wp—— jib^wbi BBWPflMi i - " TaM ffilllBHWIiiiiiliiltl!! 1C6 No. II IN MEMORIAM A. F. Lange Education Department 7fco U/1QC N A NEW BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK BY J. C. HOCH, Ph.D., and O. F. H. BERT, B.S, INSTRUCTORS IN GREEK AND LATIN IN GREENSBURG SEMINARY PENNSYLVANIA COPYRIGHT, I90I, BY HINDS & NOBLE HINDS & NOBLE, Publishers 4 Cooper Institute New York City PREFACE. In adding a new book to the large number of methods for teaching Latin to beginners, the authors feel that in many respects they have improved upon the text-books already in use. Exceptions to rules have, for the most part, been pur- posely omitted, since the aim is to teach the essentials of the language ; the more particular points can best be ac- quired in connection with the reading of the classics which will follow. Many of the sentences are original, while those of more complex construction have been taken from classic authors ; all have been chosen with the aim to interest the student, as well as to illustrate the rules of syntax. The words which make up the vocabulary are such as will prove to be of value in later study. Five review lessons in vocabulary have been introduced. The treatment of the subjunctive mode has been withheld until after the indicative of the four conjugations has been learned. The uses of the subjunctive are introduced in eminently logical order. The discussion of conditional sentences by means of a diagram is a new feature. The treatment of the non-finite verb forms is at once most eco- nomical and clear. o bwi. IV PREFACE The question of the quantity of vowels has received very careful attention, and the best of authorities have been con- sulted and compared. The usage which, on the whole, has seemed nearest the original usage has been adopted in every case. The fables and other stories which are commonly found in other beginners' Latin books are here omitted, since ample material for reading is supplied in the text. J. C. HOCH. O. F. H. BERT. Greensburg, Pa., January 10, 1901. CONTENTS. LESSON PAGE I. The Alphabet I II. Syllables — Accent . . ... . . . 3 III. Pronunciation 5 IV. Parts of Speech and Inflection 6 V. The First Declension 8 VI. Agreement of Adjectives . . . . . .10 VII. Indirect Object 1 1 VIII. Interrogative Sentences 13 IX. Genitive Case (Possessive) 14 X. Apposition 16 XI. Verb Sum 18 XII. The Second Declension ...... 20 XIII. Adjectives of the First and the Second Declension . 22 XIV. The Second Declension (continued} .... 25 XV. Adjectives of the First and the Second Declension (continued} ........ 27 XVI. Review in Vocabulary ....... 29 XVII. The First Conjugation 31 XVIII. The Verb Sum (continued} ...... 34 XIX. The Demonstratives 36 XX. The Demonstrative is 38 XXI. The Relative and the Interrogative .... 40 XXII. The Passive Voice 43 XXIII. Ablatives of Means or Instrument and Manner . . 46 XXIV. The Third Declension 48 v vi CONTENTS LESSON XXV. The Third Declension (continued} . XXVI. The Third Declension {continued) . XXVII. The Third Declension {continued) . XXVIII. The Ablative of Time .... XXIX. The Third Declension (continued) . XXX. Genitives and Ablatives XXXI. The Ablatives of Specification and Cause XXXII. Review in Vocabulary XXXIII. Adjectives of the Third Declension . XXXIV. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued ) • XXXV. The Accusative of Time and Space . XXXVI. The Second Conjugation .... XXXVII. XXXVIII. Comparison of Adjectives The Use of the Comparative . XXXIX. The Use of the Superlative XL. Comparison of Adjectives (continued) XLI. Comparison of Adjectives (continued) XLII. The Ablative of Degree of Difference XLIII. Formation of Adverbs .... XLIV. Comparison of Adverbs .... XLV. The Fourth Declension .... XLVI. The Fifth Declension .... XLVII. Personal Pronouns ..... XLVIII. Review in Vocabulary .... XLIX. Possessive Adjectives .... L. Locative Case ...... LI. Constructions of Place .... LII. The Demonstratives, iste, ipse, idem LIII. The Indefinite Pronouns .... LIV. Pronominal Adjectives .... LV. Cardinal Numerals CONTENTS Vll LESSON PAGE LVI. Ordinal Numerals 114 LVII. Two Uses of the Dative 116 LVIII. The Third Conjugation 118 LIX. The Third Conjugation {continued) . . .120 LX. The Fourth Conjugation 123 LXI. The Dative with Verbs 125 LXII. Deponent Verbs 127 LXIII. Dative with Compounds . . . . . .130 LXIV. Review in Vocabulary 132 LXV. Imperative Mode and Participles . . . .134 LXVI. The Ablative Absolute . . . . . .137 LXVII. Uses of the Infinitive 139 LXVIII. Possum with the Infinitive . . . . .142 LXIX. Indirect Discourse 144 LXX. The Subjunctive Mode — Sequence of Tenses . . 147 LXXI. Purpose and Result Clauses with ut 149 LXXII. Subjunctive in Relative Clauses .... 153 LXXIII. Cum Clauses 156 LXXIV. The Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing . . .159 LXXV. Indirect Questions 162 LXXVI. The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences . .164 LXXVII. Conditional Sentences 168 LXXVIII. Conditional Sentences {continued) . . . .170 LXXIX. Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine . . . .172 LXXX. The Periphrastic Conjugation . • . . 175 LXXXI. Review in Vocabulary 177 Tables of Declension and Conjugation . . . .179 Vocabularies 213 A NEW BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK. LESSON I. The Alphabet. 1. The English alphabet is in reality the Latin alphabet. Originally the Latin alphabet contained only twenty- three letters. The v served for the consonant w and the vowel u, but finally a separate letter u was added ; the i served for the vowel i and also the consonant j ; consequently the Latin alphabet consists of twenty-four letters. 2. Naturally the letters of the alphabet divide themselves into two groups, vowels and consonants, as follows : — Vowels : a, e, i, o, u, y. Consonants : b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k. 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z. The consonants are divided into mutes, liquids, spirants, and double consonants. f labials : p, b. The mutes are . . . \ Unguals : t, d. I palatals : c, k, g, q. The liquids are 1, m, n, r. The spirants are f, h, s. The double consonants are . . x, z. i H/l Z\ j ; ' '.' ,' ; ; BEGZlfrfERS' LATIN BOOK 3. Pronunciation. — a. The vowels are sounded as fol- lows : — a (long) like a in father, a (short) like a in comma, e " like e in they, e " like e in met. 1 " like i in machine. 1 " like i in pin. 6 " like o in /#;/£. 6 " like 3 LESSON II. Syllables — Accent. 4. Syllables. — The number of syllables in a word is determined by the number of vowels and diphthongs. There are no silent letters in Latin. Each syllable must contain one vowel or diphthong, and only one. a. A consonant between two vowels belongs to the following syllable. Repeated consonants are always sepa- rated. Several consonants between two vowels are joined to the following vowel if together they can be used to begin a Latin word ; but in compounds the component parts are separated. b. Only three syllables of any word have particular names, viz. : the last syllable is called the ultima ; the next to the last, the penult; the one before that, the antepenult. 5. Quantity. — Vowels are either long (") or short ( w ). a. A vowel before another vowel or h is short : galea, a helmet ; traho, / draw. There are a few exceptions to this rule. b. A vowel before nd and nt is short : mando, I order ; amentia, madness. c. A vowel formed by contraction is long: nil (nihil), nothing. d. A vowel before i consonant, nf, ns, gm, gn, is long : peior, worse; infimus, lowest; mensa, table ; agmen, line of battle; Ignis, fire. •J- ■;" ; REGINKERS' LATIN BOOK e. Diphthongs are long : laudo, / praise ; caelum, sky. f A syllable is long if it contains a diphthong or a long vowel ; it is short by nature if it contains a short vowel : cae-do, / kill ; In-fe-ri-or. g. A syllable is long by position if its vowel is followed by a double consonant or by two consonants except a mute followed by 1 or r : nox, night; culpa, blame. 6. Accent. a. Words of two syllables are accented on the penult : Ro'-ma, Rome. b. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if it is long ; if the penult is short, the accent falls on the antepenult : a-mi'-cus, friend ; a-mi-ci -ti-a, friendship. Note. — The ultima is never accented, nor does the accent ever go forward farther than the antepenult. c. When an enclitic is joined to a word, it draws the accent upon the last syllable of the original word : puerl'-que = et pueri, and children. Calcar. PR ON UN CIA TION LESSON III. Pronunciation. 7. Exercise. — Pronounce carefully the following words : — pax fas eras pars clam iam pes rex se per nee ex sic quln hie is vir nix quo nos cor do tot nox dux ius lux cur prae dum nunc haec foedus aut laus poena culcumque deinde eheu neuter circiter barbarus brevitas Cicero iuvenis galllna gigas iudex tristitia Iulius sapiens prudens V1VUS turpitudo thesaurus transversus phalanx vectigalis vectigal vel elephantus pharetra philosophus philosophia chelydrus elephas chorus chlamys urbs Charybdis concha conchis Zama plebs humerus huius aedificat gladius reglna niger discipulus patria pecunia modestus Note. — The words have been arranged in columns for the pupils' convenience — the simplest monosyllables appearing at the beginning of each column. Caution. — Observe carefully the rules for quantity of sylla- bles and accent as given in Lesson II. 6 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON IV. Parts of Speech and Inflection. 8. The parts of speech are as follows : noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and inter- jection. Inflection is the process of changing the form of a word to show its grammatical relations. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is called declension ; that of verbs, conjugation. The other parts of speech are not inflected, and are called particles. a. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are inflected to show differences in gender, number, and case. b. The verb is inflected to show differences in voice, mode, tense, person, and number. c. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs is not strictly considered inflection, but is rather the derivation of new stems to express different degrees. 9. Declension. — a. In Latin, declined words have six cases : Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Ablative. b. Gender. — There are three genders in Latin : Mascu- line, Feminine, and Neuter. General Rules. — Names of males ', rivers, months, winds, mountains, and, in general, the names of things characterized by strength and size, are masculine. PARTS OF SPEECH AND INFLECTION J Names of females, countries, cities, islands, trees, plants, and, in general, things characterized by beauty and tenderness, are feminine. Indeclinable nouns are neuter, c. Number. — There are two numbers, as in English, Singular and Plural. 10. Conjugation. — a. Voice. — The Latin has two voices, the Active and the Passive, to show whether the subject is acting upon an object, or is acted upon. b. Mode. — There are three modes of the finite verb : Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative, besides other forms of the verb : Infinitive, Participle, Gerund, and Supine, to be explained later. c. Tense. — There are six tenses: Present, Imperfect, and Future, called tenses of continued action, and Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect, called tenses of completed action. d. Person and Number. — Each tense is inflected through two numbers, Singular and Plural, and three per- sons, First, Second, and Third, the number and person of the verb depending upon the subject. e. Principal Parts. — The principal parts of a Latin verb are the first person singular present indicative active, the present infinitive active, the first person singular per- fect indicative active, and the perfect passive participle. They are so called because all parts of the verb may be formed from them. 8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON V. The First Declension. 11. There are five declensions in Latin, distinguished by the ending of the genitive singular and the final letter of the stem. That part of the noun to which significant suffixes called case terminations are attached is called the stem. 12. The first declension is called the a declension. nauta, m., sailor ; stem, nauta ; base, naut-. Singular. Plural. N. naut-a, a sailor. naut-ae. G. naut-ae, of a sailor. naut-arum. D. naut-ae, to or for a sailor. naut-is. A. naut-am, a sailor, (obj.) naut-as. V. naut-a, sailor. naut-ae. A. naut-a, with, by, from a sailor, naut-is. 13. Observe that, in the above paradigm, the hyphen is used not to divide the word into syllables, but to separate the case endings from the base. Caution. — Pay particular attention to the diphthongs and the long and short vowels. 14. Rules. — a. The subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative Case. b. The object of a transitive verb is in the Accusative Case. c. The predicate noun agrees with the subject in Case. Examples. — Europa est terra. Europe is a country. Aqua delectat agricolas. Water delights the farmers. THE FIRST DECLENSION* Q 15. Vocabulary. Asia, -ae, f., Asia. femina, -ae, f., wo7nan. terra, -ae, f., land ox country, regina, -ae, f., queen. Europa, -ae, f., Europe. aqua, -ae, f., water. Britannia, -ae, f., Britain. puella, -ae, f., girl. insula, -ae, f., island. silva, -ae, f, forest. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. aquila, -ae, f., eagle. Diana, -ae, f., Diana. bestia, -ae, f., animal. dea, -ae, f., goddess. columba, -ae, f., dove. agricola, -ae, m., farmer, incola, -ae, m., inhabitant. est, (he, she, it) is. amat, (he) loves. sunt, (they) are. amant, (they) love. delectat, (he) delights. laudat, (he) praises. delectant, (they) delight. laudant, (they) praise. et, and. Note. — There are no equivalents for the English articles a, an, andJhe. 16. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Asia est terra. 2. Europa et Asia sunt terrae. 3. Britannia est insula. 4. Diana est dea. 5. Et Minerva est dea. 6. Diana et Minerva sunt deae. 7. Diana Miner- vam amat. 8. Minerva Britanniam amat. 9. Diana et Minerva terras amant. 10. Deae agricolam laudant. II. 1. The queen loves the farmers. 2. The woman loves the girl. 3. The farmer loves the animals. 4. The forest delights the goddesses. 5. The girl loves Diana. 6. Britain is an island and a country. 7. The eagle loves the forest. 8. The dove delights the girl. 9. The girls and the queen praise the farmers. 10. The women praise Minerva. IO BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON VI. 17. Rule. — Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Note. — Review paragraph 3 and strictly apply the rules on pronunciation. 18. Vocabulary. poeta, -ae, m., poet. magna, f., large. vita, -ae, f., life. bona, f., good. fabula, -ae, f., story. mala, f., bad. patria, -ae, f., native land. parva, f., small. Roma, -ae, f., Ro?ne. alba, f., white. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. longa, f., long. pirata, -ae, m., pirate. narrat, (he) tells. non, adv., not. narrant, (they) tell. Victoria, -ae, f., Victoria. sed, hit. 19. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Agricola vitam amat. 2. Poeta fabulam narrat. 3. Europa est magna terra. 4. Britannia est magna insula. 5. Nauta non est pirata. 6. Reglna bonas feminas lau- dat. 7. Graecia est longa terra. 8. Victoria est parva puella. 9. Agricola et nautae bonas fabulas narrant. 10. Graecia est bona, patria. 11. Minerva est dea, sed non est reglna. 12. Incolae Asiam amant. II. 1. The woman tells a long story. 2. Britain is a large island. 3. The stories delight the good girls. 4. The farmers love the native land. 5. The farmer praises the INDIRECT OBJECT II forests. 6. Minerva and Diana are good goddesses. 7. Eu- rope and Asia are large countries. 8. Long life is good. 9. The poet praises the farmer. 10. The small eagle delights the good girl. n. The inhabitants love and praise the good queen. 12. The good woman praises the farmer. LESSON VII. Indirect Object. 20. Rule. — The Dative is the case of the indirect object, and is used with verbs of giving, and others whose meaning permits. Example. — Agricola puellae rosam dat. The farmer gives a rose to the girl. Note. — Review paragraph 6. 21. Vocabulary. rosa, -ae, f., rose. pecunia, -ae, f., money. gratia, -ae, ingratitude. pugna, -ae, f., battle. victoria, -ae, f., victory. mensa, -ae, f., table. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. laetitia, -ae, i^joy. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. ignavia, -ae, f., laziness. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. dat, (he) gives. filia, -ae, f., daughter. dant, {they) give. hasta, -ae, f., spear. parat, (he) prepares. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. parant, (they) prepare. ara, -ae, f., altar. ornat, (he) decorates. 'in, prep, (with abl), /«, on. ornant, (they) decorate. 12 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 22. Exercises in Translation, I. i. Agricola poetae fabulam narrat. 2. Et fabula poetae laetitiam dat. 3. Puella mensam ornat. 4. Incolae deae aram parant. 5. Regina nautae hastam dat. 6. Nauta reginae rosam dat. 7. Poeta flliabus* sagittas dat. 8. In- colae bonis deabus* pecuniam dant. 9. Italia, et Gallia, et Germania sunt in Europa. 10. Regina poetas delectat, sed non piratas. 11. Sagittae in mensa sunt. II. 1. The battle delights the pirate. 2. The farmer gives good water to the animals. 3. The good queen is in Britain. 4. The great forest delights the good girls. 5. The goddesses give long life to the sailor. 6. The poet tells the women a good story. 7. Large animals are in the forest. 8. The girls decorate the large altars for the goddesses. 9. The queen praises the victory. 10. And she gives money to the sailor. n. In Greece are great altars. 12. The poet gives a white rose to the girl. *Note. — The dative and the ablative plural of filia and dea are flliabus and deabus, respectively, to distinguish them from the corresponding forms of filius and deus. Arcus. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 1 3 LESSON VIII. Interrogative Sentences. 23. If there is no interrogative word in a sentence, the enclitic 1 ne is attached to the most important word, usually the verb, and simply asks for information. When the answer " yes " is implied, the adverb nonne (non + ne) is used. When the answer "no " is implied, the adverb num is used. Examples : — Amatne agricola pecuniam ? Does the farmer love money t Nonne agricola pecuniam amat ? Does not the farmer love money f Num agricola pecuniam amat ? Does the farmer love money f Note. — Review paragraphs 8 and 9. 24. Vocabulary. fossa, -ae, f., ditch. ubi (adv.), where. epistula, -ae, f., letter. cur (adv.), why. pulchra, f., beautiful. num (adv.), expects answer no. de (prep, with abl.), about. nonne (adv.), expects answer yes. quia (conj.), because. quis (interrog. pronoun), who. certe (adv.), certainly. quid (interrog. pronoun), what. 25. I. 1. Cur agricola pecuniam amat? 2. Quia pe- cunia est bona. 3. Ubi est pulchra regina? 4. Est in 1 An enclitic is a syllable or a particle added to another word. 14 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Britannia. 5. Nonne pulchrae silvae incolas delectant? Certe. 6. Ubi est Roma? 7. Estne Roma in Italia? 8. Quis fabulam in epistula narrat? 9. Parva puella fabulam feminae de pirata in epistula narrat. 10. Quid puella deabus ornat ? Ornat aras pulchras. 11. Num aqua in longa fossa est? 12. Aqua in longa fossa non est. II. 1. Why is not water in the ditch? 2. Does the farmer love the beautiful woman? 3. Does not the white rose delight the little girl? 4. Who tells the story about the eagle and the dove? 5. The farmer loves the woman because she is good. 6. What does the farmer give to the animals? 7. He gives water to the animals. 8. Where are Italy and Germany? 9. Is the spear small ? 10. It is not small ; it is large and long. 11. Is not the dove white? 12. Certainly, the dove is white and beautiful. LESSON IX. Genitive Case. (Possessive.) 26. The English Possessive is expressed in Latin by means of the Genitive, as is also the object of the preposi- tion of. Example: — Filia agricolae poetis fabulam narrat. The daughter of the far?ner (the farmer's daughter) tells the poets a story. Note. — Review paragraphs 15 and 18. GENITIVE CASE I 5 27. Vocabulary. copiae, -arum, f. (pi.), forces. Catillna., -ae, m., Catiline. causa, -ae, f., cause. Ira, -ae, f., anger. industria, -ae, f., industry. corona, -ae, f., crown. gallina, -ae, f., hen. ripa, -ae, f., bank. gloria, -ae, f., glory. stella, -ae, f., star. superbia, -ae, f., pride. aurea, f., golden. amicitia, -ae, f., friendship. iustitia, -ae, f., justice. sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom. servat, (lie*) saves. saepe (adv.), often. servant, (they) save. 28. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Regina copiarum est causa laetitiae. 2. Rosae aras dearum ornant. 3. Industria puellae agricolam delec- tat. 4. Fllia reglnae columbas et galllnas amat. 5. Gloria saepe causa superbiae est. 6. Nonne amicitia vitam ornat ? 7. Certe, amicitia feminarum bonarum incolas terrae de- lectat. 8. Incolae iustitiam et sapientiam reglnae laudant. 9. Italia est patria Catilinae. 10. Num superbia nautarum est causa irae agricolarum? II. 1. The victories of the forces save the country. 2. Catiline does not love justice and wisdom. 3. The far- mer gives a hen, a dove, and an eagle to the good woman's daughter. 4. Who saves the queen's life? 5. Is not friend- ship good; and is not anger bad? 6. The beautiful star delights the forces of Britain. 7. The golden crown of the queen is beautiful. 8. What is the cause of the battle? 9. Wisdom often saves life. 10. The justice of the queen delights the farmers. l6 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON X. Apposition. 29. Rule. — A noun limiting another, and denoting the same person or thing, is said to be in apposition with it, and agrees with it in case. Examples : — Graecia, mea patria, est parva terra. Greece, ?ny native land, is a S7nall country. Agricola rosam parvae puellae, suae filiae, dat. The farmer gives a rose to the little girl, his daughter. Note. — Review the rules for cases as given in the preceding lessons. 30. Vocabulary. iniuria, -ae, f., injury. memoria, -ae, f., memory. luna, -ae, f., moon. fera, -ae, f., wild beast. Iulia, -ae, i., Julia. Galba, -ae, m., Galba. Belga, -ae, m., a Belgian. Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. mea, f. (poss. adj.)? my> tu a, f. (poss. adj.), your. sua, f. (poss. adj.), his, her, their. nova, f., new. 31. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Nova luna Iuliam, reginam, delectat. 2. Italia, mea patria, est pulchra terra. 3. Victoria, filia poetae, est pulchra puella. 4. Quis vitam meae filiae, Iuliae, servat? 5. Regina fabulam agricolae, incolae Britanniae, narrat. 6. Suntne ferae in Graecia, tua patria? 7. Agricola, APPOSITION 17 Britanniae incola, aquam bestiis dat. 8 V Feminae bonas puellas, filias meas, amant. 9. Amicitia reginae laetitiam poetis, incolis Italiae, dat. 10. Memoria victoriarum Galbam et Catilinam, incolas Romae, delectat. 11. Diana non est dea Belgarum, incolarum Europae. 12. Agricola fabulam de pirata, incola Hispaniae, narrat. II. 1. The Belgian, a farmer, gives water to the animals. 2. The poet's daughter decorates the altar of the goddess, Minerva. 3. Galba is in Italy, a country of Europe. 4. The goddesses love the Belgians, inhabitants of a country of Europe. 5. Who does not love Greece, his native country? 6. The queen gives roses to the girls, the daughters of the poet. 7. Are there 1 wild beasts in Germany, your native land? 8. The sailor saves the life of your daughter, Julia. 9. The goddess, Diana, is a good goddess. 10. Where is the little daughter of Catiline, the inhabitant of Rome? 11. The beautiful woman is the daughter of Julia, the queen. 12. Does Catiline love the beautiful woman, his daughter? 1 There t the expletive, is not used in Latin. Ndvis Longa. 18 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XI. Verb Sum. 32. In previous lessons, verbs have been used in the present tense, third person only, but at this stage it is necessary for the student to begin to acquire the complete conjugation. Review paragraph 10, giving particular attention to the use of the tenses. 33. Learn the present, imperfect, future, and perfect indicative of sum. Principal Parts: sum, esse, ful. Indicative. SINGULAR. 1. sum, I am, 2. es, thou art. 3. est, he, she, it is. 1. eram, I was. 2. eras, thou wast. 3. erat, he was. 1. er5, I shall be. 2. eris, thou wilt be. 3. erit, he will be. Present. Imperfect. Future, plural. sumus, we are. estis, you are. sunt, they are. eramus, we were. eratis, you were. erant, they were. erimus, we shall be. eritis, you will be. erunt, they will be. VERB SUM 19 Perfect. 1. fui, I have been, was. fuimus, we have been, were. 2. fuisti, thou hast been, wast. i uistis, you have been, were. 3. fuit, he has been, was. fuerunt, or j they have been, fuere, J were. 34. Vocabulary. Celta, -ae, m., a Celt. fuga, -ae, f., flight. provincia, -ae, i., province. rapina, -ae, f., plundering. natura, -ae, f., nature. audacia, -ae, f., boldness. Iura, -ae, m., Mt.Jura. potentia, -ae, f., power. familia, -ae, f., family, household. in (prep, with ace), into. Genava, -ae, f., Geneva. portat, (he) carries. via, -ae, f., road. portant, (they) carry. 35. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Catilina erat in Italia. 2. Provincia Celtarum est in Gallia. 3. Fueruntne ferae in silvis Europae? 4. Fui- mus nautae Victoriae reginae. 5. Agricola columbam in silvam portat. 6. Num Italia fuit patria Belgarum ? 7. Iniu- ria incolarum erit causa pugnae. 8. Magna familia Galbae fuit in Iura. 9. Natura piratarum est mala. 10. Genava est in Helvetia, terra Galliae. 11. Viae provinciae sunt longae et bonae. II. 1. The power and boldness of Diana please the queen. 2. The inhabitants of Rome tell a story about the flight of the Belgians. 3. Galba has been in Gaul, and he carries money into Rome for his family. 4. The joy of the women 20 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK about the battle was great, because the victory saves their native land. 5. Was not the road to Mt. Jura long? 6. A beautiful star was in the golden crown of the goddess. 7. Does the poet praise the boldness of the sailors? 8. A spear and an arrow will be on the table. 9. Was the laziness of the forces the cause of the flight? 10. Cer- tainly, laziness and pride have often been the cause of flight. 11. Who gives money to the bad farmer, Galba? 12. Jus- tice delights the inhabitants of a country. LESSON XII. Second Declension, 36. Nouns of the' second declension end in us, um, er, and ir, in the nominative singular. Those ending in us, er, and ir, are masculine ; those ending in, um are neuter. Every neuter noun has the same form for the nominative, accusative, and vocative, ending in um in the singular and a in the plural. 37. servus, a slave ; stem, servo ; base, serv-. Singular. Plural. N. serv-us, a slave. serv-i. G. serv-i, of a slave. serv-orum. D. serv-6, to or for a slave. serv-is. A. serv-um, a slave (obj.). serv-6s. V. serv-e, O slave. serv-i. A. serv-6, with, by, from a slave. serv-is. SECOND DECLENSION 21 oppidum, a town] stem, oppido; base, oppid-. Singular. Plural. N. oppid-um ? a town. oppid-a. G. oppid-i, of a town. oppid-orum. D. oppid-5, to ox for a town. oppid-is. A. oppid-um, a town (obj.). oppid-a. V. oppid-um, town. oppid-a. A. oppid-6, with, by, from a town. oppid-is. 38. Vocabulary. bellum, -I, n., war. scutum, -I, n., shield. poculum, -I, n., cup. arma, -5rum, n., (plu.) arms. templum, -I, n., temple. animus, -i, m., mind. deus, -X, m., god. dominus, -I, m., master. amicus, -I, m., friend. donat, {he) presents. donant, (they) present. equus, -T, m., horse. Bacchus, -I, m., Bacchus. Rhenus, -I, m., Rhine. gladius, -I, m., sword. fluvius, -I, m., river. aurum, -I, n., gold. argentum, -I, n., silver. discipulus, -I, m., pupil. filius, -i ? m., son. aedificat, (he) builds. aedificant, (they) build. 39. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Roma est oppidum Italiae. 2. Deae templa Graeciae laudant. 3. Equus est bestia. 4. Serve, ubi est dominus? 5. Dominus est in bello et arma scutumque portat. 6. Aurum et argentum animum discipuli delectant. 7. AmicI Bacchi dels et deabus templum aedificant. 8. Filius agricolae pecuniam filiae suae donat. 9. Rhenus 22 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK est fluvius terrae Europae. 10. Amici poetae agricolae poculum, nautae gladium dant. n. Agricola equis aquara portat. 12. Servi templum Minervae ornant. II. i. Doves delight the sons and daughters of the farmers. 2. The inhabitants of the island praise Bacchus, the god. 3. Gold and silver adorn women and girls. 4. On the banks of the Rhine are towns. 5. The farmer gives a horse to his son. 6. The women adorn the altars of the gods and goddesses. 7. O, farmer, where is your son? 8. The sailor loves silver and gold. 9. Does not the pirate love money? 10. The slaves do not praise the pride of the master, n. The good queen gives a sword to the pupil of the poet. 12. Julia is the queen of a large country on the Rhine. LESSON XIII. Adjectives of the First and. the Second Declension. 40. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have three terminations to mark the different genders : bonus, masculine ; bona, feminine ; bonum, neuter. The masculine is declined like servus, the feminine like nauta, and the neuter like bellum. Caution. — Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, not necessarily in form* ADJECTIVES OF TWO DECLENSIONS 23 41. bonus nauta, good sailor. Singular. Plural. N. bonus nauta. bonl nautae. G. boni nautae. bonorum nautarum. D. bono nautae. bonis nautis. A. bonum nautam. bonos nautas. V. bone nauta. boni nautae. A. bono nauta. bonis nautis. 42. Vocabulary. praeda, -ae, f., booty. elephantus, -1, m., elephant. populus, -I, m., people. miirus, -1, m., wall. praesidium, -1, n., defense. medicus, -1, m., physician. Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. vinum, -T, n., wine. uva, -ae, f., grape. Corinthus, -1, f., Corinth. frumentum, -1, n., grain, corn* cibus, -1, m., food. peritus, -a, -um, skilful. ] Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. clarus, -a, -um, illustrious. multus, -a, -um, much, many. altus, -a, -um, high. validus, -a, -um, strong. opulentus, -a, -um, rich. modestus, -a, -um, 7nodest. latus, -a, -um, broad. Note. — All adjectives found in the preceding lessons have three terminations. 43. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Alba columba est praeda aquilae. 2. Peritus agri- cola audaciam bonorum nautarum laudat. 3. Populus Romanus aquilam Romanam amant, 1 quia aquila vlctoriam dat. 4. Roma est oppidum clarum. 5. Elephant! sunt 1 A noun of multitude requires the verb in the plural. 24 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK bestiae magnae. 6. In Germania et Gallia sunt fluvii magnl et lata. 7. Altl murl sunt praesidium multorum oppidorum. 8. Agricola bonus servos suos amat. 9. Filia medici est puella bona et modesta. 10. Oppida clara et opulenta erant in Sicilia. 11. Filiae tuae, amice, sunt puellae modestae. 12. Bacchus est deus vinl et uvarum. II. 1. Corinth is a rich town of Greece. 2. Grain is the food of horses. 3. The white dove delights the little girl. 4. Many high walls are in the town. 5. Does the good slave love the great pride of his master? 6. He does not love the pride of his master, the rich physician. 7. The grapes of Sicily are good. 8. The strong horses of the farmer carry much grain into the town Corinth. 9. Victoria was a good and famous queen of Britain. 10. A large elephant was the guard of a town in Greece, n. What is the booty of the queen's good sailors? 12. The large gift delights the good daughter of the illustrious poet. Eques. SECOND DECLENSION 2$ LESSON XIV. Second Declension {Continued). 44. The case terminations of nouns in er and ir are the same as those of nouns ending in us. Most nouns and adjectives in er of the second declension are declined like ager ; that is, they drop the e of the nominative. Nouns in ius and ium may contract the genitive ending ii to I : consilium, gen. consili, advice, plan. Fllius, son, and proper names in ius contract ie in the vocative to i : fili ; Mercun, Mercury. But the place of the accent is not changed. 45. puer, m., boy; stem, puero ; base, puer-. ager, m., field; stem, agro ; base, agr-. vir, m., man; stem, viro ; base, vir-. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. puer puer-i ager agr-i vir vir-i G. puer-i puer-orum agr-i agr-orum vir-I vir-orum D. puer-o puer-is agr-6 agr-is vir-o vir-Is A. puer-um puer-6s agr-um agr-6s vir-um vir-os V. puer puer-I ager agr-I vir vir-i A. puer-6 puer-Is agr-o agr-is vir-5 vir-Is 46. Vocabulary. Mercurius, -T, m., Mercury. herba, -ae, f., herb, plant. nuntius, -I, m., messenger. hortus, -I, m., garden. castrum, -I, n., tent. sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom. castra, -orum, n. (plu.), camp. Romanus, -I, m., a Roman. 26 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK magister,-tri ? m., master, teacher, benignus, -a, -urn, kind. diligentia, -ae, f., diligence. copiae,-arUm,f.(plu.),yWr£.y. gaudium, -i ? n.,joy. statua, -ae, f., statue. donum, -I, n., gift. 47. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Mercurius est nuntius deorum-. 2. Boni viri sunt praesidium patriae. 3. Castra Romanorum in ripa fluvii erant. 4. Fossae longae sunt praesidium castrorum. 5. Do- num reginae bonae puerum modestum delectat. 6. Dili- gentia discipulorum magistro gaudium dat. 7. In agris est frumentum ; in silvis et hortis herbae sunt. 8. Sapien- tia peritorum medicorum vltam benignae reginae servat. 9. Peritus magister fabulam parvis pueris et bonis puellls narrat. 10. Altus vir diligentiam fill laudat. it. Copiae Romanorum saepe in periculo erant. 12. In templls statuae deorum et dearum sunt. II. 1. Famous poets were in Italy and Greece. 2. The inhabitants adorn the new temple of Bacchus. 3. On the I bank of the river is an altar of Diana. 4. The poets love and praise the native country of the good men. 5. The fields of the kind farmer are in Italy. 6. The master gives arms to the son of the good man. 7. The wisdom of the good boys was great. 8. Famous and rich towns were in Sicily. 9. In the fields are wide ditches. 10. The poet tells a story to the boy. 11. O son, where is the temple of Bacchus, the god of wine? 12. The poet tells the kind queen the story of Mercury. ADJECTIVES OF TWO DECLENSIONS 27 LESSON XV. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions ( Continued} . 48. Adjectives of the first and the second declension with the masculine ending in er are declined as follows : — miser, wretched, poor. Singular. M. F. N. N. miser misera miserum G. miseri miserae miseri D. miserd miserae miserd A. miserum miseram miserum V. miser misera miserum A. miserd misera Plural. miserd M. F. N. N. miseri miserae misera G. miserorum miserarum miserorum D. miseris miseris miseris A. miseros miseras misera V. miseri miserae misera A. miseris miseris miseris aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick (dropping e of the nominative masculine) . 49. piger, -gra, -grum, lazy. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful. Vocabulary. creber, -bra, -brum, numer- ous, frequent. liber, -era, -erum, free. 28 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK tener, -era, -erum, tender. Africa, -ae, f., Africa. sacer, -era, -erum, holy. liber, -bri, m., book. semper (adv.), always. Graecus, -i, m., a Greek. dexter, -tra, -trum, right. Vergilius, -1, m., Vergil. sinister, -tra, -trum, left. liberi, -orum, m., children of niger, -gra, -grum, black. free parents. circum, prep, (with ace), puerl, -orum, m., general term around. for children. 50. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Piger puer est non semper malus. 2. Incolae Africae sunt nigri. 3. Magister multos et pulchros libros suls discipulis dat. 4. Crebrae pugnae in silva erant. 5. Graeci et Roman! fuerunt popull liberi. 6. Cornelia, pulchra regina, teneros llberos clari poetae amat. 7. Libros Vergil! in sacrum templum Mercuri portant. 8. In dextra ripa sunt oppida ; in sinistra sunt agri. 9. Dominus serv5 misero longum gladium dat. 10. Liberi incolae altos muros circum oppidum aedificant. II. 1. Mercury was a god holy to Greeks and Romans. 2. The friends of Galba give a book to the beautiful daugh- ter of the farmer. 3. Where are the modest children of the poet, the friend of the queen ? 4. They are on the bank of the river. 5. Vergil tells numerous stories about the gods and goddesses. 6. Books delight the good pupils. 7. Are the black men in Africa free? 8. Many are free men, but many are slaves. 9. The queen is kind to the sick men of the island. 10. Vergil was not a lazy farmer, but he was a great poet. REVIEW IN VOCABULARY 29 LESSON XVI. Review in Vocabulary. 51. It will be found to be of great advantage for the student to review, at this time, the vocabularies in the pre- ceding lessons. The following list which contains these words should be studied with great care ; the English equivalents should be learned, and the spelling and the quantity of vowels should be mastered. 52. Word List. aedificat audacia clarus donat aeger aurea columba donum Africa aurum copiae elephantus ager Bacchus Corinthus epistula agricola Belga corona equus alba beilum creber eramus altus benlgnus cur erit amat bestia dat est am ant bona de estis amlcitia Britannia dea et amicus castra delectat Europa animus castrum delectant fabula aqua Catilina deus familia aquila causa dexter femina ara Celta Diana fera argentum certe dlligentia fllia arma cibus discipulus fllius Asia circum dominus fluvius 30 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK fossa laudant parva sacer frumentum liber patria saepe fuga liber pecunia sagitta fuistl longa perltus sapientia Galba luna piger scutum Gallia magister pirata sed gallina magna poculum semper gaudium mala poeta servat Genava mea populus servus Germania medicus portat Sicilia gladius memoria potentia silva gloria mensa praeda sinister Graecia Mercurius praesidium statua Graecus Minerva provincia stella gratia miser puella sua hasta modestus puer sum herba multus pueri sunt Hispania murus llberi suum hortus narrat pugna templum ignavia natura pulcher tener in nauta pulchra terra incola niger quia tua industria non quid ubi insula nonne quis uva iniuria nova raplna validus Ira num reglna via Italia nuntius Rhenus victoria Iulia oppidum rlpa vlnum Iiira opulentus Roma vir iustitia ornat Romanus Vergilius laetitia parat rosa vita laudat THE FIRST CONJUGATION 3 1 LESSON XVII. The First Conjugation. 53. The Latin verb is regularly inflected through four conjugations, distinguished by the vowel preceding the ending -re of the present infinitive active ; a in the first conjugation, e in the second, e in the third, and 1 in the fourth. Examples. — amare, to love ; monere, to advise ; regSre, to rule ; audire, to hear. Note. — Let paragraph 10 be thoroughly reviewed,, 54. Learn the indicative active of amare. Principal parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. Indicative Active. Present, singular. plural. 1 . amo, / love. amamus, we love. 2. amas, thou lovest. amatis, you love. 3. am at, he, she, it loves. amant, they love. Imperfect. 1. amabam, I was loving. amabamus, we were loving, 2. amabas, thou wast loving. amabatis, you were loving. 3. amabat, he, she, it was lov- amabant, they were loving. ing. Future. 1. amabo, I shall love. amabimus, we shall love. 2. amabis, thou wilt love. amabitis, you will love. 3. amabit, he will love, amabunt, they will love. 32 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Perfect, singular. plural. 1 . amavl, / loved, have loved. amavimus, we loved. 2. amavistl, thou lovedst, hast amavistis, you loved. loved. 3. amavit, he loved, has loved. amaverunt, ) , , , amavere, } e J ove ' Pluperfect. 1 . amaveram, / had loved. amaveramus, we had loved. 2. amaveras, thou hadst loved. amaveratis, you had loved. 3. amaverat, he had loved. amaverant, they had loved. Future Perfect. 1. amavero, / shall have amaverimus, we shall have loved. loved. 2. amaveris, thou wilt have amaveritis, you will have loved. loved. 3. amaverit, he will have amaverint, they will have loved. loved. 55. Vocabulary. aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus, to narro, -are, -avi, -atus, to tell. build. orno, -are, -avi, -atus, to do, dare, dedi, datus, to give. decorate. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus, to porto, -are, -avi, -atus, to delight. carry. dono, -are, -avi, -atus, to paro, -are, -avi, -atus, to present. • prepare. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, to servo, -are, -avi, -atus, to praise. save. Note. — The principal parts of every verb must be learned carefully. Observe the irregularities of the verb do. THE FIRST CONJUGATION 33 56. Exercises in Translation, I. 1. Incolae templum aedificant. 2. Liberl medic! fabulam poetae laudabunt. 3. Pulchrae herbae in horto agricolae fuerunt. 4. EquI nigri in oppidum frumentum portabant. 5. Industria servorum Galbam, dominum, de- lectavit. 6. Benigna regina aegrfs nautis pecuniam dona- verat. 7. Nonne f Ilia magistri galllnam agricolae dedit? 8. Amicitiam, iustitiam, sapientiam amamus. 9. GraecT, laudavistisne Dianam? II. 1. The industry and the diligence of the pupils delighted the teacher. 2. The poets will tell stories about the great river Rhine. 3. The war in Germany was long. 4. On the right bank of the river they had built a town ; and on the left bank they were building a temple to Mercury. 5. I will carry gold and silver into the temple of Diana. 6. Many 1 good men have loved Italy, their native country. 7. The kind man was giving roses to the poor, sick children of the slaves. 8. Beautiful horses delight the rich man, my friend. 9. The friendship of the modest girls delights the children of Cornelia. 10. The water saved the life of the Greek. 1 many and good. 34 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XVIII. The Verb Sum (Continued). 57. Learn the pluperfect and the future perfect indicative of sum. Pluperfect. singular. plural. 1 . fuer am, / had been. fueramus, we had been. 2. fueras, thou hadst been. f ueratis, you had been. 3. fuerat, he had been. fuerant, they had been. Future Perfect. 1. fuero, I shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been. 2. fueris, thou wilt have been. fueritis, you will have been. 3. fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 58. Vocabulary. morbus, -1, m., disease. vallum, -1, n., fortification. Persa, -ae, m., a Persian. aedificium, -I, n., building. irisidiae,-arum,f.(plu.),^;//^//^. defessus, -a, -urn, tired. dolus, -1, m., trickery. gratus, -a, -um, pleasing. Grallus, -1, m., a Gaul. purus, -a, -um, pure. Germanus, -1, m., a Ger?nan. iustus, -a, -urn, just. Poenus,-i,m.,tf Carthaginian. historia, -ae, f., history. occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, to fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, to put seize. to flight. pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, to vasto, -are, -avi, -Stus, to lay fight. waste. nunc (adv.), now. cum (prep, with abl.), with. THE VERB SUM 35 59. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Dolus Persarum incolis Graeciae insidias parat. 2. Vent! pueris morbos saepe portant. 3. Fossa et vallum sunt praesidium castrorum. 4. Multa aedificia oppidT fuerunt magna et alta. 5. Aqua pura fluvii erit grata defessis bestirs. 6. Bella Romanorum non semper iusta fuerant. 7. Graeci et Roman! fuerunt populi llberi. 8. Arma Gallorum et Germa- norum erant gladil et hastae et scuta. 9. Roman! cum Poenis pugnavere. 10. Roman! Galliam occupaverunt et Gallorum agros vastaverunt. II. 1. Galba, the sailor, put the pirates to flight. 2. I have told the history of the Greeks to the good boys. 3. You have given much money to the daughter of the poet. 4. Sicily and Britain are islands. 5. You were a sailor, now you are a farmer. 6. The Rhine is a beautiful river of Germany. 7. The pirates have seized many islands and many towns of the Gauls. 8. The inhabitants of the island were poor slaves. 9. The victory of the forces was the cause of great joy. 10. We were praising the troops of the Germans. Tubae. 36 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XIX. The Demonstratives. 60. The demonstratives hie and ille are used as pronouns and as adjectives. hie, this. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. hie haec hoc hi hae haec G. huius huius huius horum harum horum D. huic huic huic his his his A. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Ac hoc hac hoc ille, his that. his his N. ille ilia illud ill! illae ilia G. illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum D. ill! ill! illi illis illis illis A. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia A. illo ilia illo illis illis illis Notes. — a. hie is applied to what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought, and hence may be called the demon- strative of the first person : haec puella, this girl. . b. ille is applied to what is relatively remote from the speaker in place, time, or thought, and hence may be called the demonstra- tive of the third person : ilia femina, that woman. c. ille, agreeing with a noun and commonly placed after it, sometimes means that well known, that famoiis. d. hie and ille are sometimes used without a noun, in con- trast : hie, the litter ; ille, the former. e. The forms of hie and ille sometimes mean he, she, it. THE DEMONSTRATIVES 37 61. Vocabulary. Cincinnatus, -i,m., Cincinnatus. laetus, -a, -um, glad. vlclnus, -1, m., neighbor. maestus, -a, -um, sad. oppidanus, -1, m., townsman. Hbero, -are, -avi, -atus, to aro, -are, -avi, -atus, to plow. free. voc5, -are, -avi, -atus, to call. celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, to armo, -are, -avi, -atus, to arm. celebrate. turn (adv.), then, pro (prep, with abl.), for. tutus, -a, -um, safe. mox (adv.), soon. 62. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. HI viri sunt Roman! ; ill!, German!. 2. Fluvii et muri et fossae sunt praesidium horum castrorum magnorum. 3. Cincinnatus et Vergilius fuerunt clari Roman! ; ille fuit agricola, hie fuit poeta. 4. Persae pro patria pugnaverunt et oppida v!c!norum vastaverunt. 5. Hoc aedificium est templum Mercur! ; h!c est nuntius deorum sacrorum. 6. Incolae huius msulae illos piratas fugaverunt. 7. Fllia regmae hos pueros et illas puellas laudabit. 8. Illud donum est pulchrum. 9. Cincinnatus, agricola, agros aravit, turn in multis pugms pro patria pugnavit. 10. Poetae multas fabulas de bellls Poenorum et Romanorum narraverunt. II. 1. Now we are boys; soon we shall be men. 2. The townsmen will call the farmers into the town where they will be safe. 3. The joy of the men was great, and they celebrated the victory of the Roman forces in Britain. 4. I told this story to the daughter of that woman. 5. The girl will not be sad, but she will be glad. 6. Cornelia and 38 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Victoria are good girls ; to the former we will give beautiful books ; to the latter, white roses. 7. These arms have freed the wretched slaves. 8. Britain is a small and famous island. 9. The Romans armed great forces in Sicily. 10. The teacher told the history of the Roman people to these pupils. LESSON XX. The Demonstrative is. 63. is, that, this; also he, she, it. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. is ea id el, ii eae ea G. Sius eius eius eorum earum eorum D. ei ei ei eis, iis els, iis eis, iis A. eum earn id eos eas ea A. eo ea eo eis, iis els, iis eis, iis Notes. — a. is -as a demonstrative adjective is an unemphatic that or this. On the one hand it approaches ille, on the other, but less nearly, hie. b. As a pronoun is means he, sht, it. eius may be translated in two ways : of him, her, it, or his, her, its ; eorum, earum, eorum may be translated : of the?n, or their. 64. Vocabulary. Homer us, -I, m., Homer* somnus, -I, m., sleep. idoneus, -a, -um, statable. gratus, -a, -um, pleasing. THE DEMONSTRATIVE IS 39 castlgo, -are, -avl, -atus, to contentus, -a, -um, con- chastise, tented. supero, -are, -avi, -atus, /# ex or e (prep, with abl.), defeat, to overcome. out of. locus, -T, m., place. reporto, -are, -avi, -atus, to fidus, -a, -um, faithful. bring back, to gain. 65. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Vir filium suum amat et eum castigat. 2. Romani multas et magnas victorias ex Gallia et Britannia reporta- verunt. 3. Vergilius et Homerus fuerunt clari poetae ; ille fuit Romanus, hie, Graecus. 4. Eos nautas amamus, sed il piratae sunt mall. 5. Eas puellas vocabimus, et els fabulam de deabus Minerva et Diana narrabimus. 6. Ubi illam praedam ii viri reportaverunt ? 7. Is contentus vir amicis eius est gratus. 8. Feminae deos laudant, nam els benign! sunt. 9. Is locus castris idoneus erat. 10. Vir filium suum vocavit et pecuniam dedit, quia eius audaciam amavit. II. 1. The farmer is sick and tired; sleep in the garden will be pleasing to him. 2. What did the Romans gain in the great war with these sturdy Germans ? 3. Water is pleasing to this tired messenger ; wine is pleasing to that lazy farmer. 4. These boys and girls are faithful pupils, and we will love and praise them. 5. His friend will give a book to the daughter of that poet. 6. Peace de- lights these farmers and those townsmen. 7. The gods give good gifts to the men and chastise them. 8. These 40 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK skilful sailors will defeat the pirates and put them to flight. 9. Where are these sons of that famous poet now? They are in Rome. 10. Rome is a large town and is a suitable place for them. LESSON XXI. The Relative and the Interrogative. 66. The relative, qui, quae, quod, who, which. Singular. M. F. N. N. qui quae quod G. cuius cuius cuius D. CUl CUl CUl A. quern quam quod A. quo qua quo Plural. M. F. qui quae quorum quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus quos quas quibus quibus N. quae quae quibus The interrogative, quis, quae, quid, who, what, which. Singular. M. F. N.^ N. quis quae quid G. cuius cuius cuius D. cui cui cui A. quern quam quid A. quo qua qu5 Notes. — a. The meanings cannot be tabulated with refer- ence to gender. Plural. M. F. N. qui quae quae quorum quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus quos quas quae quibus quibus quibus THE RELATIVE AND THE INTERROGATIVE 4 1 b. Both the relative and the interrogative are used as pro- nouns and adjectives. But quod is always used in place of quid as an interrogative adjective, and generally qui in place of quis. Rule. — A relative agrees with its antecedent in gender, person, and number. Caution. — The case of a relative, as that of any other sub- stantive, depends upon its use in a clause and not upon the case of the antecedent. 67. Vocabulary. Romulus, -I, m., Romulus. attentus, -a, -um, attentive. fortuna, -ae, f., fortune. probus, -a, -um, upright, cena, -ae, f., meal. honest. beatus, -a, -um, happy. vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, to pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, to wound. fight. iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutus, to expugno, -are, -avi, -atus, to help. take by storm. vitupero, -are, -avi, -atus, to oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus, to blame. neco, -are, -avi, -atus, to kill. 68. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Beat! sunt 11, qui content! sunt. 2. Cincinnatus iis inimlcis, quos in proelio vulneravit, vitam donavit, 3. Pulchrum fuit templum Minervae, quod clarus vir aedi- ficaverat. 4. Bona est fortuna eorum, quorum pueri sunt iusti et probi. 5. Regina poetam, Vergilium, qui populo est gratus, laudat. 6. Bonae puellae servos, quibus viri pecuniam dederunt, iuvabunt, 7. Discipulus, quern ma- 42 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK gister vituperavit, non attentus fuerat. 8. Quis oppidum, Romam, aedificavit? Romulus fuit vir ille. 9. Cui libros tuos donavistl, amice? Filio mei servi. 10. Quod fru- mentum est cibus equorum? II. 1. We praise those whose wisdom saved their native country. 2. The inhabitants of the town which we besieged were Romans. 3. The farmer praised the woman who pre- pared a meal for him. 4. The camp in which the Greeks were, was safe. 5. What peoples of Europe were free? 6. What man did those pirates kill? 7. What did the teacher tell the boys? 8. He told them a story about Romulus, who built Rome. 9. In company with whom 1 shall we decorate the altars of the goddesses? 10. The girls who carry roses will help them. 1 cum is used as an enclitic with the relative. Pons a Caesar e in Rheno f actus. THE PASSIVE VOICE 43 LESSON XXII. The Passive Voice. 69. Transitive verbs of the first conjugation are inflected in the passive voice : — amare, to love. Indicative Passive. Present, singular. plural. I . amor, / am loved. amamur, we are loved. ( amaris, 1 2.\ \ thou art loved. amamini, you are loved. i amare, J 3. amatur, he is loved. amantur, they are loved. Imperfect. 1 . amabar, / was loved. amabamur, we were loved. amabar is, ] thou wast 2. L amabaminl, you were loved. amabare, J loved. 3. amabatur, he was loved. amabantur, they were loved. Future. 1 . amabor, / shall be loved. amabimur, we shall be loved. 2. amaberis, thou wilt be amabimini, you will be loved. loved. 3 . amabitur, he will be loved. amabuntur, they will be loved. Perfect, singular. 1. 1 2 3 sum, / have been (was) loved. amatus, -a, -um I es, thou hast been (wast) loved. est, he has been (was) loved. 44 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK amati, -ae, -a PLURAL. sumus, we were loved. estis, yoti were loved. sunt, they were loved. Pluperfect, singular. (eram, / had been loved. eras, thou hadst been loved. erat, he had been loved. PLURAL. r eramus, we had been loved. amati, -ae, -a I eratis, you had been loved. [ erant, they had been loved. Future Perfect, singular. (ero, / shall have been loved. eris, thou wilt have been loved. erit, he will have bee?i loved. amati, -ae, -a PLURAL. erimus, we shall have been loved. eritis, you will have been loved. erunt, they will have been loved. 70. Rule. — The voluntary agent of an action is ex- pressed by a or ab with the ablative case. Notes. — a. Review paragraph 10. b. ab is used before vowels or h ; a or ab, before consonants. c. Observe the changes in changing the active into the passive. The object of the active becomes the subject of the passive ; the subject (that is, the voluntary agent) of the active is expressed with the passive by the ablative with a or ab. THE PASSIVE VOICE 45 71. Vocabulary. proelium, -I, n., battle. superbus, -a, -um, proud. matrona, -ae, f., lady. postea (adv.), afterwards. ancilla, -ae, f., maidservant. si (conj.), if. apud (prep, with ace), among. a or ab (prep, with abl.), by. habito, -are, -avi, -atus, to educo, -are, -avi, -atus, to live, to inhabit. educate. 72. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Graecl Homerum, poetam, qui in Graecia habi- tavit, amaverunt. 2. Homerus, poeta, qui in Graecia habi- tavit, a Graecis amatus est. 3. Bonus vir pecuniam miseris pueris servorum suorum dabit. 4. Pecunia et cibus miseris pueris a viris bonis dabuntur. 5. Ubi poeta fabulam de pugna narravit? 6. In quo oppido fabula de proelio a Vergilio, poeta, narrata est ? 7. Hoc templum a Graecis non aedificatum est, sed Roman! id aedificaverunt. 8.' In illo proelio multi et bom virl vulnerati sunt, et multi necati sunt. 9. A quibus illl virl necati sunt? A Germanis. 10. Pro- vinciae Galliae a copils Romanorum occupatae sunt. II. 1. The fields were plowed by Cincinnatus, who after- wards fought in many battles. 2. The proud lady chastised the lazy maidservants. 3. Who was chastised by the master ? The slave. 4. Have you won the victory, Ro- mans, in the battle with the Belgians? 5. Certainly, we have put them to flight, and have seized their towns. 6. Among the Romans, children were educated by the slaves. 7. The territories of the Gauls were often devastated by the Romans. 8. You will be loved by good men if you are always upright. 46 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXIII. Ablatives of Means or Instrument and Manner. 73. Rules. — a. The ablative is used without a prepo- sition to denote the means or instrument of an action, b. The manner of an action is denoted by the ablative with cum \ but cum may be omitted if an adjective is used with the noun. Examples : — a, Ager aratro ab agricola aratus est. The field was plowed with a plow by the farmer, b, Agricola agrum magna cum cura arat. The farmer plows the field with great care. Notes. — a. As in " magna cum cura " in example b above, the Latin order is adjective, preposition, noun, instead of prepo- sition, adjective, noun, as in English. b. An English adverb is often the equivalent of an ablative of manner. 74. Vocabulary. aratrum, -I, n., plow, libero, -are, -avi, -atus, to free, cura, -ae, f., care. [toil. munero, -are, -avi, -atus, to laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, to reward. ante (prep, with ace), before. turn (adv.), then, patientia, -ae, impatience, diu (adv.), for a longtime. ABLATIVES OF MEANS AND MANNER 47 75. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Cum gaudio clarus vir pecuniam miseris servis dabat. 2. German! cum audacia pugnaverant, sed viclnl sui armis superaverunt. 3. Ante proelium German! laeti fue- rant, sed Gall! eos fugaverunt ; turn maest! erant. 4. Arm!s patriam liberamus. 5. Poeta fabulam pueris magna cum cura parat. 6. Bonus vir cum diligentia et laetitia domin5 laborat. 7. Et dominus multa pecunia eum munerat. 8. Bonus servus pecunia a domino suo, cu! cum diligentia laborat, munerabitur. 9. Num puellae rosis alb!s aras deorum cum patientia ornabunt? 10. Aras non rosis, sed argento et auro ornabunt. II. 1. By which slaves were the altars of the gods and goddesses decorated with roses? 2. The altars were deco- rated with roses by the slaves of Cincinnatus, who, with great daring, fought for the Romans in many battles. 3. The Carthaginians fought with the Romans with great boldness. 4. Those boys are not delighted with these books which have been given to them by a friend. 5. The cause of the war was the pride of the Persians, who were afterwards overcome by the Greeks by ambush. 6. The queen wisely rewards the sailors who have put to flight the pirates. 7. With what does the farmer plow the field? 8. He works with a new plow and with black horses. 9. The fields are plowed by the farmer with the new plow' which his friend has given him. 10. For a long time we have toiled with patience and diligence. 4 8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXIV. The Third Declension. 76. Stems of the third declension end in -i or a consonant. Consonant stems are named, according to their final letter, mute stems and liquid stems. The stem is found by drop- ping the ending -um of the genitive plural. The base is the same as the stem. Note. — Review paragraph 2. 77. The declension of mute stems is as follows : — dux, ducis, m., leader ; stem due- Singular. Plural. N. dux duc-es G. due-is duc-um D. duc-i duc-ibua A. duc-em duc-es V. dux duc-es A. duc-e duc-ibus princeps, -ipis, m., leader, chief; stem princip- SlNGULAR. N. G. D. A V. A. princeps princip-is princip-i princip-em princep-s prmcip-e Plural. princip-es princip-um princip-ibus princip-es princip-es princip-ibus rex, regis, m., king; stem reg- Singular. rex reg-is reg-i reg-em rex reg-e Plural. reg-es reg-um reg-ibus reg-es reg-es reg-ibus pes, pedis, m.,foot; stem ped- Singular. Plural. pe-s ped-es ped-is ped-um ped-i ped-ibus ped-em ped-es pes ped-es ped-e ped-ibus THE THIRD DECLENSION 49 General Rule for Gender. — The endings -0, -or, -os, -er, and the increasing genitives in -es are masculine. Note. — Any noun which has more syllables in the genitive than in the nominative is said to be increasing in the genitive. 78. Vocabulary. miles, -itis, m., soldier. pedes, -itis, m., foot-soldier. dux, ducis, m., leader. eques, -itis, m., cavalry-man. iudex, -icis, m., judge; princeps, -ipis, m., chief. artifex, -icis, m., artisan. sacerdos, -otis, m., priest, rex, regis, m., king. constantia, -ae, f., constancy, pes, pedis, m.,foot. perseverance. notus, -a, -um, known. primus, -a, -um,jirst. 79. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Milites Galbae oppidum cum audacia oppugna- verunt. 2. Milites ducem suum amant. 3. Constantia copiarum ducibus magnam laetitiam dat. 4. Iudex iustus incolis patriae cams est. 5. Rex sapientiam iudicis laudat. 6. In Graecia raulti artifices fuerunt ; Graecia erat patria multorum poetarum et artificum. 7. Reges et principes pulchros equos amant. 8. Boni milites patriam amant. 9. Persae erant domini Asiae. 10. Reglna copiarum arti- ficibus magnam laetitiam dabat. II. 1. Cincinnatus was a great leader of the Roman forces. 2. Many priests were in Greece and in Italy. 3. Romulus was the first king of Rome. 4. The wisdom of the master is known to the slaves. 5. The feet of elephants are broad. 6. Great was the perseverance of the foot- 5o BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK soldiers of the Greeks and Romans. 7. In Italy are many rivers and small and large towns. 8. Great is the fame of the foot-soldiers and the cavalry-men. 9. Those soldiers who were put to flight were chastised by the leaders. 10. The wisdom of the just judge is praised by the chiefs and soldiers of the Roman people. LESSON XXV. The Third Declension (Continued}. 80. The declension of liquid stems is as follows : — homo, hominis, m., man ; stem homin- Singular. Plural. N. hom5 homin-es G. homin-is homin-um D. homin-i homin-ibus A. homin-em homin-es V. homo homin-es A. homin-e homin-ibus consul, consulis, m., consul; stem consul- Singular. Plural. N. consul consul-es G. consul-is consul-um D. consul-i c5nsul-ibus A. consul-em consul-es V. consul consul-es A. consul-e- consul-ibus frater, fratris , m., brother ; stem fratr- Singular. Plural. frater fratr-es fratr-is fratr-um fr^tr-i fratr-ibus fratr-em fratr-es frater fratr-es fratr-e fratr-ibus scriptor, scriptoris, m., writer, author ; stem scriptor- Plural. Singular. scriptor scriptor-is scriptor-i scriptor-em scriptor scriptor-e scriptor-es scriptor-um scriptor-ibus scriptor-es scriptor-es scriptor-ibus THE THIRD DECLENSION . 51 81. Vocabulary. sermo, -onis, m., speech. dolor, -oris, m., sorrow. amor, -5ris, m., love. timor, -oris, m., fear. terror, -oris, m., terror. rumor, -oris, m., rumor. pater, -tris, m., father. frater, -tris, m., brother. noster, -tra, -trum, our. varius, -a, -um, different. Iuppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter. Caesar, -is, m., Caesar. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, to recreo, -are, -avi, -atus, to burn. refresh. 82. Exercises in Translation, I. i. Sermones agricolarum delectant pueros. 2. Iniuria amico meo magnos dolores dat. 3. Amor popull reginam delectat. 4. Constantia Graecorum Persarum timoris et terroris causa erat. 5. Iuppiter erat pater deorum et homi- num. 6. Fratrem tuum, amice, homines iusti amant. 7. Somnus homines defessos recreat. 8. Pater Galbae, agricolae, in silva a feris viris crematus est. II. 1. Caesar was a good consul and a great author. 2. Who is not loved by his brother? 3. Soldiers, why have you not freed the country of your fathers ? 4. The priests of Jupiter were good men and labored in the temples with great constancy. 5. Cincinnatus was a great soldier and a skilful farmer. 6. The foot-soldiers and the horsemen besieged the town, but were put to flight by the inhabitants. 7. Many towns of Gaul have been taken by storm by the soldiers of Caesar. 8. In Germany the love of native land is great. 9. The language of the Romans was not known to the Greeks. 52 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXVI. The Third Declension {Continued}. 83. The following paradigms show the declension of feminine nouns with mute and liquid stems : — virtus, virtutis i, f., virtue, hiems, hiemis, f., winter ; bravery ; stem virtut- stem hiem- SlNGULAR. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. virtus virtut-es hiems hiem-es G. virtut-is virtut-um hiem-is hiem-um I). virtut-I virtut-ibus hiem-T hiem-ibus A. virtut-em virtiit-es hiem-em hiem-es V. virtus virtut-es hiems hiem-es A. virtiit-e virtut-ibus hiem-e hiem-ibus Rules for Gender. — Nouns ending in -as, -es not in- creasing in the genitive, -is, -us, -aus, -ys, -s following a consonant, -x are feminine. Nouns ending in -do, -go, together with abstract and collective nouns in -io, are feminine. 84. Vocabulary. mos, moris, m., custom. voluptas, -atis, f. ? pleasure. sol, solis, m., sun. aestas, -atis, f., summer. hiems, hiemis, f, winter. libertas, -atis, f., liberty. mater, tris, f., mother. multitiido, -dinis, f., multitude. lux, lucis, f., light. lex, legis, f., law. color, -oris, m., color. uxor, -oris, f., wife. virtus, -tiitis, f., manliness. civitas, -atis, f., state. flos, -oris, m., flower. THE THIRD DECLENSION * 53 85. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Muri alti ornant oppida Germanorum. 2. Multi- tudo mllitum Romanorum ducibus non erat nota. 3. Boni mores puerorum regl et reginae magnam voluptatem da- bant. 4. Lux solis est grata poetae qui fabulam de aestate et hieme narrat. 5. Color florum varius est. 6. Agricola cum uxore sua in Italia fuit. 7. Homines terrarum Europae libertatem amant. 8. Et cum audacia pugnant et clvitates suas Hberabunt. 9. Milites in fuga vitam ducis sui magna cum virtute servaverunt. 10. Leges patriae sunt iustae. II. 1. What is the color of those horses which are in the field? 2. The king's feet are large, but those of his wife are small. 3. The soldiers of the Gauls were put to flight by the leaders of the Romans. 4. The people of Greece loved liberty. 5. Many men of Gaul fought bravely. 6. A good law is a light to an upright people. 7. The kind woman will be a good wife. 8. The light of the sun delights the farmer who labors in the field with a plow. 9. The soldiers who had been on the wall were put to flight by the leaders of the Germans. 10. The love of sons and daughters delights the minds of fathers and mothers. AA Ingum. 54 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXVII. The Third Declension {Continued}. 86. The following paradigms show the declension of neuter nouns with consonant stems : — flumen, fluminis, n., river ; stem flumin- tempus, temporis, n., time ; stem tempor- Singular. Plural. N. tempus tempor-a G. tempor-is tempor-um D. tempor-i tempor-ibus A. tempus tempor-a V. tempus tempor-a A. tempor-e tempor-ibus Note. — All neuter nouns have in the singular and plural three cases alike, the Nominative, the Accusative, and the Vocative. In the plural all neuter nouns of the third declension end in a. , Rule for Gender. — Nouns of the third declension end- ing in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us, are neuter. 7. Vocabulary. Singular. flumen flumin-is flumin-i flumen flumen flumin-e Plural. flumin-a flumin-um , flumin-ibus flumin-a flumin-a flumin-ibus flumen, -inis, n., river. tempus, -oris, n., time. corpus, -oris, n., body. vulnus, -eris, n., wound. iter, itineris, n., way, jour- ney. nomen, -inis, n., name. antiquus, -a, -um, ancient. inter (prep, with ace), between, among. orator, -oris, m., orator. carmen, -inis, n., song. scelus, -eris, n., cri?ne. coniuratio, -onis, f., con- spiracy. certamen, -inis, n., struggle. periculum, -I, n., danger, peril. maxime (adv.), greatly. muto, -are, -avi, -atus, to THE THIRD DECLENSION 88. Exercises in Translation, 55 I. i. Rhenus est magnum flumen in Germania et maxime amatus est a Germanis. 2. Tempora mutantur et homines mutantur. 3. Corpora mllitum Germanorum sunt magna. 4. Nomina multorum poetarum et oratorum Grae- corum clara sunt. 5. Homerus proelia et certamina Grae- corum narrat. 6. Carmina Vergilil dlscipulls magnam voluptatem dant. 7. In flumine sunt multae insulae ; in ripis fluminis sunt antlqua oppida. 8. Nomen popull Roman! carminibus a Vergilio celebratum est. 9. Iter inter Romam et terram Belgarum est longum et in itinere sunt multa pericula. 10. Vulnus mllitl magnos dolores dabat. n. Pura aqua hominibus et bestiis grata est. 12. Carmina Homerl oratores delectant. 13. Tempus est magnum et antiquum flumen. II. 1. The conspiracy of Catiline was a crime. 2. The Germans love the customs of their native country. 3. The shields of the Greek soldiers were large. 4. The songs of Homer delight boys and girls, men and women. 5. For a long time the town was besieged by a multitude of men. 6. The number of orators in Greece and Rome was great. 7. Jupiter, the king of the gods, rewarded the priests in the temple. 8. The cavalry-men gained a great victory in the country of the Gauls. 9. The leader of the soldiers helped the women and children. 10. The crime of the orator was great, and the soldier killed him. n. The chil- dren of the kings were in the town. 12. Jupiter is not our god. 13. Are not the rivers of Italy beautiful? 56 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXVIII. The Ablative of Time. 89. Rule. — Time when and time within which is ex- pressed by means of the ablative without a preposition. Examples : — a. Anno primo belli Roma oppugnata est. In the first year of the war Ro?ne was besieged. b. Decern annis Caesar multa oppida expugnaverit. Within ten years Caesar will have taken by storm many towns. 90. Vocabulary. dolus, -I, m., treachery. hiberna, -orum (plu.), n., win- nor a, -ae, f., hour. ter-quarters. annus, -I, m.,year. fraus, fraudis, f., fraud. mulier, -eris, f. ? woman. soror, -oris, f., sister. arbor, -oris, f., tree. Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero. clamor, -oris, m., shout, noise. legio, -onis, f., legion. vigilia, -ae, f., watch. senator, -oris, m., senator. secundus, -a, -um, second, natio, -onis, f., nation. imperator, -oris, m., com- decern (adj. indecl.), ten. mander, e?nperor. tertius, -a, -um, third. nam (conj.), for. ■ 91. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Prima luce Caesaris milites oppidum magno cla- more occupaverunt. 2. Eo tempore sacerdotes oppidanos in templum vocabant. 3. Turn milites mulieres et pueros necaverunt. 4. Aestate arbores et herbae et flores sunt pul- THE ABLATIVE OF TIME 57 chri 1 . 5. Antiquis temporibus erant in Graecia multi et clan poetae et scriptores. 6. Memoria Ciceronis, magnl oratoris, milites Roman! in multis bellis cum Gallis pugna- verunt. 7. Mater mea est soror patris tm. 8. Tertia vigilia milites aurum ex oppido magna cum celeritate porta- verunt. 9. Mater et sorores imperatoris erant in castris Caesaris. 10. Hieme bestiae silvarum ab agricolis necantur. II. 1. The state praised the justice of the judges. 2. Cin- cinnati^, the famous commander, called his soldiers into winter-quarters. 3. The nation praises the wisdom of its priests and judges. 4. The senators celebrated the victory of their brother, Cicero. 5. The upright man will be a good father ; the upright woman, a good mother. 6. In summer there are flowers in the fields. 7. In ancient times there were many poets in Italy. 8. The multitude of the Germans was the cause of fear among the nations of Europe. 9. In summer the farmer plows, but in winter he does not work in the fields. 10. Within the second hour the soldiers saved their leader. 1 Agreeing with the last noun. Tubicines* 58 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON XXIX. The Third Declension {Continued). 92. The following paradigms show the declension of nouns with i stems. I- stems include : (a) nouns of the third de- clension in -es, -is, and -e having in the genitive the same number of syllables as in the nominative ; (b) those in -er (except pater, mater, frater, accipiter) ; (e) neuters in -al, -ar, which have lost a final e. Nouns ending in -ns and -rs, monosyllables in -s and -x following a consonant, belong to the i stems, also the following : nox, noctis, f., night; mus, muris, f. and m., mouse; nix, nivis, f., snow ; os, ossis, n., bone. I- stems end regularly in -ium in the genitive plural. A few nouns in -is have both -im and -em in the accusative sin- gular. These will be noted as they occur. Some masculines and feminines, and almost all neuters, have the ablative singu- lar in -i. Masculines and feminines have -is and -es in the accusative plural, but the neuters all end in -ia. civis, civis, m. and f., citizen ; hostis, hostis, m., enemy; stem civi- stem hosti- Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. civis elves hostis hostes G. civis civium hostis hostium D. civi civibus host! hostibus A. civem elves, -is hostem hostes, -is V. civis elves hostis hostes A. cive civibus hoste hostibus THE THIRD DECLENSION 59 nox, noctis, f., night; stem nocti- Plural. animal, animalis, n., animal; stem animali- SlNGULAR. N. nox G. noctis D. nocti A. noctem V. nox A. nocte 93. noctes noctium noctibus noctes, -is noctes noctibus Singular. animal animalis animal! animal animal anima.li Plural. animalia animalium animalibus animalia animalia animalibus Vocabulary. civis, -is, m. and f., citizen. nox, noctis, f., night. aer, aeris, m. (ace. aera), air. mare, maris, n., sea. navis, -is, f., ship. avis, -is, f., bird. vox, vocis, f., voice. urbs, urbis, f., city. animal, -alis, n., animal. hostis, -is, m., public enemy. inimlcus, -i, m., private enemy. vectigal, -alis, n., revenue. mons, montis, m., mountain. classis, -is, f., fleet. auris, -is, f., ear. pars, partis, impart. 94. ubique (adv.), everywhere. Exercises in Translation. I. i. In terra, in marl, in aere, ubique sunt animalia. 2. Vectigalia Romanorum sunt magna. 3. BonI elves pa- triam amant. 4. In Italia sunt multa flumina et alti montes. 5. Galli et Belgae erant hostes Romanorum et ab his fugati sunt. 6. Multae et magnae naves multarum nationum sunt in marl. 7. Classis magna hostium Romanos non delecta- bat. 8. Vox multarum avium aures hominum delectat. 9. BonI mores civium regl et reginae magnam voluptatem dabant. 10. In multis partibus urbis templa deorum sunt. 60 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK II. i. In winter, the nights are long ; in summer, the sun gives much light. 2. The treachery of the soldiers did not please their commander, who was a good man. 3. In the third watch of the night, the legions were called out from camp. 4. The inhabitants of the cities carried birds and small animals into the temples. 5. Galba will be the com- mander of a large fleet of ships. 6. In the night, sleep is pleasing to men and animals. 7. The voice of the mes- senger delights the ears of the citizens, for he reports a great victory. 8. The senators were good men and saved the nation. 9. Fraud and treachery have been the cause of much strife. 10. Who does not praise the wisdom and the prudence of the inhabitants of the cities ? LESSON XXX. Genitives and Ablatives. 95. Rule. — Words denoting a part are used with a geni- tive of* the whole to ivhich the part belongs. Cardinal numerals and quidam generally take the ablative with e, ex, or de to express the whole of which a part is taken ; the ordinals generally take the partitive genitive. Examples : — a. Nix est in parte montis. Snow is on a part of the mountain. b. Decern ex militibus vulnerati sunt. Ten of the soldiers were wounded. C. Primus Romanorum fuit Romulus. The first of the Romans was Romulus. GENITIVES AND ABLATIVES 6 1 Rule. — The ablative or the genitive may be used with an adjective to describe a person or thing. Examples : — a. Cincinnatus fuit vir clari n 5 minis. Cincinnatus was a man of famous name. b. Cincinnatus fuit vir claro nomine. Cincinnatus was a man with fa?nous na?ne. 96. Vocabulary. Ianuarius, -I, m., January, nix, nivis, f., snow. Februarius, -I, m., February. tempestas, -atis, f., season. Martius, -I, m., March. Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal. Aprllis, -is, m., April. arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress. Maius, -I, m., May. vigintl (adj. indec), twenty. Iunius, -I, m.,June. obses, obsidis, m., hostage. Iiilius, -I, m.jjuly. lapis, -pidis, m., stone. Augustus, -i, m., August. victor, -oris, m., victor. September, -lQx\s,m.,Septem- ars, artis, f., art. October, -bris, October. \ber. integritas, -atis, f., integrity. November, -bris, November . liberalitas, -atis, f., liberality. December, -bris, December. mens, mentis, f., mind. mensis, -is, m., month. volo, -are, -avl, — , to fly, 97. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Nomina mensium sunt: Ianuarius, Februarius, Martius, Aprllis, Maius, Iunius, Iulius, Augustus, September, October, November, December. ' 2. Aestas est tempus pulchrorum riorum. 3. Hiems est tempestas magnarum nivium. 4. Hannibal fuit dux Poenorum et fuit vir magna 62 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK virtute. 5. Decern ex mllitibus arma in urbem portaverunt. 6. In antiqua parte urbis filil Galbae necati sunt. 7. Ger- man!, sunt viri magno corpore. 8. Agricola agrum aratro aravit ; nam fuit vir magnae dlligentiae. 9. Arx fuit aedi- ficium multorum et altorum murorum. 10. Viginti ex ob- sidibus fuerunt pueri regum. II. 1. Jura is a mountain of many stones and of narrow ways. 2. The Roman soldiers, men of great firmness, had been the victors in many battles. 3. The king and queen praise the art of the poet. 4. January and February are months of winter; July is a part of summer. 5. Cicero was a man of great integrity. 6. Victoria was a queen with great liberality of mind. 7. In winter the birds will fly to lands of beautiful flowers. 8. The people love a judge of great wisdom and justice. 9. The farmer, Galba, is a man of great diligence. 10. The leaders praised the bravery of the soldiers. ?m Aries. ABLATIVES OF SPECIFICATION AND CAUSE 63 LESSON XXXI. The Ablatives of Specification and Cause. 98. Rules. — a. The ablative is used to specify that in respect to which anything is true. b. The ablative is used to denote cause. Note. — The prepositions de and ex with the ablative, and ob and propter with the accusative, are sometimes used to express cause. Examples : — a. German! Belgas virtute superabant. The Germans surpassed the Belgians in bravery. b. Milites Caesarem Hberalitate laudant. The soldiers praise Caesar for his generosity. c. Multis de causis Caesar milites laudavit. For many reasons Caesar praised the soldiers. 99. Vocabulary. mors, mortis, f., death. fortiter (adv.), bravely. altitudo, -dinis, f., height, magnitudo, -dinis, f., size. depth. auxilium, -1, n., help. gens, gentis, f., tribe. numerus, -T, m., number. socius, -T, m., ally, associate. scientia, -ae, f., knowledge. elegantia, -ae, f., elegance. 100. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Miles erat magna audacia, et dux eum virtute laudavit. 2. Rex et reglna erant maesti morte fllii. 3. In- ter agricolas Galba erat primus magnitudine. 4. Viri 6 4 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK et feminae illius terrae erant homines magno corpore. 5. Roman! saepe non multitudine, sed fortitudine militum victores fuerunt. 6. Elephant! magnitudine multas bestias superant. 7. Poeta Rhenum altitudine laudat. 8. Gentes Germaniae constantia et integritate morum clarae erant. 9. Auxilium sociis a Romanis datum est. 10. HI multas nationes numero superant. II. 1. For many reasons the soldiers of the Persians fought bravely on that day. 2. But they were put to flight by the Greeks, who were famous on account of their knowl- edge of war. 3. The soldiers of Italy surpass those of Greece in arms. 4. The priest of Jupiter works in the temple with great care. 5. The pirates were killed on account of their conspiracy and crime. 6. We love the winter on account of the beautiful snow; we praise the summer because of the flowers. 7. The Greeks surpassed the Romans in the arts. 8. Rome excelled in good laws and upright judges. 9. The writer praised the boy on account of the elegance of his speech. 10. Men of great boldness are not always men of great wisdom. Rostra, REVIEW IN VOCABULARY 65 LESSON XXXII. Review in Vocabulary. 101. The following vocabulary contains all the new words introduced since Lesson XVI. These words should be studied with great care ; the English equivalents should be learned, and the spelling and the quantity of vowels should be mastered. 102. Word List a Augustus contentus flos aedificium auris corpus flumen aer auxilium cremd fortiter aestas avis cuius fortuna altitudo beatus cum frater amor Caesar cura fraus ancilla carmen decern fugo animal castigo December Callus annus celebro defessus gens ante cena diu Germanus antlquus certamen dolor gratus Aprllis Cicero dolus habito apud Cincinnatus dux Hannibal aratrum civis e hiberna arbor civitas educo hie armo clamor eius hiems aro classis elegantia historia ars color eques Homerus artifex co niu ratio expiigno homo arx constantia Februarius hora attentus consul fidus hostis 66 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK inimlcus matrona orator socius Ianuarius maxime OS sol idoneus mens pars somnus illud mensis pater soror imperator miles patientia superbus insidiae mons pedes super5 integritas morbus periculum tempestas inter mors Persa tempus is mos pes terror iter mox Poenus tertius iudex mulier postea timor Iulius multitudo primus turn Iunius munero princeps tutus Iuppiter mus pro ubique iustus muto probus urbs iuvo nam proelium uxor laboro natio piigno vallum laetus navis purus varius lapis neco qui vasto legio nix recreo vectigal lex nomen reporto viclnus Hberalitas noster rex victor llbero notus Romulus vigilia libertas November rumor viginti locus nox sacerdos virtus lux numerus scelus vitupero maestus nunc scientia voco magnitudo obses scrlptor volo Maius occupo secundus voluptas mare October senator vox Martius oppidanus sermo vulnero mater oppugno si ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 6/ LESSON XXXIII. Adjectives of the Third Declension. 103. Adjectives of the third declension are called ad- jectives of one, two, or three terminations. Adjectives of one termination have but one form in the nominative sin- gular for the masculine, feminine, and neuter ; adjectives of two terminations have the same form in the nominative singular for the masculine and the feminine, and a different form for the neuter; adjectives of three terminations have a different form in the nominative singular for each gender. Adjectives of two terminations end in the masculine and feminine singular in -is, neuter, -e ; adjectives of three terminations end in -er, -is, -e. They have regularly -i in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, -es or -is in the accusative plural of masculines and feminines, and -ia in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural of neuters. 104. Adjectives of one termination are declined like sapiens ; adjectives of two terminations, like fortis. sapiens, -entis, wise. Singular. Plural. M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. sapiens sapiens sapientes sapientia G. sapientis sapientis sapientium sapientium D. sapient! sapient! sapientibus sapientibus A. sapientem sapiens sapientes, -Is sapientia V. sapiens sapiens sapientes sapientia A. sapient! sapient! sapientibus sapientibus ** 68 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK fortis, -e, brave, strong. Singular. Plural. N. fortis forte fortes fortia G. fortis fortis fortium fortium D. forti forti fortibus fortibus A. fortem forte fortes, -is fortia V. fortis forte fortes fortia A. forti forti fortibus fortibus 105. Vocabulary i fidelis, -e, faithful. fertilis, -e, fertile. fortis, -e, brave, strong. prudens, -entis, pr?ident. Felix, -Icis, m., Felix. fellx, -Icis, happy. ingens, -entis, huge. innocens, -entis, innocent. exemplum, -I, n., example. iuvenis, -is (gen. plu. -um), m., a youth. gravis, -e, heavy. Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla. cognomen, -inis, n.,* cogno- men. sapiens, -entis, wise. omnis, -e, every, all. periculosus, -a, -urn, perilous. imprudens, -entis, imprudent. improbus, -a, -um, wicked. utilis, -e, useful. 106. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Civis probus regi fidelis est; servT dominis non semper fideles fuerunt. 2. Clari scriptores Romandrum multos et fertiles agros laudabant. 3. Bellum saepe populo cura gravis est. 4. Sulla vir fortis et prudens fuit ; cogno- men Sullae erat Felix. 5. Homines imprudentes saepe in periculis sunt. 6. Graecorum fortitudo in omnibus periculis magna erat, maxime in bellis Persarum. 7. Ingens fuit praeda Graecorum in pugna. 8. Hominibus innocentibus ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 69 crimina improborum hominum sunt non periculosa. 9. Ex- empla virorum proborum et sapientium omnibus hominibus utilia sunt. 10. Sermones virorum sapientium animos iuvenum delectant. II. 1. Hannibal was a brave and skilful general. 2. The fertile fields of the Romans were praised by famous writers. 3. The farmer plowed his fertile fields with great care. 4. The legions of the Romans were always brave. 5. Happy is that man who is prudent and wise'. 6. The good poet was loved by all the children. 7. In the huge forest, the voices of birds delight the ears of men. 8. That innocent youth is the son of our friend, Galba. 9. Cincinnatus, who was called from the fertile fields into battle, was praised by all the Romans. 10. Wise laws are useful to the state and the citizens. LESSON XXXIV. Adjectives of the Third Declension {Continued). 107. Adjectives of three terminations are declined as follows : — acer, acris, acre, keen, sharp. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. acer acris acre acres acres acria G. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium D. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus A. acrem acrem acre acres, -is acres, -is acria V. acer acris acre acres acres acria A. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus yo BEGINNERS* LATIN BOOK 108. Vocabulary, acer, acris, acre, eager. celer, -eris, -ere, swift. celeber, -bris, -bre, famous, regio, -onis, f., region. celebrated. equester, -tris, -tre, eques- celeritas, -atis, f., swiftness. trian. bene (adv.), well. audax, -acis, bold. forum, -I, n., forum. civilis, -e, civil. vetus, -eris, old. communis, -e, common , dulcis, -e, sweet. brevis, -e, short. m or talis, -e, mortal. admirabilis, -e, admirable. immortalis, -e, immortal. violo, -are, -avi, -atus, to salubris, -e, wholesome. violate. 109. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Acria erant bella Romanorum et Germanorum. 2. Multae regiones Italiae non sunt salubres. 3. Roma erat urbs Italiae Celebris. 4. Equus celer Cincinnatum, imperatorem, delectavit ; nam equitem bene portavit. 5. Equestris statua Celebris consulis erat in magno foro Romanorum. 6. Iuppiter erat pater hominum mortalium et immortalium deorum. 7. Amicis omnia gaudia et omnes dolores sunt communes. 8. Brevi tempore cena parabitur. 9. Celeritas navium in marl est admirabilis. 10. Homines qui civiles leges violant, castigabuntur. II. 1. Life is sweet to good and to bad men. 2. Swift birds fly in the air. 3. Birds are known for their swiftness. 4. In ancient times Mercury was the swift messenger of the immortal gods. 5. He was loved by mortal men, who gave gold for him in the temple. 6. Art is long ; life is short. THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE Jl 7. Caesar surpassed many bold generals in justice and wis- dom. 8. The inhabitants of Germany give praise to swift animals. 9. In a short time the brave soldiers put the enemy to flight. 10. The sweet flowers delight the little girl. 11. Good grain is a wholesome food for horses. LESSON XXXV. The Accusative of Time and Space. 110. Rule. — Duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative. Examples. — a. Multos annos pater meus erat in Germania. For many years my father was in Ger?nany. b. Murum decern pedes altum agricola aedificat. The farmer builds a wall ten feet high. Note. — Great care must be exercised to distinguish the ac- cusative of time from the ablative of time. Review paragraph 89. 111. Vocabulary. Troia, -ae, f., Troy. triginta (adj. indecl.), thirty. Punicus, -a, -urn, Punic, Car- epistula, -ae, f., letter. thaginian. quattuor (adj. indecl.), four. initium, -1, n., beginning. calidus, -a, -urn, warm. hiemd, -are, -avi, -atus, to frigidus, -a, -urn, cold. winter. spatium, -1, n., space, distance. ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, to folium, -1, n., leaf walk. trans (prep, with ace.) % across. 72 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 112. Exercises in Translation, I. i. Graecl Troiam decern annos oppugnaverunt. 2. Mu- ms urbis viginti pedes altus est. 3. Primo anno belli Punici multi viri necati sunt. 4. Prlmum annum belli hostes urbem oppugnabant. 5. Initio aestatis aves ex frigidis terns in calidas terras volant. 6. Caesar in Gallia multos annos hiemavit. 7. Agricola et uxor sua in agris magnum spatium ambulaverunt. 8. Bello triginta annorum multae Ger- maniae urbes vastatae sunt. 9. Aestatem pulchri flores hanc arborem, folia illam ornant. II. 1. Snow is on the high mountain during the winter. 2. In the first Punic war many ships were built by the Romans. 3. Caesar's messengers carried many letters from Gaul during the months of summer. 4. And the Romans were delighted on account of these letters which were carried into the forum in September. 1 5. The slaves walked a great distance across the high mountains. 6. For a short time the arms were carried into the citadel. 7. In a short time the soldiers besieged the citadel and killed many people. 8. In the beginning of the war the Carthaginian general fought with thirty elephants. 9. Troy was a famous city for many years. iThe names of months are adjectives and modify mensis understood, consequently when " in September " is translated into Latin it will read "Septembri" (l being the ablative ending). Hasta. THE SECOND CONJUGATION 73 LESSON XXXVI. The Second Conjugation. 113. All verbs with the present infinitive in -e are classed under the second conjugation. Note. — Let paragraph 53 be reviewed. 114. Learn the indicative active and passive of monere, to advise. Principal parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus. Active. SINGULAR. 1. moneo 2. mones 3. monet. PLURAL. monemus monetis monent 1. monebam monebamus 2. monebas monebatis 3. monebat monebant 1. monebo 2. monebis 3. monebit 1. monui 2. monuisti 3. monuit monebimus monebitis monebunt Indicative. Present, singular. moneor moneris, -re monetur Imperfect. monebar monebaris, -re monebatur Future. monebor moneberis, -re monebitur monuimus monuistis monuerunt, -re Perfect. monitus, ■a, -urn, sum es est Passive. PLURAL. monemur monemini monentur monebamur monebamini monebantur monebimur monebimini monebuntur monitT, -ae, -a, estis sunt 74 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Singular. 1. monueram 2. monueras 3. monuerat 1. monuero 2. monueris 3. monuerit Plural. Pluperfect. Singular. monueramus monueratis monuerant Future Perfect. monuerimus monueritis monuerint monitus, -a, -um, monitus, -a, -um, eram eras erat ero eris erit monitl, -ae, -a, j Plural. [ eramua moniti, -ae, -a, eratis I erant erimus eritis erunt Note. — In the above paradigm the English equivalents have purposely been omitted. The student should have acquired them in connection with the first conjugation. 115. Vocabulary. rusticus, -1, m., peasant, farmer. oratio, -onis, f., oration. augeo, -ere, auxl, auctus, to increase. compleo, -ere, -evT, -etus, to fill. deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, to destroy. doceo, -ere, -ui, doctus, to teach. floreo, -ere, -ui, — , to bloom, flourish. gaudeo, -ere, — , gavisus sum, to rejoice. gramen, -inis, n., grass. egregius, -a, -um, excellent. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to have. iaceo, -ere, -ui, — , to lie. luge 6, -ere, luxi, luctus, to grieve. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to ad- vise. teneo, -ere, -ui, -tus, to hold. video, -ere, vldi, visus, to see. 116. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Bom homines amicos utiles habent. 2. Scelera plra- tarum incolarum Insulae dolorem auxerunt. 3. Roman! arboribus et lapidibus fossam compleverunt. 4. Multae et in- COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 75 gentes arbores in silva iacebant. 5. Probi homines gaudent ; improbl homines bonis legibus lugent. 6. Primo vere ar- bores florent. 7. Prima luce videbimus nostros amicos qui nunc in hac urbe sunt. 8. 111! discipuli a magistro docentur. II. 1. Who will destroy the temple which the priests love? 2. The town which Caesar's soldiers besieged was filled with food and arms. 3. The farmer and his wife have mourned a long time on account of the death of their son. 4. The peasants of Italy have horses and plows with which they plow the fields. 5. In summer, grass and flowers are seen on the mountains ; in winter, snow. 6. He who is advised by many, advises many. 7. Many beautiful trees flourish in Sicily, for it is a warm country. 8. The orations which were delivered (were had) by Cicero against Catiline, were excellent. LESSON XXXVII. Comparison of Adjectives. 117. As in English, adjectives have three degrees of comparison, — the Positive, the Comparative, the Superla- tive. Those regularly compared drop the stem vowel of the positive, if there is one, and add -ior, -ius to form the comparative, and generally -issimus, -a, -um, to form the superlative ; but adjectives ending in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus, -a, -um, to the positive. The compara- tive is always an adjective of the third declension of two terminations ; the superlative, of the first and the second declension, of three terminations, 7 6 BEGINNERS 1 LATIN BOOK 118. The following are examples of adjectives compared : Positive. Comparative. Superlative. angustus, -a, -urn, angustior, -ius. angustissimus, -a, -urn, narrow. fortis, -e, brave. fortior, -ius. fortissimus, -a, -um. felix, happy. fellcior, -ius. fellcissimus, -a, -um. niger, -gra, -grum, nigrior, -ius. nigerrimus, -a, -um. black. acer, -oris, -ere, acrior, -ius. acerrimus, -a, -um. sharp. 119. Comparatives are declined as follows : — Singular. Plural. M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. fortior fortius fortiores fortiora G. fortioris fortioris fortiorum fortiorum D. fortiori fortiori fortioribus fortioribus A. fortiorem fortius fortiores, -is fortiora V. fortior fortius fortiores fortiora A. fortiore. -T fortiore, -1 fortioribus fortioribus 120. Exercises in Comparing and Declining. I. Compare : i. calidus, frigidus, brevis. 2. admira- bilis, celeber, dulcis, prudens. 3. fertilis, sapiens, pulcher, utilis, clarus. II. Decline miser in the comparative degree, all genders. 2. Decline periculosus in the superlative degree, all genders. 3. Decline sapiens in the positive and com- parative degrees, all genders. 4. Decline omnis in all forms. THE USE OF THE COMPARATIVE J? LESSON XXXVIII. The Use of the Comparative. 121. Rule. — The comparative is followed by quam, and the names of the things compared are in the same case. However, after the nominative and the accusative, quam may be omitted, and the noun or pronoun following the com- parative is in the ablative case. Note. — The comparative is sometimes used to express a rather high or too high a degree of the quality. Examples. — a. Vita hominibus carior est quam pecunia. Life is dearer to men than money. b. Vita hominibus carior pecunia est. Life is dearer to men than money. c. Homines vltam cariorem habent quam pecuniam. Men hold life dearer than money. d. Homines vitam cariorem pecunia habent. Men hold life dearer than money. e. Dat pulchrius donum uxori quam filiae. He gives a more beautiful gift to his wife than to his datighter. f. Vita hominibus est carior. Life is rather dear to men. 122. Vocabulary. pax, pacis, f., peace. quam (conj.), than. nobilis, -e, noble. nihil (indecl.), n., nothing. firmus, -a, -urn, strong. vester, -tra, -trum, your. latus, -a, -um, broad, wide. Padus, -1, m. ? Po. asinus, -I, m. 7 ass. Socrates, -is, m., Socrates. 78 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 123. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Bellum est carius militi quam pax. 2. Quis est nobilior rege huius nationis? 3. Hortus huius agricolae est pulchrior quam hortus illfus. 4. Aestate noctes sunt brevi- ores quam hieme. 5. Filius carior patri quam matri est. 6. Num amicus tuus montem altiorem Iura vid it? 7. Nihil patriae utilius est quam bonae leges. 8. Narratne poeta fabulam de hominibus audacioribus quam Romanls ? 9. Romae leges sunt praesidium civitatis firmius quam milites. II. 1. In your garden, friend, are more beautiful flowers than in mine. 2. The teacher is too kind to his pupils who are bad boys. 3. The Rhine is a wider river than the Po. 4. A horse is swifter than an ass. 5. The orators of Greece are more famous than the orators of Rome. 6. In ancient times the Romans had shorter swords than the Germans. 7. The men of that city were rather proud on account of their victories. 8. Africa is a warmer country than Europe. 9. Socrates, the Greek, was a wiser man than Hannibal, the Carthaginian. Sandalia, THE USE OF THE SUPERLATIVE 79 LESSON XXXIX. The Use of the Superlative. 124. The superlative is an adjective of three terminations of the first and second declensions, and is declined as such. Note. — The superlative is often used to express not the highest, but a very high degree of the quality. Example. — Mons est altissimus. The mountain is very high. Review paragraphs 33 and 57. 125. Vocabulary, Rhodanus, -1, m., Rhone. potens, -entis, powerful, signifer, -T, m., standard- pudor, -oris, ///., shame, bearer. sanctus, -a, -um, sacred. pretiosus, -a, -um, precious. viridis, -e, green. avarus, -a, -um, avaricious. infelix, -icis, unhappy, opus, -eris, n., work. pensum, -1, n., task. nunquam (adv.), never, 126. Exercises in Translation, I. 1. Roma erat pulcherrima omnium urbium Italiae. 2. Fratri meo carissimus es, amice. 3. Carissimus amicus fratris mei es : 4. Si avarus eris, amice, nunquam fellcissimus eris. 5. German! sumus ; Germanls patria est caris- sima. 6. Semper inimlci eramus hominum improbissimo- ruin. 7. Quis fabulas pulchriores narrat quam Vergilius? 8. Signifer illius legionis fuit vir validissimus. 9. Rhodanus So BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK fuit clarissimum Galliae flumen, et multa sancta templa in ripls fuerunt. 10. Libertas est pretiosissimum donum quod del mortalibus ho minibus dederunt. II. i. The soldiers of this most famous legion fought bravely. 2. The green leaves of the trees which we see in summer are more beautiful than the snow of winter. 3. I am the most unhappy of all men. 4. The works of my friend, the poet, are excellent ; the works of Vergil are more excellent; 1 the works of Homer are most excellent. 5. Of all the Gauls, the Belgians are the bravest. 6. The teacher gave his pupils a very severe task. 7. In ancient times the Persians were the bravest people of Asia. 8. For a long time the kings of the Persians were the most powerful of all the kings of Asia. 9. Afterwards the Greeks fought with the Persians for the liberty of their country. 10. The leaders of the Greeks were more prudent and the soldiers braver than the Persians. 1 See paragraph 132. Pluteus. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 8 1 LESSON XL. Comparison of Adjectives {Continued). 127. Six adjectives ending in -lis drop the final vowel of the stem and add -limus to form the superlative. They are compared as follows : — Positive. Comparative. Superlative. facilis, -e, easy. facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um difficilis, -e, difficult, difiicilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um similis, -e, like. similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um dissimilis, -e, unlike, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um humilis, -e, low. humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um gracilis, -e, slender, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um Note. — Review paragraph 117. 128. The following adjectives form the superlatives irregularly. The positives are seldom used. ( extremus, ) exterus, outward. exterior, outer. < y outmost. ( extimus, > f Infimus, ) inferus, below. inferior, lower. \ > lowest. ( lmus, > . OT _ i postremus, ) posterus, following, posterior, latter, -j Vlast. ■ . . • 7 • / ( supremus, > . superus, above. superior, higher. \ \ highest. ( summus, ) 129. Some adjectives derived from prepositions and adverbs occur in the comparative and the superlative only ; they follow : — 82 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Preposition. Comparative. Superlative. cis,citra, on this side, citerior, hither. citimus, hither most. in, intra, within. interior, inner. intimus, inmost. prae, pro, before. prior, former. primus, first. { nearest prope (adv.), near, propior, nearer, proximus \ I next. ultra (adv.), beyond, ulterior, farther, ultimus, farthest. 130. Rule. — Adjectives of fitness, nearness, likeness, service, inclination, and their opposites, are followed by the dative. Example. — Hie mons est similis Iiirae. This mountain is like fur a. 131. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Omnium puellarum quas vidi, gracillima est Cornelia. 2. Nihil est facilius penso, quod magister puero dabit. 3. Consilium patris mei est utilius quam consilium fratris mei. 4. Poeta est dissimillimus fratrl suo, militT magna audacia. 5. Iter ex urbe in ulteriorem Galliam est diffi- cillimum altissimls montibus. 6. Pulcherrimae herbae sunt non semper utilissimae. 7. In summo 1 monte sunt variae bestiae. 8. Gallia est terra proxima Hispaniae. 9. In proximo agro dux • copiarum Romanorum locum castris idoneum paravit. II. 1. That beautiful tree is rather slender but very strong. 2. Italy, the fatherland of Caesar, is a low country. 3. In former times Italy was the most famous country of Europe. 4. Those men had been in hither Gaul for many 1 On top of the mountain. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 83 years. 5. The top of the mountain was seized by the forces of the enemy. 6. The men of this country are very unlike the men of Africa. 7. The man who carried the gift into the temple was the son of a peasant. 8. Rome is not the town nearest to the sea. 9. The trees were higher than the walls. LESSON XLI. Comparison of Adjectives (Continued). 132. The following larly : — Positive. bonus, -a, -urn, good. malus, -a, -um, bad. magnus, -a, -urn, great. parvus, -a, -um, small. multus, -a, -um, much. vetus (gen. -eris), old. senex(gen.senis), aged. iuvenis, -e, young. adjectives are compared irregu- COMPARATIVE. melior, -ius peior, -ius maior, -ius minor, -us , plus vetustior, -ius senior maior natu iunior 1 minor natu J Superlative. optimus, -a, -um pessimus, -a, -um maximus, -a, -um minimus, -a, -um plurimus, -a, -um veterrimus, -a, -um maximus natu minimus natu Some adjectives are compared as in English, by means of adverbs, especially those ending in -us following a vowel. Examples. — idSneus (fit), magis idoneus, maxime ido- neus; pius (pious), magis pius, maxime pius ; varius (various), magis varius, maxime varius. 8 4 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 133. Declension of the comparative of multus : — SlNGUL. \R. Plural. M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. plus plures plura G. pluris plurium plurium D. pluribus pluribus A. plus plures, -is plura A. plure pluribus pluribus Note. — The masculine or feminine singular of the compara- tive is expressed with the neuter and the partitive genitive. Example. — Plus pecuniae habet quam sapientiae. He has 7nore 7noney than wisdom. The dative singular is not found in classic Latin. 134. Vocabulary, f errum, -I, n., iron, sword. candidus, -a, -um, white, fair. fames, -is, f., hunger. collis, -is, m., hill. pius, -a, -um, pious. verbum, -I, n., word. Helvetius, -I, m., an Helvetian. Helvetia, -ae, f., Helvetia. Alexander, -dri, m., Alexan- contineS, -ere, -ui, -tentus, der. to contain. 135. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Nihil est melius quam sapientia. 2. Sol maior est quam terra; luna minor est quam terra. 3. Urbs Roma maxima et pulcherrima est omnium Italiae urbium. 4. Dux Poenorum fuit senior quam rex Romanus, et urbs illius fuit vetustior urbe huius. 5. Plurimae Graeciae civitates liberae erant. 6. Plures homines ferro necati ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 85 sunt quam fame. 7. Num fuerunt sacerdotes, qui erant in templls Romanis, magis pii quam sacerdotes Graecorum ? 8. Primo bello Punico RomanI maximas classes aedifica- verunt. 9. Plures candid! homines in Europa sunt quam in Africa. II. 1. Alexander was the greatest man of his time. 2. The most difficult tasks are not always the best for the pupils. 3. Old men are wiser than young men. 4. What place is more fit for a camp than this hill? 5. Many temples of Italy and Greece are very old. 6. The Rhine is the largest of the many rivers of Germany. 7. The best oration contains the most wisdom, but not always the most words. 8. The Gauls fight with more clamor than the Romans. 9. Helvetia is a smaller country than Italy, but the Helvetians are larger men than the Romans. LESSON XLII. The Ablative of Degree of Difference. 136. Rule. — The ablative is used without a preposition to express the degree of difference between two persons or things. Example. — Roman! erant multS fortiores quam hostes. The Romans were much braver {braver by much) than their enemies. 86 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 137. Vocabulary. lupus, -I, m., wolf. iiva, -ae, f., grape. vulpes, -is, f., fox. Tiberis, -is (ace. -im), m., Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. Tiber. Tlclnus, -I, m., Ticinus. defatlgo, -are, -avi, -atus, to Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage. exhattst. led, leonis, m., lion. numerus, -I, m., number. potens,-tentis, powerful. 138. Exercises in T7-anslation. I. i. Vulpes et lupus sunt ferae; hie est multo validior quam ille. 2. Natio Romana fuit maior multis gentibus quam natio Graeca. 3. Galba, agricola, est maior natu decern annls quam frater, nauta. 4. Tiberis est multo maior quam Padus ; sed hie est pulcherrimum flumen Italiae. 5. Tici- nus est flumen citerioris Galliae et est clarissimus fluvius. 6. Fossa, quae circum urbem est, multis pedibus longior est quam murus. 7. Carthago fuit urbs parvo vetustior Roma. 8. Cicero fuit orator multo optimus et clarissimus Romano- rum. 9. Multo maxima terrae pars a populls antiquis non visa erat. II. 1. The forces of the Romans were greater by a large number of men than the forces of the enemy. 2. The pupil's task was very easy, but he had been exhausted with hunger. 3. Is the fox much shrewder than the wolf ? 4. Who has told the story of (de) the fox and the grapes? 5. The story of the fox and the grapes is older by far than the story of the lion. 6. The number of the Greeks was much smaller than the number of the Persians. 7. But the bravery of the FORMATION OF ADVERBS 8? Greeks was much greater than the bravery of the enemy. 8. The Rhine is many feet wider than the Po. 9. The emperors were by far more powerful than the consuls. LESSON XLIII. Formation of Adverbs. 139. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed by dropping the final vowel of the stem and adding e. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed by adding to the stem -ter. Stems ending in nti drop ti before the addition. Adjective. Stem. Adverb. clarus claro clare, illustriously. miser misero misere, wretchedly. diligens diligenti diligenter, diligently. nobilis nobili nobiliter, nobly. Note. — The adverb corresponding to audax is audacter, boldly. 140. The neuter accusative singular of some adjectives is used as an adverb. The neuter ablative singular of some adjectives is used as an adverb. Adjective. Adverb. multus multum, much, facilis facile, easily. primus primS, at first. 88 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 141. Vocabulary. subitus, -a, -um, sudden. Scipio, -onis, m., Scipio. subito, suddenly. celeriter, swiftly. feliciter, successfully . laete, gladly. fideliter, faithfully. acriter, sharply, severely. fortiter, bravely. longe, far. propero, -are, -avl, -atus, to late, widely. hasten. graviter, severely, heavily* 142. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Scipio cum Poems fortiter pilgnavit. 2. Caesar cum prima legione celeriter in Italiam properavit. 3. Subito Caesar cum celeritate in Italiam properavit. 4. Laete et diligenter discipuli magistro laboraverunt. 5. Caesar cum ducibus Gallorum feliciter pugnavit et eos in bello supera- vit. 6. Primo milites facile pugnaverunt, sed postea mul- tum laboraverunt. 7. Malus plrata acriter castigatus est. 8. Benignus agricola miserum servum nobiliter muneravit. 9. Milites, qui audacter pugnant, sunt non semper fortissimi. II. 1. Scipio was diligently educated by his father and his mother. 2. The Roman legions fought bravely with the soldiers of Hannibal who had many elephants. 3. Those who labor faithfully shall be praised. 4. The fields of the enemy were large ; the Romans devastated them far and wide. 5. Our soldiers were brave ; in all battles they fought skilfully. 6. The soldiers of the enemy fought badly ; many of them were severely wounded. 7. Then suddenly and swiftly they hastened into their own country. 8. The horsemen of hither Gaul were severely blamed by the commander. 9. Many of the enemy were killed in battle, more were wounded. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 8 9 LESSON XLIV. Comparison of Adverbs. 143. The comparative of the adverb is the same as the neuter comparative of the adjective. The superlative is formed by changing the final -0 of the stem of the adjective in the superlative to -e. Comparative. Superlative. acrius acerrime facilius * facillime prudentius prudentissime pulchrius pulcherrime Note. — Adverbs are irregularly derived from irregular adjectives ; but the comparative and the superlative are formed according to the rule stated above. Positive. acriter, sharply. facile, easily. prudenter, prudently. pulchre, beautifully. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. bene, well. melius optime male, ill. peius pessime . . ., greatly. magis, more maxime, especially, multum, much plus plurimum parve, little. minus minime 144. Vocabulary. et . . . et (conj.), both . . . and. care, dearly. regno, -are, -avi, -atus, to ride, diutius, for a longer time. acritudo, -inis, f v sharpness, diutissime, for a very longtime* imperium, -i,n., suprane power. Hibernia, -ae, f., Ireland. coniuro, -are, -avi, -atus, to contra (prep, with ace), conspire. against. dimidium, -I, n., half. tamen (adv.), nevertheless. 90 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 145. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Epistulae tuae magis delectant matrem meara quam patrem. 2. Carmina Homer! et senes et iuvenes maxime delectant. 3. Carthaginienses fortissime pugnaverunt, tamen a Romanis superati sunt. 4. Somnus aegrum hominem magis recreat quam cibus. 5. Magister pigros discipulos gravissime vituperavit et castlgavit. 6. Pedites nostrl fortius pugnaverunt quam equites. 7. Servi Africae bene labora- verunt ; servi Asiae melius laboraverunt ; sed liberi virl Europae optime laboraverunt. 8. Victoria, reglna, prii- dentissime regnavit, multo melius quam multl reges Romae. 9. Pigri pueri parve laboraverant, sed pater els pulcherrima dona dedit. II. 1. The children were very dearly loved by their parents, especially on account of their shrewdness. 2. For a long time consuls ruled in the Roman state ; for a longer time kings ruled ; for a very long time supremacy was held by emperors. 3. Ireland is smaller by a half than Britain. 4. The worst citizens conspire against the state, but they are often severely punished. 5. The better part of man is immortal. 6. The little boy told the story rather well. 7. The Greeks loved their country more than the Romans loved their native land. 8. What is a worse enemy of man than death? 9. They fought more successfully at daybreak than at night. FOURTH DECLENSION 91 LESSON XLV. Fourth Declension. 146. Nouns of the fourth declension end in -us and -u ; the stem ends in.-u generally weakened to -i before -bus. Those having the nominative in -us are masculine with a few exceptions, those in -u are neuter. 147. Nouns of the fourth declension are declined as fol- lows : — fructus, -us, m., fruit ; cornu, -us, n., horn, flank ; stem fructu- stem cornu- SlNGULAR. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. fructus fructus cornu cornua G. fructus fructuum cornus cornuum D. fructui, -u fructibus cornu cornibus A. fructum fructus cornu cornua V. fructus fructus cornu cornua A. fructu fructibus cornu cornibus Note. — The following retain the regular dative and ablative plural in -ubus : artus, joint ; partus, birth ; portus, harbor ; tribus, tribe ; veru, a spit; also dissyllables in -cus. 148. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the second and partly of the fourth declension, and is inflected as follows : — • Singular. Plural. N. dom-us dom-us G. dom-us dom-uum, -orum D. dom-uT, -0 dom-ibus A. dom-um dom-os, -us V. dom-us dom-us A. dom-6, -u dom-ibus 92 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 149. Vocabulary, exercitus, -us, m., army. maims, -us, f., hand, band, metus, -us, m.,fear. senatus, -us, m., senate. cantus, -us, m., song. peditatus, -us, m., infantry. auctus, -us, m., growth. equitatus, -us, m., cavalry. genu, -us, n., knee. auctoritas, -atis, f., authority. anguis, -is, m. and f., snake. Ariovistus, -T, m., Ariovistus, canto, -are, -avi, -atus, to lateo, -ere, -ui, — , to lie sing. hidden. propter (prep, with ace), on account of. 150. Exercises in Translation, I. i. Urbs magna Italiae in metu erat propter Catihnam. 2. Fuitne exercitus Caesaris multo maior quam exercitus Ariovisti? 3. Aves cantu suo aures hominum delectant. 4. Quod animal plures artus habet quam anguis? 5. Multae naves in portu nostro sunt, sed plures Britanniae in portubus sunt. 6. In cantiL Vergilius poeta cantat, " Frigidus latet anguis in herba." 7. Fructus arborum dulces omnibus pueris gratl aestate sunt. 8. Pedites exercitus Roman! cornii sinistrum Gallorum superaverunt, equites Romano- rum cornu Gallorum dextrum fugaverunt. 9. Milites Caesaris manus hostium magnas vlderunt. II. 1. Horsemen are in the cavalry ; foot-soldiers are in the infantry. 2. Julius Caesar, that famous commander, had large bands of soldiers. 3. With his strong hands, the farmer labors diligently. 4. Many large animals fight with their horns. 5. The senate of the Romans was a body of old and wise men. 6. Great was the authority of Cicero in FIFTH DECLENSION 93 the Roman senate. 7. The growth of large trees is not very rapid. 8. The men of that German tribe dwelt in large houses. 9. Hands, feet, and knees are parts of the body. LESSON XL, VI. Fifth Declension. 151. Nouns of the fifth declension end in -es, and the stem ends in -e. All nouns of this declension are feminine with the exception of dies, which is always masculine in the plural, and generally in the singular. The e of the stem is shortened in the genitive and dative singular when preceded by a consonant. 152. Nouns of the fifth declension are declined as fol- lows : — dies, -el, m., day ; stem die- Singular. Plural. N. dies dies G. die! dierum D. die! diebus A. diem dies V. dies dies A. die diebus res, rei, f., thing, affair ; stem re- Singular. Plural. res res rei rerum rei rebus rem res res res re rebus Note. — Only dies and res are complete in the plural, few other nouns have nominative and accusative plural. 94 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 153. Vocabulary, acies, -el, f., line of battle. fides, -ei, f., faith, planities, -el, f., \ res publica, f., republic, planicies, -el, f., \ plain. meridies, -el, m., noon, planitia, -ae, f., J salus, -utis, f., safety. spes, -ei, f., hope. Miltiades, -is, m., Miltiades, pernicies, -ei, f., destruction. initium, n., beginning, civilis, -e, civil (of a state). certus, -a, -urn, certain, perniciosus, -a, -um, destruc- medius, -a, -um, middle, tive. 154. Exercises in Translation, I. i. Bella civilia rel publicae Romanorum perniciosa fuerunt. 2. Fortitudo Germanorum legionum Roman- orum pernicies fuit. 3. Aestate dies multo longiores sunt quam hieme. 4. Spes salutis animos Germanorum com- plevit gaudio. 5. In dextro aciei Romanae cornu erant equites sociorum. 6. Initio die! media in acie Persae, sed in cornibus aciei Graeci victores fuerunt ; meridie victoria Graecorum certa erat. 7. Prudentia Miltiadis et fortitudo militum rem publicam a perniciie servavit. 8. GermanI fide et probitate multas gentes superabant. 9. In Helvetia sunt non magnae planities. II. 1. The beginnings of many things are small. 2. The Roman senate praised the faith of the allies. 3. The Roman republic was ruled by the senate and the consuls. 4. The smallest things often have been the cause of the severest wars. 5. The brave leader holds a long sword in his right hand. 6. The brave general Miltiades formed a battle line PERSONAL PRONOUNS 95 on the plain with cavalry and infantry, f . The increase of the fire frightened the inhabitants of the city. 8. The homes of great men are not always filled with joy. 9. Who tells the story about the birth of Romulus ? LESSON XLVIL Personal Pronouns. 155. In Latin there is a simple personal pronoun of the first person, one of the second, but none of the third. The nominative of the personal pronouns is not expressed except for emphasis or contrast. The place of the personal pronoun of the third person is supplied by the demonstratives. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons are declined as follows : — First Person. Second Person, singular. plural. singular. plural. N. ego nos tu V03 G. mei nostrum, nostri tin vestrum, vestri D. milii nobis tibi vobis A. me nos te vos A. me nobis te vobis Note. — Nostrum and vestrum are chiefly used as partitive genitives. 156. The simple personal pronouns of the first and second persons are also used as reflexives, but there is a special reflexive form for the third person, which is declined as follows : — 96 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK N. G. Singular. Plural. ■ul Sill D. sibi sibi A. se. sese se, sese A. se, sese se. sese Note. — When the preposition cum is used with the simple personal and reflexive pronouns, it is always an enclitic. 157. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Epistula tua, frater, mihi magnam voluptatem dabat. 2. Multi nostrum fellces sunt, multi vestrum infellces. 3. Ego sum poeta, tu es rex, is est sacerdos. 4. Nihil tibi carius est quam patria. 5. Vitae feminarum et Hberorum a vobis servatae sunt. 6. Dedimus laudem vobis et els cele- ritate. 7. Ego me castlgo ; tu te laudas. 8. Amicus nos ad se vocavit. 9. Frater poetae nobiscum in Graecia fuit. II. 1. In you and me and in all of us there are immortal souls. 2. You are Greeks ; I am a Roman citizen. 3. The poet will not praise him. 4. You have refreshed us with food. 5. The soul, the better part of myself, is immortal; the body is mortal. 6. The teacher has praised you and me, for we have been diligent. 7. The farmer praises him- self, but I do not praise him. 8. O leader, the lives of the soldiers have been saved by you. 9. The story of the Punic war is known to us all. REVIEW IN VOCABULARY 97 LESSON XLVIII. Review in Vocabulary. 158. The following vocabulary contains all the new words introduced since Lesson XXXII. These words should be studied with great care ; the English equivalents should be learned, and the spelling and the quantity of vowels should be mastered. 159. Wc ird List. acer cantus dies Felix acies care difficilior fellx acriter Carthago dlligenter ferrum acritud5 celeber dimidium fertilis admirabilis celer dissimilis fidelis Alexander celeritas diutius fldeliter ambulo celeriter doceo fides anguis certus domus firmus Ariovistus citerior dulcis floreo artus civilis ego folium asinus clare egregius fortior auctoritas cognomen epistula fortis auctus collis equester fortiter auged communis equitatus forum audax compleo exemplum frigidus avarus coniuro exercitus fructus bene contineo exterior gaudeo brevis contra facile genii calidus cornu facilis gracilis candidus defatigo fames Graecus canto deleo fellciter gramen 9 8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK gravis melior planities slgnifer graviter meridies plus simillime habeo metus portus Socrates Helvetia Miltiades posterus spes Helvetius minor potens subito Hibernia misere pretiosus subitus hiemo moneo prim 6 suT humilis mortalis prior Sulla iaceo multum prope superior immortalis natu propero tamen imperium nihil propter tene5 improbus nobilis proximus Tiberis imprudens nobiliter prudens Ticlnus infelix numerus pudor trans inferus nunquam Punicus tribus ingens omnis quam triginta. initium opus quattuor Troia innocens oratio regio tu intra Padus regno ulterior iunior partus res iitilis iuvenis pax res publica uva laete peditatus Rhodanus terbum late peior rusticus verii lateo pensum salubris vester latus perlculosus saliis vetus le5 pernicies sanctus . vetustior lugeo perniciosus sapiens video lupus pius ScTpio violo maior planicies senatus viridis manus planitia senior vulpes medius POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 99 / LESSON XLIX. Possessive Adjectives. 160. The possessive adjectives are formed from the stems of simple personal and reflexive pronouns. They are some- times used as pronouns. They are adjectives of the first and second declensions. The gender, number, and case of these adjectives are determined by the thing possessed. These adjectives are as follows : — Singular Ownership, singular. plural. meus, -a, -um, my. mel, -ae, -a tuus, -a, -um, thy, your. tui, -ae, -a suus, -a, -um, his, her, its. sui, -ae, -a Plural Ownership, singular. plural. noster, -tra, -trum, our. nostri, -ae, -a vester, -tra, -trum, your. vestrl, -ae, -a suus, -a, -um, their. sui, -ae, -a Notes. — a. When these words are used as pronouns they are translated : mine, thine, his, ours, etc. b. The vocative of meus, in the masculine singular, is mi. c. Review paragraphs 40 and 41. 161. Vocabulary. onus, -eris, n., load, burden. ora, -ae, f., coast. oculus, -1, m., eye. latebra, -ae, f., hiding-place. erro, -are, -avi, -atus, to err. crux, crucis, f., cross. cultus, -us, m., culture. cymba, -ae, f, skiff, small boat. allig6,-are,-avl,-atus, to tie to. populus, -I, f., poplar tree. IOO BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 162. Exercises i?i Translation. I. i. Amicus meus vir probus est. 2. Magister laudat f Ilium tuum ; vituperat meum. 3. Terra nostra nunquam provincia Romana fuit, vestram Roman! occupaverunt. 4. Mi fill, cur non amas magistrum tuum? 5. Onus suum est gravius quam tuum. 6. Orae vestrae semper latebrae plratarum fuerunt. 7. Mi amice, cur non fuisti attentus? 8. Rex Graecorum cum copiis suis castra Persarum oppug- navit. 9. Incolae insulae nostrae mox erunt periti nautae. II. 1. I have seen the enemy with my own eyes. 2. Very many of our soldiers have been killed because the general erred. 3. My books contain many beautiful stories about the cross. 4. Our culture is known to all the peoples of Europe. 5. The sailors praised our skiff, which was tied to a high tree on the bank of the river. 6. The inhabitants of the island will be their allies. 7. In the first Punic war the army of the Roman people was routed by the Carthaginians. 8. The high poplars which are in your garden are very beautiful. 9. The people of Greece in our time are not noted on account of their wisdom and culture. Gladu. LOCATIVE CASE .. iOl LESSON L. Locative Case. 163. The place where is denoted by the ablative with the preposition in (locative ablative). But names of towns and small islands, and a few other nouns, are put in the locative case. The locative has the following endings in the several declensions : — Singular. Plural. First declension -ae -is Second declension . . . . -1 -is Third declension -i (-e) -ibus Note. — Observe that the locative in the first and the second declension singular has the same form as the genitive ; in the plural and in the third declension it has the same form as the dative or the ablative. 164. Vocabulary. riis, ruris (loc, ruri), n., the country (opposed to the city) . militia, -ae (loc. militiae), f., the field of battle. domus, -us (loc. domi), f., home. humus, -I (loc. humi), f., the ground. -que (enclitic), and. Athenae, -arum, f. (plu.), Athens. Delphi, -orum, f. (plu.), Delphi. Zama, -ae, f., Zama. Ephesus, -T, f., Ephesus. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. Atheniensis, -is, m., an Athenian. oraculum, -I, n., oracle. -I02 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 165. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Hieme rex in urbe, aestate run habitat. 2. Athenis in Graecia erant multa et pulchra templa deorum. 3. Del- phis Apollinis oraculum fuit. 4. Dux copiarum Romanorum militiae necatus est. 5. Zama fuit urbs Africae ; Zamae pugnatum est. 6. EphesT, urbe Asiae, erat celeberrimum templum Dianae. 7. Post pugnam multa corpora hominum et equorum hum! iacebant. 8. Athenienses domi militiae- que clarissimi fuerunt. 9. Rex Romae in pulchro aedifici5 Romae habitabat. II. 1. Hannibal, who lived at Carthage, fought with the Romans. 2. Caesar and Scipio were famous both at home and on the field of battle. 3. In Rome, a city of Italy, there were many temples of the gods. 4. The arts and sciences flourished at Athens, for Greece was famous on account of wisdom and culture. 5. My friend, why are you lying on the ground? 6. Where is your brother? I have not seen him for a long time. 7. He has been sick ; he is at home, at Rome. 8. In the country, in the summer, there are beautiful green trees. 9. In ancient times, many men were . advised by the oracle which was at Delphi. Ancora. CONSTRUCTIONS OF PLACE I03 LESSON LI. Constructions of Place. 166. Rules. — a. The place from which is regularly expressed by the ablative with a proposition, a, ab, de, e, or ex ; but names of towns and small islands, also domus and rus ; omit the preposition. b. The place to which is regularly expressed by the accusative with the preposition ad or in ; but names of towns and small islands, also domus and rus, omit the preposition. Examples : — a. A Gallia navigavit. He sailed away from Gaul. b. Roma properavit. He hastened away from Rome. c. In Italiam properavit. He hastened into Italy. d. Romam navigavit. He sailed to Rome. 167. Vocabulary. e or ex (prep, with ab\.),from. de (prep, with abl.), from. exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, to await, to expect. . demigrS, -are, -avi, -atus, to go away. adventus, -us, m., arrival, approach. legatus, -1, m., a?nbassador, lieutenant. a or ab (prep, with ab\.),from. ad (prep, with ace), to, toward. navigo, -are, -avi, -atus, to sail. iuvo, -are, iiivi, iutus, to aid. r§3 frumentaria, {., grain supply. comes, -itis, m., coinrade. Sparta, -ae ? f., Sparta. 104 BEGINNERS'. LATIN BOOK 168. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Legati Atheniensium Spartam properaverunt. 2. Res frumentariae in urbem portatae sunt ; nam incolae adventum militum expectabant. 3. Mercurius Jomo Iovis Athenas in templum volavit. 4. Mi amice, ambulabisne ex urbe in silvam? 5. Hannibal, qui fuit dux Poenorum, Carthagine in Hispaniam properavit. 6. Comites, post pugnam domum navigabimus. 7. Puellae puerlque ex urbe rus ambulabunt. 8. Agricola, qui Athenis sacerdotem necavit, rus properavit. 9. Milites, qui in urbem vocati erant, homines celerrime iuverunt. II. 1. Arms were carried into the town by the soldiers. 2. The inhabitants, whose town had been taken by storm, departed into the country. 3. Many ships sailed from Europe to Africa, and from Africa to Asia. 4.- I have not conspired with the Greeks at Athens. 5. In winter, birds fly to warm countries. 6. Who see from the high moun- tains into the city which lies in the plain? 7. Within ten days, Caesar will hasten to Gaul. 8. What ship brought back the greatest number of slaves from Africa to Rome? 9. The sick soldiers were carried from the ship by their comrades. Pharetra cum Sagittis. THE DEMONSTRATIVES ISTE, IPSE, IDEM 105 LESSON LII. The Demonstratives iste, ipse, Idem. 169. The demonstrative iste, that, that of yours, is declined as follows : — Singular. Plural. M. F. TV. M. F. N. N. iste ista istud isti istae ista G. istius istius istius istorum istarum is tor D. isti isti isti istis istis istis A. is turn istam istud istos istas ista A. isto ista isto istis istis istis Note. — Iste is used in reference to that which is related to the person being addressed, and for that reason is called the demonstrative of the second person. It is also used to express contempt. Example : — Iste amicus patrem necavit ! That friend of yours has killed his father ! 170. The demonstrative ipse, himself herself etc., is declined as follows : — - Singular. M, F. N. N. ipse ipsa ipsum G. ipsius ipsius ipsius D. ipsi ipsi ipsi A. ipsum ipsam ipsum A. ipso ipsa. ipso Plural. M. F. N. ipsi ipsae ipsa ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsos ipsas ipsa ipsis ipsis ipsis io6 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Note.. — Ipse, himself, the emphatic appositive pronoun, is used with a noun or pronoun (even though understood) with which it agrees as does an adjective. It also means very in the sense of real or true. Example : — Caesar ipse fuit dux exercitus. Caesar himself was the leader of the army. 171. The demonstrative idem, same, is declined as follows : - Singular. M. F. N. N. idem eadem idem G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem D. eidem eidem eidem A. eundem eandem idem A. eodem eadem Plural. eodem M. F. A r . N. eidem eaedem eadem G. eorundem earundem eorundem D. eisdem eisdem eisdem A. eosdem easdem eadem A. eisdem eisdem eisdem Note. — The inflected part of idem is declined like is, m before d changing to n. Review paragraph 63 for double forms in the plural. 172. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Omnium civitatum leges noli eaedem sunt. 2. Car- thago et Corinthus eodem anno a Romanls expugnatae sunt. THE DEMONSTRATIVES ISTE, IPSE, IDEM 107 3. Iste liber, quem dedisti mihi, est gratissimus. 4. Fabula ilia nocte a rege ipso narrata est. 5. Cui istum florem donabis, mi fill? 6. 1st! amici sunt fllii militum ipsorum. 7. Roman! ipsi, quorum fortitudo magna erat, omnes Italiae gentes superaverunt. 8. A quibus exercitus Persarum fuga- tusest? A Graecis ipsis. 9. Ildem homines eadem opera saepe laudant et vituperant. 10. Homines sapientes se ipsi non laudant. II. 1. The man of whom you told the story praised him- self. 2. The poet himself praised the farmer ; for he had many good books. 3. The wisdom of that son of yours is most admirable. 4. Did the peoples of Greece and Rome have the same gods? 5. Jupiter himself was the king of all the gods of the Romans and of the Greeks. 6. Many men do not rejoice about the same things on the same day. 7. I have been aided by that son of yours. 8. I have given my best gift to that unrighteous man. 9. Those women have had joy and sorrow on the same day. 10. The man loves himself and all men. Scuta, io8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LIII. Indefinite Pronouns. 173. The : following pr and are used as their Ei M. F. aliquis aliqua quldam quaedam quisque quaeque quivis quaevis quisquam quaequam quispiam quaepiam qullibet quaelibet quis qua, quae N. aliquid, some, any. quiddam, a, a certain. quidque, every, each. quidvis, any {you please). quidquam, any one. quidpiam, any one, anybody. quidlibet, any (you please). quid, some, any. 174. Aliquis, some, any, is declined as follows : Singular. M. F. N. N. aliquis aliqua aliquid G. alicuius alicuius alicuius D. alicui alicui alicui A. ali quern aliquam aliquid A. aliquo aliqua Plural. aliquo M. F. N. N. aliqui aliquae aliqua G. aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum D. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus A. aliquos aliquas aliqua A. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus INDEFINITE PRONOUNS IO9 Quldam, a, a certain, is declined as follows : • Singular. M. F. N. N. quldam quaedam quiddam G. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam D. cuidam cuidam cuidam A. quendam quandam quiddam A, quodam quadam Plural. quodam M. F. N. N. quidam quaedam quaedam G. quorundam quarundam quorundam D. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam A. . quosdam quasdam quaedam A. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Notes. — a. All the indefinites are declined like aliquis or quidam, some having the first part inflected, and others, the last part. b. There are two forms in the nominative and accusative singular neuter. See paragraph 66, note b. c. A superlative adjective may be placed before quisque : optimus quisque, every best, i.e. the best. 175. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Graecia parvum quendam locum Europae tenet. 2. Fortissimum quemque imperator ad se vocavit. 3. Sibi quisque cams est. 4. Pessimus quisque socius et amicus Catilinae fuit. 5. Sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus est aliquid virtuti simile. 6. " Suum cuK^ae,'' verbum est viri IIO BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK probl et iusti. 7. Quidam prima luce ad castra nostra ambulavit. 8. Catilma in senatu est, videt oculis quemque nostrum. 9. Quisque homo est dominus suae fortunae. II. 1. In certain parts of Italy were large forests. 2. The bravest shall be our leaders. 3. Every one loves his own country. 4. The farmer gave some money to his son. 5. The poet gave books to a certain one of his daughters. 6. Life is dear to each one of us. 7. My son has given that book of yours to some one. 8. Many of the enemy's soldiers fought bravely ; some of them were severely wounded. 9. Our soldiers were skilful ; in every battle they fought successfully. 1 . LESSON LIV. Pronominal Adjectives. 176. The following words, like their English equivalents, are sometimes used as adjectives and sometimes as pro- nouns. They are declined like ipse, ille, or iste. See paragraph 170. alius, -a, -ud, another, alter, -era, -erum, the other. neuter, -tra, -trum, neither. nullus, -a, -urn, no, none. solus, -a, -um, alone, only. totus, -a, -um, whole. ullus, -a, -um, any. unus, -a, -um, one, alone. uter, -tra, -trum, which (of uterque,utraque,utrumque, two). each, both. 177. Some of these words when used as correlatives have special meanings. As follows : — PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES HI alius . . . alius, one . . . another. alii .... alii, some . . . others. alius . . . aliud, one, one thing . . . another, another. alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. Example : — De immortalibus dels alius poeta aliud narrat. Concerning the immortal gods one poet tells one thing; another, another. 178. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Caesar erat solus imperator exercitus. 2. Utrius fortitudo maior fuit, Hannibalis an (or) Scipionis ? Uterque fortissimus fuit. 3. Rex magna d5na neutri filiorum dedit. 4. Ille improbus vir est amicus nulllus. 5. Victoria una erat regina totius Britanniae. 6. Alterl militl dux gladium dedit, alterl hastam. 7. Amicus noster est poeta ; alter vir, quern videmus, est miles. 8. Consules Romae regnant ; in aliis terrls reges regnant. 9. Vergilius fuit clarus poeta, Cincinnatus fuit magnus dux ; uterque fuit bonus vir. II. 1. Some men love themselves more than their friends; others love the gods best. 2. Our country is free; in no other country is there liberty. 3. Europe and Africa are large countries ; in both are large rivers. 4. At one time Athens was the largest city in Europe ; at another time, Rome. 5. The king gave praise to the whole people on account of bravery alone. 6. Which poet was the greater, Vergil or Homer ? 7. One man is not an army ; one ship is not a fleet. 8. Much money gives pleasure to no one. 9. Some (not none) cities are larger than Rome, but none are more beautiful. 112 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LV. Cardinal Numerals. 179. Cardinal numbers are the numbers used in counting. 28. duodetriginta, XXVIII. 29. undetriginta, XXIX. 30. triginta, XXX. 40. quadraginta, XL. 50. quinquaginta, L. 60. sexaginta, LX. 70. septuaginta, LXX. 80. octoginta, LXXX. 90. nonaginta, XC. 100. centum, C. 101. centum unus, CI. 200. ducenti, -ae, -a, CC. 300. trecenti, CCC. 400. quadringenti, CCCC. 500. qumgenti, D. 600. sexcenti, DC. 700. septingenti, DCC. 800. octingenti, DCCC. 900. nongenti, DCCCC. 1000. mille, M. 5000. qumque milia, IDD* 10000. decern milia, CCI33. milia, CCCI333. 180. The numerals unus, duo, and tres are declined when standing alone and also when combined with other numbers, as viginti unus, centum unus, etc. The other cardinal num- I. unus, -a, -um, I. 2. duo, duae, duo, II. 3- tres, tria, III. 4- quattuor, IV. 5- quinque, V. 6. sex, VI. 7. septem, VII. 8. octo, VIII. 9- novem, IX. 10. decern, X. 11. undecim, XI. 12. duodecim, XII. 13- tredecim, XIII. 14. quattuordecim, XIV. IS- qumdecim, XV. 16. sedecim, XVI. 17- septendecim, XVII. 18. duodeviginti, XVIII. 19. undeviginti, XIX. 20. viginti, XX. 21 . f viginti unus, L unus et viginti, XXI. 1 00000. centum CARDINAL NUMERALS 113 bers up to two hundred are indeclinable. The hundreds, centum not included, are declined like the plural of bonus, -a, -um. Mille is, in the singular, an indeclinable adjective. In the plural, it is used as a neuter noun with the partitive genitive. 181. Unus is declined like the singular of ipse ; see para- graph 169. Tres is declined like the plural of acer; see paragraph 106. Duo and mille are declined as follows : — M. F. N. Singular. Plural. N. duo duae duo mille milia G. duorum duarum duorum mille milium D. duobus duabus duobus mille milibus A. duos, duo duas duo mille milia A. duobus duabus duobus mille milibus 182. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Graeci Troiam decern annos oppugnaverunt. 2. In illo proelio centum duodevlgintl equites vulnerati sunt, triginta unus equites necati sunt. 3. Caesar duabus legionibus nova anna donavit. 4. In castris mille pedites et ducenti equites fuerunt. 5. Unus annus duodecim menses, trecentos sexa- ginta quinque dies habet. 6. In ilia pugna decern milia Romanorum cum quattuordecim milibus Gallorum pugnave- runt. 7. Homines trium magnarum terrarum, Europae, Asiae, Africae, sunt dissimilliml. 8. Habitantne septuaginta quinque milia hominum Romae? 9. In portu erat classis undequadraginta navium. II. 1. The temple of Diana was four hundred and fifty feet long and two hundred and twenty feet wide. 2. A U4 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK .great tempest has destroyed twenty- four ships. 3. The aames of the seven Roman kings are not known to all pupils. 4.. Twelve great emperors ruled at Rome. 5. A year has more than three hundred days. 6. Three Roman legions were destroyed by the Germans. 7. There were three Punic wars. 8. In ancient times there were seven wise men whose names were famous. 9. A good man gave money to one hundred and twenty slaves. LESSON LVI. Ordinal Numerals. 183. Ordinal numerals are adjectives derived from the cardinals to express order or place. They are declined like bonus, -a, -um ; see paragraphs 41 and 48. 1st. primus, -a, -um. 2d. secundus (or alter). 3d. tertius. 4th. quartus. 5 th. quintus. 6th. sextus. 7th. septimus. 8th. octavus. 9th. nonus. 10th. decimus. nth. undecimus. 1 2th. duodecimus. 13th. tertius decimus. 14th. quartus decimus. 15th. quintus decimus. 1 6th. sextus decimus. 2 1 st. 22d. 17th. septimus decimus. 1 8th. duodevicesimus. 19th. undevicesimus. 20th. vicesimus. vicesimus primus. . iinus et vicesimus. vicesimus secundus. L alter et vicesimus. 29th. undetricesimus. 30th. tricesimus. 40th. quadragesimus. 1 ooth. centesimus. 10 1 st. centesimus primus. 200th. ducentesimus. 1 oooth. millesimus. 2000th. bis millesimus. ORDINAL NUMERALS 184. Vocabulary, "5 finis, -is, m., end, border •; (plu.) Solon, -onis, m., Solon. territories. Carthaginiensis, -e, Cartha- Alpes, -ium, f. (plu.), Alps. ginian. bello, -are, -avi, -atus, to moved, -ere, movi, motus, wage war. to move. Nilus, -1, m., Nile. passus, -us, m., pace. sarcina, -ae, f , personal bag- mille passus, a thousand paces, gage. a mile. regnum, -1, n., supremacy, reign, milia passuum, thousands of bis (adv.), twice. paces. 185. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Solon unus et primus ex illis septem sapientibus fuit., quorum nomina antiquis temporibus clara erant. 2. Anno septimo decimo secundi belli Punici Carthaginienses Hanni- balem ex Italia vocaverunt. 3. Dies est trecentesima sexa- gesima quinta pars anni. 4. Suntne Alpes altissimi montes, quos vidisti? 5. Septem fuerunt reges Roman! ; primus fuit Romulus, Septimus, Tarquinius Superbus. 6. Tertio bello Pu- nico Carthago a Scipione expugnata et deleta est. 7. Caesar, qui in finibus Gallorum bellavit, primus consul Romae non fuit. 8. Tertio decimo die castra movit. 9. Militibus legi- onis decimae, fortissimis totlus exercitus, laudem dedit. \\. 1. The Nile is the fourth large river on which this man has sailed. 2. Romulus built a beautiful city twenty miles from the sea. 3. In the thirty years' war many cities of Germany were devastated. 4. Do not the soldiers of the ninth legion carry personal baggage on the march? 5. On Il6 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK that day, the greatest part of the enemy was killed in battle. 6. In the twentieth year of the reign of Romulus there was a great fire in Rome. 7. In the third watch of the night, the soldiers hastened from the hill into the camp. 8. In his eightieth year, Cincinnatus was called from the field into the army. 9. In the arts, Greece was first ; Rome was first in laws. LESSON LVII. Two Uses of the Dative. 186. Rules. — a. The dative is used with sum to denote the possessor. b. The dative is sometimes used to express that of which a thing fills the place, and for which it serves. Examples : — a. Agricolae est filia. To the farmer is a daughter. {The farmer has a daughter.} b. Liberi nobis curae sunt. The children are for a care to us. {The children are a care to us.) 187. Vocabulary. medicus, -1, m., physician. venerium, -I, n., poison. usus, -us, m., use. medicma, -ae, f., mediciiie. vestitus, -us, m., clothing. honor, -oris, m., honor. maritimus, -a, -um, maritime. porta, -ae, f., gate. praemium, -1, n., reward. imperitus, -a, -um, unskilled. impedimentum, -1, n., hin- impedimenta, -orum, n. drance. (phi-)> baggage- TWO USES OF THE DATIVE \\J 188. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Bonis hominibus sunt multi amici. 2. Classis mili- tibus magno usui fuit. 3. Medicus venenum medicinae nobis dat. 4. Gramen vestltui terrae est. 5. Multus honor est fortl militi. 6. Dux magnum exercitum habet. 7. Duel est magnus exercitus. 8. Culque maritimae nation! sunt multi portus ; culque urbi, multae portae. 9. Liber, quern magister puero dedit, fuit praemio. II. 1. The high mountains which we see are a protection to the town. 2. Those who are faithful have faithful friends. 3. The leader, to whom there was great fame, took by storm many beautiful towns. 4. The river was a way to the enemy who had many boats. 5. The bridge was a protection to the town. 6. The unskilled legion was a guard to the baggage. 7. The death of the skilful leader was a care to Caesar. 8. The farmer's daughters give money to the poor girl for a reward. 9. The Romans had large fleets for a protection to their harbors. Currus. u8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LVIII. The Third Conjugation. 189. All verbs whose stem ends in e are classed under the third conjugation. Note. — Let paragraph 53 be reviewed. 190. Learn the indicative, active and passive, of regere, to rule. Principal Parts : rego, reggre, rexi, rectus. Active. SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. reg5 regimus 2. regis regitis 3. regit regunt 1. regebam regebamus 2. regebas regebatis 3. regebat regebant Indicative. Present. singular. regor regeris, -re regitur Imperfect. regebar Passive. PLURAL. regimur regimini reguntur regebamur regebaris, -re regebamini regebatur regebantur Future. I. regain regemus regar regemur 2. reges regetis regeris, -re regemini 3- reget regent regetur Perfect. regentur I. 2. 3- rexi rexisti rexit reximus rexistis rexerunt, rectus, -a, -um -ere r sum ; es [ est { sumus recti, 1 \ estis -ae, -a I sunt THE THIRD CONJUGATION 119 Pluperfect. 1. rexeram rexeramus 2. rexeras rexeratis 3. rexerat rexerant Future Perfect. 1. rexero rexerimus 2. rexeris rexeritis eram f eramus rectus, recti, 1 eras \ eratis a, -urn -ae, -a . I erat I erant {ero ( enmus recti, eris < eritis -ae, -a erit I erunt 191. Vocabulary, ago, agere, egl, actus, to do y littera, -ae, f., letter. to drive. instruo, -ere, -struxi, -striic- contendo, -ere, -dT, -tus ? to tus, to draw up. hasten. mitto, -ere, misi, missus, to divido, -ere, -visi, -visus, to send. divide. scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptus, due 6, -ere, diixi, ductus, to to write. lead. traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, to gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, to draw. wage. proditor, -oris, m., betrayer, vinea, -ae, f., besieging shed. 192. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Litteras in Hispaniam misit. 2. Caesar legiones novas in Galliam ducit. 3. Populus Romanus cum gentibus Galliae bellum gerebat. 4. Caesar epistulas ad senatores saepe scrlpsit. 5. In hanc provinciam magnls itineribus contendebat. 6. Caesar aciem in medio colle mstruxit. 7. Milites proditorem in castra traxerunt et lapidibus neca- verunt. 8. Dux vlneas ad oppidum egit. 9. Tempore Caesaris omnis Gallia in partes tres dlvlsa est. 120 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK II. i. Caesar divided his army into two parts. 2. The brave commander led his soldiers across the Alps. 3. Three legions were sent against that town. 4. Our friend has written to us ; brother, will you give me his letter? 5. What famous general boldly waged war in Gaul? 6. One half of the army had been destroyed by the enemy who were drawn up on the hill. 7. Caesar's army hastened into Gaul with the Roman eagle. 8. Horses drew the baggage through the forests into the enemy's country. 9. In ten days the general will have sent the betrayer to Rome. LESSON LIX. The Third Conjugation (Continued). 193. Verbs of the third conjugation in -id retain the i of the present stem before a, 6, u, and e, but lose it else- where except in the future and in the participle and gerund. 194. Learn the indicative active and passive of capere, to take. Principal Parts: capio, capgre, cepi, captus. Indicative. Active, Passive. Present. singular. plural. singular. plural. 1. capio capimus capior capimur 2. capis capitis caperis, -re capimini 3. capit capiunt capitur capiuntur THE THIRD CONJUGATION 121 Imperfect. I. capiebam capiebamus capiebar 2. capiebas capiebatis 3. capiebat capiebant capiebamur capiebaris, -re capiebamini capiebatur capiebantur 1. capiam 2. capies 3. capiet 1. cepi 2. cepisti 3. cepit 1. ceperam 2. ceperas 3. ceperat Future. capiemus capiar capiemur capietis capieris, -re capiemini capient capietur capientur Perfect, cepimus cepistis ceperunt, -ere fsum sumus captus, I capti, \ es i estis -a, -um 1 -ae, -a I est I sunt Pluperfect. ceperamus f eram f eramus captus, I capti, _ . ceperatis \ eras i eratis -a, -um I -ae, -a | ceperant i^erat lerant 1. cepero 2. ceperis 3. ceperit Future Perfect. ceperimus fero ferimus captus, I capti, . . ceperitis \ ens \ eritis -a, -um -ae, -a | ceperint i^erit lerunt 195. Vocabulary. accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, to receive. cognosco, -ere, -novT, -nitus, to know. conficiS, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to finish. capio, -ere, cepi, captus, to take. cupio, -ere, -ivi, -ltus, to desire. Aegyptus, -1, f., Egypt. Horatius Codes, -itis, m., Horatius Codes. 122 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK facio, -ere, feci, factus, to pons, pontis, m., bridge, make, do. vinco, -ere, vlcl, victus, to fugio, -ere, fugT, , to flee. conquer. incolo, -ere, -ui, , to in- iussus, -us, m., order, corn- habit, mand. interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, Pompeius, -1, m., Pompey. to kill. cotidie (adv.), daily. 196. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos misit; id sine ullo penculo fecit. 2. Hostes nostri, qui a militibus superati sunt, pacem cupiunt. 3. Pons, qui a Romanis in Tiber! factus erat, ab Horatio Coclite defensus est. 4. Consules cotidie epistulas a Caesare accipiebant. 5. Ea pars Galliae, quam Celtae incolunt, initium capit a flumine Rhodano. 6. Iussu consulls interficieris, Catilina. 7. Pompeius, qui a Caesare victus erat, in Aegyptum fugit. 8. Legati, qui a duce missi erant, ea, quae hostes confecerant, cognoverunt. 9. Belgae unam partem Galliae incolunt. II. 1. What did Horatius Codes do in ancient times? 2. The army of Caesar made the greatest marches in Gaul. 3. The gold of the king, which was carried on the large ship, was taken by the pirates. 4. Caesar was killed at Rome by his enemies. 5. Daily, brave men flee from danger. 6. After the war with the Gauls, Caesar took many slaves to Rome. 7. The citizens killed the betrayer and freed the town. 8. By whom were the inhabitants of Egypt conquered ? 9. The soldiers of the Roman people finished the war with great bravery. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION 123 LESSON LX. The Fourth Conjugation. 197. All verbs with the present infinitive in -1 belong to the fourth conjugation. These verbs retain the i through- out the entire conjugation. 198. Learn the indicative active and passive of audire, to hear. Principal Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus. Indicative. Active. SINGULAR. 1. audio 2. audis 3. audit PLURAL. audimus auditis audiunt Present. singular. audior audiris, -re auditur Passive. PLURAL. audimur audimini audiuntur Imperfect. 1. audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur 2. audiebas audiebatis audiebaris, -re audiebamini 3. audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur Future. 1. audiam audiemus audiar audiemur 2. audies audietis audieris, -re audiemini 3. audiet audient audietur audientur Perfect. 1. audivi audivimus fsum sumus auditus, j audit!, I 2. audivi sti audivistis \ es \ estis -a, -urn j -ae, -a | 3. audivit audiverunt, -ere [est [sunt 124 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Pluperfect. singular. plural. singular. plural. 1. audiveram audiveramus feram feramus auditus, | auditi, I 2. audiveras audiveratis \ eras \ eratis -a, -um i -ae, -a | 3. audiverat audiverant ^erat lerant Future Perfect. 1. audivero audiverimus fero ferimus ,_ . . auditus, I auditi, I 2. audiveris audiventis \ ens \ eritis -a, -um I -ae, -a | 3. audlverit audiverint l^erit I erunt 199. Vocabulary, audio, -ire, -Tvi, -Itus, to hear. dormio, -ire, -ivi, -ltus, to custodio, -Ire, -ivi, -itus, to sleep. guard. vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, to for- to bind. tify. venio, -ire, veni, ventus, to nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, not to come. know. scio, -ire, -Ivi, -itus, to know. punio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, to pun- oculus, -1, m., eye. ish. Prometheus, -el, m., Pro?ne- captivus, -1, m., captive. theus. magistratus, -us, m., magis- rupes, -is, f., cliff. trate. olim (adv.), once, for7nerly. 200. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Leges bonae vitam civium custodiunt. 2. Milites verba ducis audiverunt. 3. Antiquls temporibus oppida murls muniebantur. 4. ImprobI homines a magistratibus piinientur; probl homines laudabuntur. 5. Multorum oculT et aures te custodient, Catilina. 6. CotTdie septem THE DATIVE WITH VERBS 1 25 horas dormio. 7. Tu, Catilma, oculis et auribus omnium , bonorum clvium custodieris. 8. Scimus nunc multas res, quas olim nesciebamus. 9. Prometheus, qui Ignem mor- talibus dedit, in rupe vinctus est. II. 1. By nothing is a state better fortified than by good laws. 2. I have come, I have seen, I have conquered. 3. Bad men do not do good works. 4. With the eyes, we see ; with the ears, we hear ; with the mind, we understand. 5. By command of the consul, the gates of the city were guarded by the soldiers, who were men of the greatest bravery. 6. The Romans conquered their enemies, and the captives were bound and taken to Rome. 7. Many animals sleep in winter. 8. By whose order had Prome- theus been bound? 9. Jupiter, who was the king of gods and men, often came to the earth. LESSON LXI. The Dative with Verbs. 201. Rule. — Most verbs signifying favor, help, believe, please, trust, and their opposites ; also command, obey, per- suade, envy, pardon, spare, threaten, serve, resist, and the like, govern the dative. Example : — Caesar mulieribus et puerls pepercit. Caesar spared the women and the children. 126 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Note. — A few verbs almost synonymous with some of the above take the accusative. They are as follows : iuvo, adiuvo, help; laedo, injure; iubeo, order; deficio, fail; delecto, please. 202. Vocabulary. confldo, -ere, -fisus sum, to parco, -ere, peperci, parsus, trust. to spare. credo, -ere, credidT, credi- persuadeo, -ere, -si, -suasus, tus, to believe. to persuade. faveo, -ere, favi, fautus, to placeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to favor. please. noceo, -ere, nocuT, nocitus, resisto, -ere, restiti, — , to to injure. resist. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, to pareo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to obey. injure. deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to servio, -ire, -Ivi, -itus, to fail. serve. parens, -entis, m., parent. Veritas, -atis, f., truth. umquam (adv.), ever. fide (adv.), faithfully. frigus, -oris, n., cold. verus, -a, -um, trtie. 203. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Dux militibus dixit, " Hostes nobis non resistent." 2. Milites dud, qui vera semper dixit, crediderunt. 3. Iu- veruntne vicini Gallorum eos in bellis RomanTs? 4. Laus mortalium deis immortalibus placet. 5. Laus mortalium deis immortalibus grata est. 6. Boni pueri parentibus, quos care amant, parent. 7. Ariovistus habuit multos servos, qui sud domino fidissime serviebant. 8. Rex Germanorum, qui fuit probissimus vir, populo suo favit. 9. Cibus et frumen- tum exercitum Caesaris defecerunt. DEPONENT VERBS \2J II. i. Once upon a time, a soldier who did not obey the commander was put to death. 2. Has truth ever injured any man? 3. Caesar gave his soldiers great rewards. 4. The sermon of the priest did not please the people who were in the temple. 5. The book which the poet wrote was not pleasing to us. 6. The general spared those whom he had conquered, and they served him faithfully for many years. 7. The cold of winter injures the trees of the forest. 8. The soldiers of the Persians resisted the Roman army with great bravery. 9. I do not believe you, my friend ; the letter which was written by me pleased the queen of Britain. LESSON LXII. Deponent Verbs. 204. Deponent verbs are, for the most part, passive in form but active in meaning. They have the following ac- tive forms: future infinitive, present and future participles, gerund, and supine. They have the following passive mean- ings : always in the gerundive, and sometimes in the perfect passive participle. There are deponent verbs of all four conjugations, and they are conjugated like the passive forms of amare, monere, regere, and audire. The passive infini- tives of the four conjugations have the following termina- tions : first conjugation, -an ; second conjugation, -en ; third conjugation, -1 ; fourth conjugation, -Iri. There are some verbs which are deponent only in the tenses formed on the perfect stem ; these are called semi- deponent verbs. 128 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 205. Rule. — Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds, govern the ablative case. Example : — Uterisne libris tuis cum diligentia? Do you use your books with diligence ? 206. Vocabulary. utor, uti, usus sum, to admiror, -ari, -atus sum, to use. admire. abutor, -uti, -usus sum, to gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, abuse. to rejoice. fruor, frui, fructus sum, to nascor, -ci, natus sum, to be enjoy. born, to arise. potior, -Iri, -Itus sum, to polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, to gain, to acquire. promise. fungor, fungi, functus sum, laetor, -ari, -atus sum, to to perform. rejoice. vescor, vescT, — , to eat. morior, mori, mortuus sum, sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, to die. to follow. vitium, -i, n., fault, vice. proficiscor, -ci, -fectus sum, impetus, -us, m., attack, as- to set out, to advance. sault. Note. — The principal parts of verbs in the passive voice or of deponent verbs are : ' the present indicative, the present infini- tive, and the perfect indicative. 207. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Roman! ingentia Germanorum corpora admira- bantur. 2. Catilina, abusus es patientia nostra. 3. Pace fruimus, nam multa bella gessimus. 4. Caesar hostes secu- DEPONENT VERBS 1 29 tus est et eofum oppidis potitus est. 5. Omnes milites Roman! ex castris profecti sunt et in hostium castra impe- tum fecerunt. 6. Agricola gavisus est dono, quod fllius suus dedit. 7. Quo anno Caesar natus est? 8. Omnia fecistT, frater, quae pollicitus eras. 9. Iustitia et probitate tua laetor. II. 1. On the following day, Caesar set out for Gaul with two legions. 2. The allies of the famous general promised him a great number of ships. 3. No man is born, has been born, will be born, without faults. 4. Many of those who set out for war died for their country. 5. The enemy were conquered and put to flight, and the cavalry-men of the Romans followed them and killed many of them in flight. 6. The general will gain all Gaul within ten years. 7. Those who are just will always enjoy peace. 8. Good boys follow the example of upright men. 9. The pupils performed a difficult task for their teacher. Tormentum. 130 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXIII. Dative with Compounds. 208. Rules. — With many verbs compounded with the prepositions, ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, and sometimes circum, the dative is used. All compounds of sum (absum and possum excepted), are followed by the dative. Example. — Caesar Aeduls saepe adfuerat. Caesar had often assisted the Aedui. 209. Vocabulary. absum, -esse, aful, to be praesto, -are, -stiti, to excel. distant. succurro, -ere, -n, -cursus, adsum, -esse, affui, to be to succor. near. succumbo, -ere, -cubul, desum, -esse, -fui, to be -bitus, to submit to. lacking. inicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectus, intersum, -esse, -fui, to be to throw upon, to cause. among. obsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, obsum, -esse, -fui, to be to oppose. against. Labienus, -I, m., Labienus. prosum, -esse, -fui, to be Decimus Brutus, -I, m., for, to benefit. Decimus Brutus. praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fee- adulescens, -entis, a youth. tus, to put in command. Gallicus, -a, -urn, Gallic. 210. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Caesar Decimum Brutum adulescentem class! praeficit. 2. Decimus Brutus omnibus navibus Romanorum DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS 131 praefuit. 3. Tu, Catilma, mihi non es amicus; nonne obsistis mihi cotidie? 4. Nonne decern milia passuum ab urbe absumus? 5. Pueri ad portam urbis aderunt. 6. Milites multis proeliis interfuerunt et magnam laudem acceperunt. 7. Virls probis amicitia bonorum hominum non deerit. 8. Milites Romanorum hostibus virtute prae- stiterunt. 9. Dux peritus praefuit exercitui, qui Athenis superatus est. II. 1. What famous orator opposed Catiline in the Roman senate ? 2. Men benefit and injure men most. 3. Will he ever yield to his foes? 4. Hannibal put to flight the army of the Romans. 5. The camp of the Greeks was not far from the sea ; the camp of the Persians was not far from the city. 6. The Greeks fought with the Persians, and the battles were always severe; the leaders were always present at the battles. 7. Caesar put Labienus in com- mand of that fortification which he had made. 8. That upright man will succor those to whom food is lacking. 9. Caesar favors those leaders who succor the sick soldiers. Ardtrum. 132 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXIV. Review in Vocabulary. 211. The following vocabulary, together with paragraphs 178 and 182, contains all the new words introduced since Lesson XLVIII. These words should be studied with great care ; the English equivalents should be learned, and the spelling and the quantity of vowels should be mastered. Particular attention should be given to the principal parts of verbs. 212. Word List, a audio deficio Gallicus absum bello demigro gaudeo abutor capio desum gero accipio captivus divido honor ad Carthaginiensis domus Horatius Codes admiror cognosco dormio humus adsum comes diico Idem adulescens conficio e impedimenta adventus confido Ephesus impedimentum Aegyptus contendo erro imperitus ago cotldie • exspecto incolo aliquis credo facio inicio alius crux faveo instruo alligo cultus • fide interficio Alpes cupio finis intersum alter custodio frlgus ipse Apollo cymba fruor iste Athenae de fugio iussus Atheniensis Decimus Brutus fungor iuvo REVIEW IN VOCABUIARY 133 Labienus obsum Prometheus Sparta laedo cuius prosum succumbo laetor olim punio succurro latebra onus qua suus legatus ora -que totus littera oraculum quldam traho magistrates parco quilibet tuus maritimus parens quispiam ullus medicina pareo quisquam umquam medicus passus quisque unus meus persuadeo quivis iisus militia placeo regnum uter mitto polliceor rego uterque moveo Pompeius res frumentaria iitor munio pons resisto venenum nascor populus rupes venio navigo porta rus Veritas nescio potior sarcina vescor neuter praeficio scio vester Nilus praemium scribo vestitus noceo praesto sequor vincio noster praesum servio vinco nullus proditor Solon vinea obsisto proficiscor solus Zama Hercules et Stymphdlides aves. 134 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXV. Imperative Mode and Participles. 213. Learn the imperative, second person, present, active and passive of the four conjugations and of sum. Active. Passive, singular. plural. singular. . plural. ama amate amare amamini mone monete monere monemini frege regite fregere ^ regimini \ cape capite \ capere capimini audi audite audire audimim es este 214. Rule. — The imperative mode is used to express a command, entreaty, exhortation, etc.; the negative of the imperative is expressed by means of the adverb ne. Note. — Three verbs of the third conjugation, and one irreg- ular verb, drop the e of the present imperative singular, active : die, fac, due, and fer. 215. The participle expresses the action of the verb in the form of an adjective. As an adjective, it limits nouns and pronouns, and agrees with them ; as a verb, it has distinctions of time, and when transitive takes an object. In Latin, there are four participles : present active and future active; perfect passive and gerundive or future passive. The participles express time relative to the time of the principal verb. Since participles are adjectives, they are IMPERATIVE MODE AND PARTICIPLES i3S declined. The present participle ends in -ns and is an adjec- tive of the third declension of one termination ; the perfect and future participles end in -us and are adjectives of the first and second declensions. Review paragraph 204. 216. Learn the participles of the four conjugations and of sum. PRESENT. live. FUTURE. PERFECT. FUTURE. amans amaturus amatus amandus monens moniturus monitus monendus regens recturus f rectus [ captus regendus capiens capturus capiendus audiens auditurus auditus audiendus futurus 217. Vocabulary. Alexandria, -ae, f., Alexan- Hasdrubal, -is, m., Hasdru- dria. bal. Cleopatra, -ae, f., Cleopatra. Plato, -onis, m., Plato. despero, -are, -avi, -atus, moror, -ari, -atus sum, to to despair. delay. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, to doceo, -ere, -ui, doctus, to exhort. teach. fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, to signum, -I, n., signal. flow. praeceptor, -oris, m., teacher. 218. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Roman! pluribus proeliis in Hispania ab Hasdrubale victi de salute non desperaverunt. 2. Dux militibus cupien- tibus signum pugnae dedit. 3. Pugnate, milites, fortiter 136 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK pro patria. 4. Este benignl, del immortales, miseris homi- nibus. 5. In Africa multae et pulchrae aves videntur vo- lantes in silvis. 6. Educamini, discipull, a magistris bonis. 7. Caesar Alexandria potitus regnum Cleopatrae dedit. 8. Discipull praeceptoribus parentes laudantur. 9. Cives no- stri cum hostibus urbem oppugnantibus acriter dimicaverunt. II. 1. Plato died writing. 2. Caesar praised the soldiers who fought bravely. 3. Caesar, having delayed a few days in the territories of the Germans, hastened to Gaul. 4. The leader, having exhorted his soldiers, led them to battle ; and they fought with great bravery. 5. Children, obey your parents, for they have been kind to you. 6. Good people, be taught by the priests concerning the immortal gods. 7. The wives of the soldiers fighting in Gaul remained at home, in Italy. 8. In the river flowing swiftly are the boats of our army. 9. Good farmer, liberate those slaves laboring in your fields. Galll. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 1 37 LESSON LXVI. The Ablative Absolute. 219. A noun or pronoun in the ablative case, modified by a participle, is used to express time, cause, condition, or some other circumstance of the action denoted by the main verb. This construction is grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence and is, therefore, called the ablative absolute. With the noun, instead of a participle, an adjec- tive or another noun may be used. Note. — Observe carefully that the noun in the ablative abso- lute cannot denote the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence or clause in which it is found. Examples : — a. Oppido capto, milites se dedi&erunt. The town having been captured, the soldiers surrendered the?nselves. b. Loco idoneo, milites castra posuerunt. The place (being) suitable, the soldiers pitched the camp, c. Caesare consule, civitas Romana floruit. Caesar {being) consul, the Roman state flourished. 22ft. Vocabulary, contra (prep, with ace), invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus, against. to find. dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditus, incendium, -I, n., conflagra- to surrender. tion. orior, -Iri, ortus sum, to rise. 138 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK vlvus, -a, um, alive. aggredior, -edl, -essus sum, pono, -ere, posul, positus, to attack. to place. revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, to relinquo, -ere, -liquT, -lictus, recall. to leave. Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes. progredior, -edl, -essus sum, to advance. 221. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Incolis fugientibus, milites Romanorum urbem oc- cupaverunt. 2. Alpibus superatis, Hannibal in Italia cum Romanls bellum gessit. 3. Xerxes, interfectis sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, urbem incendio delevit. 4. Castris relictis, milites in silvam fagerunt. 5. Caesar, sole oriente, cum equitatu ex castris profectus est, et hostes aggressus est. 6. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, legati omnium civitatum ad Caesarem venerunt. 7. Hostibus victls, consul Romam ve- nit. 8. Hannibale vivo, Poem cupientes libertatem magna cum fortitudine pugnaverunt. 9. Quis coniurationem contra rem publicam, Cicerone consule, fecit? II. 1. Hostages having been given, the leader recalled the soldiers from the battle. 2. The Gauls having been conquered, Caesar set out for Rome. 3. The army having gained a victory, the commander set out from camp in the third watch of the night. 4. The camp having been aban- doned, the soldiers hastened with great speed to the city. 5. Having delayed at home, the priest did not come to the temple in the third hour. 6. Having followed the enemy, the general attacked their cavalry. 7. The inhabitants defending their towns, many of the enemy were killed. USES OF THE INFINITIVE 139 8. The city having been taken, a messenger was sent to the consul and the senate at Rome. 9. A journey across the mountains having been made, Hannibal's army advanced into Italy. LESSON LXVII. Uses of the Infinitive. 222. The infinitive may be used with sum and similar verbs as subject, in apposition, as attribute complement, or as object of a transitive verb. Verbs which imply another action of the same subject to complete their meaning take the infinitive ; this construction is called the complementary infinitive. There are three infinitives : the present, the perfect, and the future ; all these are used in the active and passive. 223. Learn the infinitives of sum, also of the four con- jugations. PRESENT. am are monere J regere I capere audire esse Active. perfect. amavisse monuisse rexisse cepisse audivisse fuisse FUTURE. amatunis esse moniturus esse recturus esse capturus esse auditurus esse futurus esse 140 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Passive. PRESENT. perfect. FUTURE. amarl amatus esse am a turn Iri moneri monitus esse monitum iri jregi rectus esse rectum iri leap! captus esse captum iri audiri auditus esse auditum iri 224. Rules. — The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. The attribute conplement used after a complementary infinitive is in the no?ninative case, agreeing with the subject of the finite verb. Note. — When the infinitive is used substantively it is always neuter. Examples : — a. Pro patria mori dulce est. To die for one^s country is sweet. b. Caesar milites pontem facere iussit. Caesar ordered the soldiers to make a bridge. c. Hie exercitus ex hiberms egredi non ausus est. This ar?ny dared not go out of winter-quarters. 225. Vocabulary. egredior, -T ? -gressus sum, to go out. debeo, -ere, -ul, -itus, to obey. disco, -ere, didici, — , to learn. revertor, -I, -1, -sus (dep. in pres., imp., fut.), to return. ignoscS, -ere, -novi, -notus, to pardon. audeo, -ere, ausus sum, to dare. cano, -ere, cecini, cantus, to sing. educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead forth. incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, to begin. dulcis, -e, sweet. USES OF THE INFINITIVE 141 226. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Pueri parentibus parere debent; nam parentes eos amant. 2. Caesar milites in hibernis Romae, urbe Italiae, manere iussit. 3. In silva ambulare amo, avibus canentibus. 4. Caesar milites iussit ad castra venire. 5. Castrls munltls, Caesar vineas agere incipit. 6. Ubi milites RomanI pugnare didicerunt? 7. Galli tentabant superare Caesarem, qui exercitum Roma eduxit. 8. Nun- tius missus ad ducem, domum venire properavit. 9. Agri- colae tentabant necare feras, quae in agris suls erant. II. 1. To learn is pleasing to good boys and girls. 2. All Gaul having been overcome, Caesar ordered the legions to return to him. 3. To fight is the work of a soldier ; to write poetry, the work of a poet. 4. To err is human ; to forgive, divine. 5. All good men try this, to educate their children. 6. The soldiers desired to wage war with the enemy. 7. Caesar ordered the soldiers to lay waste the fields of the Gallic farmers. 8. The soldiers hastened to use the arms which the townsmen gave them. 9. Every man ought to try to be upright. Galeae. 142 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXVIII. Possum, with the Infinitive. 227. Possum, I am able, I can, is a compound of pot- {potis) and sum. It is followed by the present infinitive. Note carefully that, in compounding pot- with sum, the t of pot- is changed to s before s, and f after, t is dropped. 228. Learn the indicative of possum. Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui. Indicative. Present. Perfect. singular. plural. singular. plural. 1. possum possumus potui potuimus 2. potes potestis potuisti potuistis 3. potest possunt potuit potuerunt Imperfect. Pluperfect. 1. poteram poteramus potueram potueramus 2. poteras poteratis potueras potueratis 3. poterat poterant potuerat potuerant Future. Future Perfect. 1. potero poterimus potuero potuerimus 2. poteris poteritis potueris potueritis 3. poterit poterant potuerit potuerint 229. Rule. — Verbs of naming, choosing, appointing, making, esteeming, showing, and the like, may take, in addition to the direct object, a second accusative denoting the same person or thing as the object, but not in apposition with it POSSUM, WITH THE INFINITIVE 1 43 Note. — When a sentence containing a double accusative is changed into the passive, the direct object becomes the subject, and the second accusative becomes the attribute complement. Examples : — a. Populus Romanus Cincinnatum ducem fecit. The Roman people made Cincinnatus cominander. b. Cincinnatus a populo Romano dux factus est. Cincinnatus was ?nade commander by the Roman people. 230. Vocabulary. condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, found. to withdraw. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, to impono, -ere, -posui, -posi- create. tus, to impose. declaro, -are, -avi, -atus, to iudico, -are, -avi, -atus, to declare. judge. ala, -ae, f., wing. Olympus, -1, m., Olympus. 231. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Multl sine scutis acriter pugnare poterant. 2. Ro- mulus urbem, quam condiderat, Romam vocavit. 3. Cicer5 in senatu pater patriae appellatus est. 4. Debes posse iubere milites urbem occupare. 5. Sapiens filius patrem laetum facit. 6. Quis omnia pensa sibi imposita facere poterit? 7. Catillnam senatus hostem iudicavit. 8. Ante adventum Caesaris nullae legiones urbem expugnare potue- rant. 9. Pueri acribus mentibus celeriter discere possunt. 144 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK II. i. Will Caesar be able to subdue Gaul in ten years? 2. After Romulus, Numa Pompilius was created king. 3. The besieging sheds which the Romans were using could be moved. 4. Our friend, the poor farmer, is able to educate his children. 5. The city which was founded by Romulus was called Rome. 6. In ancient times men called Mercury the messenger of the gods. 7. Mercury was able, by means of his wings, to fly from Olympus to the earth. 8. The whole people declared Cicero consul. 9. The soldiers who could not withdraw from the battle- line received many wounds. LESSON LXIX. Indirect Discourse. 232. The original words of an author or a speaker are said to be in direct discourse. When a writer or a speaker expresses thoughts, whether his own or those of another, in any other form than in the original words of the author, he is said to use indirect discourse. Indirect discourse may follow verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, etc. 233. Rule. — The main clause of the declaratory sen- tence is put in the infinitive with the subject accusative. The present, the perfect, or the future infinitive is used, according as the time indicated is present, past, or future, with reference to the verb of saying, thinking, etc. INDIRECT DISCOURSE 145 Note. — Observe carefully that the subject of the infinitive in indirect discourse must regularly be expressed, even if it is want- ing in the direct. Observe also that the person often changes when an expression is converted into indirect discourse. Examples : — (Direct.) Caesar consul est. Caesar is consul. (Indirect.) Dixit Caesarem consulem esse. He said that Caesar was consul. b. (Direct.) Caesar consul fait. Caesar was consul. (Indirect.) Dicit Caesarem consulem fuisse. He says that Caesar was consul, ' (Direct.) Caesar consul erit. Caesar will be consul. (Indirect.) Dixerat Caesarem consulem futurum esse. He had said that Caesar would be consul. 234. Vocabulary. dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, to gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, say. to produce, to beget, to bear. niintio, -are, -avi, -atus, to Mars, Martis, m., Mars, announce, Anaxagoras, -ae, m., Anax- agoras, 235. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Scio me esse mortalem. 2. AudM urbem expug- natem esse. 3. Spero me et te amlcos futuros esse. 4. Sci- mus corpus mortale, animum immortalem esse. 5. Spero 146 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK hostes victum in, et eos obsides daturos esse. 6. Caesari nuntiatum est Helvetios in animo habere iter per provinciam Galliam facere. 7. Graecis nuntiatum est Athenas a Xerxe captas arcemque incendio deletam esse. 8. Anaxagoras, morte filii el nuntiata, dixisse dlcitur : " Sciebam me genu- isse mortalem." 9. Putavi ducem id facturum esse. II. 1. Many said that Romulus was killed by the sena- tors. 2. The consul hoped that Caesar would wage war successfully with the Gauls. 3. The ancients tell that Romulus founded Rome. 4. I said that you said that your brother was sick. III. Before translating, change the following to indirect discourse : 1. The king said, "They brought the captives to me." 2. There were seven kings in Rome. 3. Fire will destroy this city and the inhabitants will be killed. 4. The city will be captured by the enemy. 5. The songs of great poets are sung by all nations. Signa. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE 147 LESSON LXX. The Subjunctive Mode. — Sequence of Tenses. 236. Learn the subjunctive mode of sum and possum. Subjunctive. Present. Perfect. singular. plural. singular. plural. 1. sim simus fuerim fuerimus 2. sis sitis fueris fueritis 3. sit sint fuerit fuerint Imperfect. 1 . essem essemus 2. esses essetis 3 . esset essent Present. 1 . possim possimus 2. possis possitis 3. possit possint Imperfect, 1 . possem 2. posses 3. posset possemus possetis possent Pluperfect. fuissem fuissemus misses fuissetis fuisset fuissent Perfect. potuerim potuerimus potueris potueritis potuerit potuerint Pluperfect. potuissem potuissemus potuisses potuissetis potuisset potuissent Note. — In Latin there are only four tenses in the subjunctive mode. 237. All tenses are divided into two classes, primary and secondary. The primary tenses of the indicative are : the present, the future, the perfect, and the future perfect. The 148 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK secondary or historical tenses are : the imperfect, the his- torical perfect, and the pluperfect. Note. — The present perfect and the historical use of the perfect tense are shown in paragraph 54. In the subjunctive, the primary tenses are : the present and the perfect ; the secondary tenses are : the imperfect and the pluperfect. 238. Rules. — a. In indirect discourse the subjunctive is always used in subordinate clauses. b. Sequence of Tenses. — In complex sentences, a pri- mary tense in the principal clause is followed by a primary in the subordinate ; a secondary , by a secondary. Example : — Scimus pueros eos, qui eis benign! fuerint, amare. We know that children love those who have been kind to them. 239. Vocabulary, potestas, -atis, f., power, con- aperio, -ire, -eruT, -ertus, to trot. open. Darius, -11, m., Darius. labor, -oris, m., toil, labor. delectus, -us, m., selection. sepulcrum, -T, n., sepulcher. 2A&. Exercises in Translation. I. io Rex omnes elves Romanos, qui in Asia essent, uno die interne! iussit. 2» Plato earn rem publicam optimam esse dicit, quae in potestate optimorum sit. 30 Spero ducem, qui hostes vicerit, Romam venturum esse. 40 Au- PURPOSE AND RESULT CLAUSES WLTH UT 1 49 divimus obsides dud exercitus nostri qui in Gallia esset, datos esse. 5. Agricola dixit se eos servos, qui laborem relinquere possent, revocaturum esse. II. 1. The ancients said that Romulus, who was the son of Mars, founded Rome, a city in Italy. t 2. Darius ordered the grave of the queen to be opened, because he hoped that much gold would be found there. 3. The general said that the part of the Roman army which had set out against the enemy was defeated. 4. The general hoped that, a selec- tion having been made (habere), the band of the Romans that had come to the citadel and occupied it, would not be defeated by the enemy. 5. The city having been cap- tured and the enemy surrendering, the commander told the hostages that he was about to liberate them. LESSON LXXI. Purpose and Result Clauses with ut. 241. Rule. — Clauses of purpose introduced by ut (off.) and ne (neg.) take the subjunctive ; clauses of result intro- duced by ut (aff,) and ut non (neg.), take the subjunctive. Examples : — a„ Romam venit ut amicos liberaret. He came to Rome that he might free his friends. b. Tempu s erat tarn breve ut castra n5n muniremus. The time was so short that we did not fortify the camp. ISO BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 242. Learn the subjunctive of amo and moneo : Subjunctive. Active. Passive. Present. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. I. amem amemus amer amemur 2. amea ametia ameris, -re amemini 3- amet ament ametur amentur Imperfect. i. amarem amaremus amarer amaremur 2. amares amaretia amareris, -re amaremini 3- amaret amarent amaretur Perfect. amarentur i. 2. 3- amaverim amaveria amaverit amaverimua amaveritia amaverint amatus, I -a, -um 1 aim sis ait r aimua amati, i aitia -ae, -a j I smt Pluperfect. i. 2. 3- amavissem amaviaaea amavisset amavissemus ( amatus, amavissetis < -a, -um amavissent { eaaem esses esset amati, -ae, -a ' easemua essetis . essent i . moneam 2. moneaa 3. moneat 1 . monerem 2. monerea 3 . moneret moneamua moneatia moneant Present. monear monearia, -re moneatur Imperfect. moneremus monerer moneretia monerent monereria, -re moneretur moneamur moneamim moneantur moneremur moneremini monerentur PURPOSE AND RESULT CLAUSES WLTH UT 151 Perfect. 1 . monuerim monuerimus f sim f simus . . monitus, _ moniti, . . 2. monueris monueritis < sis \ sitis -a, -um . -ae, -a . 3. monuerit monueriut I sit I sint Pluperfect. 1 . monuissem monuissemus { essem ( essemus . _ . monitus, 1 moniti, 2. monuisses monuissetis \ esses \ essetis -a, -um -ae, -a 3. monuisset monuissent L esset I essent 243. Vocabulary. Crassus, -1, m., Crassus. congrego, -are, -avi, -atus, to adventus, -us, m., arrival. assemble. commutatio, -onis, f., change. renovo, -are, -avi, -atus, to porta, -ae, f., gate. renew. commeatus, -us, m., pro- remaned, -ere, -mansi, to re- vision. main. suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion. vito, -are, -avi, -atus, to shun. tantus, -a, -um, so great. claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, barbarus, -a, -um, barbarous. to shut. nonnullus, -a, -um, some. sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus, ut (conj.), so that \ in order to sustain. that. deligS, -ere, -legi, -lectus, to ne (conj.), that not, lest. choose. tarn (adv.), so. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, to contends, -ere, -dl, -tentus, keep off, to prohibit. to hasten. 244. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Fortitudo hostium tanta erat, ut non fugarentur, sed omnes pugnantes necarentur. 2. Summa celeritate in 152 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Galliam contenderunt ut agros hostium vastarent. 3. Crassus in Aquitaniam proficlscitur, ne tantae nationes congregentur. 4. Non tarn barbarus sum ut haec non scire possim. 5. Caesaris adventu tanta commutatio rerum facta est ut nostri proelium renovarent. 6. Castra in locis superioribus posuit ne quis ea oppugnaret. 7. Nonnulli remanebant ut suspicionem timoris vitarent. 8. Portas clausit, ne quam oppidanl iniuriam sustinerent. II. 1. In summer, the farmer labored in the field in order that he might have grain in winter. 2. In summer, the farmer labored in the field so that he had grain in winter. 3. We shall winter in Gaul in order that we may easily attack the towns in summer. 4. The soldiers fought bravely in order that the town might not be taken. 5. The soldiers fought bravely so that the town was not taken. 6. The enemy will send hostages in order that they may please Caesar. 7. He selected a place suitable for a camp in order that he might not be kept away from provisions. 8. The town having been attacked, the townsmen were so frightened that they were immediately put to flight. Caestus. SUBJUNCTIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES 153 LESSON LXXII. Subjunctive in Relative Clauses. 245. Rule. — Relative clauses of purpose, result, cause, and characteristic take the subjunctive. Examples : — a. Caesar funditores misit, qui hostes morarentur. Caesar sent stingers who should delay the enemy, b. Quis est qui hoc nesciat ? Who is there that does not know this f 246. Learn the subjunctive of rego and audio. Subjunctive. Active. Passive. Present. SINGULAR. PLURAL. singular. PLURAL. I. regam regamus regar regamur 2 . regas regatis regaris, -re regamini 3- regat regant regatur Imperfect. regantur 1. regerem regeremus regerer regeremur 2. regeres regeretis regereris, -re regeremini 3- regeret regerent regeretur Perfect. regerentur 1. rexerim rexerimus rectus, ' sim f simus recti, 2. rexeris rexeritis -a, -um, 1 sis \ sitis -ae, -a, 3- rexerit rexerint ' 1 Pluperfect. sit I sint I. rexissem rexissemus rectus, essem f essemus recti, 2. rexisses rexissetis -a, -um, I esses \ essetis -ae, -a, 3- rexisset rexissent I esset I essent 154 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK SINGULAR. 1. audiam 2. audias 3. audiat 1. audirem 2. audires 3. audiret 1. audiverim 2. audiveris 3. audiverit 1. audivissem 2. audivisses 3. audivisset Present, plural, singular. audiamus audiar audiatis audiaris, -re audiant audiatur Imperfect. audlremus audirer audiretis audireris, -re audlrent audiretur Perfect. audiverimus audiveritis audiverint auditus, -a, -um, sim sis sit PLURAL. audiamur audiamini audiantur audiremur audiremini audirentur auditl, -ae, -a, sitis I sint Pluperfect. audivissemus r essem f essemus ,. , . auditus, 1 auditi, _ . audivissetis \ esses \ essetis . . -a, -um, -ae, -a, audivissent I esset I essent Note. — The subjunctive of capio and other -i stems of the third conjugation is like the subjunctive of rego. Review para- graph 193. 247. Vocabulary, Aeduus, -I, -an, Haeduan. agmen, -inis, n., battle-line. libenter (2idv.),glad/y. cum (conj.), when, since. Conor, -ari. -atus sum, to at- tempt. obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, to besiege. intercludo, -ere, -clusi, -clii- sus, to shut off. peto, -ere, petivi, petitus, to seek. traducOy -ere, -duxi, -ductus, to lead across. funditor, -oris, m., slinger. SUBJUNCTIVE IN RELATIVE CLAUSES 1 55 248. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Caesar partem suorum mllitum traducere conatus est qui hostes vincerent. 2. Multl sunt qui haec sciant. 3. Aedui legatos ad Caesarem mlserunt, qui auxilium ab eo peterent. 4. Prima luce totum exercitum, qui agmen hos- tium intercluderet, mlsit. 5. Quis es qui amicis libenter iniuriam facias? 6. Nulla via erat quae non obsideretur. 7. Quis est quern amlci sul non laudent ? 8. Caesar legatum mlsit, qui novas legiones in Galliam duceret. II. 1. The enemy sent ambassadors to the Romans, who should seek peace. 2. Who is there that will not kill the enemies of the Roman people? 3. There were those who came to Rome after the battle. 4. Caesar sent ambas- sadors to Rome, who should say that the Gauls were con- quered. 5. The Gauls seeing our men, fled into the forests. 6. That the enemy may be defeated, we will advance into their country. 7. Caesar made a bridge that it might be an aid to him. 8. He sends ambassadors to the Haeduans that he may have an abundance of grain. Miles. i 5 6 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXXIII. Cum-Clauses. 249 Clauses introduced by cum may express time, cause, or concession. Rules. — a. In cum-clauses expressing time, if the tense is present, future, historical perfect, or future perfect, the indica- tive is used ; if the tense is imperfect or pluperfect, the sub- junctive is used. b. In cum-clauses expressing cause or concession, the sub- junctive is always used. Examples : — a. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, duae factiones erant. When Caesar arrived in Gaid, there were two factions . Caesar cum ex captivis quaereret, hanc causam reperiebat. When Caesar inquired of the captives, he found this cause. b. Cum nobis naves non essent, venire non poteramus. Since we did not have boats, we could not cotne. 250. Learn the irregular verb fero, to bear, carry. Principal Parts : fero, ferre, tuli, latus. Indicative. Active. Passive. Present. SINGULAR. PLURAL. singular. PLURAL. I. fero ferimus feror ferimur 2. fers fertis ferris, -re ferimini 3- fert ferunt fertur Imperfect. feruntur i. ferebam ferebamus ferebar ferebamur 2. ferebas ferebatis ferebaris, -re ferebamini 3« ferebat ferebant ferebatur ferebantur CUM-CLAUSES 157 Future. I. feram feremus ferar feremur 2. feres feretis fereris, - re feremini 3- feret ferent feretur Perfect. ferentur 1. 2. tuli tulisti tulimus tulistis latus f sum \ es r sumus lati \ estis 3- tulit . ,_ . -a, -um tulerunt, -re I est -ae, -a I sunt Pluperfect. 1. 2. tuleram tuleras tuleramus tuleratis latus, r eram \ eras lati, ' eramusf eratis 3- tulerat tulerant -a, -um, I erat -ae, -a, . erant Future Perfect. 1. 2. tulero tuleris tulerimus tuleritis latus, r ero \ eris r erimus lati, \ eritis 3- tulerit tulerint -a, -um, Subjunctive Present. I erit -ae, -a, 1 ? I erunt 1. feram feramus ferar feramur 2. feras feratis feraris, - re feramini 3- ferat ferant feratur Imperfect. ferantur 1. ferrem ferremus ferrer ferremur 2. ferres ferretis ferreris, -re ferremini 3- ferret ferrent ferretur Perfect. ferrentur 1. 2. tulerim tuleris tulerimus tuleritis latus, r sim \ sis lati, f simus sitis 3- tulerit tulerint -a, -um, I sit -ae, -a, sint i 5 8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Pluperfect, singular. plural. singular. 1. tulissem tulissemus 2. tulisses tulissetis 3. tulisset tulissent Imperative. fer ferte ferre latus, -a, -urn, essem esses esset lati, -ae, -a, essemus essetis essent feriminl Infinitives. Pres. ferre Perf. tulisse Fut. laturus esse Pres. ferens Fut. laturus 251. Participles. ferri latus esse latum iri Perf. latus Ger. ferendus Vocabulary, riirsus (adv.), again. accedo, -ere, -cessi, cessus, urgeo, -ere, ursi, — , to impel, to approach. urge. affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus, procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, to bring, to carry to. to advance. proicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, to to throw forth. encourage. — , — , coepi, coeptus, to recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, begin. to regain, take back. 252. Exercises in Translation, I. 1. Caesar, cum suos urgeri videret, in prlmam aciem processit et milites cohortatus est. 2. Eodem tempore equites nostri, cum se in castra reciperent, rursus aliam in VERBS OF FEARING 1 59 partem fugam petebant. 3. Cum ad id oppidum accessis- set, pueri mulieresque pacem petlverunt. 4. Cum nuntius veniet, cognoscemus. 5. Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hlbernis, crebri ad eum nuntii afferebantur. 6. Hoc cum voce magna dlxisset, se ex navi proiecit. II. 1. Since we love our native land, we will fight for her. 2. When he who carried the eagle of the tenth legion called, the other soldiers followed. 3. When the letters of Caesar had been carried to Rome, all men rejoiced. 4. When he had said this, he began to carry the eagle against (into) the enemy. 5. Although Caesar is in Gaul, many letters are brought to him. 6. When Caesar is in Gaul, many letters are brought to him. LESSON LXXIV. The Subjunctive with Verbs of Fearing. 253. Rule. — Verbs of fearing are followed by the sub- junctive with ne and ut, ne being used to express the affirmative and ut the negative. Examples : — a. Timemus ne exercitus veniat. We fear that the army will come. b. Timemus ut auxilium feratur. We fear that help will not be brought. l6o BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 254. The irregular verb fio is simply the passive voice of facio. The compound tenses are omitted here, since they have been learned in connection with the third conjugation. Learn the conjugation of fio. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, f actus sum. Indicative. Present. Imperfect. Future. sing. PLU. sing. PLU. SING. PLU. I. fio fimus fiebam fiebamus flam fiemus 2. fis fitis fiebas fiebatis fies fietis 3- fit fiunt flebat fiebant fiet fient Subjunctive. Present. Imperfect. sing. PLU. SING. PLU. i. flam fiamus i . fierem fieremus 2. fias fiatis 2. fieres fieretis 3- flat fiant 3 . fieret fierent Imperative. Infinitives. sing. PLU. Pres. fieri fi fite Perf. Fut. factus esse factum iri Participles. Pi *ES. — Perf. factus Ger. faciendus 255. Vocabulary. fib, fieri, factus sum, be made, valeo, -ere, valui, — , to be to beco7ne. well. vereor, -eri, veritus sum, to offendo, -ere, offendT, offen- fear, be afraid of. sus, to offend, displease. timeo, -ere, -ui, — , to fear. paco, -are, -avi, -atus, to metuo, -ere, metui, metutus, pacify, subdue. to fear. VERBS OF FEARING l6l 256. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Vereor ut regi placere possim. 2. Dux timuit ne, magno itinere facto, hostes oppidum oppugnarent. 3. Agri- cola dicit se timere ne milites agros vastent. 4. Mali homines timent ne puniantur. 5. Hostes, timentes ne vincerentur, legatos ad Caesarem mfserunt. 6. Nautae metuerunt ne naves a dels tempestate delerentur. 7. Cae- sar veretur ne hostes locum occupent. 8. Mater timet ut filia valeat. II. 1. He was fearing that he should offend. 2. He was fearing that the allies would not come. 3. Caesar was fearing that the king would not avoid suspicions. 4. I fear that he is not able to lead a strong army. 5. I am afraid that this will not be done. 6. I fear that my son will not be able to come. 7. They had feared lest the army of the Roman people should winter in Gaul. 8. They feared that, all Gaul having been pacified, our army would be led to them. Pedes. 1 62 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXXV. Indirect Questions. 257. When a dependent clause is introduced by an in- terrogative word and contains the substance of a question, though not in interrogative form, it is called an indirect question. Rule. — The verb of an indirect question is in the sub- junctive. Example. — Scimus quia Gallos superaverit. We know who overca7ne the Gauls. 258. Learn the conjugation of void, nolo, maid. Principal Parts : — volo, velle, volui, to be willing, to desire. nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. maid, malle, malui, to prefer. Indicative. Present, sing. plu. sing. plu. sing. plu. 1. void volumus nolo nolumus maid malumus 2. vis vultis non vis nSnvultis mavis mavultis 3. vult volunt nonvult nolunt mavult malunt Note. — The remaining forms of the indicative, volebam, nolebam, etc., of the third conjugation, are regular. INDIRECT QUESTIONS 163 SING. PLU. 1 . velim velimus 2. veils velitis 3. velit velint Subjunctive. Present. sing. PLU. nolim nolimus nolis nolitis nolit nolint SING. PLU. malim malimus malls malitis malit malint Imperfect. 1. vellem vellemus nollem nollemus mallem mallemus 2. velles velletis nolles nolletis malles malletis 3. vellet vellent nollet nollent mallet mallent Note. — The remaining forms of these verbs are regular of the third conjugation. The imperative is found only in nolo ; there are nt) future infinitives nor participles ; no present parti- ciple of malo. 259. Vocabulary. intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus, to understand. quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae- situs, to ask, inquire. loquor, loqui, locutus sum, to speak. praemitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus, to send forward. si (conj.),*/- miror, -arT, -atus sum, to ad- mire, wonder at. reperio, -perire, repperT, -pertus, to find, discover. legatio, -5nis, f., emoassy. quantus, -a, -urn, how much, how great. qualis, quale, of what sort. utrum (conj.), whether. 260. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Ubi fueris proxima nocte intellegere non possum. 2. Oculis non potest iudicari in utram partem flumen fluat. 3. Scio quis sit ille vir. 4. Magister ab illo quaesivit cur 1 64 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK afuisset. 5. Scio cur agricolae Romae consules saepe fact! sint. 6. Mlsit qui cognoscerent qualis esset natura montis. 7. Ponit custodes ut scire possit quae agat, quibuscum lo quatur. 8. Caesar dixit de quarta vigilia se castra moturum esse ut intellegere posset quis esset imperator hostium. II. 1. Caesar asked in what direction the river flowed. 2. The leader sent the soldiers forward who should see in what direction the enemy had fled. 3. The farmer won- dered what the cause of his grief was. 4. Tell me where you were, what you did. 5. He inquired of them what and how great states were in arms. 6. I inquire of you whether you are the chief of this embassy. 7. He sends a lieutenant that he may lay waste the fields. 8. I found out why you were absent. LESSON LXXVL The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences. 261. The subjunctive is used in independent sentences to express an exhortation, a command, a wish, doubt, or indignation. Rule. — Wishes are expressed by the subjunctive with or without utinam. The negative is ne. Wishes referring to the future take the present tense, unfulfilled wishes referring to the present take the imperfect, and wishes referring to the past, the pluperfect. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE I6 5 Examples: — Affirmative. Exhortation — Eamus, Let us go- Command — Dicat, Let him tell. Command — Hoc f ac, Do this. Doubt — Hoc f aciam. Shall I do this ? Wish (future) — Veniant, May they co?ne ! Wish (present) — (Utinam) bonus esses, Would that you were good. Wish (past) — (Utinam) bonus fuisses, Would that you had been good. Negative. Ne eamus, Let us not go. Ne dicat, Let him not tell. Noli hoc f acere, Dotft do this. Hoc non faciam. Shall I not do this ? Ne veniant, May they not come I Utinam ne malus esses ? Would that you were not bad. Utinam ne malus fuieses, Woidd that you had not been bad. 262. Learn the conjugation of eo. Principal Parts : eo, ire, Ivi (ii), itus, to go. Indicative. Subjunctive. singular, PLURAL. 5 J1.IN 1 • SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. eo Imus earn eamus 2. is itis eas eatis 3. it eunt eat eant Imperfect. 1. ibam Ibamus irem irenius 2. lb as ibatis ires iretis 3. ibat ibant iret irent 1 66 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK SINGULAR. r uiukc PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL, I. ibo ibimus 2. ibis ibitis 3- ibit ibunt Perfect. i. 1V1 ivimus lverim lverimus 2. ivisti ivistis iveria iveritis 3- ivit Iverant iverit Pluperfect. iverint i. Iveram Iveramus ivissem ivissemus 2. Iveras Iveratis ivisses ivissetis 3- Iverat iverant ivisset Future Perfect. ivissent i. Ivero lverimus 2. Iveria Iveritis 3- Iverit Iverint Imperative, singular. plural. Present. I ite Infinitives. Tb :es. ire Perf. ivisse (isse) Fut. Participles. iturus esse Vi les. iens, euntis Fut. iturua Ger. eundus 263. Vocabulary, eo, ire, IvT, itus, to go. exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, to go redeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, to return. away, go out. transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, to ineo, -ire, -ii, -itus, to go in, cross. enter. enim (conj.), for. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 1 67 confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, sto, stare, steti, — , to stand, to collect. dignus, -a, -urn, worthy. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus, impius, -a, -um, wicked, im- to remain, pious. consentio, -ire, -sens!, -sen- utinam (adv.), that, would sus, to agree. that. cogito, -are, -avi, -atus, to inire consilium, to form a think. plan. 264. Exercises in Translation. L 1. Amemus patriam ut bom elves simus. 2. Impii ne placare audeant deos. 3. Rex dixit : " Curae tibi sit ea res." 4. Utinam doml essem ingens enim leo ad me venit. 5. Quid faciam? Nam omnes consentiunt leonem esse homini inimlcum. 6. Noli putare me patriam non amare. 7. Curet ut vir dignus sit, et cogitet quo in loco stet. 8. Utinam domo afuisset. 9. Simus fortes ; pugnemus pro patria. 10. Redeamus domum. II. 1. Let us cross this river. 2. Let them go into battle at night in order that the enemy may not see them. 3. May they bring back a victory and save their country. 4. Would that many youths chose rather to remain with their parents than to go away from home ! 5. Why have you gone away from home ? Would that you had remained at home ! 6. May he be a just man and a good judge ! 7. Let us collect all our goods and go into the province. 8. Would that you had been a faithful friend and a man worthy of con- fidence ! 9. Shall I begin to form plans concerning war? 10. O that you may always be a good citizen and love your country ! 168 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXXVIL Conditional Sentences. 265. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an independent and a dependent clause. The independent clause, the Apodosis, contains the conclusion ; the de- pendent clause, the Protasis, contains the condition. The condition is generally introduced by some form of si, if. Conditions are divided into two general classes, those of present or past time, and those of future time. The follow- ing diagram presents the various divisions : — Conditions H Present or Past Future < Nothing Implied Contrary to Fact Vivid (Probable) Less Vivid (Possible) ' Prot., Ind. Apod., Ind. Prot., Subj. Apod., Subj. f Prot, Ind. [Apod., Ind. Prot., Subj. Apod., Subj. 266. Rules. — a. In conditional sentences of present or past time implying no thing. as to fact, the indicative is used in both clauses. b. In conditions of present or past time contrary to fact the imperfect and the pluperfect subjunctive are used in both clauses, the imperfect referring to present time, the pluperfect to past time. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1 69 Examples : — ' Si vincit, laetatur, if he conquers, he rejoices. Si vincebat, laetabatur, if he was conquering, he was rejoicing. L Si vlcit, laetatus est, if he conquered, he rejoiced. SI vinceret, laetaretur, if he were conquering, he would be rejoicing. Si vicisset, laetatus esset, if he had conquered, he would have rejoiced. 267. Vocabulary. opprimo, -ere, -press!, -pres- incito, -are, -avi, -atus, to sus, to overwhelm. urge on, encourage. pr5vide5, -ere, -vidi, -visus, creo, -are, -avi, -atus, to to take care, provide. make, elect. pervenio, -ire, -venT, -ventus, penna, -ae, f., feather, wing. to come, arrive. nisi (conj.), unless, if not. 268. Exercises in Translation. I. 1 . Si pugnat, vincit. 2. Si pugnaret, vinceret. 3. Nisi id fieret, non adessem. 4. Aves nisi pennas haberent volare non possent. 5. Res publica oppressa esset, nisi consul providisset. 6. Si dignus esses, qui Romanus appellareris, hostibus resisteres. 7. Si hoc dixisses, erravisses. 8. Si imperator factus esses, omnes hostes vicisses. 9. Dictatores a Romanis creabantur, si urbs magno in periculo erat. 10. Si equum incitavisset, celeriter ad castra pervenisset. II. 1. If I had not urged on my horse, I should not have arrived at the city. 2. If you wish, you may return lyo BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK on the tenth day. 3. If he had remained at home, he would not have been killed. 4. If Cincinnatus had been commander, the enemy would have been conquered. 5. If the cavalry crossed the river, they remained in the city. 6. If you were writing a letter to your friend, we should be glad. 7. If Caesar had adopted another plan of battle, he would easily have conquered the enemy. 8. He thought, these having been conquered, that he could lead the army into the territories of the Haeduans. 9. Would that the leader had overcome the soldiers of the enemy ! 10. If this had not been done, I should not have been present. LESSON LXXVIII. Conditional Sentences (Continued). 269. Future conditions are divided into two classes, the vivid and the less vivid. The vivid expresses probability ; the less vivid, mere possibility. 270. Rules. — a. In vivid future conditions the indicative is used in both clauses. b. In less vivid future conditions the subjunctive is used in both clauses. In the vivid condition, the future or future perfect indica- tive is used in the protasis, and the future in the apodosis ; in the less vivid future condition the present or perfect subjunctive is used in the protasis, and the present or perfect subjunctive in the apodosis. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 171 Examples : — SI vincet, laetabitur. If he conquers* he will rejoice. SI vlcerit, laetabitur. If he conquers, he will rejoice. f SI vincat, laetetur. If he should conquer, he would rejoice. \ SI vlcerit, laetatus sit. If he should conquer, he would rejoice. 271. Vocabulary. tolero, -are, -avl, -atus, to endure, bear. occldo, -ere, -cldl, -clsus, to kill. renuntio, -are, -avl, -atus, to report, announce. 272. Exercises in Ti'anslation. I. 1. Si pugnabit, vincet. 2. Si pugnayerit, vincet. 3. Si id fiet, provinciae penculosum erit. 4. Si Romam ibis, multa et pulchra aedificia videbis. 5. Si Athenas eas, pulchram et claram urbem videas. 6. Si Caesar equites praemittat, pontem transeant. 7. Si dux milites praemittet, magnum hostium numerum Occident. 8. Legatus nisi inter- fectus erit, in Italiam revertetur ut consull haec renuntiet. II. 1. If he will conquer Asia, will it endure two kings? 2. If he should do this, it would be well. 3. If he should go to Athens, he would see a great city. 4. If he will go into Italy, he will see Rome, a beautiful city. 5. If the army should cross the river, the enemy would not follow. 6. If Caesar conquers the enemy, he will make a bridge, that the river may be crossed without boats. 7. If he had been present, we should have been glad. 8. Would that he had been present ! 172 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK LESSON LXXIX. Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine. 273. The gerund is a neuter verbal noun of the second declension. As a noun it is itself governed by other words j as a verb it may take an object. It lacks the nominative case, which is supplied by the infinitive. The accusative of the gerund is used only as the object of a preposition. Otherwise the infinitive is used. Learn the gerunds of the four conjugations and the irregular verbs : — Gerunds. Gerund Declined. i. amandum N. ■ 2. monendum G. amandi regendum D. amando 3. 1 capiendum A. amandum 4. audiendum A. amando ferendum eundum 274. The gerundive, or future passive participle, is a verbal adjective, and is declined as a regular adjective of the first and second declensions. Learn the gerundives of the four conjugations and of fer5. Gerundives. 1. amandus, -a, -um 2. monendus, -a, -um Jregendus, -a, -um [capiendus, -a, -um 4. audiendus, -a, -um ferendus, -a, -um GERUND, GERUNDIVE, AND SUPINE 173 Rule. — The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad is used to denote purpose. Instead of the genitive or the ablative of the gerund with a direct object, another construction may be, and very often is, used. This consists in putting the direct object in the case of the gerund and using the gerundive in agreement with it. This is called the gerundive construction. Examples : — (Gerund.) Potestas datur urbem capiendi. An opportunity of taking the city is offered. (Gerundive.) Potestas datur urbis capiendae. An opportunity of taking the city is offered. 275. The supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension having no distinction of tense or person, and is found in the accusative and ablative cases only. Rule. — The supine in -urn is used after verbs of motion to express purpose ; the supine in -u is used only with a few adjectives, with the- nouns fas, nefas, and opus as an abla- tive of specification. Learn the supines of the four conjugations and of fero and eo : — Accusative. Ablative. I. amatum amatxi 2. monitum monitu 3- [rectum rectii { captum captii 4. audit urn auditu latum latu itum itu 174 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK 276. Vocabulary. oneraria navis, f., transport sumo,-ere, sumpsi, sumptus, ship. to take. satis (adv.), enough. conventus, -us, m., assembly. delibero, -are, -avi, -atus, to transports, -are, -avi, -atus, deliberate. to carry across. confirms, -are, -avi, -atus, to imports, -are, -avi, -atus, to confirm, to establish. import. credS, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to respondeS, -ere, -spondi, believe. -sponsus, to reply, answer. existimo, -are, -avi, -atus, to legS, -ere, legi, lectus, to think, judge. read. effemino, -are, -avi, -atus, to pertineS, -ere, -ui, -tentus, to enervate. pertain, belong. 211. Exercises in Translation. I. i. Caesar legatis respondit, diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum esse. 2. Caesar loquendi finem facit. 3. Hos- tibus pugnandi potestatem fecit. 4. Ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos profectus est. 5. Ea, quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important. 6. Existima- bat LXXX navis onerarias esse satis ad duas transportandas legiones. 7. Decima legio se esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit. 8. Discipuli quae facillima sunt factu facient. 9. LegatI ad pacem petendam venerunt. 10. LegatI pacem petitum venerunt. II. 1. The army used many horses for transporting grain. 2. Caesar delays in this place for the sake of preparing his ships. 3. These books are suitable for reading. 4. We are THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 1 75 thinking about taking the city. 5. He says that seeing is believing. 6. He sent the farmers into the fields to collect grain. 7. The messenger hastens to carry a letter to Rome. 8. The city having been besieged, to surrender was the best thing to do. 9. Ambassadors came to him to beg peace. LESSON LXXX. The Periphrastic Conjugation. 278. The active periphrastic conjugation is formed by combining the future active participle with the verb sum ; the passive periphrastic conjugation is formed by combining the gerundive with the verb sum ; as follows : — Present Indicative. Active. Passive, singular. plural. singular. plural. amaturus sum amaturi sumus amandus sum amandi sumus amaturus es amaturi estis amandus es amandi estis amaturus est amaturi sunt amandus est amandi sunt The future active and the future passive participle are combined in this way with all the moods and tenses of sum. The tenses are called present, imperfect, etc., according to the tense of sum employed. The passive periphrastic conjugation involves the idea of duty, necessity, or obligation. 176 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Examples: — (Active.) 1116 tempore Caesar Homae recturus erat. At that time Caesar was about to rule at Rome. (Passive.) Omnia uno tempore agenda erant. All things had to be done at one time. 279. Rule. — The passive periphrastic conjugation is fol- lowed by the dative denoting the agent. Example : — Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant. All things had to be done by Caesar at one time. Review paragraph 70. 280. Vocabulary. conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, morior, mori, mortuus sum, to finish. to die. currS, -ere, cucurri, cursus, supplicatio, -onis, f., thanks- to run. giving. decerns, -ere, -crevi, -cretus, partio, -ire, -ivi, -Itus, to to decree. divide. distribuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, to revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, to distribute. call back. vendS, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to sell, 281. Exercises in Translation. I. 1. Dux decimam legionem trans Humeri missurus erat. 2. Mllitibus inita aestate bellum gerendum erit. 3. Dixit pontem mllitibus faciendum esse. 4. Acies instruenda, signum dandum, mllites ab opere revocandf sunt. 5. Castra REVIEW IN VOCABULARY 177 munienda erunt et copiae nostrae trans flumen ducendae erunt. 6. Mllitibus ad flumen currendum est. 7. Putavit exercitum sibi partiendum et distribuendum esse. 8. Utinam domum iturus essem. II. 1. On that day Caesar was about to sell the booty. 2. The farmer is about to call his daughter. 3. Money must be given to the queen by the poet. 4. When Caesar arrived, the army had to be led into winter-quarters by the leaders. 5. A thanksgiving must be decreed for Caesar by the Roman senate. 6. If I am about to die, it is well. 7. If Gaul must be subdued, Caesar must subdue it. 8. The work must be finished this day. LESSON LXXXI. Review in Vocabulary. 282. The following vocabulary contains all the new words introduced since Lesson LXIV. These words should be studied with care ; the English equivalents should be learned and the quantity of vowels should be mastered. Particular attention should be given to the principal parts of verbs. 283. Word List. acced5 agmen barbarus c5gito adventus ala cano cohortor Aeduus Alexandria claudo commutatio affero Anaxagoras Cleopatra condo aggredior audeo coepi confero 1 7 8 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK conficio exlstimo ne relinquo conflrmo fero nolo remaneo congrego fio nonnullus renovo conor fluo nuntio re nuntio consentio funditor obsidio reperio contendo gigno occido respondeo contra Hasdrubal oifendo revertor conventus hortor Olympus revoco Crassus ignosco onerarius rursus credo impius opprimo satis creo impono orior slgnum cum import5 paco sto currd incendium partio sumo debeo incipio penna supplicatio decernd incito pertineo suspicio declaro ineo pervenio sustineo dedo intellego peto tarn delibero intercludo Plato tantus deligo invenio pono timeo despero iudico porta tolero dlco laetor possum traduco dlgnus latus praeceptor transeo disco legatio praemitto transports distribuo lego procedo urgeo doceo libenter progredior ut dulcis loquor prohibeo utinam educo malo proicio valeo effemino maneo provideo vendo egredior Mars quaero vereor enim metuo qualis vito eo mlror quantus V1VUS excido morior recipio volo exeo moror redeo Xerxes TABLES OF DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION. NOUNS. First Declension . — A-Stems . Singular. N. naut-a, a sailor. G. naut-ae, of a sailor. D. naut-ae, to ox for a sailor. A. naut-am, a sailor. V. naut-a, O sailor. A. naut-a, with, by, from a sailor. Plural. naut-ae, sailors. naut-arum, of sailors. naut-Ts, to or for sailors. naut-as, sailors. naut-ae, O sailors. naut-Is, with, by, from sailors. Second Declension. — O-S terns. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. serv-us serv-I oppid-um oppid-a G. serv-I serv-orum oppid-f oppid-orum D. serv-6 serv-is oppid-6 oppid-is A. serv-um serv-6s oppid-um oppid-a V. serv-e serv-I oppid-um oppid-a A. serv-Q serv-Ts oppid-6 oppid-is 179 i8o BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. N. puer puer-I ager agr-I vir vir-I G. puer-I puer-orum agr-i agr-5rum vir-I vir-orum D. puer-6 puer-Ts agr-6 agr-is vir-o vir-Ts A. puer-um puer-5s agr-um agr-6s vir-um vir-6s V. puer puer-I ager agr-I vir vir-I A. puer-o puer-Is agr-6 agr-is vir-o vir-is N. G. D. A. V. A. Singular. homo homin-is homin-I homin-em homo homin-e Third Declension. Liquid Stems. Plural. homin-es homin-um homin-ibus homin-es homin-es homin-ibus Singular. frater fratr-is fratr-i fratr-em frater fratr-e Plural. fratr-es fratr-um fratr-ibus fratr-es fratr-es fratr-ibus N. consul G. consul-is D. consul-I A. consul-em V. consul A. consul-e N. tempus G. tempor-is D. tempor-i A. tempus V. tempus A. tempor-e consul-es consul-um consul-ibus consul-es cons.ul-es consul-ibus tempor-a tempor-um tempor-ibus tempor-a tempor-a tempor-ibus scrlptor scrlptor-is scriptor-I scriptor-em scrlptor scriptor-e flumen flumin-is flumin-i flumen flumen flumin-e scrlptor-es scriptor-um scrlptor-ibus scrlptor-es scriptor-es scrlptor-ibus flumin-a flumin-um flumin-ibus flumin-a flu'min-a flumin-ibus TABLES OF DECLENSION 181 Mute Stems. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. virtus virtut-es hiems hiem-es G. virtu t-'is virtu t-um hiem-is hiem-um D. virtut-I virtut-ibus hiem-I hiem-ibus A. virtut-em virtut-es hiem-em hiem-es V. virtus virtut-es hiems hiem-es A. virtut-e virtut-ibus hiem-e hiem-ibus N. dux duc-es rex reg-e s G. due-is duc-um reg-is reg-um D. duc-I duc-ibus reg-I reg-ibus A. duc-em duc-es reg-em reg-es V. dux duc-es rex reg-es A. duc-e duc-ibus reg-e reg-ibus N. princep-s princip-es pes ped-es G. princip-is princip-um ped-is ped-um D. princip-i princip-ibus ped-T ped-ibus A. princip-em princip-es ped-em ped-es V. princep-s princip-es pes ped-es A. princip-e princip-ibus Stems ped-e in i. ped-ibus Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. civ-is clv-es host-is host-es G. civ-is civ-ium host-is host-ium D. clv-i civ-ibus host-T host-ibus A. civ-em clv-es, -is host-em host-es, -is V. civ-is civ-es host-is host-es A. civ-e civ-ibus host-e host-ibus 182 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. nox noct-es animal animal-ia G. noct-is noct-ium animal-is animal-ium D. noct-I noct-ibus animal-I animal-ibus A. noct-em noct-es, -Is animal animal-ia V. nox noct-es animal animal-ia A. noct-e noct-ibus animal-I animal-ibus Fourth Declension. — U-Stems. Plural. corn-ua corn-uum corn-ibus corn-ua corn-ua corn-ibus Singular. Plural. Singulai N. fruct-us fruct-us corn-u G. fruct-us fruct-u um corn-iis D. fruct-ul, -u fruct-ibus corn-u A. fruct-um fruct-us corn-u V. fruct-us fruct-us corn-u A. fruct-u fruct-ibus corn-u Fifth Declension . — E-Stems . Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. di-es di-es r-es r-es G. di-ei di-e rum r-ei r-erum D. di-el di-ebus r-ei r-ebus A. di-em di-es r-em r-es V. di-es di-es r-es r-es A. di-e di-ebus r-e r-ebus Special Paradigms. Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. dom-us dom-us de-us de-T, di-i", dl G. dom-us dom-uum, -orum de-I de-6rum, de-um D. dom-ui, -6 dom-ibus de-6 de-Is, di-is, d-Is A. dom-um dom-6s ? -us de-um de-6s V. domus dom-us de-us de-I, di-I, dl A. dom-6, -u dom-ibus de-6 de-Is, di-Is, d-Is TABLES OF DECLENSION 183 Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. N. senex sen-es iter itiner-a G. sen-is sen-um itiner-is itiner-um D. sen-i sen-ibus itiner-I itiner-ibus A. sen-em sen-es iter itiner-a V. senex sen-es iter itiner-a A. sen-e sen-ibus itiner-e itiner-ibus N. G. D. A. V. A. ADJECTIVES. First and Second Declensions. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. bon-um bon-I bon-ae bon-a bon-orum bon-arum bon-orum bon-is bon-Is bon-fs bon-os bon-as bon-a bon-I bon-ae bon-a bon-Is bon-is bon-is bon-I bon-6 bon-us bon-a bon-I bon-ae bon-6 bon-ae bon-um bon-am bon-um bon-e bon-a bon-um bon-6 bon-a bon-6 M. N. miser G. miser-i D. miser-6 A. miser-um V. miser A. miser-6 Singular. F. miser-a miser-ae miser-ae miser-am miser-a miser-a N. miser-um miser-i miser-6 miser-um miser-um miser-6 1 84 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Plural. M. F. N. N. miser-I miser-ae miser-a G. miser-orum miser-arum miser-orum D. miser-Is miser-Is miser-Is A. miser-6s miser-as miser-a V. miser-I miser-ae miser-a A. miser-Is miser-Is Singular. miser-Is M. F. N. tot-us tot-a tot- •um tot-ius tot-ius tot- •lus tot-I tot-I tot- ■1 tot-um tot-am tot- ■um tot-o tot-a tot- ■0 Possessive, Singular Ownership. Singular. Plural. meus, -a, -um, my. mei, -ae, -a tuus, -a, -um, thy, your. tul, -ae, -a suus, -a, -um, his, her, its. sul, -ae, -a Possessive, Plural Ownership. noster, -tra, -trum, our. nostri, -ae, -a vester, -tra, -trum, your. vestrl, -ae, -a suus, -a, -um, their. sul, -ae, -a Third Declension. Singular. Plural M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. sapiens sapiens sapient-es sapient-ia G. sapient-is sapient-is sapient-ium sapient-ium D. sapient-I sapient-I sapient-ibus sapient-ibus A. sapient-em sapiens sapient-es sapient-ia V. sapiens sapiens sapient-es sapient-ia A. sapient-I sapient-I sapient-ibus sapient-ibus TABLES OF DECLENSION 185 Singular. Plural M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. fort-is fort-e fort-es fort-ia G. fort-is fort-is fort-ium fort-ium D. fort-I fort-I fort-ibus fort-ibus A. fort-em fort-e fort-es fort-ia V. fort-is fort-e fort-es fort-ia A. fort-I fort-I fort-ibus fort-ibus M. F. N. M. N. N. acer acr-is acr-e acr-es acr-es acr-ia G. acr-is acr-is acr-is acr-ium acr-ium acr-ium D. acr-I acr-I acr-I acr-ibus acr-ibus acr-ibus A. acr em acr-em acr-e acr-es acr-es acr-ia V. acer acr-is acr-e acr-es acr-es acr-ia A. acr-I acr-I acr-I acr-ibus acr-ibus acr-ibus Irregular Comparison. Positive. bonus, -a, -urn, good. malus, -a, -um, bad. magnus, -a, -um, great. parvus, -a, -um, S7tiall. multus, -a, -um, much. vetus (gen. -eris), old. senex (gen. senis), aged. iuvenis, -e, young. Comparative. melior, -ius peior, -ius maior, -ius minor, -us , plus vetustior, -ius senior 1 maior natuj iunior minor natu Superlative. optimus, -a, -um pessimus, -a, -um maximus, -a, -um minimus, -a, -um plurimus, -a, -um veterrimus, -a, -um maximus natu minimus natu 1 86 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Positive. facilis, -e, easy. difficilis, -e, difficult. similis, -e, like. dissimilis, -e, unlike. humilis, -e, low. gracilis, -e, slender. exterus, outward. inferus, below. posterus, following. superus, above. Preposition. cis, citra, on this side. in, intra, within. prae, pro, before. prope (adv.), near. ultra (adv.), beyond. Comparative. facilior, -ius difficilior, -ius similior, -ius dissimilior, -ius humilior, -ius gracilior, -ius exterior, outer. inferior, lower. posterior, latter. superior, higher. Comparative. citerior, hither. interior, inner. prior, former. propior, nearer. ulterior, farther. Superlative. facillimus, -a, -um difficillimus, -a, -um simillimus, -a, -um dissimillimus, -a, -um humillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a, -um f extremus 1 -j . \ outmost. I extimus f infimus 1 I Imus J lowest. fpostremus J^ L postumus j f supremus 1 _ . _ \ \ highest. I suramus J Superlative. citimus, hithermost. intimus, inmost. primus, first. { nearest. proximus \ [ next. ultimus, farthest. Declension of Comparatives. Singular. Plural. M. and F. N. M. and F. N. fortior fortius fortior-es G. fortior-is fortior-is fortior-um D. fortior-i fortior-I fortior-ibus A. fortior-em fortius fortior-es, -Is V. fortior fortius fortior-es A. fortior-e, -I fortior-e, -I fortior-ibus N. fortior-a fortior-um fortior-ibus fortior-a fortior-a . fortior-ibus TABLES OF DECLENSION I8 7 Singular. Plural. M. and F. N. M. and F. N. N. plus plur-es plur-a G. pliir-is plur-ium plur-ium D. phlr-ibus plur-ibus A. plus plur-es, , -is pliir-a A. plur-e plur-ibus plur-ibus Numerals. Cardinals. 1. unus, -a, -um 28. duodetnginta 2. duo, duae, duo 29. iindetrTginta 3- tres ? tria 30- triginta 4- quattuor 40. quadra ginta 5- quinque 50. quinquaginta 6. sex 60. sexaginta 7- septem 70. septuaginta 8. octo 80. octoginta 9- novem 90. nonaginta 10. decern 100. centum 11. undecim IOI. centum unus 12. duodecim 200. ducentl, --ae, -a 13- tredecim 300. trecenti 14. quattuordecim 400. quadringenti 15- qulndecim 500. quTngentl 16. sedecim 600. sexcenti 17- septendecim 700. septingenti 18. duodeviginti 800. octingenti 19. undevlgintl 900. nongenti 20. vlgintT 1,000. mille 21. fvlginti unus 5,000. quinque milia I unus et viginti 10,000. decern milia 100,000. centum milia i88 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Ordinals. 1st primus/-a ? -um 17th septimus decimus 2d secundus (or alter) 1 8th duodevicesimus 3d tertius 19th undevicesimus 4th quartus 20th vicesimus 5 th 6th quintus sextus 21st J vicesimus primus I unus et vicesimus ;th 8th septimus octavus 22d J vicesimus secundus I alter et vicesimus 9th nonus 29th undetricesimus ioth decimus 30th tricesimus nth undecimus 40th quadragesimus 1 2th duodecimus I ooth centesimus 1 3 th tertius decimus 101st centesimus primus 14th quartus decimus 200th ducentesimus 15th quintus decimus I oooth millesimus 1 6th sextus decimus 2000th bis millesimus Declension of Numerals. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. unus una iinum duo duae duo G. iinius iinius unius duorum duarum duorum D. uni uni iinT duobus duabus duobus A. unum iinam unum duos, duo duas duo A. uno (ina uno duobus duabus duobus M. and F. N. Singular. Plural. N. tres tria mille mllia G. trium trium mille milium D. tribus tribus mille milibus A tres tria mille mllia A. tribus tribus mille milibus TABLES OF DECLENSION 189 First Person, sing. PLU. N. ego nos G. mei nostrum, -tri tui D. mihi nobis tibi A. me nos te A. me nobis te Third Person, sing. PLU. Pronouns. Second Person, sing. PLU. tu vos vestrum, -tri sul sui vobis sibi sibi vos se, sese se, sese vobis se, sese se, sese Demonstratives . Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. hie haec hoc hi hae haec G. huius huius huius h5rum harum horum D. huTc huic huic his his his A. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec A. hoc hac hoc his his his N. ille ilia illud ill! illae ilia G. illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum D. ill! ill! ill! illis illis illis A. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia A. illo ilia. illo illis illis illis N. is ea id el, il eae ea G. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum D. ei el ei els, iis els, iis els, iis A. eum earn id eos eas ea A. eo ea eo els, iis els, iis els, iis N. iste ista istud istl istae ista G. istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum D. istt istl istl istls istls istls A. istum istam istud istos istas ista A. isto ista isto istls istls istls 190 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem D. eidem eidem eidem elsdem eisdem elsdem A. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem A. eodem eadem eodem eisdem elsdem eisdem N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa G. ipslus ipslus ipslus ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum D. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsls ipsls ipsls A. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa A. ipso ipsa ipso ipsls ipsls ipsls Relative. Singular. PLURAL. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. qui quae quod qui quae quae G. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum D. CUl CUl CUl quibus quibus quibus A. quern quam quod quos quas quae A. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus Interrogative. Singular. Plural. St F. N. M. F. N. N. quis quae quid qui quae quae G. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum D. CUl CUl CUl quibus quibus quibus A. quern quam quid quos quas quae A. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus TABLES OF DECLENSION 191 Indefinite. Singular. Plural. M. F. N. M. F. N. N. aliquis aliqua aliquid aliqul aliquae aliqua G. ali cuius alicuius alicuius aliquorum aliquarum aliqu5rum D. alicul alicul alicuT aliquibus aiiquibus aliquibus A. aliquem aliquam aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua A. aliquo aliqua aliquo aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Singular. M. F. N. N. quidam quaedam quiddam G. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam D. cuidam cuidam cuidam A. quendam quandam quiddam A. quodam quadam Plural. quodam M. F. N. N. quidam quaedam quaedam G. quorundam quarundam quorundam D. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam A. quosdam quasdam quaedam A. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 192 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK REGULAR VERBS. First Conjugation.— A-Verbs. am 6, love. Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. Indicative. Active Voice. Passive Voice. Present. / love, am loving, do love, etc. I am loved, etc. amo amamus amor amamur amas amatis amaris or -re amamini am at amant amatur amantur Imperfect. I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I was loved, etc. amabam amabamus amabar amabamur amabas amabatis amabaris or -re amabamini amabat amabant amabatur amabantur Future. I shall love, etc. / shall be loved, etc. amabo amabimus amabor amabimur amabis amabitis amaberis or -re amabimini amabit amabunt amabitur amabuntur Perfect. I have loved, I loved, etc. I have been (was) loved, etc. amavi amavimus r sum r sumus amavisti amavistis amatus \ es amatT -j estis amavit amaverunt or -re I est I sunt TABLES OF CONJUGA TION Pluperfect. 193 / had loved, etc. amaveram amaveramus amaveras amaveratis amaverat amaverant / had been loved, etc. r eram amatus \ eras amatl lerat eramus eratis erant Future Perfect. / shall have loved, etc. / shall have been loved, etc. amavero amaverimus r ero \ erimus amaveris amaveritis amatus \ eris amatl \ eritis lerunt amaverit amaverint lerit Subjunctive. Present. amem amemus amer amemur ames ametis ameris or -re amemini amet ament ametur Imperfect. amentur amarem amaremus amarer amaremur amares amaretis amareris or -re amaremini amaret amarent amaretur Perfect. amarentur amaverim amaverimus r sim r simus amaveris amaveritis amatus \ sis amatl \ sitis amaverit amaverint I sit Pluperfect. I sint amavissem amavissemus amavisses amavissetis amavisset amavissent r essem r essemus amatus j esses amatl I essetis I esset [ essent 194 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK am a, love thou, am ate, love ye. amato, thou shall love. amato, he shall love. amatote, you shall love. amanto, they shall love. Imperative. Present. am are, be thoti loved. amaminl, be ye loved. Future. amator, thou shall be loved. amator, he shall be loved. amantor, they shall be loved. Infinitive. Pres. amare, to love. amarl, to be loved. Perf. amavisse, to have loved. amatus esse, to have been loved. Fut. amiiturus esse, to be aboitt amatum Iri, to be about to be to love. loved. Participles. Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Pres. Fut. amaturus, -a, -um, about Ger. 1 amandus, -a, -um, to be loved. Perf. amatus, -a, -um, loved, having been loved. Supine. to love. Perf. ■ Gerund. N. G. amandl, of loving. D. amando, for loving. A. amandum, loving. A. amando, by loving. A. amatum, to love. A. amatu, to love, to be loved. 1 Gerundive, sometimes called future passive participle. TABLES -OF CONJUGATION 195 Second Conjugation. — E-Verbs. moneo, advise. Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus. Active. I advise, etc. moneo monemus mones monetis monet monent I was advising, etc. monebam monebamus monebas monebatis monebat monebant I shall advise, etc. monebo monebimus monebis monebitis monebit monebunt / have advised, I advised, monuT monuimus monuisti monuistis monuit monuerunt or I had advised, etc. monueram monueramus monueras monueratis monuerat monuerant Indicative. Present. Passive. I am advised, etc. moneor monemur moneris or -re monemini monetur monentur Imperfect. I was advised, etc. monebar monebamur monebaris or -re monebamini monebatur monebantur Future. / shall be advised, etc. monebor monebimur moneberis or -re monebiminl monebitur monebuntur Perfect. etc. / have been {was) advised, etc. (sum r sumus es monitl \ estis est I sunt Pluperfect. I had been advised, etc. r eram monitus \ eras monitl i I erat 196 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Future Perfect. I shall have advised, etc. / shall have been advised, etc. monuero monueris monuerit moneam moneas moneat monerem moneres moneret monuerim monueris monuerit monuenmus monueritis monuerint ero eris erit moneamus moneatis moneant moneremus moneretis monerent monuerimus monueritis monuerint monitus Subjunctive. Present. monear monearis or -re moneatur Imperfect. monerer monereris or -re moneretur moniti enmus eritis erunt moneamur moneamini moneantur moneremur moneremini monerentur Perfect. monitus Pluperfect. sim sis sit moniti • f simus sTtis . sint monuissem monuissemus monuisses monuissetis monuisset monuissent monitus essem r essemus esses moniti \ essetis esset I essent mone, advise thou. monete, advise ye. moneto, thou shall advise. moneto, he shall advise. monetote, you shall advise. monento, they shall advise. Imperative. Present. mone re, be thou advised. moneminl, be ye advised. Future. monetor, thou shall be advised. monetor, he shall be advised. monentor, they shall be advised. TABLES OF CONJUGATION 1 97 Infinitive. Pres. monere, to advise. moneri, to be advised. Perf. monuisse, to have ad- monitus esse, to have been vised. advised. Fut. moniturus esse, to be monitum in, to be about to be about to advise. advised. Participles. Pres. monens, -entis, advising. Pres. Fut. moniturus, -a, um, about Ger. monendus, -a, -urn, to to advise. be advised. Perf. Perf. monitus, -a, -um, advised, having been advised. Gerund. Supine. G. monendi, of advising. D. monendo, for advising. A. monendum, advising. A. monitum, to advise. A. monendo, by advising. A. monitu, to advise, to be advised. Third Conjugation. — E-Verbs. rego, rule. Principal Parts : rego, regere, rex!, rectus. Indicative. Active. I rule, etc. Passive. Present. / am ruled, etc. rego regimus regor regimur regis regitis regeris or -re regimini regit regunt regitur reguntur 198 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK I was ruling, etc. regebam regebamus regebas regebatis regebat regebant / shall rule, etc. regam regemus reges regetis reget regent / have ?'uled, etc. rexi reximus rexisti rexistis rexit rexerunt or -re Imperfect. / was ruled, etc. regebar regebamur regebaris or -re regebamini regebatur regebantur Future. / shall be ruled, etc. regar regemur regeris or -re regeminl • regetur regentur Perfect. / have been ruled, etc. sum r sumus rectus \ es recti I estis est I sunt / had ruled, etc. rexeram rexeramus rexeras rexeratis rexerat rexerant Pluperfect. / had been ruled, etc. eram r eramus rectus ^ eras recti \ eratis . erat I erant Future Perfect. I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc. rexero rexerimus r ero r erimus rexeris rexeritis rectus \ eris recti \ eritis rexerit rexerint I erit I erunt Subjunctive. Present. regam regamus regar regamur regas regatis regaris or -re regamini regat regant regatur regantur TABLES OF CONJUGATION 199 Imperfect. regerem regeremus regerer regeremur regeres regeretis regereris or -re regereminl regeret regerent regeretur Perfect. regerentur rexerim rexerimus r sim r simus rexeris rexeritis rectus \ sis recti i sltis rexerit rexerint I sit Pluperfect. I sint rexissem rexissemus r essem r essemus rexisses rexissetis rectus \ esses recti \ essetis rexisset rexissent I esset I essent rege, rule thou, regite, rule ye. regit5, thou shall rule. regito, he shall rule. regitote, ye shall rule. regunto, they shall rule. Imperative. Present. regere, be thou ruled. regiminT, be ye ruled. Future. regitor, thou shall be ruled. regitor, he shall be ruled. Pres. regere, to rule. Perf. rexisse, to have ruled. Fut. rectiirus esse, to be abo2it to rule. reguntor, they shall be ruled. Infinitive. regl, to be ruled.. rectus esse, to have been ruled. rectum Irl, to be about to be ruled. Participles. Pres. regens, -entis, ruling. Pres. Fut. recturus, -a, -urn, about Ger. regendus, -a, -um, to be to rule, rided. Perf. Perf. rectus, -a, -um, ruled, having been ruled. 20O BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Gerund. Supine. G. regendl, of ruling. D. regendo, for ruling. A. regendum, ruling. A. rectum, to rule. A. regendo, by ruling. A. rectu, to rule, to be ruled. Third Conjugation. —Verbs in -io. capio, take. Principal Parts : capio, capere, cepi, captus. Indicative Mood. Active. Passive. Present. / take, etc. / a7n taken, etc. capio capimus capior capimur capis capitis caperis or -re capiminl capit capiunt capitur capiuntur Imperfect. / was taking, etc. / was taken, etc. capiebam capiebamus capiebar capiebamur capiebas capiebatis capiebaris or -re capiebamini capiebat capiebant capiebatur capiebantur Future. / shall take, etc. / shall be taken, etc. capiam capiemus capiar capiemur capies capietis . capieris or -re capiemini capiet capient capietur capientur Perfect. cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc. captus sum, es, est, etc. Pluperfect. ceperam, ceperas, ceperat, etc. captus eram, eras, erat, etc. Future Perfect. cepero, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus ero, eris, erit, etc. TABLES OF CONJUGATION 201 Subjunctive. Present. capiam, capias, capiat, etc. capiar, -iaris or -re, -iatur, etc. Imperfect. caperem, caperes, caperet, etc. caperer, -ereris or -re, -eretur, etc. Perfect. ceperim, ceperis, ceperit, etc. captus sim, sis, sit, etc. Pluperfect. cepissem, cepisses, cepisset, etc. captus essem, esses, esset, etc. Imperative. Pres. cape, take thou. capere, be thou taken. capite, take ye. capiminl, be ye taken. Fut. capito, thou shalt take, capitor, thou shalt be taken y etc. etc. Infinitive. Pres. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. Perf. cepisse, to have taken. captus esse, to have been taken. Fut. capturus esse, to be captum Irl, to be about to be about to take, taken. Participles. Pres. capiens, -ientis, taking. Pres. Fut. capturus, about to take. Ger. capiendus, to be taken. Perf. Perf. captus, having been taken. Gerund. Supine. G. capiendi, of taking, A. captum, to take. etc. A. captu, to take, to be taken. 202 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Fourth Conjugation. — I-Verbs. audio, hear. Principal Parts: audio, audlre, audivi, auditus. Indicative. Present. Active. I hear, etc. audio audlmus audis auditis audit audiunt Passive. I am heard, etc. audior audlmur audiris or -re audimini auditur audiuntur Imperfect. I was hearing, etc. I was heard, etc. audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur audiebas audiebatis audiebaris or -re, audiebamini audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur / shall hear, etc. audiam audiemus audies audietis audiet audient Future. / shall be heard, etc. audiar audieris or -re audietur audiemur audiemini audientur / have heard, etc. Perfect. / have been heard, etc. audivi audivimus audivisti audlvistis audivit audiverunt or -re v- sum auditus \ es . est {sumus estis sunt TABLES OF CONJUGATION 203 Pluperfect. I had heard, etc. / had been heard, etc. audiveram audiveramus r eram r eramus audlveras audiveratis auditus \ eras audit! -j eratis audiverat audiverant I erat I erant Tuture Perfect. I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc. audivero audiverimus ( ero rerimus audiveris audiveritis auditus \ eris audit! -J eritis audiverit • audiverint I erit I erunt Subjunctive. Present. audiam audiamus audiar audiamur audias audiatis audiaris or -re audiamin! audiat audiant audiatur audiantur audirem audTremus audires audiretis audiret audirent Imperfect. aud!rer audiremur audireris or -re audiremin! audiretur audirentur audiverim audiverimus audiveris audiveritis audiverit audiverint Perfect. auditus sim sis sit ■ simus audit! -I sitis sint Pluperfect. audivissem audlvissemus r essem r essemus audivisses audivissetis auditus I esses audit! \ essetis aud!visset audivissent I esset I essent 204 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Imperative. Present. audi, hear thou. audite, hear ye. audito, thou shalt hear. audito, he shall hear. auditote, ye shall hear. audiunto, they shall hear. audi re, be thou heard. audimini, be ye heard. Future. auditor, thou shalt be heard. auditor, he shall be heard. audiuntor, they shall be heard. Infinitive. Pres. audlre, to hear. Perf. audivisse, to have heard. Fut. auditurus esse, to be about to hear. audlri, to be heard. audltus esse, to have been heard. audltum Iri, to be about to be heard. Participles. Pres. audiens,-entis, hearing. Fut. auditurus, -a, -um, about to hear. Perf. Gerund. N. G. D. audiendl, of hearing. audiendo,/^ hearing. A. audiendum, hearing. A. audiendo, by hearing. Pres. Ger. audiendus, -a, -um, to be heard. Perf. audltus, -a, -um, heard, having been heard. Supine. A. audltum, to hear. A. auditu, to hear, to be heard. TABLES OF CONJUGA TION 205 IRREGULAR VERBS. sum, be. Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus. Indicative. Present. singular. sum, I am. es, thou art. est, he (she, it) is. eram, / was. eras, thou wast. erat, he was. ero, I shall be. eris, thou wilt be. erit, he will be. fill, / have been, was. fuisti, thou hast been, wast, fuit, he has been, was. fueram, I had been. fueras, thou hadst been. fuerat, he had been. fuero, I shall have been. fueris, thou wilt have been. fuerit, he will have been. plural. sumus, we are. estis, you are. sunt, they are. Imperfect. eramus, we were. eratis, you were. erant, they were. Future. erimus, we shall be. eritis, you will be. erunt, they will be. Perfect. fuimus, we have been, were. fuistis, you have been, were. J fuerunt or I mere, they have been, were. Pluperfect. fueramus, we had been. fueratis, you had been. fuerant, they had been. Future Perfect. fuerimus, we shall have been. lueritis, you will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 206 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK SINGULAR Present. plural. Subjunctive. Imperfect, singular. plural. sim sim us essem essemus SIS sltis esses essetis sit sint esset essent fuerim Perfect. fuerimus Pluperfect. fuissem fuissemus fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis fuerit fuerint fuisset Imperative. fuissent SINGULAR. es, be thou. Present. plural. este, be ye. esto, thou shalt be. Future. estote, ye shall be. esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be. Infinitive. Participle. Pres. esse, to be. Perf, fuisse, to have been. Fut. futurus esse, to be about to be. futurus, -a, -um, about to be. possum, posse ; pot ui, ? be able 9 can. Indicative. Subjunctive. singular. PLURAL. singular. PLURAL. Pres. possum possumus possim possimus potes potestis possls possitis potest possunt possit possint Imp. poteram poteramus possem possemus Fut. potero poten'mus Perf. potuT potuimus potuerim potuerimus Plup. , potueram potueramus potuissem potuissemus F. P. potuero potuerimus Infini TIVE. • Pres . posse Perf. potuisse TABLES OF CONJUGATION 207 prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, benefit. Subjunctive. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Indicative. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Pres. prosum prosumus prosim prodes prodestis prosls prodest prosunt prosit Imp. proderam proderamus prodessem Fut. prodero proderimus Perf. profui profuimus profuerim Plup profueram profueramus profuissem F. P. profuero profuerimus Imperative. Pres. prodes, prodeste Fut. prodest5, prodestote Infinitive. Pres. prodesse Perf. profuisse Fut. profuturus esse Participle. Fut. profuturus, -a, -um prosimus prosltis prosint prodessemus profuerimus profuisse mus void, velle, volui, , 'be willing, will, wish. nolo, nolle, nolui, , be unwilling, will not. malo, malle, malui, , be more willing, prefer. Indicative. nolo malo non vis mavis non vult mavult nolumus malumus non vultis mavultis nolunt malunt nolebam malebam nolam, noles, etc. malam, males, etc, nolui malui nolueram malueram noluero maluero Pres. volo VIS vult volumus vultis volunt Imp. volebam Fut. volam, voles, etc, Perf. volui Plup. volueram F. P. voluero 208 BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK PRES. velim veils velit velimus velitis velint Imp. vellem Perf. voluerim Plup. voluissem Pres. Fut. Pres. velle Perf. voluisse Pres. volens Subjunctive. nolim malim noils malls nolit malit nolimus malimus nolitis malitis nolint malint nollem mallem noluerim maluerim noluissem maluissera Imperative. noli ■ M ■! nolite noli to, etc. , Infinitive. nolle malle noluisse maluisse Participle. nolens eo, ire, Ivi (ii), iturus, go. fio, fieri, f actus sum (supplies passive to facio), make, be made, become. Indicative. Pres. eo Tmus fio flmus is itis fis fitis it eunt fit fiunt Imp. ibam fiebam Fut. Ibo flam Perf. ii factus sum Plup. ieram factus eram F. P. iero factus ero TABLES OF CONJUGATION 209 Subjunctive. Pres. earn flam Imp. Irem fierem Perf. ierim , factus sim Plup. iissem factus essem Imperative. Pres. I ite fi fite _ f Ito Itote — — Fut. \ [ ito eunto — Infinitive. Pres. ire fieri Perf. Isse factus esse Fut. iturus esse factum Irl Participles. Pres. iens, Gen. euntis Pres. — — Fut. iturus, -a ? -um Ger. faciendus Perf. Perf. factus Gerund. Supine. G. eundl D. eundo A. eundum A. hum A. eundo A. itu fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, endure. Indicative. Active. Passive. {fero ferimus feror ferimur fers fertis ferris or -re ferimini fert ferunt fertur feruntur ferebar ferar latus sum latus eram latus ero Imp. ferebam Fut. feram Perf. tuli Plup tuleram F. P. tulero 2IO BEGINNERS' LATIN BOOK Subjunctive. Pres. feram ferar Imp. ferrem ferrer Perf. tulerim latus sim Plup. tulissem latus essem Pres. Fut. Imperative. Active. Passive. fer ferte [ferre] ferimini ferto fertote fertor ferto ferunto fertor feruntor Infinitive. Pres. ferre ferri Perf. tulisse latus esse Fut. laturus esse latum Iri Participles. Pres. ferens Pres. Fut. laturus Ger. ferendus Perf. Perf. latus i Serund. Supine. G. ferendi D. ferendo A. ferendum A. latum A. ferendo A. latu TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 211 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. Abl. — Ablative. lit. = literally. abs. = absolute. m., masc. = masculine. Ace. = Accusative. neut. as neuter. act. = active. Norn. — Nominative. adj. = adjective. n. s= note. adv. = adverb. part. =a participle. adv. phr. = adverbial phrase. part. sr partitive. app. = apposition. pass. s= passive. art. =s article. per. as person. comp. = comparative. Perf., Pf. as Perfect. conj. as conjunction. pi. = plural. conj. as conjugation. Plup. = Pluperfect. cor. = correlative. pos. sr positive. Dat. at Dative. post-posit. =a post-positive. dec. = declension. pred. as predicate. def. == defective. prep. as preposition. der. as derivative. Pres. as Present. Eng. as English. princ. s= principal. etc. as and so forth. pron. as pronoun. f., fern. =a feminine. R. as Root. fut. as future. rel. as relative. Gen. = Genitive. s., sing. as singular. Imp. =a Imperfect. subj. as subject. Ind. = Indicative. subst. as substantive. ind. disc. = indirect discourse. superl. = superlative. indef. as indefinite. Voc. s= Vocative. Inf. =s Infinitive. vocab. = vocabulary. inter. a= interrogative. w. = with. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Note. — Numerals are omitted from this vocabulary. They can be found by refer- ring to paragraphs 179-183. A. a, ab, prep, with abl., from, by. absum, -esse, -fui, to be absent, be distant. abutor, -uti, -usus sum, to abuse. accedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, to ap- proach. accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, to re- ceive, accept. acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eager. acies, -el, f., line of battle. acriter, adv., vigorously, fiercely. acritudo, -inis, f., sharpness, keen- ness. ad, prep, with ace., to, towards, near. admirabilis, -e, wonderful, ad- mirable. admiror, -ari, -atus, to wo?ider at, admire. adsum, -esse, -fui, to be near, be present. adulescens, -entis, m., a youth. adventus, -us, m., arrival. aedificium, -I, n. building. aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus, to build, construct* Aeduus, -1, m., an Haeduan. aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, feeble. Aegyptus, -I, f., Egypt. aer, aeris, m. (ace. aera), air. aestas, -atis, f., summer. affero, -ferre, attuli, allatus, to bring to. Africa, -ae, f., Africa. ager, agri, m., field. aggredior, -edi, -essus sum, to at- tack, go against. agmen, -inis, n., column, army. ago, -ere, egl, actus, to lead, drive, act, do. agricola, -ae, m., farmer. ala, -ae, f., wing. albus, -a, -um, white. Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander. Alexandria, -ae, f., Alexandria. aliquis, -qua, -quid, some, any, some one, any one. alius, -a, -um, other, another. alligo, -are, -avi, -atus, to bind to. Alpes, -ium, f. pi., the Alps. alter, -era, -erum, the other (of two). altitudo, -inis, f., height, depth. 213 altus 214 Britannia altus, -a, -urn, high, deep. ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, to walk. amicitia, -ae, f., friendship. amicus, -T, m., friend. amo, -are, -avi, -atus, to love. amor, -oris, m., love, affection. Anaxagoras, -ae, m., Anaxagoras. ancilla, -ae, f., maid-servant. anguis, -is, m., snake. angustus, -a, -um, narrow. animal, -alis, n., animal. animus, -1, m., mind, spirit, cour- age. annus, -1, m., year. ante, prep, with ace.; also adv., before. antiquus, -a, -um, ancient, old. Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. Aprilis, -is, m., April. apud,prep. with ace., among, near, with. aqua, -ae, f., water. aquila, -ae, f., eagle. ara, -ae, f., altar. aratrum, -1, n.,plow. arbor, arboris, f., tree. argentum, -T, n., silver. Ariovistus, -1, m., Ariovistus. arma, -orum, n. pi., arms, weap- ons. armo, -are, -avi, -atus, to arm. aro, -are, -avi, -atus, to plow. ars, artis, f., art. artifex, -icis, m., artificer. artus, -us, m., joint. arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress. asinus, -T, m., ass. Athenae, -arum, f. pi., Athens. Atheniensis, -is, m., an Athenian. attentus, -a, -um, attentive. auctoritas, -atis, f., authority, in- fluence. auctus, -us, m., increase, growth. auctus, -a, -um, increased, great, abundant. audacia, -ae, f., boldness. audax, -acis, bold, audacious, dar- ing. audeo, -ere, ausus sum, to dare, venture. audio, -Tre, -TvT, -Ttus, to hear. augeo, -ere, auxT, auctus, to in- crease, enlarge. Augustus, -1, m., Augustus. aureus, -a, -um, golden. auris, -is, f., ear. aurum, -T, n., gold. auxilium, -T, n., help, aid. avarus, -a, -um, avaricious. avis, -is, f., bird. B. Bacchus, -T, m., Bacchus. barbarus, -a, -um, barbarian. beatus, -a, -um, happy, blessed. Belga, -ae, m., a Belgian. bello, -are, -avi, -atus, to make war, carry on war. bellum, -T, n., war. bene, adv., well. benignus, -a, -um, kind, gracious. bestia, -ae, f., beast, animal. bis, adv., twice. bonus, -a, -um, good. brevis, -e, short, brief. Britannia, -ae, f., Britain. Caesar 215 confido Caesar, -aris, m., Caesar. calidus, -a, -urn, war?n. candidus, -a, -urn, candid. cano, -ere, cecinT, cantus, to sing. canto, -are, -avi, -at us, to sing, play, write poetry. cantus, -us, m., song. capio, -ere, cepT, captus, to take, capture. captivus, -I, m., captive, prisoner. caput, -itis, n., head. care, adv., dearly. carmen, -inis, n., song, poem. Carthaginiensis, -e, Carthagin- ian. Carthaginienses, -ium, m., Car- thaginians. Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage. carus, -a, -um, dear. castigo, -are, -avi, -atus, to chas- tise. castra, -orum, n. pi., a cai?ip. Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline. causa, -ae, f., cause, condition. celeber, -bris, -bre, celebrated. celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, to cele- brate. celer, -eris, -ere, swift. celeritas, -tatis, f., speed. celeriter, adv., quickly. Celta, -ae, m., a Celt. cena, -ae, f., meal. certamen, -inis, n., strife, contest. certe, adv., surely, certainly. certus, -a, -um, sure, certain. cibus, -T, m.,food. Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero. Cincinnatus, -1, m., Cincinnatus. circum, prep, with ace., around. citerior, -ius, comp. adj., nearer, hither. Civilis, -e, civil. Civis, -is, c., citizen, fellow-citizen. civitas, -tatis, f., state. clamor, -oris, m., noise, clamor. Clare, adv., clearly, loudly. clarus, -a, -um, clear, loud ; dis- tinguished. classis, -is, f., fleet. claudo, -ere, clausT, clausus, to shut, close. Cleopatra, -ae, f., Cleopatra. COepi, coepisse, began, have begun. COgito, -are, -avT, -atus, to think. cognomen, -inis, n., name, sur- name. COgnosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus, to learn. cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, to exhort. collis, -is, m., hill. color, -oris, m., color. columba, -ae, f., dove. comes, -itis, m., companion. commeatus, -us, m., supplies. communis, -e, common. COmmutatio, -onis, f., change. compled, -ere, -evl, -etus, to fill up, complete. condo, -ere, -did!, -ditus, to found, build. confero, -ferre, -tulT, collatus, to bring together, collect. conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to finish; exhaust. confido, -ere, -fisus sum, to trust. confirms 2l6 delibero cSnfirmS, -are, -avi, -atus, to es- tablish, confirm. congregS, -are, -avi, -atus, to as- semble. coniuratio, -onis, f., conspiracy. COniurS, -are, -avi, -atus, to con- spire. Conor, -ari, -atus sum, to endeavor, attempt. cSnsentiS, -ire, -sens!, -sensus, to agree. constantia, -ae, f., constancy. consul, -is, m., consul. contendo, -ere, -tend!, -tentus, to hurry, hasten / contend. COntentus, -a, -um, contented. COntineo, -ere, -uT, , to confine, hold in check. contra, prep, with ace., against, opposite. conventus, -us, m., assembly. copia, -ae, f., plenty. COpiae, -arum, f. pi., troops, forces. Corinthus, -I, f., Corinth. Cornelia, -ae, f., Cornelia. cornii, -us, n., horn ; wing of an army. corona, -ae, f., crown. corpus, -oris, n., body. COtldie, adv., daily. Crassus, -I, m., Crassus. creber, -bra, -brum, frequent. credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to be- lieve. cremo, -are, -avi, -atus, to burn, cremate. creo, -are, -avi, -atus, to make, elect. crux, crucis, f., cross. culpa, -ae, f., blame, fault. cultus, -us, m., culture. cum, prep, with abl., with. Cum, con]., when ; because, since. CUpio, -ere, -IvT, -Ttus, to desire, wish. cur, interrog. adv., why ? ciira, -ae, f., care, regard. euro, -are, -avi, -atus, to care for, attend to. curro, -ere, cucurrl, cursus, to run. CUStSdiS, -Ire, -IvI, -Itus, to guard. cymba, -ae, f., boat. de, prep, with abl., from, about, concerning. dea, -ae, f. , goddess. debeS, -ere, -ul, -itus, to owe; ought, must. December, -bris, m., December. decerno, -ere, -crevl, -cretus, to decree. Decimus Brutus, -I, m., Decimus Brutus. declaro, -are, -avi, -atus, to declare. dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to give up, surrender. defatigo, -are, -avi, -atus, to weary out, tire, exhaust. defessus, -a, -um, tired. deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to fail. delecto, -are, -avi, -atus, to please, delight. deleS, -ere, -evl, -etus, to destroy, overthrow. deliberS, -are, -avi, -atus, to delib- erate, consider. deligo 217 excido deligo, -ere, -legl, -lectus, to select, choose. demigro, -are, -avi, -atus, to de- part. despero, -are, -avi, -atus, to de- spair. desum, -esse, -ful, to be wanting, fail. deus, -T, m., god. dexter, -tra, -trum, right. Diana, -ae, f., Diana. dlCO, -ere, dlxT, dictus, to say, speak, tell. dies, -el, m., day, time, difficiiis, -e, difficult. dignus, -a, -um, worthy. diligens, -entis, diligent, careful. diligenter, adv., with care, dili- gently. diligentia, -ae, f., diligence. dimidium, -!, n., half. discipulus, -1, m., pupil. disco, -ere, didicT, , to learn. dissimilis, -e, dissimilar. distribuo, -ere, uT, -utus, to dis- tribute. diu, adv., long, for a long time. divido, -ere, -Tsi, -Isus, to divide. do, dare, dedi, datus, to give, ren- der, grant. doceo, -ere, -ul, -ctus, to teach, instruct, show. dolor, -oris, m., pain, grief. dolus, -T, m., cunning, deceit, fraud. dominus, -T, m., master. domus, -us (1) , f., house, home. dono, -are, -avi, -atus, to present. donum, -T, n., gift, present. dormio, -Tre, -Ivi, -Itus, to sleep. duco, -ere, -xl, ductus, to lead t guide. dulcis, -e, sweet. dux, ducis, m., leader, guide. E. e, ex, prep, with abl., out of from. ediico, -ere, -xl, -ductus, to lead forth. educo, -are, -avi, -atus, to educate. effemind, -are, -avi, -atus, to weaken, enervate. ego, mei, /. egredior, -i, -gressus sum, to go forth, depart. egregius, -a, -um, excellent. elegantia, -ae, f., elegance. elephantus, -i, m., elephant. enim, for. eo, Tre, Ivi, itus, to go. Ephesus, -i, f., Ephesus. epistula, -ae, f., letter. eques, -itis, m., horseman. equester, -tris, -tre, pertaining to cavalry. equitatus, -us, m., cavahy. equus, -T, m., horse. erro, -are, -avT, -atus, to err* et, conj., and. Europa, -ae, f., Europe. excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, to go out, depart. excido, -ere, -cidi, , to fall from. excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, to cut down. exemplum 218 Gallia exemplum, -T, n., example. exeo, -ire, -Ivi, -itus, to go forth or out, exercitus, -us, m., army. existimo, -are, -avi, -atus, to think, consider. expiigno, -are, -avi, -atus, to storm, capture. exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, /^ aivait, look for. exterior, -ius, exterior. F. fabula, -ae, f,, story, fable. facile, adv., easily. facilis, -e, easy. facio, -ere, feci, factus, to make, do, perform. f actio, -onis, f., faction. fames, -is, f., hunger. familia, -ae, f., family, household. faveo, -ere, favl, fautus, to favor. Februarius, -1, m., February. feliciter, adv., happily. felix, -Icis, happy. Felix, -Icis, m., Felix. femina, -ae, f., woman. fera, -ae, f., wild beast. fero, ferre, tulT, latus, to bear, carry, endure. ferrum, -I, n., iron. fertilis, -e, fertile. fide, adv., faithfully. fidelis, -e, trusty, faithful. fideliter, faithfully. fides, -el, f., trust, confidence. fidus, -a, -um, faithful. filia, -ae, f., daughter. fllius, -T, m., son. finis, -is, m., end, limit, boundary. fio, fieri, factus sum, pass, of facio, be made, become. firmus, -a, -yxm,firm, strong. floreo, -ere, florui, , to bloom, flourish. flos, -oris, m., flower. flumen, -inis, n., river. fluo, -ere, -xT, -xus, to flow. fluvius, -i, m., stream. folium, -l, n., leaf. fortis, -e, brave, valiant. fortiter, adv., bravely. fortitiido, -inis, f., bravery, forti- tude. fortuna, -ae, f., fortune. forum, -I, n., forum. fossa, -ae, f., ditch. frater, -tris, m., brother. fraus, fraudis, f., fraud. frigidus, -a, -um, cold. frigus, -oris, n., cold. fructus, -us, m., fruit. frumentum, -T, n., corn, grain. fruor, fruT, fructus sum, to enjoy. fuga, -ae, f., flight, fugio, -ere, fiigl, fugitus, to flee, escape. fugo, -are, -avl, -atus, to put to flight. funditor, -oris, m., slinger. fungor, fungi, functus sum, to perform. Galba, -ae, m., Galba. Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul, Gallicus 219 ille Gallicus, -a, -urn, Gallic, gallina, -ae, f., hen. Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul. gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, to re- joice, be glad. gaudium, -I, n. , joy. Genava, -ae, f., Geneva. gens, gentis, f., tribe. genii, -us, n., knee. Germania, -ae, f., Germany. Germanus, -a, -um, German. Germanus, -I, m., a German. gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, to bear, carry on (war). gigno, -ere, genu!, genitus, to be- get, bring forth. gladius, -T, m., sword. gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame. gracilis, -e, graceful, slender. Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek. Graecus, -I, m., a Greek. gramen, -inis, n., grass. gratia, -ae, f., favor, esteem, influ- ence. gratus, -a, -um, grateful, agree- able, acceptable. gravis, -e, heavy, severe. graviter, adv., heavily, severely. H. habeo, -ere, -uT, -itus, to have, hold, regard. habito, -are, -avT, -atus, to dwell, inhabit. Hannibal, -is, m., Hannibal. Hasdrubal, -is, m., Hasdrubal. hasta, -ae, f., spear. Helvetia, -ae, f., Helvetia. Helvetius, -1, m., an Helvetian. herba, -ae, f., plant, herb. hiberna, -orum, n., winter-quar- ters. Hibernia, -ae, f., Ireland. hie, haec, hoc, this. hiemo, -are, -avi, -atus, to winter. hiems, -emis, f., winter. Hispania, -ae., f., Spain. historia, -ae, f., history. Homerus, -T, m., Homer. homo, -inis, m., man, human being. honor, -5ris, m., honor, esteem. hora, -ae, f., hour. Horatius Cocles, -1, -is, m., Hora- tius Cocles. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, to exhort, encourage, urge. hortus, -T, m., garden. hostis, -is, m., enemy (public). hiimanus, -a, -um, human. humilis, -e, low, humble. humus, -1, f., ground. iaceo, -ere, -uT, , to lie. iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus, to throw, hurl. Ianuarius, -1, m., January. ibi, adv., there, at that place. idem, eadem, idem, the same. idoneus, -a, -um,ft, suitable. ignavia, -ae, f., cowardice. ignosco, -ere, -novT, -notus, to pardon, forgive. ille, ilia, illud, that. immortalis 220 Iura immortalis, -e, immortal. impedimentum, -T, n., hindrance ; (pi.) heavy baggage. imperator, -oris, m., co??imander P general, chief. imperitus, -a, -urn, unskilled, ig- norant. imperium, -T, n., command, au- thority, power, empire. impetus, -us, m., attack, violence. impius, -a, -um, impious. impono, -ere, -posuT, -positus, to place on, impose. importo, -are, -avi, -atus, to bring in, import. improbus, -a, -um, wicked. imprudens, -tis, imprudent. in, prep, with ace. and abl., into, in, against. incendium, -T, n., conflagration. incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, to be- gin, take up. incito, -are, -avi, -atus, to rouse, incite, spur on. incola, -ae, m., inhabitant. incolo, -ere, -coluT, , to dwell, inhabit. industria, -ae, f., industry. ineo, -ire, -IvI, -itus, to go into, enter. infelix, -Tcis, unhappy. inferus, -a, -um, below. ingens, -entis, huge, vast. inicio, -ere, -iecT, -iectus, to hurl into or against. inimicus, -T, m., enemy (personal}. initium, -T, n., beginning. iniuria, -ae, f., injury, wrong. innocens, centis, innoce?it. insidiae, -arum, ambush, plot, stratagem. instruo, -ere, -xi, -ctus, to arrange, draw up. insula, -ae ? f., island. integritas, -atis, f., integrity. intellego, -ere, -lexi, -Iectus, to perceive, tinder sta n d. inter, prep, with ace, between, among, during. intercludo, -ere, -clusl, -cliisus, to cut off, obstruct. interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to kill. intersum, -esse, -fuT, , to be among. intra, prep, with ace, also adv., within. invenio, -Ire, -venl, -ventus, to in- vent, find, discover. ipse, -a, -um, ^^"(app.). ira, -ae, f., anger. is, ea, id, that, he, she, it. iste, -a, -ud, that (near you), Italia, -ae, f. ? Italy. iter, itineris, n., way 3 journey, march. iubeo, -ere, iussT, iussus, to order, bid, command. iudex, -icis, m., judge. iudico, -are, -avi, -atus, to judge, decide* Iulia, -ae, f., Julia. Iiilius, -T, m., Julius. Iunius, -T, m., June. Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter. Iura, -ae, m., Jura (a mountain chaifi). 221 iussus, -us, command. iustitia, -ae, injustice. iustus, -a, -um, just, right. iuvenis, -is, m., a young man. iuvo, -are, iuvl, iutus, to aid, help*, assist. Labienus, -T, m., Labienus. laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, to labor, work, toil. laedo, -ere, laesT, laesus, to injure, hnrt. laete, adv., gladly. laetitia, -ae, f., gladness. laetor, -arl, -atus sum ? to rejoice, exult. laetus, -a, -um, glad, joyful. lapis, -idis, m., stone. late, adv., widely, far. latebra, -ae, f., hiding place. lateo, -ere, -uT, , to lie hidden. latus, -a, -um, wide, broad. laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, to praise, commend. laus, -dis, f., praise. legatio, -5nis, f., embassy, legation. legatus, -I, m., ambassador, legate, lieutenant. legiS, -onis, f., legion. lego, -ere, leg!, lectus, to choose, select, read. leo, -onis, m., lion. lex, legis, f., law. libenter, adv., zuillingly. liber, -era, -erum, free. liber, -bri, m., book. liberalitas, -tatis, f., liberality. liberi, -orum, m., children. libero, -are, -avi, -atus, to free, release, liberate. libertas, -tatis, f., liberty, freedom. littera, -ae, f., letter {alphabet); (pi.) epistle^ document. locus, -I, m., place, situation. longus, -a, -um, long, distant. loquor, -T, lociitus sum, to speak, talk, tell, say. liigeo, -ere, luxl, luctus, to mourn. luna, -ae, f., moon. lupus, -T, m., wolf. lux, lucis, f., light. M. maestus, -a, -um, sad. magister, -trl, m., master? teacher. magistrates, -us, m. ? magistracy, magistrate. magnitudo, -inis, f., greatness, size. magnus, -a, -um, great, large. Maius, -T, m., May. malo, malle, malul ? to choose rather, prefer. malus, -a, -um, bad, evil. maneo, -ere, mansl, mansus, to stay, remain, abide. manus, -us, f., hand, band. Marcus, -T, m., Marcus. mare, -is, n., sea. maritimus, -a, -um, maritime Mars, -tis, m., Mars. Martius, -I, m., March. mater, -tris, f., mother. matrona, -ae, f., matron. maxime, adv., especially. medicina 222 nobiliter medicina, -ae, f., medicine. medius, -a, -urn, middle. memoria, -ae, f., memory. mens, mentis, f., mind, reason, judgment. mensa, -ae, f., table. mensis, -is, m., month. Mercurius, -T, m., Mercury. meridies, -el, m., midday, noon. metuo, -ere, -uT, -iitus, to fear. metus, -us, m.,fear, dread. meus, -a, -um, my, mine. miles, -itis, m., soldier. militia, -ae, f., soldiery, military service. Miltiades, -is, m., Miltiades. Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva. miror, -ari, -atus sum, to ad?nire, wonder at. miser, -era, -erum, wretched, un- fortunate. misere, adv., unfortunately. mitto, -ere, mlsl, missus, to send. modestus, -a, -um, modest. mone5, -ere, -uT, -itus, to advise, • warn. mons, montis, m., mountain, hill. morbus, -I, m., disease. morior, morl, mortuus sum, to die. moror, -ari, -atus sum, to delay, tarry. mors, mortis, f., death. mortalis, -e, mortal. mos, moris, in., manner, custom ; (pi.) character. moved, -ere, movi, motus, to move, excite. mox, adv., presently, soon. mulier, -eris, f., woman. multitudo, -inis, f., multitude. multo, adv., much ; multum, adv., much. multus, -a, -um, much. muner5, -are, -avi, -atus, to re- ward, remunerate. munio, -Ire, -Ivi (-il), -itus, to fortify. murus, -T, m., wall, rampart. mus, muris, m. and f., mouse. muto, -are, -avi, -atus, to change, N. nam, for. narro, -are, -avT, -atus, to tell. nascor, nasci, natus sum, to be born, arise. natiS, -onis, f., nation, tribe. natura, -ae, f., nature, birth. nauta, -ae, m., sailor. navigo, -are, -avT, -atus, to sail, navigate. navis, -is, f., ship. ne, conj., that not, lest, so that not. ne, adv., not. -ne, enclitic, sign of question. neco, -are, -avT, -atus, to kill. nescio, -Tre, -TvT, -Itus, not to know. neuter, -tra, -trum, neither {of two). niger, -gra, -grum, black, dark. nihil, n. indecl., nothing; as adv., not at all. Nilus, -I, m., Nile. nisi (conj.), unless, if not. nix, nivis, f., snow. nobilis, -e, noble, famous. nobiliter, adv., nobly. 223 pars noceo, -ere, -uT, -itus, to harm, injure. nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. nomen, -inis, n., name. non, adv., not. nonne, interrog. particle expect- ing answer yes. n5nnullus, -a, -urn, some. noster, -tra, -trum, our. nStus, -a, -urn, known. November, -bris, m., Nove?7iber. novus, -a, -um, new, unusual. nox, noctis, f., night. millus, -a, -um, no. num, interrog. particle expecting the answer no. numerus, -i, m., number. nunc, adv., now. nunquam, adv., never. nuntio, -are, -avl, -atus, to an- nounce. niintius, -T, m., messenger, mes- sage. 0. obses, -idis, m. and f., hostage, pledge. obsidio, -onis, f., siege. obsisto, -ere, -stitl, -stitus, to op- pose, resist, withstand. obsum, -esse, -fuT, to oppose. OCCldo, -ere, -cldl, -cisus, to cut down, kill. OCCUpo, -are, -avi, -atus, to seize, occupy. October, -bris, m., October. oculus, -I, m., eye, sight. offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus, to offend, displease. olim, adv., o?ice, once upon a time. Olympus, -T, m., Olympus. omnis, -e, all, every. onerarius, -a, -um, freighted. onus, -eris, n., load, burden. oppidanus, -T, m., townsman. Oppidum, -I, n., town (walled). Opprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressus, to overwhelm. oppugno, -are, -avl, -atus, to be- siege. Opulentus, -a, -um, rich, opulent. opus, -eris, n., work, fortification. ora, -ae, f., coast. oraculum, -I, n., oracle. oratio, -onis, f., oration, speech. orator, -oris, m., orator. orior, -in, ortus sum, to rise, arise 9 begin, spring from. orno, -are, -avl, -atus, to adorn, decorate. OS, ossis, n., bone. OS, oris, n., mouth. P. paco, -are, -avi, -atus, to pacify, subdue. Padus, -T, m., Padus. parco, -ere, pepercT, parsus, to spare. parens, -entis, m., parent. pareo, -ere, parul, paritus, to obey. pario, -ere, peperl, partus, to bring forth. paro, -are, -avl, -atus, to prepare, provide, acquire, get. pars, partis, f., part, share, por- tion, direction. partio 224 praemitto partio, -Tre, -Ivi, -itus, to divide. partus, -us, m., birth. parvus, -a, -urn, small, little. passus, -us, m., pace. pater, -tris, m., father. patientia, -ae, f., patience. patria, -ae., f., native land, coun- try. pauci, -orum, m.,few. pax, pacis, f., peace. pecunia, -ae, f., money. pedes, -itis, m., foot-soldier. peditatus, -us, m., infantry. penna, -ae, f., feather, wing. pensum, -1, n., task, lesson. per, prep, with ace., through. periculosus, -a, -um, perilous, dangerous. periculum, -T, n., danger, risk, peril. peritus, -a, -um, skilful, experi- enced. pernicies, -el, f., destruction, evil. perniciosus, -a, -um, destructive, pernicious. Persa, -ae, m., a Persian. persuaded, -ere, -si, -sus, per- suade, convince. pertineo, -ere, -ul, — 1 — , to hold through, extend. pervenio, -Tre, -venT, -ventus, to come to, arrive. pes, pedis, Yd., foot. peto, -ere, -IvT, -itus, to seek, ask. piger, -gra, -grum, lazy. pirata, -ae, m., pirate. pius, -a, -um, pious. placed, -ere, -ul, -itus, to please. planicies, -el, f., level ground, plain. planitia, -ae, f., plain. planities, -el, f., plain. Plato, -onis, m., Plato. poculum, -T, n., cup. Poenus, -T, m., a Carthaginian. poeta, -ae, m., poet. polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, to pro??i- ise, offer. Pompeius, -1, m., Pompey. pono, -ere, posuT, positus, to place, put. pons, pontis, m., bridge. populus, -T, f., poplar tree. populus, -T, m., people, nation. porta, -ae, f., gate, entrance. porto, -are, -avl, -atus, to carry, bear. portus, -iis, m., harbor. possum, posse, potuT, to be able. post, prep, with ace., and adv., after. postea, adv., afterwards. posterus, -a, -urn, following. potens, -entis, poiverful. potentia, -ae, f., power. potestas, -atis, f., power, ability, opportunity. potior, -Irl, -Ttus sum, to get posses- sion of, obtain. praeceptor, -oris, m., preceptor, teacher. praeda, -ae, f., booty. praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, to set over, put in command of. praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, to send before. praemium 225 quis praemium, -T, n., reward. praesidium, -I, n., defense, garri- son. praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitus, stir- pass, excel. praesum, -esse, -fuf, to be in com- mand of. provideo, -ere, -vldl, -\is\is,to pro- vide for, care for. provincia, -ae, {., province. priidens, -entis, prudent. publicus, -a, -urn, public, of the state. pudor, -oris, m., shame, modesty. pretiosus, -a, -urn, valuable, pre- puella, -ae, f., girl. cious. primo, adv., at first. primus, -a, -um, first, fore?nost, principal. prior, -us, former, earlier. princeps, -cipis, first, chief; as noun, chief, leader. pro, prep, with abl., before, in front of, for, instead of probus, -a, -um, upright. procedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessus, to advance, proceed. proditor, -5ris, m., traitor. proelium, -T, n., battle, co?nbat. proficiscor, -!, -fectus sum, to set out, go, march. progredior, -T, -gressus sum, to advance, proceed. prohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itus, to hold quam, adv., than. puer, -T, m., boy ; (pi.) boys, chil- dren. pugna, -ae, f., battle, fight, com- bat. piigno, -are, -avi, -atus, to fight, contend. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful, handsome. Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian. punio, -Tre, -TvT, -Ttus, to punish. piirus, -a, -um, pure. puto, -are, -avi, -atus, to think, suppose, judge. Q- quaero, -ere, quaeslvl, -situs, to seek, ask, inquire. qualis, -e, of what kind. back, check, restrain. proicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, to throw forth or forward. Prometheus, -el, m., Prometheus. prope, adv., and prep, with ace., near. propero, -are, -avi, -atus, to hasten. propter, prep, with ace., on ac- count of. prosum, prodesse, profuT, to bene- p. quantus, -a, -um, how great, how much. -que, enclitic conj., and. qui, quae, quod, who, which, what, that. quia, conj., because. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, a certain one, some one. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, any you please. quis, quae, quid, who, what? quispiam 226 quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, any one, anybody. quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, any, any one. quisque, quaeque, quidque, each, each one. quivis, quae vis, quidvis, any one you please. R. rapina, -ae, f., plunder. recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, to take back, recover. recreo, -are, -avi, -atus, to refresh. redeo, -Ire, -TvT, -itus, to go back, return. regina, -ae, f., queen. regio, -onis, f., region. regno, -are, -avT, -atus, to reign. regnum, -T, n., reign, kingdom. rego, -ere, rexT, rectus, to rule, govern, direct. relinquo, -ere, -liquT, -lictus, to leave behind, abandon. remaned, -ere, -mansi, , to remain. renovo, -are, -avi, -atus, to re- new. renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, to bring back word, report. reperio, -Ire, -pperl, -pertus, to find, discover, learn. reporto, -are, -avi, -atus, to bring back. res, rel, f., thing, affair, circufn- stance. res f tfimeiLta.Yia., provisions, corn- supply. resisto, -ere, -stitl, , to with- stand, resist, oppose. responded, -ere, -dl, -sponsus, to answer, reply. respublica, republic, state. revertor, -I, -sus sum, to turn back, return. revoco, -are, -avi, -atus, to call back. rex, regis, m., king. Rhenus, -T, m., Rhine. Rhodanus, -T, m., Rhone. ripa, -ae, f., bank {of a river). Roma, -ae, f., Rome. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman; as noun, a Roman. Romulus, -T, m., Romulus. rosa, -ae, f., rose. rumor, -oris, m., rumor. rupes, -is, f. , rock. rursus, adv., again, back. rus, ruris, n., country. riisticus, -a, -um, pertaining to the country, rustic, rural. riisticus, -T, m., farmer. S. sacer, -era, -crum, sacred. sacerdos, -otis, m. and f., priest, priestess. saepe, adv., often. sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. salubris, -e, healthful, salubrious. saliis, -utis, f., safety, security. sanctus, -a, -um, sacred. sapiens, -entis, wise. sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom. sarcina, -ae, i.,pack, burden. satis 227 tantus satis, adv., enough. scelus, -eris, n., crime. scientia, -ae, f., science, knowledge. scio, -Tre, -TvT, -Ttus, to know, un- derstand. Scipio, -onis, m., Scipio. scribo, -ere, -psT, -ptus, to write. scriptor, -oris, m., writer. scutum, -T, n., shield. sed, conj., but. semper, adv., always, ever. senator, -oris, m., senator. senatus, -us, m., senate. senex, senis, m., old man; adj., old. sepulcrum, -I, n., sepulcher, grave. sequor, -T, -cutus sum, to follow, pursue. sermo, -onis, m., sermon, speech, conversation. servio, -ire, -Ivi, -Ttus, to be a slave, to serve. servo, -are, -avl, -atus, to save, preserve, keep. servus, -1, m., slave, servant. si, conj., if. Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. Slgnifer, -1, m., standard-bearer. signum, -1, n., mark, sign, signal, standard. silva, -ae, f., forest. similis, -e, like, similar. sinister, -tra, -trum, left, unfavor- able. SOCius, -1, m., companion, ally. Socrates, -is, m., Socrates. sol, solis, m., sun. Solon, -onis, m., Solon. solus, -a, -um, alone, only. somnus, -I, m., sleep. soror, -oris, f., sister. Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta. spes, -eT, f., hope, expectation: statim, adv., immediately. statua, -ae, f., statue. stella, -ae, f., star. sto, stare, stetl, status, to stand. subito, adv., suddenly. subitus, -a, -um, sudden. succumbo, -ere, -cubuT, -cubitus, to succumb. succurro, -ere, -currl, -cursus, to aid, succor. SUl, gen. refl. pronoun 3d pers., of himself, herself, etc. Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla. sum, esse, fuT, to be. sumo, -ere, sumpsl, sumptus, to take, assume, claim. superbus, -a, -um, proud, haughty. supero, -are, -avl, -atus, to over- come, conquer. superus, -a, -um, above. supplicatio, -onis, f., thanks- giving. suspicio, -5nis, f., suspicion, dis- trust. sustineo, -ere, -uT, -tentus, to sus- tain, bear, endure. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. talis, -e, such, of such kind. tarn, adv., so. tamen, conj., yet, nevertheless. tantus, -a, -um, sq great, so much. tempestas 228 vereor tempestas, -tatis, f., tempest, weather, time. templum, -1, n., temple. tempus, -oris, n., time, season, oc- casion. teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus, to hold, keep, occupy. tener, -era, -erum, tender. terra, -ae, f., land, country. terror, -oris, m., terror. Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber. Ticlnus, -1, m. v , Ticinus. timeo, -ere, -ui, , to fear, be afraid of. timor, -oris, m., fear, alarm. tolero, -are, -avl, -atus, to bear, endure. totus, -a, -um, all, whole, entire. tradiico, -ere, -duxl, -ductus, to lead across. traho, -ere, traxi, tractus, to draw. trans, prep, with ace., across. transeo, -ire, -Ivi, -itus, to go across, cross. transports, -are, -avl, -atus, to carry across. tribus, -us, f., tribe. Troia, -ae, f., Troy. tu, tuT, thou, you. tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. turn, adv., then, at that time. tutus, -a, -um, safe. tuus, -a, -um, thy, your. U. ubi, adv., where, when. ubique, adv., everywhere. ullus, -a, -um, any. ulterior, -ius, farther, more dis- tanl. umquam, adv., at any time, ever. unus, -a, -um, one, only, alone. urbs, urbis, f., city. urged, -ere, ursi, , to press, crowd, oppress. usus, -us, m., use, practice, service, advantage. ut, conj., that, in order that, so that. uter, -tra, -trum, which (of two). uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two). utilis, -e, useful, serviceable. utinam, adv., would that, O that ! utor, -T, usus sum, to use, employ, adopt, enjoy. utrum, conj., whether. iiva, -ae, f., grape. uxor, -5ris, f., wife. valeo, -ere, -ui, , to be strong, be well. validus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy. vallum, -I, n., wall, rampart. varius, -a, -um, various. vasto, -are, -avl, -atus, to lay waste, devastate. vectlgal, -alis, n., tax, revenue. vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, to sell. venenum, -1, n., poison. venio, -Ire, venT, ventus, to come. verbum, -T, n., word ; (pi.) words, language. vereor, -eri, -itus sum, to fear, dread. Vergilius 229 Zama Vergilius, -I, m., Vergil. Veritas, -atis, f., truth. verii, -us, n., a spit. verus, -a, -um, true. vescor, -T, , to feed upon, eat. vester, -tra, -trum, your. vestitus, -us, m., clothing. vetus, -eris, old, ancient. via, -ae, f., road, way, march. vicinus, -T, m., neighbor. victor, -oris, m., conqueror, victor. victoria, -ae, f., victory. video, -ere, vidl, visus, to see, be- hold. vigilia, -ae, f., a watch {a fourth part of the night). vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, to bind, tie. vinco, -ere, vicT, victus, to con- quer, subdue. vinea, -ae, f., besieging shed. vinum, -T, n., wine. violo, -are, -avl, -at us, to violate. vir, viri, m., man, hero. viridis, -e, green. virtus, -tutis, f., courage, bravery, virtue. vita, -ae, f., life. Vlto, -are, -avT, -atus, to shun. vitupero, -are, -avl, -atus, to blame. vivus, -a, -um, alive. VOCO, -are, -avl, -atus, to call, sum- mon. volo, -are, -avl, -atus, to fly. volo, velle, voluT, to wish, desire. voluptas, -atis, f., pleasure. VOX, vocis, f., voice, sound, word. vulnero, -are, -avl, -atus, to wound. vulpes, -is, i.,fox. X. Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes. Z. Zama, -ae, f., Zama. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. Note. ■ -Numerals are omitted from this vocabulary. They can be found by referring to paragraphs 179 and 183. A. abandon, relinquo, -ere, -llqul, -Hctus. about, de, with abl. abundance, copia, -ae,/ across, trans, with ace. admirable, admirabilis, -e. adorn, orno, -are, -avi, -atus. advance, progredior, -gredi, -gres- sus sum. advise, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus. Africa, Africa, -ae,/ after, post, with ace. afterwards, postea, adv. against, in, with ace. aid, auxilium, -1, n. aid, iuvo, -are, iiivl, iutus. air, aer, aeris, m., ace. aera. Alexander, Alexander, -drT, m. all, omnis, -e. ally, socius, -I, m. alone, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, -um. Alps, Alpes, -ium,yC altar, ara, -ae,/ although, cum. always, semper. ambassador, legatus, -I, m, ambush, Tnsidiae, -arum,/ among, inter ; apud, with ace. ancient, antlquus, -a, -um. and, et, -que. anger, Ira, -ae,/. animal, animal, -alis, n. another, alius, -a, -um. arm, armo, -are, -avi, -atus. arms, arma, -drum, n. army, exercitus, -us, m. arrive, advenio, perveniS, -ire, -veni, -ventus. arrow, sagitta, -ae,/ art, ars, artis,/ Asia, Asia, -ae,/ ask, quaero, -ere, -sivT, -situs. ass, asinus, -T, m. Athens, Athenae, -arum,/ attack, oppugno, -are, -avi, -atus ; aggredior, -di, -gressus sum. author, scrlptor, -oris, m. authority, auctoritas, -tads,/ avoid, vlto, -are, -avi, -atus. 231 Bacchus 232 cavalry-man B. Bacchus, Bacchus, -1, m. bad, malus, -a, -um. badly, male. baggage, sarcina, -ae,/ band, manus, -us, m. bank, rlpa, -ae,/ battle, pugna, -ae, // proelium, -1, n. battle-line, acies, -el,// agmen, -minis, n. be, sum, esse, fuT. be able, possum, posse, potul. be absent, absum, abesse, afuT. beast, bestia, -ae, f. beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. be born, nascor, nascl, natus sum. because, quod, quia. beg, pet5, -ere, -IvI, -Ttus. begin, incipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptus. beginning, initium, -1, n. Belgian, Belga, -ae, m. believe, credo, -ere, credidl, cre- dit us. benefit, prosum, prodesse, proful. be present, adsum, adesse, aft* uT. besiege, oppiigno, -are, -avi, -atus. besieging shed, vlnea, -ae,/ betrayer, prSditor, -oris, m. bind, adlig5, -are, -avi,- -atus. bird, avis, -is, / (birth) , by birth, natii. black, niger, nigra, nigrum. blame, vituperS, -are, -avi, -atus. boat, cymba, -ae,yC body, corpus, -oris, n. boldly, audiicter. boldness, audacia, -ae,/ book, liber, -brl, m. booty, praeda, -ae, /. both . . . and, et . . . et. boy, puer, -erl, ;;/. brave, fortis, -e. bravely, fortiter. bravery, virtus, -tutis ; fortitiido, -inis, /. bridge, pons, pontis, m. bring, porto, -are, -avi, -atus. bring back, reporto, -are, -avi, -atus. Britain, Britannia, -ae,/ broad, latus, -a, -um. brother, frater, -tris, m. build, aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus. but, sed. by, a, ab, with abl. by means of, ablative of instru- ment without prep. Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m. call, voco, -are, -avi, -atus. camp, castra, -orum, n. captive, captlvus, -I, m. capture, capio, -ere, cepl, captus. care, ciira, -ae,/ carry, port5, -are, -avi, -atus ; fero, ferre, tull, latus. Carthage, Carthagd, -inis, / Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis, -e. Catiline, Catillna, -ae, m, cause, causa, -ae,/ cause, facio, -ere, feci, factus; paro, -are, -avi, -atus. cavalry, equitatus, -us, m, cavalry-man, eques, -itis, m. celebrate 233 diligence celebrate, celebr5, -are, -avi, -atus. certain, certus, -a, -urn. certainly, certe. chastise, cast!g5, -are, -avi, -atus. chief, princeps, -ipis, m. children, llberl, -orum, m. ; pueri, -orum, m. choose (rather), mal5, malle, malui. Cicero, Cicer5, -onis, m. Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus, -1, m. citadel, arx, arcis,/ citizen, civis, -is, m. city, urbs, urbis,/ clamor, clamor, -oris, m. cold, frlgidus, -a, -um. cold, frlgus, -oris, n, collect, confero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus. color, color, -oris, m. come, venio, -ire, veni, ventus. commander, imperator, -oris, m. comrade, comes, -itis, tn. concerning, de, with abl. confidence, fides, -el,/ conquer, vinco, -ere, vici, victus; supero, -are, -avT, -atus. conspiracy, coniuratio, -onis, /I conspire, coniur5, -are, -avi, -atus. constancy, constantia, -ae,yC consul, consul, -is, m. contain, contineo, -ere, -tenuT, -tentus. Corinth, Corinthus, -T, / Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae,/ country, patria, -ae; terra, -ae, f. ; riis, ruris, n. create, creo, -are, -avi, -atus. crime, scelus, -leris, n. cross, transeo, -Ire, -ivl, -itus. cross, crux, crucis,yC crown, corona, -ae,yC culture, cultura,/ / cultus, -us, m. cup, poculum, -T, m. custom, mos, mods, m. D. daily, cotidie. danger, periculum, -T, n, daring, audax, -acis. daring, audacia, -ae,yC Darius, Darius, -1, m. daughter, filia, -ae,/. day, dies, die!, m. and/ daybreak, prima lux. dear, carus, -a, -um. dearly, care. death, mors, mortis,/ decorate, orno, -are, -avi, -atus. declare, declaro, -are, -avi, -atus. decree, decerno, -ere, decrevl, decretus. defeat, vinco, -ere, vici, victus; supero, -are, -avi, -atus. defend, defendo, -ere, -dl, -fensus. delay, moror, -an, moratus sum. delight, delecto, -are, -avi, -atus. Delphi, Delphi, -orum, m. depart, discedo, -ere, -cessl, -ces- sus; demigro, -are, -avi, -atus. desire, cupio, -ere, -Ivl, -Itus; volo, velle, volul. destroy, deleo, -ere, -evl, -etus. devastate, vasto, -are, -avi, -atus. Diana, Diana, -ae,/ die, morior, -I, mortuus sum. difficult, difncilis, -e. diligence, dlligentia, -ae,/ diligent 234 fleet diligent, dlligens, -gentis. diligently, dlligenter. direction, pars, partis, f. ditch, fossa, -ae,/ divide, divido, -ere, -vlsl, -vlsus. divine, divlnus, -a, -um. do, facio, -ere, feci, factus. dove, columba, -ae,/ draw, traho, -ere, traxl, tractus. draw Up, instruo, -ere, -striixl, -structus. dwell, habito, -are, -avi, -atus; incolo, -ere, -uT, -cultus. E„ eagle, aquila, -ae,/ ear, auris, -is, f. earth, terra, -ae, / easily, facile. easy, facilis, -e. educate, educo, -are, -avi, -atus. Egypt, Aegyptus, -T, m. elegance, elegantia, -ae, /. elephant, elephantus, -1, m.; ele- phas, -phantis, m. embassy, legatio, -5nis,/. emperor, imperator, -oris, 0*. endure, tolero, -are, -avi, -atus. enemy, hostis, -is; iniralcus, -T, m. enjoy, fruor, frui, fructus sum. err, err5, -are, -avi, -atus. especially, maxime. Europe, Eur5pa, -ae,yC ever, umquam. everybody, quisque. example, exemplum, -T, n. excel, supero, -are, -avi, -atus; praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus. excellent, egregius, -a, -um. exhaust, defatlgo, -are, -avi, -atus. exhort, hortor, -ari, -atus sum; cohortor, -an, -atus sum. eye, oculus, -T, m. F. faction, facti5, -5nis,yC faith, fides, -ei,/ faithful, fldus, -a, -um ; fidelis, -e. faithfully, fideliter, fide. fame, gloria, -ae,yC family, familia, -ae, f. famous, clarus, -a, -um. far, late, longe. farmer, agricola, -ae, m. father, pater, -tris, ;//. fatherland, patria, -ae,yi fault, culpa, -ae,/ favor, faveo, -ere, favT, fautus. fear, timor, -5ris, m. fear, timed, -ere, -uT; vereor, -en, -itus sum. February, Februarius, -T, m, fertile, fertilis, -e. few, pauci, -ae, -a. field, ager, agrT, ;;/. fight, pugna, -ae, / fight, pugno, -are, -avi, -atus. fill, compleo, -ere, -evi, -etus. find, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventus; reperi5, -Ire, repperl, repertus. finish, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, fire, Ignis, -is, m. firmness, c5nstantia, -ae,yC fit, idoneus, -a, -um. flee, fugid, -ere, fugl, fugitus. fleet, classis, -is, /I flight 235 Hannibal flight, fuga, -ae,/ flourish, floreS, -ere, -ul. flow, fiuo, -ere, fluxl, fluxus. flower, flos, floris, m. fly, volo, -are, -avl, -atus. foe, hostis, -is; inimlcus, -1, m. follow, sequor, -T, seciitus sum. following, posterus, -a, -urn. food, cibus, 1, m, foot, pes, pedis, m, foot-soldier, pedes, peditis, m. for, dat. without prep.; pro, with abl. for (conj.), nam, enim. for a long time, din. forces, copiae, -arum,/ forest, silva, -ae,/ forgive, Ignosco, -ere, -novl, -notus. form (battle line), instruo, -ere, -struxl, -structus, former, ille, ilia, lllud. form plan, ined consilium. for sake of, causa. fortification, vallum, -I; opus, operis, n. fortify, munio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itus. found, condo, -ere, -didi, -ditus. fox, vulpes, -is, fo fraud 9 fraus, fraudis,/ free, liber5, -are, -avT, -atus. free, liber, -era, -erum. friend, amicus, -T, m. friendship, amicitia, -ae,/ frighten, terreo, -ere, -m, territus. from, e, ex, a, ab, with abL G. gain, reporto, -are, -avi, -atus. Galba, Galba, -ae, m, garden, hortus, -1, m, gate, porta, -ae,yC Gaul, Gallia, -ae, / general, imperator, -oris, m. German, Germanus, -a, -um. German, Germanus, -1, m. Germany, Germania, -ae,/. gift, donum; -T, n. girl, puella, -ae,/ give, do, dare, dedT, datus. glad, laetus, -a, -um. gladness, laetitia, -ae,/ go, eo, ire, IvT, itus. go away, abeo, -ire, -il, -itus. god, deus, -1, m. goddess, dea, -ae,/ go into, ineo, -Ire, -il, -itus. gold, aurum, -I, n. good, bonus, -a, -um. goods, bona, -orum, n, grain, frumentum, -I, n. grape, uva, -ae,/ grass, gramen, -inis, n. grave, sepulchrum, -I, n. great, magnus, -a, -um. Greece, Graecia, -ae,/ Greek, Graecus, -I, m. green, viridis, -e. grief, dolor, -oris, m. growth, auctus, -us, m, guard, praesidium, -I, n. H. Haeduan, Aeduus, -1, m. half, dlmidium, -I, n, hand, manus, -us, m. Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis, m. happy 236 kill happy, felix, -cis; beatus, -a, «um. harbor, portus, -us, m. hasten, propero, -are, -avl, -atus; contendo, -ere, -dl, -tus. have, habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. he, is, hie, ille. hear, audio, -ire, -TvT, -Ttus. help, iuvo, -are, iuvT, iutus. Helvetia, Helvetia, -ae,/ Helvetian, Helvetius, -1, m. hen, gallina, -ae,/ high, altus, -a, -um. hill, collis, -is, m. his, suus, -a, -um. history, historia, -ae, f. hither, citerior, -ius. hold, teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus. holy, sacer, -era, -crum. home, domus, -iis,/ Homer, Homerus, -T, m. hope, spes, spel,/ Horatius Codes, Horatius Cocles, -1, -itisj m. horn, cornu, -us, n. horse, equus, -I, m. horseman, eques, equitis, m. hostage, obses, -idis, m, hour, hora, -ae,/I house, domus, -us,/ huge, ingens, -entis. human y humanus, -a, -um. immortal, immortalis, -e. in, in. into, in. increase, augeo, -ere, auxT, auctus. industry, industria, -ae,/ infantry, peditatus, -us, m. inhabitant, incola, -ae, ??i. injure, laed5, -ere, laesi, laesus; noceo, -ere, -ui, -itus, innocent, innocens, -entis. in order that, ut. inquire, quaero, -ere, quaesTvIj quaesitus. integrity, integrities, -atis,/ Ireland, Hibernia, -ae,/ island, Insula, -ae,/ it, id, hoc, illud. Italy, Italia, -ae,/ January, Ianuarius, -1, m. journey, iter, itineris, n. joy, gaudium, -T, n. judge, iudex, -icis, m. Julia, Iiilia, -ae,/ Julius, Iulius, -1, m. July, Iulius, -I, m. Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis, m. Jura, Iura, -ae, m. just, iustus, -a, -um. justice, iustitia, -ae,/ I, I, ego, mei. if, si. if not, nisi. illustrious, clarus, -a, -um. immediately, statim. K. keen, acer, acris, acre. keep away, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus. kill, nec5, -are, -avl, -atus; inter- ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. kind 237 narrow way kind, benlgnus, -a, -um. king, rex, regis, m. knee, genu, -us, n. knowledge, scientia, -ae,/ known, notus, -a, -um. labor, labor, -oris, m. labor, laborS, -are, -avi, -atus. lack, desum, -esse, -fuT; deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. lady, matrona, -ae,/ land, terra, -ae, / language, sermo, -onis, m, large, magnus, -a, -um. last, ultimus, -a, -um. latter, hie, haec, h5c. law, lex, legis, / lay waste, vast 5, -are, -avi, -atus. laziness, pigritia, -ae,/ lead, duco, -ere, duxi, ductus. leader, dux, ducis, m. leaf, folium, -T, n. learn, disc5, -ere, didicT. left, sinister, -tra, -trum. legion, legio, -onis,/ lest, ne. letter, littera, -ae; epistula, -ae; / liberality, liberalitas, -atis, /. liberate, libero, -are, -avT, -atus. liberty, libertas, -atis,/ lie, iace5, -ere, -uT. lieutenant, legatus, -T, m. life, vita, -ae,/ light, lux, lucis,/ lion, leo, leonis, in. little, parvus, -a, -um. live, habito, -are, -avT, -atus. long, longus, -a, -um. love, amo, -are, -avT, -atus. love, amor, -oris, m, low, humilis, -e. M. maid-servant, ancilla, -ae, / make, faci5, -ere, feci, factus. man, homo, -inis; vir, -1; m. many, multT, -ae, -a. march, iter, itineris, n. ; via, -ae,/ March, Martius, -T, m. Mars, Mars, Martis, m. master, dominus, -1; magister, -trl; m. meal, cena, -ae,/ Mercury, Mercurius, -I, m. messenger, nuntius, -T, m. mile, mille passuum. Miltiades, Miltiades, -is, m. mind, mens, mentis, / / animus, -1, m. Minerva, Minerva, -ae,/ modest, modestus, -a, -um money, peciinia, -ae,/ month, mensis, -is, m, mortal, mortalis, -e. mother, mater, -tris, / mourn, luge5, -ere, lux!, luctus. mountain, mons, montis, m. move, moveo, -ere, movi, motus. much, multus, -a, -um. multitude, multitudo, -inis,/ N. name, nomen, -inis, n. narrow, angustus, -a, -um. narrow way, angustiae, -arum, / nation 238 promise nation, natio, -onis, f. near, ad, with ace. ; prope, adv., and prep, with aee. new, novus, -a, -urn. night, nox, noctis,/ Nile, Nilus, -I, m. none, nullus, -a, -um. not, non, ne. nothing, nihil (indeclinable). now, nunc. number, numerus, -1, m. 0. 0,5. obey, pareo, -ere, -uT, -itus. occupy, occupo, -are, -avi, -atus. of, genitive without prep. offend, offendo, -ere, -1, -fensus. often, saepe. oh that, utinam. old, vetus, veteris; senex, senis. old man, senex, senis, m. Olympus, Olympus, -T, m. On, in, with abl. and ace. on account of, causa, once upon a time, olim. open, aperio, -ire, -ui, apertus. Oppose, obsum, -esse, -ful. Oracle, oraculum, -T, n. Oration, oratio, -onis,/ Orator, orator, -oris, 771. order, iussus, -us, m. Order, iube5, -ere, iussi, iussus. ought, debeo, -ere, -uT, debitus. Our, noster, -tra, -trum. out from, e, ex, with abl. overcome, supero, -are, -avi, -atus. pacify, paco, -are, -avi, -atus. parent, parens, -entis, m, andf. part, pars, partis,/ patience, patientia, -ae,/ peace, pax, pacis,/ peasant, rusticus, -1, m. people, populus, -1, 771. perform, fungor, -gi, functus sum. perseverance, constantia, -ae,/ Persian, Persa, -ae, m. persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sus. physician, medicus, -1, m. pirate, plrata, -ae, m. place, locus, -T, m. place, pono, -ere, posuT, positus. plain, planities, -el, / Plato, Plato, -onis, ;//. please, place5, -ere, -uT, -itus. pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. pleasure, voluptas, -atis,/ plow, aratrum, -1, n. plow, aro, -are, -avi, -atus. Po, Padus, -1, m. poet, poeta, -ae, m. poor, miser, -era, -erum. poplar, populus, -T,/ power, potentia, -ae,/ powerful, potens, -entis. praise, laus, laudis,/ praise, laudo, -are, -avi, -atus. prefer, mal5, malle, maluT. prepare, par5, -are, -avi, -atus. pride, superbia, -ae, / priest, sacerdos, -otis, m. Prometheus, Prometheus, -eT, m. promise, polliceor, -eri, -itus sum. protection 239 protection, praesidium, -1, n. proud, superbus, -a, -um. provisions, commeatus, -us, m. prudence, priidentia, -ae,yC Punic, Punicus, -a, -um. punish, piinio, -ire, -Tvl, -Itus. pupil, discipulus, -I, m. put in command, praeficiS, -ere, -feci, -fectus. put to death, nec5, -are, -avi, -atus; interficio, -ere, -feci, -fec- tus. put to flight, fug5, -are, -avi, -atus.