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OF THE 
 
 
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 Range 
 
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 Received ^rfi&t^y 187^ 
 
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HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 
 WITHOUT POINTS: 
 
 
 DESIGNED 
 
 \ 
 
 TO FACILITATE THE STUDY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SCRIPTURES 
 
 OF TJH E 
 
 OLD TESTAMENT, 
 3[n tfje iDrigxnal ; 
 
 AND PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO THE USE OF THOSE 
 WHO MATjJNOT HAVE INSTRUCTORS. 
 
 BY JOHN SMITH, A.M. 
 
 Profeflbr of the Learned Languages, at Dartmouth College. 
 
 PUBLISHED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY DAVID CARLISLE, 
 
 For JOHN WEST, No. 75, Cornhill. 
 
 1803. 
 
£)igtri& of Ji5etoljamp0i)ire— to wit $ 
 
 BE it remembered,/^ on the fourth day of "January , in the twen- 
 ty feventh year of 'the Independence of the United States of America, 
 JOHN SMITH, of the faid D'tflriB, hath depofited in this office the 
 title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words 
 following, to wit, " A Hebrew Grammar, without Points : defign- 
 ed to facilitate the ftudy of the Scriptures of the Old Teftament, in 
 the original ; and particularly adapted to the ufe of thofe who may 
 not have Inftru&ors. By John Smith, a. m. ProfefTor of the 
 Learned Languages, at Dartmouth College," in conformity to the 
 At! of the Congrefs of the United States, intituled " an AB for the en- 
 couragement of learning, by fecuring the copies of maps, charts, and 
 boohs to the Authors and Proprietors of fuch copies during the times 
 therein mentioned." 
 
 JONA. STEELE, j Cle ;\r f t ?$** 
 
 L °f Newhampfhtre. 
 A true copy of Record, 
 Attefl — Jona. Steele, Clerk. 
 
j novo 
 a) 
 
 TO 
 
 THE LEARNED AND PIOUS 
 
 OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 
 
 PARTICULARLY 
 
 C!)e CE<2EK<Si> , 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 THIS GRAMMAR IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 
 
 By their Obedient, 
 
 And Humble Servant, 
 
 The AUTHOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 Sect. I. Of Letters and Reading. 5 
 
 II. Of the Divifion of Letters. - _ - 7 
 
 III. Of Words and their Divifion 8 
 
 IV. Of Nouns ; Regimen ; Comparifon of Adjec- 
 
 tives ; the Declenfion of Nouns, £f7V. ----- g 
 
 V. Of Prefixes. - - - - . r . * - . - . - 14 
 
 VI. Of Pronouns. ---- - 15 
 
 VII. Of Suffixes. - 16 
 
 VIII. Of Verbs ; Declenfion of regular Verbs ; Ger- 
 unds, &C. - ig 
 
 IX. Of Irregular Verbs. 23 
 
 X. Of Verbs with Suffixes 35 
 
 XI. Of the Verb W; reduplicative, and pluriliteral 
 
 Verbs. ------------------------- 36 
 
 XII. Of Particles. - r ib. 
 
 XIII. Syntax. - - - - 37 
 
 XIV. Grammatical Figures. -- 41 
 
 XV. Directions for finding the Root in Hebrew Lexi- 
 cons. _. 42 
 
 Grammatical Exercifes. -----~ --------------- 44 
 
 Remarks on the Reading of Hebrew. ---=-- -- 54 
 
— sSe 
 
 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 SECTION r. 
 
 OF LETTERS AND READING. 
 
 i. The Letters in Hebrew are twenty two, of 
 which the following table fhows 
 
 The Names, i 
 
 Form. 
 
 Num. 
 I 
 
 Aleph 
 Beth 
 
 K 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 Gimel 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 Daleth 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 He 
 
 n 
 
 5 
 
 Vau 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 Zain 
 
 r 
 
 7 
 
 Heth 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 Teth 
 
 D 
 
 9 
 
 Yod 
 
 •» 
 
 lO 
 
 Caph 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 Lamed 
 
 S 
 
 3° 
 
 Mem 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 Nun 
 
 J 
 
 <?0 
 
 Shamech 
 
 D 
 
 6o 
 
 Oin 
 
 V 
 
 70 
 
 Pe 
 
 s 
 
 80 
 
 Zhaddi 
 
 ¥ 
 
 90 
 
 Quoph 
 
 V 
 
 100 
 
 Res 
 
 n 
 
 200 
 
 Sin 
 
 V 
 
 300 
 
 Tau 
 
 n 
 
 400 
 
 Finals. 
 
 Dilat. 
 
 Sirnil. 
 
 Sound or Power. 
 
 
 A, as in all. 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 B. 
 
   
 
 
 11 
 
 G hard, as in £0, give. 
 D. 
 
 
 n 
 
 nn 
 
 E, as in me. 
 
 
 
 v f 
 
 U, or in iomb ; or the 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Z. [French ou. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 H. 
 
 
 
 DD 
 
 Th, or the Greek 0. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I /<?/#, or the Greek «. 
 
 15°° 
 
 S 
 
 
 K ; or c hard, as in cs/^. 
 L. 
 
 D 600 
 
 a* 
 
 D 
 
 M. 
 
 f 7°° 
 
 
 D 
 
 N. 
 Sh. 
 
 
 
 5? v 
 
 long, as in cold, ore. 
 
 r^ Soo 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 ^900! 
 
 
 
 Zh, or x in treafure. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Qu;attheendofavvord,i, 
 S. 
 
 
 n 
 
 nn 
 
 T. 
 
 * InNeh. II. 13. ran isufedfor Dn : and in Ifai IX. 7. rr^nC 
 for m-iob. 
 
 f Thoufands may be exprefTed by a perpendicular ftroke, dn 
 
 rawn 
 
 over the following letters, *, a, >, % n , >, r, n, B : as, *, isco : i 
 
 2000, &c. ' 3 
 
 B 
 
6 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 2. Oi- the Hebrew letters five are vowels ; viz. fr, 
 H, % % & j? : all the reft are confonants.* 
 
 3. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the left. 
 
 4. When two confonants come together, without 
 any of the five vowels intervening, pronounce them, 
 as if a fhort e flood between them f : thus, ""On is 
 pronounced deber ; Ips, pequed, 
 
 5. The textual J vowels muft always be pronoun- 
 ced long and flrong ; but the fupplied one, fhort and 
 quick ; as, ">£W, dser ; "VOI, debir. - 
 
 6. A full flop, in Hebrew, is exprefTed thus (:) §. 
 
 7. When two or more vowels come together, they 
 are not to coalefce in diphthongs, but mufl be pro- 
 nounced diftincHy ; as, VD, beo, not beu : nin>, leoe y 
 four diflincl: fyl tables. 
 
 8. Illuflration of the foregoing rules, in reading. 
 
 Genesis, Chap* I. Verfes 1,2, & 3. 
 
 pKrn jpan r\Ki own hk d^k ma ;r»uwo 
 : nw vrn nw w d^hSk newi ? cjnfci *& Sp 
 
 Pronounced thus : 
 
 Brasit bra Aleim at esmlm oat earczh. Oearezh 
 cite teo obeo ohesk 51 pen! teom oroh Aleim mer- 
 hepet 61 pen! emim. Oiamer Aleim lei aor oiel 
 
 aor.|| 
 
 * To write the Hebrew letters frequently is the bell way to 
 make them familiar to the learner. 
 
 f When two confonants, joined with a vowel either preceding 
 or following, will form an eafy found, it is be'it to run them both 
 into one fyllable : for in'lance, pronounce ill*, orb; N~Q, bra. 
 This is nearly the fame as to pronounce the fupplied vowel very 
 
 fhort. 
 
 X The textual vowels are the five mentioned, No. 2. 
 § No other ilop i* ufed in moll unpointed books. 
 j| A, with tins ( '"" ) placed over it, is pronounced broad, as in 
 all: O f with it, like oo, or as in t&mb. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 7 
 
 Proverbs, Chap. I. Verfes i, 2, 3, 4. 
 
 *ididi ftpsn njnS s bmttfi iSd -in p hdS# •>?#£ 
 
 ttsgnsi tw fetffl *OT n np^ ; M^a now |>3nS 
 
 : n&na ny-i ny:S rimy owns*? nnS \ pntw 
 
 Pronounced thus : 
 
 Mesli Sclme ben Dod melk lsral. Ledot hekme 
 omosher lebiri amri bine. Lequehet mosher eskel 
 zhedek omespeth omesrim. Letet leptaim orme 
 lenor d5t omezme. 
 
 Zephaniah, III. 8. 
 
 rpoaS iBBtTO ^ nyS nap d^S mrp qnj *>S i^n jtS 
 •>sk pin S5 •>»}?? p»t»Sj; istpS d*oSdd vj^ps Dna 
 
 ; pan ^ Ssan *>n*op pas td 
 
 Pronounced thus : 
 
 Lekcn heko II nam leoe Horn quomi lod ki mespethi 
 lashop goim lequebzhi memelkot lespek oljem zomi 
 kel heron api ki bas quenati takel kel earczh. 
 
 S E C T I O N II. 
 
 OF THE DIVISION OF LETTERS. 
 
 i. Befide the common divifion of letters into vow- 
 els and confonantsy they are, in Hebrew, divided into 
 radicals and ferviles. 
 
 2. A rddix or root is a fimple word, ufually con- 
 fiding of three letters, from which other words ar ; ; 
 derived j as Ips, be vifited ; "Q>% he ferved, 
 
8 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 3. Radical letters are thofe which always make 
 part of a radix or root. 
 
 4. Servile letters are thofe which ferve for the va- 
 riation of the root, by gender, number, per/on. Sec, 
 and for particles. 
 
 5. The fervile letters are eleven, viz. N, D, n, \ 
 
 \ 5, S, d, J>, p, n. 
 
 6. The other eleven letters are radical ; except 
 D and 1 when ufed for n.* 
 
 7. Although the radical letters are never fervile,f 
 yet the fervile letters are often radical^ or make part 
 of a root. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 OF WORDS AND THEIR DIVISION. 
 
 i. Words in Hebrew may be divided into three 
 kinds, viz. Nouns, Verbs, and Particles. 
 
 2. A noun is the name of a fubflance, or of a 
 quality ; as, \y, a tree ; DID, good. 
 
 3. A verb exprefles the aclion or Jlate of a being, 
 or thing ; as, CD^D^K nfcWt, ##</ G0J y#/V/ ; 
 CD^Ct^M *lyy*\ and the heavens were Jinijhed. 
 
 4. Particles denote the connexion, relation, dif- 
 tinction, emphafis, oppofition, &c. or, in a word ? 
 the circumftances of one's thoughts \ as, and, but, 
 with, or, although. 
 
 " 1 . 1 1 r 1     
 
 * See Sect. YI1J,. No. 12. fExcept 15, &p. as in No. 6. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 .OF NOUNS ; REGIMEN ; COMPARISON OF ADJEC- 
 TIVES ; THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS, &C. 
 
 i. A noun is either fubfiantive, or adjeclive. 
 
 2. A noun fubjlantive is the name of a fubftance ; 
 as, jU% a tooth ; U^K, a man ; Sp^, Jacob : or of 
 a quality i aclion, pajfton, or Jiate of a being, or 
 thing, confidered abftra&edly ; as, TD5, glory ; 
 TS&?2, Jhame. 
 
 3. A noun adjeclive, fo called becaufe adjeclitious, 
 or added to a fubftantive, denotes fome quality or ac- 
 cident of the fubftantive to which it is joined ; as, 
 *9*IJ, great ; SIB, good* Thus, in the phrafes, "irD 
 Via, # graz/ book, and £^K 2^3, # good man, great 
 and £O0<f are adjectives* 
 
 4. Nouns, in Hebrew, as in Englijh, are not de- 
 clined by cafes, or by changes made upon their ter- 
 minations, to exprefs the relation of one thing to 
 another, as nouns in Latin and Greek are. 
 
 5. In Hebrew, nouns are of two genders, mafcu- 
 line and feminine ; and of two numbers, fingular 
 and plural. 
 
 6. Mod Hebrew nouns not ending in J"! or n are 
 mafculine ; thofe which do end in T\ or n are usual- 
 ly feminine* 
 
 7. The feminine fingular may be formed from the 
 
 **Some mafculine nouns fingular, derived from verbs Lamed He, 
 end in n* N. B. They always throw away n before C3\ 
 
jo A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 mafculine, by fuffixing h or n ; as, DVO, good 9 mafc. 
 
 H^Vd or nD^D, fern.* 
 
 8. Names of females, proper names of places, cit- 
 ies, countries ; and of parts or members of the hu- 
 man body, &c. are feminine, though of a mafculine 
 termination. 
 
 9. Cardinal numerals from three to ten are mafcu- 
 line with a feminine termination, and feminine with 
 a mafculine termination. 
 
 10. Nouns ending in 1 take n only for the femi- 
 nine; as, vtSD, v .(i» Egyptian man; n^'D, an Egyp- 
 tian woman ; alfo, when a letter is dropped, the fem- 
 inine ends in n ; as, p, a fon, rD, a daughter •, (J 
 being dropped) , in** 9 one, nnK, feminine, (1 being 
 dropped.) 
 
 1 1 . The plural of mafculine nouns is formed by 
 adding O* 1 , and fometimes only C3, to the fingular ; 
 as, fing. iSd, a king ; plur. ED'oSfc <?r ZD^Sp, 
 
 12. The plural of feminine nouns is formed by ad- 
 ding n*i or n to the fingular ; as pK, & land ; plur. 
 rOtflK or H5HK, lands : or by changing n into ni 
 cr H 5 as, I"HV\, # /#w ; plur. HTW <?r HTin, /tfmr : 
 or by retaining n of the fingular, or by changing it 
 into n*i ; as, n*Utt, # /<?/ter ; plur. rPUK or JVPUtf , letters, 
 
 13. Feminine nouns fingular in rfi form the plu- 
 ral by m^ or ni ; as, fing. ninK, <z ,^/fer ; plur, 
 
 nwtf <?r r\*>r\x, Jijlers. 
 
 * Not only feminine fub/lantives fingular, but feminine adjetlives 
 and participles fing. often end in n, in the abfolute ftate. For 
 the definition of the abfolute ftate, fee No. 19. 
 
 f It is matter of notoriety, that, by means of the points, 
 Vau and Yod have been often dropped from the plural : thejr 
 ought, however, to be reilored, where the analogy of the Hebrew 
 language requires them. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR* ti 
 
 14. Some feminine nouns have moreover another 
 plural termination, formed by changing fl into O^n 
 or D\H*l ; as, fiDm, # damfel ; plur. a^ncm or 
 OWiom, dam/eh* 
 
 15. Numeral adjectives, from #/?£ to te» inclufively, 
 though fingular in form, take a plural fubflantive ; 
 as, D"Ot2 J^tf, /awr ^rj. rj^K, # thoufand, fol- 
 lows this cond ruction. All other numeral adjectives, 
 though plural in form, take a fingular fubRantive j 
 as, nigj ED^S-lK, forty years, 
 
 16. The mafculine plural termination added to the 
 cardinal numerals from three to nine inclufively, in- 
 creafes their number tenfold. Twenty is exprefled 
 by the numeral ten, "lUty, in the mafculine plural. 
 
 17. Sometimes cardinal numerals feem to be ufed 
 as fubflantives fingular in regimen or conjiruclion ;\ 
 as, DW hCHS^ three days (a trinity of days) ; 
 EDV^ mt£ty, fc/z ^j (a decade of days.) 
 
 18. When two fubflantives come together, figni- 
 fying different things, the former ©f them is in regi- 
 men or conjiruclion ; as, !TW "DT, the word-of Je- 
 hovah. § Here "Dt is in regimen, 
 
 19. Words are faid to be abfolute, when they are 
 not in regimen or conjiruclion, 
 
 20. Adjectives and participles, coming before fub- 
 flantives, are alfo frequently in regimen. 
 
 * The feminine plural, formed by changing n into Ea^n, is 
 fometimes dual ; as, t^rou?, two years. Gen. XL 10. XLI. 1. — - 
 E^rttDX, two cubits, Exod. XXV. IO and 17. — OTIND, two meaf- 
 itrest I Kings, XVIII. 32. — tD^nNtt, two hundred, Gen. XI. 19 
 and 32. 
 
 f For the definition of thefe terms, fee No. 18. Alfo No. 
 21. Note firft. 
 
 § When a word is in regimen, of is joined to its Englifh ; not 
 to that of the following word : as, the word-of Jehovah ; lot 
 the word of- Jehovah. 
 
12 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 21. Mafculine nouns fingular fuffer no change lit 
 regimen* ; but in the plural they drop their ED - y as* 
 tHK "O^D, kings-of a country.^ 
 
 22. Nouns feminine fingular ending in ft, when in 
 regimen, change their !"t into n ; as, hVT» HWi. 
 Other feminine nouns fingular, as alfo feminines 
 plural in m and n, fuffer no change in regimen. 
 
 23. All nouns with fuffixes are in regimen\ 
 
 24. The Comparative degree in Hebrew is made 
 by |D <?r D, thus, t^SnQ t2*fti^fwe&# than hon- 
 ey (fweet in comparifon of honey.) 
 
 25^ The fuperlative is formed by "IKE, very ; as, 
 IKE 13113, i^ry #00*/ : by repeating an adjective ; as, 
 aiD SID, /£? be/i 9 or wry g<30</ (g°°d good) : or, 
 by the fame or a fynonymous word repeated, the 
 former being in regimen ; as, *Dj? O'HDyr, a mojt 
 abjecl Jlave (fervant of fervants). 
 
 26. One of the names of God is fometimes pla- 
 ced after the noun, fome quality of which is to be 
 exprefled in the fuperlative ; as, vN inK, the loftieji, 
 or very lofty cedars (cedars of God§). 
 
 27. Mafculine nouns are thus declined : 
 
 PLURAL. SINGULAR. 
 
 Conftrufted. | Abfolute. 
 *i:n n^ai or cnn 
 
 Conftro&ed. I Abfolute. 
 
 *Ett *»:n, a word. 
 
 * Words are faid to be conJlruFted, when they are in regimen. 
 
 ■j* Some feminines plural end in O* ; as, Q^i, wives, tD^772;t» 
 (be camels, Xo>^,Jhe goats, tz^W^'D, concubines. Such feminines 
 plural, like mafculines, drop CD in regimen, as do feminines 
 plural in Cd'Tj and OTVu Alfo fome feminine nouns fingular 
 end in other letters befide n and n. See No. 8. 
 
 X See Seft. VII. No. 3. Note. 
 
 § In the book of Jonah, Chap. Hi. ver. 3. Nineveh is called 
 CS^nS^H n^Vta TP, an exceedingly great city (a city great t© 
 God). In the fame manner, Mofes is called by Saint Stephen* 
 A6ls, VII. 20. »<?uo<; tw Qw } exceedingly fair (fair to God). 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13 
 
 28. Feminine nouns ending in ft are thus declined : 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Conftru&ed. 
 
 npi¥ or nipiv 
 
 Abfolute. 
 
 npix or rnpnx 
 
 Conftructed, 
 
 npnx 
 
 Abfolute. 
 
 npnar, 
 
 29. Feminine nouns ending in n are thus declined : 
 max or ni-dK I maK or nin^K | max | max, a Utter. 
 
 30. Feminine nouns in Hi are thus declined : 
 1WN or nvna I rvnK or nvnK I mnN | nina, a ^r. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 31. MikI 
 
 
 raw or rniNf 
 
 taTrK 
 
 t3\5S 
 
 
 C3^ 
 
 n ws or nvs, d*s 
 
 -I 
 
 van 
 
 
 iK, a father. 
 T7K, a brother. 
 
 [/aw. 
 
 — a father-in* 
 
 — waters. 
 775, # mouth. 
 
 32. Adjectives and participles are liable to all the 
 changes to which fubftantives are. They are thus 
 declined : 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 fern, cons. 
 
 I 
 
 fern. abs. 
 
 mafc. abs. 
 
 and cons. 
 
 
 n-| 
 
 n- or n- J 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 Si tt, good. 
 
 fern. cons. 
 
 1 
 
 fern. abs. mafc. 
 
 cons. 
 
 mafc. abs. 
 
 r\- or m- 
 
 I 
 
 n- or m- J 
 
 v| 
 
 Q>. 
 
 * It often happens, that nouns have a feminine termination in 
 the Angular, and a mafculine termination in the plural, according 
 to this example : fuch nouns, derived from verb* Lamed He, arc 
 mafculine. The reverfe alfooccurr. 
 
 c 
 
i 4 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 OF PREFIXES. 
 
 i. Thefe feven ferviles 3, Ji, % 2, 7, 0, and t# 
 are called prefixes, becaufe they are often -prefixed 
 to words. 
 
 2. 2 fignifies /« ; (alfo, into, within, among, when, 
 to, at, againfl, with, concerning, of, by, for, on ac- 
 count of, towards, upon, above, according to) : as, 
 yi$, righteoufnefs ; p"l2fD, in righteoufnefs. 
 
 3. T\ is demonftrative, vocative, or relative ; and, 
 when prefixed to nouns, fignifies the, that, or ; 
 when prefixed to verbs and participles, who, which, 
 &c. and it is fometimes interrogative, or a note of 
 admiration : as, 17D, a king ; l^El"!, the, or that, 
 or king. It is frequently emphatic. 
 
 4. *\ fignifies and ; (as alfo, but, notwithstanding, 
 that, or, nor, even, when, to wit, fo, alfo, although * 
 feeing that, then, becaufe, if) : as, *pD, a king ; 
 17D% and a king. 
 
 5. 5 fignifies as ; (alfo, like, according to, when) : 
 as, \y, a tree ; \y5, as a tree. 
 
 6. 7 fignifies to, of, for ; (and until, upon, with, 
 at, about, from, in, into, unto, on account of, after, 
 according to, before, with). Thus, 17D, a king ; 
 "|7D7, to or of a king. N 7 fometfmes denotes pof- 
 feflion or property ; as, Oft *>7, afcy dr<? ;;«V, (funt 
 mihi). 
 
 7. tt fignifies from ; (out of, in, among, by or 
 near, by means of, becaufe of, in comparifon of, a- 
 gainft, before, not, left) : as, ITj, a mountain; nUE. 
 from a mountain. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 8. $} fignifies who or which ; (becaufe, that, for, 
 when) : as, W&\ he jhall take ; ?n*v#, who mall 
 take.* 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 i. Under nouns, in Hebrew, are comprehended 
 pronouns, fo called, becaufe they ftand (pro nominibus) 
 infteadof nouns, 
 
 1. Grammarians divide pronouns into feveral 
 kinds ; as, primitive, pojfejjive, demonjirative, relative, 
 and interrogative. 
 
 3. Primitive pronouns are diftinguifhed into three 
 perfins. The Jirft perfon fingular is "OK, *>5JK, or 
 *>nK, /, and me : plural, \3K, f *^niK, we and us. 
 
 The fecond perfon fingular is J nntf, § nN, or inK, 
 /£## and /^ : plural, SDHK or CD^nK (mafculine), ye 
 and jo# / jntt, fiJntt, or pnK (feminine), ^ and you. 
 
 The third perfon lingular is NVl, /^, K*»n or NVT, 
 yZ>£ : plural, an or n^M (generally mafculine), 
 they ; JH or HiH (generally feminine), /£^y. 
 
 4. Fragments of the primitive pronouns, as *> from 
 MK, 13 from *onJK,|| joined to the end of nouns, fup- 
 
 * When the prefixes are applied in any manner not noted here, 
 an attentive reader will be at no lofs for their fignification. 
 
 f We rarely find'onj, fori:n3K + % Mafculine. § Feminine. 
 
 || Thus, from "jDN, fingular y O^nK, mafculine plural, pHM 
 feminine plural, are taken *j, hd, and o, thee aad thy ; OD, yen 
 
i6 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 ply the place of pqffeffive pronouns, and are called 
 fuffixes. See the next Se&ion. 
 
 5. The demonjlrative pronouns, in Hebrew, are* 
 ru, nr, % nw, ?Sn, vSn, and r\hft 9 Angular, 
 this or that : Sk or fiStf, plural, thefe.\ 
 
 6. The relative, *1£W, ?t^0, which, that, is maf- 
 culine and feminine ; fingular and plural. 
 
 7. The interrogatives are •>£, w#0, HID, J wA^/, 
 com. fingular and plural. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 OF SUFFIXES. 
 
 I. SUFFIXES WITH A MASCULINE NOUN. 
 
 iftPerfonj COmm ° rif \ n S 
 J com. 
 
 "1 com. 
 
 2d Perfon > mafc. 
 j fern. 
 
 Jmafc. 
 / 
 male, 
 fern. 
 
 ,■ ..■■■■ » ^ I I I II   — -■■■■-     ■■!         ■■—   ■■!■!■■   I I -....■— — .. Ul i I- .   ■» — - ■* — ...i.   . I , . ,. M 
 
 and joar, mafc. p, you and jo«r, feminine. From Nin #«*/ NTT, 
 fingular, are taken 1, n, in, £iwz and his ; n, ^r, &c. 
 
 From csrr ««J n72T7, plural mafculine, are taken &, ton, 
 and 172, *&?m and their, mafculine. From }n #«</ nsn, plural fem- 
 inine, are taken ], \r\, them and their, feminine. Parts of the prim- 
 itive pronouns, prefixed or fuffixed, alfo form the perfons, and dif- 
 tinguifh the tenfes of verbs. Thus, from •ok, N prefixed forms 
 the firft perfon fingular future : from >riN, Tl fuffixed, the firfl, 
 perfon fingular preter or paft, &c. N 
 
 * See Ezekiel XLVII. 13. n3 occurs in feverai places. 
 
 ■f nbN denotes the nearer, and on the mcr* remote ; as? /»?" 
 ct i//i, in Latin ; thefe and thofe, in Englifh. 
 
 J Generally, *£ relates to perfons, and n», to things, 
 
 j Feminine. J| Gen. 1. 21. ^Gen.lV.4. ** Job, XXXIX. 2. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 ian, a word. 
 
 fing. 
 
 ^1*T, »y> word. 
 
 plur. 
 
 ir»:n, o«r word. 
 
 fing. 
 
 J^, n2, '■pun, % word. 
 
 plur. 
 
 CDin, ^oi/r word. 
 
 plur. 
 
 pia*Ti your word. 
 
 fing. 
 
 m, n, mi, ^/V word. 
 
 fing. 
 
 n^m, her word. 
 
 plur. 
 
 jjton, 1)3, toW, their word. 
 
 plur. 
 
 5[}n, **ni pit, their word. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 *7 
 
 ift Perfon 
 
 } 
 
 com. 
 com. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 O^in, words. 
 
 ^i:n, my words. 
 
 Will, our words. 
 
 *\3, 1^11, thy word*. 
 
 tD^niri, your words. 
 
 f H33, p*l!TT> .y©«r words. 
 
 »m, inn, £« words. 
 
 ^NH, rrv-an, her words. 
 
 IE, Qnnai, their words. 
 
 Jj^lll, their words. 
 
 (my) is fuffixed to a plural noun, 
 that noun ufually lofes it own % or rather the two 
 Yods coalefce into one ; as, 'HDI, my words, for **p"7. 
 
 3. SUFFIXES WITH A FEMININE NOUN. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 ~) com. 
 2d Perfon Lmafc. 
 J fern. 
 
 imafc. 
 fern. 
 
 2. When *» 
 
 fing. 
 plur. 
 
 fing. 
 plur. 
 plur. 
 fing. 
 
 fog- 
 plur. 
 
 plur. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 mm, a law. 
 
 "min, my law, €om. 
 
 13 nil n, our law, com. 
 
 "j mm, thy law, com. 
 
 Cp^niin, your law, mafc. 
 
 pmin, jyottr law, fern. 
 
 in Yin, his law. 
 nmin, her law. 
 Camm, /^/rlaw,mafc. 
 
 jniin, their law, fern. 
 
 miin,or rather E3Wiin,laws. § 
 W11H, wzy laws, com. 
 I^nimn, our laws, com. 
 •^nvnn, thy laws, com. 
 CD^nilin, your laws, mafc. 
 p^nviin, your laws, fern. 
 vmnn, />// laws. 
 ♦rnwin, her laws. 
 tDrrnmn, their laws, mafc. 
 infllilH) /Z>«'r laws, fern. 
 
 4. Mafculine nouns ending in n throw away rt 
 before the fuffixes, and, for a fuffix of the third 
 perfon mafculine fingular, take VI ; as, J"6y, # to/*; 
 inSp, his leaf. II , 
 
 * Feminine. f Ezek. XIII. 20. J Ezek. XLI 15. 
 
 § Let it be remembered* that all nouns with fuffixes are in reg- 
 imen, according to Seel. IV. No. 23. For the reception of 
 the fuffixes, ta of the mafc. plural termination C, and of the 
 feminine plural termination tD\n or cm (fee Sect. IV. No. 
 14.) is thrown away : n terminating a feminine noun fingular 
 mult be changed into n. N. B. Feminines plural, with fuffixes, 
 ufually take the termination mentioned, Sect. IV. No. 14. 
 
 |) Such nouns do not change n into n in regimen. See Sect, 
 IV. No. 31. 
 
i8 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 5. DK, a father, HK, a brother , C3H, a father-in* 
 law, 113, # mouth, fingular with fuffixes, imitate 
 the plural ;* as, YOtt, /&& father ; V>S, his mouth* 
 
 6. The conjunction of a prefix, or a particle, 
 with a fuffix, ferves to fupply the want of cafes 
 in the primitive pronouns : 
 
 AS, 
 
 *h, to or of me, com. 
 
 *h 9 /o or 0/ him. 
 Jl% /o or of her. 
 1% /o or of thee, com. 
 ED5 1 ?, /o or of you, mafc. 
 p 1 ?, to or of you, fern. 
 1J7, /o or ^ us, com. 
 IDS, DJlS, /o or 0/ 
 them, mafc. - 
 JH7, to or of them, 7 
 fem. &c. 3 
 
 •O, *« me, com. 
 
 *D, zVz him. 
 
 TO, in her. 
 
 ID, /« thee, com. 
 
 \3D, z#- us, com. 
 CD5S, /# you, mafc. &c. 
 ViK, wi/A me, com. 
 1HK, w/7£ him ; him. 
 •ODD or *OD, yro/« me. 
 1JDD, /row us, &c. 
 
 7. Particles frequently take fuffixes ; fome, like 
 nouns fingular ; others, like nouns plural ; and a 
 few, like verbs ;t as, i*?K, to me, com. "py, with 
 thee, com. 1JEJJ, w/7£ us, com. I^by, concerning us, 
 com. 3IWO, between them, mafc. I^K,- /o him, 
 \3^K, wo/ he, or him 4 ^J,1, behold me, or I. 
 
 8. Sometimes a prefix, a particle, and a fuffix are all 
 joined together ; as, 1HKE ( E a prefix, nK a parti- 
 cle, and 1 a fuffix) from him : 1TIJJ2, while I have a 
 being. 
 
 9. II is called local, when adhering to the end of 
 nouns it fignifies to, towards, &c. as, Q% the weft, 
 or /Ztf ^, Jin*, /o or towards the wejl, he. Olp, 
 /£<? ^, fifclp, towards the eafi : onxe, -Egjpf, 
 nB'HXE, towards Egypt. 
 
 * Thefe alfo take s after them in the fing. in regimen. See 
 Seft. IV. No. 31. t See Sea. X. No. 1. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 OF VERBS \ DECLENSION OF REGULAR VERBS ; 
 
 GERUNDS, &C. 
 
 i. In Hebrew, verbs are varied by conjugations, 
 voices, modes, tenfes, numbers, perfons, and genders, 
 
 2. Hebrew verbs have three conjugations. 
 
 3. The old example of a regular Hebrew verb 
 was Hys-, whence are taken the following grammat- 
 ical terms : Niphal, the paffive voice of the firft con- 
 jugation, /. e. SysJ ; Hiphil, the active voice of the 
 fecond conjugation, u e. H^ysn ; Hophal, the paf" 
 five voice of the fecond conjugation, /. e. Sjjsn ; 
 and Hithpael, the third conjugation, /'. e. Sysntt. 
 N. B. The Hebrew words, in thefe injlances, are pro- 
 nounced according to the Maforetical points, 
 
 4. The active voice of the firft conjugation is called 
 Kal (H'p, light J, becaufe, in the preter, it is burdened 
 with no letter at the beginning. 
 
 5. The fignification of a verb in Kal is ufually ac- 
 tive, or neuter ; as, 1p2, he vifited : it is, however, 
 fometimes paffive. Niphal is the paflive of Kal : 
 but verbs in Niphal fometimes have an active fignifi- 
 cation. 
 
 6. Verbs in Hiphil generally fignify to caufe anoth- 
 er to do a thing ; as, l^pBjl, he caufe d another to vif 
 it. Hiphil has fometimes the fignification of Kal. 
 Hophal is the paffive of Hiphil ; and fignifies to be 
 caufed to do, or to be done ; as, TPSj"T, be was made 
 to vifit. 
 
 7. A verb in Hithpael commonly fignifies to a& 
 upon one's felf ; as, "Ipsnn, he made h wife If to vifit* 
 It has, fometimes, a paflive fignification. 
 
 8. Regular Hebrew verbs are conjugated and de- 
 clined according to the following example : 
 
20 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 PRETER TENSE. 
 
 
 
 CI 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 >J sS > - 
 •3 3» •"** 
 
 35 2- *§-•?* J 
 
 M 
 
 < £ 
 
 ?. E> 
 
 *> 
 
 3 ? 
 
 a « 9 5 
 
 IS. Hi- A- IS- 
 
 tr r C *~ 
 
 n c c 
 
 fl fl A A 
 Pl. IS- IS- 12- 
 t~ l~ t~ f 
 
 C C £ 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 G 
 O 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 °^> S» 5 o 
 
 Z ^S$'~ 
 
 10 
 
 c c X 
 
 p-« sis 
 
 * i~ r r 
 
 <! 
 
 Z 
 to 
 
 ri r\ r\ r\ 
 
 A A A A 
 |S- IS- IS. IS. • 
 
 r- i~ *~ r- J 
 
 ■a 
 
 p. 
 
 ri O r% rt 
 A A A A 
 IS. IS- IS- IS- 
 
 i- j- j- r- 
 
 *■ c c 2 
 
 fl 
 
 erf 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 A C C C « 
 
 Hfl « w 3 
 
 I- IS- IS- 12- {=- 
 
 j- i- r r 
 
 
 , n ir c n 
 
 unci: 
 
 
 #• 
 R 
 
 : , — -^ 
 
 cccz 
 
 
 pj 1^ o i^ in . 
 
 1^ R R ft 
 
 oS 
 
 12- 
 
 C| fl fl 'M 
 
 • • 
 
 <; o-ns_ 12- IS- J 
 
 c rs. is- 12- 
 
 <j 
 
 *■ 
 
 p-i2-ni-?- 
 
 
 ^ r r- jl jl < 
 
 U 3 
 
 c. r- i- r- 
 
 
 » 
 
 »- j- i- *~ 
 
 
 z J 
 
 5 ft. 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 GO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 bO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 • 
 
 ctnn 
 a a a a . 
 
 a a A a 
 
 • 
 
 a; 
 
 fl c c C as 
 
 IS- fl fl fl *» 
 
 • 
 
 < 
 ►a 
 
 O 
 
 Ji_ is. p. IS- J 
 
 IS. |S- IS. |S- 
 
 < 
 
 I- is. is. is. £- 
 
 >— i 3 D 
 
 1- 1- t- t- <} 
 
 r- i- i- r- 
 
 J 
 
 !**-*•*" 
 
 3 « 
 
 
 *~ C C ? 
 
 D 
 O 
 
 - *• 
 
 ffip^ 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 CO 
 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 
 n n n n 
 
 irctn 
 
 
 r C C C X 
 
 
 • 
 
 0i 
 
 c c c c . 
 
 c c n c 
 
 oi 
 
 flnncc 
 
 t? ft w 
 
 <j 
 
 a a a a -j 
 
 a a a a 
 
 < 
 
 is. fl fl fl *> 
 
 ^ 5 ^* 
 
 j 
 
 IS- IS- o- IS- < 
 
 IS- IS- IS- IS. 
 
 J 
 
 |- IS. IS. IS- £• 
 
 3 Q^.O 
 
 D 
 O 
 Z 
 
 ■—   
 
 CO 
 
 r f v r &J 
 
 t~ tr t~ t~ 
 
 & 
 
 r t- r- r- 
 
 I. Conj 
 
 Hith 
 
 SeeN 
 
 hccd 
 
 04 
 
 - tz c ? 
 0" 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 (O 
 
 «#• 
 
 »— • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »— i , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J! 
 
 
 
 "** 
 
 
 
 
 »N 
 
 
 I: -C 
 
 
 
 4-> 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • -4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5.° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 21 
 
 TENSE. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 • 
 55 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 e til 
 
 ^ 6 
 
 as o * 
 
 2 P E» J 
 
 • • 
 
 C) 
 
 • 
 
 h 
 tA 
 
 < 
 
 * ** 
 
 0- 
 
 • 
 
 h 
 
 OS 
 
 < 
 
 *» a 5 £ ^ 
 
 *- r r~ r 
 o #- ^ 
 
 w 4 CI 
 12-12- 
 
 CI CI 
 
 ia-«2- 
 
 f- r- 
 
 E 
 
 12- 
 I- 
 
 k 
 
 5 
 
 cT v. 
 r 
 
 C| 
 12- 
 
 e e 
 
 
 +■ 
 
 CI 
 
 - Q 
 
 o 
 
 •+- -{- 
 
 
 
 12- 
 
 CJ f| 
 12-12- 
 
 CI 
 
 12- 
 
 
 
 
 f- 
 
 r- i- 
 
 J- 
 
 p. n bi « p 
 
 E E 
 
 E E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 • CI d 
 
 cj m 
 
 ci 
 
 
 
 . i- ii-n.ii.lr 
 
 eJ /2_ |i_ . 
 
 n- n- 
 
 12- 
 
 
 I— 
 
 j *- i- t- t~ r 
 
 < »- r- »J 
 
 i- r- 
 
 I- 
 
 
 3 
 
 < *2 *~ rj 
 
 j * < 
 
 *- *-i 
 
 
 
 
 See 
 
 » £ 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 o » 
 
 
 
 
 
 -> 
 
 * £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 0* 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E E 
 
 E E 
 
 E 
 
 » 
 
 
 jflfl . 
 
 ci /n 
 
 o 
 
 c« 
 
 
 . ' ii_ n. n- j_ 
 
 oS fi-/2- J 
 
 f2- 12- 
 
 /2- 
 
 n. 
 
 
 •J E *- f. *- *~ 
 
 2 t ' E 
 
 1 I 1 J 1 <? 
 
 E £ 
 
 E 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 ►J 
 
 Z P4 
 
 
 
 
 
 CU 
 
 M 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 . I2.C1 CI JS) ?! 
 
 M r- 12- n- n. Jr- 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 fl 
 
 • 
 
 
 CI 
 
 
 ci 
 
 b© 
 
 
 12- 
 
 
 12- 
 
 g £ E 
 
 c 
 
 ts 
 
 OS 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ C C C g 
 
 . m C C C uj 
 
 J ns_ci ei cj £ 
 
 . E E 
 
 E E 
 
 E 
 
 13 
 
 
 as c c . 
 
 C C 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 
 <! fl S) J 
 
 C| Pi 
 
 C) 
 
 CJ 
 
 
 *5 % r- li-cn-Jr- 
 
 J P-ft.<! 
 
 f2- 12- 
 
 12- 
 
 /2- 
 
 
 c* *- r- t- r- r 
 
 D *" E «* 
 
 r- r- 
 
 |- 
 
 t~ 
 
 
 2 E E 
 
 ° 2 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 e. 
 
 S Pi 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 — — E 
 
 E •* 
 
 #— 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 0k 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 «... 
 
 O g o ^w 
 
 S 
 C) ,_r On 5 
 
 So 
 
 c\ o •> 
 C <u m 
 
 t— ( <L» 
 
 * »ii ■*-• 
 
 C o o s 
 
 CO "^ >M 
 
 ^3 ^ ti 
 
 .S o - fe 
 
 S^> CO 
 «sl— I « 
 
 •^ cy O 
 
 r- 3 C P* 
 
 ^ ti we: 
 
 rtf *+* \J •** 
 
 ,3 f* 
 
 •fl ^ * 
 ** ^^ t? 
 
 O ^ +^ 
 
 2 S c v 
 
 — - 
 
 ^2 Dh 
 
 4> 
 
 w ^ o .2 
 
 ,0 *2 "O _r 
 
 T3 <Li CU 
 
 ^ si 4* 
 c-5 .a 
 
 o o ^ c 
 
 r > - 
 
 CO 
 
 ^_r g <l> y 
 
 bd S W 
 
 D 
 
22 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 9. In Hebrew, a&ive participles fignify either as 
 thofe of the prefent, or the future in rus, in Latin ; paf- 
 five participles, as thofe of the prefer, or future in dus* 
 
 10. 1 prefixed to a verb often converts the prefer 
 into the prefent, or future, and the future into the pref- 
 ent, or prefer ; as, Wtj7:n, and I will rebuke ; WW, 
 and he fpake.f 
 
 1 1 . The particle ?tt, then, coming before the fu- 
 ture, fometimes converts it into the prefer ; as, 
 -DT TK, then he /pake. 
 
 12. In Hithpael, when the firft radical is ?, D, ¥, 
 or V, the chara&eriftic n is tranfpofed with it ; as, 
 *DWn, from *l?E?. And the chara&eriftic n being 
 tranfpofed with ? is changed into 1, and with ¥, into 
 
 tt : as, (Dim, from p,; prasn, from ptfj. 
 
 13. The prefixes, D, p, h 9 and B, joined to the 
 infinitive mode, form gerunds ; as, lYps^, in vifiU 
 ing ; "Ip3^, to vifit.^ 
 
 1 4. When the third perfoit feminine prefer of any 
 conjugation is followed by a pronoun fuffix, its ft is 
 changed into n ; as, VironK, Jhe loved him. 1 Sam. 
 XVIII. 28. 
 
 1 5. The fecond perfon mafculine plural of the pre- 
 t^r of Kal fometimes drops its CD before a fuffix ; as, 
 •OnBtf, ye have fafted to me, for •tfDntttf. Zech. 
 VII. 5. Un^n, ye have brought us up, for "OEn^Syn. 
 Numb. XX. 5. 
 
 16. In the fartheft column to the left hand of the 
 preceding example of regular verbs are added the 
 paragogic letters, i. e. letters which are fometimes 
 fuffixed to the refpecHve perfons of all the conjuga- 
 
 ^ - - "   -■ - — 
 
 * In Kal, there is a pa/Jive as well as afiive participle. 
 
 f Sometimes the 1 is not joined to the word it affecls ; but t® 
 another. 
 
 J Sometimes n, the characteriilic of Hithpael, is omitted. 
 
 § 2, 3) and h often exclude n, the chara&erifti^ of thj in- 
 finitive of Niphal and Hiphil. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 23 
 
 tions, againft which they Hand. They are added for 
 emphafis, or euphony. They are fuffixed to irregular 
 as well as regular verbs. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 i. Thofe verbs, which in their formation are not 
 ftrictly reducible to the foregoing example of Ips, 
 are called irregular ', or defeclive. 
 
 2. The feveral kinds of irregular verbs are thefe, viz. 
 
 ■n -\r ¥ J r or a verb the fir ft: radical of which is < J 
 Pe Yod,* 3 c ^ 
 
 Oin Vau, or a verb the middle radical of which is 1. 
 Lamed He, or a verb ending with n. 
 
 Pe Nun, or a verb the lad radical of which is J. 
 
 Oin doubled, or a verb the two laft letters of which 
 are the fame. 
 
 Lamed Nun, ? u.-u 1 a j- 1 r w u • C *• 
 
 t j t. x r or a verb the lalt radical or which is < „ 
 Lamed 1 au, 1 3 £ n. 
 
 Pe Aleph. 
 
 3. The radical K of verbs P<? y^>£ is generally 
 omitted in the firft perfon fingular of the future,| 
 left two Alephs fhould occur ; as, "DK, for 1DNK. 
 In other refpeds verbs Pe Aleph are regular. 
 
 Pe Yod. 
 
 4. Verbs Pe Tod caft away 1 in the imperative of 
 Kal ; as, Dt£% for D£^ ; alfo 1 is omitted in the in- 
 finitive of Kal, and rS is added ; as, nso. See the 
 following example : 
 
 * From the old example by£>, thofe verbs, which drop their 
 firft letter, have been called defective in Pe, 5 ; thofe, whioK 
 drop their fecond, defective in Oin, y ; and thofe, which drop 
 rheir third, defective in Lamed, b* 
 
 f Moil irregular verbs are fometimes regularly formed. 
 
 j Or, rather, the two Alephs coalefce in one. 
 
-4 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Example of the conjugations: and declenfion of verbs 
 
 Pe Yod. 
 
 Hophal. 
 
 Hiphil. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 -.-,.— 
 
 Kptnn 
 
 rrrn 
 
 nmftsi 
 
 rrr'n 
 
 nrrr 
 
 oidcmi 
 
 •nsmn 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 idmn 
 
 W&Hh 
 
 crrrn 
 
 txistrm 
 
 jrwrr 
 
 }7\2&71 
 
 ** s*m *■• 
 
 ".:tr x rt 
 
 SISGULA 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 r -.. 
 
   - 
 
 f,r.' 
 
 tfvm 
 
 ^cnn 
 
 -, r>r 
 
 '•:- 
 
 TTH 
 
 >T\V 
 
 *) s Z*i< 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 i]5^, be a J J: J. 
 
 NiphaL 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 nstna 
 
 FLURAL. 
 
 piaina 
 
 urn 
 rasrtn 
 
 r*: 
 
 r:r:-r 
 nastnn 
 
 ; SINGULAR. 
 
 I 
 
 tpnf} 
 
 B|0ttC 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 mm 
 
 rastnn 
 
 tefnfi 
 
 *el n 
 
 KaL 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 -riz\ Jh. 
 nrc*, ^s«, c, 
 
 PLURAL. J 
 
 anas' 
 
 SINGULAR, 
 
 -rn 
 
 s-cn 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 radon 
 
 •srn 
 
 rt&bt\ 
 
 -r: 
 
 c 
 -: 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 -.-,- 
 
 --._ 
 
 r § 
 
 x " 
 
 nfedi 
 
 •r-rn 
 
 *5oin 
 
 
 
 
 F L U R A L . 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. H 
 
 
 
 >r>-'- 
 
 , r -,_ 
 
 k 5D 3 
 
 
 
 TIZZ'-" 
 
 r&mn 
 
 -:rr 
 
 mn 
 
 r^r* 
 
 J.-.V- 
 
 Pir Ir.nn. 
 
 
 r ,-..v- 
 
 
 .*T" Par:. act. 
 
 
 rjmn 
 
 
 k)BM 
 
 r»r Part, paff. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 25 
 
 5. When any of thefe fervile letters, K, ft 9 ">, B, 2> 
 n, are prefixed to a verb P^ 7W, in its declenfion, 
 the radical 1 is ufually either omitted, or changed in- 
 to \ Except 2tt\ St», p, and p^ ; which, in Hiph- 
 il, require 1 inftead of 1 ; as, 2Wfi 9 for 3WI. 
 
 6. Thefe four verbs, 1D\ Pl^ 3 jm, and !TT>, in Hith- 
 pael, change 1 into % as, 1D\nn. Other verbs Pe Tod 
 are regular in Hithpael. N. B. Whenever Hithpael 
 is not inferted in the examples of irregular verbs, it is 
 regularly declined, as in "lps ; unlefs in fuch inflances 
 as will be noticed. 
 
 7. The verb 7l$ has 1 in the future of Kal ; thus, 
 
 Sinx, I /hall be able. 
 
 8. rip 1 ?, to take, or be taken, is formed in Kal like tp\ 
 
 9. The formative 1 in Hiphil is fo-merimes omitted ; 
 as, vo^n/cr \-Q£Vin. Jerem. XXXII. 37. 
 
 Oin Vau. 
 
 10. The root of verbs Oin Vau is the infinitive ; as, 
 OVp, to arife. In the third perfon mafculine fingular 
 of the preter of Kal, which is the root of all other 
 verbs, the 1 difappears. 
 
 1 1. Verbs Lamed He, and a few others, when their 
 middle radical is 1, are regular, with regard to that 
 letter. 
 
 1 2. Thefe four verbs, TW, UTO, IV, and DVO, have 
 ^ in the preter of Kal ; as, rOlD, MDU), 51D. 
 
 13. U?D fometim.es imitates verbs Pe Tod ; as, pre- 
 ter of Hiphil, UTOVi. 
 
 14. The third radical of verbs Oin Vau is frequent- 
 ly repeated ; as, SDIp. 
 
 15. Verbs Oin Vau fometimes omit their 1 in the 
 future cf Kal ; as, 2^ for 2W> ; from yty. 
 
 16. Hiphil fometimes fuffers an aphasrefis of the 
 characterise n, in the imperative ; as, D*>p, fecond 
 per. fing. mafc. for D^pn. Verbs having their middle 
 radical 1 fometimes, in like manner, drop n in Hiphil, 
 
46 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs 
 
 Oin Vau. 
 
 
 DW, 
 
 >fe placed. 
 
 
 
 Hophal. 
 
 Hiphil. 
 
 Nip'hal. 
 
 Kal. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 wmti 
 
 amm 
 
 owa 
 
 OU?, £tf. 
 
 
 rrrawirr 
 
 no^n 
 
 nnw) 
 
 HEW, fie. 
 
 
 maiznn 
 
 hwwn 
 
 nrawa 
 
 n*w, Mo», 
 
 (5« 
 
 *n»w»n 
 
 »m»Mi?n 
 
 vrmwa 
 
 view, /, &c. w 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 -J 
 
 wwirr 
 
 i»wn 
 
 «3W3 
 
 WW 
 
 CI 
 
 orttounn 
 
 eniwn 
 
 onww: 
 
 bfnra 
 
 
 jrraTznrr 
 
 infirm 
 
 ]nWW3 
 
 {'n&w 
 
 
 Wnwn 
 
 VWIVTI 
 
 WU3W3 
 
 UOW 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 ttow 
 
 tlW* 
 
 &W 
 
 ow* 
 
 
 cunn 
 
 a>wn 
 
 own 
 
 town 
 
 
 o^tn 
 
 own 
 
 own 
 
 own 
 
 
 wwn 
 
 wwn 
 
 wwn 
 
 naiwn 
 
 
 DttIK 
 
 DWK 
 
 owk 
 
 OWN 
 
 C 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 1»W 
 
 i»W* 
 
 1ttW> 
 
 ttMW* 
 
 ?3 
 
 • 
 
 r»»win 
 
 tttnwn 
 
 m»wn 
 
 nawwn 
 
 
 inwin 
 
 i»wn 
 
 miun 
 
 ttaiwn 
 
 
 naminn 
 
 n:»wn 
 
 nwwn 
 
 mnwn 
 
 
 &ana 
 
 own 
 
 • 
 
 wwi 
 
 DW3 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 D^tl 
 
 own 
 
 toW 
 
 2 
 
 
 vawn 
 
 wwrr 
 
 *qvd 
 
 70 
 
 Not ufed. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 rawn 
 
 ipwrr 
 
 WW 
 
 • 
 
 
 rriDirn 
 
 ru-awn 
 
 ronw 
 
 
 minrr 
 
 own 
 
 own 
 
 D1W Infinitive. 
 
 . , , 
 
 owe 
 
 
 DU> Part. 
 
 a a. 
 
 GWO 
 
 
 owa 
 
 CW Part. paff. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR, 27 
 
 Lamed He. 
 
 17. Befide the changes of n, in the following ex- 
 ample of verbs Lamed He, it is fometimes changed in- 
 to 1 ; as, in niDrl, for nnDn ; and into 1 ; as, in 
 Vthtf, for wStf. 
 
 18. nn#, he bowed down, not only tranfpofes the 
 charatteriftic n with its firft radical V in Hithpael,* 
 but inferts 1 between the two laft -radicals ; as, 
 
 $mn&ft 9 for nnn^rr. 
 
 19. Sometimes verbs Lamed He are declined reg- 
 ularly ; as, nrDJ, fir-r^, J"DJ. 
 
 20. The imperative of verbs Lamed He frequent- 
 ly lofes the radical !"l, in all the conjugations ; as, 
 Sj, for rhy ; SjnH, for nSjnn. 
 
 21. 1 converfivef prefixed to the future, the neg- 
 ative particle ^K before it, and fuffixes, ufuaJly caufe 
 H radical to be cut off ; as, tPjT»% for Plpjrh ; WJJ, 
 
 22. Thefe two verbs, rrtft /;<? <^Y7.r, and rT»n, /^ 
 //*;#/, often lofe the radical Jl in the future, wheth- 
 er 1 converfive or ^K are prefixed, or not. J 
 
 * See Seft. VIII. No. 12. 
 f See Seft. VIII. No. 10. 
 % Verbs ending with x fometimes omit it ; as, >n^ for riKX'i 
 
 I went out : llanra for iOBntt, from finning. 
 
 The infinitive often affumes n at the end ; as, DNibn for Nlbft, 
 to fill. 
 
 The third perfon feminine lingular fometimes ends in n, in- 
 ftead of n ; as, n*np for rtKiy, fie called. 
 
 The verb KU^, he lifted up ; fometimes. in the pafllve participle 
 tf Kal changes n* into "• ; as, >m: for NW3. 
 
28 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 w 
 
 < 
 
 J-* 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 
 £2 ^ 
 
 CO ^ 
 
 52 
 o ^ 
 
 «I-< r— 
 .*-> J_ 
 
 rf 
 
 bO 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 O 
 
 u ► 
 
 <D 
 
 O 
 
 <L> 
 
 cl, 
 
 
 PRETER. 
 
 64 
 
 1-5 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 n c *i c c c r» 
 
 n 
 
 c F" 
 
 D 
 
 FUTURE 
 
 2 
 
 SB 
 
 s £-£ £ c f: 
 £pp~A-O.A 
 
 n 
 
 n r: 
 
 
 ^ J *-» jr-, ,-, ,-, ^ jr-! ^! *~j jr-» 
 
 ;5 O *"» *~i »~i *"» ^ *~« -"i *-» *-» 
 
 /L, *r t~ |— r r- A *- s~ r r- 
 
 -'-^cc;* c c p 
 
 s A-fLfLfL?L 
 
 z n 
 
 CO 
 
 n n *~ ji 
 
 T r- jr l *^ ^% *"» 
 
 = n n n ^ n 
 
 
 
 CU» 
 
 •J 
 
 . n rz n rz z n rz n n 
 
 W 5 
 
 CO 
 
 
 c c 
 
 Oh 
 
 
 < 
 
 sb r* 2 13 *-» C3 
 
 ii n r. c n   j c n n n 
 
 (0 J. 
 
 Oh ^ 
 
 c ^ ** 
 
 f^ 
 
 C ^ G C 
 
 p *-i ■* n i *i *^ 
 
 e, C G P 
 
 n 
 
 g £ c c c x 
 
 3 R c c e c 
 
 5 r- n c ' r: 
 
 CO 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 29 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 IMPER, 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 < 
 
 to 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 -< • 
 
 z 
 
 • 
 
 h 
 p4 
 
 • 
 
 H 
 to* 
 
 » ^ n c c 71 
 
 g p-r*.£ p-p- 
 
 P- 
 
 < 
 to 
 
 
 *^ ? P ? n 
 
 2?? ->P? 
 
 
 A- 
 
 #t 
 
 »-» *-« 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 r: rz 
 
 
 r: 
 
 #~ 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 -0! ; 
 
 
 
 
 •j 
 
 < ►» 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ rz rz « rz rz 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 i4 ^ *"» *"» *"» r-S 
 
 
 
 
 n: 
 
 n n 
 
 w rz 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 •a 
 
 g rz ir * n n 
 
 
 
 
 g £-!LJL{Lg- 
 
 n 
 
 p 
 
 
 0- 
 
 a- 
 
 
 j P *i -1 r 2 
 
 - *~ *~ *~ *- 
 
 ~ *"i »i j *2 *i 
 
 •t 
 
 *•» 
 
 
 5r. r p. ^ rv 
 
 
 rz 
 
 
 n n 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 '.<U 
 
 
 
 
 at r r- r~ r- *** 
 
 2 f^B-B-B-ir 
 
 <*-< 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 
 
 
 *-* 
 
 O 
 
 rz 
 
 
 rz 
 
 
 oi : 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1 < 
 
 
 
 
 < £ c c c 2 
 
 £ rz rz Sni: 
 
 rz 
 
 
 
 
 rz 
 
 rz 
 
 
 A- 
 
 p- 
 
 
 a, ^ ■? t2 *"» r 5 
 ^ ^ A n 
 
 « TZ r ^ iy 
 
 •3 
 
 r- 
 
 rz 
 
 *-* 
 rz 
 
 
 JZ H 
 
 rz 
 
 
 
 E 
 
3 o A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Pe Nun. 
 
 23. Verbs Pe Nun drop -3 in the imperative and 
 infinitive of Kal ; which infinitive takes^ the termina- 
 tion n ; as, JtMq, fronx Sstf. 
 
 24. When, any of the ferviles, N*, PI, ">, 12± J, r"l, 
 are prefixed, the radical i is ufually omitted ; as, 
 Ssx foil Ssjs^ : except the future, imperative, and in- 
 finitive of Niphal, where the radical J is retained. 
 
 25. When the fecond radical is, *•»*, PI, n, or y, 
 verbs Pe Nun are generally regular ; as, yiSW*- from 
 
 V'JO, to defpife. 
 
 26. The following verbs follow all the irregulari- 
 ties of Pe Nun ', rU\ he left, "\0\ he. chaflifed, 3¥% 
 he appointed, XX\ he placed, yx\ he fpread, p¥% he 
 poured out, "& M >, he formed, TTSfV he burned, and M\ 
 he compared about. 
 
 27. The verb JJHH ia once defective of the firfl 
 radical ; thus, tyH^ Job, IV. 10. for ijjnSa, are 
 broken, 
 
 28". Sometimes 1 is inferted between the two laft 
 radicals of the future of Kal of verbs Pe Nun ; as, 
 hnDi, Pfalm, I. 3. h^n, Job, XXXI. 22. Sia*, 
 Ifai. &. 34. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 3 1 
 
 Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs 
 
 Pe Nun. 
 
 
 %J, 
 
 he fell. 
 
 
 •Hophal. 
 
 HipTiil. 
 
 Niphal. 
 
 Kal. 
 
 SINGULAR. : 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR.' 
 
 'S'lN'GULAk. 
 
 ban 
 
 rrbsn i 
 
 nbsn I 
 
 ^nbsn . 
 
 >LURAL. 
 
 V*>rr 
 nVsn 
 nbsn j 
 >nbsn 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 bS3 
 
 Wbaa 
 
 ftbt» 
 
 *nba;> i 
 i 
 
 'PLURA-L. | 
 
 baa, fe. 
 
 nbaa, yfo. 
 
 nbaa, thou, c 
 
 ••nbaa - 
 IS 
 
 PLUR-AL. § 
 
 ■>b*>rr 
 onbsn 
 
 ubsn i 
 
 Dnbsrr 
 
 ^nbsrr 
 
 ttbsn 
 
 iba* 
 
 DDbS3 j 
 
 }hba3 
 i2bS5 
 
 ft 
 
 tea r 
 
 cnbaa 
 f?fea3 
 
 'wbsU 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 bsn 
 bsn 
 *bsn 
 
 Van 
 b«&n 
 
 >Vsn 
 b\sx 
 
 baa* 
 
 baan 
 baan 
 "ba^n 
 
 b33N 
 
 bis 
 
 ban 
 ban 
 »ban 
 baa i 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. ^ 
 
 lbl>* 
 
 rwbsn 
 
 •jbsrr 
 
 rubsn 
 
 b*» 
 
 nabsn 
 nabsn 
 
 b>*>3 
 
 ibaa* 
 
 nabaan 
 
 ibaan 
 
 nabaan 
 
 baaa 
 
 iba* « 
 naban 
 iban 
 naban 
 
 baa 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Not ufed. 
 
 Van 
 
 baarr 
 >baan 
 
 ba * 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 PLURAL. H 
 
 
 iVan 
 
 mbsrr 
 
 ibaan 
 nabaan 
 
 -4 
 
 iba !■ 
 nabs 
 
 bsn 
 
 Van 
 
 baan 
 
 nba Infinitive. 
 
 
 Van 
 
 
 baia Part. a&. 
 
 bsra 
 
 < 
 
 baa 
 
 biaa Part. paff t 
 
32 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 OlN DOUBLED. 
 
 29. Verbs Oin doubled, in the firft and fecond con- 
 jugations, ufually omit the fecond radical \ as, 2D, 
 
 for MD. 
 
 30. In the firft and fecond conjugations, 1 is ufual- 
 ly inferted before the terminations of the firft and 
 fecond perfons preter ; and * before the feminine 
 plural termination PHJ, in the future and imperative. 
 
 31. Sometimes } is inferted between the two firft 
 radicals ; as, *TTO ; TTiDnn. This generally takes 
 place in Hithpael, which otherwife is regular. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 33 
 
 Example of the conjugations and declenfion of verbs 
 
 OlN DOUBLED. 
 
 MD, he went about* 
 
 Hophal. Hiphil. Niphal. Kal. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 2Din 
 
 n2Dirr 
 
 nnoirr 
 
 ^ni2Din 
 
 ?LURAL. 
 
 12 Din 
 DrvoDirr 
 ]ni2Din 
 
 1312D17T 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 aw? 
 
 2Din 
 2Din 
 *2Din 
 
 2D1K 
 PLURAL. 
 
 12 DV 
 
 rn^Din 
 
 i2Din 
 
 7W2Din 
 
 2D13 
 
 Not ufed. 
 
 2Din 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SDH 
 
 n2Dt-r 
 ni2Dn 
 <ni2Dn 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 12DH 
 
 Dnuon 
 
 jni2Dn 
 
 ui2Dn 
 
 2D1D 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 2D* 
 
 2on 
 ion 
 
 2DX 
 PLURAL. 
 
 i2D> 
 n^2Dn 
 
 12DD 
 2D3 
 
 SIN GULAR, 
 
 2D77 
 *2DT7 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 i2Drr 
 
 2Dn 
 
 2DT2 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 2D3 
 
 n2D: 
 
 ni2D3 
 *ni2DJ 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 12D3 
 
 oni2D3 
 ]ni2DJ 
 
 1:1203 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 2D* 
 
 son 
 
 2DD 
 
 2DX 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 12D* 
 
 i2Dn 
 
 2D3 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 2DH 
 '•IDH 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 i2Dn 
 W2Drr 
 
 21DrT 
 
 2D3 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 2D, £<r. 
 
 rr2D, ,/fe. 
 
 JH12D, thou., c. 
 
 *ni2D, „ 
 
 JO 
 
 PLURAL. % 
 
 12D ? 
 
 DD12D 
 ]ni2D 
 
 1312D 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 21 D» 
 
 21 on 
 
 2iDn 
 
 \aion 
 
 21DK 
 PLURAL. 
 
 121 D* 
 
 n:^2Dn 
 
 21D3 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 21 D 
 *21D 
 
 PLURAL. 
 121 D 
 
 n:*2D 
 
 
 3 
 
 M 
 
 > 
 
 pi 
 
 21D Infinitive. 
 
 221 D Part. a&. 
 212D Part. paC 
 
34 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Lamed Nun or Tau. 
 
 32. Verbs Lamed Nun or Tau, when their perfon- 
 al terminations begin with 3 or n, commonly drop 
 their laft radical ; as, n3E^*T% Ifai. LX. 4. they Jh all 
 be nurfe'd, or fupported, for rTiJDxn, from pNt, to 
 
 fuppm ; STlffi, Gen. XIX. 15. for ^nra, / Jhall 
 
 die* 
 
 33. The verb jf"V3, ta g*^ not only drops its 
 initial J, according to No. 24. of this Seel, and 
 its final one before a perfonal termination beginning 
 with I ; but alfo generally loles its final Z before a 
 perfonal termination beginning with n ; as, 'TinJ, I 
 have given, for ^JlJna. 
 
 34. The infinitive of Tl J is ufually HP, or TW^ 
 with n paragogic, for n^n.* 
 
 35. Many Hebrew words are doubly imperfect, or 
 irregular, chiefly fuch as have Vor 3 for the firft let- 
 ter, and rn for the laft. Thus, we find job, XIX. 
 2. JYUVl fecond perfon mafculine plural of the fu- 
 ture of Hiph. from 1-\*\ to afflicl ; Pfalm, LXXV. 2. 
 V^H, firft perfon plural of the preter of Hiphil, 
 from }~H% to confefs : Gen. XII. 8. tD\ third per- 
 fon mafculine lingular of the future of Kal 9 from 
 ritD3, /<? extend : Exod.IX. 15. ^nj, firft perfon 
 fingular future of Kal, from r~W, to fmite. 
 
 '36. When the middle radical is irregular, the ex- 
 tremes are regular ; as, D1J, which never lofes its 
 firft radical. 
 
 37. If both or either of the extremes be irregular, 
 the middle radical is regular ; as, ?~W, which never 
 lofes its middle radical : hence it follows, that, if 
 but one radical appear in a verb, it is always the mid- 
 dle one ; as, *6n, from ilSJ ; and the radical 
 
 * T\T\ or rrnn feems, fometimes, to be ufed for fecond perfon 
 jpreter of Kal. See II. Sam. 22, 41. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 3.5 
 
 wanting at the beginning is either *» or 2, and at the 
 end, rn. 
 
   '" 1   
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 OS VERBS WITH' SUFFIXES. 
 
 1. Verbs have the fame fuffixes which nouns have : 
 and thefe three befides, viz. *»>, me y com. % him or 
 it ; rnJ, her or //. 
 
 2. A fuffix to a verb, in the indicative or impera- 
 tive, always fignifies a perfonal pronoun in fome ob- 
 lique cafe ;* as, *0"lp3, vifitavit me ; he vifited me z 
 Wintt, dedifti mihi : thou haft given to me : TW, 
 commorabitur tecum ; he jhall dwell with thee. 
 
 3. A fuffix to an infinitive may fignify either an 
 agent, or a patient ; that is, a pronoun, either in 
 the nominative, or fome oblique cafe ; as, '1>Hp3, 
 when he cries ; *n£t£?7, to keep him. 
 
 4. Verbs Lamed He lofe n before the fuffixes ; 
 as, MVy 9 for UWy, he hath made us. 
 
 5. 3 epenthetic is fometimes inferted between the 
 fuffixes, "O, \ V, n, and a verb in the future \ as, 
 •oro:D\ for iym\ he Jhall honor me. 
 
 6. The perfonal termination t is often dropped be- 
 fore a fuffix ; as, niy», for rWD2. Gen. I. 28. 
 
 7. Participles have the fame fuffixes which nouns 
 have ; as, W*>*, helping him, or his helpers. 
 
 * That is, anfvveving to fome cafe different from the Nonaina- 
 ,tive, in Latin, &c. 
 
36 A HEBREW GRAMMAR* 
 
 SECTION XL 
 
 OF THE VERB #1 ; REDUPLICATIVE, AND PLURI- 
 
 LITERAL VERBS. 
 
 i . ttf % he is, or they are, has rather the nature of a 
 noun than of a verb, in this refped, that it takes the 
 fame fuffixes as nouns, inftead of the perfonal termin- 
 ations of verbs ; as, Itt^, thou art ; B2W> 9 you or 
 ye are. See the word, in Parkhurft's and Pike's He- 
 brew Lexicons. 
 
 2. Reduplicative verbs have the laft, the Jlrft and 
 laft, or the two laft radicals doubled. They are de- 
 rived from fimple verbs ; as, from Vu are derived 
 SSj and SjS: ; from Sip, SSp and SpSp ; from 
 ism, is^sn ; from *inD, nnnno. Such verbs are de- 
 clined regularly. 
 
 3. Pluriliteral verbs confift of more than three let- 
 ters in their root ; as, QD"to to wafte, or root up ; 
 ^DnS, to inveft. The few times they occur, they are 
 declined regularly. 
 
 SECTION XIL 
 
 OF PAPvTICLES. 
 
 i. Under the denomination of particles,* are in- 
 cluded adverbs, conjunctions, prepofitions, and inter- 
 jections. 
 
 2. Particles have fuffixes like nouns fingular ; as ? 
 VU 3, before him. 
 
 3. Some particles imitate nouns plural in regimen . 
 
 * See Sea. III. No. 4. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 37 
 
 as, VW1K, after, which, with fome others, requires the 
 fame fuffixes which nouns plural do. 
 
 4. Thefe three particles, pK, not, H-3H, behold, *np y 
 yet, for a fuffix of the third perfon mafculine fingular, 
 take the verbal one 13 j as, UJiN, «<tf he.* 
 
 5. Particles often govern the infinitive mode. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 i. Two or more fubflantives fignifying the fame 
 perfon, or thing, are regularly of the fame number, 
 by appofition ; as, ^"Dy PlC?D, Mofes, my fervant.\ 
 
 2. In Hebrew an adjective ufually agrees with its 
 fubftantive in gender and number ; as, :D5n p, a 
 wife/on ; rfrl} H150, great Jirokes. We meet, how- 
 ever, with fuch expreffions as thefe, nVi-3 CD^y, great 
 
 cities ; Deut. I. 28. VI. 10. — mS-U QVi?*, great 
 Jlones ; Deut. XXVII. 2. — niDB D">Jtfn and nipi, 
 
 g00</ tf«<^ ^<^ _/%* ; Jer. XXIV. 2. and 3. — D^-un 
 niKDH, the great lights ; Gen. I. 16. As to the 
 three firft phrafes, it has been obferved, Sect. IV. No. 
 21. Note 2d, that fome feminines plural end in CD^ : 
 and, perhaps, in fuch expreffions as a^Ull rHKCn, 
 the adjective with a termination ufually mafculine is 
 joined with a feminine fubftantive, as a mark of digni- 
 ty or excellence. 
 
 3. Participles agree with fubftantives, in the fame 
 manner that adjcclives do. 
 
 ■»■■ —     1   .     , 1- -■■■■-■-■■.-. ii.. —     1 . mm 
 
 * See Sed. VII. No. 7. and Se&. X. No. 1. 
 
 •j* Except nouns which imply dominion or power, particularly 
 fome of the names of God ; which, although plural, may be in 
 appofition with nouns fingular. 
 
 F 
 
3 8 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 4. When two fubflantives of different genders have 
 the fame adjective^, that adjective is ufually of the 
 mafculine gender ; as, Job, I. 1 3. ED^X ^n^D^ Y03, 
 his fons and his daughters eating, 
 
 5. When two fubflantives, one of which is lingu- 
 lar, and the other plural, or both being fingular, 
 have one adjective, or participle, that adjective or 
 participle is, ufually, in the plural number ; as, 
 
 O^xttn ry&y® •ODt "ON*, / and my Jon Solomon 
 (fhall ht)Jinning. 1 Kings, I. 21. This rule applies 
 to pronouns ; as, DHN r<TD rtapJl *07, male and 
 female (or^ as for the male and female) created he 
 them. Gen. I. 27. 
 
 6. A colleclive noun, or a noun of midtitude 9 though 
 fingular, may have a plural adjective ; as, 
 E^Np rvlW ^5, all Judah coming. Jer. VII. 2.*—   
 CrVrre DJjh, the people piping. 1 Kings, I. 40. 
 
 7. A plural noun of dominion may have a fingular 
 adjective ; as, fi£?p D^ltt, a cruel lord (lords). 
 
 8. An adjective fingular is fometimes joined to a 
 plural noun in a dijlributive fenfe ; as, "pDr^D *lt^% 
 right are thy judgments (i. e. every one of them). 
 Pialm,CXIX. 137.— THK VT\X 9 they who curfe thee 
 are curfed (i. e. each one of them). Gen. XXVII. 29. 
 
 9. An adjective, referring to the former of two 
 fubflantives, fometimes agrees with the latter ; as, 
 O^nn D'H'D-l Wp, the bow of the mighty men (is) 
 broken. 
 
 10. A verb commonly agrees with its noun in 
 number, gender, and perfon ; as, JH 1 * D^KITI, and Ad- 
 am knew. Gen. IV. 1. IWfi YIKJl, the earth was. 
 Gen. I. 2. 
 
 ix. Sometimes a mafculine verb is joined to a 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 39 
 
 feminine noun, to fhow excellence and dignity ; as, 
 
 rnpn mm.* 
 
 12. A feminine verb may be joined to a mafculine 
 noun, or pronoun, to exprefs fomething bafe and 
 mean ; as, rDjnn [rwy.f 
 
 13. A verb fingular joined with a noun plural, or a 
 
 verb plural wfth a noun fingular, often frghifies dif- 
 
 tributively ; as, Jmjjn HI^H nUTD, the becifts of the 
 
 field (i. e. each of the beads) flail cry. Joel, I. 20. 
 
 y^Tl ID J, the wicked (i. e. every wicked m2,Yi) flee. 
 
 Prov. XXVIII. 1. 
 
 ^>^_~ -* * 
 
 14. When two nouns of different genders have the 
 fame verb, that verb is ufually of the niafculine gen- 
 der ; as, ynttm D^Dtyn *H^\ and the heavens and 
 the earth were finifled. Gen. II. 1. 
 
 15. When fsveral fingular nouns have the fame 
 verb, that verb may be put in the plural number ; as, 
 
 ncrf-?o v^y Sjnm nnpSmi — "ivnx, Arioch, 
 
 Chederlaomer, and Tidal made war. Gen. XIV. 1. 
 and 2. 
 
 16. A noun of multitude, though fingular, may 
 have a plural verb ; as, pKPl TOO js, left the land 
 flail fay. Deut. IX. 28. 
 
 17. Nouns plural, when they denote the parts of 
 one whole, are fometimes joined with verbs fingular ; 
 as, mND *>m, there flail be lights, that is, a colleclion 
 {flights. 
 
 18. Sometimes verbs in the future, when not pre- 
 fixed with 1 converfive, and not in connexion with a 
 
 * Gen. XXIV. 14. f Ezek. XXXIII. 26. 
 
40 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 word prefixed with it, have the fignification of verbs in 
 the prefer ; as, DWfi S^ av>K ntpp ros, thus did 
 Job all the days. Job, I. 5. 
 
 19. Sometimes a verb in the infinitive has the fig- 
 nification of fome perfon in another mode ; and it 
 muft depend upon the fenfe and connexion to deter- 
 mine its fignification. See Seel. IX. No. 34. Note. 
 
 20. The mafculine noun plural SVHK, when mean- 
 ing the true God (the adorable Trinity), is frequent- 
 ly joined with verbs fingular, to exprefs the unity of 
 
 eflence and operation j as, O^hSk K"D, God created* 
 Gen. I. 1. 
 
 21. Hebrew verbs are often joined with their infini- 
 tives, which may then be rendered as participles ac- 
 tive, or as the Latin gerunds. This kind of ex- 
 preflion denotes fucceflion or continuance ; as, 
 
 Tjnr hk nmK nmm -©-ok ^s, m blejfmg (or, to 
 
 blefs) / will blefs thee^ and^ in multiplying, I will mul- 
 tiply thy feed : that is, I will continually blefs thee^ and 
 multiply thy feed. Gen. XXII. 17.* 
 
 22. The fubftantive verbs, fiVl and $)\ he was, &c. 
 are often omitted. 
 
 * Thus, Ifai. VI. 9. iinn ban i*n inti win b*o ri»u; w»w, 
 
 hear, in hearing (i. e. be continually hearing), and ye Jhall not per- 
 eeive ; and fee, in feeing (i e. be continually feeing), and ye Jhall not 
 know. Gen. II. 16. and 17. Of every tree of the garden hsxri bsx, 
 thoujhalt or tnayejl continually eat ; hut of the tree of knowledge of 
 good and evil thou /halt not eat of it, &c. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 41 
 
 SECTION XIV. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL FIGURES. 
 
 1. The Hebrews fometimes make ufe of enallage ; 
 as, ID "Wrts Pf. II. 12. iS WH. Ifai. XXX. 18. In 
 thefe inftances, the conftructed form is ufed for the 
 abfolute. 
 
 2. Paragoge frequently occurs. See the example 
 of the conjugations and declenfion of regular verbs. 
 
 3. Ellipfis is frequent, particularly of the particles, 
 and the fubftantive verbs, ffift and &\ See Sect. 
 XIII. No. 22. Pleonafm is often ufed. 
 
 4. Aphserefis fometimes takes place in the impera- 
 tive of Hiphil of verbs Oin Vau, &c. See Sect IX. 
 No. 16. 
 
 5. Epenthefis is fometimes ufed. See Seel:. X. 
 No. 5. 
 
 6. Apocope fometimes occurs. See Seel:. VIII. 
 No. 8. Note 2d. 
 
42 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 S E C T I O N XV. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR FINDING THE ROOT IN HEBREW 
 
 LEXICONS. 
 
 i. The root, whence words of like fignification are 
 derived, is commonly a verb in the third perfon maf- 
 culine lingular of the preter of Kal. 
 
 i. A root umally confifls of three letters. 
 
 3. To find a root, caft away all the ferviles ;* if 
 three radicals remain, you have the root ; as, 
 
 DilWHJIDBD, out of 'their clofe places , from rHJDtt, found 
 in the lexicon under *UD i D^tSH, impious^ from JJ£H. 
 
 4. If, after the ferviles are caft away from a word, 
 there remain two radicals only, the root is an irregular 
 verb ; in fuch cafe, add 1 or J to the beginning of the 
 word ; thus, in njntl, Gen. II. 9. n is a prefix (em- 
 phatic), Seel. V. No. 3. n is the feminine termination ; 
 jn remains ; but, not finding this in a two-lettered 
 form, add 1 to the beginning, and you will have the 
 root. 
 
 5. If, after the prefixes and formative letters are 
 rejected, one letter only mould remain, the root is a 
 doubly imperfect verb ; and, in order to find it, add 
 *> or J to the beginning, and .1 to the end : thus, in 
 051% Gen. XIV. 15. 1 is a prefix ; 1 is the fign of the 
 third perfon mafculine fmg. future, and D is a fuffix, 
 them ; there remains 5 only, to which prefix J, and 
 fuffix H, and you have the root. 
 
 * See Seel. II. No. 4. and 5. The learner mould know what 
 letters are fervile, and what the ufe of the ferviles is, in forming 
 Prefixes, /affixes, the plur a! number of nouns, the conjugations and 
 perfons of verb?, &c. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 43 
 
 6. Sometimes, though rarely, the root confifts of 
 but two letters $ as, IK, or ; 33, a roof. And, 
 
 7. Sometimes the root confifts of four or five let- 
 ters ; as, DD"D, he wafted ; "imriD, he panted.* See 
 Sect. XI. No. 2. and 3. 
 
 * In moft Hebrew Lexicons, the roots are placed in alphabet- 
 ical order ; and all the branches proceeding from a root are placed 
 after it. 
 
 It is needlefs to be more particular on this fubjecl:, fince alraoft 
 every Hebrew Lexicon gives directions for finding the root. 
 
44 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES. 
 Exercise I. — Examples of the ufe of Prefixes » 
 i. 1SD3, in a book. 
 
 HD, in this. 
 
 t^Sn^, with honey* 
 Tp"3, in vifiting. 
 2. "frEft, //>*, /to, or £/»g. 
 DHH, they. 
 
 fijnn, who fed. 
 
 4. VJ?5, tf j tf /r*£. 
 *lp&5, like vi/iting. 
 
 5. SJ?^, ta, of or for a people. 
 nDDj?, in fafety. 
 
 Tpsb, /# #//£f. 
 
 t£D*10, in comparifon of honey. 
 "Ipso, /to fo /«/§■£/ woif vjft : ox, from vifiting. 
 7. TriK^t^, whojhall take. 
 
 Exercise II. — Words in regimen. Words with fuf 
 
 Jixes, &c. 
 
 1. Hp ttD, in the garden-of Eden. 
 1. pStf nSy, # leaf of an oak tree. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 45 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 i. ^5D is amafculine noun lingular, prefixed with D, fig- 
 nifying in. See § V. No. 2. — ^£D is abfolute -. § 
 IV. 19. It is declined like "Dl ; § IV. 27. 
 
 2 is a prefix, as above. JIT is a demonftrative pro- 
 noun ; § VI. 5. 
 
 3 is a prefix, &c. 
 
 Tp3S is a gerund in S ; § VIII. 13. 
 
 2. n is a prefix ; § V. 3. 
 
 H is a prefix, as above. It is here emphatic. Dfi 
 
 is a perfonal pronoun ; § VI. 3. 
 J"! is a prefix, fignifying who ; § V. 3. MjH is a verb 
 
 Lamed He, 3d perfon fing. mafc. preter of Kal. 
 
 3. 1 is a prefix, fignifying and ; § V. 4. 
 
 4. 5 is a prefix. § V. 5. 
 
 1ps5 is a gerund in 5 ; § VIII. 13. 
 
 5. S is a prefix ; § V. 6. 
 
 ^ is a prefix, as in the preceding word. 
 A gerund in S ; § VIII. 13. 
 
 6. 12 is a prefix ; § V. 7. 
 
 D is a prefix, fignifying in comparifon of ; § V. 7. 
 A gerund in Dj § VIII. 13. 
 
 7. t# is a prefix. THO is a verb Pe Aleph, in the 3d 
 
 perfon fing. mafc. of the future of Kal ; § IX. 3. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 1. UD is a mafc. noun fing. prefixed with 2, fignifying 
 
 in. It is in reghnen ; § IV. 18. — pp is a mafcu* 
 line noun fing. abfolute ; § IV. 1 9. 
 
 2. nty is a mafc. noun fing. with a fern, termination ; 
 
 § IV. 6. Note. It is in regimen. — ?l^K is a mafcu* 
 line noun fingular, abfolute. 
 
 G 
 
46 A HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 3. WP min, /^ law-of Jehovah, 
 
 4. *f"?fcft IWnto, aftfter-ofthe king. 
 
 5. n%T» JVip'TC, the righteoufneffes-of Jehovah. 
 
 6. ftXSp *On, words-of hatred. 
 
 7. 3S ^S^y, uncircumcifed-of heart. 
 
 8. *H2j;, wy fervant. 
 
 9. WS% 02/r ward* 
 
 10. W81, his head. 
 
 11. DfiTlVUDDft, out of their clofe places. 
 
 12. OVlS* ItJK^ and God /aid. 
 
 13. DyH nSwSjHD, herefufedto fend away the people- 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 47 
 
 EX PLANATIONS. 
 
 3. mvt is a feminine noun Angular in regimen, de- 
 clined like np-ltf, § IV. 28. Rule for regimen No. 
 18; for the change of f] at the end of the word in- 
 to n, No. 22. of the fame fe&ion. — WW is a mafc. 
 noun fmg. with a fern, termination ; § IV. 6. Note. 
 
 4. mnK is a fern, noun fmg. declined § IV. 30. The 
 word is in regimen, No. 1 8. of the fame feci. — "^D 
 is a mafc. noun fing. abfolute. It is prefixed with fl. 
 
 5. ropTC is a fern, noun plur. declined § IV. 28. It 
 is in regimen. See § IV. 22. — nim is a mafc. noun 
 fmg. abfolute, as explained above. 
 
 6. *nsn is a mafc. noun plur. in regimen : D is caft 
 away from the end; § IV. 21. — T\KW is a fern, 
 noun fing. declined § IV. 28. 
 
 7. *hny is a patf. part, in Kal, declined § IV. 32. See 
 alfo No. 20. of the fame fe&ion. — S^ is a mafc. noun 
 fing. abfolute. 
 
 8. >"Qy is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with % fignifying 
 my. See § VII. 1. It may alfo be plur. fuffixed 
 with 1 ; No. 2. of the fame fe&ion. 
 
 9. wm is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with U, fignify- 
 ing our ; § VII. 1. 
 
 10. 1#*H, is a mafc. noun fing. fuffixed with \ bis ; 
 § VII. 1. 
 
 11. O is a prefix, fignifying out of. on WtfDEft is a fern, 
 noun plur. fuffixed with OH, fignifying their ; § VII. 
 3. The fing. is mJDD, found in the Lexicon under 
 the root "UD. 
 
 12. mawi is a verb Pe Aleph ; § IX. 3. found in the 
 third per. fing. of the future of Kal, prefixed with % 
 which converts the future into the preter ; § VIII. 
 10. — D^n^K is a mafc. noun plur. with which HEJO 
 agrees ; § XIII. 20. 
 
 13. JttD is a verb Lamed Nun ; § IX. 32. found in the 
 third per. fing. preter of Kal, agreeing with HT\ un- 
 derftood ; § VI. 3. — n^CJ^ is a gerund in Lamed ^ 
 § VIII. 13. Dyn is a mafc. noun fing. prefixed 
 with n, fignifying the. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exercise III. — Ffalm L 
 
 Verfe i. 
 
 ow&n THsn o'ytsn myra 
 
 
 Verfe i, 
 BlefTed is the man who 
 walketh not in the coun- 
 fel of the ungodly, nor 
 ftandeth in the way of tin- 
 ners, nor fitteth in the feat 
 of the fcornful. 
 
 Verfe 2. 
 But his delight is in the 
 law of the Lord ; and in 
 his law doth he meditate 
 day and night. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 for. i . *H#K is a mafc. noun plur. in regimen, com- 
 ing before t^KPl, § IV. 1 8. The phrafe, C^KPl •nttfK, 
 literally, in Englilh, is, O the bleflednefles of the man. 
 
 "H^K wants the fing. numb. tJ^KPl is a mafc. noun 
 
 fing. prefixed with PI, fignifying the ; ,§ V. 3. n£?K 
 
 is a relative pronoun ; § VI. 6. N 1 ? is a particle ; § 
 
 III. 4. and § XII. 1. "ppi is a regular verb, found in 
 
 the third per. fing. mafc. of the preter of Kal ; § VIII. 
 8. H2f JJ3 is a fern, noun fing. prefixed with D, fig- 
 nifying in. It is in regimen, as it comes before D^?£V% 
 
 which is an adjective plur. mafc. ufed fubftantively. 
 
 TVO"! is a mafc. noun fing. in regimen, prefixed with 
 
 % fignifying and, and with D, fignifying in. D^Ktin 
 
 is a mafc. noun plur. abfolute ; or, rather a participle 
 mafc. plur. abfolute of Kal, from \\\$U,toJin, ufed fubftan- 
 tively. ftS is a particle, as above. T^y is a reg- 
 ular verb, found in the third perfon fing. mafc. of the 
 preter of Kal. Dg^DD;i is a mafc. noun fing. in reg- 
 imen, coming before CD^ 4 ?. It is prefixed with % figni- 
 fying and, and with D, fignifying in. a^'b is a mafc. 
 
 noun plur. abfolute. N*7 is a particle, as above. 
 
 S£^ is a verb Pe Yod, found in the third perfon fing, 
 mafc. of the preter of Kal ; § IX. 4. 
 
 Yer. 2. ^ and aK are particles. Joined, as in this 
 
 place, they fignify certainly, or, but in truth. mVQ 
 
 is a fern, noun fing. in regimen, prefixed with S, figni- 
 fying in. PiW is a mafc. noun fing. with a fern. 
 
 termination ; § IV. 6. Note. It is abfolute. tfsn 
 
 is a mafc. noun fing. fufBxed with % fignifying his. 
 
 ^n^n^l is a fern, noun fing. prefixed with % fignifying 
 and, and with S, fignifying in ; and fufhxed with \ 
 
 fignifying his. PUPP is a verb Lamed He, in the 
 
 third perfon fing. mafc. future of Kal ; § IX. 22. 
 
 DOT, by day ; in the day time. It is in the form of a 
 
 particle, from Di\ a day. 7frh\ is a fern, noun 
 
 fing. abfolute, prefixed with \ 
 
5° 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Verfe 3. 
 
 ■mya :m *fi9 *iu?k »>& 
 
 F<?r/£ 3. 
 And he fhall be like a 
 tree planted by the rivers 
 of water, that bringeth 
 forth his fruit in his fea- 
 fon ; his leaf alfo fhall not 
 wither ; and whatfoever 
 he doth fhall profper. 
 
 Verfe 4. 
 
 t rm umn nttfK 
 
 F^r/^ 4. 
 The ungodly are not 
 fo ; but are like the chaff 
 which the wind driveth a- 
 
 way. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 51 
 
 EXPLANATIONS, 
 
 Ver. 3* rr>m is a verb Lamed He ; § IX. 22. It is 
 found in the third perfon ling. mafc. of the preter of 
 Kal, converted into the future by the prefix 1 ; § VIII. 
 
 10. It agrees with *OPl underftood ; § VI. 3. fjD 
 
 is a mafc. noun fing. prefixed with 2, fignifying as* 
 bin{£f is a paflive participle of Kal, from the reg- 
 ular verb bn&% and declined like STO ; § IV. 32. 
 
 by is a particle. 1JPE is a mafc. noun plur. in 
 
 regimen. tD*>E is a mafc. noun plur. abfolute. It is 
 
 irregularly declined; § IV. 31. I^K is a relative 
 
 pronoun ; § VI. 6. VHS is a mafc. noun fing. fuf- 
 
 fixed with % fignifying his, TP is a verb Pe Nun 
 
 and Lamed Nun ; § IX. 2. 32. and 33. It is found in 
 the third per. fing. mafc. of the future of Kal ; § XIII. 
 
 18. IHJD is a feminine noun fing. prefixed with D, 
 
 and fufrixed with V In the plur. it is ED\ny and mny. 
 inbyi is a mafc. noun with a feminine termina- 
 tion ; § IV. 6. Note. It is declined § IV. 31. prefix- 
 ed with % and fufrixed with in \ § VII. 4. K7 is a 
 
 particle ; explained above. — — bW is a verb Pe Nun, 
 found in the third per. fing. mafc. of the future of 
 
 Kal ; § IX. 28. bfcl is an adje&h-e undeclined, 
 
 fing. and plur. prefixed with \ n£*K juft explained. 
 
 T\Wy* is a verb Lamed He, found in the third 
 
 per. fing. mafc. of the future of Kal. Pl^V is a 
 
 regular verb, found in the third per. fing. mafc. of 
 Hiphil. 
 
 Ver. 4. Kb and p are particles. They have been 
 
 explained above. O^yc^n is an adjective plur. 
 
 mafc. prefixed with T\ ; it is ufed fubftantively. 
 
 OK *>2 are particles ; explained above. ?TOD is a 
 
 mafculine noun fing. prefixed with *D.- n&'K is a 
 
 relative pronoun. U~nn is a verb Pe Nun, found 
 
 in the third perfon fing. fern, of the future of Kal, fuf- 
 fixed with V; § X. 1. It agrees with ITH, which is 
 fern, with a mafc. termination ; § IV. 2 1 . Note 2d. 
 
5 2 
 
 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 Verfe 5. 
 
 Verfe 6. 
 
 o^-nt m BW jhy» ■£ 
 : -can enyen tva 
 
 F<?r/£ 5. 
 Therefore the ungodly 
 fhall not {land in the judg- 
 ment, nor finners in the 
 congregation of the righ* 
 teous. 
 
 Verfe 6. 
 For the Lord knoweth 
 the way of the righteous : 
 but the way of the ungod- 
 ly fhall perifh. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 53 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 Ver. 5. ty, p, and nS are particles. They have 
 
 been explained. iBp is a verb Oin Vau from 
 
 CDlp ; found in the third perfon plur. mafc. of the fu- 
 ture of Kal ; § IX. 15. O^UH has been explain- 
 ed verfe 1. and 4. 63£t#D3 is a mafculine noun 
 
 lingular, prefixed with D. CPEm is a mafculine 
 
 noun plural, prefixed with V— — mjD is a feminine 
 noun fingular, prefixed with 2, declined like "Hlr ; § 
 IV. 28. It is in regimen, as it comes before C^Hlf. 
 p^pIV is an adjective plural mafc. declined like 
 31B § IV. 32. 
 
 Ver. 6. >S is a particle. JJW is an active parti- 
 ciple of Kal, from the verb Pe Yod JH\ It is de- 
 clined like Dtt: § IV. 32. See alfo § XIII. 22. 
 
 TH is a noun with a mafculine termination ; but it is 
 
 frequently feminine. It is here in regimen. 
 
 CD^IV is an adjective, explained above. TH% pre- 
 fixed with % juft explained.— — SD^ttH explained. 
 *OKn is a verb Pe Aleph, from *DN. It is 
 found in the third perfon fingular feminine of the future 
 of Kal ; and it agrees with fH ; § IV. 21. Note 2d. 
 
 H 
 
54 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 REMARKS ON THE READING OF HEBREW. 
 
 It has been afferted, thit all the letters of the Hebrew alphabet 
 sre confonants, and that the vowels are marked by certain figos, 
 called points : as, kametz or kamets, ^, ba ; patach or pathah, $* 
 
 T 
 
 ba ; chateph-patach or hateph-pathah, ^ , a, &c. 
 
 But, what reafon can be offered, why a. in Greek, and a in En- 
 
 flifh and Latin, mould be acknowledged as vowels, while a in He- 
 rew is not, although the former have their fhape and place in the 
 alphabet from the latter ? 
 
 K, n, T, S and Vi together with the found of e, according to the 
 directions in Seel:. I. of this Grammar, furnifh us with all the vowel- 
 founds which are requifite to read Hebrew with accuracy. This 
 mode of reading is very fimple and eafy ; whereas the Maforetic 
 pointing has unneceffarily multiplied the inflections of nouns and 
 verbs, and, on various accounts, is difficult and perplexing. 
 
 The following obfervations are taken from Wilson's 
 Elements of Hebrew Grammar. 
 
 This method of ufing marks for vowels was adopted by a fet of 
 Jewifh critics, called Maforites,* who flourifhed after the com- 
 mencement of the Chriftian sera. 
 
 Thefe men beftowed much pains upon the text of the Old Tef- 
 tament, particularly that portion of it which was named the law. 
 Their labor, indeed, did not penetrate very deep. They afford us 
 little or no affiftance in the inveftigation of the true fenfe of Scrip- 
 ture, 
 
 In vain do we feek from them the folution of difficulties, the 
 elucidation of obfeure paffages, or any ufeful information concern- 
 ing the manners and cuftoms of their anceftors. Their time was 
 chiefly fpent in giving directions about the pronunciation or fpell- 
 ing of the language, about the manner in which it ought to be 
 read, in numbering the fyllables and words of particular books, and 
 in attempting to unfold the myfteries, or rather fuperllitious fables, 
 
 * The name is borrowed from a word tha*. fignifics tradition. Mafora, a 
 arritic on the text of the Old Teftament, principally founded on tradition. 
 
A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 55 
 
 hid under the veil of inverted, enlarged, or diminijhed letters. Their 
 attempts to affix points or marks to the Hebrew letters, with an in- 
 tention to fupply the defects of vowel-letters in the original text, 
 appeared in the ffth century. Thefe attempts continued to in- 
 creafe till about the tenth, at which period, it is generally thought, 
 this art attained its perfection.* 
 
 The matter has been agitated with keennefs and acrimony. 
 Heat and paflion have been introduced into a controverfy of little 
 or no importance : for, whether we read with or without vowel- 
 points, the fenfe and meaning of the language muft entirely depend 
 upon the written characters, deftitute of points and accents, as they 
 ftill remain in the moll ancient and authentic manufcripts. The 
 Jews have never fuffered the manufcripts, which are preferved in 
 their fynagogues for the purpofes of religious worfhip, to be dif- 
 figured with points. 
 
 Every one acquainted with Hebrew knows, that the whole ftruc- 
 ture of the language is independent cf them, and can be much more 
 eafily learned, and much better underftcod, without than with 
 them.f 
 
 The vowel-marks are no indications to us of the antient 
 founds of the language. \_See Bijhop Hare's Prolegomena in 
 Pfalmos.~] Thefe founds have vanilhed, like the breath of 
 thofe who uttered them ; and no tradition could either arreft or 
 tranfmit them. We are at liberty to invent founds for ourfelves, 
 and no objection can lie againft this expedient, if we employ them 
 only for the purpofes of pronunciation, not to alter the radical 
 parts of the words, not to determine their fignification, nor to con- 
 found the original principles of the grammar, as the inventors of 
 points have done. 
 
 It is a favorite argument with the advocates for the vowel-points, 
 that without their afiiftance, the fenfe of a vaft number of words 
 would be left in a fluctuating and uncertain ftate — that, on this ac- 
 count, they are abfolutely neceflary to prevent ambiguities in the 
 language. 
 
 A very little reflection will fhew the weaknefs of this argument. 
 It is the unavoidable fate of all languages to be liable to ambigui- 
 ties. The Hebrew is not more fo than any other. But thefe am- 
 biguities muft be refolved by an inyeftigation of the fenfe of the 
 period, by confidering the difpoiition and connection of the words, 
 and not by points and marks, which particular perfons may im- 
 pofe.J 
 
 * Pages 30. and 31. third Edit. Edinburgh. 
 
 t Page 35. 
 
 I Pages 61. and 62. 
 
56 A HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 To thefe I add the following obfervations of Arias Mon- 
 tanus, the compiler of the Interlinear Bible. 
 
 Quas punctis five vocalibus exemplaria carent, variam le&ionent 
 admittere poffunt, idque non promifcue et paffim, verum quibufdam 
 in locis ac verbis accidit, ex varia adjun&ione vocalium in fcripto 
 vel pronunciatione. Ut fi quifpiam his Latinis Iiteris f r p n t m in- 
 terferat vocales e e e,ferpentem efficiet ; fi vero poftremoloco u po- 
 nat, &ctt ferpentum.* 
 
 * Vid. Benedi&i Arise Montani de varia Hebraicorum. Librorum Scriptione 
 ct le&ione Comment. 
 
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