PHONOGRAPHY FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES A COURSE OF LESSONS IN THE BENN PITMAN SYSTEM PARKE SCHOCH, A. M. Director, Department of Commerce and Finance Drexel Institute, Philadelphia THIRD EI>ITION PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR Copyright, 1900, by PARKE SCHOCH, Philadelphia. AVIL 1'Bi.MiMi COMPAHY, Composition and Electrotjping. CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface .... 5 Introductory Remarks 7 PART I. Consonant Alphabet. Part I 9 Consonant Alphabet. Part II 12 Consonant Alphabet. Part III 15 Long Vowels. The Heavy Dots 18 Position for Single Consonant Words 19 Long Vowels. The Heavy Dashes 21 Position for One Syllable, Two Consonant Words . 22 Rules for L, Ar and Ray. Part I 22 Word-Signs 24 Short Vowels. The Light Dots 26 Position for Words of Two or More Syllables ... 26 Rules for /,, Ar and Ray, Part II 27 Short Vowels. The Light Dashes 29 Diphthongs 32 The Principle of Phrasing 35 The Circle S or Z at the Beginning and End of Words 38 The Circle S or Z Between Two Consonants .... 41 The Circle Sez 44 (3) 4 Contents. PAGE. The Loops Steh and Ster. 46 The Semicircle and Hook W, and the Semicircle Y 49 The Aspirate H 53 The Double Consonants Tzv, >zv, Kw, Gw .... 53 The L Hook 56 The R Hook 61 The Iss Circle Before the L and R Hooks ... .65 TheA^Hook 68 The .For V Hook 73 The Hook Shun or Zhun 76 The Circles and Loops following N, F or V, and Shun 80 The Halving Principle Applied to Unhooked Strokes 84 The Halving Principle Applied to Hooked Strokes . 91 The Doubling Principle 95 The Prefixes 99 The Affixes .... 103 Punctuation Marks, and Figures 107 PART II. Enumeration of Advanced Principles 109 Compounds and Derivatives in Irregular and Contrasted Words ... 113 Distinguished Words 115 Contracted Phrases and Words 117-128 PREFACE. The lessons in this book are based upon the ninth edition of Isaac Pitman Phonography, published in Eng- land in 1852, and familiarly known in the United States to-day as Ben-n Pitman Shorthand. But, unlike the standard works of either of the foregoing authors, this book makes no reference whatever to the science of pho- netics, a wholly superfluous feature of a shorthand text- book designed, as this is, to fit the student directly and immediately for the practical application of phonography to commercial and professional needs. This is not a new system, but rather a standard system in new clothes, adapted to new methods. The plan of the book follows faithfully the now gen- erally accepted method of instruction known as the "Reporting Style," as distinguished from the "Corre- sponding Style," so universally adopted by authors and teachers up to within a decade ago. This more recent plan involves the presentation of the principles and the arrangement of the exercises in such a manner that not a single word shall be introduced until the principle has been stated which provides for the writing of that word in the briefest form used by the practitioner. With a view to a complete adherence to this plan, the principle of position writing is coupled with the first vowel lesson" but stated in such simple form and evolved so gradually and naturally throughout the series of vowel lessons, as (5) 6 Preface, not to detract from the importance of the vowels them- selves. Thus, the student unlearns nothing during his course, a feature of the book that will at once appeal to all teachers and writers who are familiar with the reverse conditions, so common where the " Corresponding Style " still prevails. Part II of the book presents all those principles of abbreviation that are distinct from, and in advance of, the principles which form the broad basis of shorthand writing. Here are gathered in proper groups that large class of common words whose shorthand outlines are either abbreviations or modifications of those which would be secured by the application of some one or more of the standard principles presented in Part I. These lists give completeness to the student's vocabulary of con- tracted and irregular forms. Beyond this, no dictionary is needed; all other words should be written in full, in accordance with general rules. These lessons are the outgrowth of twelve continuous years in the class-room, eight of which have been spent in the institution with which the author is now connected, where ideal conditions exist for the attainment of best results in shorthand teaching. This book is a revised and enlarged edition of one published by the author in 1896 and successfully used since then in many schools and colleges throughout the country. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Phonography is a system of shorthand writing whereby the sounds of any language and, for our purpose, the English language are represented by distinctive char- acters. Broadly, therefore, it may be called a system of sound writing. This art is better known to-day by the name stenography, or by the generic word shorthand. The distinguishing characteristic of phonography, or shorthand writing, as compared with the ordinary method of writing, by contrast called longhand, is that the former is based upon an alphabet of distinct and un- varying sounds, the latter upon an alphabet of letters, some of which vary in sound, and a few of which dupli- cate in sound other letters in the alphabet. In phonog- raphy all silent letters are omitted ; thus, bake is spelled bak ; toe, to ; sigh, si. Sound writing would spell cage, kaj ; beau, bo ; phrase, fraz. The student must, there- fore, train himself to catch and give expression to the sounds of words, and discard entirely spelling by letter. 'The materials to be used in shorthand writing are ruled paper and a pen or pencil. A fine point steel or gold pen should be selected, and a pencil of medium hardness. (7) PHONOGRAPHY PART I. CHAPTER I. CONSONANT ALPHABET. PART I. Letter Sign Pronounced As in P pee P a y> hP boat, rob B \ bee T i tee D 1 dee OH / cha; J / jay dip, bid chay chip, pitch Joe, edge K" kay ^ing, ^ome, C? _ gay ^o, mg R X" (up) ra y ^te JH" cr fttp) hay hope (9) TO Pitman Phonography. 1. The first six consonant signs are struck downward, k and gay from left to right, and ray and hay upward, as indicated. These directions are invariable ; under no conditions may the signs be struck in the opposite direc- tion. The difference betwen chay and ray is one of slant, chay sloping thirty degrees from the vertical, and ray sixty degrees. 2. The student must not think of proceeding a step further until these ten characters are thoroughly mas- tered. They can be learned in the shortest time by writing each sign singly at least twenty-five times, repeat- ing this exercise, if necessary, until the desired result is secured. 3. When two or more consonants are joined together, they must be written without raising the pen, the second stroke beginning where the first ends, the third where the second ends, and so on. (Line i, Reading Exercise.) 4. When a horizontal stroke begins a combination and is followed by a descending one, the horizontal sign is written above the line, so as to permit the descending one to rest on the line. When a horizontal stroke is followed by an ascending one, the horizontal sign is placed on the line so as to permit the ascending one to rest on the line when the combination is complete. (Line 2.) 5. In combinations of two downward strokes, the first rests upon the line, the second goes below it. (Line 3.) 6. When horizontal strokes are joined, they rest upon the line. (Line 4.) Consonants. II READING EXERCISE. h -f -/ 7. In the Writing Exercise below, each group of two, three, or four signs, as indicated by the hyphen, must be formed in accordance with the rules as stated in ^ff 3, 4, 5, and 6. WRITING EXERCISE. ! T-gay, p-gay, p-p, p-b, gay-t, chay-j, ray-ch^y. 2. ray-gay, hay-t, chay-ray, p-d, d-c.hay, j-p, b-p, d-i. 3- g a y-t-pi p-d-gay, b-k-chay, t-ray-chay, t-p-gaj'. 4. k-hay-d, k-p-ray, gay-b-chay, j-p-ray,k-j-b,hay-t-ray. 5. hay-ray-t, t-ray-p, ray-chay-gay, hay-k-t, d-k-b. 6. b-p-ray, t-chay-ray, t-p-d, b-d-k-gay, t-t-ray-p. 7. d-ray-b-k, ray-t-chay-k, k-t-b-ray, p-k-d-ray. 12 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER II. CONSONANT ALPHABET. PART II. Letter Sign Pronounced As in F ef /an, mu^ , \ V V_ vee z>ane, knaz/e TH \ ith Mink, lath TH \ thee thy, lathe S ) ess sip, fuss ^> zee .zeal, buzz ish sAe, fish ZH J zhee vision, azure 8. It will be observed that/" and v correspond in direc- tion to the straight signs p and b ; ith, the, s and z to t and d ; and ish and zhe to chay and/. These eight signs are all struck downward. What was said in \ 2, relating to the best method of mastering the straight letters, applies with equal force here. 9. In certain rare groupings, to secure a better combi- nation, ish may be written upward. When standing Consonants. \ 3 alone, however, it is always written downward. (Line 2, Reading Exercise. ) 10. When two curves are joined, an angle must be formed between them, except in such pairs as ith-s and the-2, where the second curve is a continuation of the first in the opposite direction. (Lines i and 3. ) 11. Between a straight and a curved consonant, an angle is likewise necessary, except in such pairs as t-f, t-ish,f-k, etc. (Line 4.) READING EXERCISE. - ........ 4 ...... * ....... y- - -M ....... V--~t ..... -t ..... a.- t 12. Ish will be struck downward whenever it occurs in the Writing Exercise following : 14 Pitman Phonography. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. v-f, ish-v, ith-z, z-f, v-s, zhe-ish, ith-f, z-s, ish-z, ith-t. 2. f-gay, d-f, ish-gay, ray-zhe, hay-v, gay-ish, ish-ray. 3. v-chay, d-ith, the-t, p-v, zhe-ray, ith-ray, hay-ish. 4. ith-v, s-k, v-gay, z-ray, j-v,,ish-b, p-zhe, p-ish, ish-f. 5. d-v-t, gay-v-t, ray-ish-k, f-ray-j, Ush-ray-f, hay-f-ith. 6. k-v-ish, ith-ray-z, z-ray-f, hay-s-t, d-ray-v, s-k-k. 7. chay-ray-the, k-ish-s, v-d-k, s-gay-b, f-ray-d, k-f-d. Consonants. 15 CHAPTER III. CONSONANT ALPHABET. PART III. Letter Sign Pronounced As in L ( (up) el /cap, Y f yay yet R ^ far W i way wave 3f / ^~ x em way, aim MP ^ em P j^g emb camp, emoer N ^- ' en wote, tow NG ^_x ing 13. In the above list of consonants, / corresponds in direction to the straight letters ray and hay ; yay to the straight stroke/ ; arand way \.Q p and b ; and w, ;///> or emb, n and /;/.- to k and vy. 14. As indicated above, / when standing alone is always written upward. In combination with other consonants, it may also be written downward. Thus, like ish, it may i6 Pitman Phonography. be struck in either direction when joined to another letter. Rules for the use of / will appear later. (Line I, Reading Exercise.) 15. Here, again, certain combinations of curves, also straight and curved letters, such as m-n, n-m,p-n, l-k, etc., are made without an angle being formed between the strokes. (Line 2. ) READING EXERCISE. ^c....^:.--i---^^--y C-, 16. Wherever / appears in the following exercise, it must be written upward. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. 1-ing, ar-1, way-m, ar-emb, n-ing, m-emp, 1-way. 2. m-ar, 1-1, v-m, the-emp, s-n, z-ing, n-v, n-s, f-yay. Consonants. 17 3. f-ing, m-ith, emp-1, f-ar, s-emb, z-m, m-n, iug-m. 4. yay-1, ish-ing, 1-the, n-b, 1-chay, chay-ra, n-j, ish-1. 5. ing-k, ray-ing, hay-1, t-1, emb-ray, m-chay, p-ing. 6. t-ar, k-erab, n-gay, b-m, t-ing, way-k, p-yay, ar-ray. 7. chay-emp, hay-way, chay-1, way-ray, p-m, d-1, v-p. 8. 1-f-t, f-l-j,m-k-n, way-gay-ing, hay-t-l,s-t-m,k-zhe-ar. 9. yay-k-m, v-n-ing, gay-l-t, m-ray-d, n-f-m, m-u-f. 10. n-v-ni, 1-ith-emp, ar-in-f, v-l-m, m-zhe-ar, s-l-m. 11. v-k-b 1, n-tm-ray, k-1-p-ray, 1-z-n-n, p-k-l-b, n-s-t-t. 1 8 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER IV. LONG VOWELS. THE HEAVY DOTS. 17. The long vowels are six in number, three of which are presented in this lesson. The first three long vowel sounds are: E as in ^at A as in ate AH as in alms 18. These sounds are represented by a heavy dot, placed respectively at the beginning, middle, and end of any con- sonant; thus, E A ATI 19. The vertical stroke used in the above illustration, while it corresponds to the letter /, is intended to repre- sent any consonant stroke. The dots are written close to, but must not touch, the stroke. 20. The vowel e, written at the beginning- of the stroke, iscalled a first-place vowel; a at the middle, a second-place vowel; ah at the end, a third-place vowel. It will be observed, therefore, that vowel place is reckoned from the beginning, not from the top, of a stroke. On an up stroke, such as /, the vowels would appear thus: .r r (L E A AS Long Vowels. 19 21. A vowel placed to the left of an upright or slanting stroke, or above a horizontal stroke, is read before it; when placed to the right of the former, or below the latter, it is read after it; thus, eat ache pay key POSITION FOR SINGLE CONSONANT WORDS. 22. When the vowel in a word is a. first-place vowel, the consonant, if upright or slanting, is written half the length of a 1 above the line; if horizontal, the consonant is written a full length of a t above the line. Note examples below. Such words are said to be written in the first position. \ .r ^ bee eel eke me 23. When the vowel in a word is a second-place vowel, the consonant, whether upright or slanting, or horizontal, rests on the line, as in the examples below. Such words are said to be written in the second position. age hay aim gay 24. When the vowel in a word is a third-place vowel, the consonant, if upright or slanting, is written half way through the line; if horizontal, the consonant is written immediately below the line, as in the examples following. Such words are said to be written in the third position. pa 2o Pitman Phonography. 25. In the Writing Exercise following, each word must be written in its proper position with reference to the line, in accordance with \\ 22, 23, and 24. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Tea, fee, knee, pea, ease, may, ace, bay, ale, aid, lay. 2. Say, day, Eve, way, neigh, she, ape, each, see, yea, Lee. 3. Nay, eat, ate, ache, fay, jay, they, fa, la, shah. Long Vowels. 21 CHAPTER V. LONG VOWELS. THE HEAVY DASHES. 26. The remaining three long vowel sounds are: AW as in aw\ O as in horn, j -ticks. L ... v ___ the a, an a j t all too, two 2 J already before oh, owe ought who-m Long VOID els. 25 * 39. These word-signs must be mastered and then applied in writing the Sentence Exercise which follows. All other words in this and subsequent sentence exercises must be written in full, except those in italics, which are to be written in the position of the vowel sound, but with the vowel sign omitted. SENTENCE EXERCISE. I. Joe bought a sheep. 2. Eat all the meal. 3. They may see the mail. 4. They all know the way. 5. Paul may feed the two sheep. 6. They all came before tea. 7. Maine bought a wreath, too. 8. Oh, see, she may fall. 9. Jake already saw the poor show. 10. Lee may take the boat too far. n. May saiv the thief take all the rope. 12. They who pay me all they owe me may see the ball game. 26 Pitman Phonography. * CHAPTER VI. SHORT VOWELS. THE LIGHT- DOTS. 40. Like the long vowels, the short vowels are six in number, three of which are treated in this lesson. The first three short vowel sounds are: I as in z't E as in unaccented vowel may always be called e. READING EXERCISE. ^- vf \ WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Rye, tie, vile, mile, Nile, pipe, type, defy, shy .empire. 2. Roy, joy, toil, foil, coil, annoy, envoy, enjoy, voyage. 3. Vow, row, vouch, pouch, thou, out, gout, rout, owl. 4. Sue, few, pew, cue, use, mule, puma, tube, feud. 5. Rhyme, file, lime, thigh, diet, China, loyal, royal. 6. Isaac, fewer, Jewish, bower, noisy, endow, duel. 7. Viola, outlay, bureau, fur)', outrage, beauty, assignee. 8. Purify, occupy, lifetime, ramify, revile, recoil, allure. 3 34 Pitman Phonography. WORD-SIGNS !_v _^_ I,eye you how give-n together ago ever have 2-^- -( (--- -(-- -4 1 however think thank, thousand them though WaS 3 ^. J. __/ . -^ ^- wish shall issue your am now new SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. I saw the coil of rope on your bureau. 2. Will you vouch for each item in the bill ? 3. Give them an hour to enjoy the view. 4. In view of all I have given you, you annoy me too much. 5. I will give you my new bureau for your couch. 6. The noisy boy took the advantage of us. 7. Do you think the assignee will defy the duke? 8. Shall I occupy the lounge for an hour or two ? 9. The Jewish king should ever be loyal to the empire. 10. How do you think the boy will enjoy the voyage ? 11. The two together will hitch the mule to the coach and go a mile. 12. He took a voyage on the Nile a long time ago. 13. It will, however, be to your advantage to have HIV view of the outrage. 14. I wish to thank you now for the joy you have given me. 15. It was my idea to have you advertise in each issue of the daily. Phrasing, 35 CHAPTER IX. THE PRINCIPLE OF PHRASING. 62. By phrasing is meant the joining together of two or more words without raising the pen, thereby securing greater facility in writing. Phrasing is confined chiefly to word-signs, and can be employed with them only when the characters join easily. Words mus* riot be joined which are io f o,. " \ & , uiuinaucally. 5. As a rule, the first word of a phrase must be put iu its proper position, each succeeding word following in its natural direction. In a few instances, to prevent confusion, it is necessary to see to it that both the first and second words of a phrase are in position. (Line I, Reading Exercise.) 64. / may be indicated at the beginning or middle of a phrase by writing only half of the diphthong sign, using the downward half before horizontal and up strokes, and the upward half before down strokes. (Line 2.) 65. The at the middle or end of phrases is expressed by a tick struck in the direction of chay or ray, sometimes/. It should be struck in the direction which forms the sharpest angle with the consonant which it follows. (Line 3.) 66. A or An at the middle or end of phrases is ex- pressed by a tick made, in the direction of k. Unless the k-tick makes a good angle with the preceding stroke, a or an should not be phrased. (Line 4.) 67. And may be indicated at the beginning or middle of phrases by a k-tick. And does not control the position of the phrase which it introduces, but conforms to the 36 Pitman Phonography. position of the following word. And-the and and-a are phrased as shown in Line 5, last two phrases. 68. He, like and, should accommodate itself to the fol- lowing word, when necessary. 69. In the Reading Exercise of this and succeeding lessons, the lines are inserted for only first and third-place words. When the lines are absent, the words will be regarded as being in st c.ond-place. EXERCISE. 1 /. -v. */ f /" \ -I ad_TZl. -->-_ I V 3 _~JL ^ W ) t 4 ) ^_T: -^ ^ \- 5 V 1 .....7-. /~ 6. 70. In this and succeeding lessons, phrase all words connected by a hyphen. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. I-may, I-do, I-will-have, I-think-5o, I-tliink-tJiey. 2. //"-the, see-the, &now-llie, but-the, all-the, on-the. 3. Be-a, saw-a, do-a, or-a; and-for, and-tfiey, you-and-I. 4. Vou-may, you-will, do-you, have-you, see-you. -(;- ^ N < /^.-^- Phrasing. 37 5. Will-you, \o\\-may-know; he-may-go, to-do, i.o-go. 6. For-theni, z-them, if-they, it-may, 7/^you-will. 7. /-which-ze/y, I-will-do, to-the, on-theni, &-Co.* WORD-SIGNS .X common come, r> -"inpuny mtual-ly liearjiere, her company year ^v - airuy any own important-ce improve-ment may-be youny language SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. T.\vi!l jccompany-you to-the ship. 2. It-may-be-a year or two before they come. 3. You-should improve your language. 4. It-will-be to-your advantage to hear her. 5. Do-you think it a common thing to-have-them here ? -6. \ou-may take away at-any-time the book you own. 7. Why do-you give the bouquet to-the young lady ? 8. They usually qome here each day in-the year. 9. I-shall-be happy \.o-go any day you wish. 10. I-hope- you-will-be ready to accompany me a^-the usual hour. n. It-was-a common thing to hear her laugh aloud. 12. Give them the young dog, and-/^_y-will-be happy. 13. I-hope-you-will come back z;/-a 'day or two. 14. I-wish to thank-you for-the book. 15. I-hope you-and-I may-be in-time to accompany them to-the party. * To make the phrase & Co., and in this instance is a t tick. The word-sign for company occurs in the above list. 38 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER X. THE CIRCLE S 1 OR Z AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF -QRDS. 71. A small circle, called iss, represents the sound of s at the beginning, and the sound ot c or z at the end of words. It is written on the right siu_ of ^own strokes, on the upper side of horizontal and up strokes, called the circle side, and on the inside of curves. (Lines i and 2, Reading Exercise.) 72. These forms should be pronounced iss-p-iss, iss-b- iss', iss-i-iss, iss-d-iss, iss-chay-iss, iss-j-iss, etc. The iss circle rarely precedes hay, but may do so in the manner indicated. 73. A consonant with a circle or circles is -. _*_. 'i^cu in the same manner as a simple stroke, the circle being in- variably read first at the beginning, and last at the end of a word. Vowels cannot be written on a circle, but must be placed with refereuce to the stroke as heretofore. Therefore, when a circle introduces an outline, it is the first thing to be read; when it terminates an outline, it is the last thing to be read. (Lines 3, 4, and 5.) 74. From the preceding statement we must infer, there- fore, that when s at the beginning of a word is preceded by a vowel sound, or s at the end of a word fa followed by a vowel sound, the stroke 5 must be employed. (Line 6. ) 75. Again, when 5 at the beginning of a word '^followed by two vowel sounds, or at the end of word is preceded by two vowel sounds, the stroke ^ must be used. (Line 7.) \ er tt Z* n 39 76. Since at the beginning of a word the circle repre- sents the sound of s only, it is necessary to use the stroke z in words introduced by the sound of z. (Line 8.) v A 1 \o No sps sbs etc. READING EXERCISE. 77. In the Writing Exercise following, the student will use the iss circle in all words in Lines I to 7 inclusive. The words in Lines 8 and 9 fall under fl1[ 74, 75, and 76. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Seed, seek, sing, side, city, sight, sack, soon, sad. 2. Sash, south, such, sorrow, sieve, spy, Soho, sway. 3. Peace, toss, dies, rise, house, Bess, wise, laws, tax. 4. Pass, mix, arise, amaze, fuse, ours, lose, hiss, gas. 40 Pitman Phonography. 5. Sons, seals, suffice, source, sacks, snows, sags, stys. 6. Scheme, Scotch, sleep, simply, spike, skip, search. 7. False, revise, righteous, reduce, likewise, police. 8. Seance, Jewess, ask, eschew, Ezra, essence, assays. 9. Juicy, pussy, Lizzie, racy, daisy, Zeno, beauteous. 10. Sear, muss, safes, safety, atlas, acid, zodiac. Circle li S"or"Z." CHAPTER XI. THE CIRCLE S OR Z BETWEEN TWO CONSONANTS. 78. Between two straight consonants forming an angle, the iss circle is written outside of the angle. Between two straight strokes that form no angle, the circle is written in the same manner as on a single consonant. (Line i, Reading Exercise.) 79. Between a straight and a curved consonant, the circle is written on the inside of the curve. (Line 2.) 80. Between two curves, the circle is written in the most convenient way, but generally in the first curve. (Lines.) 81. The placing of the vowels is again undisturbed by the forming of a circle between two consonants. The vowel or vowels written to the first consonant must be read before the circle; the vowel or vowels written to the second consonant must be read after the circle. In other words, the circle is the last thing to be read after the first consonant with its vowel or vowels, and the first thing to be read before the second consonant with its vowel or vowels. (Lines 4, 5, and 6.) 42 Pitman Phonography. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Decide, receipt, exceed, disobey, Tuesday, bestow. 2. Desire, music, excel, lust};, wayside, chisel, misery. 3. Vessel, muscle, nuisance, Sampson, listen, pencil. 4. Receive, excuse, discuss, dispose, dispatch, deposit. 5. Augustus, Mexico, Cincinnati, despair, audacity. 6. Caustic, gospel, sagacity, custody, repository, dislike. 7. Maxim, dissolve, disarm, specify, maximum, vestige. 8. Resolve, message, egotism, castle, offset, spasms. 9. Succeed, gossip, answer, expel, disguise, instil. 10. Cancel,insanity, resume, officer, velocity, physiology. 82. The iss circle may be attached to any word-sign previously learned, or to any that may follow, in order to add the sound of s to the word represented by the sign; thus, pP-iss expresses hopes or parties; gay^-iss forma gives; k?-iss, comes, etc. 5 is thus attached freely to Circle "S" or "Z." 43 form the plural number or possessive case of nouns, or the third person singular of verbs. WORD SIGNS. !_ A f. . is as speak spoke subject .. , religious t -i i_ satisfy his has speech special-ly a * ^ c . / ^ 3 because / signify s several Savior this \, those thus simitar impossible-Hit y influence commence hence single-y SENTENCE EXERCISE. I. Such-a. sight is rare '-this city. 2. Esty seems to be as religious as Jessie. 3. His sons will signify a desire to visit several cities. 4. He spoke of -his desire to-make several improvements z'w-his speech. 5. It-is impossible to influence the Czar to reside in Mexico. 6. In no single case was-the justice false to-his duty. 7. Those two boys have similar tasks to-do on Saturday. 8. The noise z-the house became a nuisance, hence his desire to move away. 9. This is-the special message which came on Sunday. 10. He-will rise to discuss the subject as soon as-the judge takes his seat. n. If-you wish to satisfy us, ask our advice zw-all things. 12. The sailors will commence the voyage to-the south seas some day this month. 13. The officer should obey his superiors; thus, he-will-do his duty. 14. He-has some hope of receiving an answer to-his dis- patch before going to Cincinnati. 15. The special police officer took him in custody, because of-his refusal to obey the laws. 44 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XII. ' THE CIRCLE SEZ. 83. In order to express ss, sz, zs, or zz, as heard in the syllables s2s, s?z, zes, and zez, the iss circle is made twice its natural size, as shown in Line I of the Reading Exer- cise. These words read pose, poses; case, cases; rise, rises. 84. This large circle is always pronounced sez, and any other of the syllables, as given above, will be readily sug- gested by the rest of the word. 85. The sez circle may be written at the beginning, middle, or end of words, and is governed in every par- ticular by the rules which have been provided for the use of the iss circle. (Lines 2 and 3. ) 86. The short sound of e, as heard in sgz, prevails in possibly 99 per cent, of the syllables expressed by this large circle, but there are a certain number of syllables, such as sis, sez, sds cize, etc., in which some other vowel than the short e appears. To express this particular sound, the vowel sign is written inside the circle, and as this vowel is usually a first-place sound, there arises no confusion in reading the word. (Line 4.) 87. The short e in sez, even though accented, does not control the position of the word, the first expressed vowel, in such cases, being the governing one. If the vowel in the large circle is any other sound than the prevailing short __D __<______dL 2 ^D 5 _ D 1__ ___ _^D 3 0-L-O Ek -f A ^ I V .i ./ .^ "* ^ f \ r\ o _=_^) 89. It is necessary to caution the student, in preparing the words below, to exercise care that the sez circle is made large enough to prevent confusion with the iss circle. It is better to make the large circle more than twice the size of the small one, rather than less. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Paces, doses, chases, kisses, losses, loses, chooses. 2. Amazes, causes, cheeses, juices, imposes, appeases. 3. Mosses, pieces, arises, fuses, races, sources, thesis. 4. Census, Texas, hisses, exist, successor, desist, subsist. 5. Necessity, emphasis, analysis, Mississippi, possessive. 6. Accessory, incisive, nuisances; successes, emphasizes. 46 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XIII. THE LOOPS STEH AND STER. 90. The combination st at the beginning and middle of words, and st or zd at the end of words, is expressed by lengthening the iss circle into a narrow loop one-third to one-half the length of the consonant stroke. This loop is pronounced steh. 91. By enlarging the steh loop into a broader loop, two- thirds the length of the stem, the sound of r is added, producing the syllable ster. This loop is used mainly at the end of words, rarely in the middle, and never at the beginning. 92. The relative size and form of the circles iss and sez and the loops steh and ster are shown in Line i of the Reading Exercise, which reads pose, poses, post, and poster. 93. The rules for the use of the iss circle, and also for the vocalizing of words with the circle, apply in every detail to the writing of the steh and ster loops. Steh at the beginning of an outline must, therefore, be read first, and steh and ster at the end of an outline must be read last. (Lines 2, 3, and 4.) 94. We conclude, then, that when a vowel sound begins or ends a word, we cannot employ these loops; likewise, when a vowel sound appears between the s and /, we can- not use the loop steh, but must resort to iss-t. (Line 5. ) 95. The sound of s following st or str is expressed by carrying the loop across the stem into a circle. (Line 6.) Loops ' ' Steh "and" Ster. ' ' 47 READING EXERCISE. ^ >^ts~" \ 6. } S 4 A WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Steep, state, stage, steal, stool, stitch, steer, stump. 2. Steam, stood, study, stall, stamp, statue, stare, sting. 3. Toast, chest, gust, accost, guest, baste, roused, list. 4. Aroused, yeast, dust, rest, west, host, nest, laced. Sterling, mystify, earnest, invest, molest, reduced. 6. Perused, detest, disgust, dishonest, enlist, justify. 7. Digest, forest, August, elastic, artistic, statistics. 8. Pester, muster, Chester, faster, Worcester, Hester. 9. Pastor, minister, gamester, register, disaster, disturb. 10. Posts, joists, guests, exits, coasters, investors. WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS o ^> ^-P 3 o _._ is-his^s-as as-1ias,as-is influences influenced his-is Ii , lawyer .- 101. S may precede the sound w by writing the circle within the semicircle or hook. (Line 9.) READING EXERCISE. v-p w-b etc. AA 1 1 / /^^ vv ( ( ^ ^ J J . C ex 2 ll'-S IV-Z A A. 1 1 7 / " - > .V\ 3 \ \ I I / / o u ^/ V V 2/-.P T/-& 4 C C J 2 f -^\ ^-^ ^^ y-s y-z 5...1. ...k. N , ">V ^ ~C ^' (0 ?\ \ -/ .^ ^.^ 6 eX "Weh" and "Yeh." 51 WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Web, widow, wood, wife, woof, wages, weep, weak. 2. Wig, wipe, watch, wells, walls, willow, wily, ware. 3. Worry, weary, won, wean, Wayne, wealthy, welcome. 4. Worthless, worthily, wordy, warehouse, weariness. 5. Yale, Yeddo, youth, Utah, York, yelp, yellow, yawn. 6. Yam, Yankee, weigher, awoke, oyer, DeWitt. 7. Unyoke, unworthy, Europe, welfare, window, worse. 8. Sweet, swab, swag, suave, swathe, swale, swallow. 9. Swore, swarthy, swoon, swain, swim, swings, swamp. 102. In phrases the weh hook on /, ray,~w, and n, may represent we or with, as in we-will, we-are, we-may, ruith-meor with-my, etc., shown in Word and Phrase-Signs following. These w hook forms are pronounced will, w2r, w$m, and wSn. Such phrases generally take the position of we or with, which are first-place, except that we-may is written on the line to avoid conflict with the phrases with-me and with-my, WORD AND PHRASE-SrGTSTS 1 c . D U C D rv C we were what would ye with 2 en with-me with-my we-may 52 Pitman Phonography. SENTENCE EXERCISE. I. We-will wait for-the yacht to-come. 2. As we-are aware, the youth wins his wages by honest work. 3. One of-the Yankees rode to-the willows beyond Wayne. 4. Would you like io-go to York with-me on Wednesday ? 5. We-inay go to Europe with-the wealthy widow. 6. When do ye think the Swede will wed ? 7. Mrs. Yates will go with-my son to Utah and Wyoming. 8. We saw-ihe swan swim on-the swelling waves. 9. Where is-the wool which we-were to-receive ? 10. The boys at Yale yell when-M^jy win a game. n. What yet must we-do to be worthy of-your wealth? 12. While you-are away, we- will take-\.he youngsters to-the swing. 13. What- would you do if-we-were to-go with -you to-the yacht ? 14. We-were weary of-the walk when-we came up to-the warehouse. 15. Wesley and DeWitt, two un- worthy fellows, took too much of-the worthless wine. "Ifeh;""Tw," "Dw t " "AX" "Gw." 53 CHAPTER XV. THE ASPIRATE H. 103. When the sound of h introduces a word or syllable, and is followed by the consonant k, gay, s, z, /, r, way, m, or emp, it is expressed by a short tick, called heh, struck in the direction of chay. (Line i, Reading Exer- cise. ) The sound of h before any other letter than those here given is represented by the hay stroke. The tick h is invariably read first, and, therefore, cannot be employed in words which begin with a vowel sound. (Line 2.) 104. This tick may also precede the semicircle weh in such words as wheat and Whig (spelled phonetically hwet and hmig), as shown in Line 3, first two words. 105. Before the weh hook on /, ray, m, and n, h is in- dicated by thickening the hook. (Line 3.) 106. When it is not possible to use any of the foregoing forms, h may be represented by a light dot placed before the vowel sign which follows h. (Line 3, last word.) . THE DOUBLE CONSONANTS TW t DW, KW, GW. 107. The sound of w immediately following t, d, k, and gay, as in the words twice, dwell, queer (spelled by sound kwer), Bind. guano (by sound gwano], is represented by a large hook written before t, d, k, and gay, on the circle side. (Line 4, Reading Exercise.) This sound of w, coupled with the four consonants named, produces with each one what is called a double consonant sound, and 54 Pitman Phonography. the two sounds must, therefore, be pronounced as one; thus, tweh, dzveh, kweh, anA.gweh. 108. Vowels are placed to the double consonants just as they have been to the simple consonants. ( Line 5. ) 109. When the sound of .s precedes the double con- sonant, write the circle inside the hook. (Line 6.) READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. ^ 1. Hook, hussy, Huxley, Hague, hug, huzza, haziness. 2. Helena, hollow, heels, wholesome, homeless, harm. 3. Hymn, hammock, hem, humming, homesick, hemp. 4. Whip, whack, white, whet, whist, whiskey, whale. I 5. Unhook, unhorse, unhealthy, unwholesome, unharm. 6. Twice, twig, twang, dwelling, equip, quota, Quebec. . 7. Quorum, bequeath, require, quake, guano, guava. ,.8. Squash, squeal, squad, squalid, squirm, squeeze. , Word-Sign Review, 55 SENTENCE EXERCISE. (A WORD-SIGN REVIEW.) t. When will-you commence to improve your language ? 2. We-hope to hear you speak well of all those things. 3. He-has given the subject of stenography much special study. 4. It-is-the usual thing to give each one of-them all he or she owns. 5. As you-are-aware, we-will come back to-the United States in-a year or two. 6. I-have given the whole of-;#y time to-the company. 7. Why do-you object to-the improvements in stenography which we-wish to-make ? 8. Will-you accompany-the party vfhen-it goes to Europe next year ? 9. We-shall-be happy when you have given us all-the important news. 10. Where were you while we-were in Quebec? n. It-is ever impossible to satisfy them with our improvements. 12. It-would-be well to give him a thousand thanks for-his wholesome influence. 13. It-may-be impossible now to hear him make his first speech. 14. It-will-be to-your advantage to accompany me when I go away next week. 15. She has given two dollars to-the party, because she wishes it to succeed. 56 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XVI. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. THE L HOOK. no. There is a large class of words in the English lan- guage in which the sound of /, following immediately after another consonant, blends so closely with it as to produce really but one sound; as in the words play, fly, able, etc. Thus, when the sound of / immediately follows any one of the letters/, b, t, d, chay,j, k, or gay, it is represented by a small initial hook on the circle side of the straight consonant; following f, v, ith, or the, the / hook is made inside the curve. The hook is prefixed to ish at the bottom, ish, of course, being then struck up. The double consonant shl cannot stand alone for reasons which will appear later. Following m, n, and ray, I is represented by a large initial hook, to prevent confusion with the small weh hook. (Lines I and 2, Reading Exercise.) 111. Certain of the consonant strokes, as will be ob- served, are omitted from the list in Lines I and 2, because the sound of / does not coalesce with them in such manner as to make it desirable to employ the / hook. 112. The double consonants, following Lines I and 2, must be pronounced p?l or plS, b$l or bl2, tt?l t dSl, chgl, jSl, kit or kit, gtl or git, J21 or fig, v2l, th?l, thel, shSl, mitt, ni*l, rSl. Where two pronunciations are provided for the same double consonant, as p&l and plS, the former is used when a vowel sound precedes, and the latter when a vowel sound follows, the consonant; thus, apple is given "Z," Hook. 57 a-pel; play, ple-a; the short e sound in each instance being eliminated in pronouncing the word, making the sounds virtually a-pl, apple; pl-a, play. The double con- sonants are vocalized as simple strokes. (Lines 3, 4, and 5. ) 1 13. The / hook double consonants will be used for the writing of all words in which no vowel sound intervenes between / and the consonant preceding. When a vowel sound does thus intervene, the / stroke must be written. (Line 6.) 114. In order to secure shorter and more usable forms for a small class of common words, an exception is made to the general rule just stated, by providing the following method of writing vowels between a consonant stroke and its / hook: (a) To read a dot vowel between a stroke and its hook, change the dot into a circle, placing the circle before the stroke for a long, and after the stroke for a short vowel. (b) Write the dash vowel in front of the double con- sonant for first-place, through the middle for second- place, and through the end for third-place. (c) The diphthongs may be similarly indicated by writing them through the stroke. ( Line 7. ) 115. This method of intervocalization, as it is called, is but seldom resorted to, the words to which it might be applied being regarded mainly as word-signs, or irregular forms, such as the words shown in Line 7 of the Reading Exercise. In the choice of the / hook or / stroke, the student will be guided by the broad rule stated in f 113, and illustrated in Line 6. The few exceptions to this rule will be pointed out and mastered from time to time, as the lessons progress. 58 Pitman Phonography. READING EXERCISE. i V : V; I f / / c- c- pi U tl ill chl jl M (jl 2 ^ ^ C \ J C^ <^ L/ fl vl till thl ski ml nl rl --^- 116. In the Writing Exercise following, the student will use the / hook in all words in Lines i to 13 inclusive; in Lines 14 and 15 a choice must be made between the hook and stroke for /. 117. Before writing the words below, pronounce the consonant outline of each, following the syllable forma- tion of the words, so far as possible; thus, final, f-nel; parable, p-ray-bel; fluency, fle-n-s, etc. This plan of analyzing the words will readily suggest the proper outline. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Plow, apple, clue, glee, clause, glass, oval, Ethel. 2. Pledge, plump, plague, placed, placid, blossom. 3. Oblige, blight, black, clock, club, clump, climax. "/," Hook. 59 4. Glare, gleam, glimpse, globe, flare, flash, Florida. 5. Fling, flabby, flog, fluency, clergy, Clara, plastic. 6. Papal, pebble, entitle, chattel, cackle, fickle, giggle. 7. Paddle, shovel, official, coral, girl, floral, enameL 8. Final, channel, signal, penal, diagonal, original. 9. Relish, relate, temporal, assemble, circle, declaim. 10. Diploma, emblem, faculty, festival, syllable, relic. IT. Radical, tenable, poetical, parable, novelty, vital. 12. Inflame, implicit, variable, academical, admirable. 13. Sentinel, declivity, reliance, despicable, technical. 14. Blow, bowl, flew, fowl, pleas, pills, idle, ideal, delay. 15. Animal, mellow, glue, pillage, delicacy, culpable. -5_ _A WORD-SIGNS >_L_LJI c comply jjeople apply belong till tell until at-all cX c^ deliver-y call difflcult-y glory real-ly rail rule equal-ly rely J-.hr-... -'L-. r... r, Q^ r follow full-y value only unless children SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. The black cloak belongs to Ethel. 2. Tell Clara to wait until I deliver-the bottles. 3. The final roll call will take place at one o'clock. 4. It-is difficult to follow-the animals z'w-the tunnel. 5. No real glory will come to-the 60 Pitman Phonography. people until they comply with all-the rules. 6. Rely on me; it-is really only one block to-the chapel. 7. T/iey-\vill go by rail to Florida and stay till fall. 8. \-must receive- the full value of-the clothes now, if at-all. 9. Unless they deliver it, the pupil must apply a/-the college for-his diploma. 10. It-is-a difficult thing to teach the children to rely on-the rules, u. Flora and Ethel have equal marks in only two subjects. 12. The idle girls have ideals of some value, which, however, t/iey-are unable to realize. 13. You-should apply to-the official for-the bibles which belong to-you. 14. I tell-you, unless you see to-the de- livery of-the flag now, we-will refuse to-have-it at-all. 15. Really, only two of-the children will follow im- plicitly the rules of-the faculty which relate to-the chapel assembly. "A 7 " Hook. 6 1 CHAPTER XVII. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. THE R HOOK. 118. The sound of r coalesces with other letters, form- ing double consonant sounds, in the same manner as the sound of / in the foregoing chapter. To express the sound of r immediately following/, b, I, d, chay,j, k, and gay, a small hook is prefixed to each of these strokes on the side opposite the / hook, that is, on the left side of the down strokes, and on the lower side of the horizontal ones. To read r following/; v, ith, the, ish, and zhe, the hook is prefixed as usual, except that f, v, ith, and the must be reversed in order to distinguish them from the same strokes with the / hook. To read r with m and , the small hook is again prefixed, but m and must be shaded, to distinguish from the same consonants with the weh hook, On / the rhook is made large, also to prevent confusion with the weh hook. (Lines I and 2, Reading Exercise. ) 119. Following the signs in Lines I and 2, the pronun- ciation is now pi*r or pre", b<*r or bri*, ter or Ire, dr or dre, cher, j$r, ker or kre, gr or gr^fSr pen ben ten den etc. J J C C 70 Pitman Phonography. s^> ~X 5 6 7 8 WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Pen, pan, boon, dawn, deign, tin, tune, tone, den. 2. Gin, John, June, coin, cane, fine, fan, shine, thine. 3. Lane, lawn, roan, wren, mine, nine, satin, serene. 4. Grain, drone, shrine, plain, sprain, brain, drown. 5 Crown, spleen, screen, twine, flown, throne, frown. 6. Torn, deepen, cotton, gallon, cabin, ravine, ordain. 7. Abstain, machine, domain, examine, origin, barren. 8. Punch, branch, plunge, canopy, organic, planets. 9. Counties, lantern, lunatic, maintain, economics. 10. Infancy, monarch, vacancy, obstinate, retrenches. 11. Sustain, refrain, specimen, stricken, anonymous. 12. Michigan, propound, amanuensis, almanac, disjoin. 13. Finance, financial, hurricane, infringe, minimum. 14. Panic, sanguine, clemency, diminish, permanence. 15. Surgeon, Napoleon, bullion, chronic, Benjamin. 16. Chagrin, chaplain, phenomenon, tangible, vanish. 17. Bran, brainy, Bryan, pine, puny, piano, loon, Leon. 138. As shown in the following list, the n hook in phrase-signs may represent own, one, on, been, or than. The n hook for than may be freely used after compara- tive adjectives and adverbs. 7i ' WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS / t x_. ___y_. :. i upon i been denominate can happen -atton had-been punish-ment imagine c have-been within your-own hereon my-oivn our-own 4. _\ rfT^. C opinion spoken consequential some-one at-length ] c^ J ^ 5 <^_ J J_ <^___ doctrine whereon everyone thereon their-own more-than SENTENCE EXERCISE. I . Phonography is generally looked upon as-a thing worth learning. 2. The punishment of-the men is your- own affair, but in my opinion you-should refrain. 3. Every-one who-has spoken to us of religion agrees with our-own view. 4. The organ whereon she plays can-be seen within -the cabin. 5. I-hope some-one will give me a coin of-the ten dollar denomination. 6. //""-this should happen to be-done, I-shall write my-own initials thereon. 7. Consequential damages have been allowed to-the sur- geon more-than once. 8. My opinion hereon has-been in favor of-the general. 9. When-we begin to listen, the 72 Pitman Phonography. chaplain will explain the doctrine at-length. 10. Every- one began to imagine there-would-be-a financial panic. II. Our-own plan bad-been begun before theirs was even spoken of. 12. The men from Michigan generally have no trouble to maintain their-own views. 13. What-has- been-done to fill the vacancy zw-the mechanic's office ? ^4. It-is more-than likely the general will take some-one with him to Oregon. 15. We-have-been spoken to often upon-the origin of phonography, which we likewise denominate stenography. F".or >l V" Hook. 73 CHAPTER XX. THE F OR V HOOK. 139. A small final hook may be attached to any straight consonant, on its circle side, to represent the sound of f or v. (Line i, Reading Exercise.) 140. The f hook signs in Line i are pronounced pef, bef, tef, def, chef, jef, kef, gef, ref, and hef. Although the hook represents f or v, no confusion results, the first part of the word readily suggesting which sound is needed, just as in the use of the circle for ^ or z. 141. They or v hook is read last, and the use of it is governed by precisely the same rules as those stated for the n hook. (Lines 2, 3, 4, and 5.) 142. They or. v hook cannot be written on curves, the end of curves being already given over to the n hook. Following a curve, therefore, the f or v stroke must be employed. (Line 6. ) 143. F or v hooked stems should be pronounced after the same plan as the n hook forms; thus, the words of Line 4, unvocalized, would be given as blef, pref 3 , glef or g 'lev 2 , strev-n ', bref-ar*, and d-iss-kev-ray? 74 Pitman Phonography. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Puff, deaf, chief, dive, calf, proof, brief, scoff, skiff. 2. Quaff, grief, surf, heave, grove, crave, clove, achieve. 3. Strive, turf, dwarf, tariff, drive, derive, deserve, hoof. 4. Reserve, devote, divide, toughen, behoove, traffic. 5. Subserve, graphic, defeat, province, reproof, refer. 6. Rebuff, dative, repave, archive, revery, epitaph. 7. Giraffe, rife, upheave, mischief, mastiff, divine. 8. Exhaustive, votive, positive, starve, arrive, restive. 9. Incentive, primitive, bravery, sensitive, lithograph. 10. Buff, bevy, hove, heavy, survey, Jove, Java, deify. 144. In phrases, the f or v hook may represent of, have, or ever, and the affixes full or fully ', and live, as illustrated in the following list. " F" or " F" Hook. WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS. 75 \ v L poverty hopeful-ly above whatever out-of differ-ent hope-to-have objective -ence advance whichever who-mever govern, subjective twelve ivhich-have who-have -ment 3....|...... 1 ....../ _^ rl... attractive said-to-have suggestive careful-ly descriptive SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. We-will strive to deserve whatever success we achieve. 2. Whichever way you drive, we-will take a different course. 3. Our government is said-to-have wise tariff laws. 4. Be-careful to use aright both the subjective and objective cases. 5. I- hope-to-have the descriptive circu- lars ready on Monday. 6. Whoever shall relieve the poverty zw-the province will deserve praise. 7. The army will advance out-of-the grove hopeful of victory. 8. I-am careful of-the scarf and pin which-have-been given io-me. 9. As was said above, they differ much in- the manner z'-which they govern. 10. As you-will observe, he uses suggestive phrases z'-his twelve descrip- tive pages, ir. They who-have striven for victory de- serve our approval. 12. There-is some difference of opinion relative to-the above subject. 13. You-should move carefully z'w-the government of-the different classes. 14. David will devote his time to defeat the enemy's advance m-the province. 15. I prefer the-plan to-which they refer, because it-is more attractive than the one you suggest. j6 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XXI. THE HOOK SHUN OR ZHUN. 145. A large final hook written on either side of straight, and on the inside of curved letters, represents the sound of shun or zhun, the syllable in long-hand having various spellings, such as lion, sion, dan, etc. (Lines i and 2, Reading Exercise.) 146. While the shun hook may be written on either side of straight strokes, on simple consonants that is, consonants without a circle or hook there is some advan- tage in writing it on the side opposite the vowel, or oppo- site the the accented vowel, if there are two. (Line 3.) 147. Following a double consonant, or one preceded by a circle, the shun hook is generally written on the side opposite the initial hook or circle. (Line 4.) 148. Following a straight stroke which springs from a curve, the shun hook is written on the side opposite the curve. (Line 4, last two words. ) 149. The shun hook is employed in the writing of all words ending in the sound of shun or zhun, except when either ending is preceded by two vowel sounds, when, to distinguish from other words, it is sometimes necessary to write shen or zhen. (Line 5.) 150. The shun hook may be used freely in the middle of words. (Line 6.) 151. When the circle iss precedes shun, the shun hook is expressed by continuing the circle to the other side of the stroke. (Line 7.) In all such words a vowel sound 11 Shun" Hook, 77 occurs between tss and shun which it is both difficult and unnecessary to express. It will be an aid, however, in the pronunciation of all such words if the hook is called ishun instead of shun. The outline will readily suggest the particular sound needed. Apply this name to the hook in reading Line 7. READING EXERCISE. JL p-shun b-shun etc. sVo J v_p WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Option, addition, auction, lotion, oration, fashion. 2. Evasion, solution, mention, adoption, occupation. 3. Reaction, coercion, sanction, ambition, pollution. 4. Mission, equation, provision, isolation, aspiration. 5. Fiction, selection, legation, ammunition, aversion. 6. Abrasion, attrition, exclusion, diction, elation. 78 Pitman Phonography. 7. Prostration, affirmation, abbreviation, aggregation. 8. Dissipation, depression, designation, exaggeration. 9. Emigration, locomotion, ascension, exasperation. 10. Assassination, erudition, exportation, remuneration, ir. Exultation, inflammation, substitution, exploration. 12. Irrational, reactionary, stationary, revisionary. 13. Proportionate, missionary, initiation, association. 14. Attention, attenuation, suppositional, precision. 15. Acquisition, civilization, exposition, sensational. 1 6. Cessation, authorization, prepositional, disquisition. WORD-SIGNS. i V--V- /..... / i2_ ~ . objection generation Y . . revelation possession imagination 2 _/D_ !ii .\ ~7^teon"~"^^^ 3\ / O , L Li subjection suggestion description signifi- satisfaction catioi SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. The physician gave satisfaction during our long affliction. 2. I-shall make no objection to any suggestion you-make at our next session. 3. His description of-the revolution gave us much information. 4. The suppression of crime zw-your section is-a signification of improvement. 5. His expression flMhe association \vas-a revelation io-me. 6. The auctioneer has my deposition z'w-his pos- " Shun" Hook. 79 session. 7. I-have much aversion for those in-fhis gen- eration who fail to practice subjection to-the law . 8. His imagination leads him to exaggeration in-his description of-the exposition. 9. I-will give expression aMhe lega- tion to whatever suggestion yo\i-make. 10. There-is much signification z'tt-his objection to-a national associa- tion, ir. The situation at-\.\\e station gives the opposition but small satisfaction. 12. I -shall offer-a proposition looking to-the suppression of-the sensation. 13. The musician shows no disposition to take a share /-the rev- olution. 14. It-is-an imposition to place him in-such-an \\nfa\rposition. 15. His objection to-my suggestion gave much satisfaction to-the opposition party. 8o Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XXII. THE CIRCLES AND LOOPS FOLLOWING N, F OR V, AND SHUN. 152. To express ns, nsez, nst, or nster after any straight letter, write the circle iss or sez, or the loop steh or ster, on the n hook side, as shown in Line i of Reading Ex- ercise. These signs are read pens, pcnsez, penst, penster; kens, kensez, kenst, kensler. As applied to p and k, so the circles and loops may be applied to any other hook straight stem. To distinguish from the simple iss, ses, steh, and ster on the opposite side of straight strokes, these are spoken of as the ns and nses circles, and the nsteh and nster loops. 153. Following the n hook curved letters, the iss circle may be written inside the hook, but to express ses, steh, or ster, in all such cases, the hook must be changed to the stroke , as in Line 2. These forms should be pro- nounced fens, f-nses, f-nst, f -nster; lens, /-nses, l-nsl, l-nster. Following the other curves, the forms and pro- nunciations would be upon the same plan. 154. What has been said in the two paragraphs pre- ceding refers to the use of the circles and loops when they occur finally, and as illustrated in Lines 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the Reading Exercise. When the sounds ns occur medially, whether after a straight or a curved stroke, the circle must be written distinctly within the hook, as in Line 7. Not to do so after the straight letters, would be to destroy the n representation entirely, as the simple iss circle has been allotted this medial position in any com- bination of strokes. Circles and Loops after Hooks. 81 155. The shun hook may be shown after the ns circle in such words as transition and dispensation, by continu- ing the circle to the opposite side of the stroke, in the same manner as after the iss circle in Chapter XXI. ( Line 7, last two words. ) 156. To express s after the f or v and shun or zhun hooks, write the iss circle clearly within the hook after all letters, as in Lines 8 and 9. The ses, steh and ster sounds do not follow f hook or shun hook combinations. READING EXERCISE. i\ ^ \ \ _ -^ _ ^ pus puss pnst pnstr _ 2 _ fns fuss fust fnstr J- / .X . I Pitman Phonography. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Towns, dance, coins, bones, bins, gowns, joins. 2. Fans, lance, fines, vans, runs, earns, announce. 3. Hens, rinse, prance, skins, glance, screens, grains. 4. Frowns, thrones, plains, drowns, inclines, declines. 5. Guidance, tokens, residence, pretense, dispense. 6. Abandons, explains, refrains, disciplines, enshrines. 7. Lancer, extensive, sponsor, expansive, remonstrance. 8. Pounces, chances, trances, quinces, excellences. 9. Against, pranced, evinced, renounced, dispensed. 10. Achieves, heaves, engraves, deserves, bereaves. 11. Editions, distinctions, dispositions, dispensations. 12. Recessions, vexations, pulsations, annexations. 157. Any word-sign ending in an n hook to express the primitive form of a word, may be modified by the addi- tion of s, sez, sfeh, or ishun, to provide forms for the derivatives. As an example, note below the signs for generals or general^, generalizes, generalized, gener- &\ization ; all based upon the sign for general. WORD-SIGNS i... :.x.. i compliance appearance experience remembrance ^ once 8_J_ / .O/ Z /___ deliverance generals- generalizes generalized generaliz- ize atiun L_~- -~:?- -~~ organs- organizes organized oryaniz- consequence. siynifi- ize ation cance begins Circles and Loops after Hooks. 83 SENTENCE EXERCISE. r. The organization begins work as announced. 2. His generalization of-the subject was in compliance with-iny plans. 3. The generals at-once organized the army for- the defense. 4. His experience is in line with-my remem- brance of-the dance. 5. His appearance at my residence had no significance whatever. 6. Our deliverance from- the evil was in consequence of-your careful guidance. 7. He generalized too much zw-his descriptions of-the organizations. 8. She evinced a desire to organize a class in French. 9. There-is much significance z'w-the prince's strange appearance. 10. When she describes the plans, she generalizes too freely. II. His experiences aMhe expensive dance are of no consequence to-;^. 12. By special dispensation, she remains a member of-the organ- ization. 13. Go at-once and assist John Jones in com- pliance with-the general's wish. 14. The spinster and her kinsman deserve to belong to-the organization. 15. The minister and-the punster experienced different sensa- tions upon listening to-the missionary^ descriptions. 84 Pitman Phonography. CHAPTER XXIII. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE APPLIED TO UNHOOKED STROKES. 158. Any light stroke, except hay, may be made half its usual length to add the sound of /. (Line i, Reading Exercise.) 159. Any heavy stroke, except yay, way, emp, and ing, may be made half its usual length to add the sound of d. Yay, way, emp, and ing being out of the way, /, r, m, and n, in half-length form, may be shaded to add d. (Line 2.) 160. The light half-lengths in Line I are pronounced pet or ept, let, chet or echt, ket or ekt, ret, fet or eft, thet, est, shet or esht, let or elt, *ert, met or emt, net or ent. The heavy half-lengths in Line 2 are given as bed or ebd, ded, jed or ejd, ged or egd, ved or evJ, thed, zed or ezd, zhed, eld, erd, med or emd, ned or end. Where a half- length has two names, the first is used when a vowel sound occurs between the consonant and its added /or d, the second when the vowel sound precedes the half-length; thus, pat is pet* , apt \sept*. 161. The / or d which is added by halving is always read last, except that a circle or loop may be read after it. All third-position half-lengths are below the line. (Lines 3, 4, 5-) 162. When a vowel sound follows / or d at the end of a word, or two vowel sounds precede t or d, the halving principle cannot be employed, it being necessary to use the stroke forms. (Line 6, first three words.) Half-Lengths. 85 163. Ray is never halved when standing alone, and it is not expedient, under any circumstances, to halve hay; therefore, such words as rate, write, hat, hide, etc. , should be given full consonant expression. The heavy half- lengths eld and erd must not be used when a vowel sound occurs between / or r and the added d. Such words as load, lead, rod, and rude must be written as shown in Line 6. 164. L halved and shaded to add d is always made down; light / halved to add t may be made either up or down. (Line 7, first three words. ) 165. When a light consonant is followed by d, or a heavy one by /, the halving principle, as a rule, must not be employed, but the stroke forms for d and t used. (Line 7.) This statement applies to words of one syllable. 166. Nor must the halving principle be applied when the stroke to be halved makfes no angle with the stroke which it follows or precedes. Such words as fact, looked, and tighten must be written in full as shown in Line 8, first three words. 167. Generally in words of two or more syllables, a light letter may be shortened to add d, and a heavy one to add t, as in Line 8, last three words. 168. To preserve a half-length which expresses the primitive form of a word, the portion of the outline expressing the derived word must be sometimes dis- joined, as in Line 9, first three words. 169. The stroke s when shortened may be struck up- ward when it cannot be made in its natural direction. (Line 9, last three words.) 170. The frequently recurring endings ted and ded are represented by the half-length / and d respectively, 86 Pitman Phonography. disjoined if they make no angle with the preceding stroke. (Line 10. ) READING EXERCISE. 1\ I / /v_()>'r > \,-vv^ pt tt cht kt rt ft tht st sht It rt mt nt 3\ I / (. f } ) f ~\ * \ I / V. 1. ) J 1 r~v s ' bd dd jd yd vd thd zd zhd Id rd ind nd . ( . ... O \ o .. ^-D 5 <- .^ .. v I... \, ...:..... 6 k. _V. S _ P( ^ S\ 7 : " 7_:H. v V r"i; i, ^,. ._ c , 171. To describe properly the consonant outlines of half-length words, the syllabic plan of pronunciation should be, again, closely adhered to. For example, de- scribe thought as thef 1 , viewed as ved s , remote as ar-met* t duplicate as d-ple-ket 3 , uncertain as n-iss-ret-n 2 , etc. From Half-Lengths. 87 the foregoing examples, it will appear that when t or d occurs in the same syllable with the consonant preceding, that cousonaut will be halved to express the / or d. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Pat, act, kite, chat, bode, dead, toot, fates, thought. 2. Viewed, eased, shout, light, sold, sort, soared, meet. 3. Mad, nets, Ned, end, slate, sailed, seared, aimed. 4. Felt, failed, pocket, poked, bolts, violet, reviled. 5. Repeats, accent, insert, suspect, results, pheasants. 6. Remote, shocked, report, exports, import, circuit. 7. Submits, educate, innocent, precepts, duplicates. 8. Protract, reciprocate, retract, dispute, populates. 9. Assault, assimilate, adept, tact, crescent, necessitate. 10. Lubricate, searched, absurd, unexcelled, deplored. 1 1. Ratify, sentence, actual, catalogue, mutual, judicial. 12. Eastern, certify, fitful, esteem, madam, Indiana. 13. Uncertain, arithmetic, systematic, inhospitable. 14. Estimate, cutlet, moderate, indicate, legitimate. 15. Medley, phonetic, intends, esteemed, ultimate. 16. Recounted, pounded, illustrated, edited, instituted. 17. Kate, Kitty, mat, motto, vacate, cooked, deed, diet. 172. Since the halving principle adds t to the stroke preceding, advantage may be taken of the principle to add the word it to a preceding word by halving its out- line, as in the phrase-signs if-it, for-it, have-it, in-it, shown in the following list. This principle may be applied further upon the discretion of the writer. 173. The words about, date, doubt, got, and get are included in the word-sign list because they are irregular forms, a t being added to a heavy stroke. 88 Pitman Phonography. 174. Any word-sign previously learned may be halved to add the sound of t or d; thus, p 3 halved is hoped, n 3 halved and shaded is owned, ish 1 halved is wished, etc. The past tense is thus formed of any verb represented by a word-sign. WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS. - V. about date doubt quite could got get, if-it for-it good after have-it that without world, hold, Lord yard held 3 ^ .-^ _-^- ^ r ... immediately somewhat not, nature -under hand in-it . owned SENTENCE EXERCISE. I. About what date do-you intend to meet him ? 2. I doubt not he-will reciprocate immediately. 3. If-it-is-not too much trouble, let me see that catalogue. 4. He-was quite good in nature study, but he failed in arithmetic. 5. I-hope that-you-can get the coat from-the madam. 6. //"-you come for-it immediately, you-;# the line; in second position, goes half way through the line ; and in third position, two-thirds through the line. 186. When tr, dr, or thr, is followed by a vowel sound, the doubling principle cannot be employed, but, instead, the' double consonant forms must be used. In Line 5, note the difference between center and sentry, winter and wintry. 187. The straight strokes are never doubled, except k > which, following another stroke, may be lengthened to. add tr, as heard in the syllables tor and ture, in such words as factor and structure. (Line 5. ) 188. Two curves of different lengths, forming no angle x must be disjoined. (Line 5, last word. ) 189. In naming the double-length outlines, they should be pronounced in such a way as to indicate the use of 96 Pitman Phonography. the doubling principle; thus, matter should be given as metier, not m-ter; render as ray-ender, not ray-n-der; mother as mether, not m-ther. The latter forms of pro- nunciation would indicate the use of the double con- sonants tr, dr, and thr. 190. To form the past tense of words which, in the present tense, are expressed by the doubling principle, add d. When d makes no angle with the lengthened stroke, as in the word ordered, the half-length double consonant must be used. (Line 6. ) 191. Such words as painter, counter, lender, founder, which are derivatives of paint, count, lend, and found, should not be expressed by the doubling principle, but, instead, ar should be affixed to the primitive forms. (Line 7.) This plan of preserving unaltered the sign for the primitive word, in the formation of derivatives, should not be departed from except where a bad outline results. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Latter, meter, Easter, shatter, . softer, slaughter. 2. Cinder, slender, render, yonder, defender, calender. 3. Weather, another, smother, feathers, forefathers. 4. Chambers, encumber, limber, slumbers, plumper. 5. Anchor, stronger, hanker, Bangor, finger, franker. 6. Anderson, central, hindrance, literally, maternal. 7. Thither, lethargy, tinker, clamber, jumper, alter. 8. Senator, anthracite, interfere, entertain, interview. 9. Intervene, enterprise, interest, introduce, interim. 10. Walter, swelter, laughter, asunder, pamper, umber. 11. Distemper, angered, murdered, picture, director. 12. Further, simper, temperament, flattered, lectured. 13. Interpretation, remainder, reporter, scamper, filter. 14. Intersect, materialize, juncture, prompter, drinker. 15. Interwoven, interrupt, remitter, dissenter, bumper. 16. Spelter, obliterate, disorder, intercede, cucumber. 17. Rancor, weathered, intercourse, halter, engender. 192. The words their, there, and other, each of whose consonant expression is thr, may be phrased with the preceding word by means of the doubling principle. The commonest examples of such phrases are shown in the following list. A wider use of this principle is possible, and similar combinations will suggest themselves to the student as he progresses. 7 98 Pitman Phonography. WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS. 1. vn-iter rather if -there or their for-there have-there or their or their the-other -there matter in-there some-other when-there was-there or their may-there any-other or their or their SENTENCE EXERCISE. I. If-there-is a letter from mother, take it to-trie-other room. 2. It-matters-not whether-fae one or-the-other is-the stronger. 3. When-there-is-an opportunity, we- will attend-the lecture at Bangor. 4. Walter and some- other boy engaged in laughter a/-the Easter festival. 5. Was-there any action taken 6y-the senators in-their interest? 6. Have-there-been any interviews with An- derson and Alexander? 7. For-their interest, I-did-not interfere in-their enterprise. 8. Will-there-be a new director appointed before-the lectures begin ? 9. I-do- aoi-know of any-other statement t/tan-ihe one rendered y-the legislator. 10. This will introduce -my father, who, in-future, will manage my entire business, n. It- is-a difficult matter to-have -their letters delivered sooner. 12. I-do-not-know whether there-is another lecture, neither do I care. 13. The-other day when-I-was-there, I wan- dered over-the entire city. 14. The banker gave orders to erect a structure in some-other part of-the town. 15. The painter of-the picture is blamed for-the murder which occurred the-other day z-the wilderness. Prefixes. 99 CHAPTER XXVI. THE PREFIXES. 193. The prefix con, com, or cog is expressed by placing a dot in front of the remainder of the word, as shown in Line I of the Reading Exercise. * 194. When any one of these syllables occurs in the middle of a word, as in decompose and reconcile, it is indicated by disjoining the part of the outline following com, con, etc., from the part preceding, and writing the two parts close together. (Line 2.) When com at the beginning of a word is preceded by a vowel sound, as in the word accommodation, the consonant k is expressed, as shown in Line 2, fifth word. This plan really duplicates the k sound as heard in the syllable com, but there is no satisfactory alternative in such words. Following the same plan, con, com, or cog, at the beginning of a word, may be sometimes indicated by writing the word close to the preceding character or outline, as in the phrase I-must-confess, last in Line 2. 195. The prefix contra, contri, contro, or counter is expressed by a chay tick written in front of the remainder of the word. (Line 3.) 196. Self or circum is expressed by writing a small circle before the outline proper, in the second position; or, in such words as self-control, in front of the outline, to take the place of the con dot. (Line 4. ) 197. The syllables in, en, and un, as prefixes, are ex- pressed before spr, sir, and skr by a small backward hook, 100 Pitman Phonography. as shown in Line 5. This small initial hook for n may be likewise employed before the iss circle on certain curves, as, for example, in such combinations as nsl, nsr, and nsish, where an awkward outline would result if the stroke n were written. (Line 5.) 198. Magna, magne, or magni is represented by the stroke m disjoined from the remainder of the outline. (Line 6.) 199. A vowel sound in a prefix, even though accented, does not control the position of the word; it is then the first expressed vowel which determines the place of the outline. Note the word counterfeit in Line 3, and all the words in Line 6. As a matter of fact, the prefix words may be freely written upon the line, without regard to vowel sound. READING EXERCISE. U 2 8 \ C & > f " ^ S^ lS U Vo t_ ^O 4 i ..\ V s~^>. j Y ^ -^ ^ / ' oVj p/ : n B \ / ^A ^ y / 4\ \_o fjy 6 ^ ^-*> L_ J-N, '^^r-6 It Prefixes. 101 WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Consign, conduce, conveyance, confer, conflicts. 2. Conspiracy, constancy, conservatism, compelled. 3. Commit, compass, convict, compensate, combine. 4. Complicate, congratulate, constraint, complained. 5. Recognize, misconceive, unconcern, inconstant. 6. Recompense, incomplete, reconstruct, unconscious. 7. Commodity, cognomen, inconceivable, consent. 8. Contradict, countermarch, counterpart, controversy. 9. Counteract, countermine, contravention, convey. 10. Self-esteem, self-sacrifice, self-evident, self-taught. 11. Circumspect, circumflex, circumjacent, self-made. 12. Contribution, self-contain, circumnavigate, insult. 13. Insuperable, instrument, unscrupulous, insecure. 14. Enslave, insurrectionary, instructor, insatiable. 15. Magnified, magnificence, magnifier, magnanimity. WORD AND PHRASE-SIGNS .A.. JL- _..!_ JL. ..1... inexperience construction instruction circumstance circum- stantial JL 1 L_ consider inconsiderate condition inscription conclude .!\ J. J. .!!_ conversation selfish unselfish concern in-some IO2 Pitman Phonography. SENTENCE EXERCISE. i. He-is inexperienced zw-the construction ot-such instruments. 2. Under-the circumstances, the instructor offers the best possible instruction. 3. I consider-the conditions too complicated for us to fulfill. 4. She was very inconsiderate in her conversation with-me. 5. In- some particulars, the selfish man showed much concern about-the counterfeit money. 6. I-must conclude that-he displayed much inexperience z-the controversy. 7. The inscription on-the tablet is incomplete in-some details. 8. According to-the conditions, those engaged /w-the insur- rection must be enslaved. 9. I consider that-I-was insulted during-the conversation. 10. That selfishness leads to-a loss of self-esteem is ^{-evident to all. 1 1. In- consideration of-the circumstances, you-must contradict the unscrupulous clerk. 12. I-cannot conceive why they- are-not concerned about-the instruction. 13. The gov- ernment has reached-the conclusion that, under present conditions, the goods must be declared contraband. 14. In-some future conversation, we-shall consider-the stand- ing of-that concern. 15. I consider that-the construction of-the hall was begun uuder-the most favorable circum- stances. Affixes. 103 CHAPTER XXVII. THE AFFIXES. 200. The affix ing, when it is a distinct syllable, may be expressed by writing a dot immediately behind the outline proper. The dot ing in no way supersedes the stroke ing; it merely provides a better expression for the writing of the syllable ing after certain forms, especially word-signs, than is provided by the stroke. (Line I.) Such words as bring, spring, and fling must end in the stroke ing, because the ing does not form a separate syllable. The ing in the words laying and taking may be expressed by either the dot or stroke. (Line 2.) 201. To summarize, it might be stated that the stroke ing must be used in all words in which ing is not a dis- tinct syllable; that when ing is a distinct syllable, either the stroke or dot may be used; but that after word-signs, or consonants with which the stroke ing makes no angle, the dot is preferred, because it preserves unchanged the first form of the sign. 202. The plural ings may be represented by a small circle; the phrase ing-the, by a chay tick, written behind the word, as in Line 3. 203. Ing may also be implied at the end of a word by writing the following sign close to the word ending in ing; thus, the phrase thanking-you, last in Line 3. 204. The affix ly may be expressed by the disjoined /, when to join it would make an awkward combination. (Line 4.) IO4 Pitman Phonography. 205. The endings -l-ty and -r-ly, usually reading ility, alify, arity, and erity, are indicated by disjoining the consonant coming immediately before the ending ility, etc. The rest of the outline will readily suggest which particular ending is needed to form the word. (Line 5.) 206. Self as an affix is expressed by a small circle, dis- joined if necessary. The sez circle represents selves. (Line 6.) 207. Ship is represented by disjoined ish. (Line 7. ) 208. Fulness is indicated by disjoined f-iss; lessness by disjoined l-iss; ble and ful, by simple b and f joined, when bl and_/? cannot be written. READING EXERCISE. U _-L., c & r*" r t MI:: Jk -> Affixes. 105 WRITING EXERCISE. 1. Buying, putting, coming, willing, remembering. 2. Beings, buildings, engravings, fittings, proceedings. 3. Thinking-the, making-the, hoping-the,wishing-you. 4. Meanly, bluntly, chiefly, briefly, finely, plainly. 5. Suitability, futility, barbarity, liability, frugality. 6. Vulgaritv, individuality, debility, finality, vitality. 7. Instrumentality, fidelity, punctuality, affability. 8. Regularity, ductility, prosperity, expansibility. 9. Herself, thyself, oneself, itself,* courtship, lordship. 10. Clerkship partnership, citizenship, fellowship. Hopefulness, carelessness, mindfulness, sensible. 12. Advisable, responsible, successful, disgraceful. SENTENCE EXERCISE. (A GENERAL WORD-SIGN REVIEW.) I. I myself am-not aware that-the people are-not satisfied vi\\.\\-these conditions. 2. T/iey-l\ave given them- selves much concern about-the advanced principles of stenography. 3. We should-not subject ourselves to those influences which, I-am-sure, have-no religious value whatever. 4. A number of members, together with your- self, must remember-the rules of-the organization, and carefully practice them. 5. I-had-the pleasure of hearing an extraordinary speech the-other day, the subject of- which was "Christian Liberty." 6. Several important improvements will-have-to-be-waa^ immediately in pho- nography in-order-to improve-the instruction -this sub- ject. 7. 7w-his remarks, he spoke of several conditions * Itself is written through the line to distinguish from its and it-is. io6 Pitman Phonography. which, in-my opinion, apply equally well to every move- ment of-this description. '\ 8. It gives me considerable pleasure to put-you in possession of all-the information you wish to-have concerning \.\\a.t position. 9. It appears to-me that unless you-can meet all-the objections which they-may advance, you-will surely lose whatever advan- tage you have already secured. 10. Though I-did-not agree with-them zw-the above matter, my manner toward them shall-be no different from what-it-has-been before, ii. It-is well to hold in remembrance now and ever after- this all that-the Scriptures tell us about-the importance of speaking-the truth under all conditions. 12. I-hope- to-have an opportunity, zw-the near-future, of advancing my opinions before-the members of-your organization. 13. The United States has begun to govern its new pos- sessions in-a. manner different from that-which-has-been followed by other nations. 14. I-have-been very careful from-the first to give /?>r-satisfaction to-the owner of-the building, and shall ever do-so. 15. Throughout all-the dangers, external and internal, to-which the nation has- been subjected, the people, as-a whole, have expressed themselves as being in entire accord with-the policy of-the government. Punctuation and Figures. 107 PUNCTUATION MARKS, AND FIGURES. 209. Because of the rapidity with which stenographic work must be done, it is not possible nor, indeed, is it necessary to insert all marks of punctuation. Only the most important ones, such as the period, parenthesis, paragraph, etc., are given expression. For these princi- pal marks, special signs are provided, as shown below. Other punctuation marks, when used, are expressed in the ordinary way. / or x 'period I/ paragraph interrogation exclamation dash hyphen parenthesis 210. The figures / and 6, occurring singly, should always be expressed in shorthand form; otherwise confusion will arise with the signs for it or which, and this or these. 211. The figures 2, j, 4, 5, 9, and 10, occurring singly, can be more rapidly written by employing the shorthand sign, but may be expressed in the usual manner, at the pleasure of the writer. PART II. Under the designations given below, is set forth, in the following pages, that large variety of words and phrases whose shorthand forms lie outside the limits of the gen- eral principles presented in the foregoing chapters. Each Practice Exercise is specially designed to illustrate the signs on the opposite page. Compound Words. Derivatives, and Outlines Based upon the Word-Signs. Irregular Forms. Positive and Negative Words. Distinction by Difference in Outline. Distinction by Difference in Position. Contracted Phrases. Omission of "Con " or "Com." Omission of " N " Hook before " I/ " or " Ray." Omission of " N " Hook before " M." Omission of " T " following " S." " F " Representing " For " or " Form." Omission of "K-T" before "V," and "K" or "N" before " Shun." " D " Representing " Hood." Words Ending in " Cient-cy-ly. " Miscellaneous Contractions. Intersections. Omission of Words "of the " and " from-to." Figures. Iss Circle in Phrasing to Represent " Us." Countries, States, and Cities, whose Outlines are Con- tracted or Irregular. (109) no Pitman Phonography. COMPOUND WORDS. almost ^_,^ although ""^ s * altogether , / anyone anything " < /^_^^7^^ anywhere. thanksgiving 'N <\ thereafter / - / / thereby ' ^ therefore 'X \ therein / l__s -\- to-day 1 to-morrow unaware v s^l s *^ undergo "<^_X/^ underhand understand ^^y ..sj _^>_.. understood undertake L<^xi whatsoever >^ whenever whensoever ^ n whereas \_ ,x immovable -v . irrelevant ^-^ v i~\/^V J / irreligious -^s; -- irrepressible * irresistible ^ "^N ~N,_ irresolute X. <^ o irresponsible ~s \ (^ legal oor in riches, is />rr^- eminent position. 14. You-should accept the Word of 6W wholly; let no-one tempt you to except anything. 15 I regard his method of extracting teeth as-an inno- vation, and as-a deviation from-the old process. 16. While on probation, you can, with perfect propriety, compile a separate list of our patrons. 17. When-I extricate myself from-the difficulty, I-hope to prove that prohibition will affect every person favorably. u6 Pitman Phonography, CONTRACTED PHRASES. absolutely necessary _ again and again ..\~.-_/ 3l ^> as far as possible n as much as possible v^ /* .... ^^ """I inasmuch as *^A in receipt of ^o in reference to _" < s / in regard to (j in relation to as soon as as soon as possible Q_J> SLJl as well as -. as well as possible Q (, \ at all events at any rate P__ 1 at least at some time P Ir- ^j ^o in reply to "\ \ in respect to ^-X ~~~f in response to d in the world / instead of [peace last week /^ ( less than at the rate of at the same time 1 /i J bear in mind . /T^ /-n bill of lading \/ \S 1 bill of sale ^ i condition of affairs \f VA [U. S. ^N Constitution of the i day or two \J^ \S / * k esteemed favor ^N ^_ ever and ever 1 \ ^o more and more g~<~*\ -v more or less most important ^~\ my dear sir next week P c_^\ . one of the best one of the most ^_/-<5) c ^ one or two <^^ \ over and over ^V t. point of view "V^ f. o. b. . for some time V Vjy^,-^ for the most part * gentlemen of the V^ / jury ^^ great extent hand in hand e j ...--,.--, ., somehow or other ^^./^^ sometime ago D sometime since (j-^-fc^p C state of affairs Con traded Ph rases . 117 PRACTICE EXERCISE 4. My-dear-Sir: In-reply-to-your esteemed-favor of last- week, received a day-or-two ago, I-am prepared to say that-the bill-of-sale, as-well-as the bill-of -lading, will-be- sent to,-you next-week, or as-soon-as-possible after that. Bear-in-mind, at-the-sametime, that at-the-rate-of freight charged on-these goods, f.-o.-b., our mill, it-will-be abso- lutely-necessary to suspend shipments for one-or-two weeks, inasmuch-as, for-sometime past, we-have lost more or-less on-each consignment. I-am also in-receipt-of-yonr letter in-relation-to-the condition -of -affairs as they existed somelime-since at-your factory. In-reference-to this-matter, as I-have said over- and-over, it-is most-important that-you-should, somehow- or-other, improve-the present state-of -affairs without allowing-the case to-go \)efore-a.justice-of-the-peace, at-all- events, before-the gentlemen-of-the-jury. In-response-to your request in-regard-to a discount on- the goods sent- you sometime-ago, as I-have stated again- and-again, I-cannot accept less-than the price charged. The carpet sent, instead-of being inferior, is one-of-the- best patterns in-the-world, as-well-as one-of-the-most costly. This-is true, at-least in-respect-to pattern No. 10. From my point-of-view, at-any-rate, I-am more-and-more convinced that, at-sometime in-the near-future, the demand for-these goods will, to-a great-extent, fall off, and hand-in-hand with-that will come a fall in prices. In-order-that you-may profit as-much-as-possible by-this purchase, as-soon-as the shipment reaches you, dispose of-the goods, as-far-as-possible, at-the full price, and-do as-well-as-possible with-the balance. For-the-most-part> this will, no-doubt, be satisfactory. n8 Pitman Phonography. CONTRACTED PHRASES. CONCLUDED. this morning this week three or four two or three under the circum- stances under these circum- ^n stances -^j- V with reference to with regard to with respect to yesterday morning your favor yours truly OMISSION OF "CON" OR ''COM.' accomplish communication community comparative comparatively confidence confidential-ly contingency | contingent J k ^ continue contrary convenience ~^~P discontinue inconsistent inconvenience reconsider OMISSION OF " N " HOOK BEFORE " L " OR " RAY.' documentary elementary fundamental instrumental momentary monumental ornamental rudimentary OMISSION OF " N " HOOK BEFORE " M." abandonment appointment assignment atonement U attainment contentment ~-^\ ^~ "I enlightenment U> r= entertainment Contracted Words. 119 PRACTICE EXERCISE 5. My-d ear-Friend: With-reference-toyour-favor received this-morning ; I-have every confidence in saying that, under-the-circumstances, I-will keep my appointment with-you this-week, sometime within the next two-or- three days, unless some contingency prevents. I trust this meeting will-be instrumental in accomplishing what you outline in-your confidential communication. With-regard fo-the entertainment referred to yesterday- morning, I-will unite with-you and three-or-four others to hold it for-the enlightenment of-the community. Under-these-circumstances, there-must be no abandon- ment of-the project; on-the contrary, we must continue our efforts for-the attainment of-our purpose. This will give more-than momentary contentment. With-respect-to your son's assignment as instructor in elementary mathematics, it-is fundamental that-he- should-have, first, a thorough rudimentary training in- this science, rather-than a training in merely ornamental subjects, which he-should discontinue at-once, as they-are inconsistent with-the early accomplishment of-his object. At-your convenience, therefore, you-should reconstder-the matter contained in-your communication. You-will cause me comparatively no inconvenience if-you fail to furnish the documentary evidence asked for yesterday-morning. You-will make a monumental blunder, however, if-you fail to keep-the appointment above referred-to. Our comparative interests should impel us to unite for-the attainment of-the several objects which I-have herein discussed confidentially with-you. Yours truly. 120 Pitman Phonography. OMISSION OF "T" FOLLOWING " S.' adjustment celestial domestic investigate investigation mistake [as well niostly-may must be must have post-mark post-office postal-card postscript testament testimony trustworthy "F" REPRESENTING "FOR" OR "FORM." conform conformity forbear forbid formal-ly former forsake-for the sake of i fortune ^-o fortunate OMISSION OF "K-T" BEFORE "V," AND "K" OR " N " BEFORE " SHUN." application attraction certification contraction destruction destructive examination explanation inclination inspection introduction irrespective jurisdiction 9 / N. justification / \^-*~*> . dignity-fy 1 /" distinguish p-"7 ' electric-ity advancement English agriculture-al ^V/ anniversary ..1.5 c * ^-^ \ \ especial-ly *r } 1 esquire aristocratic \ essential-ly astonish-ment ~N I \ bankrupt d x X_x\ Lestablish-ment / exchange \ / executor o executrix bankruptcy beneficial \ \ \ benevolent-ce \ ^, ,S J . ^/ ~ ~ \ expect capable expenditure catholic S. 7 certificate \ V ..^ri.. . p P extempo- \ [^^^ I. raneous A 3^ extinguish- challenge ment change /> / character / / c " ff, ( v extravagant-ce v lamilitir-ly characteristic ' ^^^ \ February collect ' r ^ X_ \ }/ frequent-ly commercial-ly c c Great Britain correct history cross-examine c hundred cross-examina- c tf~i c <5~~^ tion x J\ ~1 -~/\ identical-ly independent December i O> ' ^ indiscriminate defendant J_^ i {, v ^~\ **V. indispensable democratic determination 1 ^ D influential determine 1 1 I ^_ \ inspect develop-ment U k A \ insubordinate Contracted Words. 123 PRACTICE EXERCISE 7. i. This neighborhood is deficient in-the development of- the highest type of manhood and womanhood. 2. John Smith, Esq., acknowledges the efficiency of-the adminis- trator and administratrix. 3. English history is correct in stating that, for more-than a hundred years, Great Britain has-been distinguished as-the greatest nation commercially. 4. There-has-been sufficient advancement in agricultural interests to warrant the establishment of-a Department of Agriculture, which-is-now indispensable. 5. Before-the cross-examination of-the executor, the defendant at the December term, the executrix was cross- examined relative to-the extravagant expenditure of certain funds. 6. To-my astonishment, the bankrupt and insubordinate individual is-an aristocratic man. 7. It-is tny determination to-make-the February anniversary democratic in character. 8. I expect to collect sufficient money from influential members to extinguish the debt on-the Catholic church. 9. If-you inspect-ihe speeches of-the extemporaneous speakers, you-will-find them iden- tical, especially in-all essential points. 10. Insufficient credit on-the Exchange and indiscriminate loans caused his bankruptcy, n. We-are all familiar with-the fre- quent changes in-the weather, so characteristic of-this region. 12. In childhood and boyhood he showed much independent thought, and-in manhood he-was proficient in electricity. 13. The administrator is-a capable man, of dignity and benevolence, whose administration '^bene- ficial to all. 14. I-am determined that no inefficient person shall challenge a certificate granted by-this brotherhood. 124 Pitman Phonography. MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACTIONS. CONCLUDED. intelligence intelligent intelligible irregular-ly January jurisprudence knowledge legislate-ure legislation legislative magazine manufactory manufacture manufacturer mechanic-al memorandum messenger mortgage neglect [ber never, Novem- nevertheless New York northern north-western notwithstand- ing observation overwhelm passenger peculiar-ly perpendicular perspective Philadelphia philanthropic philanthropist philanthropy plaintiff popular-ly practicabte practicability practical-ly preliminary preservation 7 privilege [ility probable- 1 y- proper-ly-ty prospect prospective pubhc-ly-ish qualify quality question questionable-y recollect regular-ly Ement , /*-Js\ s\ , represent J representation representative ^-^ ^ republican respect respectful-ly respective-ly September singular-ly southern subordinate subscribe subscription substantial-ly superscribe superscription temperance transact transcribe transcription transgress transfer translate transport universal-ly university wisdom yesterday Contracted Words. 125 PRACTICE EXERCISE 8. i. I question the practicability of-the temperance legis- lation enacted by-the Republican legislature of New York. 2. The intelligent manufacturer was-a passenger on-the southern express from Philadelphia. 3. He never forgets to pay his mortgage interest in January, Septem- ber^ and November. 4. They manufacture mechanical instruments of fine quality at-the manufactory in northern New York. 5. The study of jurisprudence is peculiarly popular at-the university. 6. Yesterday a messenger brought a memorandum to-the representative in-the leg- islative hall. 7. The transfer of-the property was prob- ably irregular; nevertheless, I-will subscribe my name to-the transaction. 8. Transcribe the article published in-the magazine, and give me the transcription that I-tnay translate it and place my superscription upon-it. 9. The philanthropist is universally tespected in-the republic for-his public spirited and philanthropic acts. 10. From my observation, he-has shown wisdom and intelligence in-his philanthropy, notwithstanding your representations to-the-contrary. n. To-my knowledge, he-has in prospect substantial and practical improve- ments, about which he-has issued an intelligible prelimi- nary perspective. 12. Do-not neglect to send a subscription regularly to-the respective charities which it-is my privi- lege to represent. 13. I recollect that-the plaintiff's methods were singularly questionable, and-that-he quali- fied his statements to-my subordinate. 14. I respectfully urge you to relinquish your prospective plans for-the preservation of-the north-western forests, as they-are-not practicable. 15. Perpendicular, superscribe, transgress, and transport refuse to harmonize in-a sentence. 126 Pitman Phonography. ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACTIONS. direction hard health heard I a help henceforth quick-ly as quickly as possible we can whether or not INTERSECTIONS. \bank. I committee. \department. /agent. s'railroad. national bank finance committee post-office department our agent - forth. society, -^ a ; c^ ssociation. Pennsylvania Railroad set forth historical society Christian association OMISSION OF WORDS "OF .THE," AND " FROM-TO." day of the week many of the circumstances 5 hundred 5 thousand 5 million from time to time from place to place _ from 20 to 30. ~ 5 billion 5 hundred thousand 5 hundred million ISS CIRCLE IN PHRASING TO REPRESENT "US." for us with us to us by us Contracted Words and Phrases. 127 PRACTICE EXERCISE 9. Dear-Sir: Our-agent says he-has-not yet heard from-you as-to whether-or-not the First- National-Bank can loan us Jive-tho2isand-<\olla.rs on Monday of next-week. I under- stand from-the chairman of-the Finance-Committee that- the capital of-this bank is-now Jive-hundred-thousand dollars, and-that-it-will-be increased to one million- dollars. We-are, from-time-to-time, in need of extra funds, and-if-the bank can-be of assistance to-us in-this direction, on-the day-of-lhe-week named, we-can promise to help them in-the future. Yours truly. Gentlemen: In behalf of-the Erie- Railroad Branch of-the Young Men's Christian- Association, which-is trying hard to raise five- hundred-dollars for-its Educa- \\or\al-Department, we respectfully request a subscription from-you of from-$2o-to-$3O. Were-it necessary, we- might set-forth many-of-lhe-circumstances which-make imperative the quick collection of-the above amount. We trust you-will act with-us in-this movement. Send your subscription to-us through-the Post-Office-Department. Yours-respectfully. My-dear-Madam: It-is hardly necessary for-us to say that henceforth we-shall-be associated with-the Historical- Society. The work of-this society will require us to travel from-place-to-place, and-we enter upon our new duties with considerable awe. We-are also members of-the Relief-Association which- is engaged in improving-the health of about one hundred million people in India. It-will require probably one billion dollars to establish permanently healthy conditions in this vast country. Very-truly-yours. et 128 Pitman Phonography. \ COUNTRIES, STATES, AND CITIES, WHOSE OUTLINES ARE > 7" ^ CONTRACTED OR IRREGULAR. Baltimore California Columbia Columbus Colorado Delaware District of Columbia England Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina North Dakota Pennsylvania San Francisco South Carolina West Virginia Wisconsin PRACTICE EXERCISE 10. I. Baltimore, Md., has-a population of about 500,000 and-is distant forty-three miles from Washington, which- is situated in-the District of Columbia. 2. The Middle States are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, and Maryland. New Hampshire and Massachu- setts belong to-the New England States. 3. San Francisco, Cal., is the metropolis of-the Pacific coast. 4. Columbia is the capital of South Carolina; Columbus, the capital of Ohio. 5. During-the Civil War, many Battles were fought in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. 6. Cuba and Puerto Rico are the most productive islands of-the West Indies. 7. Colorado is famous for gold and silver, North Dakota and South Dakota for grain, and Wisconsin for lumber.