicu*, 10, 15. 
 labradorius, 15, 33. 
 microcephaly.*, 12,15. 
 ni'nioralis, 12. 
 Muslongipes, 11. 
 .\:i|>:ro*:i|>iiN (subgentm), 33. 
 
 key to species, 33. 
 Zapus, 10, 13, 14. 
 distribntion,6-7. 
 
 22095 No. 15 4 
 
 Zapus Continued- 
 habits, 7-9. 
 
 history, 5-6. 
 
 key to species, 14-15. 
 
 key to subgenera, 13. 
 
 list of species, 13-14. 
 Zapus alleni, 10, 27. 
 
 hudsonius, 15-17,33. 
 
 hudsonius alascensis, 10, 18-19. 
 
 hudsonius americanus, 10, 19-20. 
 
 hudMoniiiH campcalritt, 20-21. 
 
 hudsonius canadensis, 15. 
 
 hudionius hardyi, 10, 15. 
 
 hudsonius ladas, 11, 17-18. 
 
 imperator, 11,26. 
 
 insignis, 11,33. 
 
 insignia nbictorum, 3C-37. 
 
 inaiguiN roanenMin, 35-36. 
 
 major, 24-25. 
 
 inontanus, 12,28-29. 
 
 in al< ii-i-. 25-2G. 
 
 oral-ills, 29-30. 
 
 pacificus, 12, 30-31. 
 
 princeps, 12, 22-23. 
 
 priiiccps minor, 23. 
 
 li-in< p- orcgonaN, 24. 
 
 saltator, 12, 31-32. 
 
 setchuanus, 12, 37-39. 
 
 tenellus, 12, 21. 
 
 trinotatus. 12-13, 26-27. 
 
 trinotatus alleni, 27-28.
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 ('One and one-half times natural size.) 
 
 FIG. 1. Zapua (Napwozapus) insir/nis Miller (Type). Restigouche River, Ne\v Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 (Type if , Miller collection.) 
 
 2. Zapus (Eozapua) setchuanus Pousargues (Cotype). Ta-tsien-lou, Szechueu, 
 
 China. 
 
 3. Zapus (Zapus) hudsonius (Zimmermaun). James Bay, Canada. 
 
 (No. 60588, U. S. Nat. Mus.) 
 
 4. Zapus (Zapus) orarius Preble (Type). Point Reyes, Calif. 
 
 (No. 250, Collection E. A. & O. Bangs.) 
 
 5. Zapus (Zapus) trinotatiis Rhoacls.- Port Moody, British Columbia. 
 
 (No. 66928, U. S. Nat. Mus.) 
 
 6. Zapua (Zapua) princeps Allen (Topotype). Florida, La Plata County, Colo. 
 
 (No. 4139, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) 
 
 42
 
 North American Fauna No. 15. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 1. Zapus insignia. 
 
 2. Z. setcfiuanus. 
 
 SKULLS OF ZAPUS. 
 
 3. '/.. budtonttu. 
 
 4. Z. orarius. 
 
 .1. '/,. triiiiitnlii.t. 
 0. Z. princeps.
 
 Date Due 
 
 CAT. NO. 24 161