UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES IOWA CHRONICLES OF THE WORLD WAR THE RED CROSS IN IOWA CHRONICLES OF THE WORLD WAR EDITED BY BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH THE RED CROSS IN IOWA BY EARL S. FULLBROOK IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. I i!:'K.' PUBLISHED AT IOWA CITY IOWA IN 1922 BY THE STATE HISTOKICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA j 1^ F9 v. EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION ^ To preserve substantial uniformity in the *** books wliicli appear in tlie series of loiva Chronicles of the Wo^id War, the history of The Red Cross in Iowa by Mr. Fullbrook is published in two volumes — although the ^ contents of the two books present an un- ^ broken account of the Red Cross in Iowa during the World War. Each volume is paged separately; but the chapters are numbered consecutively yj through the entire work, as are also the notes and references. At the end of each volume the notes and references follow the text to which they relate. A complete table of contents and a consolidated index, as well viii EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION as this editor's introduction, appear in each volume. The author's preface is found in the first volume only. Benj. F. Shambaugh Office op the Superintendent and Editor The State Historical Society of Iowa Iowa City Iowa AUTHOR'S PREFACE Lakge numbers of the people in the United States helped to carry out the Red Cross pro- gram during the World War: many persons were members of the organization; many con- tributed funds; and many engaged in various Red Cross activities. It would seem, therefore, that there would be considerable interest in a record of what the Red Cross did in different communities and what the communities did for the Red Cross, how the local activities coordi- nated with the general Red Cross program, and what became of the large amount of supplies and funds that were contributed. In the pages that follow an effort has been made to record the Red Cross activities in which the people of Iowa participated or for which they contributed. A complete account of all such activities and contributions has not been attempted. The author's purpose has been to give only a general idea of the part X AUTHOR'S PREFACE Iowa took in carrying through the Red Cross movement in relation to the World War. To accomplish this purpose it was found desirable to draw upon the experiences of a large number of local communities for illustrative material. Nor are the experiences cited and materials used the only instances of the kind, or illustra- tive of the greatest accomplishments: on the contrary, they were chosen because they were representative of what took place in many different parts of the State. Many difficulties are encountered in attempt- ing to record events so soon after their occur- rence: indeed, some historians might think it unwise to make the effort. To the author, however, the task has seemed to be quite worth while. It is only from those who participated in and were responsible for the success of the movement that one can catch the real spirit that dominated the Red Cross activities. To these same persons one must also turn for many facts that are necessary to make the record complete. An earlier study, made by the present author, of the accomplishments of the Sanitary Com- mission during the Civil War justifies the AUTHOR'S PREFACE xi opinion that a great many of the activities of the Red Cross in the World War were under- taken by the Sanitary Commission in the earlier conflict. Only meager information concerning what was then done was preserved when the results were fresh in the minds of the partici- pants. Hence the Red Cross had to work out many of the problems anew. For that reason such a study as is contained in the following pages may be of special value sometime in the future. A variety of sources have been drawn upon in the preparation of the present volumes. Important among these were the publications of the American Red Cross, including regular and special bulletins, pamphlets, and reports from the national, divisional, and State officials. As a means of discovering important material and finding out what was done in the several districts, newspapers from different cities of the State were found to be very useful. Invaluable was the information received from Red Cross records and correspondence, and from Red Cross workers themselves. In all cases those engaged in the different lines of xii AUTHOR'S PREFACE Eed Cross work were eager to give any assist- ance possible. Considerable time was spent in the offices of the Central Division of the Amer- ican Eed Cross at Chicago, where access was had to the records, files, and correspondence. A great deal of valuable information was gained from conferences with those in charge of the division bureaus. Through the courtesy of Dr. A. E. Kepford access was had to the records and correspond- ence in the Iowa State director's office at Des Moines; and John P. Wallace, who managed the first Roll Call and the Second War Fund Drive in Iowa, generously opened up for exam- ination the materials in his office. To these and many others, all of whom it would be impos- sible to mention, the author is greatly indebted for valuable assistance. For encouragement and advice during the preparation of the manuscript and for its edit- ing the author is indebted to Dr. Benj. F. Shambaugh, Superintendent and Editor of the State Historical Society of Iowa. Dr. F. E. Haynes of the State University of Iowa gave constant advice and assistance. Dr. Ruth A. AUTHOR'S PREFACE xiii Gallalier carefully read the manuscript and compiled tlie index, and Miss Helen Otto as- sisted in its verification. Earl S. Fullbrook The State Historical Society of Iowa Iowa City Iowa CONTENTS VOL. I I. Origin of the Red Ceoss .... 1 II. FOEMATION OF THE AmEEICAN ReD Ceoss 1-8 III. The Wae Oegaxization .... 37 IV. Development of Red Ceoss Oegan- ization in Iowa 60 V. Red Ceoss Membeeship 90 VI. Finances of the National Oegan- IZATION 137 VII. Financing Local Organizations . 183 Notes and References 205 Index 237 VOL. II VIII. The Work op the Women • • • 1 IX. Canteen Service 39 XV xvi CONTENTS X. Home Seevice 59 XI. Home Seevice (Continued) ... 96 XII. Camp Seevice 124 XIII. NuEsiNG Seevice 152 XIV. The Junioe Red Ceoss 181 Notes and Refeeences 211 Index 237 Origiit of the Red Ckoss Concerning the beginnings of the Red Cross the most obvious fact is that it ''originated in a practical attempt to meet a practical need with a practical remedy. Sometimes a 'move- ment' originates in an idea, and develops through attempts to put the idea into practice ; but Red Cross began in practice and developed its 'ideas' out of practical situations."^ Pages of early history record many instances of care and comfort administered to sick and wounded soldiers. But the first organized ef- fort in this direction which endured for any great length of time and which might be linked up with the Red Cross movement of to-day originated with the Knights of St. John or Knights Hospitallers of the Crusades and has continued to the present time.^ THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS It was in 1023 that the Hospital of St. John was established at Jerusalem to care for the poor and sick Latin pilgrims. In time this organization developed into a military order of VOL. I — 2 1 2 RED CROSS IN IOWA great strength and wealth. Later when driven out of the Holy Land the Knights settled at Ehodes. Here they remained until 1522 when they went to Malta. As a military order the organization of Knights Hospitallers was later suppressed, but it was afterwards revived as a charitable institution with special provisions for tending the sick and wounded in war. It has been said of the Knights: "Not their riches nor their power nor their military prow- ess have given them their distinguished place in history, but their deeds of mercy to the sick and wounded." An interesting account is given of the aid administered by them after an earthquake in Sicily and Calabria in 1783. Galleys had been laid up for the winter when news of the disaster reached Malta, but within "a night" they were made ready and dis- patched with a generous cargo of supplies for the sufferers.^ THE WORK OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Much closer to the Red Cross of to-day was the work done by Florence Nightingale for the sick and wounded of the English army during the Crimean War. Early in the war the ter- rible conditions in the English hospitals were set forth by a special correspondent of the London Times who wrote: ''It is with feelings ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 3 of surprise and anger that the public will learn that no sufficient preparations have been made for the proper care of the wounded. Not only are there not sufficient surgeons — that, it might be argued, was unavoidable ; not only are there no dressers or nurses — that might be a defect of system for which no one is to blame ; but what will be said when it is known that there is not even linen to make bandages for the wounded! The greatest commiseration pre- vails for the suffering of the unhappy inmates of Scutari, and every family is giving sheets and old garments to supply their wants. ' ' On the following day the same correspondent said: "It is impossible for any one to see the melancholy sights of the last few days without feelings of surprise and indignation at the de- ficiencies of our medical system. The manner in which the sick and wounded are treated is worthy only of the savages of Dahomey. . . . The worn-out pensioners who were brought as an ambulance corps are totally useless, and not only are surgeons not to be had, but there are no dressers or nurses to carry out the sur- geon's directions, and to attend on the sick during the intervals between his visits.""* Following these revelations a popular de- mand arose in England for the alleviation of these conditions. The press appealed to the 4 RED CROSS IN IOWA people to take action and do something to help the soldiers in the East. Funds at once began to pour in for the cause. The suggestion was made that women be sent to nurse and care for the sick and wounded; and it was in this way that relief for those in the hospitals was finally secured.^ Two days after the publication of the dis- patches, Sidney Herbert, the Secretary of State for War, addressed a letter to Florence Night- ingale, whom he considered the one person in England capable of organizing and superin- tending an expedition of nurses to the hospitals in Scutari. About the same time Miss Night- ingale, having seen the opportunity for service, wrote to Mrs. Herbert offering to undertake the work, the two letters crossing on their way.^ One week later, on October 21, 1854, Florence Nightingale with thirty-eight nurses left Lon- don for Scutari, arriving there on the fourth of November. From the commander of the Eng- lish forces Miss Nightingale received "nothing but courtesy, sympathy, and support"; but from some of the officers and men her reception was at first far from cordial. "There was sometimes ill-disguised jealousy, and conse- quent sulkiness. Outwardly, there was polite- ness; but difficulties were put in the way", and ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 5 Miss Nightingale 'Svas left to shift for her- self". Most of the medical men soon accepted her assistance, since she proved herself to be efficient and helpful. Indeed, a majority of the doctors welcomed her and her staff and made as much use as possible of them, but others resented their presence and threw obstacles in their way."^ The conditions in the hospitals, as described in the London Times, turned out to be very near the truth; yet still more wounded were arriving. A few days after reaching Scutari, Miss Nightingale wrote: ''the wounded are now lying up to our very door, and we are land- ing 540 more from the Andes, I take rank in the army as a Brigadier General, because 40 British females, whom I have with me, are more difficult to manage than 4,000 men. Let no lady come out here who is not used to fatigue and privation."^ It was not long before conditions in the hos- pitals began to improve. The nurses found much to do and proved to be of inestimable ser- vice. Not only were the men given nursing care, but the hospitals were cleaned ; diet kitch- ens were started; clothes were provided; and even the camp followers were cared' for as far as possible. By the spring of 1855 the hospital conditions had greatly improved. Sanitary 6 RED CROSS IN IOWA works had been executed and supplies were mucli more plentiful. The rate of mortality had dropped from forty-two per cent to twenty-two per thousand of the cases treated. The value of women nurses was fully established, and before the war ended one hundred and twenty-five were under Miss Nightingale's direction.^ In his biography of Florence Nightingale, Cook writes that "it would be an idle fairy tale to represent that by her exertions, either in a couple of days, or a couple of months, she ef- fected a complete transformation scene. And it would be unfair to attribute solely to Miss Nightingale the gradual improvements which, though largely due to her initiative and re- source .... were in fact the result of the exertions of many persons both at home and in the East. . . . She was able of her own ini- tiative to institute considerable reform ; but she was a reformer on a larger scale through the influence which she exercised. . . . The in- herent strength of her influence lay in the masterful will and practical good sense which gave her dominion over the minds of men."^*' Florence Nightingale was greatly beloved by the men who came under her care. One man says of her : ' ' What a comfort it was to see her pass even. She would speak to one and nod and smile to as manv more: but she could not ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 7 do it to all, you know. We lay there by the hun- dreds ; but we could kiss her shadow as it fell, and lay our heads on our pillow again, con- tent." In the descriptions of Miss Nightin- gale and her work, Longfellow found the sub- ject for one of his best known poems : Lo ! in that hour of misery A lady with a lamp I see Pass through the glimmering gloom, And flit from room to room. And slow, as in a dream of bliss, The speechless sufferer turns to kiss Her shadow, as it falls Upon the darkening walls.^i HENRI DUNANT The battle of Solferino, in which the French and Italians defeated the Austrians, took place on June 24, 1859. Fighting raged over a terri- tory about twelve miles long and six miles wide, **a territory diversified by a succession of hills with intervening valleys, and studded by a num- ber of little villages and many farmsteads. . . . Here, amid the vines and mulberry trees and over fields where com stood higher than the tallest soldiers, fought, all day long, the largest armies Europe had seen since the battle of Leipsic of 181 3 ' '. The French and Italians had 138,000 men including 366 pieces of artillery 8 RED CROSS IN IOWA and 108 squadrons of cavalry; while tlie Austrians numbered 129,000 men and had 429 cannon and 80 squadrons of cavalry. ^^ The conflict began about six o'clock in the morning when the two armies unexpectedly came together. ''All day long, under the ter- rific, suffocating heat of June, the gigantic struggle went on among the hills and ravines. . . . At half past four in the afternoon a terrific summer tempest broke over the ravaged field, first clouds of dust, then torrential rains, and with the rains came hail." When the storm cleared the Austrians were retreating and the French were unable to pursue. The losses of the battle were appalling. Of the al- lies, seventeen thousand were killed, wounded, or missing; while the losses of the Austrians numbered twenty-two thousand.^^ Henri Dunant, a native of Greneva, Switzer- land, who was traveling in Italy at the time, happened to be near at hand during the battle of Solferino. When the engagement was over he hurried to see if he could be of any service to those who had been left wounded upon the battlefield. Never was the need of aid more imperative and rarely has it been more inade- quately supplied. Dunant 's own description of what he found tells the story. ' ' The battlefield is everywhere covered with bodies of men and ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 9 horses; the highways, the ditches, the ravines, thickets, and meadows are sown with dead bodies, and the environs of Solferino are liter- ally heaped with them."^'^ For several days Dunant remained at Solfer- ino helping to provide for the wounded. With the aid of peasant women, boys, and girls, and all available help he undertook to meet the situ- ation. ** Churches, cloisters, barracks, were filled with the wounded, whose only bed was loose straw. Straw also was strewn in the streets and courtyards and squares above which planks or canvas were placed to protect from the fierceness of a tropical sun." Everything possible was done to relieve the sufferers, but owing to inadequate facilities and an insufficient personnel, many of the wounded were inevitably neglected.^^ Henri Dunant was greatly moved by his ex- periences following the battle of Solferino, and thereafter he gave much thought to the subject of caring for the wounded in war times. His conclusion was that the medical equipment of an army could not be relied upon to meet the demands of a great battle; that efficient relief could not be organized on the spot when need arose ; and that volunteer helpers, suddenly en- listed, were not capable of adequately handling such emergencies. Three years later he pub- 10 RED CROSS IN IOWA lislied Tin Souvenir de Solferino which con- tained a stirring account of what he had seen at Solferino and raised the question: "May there not be some way, during a period of peace and tranquility, of forming relief societies whose aim should be to help the wounded in time of war, by means of volunteers, zealous, devoted, and well qualified for such a work?"^^ THE GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1863 In this suggestion from Dunant is found the germ of the idea that developed into the Inter- national Red Cross Society. Dunant submitted his proposal to the Geneva Society of Public Utility, of which he was a member. After con- sidering the proposal this organization decided to call an international conference. Invitations were sent to a large number of public spirited men in various countries to meet at Geneva to determine the practicability of Dunant 's ideas and devise means for carrying them forward. Dunant himself traveled through Europe in order to explain his plans and win support for them. Among those who promised support was the head of the order of St. John of Jeru- salem.^"^ Thirty-six delegates from fourteen countries met at Geneva on October 26, 1863. Eighteen of those present were semi-official representatives ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 11 of foreign governments. Dunant's proposals were very favorably received and resolutions were passed recommending that, in each coun- try adhering to the proposed agreement, organi- zations be formed to cooperate in times of war with the army medical service; that all such volunteer societies wear a red cross as a dis- tinguishing mark; that during peace their ef- forts be devoted to preparing materials and training volunteer nurses; and that hospitals and their personnel be neutralized. This was all that could be accomplished, for the persons in attendance had no power to bind their gov- ernments to any agreements. Another conven- tion being deemed necessary, the Federal Council of Switzerland, on June 6, 1864, issued invitations to all the states of Europe and to some of America to send delegates, with full power to act, to a second convention to be held in August.^^^ THE GENEVA TREATY The second international convention met at Geneva in August, 1864. Twenty-six delegates, representing sixteen countries, were in session for fourteen days, and the result of their delib- erations was the formation and adoption of the Geneva Treaty — sometimes called the Red Cross Treaty. Twelve nations signed the treaty 12 RED CROSS IN IOWA at that time. By July, 1907, fifty-four govern- ments had agreed to abide by its provisions. The treaty, which was very similar to the rec- ommendations of the Convention of 1863, pro- vided for the neutralization of ambulances, hospitals, and persons engaged in ministering to the wounded and for the return of wounded men to their own people. The red cross on a white background — the Swiss national emblem reversed — was agreed upon as the distinguish- ing badge for hospitals, ambulances, and per- sons engaged in relief activities. ^^ THE UNITED STATES SANITARY COMMISSION Being then engaged in civil war, the United States did not consider it wise to send official delegates to the Geneva Convention and did not, at the time, become a signer of the Geneva Treaty. Nevertheless the United States was represented informally by George C. Fogg, American minister to Switzerland, and Charles S. P. Bowles, European agent of the United States Sanitaiy Commission.^*^ Private individuals had organized the United States Sanitary Commission in June, 1861, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War. The government order sanctioning its creation stated that it should ''direct its inquiries to the principles and practices connected with the in- ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 13 spection of recruits and enlisted men; to the sanitary condition of tlie volunteers; to the means of preserving and restoring the health, and of securing the general comfort and effi- ciency of troops; to the proper provision of cooks, nurses, and hospitals ; and to other sub- jects of like nature." The chief aim of the Commission was preventive service and this was constantly emphasized, but the collection and distribution of supplies and comforts for the army became an important feature of its work, and to the general public it sometimes seemed to be the principal service of the Com- mission.^^ Many of the services rendered by the Sani- tary Commission were similar to those fur- nished by the Red Cross of a later day. Army camps and hospitals were inspected. Medical care and supplies were furnished for the sick and wounded, whether on the battlefield or in hospitals. Portable field hospitals and hospital ships were equipped and put into operation. Medical monographs were prepared by special- ists and distributed to the doctors working in the field. A registration bureau was operated in which were kept the names of all soldiers in the hospitals and information concerning them ; and a pension bureau and claim agency was conducted to aid soldiers and their families in 14 RED CROSS IN IOWA adjusting claims against the government. Forty soldiers' homes were established through- out the States; and convalescent camps were furnished for those recovering from wounds or sickness. Feeding stations were located along the routes of the heaviest military traffic to supply the wants of traveling soldiers; and at military centers were to be found homes for the convenience of mothers, wives, and others who might visit their kin.^- In nearly every locality there was a Ladies Soldiers' Aid Society, which met to sew and knit for the soldiers, and by the aid of seven thou- sand of these societies about twenty million dol- lars in supplies and cash were collected and sent to the Sanitary Commission for distribution among the fighting men. Even the origin of the Eed Cross Christmas seals may be traced back to the stamps sold at the great fairs conducted to raise funds for the Sanitary Commission.-^ A comparison of the measures adopted at Geneva in 1863 with those used by the United States Sanitary Commission shows that there was no substantial difference in the objects to be accomplished. ''At Geneva much was said about succor of the wounded and nothing about the general health and comfort of the troops. At Washington the succor of the wounded, al- though not specially referred to, was covered ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS 15 by the plirase * preserving and restoring the health and comfort of the forces.' At Geneva it was proposed that all those connected with the medical services wear distinguishing marks or badges. At Washington there was no such proposal at the outset, but before the war was ended the helpers of the sick and wounded at the front and in the hospitals were wearing disting-uishing marks." The Greek cross, the Maltese cross, the shamrock, the star, the square, the triangle, the heart, and the circle were used as emblems. In fact the Auxiliary Eelief Corps of the Sanitary Commission was the first to make practical use of the Red Cross emblem as adopted at Geneva. It was in the spring of 1864 that members of this group wore the red cross for the first time in history with troops in campaigns. "The delegates at Geneva asked that the nations confer upon the army sanitary sei^ices and their helpers the privilege of neutrality. This was asking for what both belligerents in the' Civil War in America had more than a year before the meet- ing at Geneva already conceded as respected medical ofiScers and other non-combatants taken prisoners."-^ The experiences of the United States Sani- tary Commission proved to be of great value to the delegates assembled at the Geneva Conven- 16 RED CROSS IN IOWA tion. Speaking of the Convention, Mr. Bowles of tile Sanitary Commission says: "I was able to prove that this same 'mythical' institution — the United States Sanitary Commission — had long since met with and overcome the difficulties which some delegates were now predicting and recoiling before; had long since solved, and practically, too, the very problems which they were now delving over. . . . To many of them, earnest men seeking for light, with their whole hearts in the interest of a long suffering humanity, it was like the sight of the promised land. They had been working in the dark, and this was the opening of a window, letting in a flood of light and putting an end to all darkness and doubt." Indeed, "the proof seems to be positive that the accomplishments before 1864 of this American organization manned by vol- unteers and financed by the charitable public, had been so notable and extensive that as a precedent it had a certain influence, and prob- ably a very potent one, in determining the ac- tion of the Congress at Geneva in 1864. "^^ To Henri Dunant belongs the credit and honor of having proposed and brought about the Geneva conferences of 1863 and 1864 which resulted in the foiTnation of the International Red Cross Society; and he is justly considered the founder of the Eed Cross. Behind him, ORIGIN OP THE RED CROSS 17 however, were the influences of earlier work. Speaking in London in 1872, Dunant stated that the inspiration for his own undertakings came from the work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimea. Moreover, in looking for support for his ideas when first proposed Dunant turned to the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jeru- salem, which had long been engaged in similar humanitarian pursuits. Nor should the influ- ence of the United States Sanitary Commission on the successful outcome of the Geneva Con- vention be overlooked: lacking the ''evidence submitted at Geneva by the delegates from the United States, respecting the success attained by the Sanitary Commission on a colossal scale, and the adjustment of its operation to the ex- igencies of war, it is probable the Geneva Con- gress of 1864 would have been a failure. "-° VOL. I — 3 II Formation" of the Ameeican Red Cross The first real test of the International Red Cross Society came during the Franco-Prussian War, although some work had been done previ- ously in the war between Prussia and Austria. During the Franco-Prussian War the "red cross gained for itself a significance possessed by no other emblem. To all, friend and foe alike, it indicated the power which saves." Clara Barton, who had been very active in relief work in the Civil War, assisted in relief activities during the Franco-Prussian War; and it was while engaged in this service that she set herself the task of securing the ratifica- tion by her own government of the Geneva Treaty. Regarding this she says: ''As I jour- neyed on and saw the work of the Red Cross societies in the field, accomplishing in four months under their systematic organization what we failed to accomplish in four years with- out it — no mistakes, no needless suffering, no starving, no lack of care, no waste, no confu- sion, but order, plenty, cleanliness and comfort wherever that little flag made its way — a 18 THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 19 whole continent marshaled under the banner of the Red Cross — as I saw all this, and joined and worked in it, you will not wonder that I said to myself *if I live to return to my country I will try to make my people understand the Red Cross and that treaty.' "-^ EARLY ATTEMPTS TO RATIFY THE TREATY IN THE UNITED STATES Although the Geneva Treaty was formally presented to the United States for ratification in 1864 by the American minister to Switzer- land who had been present at the Geneva Con- vention, the government did not sign it. In 1868 Henry W. Bellows, formerly President of the United States Sanitary Commission, at- tended an international Red Cross convention at Paris and was appointed by the convention to represent the Red Cross in this country. During the same year he succeeded in forming the American Association for the Relief of Misery on Battlefields, which aimed to "secure the adhesion of the United States to the Geneva Treaty, and to become the national society in the United States". The treaty was once more formally presented to the proper governmental authorities, and once more it failed to be rati- fied. All attempts to arouse the interest of the government and of the people failed. 20 RED CROSS IN IOWA The American Association for the Relief of Misery on Battlefields marks the first Red Cross society in the United States, but unable to secure the ratification of the treaty under which it would have had to work in case of war, it went out of existence in 1871. During its life- time the organization received and forwarded considerable aid for the sufferers in the Franco- Prussian War.^^ MISS BARTON 'S LABORS FOR THE RED CROSS In 1869 when Miss Barton was in Geneva, Switzerland, she was visited by the President and members of the International Committee for the Relief ot the Wounded in War, who called to find out why the United States had failed to sign the Geneva Treaty. They could not understand America's position: they had expected the United States, with its sanitary record, to be the first to accept the treaty. The fact that Miss Barton had never before heard of the Red Cross shows that it must have been but little before the American public. Miss Barton at once began a study of the Red Cross organization; and sometime later, while actu- ally working under the Red Cross flag, she de- cided to devote her efforts, so far as possible, in the direction of influencing her own country to join the signers of the Geneva Treaty.-^ THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 21 Clara Barton had gone to Europe in 1869 to recover from a physical breakdown due to her labors in the Civil War. After partly regain- ing her strength she entered into the relief work of the Franco-Prussian War, only to again fail in health when her work was completed. It Avas not until 1873 that she was able to return to the United States, and then it was several years before she could do more than lay plans for future action. Her first step was taken in 1877 when she visited Washington and present- ed President Hayes with a letter from the President of the International Committee of Geneva asking once more that the United States accept the articles of the convention. The letter was referred to the Secretary of State and by him to his assistant secretary, by whom it was shelved. But Miss Barton continued her campaign. A committee of four, including Miss Barton, was organized to further her plans. It was called the ''i^merican National Committee, or Society of the Red Cross for the Relief of Suffering by war, pestilence, famine, fire, flood and other calamities, so great as to be regarded as na- tional in extent. ' ' A small pamphlet was issued explaining its objects. The committee devoted itself to disseminating knowledge concerning the Red Cross and in creating sentiment favor- 22 RED CROSS IN IOWA able to the adoption of the Geneva Treaty. "Writing in 1881 Miss Barton says: '^I will not yield the pact of the treaty ; for patriotism, for national honor, I will stand by that at all costs. My first and greatest endeavor has been to wipe from the scroll of my country's fame the stain of imputed lack of common humanity; to take her out of the roll of barbarians. In 1869 there were twenty-two nations in the compact. There are now thirty. ... If the United States of America is diligent and fortunate, she may perhaps come to stand number thirty-two in the roll of civilization and humanity ! At pres- ent she stands among the barbarians and heathen. "30 RATIFICATION OP THE GENEVA TREATY It was not until President Garfield assumed office that another attempt was made to secure ratification of the Geneva Treaty by the United States. President Garfield had served in the Civil War and had seen Miss Barton engaged in relief operations at that time. Her request that the treaty be agreed to was cordially re- ceived by the President, and he promised to rec- ommend such action in his first annual message. With this assurance of success the committee which had been organized in 1877 was reorgan- ized and incorporated as the American Associ- THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 23 ation of the Eed Cross, with Miss Barton at its head.^^ Before he could carry out his promise Presi- dent Garfield was assassinated; but it appears that President Arthur was no less friendly to the Red Cross movement. After proper consid- eration of the proposal the treaty was signed by President Arthur on March 1, 1882, and a few days later was ratified by the Senate. While this event was enthusiastically received in other countries, it seemed of little impor- tance to those at home. Concerning it, Miss Barton wrote : ''While the news of the accession of the Government of the United States, to the treaty of Geneva, lit bonfires that night .... in the streets of Switzerland, France, Germany, and Spain, a little four-line paragraph in the congressional doings of the day in the Evening Star, of Washington, alone announced to the people of America that an international treaty had been added to their rolls." The President of the International Red Cross Society gave to Miss Barton the credit for securing the adoption of the treaty when at an international conven- tion in 1882 he said of her: ''without the energy and perseverance of this remarkable woman, we should not for a long time have had the pleasure of seeing the Red Cross received into the United States. "^2 24 KED CROSS IN IOWA BEGINNINGS OF DISASTER RELIEF One objection encountered by those working for the ratification of the Red Cross Treaty by the United States was "that we then had no wars and were not likely to have any." Miss Barton proposed that the Red Cross undertake relief work in national disasters, such as plagues, cholera, fires, floods, and famine. The first national calamity in which this idea was applied was the forest fire in Michigan in 1881 — almost a year before the Treaty of Geneva was ratified by the United States. A second test came in the spring of 1882 with the Missis- sippi River floods. The work done by the Red Cross in these two disasters gave publicity to the cause and did much to influence the ratifi- cation of the Geneva Treaty in 1882. To assist in these disasters local Red Cross organizations were formed at Dansville, Rochester, and Syra- cuse in New York, at New Orleans, Louisiana, at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and at Memphis, Tennessee. A great deal of help was given by these local units, and it is here that one finds the beginnings of the plan that has been con- tinued by the American Red Cross to the pres- ent day, that is, the plan of working through local Red Cross branches.^^ The Red Cross was again called upon to aid in relieving the distress due to the overflow of THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 25 the Mississippi in 1883 and 1884; and in 1883 the organization ministered to the sufferers of a cyclone in Louisiana and Alabama. An inter- national convention of the Red Cross was held in Geneva in September, 1884, and Miss Barton was sent by the government to represent the United States. Her record for efficient relief preceded her and she was warmly welcomed. As a result of her efforts a new provision, sometimes called the American Amendment, was added to the Geneva Treaty. It provided ''that the Red Cross societies engage in time of peace in humanitarian work analogous to the duties devolving upon them in periods of war, such as taking care of the sick and rendering relief in extraordinary calamities, where, as in war, prompt and organized relief is demanded. ' ' The United States was the first of the great powers to extend the functions of the Red Cross to cover more than the field of w^ar.^'* From 1881 to 1904 the Red Cross organiza- tion was called upon to render aid in disasters of all kinds in all parts of the country. Al- though in some instances the relief was upon a large scale and demanded a considerable ex- penditure of money, financial support was easily obtained. Relief was also furnished during the Balkan War in 1883, the Russian famine of 1892, the Armenian massacres in 26 RED CROSS IN IOWA 1896, and the Spanish- American War in 1898. In ahnost every case Miss Barton entered the* field and took active charge of relief operations. Great good having been accomplished in these disasters, the Eed Cross Society won for itself a firm place in the hearts of the American pnblic.^^ REINCORPORATION OF THE RED CROSS IN 1900 In connection with the criticism of the Ked Cross Society that followed the inadequate re- porting of and accounting for the funds con- tributed for disaster relief, a change in the Bed Cross organization was demanded — a change that would result in a more stable and a more business-like management. Such action was advised not only by outsiders but likewise by certain persons who had been associated with Miss Barton in her work. Thus, on June 6, 1900, the American National Red Cross was re- incorporated by an act of Congress in an effort to silence these complaints. The new charter required an annual financial statement; and whereas previous to this time Miss Barton, as President, had been in almost absolute control, the reorganization resulted in placing more power in the hands of the board of control and executive committee.^*' But serious differences soon arose between THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 27 Miss Barton and members of the executive committee since she found it difficult to adjust herself to the new system. It was largely a question of whether or not Miss Barton was to continue in supreme control and retain her former methods. In the w^ords of Miss Bar- ton's biographer *'it was a contest between two systems, the one that had fitted the creative twenty-two years when the Eed Cross centered about Clara Barton, to whom it owed its life — the other the system of the future, struggling to fit itself to the time when the founder should be no more, and when therefore, a different system would be necessary, — a system center- ing around not a single person who could never be reproduced — but about a board of control and executive committee." One reason for Miss Barton's inability to adapt herself to the new system was her pro- nounced individualism. "She had always, ex- cept in the Franco-Prussian war, worked as an individualist, on her own initiative, her only referendum being the people of the country or the world. Temperamentally impossible to her was the new system demanding that she work under the direction of a Board of Control. To one trained for thirty-three years to proceed on her own initiative on the occasion of disaster — it was beyond possibility to accept the new 28 RED CROSS IN IOWA plan. "^"^ The situation went from bad to worse, until on June 16, 1904, Miss Barton tendered her resignation. PRESENT SOCIETY INCORPORATED IN 1905 On January 5, 1905, President Roosevelt signed the bill creating a new corporation and providing for a reorganization of the Red Cross. With this reorganization Wm. H. Taft, then Secretary of War, and Mabel T. Board- man '^ became respectively chief official sponsor and animating spirit. "^^ The charter adopted at this time provided that all the accounts of the Red Cross should be audited by the War Department and that an annual financial report should be made to Con- gress by the Secretary of War. Realizing that great advantage to the Red Cross could be gained by having the President of the United States serve as President of the American Red Cross, Mr. Taft resigned as President of the American Red Cross when his term as Presi- dent of the United States expired, and recom- mended that President Wilson be elected as his successor. Mr. Taft's suggestion was followed and President Wilson was chosen President of the American Red Cross in 1913. Although not required by the constitution or by-laws, there is now a general understanding that the Presi- THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 29 dent of the United States shall be elected to the presidency of the American Red Cross.^^ President Taft's service to the Red Cross is fittingly acknowledged in the following extract from the Red Cross Magazine: Only those who endured the strain of the early days of reorganization, who bore the burden of the many complex problems of development, who battled against discouragement and disappointments, can comprehend what the constant interest, the helpful, tireless counsel and sympathetic inspiration of Mr. Taft's eight years' presidency meant to the Red Cross. He built founda- tions that were true and strong like the man himself, not counting the structure raised upon them for the credit of the man but for the service of his fellow-man. Our people and those in foreign lands who have benefited because of the American Red Cross owe to Mr. Taft a debt of gratitude for all that he so quietly, so modestly did to build up its present state of effi- ciency and to obtain its position in public eonfi- dence.4<^ ORGANIZATION OP THE RED CROSS BEFORE 1917 The General Board.— The charter and by- laws of the American National Red Cross pro- vided that the government, direction, and management of the society should be lodged in the American Red Cross General Board. This board was composed of the incorporators or 30 RED CROSS IN IOWA their successors, five associates named by the President of the United States, delegates of State and local organizations, representatives of the ' ' collective members ' ', and the members of the several Eed Cross boards and commit- tees. The officers of the society were a presi- dent, a vice president, a counsellor, a treasurer, and a secretary, all of whom were elected by the General Board at its annual meetings."*^ The Central Committee. — It was upon the Central Committee, however, that the real man- agement and administration of the American Red Cross fell. This committee was made up of eighteen members, six of whom were elected by the incorporators, six chosen by the General Board, and six named by the President of the United States. The President also designated the chairman of the Central Committee; while a vice chairman was elected by the Committee itself. Wm. H. Taft, elected chairman of the Central Committee in November, 1915, served in that capacity until March 1, 1919. Much of the active executive management, however, fell upon the vice chairman, which position was filled by Eliot Wadsworth from September, 1916, to March 1, 1919.^- The Executive Committee. — Under the Cen- THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 31 tral Committee was the Executive Committee consisting of seven members chosen by the Central Committee from its own numbers. This committee, when the Central Committee was not in session, exercised full control. The chairman of the Central Committee was also chairman of the Executive Committee. He called all meetings of both groups and was an ex officio member of all committees appointed by them. Subject to direction hj the central and executive committees, he was the executive head of the corporation."*^ Such was the general outline of the Red Cross machinery. But from 1905, w^hen the society was incorporated, there were almost annual changes, especially in the various boards and bureaus charged with administering par- ticular branches of the work. None of the changes, however, w^ere revolutionary in char- acter. They were not due to external pressure, but all were made by the Red Cross itself as a result of experience and a determination to make the organization serve its purposes in peace or war."*"* The new Red Cross building at Washington, in which the national organization has its head- quarters, was constructed as a memorial in honor of the loyal w^omen of the Civil War. This building was made possible by an appro- 32 RED CKOSS IN IOWA priation of $400,000 by Congress and gifts of $300,000 by individuals. On February 3, 1917, the Red Cross moved into its new home. Hence it was amidst great confusion that the society began to mobilize for the difficult task confront- ing it. The new home was dedicated on May 12, 1917. Speaking on that occasion President Wilson praised the women of the Civil War, saying : ' ' It is significant that it should be dedi- cated to the women who served to alleviate suffering and comfort those who were in need during our Civil War, because their thoughtful, disinterested, self-sacrificing devotion is the spirit which should always illustrate the ser- vices of the Red Cross. "^^ Departments at Washington. — At the time the United States entered the World War the work of the American Red Cross was divided among five departments working under the Central Committee. Two of the departments had to do with the relief work of the Red Cross. One of these, the Department of Military Re- lief, had under its supervision the bureau of nursing service, the bureau of medical service, and the bureau of supplies. The other, that of Civilian Relief, had charge of the bureau of town and country nursing service, the Red Cross relief reserve, Red Cross Christmas THE AMERICAN EED CROSS 33 seals, and institutional members. A Depart- ment of Chapters was responsible for the State boards, local chapters, and membership. The Administrative Department supervised all ac- counts, files, and records, grounds and build- ings, and purchases. The local committee on nursing, the State committee on nursing ser- vice, the committee on town and country nurs- ing service, and a committee on dietitians were subordinate to the National Committee on Red Cross Nursing Service.^^ State Boards and Chapters. — One of the ob- jects of the Department of Chapters was the organization of State boards and chapters. Each State board was composed of the Gov- ernor of each State, who served as ex officio chairman, and from three to ten citizens of the State "selected for known probity and public spirit." Members of the State boards were appointed by the Central Committee. The duties of these boards were: (1) ''to receive contributions intended for Red Cross relief work and forward them to the Treasurer in Washington", and (2) "to supervise relief operations within their respective States and to disburse funds contributed for the support of such relief operations, which are in charge of the Department of Civilian Relief." In May, VOL. I — 4 34 RED CROSS IN IOWA 1917, such boards were found in all but two States of the Union; but usually these State boards were inactive. ^"^ The chapters were permanent local organ- izations in charge of all local activities and agencies of the Eed Cross within their partic- ular districts. All Red Cross members in the territory of a chapter automatically became members of that chapter, and a part of the membership dues were allowed for the use of the chapter. Before America's entrance into the World War, chapters of the American Red Cross were not numerous, although the number had increased materially after the outbreak of the war in 1914. In March, 1916, there were one hundred and ten chapters, but during the next six months the number almost doubled.-*^ On December 1, 1916, there were two hundred and fifty chapters,-'^ and at the time the United States severed diplomatic relations with Ger- many on February 3, 1917, two hundred and seventy-two chapters were in operation.^^^ The branches were subordinate to the chap- ters, but had their own officers. They carried on practically all the activities of a chapter and they were very similar to the chapters them- selves, except that they were organized on a smaller scale. Any chapter having jurisdiction over a county or large city could organize THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 35 brandies in the different localities to conduct the work. Auxiliaries were temporary local organizations formed for the purpose of doing some specific kinds of work. Auxiliaries could be formed among the members of a church or Sunday school, in a high school, college, or women's club. Any chapter could authorize auxiliaries in its territory, and the Central Committee could establish auxiliaries in any place not under the jurisdiction of a chapter.^^ Relief Operations. — From its reorganization in 1905 to 1916 the American National Red Cross carried out eighty relief operations fol- lowing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fires, floods, famines, mine explosions, and wars in this and foreign countries. Over $10,000,000 in cash was received and expended in these oper- ations, and supplies valued at not less than $5,000,000 were distributed. In many cases not only were the immediate needs satisfied, but months were devoted to cooperation in pro- grams of reconstruction. During this work a definite method and technique for handling dis- aster relief gradually developed, and the opinion was fast gaining ground that such ser- vice would make up the future field of Red Cross endeavor. In 1911 The Survey remarked that the "Red Cross will decreasingly be called 36 RED CROSS IN IOWA upon to nurse the wounded on the battlefield, while its highly organized activities for the re- lief of sufferers from disasters in time of peace become more important with each great catas- trophe."^^ Ill The War Organization^ In 1914 when the World War began, the Amer- ican Ked Cross was well prepared to meet any kind of emergency that had occurred during the nine years of its existence — such as earth- quake or fire, shipwreck or mine .explosion, flood or famine. It w-as not ready, however, for any such disaster as the World War. And so when the United States was drawn into this war it was evident at the start that the American Red Cross, if it was to carry the additional load • thrust upon it, would have to create a more • efficient working organization.^^ , THE WAR COUNCIL As a result of the^ new situation President Wilson, on May 10, 1917, established the Red Cross War Council. In a letter to a member of the Central Committee, announting the appoint- ment of the Council, President Wilson wrote as follows : The American National Red Cross must noW carry out the purposes of its organization under the stress of the great war in which our Nation is now involved, 37 38 RED CROSS IN IOWA with the fullest recognition of its obligations under its Federal charter and the treaty of Geneva. To do this it is necessary that an immediate development and reinforcement of Red Cross organization should be effected in order to enable it to respond adequately to the great needs which will arise in our own country and those which already exist abroad. After consideration of the situation with the active officers of the American Red Cross and with the mem- bers of its executive committee, I therefore hereby create a Red Cross War Council of seven members, two of whom shall be the chairman and vice chairman of the executive committee, to serve for the period of the war. The War Council thus created is to deal with especial emergencies arising from the present war crisis in this country and abroad."^ In announcing the appointment of the War Council to the public President Wilson said : I have today created within the Red Cross a War Council to which will be entrusted the duty of re- sponding to the extraordinary demands which the present war will make upon the services of the Red Cross, both in the field and in civilian relief. The best way in which to impart the greatest effi- ciency and energy to the relief work which this war will entail will be to concentrate it in the hands of a single experienced organization which has been recog- nized by law and by international convention as the public instrumentality for such purposes. Indeed, such a concentration of administrative action in this RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 39 matter seems to be absolutely necessary, and I hereby earnestly call upon those who can contribute either great sums or small to the alleviation of the suffering and distress which must inevitably arise out of this fight for humanity and democracy, to contribute to the Red Cross/^^ Henry P. Davison of New York, a member of J. P. Morgan & Company, was named chair- man of the War Council. The other members appointed by President Wilson were Charles D. Norton, vice president of the First National Bank of New York; Major Grayson M. P. Murphy, vice president of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York; Edward N. Hurley of Chicago, formerly chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, and Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr., of Bliss, Fabyan and Company, New York. Wm. H. Taft and Eliot Wadsworth, chairman and vice chairman of the Central Committee, became ex officio members. Through the latter two members the central and executive com- mittees were definitely linked up with the War Council. The personnel of the War Council underwent several changes, but Mr. Davison continued throughout as its chairman. Of the original members President Wilson drafted Mr. Hurley to head the Shipping Board, Major Murphy re- signed to enter active military service, and Mr. 40 RED CROSS IN IOWA Norton withdrew because of personal affairs. John D. Ryan, president of the Anaconda Cop- per Company, Butte, Montana, Harvey D. Gib- son, president of the Liberty National Bank, New York, and George B. Case of the law firm of White and Case, New York, were appointed to fill these vacancies. Subsequently Mr. Ryan and Mr. Gibson resigned and their places were taken by Jesse H. Jones, business man and banker of Houston, Texas, and George E. Scott, vice president of the American Steel Foundries, Chicago.^ "^ The War Council working with the executive and central committees, administered the gen- eral work of the Red Cross. It controlled the Red Cross funds, made all appropriations, and determined the policies and activities of the organization." The plans and policies adopted by the War Council and Executive Committee were en- trusted for execution to a general manager. This position was held by Harvey D. Gibson, president of the Liberty National Bank of New York, until July, 1918, when he became Red Cross Commissioner to France. Following Mr. Gibson's resignation George E. Scott of Chicago served as acting general manager until September, and was then made general man- RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 41 Concerning the task before the War Council, a writer at the time of its organization says : To administer the affairs of the Red Cross effi- ciently, to coordinate the efforts of its millions of volunteer workers, to affiliate with it the work of other relief organizations and prevent duplications of effort, to spend wisely hundreds of millions of dollars, to see that hospitals and hospital staffs are taken all over the world, that whole populations are cared for, that whole sections of ravaged country are put on the road to restoration — that is the merest outline of a work the plan and scope of which demands administrative talent without superior. The kind of men who span continents with railways, furrow the seven seas with giant steamships or handle the finances of nations — that is the kind of men needed for the work of the Red Cross. The people giving their mites to the Red Cross must have the utmost confidence in not only the ability of these administrators but in the singleness of mind and purity of purpose.^^ Once organized and in operation, the War Council was confronted with a heavy responsi- bility. The problems of relief at home and abroad had to be met immediately, and so the members at once began to plan and organize for active work. Henry P. Davison, writing concerning the War Council in June, 1917, stated that it was developing plans which in- volved the selection of the best talent in the 42 RED CROSS IN IOWA United States in medicine, in sanitation, in transportation, in constrnction, in welfare work, in purchasing, in commercial business, in ac- counting, and in such other lines as might be required. '^Ordinarily", he said, "it would be difficult to employ trained talent of the char- acter required. Men would not be available, but it has already been demonstrated beyond any concern on the part of the council that the best talent is available, and most of it volun- teer, so that in whatever direction it may be necessary to move, the work may be carried on intelligently, efficiently, and economically.'"^*^ In developing the operating organization of the Red Cross, the War Council introduced no new or novel business devices, but used methods identical with those followed by any large business house having thousands of scat- tered branches and serving millions of people.^^ It showed "courage, disinterested zeal and breadth of purpose." It sought expert advice and did not hesitate "to scrap what it consid- ered antiquated machinery of organization."^^ ORGANIZATION OP NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS At national headquarters the organization was divided into eight separate bureaus as fol- lows: Military Relief, Civilian Relief, Nursing Service, Transportation and Supply Service, RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 43 Standards, Chapter Development, Woman's Work, and Publicity. A director, selected be- cause of Ms or her fitness for the particular work, was placed in charge of each bureau.^^ The first two bureaus were largely respon- sible for the reUef work of the Red Cross. Through the Bureau of Military Relief, the Red Cross followed ''our soldiers to the front and our sailors on the high seas rendering to them all the physical and mental comforts possible." The comfort and welfare of the families of en- listed men were cared for by the Bureau of Civilian Relief. The Bureau of Standards has been called "the commercial engineering de- partment" of the Red Cross. Its work was to standardize all practices, to install standardized accounting systems, and to analyze all pro- posals suggested by any of the chapters to determine if they would be practical for use by all. The organization of chapters and the put- ting into operation through the divisional departments of all new plans for chapter activ- ities was left to the Bureau of Chapter Develop- ment. These four bureaus, along with the Bureau of Nursing which controlled all matters pertaining to nursing service, corresponded in a general way to the five departments of the Red Cross as they stood before the creation of the War Council.*'^ 44 RED CROSS IN IOWA Of the three additional bureaus, the Bureau of Transportation and Supplies looked after the purchase of all supplies for the American Red Cross. It also arranged for the shipment of goods abroad and the distribution of raw materials and the collection of surgical dress- ings and hospital supplies made throughout this country. The function of the Woman's Bureau was to mobilize the women of the nation for Red Cross service and to prepare and instruct them for carrying on the Avork. To the Pub- licity Bureau fell the direction of all work along publicity lines — a task which was of great im- portance to the Red Cross work.*^^ In order to handle the situation effectively in the foreign countries, the War Council sent commissions to France, Russia, Italy, Rumania, and Serbia. The commissions studied the con- ditions in these countries and w^orked in close cooperation with the American military and diplomatic officers abroad. Their recommenda- tions were passed upon by the War Council, which determined what action should be taken.*'*' DECENTRALIZATION OP ORGANIZATION Previous to 1917 the American National Red Cross was largely a centralized organization, the headquarters at Washington being the cen- ter of operations. One of the early steps of the RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 45 War Council was to decentralize administration and responsibility so as to secure the utmost efficiency from the Red Cross machine. This was brought about by establishing fourteen divisions — thirteen for the United States in- cluding Alaska, and one for the remainder of the world. Each division had headquarters located within the district. The organization of each division was much like that at Wash- ington. There was a division manager for each district, and under him operated the various bureaus, which corresponded in a general way to those of the national organization. All plans and activities which originated at the national headquarters were carried out by the di^^sional organizations.'''^ This scheme of Red Cross organization pro- vided no place for State organizations ; and so the old State boards were discontinued. All chapters became directly responsible to the division, while auxiliaries and branches were made subordinate to the chapters. The func- tions of chapters, branches, and auxiliaries were not, however, greatly changed in the mobil- ization of the Red Cross. As before, they had complete charge of all local activities and were the agencies by which much of the Red Cross work was carried on. The efficiency of the Red Cross organization rested mainly upon the chap- 46 RED CROSS IN IOWA ters; they provided its bone and sinew; they supplied its funds ; they furnished its men and women ; and they contributed its enthusiasm. As the war work of the American Red Cross developed, the chapters underwent various changes in their organization. With increased experience, those in charge of the chapters were able to evolve more and more efficient plans of operation. Plans for the organization of chap- ters were drawn up by the Bureau of Develop- ment, although each chapter was left to alter the general plan so as to best adapt it to its own community.^^ In granting charters a definite jurisdiction in which to operate and for w^hich to be respon- sible was given to the several chapters. Thus a chapter was charged with the task of developing Red Cross work in all parts of its jurisdiction. From the beginning the county was considered as the most desirable basis of chapter jurisdic- tion. As far as possible the aim was to estab- lish one chapter in every county, with control over the entire county. This was not always practicable, however, as more natural boun- daries than county lines sometimes existed.*'^ Each chapter was permitted to establish branches and auxiliaries in the territory under its jurisdiction, so as to assure the carrying on of Red Cross work in all centers. Branches RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 47 were miniature chapters, being organized much like the chapters. They were assigned a certain territory and within those limits carried on the same work as did the chapters. The hope was to have a branch in every populous center of a chapter's jurisdiction. In general it appears that township lines were deemed to be the best means of dividing branch territory, but other boundaries were frequently used. Branches were completely under control of the chapters ; and just as the chapters were under the division organizations and received orders from and re- ported to them, so the branches looked to the chapters for their instructions and made re- ports of their activities to their chapter offi- cers.'^° Auxiliaries differed from branches in that a branch was a permanent organization with a given territory and doing the same work as the chapter, while an auxiliary was a temporary organization formed to undertake one or more special forms of Red Cross work. Lines of work considered suitable for auxiliaries were the making of hospital garments or surgical dressings; organization of classes for instruc- tion in first aid, home dietetics, elementary hygiene, and home care of the sick; securing members; raising funds; or collecting supplies. Auxiliaries could be established 'Svithin any 48 RED CROSS IN IOWA group of persons associated through ties of race, work, or common interest", such as patri- otic organizations, fraternal societies, civic associations, clubs, labor unions, churches, or religious societies, schools or colleges, or em- ployees of industrial concerns J ^ Both auxiliaries and branches were required to make financial reports to the chapter. The money raised could be retained in their own treasuries or transmitted to the chapter treas- urer, according to arrangements. But money retained by the subsidiary organizations could not be used for any other purpose than that for which it was raised.'^^ Two special forms of auxiliaries were devel- oped to meet special conditions. Thus, in com- pliance with wishes expressed by Secretary Daniels provision was made for naval auxili- aries. In any community in which there was a Red Cross chapter, women who desired to work especially for the navy could organize and be- come an auxiliary of the Red Cross. Again, by means of junior auxiliaries, the school children of the land were given an active part in Red Cross work. Activities of junior auxiliaries were carried on entirely in the schools.'^^* Up to the time the United States entered the World War the number of Red Cross chapters in the country was very small, but after that RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 49 time the number of chapters increased by leaps and bounds. Beginning with 272 chapters on February 3, 1917, the number increased to 562 by May.'^'* On July 1st there were 1534 chapters — a gain in five months of nearly six times the number of chapters organized during the pre- ceding five years. During Red Cross week from June 18th to 25th, when the first War Fund was raised, over two hundred chapters were organ- ized in towns and cities where no official Red Cross organization had previously existed. By May, 1918, the number had more than doubled again, there being 3551 chapters, 11,000 branch- es, and 50,000 auxiliaries located in all parts of the world.'^^ ORGANIZATION OP THE CENTRAL DIVISION The state of Iowa was a part of the Central Division, which included four other States — Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Nebraska. The headquarters of the division were located in Chicago. Except that there was no central committee or war council, the Central Division, like all others, was organized on much the same plan as the national body. Standing at the head of each divisional organization was a di- vision manager, who was the executive head of the machine. A. H. Sprague, 2d., of Chicago, was the first manager of the Central Division. VOL. I — 5 50 RED CROSS IN IOWA He resigned to enter service and Bruce D. Smith, a Chicago banker, was named to suc- ceed him in September, 1917. In July, 1918, another change was made and Howard Fenton became manager. Lewis N. Wiggins was asso- ciate director under Mr. Smith, and Calvin Fentress held a similar position under Mr. Fenton.'^ Under the division manager eight bureaus were established, corresponding to the bureaus of the national organization, each with a director in charge."" A particular line of work was mapped out for each bureau. The Bureau of Development was one of much importance as it was responsible for nearly all divisional matters of principle and policy which related to the chapters. J. J. O'Connor, who had been at the head of the Central Division of the Bureau of Chapters under the old organization, was made director of this bureau upon its organization. About March, 1918, Lewis Wiggins became director of the Bureau of Development, being in turn fol- lowed by R. C. McNamara. As its name indi- cates, this department was concerned with the development of Red Cross activities of all sorts among the local organizations. It had charge of the establishment of chapters and handled all organization problems of the chapters. This bureau had charge of membership extension. RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 51 including the Junior Red Cross, and financial campaigns/^ T. J. Edmunds served as director of the Bureau of Civilian Relief for the Central Divi- sion until Dr. John L. Gillin of Wisconsin Uni- versity was called to that position in March, 1918. Dr. Gillin remained in control until the middle of August, 1919. This department in- cluded ''home service" — the work with fami- lies of the men in service. The aim was to aid any families or individuals in need of assistance or advice because of the enlistment of any of their numbers. To help along this line of ser- vice the bureau conducted home service insti- tutes and extension courses to prepare persons to administer civilian relief properly. The care of discharged soldiers and the supervision of disaster relief was also delegated to the Bureau of Civilian Relief.'^^ The Bureau of Military Relief assumed charge of relief activities among the men in ser- vice. Thus the direction of Red Cross work in all camps, cantonments, training stations, and military posts, and the supervision of the can- teen work of the chapters fell in this depart- ment. Fremont B. Hitchcock, Vaughan Spald- ing, Charles A. Steward, and Ralph A. Bard each served for a time as director of this bureau. 52 RED CROSS IN IOWA The enrollment of Red Cross nurses, the formation of nursing units, the appointment of instructors in elementary hygiene, and similar duties connected with the nursing program were looked after by the Bureau of Nursing Service, which w^as under the direction of Miss Minnie A. Ahrens.^*^ The chapters of the Red Cross bought their raw material from the division headquarters. The Bureau of Supplies handled this work and bought and sold to the chapters at cost all the materials used in the production of hospital supplies, garments, surgical dressings, and comforts. When articles were completed by the chapters they were sent back to the Bureau of Supplies, w^here they Vv^ere inspected, repacked, and shipped to places of need. Printed supplies required for administrative purposes were dis- tributed by this bureau. The men who served as directors of this bureau during the war were Frank Hibbard, E. K. Hardy, and Charles "VVare.^^ A Woman's Bureau was created to conduct the Red Cross activities of special interest to the women. Included in its work was the stand- ardization and inspection of hospital supplies and garments, surgical dressings, general sup- plies, and comfort kits; the standardization of work rooms; the organization of classes in RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 53 surgical dressings ; and the training of instruc- tors. Miss Ina M. Taft was the director ap- pointed for this bureau. She resigned in March, 1918, to take up work with the national organ- ization at Washington and no successor was appointed.^^ The publication of the division bulletin, the conduct of the news service, the speakers' bu- reau, entertainments, motion pictures, and all matters pertaining to publicity were under the Publicity Bureau, the directors of which were Clarence A. Hough and Allen B. Ripley. The Bureau of Accounting, under J. F. Dillman and later under F. C. Waller, directed the chapter accounting, the summarizing of monthly reports from chapters, the recording of memberships, and office management.^^ Each of these bureaus was charged with the responsibility of developing and carrying on its particular line of work throughout the Central Division; and all chapters in the Central Divi- sion were directly under the control of the division officials at Chicago and had to look to the bureaus there for guidance in their several lines of activity. Some of the bureaus, in order to keep in touch with the chapters and better cooperate with them, maintained field agents whose duty it was to visit the chapters and ad- vise and instruct them. The Bureau of Devel- 54 RED CROSS IN IOWA opment had agents in the field who helped to organize chapters and solve organization prob- lems ; civilian relief work was promoted by field secretaries from the Bureau of Civilian Relief; and the Bureau of Accounting sent representa- tives out to help chapters solve their accounting difficulties.^^ THE STATE ORGANIZATION Interest in the Red Cross greatly increased in Iowa immediately after the declaration of a state of war with Germany. At that time the fourteen divisions of the Red Cross had not been established and in order to form a chapter in Iowa it was necessary to get a charter from the Central Division of the Department of Chapters. J. J. O'Connor, the director of this department, had nine States under his super- vision; and with a view to facilitating the or- ganization of chapters, he named a director to undertake the organization work in each State. At a meeting of Red Cross workers from the nine States of the Central Division on the first of May, 1917, James B. Weaver agreed to act as the Iowa State director and to line up the State for the Red Cross. Not only was he to grant requests for charters, but he was to initiate a campaign to see that every locality in the State of Iowa was organized for Red Cross work. RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 55 He proceeded to organize chapters or branch- es in every Iowa county. This having been accomplished he resigned in July and was suc- ceeded by Dr. A. E. Kepford, State lecturer on tuberculosis, who volunteered to assume this work along with his regular duties. Although every county in the State boasted a Red Cross organization, there was still work to be done in coordinating the chapter activities and aiding them to greater development and usefulness. Mr. Weaver's jurisdiction was limited to mat- ters of organization; but later the State direc- tor, although always concerned chiefly with organization problems, cooperated with the Central Division in promoting all lines of Red Cross endeavor.^^ Later when the decentralization of the Red Cross took place fourteen divisions were estab- lished. Under the new arrangement no provi- sion was made for State organizations. All chapters were made directly responsible, not to a State body, but to their division headquarters. In some States, however, the State director who had been appointed under the old plan was re- tained. This was the case in Iowa where Dr. Kepford continued as State director throughout the war period. Under this arrangement the State director did not always find himself in an enviable posi- 56 RED CROSS IN IOWA tion. Dr. Kepford described his situation as being much like that of a fifth wheel on a wagon. While he was supposed to have a certain degree of authority over the chapters, they were work- ing directly with the bureaus of the Central Division. Misunderstandings and confusion often resulted. It appears, however, that Dr. Kepford, being urged to continue in his posi- tion, adjusted himself as best he could to the situation. The desirability of maintaining a distinct organization to direct the work in each State is a question which was often raised in the cor- respondence coming into the State director's office. Many Eed Cross workers over the State expressed themselves as convinced that such an arrangement would bring better results. In many cases the feeling seemed to be that per- sons living in Iowa and well acquainted with the conditions prevailing here, would be better able to direct the work than outsiders. Numerous protests were made by chapter chairmen and other workers in the State com- plaining that they were being constantly har- assed by orders and suggestions from the National Headquarters or the Central Division. One chapter chairman expressed the opinion that the ''calls from above are far too numer- ous, and the organization is too complex and RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 57 too much stuck up with officers, committees and functionaries. I think one trouble is that the fellows above don't realize the difference be- tween the rural problem and the city problem. . . . . The postage waste during the past few months must have been enormous. I judge this from the matter sent this office. I have been unable to read a tenth part of that matter, and the postage has run as high as 25 and 30 cents a day on mail sent me. ' ' This man's solution was to handle the work by States. "Those on the ground", he says, "are the best judges of what can be done in a locality, and I honestly believe that in most cases efficient work will be done without so much prodding from above. "^'^ Due to railroad conditions and facilities, it was found desirable in some of the States of the Central Division to "clear" through cer- tain local centers. In Nebraska, for instance, instead of each chapter receiving its raw mate- rials from and sending its finished goods to the Bureau of Supplies at Chicago, the chapters purchased from and shipped to Omaha, which forms the railway center for much of the State. At Omaha the goods were inspected, assorted, and packed ready for shipment to their ultimate destination. Likewise in Michigan a large por- tion of the State "cleared" throusrh Detroit. 58 RED CROSS IN IOWA While all chapters in the eastern half of Iowa sent directly to Chicago for their materials and returned their finished goods there, the western half of the State "cleared" through Des Moines. All counties w^est of and including Winnebago, Hancock, Wright, Hamilton, Story, Polk, Warren, Lucas, and Wayne, fifty-two in number, shipped to Des Moines. The remain- ing forty-seven counties dealt directly with Chicago.^'^ To handle these supplies in Des Moines, an Iowa shipping station was opened. It was at first located in some unused rooms of the Lin- coln School Building and later in quarters donated by the Herring Motor Company. Here all the supplies from the western half of Iowa were received, inspected, assorted, and re- packed for shipment. This involved a consider- able amount of work which was carried on by a large force of volunteer workers. Dr. Kepford, as State director, was in charge of the station, but the management was largely turned over to other workers. In September, 1918, Carl F. Percival was appointed by Dr. Kepford as manager of the shipping station. The State director was furnished with a revolving fund by the Central Division to be used in operating the shipping station and for meeting other necessary expenditures.^^ RED CROSS WAR ORGANIZATION 59 From time to time individuals were appoint- ed to supervise certain phases of Red Cross activity throughout the State. Thus in De- cember, 1917, appointments for the State of Iowa were 0. E. Klingaman, of the Extension Division of the State University, as instructor of chapters in civilian relief and Ralph J. Reed, executive secretary of the Iowa Tuberculosis Association, as director of the case and policy work of the Civilian Relief Committee in Iowa. Mr. Reed also handled the sale of Red Cross Christmas seals in the State in 1917.^^ A State convention of Iowa Red Cross work- ers was held at Des Moines, October 29 and 30, 1917. Everj^ chapter, branch, and auxiliary in the State was urged to have a representative in attendance to benefit from the helpful ideas, the inspiration, and the enthusiasm. Over four hundred delegates answered the call. The pro- gram was given over to a discussion of Red Cross work, the purpose being to make the gathering a source of information and instruc- tion. Among the speakers were Bruce D. Smith, manager of the Central Division, J. J. 'Connor of the Bureau of Development of the Central Division, and Governor William L. Harding. The large silk American flag, made by Mrs. W. L. Harding, to be offered as a prize in the membership campaign, was displayed.^^ IV De^telopment of Red Cross Oeganization" IN Iowa Under the pre-war organization a Red Cross State Board for Iowa was appointed in October, 1910. The Governor of Iowa was president; Lafayette Young of Des Moines, vice president ; J. K. Deming of Dubuque, treasurer ; and C. C. Nye of Des Moines, secretary. The other mem- bers Avere James P. Conner of Denison, Robert Healey of Fort Dodge, George E. MacLean of Iowa City, Bernard Murphy of Vinton, J. J. Richardson of Davenport, Samuel Snyder of Council Blutfs, and James B. Weaver of Des Moines. With few exceptions these men con- tinued in office until the State boards were elim- inated in the reorganization follo\\4ng the appointment of the War Council. During the lifetime of this State Board it was active in collecting funds and supplies for relief in three large disasters — the famine in China in 1912, the Mississippi flood in 1912, and the Ohio-Indiana flood of 1913. In each instance a proclamation was issued by the Governor calling for contributions of money and supplies. 60 DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 61 As contributors were permitted to send their donations direct to Wasliington instead of to the treasurer of the Board, only a small part of the funds donated by the State appeared on the books of the treasurer. The amounts that did appear Avere $334.13 for the famine in China, $21.70 for the Mississippi flood, and $1756.70 for the Ohio-Indiana flood sufferers. A special contribution of $191.60 was received on April 29, 1913, for aid in Ralston, Nebraska. In 1914 the Board received $582.01 from an appeal for war relief in Europe. In 1916, $110.50 was re- ceived for war relief in Poland. During the existence of the State Board no regular or spe- cial meetings were ever held.^^ EAELY RED CROSS CHAPTERS IN IOWA The first Red Cross chapter in Iowa was that formed at Burlington on November 26, 1906, and was due to the initiative of Miss Mary Perkins, then a resident of that city. For a period of three years this chapter's activities were confined to increasing the membership and maintaining an interest in the national organization. Beginning in 1909 Christmas seals were sold and the proceeds devoted to a campaign against tuberculosis. In ten years the chapter sold over 300,000 Red Cross Christ- mas seals. With the approacli of war it ex- 62 RED CROSS IN IOWA tended its activities in the direction of war work."2 No other chapters were formed in Iowa until 1916. Cedar Falls formed a chapter in May of that year and during the last half of the year, seven additional chapters were organized in Clinton, Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Dubuque, Henry County, Muscatine, and Webster Coun- ty. The formation of these chapters was no doubt stimulated by the approaching war clouds : they were organized ^^^.th the idea of engaging actively in Red Cross work.^^ GROWTH OF CHAPTERS AFTER DECLARATION OP WAR No sooner had the United States declared that a state of war existed than persons in all parts of Iowa became inspired with a desire to have a Red Cross chapter established in their particular county, city, town, or village. Since it was necessary to have a charter from the American National Red Cross before an author- ized chapter could be established, there was a big demand for Red Cross charters. To secure a charter it was necessary to obtain the signa- ture of ten persons to a formal petition. These persons were required to designate a tempo- rary chairman and secretary and then forward the petition, accompanied by the dues of the signers, to the proper Red Cross officials.^^ DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 63 In order to form a chapter in Iowa tlie peti- tion had to be sent to Mr. O'Connor of the Cen- tral Division who was empowered to authorize the chapters and determine their jurisdictions. It was to facilitate this work that the State directors, including Mr. Weaver of Iowa, were appointed.^^ Mr. Weaver entered enthusiastically into the work of organization. He held meetings in many sections of the State, speaking and en- gendering enthusiasm for the cause which he represented. So great was the demand for him that he could not begin to meet all the requests for speaking engagements, and so he drew oth- ers into the work to assist him. The organiza- tion program progressed rapidly and the number of Red Cross units increased by leaps and bounds. The great factor in bringing re- sults was not any particular individual, accord- ing to Mr. Weaver, ''but the unbounded zeal of the people of Iowa themselves in responding to the nation's need. The enthusiasm as shown in chapter organization .... has been un- surpassed anj^^here."^*' Twenty-four Red Cross chapters were in operation in Iowa when Mr. Weaver began his duties as State director on the first day of May. By the end of the next two weeks the number had increased over two hundred per cent, there 64 RED CROSS IN IOWA being seventy-five chapters in good working order with a number of others in the process of organization.^"^ Iowa led all the States of the Union in the number of chapters formed during June, 1917, according to the reports of the Bureau of Chap- ters which showed eighty-one for the month. Michigan, also in the Central Division, was sec- ond with forty-six new chapters. At the end of the same month, Iowa, with one hundred and twelve active chapters, had more than any other State. New York stood second with one hun- dred and ten and Pennsylvania third with ninety-six. The number of chapters in the oth- er States of the Central Division at this time was Michigan sixty-nine, Illinois sixty-eight, Wisconsin fifty, and Nebraska thirty-six. The foregoing figures, however, cover only those chapters which had been recognized by and placed upon the records of the American National Eed Cross. There were many more fully organized chapters in Iowa which had not been officially recorded at national headquar- ters. Figures given out by the Iowa State director showed that by the middle of June there were one hundred and forty chapters, with at least one organization in each of the ninety-nine counties.^^ Practically all of Iowa was organized when DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 65 Mr. Weaver resigned and Dr. Kepford suc- ceeded him in July. After assuming the duties of State director, Dr. Kepford issued few addi- tional charters : he devoted his time to increas- ing the efficiency of the chapters already formed. Only eleven charters were issued after the first of August, 1917. The maximum num- ber of chapters in the State was reached during October, 1917, when there were one hundred and sixty-seven. Later the policy was adopted of consolidating the smaller units into county chapters. As a result of this policy the number of chapters had been reduced by June 30, 1919, to one hundred and twenty-eight.®^ When the chapters were once organized they in turn organized branches and auxiliaries with- in their jurisdiction. By August 1, 1917, it appears that in addition to the chapters there were 430 branches in the State. By August of the following year there were 1158 branches and auxiliaries; and by August, 1919, there were 1351. Of these, 964 were branches and 387 were auxiliaries.^^^ While the large number of chapters formed in Iowa is a good indication of the Red Cross spirit and enthusiasm which so rapidly perme- ated the State, it does not necessarily indicate a more rapid or better organization than that which took place in other States. The number VOL. I — 6 6Q RED CROSS IN IOWA of chapters formed was no criterion of the ex- tent to which a State was organized. In truth, the large number of chapters formed in Iowa was due to the fact that in so many counties two or even more chapters were granted char- ters, instead of adhering more closely to the general Red Cross policy of establishing, so far as possible, chapters vdth. county jurisdictions. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION Little or no difficulty was found in bringing about the establishment of Red Cross chapters throughout the State of Iowa : in practically every place there were those who were eager to assume the responsibility of organizing a chap- ter. But there were a few communities in which there seemed to be no general interest in Red Cross work, although chapters had been estab- lished. A field secretary of the Central Divi- sion, after visiting a chapter in one of Iowa's rural communities, reported that the people there ''did not seem to be interested in any- thing but corn and rain." He stated that he met no men and as far as he could see the chapter ''was a womans Red Cross Serving Society. "i«i To facilitate the formation and organization of Red Cross chapters, branches, and auxili- aries, certain plans and suggestions as to DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 67 procedure were mapped out by the national, division, and State Red Cross officials. These plans embodied the general policies regarding the organization and operation of local units. In certain cases it was required that such poli- cies be strictly adhered to ; in others they were simply offered as suggestions which did not have to be followed in full. For the most part those organizing the chap- ters followed the plans and suggestions fur- nished by Red Cross officials, and, inspired by the proper Red Cross spirit, carried forward the work with few difficulties. They settled matters on the basis of the greatest good to the Red Cross and cooperated to make their chap- ter a success. At the same time there were some exceptions : serious obstacles were encoun- tered in some places, and the State director and Central Division representatives were not in- frequently called in to settle difficulties. In fact, a considerable portion of the time of State Director Kepford was spent in dealing with such situations. Only by noting some of the problems which arose can one secure any ade- quate idea of the task of the State director. LACK OF CO-OPERATION Those initiating a movement to form a chap- ter were urged to include in their organization 68 RED CROSS IN IOWA the representatives of all the chief civic ele- ments in the commnnity. The first State direc- tor, Mr. Weaver, early emphasized this point in the instructions he sent out regarding the formation of chapters. One of the circulars sent from his office reads : The American Red Cross is not a physician's soci- ety, nor a woman's club nor a nurse's organization but is desirous of drawing- to its support the many phases of the city's hfe — the commercial organizations, the manufacturers, physicians, lawyers, ministers, repre- sentatives of labor, merchants, the G. A. R., women's clubs, etc., etc., to the end that the whole organized life of the district may have a real interest in the American Red Cross.^^^ This advice was at times ignored in starting Iowa chapters, and some that were organized did not by any means represent the town or county as a whole. Perhaps in some instances this was due to a failure to realize the impor- tance of such action, but in others it evidently was the result of the existence of local factions, jealousies, or disputes. The result usually was misunderstanding, hard feeling, and a decided lack of cooperation in Red Cross affairs. An unusual amount of difficulty arose in one town where a chapter was formed with only a very few of the local interests represented. As a result of the dissatisfaction a public meeting DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 69 was called in wliicli everyone was invited to participate. After having reached an under- standing with the first group that it would sur- render its charter, a new chapter was formed, and in due time a new charter was issued by the Red Cross. Later the first group decided to retain its charter, claiming to be the author- ized Red Cross body for that place. The result- ing dispute continued for some time until Red Cross officials ultimately decided that the last formed chapter should continue and ordered the first to surrender its charter and cease all oper- ations in the name of the Red Cross. Such a situation could not help but result in great in- jury to the cause in the locality concerned.^^^ Difficulties of a somewhat similar nature were experienced in another town of the same county. Here an ''Independent Society" was organized, and without affiliating with the recognized Red Cross chapter at that place initiated plans of its own for raising money and making sup- plies in the name of the Red Cross. The bitter dispute which ensued did not end until the "Independent Society" was ordered by District Attorney F. A. O'Connor to cease all opera- tions carried on in the name of the Red Cross.i«4 Lack of cooperation was not always neces- sarily due to the failure to include all civic 70 RED CROSS IN IOWA interests in the organization, but was sometimes the outcome of little local quarrels and jeal- ousies. While these differences did not often result in any big split in the community, they nevertheless had the effect of causing individ- uals or minor groups to refuse to cooperate Yvdth the authorized Red Cross chapter. Thus a "Navy League" and a '^ Surgical Dressings Unit" were formed in one Iowa city and they set out to do work like that done by the Red Cross, but they would not affiliate with the chapter. One of the organizations finally gave in and joined with the Red Cross, but the other continued to go its own way.^*'-^ A woman who had been serving as a committee chairman for a certain county chapter resigned when she was not permitted to do things according to her own wishes. After resigning she exerted her influ- ence to get others to quit and she advised some of the rural communities to organize branches to work separately and independently of the county chapter.^^'*' In another place the State director found it necessary to close the workroom of a branch of a county chapter due to the inability of the peo- ple of the locality to overcome petty differences. Regarding his action in this case, the State director wrote: "These people are in a local controversv and I liave deemed it advisable to DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 71 let them cool off a while before they begin work again. ' ' ^^^"^ QUESTIONS OP JURISDICTION Each chapter upon being granted a charter was assigned a certain territory over which it had jurisdiction and within which it was re- sponsible for the organization of branches and auxiliaries. The system of establishing one chapter in each county with headquarters at the county seat and with jurisdiction over the en- tire county was preferred by the Central Divi- sion, the purpose being to keep down the number of chapters. Since the chapters had to deal directly with the division headquarters it would have been very cumbersome if every city and village had been given its own chapter, and the task of supervising such a great number of separate chapters would have involved an im- mense amount of work and expenditure of funds. At the same time the establishment of more than one chapter in a county was permit- ted where competitive conditions, lack of rail- road facilities, or other reasons warranted an exception to the rule.^'^^ It appears that the question of jurisdiction was one that was likely to lead to trouble, both in its original determination and its subsequent enforcement. Clearlv the wish of the Red 72 RED CROSS IN IOWA Cross was for county chapters where feasible; and the first State director, Mr. Weaver, in printed matter sent from his office pointed out the advisability of organizing chapters on county lines. If he had not anticipated the obstacles that would be met in enforcing this suggestion, he must have had them impressed upon him very emphatically by the letters which came to him from many parts of the State : there seemed to be no limit to the num- ber of objections that could be raised against such an arrangement.^*^^ It is not surprising that many towns and vil- lages should have wanted their own individual chapter. In a great many of the counties, how- ever, the persons most interested were quite willing to overlook their own preferences and do whatever the Red Cross asked of them. Where such a Red Cross spirit prevailed, coun- ty chapters were established with little diffi- culty. But there were other counties where no such spirit dominated and where opposition to county chapters was very pronounced. Sub- stantial reasons for such opposition sometimes existed ; but in other instances it was the result of conditions that should have been overlooked in any such patriotic endeavor as the Red Cross. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to the forma- DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 73 tion of county chapters was the rivalries and even hard feelings that so often exist between the towns of a particular county. In Iowa where there are small towns of about the same size and importance in many of the counties local jealousies are sometimes very strong. Many of the smaller towns could not, at least not without a protest, stand by and see formed in another town a Red Cross chapter, of which all other such organizations in the same county would be merely branches. If one town secured a chapter that was sufficient reason for the others to strive for the same recognition. The proposal to locate the chapter at the county seat only added to the difficulty in many places : indeed, the very fact that a town is the county seat is likely to cause it to be all the more en- vied by other towns in the same county. The outgrowth of such a situation was a feeling that such communities could not unite and work harmoniously. Not only was there sometimes opposition to becoming a branch under such circumstances, but towns sometimes hesitated to take a charter which called upon them to supervise the Red Cross work in rival com- munities. Many letters relating to this problem were directed to Red Cross officials. From one chap- ter chairman came the statement that we ' ' have 74 RED CROSS IN IOWA formed no branch chapters, they wanted a chap- ter at also at , but did not want a branch, and we have no objections to their having a chapter, and not a branch, as they have a little local pride (which is alright) and they will do much more if they have an inde- pendent chapter of their own."^^^ In asking that the jurisdiction over certain branches be given to his chapter instead of to another chapter in the same county, a chapter representative wrote: "We raised by far the most money and we have a store from which they buy their goods and are better prepared to take care of them but the main point is that, as the county seat, we should have them. We do not want because we could not get along with the people up there, nor they with us."iii A letter from a village located in a county where there were already six Red Cross chap- ters stated that this place was trying to form a chapter of its own and thus avoid working under the other town, because of the ''business friction" which existed between the two.^^- Other conditions arose which made it appear illogical to establish county chapters in partic- ular instances. More natural boundaries were often urged. A town or rural community was sometimes located in one county, while prac- DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 75 tically all the people in tliat vicinity went to a town in an adjoining county for all matters of business or pleasure. In such cases they naturally felt more or less a part of the town with which they had intercourse. In other Iowa counties there were natural boundaries which practically divided the counties into separate units, so far as any intercourse was concerned. Again railroad connections made intercourse between different sections of the same counties very unsatisfactory. There are instances where it takes longer to send mail between two towns in the same county than it takes to send it to Chicago from the same places. Such were the situations and conditions which were advanced as reasons for opposing the county plan of organizing Eed Cross chapters. Nor did jurisdictional disputes cease after the chapters had been organized. In granting many of the early charters the jurisdiction of the chapter was not made definite, which later furnished ground for disputes. Even where the jurisdiction of chapters had been definitely stated contests sometimes arose, and occasion- ally the State director changed the territories assigned to chapters with a view to securing better relations. In one Iowa county where three chapters were established there were dis- putes from the beginning as to their jurisdic- 76 RED CROSS IN IOWA tions. One chapter would insist on having a particular branch under its control and another would claim it as being in its assigned territory. The difficulties were augmented by the desire of branches in one chapter jurisdiction to work with one of the other chapters and the desire of one or two other branches to have a chapter of their own.^^^ Not infrequently one chapter would infringe upon the territory of another : in a membership drive or in a campaign for funds a canvass would be made by one chapter in territory be- longing to an adjoining chapter. Hard feeling was usually engendered as a result of such actions. A few chapters even allowed branches of other chapters to work through them instead of through the parent chapters. In studying the jurisdiction of the chapters established in Iowa one finds that in a great many cases county lines were not followed. At the time when Iowa had one hundred and sixty- seven authorized chapters, there were only fifty-seven of the ninety-nine counties that had but one chapter : twenty-three counties had two chapters each; ten had three each; one had four; one had five; and four had six chapters each. In one instance three counties were united into a single chapter — Pottawattamie, Harrison, and Mills counties being grouped to- DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 77 gether with the chapter headquarters at Coun- Although starting with the idea of forming county chapters wherever practicable, State of- ficials seem to have ended a long way from that goal. Once exceptions were made to the rule, the more difficult it became to abide by the plan. With two chapters in one county it was hard to convince a neighboring county that it should have but one. And with two chapters in a county it was difficult to convince other toAvns in the same county that there could not just as well be more. The result was the organization of a great number of chapters in Iowa, many of them with very small jurisdictions. The fact that four different counties each had six chap- ters within their borders means that almost every town of any size in these counties had its own chapter. It does not appear that this situation made for the best results : a great deal of the trouble over jurisdictions came from counties with two or more chapters. Furthermore, the great number of chapters added materially to the work of the State and Central Division repre- sentatives. The success with which many of the county organizations operated shows the feasibihty of that system. The fact that the Council Bluffs chapter, with three counties 78 RED CROSS IN IOWA under its jurisdiction, was a very efficient one shows that a large territory could be managed by a well organized chapter. Frederick W. Stevens, the Michigan State director, clung absolutely to the county plan in organizing his State. There are eighty-three counties in Mich- igan and eighty-three county chapters were established. There were a few exceptions at the beginning, but these were soon eliminated. Mr. Stevens pointed out, however, that such procedure might not have been practical in every State, for he realized that geographical and other conditions might affect the situation. The desirability of having more county chap- ters in Iowa was recognized as the Red Cross work developed; and so steps were eventually taken to consolidate smaller units into county chapters as rapidlj^ as possible. By the time the armistice Avas signed in November, 1918, several consolidations had taken place. During the next few months the State director and Central Division workers devoted much time to this problem. By the end of June, 1919, the one hundred and sixty-seven Iowa chapters had been reduced to one hundred and twenty-eight. The process of consolidation, however, was a very slow one, for many of the chapters were very reluctant to surrender their charters and reorganize. Some there were who did it gladly, DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 79 realizing that it was for the good of the Bed Cross; others did so unwillingly; and some re- fused outright to give up their charters. The result was that in a few instances where re- organization did take place, it resulted in ill feeling and a lack of cooperation under the new arrangement.^^® WORKING ORGANIZATIONS OF LOCAL UNITS As a means of assisting the chapters in build- ing up a working organization and in order to assure some degree of uniformity, plans were formulated by the Bureau of Development of the Central Division as to how chapters should be constituted. It was not necessary that such plans be followed precisely in all particulars: each community was free to adapt the general plan to its own particular conditions. The plan suggested by the Bureau of Devel- opment provided for a board of directors as the governing body for each chapter. It recom- mended that this board consist of from twelve to thirty-six members, ^\ith a partial change each year. The directors, it advised, should be elected annually by the chapter members. The officers proposed for a chapter were a chair- man, a vice chairman, a secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee of from five to nine members. All officers and the executive com- 80 Ki^D CROSS IN IOWA mittee were to be elected by the board of direc- tors. Tlie executive committee in turn was to appoint numerous committees to take charge of the various branches of the Eed Cross activ- ities carried on by the chapter.^^^ While the plan included the naming of fifteen committees, it depended largely upon the size of a chapter and upon local conditions as to what committees were necessary or desirable. The committees suggested were the following: (1) hospital supplies and garments, (2) sur- gical dressings, (3) general supplies, knitting, and similar activities, (4) instruction for wom- en, (5) finance, (6) membership, (7) organiza- tion of branches and auxiliaries, (8) school auxiliaries, (9) first aid, (10) cooperation, (11) publicity, (12) canteen service, (13) civilian re- lief, (14) warehousing and shipping, and (15) purchasing and distribution. The work of each of these committees corresponded to a particu- lar bureau of the Central Division with which it cooperated. ^^'^ This list includes the committees suggested early in the period of Red Cross development. From time to time as new situations arose and the need for other committees appeared, chap- ters were asked to appoint them. Thus, during the influenza epidemic, chapters were urged to appoint committees to aid in fighting the dis- DEVELOPMENT OP RED CROSS 81 ease and caring for the victims. Likewise, early in 1918, chapters were requested to name conservation committees to coordinate the Red Cross with all other agencies working for the conservation of food.^^^ While it is true that various types of organ- ization were to be found in Iowa, the chapters and branches were generally organized along the lines just described — the number of com- mittees varying with different chapters and branches, depending on the extent of their work. There were a few communities in the State which developed their own ideas of organiza- tion, some of which proved quite successful. The Iowa City chapter with jurisdiction over Johnson County can be considered as fairly representative of many of the Iowa chapters, excepting that it did not have a board of direc- tors. This chapter had the regular officers, including the executive committee which was the governing body. Since all the members of the executive committee were women, an ad- visory board made up of three men was created to act in an advisory capacity to the executive committee. The committees which were orig- inally appointed were: (1) hospital supplies and garments, (2) surgical dressings, (3) knit- ting, (4) refugee garments, (5) finance, (6) membership, (7) branches and auxiliaries, (8) VOL. I — 7 82 RED CROSS IN IOWA Junior Red Cross, (9) publicity, (10) canteen service, (11) home service, (12) disaster relief, (13) nurses, (14) purchasing, and (15) inspect- ing and packing.^^^ The Winneshiek County chapter, with head- quarters at Decorah, worked out a system of units for promoting Red Cross work. Here groups composed of from ten to fifteen women were organized throughout the county. Indeed, practically all women in the county who were doing Red Cross work belonged to some unit; and all work was handled through this organ- ization. A captain was given command of each unit through whom all assignments for work were made, and she was responsible for the work-hour arrangement of her group. In case a Red Cross meeting was desired everyone interested could be quickly notified through the group captains. The system produced satis- factory results. ^-*^ BRANCHES AND AUXILIARIES Branches and auxiliaries played no small part in the Red Cross program. Many sugges- tions were forwarded to chapters for their guid- ance in the formation and conduct of these units. Branches were really miniature chap- ters : they carried on the same work as the chapters and were organized \\dth the same offi- DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 83 cers and committees, except that they had no board of directors. Branches could and should have had representatives on the chapter board of directors. As a part of the chapter the branch was supervised by the chapter — a rela- tionship that was likened to that of parent and child.i-i The branches were to look to the chapter for all directions: they were not to communicate with the Central Division, as all branch cor- respondence was to be conducted through the chapters. Any information needed by the branches was to be secured from the chapter. Instructions and information from the Central Division were sent to the chapters and in turn sent by them to the branches. It w^as an obliga- tion of the branch to cooperate with its chapter in all ways possible for the furtherance of the Red Cross cause. On the other hand, the chap- ters were required to keep in close touch with the branches and see that they received all new orders and information necessary to carry on efficiently. Complete reports of all branch activities w^ere to be made to the chapters.^-- In the production of supplies, chapters were responsible for the work of the branches : they assigned quotas and were charged with the supervision of branch workers. It was advised that the branches ship their finished goods to 84 RED CROSS IN IOWA their chapter headquarters for inspection and reshipment. Yet it was permissible for the branches to ship directly to Chicago or Des Moines if this was considered advisable and permission to do so had been granted by the chapter concerned. ^-^ Concerning questions of finance, considerable leeway was given the chapters and branches to make their own arrangements. The branches could turn all their funds into the chapter treasury and be financed by the chapter; the branch might retain all its funds and finance its own work; or an intermediate plan could be formulated. This was a matter to be decided by those concerned. In any case complete finan- cial reports were required of the branches by the chapters. ^-^ Red Cross auxiliaries did not play as large a part in the Eed Cross scheme as did the branches. The latter were favored, the policy being not to organize auxiliaries where branch- es could be used. Auxiliaries could be formed by either chapters or branches. Their relation to the parent organization was much like that of the branches to chapters, since they were completely under the control of the chapter or branch authorizing their establishment. No organization could carry on work under the name of a Eed Cross auxiliarv unless sanctioned DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 85 by the chapter or branch in that jurisdiction.^^s It appears that chapters did not always pro- ceed to organize branches in their jurisdiction as they were expected to do. Frequently they did not give the organization and operation of branches that attention w^hich was necessary to get them to function efficiently. State Director Kepford discovered that in some places, al- though branches had been established, they had never been properly organized, but '4ike Topsy, 'just growed'."^-'^ Sometimes the chapter was to blame for such conditions ; sometimes it was the fault of those in the branch territory. Chapters there were which were very slow to take any steps to form branches. On the other hand, even when some chapters w^orked enthusiastically to get their whole territory lined up for the Red Cross, they had difficulty in accomplishing satisfactory re- sults because of the objection of some communi- ties to becoming branch organizations. It depended to a large extent upon the size of a chapter jurisdiction as to how many subsidi- ary units were formed. Some chapters seemed to favor auxiliaries rather than .branches, but most of the chapters adhered to the rule of using branches wherever possible. The auxiliaries established by some chapters in smaller towns and villages of the State were practically 86 RED CROSS IN IOWA branches and functioned as branches. Auxili- aries were theoretically only temporary organ- izations authorized to do particular kinds of work. In Woodbury County, for example, branches were established in the various towns of the county, while clubs and other groups in Sioux City formed auxiliaries to do special work. Twenty-eight such auxiliaries were authorized in Sioux City.^^"^ The extent to Avhich these minor units were used may be briefly indicated. Council Bluffs, with a jurisdiction over three counties, had about forty branches; Marshall and Webster counties had twenty-three each; and Wapello and Plymouth counties had twenty-one each. None of these chapters had a large number of auxiliaries. Waterloo, on the other hand, had fifty-two auxiharies and only five branches; Woodbury County had forty auxiharies and fifteen branches; Mahaska County had thirty- five auxiliaries and sixteen branches; and Adams County had eighteen auxiliaries and one branch. Among the smaller chapters are found those which had neither a branch nor an anxiliary.^-^ Once organized the Iowa chapters and branches did not always find themselves in per- fect harmony. The comparison of their rela- tion to that of a parent and child proved too DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 87 true in more than one respect. The children sometimes misbehaved, and the parents were sometimes guilty of negligence. Chapter offi- cials complained that their branches would not follow their instructions and would not report to them as required. Branches complained that the chapters did not keep them posted as to new instructions and orders and did not seem to be interested in branch activities. This caused the branches to try to go over the head of the chap- ter directly to the State director or Central Division. Unless permission was granted by the chap- ter to branches to ship their finished products directly, they were required to send them to the chapter. Chapters hesitated as a rule to grant such permission, preferring to collect all the goods and inspect them so as to be sure of their quality. There were instances in which branch- es were permitted to ship directly and, as a result of inferior goods sent in by them, a chap- ter 's record for perfect work was marred. Yet the branches sometimes felt that by sending their products to the chapter, the branches as such w^ere given no credit for the work at Des Moines or Chicago. This thought irritated them : they wanted credit for what they did. Inspection by the chapter was not always satisfactory to the branches. When a chapter 88 RED CROSS IN IOWA returned certain goods to a branch as not hav- ing passed inspection, the latter was sometimes annoyed. Too often there was a feeling that the chapter was merely trying to exert its authority. This feeling was only increased by such incidents as the following. An Iowa branch had a shipment returned from its chap- ter as rejected. The branch then shipped the same directly to Des Moines, where by some misunderstanding it was accepted, although the branch did not have permission to ship directly ; and this same shipment which had been rejected by the chapter inspector was accepted by those at the Des Moines shipping station.^-^ Another opening for disagreement was af- forded by the practice of allowing the chapters and branches to determine their own financial policy. Many chapters urged the branches to turn their funds into the chapter treasury and in turn be financed by the chapter — a sugges- tion that was often opposed by the branches on the ground that money raised in the community should be retained for the use of the branch and expended as it should see fit. Concerning this problem State Director Kepford wrote : "While branches should be allowed a very wide margin of individual cooperation, yet branches should feel they are a part of the chapter and that funds contributed are to be used in any part of DEVELOPMENT OF RED CROSS 89 the jurisdiction, if deemed necessary by the chapter officials"; and he tells of an instance where a chapter had a number of branches. One branch was located in a village, surrounded by a wealthy community. It had much more money than the workers in that branch could use. Another branch was composed largely of laboring people. There were many women to work, but they lacked funds. The chapter offi- cials, by taking the funds of the one branch to buy materials for the workers of the other, utilized the full power of both branches. ^^" A method which was adopted in a few places in the State to overcome the friction between chapters and branches may be illustrated from Jones County. Here ten units, practically the same in general make-up as branches, were cre- ated, one in each populous center. The county organization was set up separately from all the units and was merely the governing body. The county headquarters were located at Anamosa, yet Anamosa had a unit or branch the same as any other town in the county. Anamosa was on the same basis as the smallest village. The chairman of this chapter in commenting on the plan said: ''This tends to strike out jealousy and envy, and makes all units and all workers feel they have equal place in offering their en- deavor and in making sacrifice. "^^^ V Eed Cross Membership Any citizen or resident of the United States or its dependencies could become a member of the American National Eed Cross by the payment of the required dues, the amount of which de- pended upon the class of membership desired. CLASSES OF MEMBERSHIP There were six classes of membership pro- vided for individuals — annual, magazine, con- tributing, sustaining, life, and patron. For an annual membership the dues were one dollar; for a magazine membership which entitled one to receive The Red Cross Magazine, two dollars was the fee. Annual dues for a contributing member were five dollars, for a sustaining membership ten dollars. For a life member- ship the fee was fifty dollars; w^hile the pay- ment of one hundred dollars made one a patron of the American Red Cross. Any nurse en- rolled in the Red Cross Nursing Service auto- matically became a Red Cross member without the payment of any membership fee. Any per- son who had rendered specially distinguished 90 RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 91 service miglit, by a vote of two-thirds of those present at any annual meeting of the General Board, be made an honorary Eed Cross mem- ber.^"- In addition to individual memberships, collec- tive memberships were established. Charity organization societies could become institution- al members of the Red Cross upon the approval of the Central Committee. Institutional mem- bers were for the most part charity organiza- tion societies of the large cities, and they served as executive agents of the Red Cross in their districts in case of disasters. Their services were called for only in the field of civilian re- lief.^^-"^ State or Territorial societies of nurses, or similar organizations of physicians created for Red Cross work, if accepted by the Central Committee, could be enrolled as members. Each collective membership w^as entitled to send a delegate to meetings of the General Board.^^'' On September 3, 1917, the plan for a junior membership was adopted. It permitted any public, private, or parochial school in the United States, or its dependencies, to join the Junior Red Cross and become a Junior Auxili- ary by the payment of dues equal to twenty-five cents for each pupil. In case a school w^as un- able to make the payment for dues it could still become a Junior Auxiliary of the Red 92 RED CROSS IN IOWA Cross by each pupil's giving a pledge to do earnest and faithful work for the Red Cross. Every boy and girl, in a school accepted as a Junior Auxiliary, automatically became a mem- ber of the American Eed Cross.^^^ EARLY GROWTH OP MEMBERSHIP National and Central Division. — The Amer- ican National Eed Cross, in 1910, had approxi- mately 15,000 members.13'^ When the war broke out in Europe some four years later there were only about 16,000.i2^ j^ March, 1916, the mem- bership stood at 27,000.138 At that time a cam- paign was inaug-urated to raise the Red Cross membership to 1,000,000, and in many places satisfactory results were secured. In ten days Chicago raised its membership from less than 1000 to 13,000 and the District of Columbia in- creased its membership from 1000 to TOOO-^^*^ The goal of a million members was slow in being reached, however, and by the middle of May the membership stood at only 75,000.1^^^ On December 1, 1916, there were 286,400 Red Cross members; 1^1 and by the first of the fol- lowing February, just before diplomatic rela- tions with Germany were severed, 299,000 persons were enrolled.^'^^ At the time of the creation of the Red Cross AVar Council in May, 1917, the members numbered only 486,194.^^^ RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 93 From that time on, however, the membership increased rapidly. lu July, 1917, there were over 1,500,000 members.^^^ By the middle of August there were almost 3,500,000;^^'^ and on November 1, there were 6,385,000. At this time the Central Division had a membership of 2,000,000, almost double that of any other divi- sion. Next to the Central Division came the Atlantic Division with 1,011,000 members and then the Lake Division with 834,000 members.^^^ loiva. — There were few Red Cross members in Iowa when diplomatic relations were broken with Germany in February, 1917. The total membership was made up mostly of the mem- bers of the nine Red Cross chapters then in existence in the State, none of which had any great number of members. But about this time the interest in Red Cross work increased; the number of chapters grew ; and a corresponding rise took place in the membership. Des Moines was among the first to stage an enthusiastic membership campaign. This drive occurred in March, 1917. To begin with Des Moines had about 2000 members. Those back- ing the campaign proposed to increase the num- ber to 5000 and thereby make the Des Moines chapter the largest in the United States in proportion to the population.^^"^ J. J. O'Con- 94 RED CROSS IN IOWA nor of Cliicago visited Des Moines and helped lay plans for the drive.^^^ W. A. Frost of Buffalo, New York, who was engaged by the national organization to boost the Red Cross membership, spoke in the city at the beginning of the drive and w^as followed a few days later by G. W. Simmons of St. Lonis, vice president of the Simmons Hardware Company, Although Mr. 'Connor was to have been on hand again to lend his assistance during the canvass, he found it necessary to go to Indiana and admin- ister relief to a storm devastated district.^^*^ The canvass for members was scheduled to begin on the twelfth of March, but during the first week the only work was that done in the residence district where approximately $1600 was collected in membership fees.^^*^ A big mass meeting was held at the Chamber of Com- merce on March 22nd. Just as a starter for a whirlwind campaign to take place on the follow- ing Friday and Saturday, business men present at the rally pledged over 1300 new members. Charles H. Wacker, head of the Chicago Plan- ning Commission, addressed the meeting on Red Cross work.^^^ John P. Wallace was general chairman and under him were several teams of workers, with a captain in charge of each. Recruiting sta- tions were opened in twelve of the downtown RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 95 stores and girl and boy scouts put in charge. Adopting the slogan, ''For the Service of Hu- manity", the workers set out to make a thor- ough canvass of the business district.^^- To create interest in Red Cross work the boy scouts demonstrated first aid methods on the street corners and in the windows at headquar- ters. Two small children, a girl of eleven and a boy of nine, alternated with the boy scouts in first aid demonstrations at the latter place. ^'^^ Specific instances may be given to indicate the nature of the campaign and the results. One group of workers, soliciting the lumber yards and woodworking establishments, se- cured over 300 new members and a total of $800 in dues. Included in the list was a life member- ship at $25 for the head of every such firm in the city. Among the printers and publishers 611 members were added, practically every establishment registering one hundred per cent. The Junior Chamber of Commerce was responsible for nearly 150 members. To Hal Eay fell individual honors, he having added 390 names to the roll and $775 to the funds of the Red Cross.i^^ The result of the two days activities was summed up by Mr. Wallace. ' ' Our appeal has been answered from every quarter. The work- ingman, the workingwoman, the big man in 96 RED CROSS IN IOWA business, the clerks in the store, the high school boys and girls, factory employees, printers, electrotypers, the automobile men, the lumber- men and woodworkers — in short, every line of business from the highest to the lowest, has responded to our call. . . . The Red Cross campaign marks a new era for our city. Des Moines now stands first, according to popula- tion, in Red Cross membership." The goal of 5000 had not only been achieved but was sur- passed by more than 1000 members. ^^^ After the Des Moines campaign the Red Cross developed rapidly in Iowa. Numerous chapters were formed and many membership campaigns were conducted. Many chapters with a considerable membership were to be found early in May. Among these were Des Moines with 8500, Davenport with 5000 and Cedar Rapids with 3500 members. ^^*^ By the middle of June almost every county had been through a membership campaign, and over 100,000 Red Cross members were to be found in the State.i" One of the early campaigns was carried on in Jones County by the county chapter. The following letter from the chapter chairman best describes the interesting method used : The first campaigns were all conducted through public meetings. No matter how small the com- RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 97 munity, no matter how small the assemblage, no mat- ter how dismal the outlook, the meetings were always held the same. The spirit is Avhat counts and here in Jones County when we talk Red Cross we talk as though we were addressing a million even though there be but two. Whenever possible we avoid the churches, keeping away from the jealousies which sometimes we regret to say are even to be found in congregations. This is not always practical. When it isn't, the proper way is to bring the leaders of the flocks together for a union meeting. We had one or two of these that were large in results. The only sermon that I ever preached was at a Sunday morning meeting of this character in a com- munity of 200 people, and 125 men and women hit the Red Cross trail for mercy's salvation in that meeting. The best method of advertising these meetings is through the children. Arrange a children's program and you will get news of your meeting into every home in the community, and there will be an out- pouring to see the children carry out their part of the work. . . . Our campaign was accomplished in a systematic manner. With one or two exceptions the speaking campaign was done with a team of five. These were representative men in the county. W^e had one who was a good story teller — a fellow to get the crowd out of its stiffness. We had one to outline the financial aspect of this war, and the finan- VOL. I — 8 98 RED CROSS IN IOWA cial aspects of losses by bloodshed and possible in- demnity. ... "We had a Spanish war veteran to tell some of the things for which the boys suffered in that campaign. We had another to present the Red Cross system and acquaint people with its aims and work. For the final blow, and in this county I deliv- ered that myself, we wound up with a militant, evangelistic campaign for membership. Always, in every meeting there was stationed first a man at the door with a proper blank. We never let any guilty wretch escape without a chance to declare himself. Others were always chosen in plenty for the canvass of the audience. The appeal was always in the name of humanity, and always with a challenge to anyone to give a single reason why the community should not have Red Cross workers. The canvass was alwaj^s prefaced with a demand for all who were against the establishment of Red Cross work to rise, and always with an order for all who were for it, to do the same. We always got the vote and we always got the mem- bers. This part of the campaign netted us many member- ships. It was pioneer work. It was followed by active work in soliciting by personal canvass — house to house, or in similar manner. On July 17, 1917, Jones County had a list of 4000 members. ^^^ A statewide campaign for additional mem- bers was started in September, 1917. Approxi- mately 200,000 members were then on the roll; RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 99 the State director had set the goal at 500,000. Upon the suggestion of Dr. Kepford, Mrs. W. L. Harding, wife of the Governor, announced that she would make a large silk American flag to be presented to the county enrolling the largest per cent of its population. The response from all sections of the State was prompt, and rapid increases in the number of Red Cross members followed.^^*^ Adams County was leading in the contest on October 1st, with 29.5 per cent of its population enrolled. Shelby had 29 per cent, Plymouth 27 per cent, Washington 26.5 per cent, Allamakee and Calhoun 25.3 per cent, and Lee 20 per cent. There were nineteen counties with a standing of 15 per cent or better. A month later Dickin- son County was on top with a mark of 31 per cent; while iVdams, Shelby, Allamakee, Wash- ington, and Calhoun were all above 25 per cent. Thirty-seven counties had now passed the 15 per cent mark. Based on reports of 126 out of the 164 chapters, it was estimated that 12 per cent of the people of Iowa were enlisted under the Red Cross banner.^*"*^* December 1, 1917, had been set as the date for closing the contest ; but before this date was reached plans were inaugurated for a great nation-wide drive for members during the Christmas season. Consequently the Iowa cam- 100 RED CROSS IN IOWA paign was extended to include the Red Cross Christmas Membership Campaign.^^^ THE CHRISTMAS MEMBERSHH* CAMPAIGN IN 1917 Toward the close of 1917 the Red Cross de- termined to raise its membership to 15,000,000, which meant that it would be necessary to add nearly 10,000,000 new members. At a confer- ence held in Washington, at which representa- tives of each of the divisions were present, the general features of the campaign were worked out.^^2 A National Membership Campaign Committee was named to take general charge of the campaign and Theodore N. Vail, President of the American Telegraph and Telephone Com- pany, accepted the chairmanship. Dr. H. N. MacCracken, President of Vassar College, was named executive secretary, and George S. Fowler became business manager. The other members of the Committee were James Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore, Bishop William Lawrence of Boston, Dr. Henry Van Dyke of Princeton, Benjamin Gratz of St. Louis, Hervey Lindley of Seattle, John W. Britton of San Francisco, John P. Mitchell of New York, B. Ban Johnson of Chicago, Henry Watterson of Louisville, Kentucky, Frank N. Doubleday of Garden City, New York, Mrs. William G. McAdoo of Washington, D. C, and Mrs. Finley J. Shepard of New York City.^^^ RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 101 It was decided ''that the greatest advantage would come to the Red Cross and to the country from linking together the spirit of the Red Cross and the spirit of Christmas, "i"-' To at- tain this purpose the date of the campaign was set for the week before Christmas. Thus, the first Christmas in the war was to be made a Red Cross Christmas. The campaign was called the Red Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, and the national committee in charge became the Red Cross Christmas Membership Cam- paign Committee. Plans for conducting the campaign were rapidly developed, the idea of the Christmas spirit being introduced wherever possible. Adopting the slogan, "Make it a Red Cross Christmas", the National Committee laid plans to accomplish the task marked out for it. The primary aim of the campaign, it was decreed, should be to secure annual memberships, al- though it was considered desirable to secure a subscribing membership in as many households as possible in order to have The Red Cross Magazine in the homes. Persons who were al- ready members were to be urged to renew their enrollment at this time, so as to make all mem- berships terminate with the end of the calendar year. Everyone was urged to take a Christmas membership. 102 RED CROSS IN IOWA An increased membership was not the only purpose in initiating this campaign: the Red Cross desired a more active support from the general public, and it was hoped at this time to turn "passive friends into active workers." All those who joined the Red Cross were to be made to feel that they had not fulfilled their full duty by merely paying their dues : the Red Cross wanted to win the real, live, active sup- port of every member.^^^ The scheme of organization adopted for the campaign provided for a committee in each division similar to the National Red Cross Membership Campaign Committee. The divi- sional committees were to look to the national body for the determination of general methods and policies; it then became the function of these committees to interpret the policy of the campaign to the chapters in their district and to guide them during its progress. ^"^ As a suggestion for local chapters the follow- ing plan was proposed by the national com- mittee. Each chapter chairman, with the consent of the executive committee, should appoint a campaign manager to have entire charge of the campaign. The campaign man- ager should then appoint a Christmas member- ship committee, including the most prominent persons, both men and women, in the chapter RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 103 territory. From the larger committee the cam- paign manager should select a committee of five, of which he himself would be the chairman, to aid him in the actual conduct of the cam- paign. This committee was to be made respon- sible for the approval of expenditures, plans, and financial matters, and for the supervision and stimulation of the campaigners. ^^'^ The plan also provided that the campaign manager should appoint a publicity committee, a treasurer (if advisable to secure someone in addition to the regular treasurer), and a speak- ers' bureau. An office manager (a volunteer if possible) was to be secured to take charge of the office and supervise the stenographic and clerical w^ork. A further suggestion was that it would be advisable to have a citizens ' committee composed of a large number of prominent peo- ple, who w^ould constitute the active enrolling force during the campaign. Included in the membership of the citizens' committee should be persons whose names might add prestige to the organization and persons representing all the various activities in the district. The com- mittee ought to include all interests and might well be a large committee, as it would furnish a means of publicity and a supply of interested people to use upon the enrollment commit- tees.^*^^ 104 RED CROSS IN IOWA This outline of organization was suggested by the National Christmas Campaign Com- mittee in order to help the chapters, but the chapters were under no obligation to follow these suggestions. In fact, it was fully realized that no set of instructions could take the place of the energy, experience, and imagination of those in the local organizations. Directions to the local chapters stated that any suggestions made were "intended to augment and not sup- plant chapter initiative. "^^^ To assist chapters in the actual canvass for members several plans of procedure were out- lined, and they were left to choose those best suited to their territory. Ten plans in all were outlined, by which it was aimed to reach all classes and groups in any community. It was thought that in some communities several of the plans might be used, while in other places those in charge of the campaigm might prefer to rely upon plans of their own making. A sep- arate committee was to be appointed from the citizens' committee to carry out each of the plans selected by the chapter for use.^"*^ The plans recommended by the national com- mittee may be briefly distinguished as follows : Plan No. 1. To cover the solicitation of State, city, and county employees. Plan No. 2. To cover the mercantile inter- RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 105 ests, the wholesale and retail grocery trade, the drug trade, etc. The amusement interests, real estate offices, and other forms of trade organ- ized for the most part by communities. Plan No. 3. To cover the manufacturing in- terests, contractors, the department stores, the railroads, public utilities, and other large em- ployers of labor. Plan No. 4. To cover the banking and broker- age houses, the insurance companies, importers, selling agents, and other commercial interests, concentrated for the most part into sections. Plan No. 5. To cover public and private schools and colleges. Plan No. 6. To cover professional interests, physicians, dentists, nurses, lawyers, and engi- neers. Plan No. 7. To cover clubs, fraternal soci- eties and certain laboring groups of small com- munities such as typographical unions, etc. Plan No. 8. To cover the plans for handling of enrollment booths, and for special solicita- tions such as churches, entertainments, etc., not specifically covered by some other committee. Plan No. 9. To cover the divisioning of the community for neighborhood canvass, including foreign speaking communities and small com- munities tributary to the larger centers in which the chapter proper is located. 106 RED CROSS IN IOWA Plan No. 10. To cover the canvass of the rural sections. ^"^^ Very extensive preparations were made by the national committee to bring the campaign and its purposes to the attention of the general public. Posters, pamphlets, cards, and other forms of publicity matter were forwarded to the division headquarters and thence to the chapters, w^ho were urged to secure the best possible distribution and display for the same. Special Red Cross moving pictures were se- cured, some of which were run in all theatres, and others that could be borrowed by chapters for their own use. It was arranged to have the Four Minute Men emphasize the Red Cross drive from December 15th until the close of the campaign. Many magazines with a national circulation agreed to give free advertising space to the Red Cross for the Christmas Cam- paign. The list of magazines donating space included those covering many fields — educa- tional, humorous, juvenile, religious, scientific, and social — and had a circulation of approxi- mately seventeen millions.^"- A publicity campaign was likewise outlined for the chapter publicity committee to carry out in conjunction with the national campaign. Arrangements were to be made with local mer- chants for window displays showing articles RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 107 produced by the Red Cross. Proofs of several advertisements were prepared by the national committee and were sent to the chapters, which were urged to have local advertisers donate their space on certain days. The mayor was to be asked to issue a proclamation on the opening day of the drive and to raise the Red Cross flag over the municipal building. Local speakers' bureaus were asked to secure a record of all public meetings, benefits, and theatrical per- formances, and make arrangements to have them addressed by Red Cross speakers. The bureaus were also to arrange for a Red Cross sermon in every church on December 23rd.^'^^ A suggestion for a schedule of events during the days of the campaign was also drawn up by the national committee and put into the hands of chapter officials. This suggested schedule, covering the days from December 17th until Christmas was as follows : Monday, December 17. — Publication of Governor's Proclamation arranged by Division Offices. Public statement by the Chapter Chairman and by the Com- manding Officer of any army or navy post within the district. Tuesday, December 18. — Civil Employees' Day. Proclamation by the mayor. Raising of Red Cross Flag on the principal municipal building — to be dis- played throughout the campaign. 108 RED CROSS IN IOWA Wednesday, December 19. — Women's Day, on ■which special tribute should be paid to the work which women are doing in the Red Cross. Meetings of local women 's organizations. Special exercises in workroom, etc. Peak of the House to House Canvass. Thursday, December 20. — School Day, on which every teacher will speak on the significance of the Red Cross and upon the significance of the Christmas cere- mony. Friday, December 21. — Employees' Day, on which special tribute should be paid to the support which the laboring man is giving to the Red Cross. Concentrate on certain large factories on this day with speeches, solicitations, etc. Saturday, December 22. — Boy Scouts' Day, on which Boy Scouts will be organized for canvass for membership. Sunday, December 23. — Church Day, on which Christmas sermons on the Red Cross will be preached in every church. Monday, December 24. — Red Cross Christmas Ceremony Day.^'^'* The Eed Cross Christmas ceremony was planned as an appropriate close for the Christ- mas Membership Campaign. During the cam- paign each member was to be given a Red Cross service flag to be placed in the window. On Christmas Eve at 7 :30 a candle was to be placed behind each of these service flags so that expres- sion might be given to ' ' the universal aspect of RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 109 the Red Cross." In addition it was suggested that local committees arrange with the churches to chime their bells at 7:30 and at half-hour intervals until 9:00 o'clock, the time set for the end of the ceremony. As a further means of lending beauty and significance to this cere- mony, it was planned that in each community Eed Cross workers should be organized into groups to proceed through each neighborhood singing Christmas carols. Due to the fire haz- ard involved in placing candles behind the "Red Cross service flags, directions were later sent out from headquarters for chapters to discour- age the use of candles for this purpose. Other means of lighting the service flag were sug- gested so that the Christmas Eve ceremony might be carried out.^"^ The Campaign in loiva. — A Christmas Mem- bership Drive Committee was appointed by the Central Division to conduct the campaign in this district. Lewis N. Wiggins, assistant man- ager of the Central Division, was made the campaign manager. In each State a member- ship committee was also appointed to take charge of the State drive. John P. Wallace of Des Moines was chairman of the membership committee for Iowa. The State was divided into fifteen districts, and one person was ap- 110 RED CROSS IN IOWA pointed from each to serve on the State com- mittee and supervise his district. In addition to the State organization, each chapter was asked to name a committee to manage the cam- paign in its local district.^"^*^ Prior to the opening of the campaign, the National Membership Campaign Committee as- signed to each division a certain quota of mem- bers to be secured. The size of the quota for each was based upon the population of the division and the number of members already enrolled. The quota assigned to the Central Division was 1,189,000 new members. As there were 2,000,000 members enrolled in this division at the opening of the drive it meant that there would be a total of 3,189,000 Eed Cross members in the Central Division if the quota was filled. The population of the Central Di\dsion was the largest of any of the divisions, but since the Red Cross membership was about twice that of any other when the campaign was inaugurated, its quota for the Christmas Campaign was not as large as that assigned to some of the other divisions. ^"^"^ The Central Division in turn assigned a quota to each of the five States within its jurisdiction. For Iowa the quota was set at 350,000 new mem- bers. Quotas for each county and city in Iowa were determined bv the State chairman of the EED CROSS MEMBERSHIP HI campaign, and the chapters fixed the quotas for their own branches and auxiliaries. ^"^^ To draw public attention to this membership campaign the following proclamation was issued by President Wilson : Ten million Americans are invited to join the American Red Cross during the week ending with Christmas Eve. The times require that every branch of our great national effort shall be loyally upheld and it is peculiarly fitting that at Christmas season the Red Cross should be the branch through which your willingness to help is expressed. You should join the American Red Cross because it alone can carry the pledges of Christmas good-will to those who are bearing for us the real burdens of the world war both in our Army and Navy and in the nations upon whose territory the issues of the world war are being fought out. Your evidence of faith in this work is necessary for their heartening and cheer. You should join the Red Cross because this arm of the National Service is steadfastly and efficiently maintaining the overseas relief in every suffering land, administering our millions wisely and well and awakening the gratitude of every people. Our conscience will not let us enjoy the Christmas season if this pledge of support to our cause and the world's weal is left unfulfilled. Red Cross member- ship is the Christmas spirit in terms of action. ^"^^ Governor Harding also issued a proclamation 112 EED CROSS IN lOAVA designating the period from December 16th to December 25th as Red Cross Week. He urged the people of Iowa to respond to the call for members and emphasized several reasons why every one should support the cause. ^^"^ In arranging for their local membership cam- paigns the towns and counties in Iowa adopted various schemes of procedure. The display of cards, posters, and service flags was general throughout the State. Service flags were given to all members, who were urged to display them in the window. Additional small crosses were provided to be pasted on the service flag for each Red Cross member in the home or estab- lishment. In case all persons in any home or business establishment were Red Cross mem- bers a one hundred per cent card was given to be attached to the Red Cross service flag. News- paper advertisements were used freely in many communities. In a majority of the larger towns, booths were operated at prominent pub- lic places to take membership subscriptions. Those in charge of the local campaigns were sometimes special committees, sometimes the regular membership committee, and in other cases individuals were named to supervise the conduct of the drive. Although different meth- ods of procedure were evolved, the plan of dis- tricting the territory to be canvassed and the RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 113 appointment of teams to do the soliciting was commonly relied upon. At Fort Dodge the membership drive was organized long before the day named for its execution. The plan contemplated a whirlwind house to house canvass on Sunday, December 16th, from two o'clock until six o'clock. The city was divided into thirty-two districts and a captain named for each. The districts were in turn divided and alloted to some five hundred workers who undertook the actual solicitation of members. A house centrally located was chosen in each district as headquarters for that division, so that the workers might report there occasionally and thus keep in touch with the progress of the whole section. At the appointed hour on Sunday the drive was opened with the blowing of whistles and ringing of bells. As a result of the four hours campaign there were 5336 members enrolled in Fort Dodge. This was not a sufficient number, however, to reach the quota assigned, and the campaign was continued through the week. It was brought to a formal close on Saturday, December 22nd, with a big Red Cross parade. By December 31st, there had been 7071 members enrolled in Fort Dodge and 7000 in the remain- der of the county.^^^ The Sioux City campaign was started early VOL. I — 9 114 RED CROSS IN IOWA and was well under way by the second week in December. The executive committee of the Sioux City chapter entrusted the responsibility for the drive to the high school students, be- cause of their previous success in the Y. M. C. A. fund campaign. Two high school clubs, one of girls and one of boys, assumed charge of the arrangements. Twenty teams of ten mem- bers each were selected, there being ten teams each of boys and girls. The city was divided into districts and plans made for a house to house canvass. A team of boys and one of girls worked to- gether and prizes were donated by business men to go to the winning combination. The student canvassers met with much success. Many of the large firms of the city became one hundred per cent early in the drive and the high school itself secured a hundred per cent membership before the campaign was over. Even among the for- eig-n population the response was very encour- aging. Booths were opened in many of the down town stores, and memberships secured there were credited to the district in which the person join- ing happened to live. On December 16th the students appeared in the churches to explain the campaign and solicit members. During the last days of the drive the teams were allowed to RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 115 "run loose" and permitted to work in whatever territory they desired. The contest between the teams reached a high tension and added great interest to the work. The campaign was closed with a banquet and dance for the teams, the expense being borne personally by members of the executive com- mittee. The goal had been set at 12,000 mem- bers for the city. When the final results were made known there were 13,755 new names upon the Red Cross roll, of which 2493 had been se- cured by the winning team.^^^ In Dubuque and in Dubuque County the cam- paign was conducted largely through the agency of the churches. On the opening Sunday, De- cember 16th, Red Cross sermons were delivered in the churches, followed by a call for Red Cross membership subscriptions. In the afternoon members of the churches went out and solicited all members who had not been at the morning service. The Boy Scouts were also called into service to distribute Red Cross literature and make a house to house canvass for members. Booths were opened in the stores of the city, but memberships secured in that way, -as well as those secured by the Boy Scouts, were credited to the subscriber's church if so desired.^^^ At Clinton the drive did not commence until Thursday, December 20th. An organization 116 RED CROSS IN IOWA meeting was lield on the ISth, the city was divided into sections, and leaders were named to supervise each section and to secure assist- ants to aid in the canvass for members. ^^^ Lyons, in the same county, organized on Wednesday, December 19th. The town was divided into four districts and plans were laid to call on every family between one o 'clock and six o'clock on the following Sunday.^*-^ Teams of women representing all sections of the city conducted the drive for members in Waterloo. Booths were also used in many of the prominent places in the city. A week was spent in personal solicitation for members, but the progress made was rather slow.^^° The campaign in Des Moines was under the direction of Field Marshal J. B. Weaver. Twenty-four teams of men, each having a cap- tain, were divided into three divisions of eight teams each. Each di^n^sion was in charge of a commander. A fourth division was composed of the women who were active in the campaign. The city was districted and each team was as- signed a definite territory. During the closing days of the drive the city was redistricted and each team drew a new section by lot. On Sunday, December 16th, Red Cross ser- vices were conducted in all the churches of Des Moines, and on the following Sunday, although RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 117 the quota of 25,000 members had been reached, a territorial division of Des Moines was made with the seventy-five churches as centers. In the morning the workers spoke in the churches explaining the purpose of the campaign and urging people to join. Church members were also called upon to aid in canvassing their dis- tricts during the afternoon. The result of the Des Moines campaign was a great success: by Christmas Day, 38,350 new members had been secured for the Red Cross.^^'^ Burlington was another place in which an enthusiastic campaig-n was conducted. A com- mittee was named to oversee the drive in each of the seven wards of the city. Additional com- mittees on manufacturers and wholesalers, re- tailers, doctors and dentists, lawyers and insurance men, bankers, churches, and booths were created. The ministers were all asked to announce the Red Cross campaign on Sunday, December 16th ; and the mayor of the city issued a proclamation. Wednesday, December 19th, was designated as Honor Day. On that day all who voluntarily took out a Red Cross member- ship had their names placed upon the Honor Roll. One thousand subscriptions were secured in this manner. The Rotary Club organized twenty-one teams of three men each and canvassed the business 118 RED CROSS IN IOWA districts. A Red Cross parade was held on Friday night. A band was engaged to lead the procession which included the Burlington Re- serves, nearly two hundred strong, the Boy Scouts, a drum corps, school children, and Red Cross members and workers. At the close of the parade open air speeches were made in the interest of the membership drive.^*^ After several days of active work the enthusi- asm at Burlington still continued, and the fol- lo^\T.ng announcement was made on December 23rd: After five days of preparation, the order for the general assault will be given this morning by Field MarshaU Hirscli and, unless old General Indifference, with his field leaders, General Inhumanity, General Donteare, General Selfishness and Colonel Unamer- ican, are more strongly intrenched than is now be- lieved, they and their forces will be pushed clear off the map and the great American Red Cross army will sweep on to victory. IMonday will be used to go over the ground, con- solidate the gains and, when Santa Claus reaches the Des Moines County .battle field on his nocturnal visit, his great heart will swell with pride as he sees home after home, store, office, factory and mill displaying the service flag of mercy and loyalty. While "over there" and in camp the Christmas message will be sent, "We're back of you boys; we'll take care of you and your families, and your comrades in arms and RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 119 their families; we're giving our little as you are giv- ing your all."^^^ In Des Moines County, outside of Burlington, the men who had engineered the Y. M. C. A. fund drive were again called upon to manage the Christmas membership campaign for the Red Cross. They were organized with a chair- man, assistant chairman, secretary, treasurer, a general committee, and a head for each town- ship in the county.^^*^ Those in charge of the Red Cross activities in Louisa County proceeded in the campaign for members by organizing all of the school dis- tricts, which was accomplished largely through the efforts of school boards and teachers. On December 20th seventy meetings were held in the various school districts of the county in tbe interest of the Red Cross. When the drive was over many of the school districts registered one hundred per cent membership.^^^ The large silk American flag which had been made by Mrs. Harding and little daughter Barbara was displayed in various parts of the State during the campaig-n. Pictures, showing Mrs. Harding and Barbara engaged in making the flag, were distributed to all Red Cross chap- ters. No small amount of interest was aroused by the flag and a spirited contest for its pos- session ensued. 120 KED CROSS IN IOWA A committee appointed by the State director awarded the flag to Shelby County which had enrolled eighty-five per cent of its population. A considerable number of communities in this county were made up almost wholly of Germans, and many of these had registered one hundred per cent. Kossuth County was a close second with eighty per cent, and Dickinson County was third with seventy-eight per cent of its popula- tion on the Red Cross roll.^^- The membership for Iowa was forty-four per cent. The flag was presented to Shelby County on March 6, 1918. A great crowd was on hand to attend the celebration. Early in the afternoon a parade led the people to the high school where a formal program was presented. The crowd was so large that the overflow from the audi- torium filled the gymnasium where the program had to be repeated. Mrs. Harding formally presented the flag to the county and Mrs. B. B. Griffith, secretary of the chapter executive com- mittee, received it. Miss Lucile Kepford, the fourteen year old daughter of the State direc- tor, was flag bearer. Speeches were made by H. W. Byers, chairman of the judging com- mittee. State Director Kepford, and Governor Harding. Barbara Harding was present and helped hold the flag as it was being presented by her mother.^^^ EED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 121 Results of the Campaign. — The results of the Christmas campaign throughout the whole country were far beyond what had been hoped for : instead of a membership of 15,000,000 the 20,000,000 mark was passed. In February, 1918, there were 23,475,000 names on the membership lists of the American Red Cross, and some re- turns were still being received. This consti- tuted about twenty-two per cent of the country's entire population.^^^ Iowa's membership at the close of the cam- paign on January first was 800,000. These fig- ures, however, did not represent the full results of the campaign for returns were incomplete and in many places the drive was continued to a later date. There were almost 900,000 mem- bers in Iowa by the end of March, and on July 1, 1918, there were 1,037,511. At this time Iowa had the distinction of having a larger Red Cross membership by over 100,000 than any other of the five States in the Central Division. In addi- tion Iowa had a larger per cent of its popula- tion enrolled than any other of these five States. The membership of each State and its percent- age of population were as follows: Illinois 827,160 or 13.3 per cent; Wisconsin 632,398 or 25.1 per cent ; Michigan 918,384 or 29.9 per cent; Nebraska 525,740 or 41 per cent; and Iowa 1,037,511 or 44 per cent. Iowa also had 200,000 122 RED CROSS IN IOWA children, from 3000 schools of the State, en- rolled in the Junior Red Cross.^^^ THE CHRISTMAS ROLL CALL IN 1918 Following the idea which originated in 1917 of linking the Red Cross with the spirit of Christmas by enrolling Red Cross members during the Christmas season, plans were formu- lated early for the 1918 membership campaign. During the first part of September the following formal announcement was issued by Henry P. Davison, Chairman of the War Council : From December 16 to 23 the lists will be open for every American in every corner of the world, so that it may be known that the whole nation at home and abroad is registered for the cause. The Red Cross wants again to give the world notice not only that America can fight, but that to the last man, woman and child we stand four square for mercy, honor and good faith among the nations. At the close of the Christmas Membership Cam- paign of 1917 there were 22,000,000 Americans en- rolled in the Red Cross. There are also 8,000,000 members in the Junior Red Cross. This year, both as a Christmas observance and as a renewal of the nation-wide pledge of loyalty, the Red Cross will again put before every one the duty of standing by the flag ; for the Red Cross, in this great fight for Peace represents the whole spirit of what we are fighting for. RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 123 This will not be a call for money. It will be a sum- mons to Americans everywhere to line up for the American ideal. We cannot all fight, but this one thing everybody can do. The Red Cross membership fee is one dollar. Half of this remains with the local chapter, to be used for expenses and for relief of our soldiers and their fami- lies ; the other half goes to the National Treasury. There will be no allotment of quotas to any com- munity. The quota in every district will be the limit of its adult population. When the roll-call comes, every American, old or young, will be called on to register and add the weight of his name to the Red Cross message. Let us answer with one voice to the word of Presi- dent Wilson, when he said: "I summon you to the comradeship ".^^^ This was not to be a "campaign" to raise a war fund, nor a ''drive" to strengthen the material resources of the Red Cross organiza- tion. The main objective was the extension of Eed Cross membership to the uttermost, there- by showing the rest of the struggling world that the support of America was not only moral support but an actual humanized force : it was to register in terms of active participation the spirit of a nation — a spirit personified in Red Cross membership. The American people were to be invited to join the Red Cross, but no meas- ures were to be employed to compel them to do 124 RED CROSS IN IOWA so. Hence tlie official designation adopted was the Eed Cross Christmas Eoll Call which was considered to be the only adequate characteriza- tion of the movement. ^^'^ The National Boll Call. — Backed by the ex- perience derived from the first Christmas mem- bership drive and the war fund campaigns the Eed Cross officials set out to make the 1918 Eoll Call an even greater success. The advertising campaign was conducted along much the same lines as previously, an effort being made to keep the Eoll Call constantly before the public by the use of posters, newspapers, magazines, movies, billboards, and similar agencies. Al- though the armistice was signed during prepa- rations for the Eoll Call it caused no change in the plans. An army of mercy had been mobil- ized "never to be mustered out", and the new situation only gave rise to the question: "Will you be wearing your Eed Cross button when the boys come home!"^®^ The public was urged to support the Eoll Call in a proclamation issued by President Wilson on November 26th, which read in part : Now, by God's grace, the Red Cross Christmas mes- sage of 1918 is to be a message of peace as well as a message of good will. But peace does not mean that we can fold our hands. It means further sacrifice. RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 125 Our membership must hold together and be increased for the great tasks to come. We must prove conclu- sively to an attentive world that America is perma- nently aroused to the needs of the new era, our old indifference gone forever. The exact nature of the future service of the Red Cross will depend upon the program of the associated governments, but there is immediate need today for every heartening word and for every helpful service. We must not forget that our soldiers and our sailors are still under orders and still have duties to perform of the highest consequence, and that the Red Cross Christmas membership means a great deal to them. The people of the saddened lands, moreover, returning home today where there are no homes must have the assurance that the hearts of our people are with them in the dark and doubtful days ahead. Let us, so far as we can, help them back to faith in mercy and in future happiness. As President of the Red Cross, conscious in this great hour of the value of such a message from the American people, I should be glad if every American would join the Red Cross for 1919, and thus send forth to the whole human family the Christmas greet- ing for which it waits and for which it stands in greatest need.^^^ With the now world famous slogan, "All You Need Is A Heart and A Dollar", staring Amer- ica in the face from millions of billboards, mag- azines, and newspapers, the Roll Call opened on 126 RED CROSS IN IOWA December 16tli and 5,000,000 American men and women started out to "make it unanimous". On the previous day — Red Cross Sunday — the message of "join" had been preached from 100,000 pulpits. All during the days of the campaign people were constantly being re- minded of its purpose. Red Cross slogans were pasted on packages of all sorts ; on restaurant, hotel, and dining car menus; on theatre and movie programs; and on the front pages of newspapers. Pay envelopes were likely to con- tain a dollar bill tagged "This dollar will make you a member of the Red Cross", while many banks handed out money held together with a paper band labeled "One of these dollars will make you a member of the Red Cross". As in 1917, small Red Cross service flags were provided for all members to be hung in the windows of their homes. Larger ones were fur- nished for business houses. Again the small red crosses were given to be attached to the service flag to indicate the number of members and one hundred per cent signs were provided for homes and establishments where all mem- bers had joined. A new feature was the use of blue stars on the service flag of the Red Cross for persons in the country's service. On every side one was greeted by the slogan "All You Need Is A Heart and A Dollar ".-o" RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 127 One great obstacle in the way of the Roll Call was the influenza epidemic then so prevalent throughout the country. In many localities quarantine regulations were in force and public gatherings of any sort were under ban. Yet it was deemed best to proceed with the Roll Call except in a few communities where the quaran- tine was so very rigid as to make such action almost impossible. Where local conditions were such as to make it unwise to carry on the work permission was given to postpone the Roll Call until a later date. In communities where the epidemic rendered public gatherings and house to house canvassing out of the question, the Roll Call was carried on through intensive newspaper campaigns and the telephone. Many newspapers carried membership coupons which could be detached and mailed, together with a dollar, to Red Cross headquarters.-^^ The Roll Call in Iowa. — A special committee of volunteer workers was named as the Red Cross Roll Call Committee for the Central Di- vision. Frank W. Judson and George B. Stad- den were chairman and vice chairman, respec- tively. Howard W. Fenton and Calvin Fentress of Chicago were ex officio members. The other members were the men appointed to take charge of the Roll Call in the different States. This 128 RED CROSS IN IOWA committee had general charge of activities in the Central Division and worked with the chap- ters throughout the district. Iowa's representative on the committee of the Central Division was Al Falkenhainer of Al- gona, head of the Red Cross chapter of Kossuth County. To him fell the direction of the Roll Call in the State. With him on the State com- mittee were W. H. Kidder of Des Moines, at the head of the speakers' bureau; Joe McCor- mick of Cedar Rapids, in charge of publicity; Mrs. G. M. Hurin of Des Moines, secretary; and M. S. McMullen and J. C. Orth, field secre- taries. There was also a State Executive Com- mittee made up of U. S. Alderman of Nevada, George B. Baker of Sigourney, L. R. Bucking- ham of Estherville, A. F. Dawson of Daven- port, John B. Darrah of Chariton, W. B. Darrah of Shenandoah, Sherman De Wolf of Reinbeck, E. Ernsberger of Charles City, P. C. Holdoegel of Roctw^ell City, D. E. Maguire of Dubuque, C. H. McNider of Mason City, W. R. Orchard of Council Bluffs, H. W. Pitkins of Sioux City, E. M. Scott of Cedar Rapids, and M. M. White of Ida Grove.^°- During the entire war no other campaign in the State was handicapped by such adverse con- ditions as confronted the 1918 Roll Call. There was much influenza throughout the State and RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 129 many places were under quarantine. An even greater obstacle was encountered in the bad roads wliich made it impossible to reach people in the rural districts except with the greatest difficulty. At a conference of Roll Call and chapter chairmen, held previous to the opening of the campaign, reports indicated that prac- tically all communities were suffering under the same handicaps, but every chairman present was opposed to postponing or abandoning the Eoll Call. The usual methods of public meet- ings and church sermons had to be given up and dependence for publicity had to be placed on the press, window decorations, and similar me- diums. ^°^ The Roll Call made a good start in most of the communities of the State on the first day set for the drive. Following the plan drawn up by the national officials, no definite quota was as- signed to the various chapters. Each chapter, however, was urged to enroll at least sixty-five per cent of the adult population in its district. Having enrolled that proportion of its people, any county or community was considered as having a one hundred per cent record. Adel was the first town to report one hundred per cent, while Webster County, which was the first county to do so, missed being first in the land by only a small margin. Many places did not stop VOL. I — 10 130 RED CROSS IN IOWA when they had succeeded in enrolling the sixty- five per cent. Toledo, on the first day, reported that ninety-five per cent of the homes in that town were one hundred per cent and that pros- pects were bright for bringing in the remainder by night."«^ Different localities conducted the Eoll Call in different ways. Some proceeded at once to em- ploy the old-fashioned, tried and proven house- to-house canvass; others resorted to it only after other methods failed. Several chapters established Red Cross stations throughout their district and urged the people to call voluntarily and take out memberships. No regular canvass of the business district was made in Des Moines, where John P. Wal- lace was chairman of the Roll Call. All firms and factories were expected to call at Red Cross headquarters and get the necessary supplies and blanks and then proceed to enroll all their employees, or by telephoning headquarters the Boy Scouts would deliver any supplies that were wanted. The aim was to make just as many of the business places as possible one hundred per cent for the Red Cross. There was a good response and the list of one hundred per cent firms increased at a fairly rapid rate. In the residence district the Women's Council of Defense undertook a house-to-house canvass. RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 131 This was carried out by the use of the block system, with captains, lieutenants, and ser- geants in control.-"^ Fort Madison made a house-to-house canvass, each ward being in charge of a captain. Many one hundred per cent families were secured and in some blocks every resident answered the Eoll Call. The same policy was followed in Du- buque, Clinton, and Waterloo. At Dubuque the women made the canvass; at Clinton a major was desig-nated to supervise each precinct; at Waterloo both the residence and business dis- tricts were visited by solicitors.-"^ A voluntary enrollment was planned at Mar- shalltown. All were invited to report at one of the several Eed Cross stations and pay up their dues for 1919. In Marshall County, outside the city, solicitors at once set to work to canvass the territory. The campaign did not go well in the city. People did not respond as had been ex- pected, so the War Service League was called in to arrange for a house-to-house solicitation. For several days all efforts were directed to- ward attracting public attention to the Roll Call. For several nights at 6 :30 all the electric lights in the city were turned off for one minute as a reminder. On Sunday afternoon, December 22nd, members of the War Service League undertook a house-to-house campaign, made 132 RED CROSS IN IOWA necessary because ''careless people, tight-wads and slackers have not done their duty ' '. Every home not displaying a one hundred per cent Red Cross service flag was to be visited. The ap- proaich of the canvass seemed to stimulate many to activity, for the number of voluntary enroll- ments increased rapidly immediately preceding the canvass. "^^ A "mail order" campaign was attempted in Webster City. Letters were sent to each home in the community requesting its members to join the Red Cross. This scheme failed to get results, however, and in order ' ' to save the rep- utation and the honor of the city" it was neces- sary to go out on New Year's Day and call at the homes.^°^ Purely voluntary systems were used at Cedar Rapids and Sioux City. In both cities the Red Cross was given much publicity and the propo- sition of the Roll Call was put before the public in the press. It was then left to each individual to visit one of the many Red Cross booths that had been opened. At Cedar Rapids, the after- noon of Sunday, December 22nd, was set as the time when all should call at the booths and do their duty by the Red Cross. Due to "general depression, illness, and re- luctance on the part of many workers to make a canvass" at that time, Muscatine postponed RED CROSS ME:\rBERSHIP 133 its regular campaign, under the direction of the War Service League, until January, but during the regular time set for the Roll Call, booths were maintained in the banks of the city where voluntary enrollments were accepted.-*'^ Entirely different was the situation in Web- ster and Des Moines counties, in which are found the cities of Fort Dodge and Burlington. These two counties had adopted the war chest plan for financing all war relief activities. In Webster County there was the Patriot's Fund to which most of the citizens had subscribed. One of the rules governing the fund provided that all subscribers and those dependent upon them were to have their annual Red Cross dues paid from the fund. When the Roll Call began, the managers of the fund took out memberships for all those who had given to the Patriot's Fund and for members of their families. This enabled the county to go on record as the first in the State to reach the goal of a sixty-five per cent enrollment. In addition to the members provided for by the Patriot's Fund, a campaign was carried on and all who were not subscribers to the fund were urged to enroll with the Red Cross and be "a member of the most popular crowd in i\jnerica".-^^ Des Moines County's organization was the War Club. It consisted of twelve thousand 134 RED CROSS IN IOWA members, each being entitled to have his annual Red Cross dues paid by the chib. Here again, the AVar Club at once subscribed for Red Cross memberships for all its members. For the bene- fit of those in the county who did not belong to the club, precinct chairmen were named in Burlington and township chairmen in the re- mainder of the county to direct a membership campaign. In some instances house-to-house canvassing was employed, while other precincts or townships depended upon a voluntary enroll- ment of all those who possessed the necessary requisites — a heart and a dollar.^^^ Results of the Campaign. — The results of the Roll Call did not quite reach the totals of the 1917 Christmas Membership Campaign, due largely, no doubt, to the signing of the armistice and to the prevalence of the influenza epidemic. The records in March, 1919, listed 18,605,719 members of the American Red Cross. Although many chapters in the Central Division seemed to have used up all their steam in blowing whistles at the opening of the Roll Call, never- theless this Division with 4,127,107 members was far ahead of all the others in the total num- ber of members enrolled. Next to it stood the Atlantic Division with 2,847,768 members.^^^ Final reports for the State of Iowa showed an RED CROSS MEMBERSHIP 135 adult Bed Cross membersliip of 810,786 or 36.51 per cent of the total population. This again placed Iowa first in the Central Division in the per cent of the population enrolled. Michigan ranked second with 33.64 per cent, and Nebraska third with 29.10 per cent. Fig-ures compiled at National Headquarters showed that on Decem- ber 31, 1918, Iowa had a larger per cent of its adult population on the Eed Cross rolls than any other State in the Union.-^^ The following thirty-eight Iowa counties en- rolled sixty-five per cent or more of their adult population in the Red Cross :-^^ Adams Allamakee Audubon Black Hawk Bremer Carroll Cass Dickinson Emmet Greene Grundy Hancock Henry Howard Humboldt Ida Jasper Keokuk Kossuth Linn Lucas Madison Marion Marshall Montgomery O'Brien Osceola Pocahontas Page Palo Alto Poweshiek Sac Shelby Tama 136 RED CROSS IN IOWA Union Worth Webster Wright An examination of the returns indicates that the rural districts were more successful than the cities. Rural communities generally ex- ceeded by far the enrollment of 1917, while the larger cities as a rule did not reach the totals of the previous year. Of the thirty-eight counties on the honor roll only nine had a greater urban population than rural ; or, of the counties in the State which had a greater rural than urban population, 39.7 per cent made the honor roll, while 34.6 per cent of those in which urban resi- dents predominate reached the same goal. There are fifteen cities of the first class in Iowa and of the counties on the honor roll only four contain one each of these cities. Linn, Black Hawk, Webster, and Marshall counties, con- taining the cities of Cedar Rapids, Waterloo, Ft. Dodge, and Marshalltown, reached the aim of enrolling sixty-five per cent of their adult population. Of the fifteen counties in which the cities of the first class are situated, only 26.6 per cent got their names on the honor roll. Iowa has twelve counties which have two-thirds or more of their people classed as rural, and of these, seven or 58.3 per cent reached the desired goal and were given places on the roll of honor.-^^ VI FlISrANCES OF THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION When the American Red Cross was confronted with the gigantic task thrust upon it by the en- trance of the United States into the World War, the financial problems were by no means the easiest of solution. During the pre-war period the financial needs of the American Red Cross were comparatively small, and the man- agement of that end of the Red Cross work was not exceedingly difficult. But when the United States became involved in the great interna- tional conflict and the Red Cross assumed the greater burdens, new means of raising funds for the work and new methods of handling the finances had to be developed. FINANCES BEFORE THE WAR Previous to the creation of the Red Cross War Council in May, 1917, all moneys received by the American Red Cross were put into one of four funds, according to the source and the use to which the money was to be applied. The four funds were the Endowment Fund, the Spe- cial Relief Funds, the Contingent Relief Fund, 137 138 RED CROSS IN IOWA and tlie General Fund. These funds were pro- vided for in the by-laws of the Eed Cross and were continued during the war, but they were more or less overshadowed by the War Fund which was created to meet the immense war expenditures. Money derived from dues of patron and life members, from legacies or gifts specially desig- nated for the purpose, and increments of the General Fund not required for other purposes made up the Endowment Fund. It had been the hope of the Eed Cross to raise an Endow- ment Fund large enough to assure a fairly large yearly income. The Endowment Fund was invested in various ways and the earnings assigned to the General Fund. The Special Relief Funds were made up of donations and contributions designated for spe- cific purposes. Any funds collected for relief in disasters and similar emergencies were in this category. Any interest resulting from such funds was turned into the General Fund. Money in the Special Relief Funds had to be applied to the objects for which it was contrib- uted, except that not more than five per cent of the gross amount could be transferred to the General Fund and be used for administrative purposes. Residues of Special Relief Funds could, at the close of the relief operations for NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 139 which they had been given, be transferred to the Contingent Belief Fund. The Contingent Relief Fund was used in re- lief work for which no special provision or only inadequate provision had been made. As in the case of the Special Relief Funds, five per cent of the Contingent Relief Fund could be trans- ferred to the General Fund to be used in meet- ing administrative expenses. The interest from this fund also went to the General Fund. The Contingent Fund was made up of money trans- ferred to it from the Special Relief Funds, of money donated specially for the fund, and of transfers from the General Fund of money not needed for other purposes. The general expenses of the Red Cross were met by the General Fund. Transfers of money could be made by the Central Committee from the General Fund to any of the others. The General Fund was composed of receipts derived from interest accruing to the other funds, and from all other sources, including the annual dues of members, sale of badges, publications, and advertisements in The Red Cross Maga- zine.^'^^ So far as the management of Red Cross finances was concerned, the treasurer was in normal time the chief official. The by-laws of the American Red Cross stated that the treas- 140 RED CROSS IN IOWA urer ''shall receive and receipt for all moneys, legacies or gifts from whatever source paid to the corporation save such moneys as are paid to subsidiary organizations. . . . He shall disburse the funds of the corporation and make advances of such funds for disbursement only on the approval of the Chairman of the Central Committee, countersigned by the Secretary, or in his absence by such persons as may be desig- nated by the Central Committee to act as Sec- retary. He shall execute and deliver to the American National Red Cross a penal bond, as may be required by the Central Committee." One or more assistant treasurers could be ap- pointed by the chaiiman of the Central Com- mittee upon recommendation of the treasurer and the approval of the Central Committee.^^"^ By an amendment to the charter of the Red Cross, approved on June 23, 1910, a board of nine trustees was created to control the Red Cross Endowment Fund, which was to be kept and invested under the management and super- vision of these trustees. The board was to be elected and regulated by the incorporators of the Red Cross and their successors. -^^ All accounts of the Red Cross had to be audited by the War Department. The charter required the Red Cross to make and transmit annually to the Secretary of War "a report of NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 141 its proceedings for the preceding year, includ- ing a full, complete, and itemized report of re- ceipts and expenditures of whatever kind". This report, previous to February, 1917, was made on the first of January, but at that time the date of the fiscal year was changed and the year made to end w^th the first of July. A copy of the report had to be transmitted by the War Department to Congress. -^^ CREATION OP THE WAR FUND On May 10, 1917, President Wilson appointed a War Council of seven members to direct the work of the Red Cross in the great emergency created by the entrance of the United States into the war. In announcing this action, he issued a statement in which he declared that it would be "one of the first and most necessary tasks of the new War Council of the Red Cross to raise great sums of money for the support of the work to be done and done upon a great scale. I hope that the response to their efforts will be a demonstration of the generosity of America and the power of genuine practical sympathy among our people that will command the admiration of the whole world." A Na- tional War Finance Committee, headed by Cleveland H. Dodge of New York, was appoint- ed by President Wilson to manage the cam- paign. 142 RED CROSS IN IOWA At the first session of the War Council, held at Washington on May 24th and 25th, plans were made for a campaign to raise money for Red Cross activities during the war period. This money was to be known as the War Fund. Among the speakers at this first meeting were General John J. Pershing, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Herbert C. Hoover, and ex- President Taft. It was decided to ask for $100,000,000, and this amount was carefully apportioned to States, cities, and towns through- out the country. A nation-wide organization was worked out to handle the campaign, which was ''by far the greatest ever conducted for philanthropic purposes." THE FIRST WAR FUND DRIVE On May 25, 1917, by proclamation of Presi- dent Wilson the week of June 18th to June 25th was designated as "Red Cross Week", and at the beginning of that week the President sent a telegram to the mayors of one hundred cities urging the cities to do their part in the raising of the $100,000,000 Red Gross War Fund, meas- uring the generosity of their gifts by the urgen- cy of the need. The response to the appeal for the Red Cross was ''prompt and generous". More than $100,- 000,000 was pledged during the campaign. Be- NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 143 sides many large gifts by private individuals, ''Red Cross dividends" were declared by banks, corporations, and business concerns of all kinds. Some of these gifts, such as that from the Rockefeller Foundation, and the special divi- dends from the United States Steel Corporation and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, amounted to millions of dollars. After the War Fund had been pledged, there remained the great task of collecting so great a sum, since partial payments would be made during a considerable period of time and from places scattered all over the United States. An organization capable of handling this work had to be built up. Banks throughout the country acted as depositories for the Red Cross War Fund under the supervision of the Central Trust Company of New York. All of these institutions served, of course, without pay.--*^ Collections from the first War Fund drive totaled $114,023,640.23, an oversubscription of fourteen per cent. For campaign and collection expenses the national headquarters appropri- ated $278,114.27 and it was estimated that chapters spent $500,000 for that purpose. The cost, therefore, was less than seven-tenths of one per cent for each dollar collected. There were 3929 campaign committees engaged in this drive. The proceeds were placed in 3986 banks 144 RED CROSS IN IOWA of deposit. From these local banks the funds were graduall}^ transferred to central deposi- tories and then turned over to the treasurer of the Eed Cross as needed.--^ The First War Fund Drive in Iowa. — Gov- ernor Harding was asked to take charge of the First War Fund Campaign in Iowa. On June 13, 1917, he issued a proclamation calling upon the people of the State "to give liberally and in the spirit of patriotic sacrifice for the sup- port and maintenance of this great work of humanitarianism. American boys are already at the front and we must not let them suffer on account of inaction on our part. "In behalf of those making the canvass, I earnestly bespeak the co-operation of the citi- zens in QXQYj walk of life, to the end that the response will be commensurate with the con- spicuous position Iowa has thus far occupied in every movement wherein her patriotic loyalty has been put to the test."--- Dr. A. E. Kepford, lecturer on tuberculosis for the State Board of Control, and 0. E. Klingaman, director of the Extension Division of the State University, were appointed by the Governor to organize Iowa for the raising of the State's quota of the $100,000,000 War Fund — $1,000,000. James B. Weaver, State director NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 145 of the Red Cross, sent letters to local chapters explaining the general purpose of the campaign, and Governor Harding cooperated by sending letters to the county councils of defense.--^ The State was divided into fifteen districts, in all of which preliminary meetings were held on June 14th to mobilize forces so as to begin the drive upon the following day. From four to twelve counties made up each district, and each county was in turn organized as a unit. Delegates from surrounding counties attended these meetings for instruction in all the work. Cities selected for the district meetings were Des Moines, Sioux City, Marshalltown, Council Bluffs, Cedar Rapids, Waterloo, Davenport, Burlington, Ottumwa, Chariton, Creston, Ft. Dodge, Estherville, Dubuque, and Mason City. All cities of ten thousand or more were organ- ized apart from the counties.--^ The First War Fund Drive in Des Moines.— To got an idea of how the campaign was con- ducted throughout the State, one must turn to the campaigns in particular communities. As Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa the de- tails of the campaign conducted there are of interest. The quota for the city and county was set at $150,000 and the aim was to exceed this quota by a considerable amount. The organiza- VOL. I — 11 146 RED CROSS IN IOWA tion for the campaign was patterned after that of the Liberty Loan Campaign which just pre- ceded. Thirty-two teams were formed, each with a captain in charge. These teams were divided into four larger divisions, eight teams being in each group. Division A was headed by E. T. Meredith and C. L. Herring; division B was under the direction of Clifford De Puy and J. L. Scheuerman ; and B. F. Williams and C. W. Graham were responsible for division C. A fourth division, under James R. Hanna, was assigned to the county outside of Des Moines. Women of the city also had a prominent part in the drive and under the direction of Mrs. Frank C. Travers, president of the City Federation of Women's Clubs, some two hundred women were assigned the task of ' twenty- thousand homes ".225 As prescribed in President Wilson's procla- mation, the date of the campaign was from June 18th to June 25th. Several preliminary events were staged so as to have things well shaped up for the actual solicitation for funds. On Sunday, June 17th, a general mass meeting was held at the University Church with a full house. Several speakers, among whom were Alfred 11. O'Connor, a veteran of the war. Sergeant D. C. Brackin, a survivor of the fa- mous Canadian regiment, "Princess Pat's", NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 147 Ashton Clemens, and E. T. Meredith addressed the audience. The chairman of the gathering was John P. Wallace. One feature of the meet- ing was the presence of one hundred and fifty uniformed nurses who were members of the Des Moines chapter of the Eed Cross. All the workers in the movement met at the Chamber of Commerce on the following night to discuss the final plans. For this meeting the speakers were 0. B. Towne of Chicago, James B. Weaver, State director for Iowa, and Sergeant Brecken- ridge.--^ The campaign was a success from the begin- ning. As a result of the first day's activity 1077 subscribers gave $33,546 to the Red Cross. Included in the gifts were one for $5000, one for $1600, eight for $1000, and two for $500. At the end of the second day over forty per cent of the quota had been accounted for. The day's work had brought in $31,176.31 from 2991 individuals, including one contribution for $2000, four of $1000, five for $500, and one for $250. On Thursday the total passed the $100,000 mark and on Saturday it went over $150,000. When the campaign closed the amount pledged to the Red Cross was $200,- 071.75, the gift of 31,788 contributors. The total by divisions was as follows: divi- sion A secured $71,939.50 from 8696 pledges; 148 RED CROSS IN IOWA division B obtained 4830 pledges amounting to $44,283.70 ; and the C division, with 5601 pledges raised to $40,957.41. The women were respon- sible for $25,331 given by 5798 persons. The teams assigned to the county districts outside of Des Moines turned in 3656 pledges amount- ing to $16,617.40. Boys Scouts were also called into the campaign and they took a very active part, their work resulting in 3205 subscriptions for a total of $2000.^^7 Each day while the canvassing was in prog- ress, the workers met at noon at the Chamber of Commerce for conference and to make re- ports on their work. Meetings were held each day in various districts and six men were busy every day and evening talking to audiences. The printing and allied trades held a mass meeting on Wednesday to boost the Red Cross among their members. Saturday noon, instead of attending the noon meeting, one team "was parading the streets with flags and blankets extended to catch the coin thrown from office building windows and later returned to head- quarters with a two gallon bucket full of money, said to have been given by 3,204 individ- uals, "^^s As a grand finale to the campaign a large and enthusiastic mass meeting took place at the Coliseum on Monday night, June 25th, at which NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 149 reports of the teams and divisions were given. During the soliciting of the workers many articles had been donated to the Red Cross in lieu of money. These articles were auctioned off at this meeting and the sale w^as the source of much entertainment as well as considerable cash.--*^ The following newspaper reporter's account of the meeting is of interest : You were taxed to the limit if you were there, and past the limit because you weren't, yet no one com- plained of exorbitant prices. The monstrous auction sale at the Coliseum last night which carried the total of the week's campaign for the Red Cross way past the $200,000 mark, might have been cause for govern- ment investigation, altho if the purchasers did not object to the inflated prices, who is going to? From a snowy kitten (and E. T. Meredith was cor- rected by its donor when he called it a "cat") to a driving horse, from a little boy's goat to an antique mirror, articles went down under the hammer, and James C. Davis, attorney for the Chicago & North- western Railway, to the accompaniment of barks, brays and cackles from the "offerings" behind the scenes, demonstrated that he had missed his vocation and should be crying sales instead of adjusting claims. Patrieola of the Empress, who added variety to the introductory program with her song "Oh, Boys, Wliere Do We Go from Here 1 ' ' started the auction by asking that the huge bouquet of roses which she re- 150 RED CROSS IN IOWA ceived be offered for sale. Captain Howell, with true chivalry, responded to the appeal for bids, and pre- sented the young lady with his purchase, adding $25 to the Red cross fund. "Tiny B" the Shetland pony donated by 10-year- old Mabel Buckley, was first on the block, and the bids ran up quickly until he was sold to Fred Sargent, attorney for the Rock Island, for $875. A tiny white kitten, ''all silk, a yard wide, and perfectly gentle", found many prospective pur- chasers. Walter St. John and Emil Schmidt seemed equally anxious to own her but the city railway man won out and $25 more went into the fund. "And I'll bet that's not the first 'kitty' he ever ^ot", the auctioneer remarked, aside. A steel engraving of the first prayer ever offered in congress was next offered for sale. "The Rev. Jacob Ducha led the prayer", said Davis; "he afterward turned traitor, and I guess that is what has been wrong with congress ever since." Ten bids of $10 each added $100 to the fund, and delivered the curio into the hands of Curator Harlan. Every time Mr. Davis started a "ten combination" with a personal $10 bid, Robert Fullerton and Charles Bradshaw (tho absent) "stood pat". Thus they helped add two more curios to the collection at the historical building — an autographed letter from General Grant, and an old album containing the sig- natures of presidents, generals, writers and other prominent men. Captain Oliver Hezzlewood, of the Canadian Re- NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 151 cruiting Service, eager to do his bit to help Des Moines, donated a button he wore, carrying with it a life membership in the Canadian Red Cross. It was worth $25 to John Wallace. It cost Homer Miller $15 because he w^asn't present. Mr. Davis was "just sure" that Mr. Miller would be inconsolable if he knew that he had lost an oppor- tunity to purchase an antique mirror in mahogany frame, so, acting as proxy, he paid $15 of Mr. Miller's money for it. . . . An Airedale, a greyhound, a horse, cow and a burro then swelled the fund considerably. One little boy from the South Side carried a skinny little white pup to the Coliseum as his "bit". Sitting on the edge of the rostrum he announced to E. T. Meredith (Mr. Davis' assistant) that he could "scare up" $2.50 to bid on his doggie, and when Captain Howell quickly raised it to $10 the little boy hugged his puppy and caressed it, hating to part with it, but glad that Captain Howell fully appreciated the value of his pet. He was a pretty tickled little chap when his dog was returned, with "Captain Howell's com- pliments", and jumping up on the stage he grinned from ear to ear and waved his cap in gratitude. Jack Hood had his eye on a pair of Belgian hares, but he hardly thought them worth the $9 Carl Kurtz forced him to pay by bidding for him, so when a tiny canary which "sang like a nightingale" went up for sale, Mr. Hood returned the compliment and Carl Kurtz now has a $9 songster. Mr. F. H. Luthe thought a little boy's efforts at 152 RED CROSS IN IOWA ship building worth $10, altho he frankly confessed he couldn't any more build so fine a boat than E. T. Meredith could knit the sweater Mr. James Atkinson made, which sold for $35. Dolls and lettuce, cakes, roosters, bees, eggs, vases and jewelry, almost everything imaginable, each in- dicative of some personal sacrifice, followed each other in close succession, until the most unique and success- ful auction ever held in Des JNIoines w^^s brought to a close. Every one dug in his pockets till the lining was torn. It was the cause nearest their hearts, and they had a lot of fun thrown in, so why shouldn't they come across f'^so One of the most important factors in the suc- cess of the Des Moines campaign was the wide advertising it received, especially in the news- papers. Each day while the drive was in progress the newspapers carried full page ad- vertisements appealing to the people to help the Red Cross. Such were the means of carry- ing the message of the Red Cross to the general public. Many striking slogans were embodied in the advertisements to attract the readers. "Help the American Red Cross help the Amer- ican Soldier in the field". "If you haven't given till it hurts you haven't given enough". * ' Give your money willingly — and do it now ' '. "Noloody ever w^ent broke giving to charity". "Back the boys who fight. Give them every NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 153 care". "You must stand behind the man be- hind the gun". These and other phrases were put before the people by the advertisements which also informed the people what the Red Cross was doing and hoped to do. Each of the full page advertisements contained a subscrip- tion coupon which the readers were urged to fill out and send to headquarters. The space for the full page advertisements was all paid for by private individuals and business firms of Des Moines, each advertisement carrying the name of those who paid for the space. In addi- tion to these full page spaces much attention was paid to the campaign by the newspapers in their news columns and smaller advertise- ments.-^^ The Red Cross advertising campaign of Des Moines was one of the best in the country in the first war fund drive. Members of the Admen's Club of Des Moines attributed not less than $50,000 of the total amount raised "to the tliirty full page advertisements which, in strik- ing picture and written words, carried convic- tion of its duty to the public. ' ' In addition to the results of the advertising in Des Moines, the extensive circulation which it had in com- munities all over the State, undoubtedly added much stimulus to the State campaign as a whole.-^- 154 RED CROSS IN IOWA So striking were the Des Moines advertise- ments that many requests for copies of the advertisements were received from men and newspapers outside the State. W. C. D'Arcy, president of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, in a letter to J. D. Le Cron of Des Moines, referred to the wonderful adver- tising done in that city. He says: '*I thought Fort Worth, Tex., did a powerful thing for Liberty loan when they published nineteen and one-half pages last week and that Quincy, III, had done her part by buying eleven and one- half pages but Des Moines has established a record, a wonderful one." President Rankin of Chicago wrote to Des Moines for a complete file of its advertisements in the Liberty Loan and Red Cross campaign in book form so that he might ''show them to the national advertis- ing board and to Secretary McAdoo, a tangible evidence of the wonderful co-operation which the government secured from advertising men, from business men and from newspaper men of Des Moines ".233 Numerous items of interest regarding the Des Moines campaign go to show the hold which the Red Cross had come to have upon the people of all classes and how they all entered in to make the undertaking a real success. The gift of five dollars by a little Russian girl, the gift NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 155 of ten dollars by a telephone operator who received only ten dollars a week and had pur- chased a liberty bond in the drive just pre- ceding, the gift of six dollars by each of four bell boys at one of the city's hotels, and many other such contributions show that those of ample means were not alone in aiding the great humanitarian work. Even among the miners, where many are of foreign birth, the response was most generous. Of those solicited eighty- five per cent made subscriptions and the Red Cross fund was increased by $4000 as a conse- quence. In one miner's union of 185 members all but 12 made some contribution. Workers engaged in canvassing for funds reported that ''the poorer class of people gave more in pro- portion than the wealthier class and better understood the why and wherefore of the Red Cross." This fact was noticed most by can- vassers in the "bottoms" or southeastern part of the city where practically all were working people. -^^ The following instance not only demonstrates that all kinds and classes of people contributed to the Red Cross fund, but also indicates the efficiency of Red Cross workers in offering them a chance to do so. A worker reported that while standing in front of a store he heard an Englishman, a negro, and a German, who were 156 RED CROSS IN IOWA talking near liim, express their intention of remaining away from a Red Cross rally about to be lield. "I just resolved to give them some Red Cross dope myself", he said, "and when I finished the Englishman dug up $20, the Ger- man $5 and the darky $4 for the fund."-"^ The campaign throughout the State was car- ried on rapidly and effectively. Although there had been but two weeks in which to organize Iowa, encouraging returns began to pour in from the very start. On Saturday, June 23rd, Dr. Kepford received a telegram of congratu- lation from 0. B. Towne, director of the Central Division, which at that time was composed of nine States. The telegram stated that Iowa was in the lead in its division. Sunday, June 24th, was a day of patriotism, and it was esti- mated that at lerist 5000 meetings were held in various parts of the State. -^^ An historic flag was unearthed in Algona for their rally. The banner had been presented to Kossuth County in 1864 for making the largest pro rata con- tribution in the State to the Fair held at Dubuque by the Sanitary Commission.-^^ From all parts of the State came reports of over subscriptions, and it was soon evident that Iowa would exceed its quota. Story County with a quota of $11,000 subscribed $30,000 ;238 and Lucas County which was apportioned $4850 NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 157 raised $21,000 of which Chariton alone raised $8000.-=^^ The town of Wesley more than doubled its quota of $1020 by one day's work;-^^ Silver City with a population of 500 subscribed $5610 r^^ the little village of Prosper with a population of only 100 pledged $1300, an average of $13 per person;-^- at Dana, a town w^ith 200 residents, a Red Cross chapter with 174 members, thirty of whom were life mem- bers, was organized and over $1100 was pledged in a few hours on the Sunday before the drive was to begiu.-^^ Early in July, on the basis of very incomplete reports, the amount of money raised for the Red Cross in Iowa stood at $1,281,084.49. Polk County led the list with subscriptions of $203,000; Woodbury County was close behind with $181,000; then came Linn with $66,539, Black Hawk with $55,000 ; and Lee County with $54,000.--'^ The managers of the first War Fund cam- paign for Iowa were undoubtedly confronted with many difficulties not encountered in any other Red Cross campaign. To begin with they had the experience of no previous campaign from which to profit. Further, there were no well organized Red Cross societies over the State to conduct the drive, and so other meas- ures had to be adopted. Many Red Cross chap- 158 RED CROSS IN IOWA ters had been or were being organized at the time of the campaign, but they were not gener- ally w^ell enough organized to undertake the management of the intensive campaign. Mr. Kepford and Mr. Klingaman were both well fitted to cope with the situation because of their wide acquaintance over the State. They knew where to turn in many localities to find the best men and women to undertake the work. Governor Harding was also an important cog in the machine. Of his part, Dr. Kepford says : ''There is no disguising the fact that much of the success we had .... in raising the apportionment for Iowa was due to Governor Harding. He placed at my disposal the state machinery and sent out thousands of letters over his own signature and cooperated in every way."-'*^ While the First Liberty Loan sub- scriptions taken in Iowa the previous week were only sixty per cent of the assigned quota, those conducting the Red Cross undertaking were able to go over the top with a large oversub- scription.-**^ THE SECOND WAR FUND DRIVE So great were the demands upon the Red Cross resources that the $100,000,000 fund was soon seen to be inadequate: within a year it was necessary to go before the people a second NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 159 time to secure more money. The second Red Cross campaign for funds was set for the week of May 20 to 27, 1918. The amount asked for was $100,000,000 as in the first drive. The plans were made for a more widespread appeal, and the methods used in raising the Liberty Loans were quite generally adopted. The second campaig-n had an advantage over the earlier one in that proof could be submitted to the public of services rendered instead of the mere making of promises. A pamphlet describing what had been done with the money subscribed in the first drive had gone out to each contrib- utor and to every chapter member. The country was assured that not a dollar of Red Cross relief money had ever gone astray: ''every dollar — and the interest which that dollar earns" — was used ''to bind a wound, or buy an ambulance, or make a bandage, or put clothes on a ragged child, or provide a doctor and medicine for the wreck of some woman sent back to France by the Germans to die."^'*'^ A Campaign Plan Book in three parts was issued by the national authorities in which very elaborate and detailed suggestions were made for the conduct of local canvasses. Sunday, May 19th, was to be Red Cross Sunday, when the ministers of all the churches were to be asked to present the needs of the work. On 160 RED CROSS IN lOAVA Monday, May 20th, an opening dinner of all teams was recommended for every chapter and local community. Daily luncheons for team captains and members formed another regular feature of the week; and for the final Sunday, a great union mass meeting was proposed. On May 18th, the Saturday before the open- ing of the drive, it was planned to stage Red Cross parades throughout the country. It was realized that nothing could equal a pageant in getting the whole community to talking upon a given subject. By holding the parades on Saturday it was felt the largest number of people would witness them. A Red Cross Parade Manual was issued to all the chapters with suggestions for organizing the parades. Some of the suggested floats were those depict- ing the work for refugees, canteen service, home service, and children's aid. Red Cross women wearing red veils and the Junior Red Cross members were to be included in the line of march.-^^ It was early in May that President Wilson appealed to the people in behalf of the second Red Cross War Fund by issuing a proclamation declaring the week of May 20th Red Cross week. On the day following the President's proclama- tion, the War Council of the Red Cross issued its appeal and explained why more funds were NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 161 so urgently needed. According to the closing sentences of this appeal "the need for at least $100,000,000 is convincing and immediate. The Eed Cross in more than a hundred ways is ren- dering service here and abroad that saves human life and maintains the fighting spirit of our allies. The Eed Cross must always be financially prepared to deal with unexpected emergencies constantly arising from war condi- tions. In these emergencies immediate relief is the only effective relief. Never has money been made to yield such big returns in allaying pain, restoring happiness, and re-creating useful- ness for our fellow human beings as the Red Cross dollar of the first war fund."-'*^ The national publicity committee and the di- visional committees launched a most ambitious advertising campaign. Their aim was to have articles and illustrations dealing with Red Cross service in every newspaper and every periodical in the United States. In addition bill board advertising, window posters, cards, and booklets w^ere to be widely distributed. Twelve pages of editorials, news, and educa- tional matter, profusely illustrated, Avere con- tributed by the best writers and artists of the country. Through the Western Newspaper Union these pages were distributed to the daily and weekly papers. Provisions were also made VOL. I — 12 162 RED CROSS IN IOWA for placing a number of pages of display adver- tising before the people to show in condensed form the work of the Red Cross, special stress being laid on two points — the wonderful work the Red Cross had done with the first War Fund and the imperative need for the second War Fund to care for the boys on the firing line.-^o Up to February 28, 3 93 9, collections from the second War Fund drive totaled $169,575,598.84, an oversubscription of nearly seventy per cent. The cost of the campaign and collection was even smaller than in the first drive — less than six-tenths of one per cent for each dollar re- ceived. Estimates place the number of sub- scribers to this fund at 43,000,000 persons. The campaign was conducted by 3898 campaign committees, and 8768 banks were used for de- positories.-^^ The Second War Fund Drive in loiva. — The Central Division was asked to raise $15,000,000 as its quota. Bernard E. Sunny, president of the Chicago Telephone Company, was appoint- ed as the director, with Lewis N. Wiggins assistant and E. R. Cogswell as associate direc- tor. Clifford Arrick was put in charge of publicity, and Wentworth G. Field of the Speakers' Bureau.^^- NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 163 Although the general campaign plans were laid by national officers, much was left to be done by the divisional organization. More than two hundred and fifty meetings in the Central Division were supplied with speakers of na- tional reputation by the Central Division Speakers' Bureau. This does not include hun- dreds of smaller meetings at which, under ad- vice and assistance from the bureau, local speakers were heard.-^^ Iowa's second Eed Cross War Fund drive was conducted under the direction of State Chairman John P. Wallace, assisted by Keller J. Bell of the Western Silo Company of Des Moines. Chapters in the State began early in May to organize for the drive, especially the chapters in the districts which had fallen down in the first campaign. The quota assigned to Iowa for the second drive was $1,500,000.-^^ A proclamation by Governor Harding desig- nated the week beginning May 19th and ending May 27th as Eed Cross week. Sunday the 19th was set apart as Red Cross Sunday, and the Governor urged every minister to devote at least one service to the Red Cross cause.^^s Numerous speakers were sent through the State to create enthusiasm before and during the drive. Corporal Coysh and Private Maskell, Canadian veterans, made an auto tour through 164 RED CROSS IN IOWA the State and addressed large crowds. Captain W. Edwards, an English "fighting parson", w^as likewise speaking in the State. Captain Edwards had been a chaplain in the Boer War; had enlisted as a private in the World War; and during four years of service in the trenches rose to the rank of captain. Other men speak- ing in Iowa on behalf of the Red Cross were Dr. Martin D. Hardin of Chicago, a member of the commission which visited the Italian and French w^ar fronts to observe Red Cross work and B. S. McMullen from the Central Division headquarters. -°® In the group of speakers were also three Iowa boys who returned from the trenches in France to boost the Red Cross. These men were Sergeant Owen Hawkins of Red Oak, Corporal Merle Skinner of Ottumw^a, and Pri- vate Albert Montgomery of Stuart. There was a great demand for this group and they spoke to great crowds wherever they went.-"'^ None but volunteer speakers were used in this State. In answer to a proposition to send a paid speaker — a wounded Canadian soldier — to speak in Iowa, Dr. Kepf ord replied : ' ' Our state is imbued with the idea of volunteer ser- vice, expenses only being paid, and I doubt w^hether we have a chapter that would be will- ing to pay $50 and expenses for a speaker to NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 165 come for the purpose of rousing patriotic enthu- siasm preparatory to the War Fund Drive. "-°^ Based upon the experience of the many war campaigns previous to this Red Cross endeavor, many of the counties and cities of Iowa had developed regular organizations for the pur- pose. At this time it was only necessary to put such organizations to work. Benton County used the Council of Defense organization to put its campaign across, except in the town of Vinton where the Commercial Club was in charge.-^^ The War Service Board was an organization in Buena Vista County which was used by the Red Cross. All cam- paigns in the county were conducted by this body. It was not a war chest county, however, for each drive was put on separately.-*^^ In Henry County the War Union, which had raised the Y. M. C. A. fund, also managed the second Red Cross War Fund.-^^ Pottawattamie County developed a system which came to be known as the Pottawattamie County Plan, although it was very similar to the plan used in other counties. It provided for a ''Military Council" to take charge of all cam- paigns in the county for funds or members, each campaign to be put on separately. Other counties were urged by the State Council of Defense to adopt such a program.-^- 166 RED CROSS IN IOWA Some of the smaller Red Cross chapters met their quotas from funds already in the treasury. Kingsley had realized $25,000 from an auction sale. The quota of $14,000 was doubled and paid from the funds in the treasury.-^^ Ban- croft likewise had considerable funds on hand as a result of auctions, and here again they doubled their quota and paid it from the chap- ter treasury.-^* The willingness and eagerness of Iowa peo- ple to support the Red Cross in the second War Fund drive is evidenced by the success of the volunteer methods wherever used. Clarinda people volunteered their subscriptions at the headquarters at the Greater Clarinda Club and doubled their quota.-^^ Ames simply announced their quota and asked the people to report at one of twelve subscription stations and sign up. By evening of the first day $12,063 had been pledged. The quota was only $3500. Over 1200 subscriptions were received from a popu- lation of 5000 people.-^^ Shenandoah organized its jurisdiction on a military plan, and the order was given for all inhabitants of the two towns to gather at the war offices at six in the morning and all country people of the five townships at the school houses. All subscriptions were refused until the hour for beginning. ''The people began to NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 167 gather as early as 5:30, and all that remained to do was to accept their money and give re- ceipts. Not a single solicitor was sent out. The receipts were all written by 9 o'clock, and the campaign had succeeded. "-'^'^ There was at least one chairman of an Iowa chapter, who seemed to think the only way to get the money was to go out after it. "What is needed", according to this man, "is solicitors to buttonhole folks. All the publicity in the world will not reach a man and cause him to rush up with his gift. Someone has to see him, and, if I do say it myself, I have a dern good bunch of Eed Cross beggars all over the county, and they will be on the job."-^^ Des Moines proceeded as in previous drives to use its teams of men and women. The forces used were "the trained veterans of more than a year's campaigning — the great standing army of the citizenry" of the city. Twenty-six teams of men canvassed the business districts, and the women cared for the residences by means of the block system which had been previously per- fected. Three days were enough to complete the task. Twenty thousand subscribers pledged two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. ^^^ A great Red Cross parade was held in the city on the first day of the drive. In the line of march were over 12,000 persons, including 700O 168 RED CROSS IN IOWA children on foot, 1000 more in automobiles, and over 1500 nurses. There were twenty decorated floats and thirty motor trucks. Music was fur- nished by three military bands and two fife and drum corps. The parade was five miles in length and a crowd estimated at 35,000 were on the streets to watch it pass.-'^^ Sioux City and Woodbuiy County staged an enthusiastic and successful campaign. Teams with a captain or captains in charge of each were named to do the soliciting. Ten teams worked in the city and twenty-four in the rest of the county. In the city the purpose was to get from each individual a subscription equal to the wages for ten minutes a day for a year, while in the county the canvassers aimed to secure from each subscriber a sum equal to five per cent of the quota set for him in the third liberty loan.-^^ Woodbury County's quota was $125,000. From the first it was evident that the quota would be greatly exceeded. Announcement was made that the chapter wished to raise as much as possible with the understanding that all above the quota of $125,000 would be retained for the local chapter to be used for home ser- vice, buying material for supplies, and other necessary chapter expenses. The fund grew rapidly and it was a very short time until the NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 169 quota was readied and passed. Final figures gave the county credit for having raised about $425,000. Of this amount, $350,000 came out of Sioux City and $75,000 from the county outside the city.2^2 About one-third the population of Sioux City was listed among the subscribers. The average subscription for those giving to the fund w^as $16, while for the population as a whole the average was $5.50 for each person. All classes and all nationalities joined in the giving. Everyone seemed anxious to do his part. In- stead of the usual grind, soliciting proved to be a real pleasure. A solicitor who had worked in the War Fund drive for the previous year re- marked that last year '4t was work, but this year it was a pleasure ".-^^ Many novel schemes were resorted to by the teams to bring in the money. Twenty-five picked beeves, donated by the Traders' Ex- change, were auctioned off at the stock yards and after being sold and resold, brought $28,000. One team conducted a kangaroo court. *' Minor infractions of nonexistent ordinances and trivial breaches of street etiquette ' ' landed practically all acquaintances of the workers of the team in the court. Fines ranged from $1 to $4. Another team engineered a "raid" on an evening performance of the Orpheum theatre. 170 RED CROSS IN IOWA ' ' Visiting bankers who attended in a body were summoned individually by members of a Ku Klux Klan and were forced to deliver to the show girls and Red Cross workers ten per cent of all money they had in their possession. Four phoney policemen guarded the exits during the assessment.""'^'* During the week of the drive many of the fines in the Sioux City police court were given to the Red Cross by vote of the City Council. Early in the week it w^as announced that this policy would be followed and the newspapers urged everyone to get "pinched" and thus help the Red Cross. Prisoners were allowed to choose whether their fine money should go to the city or the Red Cross. In case they pre- ferred to give it to the Red Cross the fines were suspended on the police court docket. If the prisoner did not see fit to favor the Red Cross he had to pay it to the city.^^^ Causing no small interest was the announce- ment of the "Red Cross Jazz Riot". A couple of days after the opening of the campaign the Jazz Riot was announced in the papers. But from the announcement it can be seen that some doubt was left as to the nature of the riot. Around the Red Cross headquarters everyone is whispering the question, ''Have you heard of the Red Cross Jazz Riot?" NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 171 Nothing more than that — no information as to the meaning of the question — no data bearing on the meaning of the term "Red Cross Jazz Riot". No one knows who started the whispered question. No one can saj^ apparently what the question leads to. The men and women who first broached the question merely suggested "it's coming" and allowed head- quarters attaches to grope in the dark for the answer. Next to "Ten Minutes" the Red Cross Jazz Riot problem is easily the greatest "what is it?" of the present campaign. What Jazz Riot has to do with the Red Cross is a mystery deeper than the present whereabouts of Mona Lisa. The headquarters announces that the riot is permit- ted. The police department is not going to call for reserves. Mayor Short is going about his duties as a team captain unperturbed and yet Its coming — The Red Cross Jazz Riot. Everyone whispers the news. Everyone looks puzzled. If you have a score to even with a friend just ask this friend : "Have you heard of the Red Cross Jazz Riot?" Then look up the railroad schedule for Cherokee — because the mystery of this "what is it?" will not be disclosed until tomorrow. By the way of helping to a solution The Journal has it on the best of authority, namely, that of the press agent, that the Jazz Riot has to do with the following : An automobile. A barrel of oil. Peanuts. Red Cross nurses. 172 RED CROSS IN IOWA Thoroughbred chickens. A sheep. American hot clogs. Vaudeville teams. Seventh and Douglas streets. A day in the week. Midnight. Now you know all about the Red Cross Jazz Riot — What is it?2T6 The Jazz Riot came. With it came joy, jazz, and jubilation and $10,000 for the War Fund. A parade through the business district at noon on Saturday, May 25th, started the riot. There followed twelve hours of auction sales, side shows, dances, confetti, and jazz music. The streets around the city auditorium were lined with booths offering all sorts of attractions; within the auditorium dancing was continuous from 1 P. M. until midnight. During the after- noon an auction sale was a feature. Governor Harding was on hand and opened the sale by disposing of the first fifty stars on a large county service flag. This brought in nearly $5000 and furnished the only serious moments of the day. Donated articles to be sold at the auction ranged from a peanut to an automobile and a load of hay. A three-horse team, a load of coal, a wedding ring, a shaved dog, a pair of socks made from its hair, and a crazy quilt made in 1876 were among the articles sold.^^^ NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 173 From the opening day of the Iowa campaign it was only a question of how much the State quota would be oversubscribed. Reports of large oversubscriptions at once began to pour into the office of Mr. Wallace. Just a few of the reports tell the story. Algona raised $6000 the first day although its quota was $4000. Tipton with a quota of $17,000 went over the top the first day ; Belmond required only until noon of the opening day to secure $5400, when their quota was only $2000; Kossuth County raised its quota of $18,000 and was still going at the end of one day's work; and Wayne County in the same time doubled a quota of $10,000. At the close of the campaign Iowa had raised $2,700,000 or eighty per cent oversubscription. Polk County led the State in the amount raised with $255,204.43 or $105,304.43 over its quota. Kossuth, Wayne, Guthrie, Dubuque, and Ida counties all registered oversubscriptions of more than one hundred per cent. In fact every county raised its quota. More individual sub- scriptions were registered than in any previous campaign.-'^^ So thoroughly had the Red Cross spirit seized the State of Iowa by this time that even the products of the soil began to show evidences of it. A Red Cross ear of corn was the unique product of a field in Marshall County. It was 174 RED CROSS IN IOWA an ear of what is known as calico corn, most of the kernels being white, mottled with spots of red. In the center of this ear, however, there were two rows of deep red kernels, each row containing twelve kernels, while midway along- side of each of these rows were four deep red kernels, making an almost perfect cross. By holding the ear of corn a few feet distant from the eye, the red cross stood out ''as promi- nently as though painted upon the white cap of a nurses 's uniform. "^'^^ DISPOSITION OF WAR FUNDS The funds obtained from the drives were di- \dded between the chapters and national head- quarters under arrangements permitting the assignment to each chapter, for local war w^ork exclusively, of not more than twenty-five per cent of that collected within its territory. Chapters received 18.5 per cent from the first drive and 19.3 per cent from the second — a total of $53,800,000. Money from the two War Fund drives furnished the major proportion of the funds with which Red Cross relief work was carried on both in the United States and abroad. The war funds could be used for noth- ing but relief work. As a result of interest earnings more than $1.01 was made available for war relief from everv dollar collected.-^" NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 175 On February 28, 1919, there was $88,879,- 857.60 in the War Fund still available for appropriation. These unappropriated funds, however, were being rapidly utilized. They represented the only available resource for new undertakings and for carrying on the great bulk of the work previously undertaken. The Red Cross was committed to a continuation of its service in practically all lines, many of which were then still expanding.-^^ THE RED CROSS AND WAR CHESTS With the development of the war chest idea the Red Cross was asked to join in the move- ment. The war chest "may be defined as an attempt to raise in one campaign of short dura- tion sufficient money to meet for one year a city's quota of national and local war relief funds. "'^- There were so many organizations putting on campaigns for funds for war work that communities were tiring of them. By the war chest plan all such campaigns could be con- solidated into one big one and the task would be over. Each organization could then be given its quota from the general fund and a great amount of time and expense would thereby be saved. One has no difficulty in seeing how such an idea would appeal to a great many people. It certainly seems, on first thought, to otfer a most 176 KED CROSS IN IOWA desirable solution for a very perplexing situa- tion. Many cities, towns, and counties over the country adopted some form of the war chest and put it in operation. Many more gave the plan a great deal of consideration. Although the plan appeared desirable at its inception and was used with a degree of satisfaction in some cases, it did not prove satisfactory to the Amer- ican Red Cross. The Red Cross declared itself as opposed to the war chest and exerted its in- fluence to keep its chapters from participating where this plan was adopted. -^^ Among the Red Cross objections to the war chest, the following are emphasized in the Cen- tral Division Bulletin. It was never possible to tell what the needs of the Red Cross were going to be, even for a few months in advance, which made it dangerous to set the amount to be raised during any future period. In the second War Fund some of the Red Cross chapters which had entered into war chests found it ex- tremely embarrassing when they had to go be- fore their communities and ask for additional subscriptions to meet their quotas. Further it was felt that a Red Cross chapter ought not to be obliged to look to a war chest committee for the necessary funds to conduct its activities, for fear it might lose its flexibility and become re- stricted to the wishes of a committee possibly NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 177 not having the full realization of Red Cross needs. Great emphasis was laid on the educational value of the campaigns. Each organization had a story to tell. The war chest limited the op- portunities of telling these stories. Since the Red Cross hoped to profit in peace times by its war campaigns, it refused to lose its identity in a combination of organizations. Again the Red Cross was on a basis slightly different from other organizations. It was duly authorized by an act of Congress. Its accounts were audited by the War Department. The President of the United States was its official head. Hence there was a feeling that the Red Cross should be exceedingly careful in delegating its authority or permitting chapters to become subservient or dependent upon any other organization. Not for a moment did the Red Cross question the motives of the sponsors of the war chest idea. But the Red Cross had such tremendous responsibilities that it felt it needed the enthusi- astic personal support of everyone. This sup- port could be secured and maintained only by an adequate realization of the individuality of the Red Cross and the magnitude of its work.-^* The Red Cross was more than ever convinced of the undesirability of the war chest after the second War Fund drive. George B. Stadden, VOL. I — 13 178 RED' CROSS IN IOWA State manager for Illinois in the second War Fund drive, had the following to say when the drive closed: ''My conclusions are that it [War Chest] is detrimental to the best interests of the Red Cross, in fact, all war activities, as it is not con- ducive to the highest patriotic endeavor and chapters should be discouraged from entering the plan."-^^ The following came from the secretary of a chapter using the war chest plan : I will be frank and say that my opinion has been changed somewhat since the beginning of our cam- paign for the War Chests, for I have begun to see that our people take it as a matter of course that we will do our part in various war activities and are resting easy now that they feel that the money has been raised. This is not a time to rest easy for we want to be thinking every minute of the many things that must be done if we are going to win the war, and I believe the War Chest idea, if it became prevalent over the country, might cause a decrease in that patri- otic fervor that must be maintained in the hearts and minds of our people if we are to succeed in the great task we have undertaken. I believe a campaign for the Red Cross stimulates a general interest in the work of the organization and keeps our people posted on its needs and activities.^^^ Results of the Illinois campaign for the sec- and War Fund were another argument against NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 179 the war chest. Communities using the war chest made this showing : one did not report its quota raised until July, six oversubscribed slightly, six gave exactly the amount asked, and one did not quite make its quota. "According to the above figures, if the entire state had been under the war chest plan, the Red Cross would have received about $1,000,000 less than it did receive and in addition the educational value and patriotic stimulus of the campaign would have been lost, for communities having war chests did not use the publicity material, as a rule."^^^ Many chapters of the Central Divi- sion which had adopted the war chest aban- doned it about the time of the second War Fund drive. -^^ Several Iowa Red Cross chapters adopted plans similar to the war chest. Webster County was the first to try the plan. Des Moines, Jones, Delaware, and Louisa counties were among those that followed suit. Considerable success seems to have attended some of the ventures, but the plan was not widely used in the State and was not supported by State officials. -^^ Among the cities of the State which refused to accept the war chest after a careful exam- ination was Des Moines. These objections to the plan were outlined by members of the Des Moines Chamber of Commerce : 180 RED CROSS IN IOWA 1. There is nothing like constant campaigning to preserve the highest type of patriotic zeal and fervor in the community. 2. There is no reason for taking the sentiment out of campaigns; and the so-called "war chest" makes the act of giving money for war purposes a deliberate act. 3. But even that does not rob the tendency to con- sider less carefully the fine points of any proposed campaign or request for funds if the fund is in hand and a check book lying on the table. 4. There is always danger that the fund acquired in a " war chest ' ' will run out prior to the time limit set in the campaign; and then the campaigners are absolved from going again to the public. If they do so, they encounter demurring and complaint, natur- ally. 5. The whole plan is wrong in principle, and has as its only argument conservation of time. There is nothing especially worthy in the plan except that fact; which does not outweigh the many objections.^^*^ John P. Wallace, who had charge of raising the second War Fund in Iowa, was convinced as a result of the drive that the war chest was not desirable. "The war chest plan", he writes, ''almost takes entirely out of the campaign the spirit of giving. People sign the pledge cards, many times under compulsion, even though they may not seem to do so, others are glad to sig-n them because it means they are getting off with NATIONAL RED CROSS FINANCES 181 a few dollars". It was absolutely opposed to Ked Cross principles to resort to force or any coercive methods to secure members or funds. Red Cross officials found it necessary in a few cases to protest against the use of such meth- ods in lowa.-^^ ''If all counties had adopted the war chest plan we w^ould have raised the $1,500,000, no more, no less", declares Mr. Wallace. "There would have been no enthusiasm which over- subscriptions in the various chapters as high as 250 per cent, have given. We would have had the small satisfaction of doing ' our bit ' and not the large satisfaction of having done 'our best'. While the money in the Red Cross campaign is important and very necessary, even of more importance is the taking of the Red Cross mes- sage to the people in every community." The best plan to be followed in campaigns, in Mr. Wallace's view, called for each community to organize thoroughly with the strongest, most unselfish, and biggest man of the community at the head. Let him appoint on his staff two or three or five other men to form an executive committee. Let this committee organize each town by districts, each -county by townships, and even each township by school districts, appoint- ing a captain for each town district and for each township. Have the organization so com- 182 RED CROSS IN IOWA plete that when a call comes for a campaign all that needs to be done is to tell the workers what is wanted. Such an organization should be con- sidered essential, but it should conduct separate campaigns and not try to conduct one campaign for all purposes.^^^ VII Financing Local Organizations No small amount of money was needed by the chapters, branches, and auxiliaries in upholding their part of the Red Cross program. Greatest among their expenses were those for making relief articles, but other activities such as the canteen service, home service, disaster relief, and public health nursing made heavy inroads on local funds. The local organizations financed all their local activities from their own treasury.^^^ One source of income for chapters was from membership dues. Each chapter received a certain per cent of all membership dues collect- ed in its jurisdiction. Chapters were also entitled to a refund of not more than twenty- five per cent from all money raised in their territory in the .two War Fund drives, although many chapters never asked for such refunds. Income from the above sources was not as a rule sufficient to meet all chapter needs, how- ever, and other means of raising money such as entertainments, auction sales, and subscriptions were used. 183 184 RED CROSS IN IOWA Eed Cross regulations forbid the use of cer- tain money raising* schemes that are often used in similar emergencies. Chain letters were pro- hibited and tag days discouraged. Chapters or branches were not permitted to make arrange- ments with any merchant to receive a share of his profit or in any other way commercialize the name of the Red Cross. Professionally pro- moted entertainments were looked upon with much disfavor, and no company or individual was permitted to hold performances for the benefit of the Eed Cross without arranging with the Red Cross chapter of the community. National Headquarters was definitely op- posed to any games, lotteries, raffles, or any form of appeal possessing gambling features. Ticket-selling methods of raising money were frowned upon. The desire of the Red Cross was that the public be not harassed by too many and too small appeals. The Red Cross did not want to be associated with "small change" or undignified methods of raising funds. -^^ A method of financing chapters that was highly approved by the Red Cross officials was by personal subscriptions. At a Central Divi- sion conference in November, 1917, it was sug- gested that chapters seek to finance themselves until the next War Fund campaign by quietly securing monthly pledges exclusively for chap- LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 185 ter work. The plan was used successfully in many places. -^^ Occasionally questions came up as to the uses to which chapter funds could be put. Definite rules were laid down by National Headquarters covering these points, but these rules were not always followed. The Central Division Bulletin announced that it was not proper to make use of chapter funds for building or helping to finance hospitals, convalescent homes, or other permanent institutions. Furthermore it was contrary to Red Cross policy to make contribu- tions from chapter funds to other relief organ- izations. In short the Red Cross chapter funds were to be used only in the particular lines mapped out by those at Washington.-"*^ FINANCING LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS IN IOWA As in other States, the many local units of the Red Cross in Iowa usually found the returns from dues and the War Fund drives insufficient. Many chapters in Iowa never asked for their refund from the War Fund, preferring to raise their money in other ways and thereby give more money for the national organization. Numerous and interesting methods of raising funds were tried throughout Iowa. In some cases chapters undertook to raise money to finance their branches and auxiliaries ; in other 186 RED CROSS IN IOWA cases the brandies and auxiliaries undertook to secure their own funds. Consequently some of the money raising plans were developed by chapters, others by their branches or auxili- aries ; but in any case it was for the purpose of financing Eed Cross activities in Iowa com- munities. Auction Sales. — Auction sales seem to have been the most common practice. Such sales were held in communities all through the State and were usually successful. A great deal of money was raised in this way and much Red Cross enthusiasm engendered. A few instances of auction sales taken at random from many, many such sales tend to show the results ob- tained. Tama raised $1300, Ida Grove $5000, Kingsley $35,000, Le Mars $44,000, West Lib- erty $11,500, Casey $2500, Riceville $3617, and Winnebago County $18,000. Hinton, in Ply- mouth County, with a population of only 291, raised $40,000.-^' Different plans were, of course, used in dif- ferent places. At Ida Grove, on February 22, 1918, a sale of donated goods was held. The articles contributed included live stock, poultry, seed corn, potatoes, provisions, and all sorts of merchandise. Five thousand dollars was real- ized from the sale. So great were the donations LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 187 to a sale at Algona that it was necessary to continue the sale a second day. The same thing was true at Traer where it was estimated that more than a carload of material was donated to be sold for the cause. A fund of $10,000 was raised in Winnebago County by subscriptions, and with this money goods were purchased for an auction which realized over $18,000.-®^ That the people responded most generously in the purchase of goods at these sales is wit- nessed by the large amounts paid for particular commodities. In many cases the large price at- tributed to a particular article is due to the fact that the object was sold many times, being re- turned each time by the purchaser to be sold again. One pound of butter sold for $567 at Marble Eock. A pumpkin pie brought $42.85 at Tama ; while at Woodward 58 cakes, one for each sol- dier from the town, brought $500. At Kingsley the sale of a $50 liberty bond raised $24,000 and at the same sale a goat was sold for $1516, and a goose egg for $615. In selling the bond there were 180 bids of $100, four of $125, and many more from $25 to $100. The bond was later presented to the mother of the first Kings- ley boy killed in France. At Algona, buffalo meat sold at from $2 to $10 a pound; while a choice cut, sent to the Governor of the State, cost the purchaser $102.-^^ 188 RED CROSS IN IOWA ''Fowl" means were often used to raise money. A rooster ''worth 75 cents" brought $1200 at Grinnell. A resident of Newell raised a turkey for the Red Cross which sold for $4000, after which a committee was named to present it to President Wilson. In Cass County a single rooster was reported to have been sold over 5500 times with such good results that the rooster was reported to be getting "cocky" over his accomplishment. The lowest amount realized at any sale was $107.50 and the highest $7316.50. He raised $27,300.00 in twelve sales. The Storm Lake chapter realized $8500 from a goose which was later presented to Governor Harding.^*^^ "Abraham Lincoln" and "Jack Pershing" were two birds with a wide reputation in the State during the war. "Jack Pershing" was a rooster belonging to the chapter at Fontanelle, which was sold hundreds of times at different sales. By April, 1918, the amount paid in on bids was $15,770. "Lincoln" was a goose which sold for $57 at a sale of the Lincoln Township branch of the Madison County chapter. Later it was offered to other chapters for similar pur- poses. Adair County challenged Madison County to a contest for the goose at a patriotic day celebration on Thanksgiving. The county pledging the most to its Red Cross chapter was LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 189 to get the goose. Handbills in Madison County announced that the two counties would meet in a ''Fight To A Finish". The posters carried pictures of the goose and urged everyone to make a pledge to their Red Cross. Adair County won "Lincoln", having raised $2950 to $2508 for Madison County.^o^ Selling service flags or stars on service flags was another popular method of replenishing Red Cross treasuries. When the Riceville chapter needed money someone offered to sell a Red Cross service flag which the women had made. It ''was sold, and given back and sold again and again, and next day some more peo- ple came into town and paid in money, even though the flag had been sold and taken away . . . . and the one who had bid the highest, and who finally took the flag home, is a citizen of foreign birth." Proceeds of the sale were $3617.50. West Liberty, with 1760 people, sold fifty-four stars on the service flag for $11,500; Le Mars sold a star on its service flag for each boy in service at $100 each, netting $24,000,302 Almost anything would bring a good price at a Red Cross sale in Iowa during the war. In a small country neighborhood in Linn County a Red Cross auction was in progress when the auctioneer, pausing at the end of a "knock- down", happened to glance upward and see a 190 RED CROSS IN IOWA flock of wild ducks flying overhead. Before the ducks were out of sight they had been sold for $345. It was not without some basis that the Central Division Bulletin stated its expectation of hearing that clouds and square yards of blue sky were being sold for the Red Cross in Iowa.^°^ Pig Clubs. — Not infrequently Red Cross chapters developed ideas for securing livestock to be sold for their benefit. On some occasions the farmers would donate animals from their farms to be shipped for the Red Cross ; on other occasions plans were worked out for raising livestock for that particular purpose. In May, 1918, the Alvord chapter shipped a car of livestock — fifty-nine hogs and five calves — to the Sioux City market where they brought $2360. The Grinnell chapter shipped its third car of Red Cross hogs in May, 1918, the hogs being donated by farmers and others interested in the cause. The car and hogs were placarded with banners and red crosses, and cards were distributed at the different stations proclaiming their mission. The hogs were auctioned off at the market, one of them bringing as high as two dollars a pound. Proceeds from the whole car amounted to $12,000.^*^'^ A movement was be- gun in Story County to have everyone raising LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 191 chickens donate one to the Red Cross ; Fayette County proposed to have every hog raiser, raise a Red Cross pig.^*'^ One of the most successful ventures of this sort was that of the Winneshiek County Red Cross chapter. Early in 1918 it was suggested that a pig club be organized. The proposal met with sufficient encouragement to warrant its adoption so a constitution and by-laws were drawn up and the organization set going. The only requirement for membership in the club was that the applicant pledge a pig for the Red Cross and agree to feed and care for it until ready for market. The public responded enthusiastically and in a very short time the club was assured of suc- cess. People caught the spirit of the under- taking and before long everybody was talking about the pig club. The county newspapers got behind it and gave it a good send-off. A dele- gation was formed and, accompanied by speak- ers and musicians, visited the towns and county schoolhouses throughout the county. Soon the membership was over a thousand, and the goal was then set at double that number. Officers from the branches were called in to help, and solicitors were appointed for each township in the county. Before the canvass was completed 2240 persons became members of the club. Per- 192 RED CROSS IN IOWA sons living in the towns, as well as the farmers, joined the organization and in many cases where they were not able to raise their own hogs, arrangements were made with farmers to do it for them. Every member of the club was given a button bearing the inscription "Winneshiek County Pig Club ' ' — with the picture of a well fattened pig in the center. All pigs pledged to the Red Cross were tagged on the ear with a metal tag which bore a bright red cross. Ben Bear of Decorah, treasurer of the Winneshiek County Red Cross chapter and the moving spirit be- hind the pig club, stated that the members of the club were "more proud of that button than any other they wore the past summer", and that the pigs with the red cross tags in their ears "seemed to carry their heads a little higher all summer than the rest of the herds. ' ' By December, 1918, the time had come to as- semble the hogs and ship them to market. Postals were sent to every club member and the telephones were employed to get the w^ord scattered over the whole county that the mem- bers were to bring their hogs in on an appointed day. The hogs were collected and loaded at the stock yards at Decorah, Cresco, Ridgeway, Jackson Junction, Fort Atkinson, Calmar, Os- sian, Castalia, and Mabel. When all were LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 193 loaded and accounted for there were twenty- seven car loads containing 1914 animals. Some members had sold their pigs at earlier dates; while others desired to feed theirs for a while longer and did not deliver them at this time. Still others, instead of bringing in a pig, simply turned over a sum of money to cover their share. Arrangements had previously been made for a special train to convey the cars to the Chicago market. The cars were covered with placards, banners, and Eed Cross emblems, and when all the cars had been assembled and the train, which came to be known as the ''Winneshiek County, Iowa, Hog Special", started on its journey it made an interesting sight and at- tracted a great deal of attention. At Decorah an enthusiastic crowd turned out at eleven o'clock at night, and the band was on hand to give the hogs from that place the proper send- off. News of the train's coming preceded it along the way and crowds turned out at the stations to see it as it passed. At the Chicago yards a Pathe moving picture man was on hand and ''shot up everything from the train men and shippers to the hogs and banner-bearing cars." The special train arrived in Chicago on Mon- day, December 16th. The shipment was con- signed to the President of the live stock ex- VOL. I — 14 194 RED CROSS IN IOWA change and at an early hour commission men were on hand anxious to give their services free in disposing of the cargo. To facilitate the sale the names of all commission men were put in a hat and the first twenty-five drawn w^ere as- signed the task of getting the best possible prices for the stock. There was a big run of hogs on the Chicago market that day and if arrangements had not been previously made for the sale of the Red Cross hogs, there might have been great diffi- culty in disposing of them at satisfactory prices. As it was, all other business in the hog alleys was laid aside while these hogs were sold. All the buyers bid generously. It was a mixed lot of hogs that was put before them. "Every breed was represented and many of the hogs showed several breeds. They were big and lit- tle, fat and thin, but this made no difference to the packers who bought the stock. There was no sorting, everything went with the load — and at good prices. ' ' Armour 's buyers took ten loads and other packers bought the remaining loads at prices that were considerably above the level of the market. Over $60,000 was realized from the sale, which, with the proceeds from pigs sold at other times resulted in a total of something over $70,000 from the pig club — a magnificent sum for Red Cross service.^"^ LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 195 Some Other Methods. — The ladies even re- sorted to strenuous manual labor on some occa- sions to bring in the money. Red Cross ladies of Des Moines cleared $1000 serving meals at the State Fair. At Redfield a farmer offered to pay the women ten cents a bushel to husk his corn. He furnished them with teams and wag- ons and they husked 430 bushels in one day. The Red Cross at Laurie was offered the pro- ceeds of an acre of corn if the ladies of the chapter would husk it. One morning seven automobiles carried the ladies out to the farm and, in a little over an hour, the corn was husked and sixty-five dollars went into the treasury of the Red Cross. A plot of ground was offered to the Sioux City Red Cross pro- viding the ladies would plant it in potatoes. Twenty-five society ladies turned out and plant- ed the potatoes. ^"'^ During a parade at Waterloo, in honor of five hundred drafted men, a large outstretched flag was carried by twelve men and the crowd threw coins into it as it passed. There had been no previous announcement, but more than $650 was collected. Miss Sue Johnson of Newton col- lected a mile of pennies for the Red Cross. It takes 84,480 pennies to make a mile or $844.80. An "eatless banquet" resulted in money for the Red Cross at Des Moines. This was the 196 RED CROSS IN IOWA annual banquet of the Highland Park College Woman's Association on February 8, 1918, at which A. E. Kepford, State director of the Red Cross, was the speaker. When the hundred and eighty guests arrived they paid a dollar a plate. "But on the plates were only the aforesaid cocktails [Red Crossl — made of the common or garden variety of water! The tables were beautifully decorated and everyone in full even- ing dress. The money paid for the 'plates' was put into a miniature ship sailing under Red Cross colors. "^^^ Very often Red Cross chapters were the re- cipients of gifts from individuals or local organ- izations, as illustrated by the gift of the Sioux City Shriners. Abu Bekr temple, Ancient Ara- bic Order of Nobles, donated $6000 to the Sioux City Red Cross. This fund was one which had originally been raised to meet the expenses of sending the drill patrol to the national conven- tion in Minneapolis. ^°^ Considerable money was received b}^ Iowa chapters as a result of fines levied on violators of the rules of the United States Food Admin- istration. In dealing with violations of these rules the ordinary procedure was to make a settlement by securing a contribution from the offender to the local Red Cross. In many cases the contribution ran as high as $300; at times it LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 197 was as low as $15. In the cases disposed of by the Enforcement Division for Iowa, of the United States Food Administration, close to $10,000 was contributed to the Red Cross. In addition the county administrations adopted the same tactics and settled many of their cases in a similar manner. The Sugar Division also followed this plan and collected several thou- sand dollars for Red Cross chapters. 310 Salvage Stations.— The salvage department of the Woodbury County Red Cross chapter was established at Sioux City early in January, 1918. A call was issued for contributions of metals, including iron, copper, brass, tin, tin- foil, solderfoil, lead, zinc, rubber, boots and shoes, auto tires, rags, old typewriter ribbons, worn rubber heels, broom and mop handles, old electric light globes, suit and hat boxes, and old papers and magazines. Special emphasis was placed upon the suggestion that all 1917 auto license tags be turned over to the Red Cross salvage station. A vacant store building was secured as a receiving station and plans were laid to stage a city- wide ''no waste campaign" and to secure the aid of all school children to carry out the project.^^^ The organization of the ''junk squad" was the work of the 0. U. Bridge Club, a regular 198 RED CROSS IN IOWA auxiliary of the Red Cross. Soon after the appointment of a young society lady as chair- man of the squad she announced that a baby cab and three old garbage cans had been deliv- ered at her home as the first contributions to the new department. Among the lists of other early donations were three carloads of scrap iron given by a local business firm.^^^ In March the salvage department was moved to larger quarters in the Woodbury County court house. Members were continually finding new articles to collect and new fields for their endeavors. It remained for this department of the Red Cross 'Ho enter the hair switch in the battle for democracy. Blonde switches, bru- nette switches, auburn switches — any kind or variety" were called for. Discarded switches and wigs were bringing high prices as salvage. Simultaneously with the collection of junk, the women of the salvage section planned to aid the Child Welfare League of the city by taking a census of all children in the city under five years of age.^^^ By April still larger quarters were needed for the work and headquarters were established in a city-owned structure formerly occupied by the police department, a building which offered ample room for the development of new activ- ities. In April the sale of junk, resulting from LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 199 about ten days' collecting, brought $350, and during the first three weeks of June the sales realized $500 more for the Red Cross. The junk sold in June included 24 tons of paper, 6 tons of iron, 4800 bottles, 1310 pounds of rubber, 4387 pounds of rags, 50 pounds of pewter, and 200 pounds of brass. Twelve wholesale houses of the city gave the use of one or more trucks each Saturday for collecting and handling the ma- terials. ^^^ Two new features were added to the salvage station in May — an ''Old Curiosity Shop" and a weekly rummage sale. People w^ere asked to make donations for both. ''Anything which anyone will give, from jewelry to dogs, cats and chickens" was wanted for the curiosity shop; all kinds of old clothing was acceptable for the rummage sales. These innovations proved to be a great benefit : not only were they a source of income for the Red Cross, but they proved a real boon for those who were thus enabled to buy many necessary articles at very greatly re- duced prices. ^^^ Large quantities of goods were turned over to the salvage station and before long the sales- were a daily feature. Quantities of clothing^ shoes, and household goods were sorted and arranged in various rooms ready for inspection by prospective purchasers. Two rooms were 200 RED CROSS IN IOWA filled with shoes; women's and children's clothing- occupied several rooms; another was filled 'Svith odds and ends of every description, from clocks and cabinet organs to women's dress forms and discarded safety razors." China proved to be a good seller. The supply was soon exhausted and calls were sent out for more. Second hand furniture was in great de- mand and sold as fast as it could be gathered. The calls for curtains, bedding, comforters, pillows, and rugs could not all be supplied.^^*^ At first the women Red Cross workers ''threw up their hands in horror at the thought of handling the junk", but as they came to see how important and profitable it proved to be, many volunteered for the work. Only articles in good condition were wanted, for no provision was made for mending and repairing. During the summer a millinery department was opened in which hats were trimmed by the Red Cross milliners. The offering in this line included '' 'perfectly lovely' felts, and velours and vel- vets."3i7 By the end of the year, 1918, profits from the salvage station had amounted to $1180.50. In addition to the profit to the Red Cross much material which would have otherwise been wasted was saved. Of still greater importance was the service rendered the communitv in LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 201 supplying many people with necessities at very nominal prices. Inquiries regarding the work of the Sioux City salvage station were received from institutions and Red Cross chapters in many parts of the countrj^^^^ With the close of hostilities the salvage sta- tion was considered too valuable an institution to be abandoned. The mayor called a meeting of the representatives of ten of the city's organ- izations and arrangements were made to con- tinue with the project. Temporarily it was to be continued under the control of the Red Cross with the funds going to the Organized Welfare Bureau. A paid executive was put in charge. ^^^ A similar station was established in Des Moines about May, 1918. An old house was taken over and fixed up inside and out with material furnished by local firms. Fourteen rooms were prepared with counters, shelves, showcases, mirrors, tables, and chairs ready to receive donations. One room was set aside for women's clothing^ one for children's garments, two for repairing and painting furniture, and another for a tea room. Outside, the yard was planted to grass and flowers, and a war garden was cultivated by children from a nearby school. This station cleared $1000 in August and $2000 in September, 1918, sales averaging about $100 a day.^-° 202 RED CROSS IN IOWA Monthly Subscriptions. — Some chapters looked to monthly subscriptions to support their local work, a plan that was highly recommended by Red Cross officials. Although it lacked the spectacular features of many of the methods used and did not attract much public attention, it proved very effective in some Iowa communi- ties. At Davenport they secured pledges of $2200 a month for as long a period as it might be needed. Iowa City also tried it and found it thoroughly successful. The Iowa City fund was contributed to by three thousand subscrib- ers, the gifts ranging from ten cents to twenty- five dollars a month. The total amounted to $2200 a month and was collected each month by the Eed Cross women. All offers of entertain- ments, meals, sales, and similar money raising devices were refused. ^^^ State Director Kepford estimated that the chapters of Iowa raised approximately $5,581,- 303 to finance chapter activities. This added to the amount raised in the two War Fund drives, which was $4,190,483.36, made a total of $9,771,- 786.36 raised in the State of Iowa for Red Cross purposes.^^- State Director Kepford 's correspondence shows that in many cases divisions of profits were made by Iowa chapters with stores, enter- tainments, and the like, an arrangement which LOCAL RED CROSS FINANCES 203 was opposed to the Eed Cross policy. Very often, however, these and other infractions of Ked Cross rules were due to misunderstanding rather than to a deliberate disregard for the rules. Some cases also were found in Iowa where chapters did not follow Red Cross regulations in the use of funds. A number of chapters con- tributed from their funds to Armenian and Syrian relief, for instance, regardless of the opposition of the national officials. Funds were also used in a few instances for establishing hospitals and permanent institutions, contrary to rules. With the signing of the armistice many chapters found themselves with substan- tial sums in their treasuries and their work dis- continued. The national organization urged chapters to retain sufficient funds for home ser- vice, administrative expense, and other activ- ities that they were planning, to continue, and turn the remainder over to it to be used in relief work abroad.^-^ NOTES AND REFERENCES 205 NOTES AND REFERENCES CHAPTER I lAxson's The Symbol of Service to ManUnd in The Na- tio7ial Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, p. 375. 2 The American Bed Cross — What It Is and What It Does, p. 3. This was a pamphlet issued in 1918 by the Eed Cross. 3 Archer and Kingsford's The Crusades, pp. 169-187; Board- man's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 21-23. 4 Cook 's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, pp. 146, 147; Axson's The Symbol of Service to ManUnd in The Na- tional Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 375-377. 5 Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol, I, pp. 147, 148. GBoardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 27, 28; Axson's The Symbol of Service to Man- Und in The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 377-380. 7 Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, pp. 159, 162, 171, 181, 182; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 28, 29; The American Bed Cross — What It Is and What It Does, p. 3, 8 Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, pp. 176, 185. Miss Nightingale found it to be no easy task to maintain the necessary discipline among her nurses and to satisfy their de- mands. One nurse complained regarding the caps they were ordered to wear: "I came out, Ma'am, prepared to submit to everything, to be put upon in every way. But there are some 207 208 RED CROSS IN IOWA things, Ma'am, one can't submit to. There's the caps, Ma'am, that suit one face, and some that suit another. And if I'd known. Ma 'am, about the caps, great as was my desire to come out and nurse at Scutari, I would not have come. Ma'am." — Boardman's Under the Hed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 29, 30. 9 Boardman's Under the lied Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 30; Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, pp. 194-198, 254. 10 Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, pp. 213, 214. 11 Cook's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. I, p. 237. i2Hazen's Henri Dun ant : Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, p. 66; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 33. isHazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, p. 66; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 33, 34. i4Axson's The Symbol of Service to ManTcind in Tlie Na- tional Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 382, 383; Hazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 66-68; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 32, 33. 15 Hazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 68, 69; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 35. 10 Hazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine^ Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 69, 70; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 35, 36. 17 Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroa-d, pp. 36, 37; Hazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 70, 71. NOTES AND REFERENCES 209 18 The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, Sup- plement, p. 236; Hazen's Henri Bunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, p. 71; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 42, 43. 19 Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, p. 553; The American Journal of International Law, Vol. I, Supplement, pp. 91, 92; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 43-45; Hazen's Henri Dionant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, p. 71. 2oAxson's The Symbol of Service to Mankind in The Na- tional Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, p. 385; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 43. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, is reported to have said at the time: "Our government, while always ready to for- ward all humanitarian action, has a well -understood policy of holding itself aloof from all European Congresses or compacts of a political nature. . . . The Congress at Geneva being for the modification of international laws of war is one of great significance and the sending of delegates officially im- powered to represent and act for the United States was from the many difficulties apparent, nearly or quite impossible. . . . . The Government wishes to act as a free agent, with option in the premises, and in its own good time." — Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Jour- nal of International Law, Vol. IV, p. 552. 21 Fullbrook 's Belief Worh in Iowa During the Civil War in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XVI, p. 159. 22 Fullbrook 's Belief Work in Iowa During the Civil War in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XVI, pp. 172- 174. 23 Bicknell 's Bed Cross Christmas Stamp for 1909 in The vol.. I — 15 210 RED CROSS IN IOWA Survey, Vol. XXIII, p. 93; FuUbrook's Belief WorTc in Iowa During the Civil War in The Iowa Journal of History and Pol- itics, Vol. XVI, pp. 172-174. 24 Davis 's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, pp. 548, 549, 556, 557. 25 Davis 's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in Tlie American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, p. 555; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 43, 44. 26 Cook 's The Life of Florence Nightingale, Vol. II, p. 205 ; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 36; Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, p. 557; Axson's The Symbol of Service to ManTcind in The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 385, 386, ' ' Dunant 's later life vras inconspicuous. He lived on for nearly fifty years. . . . His obscurity was in singular con- trast to the world-wide fame that was the fortune of Florence Nightingale. He fell upon evil days. He lost his property which he had spent largely in good works. An attack of paralysis incapacitated him from work and he became for awhile the recipient of charity. . . . [He] lived in ob- scurity, unknown, unsung." His last years were made easier as a result of receiving in 1901 one-half of the Nobel Peace Prize. He died in 1910. — Hazen's Henri Dunant: Founder of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 71, 72. CHAPTER II 27 Pine's First Aid to the Injured in the Proceedings of the Tenth Annual National Conference of Charities and Corrections, 1883, p. 434; Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, p. 139. We find the ancient order of the Knights of St. John taking an important part in the relief work of the Franco-Prussian War. "Upon the battlefield of the Franco-Prussian war, the NOTES AND REFERENCES 211 red cross gained for itself a significance possessed by no other emblem. To all, friend and foe alike, it indicated the power ■which saves. ... Of that heroic army of men and women who gained for the red cross its glorious distinction, no corps rendered more faithful service, nor did any more to save life and mitigate suffering than the St. John's Ambulance Associa- tion of England. The lineal descendant, as it may be called, of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, it nobly sustained the traditions of its order, once so famous for deeds of mercy as well as of chivalry". — Pine's First Aid to the Injured in the Proceedings of the Tenth Annual National Conference of Chari- ties and Corrections, 1883, p. 434. 28Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 124, 128, 129; Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 80; Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law^ Vol. IV, pp. 558, 559. 29 Boardman's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, p. 80; Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, p. 124. 30Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 123, 203-281; Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in Tlie American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, pp. 558, 559. 31 Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, pp. 558, 559; Epler's The Life of CUra Barton, pp. 229-232. 32 Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 232, 233; Barton's A Story of the Bed Cross, p. 5. 33 Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 230, 235-239. 34 Davis's The Sanitary Commission — The Bed Cross in The American Journal of International Law, Vol. IV, p. 563; Epler's The Life of Gara Barton, pp. 231, 239-246. 35 Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 235-318; Barton's A Story of the Bed Cross, pp. 6-199. 212 RED CROSS IN IOWA 36 Boardman 's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 95-97; Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, p. 325. 37Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 325, 329. 38 Boardman 's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 95-99; Epler's The Life of Clara Barton, pp. 325- 331; Devine's Social Forces in War Time in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 424. 39 Boardman 's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, Chs. V, VI; Devine's Social Forces in War Time in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 424. 40 Boardman 's Under the Bed Cross Flag at Home and Abroad, pp. 99, 100. 41 Charter and By-Laivs of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, A E C 500, pp. 7, 8, 10. This was issued hj the American Eed Cross. 42 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, pp. 3, 4, 9; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 24, p. 3; The Survey, Vol. XXV, p. 180, Vol. XXXVI, p. 610. 43 Mr, Taft in Command of the Bed Cross in The Survey, Vol. XXXV, p. 180; Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, A E C 500, pp. 9, 10. 44 The American Bed Cross and Its Plans in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 416. 45 Mobilized on Moving Day in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 685; Tenth Annual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, 1914, p. 8; Wilson's State Papers and Addresses, p. 393. From 1905 to 1910 the Eed Cross headquarters were located in one room supplied free by the War Department. Prom 1910 on it was necessary to enlarge the space each year by renting additional rooms. In 1914 the annual rental for a building for headquarters was $2750. — Tenth Annual Beport of the Amer- ican National Bed Cross, 1914, p. 8. NOTES AND REFERENCES 213 The expansion of the work during the war necessitated the construction of a temporary annex to the new Eed Cross buUd- ing, containing eighteen thousand feet of floor space. — The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 34. ^e The American Bed Cross: Organisation and Activities, May 24, 1917, ARC 114, p. 6. This was a pamphlet issued by the American Red Cross. iT The American Bed Cross: Organization and Activities, May 24, 1917, ARC 114, pp. 16, 17. Previous to 1910 the State boards were known as State branches. Each board is entitled to one delegate to the annual meeting. State board expenses are paid by the national treas- urer.— Sia;/7^ Annual Beport of The American National Bed Cross, 1910, pp. 5, 6, 7. 48 The Survey, Vol. XXXVI, p. 611. 40 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 34. 50 Molilized on Moving Day in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 685. 51 T7ie American Bed Cross: Organisation and Activities, May 24, 1917, ARC 114, pp. 17, 18. 52 The American Bed Cross: Organization and Activities, March, 1916, ARC 114, pp. 5, 25-28; Deacon's Disasters and The American Bed Cross in Disaster Belief, p. 5; The Survey, Vol. XXVI, p. 628. CHAPTER III ssDevine's Social Forces in War Time in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 424. 54 The Official Bulletin (issued by the Committee on Public Information), Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 1, 2. 55 The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, pp. 8, 9. The American Red Cross issued three reports during the war dealing with its work at home and in Europe. This first covers 214 RED CROSS IN IOWA the period up to November 1, 1917; the second is for the period up to March 1, 1918; the third is for the period up to Decem- ber 1, 1918. These will be cited as No. I, No. II, and No. III. oG The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 8; The BuUetin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 7, p. 2. 57 The WorJc of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 16. 58 This office was created because Eliot Wadsworth, who had previously been acting chairman of the Executive Committee, and was responsible for the execution of such plans and poli- cies, was fuUy occupied with his duties as a member ex officio of the War Council. — The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, pp. 17, 18; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 28, p. 2, No. 39, p. 4. 59 Marshalltown Times-Bepublican, June 16, 1917. 60 The Official Bidletin, Vol. I, No. 29, p. 7. 61 Gibson's The Organisation of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XII, p. 485. 62 Devine 's Social Forces in War Time in The Survey, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 425. 63 Gibson's The Organisation of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XII, p. 485. 64 Gibson 's The Organisation of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XII, pp. 485, 487. 65 Gibson's The Organization of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XII, pp. 485, 487. This represents the organization of the Eed Cross as described by the General Manager, IIar\'ey D. Gibson, in October, 1917. At that time the directors of the several bureaus were John D. Ryan, presi- dent of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, for the Bu- reau of Military Relief; W. Frank Persons, for many years associated with the New York Charity Organization Society for the Bureau of Civilian Relief; Frederick P. Small, assistant NOTES AND REFERENCES 215 to the president of the American Express Company, for the Bureau of Standards; Samuel Greer, commercial superintendent of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, for the Bureau of Development; Frank B. Gifford, formerly purchasing agent for Armour and Company, Chicago, D. W. Cooke, vice president of the Erie Kailway Company, and J. Sogers Flan- nery, a prominent Pittsburgh business man, for the Bureau of Supplies and Transportation ; and Miss Florence Marshall, for- merly principal of the Manhattan Trade School of New York, for the Women's Bureau. 66 The Worh of the Americun Bed Cross, No, I, p. 16. A department for Belgium had been established by the Commis- sion to France. 67 Gibson's The Organization of the Bed Cross in The Bed Cross Magazine, Vol. XII, p. 485; The American Bed Cross: What It Is and What It Does, p. 7; American Bed Cross: Directory of Chapters, February 1, 1917, p. 4. The only division of the country into districts before this was that made by the Department of Chapters, which had dis- tributed its work among eight divisions. Iowa was in the Central Division with Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, and Nebraska. Under the new plan the Fourteenth Division had charge of all chapters outside the United States. There were chapters in Hawaii, the Philippines, and Porto Rico, in Cuba and Guatemala, in Lon- don and Paris, in Egypt, Syria, Persia, Seoul, Japan, Argen- tine, and the Canal Zone — Advertising Pages, Announcement No. I. (This was a series of five pages of informational adver- tising matter issued by the American Eed Cross for use of the chapters during the Second War Fund Drive.) The Bulletin of the Central Division of the American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 3. 6s Diagram of Chapter Organization, a chart issued by the Bureau of Development of the Central Division of the Amer- ican Eed Cross. 216 RED CROSS IN IOWA 69 Conference with Red Cross •workers ; The Des Moines Register, May 16, 1917. 70 Conference with Red Cross workers. 71 Tlie Organization of Auxiliaries of a Chapter, a sheet of instructions sent out hj the Red Cross to chapters; The Amer- ican Red Cross: Organization and Activities, May 24, 1917, ARC 114, p. 18. 72 The Organization of Auxiliaries of a Chapter. 73 The WorJc of the American Red Cross, No. I, pp. 27-30. 74 Mobilized on Moving Day in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 685; Annunl Message to the Cliapters of the American Red Cross from the Red Cross War Council, 1918; this was a four page folder sent to the chapters by the War Council. 75 The Official Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 49, p. 2; Speech Stuf — Second War Fund Drive, May 20-27, 1918, p. 14. This was a small pamphlet issued for use of speakers during the Second War Fund Drive. 76r7ie Official Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 107, p. 4; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 27, p. 3, No. 19, p. 3, No. 31, p. 3. 77 Cliart of Division Organization, a chart issued by the Red Cross showing the national and division organization; The Of- ficial Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 107, p. 4. 78 Clmrt of Division Organization; The Bulletin of the Cen- tral Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 3, No. 35, p. 3 ; The Work of the American Red Cross, No. I, p. 35. ''^ Chart of Division Organization; The Bulletin of the Cen- tral Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 3, Vol. II, No. 18, p. 6; The Work of the American Red Cross, No. I, p. 35. 80 Chart of Division Organization ; The Bulletin of the Cen- tral Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 5, No. 10, NOTES AND REFERENCES 217 p. 3, No. 39, p. 3 ; The Worlc of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 35. 81 Chart of Division Organization ; The Bulletin of the Cen- tral Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 39, p. 3, Vol. II, No. 2. 82 Clvart of Division Organization; The Bulletin of the Cen- tral Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p, 8, No. 4, p. 4; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 14, p. 2. 83 Chart of Division Organisation; The Bulleti7i of the Amer- ican Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 3 ; The Work of the American Bed Cross, No. I, p. 35. 84 Conferences -with Eed Cross workers. s^ The Des Moines Begister, May 3, 1917; The Sioux City Journal, August 1, 1917. 86 Correspondence in State director 's office ; letter from A. E. Kepford to Lewis N. Wiggins, Associate Manager of Central Division, March 4, 1918; letter from Louis Gardner, chairman Jones County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, March 9, 1918. 87 Conferences with Eed Cross officials; The Bed Cross Her- ald, Vol. I, No. 10, December 31, 1917. These were mimeo- graphed bulletins issued from September, 1917, to March, 1919, by the Iowa State director. 88 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 9, September 16, 1918; circular letter from Kepford to Iowa chapters, November 17, 1917, Series No. 27. 89 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 9, December 12, 1917. 00 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, October 12, 18, 25, November 6, 1917; The Des Moines Begister, October 30, 31, 1917. CHAPTER rV 91 Information furnished by J. K. Deming, Dubuque, treas- urer of the Iowa State Board of the Eed Cross. 218 RED CROSS IN IOWA 82 Historical Eeport of Burlington chapter to Central Divi- sion (manuscript), p. 1, All the Red Cross chapters in the Central Division were asked to compile a history of their activities during the war. Some of these the writer has examined in the Central Division offices where they are on file. These will be cited as Historical "Eeports to the Central Division. «3 American Bed Cross Directory of Chapters, February 1, 1917, ARC 145, pp. 15, 16; questionnaire sent to Iowa chap- ters by State Director Kepford; records in the office of the Central Division. oi Suggestions as to steps to be taken in Formation of CMp- ters in American Bed Cross. This is a circular issued by State Director James B. Weaver. 95 The Des Moines Begister, May 3, 1917. ^^ The Des Moines Begister, May 16, 1917; The Sioux City Journal, August 1, 1917. 97 The Des Moines Begister, May 3, 16, 1917. 98 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 5 ; The Official Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 49, p. 2; The Des Moines Begister, June 14, 1917. 99 Central Division reports on chapters and membership, March 31st to June 30, 1918, April 1st to June 30, 1919; rec- ords in the office of the Central Division. 100 The Sioux City Journal, August 1, 1917; The Des Moines Begister, July 17, 1918; records in the office of the Central Division. 101 Report of field secretary to Central Division on the Block- ton chapter, August 8, 1918. 102 Suggestions as to Steps to he Talcen in Formation of Chapters in American Bed Cross. 103 Conferences with R^d Cross officials; correspondence" in office of State director. NOTES AND REFERENCES 219 104 Conferences with Eed Cross officials; letter from A. E, Kepford to Bnice D. Smith, December 20, 1917 (copy) ; letter from F, A. O 'Connor to Dr. T. H. Naae, chairman of the * ' In- dependent Society" of Graettinger, December 24, 1917. 105 Letter from W. J. Pendray, chairman of Henry Count7 chapter, to A. E. Kepford, January 19, 1918. 106 Letter from H. J. Mantz, chairman of Audubon County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, October 8, 1917. 107 Letter from A. E. Kepford to John F. Schee, chairman of Warren County chapter, July 17, 1918. 108 Suggestions as to Steps to he TaJcen in Formation of Cliapters in American Bed Cross; conferences with Eed Cross officials; The Eelationship Between a Chapter and Its Branches, November 15, 1917. This was a printed circular issued by the Central Division, being a copy of an address by Frederick W. Stevens, Michigan State director, at the annual meeting of the Marquette County chapter, October 24, 1917. 109 Suggestions as to Steps to be TaTcen in Formation of Chapters in American Bed Cross. 110 Letter from O. B. Emerson, chairman of Afton chapter, to James B. Weaver, July 3, 1917. 111 Letter from Helen L. Shaw, chairman executive com- mittee of Jones County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, December 28, 1917. 112 From a report made to A. E. Kepford by the Central Division. 113 Correspondence in office of State director. 114 Eecords in the office of the Central Division. 115 The Des Moines Begister, September 19, December 2, 1918; Central Division reports on chapters and membership, March 31st to June 30, 1918, April 1st to June 30, 1919; letter from Mrs. F. P. Hartsook, secretary of Madison County chap- ter, to A. E. Kepford, January 25, 1919. 220 RED CROSS IN IOWA 116 Diagram of Chapter Organization; information ' secured from "Walter Davidson, Bureau of Development, Central Di- vision. 117 Diagram of Chapter Organization. 118 Circular letter from Central Division committee on influ- enza to chapter chairmen, October 22, 1918; circular letter from A. E. Kepford to chapter chairmen, February 19, 1918 (Series B, No. 2). 119 Conferences with officials of Iowa City Eed Cross chapter. 120 Historical Report of "Winneshiek County chapter to Cen- tral Division, p. 3 ; report of Miss Eileen Dougherty, field secre- tary of Central Division, April 29, 1918. 121 Letter from A. E, Kepford to Dr. Prank S. Hough, chair- man of Sibley Red Cross chapter, September 13, 1917. 122 The Belationship Between a Cliapter and Its Branches, November 15, 1917. 123 The Belationship Betioeen a Chapter and Its Branches, November 15, 1917. 124 The Belationship Between a Chapter and Its Branches, November 15, 1917; Rules Governing Branches (Series A, No. The latter was a circular letter sent out by the Iowa State Director, August 10, 1917. i2.'> lietter from A. E. Kepford to Miss Marion Andrews, secretary of Adams County chapter, February 6, 1918. 126 Letter from A. E. Kepford to Walter Davidson, Bureau of Development, Central Division, March 27, 1918. 127 The Sioux City Journal, July 21, 1917. 128 Records in the office of the Central Division. 129 Correspondence in office of the State director. NOTES AND REFERENCES 221 130 Letter from A. E. Kepford to Dr. Frank S. Hough, chair- man of Sibley chapter, September 13, 1917. 131 Letter from Louis Gardner, chairman of Jones County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, August 31, 1917. CHAPTER V 132 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, pp. 11, 12; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 5. Changes were made in the membership rules just before the Christmas Membership Campaign in 1917. At that time the subscribing membership was changed to the magazine member- ship and dues for a life member were increased from twenty- five to fifty dollars. 133 The American Bed Cross in War Time in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 549. The Associated Charities of fifteen of the large cities had accepted the role of institutional members by 1910 and some of them had rendered very satisfactory service. — Sixth Annual Be- 'port of the American National Bed Cross, 1910, p. 9. In Febru- ary, 1917, there were eighteen such members. — The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 579. 134 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, p. 12. 135 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 14, p. 1; The WorTc and Spirit of the Junior Bed Cross, January 26, 1918, ARC 603, pp. 1, 2. 136 Sixth Anjiual Beport of the American National Bed Cross, 1910, p. 8. 137 Tenth A7inval Beport of the American National Bed Cross, 1914, p. 6. 138 The Survey, Vol. XXXVI, p. 611. 139 The Bed Cross Out for a Million Members in The Survey, Vol. XXXVI, p. 173. 222 RED CROSS IN IOWA 140 The Bed Cross Out for a Million Members in The Survey, Vol. XXXVI, p. 173. 141 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 34, p. 2. 142 Mobilized on Moving Day in The Survey, Vol. XXXVII, p. 686. 143 Advertising Pages, Announcement No. 1. 144 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 2. 145 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11, p. 2. 146 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 34, p. 2. 147 The Des Moines Begister, March 3, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, March 21, 1917. 148 The Des Moines Begister, March 1, 1917. 149 The Des Moines Capital, March 11, 17, 1917. 130 The Des Moines Begister, March 3, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, March 21, 1917. 151 The Des Moines Capital, March 24, 1917. 152 The Des Moines Begister, March 26, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, March 24, 1917, 153 The Des Moines Begister, March 26, 1917. 154 The Des Moines Begister, March 26, 1917. 155 The Des Moines Begister, March 26, 1917. It was during the campaign in Des Moines that the idea of the one hundred per cent service flag was developed by Mr. Wallace and L. S. Hill, chairman of the team that canvassed the printers and publishers. Mr. Hill announced that the print- ers would be one hundred per cent and Mr. Wallace applied it to all businesses where all employees joined the Eed Cross. When the national membership campaigns were carried on the one hundred per cent service flags were effectively used through- out the county for families as well as business establishments. NOTES AND REFERENCES 223 A worker in Wisconsin made the following statement con- cerning the use of the one hundred per cent service flags: "Without the 100% idea I doubt very much whether we would have secured one-half as many members as were secured in our local campaign — it was the only thing which would bring the money by the dollar memberships for children or servants in the family. "We are located in a community largely made up of Ger- mans or descendants of Germans, and within 24 hours after launching the campaign loyal citizens were able to pick out places of business where they desired to trade. The 100% flag did more to separate the sheep from the goats than any- thing we have had in any campaign yet. ' ' — Correspondence in office of J. P. Wallace. 156 The Des Moines Eegister, May 16, 1917. 157 The Des Moines Hegister, June 14, 1917. 158 Letters from Louis Gardner, chairman of Jones County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, August 21, 1917, and one undated. 159 The Jted Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 1, September 11, 1917. 160 Circular letters from A. E. Kepford to Iowa chapters, October 1, November 9, 1917, Series A 25, A 26. 161 Letter from A. E. Kepford to W. M. Keeley, chairman of Washington County chapter, November 16, 1917. 162 The Official Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 158, p. 5. 163 The Official Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 158, p. 4 ; Eed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 5. The latter was a pamphlet issued by the national organization of the Eed Cross to the chapters, containing plans for organ- izing local campaigns. i6*JBed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 13. 165 Eed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 1, 2, 11, 13 ; The Bulletin of the Central Divi- 224 RED CROSS IN IOWA sion American Bed Cross, Vol. I, Nos. 2, 3; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 33, p. 2. i«6 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 5. 167 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 5, 6, 7. 168 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 5, 6, 7. 169 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 2. 170 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 7, 8. 171 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 7, 8, 19-31. 172 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 15 ; The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 30, pp. 1, 2, No. 32, pp. 1, 3. 173 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, pp. 16, 17, 18. 174 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 32. 175 Bed Cross Christmas Membership Campaign, December 17-25, 1917, p. 14. 176 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 5; The Chicago Daily Tribune^ December 18, 1917; letter from A. E. Kepford to Al Falkenhainer, Algona, December 5, 1917. 177 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 5, p. 4. 178 Wallaces' Farmer, Vol. XLII, p. 1682. 179 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 33. 180 The Clinton Advertiser, December 15, 1917 ; War Proclu- NOTES AND REFERENCES 225 mations by Governor Harding in loiva and War, No. 13, July, 1918, pp. 16-18. 181 Fort Dodge Messenger and Chronicle, December 10, 15, 17, 21, 31, 1917. 182 The Sioux City Journal, December 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 1917. 183 The Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, December 16, IS, 21, 1917. 184 The Clinton Advertiser, December 19, 1917. 185 The Clinton Advertiser, December 20, 1917. 188 Waterloo Evening Courier, December 19, 22, 24, 1917. 187 The Des Moines Eegister, December 13, 21, 25, 1917. 188 The Burlington HawTc-Eye, December 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 1917. 189 The Burlington Hawh-Eye, December 23, 1917. 190 The Burlington HawTc-Eye, December 19, 1917. 191 The Burlington HawTc-Eye, December 22, 1917. 192 T/ie Sioux City Journal, December 9, 1917; The Des Moines Eegister, March 3, 1918; The Red Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 3, March 8, 1918; letter to A. E. Kepford signed by the judges announcing their decision, March 4, 1918. 193 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. II, No. 3, March 8, 1918. 194 The Outlook, Vol. 118, p. 235. 195 Central Division report on chapters and membership, March 31 to June 30, 1918; The Des Moines Eegister, July 17, 1918. 196 The Eed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 37, p. 1. 197 The Eed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 41, p. 4. 198 The Eed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 50, pp. 1, 2, 4, No. 51, pp. 1, 2. VOL. I — 16 226 RED CROSS IN IOWA 199 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 50, p. 1. 200 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol, II, No. 51, p. 2 ; The Des Moines Capital, December 13, 1918. 201 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 51, p. 2. 202 Eeport of Bed Cross Christmas Boll Call for Iowa. This was a printed statement of the results of the campaign in Iowa issued by the State chairman. 203 Beport of Bed Cross Christmas Boll Call for Iowa. 204 The Des Moines Begister, December 17, 22, 1918 ; Fort Dodge Messenger and Chronicle, December 24, 1918. 205 The Des Moines Capital, December 13, 1918; The Des Moines Begister, December 17-24, 1918. 206 The Evening Democrat (Fort Madison), December 20, 21, 1918; The Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, December 11, 15, 1918; The Clinton Advertiser, December 14, 1918; Waterloo Evening Courier, December 17, 1918. 207 Marshalltoivn Times-Bepublican, December 17-20, 1918. 208 The Des Moines Begister, December 17, 1918, January 2, 1919. 20Q The Sioux City Journal, December 13-20, 1918; The Ce- dar Bapids Bepublican, December 17, 18, 1918; The Muscatine Journal, December 12, 1918. 210 Fort Dodge Messenger and Chronicle, December 17-21, 1918; Webster County Patriot's Fund for War Belief Work. The latter was a circular issued by the Patriot's Fund explain- ing its purpose and organization. 211 The Burlington Hawk-Eyc, December 13, 17, 21, 1918. 212 Beport of Bed Cross Christmas Boll Call for Iowa. 213 Eeport of Bed Cross Christmas Boll Call for Iowa; The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 11, 12. The latter was a report issued by the American Eed Cross, be- NOTES AND REFERENCES 227 ing a statement of finances and accomplishments for the period July 1, 1917, to February 28, 1919. 2ii Eeport of Bed Cross Christmas Boll Call for Iowa. 215 T7ie Des Moines Bcgister, January 1, 1919; Census of Iowa, 1915, pp. xii, xiii, xxxiv; Beport of the Bed Cross Christ- mas Boll Call for Iowa. CHAPTER VI 216 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, pp. 13, 14. 217 Charter and By-Laivs of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, pp. 8, 9. 218 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, p. 5. 219 Charter and By-Laws of the American National Bed Cross, August, 1917, ARC 500, pp. 4, 6. 220 The WorTc of the American Bed Cross, No. I, pp. 8-14. 221 The Worlc of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 16-19. 222 The Des Moines Begister, June 14, 1917. 223 The Des Moines Begister, June 14, 1917. 22i The Des Moines Capital, June 14, 1917; Marshalltown Times-Bepublican, June 12, 1917. 225 The Des Moines Begister, June 20, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, June 15, 20, 1917. 226 The Des Moines Capital, June 15, 1917; The Des Moines Begister, June 18, 1917. Sergeant Breckenridge was used in many States in making speeches for the Red Cross. It was eventually discovered by postal inspectors that he was a deserter from both the Canadian and United States armies. 227 The Des Moines Begister, June 20-24, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, June 27, 1917. 228 RED CROSS IN IOWA ^28 The Des Moines Capital, June 20, 22, 1917; The Des Moines Register, June 21, 1917. 229 The Des Moines Capital, June 27, 1917. 230 The Des Moines Capital, June 27, 1917. 231 The Des Moines Register; The Des Moines Capital^ June 17-25, 1917. 232 The Des Moines Register, June 27, 1917. 233 The Des Moines Register, June 27, 1917. 234 The Des Moines Capital, June 21, 23, 26, 1917. 235 The Des Moines Capital, June 23, 1917. 236 The Des Moines Register, June 25, 1917. 237 The Des Moines Register, June 28, 1917. 238 The Des Moines Capital, June 28, 1917. 239 The Des Moines Register, June 27, 1917; The Des Moines Capital, July 12, 1917. 240 The Des Moines Register, June 30, 1917. 241 The Des Moines Register, June 28, 1917. 242 The Des Moines Register, June 28, 1917. 243 The Des Moines Capital, June 20, 1917. 244 The Des Moines Capital, July 12, 1917. 245 Letter from A, E. Kepford to Bernard E. Sunny, manager of Second War Fund, Central Division, March 11, 1918. 246 "Whitney 's First, Second and Third Liberty Loans in Iowa in loica and War, September, 1918, p. 8. 247 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 21, p. 1. 248 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Red Cross, Vol. I, No. 19, p. 2; Second Red Cross War Fund Campaign Plan Boole, Pt. I, p. 6; Red Cross Parade Manual. The last NOTES AND REFERENCES 229 reference was a circular issued by the American Ked Cross, in- cluding instructions as to assemblage and marching order of Eed Cross parades. 249 r/ie Survey, Vol. XL, p. 193; Second Bed Cross War Fund Campaign Plan Book, Pt. I, p. 6; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 20, pp. 1, 2. 250 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 1, No. 19, p. 2. 251 The Work of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 16, 19. 252 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 4, No. 19, p. 2. 253 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 24, p. 3. 2B4 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 4; The Des Moines Begister, May 5, 1918; The Meaning of the War Fund Campaign for the American Bed Cross. The last reference was a leaflet sent out by State Chairman "Wallace. 255 War Proclamations by Governor Harding in Iowa and War, July, 1918, pp. 40-43. 256 The Des Moines Begister, May 15, 17, 19, 1918; The Des Moines Capital, May 10, 1918. 257 The Des Moines Begister, May 17, 1918. 258 Letter from A. E. Kepf ord to Wentworth G. Field, March 19, 1918. 259 Report of Field Secretary Eileen Dougherty to Central Division, July 2, 1918. 260 Report of Field Secretary Eileen Dougherty to Central Division, August 8, 1918. 261 Letter from A. E. Kepford to W. J. Pendray, chairman of Henry County chapter, April 23, 1918. 230 RED CROSS IN IOWA 262 Letter from H. L. Stoughtoii, chairman of Mitchell County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, August 15, 1918. 263 Keport of Field Secretary Eileen Dougherty to Central Division, August 31, 1918. 264 Eeport of Field Secretary Eileen Dougherty to Central Division, August 19, 1918. 265 The Des Moines Begister, May 24, 1918. 266 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed, Cross, Vol. I, No. 27, p. 4. 267 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 23, p. 4. 208 Letter from V. H. Lovejoy, chairman of Jefferson County chapter, to A. E. Kepford, March 22, 1918. 209 Des Moines, June 1918, p. 2 (Des Moines is the monthly publication of the Des Moines Chamber of Commerce) ; The Des Moines Begister, May 15, 1918; The Des Moines Capital, May 22, 1918. 270 The Des Moines Begister, May 21, 1918. 271 The Sioux City Journal, May 18, 21, 29, 1918. 272 The Sioux City Journal, May 23, 29, June 19, 1918. 273 The Sioux City Journal, May 22, 29, 1918. 274 The Sioux City Journal, May 22, 25, 1918. 275 The Sioux City Journal, May 19, 22, 1918. 276 The Sioux City Journal, May 22, 1918. 277 The Sioux City Journal, May 25, 26, 1918. 278 The Des Moines Begister, May 22, 24,-26, June 16, 1918; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 22, p. 1. Woodbury County was not placed first because a large part of the amount raised was retained by the chapter. 279 The Bed Cross Bulletin, Vol. Ill, No. 3, p. 7. NOTES AND REFERENCES 231 280 TJie Worlc of the American Bed Cross During the War, pp. 3, 16. 281 The Worh of the American Hed Cross During the War, pp. 2, 3, 6. 282 The Survey, Vol. XL, p. 642. 283 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 19, p. 4. 284 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 19, p. 4. 285 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 34, p. 1. 280 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 33, p. 2. 287 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 33, pp. 1, 2. 288 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 21, p. 1. 289 Fort Dodge Messenger and Chronicle, January 7, 12, 14, 18, 1918; The Burlington Hawk-Eye, May 28, 30, 31, June 2, 1918; letter from A. E. Kepford to H. G. Fleming of the Cen- tral Division, October 12, 1917; Hansen's Welfare Cainpaigns i?i Iowa. 290 Des Moines, May, 1918. 291 Correspondence of A. E. Kepford. 292 The Des Moines Begister, June 17, 1918. CHAPTER VII 293 The Worlc of the American Bed Cross During the War, p. 4. 294 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 2, No. 20, p. 4. 232 RED CROSS IN IOWA 295 The Bulletiji of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 2. 296 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. II, No. 7, p. 3. 297 The Des Moines Register, November 6, 1917; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 13, p. 2, No. 15, p. 2, No. 20, p. 4, No. 23, p. 3 ; The Bed Cross Her- ald, Vol. II, No. 4, April 11, 1918; Des Moines Capital, Novem- ber 28, 1917. 298 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 13, p. 2, No. 15, p. 2 ; letter from Al Falkenhainer of Algona to A. E. Kepford, December 23, 1917; The Des Moines Begister, December 8, 1917. 299 The Des Moines Begister, November 6, December 13, 1917; The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 10, December 31, 1917, Vol. II, No. 4, April 11, 1918 ; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 18, p. 3, No. 20, p. 4; letter from Al Falkenhainer to A. E. Kepford, December 23, 1917, 300 The Des Moines Begister, December 17, 1917, January 14, 1918 ; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 21, p. 3, No. 8, p. 4. 301 The Bed Cross Herald, Vol. I, No. 8, November 6, No. 9, December 12, 1917; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross^ Vol. I, No. 16, p. 4; letters from Mrs. Lena D. Pratt, secretary of Winterset chapter, to A. E. Kep- ford, November 27, December 3, 1917; copy of handbills. 302 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 15, p. 2, No. 23, p. 3, No. 20, p. 4. 303 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 16, pp. 3, 4. 304 The Sioux City Journal, May 3, 1918; The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 23. NOTES AND KEFERENCES 233 305 The Des Moines Register, April 20, 1918, 306 The Iowa Homestead, December 26, 1918, pp. 1, 25; clip- pings from Decorah newspapers. 307 The Des Moines Register, November 26, 1917, September 8, 1918; Bonor Boll Webster County, Iowa; The Sioux City Journal, May 1, 13, 1917. 308 The Bulletin of the Central Division American Bed Cross, Vol. I, No. 33, p. 3, No. 21, p. 3, No. 8, p. 5. 309 The Des Moines Begister, May 4, 1917. 310 Keport of cases disposed of by United States Food Ad- ministration, Enforcement Division for Iowa, in which penalties were imposed covering period from February 20 to December 31 1918; letter from W. T. McElroy, Chief of Sugar Division tor Iowa, to State Historical Society of Iowa, July 29, 1920. 311 The Sioux City Journal, January 2, 6, 8, 1918. 312 The Sioux City Journal, January 9, 28, 1918. 313 The Sioux City Journal, March 26, April 4, 1918. 314 The Sioux City Journal, April 28, June 23, 1918. 315 The Sioux City Journal, May 11, July 7, 1918. 316 The Sioux City Journal, July 7, 1918. 317 The Sioux City Journal, July 7, August 18, 1918. 318 The Sioux City Journal, November 14, 1918, January 14, 1919. 319 The Sioux City Journal, February 9, 11, 1919. 320 The Des Moines Begister, May 13, October 20, 1918. 321 Letter from C. M. Cochrane, secretary of Davenport chapter, to A. E. Kepford, August 10, 1917; questionnaire sent to Iowa chapters by A. E. Kepford. 234 RED CROSS IN IOWA 322 Report of Red Cross work in Iowa compiled by A. E. Kepford for The Des Moines Eegister, April 22, 1919; The WorJc of the American Bed Cross During the War^ p. 18. 323 Letter from A. E. Kepford to Mrs. W. D. MeMichael, Adair, Iowa, May 1, 1919. INDEX INDEX "Abraham Lincoln" (goose), sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188, 189 Abu Bekr Temple, Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Accounting, Bureau of, work of, I, 53 Adair County, Red Cross contest in, I, 188, 189 Adams County, Red Cross branch- es and auxiliaries in, I, 86; Red Cross members in, I, 99, 135 Adel, Red Cross membership rec- ord of, I, 129 Admen's Club of Des Moines, Red Cross advertising by, I, 153 Administrative Department, pur- pose of, I, 33 Advertisements, use of, in Red Cross campaign, I, 106, 107, 161; success of, in Des Moines, during first war fund drive, I, 152-154 Afghans, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 145 ; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Africa, soldier from, II, 2 Ahrens, Minnie A., service of, as director of Bureau of Nursing Service, I, 52, II, 155 Alderman, U. S., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Algona, historic flag at, I, 156; contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173; Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187 Aliens, status of, II, 130 "All You Need Is A Heart and A Dollar", slogan of, I, 125, 126 Allamakee County, Red Cross members in, I, 99, 135 Allotments, information concern- ing, II, 80, 88 ; assistance in securing, II, 136, 143 Allowances, information concern- ing, II, 64, 80, 88; assistance in securing, II, 136, 143; scale of, II, 219 Almy, Frederic, comment by, on home service, II, 113, 120, 121 Alton, work of canteen at, II, 58 Alvord, livestock donated to Red Cross by, I, 190 Ambulances, provision for, II, 44 American Association for the Re- lief of Misery on Battlefields, formation of, I, 19; end of, I, 20 American Nurses' Association, co- operation of, with Red Cross, II, 153 American Red Cross (see Red Cross, American) Ames, contribution from, to sec- ond war fund, I, 166; Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26; work of home service section in, II, 92 ; emergency hospital in, II, 94 Anaconda Copper Mining Com- pany, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 Anamosa, Red Cross work at, I, 89 "Andes" (boat), wounded trans- ported by, I, 5 Annual membership, requirements for, I, 90 Apples, distribution of, to troops, II, 54, 55 Argentina, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Arizona, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 Armenia, massacres in, I, 25, 26; donations for relief of. I, 203 Aimistice, effect of, on Red Cross roll call, I, 134; effect of, on home service work in camps, II, 130 Army, morale of, II, 60, 61; need of nurses for, II, 161, 166; nurses assigned to, II, 168; work of Junior Red Cross for, II, 196, 197 Army Nurse Corps, representative of, on committee, II, 153 ; re- 237 238 INDEX serve of, II, 156; assignment of nurses to, II, 157, 158 Arrick, Clifford, service of, in sec- ond war fund drive, I, 162 Arthur, Chester A., Red Cross Treaty favored by, I, 23 Articles, number of. furnished by Red Cross, II, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29; value of, II. 25 Associate directors, Red Cross, status of, II, 126, 127, 128, 131 Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, president of, I, 154 Associated Charities, enrollment of, in Red Cross, I, 221 Atkinson, James, svreater donated by, I, 152 Atlantic Division, Red Cross, number of members in, I, 93 ; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188 "Attention service", conduct of, II, 40, 41 Auctions, use of, for Red Cross, I, 166. 169, 186-190 Audubon County, Red Cross mem- bership in. I. 135 Aurora (Illinois), production of surgical dressings at, II, 20 Austrians, care of wounded of, I, 7-10 Auto rides, provision for, at Fort Pes Moines, II, 147 Autographs, book of, I, 150 Automobiles, use of, for Red Cross. II, 35-38 Auxiliaries, Red Cross, organiza- tion of, I. 35, 47. 48. 49, 80, 81, 82-89, II, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190 ; number of. in Sioux Citv. I, 86 ; number of, in Woodburv County, I, 86, II, 28, 29: schools as, I. 91. 92; finances of. T. 183. 185, 186 Auxiliarv Relief Corps, use of Red Cross emblem by, I. 15 Aviator jackets, number of, II, 28 Axson, Stockton, election of. as secretary of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Babies, clothing for, II. 198 Baggage, cheeking of, for troops, IT. 53 Baker, George B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Baker, Newton T).. Red Cross speech by, I, 142 ; letter from, concerning Iowa's Red Cross work, II, 208, 209 (see also Secretary of War) Balkan War, Red Cross relief in, I, 25 Bananas, distribution of, to troops, II. 53 Bancroft, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 166 Bandages, making of, IT, 29 Bankers, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 170 Banks, Red Cross booths in, I, 133; Red Cross dividends of, I. 143; use of, as Red Cross depositories, I, 143, 144 Banquet, eatless, I, 195, 196 Bard, Ralph A., service of, as director of Bureau of Military Relief, I. 51 Barroom. Red Cross workroom in, II. 12. 13 Barton, Clara, service of, in Franco-Prussian War. I. 18, 19. 21: efforts of. to secure rat- ification of Geneva Treaty, I, 19-23: work of, in disaster re- lief, I. 24-26; resignation of, from Red Cross, I, 27, 28 Base hospital units, organization of, II. 158. 159. 160; e(|uip- ment of, TI, 159: mobilization of. IT. 160; number of. 11,160 Baseball, gnme of, at Fort Des Mnines. IT. 148 Bathing, facilities for, II, 44, 45, 52 Bazaars, holding of. bv Junor Red Cross. IT. 194, 195 Bear, Ben. Red Cross pig club managed by. I, 192 Bed shirts, number of, II, 28 Bedford, collection of nut products at, IT, 35 Beeves, auction of, for Red Cross, T. 169 Beltrian hares, sale of, at Red Cross auction. I. 151 Belgian relief, work of Red Cross for. IT, 30-33 Belgian Relief Committee, work of, in Des Moines. IT, 33 Belgian shiwls, number of, II, :11 Belcium. Red Cross denartment for. I. 215; garments for refu- gees of. IT. 193, 199 Bell, Keller .T., service of. in sec- ond war fund drive. I, 163 INDEX 239 Belle Plaine, Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Bellows, Henrv W., interest of, in Red Cross, I, 19 Belmond, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173 Benton County, second war fund drive in, I, 165; Council of De- fense of, I, 165 Bicknell, Ernest P., service of, as director of Department of Civil- ian Relief, II, 68 Black Hawk County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135, 136; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157 Blankets, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93 Bliss, Cornelius N., Jr., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39, II, 204 Block system, use of, in Des Moines, I, 130, 131 Boardman, Mabel T., office of, in Red Cross, I, 28 Bonuses, assistance in securing, II, 65; information concerning, II, 80 Books, furnishing of, to troops, II, 127 Boone, work of Red Cross can- teen at, II, 51, 52, 54, 55, 218 Boone County, work of Red Cross canteen in, II, 54 Bottles, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Bowles, Charles S. P., presence of, at Geneva Conference, I, 12, 16 Boxes, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Boy Scouts, work of, for Red Cross, I, 95, 108, 115, 130, 148 ; work of, for Belgian re- lief, II. 33 "Bovs, Where Do We Go From Here, Oh," I, 149 Brackin, D. C, Red Cross speech by, I, 146 Bradshaw, Charles, bids by, I, 150 Braisted. William C, request of, for nurses, II, 161 (see also Surgeon General of the Navy) Branches. Red Cross, organization of. I, 34. 35. 46-49, 74, 80, 81. 82-89; plan of organization of, in Iowa. I, 82-89: relation of, to chapters, I, 83-89; finances of, I, 183, 185, 186; work- rooms of, II, 8-11; friction be- tween chapters and, II, 14, 15; number of, in Woodbury Coun- ty, II, 28; home service sec- tions of, II, 72 Brass, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Breckenridge, Sergeant, Red Cross speech bv, I, 147 ; record of, I, 227 Bremer County, Red Cross mem- bership in. I, 135 British Expeditionary Force, base hospitals assigned to, II, 160 Britton, John W., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Brothers, allowances for, II, 219 Brushes, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 141, 145 Buckingham, L. R., services of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Buckley, Mabel, pony donated by, I, 150 Buena Vista County, second war fund drive in, I, 165 Buffalo meat, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Burch, Major, comment of, on women's motor corps, II, 38 Burlington, organization of Red Cross chapter at. I, 61, 62; Red Cross membership cam- paign in. I, 117, 118, 119, 133; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross workroom in, II, 13; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28; Red Cross canteen at, II, 54. 218; home service course at, II, 103 ; com- mittee at, on nursing service, II, 155 ; campaign in, for nurses. II. 164, 165 Burlington Reserves, participation of, in Red Cross parade, I, 118 Butter, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Byers, H. W., speech by, I, 120 Byington, Margaret, home service sections inspected by, II, 74, Cakes, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187; distribution of, to troops. II. 55, 145. 148 Calabria, earthquake at, I, 2 Calhoun County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99 240 INDEX California, soldiers from, II, 54: Junior Red Cross membership in, II, 190 Calmar, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Camp communities, home service work in, II, 149-151 Camp Dodge, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26, 31; service of women's motor corps at, II, 37, 38; work of Red Cross in, dur- ing influenza epidemic, II, 94; Red Cross camp service in, II, , 133-140; convalescent house at, II, 138; nurses' home at, II, 138; Red Cross staff at, 11, 139; Christmas celebration at, II, 139, 140 Camp Dodfier, notice in, concern- ing home service work, II, 134 Camp service, purpose of, II, 124, 125; organization of, II, 124, 125; work of Red Cross in, II, 124-151: attitude of army ♦o- ward, II. 126; experiences uf men in, II, 128, 129, 130; ac- tivities of, II, 131; cost of, II, 132; work of, in Iowa, II, 133- 151 Camp Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, II, 124, 126 Campaign manager, selection of, T, 102; work of, I, 103 Campnifjn Plan Boole, issue of, by Red Cross, I, 159 Camps. Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 20, 132; work of Red Cross in. II, 124-151; home service work in. II, 126-131; sewing for. II. 196, 197 Canadian Red Cross, button of, I. 151 Canal Zone. Red Cross chapters in, T, 215 Canary, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion, I. 151 Candv. distribution of. to soldiers, IT, 40. 42. 47. 49, 55, 145. 148 Canes, distribution of. to soldiers, IT, 145. 148: making of, by Junior Red Cross, IT, 197 Cavteen Directory. American Red Cros.i. canteens listed in, II, 51, 52, 218 Canteen huts, equipment of, IT, 43. 44, 45 Canteen service, local committees on, I, 80, 82; account of, IT, 39-58; purpose of, IT, 40, 41; accomplishment of, IT, 45-58 ; director of, IT, 46; demobiliza- tion of, II, 46; cost of, IT, 50, 52. 53, 54 Canteen Service, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), organization of, IT, 49, 50 Canteen Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, IT, 39, 40 Canteen workers, uniforms of, IT, 44; number of, IT, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54; story of, IT, 56, 57 Canteens, Red Cross, location of, IT, 42, 45 ; notices of troop trains sent to, IT, 42, 43 ; num- ber of. IT, 46. 49, 51, 52; work of, II, 46-58, 148; establish- ment of, in Iowa, IT, 50. 51; objection to, IT, 51; closing of, IT. 205 ; list of cities in Iowa with. II. 218 Cantonments. Red Cross supplies sent to, IT, 20 Carroll County. Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Case. George B., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40 Case work, use of, in home ser- vice, IT. 65, 66, 67 Casey, Red Cross auction at, I, 186 Cass Countv, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135; Red Cross auc- tion in. I, 188 Castalia, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Cats, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 149, 150 Cedar Falls, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62 ; work of home service section in, II, 92 Cedar Rapids, number of Red Cross members in, T. 96. 136; second Christmas roll call in, I, 132; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145: collection of nut products at. II, 35; work of canteen at, IT, 52, 54, 218: work of home service section of, II, 91; home service course at, IT, 102, 103, 107; explosion at, IT, 122, 123: committee at. on nursing ser- vice. IT. 155; visiting nurses in. IT. 179 Centerville, home service confer- ence at, II. 106 INDEX 241 Central Committee, Red Cross, funds supervised by, I, 140; restoration of, II, 203 Central Division, Red Cross, head- quarters of, I, 49 ; managers of, I, 49, 50; States in, I, 49, 215; organization of, I, 49-54; bureaus of, I, 50-54, II, 11, 34; chapters in, I, 64, 71, 72, 78, 79; attitude of, toward branches and auxiliaries, I, 83, 84; members of Red Cross in, I, 92, 93, 121, 134; assign- ment of membershi]) quotas in, I, 110, 111; roll call committee of, I, 127, 128; first war fund drive in, I, 156; second war fund drive in, I, 162, 163 ; ad vice from, on raising money, I 184, 185; historical reports in I, 218; plan of, for supply ser vice, II, 4; Red Cross supplies produced in, II, 19-22; call of for surgical dressings, II, 20 clothing collected in, for refu gees, II, 32, 33; canteen ser vice in, II, 49, 50 ; home ser vice work in, II, 69, 70, 74 75, 85, 86, 90, 91, 122, 150 151; field representatives from II, 79, 83, 85, 8G; report to, II, 95 ; home service institutes conducted by, II, 101-107; ap preciation of trained social workers in, II, 118; represen tatives from, at Cedar Rapids II, 122 ; Department of Nurs ing in, II, 155 ; nurses enrolled in, II, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167 168, 169; quota of, in cam paign for nurses, II, 169; reg istration of nurses in, II, 174 175; statistics concerning work of Red Cross chapters in, dur ing nursing survey, II, 175 directors of Junior Red Cross in, II, 185 ; Junior Red Cross program in, II, 187; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188, 189, 190; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 188, 190; financial statistics of Ju- nior Red Cross in, II, 191 Central Division, Bulletin. The, objections to war chest plan printed in, I, 176 ; instructions in, concerning use of chapter funds, I, 185; comment in, on auctions in Iowa, I, 190; quo- tation from, concerning sup- plies, II, 15 ; career of Living- ston Farrand given in, II, 203 Central Trust Company of New York, Red Cross war fund su- pervised by, I, 143 Cerro Gordo County, Red Cross work in, II, 29, 30 Chain letters, objections of Red Cross to use of, I, 184 Chairs, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Chamber of Commerce (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 94, 147, 148; objections of, to war chest, I, 179, 180 Chaplain, presence of, in hospital unit, II, 159 Chapter Development, Bureau of, organization of, I, 43 ; work of, I, 43 Chapters, Red Cross, organization of, I, 34, 35, 46-59, 61-79, 96; number of, I, 34, 48, 49, 64, 65, 66, II, 190; charters for, I, 62, 63 ; difficulties of organ- izing in Iowa, I, 67-79; officers and committees of, I, 79-82; re- lation of, to branches, I, 83-89; relation of, to auxiliaries, I, 85, 86; finances of, I, 174, 183, 185, 186, 202, 203; historical reports by, I, 218; supply ser- vice in, II, 3, 4; quotas of, II, 5, 6, 7, 23 ; materials distrib- uted to, II, 6, 7; distribution of articles by, II, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17; workrooms of, II, 8-13; production of supplies by, in Iowa, II, 11, 12; problems in administration of. II, 14-17; failure of, to follow directions, II, 14-17: Belgian relief work of, II, 32 ; canteen work of, II, 40, 41, 42, 50, 51; civilian relief committees of, II, 70, 71; home service work of, II, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88; home service courses for, II, 103-105; requests of. for trained secretaries, II, 118; re- plies of, to camp service in- quiries, II, 129, 130; nursing service in charge of, II, 153, 163, 164; reports from, on nursing survey, II, 175 Chapters, Department of, work of. VOL. I 17 242 INDEX I, 33, 34, 35 ; districts created by, I, 215 Chariton, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; donation of, to Red Cross, I, 157 Cherokee, Red Cross hospital at, II, 95 Chests, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Chevrons, sewing on, II, 53 Chicago (Illinois), Central Divi- sion headquarters at, I, 19; Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 58, 84, 87, II, 34; number of Red Cross members in, I, 92; sale of Red Cross pigs at, I, 193, 194; conference at, II, 20 ; work of canteen at, II, 47, 48; troops from, II, 56; field representative from, II, 86 ; home service institutes in, II, 101; nurses' parade at, II, 164; superintendent of schools in, II, 185 Chicago, United Charities of, su- perintendent of, II, 68 Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, institute spon- sored by, II, 101 Chickasaw County, work of home service section in, II, 92 Child "Welfare League of Sioux City, census for, I, 198 Children, influence of, on Red Cross membership, I, 97; part of, in Des Moines parade, I, 168; care of, II, 80; organiza- tion of, by Red Cross, II, 181- 202 ; contributions of, to Red Cross, II, 181, 182; training of, for citizenship, II, 182, 183, 184; proclamation of President Wilson to, II, 183, 184; train- ing of, in history, II, 192 ; clothing for, made by Junior Red Cross, II, 198; effect of Junior Red Cross on, II, 199, 200, 201; allowances for, II, 219 China, famine in, I, 60, 61 China, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200 Chocolate, distribution of, to troops, IT. 47, 53, 54 Christmas, Red Cross membership campaign at, I, 100109; Red Cross ceremony for, I, 108, 109 ; packages distributed at, II, 134; work of Red Cross in celebration of, II, 139, 140; celebration of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 148 Christmas Membership Drive Com- mittee, work of, in Iowa, I, 109, 110 Christmas roll call, I, 122-136 _ Churches, Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 97, 105, 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, 126; part of, in War Fund drives, I, 146, 147, 159, 163 Cigarettes, distribution of, to troops, II, 40, 47, 49, 53, 54, 132, 145 Ciears, distribution of, to soldiers, 11, 47, 145 Cincinnati (Ohio), social work in, 11, 69 Cities, response of, to Red Cross roll call, I, 136, 145; popula- tion of, II, 110, 111, 113; so- cial organizations in, II, 110, 111, 113 Citv halls. Red Cross workrooms in, II, 12 Civil rights act, study of, II, 97, 98 Civil War, care of soldiers in, I, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; work of women in, I, 32 Civilian relief, local committee on, I, 80, 82 ; responsibility for, II, 68; departments of, II, 68, 69 Civilian Relief, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), directors of, I, 51 ; work of, I, 51 Civilian Relief, Bureau of (Nii- tional), organization of, I, 42; work of, I, 43 ; director of, I, 214 Civilian Relief, Department of (Central Division), field repre- sentatives from, II, 79, 81, 82; officers of, II, 106 Civilian Relief, Department of (National), work of, I, 32,33, II, 67; handbook issued by, IT, 64; directors of, IT, 68,69, 112, 204; institutes for home service workers provided by, IT, 97; standards of poor relief set bv, IT, 115; camp service of, IT, 125, 128 Civilian relief committee, kind of chairman needed for, II, 82, 83 Clarinda, success of second war INDEX 243 fund drive in, I, 166; contri- bution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Clean-up campaigns, work of Junior Red Cross in, II, 193 Clemens, Ashton, Red Cross speech by, I, 147 Clergymen, objection to, as home service chairmen, II, 82, 83 Clerical help, furnishing of, dur- ing influenza epidemic, II, 94 Clinton, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62; Red Cross membership campaign at, I, 115, 116, 131; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28 ; work of Red Cross canteen at, II, 51-54, 218 Clothing, collection of, by Red Cross, I, 199-201, II, 31-33; production of, II, 17-19; mak- ing of, bv Junior Red Cross, II, 198, 199 Coats, repair of, II, 53 Coffee, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 53, 54, 148 Cogswell, E. R., service of, in sec- ond war fund drive, I, 162 Coliseum (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 148-152 Colorado, University of, president of, II, 203 Colored soldiers, Christmas cele- bration for, II, 140 Columbia University, mention of, II, 200 Combs, distribution of, II, 141, 145 Comfort kits, production of. II, 3, 23, 25, 27, 28, 199; distribu- tion of, II, 124, 141, 145 Comforts, furnishing of, during infliienza epidemic, II, 93 Commercial Club (Vinton), Red Cross work of, I, 165 Commission for Relief in Belgium, cooperation of Red Cross with, II, 32 Committees, appointment of, for Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 30; list of, I, 80, 81 Communication service, function of, in camps, II, 126, 127, 141, 145 ; work of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142, 145 Community agents, duties of, II, 150 Compensation, information con- cerning, II, 64, 80, 145 Congress, first prayer in, I, 150; act of, for soldiers' families, II, 61; act of, concerning duties of Red Cross, II, 67, 68 Conner, James P., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Conservation, work of Red Cross for, II, 34, 35 Conservation, Bureau of, estab- lishment of, II, 34; articles shipped to, II, 34 Contingent Relief Fund, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 139 Contributing membership, require- ments for, I, 90 Convalescent gowns, number of, II, 28 Convalescent homes, supervision of, II, 127; accommodations of, II, 127; number of, II, 131; construction of, II, 138; equip- ment of, II, 138; sewing for, II, 196, 197; furniture for, II, 196, 197, 199 Convalescent robes, distribution of, II, 26 Cook, Mr., comment by, on Flor- ence Nightingale, I, 6 Cooke, D. W., service of, as direc- tor of Bureau of Supplies and Transportation, I, 215 Cookies, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 47, 53, 54, 148 Cooks, provision for, during influ- enza epidemic, II, 94 Cooley, Edwin G., service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 185, 187 Cooperation, local committee on, I, 80 Corn, Red Cross emblem in, I, 173, 174; husking of, by wom- en, for Red Cross, I, 195 Corpsmen, number of, in hospital units, II, 159 Cots, furnishing of, by Red Cross, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Council Bluffs, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62, 76, 77, 78 ; branches of Red Cross chapter at, I, 86; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; collection of nut products at, II, 35; work of canteen at, II, 52, 218; salaried home service secretary in, II, 87; work of home service section in, II, 92 ; 244 INDEX home service institute at, II, 101, 103, 172, 224 Counties, use of, as Red Cross chapter units, I, 71-79; records of, in Christmas roll call, I, 134-136; per cent of population of, enrolled in Red Cross, I, 135, 136; problems of, in poor relief, II, 113, 114 Courthouses, Red Cross -work- rooms in, II, 12, 13 Covsh, Corporal, work of, for Red Cross, I, 163, 164 Cresco, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Creston, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Crimean War, care of wounded in, I, 2-7 Croix de Guerre, presentation of, II, 148 Crutch pads, giving of, to soldiers, II, 145 Cuba, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Dana, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Dances, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 149 Daniels, Josephus, request of, for naval auxiliaries, I, 48 Dansville (New York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 D'Arcy, "W. C, Des Moines ad- vertising commended by, I, 154 Darrah, John B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Darrah, "W. B., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Davenport, number of Red Cross members at, I, 96; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; Red Cross subscription pledges at, I, 202 ; work of home service section in, II, 92, 93 ; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Davidson, Walter, presence of, at home service conference, II, 106 Davis, James C, Red Cross auc- tion in charge of, I, 149, 150, 151 Davison, Henrv P., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39, 41, 42, II, 204, 206; announcement of 1918 Christmas roll call made by, I, 122, 123 ; comment by, concerning home service, II, 119; service of, on Executive Committee, II, 204 Dawson, A. P., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Deacon, J. BjTon, selection of, as acting director general of civil- ian relief, II, 204 Dean, Arthur D., comment by, on effect of Junior Red Cross, II, 200, 201 Decatur County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Deeorah, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 82; part of, in Winneshiek County pig club, I, 192, 193 DeForest, Robert W., election of, as vice president of the Amer- ican Red Cross, II, 204 Delano, Jane A., Bureau of Nurs- ing in charge of, II, 152 ; death of, II, 152 Delaware, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 Delaware County, use of war chest in, I, 179 Deming, J. K., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Demobilization, home service dur- ing, II, 64, 65 Dentists, provision for, II, 44, 159 Dependents, care of, by Red Cross, II, 59-123; classes of, II, 61; allotments to, II, 61, 62 (see also Families of soldiers) De Puy. Clifford, work of, in first war fund drive, I. 146 Des Moines, Red Cross supplies sent to, I. 58, 84, 87, 88, II, 11, 12: Red Cross convention at, I, 59, 145; organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 62 ; Red Cross membership campaign in. I, 93-96, 116, 117, 130, 131; first war fund drive in, I, 145-156; Red Cross advertising in. I, 152-154; second war fund drive in, I, 167, 168; parade in. I, 167, 168; refusal of, to adopt war chest, I, 179, 180; meals at, for benefit of Red Cross, I. 195: eatless banquet at, I, 195, 196: salvage station at, I, 201; origin of service flag INDEX 245 for Red Cross in, I, 222; pro- duction of surgical dressings by II, 20, 30; contributions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; work of women's motor corps at II 37, 38; work of canteen at! 11, 51, 52, 139, 218; work of home service section in, ii, 92 93, 150, 151; work of Kett Cross in. during influenza epi- demic II, 94; convalescent hos- pital at, II, 94, 95; camps at, II 133 ; athletic meet at, li, 146 • soldiers entertained by people from, II, 149 ; committee at, on nursing service, II, 1& J ; campaign for nurses m, 11, 164 165; superintendent ot schools at, II, 184; headquar- ters of Junior Red Cross at, 11, 185; supplies made by Junior Red Cross in, II, 199 Des Moines, Associated Chanties of, secretary of, II, 134 138 Des Moines County, Red Cross membership drive m, 1, li». 119 133, 134; war club of, i, 133', 134, 179 Des Moines Orpheum, shows by, at Fort Des Moines, H. 1*7 Bes Moines Register, The, flag do- nated bv. for Junior Red Cross contest, II, 189, 190 Detroit (Michigan), Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 57; home service institute at, 11, i"^ , Development, Bureau of (^'^"y'n Division), directors of, 1, d^ , work of, I, 50, 51; plan of for working organization of chap- ters, I, 79; officers of, 11, 1J-. 106'- , ,^T ,. „ Development, Bureau of (Nation- al), director of, I, 215; Bureau of Junior Membership m, 11, 184 , „ Development, Department of Bu- reau of Conservation established in. II, 34 • • „f Devine, Edward T., opinion of, concerning future of home ser- vice, II, 108 . f „ De Wolf, Sherman, service of, on State Executive Committee, 1, Dickinson County, number of Red Cross members m, I, 99, l^u. Diet'etian Service, Bureau of, courses offered by, H, 170, 171 Dietetics, courses in, 11, loa, i J Disaster relief, activities of Red Cross in, I, 24-26, 35, 36 60, 61 ; local committee on, at Iowa Cit'v I 82 ; provision for, in Iowa, il, 121-123 Discharges, investigations relative to, II, 132; applications for, II, 143 Distinguished Service Crosses, presentation of, II, 148 Distribution, committee in charge of, II, 4 , , District of Columbia, number 01 Red Cross members in, I, 92 Divisions, Red Cross, establish- ment of, I, 44, 45 , .^ , Doctors, place of, in hospital units, II, 159 , ^ • Dodge, Cleveland H., work of, m Red Cross financial campaign, I. 141 Dogs, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion. I, 151 . Doubledav, Frank N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Doughnuts, serving of, to troops, II 47, 53. 54. 148 Douglas Starch Works, explosion of. II, 123, 123 Drafted men, number of, served bv canteens. II, 53 Dresses, making of, by Junior Red Cross. II, 198 Drinks, serving of, to troops, 11, 47 . -o A Dubuque, organization of Ked Cross chapter at, I, 62 ; Ked Cross membership campaign in, I, 115, 131; Red Cross meeting at. I, 145; Sanitary Pair at, I, 1.56;' Red Cross workroom in, II 12 13; contribution from, to' Belgian relief, II, 33; work of canteen at, II. 54 218 ; home service course at, II, lOd 246 INDEX Dubuque County, Red Cross mem- bership campaign in, I, 115; subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Ducha, Jacob, picture of, I, 150 Ducks, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 190 Dunant, Henri, work of, I, 7-10, 16, 17, 210 Eagle Grove, Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Edmunds, T. J., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 51, 69 Education, provision for, II, 65 Edwards, W., speeches by, for Red Cross, I, 164 "Efficiency walk", II, 146 Egj'pt, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Eldora, home service course at, II, 103 Emergency relief, provision for, II, 63 Emmet County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Endowment Fund, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 140 Englishman, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156 Entertainments, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184; provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 146- 148 Epidemics, prevention of, II, 176 Epidemiologist, State, II, 106 Ernsberger, E., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Estherville, Red Cross meeting at, I. 145 : Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Europe, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 17; nurses sent to, II, 158: letters from, II, 195 Executive Committee, Red Cross, members of, II, 204 Executive committees, appointment of, for Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 80; duties of, I, 80 Executive secretaries, demand for, II, 118 Extension Division, work of, for home service chapter courses, II, 103, 105, 106, 172 Face masks, distribution of, II, 26, 141 Factories, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 108 Fairfield, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Falkenhainer, Al, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Families of soldiers, care of, by Red Cross, II, 59, 60, 62-64, 81, 82, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 125, 134-137, 143, 144, 149-151; allotment of pay to, II, 61, 62; methods of caring for, II, 65, 66, 67; number of, aided by home service, II, 89- 93 ; information furnished to, II, 127, 128, 141 Family relief, director of, II, 68; districts for, II, 68 Famine, relief during, II, 68 Faris, Ellsworth, lectures by, at home service course, II, 105 Farmers, hogs donated to Red Cross by, I, 190-194 Farrand, Livingston, comment by, on future of home service, II, 112, 113, 204, 205; service of, as chairman of Central Com- mittee, II, 203; career of, II, 203, 204 Father, effect of absence of, on family, II, 62 Fayette County, Red Cross pig club in, I, 191 Fenton, Howard W., service of, as manager of Central Division, I, 50 ; service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Fentress, Calvin, service of, as as- sociate manager of Central Di- vision, I, 50: service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Field, Wentworth (t., service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162 Field director, Red Cross, status of, TI, 126 Field Service, Bureau of, director of. II, 75 Finances of American Red Cross, local administration of, I, 81, 84 ; national organization for, T, 137-182, II, 191 Finkbine, Mrs. W. O., service of, in campaign for nurses, II, 166 Fires, relief work for sufferers in, II, 68 First aid, local committee on. T, 80: courses in, II, 169, 170, 172 INDEX 247 Flag, offer of, as prize, I, 119, 120, II, 189, 190; money thrown into, I, 195 Flannery, J. Rogers, service of, as director of Bureau of Sup- plies and Transportation, I, 215 Floods, relief for sufferers from, II, 68 Flowers, distribution of, to sol- diers, II, 145 Fly swatters, distribution of, II, 132 Fogg, George C, presence of, at Geneva conference, I, 12 Fontanelle, Red Cross auction at, I, 188 Food, fines for violation of laws concerning, I, 196, 197; serv- ing of, to troops, II, 40, 41, 43, 45-47 Food Administration, United States, fines levied by, I, 196, 197 Food conservation, work of Red Cross chapters for, I, 81, II, 35 Foods, courses in, II, 170, 171 Foreigners, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105 Fort Atkinson, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Fort Des Moines, quilts sent to, II, 31; Red Cross camp service at, II, 133, 140-149; Red Cross buildings at, II, 140, 141; Red Cross staff at, II, 142; home service work at, II, 142-144; physical recreation at, II, 146 ; entertainments at, II, 146-148; Christmas celebration at, II, 147, 148; Fourth of July cele- bration at, II, 148, 149 ; pa- rade at, II, 149 Fort Dodge, Red Cross member- ship campaign at, I, 113, 133, 136; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; Red Cross workrooms in, II, 13 ; home service course at, II, 103 ; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Fort Madison, second Christmas roll call at, I, 131 Fort Worth (Texas), liberty loan advertisements in, I, 154 Four Minute Men, Red Cross cam- paign aided by, I, 106 Fourteenth Division, Red Cross, jurisdiction of, I, 215 Fourth of July, celebration of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 148, 149 Fowler, George S., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 France, war with, I, 18, 20, 21; Red Cross commission to, I, 44; knitted articles sent to, II, 18; collection of clothing for refu- gees of, II, 31-33, 193; tuber- culosis work in, II, 204; mem- bership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Franco-Prussian War, care of wounded in, I, 18, 19, 20, 21, 210, 211 Fremont County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 French, care of wounded of, I, 7-10 French soldier, contribution to, II, 2 Frost, W. A., service of, in Des Moines Red Cross membership campaign, I, 94 Fruit, collection of seeds of, II, 34, 35 ; serving of, to troops, II, 47, 54, 148 Fullerton, Robert, bids by, I, 150 Funds, Red Cross, kinds of, I, 137, 138, 139 Furloughs, investigations relative to, II, 132, 136 Furniture, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 196, 197 Galva, work of home service sec- tion in, II, 92 Gambling, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Gambrill, John M., comment by, on effect of Junior Red Cross, II, 200 Games, furnishing of, to troops, II, 127; provision for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 146 Garages, number of, II, 132 Gardens, care of, bv Junior Red Cross, II, 194, 195 Garfield, James A., promise of, concerning Red Cross Treaty, I, 22, 23 ; assassination of, I, 23 Gas Mask Day, proclamation of, II, 34 Gas masks, collection of materials for, II, 34, 35 248 INDEX Gauze, shortage of, II, 7; use of, II, 28 Geese, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188, 189 General Fund, Red Cross, I, 138, 139 General manager of American Red Cross, appointment of, I, 40 Geneva (Switzerland), confer- ences at, I, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17; Congress of, I, 209; head- quarters of The League of Red Cross Societies at, II, 206 Geneva Society of Public Utility, conference called by, I, 10 Geneva Treaty, adoption of, I, 11; provisions of, I, 12, 14, 15,38; ratification of, by United States, I, 19-24; amendment to, I, 25 German prisoner, contribution to, II, 2 Germans, donation by, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156; enrollment of, in Red Cross, I, 223 Gibbons, James, service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 Gibson, Harvey D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40; Red Cross organization described by, I, 214, 215; message of, concern- ing home service, II, 77, 78 Gifford, Frank B., service of, as director of Bureau of Supplies and Transnortation, I, 215 Gillin. John L.. service of. as di- rector of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 51, II, 69, 70; pres- ence of, at home service con- ference, II. 106, 107: report of, concerning demand for home service, II, 118 Girls, training of, for service, II, 200. 201 Goat, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Gorgas. William C. reniiest of, for nurses, II, 161. 166 (see also Surgeon General of the Army) Governor of Iowa, service of, on Red Cross State Board. I, 60; proclamation by. for Red Cross membership campaign. I. 107 (see also Harding, William L.) Graham. C. W.. work of. in first war fund drive. T. 146 Grand Rapids (Michigan), pro- duction of surgical dressings at, II, 20; home service insti- tute at, II, 101 Grandchildren, allowances for, II, 219 Grant, U. S., letter from, I, 150 Gratz, Benjamin, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Great Britain, membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Greater Clarinda Club, work of, for Red Cross, I, 166 Greek cross, use of, by hospitals, I, 15 Greene County, Red Cross mem- bership in. I, 135 ; visiting nurse in, II, 179; supplies pro- duced by Junior Red Cross in, II, 198 Greer, Samuel, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Develop- ment, I. 215 Griffith. Mrs. B. B., flag accepted bv, I, 120 Griffith, John L., service of, as athletic director of Red Cross camp service. II, 133 Grinnell, Red Cross auction at. I, 188; donation of hogs to Red Cross by, I, 190 Grundy County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135; contribu- tions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Guatemala, Red Cross chapters in, I. 215 Gum, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 145 Gun wipes, making of, bv Junior Red Cross, II, 193, 198 Guthrie County, subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Hamilton, J. H., presence of, at home service conference, II, 106 Hancock Countv, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Handkerchiefs, distribution of, to soldiers. II, 145 Hanna, James R., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Hardin. Martin D., speeches by, for Red Cross, I. 164 Hardin Countv, visiting nurses in, TI. 179, 180 Harding. Barbara, mention of, I, 59, 119, 120 INDEX 249 Harding, "William L., address by, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59; proclamations by, concerning Red Cross, I, 111, 112, 163, II, 34; speech by, I, 120; first war fund drive in charge of, I, 144, 145, 158; goose presented to, I, 188 (see also Governor of Iowa) Harding, Mrs. William L., flag made by, I, 59, 99, 119, 120 Hardy, E. K., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 Harlan, Edgar R., picture do- nated to, I, 150 Harrison County, Red Cross chap- ter of, I, 76-78 Hats, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 200 ^ Hawaii, Red Cross chapters m, I, 215 Hawarden, work of home service section at, II, 92 Hawkins, Owen, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Hayes, Rutherford B., indiffer- ence of, to Red Cross Treaty, I. 21 ^ ^ Haynes, Fred E., lectures by, at home service course, II, 105 Headquarters, Red Cross, number of, II, 131 Headquarters building (Camp Dodge), construction of, II, 138, 139; equipment of, II, 139 ^ , Healev, Robert, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Health campaign, share of Junior Red Cross in, II, 195 Helmets, number of, II, 21; dis- tribution of, to soldiers, II, 133; value of, II, 133 Henrv, Rex J., service of, as di- rector, II, 227 Henry County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 63 ; Red Cross membership in, I, 135; second war fund drive in, I, 165; production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27 Herbert, Sidney, Florence Night- ingale sent to Crimea by, I, 4 Herbert, Mrs. Sidney, letter to, I, 4 Herring, Clyde L., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Herring Motor Company, Red Cross quarters donated by, I, 58 Hezzlewood, Oliver, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 150, 151 Hibbard, Frank, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 High school students. Red Cross membership drive conducted by, I, 114, 115 Highland Park College Woman's Association, eatless banquet of, I, 195, 196 Hill, L. S., service flag idea devel- oped by, I, 222 Hinton, Red Cross auction at, I, 186 Hirsch, Mr., Red Cross member- ship drive in charge of, I, 118 Hitch, Ruth, talks by, at home ser- vice course, II, 104 Hitchcock, Fremont B., service of, as director of Bureau of Mili- tary Relief, I, 51 Holdoegel, P. C, service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Hollingsworth, H. S., work of, in home service department at Camp Dodge, II, 134, 137 Home defense, nurses for, II, 155, 169 Home nursing, courses in, II, 169, 170, 172 Home service, meaning of, I, 51; local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 82 ; funds for, I, 203 ; need for, II, 59-63 ; account of, II, 59-123; field of, II, 63-65; methods of, II, 65-67; plan of organization of, II, 67-74, 84- 88; consultation committee for, II, 72; finances of, II, 73-78, 89-92, 115, 116; development of, II, 74-78; problems of, II, 75-78; hindrances to, II, 75-83; preventive character of, II, 76; need of trained woi'kers for, II, 76, 77, 82, 83, 86-88, 96, 97, 99; account of, in Iowa, II, 78- 84; inspection of, II, 85-87; pay of secretaries for, II, 87, 88; accomplishments of, II, 88- 95, 108, 109, 132; number of families aided by. II, 89-93 ; lit- erature concerning, II, 100, 101; chapter courses for, II, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107; lec- tures on, II, 104, 105; confer- 250 INDEX ences on, II, 105-107; future of, II, 107-116, 205, 206, 223; opposition to peace time work of, II, 111; influence of, on or- ganized social work, II, 116- 121; name of, II, 120; cooper- ation of camp service with, II, 125, 128; information concern- ing, II, 131, 145; activities of, at Camp Dodge, II, 134-138; assistant directors of, II, 137; work of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142-144; work of, in the various camp communities, II, 149-151 Home Service, Bureau of, repre- sentatives of, stationed in camps, II, 125 Home service institutes, attendance at, II, 86, 87, 98, 99, 101, 102, 118, 120; provision for, 11,97; courses of, II, 97-99, 102,223; number of, II, 98, 101, 102; location of, II, 101, 102, 103. 224 Home service sections, establish- ment of, II, 70, 71, 73; ofBcers of, II, 70-72 ; number of, II, 74, 90, 99, 100 Home Service Sections, HandhooJc of Information for, compilation of, II, 64 Home service workers, informa- tion furnished by, II, 64; pay of, II, 71 ; volunteers for, II. 71, 72; number of, II, 74, 84- 86; training for, II, 77, 82, 83, 96-107, 223; qualifications of, II, 84-88; sources of, II, 99, 100; chapter courses for, II, 100; experiences of, in camps, II, 128-130 Honor Day, enrollment of Red Cross members on, I, 117 Honorary membership, election to, I, 91 Hood, Jack, bid of, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Hoover, Herbert C, Red Cross speech bv, I, 142; clothing re- quested by, II, 32 Hosken, "W. P., service of, as field director of Red Cross, II, 139 Hospital bags, making of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 198 Hospital garments, production of, II, 1, 3, 8, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 196, 197, 198; stand- ardization of, II, 5 ; director in charge of, II, 11; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Hospital of St. John, establish- ment of, I, 1 Hospital shawls, number of, II, 31 Hospital supplies, production of, II, 17-19, 23, 24, 28, 196, 197; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Hospital supplies and garments, committee on, I, 80, 81, II, 4 Hospital units, organization of, II, 158, 159 Hospitals, chapters not to finance, I, 185 ; establishment of, by lo- cal chapters, I, 203 ; care of soldiers in, II, 44, 48; opening of, for influenza cases, II, 94; opening of, for soldiers' fami- lies, II, 94, 95; work of Red Cross in, II, 126, 127, 132, 140-149; news of soldiers in, II, 135; Christmas celebration in, II, 139; overseas men at, II, 143 ; entertainments in, II, 148, 149; organization of, II, 158, 159 Hot water bags, distribution of, II, 132 Hough, Clarence A., service of, as director of Publicity Bureau, I, 53 Howard County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Howell, Captain, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150, 151 Hugus, Miss, work of, in home service. II, 87, 88 Humboldt County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135 Hurin, Mrs. G. M., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Hurley, Edward N., service of, for "Red Cross, I, 39; transfer of. to Shipping Board, I, 39 Hygiene, courses in, II, 169, 170, "172 Ice crenm. serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53. 55, 148 Ida County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135; subscription of, to second war fund, I, 173 Ida Grove, Red Cross auction at, I, 186; donations to Red Cross in, II, 31 Illinois, number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121; INDEX 251 second war fund drive in, I, 178, 179; placing of, in Cen- tral Division, I, 215; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102, 106; demand in, for trained home service work- ers, II, 118; nurses enrolled from, II, 160, 166, 167; share of, in nurses' parade, II, 164; reports from, on results of nursing survey, II, 175 ; Ju- nior Red Cross members in, II, 189-191; number of junior aux- iliaries in, II, 190; financial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 Indiana, storm in, I, 94; placing of, in Central Division, I, 215; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102 Infant mortality, reduction of, 11, 176 Influenza, work of Red Cross dur ing epidemic of, I, 80, 81, II 93, 94, 141; effect of, on sec ond Red Cross roll call, I, 127 129, 134: need of nurses dur ing, 11, 167, 168, 173 Information, giving of, to soldiers families, II, 64, 65, 88-91, 126^ 127; giving of, to soldiers, II 130, 137, 144, 145 Institutional membership, require- ments for, I, 91 Insurance, information concern- ing, II, 64, 145 International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded in War, purpose of, I, 20 International friendship, campaign for, II, 195 International Red Cross Society (see Red Cross Society, Inter- national) Iowa, inclusion of, in Central Di- vision, I, 49, 215; organization of Red Cross in, I, 54-89 ; num- ber of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64, 65, 66; organization of Red Cross chapters in, I, 67- 82 ; organization of Red Cross branches and auxiliaries in, I, 82-89; Red Cross membership in, I, 93-100, 109-122, 127- 136: Red Cross membership quota for, I, 110, 111: 1918 Red Cross roll call in, I, 127- 136; first Red Cross war fund drive in, I, 144-158; second war fund drive in, I, 162-182; financing local Red Cross or- ganizations in, I, 185-203; fines in, given to Red Cross, I, 196, 197; contribution from, to Red Cross, I, 202, II, 32, 33; or- ganization of women in, for Red Cross work, II, 11, 12; workrooms in, II, 12, 13 ; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies in, II, 22-31; value of supplies produced by, II, 24, 25 ; motor corps work" in, II, 37, 38; can- teen service in, II, 50-58, 218; home service work in, II, 75, 78-84, 86-88; students from, in home service institutes, II, 101, 102, 106; home service confer- ences in, II, 106, 107; need of home service in, II, 113, 114; demand in, for trained home service workers, II, 118; storms in, II, 121, 122; disaster relief in, II, 121-123; Red Cross camp service in, II, 133-151 committees in, on nursing ser vice, II, 155 ; enrollment o nurses from, II, 161, 165-167 share of, in nurses' parade, II 164 : campaign in, for nurses II, 164-166; quota of. in nurs ing campaign, II, 167; regis tration of nurses in, II, 174 statistics concerning work of Red Cross chapters in, during nursing survey, II, 175; visit- ing nurses in, II, 179, 180; organization of Junior Red Cross in, II, 185, 187, 188, 189; Junior Red Cross mem- bers in, II, 188-191; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 190; financial statistics of Ju- nior Red Cross in, II, 191; supplies made by Junior Red Cross in, II, 196-199; work of, for American Red Cross, II, 208, 209 Iowa Citv, organization of Red Cross chapter at, I, 81, 82; Red Cross subscription pledges at, I, 202 : home service institutes at, II, 101-103: home service con- ference at, II, 105, 106 Iowa Falls, home service course at, II, 103 Iowa State Savings Bank (Bur- 252 INDEX lington), rooms for Red Cross furnished by, II, 13 Iowa State Teachers' Association, secretary of, II, 189 Iron, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Italian soldier, contribution to, II, 2 Italians, care of wounded of, after battle of Solferino, I, 7-10 Italy, Red Cross commission to, I, 44 ; garments for refugees of, II, 193 ; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 "Jack Pershing" (rooster), sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Jackson Junction, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Japan, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 Jasper County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 "Jazz Parade", description of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 149 "Jazz Riot", description of, at Sioux City, I, 170-172 Jellv, distribution of, to soldiers, li, 145 Jensen, Mrs. C. A. L., record of, in Red Cross work, II, 30, 31 Jerusalem (Palestine), care for sick at, I, 1, 2 Johnson. B. Ban, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Johnson, Sue, pennies for Red Cross collected by, I, 195 Johnson County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 81 Jones, Jesse H., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40 Jones County, plan of Red Cross chapter in, I, 89 ; Red Cross membership campaign in. I, 96-98 : use of war chest in, I, 179; work of home service sec- tion in, II, 92 Joplin (Missouri), work of home service section at, II, 136 Judson, Frank W., service of, on roll call committee, I, 127 Julien Hotel (Dubuque), Red Cross workroom in. II. 12, 13 Junior auxiliaries. Red Cross, or- ganization of, I, 48, II, 185 ; number of, II, 188, 190; activ- ities of, II, 192 Junior Chamber of Commerce (Des Moines), Red Cross mem- bers secured by, I, 95 Junior Four Minute Men, contests among, II, 195 Junior Membership, Bureau of, Junior Red Cross under, II, 184; creation of, II, 187; pro- gram of, II, 194, 195 Junior Red Cross, local commit- tee on, at Iowa City, I, 82; membership in, I, 91, 92, 121, 122, II, 188, 189, 190; plan* for, II, 181; storv of, II, 181- 202; aims of, II, 181, 182, 183; proclamation concerning, II, 183, 184; national organi- zation of, II, 184; directors of, II, 184, 185, 189; Iowa organ- ization of, II, 185, 187, 188, 190; local organization of, II, 185-187; aid of schools to, II, 185, 186; finances of, II, 186, 187, 191; development of, II, 187-191; program of, II, 191- 195; activities of, II, 191-202; community service of, II, 192 ; production of supplies by, 11, 192-199; bazaar held by, II, 194; letters to soldiers written by, II, 194, 195; value of sup- plies made by, II, 196; com- ments on, II, 199-201; peace time program of, II. 202 Junk, sale of, in Sioux City, I, 197-201; collection of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 193, 194 Kangaroo court, money for Red Cross raised by, I, 169 Kauffman, Mrs. B. F., hospital garment work in charge of, II, 11 Kentucky, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Keokuk, home service conference at, II, 106 Kepford, A. E., service of, as State director of Red Cross, I, 55-59, 65-67, 85; statement by, concerning Red Cross branches and chapters, I, 88, 89; work of, in Red Cross membership drive, I, 99; speech by, I, 120, 196; work of, in first war fund drive, I, 144. 145, 158; con- gratulations sent to, I, 156; ob- INDEX 253 jection of, to paid speakers, I, 164, 165 ; estimate of, on Red Cross local finances, I, 202; appointments made by, II, 11; telegrams of, concerning can- teens, II, 50; letters to, 11,51, 208, 209; disaster relief direct- ed by, II, 122 Kepford, Lucile, flag held by, I, 120 Kidder, W. H., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 King, Alexander, election of, as counsellor of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Kingsley, contribution of, to sec- ond war fund drive, I, 16G; Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187; collection of nut products at, II, 35 Klingaman, O. E., service of, as Red Cross instructor, I, 59, II, 104; work of, in first war fund drive, -I, 144, 145, 158; service of, as director of home service institute, II, 102, 103 Knights Hospitallers, work of, I, 1, 2 Knights of Columbus, dances at building of, II, 147, 149; re- freshments served by, II, 148 Knitted articles, production of, II, I, 3, 8, 9, 197, 199; commit- tee in charge of, II, 4 ; value of, II, 133; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 133, 134 Knitted garments, production of, II, 18-21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31; number of, distributed, II, 18, 26; value of, II, 25 Kossuth County, Red Cross mem- bership record of, I, 120, 135; contribution of, to Sanitary Commission, I, 156; contribu- tions from, to second war fund, I, 173 Ku Klux Klan, work of, for Red Cross, I, 170 Kurtz, Carl, bids of, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Labor, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105, 108 Laborers, number of, served by canteen, II, 53 Ladies Soldiers' Aid Society, work of, I, 14 Lake Division, Red Cross, num- ber of members in, I, 93 Lamps, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Laurie, husking of corn at, by women, for Red Cross, I, 195 Lawrence, William, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Le Cron, J. D., letter to, I, 154 Le Mars, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 League of Nations, mention of, II, 108; League of Red Cross Societies sponsored by, II, 206, 234 League of Red Cross Societies, The, organization of, II, 206; headquarters of, II, 206; con- nection of, with League of Na- tions, II, 206, 234; government of, II, 206, 207; purposes of, II, 206, 207 Lee, Porter R., outline compiled by, II, 97 Lee County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99 ; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157 Lemonade, serving of, to soldiers, II, 148 Letters, sending of, for soldiers, IL 143, 145 Liberty bond, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 187 Liberty loans, campaign for, in Des Moines, I. 146; advertise- ments of, I, 154 ; subscriptions to, in Iowa, I, 158 ; methods of raising, I, 159; work of Junior Red Cross for, II, 194 Lies, Eugene T., service of, as di- rector of family relief work, II, 68 Life membership, requirements for, I, 90, 221 Lincoln (Nebraska), production of surgical dressings by, II, 20 Lincoln School Building (Des Moines), Red Cross headquar- ters at, I, 58 Lindley, Hervey, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Linn County, Red Cross member- ship in, i, 135, 136; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157 ; Red Cross auction in, I, 189, 190 Loans, making of, to soldiers, II, 132, 133, 143 254 INDEX Local organizations of the Red Cross, finances of, I, 183-203 London (England), Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 London Times, news from Crimea printed in, I, 2, 3, 5 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, poem by, I, 7 Lotteries, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Louisa County, Red Cross mem- bership drive in, I, 119; use of war chest in, I, 179 Lucas County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 ; success of first war fund drive in, I, 156, 157 Lunches, troops furnished with, II, 47, 53, 58 Luthe, F. H., purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 151, 152 Lyons, Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 116 Mabel, Red Cross pigs loaded at, 1, 192 McAdoo, William G., advertise- ments sent to, I, 154 McAdoo, Mrs. William G., service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 McCarthy, Leo, service of, as Red Cross director, II, 227 McClenahan, Bessie A., home ser- vice supervised by, II, 86; talks by, II, 104, 105 McCormick, Joe, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 MacCracken, H. N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100; service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 184 MacLean, George E., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 McMullen, B. S., speeches by, for Red Cross, I, 164 McMullen, M. S., service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 McNamara, R. C, service of, as director of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50 McNeal, E. G., Belgian relief work in charge of, II, 32, 33 McNider, C. H., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Madison County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 ; Red Cross contest in, I, 188, 189 Magazine membership, require- ments for, I, 90, 221 Magazines, space given to Red Cross bv, I, 106 ; giving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 127 Maguire, D. E., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Mahaska County, Red Cross branches and auxiliaries in, I, 86; Junior Red Cross member- ship in, IL 190 Mail, sending of, II, 49 ; infor- mation concerning, II, 64, 88 "Mail order" campaign, I, 132 Malta, Knights Hospitallers at, I, 2 Maltese cross, use of, by hospi- tals, I, 15 Marble Rock, Red Cross auction at, 187 Marines, provision for care of, II, 39, 131; number of, served by canteens, II, 49, 50, 53 Marion County, Red Cross mem- pership in, I, 135 Marshall, Florence, service of, as director of the Woman's Bu- reau, I, 215 Marshall County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86 ; second Christmas roll call in, I, 131, 132 ; Red Cross membership in, I, 135, 136; Red Cross em- blem in corn in, I, 173, 174; cost of work for influenza pa- tients in, II, 94 Marshalltown, second Christmas roll call at, I, 131; Red Cross membership in, I, 136; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; emer- gency hospital in, II, 94; home service course at, II, 103; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Maskell, Private, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 163, 164 Masks, furnishing of, during in- fluenza epidemic, II, 93 Mason Citv. Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; Red Cross work of woman from, II, 29, 30; reg- istration of nurses at, II, 174; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Matches, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 53 . Matrons, provision for, during influenza epidemic, II, 94 INDEX 255 Mattresses, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Mayors, proclamations by, for Red Cross, I, 107, 117 Meals, serving of, for Red Cross, I, 195 ; troops furnished with, II, 47-49, 53, 58; furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Medical aid, provision for, II, 48, 49, 64 Medical Corps, hospitals for, II, 158, 159 Medical service, emblems for, I, 15, 16 Membership, Red Cross, local committee on, I, 80, 81; kinds of, I, 90-92; growth of, I, 92- 136: Christmas campaign for, I, 100-109, 122-136; campaign for, in Iowa, I, 109-122; rules of, I, 221 Memphis (Tennessee), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Meredith, E. T., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146; Red Cross speech by, I, 147; as- sistance of, in Red Cross auc- tion, I, 149, 151, 152 Methodist Hospital (Des Moines), Red Cross nurses from, II, 165 Mexican Border, donations to sol- diers on, II, 13 ; nurses sent to, II, 158 Michigan, forest fire in, I, 24 ; inclusion of, in Central Divi- sion, I, 49, 215; Red Cross ad- ministration in, I, 57; Red Cross chapters in, I, 64, 78 ; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121; result of Christmas roll call in, I, 135 ; students from, in home service institute, II, 101, 102; demand in, for trained home service workers, II, 118; nurses enrolled from, II, 161, 166, 175; Junior Red Cross members in, II, 189, 190, 191; number of Junior auxiliaries in, II, 190; finan- cial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 "Military Council", iise of, in Pottawattamie County, I, 165 Militarv relief. Red Cross work in, i, 43. 51, II, 141 Military Relief, Bureau of, or- ganization of, I, 42 ; work of. I, 43, 51; directors of, I, 51, 214 Military Relief, Department of, purpose of, I, 32, II, 128; bu- reaus in, II, 3, 39, 40, 126 Military service, nurses for, II, 152, 153 Miller, Homer, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 151 Mills Countv, Red Cross chapter of, I, 76-78 Milwaukee (Wisconsin), home service institute at, II, 101, 102 Miners, donations of, to Red Cross, I, 155 Minnesota, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Mississippi River, floods on, I, 24, 25, 60, 61 Missouri, placing of, in Central Division, I, 215 Mitchell, John P., service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Mitchell County, contributions from, to Belgian relief, II, 33; Red Cross courses in, II, 171, 172 Monona, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Monona County, contribution from, to Belgian relief, II, 33 Monroe County, work of home service section in, II, 92 Montgomery, Albert, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Montgomery County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135; home service work in, II, 87, 88 Morale, work of Red Cross for, II, 125 Morris, Gardner, service of, as di- rector of canteen service, II, 49 Mother, incident concerning re- union of, with son, II, 136 Motor Corps, duties of, II, 35, 36; organization of, II, 35, 36; work of, II, 37, 38, 93 Motor Corps Service, Bureau of, creation of, II, 35 Motor Trades Bureau, work of, for Belgian relief, II, 33 Moulton, Emma Case, service of, to Junior Red Cross, II, 189 Moving pictures, use of, in Red Cross campaign, I, 106 ; provi- 256 INDEX sion for, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Mufflers, number of, II, 21; dis- tribution of, in camps, II, 124, 133; value of, II, 133 Muir, Mrs. Lauretta K., service of, as instructor in home ser- vice, II, 107; work of, at Ce- dar Rapids, II, 122, 123 Munroe, Frederick C, selection of, as general manager of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Murphy, Bernard, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Murphy, Grayson M. P., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39 Muscatine, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 62 ; second Christmas roll call in, I, 132, 133; visiting nurse employed by, II, 179; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Muscatine County, work of home service section in, II, 92, 93 ; supplies produced by Junior Red Cross in, II, 198 Nashua, storm at, II, 121, 122 National Army, canteen service for, II, 46 National Children's Fund, contri- butions to, II, 191 National Defense, Council of, health campaign aided by, II, 195 National Headquarters of Amer- ican Red Cross, bureaus of, I, 42-44; objections of, to certain methods of raising money, I, 184, 185; certificates given by, II, 98; reports to, II, 118; nurses enrolled at, II, 155 ; Ju- nior Red Cross sponsored by, II, 184 National Membership Campaign Committee, Red Cross, person- nel of, I, 100 ; quotas assigned by, I, 110 Naval service, nurses for, II, 152, 153 Navy, need of nurses for, II, 161; nurses assigned to, II, 168 "Navy League", organization of, I, 70 Navy Nurse Corps, representative of, on committee, II, 153; re- serve of, II, 156; assignment of nurses to, II, 157 Nebraska, inclusion of, in Cen- tral Division, I, 49, 215; Red Cross administration in, I, 57; number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64 ; number of Red Cross members in, I, 121, 135; dele- gates from, to home service conference, II, 106; nurses en- rolled from, II, 161, 166, 175; Junior Red Cross members in, II, 188-191; number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 190 ; finan- cial statistics of Junior Red Cross in, II, 191 Negroes, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 155, 156; work of, for Red Cross, II, 29 Nevada, Junior Red Cross mem- bership in, II, 190 New Hampton, storm at, II, 121, 122 New Orleans (Louisiana), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 New York (N. Y. ), number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; Red Cross supplies shipped to, II, 7, 20, 33 New York School of Philanthropy, director of, II, 97 Newell, Red Cross auction at, I, 188 Newspapers, Red Cross advertis- ing in, I, 152, 153, 161; giv- ing of, to troops, II, 47-49 Newton, collection of pennies at, for Red Cross, I, 195 ; home service course at, II, 103 Nightingale, Florence, work of, I, 2-7, 17, 207, 208 Nobel Peace Prize, granting of, to Henri Dunant, I, 210 Northern Division, Red Cross, number of junior auxiliaries in, II, 188 Norton, Charles D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 39; withdrawal of, I, 40 Notes and references, I, 205-234, II, 213-234 Nurse Campaign Executive Com- mittee, selection of, II, 164 Nurses, enrollment of, as Red Cross members, I, 90, 91; pres- ence of, at Red Cross meeting, I, 147; presence of, in Des Moines parade, I, 168; trans- portation of, II, 36: number of, served by canteen, II, 53; pro- vision for, during influenza epi- demic, II, 93, 94; home for, II. INDEX 257 131; number of, II, 152, 158, 160, 166-169; committees con- cerning, II, 153, 154; enroll- ment of, II, 155-158, 160-169; qualifications of, for Red Cross service, II, 156, 157; uniforms of, II, 157; pay of, II, 157^; assignment of, to duty, II, 157, 168, 169; number of, in hospi- tal units, II, 159; need of, II, 161-168, 172-174; exemption of, II, 162 ; campaign for, II, 162-167; training for, II, 163, 165, 166, 173; instruction giv- en by, II, 170; survey of, II, 172-175; registration of, II, 174; employment of, by towns and counties, II, 179, 180 Nurses' Associations, State, nomi- nations by, II, 154 Nurses' homes, number of, II, 131, 138; sewing for, II, 196, 197; furniture for, II, 196, 197 Nursing, Bureau of, nursing ser- vice in charge of, II, 152 ; du- ties of, II, 152, 153 Nursing, Department of (Central Division), head of, II, 155; or- ganization of, II, 155; cam- paign conducted by, II, 164, 165, 166; work of, in influenza epidemic, II, 167, 168 Nursing, Department of (Nation- al), bureau in, II, 170 Nursing Education, National League of, representative of, on committee, II, 153 Nursing service, local committee on, at Iowa Citv, I, 82; ac- count of, II, 152-180; organ- ization of, II, 152-158; State committees on, II, 154; devel- opment of, II, 156; status of, II, 156, 157; pre-war activ- ities of, II, 158-160; continua- tion of, II, 205, 206 Nursing Service, Bureau of (Cen- tral Division), work of, 52 Nursing Service, Bureau of (Na- tional), organization of, 1,42; work of, I, 43 Nursing Service, National Com- mittee on, work of, I, 33 Nursing Survey Week, account of, II, 172-175;' need of, II, 173; statistics secured during, II, 175 Nursing units, organization of, II, 153 Nuts, collection of pits and shells of, II, 34, 35 Nye, C. C, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 O. U. Bridge Club (Sioux City), salvage station managed by, I, 197, 198 O'Brien County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 O'Connor, Alfred H., Red Cross speech by, I, 146 O'Connor, P. A., intervention of, in Red Cross chapter dispute, I, 69 O'Connor, J. J., service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50 ; service of, as di- rector of Department of Chap- ters, I, 54; address of, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59; chapters authorized by, I, 63; assistance of, in Red Cross membership campaign, I, 93, 94 Oelwein. work of canteen at, II, 53, 218; registration of nurses at, II, 174 Officers tarmy), number of, served by canteens, II, 53 ; duty of, to assist Red Cross, II, 124, 125 Officers (Red Cross), selection of, bv Red Cross chapters, I, 79, 80; uniforms of, II, 125, 126 Ohio, placing of, in Central Divi- sion, I, 215 Ohio River, flood on, I, 60, 61 Olives, distribution of, II, 132 Omaha (Nebraska), Red Cross supplies sent to, I, 57; home service institute at, II, 101, 106 Operating caps, distribution of, II, 26 Operating gowns, distribution of, II, 26, 28 Operating sheets, number of, 11. 28 Oranges, distribution of, to troops, II, 53, 54 Orchard, W. R., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 ^ ^ Organized charitv, relation of, to home service, II, HI, 112; ad- vantages of, II, 117; disadvan- tage of name of, II, 120, 121 Organized Welfare Bureau (Sioux City), salvage station continued for; I, 201 VOL. I — 18 258 INDEX Organizing Charity, American As- sociation of Societies for, mem- bers of, II, 110, 111 Orpheum shows, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 148 Orpheum theatre (Sioux City), "raid" on, for benefit of Red Cross, I, 169 Orth, J. C, service of, on roll call committee, I, 128 Osceola County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 135 Oskaloosa, work of home service section in, II, 93 ; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Ossian, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Ottumwa, Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; work of Red Cross in, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94; home service course at, II, 103 ; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Overseas dutv, nurses assigned to, II, 168 Overseas men, assistance for, II, 143 Page County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Pajamas, making of, II, 15. 28, 29 ; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 26. 145 Palo Alto County, Red Cross membership in, I. 135 Paper, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Parades, description of, I, 118, 160. 167. 168 Parents, allowances for. II, 219 Paris (France), Red Cross chap- ters in, I, 215; association formed at. II, 206 Parochial schools, enrollment of, in Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92, II. 188 Patients. Christmas gifts for, II, 139: athletics for. II. 146 Patricola of the Empress, song by, I, 149 ; sale of flowers of, I, 149, 150 Patriot's Fund, use of, for Red Cross membership, I. 133 Patron membership, requirements for, I. 90 Pay, allotment of, II. 59, 61, 62; assistance in securing, II, 65 Pella, emergency hospital in, II, 94 Pencils, distribution of, to troops, II, 54 Pennies, collection of, for Red Cross, I, 195 Pennsylvania, number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64 Percival, Carl F., service of, as manager of Red Cross shipping station, I, 58 Perkins, Marv, Red Cross work of, I, 61 Pershing, John J., Red Cross speech by, I, 142; mention of, II, 163 Persia, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Personal subscriptions, taking of, for Red Cross, I, 184, 202, 203 Persons, W. Frank, service of, as director of Bureau of Civilian Relief, I, 214; cooperation of, with social workers, II, 112; comment by, on value of home service, II, 117, 118 Pestilence, relief during, II, 68 Petticoats, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Pewter, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), mo- bilization of base hospital at, II, 160 Philippine Islands, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Physical recreation, department of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142, 146 Physicians, enrollment of, as mem- bers of Red Cross, I, 91; pro- vision for. II. 44 Pickles, distribution of, to troops, II, 53 Picnics, provision for. at Fort Des Moines, II, 147, 149 Pies, sale of, foi* Red Cross, I, 187; serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 54, 55. 148 Pig clubs. Red Cross funds raised by, I, 190-194 Pigs, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 190-194 Pillow cases, distribution of, II, 26; furnishing of, during in- fluenza epidemic, II, 93, 94 Pitkins, H. "W., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Platinum, collection of, II, 34 Playground and Recreation Asso- INDEX 259 ciation of America, war work of, II, 120, 121 Plymouth County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; number of Red Cross members in, I, 99 Pneumonia jackets, furnishing of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93 Pocahontas County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135 Poland, aid for, I, 61 Police court, fines in, given to Red Cross, I, 170 Polk County, donation from, in first war fund drive, I, 157; contribution from, to second war fund, I, 173; campaign in, for nurses, II, 164 (see also Des Moines) Poor relief, training for, II, 113, 114 Pop, serving of, to soldiers, II, 148 Pop corn, distribution of, to troops, II, 54 Porto Rico, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Positions, securing of, for soldiers, II, 53 postal cards, giving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 54, 132 Posters, use of, in Red Cross cam- paigns, I, 106 Potatoes, raising of, for Red Cross, I, 195 ; anxiety of sol- dier over, II, 136 Pottawattamie County, Red Cross chapter of, I, 76-78; second war fund drive in, I, 165 Pottawattamie County Plan, scheme of, I, 165 Poweshiek County, Red Cross membership in, I, 135; Junior Red Cross membership in, II, 190 President of the United States, proclamation of, concerning Red Cross, II, 156 (see also Wilson, Woodrow) "Princess Pat's", survivor of, I, 146 Private homes, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Private schools, enrollment of, in .Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92 Production, increase in, II, 5, 6, 7 Prosper, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Prussia, war with, I, 18, 20, 21 Public health. Red Cross work for, II, 205' Public Health, Ameriran Journal of, editor of, II, 203 Public health nursing, standards for, II, 157 Public Health Nursing, National Organization of, representative of, on committee, II, 153, 154 Public Health Service, United States (see United States Pub- lic Health Service) Public schools, enrollment of, in Junior Red Cross, I, 91, 92 Publicity, local committee on, I, 80, 82; provision for, I, 128, 162, 163, 167 Publicity, Bureau of (Central Di- vision), work of, I, 53, 54 Publicity, Bureau of (National), organization of, I, 43 ; work of, I, 44 Purchasing, committee on, I, 80, 82, II, 4 ; difficulties of, II, 6, 7 Pve, Charles, service of, to Ju- 'nior Red Cross, II, 189 Quilts, making of, II, 31, 197, 198 Quincv (Illinois), advertising in, I, 154 Quotas, fixing of, in second war fund drive, I, 162, 163; as- signment of, to chapters, II, 6 Raffles, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Rags, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Railroads, canteens on, II, 42 Ralston (Nebraska), aid for, I, 61 Rankin, Mr., letter from, on Des Moines advertising, I, 154 Ray, Hal, Red Cross members se- cured by, I, 95 Razors, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141, 145 Read, Mrs. Ralph L., surgical dressings work in charge of, II. 11 Reading matter, furnishing of, to soldiers, II, 40, 42, 45, 47, 49 Rending room, provision for, II, 53 Recreation, department of, at Fort Des Moines, IT, 142 Recreational officer, Red Cross, work of, II, 131 260 INDEX Red cross, use of, as emblem, I, 15 Red Cross, American, formation of, I, 18-36; disaster relief pro- vided bv, I, 24-26, 35, 36, 60, 61, II, 121-123; charter of, I, 26, 28; organization of, I, 26- 36, 214, 215, II, 156; officers of, I, 28, 29, II, 203, 204; re- ports of, I, 28, 213, 214; Gen- eral Board of, I, 29, 30; Exec- utive Committee of, I, 30, 31; Central Committee of, I, 30, 32: buildings of, I, 31, 32, II, 131, 132, 138-141; departments of, I, 32, 33 ; State boards of, I, 33-35, 213; war organiza- tion of, I, 37-59; bureaus of, I, 42, 43 ; National Headquarters of, I, 42-44, 212, 213; divi- sions of, I, 45, 54; chapters of, I, 45, 46, 48, 49, 61-82; branches of, I, 46, 47, 49, 82- 89 ; auxiliaries of, I, 47-49 ; or- ganization of, in Iowa, I, 54- 89 : convention of, at Des Moines, I, 59; membership in, I, 90-136, 221; National Mem- bership Campaign Committee of, I, 100, 101; publicity for, I, 106, 107, 152-154, 161, 162; use of flags of, I, 107; Christ- mas membership campaign of, in Iowa, I, 109-122; number of members in, I, 121, 122, 134- 136; funds of, I, 137, 138, 139, 174, 175; finances of, I, 137-203; duties of treasurer of, I, 139, 140 ; bond of treasurer of, I, 140 ; financial report of, I, 140, 141; National War Fi- nance Committee of, I, 141, 142; war fund of, I, 141-182; first war fund drive of, I, 142- 158; sale of articles for benefit of, I, 149-152; advertising of, at Des Moines, I, 152-154; sec- ond war fund drive of, I, 158- 182; opposition of, to war chests, I, 175-182; official stat- us of. I. 177; financing local organizations of, in Iowa, I, 185-203: contribution of Iowa to, I, 202: functions of. II, 1; work of women for, II, 1-38; creation of War Council of, II, 3 ; pTirchase of supplies by, II, 6. 7: workrooms of, II, 8-11, 12, 13 ; failure to follow direc- tions of, II, 14-17; letter from State director of, II, 16; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies for, II, 17-31; value of articles produced by, II, 18-25 ; Belgian relief work of, II, 31-33; work of, for conservation, II, 34, 35 ; motor corps of, II, 35-38; can- teen service of, II, 39-58; home service work of, II, 59-123, 149-151; social workers em- ployed by, II, 66, 67; work of, during influenza epidemic, II, 93, 94, 167, 168; opposition of, to establishment of sanatoriums, II, 94; lecture on, II, 104; peace time home service work of, II, 107-121; representatives of, at social workers' confer- ence, II, 120; camp service of, II, 124-151; uniforms of offi cers of, II, 125, 126; status of, in camps, II, 125. 126: recre ational officer of, II, 131; dis tribution of supplies by, II 133; expenditures of, at Camp Dodge, II, 134; buildings of at Camp Dodge, II, 138, 139 stafif of, at Camp Dodge, II 139; Christmas activities of II, 139, 140; buildings of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 140. 141 work of, at Fort Des Moines II. 141; staff of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 142; "Jazz Pa rade" planned by. II. 149 nursing service of, II, 152 180; representative of, on com mittee, II, 154 ; nurses fur nished by, II, 158; campaign of, for nurses, II, 161-167 courses in nursing and sanita tion given by, II, 169-172 town and country nursing ser- vice of. II, 176-180; assistance of Junior Red Cross in mem bership campaign of, II, 195 government of, since the World War, II, 203. 204; return of to peace basis. II. 203-209 league of societies of. II, 206 207: recognition of, by Cove nnnt of the League of Nations II, 234 Red Cross. American Association of the. formation of, I, 22, 23 Red Cross, American National Committee, or Societv of the, for the Relief of Suffering, or- INDEX 261 ganization of, I, 21; purpose of, I, 21, 22 Red Cross, International, origin of, I, 117; work of, in Franco- Prussian War, I, 18-20; inter- est of, in ratification of treaty by United States, I, 23; meet- ing of, I, 25 Red Cross, Junior (see Junior Red Cross) Red Cross auxiliaries (see Auxili- aries, Red Cross) Red Cross canteens (see Canteens, Red Cross) Red Cross Christmas membership campaign, purpose of, I, 100, 102 ; organization for, I, 100- 109; publicity for, I, 106, 107; results of. I, 121, 122 Red Cross Christmas roll call, or- ganization of, I, 124-127; re- sults of, I, 134-136 Red Cross Christmas seals, origin of, I, 14; s,ale of, I, 59, 61 Red Cross commissioners, knitted articles sent to, II, 18 Red Cross Committee, The Inter- national, supplement to, II, 206 Red Cross house, program at, II, 148 Red Cross institutes, delegates to, II, 80, 86, 87; holding of, II, 223, 224 "Red Cross Jazz Riot", descrip- tion of, I, 170-172 Red Crofis Magazine, The. quota- tion from, I, 29; sending of, to members, I, 90, 101; money from, I, 139 Red Cross Nursing, National Com- mittee on, appointment of, II, 153; personnel of, II, 153, 154; qualifications of nurses fixed by, II, 157 Red Cross Nursing .Service, nurses enrolled in, I, 90 Red Cross Nursing Service, Na- tional Committee on. State committees appointed by, II, 154 Red Cro.in Parade Manual, issue of, I, 160 Red Cross State Board for Iowa, personnel of, I, 60 ; work of, I, 60, 61 Red Cross Sunday, I, 159, 160, 163 Red Cross Treaty, adoption of, I, 11; provisions of, I, 12, 14, 15 ; ratification of, by United States, I, 19-23 Red Cross War Council (see War Council, Red Cross) Red Cross Week, proclamation of, I, 3 42 Red Oak, home service work at, II, 88 Redfield, corn husking at, for Red Cross, I, 195 Reed, Ralph J., service of, as di- rector of Red Cross case work, I, 59 Refugee garments, local committee on, at Iowa City, I, 81; pro- duction of, II, 3, 8, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 193, 196, 197, 199; value of, II, 18, 24, 196 Refugees, clothing for, II, 18, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31-33; furniture for, II, 197 Regular army, allotment of pay by, II, 59 Relief, dutv of Red Cross to pro- vide, II, 67, 68 Rest room, provision for, II, 53 Rhodes, Knights Hospitallers at, I, 2 Riceville, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189 Richardson, J. J., service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Ridgewav, Red Cross pigs loaded at, I, 192 Ring, sending of, II, 48 Ripley, Allen B., service of, as di- rector of Publicity Bureau, I, 53 Ritchie, Charles J., work of, in home service department at Camp Dodge, II, 138 Rochester (New York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Rock Island (Illinois), home ser- vice conference at, II, 106 Rockefeller Foundation, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 Rockwell, Poster, canteen service in charge of, II, 46 Roll call committee (Central Di- vision), personnel of, I, 127, 128 Roosevelt, Theodore, bill concern- ing Red Cross signed by, I, 28 Roosters, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Rotary Club, Red Cross member- ship drive conducted by, I, 117, 118 262 INDEX Boumania, Ked Cross commission to, I, 44 Rubber, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Rummage sales, holding of, for Red Cross, I, 199 Rural communities, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 106; response of, to Red Cross roll call, I, 136; study of problems of, II, 98, 102, 103; need of home service in, II, 110, 111, 113; visiting nurses for, II, 176, 177, 179, 180 Rural schools, drive for Junior Red Cross members in, II, 189 Russell Sage Foundation, Charity Organization Department of, statistics furnished by, II, 66 _ Russia, famine relief in, I, 25; Red Cross commission to, I, 44 Ryan, John D., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40, 214 Sac County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Sailors, Red Cross supplies for, II, 18 ; provision for care of, II, 39; number of, served by canteens, II, 49, 50, 53; care for families of, II, 61, 62, 74- 78, 128, 129; information con- cerning, II, 64; aid of camp service to, II, 131 St. John, Walter, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 St. John, Knights of, work of, I, I, 2, 17; aid promised by, I, 10; part of, in Franco-Prussian War, I, 210, 211 Salvage stations, use of, by Red Cross, I, 197-201 Salvation Army, refreshments served by, II, 148 Sanatoriums, opening of, by local Red Cross chapters, II, 94, 95 Sandwiches, serving of, to troops, II, 47, 49, 53, 54 Sanitary Commission. United States (see United States Sani- tary Commission) Sanitation, share of Red Cross in, II, 131; share of Junior Red Cross in. II, 195 Sargent, Fred, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Scheuerman, J. L., work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Schmidt, Emil, purchase by, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 School auxiliaries, local commit- tee on, I, 80 ; organization of, II, 185, 186; money raised by, II, 188 (see also Auxiliaries, Red Cross) School nurses, employment of, II, 179, 180 Schoolhouses, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Schools, enrollment of, as junior auxiliaries, I, 91, 92, II, 188- 191; solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 105, 108; Red Cross membership campaign in, I, 119; part of, in work of Junior Red Cross, II, 183-186; Red Cross dues of, II, 186, 187, 191; Red Cross work of, II, 192-199; effects of Junior Red Cross on, II, 200, 201 Scott, E. M., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Scott, George E., service of, for Red Cross, I, 40, II, 204; suc- cessor to, II, 204 Scutari, care of wounded at, I, 3, 5, 208 Secretary of War, reports of Red Cross to be made to, I, 28, 140, 141; order of, concerning Red Cross, II, 39, 124, 126, 156; letter from, concerning Iowa's Red Cross work, II, 208, 209 (see also Baker, Newton D.) Selective draft, effect of, on num- ber of soldiers' dependents, II, 59 Seoul, Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Serbia, Red Cross commission to, I, 44 Service, emphasis on, in Junior Red Cross, II, 199-202 Service flags, distribution of, by Red Cross, I, 107-109, 112, 126, 222, 223; sale of, for Red Cross, I, 189 Service stars, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 189 Seward, William H., statement by, on foreign relations, I, 209 Sewing, activity of .Junior Red Cross in, II, 196, 197 Shaving sets, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Sheets, distribution of, II, 26 Shelby County, number of Red INDEX 263 Cross members in, I, 99, 120, 135 Shenandoah, contribution from, to second war fund, I, 166, 167 Shepard, Mrs. Finley J., service of, on Red Cross membership committee, I, 100 Shetland pony, sale of, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Ship, sale of, at Red Cross auc- tion, I, 152 Shipping Board, United States, head of, I, 39 Short, Wallace M., mention of, I, 171 Shot bags, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Shoulder shawls, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Shriners, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Sicily, earthquake at, I, 2 Sick, care of, bv canteen workers, II, 41, 48, 49, 50, 52; visits to, II, 132 Silver City, donation from, to Red Cross, I, 157 Simmons, G. W., service of, in Des Moines Red Cross member- ship campaign, I, 94 Sioux City, Red Cross auxiliaries in, I, 86 ; Red Cross member- ship drive in, I, 113-115, 132; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145 ; second war fund drive in, I, 168-172; amount raised in, I, 169, 196; fines given to Red Cross by, I, 170; Jazz Riot at, I, 170-172; sale of Red Cross livestock at, I, 190; potatoes raised at, for Red Cross, I, 195 ; Red Cross salvage station in, I, 197-201; Red Cross workroom at, II, 13 ; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 28; work of negro women of, for Red Cross, II, 29 ; work of canteen at, II, 54, 218; work of home service section in, II, 92 ; home service course at, II, 103, 104; committee at, on nursing service, II. 155 Sioux City, Organized Welfare Bureau, secretary of, II, 104 Sioux Citv Shriners, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 196 Sioux County, production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27; con- tribution from, to Belgian re- lief, II, 33; work of canteen in, II, 58 Sisters, allowances for, II, 219 Skinner, Merle, tour of, for Red Cross, I, 164 Slogans, use of, by Red Cross, I, 126 Small, Frederick P., service of, as director of Bureau of Stand- ards, I, 214, 215 Smith, Bruce D., service of, as manager of Central Division, I, 50; address by, at Red Cross meeting, I, 59 Snyder, Samuel, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Soap, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141, 145 Social work, relation of home ser- vice to, II, 107-116; influence of home service on, II, 116- 121; value of training for, II, 117 Social workers, assistance of, to home service, II, 65-67, 85-88; lack of, II, 99; relation of Red Cross home service with, II, 112-114 Social Workers, National Confer- ence of, cooperation of, with Red Cross, II, 67, 120 Socks, inspection of, II, 15 ; num- ber of, II, 21, 28, 30, 199; dis- tribution of, II, 26, 124, 132, 133, 141; value of, II, 133; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 199 Soldiers, care of, in Civil War, I, 12-16; giving of Red Cross sup- plies to, II, 17, 18; provision for care of, II, 39-45, 125, 142- 144 ; number of, served by can- teens, II, 49, 50, 53; allotment of pay by, II, 59; care for de- pendents of, II, 60, 61, 62, 72- 78, 128, 129, 134-137; infor- mation concerning, II, 64, 135, 141; records of, II, 131; aid of camp service to, II, 131; loans to, II, 132, 133, 141, 143 ; Christmas gifts for, II„ 140, 148; information given to, II, 141, 144, 145: entertain- ments for, II, 146148; letters. to, II, 194, 195; supplies for, made bv Junior Red Cross, II, 196, 197 Soldiers' and sailors' insurance- law, provisions of, II, 61 264 INDEX Soldiers' Orphans' Home (Daven- port), Junior Red Cross auxili- ary at, II, 188 Solferino, care of wounded after battle at, I, 7-10 Solferino, TJn Souvenir de, I, 10 Spalding, Vaughan, service of, as director of Bureau of Military Relief, I, 51 Spanish-American War, Red Cross relief in, I, 26, 98 Speakers' Bureau, Red Cross, head of, I, 128; service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162, 163 Special relief funds, Red Cross, I, 137, 138, 139 Sprague, A. H., 2d., selection of, as manager of Central Division, I, 49 Stadden, George B., service of, on roll call committee, I, 127; com- ment by, concerning war chests, I, 177, 178 Stamps, soldiers provided with, II. 49, 127, 132 Standards, Bureau of, organiza- tion of, I, 43; work of, I, 43; director of, I, 214, 215 State Board for Iowa, Red Cross, personnel of, I, 60 ; work of, I, 60, 61 State Council of National Defense, plan endorsed by, I. 165 State employees, solicitation of, for Red Cross, I, 104 State Executive Committee, Iowa, personnel of, I, 128 State fair, serving of meals at, I, 195 State institutions. Red Cross work in, II, 29 State University of Iowa, Exten- sion Division, work of, for home service chapter courses, II. 103, 105, 106, 172 States, committees of, on nursing service, II, 154; assignment of quotas to, in campaisn for nurses. II. 162. 166, 167 Stationerv, furnishing of. to sol- diers, IT. 40. 47, 49, 127. 132 Stevens. Frederick "W., service of. as Michisan State director of the Red Cross. I. 78 Steward. Charles A., service of, as director of Bureau of Mili- tary Relief. I, 51 Steward, J. R., service of, as field director of Red Cross, II, 139 Stillman, C. C, presence of, at conference, II, 106 Storm Lake, Red Cross auction at, I, 188; registration of nurses at, II, 174 Storms, relief work after, II, 121, 122 Storerooms, Red Cross work- rooms in, II, 12 Story County, success of first war fund drive in, I, 156; chickens donated to Red Cross in, I, 190, 191 Stout, J. E., service of, as direc- tor of Junior Red Cross, II, 185 Studebaker, John Ward, comment by, on Junior Red Cross, II, 182, 199, 200; service of, as director of Junior Red Cross, II, 184 Student nurses, enrollment of, II, 165. 166 Students' Army Training Corps, Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26; camp service for, II, 133 Sugar Division of Food Adminis- tration, fines levied by, I, 197 Sunny, Bernard E., service of, as director of second war fund drive, I, 162 Suppers, furnishing of, to troops, II, 53, 56, 57 Supplies, local committee on, I, 80, 81; disposal of, from branches, I, 83, 84, 87, 88,89; production of, in the United States, II, 1, 3. 17-19; bureau in charge of, II, 3, 4; inspec- tion of. II. 4, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 26: demand for, II, 7; shipment of. II, 7, 8 ; produc- tion of, in Central Division, II, 19-22; production of, in Iowa, II, 22-31; transportation of, II, 35, 36; production of, by Junior Red Cross. II, 192-199; end of production of. II. 205 Supplies. Bureau of, work of, I, 52. II, 19. 20 Supplies and Transportation, Bu- reau of. director of, I, 215 Supply, department of, at Fort Des Moines. II. 142 Supply Service, Bureau of, crea- tion of, II, 3 : purpose of, II, 3 Surgeons, provision for, II. 43, 44 Surgical dressings, committee on. INDEX 265 I, 80, 81, II, 4; production of, II, 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 16-20, 23, 24, 27-30, 193, 196-199; direc- tor in charge of, II, 11; classes for, II, 16; value of, II, 18, 24 "Surgical Dressings Unit", organ- ization of, I, 70 Surgical supplies, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141 Survey. The. quotation from, con- cerning Red Cross, I, 35, 36, II, 75, 76 Surgeon General of the Army, re- quest of, for nurses, II, 152, 158, 161, 166; service of, on committee, II, 153 ; nurses under command of, II, 157; nursing survey asked by, II, 172 (see also Gorgas, William C.) Surgeon General of the Nav^-, service of, on committee, II, 153 ; nurses under command of, II, 157; request of, for nurses, II, 161 (see also Braisted, William C.) Sustaining membership, require- ments for, I, 90 Svsraddling blankets, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Swea City, production of Red Cross supplies in, II, 27 Svreaters, standardization of, II, 5 ; number of, furnished by Central Division, II, 20, 21; distribution of, II, 26, 124, 132, 133, 141, 145; number of, II, 31; value of, II, 133; need of, for soldiers, II, 139 Switzerland, Federal Council of. Red Cross conference called by, I, 11 Syracuse (Nevp- York), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Syria, donations for relief in, I, * 203 ; Red Cross chapters in, I, 215 Tables, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197, 199 Tables of Red Cross activities, II, 24, 25, 169, 175, 190, 191 Taborets, making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 197 Taft, Ina M., service of, as direc- tor of Woman's Bureau, I, 53 Taft, William Howard, service of to Red Cross, I, 28, 29, 30, 39 Red Cross speech by, I, 142 election of, as vice president of the American Red Cross, II, 204 Tag days, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Talcum powder, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Tama, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 187; work of Red Cross chapter at, II, 27; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Tama County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 135 Teachers, cooperation of, with Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 183, 184; opinions of, concerning Junior Red Cross, II, 201, 202 Telegrams, sending of, for troops, II, 47, 132, 143, 145 Telephone calls, sending of, II, 143, 145 Theatre parties, giving of, at Fort Des Moines, II, 147 Thrift, emphasis on, in Junior Red Cross, II, 200, 201 Ticket-selling, objections of Red Cross to, I, 184 Tin, collection of, II, 34 "Tiny B" (pony), sale of, at Red Cross auction, I, 150 Tipton, contributions from, to sec- ond war fund, I, 173 Tobacco, furnishing of, to soldiers, II, 40, 42. 45, 47, 49, 127, 145 Toledo, Red Cross membership record of, I, 130 Tomatoes, distribution of, to troops, II, 54, 55 Tooth brushes, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 141, 145 Tooth paste, distribution of, to soldiers, II, 145 Towels, distribution of, II, 26, 47; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 199 Town and Country Nursing Ser- vice, work of, II, 176-180 Towne, O. B., Red Cross speech bv, I, 147; Kepford congratu- lated by, I, 156 Towns, rivalries between, I, 72- 77: visiting nurses for, II, 176, 177, 179 Townsend, L. J., talks by, at home service course, II, 105 Traders' Exchange, beeves donated by, I, 169 Traer, Red Cross auction at, I, 187 266 INDEX Training School for Girls (Mitch- ellville), Junior Red Cross aux- iliary at, II, 188 Trains, canteen workers at, II, 42, 43, 45 Transportation and Supply Ser- vice, Bureau of, organization of, I, 42, II, 3 ; work of, I, 44, II, 4 Travers, Mrs. Frank C, work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Trench candles, making of, by Ju- nior Red Cross, II, 198 Troop trains, meeting of, by can- teen workers, II, 42, 43, 45 Troops, provision for care of, II, 39-45 ; number of, aided by canteen service, II, 46, 49, 50, 52-55 Tuberculosis, campaign against, I, 61 ; provision for care of, II, 65 ; care of soldiers with, II, 80 Turkey, sale of, for Red Cross, I, 188 Union County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 136 United States, ratification of Geneva Treaty by, I, 19-23; Red Cross divisions in, I, 45 ; number of Red Cross chapters in, I, 48, 49; Red Cross mem- bers in, I, 92, 93, 121; success of second war fund drive in, I, 162; attitude of, toward con- gress at Geneva, I, 209; pro- duction of Red Cross supplies in, II, 17-19; soldiers to be fed by, II, 51; districts of, for fam- ily relief, II, 68; number of Junior Red Cross members in, II, 190; membership of, in League of Red Cross Societies, II, 206, 207 United States Public Health Ser- vice, surgeon general of, II, 153 ; nurses assigned to, II, 168; cooperation of, with Red Cross, II, 168 United States Sanitary Commis- sion, organization of, I, 12 ; work of, I, 12-17; donation to, I, 156 United States Shipping Board, head of, I, 39 United States Steel Corporation, gift of, to Red Cross, I, 143 University Church (Des Moines), Red Cross meeting at, I, 146, 147; refreshments furnished by, II, 148, 149 Vail, Theodore N., service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Van Dyke, Henry, service of, on Red Cross membership com- mittee, I, 100 Vassar College, president of, II, 184 Vicksburg (Mississippi), Red Cross organization at, I, 24 Victory buttons, distribution of, II, 65 Villisca, home service work at, II, 87, 88 Vinton, second war fund drive in, I, 165 Visiting nurses, need of, II, 176; qualifications of, II, 176, 177, 178; support of, II, 177; su- pervision of, II, 177, 178; number of, II, 178-180 Vladivostok (Siberia), Red Cross supplies sent to, II, 26 Vocational rehabilitation, provi- sion for, II, 65 "Wacker, Charles H., address by, at Des Moines, I, 94 "Wadsworth, Eliot, service of, to Red Cross, I, 30, 39; service of, on War Council, I, 214; service of, on Executive Com- mittee, II, 204 "Waitresses, provision for, during influenza epidemic, II, 94 Wallace, John P.. Des Moines Red Cross membership campaign di- rected by, I, 94-96; service of, as chairman of Iowa member- ship committee, I, 109; service of, as chairman of Red Cross roll call, I, 130; Red Cross meeting in charge of, I, 147; purchase by, at Red Cross auc- tion, I, 151; second war fund drive in charge of, I, 163 ; re- ports to, I, 173; objections of, to use of war chest, I, 180, 181; service flag plan developed bv, I, 222 Waller, F. C, service of, as direc- tor of Bureau of Accounting, I, 53 Wapello County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; work of INDEX 267 home service section in, II, 92 ; work of Red Cross in, during influenza epidemic, II, 93; en- rollment of nurses in, II, 165 "War Camp Community Service, administration of, II, 121 War chests, plan of, I, 175, 176; use of, in Red Cross drives, I, 175-182; objections to, 176- 182; failure of, in Illinois, I, 178, 179 War club. Red Cross dues paid by, I, 134 War Council, Red Cross, appoint- ment of, I, 37-40, 92, 137, 141, II, 3 ; personnel of, I, 39, 40, II, 119; chairman of, II, 119; Junior Red Cross approved by, II, 181; dropping of, II, 203 "War Department, United States, headquarters for Red Cross sup- plied by, I, 212 , War Finance Committee, National, creation of, I, 141 War Fund, Red Cross, creation of, I, 141, 142; first drive for, I,' 142-158; second drive for, I, 158-182; disposition of, I, 174, 175; insuificiency of, I, 183; contribution from, to canteen service, II, 45 War Industries Board, agreement of, with Red Cross, II, 7, 34, 35 War risk insurance, information concerning, II, 64, 65; study of, II, 97 ^. War Service Board of Buena Vis- ta Countv, work of, for Red Cross, I, 165 War Service League of Marshall County, work of, in Christmas roll call, I, 131, 132 War Service League of Muscatine, work of, in Christmas roll call, I. 133 T, ^ War Union of Henry County, Red Cross aided by, I, 165 Ware, Charles, service of, as di- rector of Bureau of Supplies, I, 52 Warehouses, number of, II, 131, 132 Warehousing and shipping, com- mittee on, I, 80, II, 4 Wash cloths, giving of, to soldiers, II 145; making of, by Junior Red Cross, II, 198 Washington, Red Cross canteen in, II, 45, 218; director of familv relief at, II, 68 Washington (D. C), Red Cross conference at, I, 100; Red Cross bureaus at, II, 4 Washington County, number of Red Cross members in, I, 99; work of home service section in, Washington Union Station, Kea Cross canteen in, II, 45 Waterloo, Red Cross auxiliaries in I, 86; Red Cross member- ship in, I, 116, 136; second Christmas roll call at, I, 131; Red Cross meeting at, I, 145; donation of money at, for Red Cross, I, 195 ; work of women s motor corps at, II, 37; work of canteen at, H, 53, 218; work of home service section m, 11, 92 ; home service course at, II, 103, 106, 107; enrollment of nurses in, II, 165 Watterson, Henry, service of, on Red Cross membership commit- tee, I, 100 Waukon, registration of nurses at, II, 174 Wayne County, contributions from, to second war fund, I, 173 Weaver, James B., service of, as State director of Red Cross, I, 54 55, 63, 64, 65, 68; service of on Red Cross State Board, I ' 60 ; policy of, in organizing Red Cross chapters, I, 72; Red Cross membership campaign in charge of, I, 116; work of, m first war fund drive, I, 144, 145; Red Cross speech by, i, 147 Webster City, second Christmas roll call in, T, 132; Red Cross canteen at, II, 218 Webster County, organization ol Red Cross chapter in, 1, b^. Red Cross branches in, 1, »f . Red Cross members m, 1, n^- 129 136; second Christmas roll call' in, I, 133; Patriot's Fund of I 133; use of war chest nlan in, I, 179; Red Cross Workrooms in, II, 13; Junior Red Cross membership m, ii, Welch, F. A., service of, as direc- tor of Junior Red Cross, II. 185, 187, 189 268 INDEX Wesley, donation of, to Red Cross, I, 157 West Liberty, Red Cross auction at, I, 186, 189 Western League baseball park, athletic meet at, II, 146 Western Newspaper Union, Red Cross advertising distributed by, I, 161 Western Union, delay of messages on, II, 130 Wheel chair race, II, 146 White, M. M., service of, on State Executive Committee, I, 128 Wiggins, Lewis N., service of, as associate manager of Central Division, I, 50; service of, as director of Bureau of Develop- ment, I, 50; service of, as cam- paign manager for Central Di- vision. I, 109; service of, in second war fund drive, I, 162 Williams, B. F., work of, in first war fund drive. I. 146 Williams, John Skelton, election of, as treasurer of the Amer- ican Red Cross, II, 204 Wilson, Emma C, service of, as field secretary, II, 165; courses in charge of, II, 172 Wilson, Mrs. William E., record of, in Red Cross work, II, 29, 30 Wilson, Woodrow, office of, in Red Cross, I, 28, II, 204; address of, at dedication of Red Cross building, I, 32; appointment of Red Cross War Council by, I, 37-40; proclamations of, con- cerning Red Cross, I, 111, 124, 125, 142, 146, 160, 161; Red Cross War Council appointed by, I, 141 ; turkey presented to, I, 188; presidential suite turned over to Red Cross by, II, 45 ; Junior Red Cross endorsed by, IL 182, 183, 184; head of Red Cross appointed by, II, 203 Windsor, Mrs. Helen Howell, ap- pointment of, as director of Bu- reau of Woman's Work for Iowa, II, 11: appointment of, as associate director of the Bu- reau of Development, II, 11 Winnebago Countv, Red Cross auc- tion in, I, 186, 187 Winneshiek County, organization of Red Cross chapter in, I, 82 ; Red Cross pig club in, I, 191- 194; Junior Red Cross organ- ized in, II, 188 "Winneshiek County, Iowa, Hog Special", description of, I, 193 Wisconsin, inclusion of, in Cen^ tral Division, I, 49, 215; num ber of Red Cross chapters in, I, 64; number of Red Cross mem bers in, I, 121; use of Red Cross service flags in, I, 223 students from, in home service institute, II, 102; nurses en rolled from, II, 161, 166, 167 175; part of, in nurses' parade, II, 164; Junior Red Cross members in, II. 189, 190, 191. number of junior auxiliaries in. II, 190; financial statistics of Junior Red Cross in. II, 191 Wives, allowance to, II, 219 Woman's Bureau (Central Divi- sion), work of, I, 52, 53 Woman's Bureau (National), es- tablishment of, II, 3 ; work of, JI, 3, 4 Woman's Work, Bureau of, organ- ization of, I. 43 ; work of, I, 44 Woman's Work for Iowa, Bureau of, director of, II, 11 Women, instruction for, I, 80 work of, for Red Cross, I, 108 116, 195, II, 1-38; organiza tion of, for Red Cross work, II 2-8, 11, 12; number of, in Red Cross work, II, 5, 18, 27 workrooms of, II, 8-11; dress of, in workrooms, II, 9, 10 production of Red Cross sup plies by, II, 17-31; value of ar tides produced by, II, 18, 19 21-25; work of, in canteens, II 44, 45 Women's Clubs, City Federation of (Des Moines), work of, in first war fund drive, I, 146 Women's Council of National De- fense, membership canvass by, I, 130, 131; work of, for Bel- gian relief, II, 33 Women's Volunteer Motor Corps, organization of, II, 35, 36; work of, II. 37, 38 (see also Motor Corps) Woodbury County, Red Cross branches in, I, 86; Red Cross auxiliaries in, I, 86 ; donation from, to first war fund, I, 157; second war fund drive in, I, 168-172; Red Cross salvage sta- INDEX 269 tion in, I, 197-201; Red Cross workroom in courthouse of, II, 13 ; work of Red Cross chapter of, II, 28 ; work of home ser- vice section in, II, 92 Woodward, Red Cross auction at, I, 187 Workrooms, Red Cross, descrip- tion of, II, 8-13; directors of, II, 9, 10, 11 World War, enrollment of nurses for, II, 160-169 Worth, Harry, work of, as field director at Fort Des Moines, II, 140 ; resignation of, as director, II, 227 Worth County, Red Cross member- ship in, I, 136 Wounded, care of, by canteens, II, 49, 50, 52 ; assistance of home service to, II, 64 Wright County, Red Cross mem- bership in, I, 136 Wristlets, number of, II, 21, 31; distribution of, to soldiers, II, 133; value of, II, 133 Young, Lafayfltte, service of, on Red Cross State Board, I, 60 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, raising of funds for, I, 114, 119, 165; packages dis- tributed at building of, II, 134; ice cream served by, II, 148 TMs book is DUE on the last date stamped below ^' Form L-9-15m-7,'32 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 843 550 5 UNIVERSITY of CALIFORN-IA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY