^lii'it'U' 
 
 'li-Hli 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 !i!>n-!H'!!f ;•!•;■;.; . 
 
 
 
 i^'M\mu'.ru]:\-::i 
 
 
 » 
 
GIFT or 
 
Contents. 
 
 ^ The prophecy. 1794. By Dr. Timothy Dwight. (Poem). 
 
 *^ Assernblv bill no. 49. Introduced by Mr. Holden Dec. 
 18, 1865. An act to establish an agricultural anc 
 mechanical arts college in Sonoma County. 
 
 •^3 Agricultural college. Address of Hon. A. A. Sargenl 
 Sept. 21, 1865. 
 
 t^4. Report of the Committee cof the Senates on /State 
 university to whom was referred memorial of the 
 Mechanics institute of San Francisco. Feb. 10, If 
 
 Mining sdhools in, the U. S., by J. A. Church. 1871. 
 (U.C. P.21-'' ----- 
 
 Jan. 1R71). 
 
 (u,C, p^2}.-22y (Repr. fr. 'North American review. 
 
 ^ Report con the Oakland college block property. Nov.] 
 1871. 
 
 ^ Our state university and th« aspirant to the preside 
 cby Gustavus Schultei 1872. 
 
 '^ Columbia's wrath, not sparing the Regents of the Sts 
 university of California coy Gustavus Schulte 187^ 
 
 \^ The resip^nation of the Board of regents, (the ex-ofi 
 members excepted) dictated by a sense of honor and 
 duty cby Gustavus Schulte ^ 1874, 
 
 ^0 Reply of D. C. ^ilman to criticisms of the Univ. of 
 California made by the Rev. Robert Patterson, of 
 Oakland. cl8733 (With two letters concerning same, 
 
 wil Report on the water supply of the Univ. of Californ: 
 cby Frank Soule,jr.:» 1874, 
 
 vl2 Report on the water supply of the Univ. of Calif orm 
 cby a special committee of the Regents 3 Dec. 1877, 
 
 kI3 Report of the Committees on pu- lie buildings and 
 grounds of the Senate and Assembly, c 1875-76 3. 
 
 *^14 Majority and minority reports of the Senate committf 
 on education relative to Assembly bill no. 374, 
 cl875-765 (Concerning abolition of Board of regenl 
 etc. 3). 
 
 *46 Report of the Com-^ittee on education to the As^embl^ 
 !2d session. cl878i. 
 
 ^6 Report' of the Senate committee on ediacation. Feb. 1,1 
 
 »^17 Report of the cAssemblyi committee on education. Fel 
 1883. 
 
 18 Report of cA's^aemblvD committee on Agricultural, Minn 
 and Mechanics arts college. Feb. 13, 1883. 
 
00 bO 
 
 XT. 
 
 ■n 
 
 J2 P O 
 
 — - •-" O 
 
 O /-, '-' 
 
 *» 
 
 O p. 
 
 
 c- ?r- 
 
 o 
 
 P- 
 
 
 C»^^ 
 
 CO 
 
 r I »5 s 
 
 o 
 
 Cu 
 
 !3 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 OD 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 •— ' 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 p- 
 
 c" 
 
 QD 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 l-K 
 
 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 t-J 
 
 c-t- 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 O 
 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 p- 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 5" 
 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 QD 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 c-^ 
 
 c-t- 
 
 •-^) 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 o- 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 •-J 
 
 "•"* 
 
 o 
 
 P- 
 
 o 
 
 
 r+- 
 
 3 
 
 O 
 
 crq 
 
 P- 
 
 C QD 
 
 o P 
 
 O 
 
 C 
 
 -. P 
 
 °i p 
 
 tr o 
 
 p 
 o 
 
 E- > 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 ?3 
 
 ■^ 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 c^ 
 
 XTj 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 c;+^ 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 QD 
 
 
 EL 
 
 cr 
 
 P 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 •-b 
 
 
 , 
 
 o' 
 
 r^ 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 cr^ 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 *<< 
 
 'jV 
 
 o 
 
 c-^ 
 
 c 
 
 g" 
 
 — 
 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 -; 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 •z, 
 
 
 
 ^_ 
 
 p- 
 
 o 
 
 <r*- 
 
 '- 
 
 •-i 
 
 :$ 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 p- 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 p- 
 
 •-s 
 
 oc 
 
 — 
 
 p 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 (^^ 
 
 
 j;^ 
 
 •-o 
 
 c-^^ 
 
 
 —J 
 
 ,_^ 
 
 c* 
 
 p 
 
 31 
 
 
 cc 
 
 3 
 
 
 GC 
 
 O 
 
 X. 
 
 r^ 
 
 c— 
 
 
 y. 
 
 
 P 
 
 , . 
 
 —^ 
 
 o 
 
 e-i- 
 
 p 
 
 o- 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 W 
 
 P- 
 
 rr' 
 
 P 
 3 
 
 o 
 p 
 
 C 
 
 ri 
 
 P- 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 V.' 
 
 P 
 
 P- 
 
 P 
 
 ,. 
 
 o 
 
 
 r-- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 c 
 
 r:. 
 
 :; 
 
 o 
 
 a: 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 p- 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 p- 
 
 2- 
 
 p^ 
 
 p 
 
 QC 
 
 GO 
 p 
 
 CO 
 
 aq 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 p 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 aq C2;. 
 
 c. p 
 
 00 
 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
 
 A.DDRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 HON. A. A. SARGENT, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 
 
 SEPTEMBER 21, 1865. 
 
 SACRAMENTO 
 
 O. M. CLAYES, STATE PRINTER. 
 18 6 6. 
 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
 
 ADDEESS OF HON. A. A. SARGENT, 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE THE STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1865. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : — I have been requested by the officers of 
 the State Agricultural Society to address you upon the education of the 
 industrial classes, with particular reference to the means by which the 
 legislation of Congress granting land for an agricultural college may be 
 made available to the State. It occurs to me that a report would be 
 a more convenient form in which to present suggestions upon a subject 
 of this character; but I comply with their request. The advantages of 
 a thorough education for those who discharge the practical duties of 
 life, who give motive power to all industries, and therebj^ create the 
 prosperity and enhance the security of the commonwealth, need scarcely 
 be discussed. They are to a considerable extent secured in this country 
 by a broad diffusion of elementary knowledge and better fiacilities for 
 the scientific training of youth. The lights that once shone 0!ily on the 
 apex of the social structure have gradually gleamed downward, relieving 
 the shadows at the base. The result has been stimulated invention, 
 higher virtue and self-respect diffused through society, and intelligent 
 patriotism, which has given strength to the national arm and steadiness 
 to the national will during the desolating struggle through which we 
 have passed. 
 
 The spot where we are assembled is one of no ordinary interest. 
 Here, within the memory of nearly- all of us, a busy city has grown up. 
 A few years ago the occasional visitant found, as the only evidence of 
 civilization, the little fort whose ruins are still in the outskirts of* thig 
 city, where Sutter traded with the vanishing Indian tribes. In this 
 great inland valley, hemmed in by the Coast Eange and the Sierra Ne- 
 vadas, were widely separated, here and there, the rude homesteads of 
 pioneers. Now, the Sacramento and San Joaquin roll their waters 
 through hundreds of miles of cultivated fields; and thriving towns and 
 cities have started into existence on their banks. Central among them 
 all, because the centre of the creative railroad interest, and the piincipal 
 inlet of the trade that flows into the mountain communities, and over 
 the mountains to the empire beyond, is this city which now spreads out 
 
2 
 
 iron arms in three directions to embrace the country, and chiefly aspires 
 to the honor of urging onward that great enterprise which shall bind 
 the continent in everlasting bonds of fraternity, and give new direction 
 to the exchanges and industries of the world. Sixteen 3'ears have wit- 
 nessed greater changes on the margin of jonder river than the world 
 can elsewhere show in the same space of time. What may we not expect 
 of sixteen years to come ! By that time one or two Pacific railroads 
 will have broken through the inclosing mountains, and their impetuous 
 tides of travel and business will ebb and flow through this cit}'. Then, 
 perhaps, Oregon will be united to you bj' the iron bonds of a railway, 
 two links of which are already forged. The railroad that will skirt the 
 bays, and the steamers that will crowd the Sacramento, will connect you 
 more intimately with the great Queen City of the Pacific, then doubled 
 or trebled in population and wealth, and fairly started on that great 
 career of prosperity that will build up a city within the Golden Gate to 
 rival the proudest capitals of trade the world can boast. 
 
 Some observers complain that the population of this State decreases, 
 and seek for remedies in financial experiments, or by disturbing the 
 tenures to the vast mining property of the coast. But it is apparent 
 that our people have fed the growing numbers of other mining States 
 and Territories ; that Nevada was born of California ; that Washington, 
 Idaho, Montana, and Arizona, deplete our population ; that Mexico has 
 attracted many of the most adventurous of our people. This drain upon 
 our population has been caused by inducements held out by the 
 undoubted richness of those regions, and b}' the fact that a few dry 
 winters have injured our miners and agriculturists. But our State is 
 prosperous, and its future is assured. Exhaustless veins, rich in gold, 
 are at our feet, almost untouched by the miner; vast placer fields still 
 pay tribute to labor; and our fertile valleys, wealthy of golden grain, 
 and blushing with luscious fruits, promise ample reward to skilled and 
 patient enterprise. The great remedies for our depleting population are 
 increased manufacturing enterprises, in which our State has already- val- 
 uable interests, and the completion of the railroad that will bring to us 
 a strong tide of emigration from the East, and pour it out along the line 
 of the road into the territories that now wait, like ourselves, for more 
 laborers to develop their resources — an emigration now deterred by a 
 sickly Isthmus trip, or discouraged by the hundreds of miles of weary 
 journeyings over the plains. The communities in the interior of the con- 
 tinent, which we have created and fed by our very life-blood, will make 
 rich markets for our products, and return therefor their abundant silver 
 and gold. We are yet at the dawn of our greatness as a State, and I 
 read no ominous signs in this our morning sky. 
 
 Yet, great as is our need of more population, its influx would be unde- 
 sirable if it merely swelled the too large class of non-producers of this 
 State — its force of unemployed labor. Hundreds of men hang about our 
 towns, engaged in no useful employment, listless and drifting year after 
 year. With abundant opportunities for labor, they seem to lack the dis- 
 position or energy to better their condition or be of use to the State. If 
 they could be drafted into the army of workers it would be better for 
 them and the community. 
 
 To guard against accessions to this class, more correct information of 
 the real condition of things on this coast should be disseminated in the 
 East. We have painted to the imagination of the world the riches of 
 our domain in such glowing colors" that manj^ who came here on our 
 representations expected to pick up gold on the hillsides, and to make 
 
speed}^ fortunes without capital or labor. Disappointment waits on all 
 such. The day of rich surface diggings has passed. The miner must 
 now toil early and late, and he is considered fortunate if each ounce of 
 gold does not cost much of its value in extracting it. He must penetrate 
 the centre of the mountains with his rock tunnels, and sink shafts deep 
 beneath the surface, to find the yellow deposit. Improved machinery 
 and laborious application are essential to his success, with constant hazard 
 of failure. Prosperity thus toil-earned is better for individuals and the 
 communit}^ than the flush times of our early experience. Money then 
 came easily, and was spent i'rce]y. Eecklessness in expenditures and too 
 general dissipation prevailed. Gilded gambling hells were scattered 
 through all our cities and mining camps, affording facilities for casting 
 away the prodigal harvest gathered from thousands of claims where the 
 gold glittered among the grass roots. Such a state of things could not 
 but be corrupting to the virtue and manhood of individuals and disas- 
 trous to society. Now, mining has resolved itself into a business which 
 generally yields fair returns only to economical and intelligent enterprise. 
 
 The farmer's skill and labor are rewarded by ample returns; but 
 ISTature, here as elsewhere, needs the inducement of honest industry to 
 ^neld her favors. 
 
 Those who come here under such delusions soon become discouraged 
 by the reality. Then they are apt to fall into the crowds of small gam- 
 blers and other hangers-on at saloons, to increase the purchasable 
 material at elections, and many become lost to all the proprieties of life. 
 The great business interests of the State move on independent of this 
 class — a rushing current sweeping past stagnant waters. 
 
 It should be our aim to truthfully depict the condition of things upon 
 this coast, that those who come here may know that while labor reaps 
 a higher reward here than elsewhere, the labor must be furnished to 
 merit or receive the reward. We shall thereby not only secure an 
 industrial class of population, but also educate them before they arrive 
 in ideas very material to their own and the State's interest. 
 
 It is well for the State that the drones are outnumbered by the 
 industrious workers of society; and it is far pleasanter to turn to the 
 contemplation of the scenes around us than to dwell upon the considera- 
 tions I have suggested. While this spot is remarkable as the centre of 
 so man}^ interests growing into importance, and as the Capital of a great 
 State, the scenes by which w^e are surrounded are peculiarly pleasing and 
 suggestive, because they are apt illustrations of the value of intelligent 
 labor. Here are gathered the lavish abundance of cultivated nature, 
 the fruits and flowers of this productive soil and genial clime; the 
 mechanisms that almost think as they work; the noblest specimens of 
 animal life, and a vast concourse of intelligent men and women, who 
 represent a powerful and growing State. 
 
 " We come with firstlings of our grain and flocks, 
 With luscious fruit whose tint the sunset mocks, 
 With rare (inventions, and with cunning tools, 
 With choicest fabrics of our mills and spools, 
 And many things by mind and fingers wrought, 
 Born of a tasteful or a useful thought ; 
 All these to offer 'neath a common fane 
 In generous rivalry, for praise, not gain ; 
 While mingling gratulations for the yield 
 Of liberal orchard, vineyard, fold, and field." 
 
 These displays are the result and evidence of modern civilization. 
 Greece and Kome had their festivals and games; but their recognition 
 
of nature was pronounced in orgies which the pen now refuses to 
 i, describe; their hi^-hest aim the development of the athlete in qualities 
 now chiefly prized in the thoroughbred. This development may have 
 been necessary when the pressing ambition of chiefs, and the perpetual 
 bickering of States, made every man a soldier; when weapons were 
 rude; when power of arm to cast the spear, and fleetness of foot to 
 advance or retreat, gave victory or retrieved disaster. Our civilization 
 has a nobler meaning, founded on universally diffused intelligence. We 
 .recognize the power that knowledge has in enabling man to master 
 J nature; guiding its immense energies to labor in his service, freeing his 
 mind from superstitious, and creating beauty and prosperity in manifold 
 forms in our broad commonwealths. Look around you, and see the result 
 of enlightened industry. Look out into the world for the effects of that 
 inventive development which has seized on the wildest forces of nature, 
 as steam and lightning, and taught the one to labor in the workshop, 
 field, and mine; to draw the loaded car, or plough the deep with swift 
 obedience; and the other to flash intelligence across oceans, and circle 
 the earth, pregnant with thought. The rude forces that once spoke only 
 in terror to man, enfeebling his mind with their awful manifestations, 
 seemingly the work of subtle and fiendish spirits, now calmly labor in 
 bis service. His intellectual nature is emancipated, and vindicates its 
 mastership over all earthly created things; for intelligence has allured 
 these invisible and impalpable agencies to the use of man, adding to his 
 industrial strength beyond estimate. So the cunning hand of the arti- 
 san, informed by education and experience, gives being and purpose to 
 mj'riad forms of machinery, which perform the labor of the farm and 
 workshop, and illustrate this age as the noblest the world has ever seen 
 in the development of science applied to the uses of everj'day life. The 
 economy of time and labor produced by modern machinery is wonderful. 
 The work of one hundred millions of men is performed by machinery in 
 Massachusetts alone, in a single j^ear. 
 r^^^ jN'ot only has intelligence given us control over the subtle elements that 
 r.pnce roamed destructively and masterless around the pendant globe, the 
 objects of fear to abject superstition ; not only has it evoked from the 
 forest and mine the cunning mechanisms that plough and reap, that 
 measure and weave, that dig, and sew, and print; but it has beautified 
 our homes, enhanced our comforts, conserved our health, lengthened our 
 lives, made life desirable by many additions to its enjoyments, and added 
 to our resources, our wealth, and our power. " The educated man," says 
 Carlysle, "stands in the midstof a boundless arsenal and magazine, filled 
 with all the w^eapons man's skill has been able to devise from the earliest 
 time; and he works accordingly with a strength borrowed from all past 
 ages." 
 
 in no department of human industry has education produced more val- 
 uable results, or may more future benefit from it be expected, than among 
 agriculturists. Sir Humphrey Davy once remarked, when speaking* of 
 the iuture influence of agricultural chemistry, that "nothing is impossi- 
 ble to labor aided by science. The objects of the skillful agriculturist 
 are like those of the thoughtful patriot. Men valfie most what they have 
 gained with effort, and a just confidence in their own powers results from 
 success. They love their country better because they have seen it im- 
 proved by their own talents and industry, and they identify with their 
 own interests the existence of those institutions and pursuits which have 
 afforded them security, independence, and the multi])lied enjoyments of 
 civilized life." Of so much imjportance to the community is the subject 
 
of education in reference to agricultural pursuits, that our national and 
 State Legislatures have fostered it by well intentioned legislation, and 
 by occasional grants and subsidies. The idea is being exploded that the 
 niere rudiments of education are all that are necessary for the boy who 
 intends to be a farmer. There is no pursuit in life where thorough 
 instruction, especially in the physical sciences, is more needed ; none 
 where scientific and practical knowledge more increases man's power- 
 not for the purpose of compact and elegant farming merely, but to pre- 
 serve our vast agricultural domain from waste, to renew the powers of 
 nature with adequate fertilizers, to bring our domestic animals to higher 
 perfection, and extend the range of useful productions. By thus devel- 
 oping and preserving the wealth of the soil, we promote the prosperity 
 and progress of the country. To do all this effectually, the farmer needs 
 contributions from every branch of science, and aid from every art. 
 Genius, as well as industry, is needed; intelligent and patient experi- 
 mentalism to discover the abstruse processes of nature, and apply them 
 to everyday use. And the want is not for a few scientific agriculturists 
 merely, but that the great body of farmers shall have that practical and 
 experimental knowledge that will call to their aid all the resources of 
 nature. Where a pursuit is the basis of all others, no improvement that 
 can be secured for it is to be neglected. For'adequate improvement a 
 State University, founded on a proper basis, commensurate in extent 
 with the number of scholars for such an institution the State can furnish, 
 with professors of the highest attainment, and furnished with ample 
 means of experiment, should be erected in our midst; an institution 
 that will supply to the future farmers of our State that scientific and 
 practical knowledge of their profession which cannot otherwise be 
 obtained, and make all means of knowledge tributary to the elevation 
 and efficiency of their pursuit. Our ordinary educational institutions 
 furnish instruction within a certain range, and within their sphere are 
 invaluable. But something beyond that range was in the mind of Con- 
 gress when it made a grant of land to each State for the purpose of a 
 college that should have, " for its leading object, \yithout excluding other 
 scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach 
 such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the indus- 
 trial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life." If less than 
 this is aimed at, the project had better be abandoned ; for all that is less 
 than this is supplied by our ordinary schools and colleges, and better 
 supplied, each year. The object in view is to reach the industrial classes 
 with practical knowledge useful in their various pursuits, and chiefly the 
 agriculturist. 
 
 Who are the industrial classes? They are not merely the men who 
 hold the plough or strike the anvil. They^ are not only the laborers who 
 furnish muscle to mechanical pursuits The designation includes the 
 men of combining mind and inventive genius, who penetrate the domain 
 of nature and adapt its great forces and principles to human needs. 
 Thus Franklin, investigating and experimenting upon electricity and 
 lightning, and practically applying his brilliant discoveries by producing 
 the lightning rod, was as clearly identified thereby with the industrial 
 classes as when he set type or worked the rude old printing press. When . 
 Morse demonstrated the practicability and utility of electro-magnetic 
 telegraphs, he vindicated his right to be ranked among the most eminent 
 of the industrial benefactors of mankind. The elder Brunei, the son of 
 a farmer, whether inventing machinery to cut blocks for the rigging of 
 
6 
 
 ships, or engineering his Thames tunnel amid immense difBculties, in all 
 he undertook distinguished by untiring perseverance and inexhaustible 
 fertility of invention, gave evidence of the benefit of education to this 
 class, as did the younger Brunei when he invented the broad-gauge 
 locomotive, and constructed the Great Eastern and Leviathan, Tlae 
 Stepbensons, elder and younger, illustrious for their mechanical inven- 
 tions and magnificent structures, shed imperishable honor on the indus- 
 trial classes. Sir Humphrey Dav^' takes this rank b}' his electro-chemical 
 researches and discoveries, not less than by his invention of a safety 
 lamp which has saved the lives of thousands. 
 
 Kinglake, an English historian of the Crimean war, whose able work 
 has excited much notice, objects to the application of the phrases '' true 
 honor" and "true glory" to men like these, as a desecration of terms, 
 which he deems should not be borrowed for such a purpose from warlike 
 heroes. He ridicules the "extravagant veneration of mechanical con- 
 trivances" and glory of the mechanic arts which were indulged when 
 the " cathedral of glass," or Crystal Palace, climbed high over the stately 
 elms at Knightsbridge. In the magnificent exhibition of the industries 
 of all nations, he saw signs which might lead to the conclusion that 
 England was failing in her ancient spirit. In his view " an army is but 
 the limb of a nation, and it is no more given to a people to combine the 
 possession of military strength with an unmeasured devotion to the arts 
 of peace, than it is for a man to be feeble and helpless in the general 
 condition of his bodj', and 3'et to have at his command a strong right 
 arm for the convenience of self-defence." How false his theories are 
 our own national experience amply shows. What more sublime instance 
 of devotion, patriotism, and courage has the world ever seen than that 
 displayed by the American people during the desolating struggle through 
 which this nation has passed ! We had been deeply engrossed in the 
 pursuit of wealth, devoted to the arts of peace, were unused to war, but 
 were not corrupted or enfeebled. From the farm, the workshop, the 
 profession, our people poured forth in countless numbers to sustain the 
 national arm, and vindicate the national cause. Amid discouragements 
 and disasters, the frown of Europe darkening our cause, with accumu- 
 lating debt weighing heavily on the resources of the country, with hope 
 deferred by seemingly endless sacrifices, our people evinced a heroic 
 and king-like power and constancy, and vindicated the power of a people 
 among whom labor is honored to preserve their liberties and the integ- 
 rity of their country. Devotion to the arts of peace may be immeas- 
 urable, and not inconsistent with spirit and excellence in war. 
 
 The eminent men whom I have named are illustrious instances of the 
 power of genius applied to mechanical and scientific pursuits, and some 
 of them furnish examples of the power of intellect in creating for itself 
 distinction in spite of defective education. Franklin relates that he lived 
 on vegetable diet to save a few pence from his da}' 's wages for the pur- 
 chase of books, learned a little geometry from a treatise on navigation that 
 he picked up at a bookstall, and got his clear and powerful style by 
 studying the Spectator. Perhaps his experience in a printing office, that 
 excellent school, supplied the lack of other teaching, or his powerful 
 mental organization needed little extrinsic aid to produce admired results 
 in physical and political science. What more Franklin might have accom- 
 plished with thorough education cannot be estimated. George Stephen- 
 son began life in poverty. He was a self educated inventor. He created 
 English railroading, and perfected the locomotive engine. But the genius 
 of his son, apparently of the same character, was carefully cultivated by 
 
7 
 
 the best instructors, and took a broader sweep. The finest engineering 
 successes of the world owe their existence to his splendid conceptions 
 and execution. 
 
 Capacity to achieve such brilliant results is rare, but is confined to no 
 class of men. There is as little a royal road to genius as to learning. 
 General education will reveal it. The benefits to the world of the labors 
 and discoveries of one such man outweigh all the cost of the education 
 of a generation. But while such splendid issue may be rarely expected 
 from thoroui^h education, the stimulus of intellectual culture upon average 
 minds is strikingly marked b}^ the constant improvements in every branch 
 of mechanics, as witnessed by the patents issued by the Government, and 
 the fact that those States which have carried instruction to the greatest 
 extent furnish the greatest proportion of inventors. Look over any list 
 of patents issued, and you will see evidence of restless intellectual activity 
 among our mechanics in improvements upon every conceivable article of 
 use or luxury — from a pencil-sharpener to a piano-forte ; from a cheese- 
 press to a steam fire-engine; from a horse-rake to a quartz-crusher. 
 Wherever there is a want, invention struggles to supply it. A thousand 
 busy brains contend with any obstacle until it is removed. The vast 
 grain fields of the West required facilities superior to the sickle and 
 cradle, and lo, the reaper! that sheared by the acre. The demand for rapid 
 communication created the steamer, the railroad, the telegraph. The 
 war demanded destructive agencies, and its wildest energies had gratifi- 
 cation in swamp angels, monitors, and repeating arms. Agriculture has 
 had its share of the benefit of its improved machinery, in the useful experi- 
 ments which have been made in the nature of soils, the value of fertili- 
 zers, the improvement of stock, the introduction and propagation of new 
 and valuable plants, and, in fact, in every department of its extensive 
 domain. Intelligence has done much to direct the labor of the farmer, 
 and much more to lighten it. Yet, after all the discoveries and improve- 
 ments in this great branch of industry, how much remains to be known ! 
 Natural laws are infinite, and their application to the uses of life immeasu- 
 rable. We must yet acknowledge our ignorance of these laws, and our 
 perplexity at their familiar operations. Science, practical and specula- 
 tive, was bafiled at the potato rot and the cattle disease, and has never 
 certainly discovered the causes or remedies. Organic husbandry is one 
 of the richest departments of science, and yet is almost wholly in its 
 infancy. And of that which is known of agricultural chemistry, of vege- 
 table and animal production, of physics, meteorology, vegetable and ani- 
 mal physiology, and geology, ail necessary to be known for thorough 
 farming, there is less of scientific application than in any other pursuit 
 capable of being enriched by research. This is so because it is easy to be 
 a careless farmer, and even an ignorant one, and yet to be moderately 
 successful, where nature does most of the work herself, and does not 
 immediately resent and punish a violation of her laws. To extend a 
 knowledge of nature's operations, and of the laws which govern them, 
 and to enforce the practical application of the discoveries of science in 
 this broad department, generous facilities must be afi'orded for experi- 
 ment and instruction. 
 
 To aid this object, an Act of Congress of eighteen hundred and sixty- 
 two provides for the establishment of colleges of agriculture and the 
 mechanic arts in such of the States as avail themselves of its provisions, 
 and grants to each State thirty thousand acres of land for each Senator 
 and Kepresentative in Congress under the apportionment of that J^ear, 
 to be selected from the public lands within the State subject to sale at 
 
8 
 
 one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, if these be sufficient, and if not, 
 then the State is to receive land scrip for the requisite amount. The 
 principal derived from the sale of these lands is to be invested in stocks 
 yielding not less than five per cent, and the interest to be appropriated 
 to the endowment of a college for the liberal and practical education of 
 the industrial classes. The principal fund is to remain inviolable, except 
 that ten per cent of it may be expended for the purchase of land for a 
 site, or experimental farm; but no portion of the fund is to be applied to 
 the purchase, erection, or repair of any building. The States were 
 required by the Act to express their acceptance of its benefits within two 
 years after its passage, and to provide within five years at least one 
 college of the character stipulated. Our State Legislature accepted the 
 benefits of this Act by joint resolution passed in eighteen hundred and 
 sixty-three, but has taken no steps toward providing a college. Under 
 this Act the State is entitled to one hundred and fifty thousand acres of 
 land. This sounds like a munificient gift, and was such an intention; 
 but it is qualified by the provision that this land is granted onl}^ after 
 survey, and from lands subject to private entry; that is, from those only 
 which have been ofi^ered at private sale and no purchaser been found; 
 which in this vState could be of but little value. Besides, the United 
 States makes no surveys of its lands here unless the fees of its officers 
 are advanced by the parties desiring the surveys. The grant of land to 
 this State, to be selected within its borders, is not likely to be available 
 for any purpose except to promote litigation and uncertainty, if we may 
 judge by the present condition of titles to land heretofore nominally 
 granted to the State, but really withheld from it by the failure of Gov- 
 ernment officers to provide for its segregation. 
 
 By the report of the State Surveyor-Creneral of eighteen hundred and 
 sixty-four, it is shown that of all the grants of land to this State for 
 various purposes, not a single acre of an}' description has been listed or 
 patented to the State, although all the duties required of the State 
 officers have been zealously performed for fourteen years, and very 
 much of the land has been sold b}' the State. Notwithstanding frequent 
 attempts <»f the State Legislature to remedj" the difficult}', and equita- 
 ble decisions of our Supreme Court, the titles of nine thousand citizens, 
 pioneer purchasers,, are in an inchoate state, subject to attack, a frequent 
 source of litigation, and consequent distress and poverty. The pros- 
 perity of the State must be greatly damaged by this unsettled, uncertain 
 condition of titles, for thriftlessness must result. The only remedy is 
 further legislation by Congress to compel the subordinate officers at 
 Washington to comply with the terms of donation, and rescue the titles 
 of our farmers from embarrassing uncertainty. I am not hopeful that 
 the State can realize for many years to come any substantial benefits 
 from the grant of one hundred and fifty thousand acres for an agricul- 
 tural college. The public lands heretofore ceded to the State for specific 
 purposes must first be segregated, and the titles granted by the State in 
 good faith be recognized by the Government. The remainder must be 
 surveyed and brought into market. Such portions as then fail to find 
 purchasers will be subject to private entry, and will be available under 
 the college grant for what they are worth. The lands granted for the 
 purposes of this college will thus be the very last in the State upon 
 which there can be anything realized, and nothing can be expected from 
 this source for a long time to come. Yet by the Act we are required to 
 establish the college within five years from the passage of the Act, or 
 we shall forfeit the donation. The next Legislature must take the 
 
9\ 
 
 requisite steps for this purpose, or we lose whatever advantages may be 
 derived from the grant. 
 
 The benefits of the Act of Congress being so questionable and remote, 
 is it the best policy to let the grant relapse by inaction ? or only take 
 such action as shall secure the gift, and wait for further legislation of 
 Congress to make it available? or proceed in earnest to found a college 
 that shall fill the conception of Congress and prove a blessing to the 
 State ? 
 
 It seems to me the Legislature will not desire the unpleasant responsi- 
 bility of allowing this grant to be lost by its failure to take the necessary 
 steps to secure it. The time will come when there will be lands within 
 the State available under this grant; and if not, the grantees of the 
 State may use the scrip in other States, or in the Territories. The 
 peculiar complications of our landed interests depending on congres- 
 sional grants would disappear with judicious legislation. The General 
 Government should act upon the yjrinciple that grants of land to the 
 State vested an interest i'rom their date — that the Acts of Congress 
 operated as conveyances. This would be equitable, and solve the diffi- 
 culty, provided it would also adopt the extensive surveys made by the 
 State officers, to which there can be no valid objection, and then list the 
 lands to the State which the latter has selected and sold, for the benefit 
 of its grantees. 
 
 If the Legislature shall determine that it is not best to forfeit the 
 grant by inaction, such a result may be averted, in my judgment, by the 
 passage of an Act providing for and the organization of a Board of 
 Commissioners for the location and establishment of a college. This 
 Board should have the power to fix the location of the college, and be 
 authorized to accept a suitable site. I do not understand that the 
 requirement that the State shall provide a college in five years involves 
 the necessity that the college shall be in full operation in that time, but 
 simply that such legislative action shall be taken to provide for a college 
 as indicates a purpose to complj^ with the terms of the grant. By this 
 we shall gain time for enforcing upon the Government proper action for 
 confirming the rights of the State and its grantees in the public lands, 
 and for making this grant productive for the purpose intended. 
 
 Is it the best plan to actually establish a college, realizing as far as 
 possible the requirements of the Act of Congress, at the expense of the 
 State? I think so, for the benefits of such an institution will amply 
 repay the cost; but the State should understand the duty it assumes, 
 and the necessity of making continuously the requisite appropriations. 
 The interest of the Seminary Fund can be applied to this purpose, but 
 there must be liberal appropriations for the erection of the necessary 
 buildings, the preparation of an experimental farm, and the employment 
 of competent professors. As the State is able to give title to the lands 
 donated by Congress for the purpose of such a college, a fund will be 
 created, and the interest of that fund will lighten the burden. Private 
 donations and bequests will gradually create an endowment for the col- 
 lege, until it becomes independent of State aid. The great universities 
 of the East have risen from small beginnings until their property is 
 valued by millions. We may lay the foundation of a great university 
 now, and do much toward securing for it a useful and powerful future. 
 But to realize the great needs of this Pacific empire in this respect will 
 take long years of labor and patient waiting. We may expect much 
 
10 
 
 from the gratitude of the future towards our undertaking, far less from 
 the present. If we educate the youth of our State in the practical duties 
 of life, and enrtbark them in the pursuit of science, or art, and of wealth, 
 we may reasonably expect that the benefits conferred will be remem- 
 bered in future j^ears by those who look back upon the university with 
 affection, and that gifts and bequests will enrich its endowments and 
 extend its usefulness. This has been the experience of all eminent edu- 
 cational institutions. For the present, a few public spirited men may 
 bestow of their means to aid in the establishment of a college, but our 
 principal reliance must be upon the State. A special tax of seven cents 
 on the hundred dollars would raise a fund yearly of one hundred thou- 
 sand dollars, which would sustain an institution of the character I shall 
 describe, with moderate tuition fees, and which I deem the proper foun- 
 dation for the future university. The tax which a State pays for the 
 education of its children is the lightest of its burdens, and the most 
 useful; for ignorance is an implacable foe of liberty and order, the fruit- 
 ful parent of crime, misery, and disgrace. Every dollar expended to 
 elevate the character and enlighten the minds of the young is saved 
 from prospective expenditure to repress or punish crime. The duty of 
 the State to provide means for the education of its children does not 
 end with common schools. Higher institutions of learning cannot be 
 sustained by the income derived from the pupils. The}^ must be directly 
 supported by the Government, or largely endowed by the munificence of 
 individuals. The education which is imparted in them is not more for 
 the benefit of those who are taught than it is for the good of society; 
 and the State should pi-ovide the kind and degree of instruction which 
 its own interests demand. The university should not be absolutel}' a 
 free school; but superior education should be placed within the reach of 
 the industrial classes by the liberality of the State at such rates of 
 tuition that the poor may be benefited as well as the rich. I doubt not, 
 if the State will organize such an institutution on an adequate basis, that 
 before many years private liberality will provide scholarship funds for 
 the benefit of poor students, and thereby give the means of higher edu- 
 cation to many best fitted by natural gifts to receive it, but who would 
 otherwise be debarred by poverty. The benefits of this expenditure, like 
 bread cast upon the waters, will doubtles return tenfold to the public 
 wealth. From scientific culture springs inquiry, and from investigation, 
 discovery. Should this undertaking produce one agricultural chemist 
 like Leibig, the mere material advantages resulting from increased pro- 
 duction would far outweigh its entire cost. Ancient Egypt i*aised pyra- 
 mids to the monarch who taught his people to cultivate the valley of the 
 Nile, and profit by the swellings of the sacred river. But what monu- 
 ment could properly attest our gratitude to him who should give to fer- 
 tility and man the vast tule lands of this State? What values could 
 estimate our gain, or the measure of our obligation ? Our benefactor 
 would be gone, perchance forgotten, ere the magnitude of his work was 
 half comprehended. In the brain of an unknown English artisan the 
 steam engine was begotten; but with its first pulsation Brittannia started 
 with a new and resistless vigor upon her unchecked course of empire. 
 The cotton gin, the invention of a Connecticut artisan, had well nigh 
 crowned a weed the king of the world. Humble and obscure may be 
 the hand that kindles the beacon of discovery, but it is the world that 
 watches the rising flame, and nations that read and profit by the light. 
 Observing that a very able report to the last Legislature, made by 
 the State Geologist and others, objected very decidedly to an experi- 
 
11 
 
 mental farm in connection with the proposed college, I requested the 
 opinion of the officers of the State Agricultural Society as to the kind of 
 institution required, and as to the propriety and feasibility of conducting 
 agricultural studies oj; experiments without such experimental farm. 
 The reply of Mr. Hoag was in confirmation of my own views: 
 
 " The Act of Congress donating the land describes the very kind of 
 institution we want on this coast; one in which those branches of learn- 
 ing relating to agriculture and the mechanic arts shall have prominence; 
 in which the education of the student shall be liberal and practical, so 
 that he shall be fully prepared to successfully undertake the several pur- 
 suits and professions of life. This embraces the whole scope of phj'sical 
 and exact sciences -, for all are required in prosecuting and particularly 
 improving agriculture and the mechanic arts. Tbe^^ must all be taught, 
 and taught practically. The branches of learning relating to agriculture 
 can be thus taught only in an institution possessing all the facilities of 
 an extensive laboratory, for an examination of all the materials of which 
 the earth is composed, and for an analytical examination of all the pro- 
 ducts of the earth. It must also possess the facilities of testing the con- 
 clusions drawn from experiments in the laboratory, by applying them 
 directly and practicallj- to the operations of the farm, where the chemical 
 actions are performed by nature herself in her own great and well 
 aj)pointed laboratory." 
 
 Hence an experimental farm is a prime necessity to such an institu- 
 tion. The value of experimental farming has been demonstrated in 
 France under the patronage of the Emperor, who has done more for the 
 improvement of agriculture and rural economy during the last ten years, 
 than all the other rulers of Europe. In addition to lectures on agricul- 
 ture and horticulture, delivered by first rate men in the Capital and in 
 the provinces, agriculture is taught by precept and example on experi- 
 mental farms, with excellent results. There are hundreds of agricul- 
 tural schools in Europe, some wholly sustained by Government, others 
 by private eftbrt, and some by the two united. With scarcely an excep- 
 tion, whether independent schools or dependent on colleges for their 
 teachers, each is connected with a farm. The great advance in agricul- 
 tural chemistry in Europe is due to the constant experiments conducted 
 in these institutions. 
 
 The valuable results produced by this system in Europe have excited 
 emulation in the United States; but from a variety of causes such 
 schools have not been so numerous or well sustained here, the principal 
 reason being, probably, that the fertility, abundance, and cheapness of 
 our lands, render less necessary the efforts of scientific men to supply 
 the drain on the resources of nature. The exuberant productiveness of 
 our domain, far excelling the capacity of artificial stimulation, and the 
 readiness with which worn farms may be exchanged for virgin soil, 
 prevent the interest that would be otherwise felt in agricultural chem- 
 istry. Yet several agricultural schools, under the patronage of State 
 governments and private liberality, are in comparatively successful pro- 
 gress, and in every instance in connection with experimental farms. I 
 must confess that I am among those who " argue that an agricultural 
 school would be an absurdity without an experimental farm attached." 
 The school may be dispensed with from considerations of its cost, incon- 
 venience, or doubtful benefit; but if it is established, the farm is an 
 indispensable auxiliary. In the great number of such institutions ia 
 
12 
 
 Europe and the United States, the farm has been considered a necessary 
 aid to the studies and experiments pursued, and undouhtedly was in the 
 mind of Congress when the grant was made, for it authorized the expen- 
 diture of ten per cent of a principal fund, otherwise inviolable, for the 
 purchase of land for such a farm. * 
 
 The location of the farm should determine the location of the school. 
 To be of uny use to the school for practical teaching or experiment, it 
 must be near at hand. To make the experiments of an^- use to the 
 farmers of the State generally, the farm must be so located that its soil shall 
 be a medium of that of the State, its climate the medium of the climate 
 of the State — not in the fogs and winds of the sea coast, the greater heat 
 and rarer moisture of the extreme southern part of the State, or liable 
 to the uncertain climatic changes and late frosts of the Sierras. As near 
 as possible, convenience of access should be considered, and a point on 
 the main thoroughfares of travel in the State would be desirable, if it 
 united other necessary conditions. Such a school, under the patronage 
 of the State, its reports made to the Legislature, and printed bj' the 
 State Printer, embodying a statement of the result of its experiments, 
 should not be so remote from the Capital but that the representatives of 
 the people may easily visit it, and see for themselves its practical work- 
 ings and benefits, that the}' may legislate intelligently upon its interests, 
 and convey correct intelligence of it to their constituents. 
 
 Among the industrial pursuits of the State, second to none in impor- 
 tance, whether judged by the numbers engaged in it, or its contribution 
 to the wealth of the State, is the business of mining; not that kind of 
 mining which is done at a broker's board, where speculators play with 
 stocks that are often not worth the paper consumed for certificates. The 
 real honest mining interest of the State needs scientific aid to develop 
 and guide it. A knowledge of geology applied to mining, of metallurgy, 
 etc., would be of vast benefit, and save many foolish enterprises and 
 much waste. A professorship in the branches allied to mining should be 
 instituted in the Industrial School, with facilities for teaching geology, 
 metallurgy, and practical mining; and it should be the duty of the Pro- 
 fessor to visit the mines with his class, and teach them mining, engineer- 
 ing, and surveying, by actual work on the ground. The advantage to 
 the State of having our mining engineers and metallurgists trained here 
 in a practical acquaintaince with the conditions and processes of this 
 coast is beyond estimate, and an ample field for observation, instruc- 
 tion, and experiment is open to them. 
 
 Four great interests should work harmoniously together in the future, 
 for the benefit of this State: agriculture, mining, manufactures, and 
 commerce. There can be no occasion for conflict between them, or 
 between the sections of the State which thrive by them respectively. I 
 so insist, because the attempt is made to persuade the agriculturists that 
 it is proper to encourage a jealousy of the miners and mining section. 
 ^Nothing can be more unwise for all concerned. The mining communi- 
 ties furnish ample markets for the products of the farmer; they buy his 
 grain, bis fruits, his cattle, and pay therefor with their own staple pro- 
 duct. The greater the advance of the mining section of the State, the 
 better customers are its people. Hence it is to the interest of the val- 
 leys to promote the rugged prosperity of the hills. So the miner buj's 
 bis necessaries more cheaply as the farmers of the State prosper in their 
 useful pursuit. The commercial centres have an advantage in fostering 
 the prosperity of the interior, whether mining or agricultural, because 
 trade is thereby enlarged. AU classes should be proud of our growing 
 
commerce, and glad of any facilities by which it is extended. Our State 
 extends over so large an area that it binds into one bundle these diversi- 
 fied yet concordan't interests. But each of these performs its part in • 
 'Creating the prosperity of the State, and each has a concern in the suc- 
 cess and stability of alb Hence political or social jealousj' should be 
 ignored. That man is an enemy to the State who stirs up such jealousies 
 for any ])urpose, or who seeks to combine one interest or section of the 
 State against any other. These considerations are of particular impor- 
 tance now when threatened legislation by Congress may throw the prin- 
 cipal business of the mining communities of this coast into confusion, 
 and impede the production of gold to an extent disastrous to the general 
 welfare. Airain, if the facilities afforded by such an institution as 1 have 
 indicated, advance mining as well as agricultural interests, 1 desire that 
 you farmers ma}' see that your own good is thereby promoted by the 
 extension of your markets, and greater demand for your products. 
 
 I concur in the suggestion of the report referred to, that it is better 
 for the State University to select portions of the great field of science 
 not now cultivated herej that it ought not to invade the domain of col- 
 leges now established Our common schools and colleges will furnish 
 the necessary training to fit the scholar for the practical and scientific 
 courses to which the university should be confined. In the university 
 there should be pnjfessorships of practical agriculture, botany, and vege- 
 table physioloL'^y ; geology, and mineralogy; zoology, and animal physi- 
 olog}^ ; general and agricultural chemistry; mining, and metallurgy; 
 mechanics, and engineering; drawing, and design; mathematics, and 
 astronomy; military tactics, and engineering. Such an institution can 
 only be sustained by the large annual expense to the State which I have 
 indicated — ^a large expenditure, but one that would add to the future 
 development, wealth, and distinction of the State beyond the power of 
 figures to estimate. 
 
 1 have purposely avoided minor details in this sketch, for the reason 
 that the}' are better settled b}- experts, and their treatment is inconsis- 
 tent with the limits or proprieties of a popular address. But there is 
 one limitation in the Act of Congress making the donation of land which 
 is of great importance — that military tactics shall be included in the 
 studies of the university. Military discij)line and drill have no't occupied 
 a sufficiently prominent place in our educational system. We have 
 learned within the past few ^^ears the importance of this branch of edu- 
 cation, and military schools have increased in number and popularity. 
 We were totally unprepared for the late war, and to appearance devoid 
 of military spirit. Aside from the superior efficienc}^ our arms would 
 have had eivrly in the war if the volunteers had had a preparatory mili- 
 tary training, the effect of the display of that martial spirit by the 
 North, which is best exhibited by a people educated to arms, would have 
 gone far toward deterring the ambitious leaders of secession from 
 plunging into civil war; perhaps would have saved the sacrifice of hun- 
 dreds of thousan<ls of lives and thousands»of millions of treasui"T3. It is 
 not necessarj' to keej) a large standitjg army to be prepared for war. The 
 same result may be reached by educating the ))eople in the use of arms, 
 so that efficient volunteer forces may be organized at the sudden call of 
 the country. Great military leaders are more likely to be developed by 
 training in the National Military Academy ; but the masses of the peopla 
 may be transmuted into efficient soldiers in a fewyears by teaching mili- 
 t.ir}' tactics and engineering in our schools. Boys will take naturally to 
 this kind of instruction. It will furnish a pleasant change Irom ordi- 
 
14 
 
 nary studies; and they will delight in learning the use of arms, company 
 and battalion evolutions, and in observing discipline. These are the ele- 
 ments of successful soldiery. By means of them, implanted by the 
 instruction of our schools and colleges, our youth ma}' be so trained that 
 when another war shall threaten or assail our land, the call for volun- 
 teers* will rally to our standard, not a'mass of raw recruits, soldiers only 
 in spirit, but intelligent, enthusiastic, drilled masses of troops, scarcely 
 inferior to a regular army in efficiency, and superior to it in moral char- 
 acteristics. 
 
 I have treated this subject in its practical aspect, as the occasion 
 seemed to demand. To manj^, the emploj-ment of large sums of money 
 to organize and maintain such an institution will seem useless expendi- 
 ture. It may also be urged with force that the State is already largely 
 burdened with debt, and should practice strict and even parsimonious 
 econom}', until its debts are paid. There is an element of truth in the 
 latter objection, and perhaps enough to determine the Legislature 
 against the enterprise. But I believe the real interest of the State, even 
 its monetary prosperity, will be so greatly advanced by the successful 
 workings of such an, institution, that the return will be manifold above 
 the expenditure. We cannot afford to neglect any means of improve- 
 ment on this coast. We have capacities for development here far ex- 
 ceeding the most ambitious statement. Our mines are practically 
 exbaustless, and will be liberal of wealth on full development. Our 
 geographical position, aided by rapid communication across the conti- 
 nent, will make tributary to us that vast commerce now awaiting inlet, 
 and which flows as naturally in currents as rivers run to the sea, wher- 
 ever it flows depositing riches. The caravans that traversed the East, 
 carrying the trade of the Orient to the Mediterranean, built cities of 
 palaces, and made empires great in power and opulence. Our agricul- 
 tural domain lies open to enterprise, and is capable of feeding the 
 thronging millions who will inherit this fair empire. Our mountain 
 streams await the busy machinery that-vvill ply upon their banks; and 
 all the great industries that maintain powerful communities will be set 
 in motion here to meet the necessities of the growing future. With such 
 a destiny before our State, shall we neglect the means that will guide 
 these results to the happiest consummation, and make those who come 
 after us worthy of their inheritance, and able to secure it ? Shall scien- 
 tific knowledge be the only essential element of success that we shall 
 not possess? Or shall we be content with sending a few of our children 
 to the East or to Europe to procure the necessary- instruction which our 
 indifference or false economy denies them at home? Such is not the 
 true policy for this State. \Ve should attract men of culture and expe- 
 rience. We should secure original thinkers, men of genius, men of 
 research, to teach our youth and stimulate and guide the development 
 of our resources. That we may not lack advanced minds to lead in the 
 race of progress, we should aim to develop intellect and true manhood 
 here. It is better to exhaust all our wealth than to let the public heart 
 decay or the public mind become attenuated. That State is greatest, 
 though poor, where man is noblest, where labor is intelligent and free, 
 and dignified with virtue. 
 
 *' ' Tis Tonr's to jndjre how wide the limits stand 
 Between a splendid and a happy land." 
 
 This age is marked b}- the progression of thought, and we must not 
 be content to remain outside of the current. 3Iore is required of public 
 
15 
 
 and private liberality now than ever before to build up noble institutions 
 of learning, and more is conceded in other enlightened communities. 
 Our State is old enough to undertake this duty, perhaps too long 
 deferred, and secure to its children the advantages which are elsewhere 
 deetned of leading necessity. To do so is true economy, for it is wise 
 provision for the future. 
 
 To the a2;riculturist the future of this State is full of encouragement 
 and bright with hope. Lured to these shores by dreams of sudden for- 
 tune, he found the blind goddess fickle and coy in his search for the 
 grains of gold, but kind and constant when he wooed her through the 
 golden grain; and he has discovered that in the rich loam of these val- 
 leys he has exhaustless treasuries. From the lowlands the farmer is 
 invading the mountains — the footiiills he has long since taken with his 
 countless herds of sheep— while like emeralds the little valleys gleam 
 amid the hills, the brightest gems of the mountains. He guides the 
 torrents from tlieir rocky beds to the parched hills, and they return to 
 him in streams of ruby wine; and fruitful orchards and smiling vine- 
 yards nestle at the verj^feetof the granite Sierras. With a soil of every 
 variety, with the climate of every zone, with the children of every land, 
 with a population whose enterprise knows no limit, and their energy no 
 obstacle, he ma^^ without regret bid adieu to the golden daj^s of the 
 past, in whicli folly, recklessness, and crime, the wild offspring of sudden 
 wealth, ruled the mad hour. He may turn from this to the bright dawn 
 of that golden future in which California shall lay anew the foundations 
 of true prosperity'; shall build upon the sure basis of exhaustless agri- 
 cultural resources with patient, intelligent industry, the empire of the 
 farmer, to endure while there shall be seedtime and harvest, and while 
 the earth shall bring forth her increase. Farmers of California, this it 
 is your high mission to accomplish. Let us all, of every pursuit and 
 profession, strive to be worthy our part in the lot of this great nation, 
 which has passed through the fierce fires of civil war to emerge purified, 
 ennobled, and strengthened; pu-rified of slavery which chained industrial 
 millions; ennobled by the great act of justice that estal)lished liberty; 
 and strengthened by the closer knitted bonds of union that war could 
 not sever. 
 
,^.„!^..?E.R*<ELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 cDaai7iD3fl 
 
 f 
 
 5^3¥r^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 

 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 .';■;! 
 
 i;;^;.|:> 
 
 s;iji;j:| 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■ *• I' >' i' ■ 
 
 ,):?t>:'r;;'? ) 
 
 liiijiillll 
 
 i 
 
 •I' 
 
 
 ^^^^B^»v- .^>N *>ji; 
 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 :ijUu5i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 'i 
 
 
 j| 
 
 
 
 mc^M 
 
 i; 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 
 ja 
 
 |H^^pT** 
 
 r^'