i\' t LrRARY UNI ')=RSITY OP CAllFORNIA \({} .1l^*.t>J$. GRAMMATICAL NOTICES OF THE ASAMESE LANGUAGE ri (- BY N. BROWN. V^ SIBS AGOR: PRINTED AT THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1848. \Dm STAOC Bl c: I — ? 7 1 ^ INTRODUCTION. The following Notices do not claim to be regard- ed as a Grammar of the Asamese Language; nor were they prepared with a view to publication in their pres- ent state. They were commenced with the intention of printing only a few sheets, for private use, of the most common grammatical forms; but the work hav- ing extended beyond what was anticipated, it may not be unsuitable to prefix a few introductory remarks. Like many other dialects of India, the Asamese language owes the greater portion of its vocabulary to the ancient Sanskrit. The Bengali alone excepted, it probably contains a greater proportion of Sanskrit derivatives than any other Lidian tongue. Whether it was itself a dialect of the Sanskrit, or whether it was formed by engrafting the Sanskrit upon some ori- ginal native stock now extinct, is uncertain ; the latter however, is the more probable opinion. With what languages this original stock may have been affiliated, is an interesting, but difficult inquiry j as but very few Asamese words, not derived from the Sanskrit, are to be found in any of the neighboring dialects hitherto examined- The names of common and fami- liar objects are those which longest resist the en- croachments of a foreign tongue; and a further com- 057 IV parison of this class of Asamese words with the cor- responding terms in the original languages of the Chutias, Kacharis Kooches and other tribes by which Asam has been peopled, would probably throw much light on the origin of the language in present use. It is remarkable that the Ahoms, who overspread and conquered the country, and who now constitute a large proportion of the population, should have been able to produce no alteration in the language of the original inhabitants; scarcely a single terra in present use being traceable to the ancient Ahom. This language, which was closely allied to the Shyan and Siamese, is now understood only by a few Ahom priests, who still preserve their old religion. The Asamese is often regarded as merely a corrupt form of the Bengali, by persons who become acquaint- ed with tiiat language previous to their arrival in Asam. Finding so large a proportion of v\ords common to Bengali and Asamese, and not considering that this similarity necessarily results from the derivation of these languages from Sanskrit, the common parent of both, it has been hastily concluded that the Asamese is but an uncouth jargon, formed by the incorporation of Bengali witli the various dialects of the country. The opinion that the present language of Bengal is the parent of Asamese, is irreconcilable with facts. It is well known that there had been no inllux of Ben- galis into this province, prior to the Mohammedan in- vasion; at which time the language was established in its present form. Very few of tl»e Brahmans of Asara have any connection or fellowship with those of Bengal ; they trace their origin to the upper provin- ces of India: and vve accordingly find that the Asam- ese, though saturated with Sanskrit, corresponds in other respects, especially in pronunciation, with the Hindustani rather than the Bengali. In fact, the As- aniese pronunciation of words derived from the Sans- krit is such as to render the supposition of a Bengali origin entirely inadmissible. A very prominent char, acteristic of this language is the pronunciation of the Sanskrit letters *r, ^, and jft like the guttural h or kh, corresponding with the Greek X^ a sound un- known in Bengali. Traces of this pronunciation are still found in the language of Upper India; in the Brij Bliakha (Bengali, bhasha,) or original language of Hindustan; and in the modern Hindustani, where we find dokU, guilt, instead o^ dosJi; mak, month, in- stead of //za^, &c. Had the Asaraese been introdu- ced from Bengal, the Bengali pronunciation w^ould un- doubtedly have accompanied it. For the two Sanskrit letters b and v, the Bengali alphabet has but one re- presentative, ^ b, while the Asamese contains ^ and ^, pronounced b and w. Thus the name of the Hindu god Shiva, in Bengali is pronounced Sib, in Asamese Hiwo; conclusively showing that the two languages, though derived from a common source, have no direct connection with each other- The pronunciation of ^ and 9t are also essentially diflferent in Asamese and Tl Bengali; the former being pronounced in Bengal as ck, in Asara invariably as s. ^ in Bengali has the hard sound of the English 7; in Asamese it is pro- nounced like z , or rather like the French 7, a slight sound of the consonant y being combined with the z^ as in the word azure, az-yure. For beauty and softness, the Asnmese language is much superior to the Bengali ; resembling in this res- pect the Hindustani. It is not inferior, in copious- ness, to any of the Indian languages, and is capable of indefinite extension by additions from the Sanskrit. The native pundits, in fact, make no scruple to intro- duce, whenever necessity or convenience requires, any word, however unusual, that may be Ibund in their sacred writings. This is a license which is often abu- sed ; native writers being apt to adorn their composi- tions with a profusion of Sanskrit that is quite unne- cessary, and renders their productions wholly unintel- ligible to the common people. The only Asamese books which can be regarded as a standard of good prose writing are the Buronj'is^ or histories, which have been written during the last two or three hundred years. Besides these there are but few prose works in existence. Translations of sev- eral matliematical and other Sanskrit works are to be found; but the language is less pure than that of the Buronjis. Most of the sacred writings of the Asa- mese are in poetry; which ditfors so widely from the spoken language, that the student who wisiies to ac- Vll quire a correct style, should confine himself, at the coraraencement of his studies, entirely to prose. ORTHOGRAPHX- Although, as a spoken language, the Asamese has been fixed in its present form for centuries, it ap- pears never to have been written on any settled and uniform principles of orthography, in this respect it resembles our own language previous to the intro- duction of printing, when the word kijig was writ- ten indifferently, cyng, cinge, kynge, &c. As a spe- cimen of the orthography of those times, we select a passage from a manuscript Bible of the fourteenth century, quoted in Dr. Clark's Commentary. Manuscript Orthography. Modern Orthography. Cum ray leef, go we out into j Come, my love, go we out in- the feeld, dwelle we togydir in townes: erli riise we to the vyne see we gif tlie vyne flouride ; gif to the field ; dwell we together in towns; early rise we to the vine; see we if the vine flower- the floures,fruytis bringen forth; i ed, if the flowers bring forth gif the poumgarnetis flouren ? | fruits, if the pomegranates flow- The mandraggis yeven their er. The mandrakes give their smel in oure yeatis. Alle appis smell in our gates: all apples newe and olde my leef, I kept new and old, my love, I kept to thee. — Cant, vii, 1. I (for) thee. — Sol. Song, vii, 1. The perfection of a written language evidently con- sists in its corresponding, as far as possible, with the language actually spoken. In order for this, the fol- lowing rule is indispensable, viz. That every sound should have its oicn appropriate character i and that every letter should express a single invariable sound. There will then be neither more nor fewer Vlll letters than the vocal sounds. The Sanskrit alphabet, a modification of which is used for writing Asamese, conimns ffti/ letters, while the number of sounds in Asamese is only tliirty-six. The use of an alpha- bet containing so many redundant letters, has naturally led to the great variety of spelling which we now find in native writers; the sanie sound being expressed by two, and sometimes by three and four different let- ters; while, not unfrequently, the same letter has been employed to express different sounds. In commen- cing the printing of books in this language, the mem- bers of the Asam Mission considered it important to establish a correct and uniform system of orthogra- phy. Three modes of proceedure suggested them- selves, viz. 1. To spell all words derived from the Sanskrit, and others as far as practicable, in accordance with the orthography of that language; 2. To adopt as a standard the orthography of some native writer, or approved Asamese manu- script; or 3. To select from different works those forms which were most agreeable to general usage, and which best correspond to the actual pronunciation. The first method, it was found, would, if strictly followed, produce such distortions of the language as to render it nearly unintelligible. To bring back the spoken language to a correspondence with the original orthography was an evident impossibility ; it was IX therefore necessary to make the orthography corres- pond with the pronunciation. This had been par- tially done in the native writings; to select a stan- dard, however, was difficult; manuscripts not only differing from each other, but possessing no consis- tency or uniformity within themselves. The work which made the nearest approach to a regular system, was a manuscript Bengali Dictionary, with Asamese definitions, prepared by Joduram Deka Borua, a learned Asamese Pundit. The orthography of this work was found to correspond much better with the actual pronunciation than any other that had been met with; the greater porti:)n of the redundant letters were discarded i while the general forms of words agreed, for the most part, with those found in the Bu- ronjis. The most important variations from the Sanskrit or- thography sanctioned by Joduram, are the following: 1. The use of f only, instead of the two forms ^ and ^. 2. The use of a single character for ^ and ^. 3. The rejection of ^ and ^, Iri and Iri. These characters, it is believed, have never been used in writing Asamese. 4. The substitution of 5 for^, and, with few ex- ceptions, of ^ for ^. 5- The use of i\ to express the three Sanskrit let- ters *r, ^, and 7[. In a very few instances only does he use *r or ^. 6. The use of i{ for ^1. No Asatuese manuscript that we have seen makes any distinction between these letters. 7. The use of -of for ^. The alphabet being- thus far simplified, it was discovered that only two redundant letters still re- mained; -fiitf) express the united sound of rand i; and 5r, used to represent the sound ofm j- To these therefore the knife was applied without hesitation, and the written character brought to as exact a cor- respondence with the proiuinciation, as the nature of the language will admit; every radically difierent sound having one and only one distinct symbol as its representative. In accomplishing this desirable end, not a single new character has been introduced ; so that the language, as now printed, is read at once, and with entire ease, by natives who had, previously been acquainted only with. their own manuscripts. That the priests and pundits, who despise the ver- nacular, and would gladly lock up all knowledge in Sanskrit and Bengali, should unite in any effort for improving or systemizing their own language, is not to be expected; yet even they, from the constant perusal of our printed books and papers, are begin- ning to regard the vernacular with respect i while amongst the common people, our eflbrts to give them their own language in a simple and unifonu dress, have met with universal favor. XI The following is the Sanskrit alphabet, in the usual character, with the corresponding Roman letters. VOWELS. •* Letters. Symbols, jRoman. Letters. Symbols . Roman. \ «r (or a) ^ Iri «ji 1 a (a) ^ In ^ f i *< C e * 1 1 ^ t oi (ai) ^ X u ^8 c\ ° 1 ^ li V& Cl ou 1 <» £ ri ^»\ ©s ong 1 ^ ri ^S o oh CONSONANTS, ^ k ^ 4 ^ " ^ kh I» dh 5r y ?r g «l n ^ r ^ gh ^ t iPI 1 ^ ng 5t th ^ w 5 s (ch) *l d '•r sb, h ^ sh (chh) Sf dh ^ sh, h ^ J ^ n T s, h ^ jh *f P ^ h ^ip S. ny ^ Ph ^ ksh, khy ^ t ^ . b t th ^ bh xn SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. The original sound of the vowel ^ is uncertain ; it probably expressed the sounds both of short o and the indistinct «, as heard in the word dollar. In Asamese the sound fluctuates between long and short o, as in the two syllables of the word morrow. This sound is regarded as naturally inherent in every consonant; thus, ^, 4f, sf, are considered as combinations of these consonants with "Sf; in Roman letters ko, kho, go, pronounced as if writen kaw, khawy gaw. To show that a consonant is final, or destitute of the vowel sound, a mark is placed be- neath it, thus , ^- These four heterogeneous compounds of ? r, 21 1, and f i, are no ornaments to any modern language, whatever may have been their use in the Sanskrit. Only the first has ever been used in writing Asamese, and it may well be dispensed with, being an unnecessary and awkward abbreviation to denote the union of ^ and ^, and disfiguring the printed page with such combinations as ^f'jf^ prithibi, ^fe sristi, instead of the regular and more elegant forms fttf^f^» The vowel 4 corresponds to the English e in wew; and represents invariably the same sound. Its pro- XV nunciation at the end of a word is somewhat difficult; foreigners not unfrequently give it the sound of ay in day'i an error which should be most studiously avoid- ed. Great care should also be taken to give it the proper sound, when it precedes another vowel i as in Cif<3 deu, c^^g teun, d^ beun. These must not be pronounced so as to rhyme with ^T^ nau, stT^ gaun > nor with %^ koun, \^ houn, &c. The student will do well to practice upon these three classes of words with the help of a native teacher, until he is entirely familiar with each. A added to words ending in ^ or ^i is changed to t; as «Jg^putroi, instead '^a putroe, emphatic form ofsj^; c^^tt i»enai, instead of c^fiTT^ henae, nomina- tive emphatic of c^TJ^l hena, a warrior. The sound of ^ is not difficult ; it resembles that of 02 in going^ but is often pronounced obscurely, es- pecially at the end of a word. By the vulgar the o sound is often entirely sunk, and the letter becomes a simple z, as ^f?:ifi=T koriboli, for ^iic^^?T koriboloi, to do \ ^tf?^ tali, for ^\t^ taloi, thither. When this let- ter has its full sound, it should be represented in the Roman character by 6i, with the accent. vQ, the Sanskrit long o ; in Asamese, u. The proper sound of this letter is seldom acquired by foreigners; those who first learn Bengali give it the sound of long 0, as it is pronounced in that language; while per- sons commencing Asamese give it the sound of oo in XVI doom, or u in bull. It corresponds more nearly to the latter sound than any other in English; still there is a slight verging towards the sound of o in whole, which the learner should endeavor to acquire the pow- er of imitating. This vowel slides into the sound of ^, when followed by ^ in the succeeding syllable; resembling in this particular the letter ^, which is changed from short to long o, when followed by ^. Thus c^M^ bule, he says, becomes -^z^ bulise, he is saying, by a change of tense; c^Tcefl bulun, I say, ^fir buli, saying i c?!^ rgg, disease, ^frf?! rugia, di- seased', ctfTT dgh, guilt, ^f?! duhi, guilty. So also ^ u becomes ^ u, when the following ^ is exchang- ed for a different vowel ', ^fa tumi, thou, Cx5T5iT5 tu- mar, thine ; wt^^fsT apuni, one^s self, ^\i^\^'H apunar, one's own. The letter v§ is considered as a compound of ^ o and ^ u ; the sound in Asamese is that of long o, as in note, more. The characters ">^ and s are improperly classed with the vowels; the first is simply the letter ^ or isf, de- prived of its inherent vowel; the second is synony- mous with t, and therefore unnecessary. ^ and J^. The first of these is a simple k, and the latter its aspirate, like kh in the compound word brick-ho7ise. T h. XVll 9r is the common hard g, and ^ the same letter as- pirated, as in log house, >S, usually expressed in Asaraese by the compound character ^ ng (« and 5t), is equivalent to n in smky or ng in sing. In cases where this letter requires the mark ^ underneath, it is written "n. It never begins an Asamese word. F, ^. The latter of these is properly an aspirate of the first; in Asaraese both are pronounced like sim^ pie s. They never have the sound of ch ; to express this, v5l fy is often used, as in writing the title of the Ahom rajas, ^JT^ chau, Lord. *? j> ^ jh' These are both pronounced like zy, or si in vision (viz-yun), corresponding to the French j. At the end of words, the sound of the y is scarcely perceptible; thus ca^, C«^, are pronounced mez, and tez. v£P ny,is commonly used in Asamese manuscripts to denote the nasal n, as c^TT^^T^ guhain ; but in printing, the symbol ' is used instead j thus,c^t^f^ guhain. To a person acquainted only with the English lang- uage, this sound is somewhat diflScult. Care must be taken not to pronounce it like ng. It is precisely the French n in V enfant. Native writers often omit the ' even where the pronunciation requires it. This mark is not considered a distinct letter, but only a modifi- XVlll cation of the vowel with which it is connected. In dictionaries, a letter thus marked takes its place im- mediately under the same letter followed by the vow- els; thus i follows ^f, ^<3, ^*^&c. but precedes j?^. ^ t,t th, v5 d, F dh. The first and third of these letters resemble the English t and d; the second and fourth are the corresponding aspirates, sounded as in hot-house, Good-hope. The usual form of t in As- amese writings is 5;. e|. This letter, when it occurs in the alphabet, is pronounced r j in Sanskrit words, it is sounded pre- cisely as ^. v5 t, 5t th, IT d, ^ dh. These letters scarcely differ from those of the foregoing class, and are often con- founded with them by the natives of Asam. To pro- nounce these letters the tip of the tongue should be applied to the roots of the teeth, as if we were about to utter the word think. Yet care should be taken not to pronounce either ^ or ^ like the English th^ an error into which Europeans sometimes fall. The first t in Mat-thew, and d in the word breadth, have very nearly the sound of « and if. ^ n, is sounded precisely like the corresponding English letter. *>t p, ^ ph. The latter is often pronounced by the natives like the English J\ XIX ^ is the common b, and ^ its aspirate, like hh in cob-house. 51 m. This letter combined with a preceding con* sonant is sometimes corruptly pronounced as iv\ thus ^t^', atwa for atma; ^^ir, svvoron for smoron. ^. The original pronunciation of this letter in Sans- krit is y'i but in Asamese it is usually changed to j, and should therefore be written m. When the Sans- krit sound is retained, it is customary to distinguish the letter by a dot beneath it, thus, ^r. As an initial, ^ is often pronounced like ^, but in- correctly. This letter is substituted for ^ i, whenev- er the latter is followed by another vowel > thus the emphatic form of F^r^ sorai, a bird, is WMH not ^X\t^ y '^^T^ not ^f ^5, genitive of ^^, fear. When ^ is followed by ^ or ^1, ^ is usually substituted for 'SI, as fft^rfJT gian, knowledge') f>f?rt?i hial, a jackal y though some writers retain the ^. Sometimes, but less generally, ? is substituted for A following ^, as f^,l^ for ff sfij die, he gives. In Asamese ^ can never be substituted for ^aj when it follows ^ or vs ; though this is done in Bengali. In Asamese the ^ would give a wrong sound; thus the past participle of the verb ^^ hoi, to be, cannot be written c\H\ huya, but must be spelt either C5;T^1 hua, or c\^^\ huwa, which are identical in sound, and are both used by good writers.; When 51 is combined with a preceding consonant, it takes the form j, and is commonly pronounced as if an i were inserted before the consonant; ^ttij, ag3'a is pronounced aigya; 5^jl rokhya becomes roikhya. By the vulgar the 7/ is often entirely sunk, and j^j hunyo, sf^rj dhonyo, 'si^rj onyo, are pronounced as if written t^^ huin, >jf ^ dhoin, wt^l oin. ^ r, has the usual sound of this letter. When it occurs at the end of a word, great care must be taken to join it closely with the preceding vowel, and not insert an inteniiediate sound, making an additional syllable. In English this is common; thus fair is pronounced fa-iir^ like prayer', more like mow-en Aire like high-er. From habit, the student will be apt to introduce the same sound into Asamese, and pro- nounce TfiR^ gakhir, 7nilk^ as if written ?flf^^T5 ga- khi ar; ^if^^ panir, of water ^ as if written <^.lf^?rTc pa-ni-ar; «j;5 pur, /z///, as if written ^315 pu-or, or like the English word, i:)oor. This error vitiates the pronunciation of almost every European. Combined with a preceding consonant this letter is expressed by the mark placed underneath, as «J;5 putro, a son. If the ^ precede, it is expressed by the mark " called c<^ reph, written over the letter, as in 'fTTS porbot, a mountain. In Sanskrit, this mark placed over a consonant generally requires the latter to be doubled; thus ^^^ is written <1^« porbbot; f^xfq nirraol, clearly from ^^\ and si??, becomes t^^*I X%1 nirmraol ; ^^i korta, becomes ^#1 kortta, &c. The aspirates, however, together with 5, ?r, JT, j^, do not admit of being doubled. cT 1, requires no particular explanation. The letter ir w, is not used at the commencement of words- la Sanskrit words commencing with v, ^ is substituted for ?. The letter ^3 when followed by ^ or 4 is changed to ?; thus c^^, with the emphatic 4, becomes c%C?tenwe; ^^<3 nau. a boat, in the genitive becomes ^T?^^ nawor; -rtl^ gaun, a village y becomes STT?^ ganwor. Combined with a preceding consonant ? is express- ed by a ^ placed underneath; the sound of the to is, however, often scarcely perceptible; thus ^5?T sworog, fg^ Iswor, ^^^t sworup, are pronounced nearly as if written Fi?f sorog, 5"^^ Isor, 5:5?^ sorup. The full pronunciation of the w in these cases is ine- legant, and should be avoided. *t, ^, »r. The native pronunciation of these three Sanskrit letters being the same, only one character ^ h, is used in printing Asamese. This letter has the sound of guttural M, or the Greek X, pronounced as in the act of hawking phlegm from the throat. It is of the utmost importance that the learner should ac- quire the correct pronunciation of this letter; taking care not to confound it either with -Jt kh, or with the simple 5^ h. XXIV The vowels are coin))ined with the consonants in the following miinner: ^ ko ^1 ka f^ ki f ku C5P ke t'P koi C^l ku C^ kou The combination of ^ with the consonants 5 and ^, produces the forms ^ ru, and ^ hu. Two conso- nants occurring together are usually joined, forming a compound letter; thus endhar, darkness, is written ^^l^j not vfi;r5R; *^^^ hongkot, jeopardy, not jt^'v^'^ ; ^^'^5 porbot, a mountain^ not «^T?r'5. Most of the compounds are easily recognized from their resem- blance to the simple forms. The following are some- what irregular in their formation : [gj kr vq5 kt % ngk t^ 5P ns *^ nj ^ lid "^ % ndh ^ stu ^ sth ^ The following forms are sometimes met with in manuscripts and books : tr ^ tru ntu \ nth hu ^ i t i ^ 1 t$ u ^ 11 ^ ku ^ kri ^ gu m jny fey) •t nu ^ tt ^3 tu ^ tt a ttr '71 tth ^ trii ^ tri C5I tm ^ or«^ for^^ ^ ty 5 du ^ dvv ^ ddh cc nu 51 nw ^ ndh ^ pu C3 5" bu ^ bd % bdh t br ^ bru 7S by ^ mu SI mw ^ hu ^ St ^ sth ^ sn 'I sw ■^ hu ^ hri ^ hn ^ i^y (jy) ^ khm XXV The Sanskrit rules for the permutation of vowels, when they fall together at the end and beginning of words to be combined, as ^, I", ^, changed to ^i, vs, "Qy are not observed in Asamese. Thus ^^i^ f^^-, the Supre?ne God, is written and pronounced as two dis- tinct words, not ^i^ca^^ as in Sanskrit; 5i^sr ^ir^T^ Holy Incarnation, not ^-^[i^u; i^Rsr ^^^ not itf>i'- C^T^C north and south. But familiar and established compounds introduced from the Sanskrit in their com- bined state, may preserve these permutations; as c^^Tf^^I^ dehadhikar, riiler of a country ^ instead of CIT ^r^jf'PRJ Fc;^Ti^ soadrudoi for "5^ %^t sondro udoi, the moons rising; (TT^Tl^^ dehantor, beyond the country^ instead of c^>r ^^-c deh ontor ; yet the more usual and regular form is CH^l. ^r^^]K dehor odhikar, ^^^ ^if sondror udoi, &c. Words are often contracted in Asamese by the ommission of ^, and certain other letters in the mid- dle of a word, when followed by the vowel f"; as>JTC« hoite for yrT^CS hohite i t^ koi for ^f^ kori; t^^ uoi for srfff nodi, t^ p6i for ^^s potij t^f^ ghoini for ^^f^ ghorini; Z^'fiU hcidhoni for ^f^sff^r horidhoni; J^tz^ khuise for -^i 9iC5 khujise, he asks for, and sometimes "^m buile, for ^^z^ bulile, he said. The numerical notation in Asamese corresponds to that of the English; the following being the forms ot the figures in use: XXVI When a word is to be re(3eatecl, it is usual to place the figure < after it, instead of writing the word again; a cluinsj' contrivance, which often renders a sentence ambiguous, and which ought not to be tole- rated in print. Other abbrevations in use are -^ (Bengali ^ or ^t) for fg; sri, Ulnstrious, a word prefixed to proper names ; and t/ signifying Iswor, or the triliteral name of the deity, ^, a u m. The character °^ is affixed where the first part only of a word is written, as ^'^ for ^?P1, a rupee\ -^°^ for ^^?, number; f^'s 'si^n for f^ wivsr^, or Ayino Domini. In writing the names of places, rivers, &c. of Asam, in Roman characters, it is usual to follow the Bengali pronunciation; thus we say Asam, from the Bengali ^rsTta, instead of the native term «5^s* Ohom, or 'Sfi^'si Ahom} Sibsagor instead of f^TJ^t^^ Hiwohagor; Gowahati instead of ^t^T^I^ Guahati; and Nowgong, which is a corruption of ^^l^^ No- gaun, New Village. * This was the term given by the natives to the Shyans, when they first invaded the country, and signifies unequalcd, from Ji^j hoin, equal, and w, negative particle. The word is commonly written Assam by Europeans, to correspond with the present vi- tiated pronunciation, which gives the first a the short sound as in battle, instead of the full Italian sound as in papa. The s being single in the original, it seems better to preserve the same orlhowraphy in English; and for this we have the best authorites ; Wilcox, who first explored and described the country, Wilson's Sanskrit Dictionary, Peaijce's Geography, Hobinso.n's Descrip- tive Account of Asam, &lc. &-6. ASAMESE ALPHABET. ''Mter '. Si/mbol. , Poicer. Example. Romanized. Sounded as in ^ ^^^ dhoromi commodore ^1 1 a wi^m akah father t r i f^!t sithi city ^ *>. u ^^^ puruh cz^ck 00 4 c e ^R ene earnest ^ ^ oi 4rT^?r khawoi going ^ C 1 u C^M^\ bulun b?dl v^ c1 ou fcWl kupou poz^r ^ k ^T^^ kakot ^ing ^ kh ^•^r? pukhuri coc^-^orse St g ?t^ gol ^oal ^ 8h 9i?r^l loghona loy-^ouse ^ "^ ng 5W sang sinking 5 s 5^ sondro some ^ J C^ST jene je, (French) <£P • n 'ilT^^T^ auntai Venhnt, Fr. ^ t ^t^Tf atai tent t th ci\^ thunt hoat-hire v5 d ^11^5 danger darMug 1? dh Ft^fsT dhakoni child/Aood v5 t ^<^« topot Matthew 5t tb ^TT^ or that priesMood W d f'tt dond spent/thrift Letter. Symbol. Poioer. Example. Romanized. Sounded as in 5f dh 5fl5 dhar adhere ^ n 5r^^ notun none ^ P '^Tf^ pani pen ^ ph ^^ pliul ujo-^ill k b ^^^ boron but ^ bh ^T^ bhat dibhor W 111 s^si uiolom w^an ? J y ^?^ boyoh youth 3[ ^ »• ^T5fsn prarthona ^•oll ^ 1 2=1^1 Idra /oad ? w '51^'TJ owosy i^^ind ^ h, s* fjTTJ hisy guttural h ^ h tT^ hanh Aard [^ kr, *^ nt, ^ tru g ntr, % ndh, ^ pU ^ IP' ^ stu, ^ sru, COMPOUND FORMS. ^ kt, ?r gn, % ngk, ^ ns, ^ nj, 'h Tith, ^ nd, ^ tn, ^ tm, 55 tr, ^ ddh, w dm, 15 dbb, i" dw, ^ nt, ■^ ntu, ^ nth, ^ nd, 3[ ndr, 1^ ndru, •^ nb, ^ mil, "^ Ds, ^ pt, ^ pn, ^ bd, ^ bhru, "spf inp, ^ mb, ^ nibh, % st, ^ sth, ^ sk, ^ st, 3- str, ^ sth, ^ sn, ^ sp, ^ sw, ^ sm. ■9 ru, ^ hu, ^ hr, % hm. sm, • Combined with another consonant, this letter is always sounded as S. There are no articles in Asamese. Their place is supplied by 4^ ek, one, for the indefinite, and (i\% hei, that, for the definite. A noun standing without an affix to limit its signi- fication, is used either for the singular or plural; thus W\W manuh, may either mean man^ a viariy the man, or men, the men. To denote the plural, f^c^T^P bilak, t:^ hont, or czw bur, is aflBxed. Of these, the first is the most honorary. Asamese nouns have four degrees of emphasis : 1st. The radical form sri^^ manuh, man. 2d. The same slightly emphatic, as S"t^(:^ manuhe. This is generally used for the nominative to a verb. 3d. The same still more emphatic, by the addition of f, as STf^c^t" « nau ^trir nawe, a boat Gen. ^t?r^ nawor srmi nawore of a boat Dat. ^U't^ nawoloi ^rt^tsic^ nawoloike to a boat Ace. ;rT^ nau ^tic^ n awoke a boat Loc. ^l?:^ nawot ^RC^ nawote in a boat Abl. ^]Z^ nawe 5(Tc?rc^ nawere with a boat Nouns ending in v§ : Simple. Emphatic. Nom. ^z^ kupou f c«Tt4 kupoue a dove Gen. ^cW^^ kupour ^cn^^ kupdure of a dove Dat. ^cn'tts^ kupbuloi ^cWlNc^ kupduloike to a dove Ace. fz^<^ kupduk f tWtr^ kupduke a dove Loc. ^cWT^ kupdiit ^cWti:^ kupdute in a dove Abl. ^z^A kupoue ^z^\^ kupdure with a dove ^cW^v^c^ kupduere 8 Nouns endiug in a consonant are thus declined : Simple. Emphatic. Nom. l^ mur ai:^ mure a or the head Gen. w muror ^^C^ murore of a head Dat. l^t^ muroloi 5i5^«=Tr^ muroloike to a head Ace. ^' mur ^Z^ muroke a head Loc. F^ murot 5r5C3 murote on a head Abl. mure ^C^C5 murere with a head Simple. Emphatic. Nom. tt^ hanh "ttc?^ hanhe a duck Gen. tT^5 hanhor 't:T5'C^ hanhore of a duck Dat. t\Kt^ hanholoi 'l:!^?*^^^ hanholoik e toaduck Ace. tT^ hanh "tt^C^ hanhoke a duck Loc tt^^ hanhot X'i'^Z^ hanhote in a duck Abl. tTC^ hanhe "tiU^C^ hanhere ^ with a duck Simple. Emphatic. Nom . f^ST din fkz^ dine a day Gen. f^^5 dinor ik^Z-^ dinore of a day Dat. ^^t^ dinoloi f^i^^siC^ diuoloike to a day Ace. f^^ din f^^C^ dinoke a day Loc. dinot f^^Z^ dinote on a day dina f^^t^ dinai Abl. Thi^ dine ^Z^Z^ dinere with a day The simple accusative of neuter nouns is generally the same as the nominative; in the accusative of per- sons and animals also, the termination ^ is often omit> ted. Nouns are sometimes joined with the affix ^ or c^, which is nearly equivalent to the article the in English, as siT^^r^, sit^^C^l, the man. These forms are thus declined: Simple. Emphatic. Simple. Emphatic. Nora. ^T^j^C^ srt^^C^l siT^^c'^l^a Gen. siT^^^5 at^^^^C^ aTf5:c^T? ^T^^C^tc^ Dat. ^iT^^^t^l st^J^^^^C^ siH^c'^lt^^ sH^c^r^s^C^ Ace- 5iT5^^^ ^t^^^C^ viT^^C^T^ STT^^C^TC^ Loo. 511^5:^^ ^iT^^^c^ m^^c^T^ ?rT^5?:c^T^^ Abl ^^^\l^ ^]^\Z^l-^ 5iT^^r^Tv«l m^^c^T^c^ C^ is also placed after the genitive to distinguish an individual from others; as ^^c^l bortu, the largest^ v5«1^C^ tolortu, the lower one^ ^m^J^ majortu, the middle one, ^I't^^c^l pasortu, the last. ft is applied to objects that are small, delicate or beloved; as RTtft, a little bird; c^u. fa^ «=I^Tft, my dear little son. Generic Nouns. When a numeral adjective is used, it is usually conjoined with a generic aflBx, de- noting the class to which the noun belongs, as STT^^ ■^^S^T, men two persons, i. e. two men^f C^T^lf^ »fl^f^, a girl one female, i. e. a girl. The following are some of the principal generic affixes. ^1, applied to things in general, without any parti- cular classification; as ^\ aT^^, oneman^ ^^TC^T^l FiTti five birds ; \ixs^\ ?r?, ten houses. ft, to things that are small, as f ^^T^ C^T^Tf^ FT^ftj four chickens. B 10 •sTiT or Jii]^, a sheet, any thing spread out, or ex- tended i as A'^\i{ ^Tf^, a sheet of water; ^f,^ '^^^f two boats ; ^'^^fk *fl-tf^, a knife. C^ftl, ^fW, a tree or bush ; as cfTC^t^^l ^F, two trees > ^151 ^Mi C5it*^1, twelve mango trees. ^IF, a tree, applied to things long and slender ; as (51^f^!tF, two ropes; c^U^ ^U ^sTf, a gold chain. >5T«T, v5Tf%, a branch; ^15; C^Id ^T^r, sixteen bam- boos; 2iT-a£fe >ii\5T5^, a cane ; Fifi[ vsT^^ •ait^tf?, four reeds; ^^Tf% ^fsT, a hair. C^5T-5t^, v5-5rf^, a piece; ^iiU^T-i^?" siife, a piece of ground; ^Cv5T^5, a piece of cloth. C^T<^1 or^tl, a bundle; c^'{z^^^] ^^, two bundles of reeds; ^rfic ^sr^l, a bundle of wood; 5it%, a handful ; FT^^l f%f^ ^tl, three handfuls of rice. c^T«^l or c^Tf«^, a drop, ^Tf^ •n^fW a drop of water; ^tta 4C^t^1, a little milk. C'TT'^I, a heap, a mass; c^^ ^CTWI, a mass of foam; ^T^5 ^C^rmi, a bundle of cloth. C?n^l FK^^, several ; 5i^ c^i^l Fia^, several buf- faloes. Reduplications. The Asamese are fond of repeat- ing a word with some slight variation, to represent several things of the same sort, as n^«T rice, ft^pt >5T^«=T, rice and other eatables ; ^^^ j^;i, dogs, &c. The following are specimens of the common dialect. 3rtF^, a plate ^tR Z^^, plates and dishes ^1^, cooked rice ^m F1«, eatables ^Nf«^, a goat ^i^ifpi ^Nfir, goats and the like II t^^T^, a book C-iTT^I, eating c^I^U speaking CFC^^, love 9tF, a tree Tt^, greens 5fTF, fish ff^'^T, thunder <^|f1, pice ]^i{ ^ifiT, roarings ^t^\ ^f^l? pice and small coins ^^^ a?t;T, conversation 25;!^ «^T^, hands and feet 5f^ ^T^r, money ^e^ F^l, plantains, &c. Sometimes the words are unlike in sound, but simi- lar in signification, as : v\^]^ boys »Tt5rf^, calves ^T^?» cloth ^Tfar, rags <^Tar, drinking Hf, ashes ■5;^!^, door A more elegant manner of expressing the same idea is by using the term ^tf^ ^f^, after the principal object designated, as «^^\5C^ ^tf^^fl^^T^t^^, i. e. the Dioun- tains, &c. went under; or ^%i^ wtf^i ^ft T^c^^l ^5cT ^^T, commencing wHh the mountains, every thing went down. Sometimes the verb is omitted, as 5t5 ^tR ^l^T^c^T? 5($ ^«T, the trees and every thing were destroyed. «?T, water ^tfil, sand ^?, house 5T^1 ^it^ifi:, children ^T'^^ ^tf^i clothing i^9\ T puruh, a man ^sr jon, a male person sr^l mota, a male -^ bura, an old man 5=1^1 I6ra a boy C^i^ deu, a god Citt^T^ guhain, a god f^C^T^I tiruta, a woman f%r^ tiri, a woman ;^f^ joni, a female attf% maiki, a female ^fs[ buri, an old woman C5T«itfsi suali, a girl c^ff^ debi, a goddess C^TT^Tl^ guhani, a goddess ^m^ bamun, a Brahman ^t^fi( barauni, Brahmaness C^TS duro, a Doom ^?tl noga, a Naga fl^ fij4

^^ ^Tf^fJT^^ grand daughter 5TTf%f5r?l ^U ^tf% <^f% 5rTf%i!^ «^f^ J^tf%f5(^^ great grand son ^fl^T^f5(<^^?rTf%1^4:|^fl[^if%f%4^ great grand ^^ 5(tf%f^?l daughter 14 t^ ^«^45P husband t^fk ^^f^^ii^ wife 5T^^ TT^W^ fatlier-in-law Tt^ TTT^vil^ mother-in-law CWT^Tt C3»t^lc?r^ son-in-law at^iR aT^tf^«a^ daughter-in-law »litT^ JT«tTc?^ step-father atfl:^f^ 5ltftsiT^ step-mother ^f%^1 ^f%5fT^ step-son (father's c^ ^l^-^ step-son (mother's ^f%¥l ^f«mc ^■i%afT^ step-daug liter ^f%3iUl (father's) r« f^AJ. f^il^ step daughter r^?n (mother's) ^^I^ jp^tc?^ ^^tcn^ elder brother. ^^T?l or cousin ^tt ^tc?-^; ^TC5^ younger brother, ^t51 or cousin 15 ^\t ^tJM 5tc?r^ eder sister, or ^t!Il cousin ^ ^f^^^ 'Sf^'il^ younger sister. '5^?1 or cousin ^5 a^^f^ ^5 ^tcn? 55 5tC*^^ father's elder 515 ^mi brother ^^^tt ^5SiT5 55 mil 55 St^ his wife tfirTt JttftC!I5* •rittc^^ father's younger *r»tT?t brother •^^fiC •^f5?1 ^f^H^ his wife c^ttt C^tK^^ c^^tc?^ father's or mother's cwmi elder sister f^^^l c^^mc^^ her husband C'^f^ C^r^vii5 c^^fl:^^ father's youngest C^%1 sister c^^^l c^^]^ her husband csmtt C5IT»TC?5 csiTatc?^ mother's brother 5lt^ m^ 51TC?

t^, with ; loc. of ??tst» coinpany ; abl. ^icM". »rc^, with ; ablative of jt^, connection, company. <^TCF, after f2Lh\. of ^tW, the after part; loc. ^t^^. ^tc^, before; abl. of ^]^, the front; loc. ^t?t^. ^Wl^ and '^<^c^, above; from ^«^5, the upper part. ^^^^ and ^C2^, 6e/oztJ ; from ^e^, the lower part. fsffac^ and ^tir^ /or, from f;(fa^ and ^T5^, cause*, also c^^c^, because, from c^n5 or c^^^, cause, C^fT^T^T^j ^y means of, emphatic locative of "^^t^, a door, a way. \^€^\t.', by, by the hand of, emphatic form of the participial derivative ^^^1, from ^i^, a hand. ^TT^, ^t^^^, beside, loc. of ^T^ or ^T»Ti:, border. C^T3^^, beside, loc. of c^t>t, side. ^T?<5, by, on the bank, from ^\-^, a bank, side. •G^?^, by, near, from ^^■^, near, nearness. srt^^ and ^\m, among, amidst, from sit^ the middle. rt?Tt^5TC^ tumulakoloikc to you A. C5tC?rt»rT?PP tumulakok CSTOltSTT^^ tiimulakoke you L.. CStOir^TT^^ tuinulakot c4l(.Hl41l5t5 tar >5TC5 tare his, of that Dat. ^tt^T taloi ^Xtm^ taloike to him, to that 22 Ace. >5T^ tak ^tc^ take him, that Loc. ^T^ tat ^Tt^ tate iu him or it, there Abl. f^ii hie ^tc^ tare with him, therewith As an adjective, c^t hei, is comonly used instead of f9\ hi. PLURAL INFERIOR. Simple. Emphatic. N. f^t^ hihont f^%i^ hihonte they G. f^rt^? hihontor f^'|;^R hihontore theirs D. fift^^si hihontoloi fJT'l;«t«i:^ hihontoloike to them A. ^^^^ hihontok fif^^u^ hihontoke them L, f^^^ hihontot f^T"!;^?:^ hihontote in them A. fji%^ hihonte f^tc^f? hihontere with them Plural respectfulf fyff^^it^ hibilak, f^f^^iTC^ hibi- lake, they, &c. CTtc^T^ and C'Ttf^'TT^ have the same sense, but are more strictly demonstrative. Third Personal Pronoun femininey ^V^ tai, she. Simple. Emphatic. Nom. ^tt tai nSTC? taie she Gen. ^Tf? tair ^l^c? taire hers Dat. ^Ttt?f tailoi vsTf tlC^ tailoike to or for her Ace. \5t^^ taik nJT^C^ taike her Loc. ^T^^ tait NSltc^ taite in or at her Abl. ^tc^ taie 95TtW taire with her < Plural, ^\Xt^ taihont, ^t^%^ taihonte, they, &c. 23 Third Personal Pronoun honorific ^ ^m eun, he ,she^ this man or woman. SINGULAR. Simple Form. Emphatic. Nom. vflvs eun si:^ eune he or she Gen. ifl^c? Personal Pronoun honorific, c^^Q teun, he^ she, that man or woman. Simple Form. Emphatic. Nom. c%^ teun cfr? teune he Gen. c^^j teunr c^^c^ teunre his Dat. c%^t«T teunloi c^^^^ic^ teunloike to or for him Ace. c%<3^ teunk c^'^C^ teunke him Loc. c^^^ teunt ct^C^ teunte in or to him Abl. c^z^ teune c^c?r5 teunere with him Plural, c^^f^?!^ teunbilak, &c. The Relative Pronoun f^ ji, who, which, is thus declined : Simple. Emphatic. Nom. f^ ji c'SiZ'^ je} e who, which Gen. 5Ft^ jar ^tC5 jare whose Dat. ^T^cT jaloi ^it^ic^ jaloike to whom Ace. NSt

flc5. The defective Pronoun ^i; kor, (long sound of o ) whence? is thus declined: D 26 Simple. Emphatic. Gen. ^^ kor ^-i^ kore from whence? Dat. ^t^ koloi ^t^z-i^ koloike whither? Log. ^u kot ^^si kota where? In like manner decline the relative w^ jor, whence. Gen. ^j jor ^?fi jore whence Dat. ^tT\ joloi ^Nc^ joloike whither . Loc. ^« jot ^^5 jote where Also the correlative ^5 tor, thence. Gen. ^f tor %m tore from thence Dat. v5^?T toloi ^t«i:^ toloike thither Loc. s5^ tot ^c^ tote there In all the above examples the has the long sound. Similar to these forms are i^j:^Tf^^t^, &c. Dat. 'T^CSITt? Ace. »r^5ic^l Loc. yfii^c^l Abl. >T^C«1T^ 28 ^r^lf a//, like jt^c'11, admits the plural form; as ^T- ^Ttr^^^T^, ^t'^I^C^T^, ^l^Ttf&t^. ' The Asamese do not consider it respectful, in ad- dressing a superior, to use the pronoun in the se- cond person ; they do not venture to speak to him, but only of him, and therefore use either a noun, or the terra wT^^jfsr, self. The verb connected with the latter must also be be in the third person. Thus a native addressing a European will not use the terms ^fa f^^l, give thoUy but must say, 5t^TC? f^t?, the Saheb will give it, or ^T^fsT f»r^, thi/self will give it; if the imperative is used, it will be in the third per- son, ^T2?;ic^ or ^T^f^ f^^^» let the Saheb give it. Wlt«J, true, as a noun signifies truth; c^t^tf, sweet, n. sweetness; ^-tf, high, n. height ; Jtf^J, poor^ n. povertij, or a poor ma?i; *^Tf^ sinful, n. a sinner; ^Ic«i?rT^ mani/, n. the many. even long tender VERBS. The moods of Asamese verbs are four ; the Infini- tive, Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive; besides Participles and Gerunds. The infinitive is the radical form, used in an unli- mited manner, and usually depending for its person and tense on the verb which follows it, as -^^fk kori, do. It does not correspond to the infinitive in English; nor is it to be confounded with the participle^ since it partakes of the nature neither of a noun or an adjective. It may be translated either by the present participle, or the simple verb, followed by the con- junction and; as f»r "rifsi^iTf atf^c'i, he shooting killed it; or, he shot and killed it. The latter form gives the more exact sense. The other moods nearly correspond to those of the same names in English. The subjunctive has two forms; one is distinguished by the use of the conjunc- tion ^r*i,2/, as in English; the other by the affix ctc^sT henten, as ^fa ^iR^Tctc^sr 511- /pf^c^ictc^^, If you had come, I should have done it. The repetition of ctc^ifj however, is inelegant; it is better to insert isfsf in the first member of the sentence, or use the future conjunctive participle; thus, ^fsi ^f^ ^Tfi?;^^!, or ^f« The sense of the English infinitive is expressed in Asamese by gerunds, in the genitive, dative and accusative cases; thus, ^t^ ^fi[^^ 0{Ul^y I saw him 32 do it; ^r5f or ss^^ X toi or tohont ho ^fa or c^K^^^]7p C^T^I tumi or tumnlak hna f'Tj f>f^« or f>Tf^«lT^ ^l' hi, hihont or hibilak hoi Present definite, ?5;CF1, 1 a?n, (now), sf or ^TfJT t^zf] moi or ami h6isun >5t^ or ^\^ t^i^ toi or tohont h6iso '^fa or c^lcsiT^lt^ ^51 tumi or tumulak hoisa f»T or f^i;^ ^^c^ hi or hihont hoise 35 Perfect^ \lA\y I was, or //ave been. srf or wTfa \l.i\\ moi or ami holun ^X or =5^« \X^ toi or toliont h6li ^fsr or c^5U5n«lT^ 5;^1 tumi or tumulak hola f>r or f*r^« ^<^ hi or hihont hoi Pluperfect, 't\^l^\^ Iivas^ or had been. ^? or ^ifa t^flcsTl moi or ami hoisilun ^? or ^"l^s t^f^f*^ toi or tohont hoisili H^fsi or c^TrsrielT^ ?^f^«ll tumi or tumulak hoisila f>r or fyft^ ^^f^«l hi or hihont h6isil Future, \^, 1 shall be. at or ^tfsr ^^sr nioi or ami hom ^? or ^^« ^f^ toi or tohont hobi ^fa or c^TcsiT«lT^ ^^1 tumi or tumulak hoba f^ or t^\% \^ hi or hihont hdbo IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present, ^, Be thou. ^\ or «^« 5; toi or tohont ho ^fsi or CvSTcatm^ C^t^l tumi or tumulak hua f?r or fJT^« ^^S^ hi or hihont houk The Future Imperative is the same with the Indi- cative, as ^^ ^ \fk, be noti ^^T^ ^f^f?, do this. There is no first person in the imperative; for this the indicative is used, and is generally followed by ^^ *> as ^ri^l^^, Let us do it^ or 'liT^I ^rft^^, Come, let us do it. For the singular, use the term fflf?rl with the gerund; cat^ 5^« ^f?lCCif«5T toi or tohont gdlihenten ^fa or c^tcaT«Tt^ XO VJ «^ ►« >* — 9 M IK /U>' _ ft (^ 5 he OD *^ i — "IC lie »— * 1 1 •5 19 Vj 19 IC RT w 19 ii i i 5 tr IT rr hr hr hr hr rr rt 50 <— i (N oi CO I-H (N(N CO ^ C^ (?♦ CO to •«0 S O ^ ^ <4j ^^ •♦o Jv <;i -S a. ft. I*< 41 Conjugation of the Active Verb ^t^, c<^t^1, to get> INDICATIVE MOOD. Present^ ^tT^, I get. a^ or ^tfa «Tf^ moi or ami paun nsI' or «^c^ <^1 toi or tohonte pa ^fa or c^TCsiT^ITC^ C^T^ll tumi or tamulake pua f*T or f^^C^ ^T?" hi or hihonte pai Present definite, ^tTf cf l, / am getting^ or ^«t;g ^o//ew. »^ or ^Tfa **fTf CF1 moi or ami paisgn ^sf or ^^c« '1'Tf 5 toi or tohonte paiso ^fa or c«TC5iT3l1r^ ^^Tl'Fl tumi or tumulake paisa f^ or fJT^C^ «ntc^ hi or hihonte paise Perfect, ^\l^\i I have gotten. Tat or ^Tfsr ^TCsTl nioi or ami paluQ Ngf or ^x^% *fTfel toi or tohonte pali ^fa or f^Trat«TTc^ ^t«11 tumi or tumulake pala fjT or f^^c^ ^TC^ hi or hihonte pale Pluperfect, nt^f^Ccfl, 1 had gotten. at or ^Tfa nttf5C«Ti • moi or ami paisilun v5f or ^^:% «tTf t^f^ toi or tohonte paisili Ni[fa or c^lcata^tr^ ^T^f^ell tumi or tumulake paisila f*f or ^ii^ '^if 1%«T hi or hihonte paisil Future, 5^Ta, 1 shall get. at or ^tfa ^^ta moi or ami pam \5f or ^^Cn5 *^Tt% toi or tohonte pabi >jfa or fvSKatelTc^ 'tt^l tumi or tumulake paba fir or f^^c^ *^TT hi or hihonte pabo F 42 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present, ^\, Get thou. ^? or %xi-% ^\ toi or tolionte pa ^f;i or Cv5TC5TT«=rTr^ C^l^l tnmi or tumulake pua f*f or f>i^c^ ^T^^ hi or hihonte pauk Future^ ^ifc You shall get. ^? or ^^c^ <^Tf^ toi or tolionte pahi ^^fa or c^\Ui\v\]i^ <^t?l tumi or tumulake paba SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, nKsC^^^, I should get. sr^ or wTfa ni^c^c^sr nioi or ami paunhenten ^^ or ^%^ ^^TCTC^iT toi or tohonte pahenten ^fa or c^TcaT«^TC^ c<^"T^T- tumi or tumulake puahen- c\l%'if ten f»r or fJ!i;c^ ^itc'^C^*'' hi or hihonte paihenten Perfect *^Tc^R%^^, I should have gotten. srf or ^sTf^i *1T?:«TKt:c^'^ raoi or ami palunhenten ^5l' or is^Z^ ^]f^lX(.^^ toi or tohonte palihenten >5f5r or c^Uai^lTC:^ <^I«1- tumi or tumulake palahen- ctc^iT ten fJT or ^Xi'<5 -^TCsiftc^^ hi or hihonte palehenten PARTICIPLES. Conjunctive. Prese?itf «1T<2C« paunte ivhile getting Perfect, *l"l«^3 palot having gotten Future, '^K^ pale oy; fj^tli"9 Sid)stantive or Adjective. Present, *TT^^1 paunta getting Perfect, cnT^il pua ' a getting, gotten 43 Declensio7i o/c«^I^1. Emphatic. GERUND. This verb is used after the gerund in z bo, of the accusative case, in the sense of ought, is proper^ &c. as f^ ^f^^ ^]t, if is proper for him to do it; ^fk^ c^l C*^T«3l, ^ou ought not to do it; sjfn e^lto *tT^, eV z* probable the ball has hit it. Simple. Norn. C^^T^l Gen. f«^T^T^ Dat. c<^mi^5=r Ace. C^^T^l Loc. Cnf^To Gen. '^R^ Dat. ^fHt^l Ace. ^\^ a getting of getting to getting a getting on getting of getting to get getting CAUSAL VERBS are usually formed from the active voice by the insertion or change of a vowel. They in* variably end in ^if", and belong to tlie second conju- gation. Conjugation of the causal verb c^TWl?, c^T^^ , to cause to get. IND IC ATI V E MO OD. Present^ C*^T5iT5f or «"tc^ c*^T^l tumi or tohonte pna ^fa or c«TCSiT«iK^ c<^t<3^1 tumi or tumglake puua f^ or f^T^c^ c^I^1^ hi or hihonte puai 44 Present definite^ c^t^Ttc^l, / cifn causing to ge t. VkX or ^Tfa c^fT^T^fFI moi or ami puaisuu v5^ or ^"tc^ cm^t^F toi or tolionte puaiso s^fir or c^T:5iT?iTC^C^I^tt5l tumi or tumulake puaisa f^ or fJTTC^ C«*fT^T?r5 hi or hihonte puaise Perfect, c**fT^tC^, I have caused to get. s^ or ^Tfsi C«^T^TC^1 moi or ami pualun n5^ or %^i^ c<^t^Tf«T toi or tohonte puali ^fa or c«TcaT^TC

5^ or ^^c^ c*^T«iTtf^f57 toi or tohonte puaisili ^fji or c^Tc^lt^lTC^ C^T^Tt- tumi or tumulake puaisila fTf\ or fs\xi^ C^TWt^f^cel hi or hihonte puaisile Future^ c^tT^tsi, 1 will cause to get. st or ^fifsr c<1^t^T?r moi or ami puam ^? or ^^Cn5 C^l^Tf^ toi or tohonte puabi xsfsr or c^UaT^tC^p cnt^t^l tumi or tumulake puaba f*r or ^\v^ c^TsiT^ hi or hihonte puabo I MPERATI VE MOOD. Perfect^ C^T^til, Cause to get. vSJ" or ^^c^ c^\^\ toi or tohonte pua ^fa or c^tCSit^lTC^ C^^^l tumi or tumulake pnua f*T or f*T%^ C<^1^T^^ hi or hihonte puauk Future^ c^T^lf^, as in the Indicative. 45 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, c^T^I^r^C^ir, I should cause to get. srt' or wtfsr C'f IWT^C^^Sif moi or ami puaunlienten vSl" or ^x^% C«^T^K%^^ toi or tohonte puahenten ^fa or c^TC5rt«^K^ c^l^iai- tunii or tumulake puua- CX^^'^ hen ten fjT or ^\z^ C'^l'^lfc^c^iT hi or hihonte puaihenteii Perfect, c^T^UcTiC^CnSs^", I should have caused to get. a? or ^Tfsi C^T^TC«f R^C^^ moi or ami pualunhenten NSf or ^ifc^ C*1"T^Tf%C^C«=r toi or tohonte pualihenten ^^fsr or c^TC5iT«TTC^ (:*^T«n«1i- tumi or tumulake pualahen- CXC^'ii ten f*f or f^r^c^ c«*fT«ilc«lC^C«5T hi or hihonte pualehenten PARXrciPLES. Conjunctive. Present., C^ttilQC^ paaunte while causing to get Perfect, c^V^\v\% pualot having caused to get Future^ CTt^Tc^ puale on causing to get Substantive or Adjective. Present, c^t^T^^ puaunta causing to get Perfect, c^^T^^I puua a causing to get Gerund, c^T^t^^ puabor of causing to get Analoscous to this verb are FT^ sal CFT^l sua to look ;it^ bai C^fail baa to row ift^ dai Cxl^l dga to reap 46 O w ^ ■^ ^ CO =- = c rt ;- i p. ^>: ^ Hr fe ^ • " c: K7 »c K- 19 ••— •5 S 4— p 1 ^ ^ ^ < »v d, Q < '' S u "E. f*> '^1 9 19 to O ^ •V ^ ^ ■'K*' to '— -lit/ S? kj {- /l«v *^ ^ ^ ^ [;, fj- hs- hf kj M? 19 1^' l!lf -v -^t^ */ '-^ 1, kJ lo t— ■( — -t — <— ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t % •^ ? s ^ Oi Oi CO 1 — I — t — ■) — "-H C^ C^ CO "Si — C^ C^ CO 47 o Co O 8 ^ 19 \^ r j\^ •< ^ tv hr TS ♦— S P C< !? s '¥ ^ ^ ;i O Q W M KJ c ■r' *^ |« KJ NJ ^J *L/ to (o # p ft?) t^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r*' ►^ 1^ w> hf It S 19 19 1*^ hr */- kJ KJ NJ 5 i i? i ^^ ^ ^ ^ le^ P H 1*^ rt^ i 1 ^ ^ !^ ^ ^ ^ ^ C^ C^ CO ^ i i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f- (?^ C^ CO ^ hr ^ £. ^ ^ i ^ p ¥ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,-i C^ C^ CO 48 s 7 "s- a o -53 Iv h? t^ p X. K> . e R;^ M tS^ c? 1? ■v . . . 5 '5 ,2 =^ ^ C Q hr It jp hr *^ tf 5 "^ . . t— +— +_ 9 ft- t vj ^ vj 1? rr fr f^ t. -V •'K */ ] KJ N-* lO M tr^ fr^ fr* CO ^ 5 !^ ft^ fr ft Pr* tr^ 9 {v> g s; »ft fr fr ft- f-H CM C^ CO 'HT ^ rr KT M fr^ tc* M 1-1 C^ C^ CO M fr* M M "-i C^ C^ CO 49 SECOND CONJUGATION. Verbs of this conjugation form the perfect participle by substituting ^1 for the final f of the infinitive, and changing the vowel ^l or vq, in a preceding syllable, to ^ or ^. Conjugation of the I^euter Verb ^tft, ^^1, to come. INDICATIVE MOOD. Presenty isiTdl, I come. 51^ or wtfsr ^tc^l moi or ami ahun > 'St' or vg"!;^ ^T^ toi or tohont aho ^fsi or c^Tcat«lT^ ^T^l tumi or tumulak aha fjT or f^\% ^tC^ hi or hihont ahe Present deUnite^ ^tftcFl, 1 am coming^ or have come. 51^ or ^Tf^ ^tf^cfl moi or ami ahilun ^^ or ^t;^ ^Tf^;^ toi or tohont ahiso ^fir or c^tCsrts^T^P ^Tfl;5l tumi or tumulak ahisa fjT or f^X"^ 'sjtfeF hi or hihont ahise Perfect^ ^tfe«Tl, I have come. 51^ or ^Tfsr 'siif^c^l moi or ami ahilun ^^ or ^^^ ^ff^f% toi or tohont ahili ^fii or f^tC5itelt^ '^tfl;«11 tumi or tumulak ahila Or or fhX^ ^\fk^^ or hi or hihoQt ahil, or ^tf^C«1 ahile G 50 Pluperfect, ^if$;l^c^1, J ca?ney or had come. a^ or wtfsr ^if^f^CsTl moi or ami ahisilOn ^5t or ^X^ ^if^f^f?! toi or tohout ahisili >5fsi or c^TC5lTe^T>P wtf^f^^^l tumi or tumulak ahisila fir or 1%^^ ^Tf^f5«T, or hi or hiliont ahisil or ^\\\\^V^ ahibile Future^ ^tR;^, 1 ivill come. Vi% or 'sitfsr ^tf^^ moi or ami aliira ^^ or ^t;^ ^Tf^t% toi or tohont ahibi ^|;fa or ciTC5iT5=TT^ WtR;^l tuiiii or tumulak aliiba fjT or ^\^ ^lft^ hi or hiliont ahibo IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present J ^15", Come thou. ^X or wkj^ ^T^ toi or tohont ab ^f^ or c^TC5iT«lt^ 'tii^l tumi or tumulak anlia f*\ or f^%^ ^TC^I^ hi or hiliont ahuk Future, ^Ttxf^j You shall come. ^^ or ^\% ^if^f^ toi or tohont ahibi ^fsi or c'^M^\c^\7^ ^tR^I tumi or tumulak ahiba fi\ or t^t^ ^^f\^^ hi or hihont ahibo SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, ^ic^ictc^^, 1 should come. 51^ or wtfsi WR't:TC't:?:^^ moi or ami ahunhenteii >5f or w\% ^T^C^C^iT toi or tohont ahohenten ^fsr or c^tC^f«iT^ ^I^K^u^^ tumi or tumulak ahahenten \^ or fy\x^ ^tC^C^C^i^ hi or hihont ahehenten 51 Perfect, aiif^fcTiC^C^ir, I should have come. a| or ^ifsT i5iTf|;c^iTC^C^^ moi or ami ahilunhenten vSf or ^t^ ^if^fi^r^C^^ toi or tohont ahilihenten ^fsr or c^TCSTT^^T^ WTf^«ll- tumi or tumulak ahilahen- C^C^^T ten f^ or fjT^^ ^tfxdC^C^^ hi or hiliont ahilehenten PARTICIPLES. Conjunctive. Present^ ^TC5TC<5 almnte lohile coming Perfect^ ^Tf^«l^ ahilot having come Future, ^ ^Tf5:c«T ahile on coming, if he comes Substantive or Adjective. Present^ ^TC^l^l, ahunta comitig Perfect., ^i;l oha come, having come Declension of the substantive participle, ^^i. Simple. Emphatic. Norn. ^^1 ^^Tt a coming Gen. ^^K 'si^iiii: of coming Dat. ^^U^ ^'^iNc^ to coming Ace. ^^1 ^\\i-^ a oming Log. ^^1^ GERUND. on coming Gen. WTf^^5 ^ifl;^:? of coming Dat. ^ift^t^ ^Tf5:^^^c^ to come Ace. ^llX^ ^Tf^^C^ coming 52 1 8 to ;g. v IV, he ^ tr rt^ IT ^ . . . ;eo^ to come Conjunctive Participles. to It hr r to hr ^ 1 ^ ■% S {^ 19 19 rr 1t- It rr 1 1? 15 g ■t:; .>l^ -i^ .fc^ .t- to to to rr }t tr rr • / the negati Imperative. P to tf 01 T^ Synopsis o Indicative. lo ]*/ k/ to Tt rr hr hr -H c^ c^ CO '6 cE F It tr fr rr 1^ r-H C^ Oi CO » iK Iv IV re^ ff W rr ^ C^ C^ CO «0 53 Conjugation of the Active Verb ^tfsr, ^^1, to bring. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present , wtc^l, 1 bring. 51^ or ^tfsr ^tC^ moi or ami anun ^f or ^us '^\^ toi or tolionte ano ^fsr or c^\i^Xv\M^ ^t;Tl tumi or tumulake ana fif or fif^c^ ^\m hi or hihonte ane Presenty definite, ^itI^cfi, I am bringing. si^ or WTfsr ^ifsrCFl nioi or ami anisun v5^ or %\v^ ^tf^5 toi or tohonte aniso ^fsi or cs\i'^\v\M7^ ^tf^^l tumi or tumulake anisa f»f or 1?!%^ ^Tf^!:F hi or hihonte anise Perfect^ ^Tfs[C«il) I have brought. Vl% or ^Tf^ ^ifiTCcfl moi or ami anilun 'Sf or ^^c^ ^Tfsrf^T toi or tohonte anili ^fsi or c^\(M\^M'^ '^\fk^\ tumi or tumulake anila fir or ^\i^ ^Tf^C^l hi or hihonte anile Pluperfect, ^Tfirf^c^l, 1 brought^ or was bringing. TA% or ^Tf^ ^Tf^f^C«ll moi or ami anisilun ^f or ^^c^ Wtf^f^f^ toi or tohonte anisili ^fsr or c^tcat^ltc^ ^tf^f^«Tl tumi or tumulake anisila t*r or f^r^C^ ^Tf^fR^T hi or hihonte anisile Future i 'sitf^ST, 1 will bring. 51^ or ^tfsi 'aiTf^a . moi or ami anim ^^ or ^x^^ «lTf^f^ toi or tohonte anibi ^fa or c^tC5it*TtC^ ^TpT^I tumi or tumulake aniba f^ or pl^fc^ ^TpT^ hi or hihonte anibo 54 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present^ ^T^r, Br'mg thou. %t or ^%^ ^TiT toi or tohonte an \fs[ or c^UsrmTr^ ^i^l tumi or tumulake ana f^ or ff^'Xi^ WR^, hi or hihonte anok, or c'^^s ^I^iJt^ or teun anuk Most verbs have two forms in the third person im- perative; tlie usual form ending" in ^Q^ uk is more res- pectful than that in ^^ ok. Future, ^tf^f^. Bring thou. %t or ^^c^ ^ifili^ toi or tohonte anibi ^f$I or c^tC^t^TC5? ^ifi^^rl tumi or tumulake aniba SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, "^Mm^L^^y I should bring. 51^ or ^Tf?r ^TC^'U^'c^iT moi or ami anunhenten ^^ or ^"kl"^ ^t^utc<5^ toi or tohonte anohenten ^^fsi or C^TCSmTC^ ^RTC^- tumi or tumulake anahen- C^JT ten f^T or f%^c^ ^ICiTCTC^ST hi or hihonte anehenten Perject^ ^tf^C^TR'tc^^, I should have brought. sf or ^tfsr ^FfirCeTlC^CNSiT nioi or ami anilunhenten vgf or ^^c^ ^Tl^f%C^C«iT toi or tohonte anilihenten ^fsi or c^f C « mtc 5J5 ^ffil 511- tumi or tumulake anila- Cfx.%^ henten fir or f%^c^ ^Tl%c«1t^C^^ hi or hihonte auilehenten PARTICIPLES. Conjunctive, 'Present, 'iitc^tc^ anunte while bringing Perfect, 'S[\f^^^ anilot having brought Future, «iTfs[cq anile upon bringing 55 Substantive or Adjective. Present^ ^Tcsri^l anunta hrirKjimj Present, ^i^l ona brought, a brinrjing Declension of the substantive '^^\' Simple. Emphatic. Nora. ^JTl «r^Tt ■ cf bringing Gen. ^STT^ ^s^Tc^ of a bringing Dat. ^^;^5? ^^K^C^ to a bringing Ace. ^^1 W^TC^ a bi^inging Loc. ^iTt^ GERUND. on bringing Gen. ^tt^^< ^TfsT^:i[ of bringing Dat. ^Tfir^^si ^lt^^t«?c^ ^0 bring, for bringing Ace. ^if^^ WTf^^^C^ bringing In like manner conjugate sriflr mari 5151 mora to strike Sltf^ mani s^Tl mona to obey •ftTTf^ khani ^Jfl khona to dig ^tf^ bhangi 'gSfl blionga to break ^tf?f bbagi v»Y{1 bhoga to be broken ^Tf^ dangi H^l donga to lift U|3 ^Tf^" karhi ^.^ korlia to seize ^Tfi? phali ^?ll phola to split The verb ^Tfa[ has two causal forms, ^jttI*, ^cjtT^I, to cause to bring, and ^c^^T^Tt', wc^T^^I, to cause to be brought, or to cause to bring through another. They are conjugated as in the following synopses. 56 ^ 5^ to O (? ft I? Co 3 «o CO t3 1 a S< 1 5J It < l9 1^ 1 ff 1^. • 1 -tt tv f^ he 1 S S f^ d Q < Is S 1 11 •hr 19 1?^ IC > c s 'S 3 02 rr *hr rr 5 ;; ^ 1^ 1^ 1? •9 fr ^ hr !s .j^ */ */ \^ 7t ^ a W \^ \^ W <5 1 Q. s 1— ( 1^ '»' e^ nf •>-» IT 1^ 1? r B 5> E /k/ •t^ Tr t5 5 \^ ^ ^ ^ -H (N C^ CO Tr tr r^ ri[ ^ ^ ^ ^ hr rr rt^ fr ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Oi (?♦ CO •to Co "to 57 15- rr 1 * /to •a B C a. t^ Iv 19 5 IV if 1^ ^ -^ 1 '« E c? (? bstan live 1 p 9 s 17 ?? lo Ci 1? 1? B gr ^ d O ^ «> to cause Conjunctive Participles. +— 19 S < — IT r i +— IT lO i — <0 1? 5 19 19 4— 19 to hr 19 (o 1 r^ 19 V 19 fo 19 (9 ^ 1 •g (? 9 1^ g E S ^ ■«— CQ ■I — +-— ■1— H — t — E tr rv hf r^ fr fr rr hf KJ KJ kj lo KJ kj kj (o f? 1? 1^ 1? 1^ [^ 1? ^ ^ le- lerative. F ^ 4 — ? ^ 1^ I? H — "•^i- S ir ^ n IT hr Co 1? k-> lo ho ^ 5> 9 /!«/ •1^ (£ F r KJ u ^ ]r ic '1 w S 1 1^ i E i i B i F •kj S. * — • •t — \— H — ♦— T'— +— 4— H — 1 — ^ .§ rr \r )X IT hr It f? rr ri^ IT hr Hr lo KJ KJ lo to kj ►o K_> kj ►o lo KJ O -a ^ ^ B r f^ B? B [0 1? ^ 1? I? I— 1 ^ c\ CO ^ c^ o\ CO 1— < (^^ C\ CO Ss o* - S ^ CO ft. fti fe. H 58 Conjugation of the Verb -^v\^ c^'.^^S to say. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, C«ITC^1, I say nX or ^TfJT C^tril nioi or ami bulun ^f or %\u^ iT\'^ toi or tohonte bulo ^fa or ciJTrsiTelTc^ C^T«11 tumi or tumulake bula t^r or fJT"l;c^ C'^M'n hi or hihonte bale V resent definite., ^fe^cfl, J am saying. 5if or ^Tfa ^1^CF1 nioi or ami bulisun ^^ or ^^c^ ^t%F toi or tohonte buliso ^fa or Cv5TcaT211C^ ^f^5l tumi or tumulake bulisa f>T or fJT^c^ ^fs^CF hi or hihonte bulise Perfect, ^fiiic^l, I said. 51^ or ^Tfsr ^fi^c^l moi or ami bulilun ^^ or >5^c^ ^fiif^T toi or tohonte bulile ^fs( or f^TcaTeHC^P ^f^«11 tumi or tumulake bulila f^T or (%^c^ ^f%C«1 hi or hihonte bulile Pluperfect, ^f«ific^i, I did say ^ or had said. TXf or ^lf?l ^fsif^c^Tl nioi or ami bulisilun >5? or ^^c^ ^fs^ftfir toi or tohonte bulisili ^f^i or c^M'^^^M^ ^f^t^e^l tumi or tumulake bulisila f^ Of fjf^c^ ^t^flc«1 hi or hihonte bulisile Future^ ^'^^^ I shall say. 51^ or ^siTfsr ^fsi5r moi or ami bulim ^^ or ^x^^ ^f^^fir toi or tohonte bulibi ^fsr or c^stcsiTeT^U^ ^f^l^l tumi or tumulake buliba f^ or ^\i^ ^f^^ hi or hihonte bulibo )9 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present t C^T«^» Sa?/ thou. «t or ^l;c^ c^\^ tumi or tohonte bulo ^fa or C3TCaT«lTC^ C^t3=l1 tumi or turaalakc bula f^ or fhx.C^ c?TC5K5il2iTC^ ^f^^l tumi or tumulake buliba SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present, f^TreTTctjNS^, I should say. SI? or ^Tf^ C?TC=1ld:c^=r moi or ami bulunhenten ^f or ^%^ c^T^ctc^^ fn or f^%^ c^TCs^ctc^^ toi or tohonte bulohenten tumi or tumulake bulahen- ten hi or hihonte bulehenten Perfect, ^i^c«fR^c^^, I should have said. ^? or ^Tf5i^filC«fiT^C^»r moi or ami bulilunhenten ^? or ^^c^ ^felf^C^C^^ toi or tohonte bulihhenten ^fji or c^TcaTeTlC^ f f^^e^l- tumi or tumulake bulilahen- CX^%^ ten f*r or ff^TUS ^f^lC^tc^C^JT hi or hihonte bulilehenten PARTICIPLES. Conjunctive. Present^ CZXu^XC^ balunte while saying Perfect, ^^^ bulilot having said Future^ ^^m bulile on saying Substantive and Adjective. Present, «TC#I^1 bulunta saying Perfect^ «T«11 bula said, a saying Norn. a]^\ Gen. a^^u Dat. c^mtfte^ Ace. C^T^II Loc. C^T^It^ Gen. ^t%T5 Dat. ^f51^^«1 Ace. \r^^ 60 Declension of c^t«11, as a substantive. C^mt^ saying C^^^KJ. of saying C^\'^\t^l'^ to saying C^l^lIC^ saying c?T«1K^ on saying GERUND. ^f%^C5 of saying ^f«1^^e=TC^ to saying ^t^^C^ saying Tlie verb -s^t^, 'I'^U to be able, governs the gerund in the accusative, and performs the office of the Eng- lish auxiliary verb can; as ^fi[^ '^ic^l, k6ribo parun, 1 can do; ^fe «lt^, koribo paro, you can do; ^fi^ ^^Cl, k6ribo para, thou canst do;^U^ ?^tc^, k6ribo pare, he can do ; and so on though the various moods and tenses. In like manner c^T^lf4» C^Tl^^l, signifies cannot. The verb c^if^r, ?l^1, to hit, strike^ when following the gerund, is used only in the third person, and sig- nifies must, it is necessary; as al' w ;i 3 O < r r c Q ^ > 1 19 KJ 19 RT IT KJ ■•-s ti f_ &■ r r 19 hr IP fr fr It ^ ^ ^ 19 g 19 _^ t9 If) KJ ■^ h, S" •t/ t t 1 3 02 fo i^ ^ 01 i »— ♦— +— s 1? 1? IS C -, i^ .y— S -^^ X.* ^'^ £ S KJ i — K^ s t*" ^ f* m •- H 1? ^ •»— • • • ^ < "It IT O Q -^ •«o 5i §s . 19 RT i«0 g c 0?? 01 3 o +■ * •f^ +- - |1 ^ E hr ]t fT .,__* v-/ v^ vj w E It of g 1 i % 8 t9 IT olc/ fo hr 19 lo + — fT 19 kj E to lo ,— e 0^ ^ & IT s 1 — 4 — +— ■1— ■I — +— i — V-» 02 ^ l«? \? 1^ l«^ E 1? g •^ H — +— ♦— ♦— ■I — +- 5», hr IT hr rt IT fT IT Tt ^ VJ VJ VJ v^ v-» >o VJ V-» U ^ •i* > r>i *Kj ~ • «^ ega nperat S " S -f-* ^^ 5c tj E 1? Hr E t? ^ 1? E I? f? S? li? S o ^ — +— +— ( — +— I- 4— 4— ri It t*" ^ rr fT It hr tr w hr fT hr VJ O NJ Vj VJ v» VJ vj V-» VJ o O ^ I-^ c^ o« CO i-H C^ c< CO »-i C^ C^ CO •Ki 8 Co •Si ^ 63 c i a u •3 3 0) < l9 t— 15- r RT -« (^ I^ 1^ 1 e^^ ^ k tc- i 6 d < i ? lu- 6 > |2 g 19 19 t. .^ ^ -^ KJ 5^ C^ kJ ■f— +— +— 1 — IS" r 15" r ^ t^ hf t(^F toi or tohont gusiso ^fir or c^StC^iTsiT^ U^^l ^"'"i ^^ tumulak gusisa f^ or f^T^ """X^l^ hi or hihont ousise Perfect, ?ff^c^1, I have removed. SI? or ^ifa "itf^c^ moi or ami gusilun >5? or ^x^ 9ff^f^ toi or tohont gusili ^^fii or c^5tC«T«lt^ '^811 tumi or tumulak gusila f*r or f^i^^ "^r^^ ^^ ^^ hihont gusil Pluperfect, 'Jf f5f^c«fl» J had removed. ?r^ or ^tfsi 'iTf^f^c^l moi or ami gusisilun >5^ or ^^^ ^f^f^f% toi or tohont gusisili ^fs or (.^M^V^X^ sjf^fi^^l tumi or tumulak gusisila f*T or {f\\^ '^fbT^?! hi or hihont gusisil 65 Future, ?ff5sr, / will remove. af or ^tfsr 'Jrfpsr moi or ami gusitn ^^ or ^t^ TTfpf^ toi or tohont gusibi ^fa or c«K5iT2lT5p ?rf^^1 tuini or tumulak gusiba f% or f%'l;« Tff^^ hi or hihont gusibo IMPER ATI VE MOOD. Present^ 9t5, Remove thou. ^^ or ^5^3 ?f? toi or tohont gus '^fji or c^TCsrT^lt^ ^1 tumi or tumulak gusa f>r or fjT^^S '>fC5T^ hi or hihont gusuk Future^ ^i^fV, Remove thou. ^^ or ^^^ ?f f^fl" toi or tohont gusibi ^fa or c^Kat^Tt^ ^f^5l tumi or tumulak gusiba SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Prese?if, srcf tr^c^^r, I should remove. at or ^Tfa ^CFfr^^^ moi or ami gusunhenten ^t or n5^5 ?r5C"l:c^^ toi or tohont gusohenten ^fif or c^tcat«TT^ ^FTrl:- tumi or tumulak gusahen- C^^ ten f^r or T^x^ TfCR^C^^ hi or hihont gusehentea Perfect^ st'i^C"«TTCi^CN5^, I should have removed, a^ or ^tfa ^flrftC^C^^ moi or ami gusilunhenten ^t 0^ ^t^ ^ffffi^C^C^sr toi or tohont gusilihenten ^fa or c^IcaT^^T^ ?rf^«11- tumi or tumulak gusilahen- ifp^-^ ten f^ or fi^^^ Tff^c^C^C^JT hi or hihont gusilehenten 66 Present^ Perfect, Future, Present, Perfect^ Noni. Gen. Dat. Ace. Loc. PARTICIPLES. Conjunctive. ^cftc^ gusunte while removing ^f^«=i^ gusilot having removed stf^c^lf gusile on removing Substantive or Adjective. ^CFT^I gusufita SJ51 gusa Declension of "^1, as a substantive. removing.^ a remover removed^ a removing GERUNDS. a removing of a removing to removing a removing on removing of removing to removing removing Gen. "^Jp^^ Dat. '^[{^^t^ Acc. sjf^^ Sometimes, though very rarely, the verb in the subjunctive mood is combined with 'arifFl to produce the present definite, and pluperfect tenses j as ->]#- Cblctc^sT, I shoidd be removitig; sffsf^c^ic^CNS^, / shoidd have been removiiig. The conjunctive par- ticiple also admits these tenses; -^f^tf R^, w/«Ve re- 7noving, ^f^-^^j having removed; these forms, how- ever, are inelegant and unnecessary. 67 The causal form st^tt* ^^U to re^nove, or put awai/, and the secondary causal Tf^wif , 'JT^^^I, to refnove through the hand of another , are conjugated as in the subjoined synopses. Analogous in conjugation with nf^, are the follow- ing verbs. \st Causal. 2nd Causal. Hear ^far, ^;^l ^^tf, ^^^1 ^^^tl', ^^^«i1 See CKf4,c^m ctt-arit, Ctf-f W1 cif^wtf, c»f4£^^l Leave ^fi", 4^1 •fl?:Tt', 4?^1 5" a g hr g 19 15 fr Hr rr K 19 19 p till 1 S _ 1^ 9 0:^ 1^ 1 s E it -^ 0< C^ 00 Kj y — R* lo 4— +— ♦— 4— la / Us / l^ / la / f-i G^i C^ CO ^ CV^ (7* CO 0. ft. 1^ 69 •3 1 . ^v; fc IV h7 ■s I ^— ove. Substan /I9 1 ^ S i § -== ^^ fe^ d Q use jiincti ticinle 5? 19 g II »!? F 1? fe'^ ^^ »9 hr »P p g !? !5 1? •^ KJ sj K-> 5? g ^ /k/ 9^ 1? «?> 10^ F k i i ic^ la< lia^ . 1^' fe^^r-^^-^^^ o «s 1 IVe alive. - ^ i ^ g 'S s *» s |0^ /J3> ^ o^ S a tT-g'^^ 'to itive. i i p ^ i f^ r 1^ sis ndici \^y UWy K !±(^ tr^ tr-* t?~^ J?"^ |Zi/ kV/ UWy jflf. t?^ t?"^ t?^ t^-^ §» " O S p-i C^ C^ CO ^ W 0^ CO •-H C^ 0^ CO >.v ^ «ka •s^ S ';j ^ ^ 5s <%; Js* *Si Vs 1 1 < to 15- 15- Ci . . . O Q -^ run. ctlvo j iples. 19 RT B- lo ^ .2. ■= 01 01 KT KT RT •» o «to ;:> c» § hr hr 19 sl?s hr 19 ^. 1 19 lO Jf/ kj fO KJ £ "B 'ti ti 1 ^w <« P lo ^ ^ ^W 01 RT IE- RT r r r 15- 15- B" Ki H*- of the Imperative 1^ RT +— 15- 01 ]^ 01 01 * B" B" cc •^» e<5 ^ ^ 1 IW T^ IV (jl 05?: 01 01 » til P »v (jl 01 01 01 S •3 e K" RT RT RT RT RT B- B- B- B- B- B- i-H G^ C^ CO -^ O* (T* CO ^ (N C^ CO "K. H.;> s o •^J •& •So 5s *l«/ ^ Tj ■i\e/ -)j*/ 19 ■" ;;) •^» to (IV ^ f ^^ s 1 tv (^ 1^ ^ hp Jr hr ts ■ «0 'S^ te- B tiEW s- K iH Iv IV Co > 7 te" ^ (E (E ^ (E cE JE JE « IV Iv' h '' (V K/ IV h^ IV IV IV tv Iv 1. c hr hr h r fs- hr hr hr hr fr hr hr hr 2?" ^ C^ ^ CO f-J G^ C^ « -^ C^ C^ CO *♦* 1 NO ?^ Co "& ^ •*>i ■to tg 72 19 It- llf -TS ;|5: c ^ ;5 O Q < • pi •to (91 CO its' 19 0^ RT £ •»• 15 T 9 (7. (7. s" m tt ^ tt M ^ |9 19 > H '^ 1^ s If ilr- /If ^v£ > c? It-. ^ S- *ScE F E » ^ h? tr '^ (^ CE (|£ ^i^^O^^i?: Oe: (E 0?: (i*: »— < ci c^ CO rH C^ G^ 00 •-H C< C^f CO •♦o •«» s ;j ^ Co •s. 5% ■^ s 0, fii l5 73 •a < 19 IE IP IX fY » f^ g if> S IP V .>|^ V .^ J;^ (o +— to c? pv. t7. «r tTi ^. «r 'Ei c^ CO 1«i> ^ ^ ^ a- 0^ tg 74 4) 3 19 -^ re (c 1^ ta 5i O Q -< O 15- 15- W' U^ SO ^ hr fr |r rt- (9 t*> g |«> KJ K-> N* kJ .)|f/ ol*/' -W •>!*/ lo KJ bi M • 1^ Ui *^ Ui f^ 9 M /W/ o|/^ U^ lA U^ ^> \J VJ v_> .-H C^ C^ 00 io fr f^ f^ S ^ fp if> t^ oK -^K -^K .t- i^ i£ bf IA po ta pa |/^ U^ 1^ U^ -H C* C^ CO ka tck f-H C^ C^ CO ■*», lo s ;j <» 05 ^ ^ <4J 5v ■«o V. ^ 5S ft. (^ fe. 75 o 19 9? la 19 ^ 1^ r 1» >c rr Kr M M M «j ua ta Ui O o < r rr hr 19 •V 19 •^ c? to ^ fo Ik/ »k. M CV M lA liQ |A lA to hr It hr Kj l 1 c. M +— la la la 'o c? W /k/ •15- KJ tE r Is- 1 — tl ^ Iv 1:^ C3 » fv/ M e; M M te te M 1^ !r/ M M u^ La |i:> U^ ta ta la la ^ ^ C Vj VJ Vj Vj VJ VJ vj \j Vj Vj pH c4 c4 CO ^H c4 C^ CO 1— ( C^ C^ CO •♦a •te 8 <;i ito to >& ^ ^ ,-?S an a. k^ 76 • PASSIVE VOICE. There is, strictly speaking, no passive voice in Asa- mese verbs, although there are two forms of conjuga- tion which resemble it, by the conjunction of ti^ or f?f with the perfect participle of other verbs. The first is passive in appearance only, the sense is active; as 51^ f^?n "t^ / give ^^ f«T?1 ^ thou givesf ^fsi fffTTl C^T^I thou givest f*T f^?1 ^f he gives The other form corresponds in sense to the passive voice, but not in form; the noun or pronoun being pnt in the accusative, while the verb is uniformly in the third person, agreeing with the substantive participle as its nominatvie; thus, C^\^ R?n t\V5 it is given to me, or there is a giving of it to me C^T^ f^?i1 t^l^ it is given to you v5t^ f^?1 t\l5 it is given to him The verb \'i\ is used in the same way as ^^. ^t^ C*tt^1 ^T^ it is found >5T^ C^T^l ^^ it has been found, &c. 77 ADVERBS. There are but few words in Asamese used exclu- sively as Adverbs; their place is 'generally supplied by nouns and pronouns in the loeative and ablative cases, or by nouns and adjectives followed by the verb T^fk. kori, usually shortened to t^ koi. The fol- lowing are specimens of those in most common use. 1. Words used only as adverbs. ^"l-^"^ or ^Tc^'^1 again, f[^'[f, always; 3T?>T5', >Tff1 ^"^^i^^ forever. - firc^'^i daily y WiTTj, truly, certainly. ;r, not, a negative particle; csrt, not yet. <^f%, severally; as ?fTf *^^, to each severally. C^f%?l, when; c^f%?1, then; c^f%in, when? c^f%' ^t^5 ever ; with a negative, never. Cf^?rT?1, sometimes; atc^TT^, ow/y, merely. ^iti almost f for the most part. 2. Adjectives used as adverbs. ^f% and ^Tf%, exceedingly. 5r5r, very much* ^t^f, more-., ^i, again. 3T^J, ^^^, fj(^f J truly. 3. Nouns used as adverbs, without any modifica- tion of case. ^Tf^f, to-day. flt c^^Tc^r, ^^^s ^^^«y; c'tI' f<^tc^, ^/^ere. 4f c^^C^, 4^ ^l^C^, ^^ fsrfst:^, wherefore, for this reason. The genitive and dative are also sometimes used; as ^^, whence? ^tsf, thither. 6. Instead of the regular forms of the locative and ablative cases, other slight modifications are occasion- ally used to express the sense of the adverb. 'si^ft^, to wit ; from ^§f, meaning, TT-oi^Jt^j i^ presence of; from JTt^ij, presence. f^C^^* icholly, really-, from fiT^f . tsithf, before; contraction for ^iTt t^. ^?^, r//ar; contraction for ^^t?;. ^^^^Tf, again; from ^i;. ^TTff^Csi^, quickly, used instead of ?T5tc^^. 3[?f4 ^^f^, yearly, instead of ^^c^ ^^c^. 79 f^f, why? from f^, what? C^e^^ or ^l\i-^fy why? instead of fsp^t?!. **if f^C"^* here^ contraction of 4^ Rf^C^. '^il^^there^ commonly used instead of ^f f^Tc^. 7. Nouns reduplicated. 5itriF 51]:^, sometimes ; f^cJ^ ffrc^r, daily. '^\i\ ^i:5, or c?fH>ii ca, wzawy times. ^R m^T, o/ifew ; ^CiT aciT, silently. C\TJ\ c^C*T, /ro;;^ country to country. 8. Nouns and adjectives combined with the verb ^fl or t^. ^^^ C^^r, that. Ihan is expressed by t^ affixed to the ablative case; ^^i^t^, than this; ^1n5^^, than that, INTERJECTIONS. C^;, 0, is used in addressing respectfully. CWj^i CXt^) CJJ\, W, used in calling. 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