John Swett ''-r^-:mm'V^''M '.'"';*■ •.,^-' ,<£U.. THE ORTHOEPIST: A PRONOUNCING MANUAL, CONTAINING ABOUT THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED WORDS, INCLUDING A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF THE NAMES OF FOREIGN AUTHORS, ARTISTS, ETC., THAT ARE OFTEN MISPRONOUNCED. BY ALFRED AYRES. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & COMPANY, I, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. 1881. COPYRIGHT BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANYc 1880. PEEFATOEY I^OTE. This little book has been made for the use of those who aim to have their practice in speaking English conform to the most ap- proved orthoepical usage. This aim has always been esteemed a worthy ambition, and will continue to be so esteemed as long as the manner in which one speaks his mother-tongue is looked upon as showing more clearly than any other one thing what his cul- ture is, and what his associations are and have been. There are very many cultured people who would be amazed if their mispronunciations were to be pointed out to them. Not long since the writer met at the dinner-table of a friend a liberally educated member of one of the learned professions, who descanted at con- ' 54IB75 siderable length on the importance of speaking one's vernacular according to the best usage, maintaining that correctness in this particular is worth all the other polite accomplishments, that it is the surest criterion by which to judge a stranger's social status, etc. And yet the gentleman, much as he seemed to pride him- self on his critical knowledge of English, mis- pronounced several words in daily use. It is not expected that any one who has given special attention to the subject of Eng- lish orthoepy will agree with the author in every particular; but those who look at all carefully at what he has. done, will see that he has taken some pains, and, further, that on a few points he hazards an impression of his own. Instance what he says about the slurring of the pronouns, and about the sound of the vowels, especially o, when standing under a rhythmical accent. The object in view has been as much to awaken an interest in the subject-matter as to teach. The pronunciation of the foreign names that will be found in their alphabetical places, and which are frequently mispronouncedj will not, it is thought, make the book less acceptable to any, while it will, perhaps, make it more acceptable to some. Those who discover that the same things are said in a plurality of places, will kindly remember that repetition is the only sure road to mental acquirement. Suggestions and criticisms are solicited, with the view of profiting by them in future editions. A. A. New York, Odohei*^ 1880. KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION. a, long as in a, short " a, long he/ore r '' a, Italian " a, intermediate ^' a, Iroad " a, obscure " e, long " 5, short ^* ^, like a " e, like a " e " e, obscure *^ i, long " 1, short " 1, like long e " 1, short and obtuse ... '' i, obscure *' 6, long " 6, short " 6, like short u " g, like long oo " hale, gray, fate, pad, fat, have, rfin, fare, pair, bear, far, father, calm, fast, grasp, branch., fall, walk, haul, liar, hesitancy. mete, seal, eve. men, mSt, sell, ferry, h^ir, th^re, where, obey, prey, eight, her, herd, fern, verge, brier, fuel, celery. pine, ice, fire, file, miss, pin, fill, mirror, mien, machine, police, sir, fir, thirsty, bird, ruin, elixir, ability. note, foal, old. not, 5dd, resolve, son, done, other, won. move, pi'Qve, do. 6, like short oo as in bosom, wolf, woman. 6, Iroad^ like a '' nor, form, sort, stork. o, obscure " naajor, confess, felony. 00, long " moon, food, booty. do, short " wool, foot, good. u, long " tube, tune, use, lute. li, short *' tiib, hut, tis, hurry. u, like long oo " rule, true, rumor. ii, like short oo . . " btill, ptish, put. 4, short and oMuse. " f4r, lirge, conciir. u, obscure " sulphur, deputy. y, long " style, lyre, fly. y, short " sylvan, cyst, lyric. y, short and oMuse " myrrh, myrtle. oi or oy (unmarked) " oil, join, moist, oyster. ou or ow (unmarked) " out, hound, owl. g, so/t^ like s sharp " gede, gite, raergy. -e, Aarc?, like h " -call, -eon-eur, success, gh, soft, like sh " ^haise, marchioness. •eh, hard J like Jc '' -ehorus, eeho, disti-eh. g, hard " get, tiger, begin. g, soft, like j " gem, engine, elegy. §, soft, like z " ha§, amu§e, rogeate. th, soft, fat, or vocal " this, the, smooth. $, like gz '' e^ist, e$ert, auxiliary. The letter g, when used in representing the pronunci- ation of French words, simply indicates that the preceding consonant has a nasal utterance. THE ORTHOEPIST A. This vowel is pronounced « as a letter, but a as a word. In the languages of Continental Eu- rope it usually has a sound like a voifar ox father^ or — especially in French — like a in an% branchy grass, etc. Aaron — kv'\m. ab-do'men ; ab-d5m'i-nal. ^b'ject; Sb'ject-ngss. ^b'so-lute, not -lut. ab-s6ru-to-ry. The dictionaries say that the penultimate o in such words as declamatory, migratory, in- ventory, matrimony, dedicatory, derogatory, natatory, category, parsimony, piscatory, pos- tulatory, prefatory, preservatory, territory, etc., etc., is or should be pronounced like short {H) or obscure (if) u; that is, like o in major, actor, fac- tor, etc. Is this true? The penultimate o of See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 10 these wbi'ds falls, without an exception, tinder a rhytlwfiml ?:ccen;c, which naturally does and , isho^^ld'hririg but, in no small degree, the quality of the vowel, though not in the same degree that it is brought out when standing under a primary accent. And yet it would be as much in har- mony with the spirit of the language to say jc>r6- servatory, making the o as long as the penulti- mate in protozoic, as it is to slur it to the extent we naturally do in syllables where it has no accent whatever, as, for example, in protector^ protectorship, rector, rectorship, rectory, etc. It is safe to assert that it is only those specially schooled to slur this o who pronounce it accord- ing to the dictionary marking. There are many who say matrimony, and a few who say inven- tory ; but there are probably none, in this coun- try at least, who are consistent and uniformly suppress this o in the whole long list of words in which it is found. To do so is to take some- thing from whatever of sonorousness the lan- guage naturally has, as all languages are sonorous in proportion to their wealth in vowel-sounds. See antinomy, ab-s5lve', or ab-§6lve'. ab-s6rb', not -zorb^ ab-ste'mj-otls. ab'stract-ly. ab-struse', not -strus'. ^c-a-de'mi-an. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 11 ^c'cgnt, noun. ac-cent', verh ; ac-cent'ed. ^c'cess, or ac-c6ss'. The first marking is preferred by the later orthoepists, and is sanctioned by our most care- ful speakers. ac-ces^so-ry, or ^c'ces-so-ry. Ease of utterance has shifted the accent from the first to the second syllable, where it will re- main. ac-cirmate ; ac-cli'ma-tize. ac-c6st', not -kawst'. The o of this word, though so marked, is not really as short as the o in not. Short o is slightly prolonged when followed by ffy fty ss, st, or th, as in off, soft, cross, c6st, broth ; also, in many words where it is followed by n or final ng, as in g6ne, begone, Ibng, prong, song, str6ng, thdng, thrdng, wrong. The extreme short sound, in these words, is as much to be avoided as the full broad sound of a, as in hard, which in this country is so frequently heard. ac-cou'tre, not -cow'-. ac-crue', not -cm'. The orthoepists agree that u, preceded by r in the same syllable, generally becomes simply 00, as in rude, rumor, rural, rule, ruby. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 12 Sg'e-tate. ^c'me, or ^c'me. a'corn, Twt a'corn. acoustics — a-kow'stiks, not a-kdbs'tiks. acquiesce — ^k-we-6s'. a-cr6ss', not a-krawst'. a-cr6s'tic, not a-kraws'tic. See accost. Sc'tor, nx)t d-c^tor. M-a-m3,n-te'an. M-ap-ta'tion. ad-dress', hoth the noun and the verb, ad-duce'. When, in the same syllable, long u is pre- ceded by one of the consonants c?, ^, I, n, s, or th, it is not easy to introduce the sound of y/ hence careless speakers omit it, pronouncing duti/, dooty ; tu7ie, toon ; lute, loot ; nuisance, noosance, etc. And yet to make the u in these words as clear and perfect as in 7nute, cube, etc., is over-nice, and consequently smacks of pedan- try. The two extremes should be avoided with equal care. a-dept', not M'ept. ad-ke'sive, oiot -zive. M'i-pose, or M-j-pose', not -poz. See Kejr to Pronunciation, p. 6. 13 M'mi-ra-ble ; M'mi-ra-bly. M'mi-ral-ty, not ad-mi-r^rty. A-do'nis. a-dult', not M'ttlt. ad-vance^, not ad-vance', nor ad-v^nce'. The fifth sound of a^ called the intermediatey is found chiefly in monosyllables and dissyllables. At the beginning of this century these words were generally pronounced with the full Italian a, which by the exquisites was not unfrequently exaggerated. This Walker undertook to change, and to that end marked the a of words of this class like the a in man, fat, dt, etc. The innovation, however, met with only partial success. Web- ster and Worcester both opposed it. Now there is a general disposition to unite in some inter- mediate sound between the broad a in father, which is rarely, and the short d in at, which is frequently, heard in this country. Some of the words in which a now receives this intermediate sound are : advantage, after, aghast, alas, amass, alabaster. Alexander, answer, ant, asp, ass, basic, basket, blanch, blast, branch, brass, cask, casket, cast, castle, chaff, chance, chant, clasp, class, contrast, craft, dance, draft, draught, enchant, enhance, example, fast, flask, gantlet, gasp, ghastly, glance, glass, graft, grant, grasp, grass, hasp, lance, lass, last, mask, m.ass, mast, mastiff, nasty, pant, pass, past, pastor, pasture, plaster, prance, quaff, raft, rafter, rasp, sample, shaft^ slander, slant, staff task, trance, vast, waft. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 14 adventure — ad-v6nt'yur. M'verse, not M-verse', nor M-vurse'. MVer-ti§e, or M-ver-ti§e^ ad-ver'ti§e-ment. The vowel e before r in a monosyllable or an accented syllable in which the r is not followed by a vowel or by another r, and in derivatives of such words — especially when the syllable re- tains its accent, as in herd, defer, deferring, err, concern, maternal — has an intermediate sound between u in surge and e in ferry. The uncul- tured are wont to give the e in such words the full sound of u in surgej as murcy for mercy, furn for fern, etc. This intermediate sound is quite distinct from both iX and ^. It is less gut- tural than the former and less palatal than the latter. It is heard in ermine, verge, prefer, ear- nest, birth, mirth, bird, myrtle, virgin, thirsty, learn, discern, fertile, fervent, fervid, perch, per- fect, perfidy , perfume, perjure, permeate, serpent, service, terse, verb, verdant, verdict, vermin, ver- nal, verse, versify, her, herb, hermit, hearse, cer- tain, dervis, germ, tner chant, mercury, merge, mer- maid, nerve, adversity, etc. Also heard in some unaccented syllables, as in adverb, adverse, etc. ^-ne'id. a'er-ate; a'er-at-ed. aerie — e're, or a're. a'er-o-lite. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 15 a'er-o-naut. affaire d'amour (Fr.) — af'far' da'mor'. affluxion — af-fltik'sliuii. aforesaid — a-f6r's6d. again — a-gen^ ; against — a-genst'. The usual sound of the diphthong ai is that of long a. The principal exceptions are in said, saith, again, and against, where it has the sound of short e ; in plaid and raillery, where it has the sound of short a ; in aisle, where it has the sound of long i ; and in final unaccented sylla- bles, as in fountain^ curtain, etc., where it has the sound of short or obscure ^. a-gape', or a-gape'. a'ged, not ajd, except in compound words. ag-gr^n'dize-ni6nt, or fig'gran-dize-ment. agile — 3,j'il, not ^j'il, nor a'jil. ^g-ri-cillt'u-rist, not -u-ral-ist. airment, not -munt. In pronouncing such terminal, unaccented syllables as ment, cent, ance, ence, stant, ent, al, less, ness, etc., it is as important to avoid making the quality of the vowel too apparent as it is to avoid saying munt, swit, unce^ stunt, unt, ul, luss, nuss,etc. If the one is slovenly and vulgar, the other is pedantic and affected. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 16 ^ra-bas-ter, not al-a-b^s'ter. al-brno. al-bu'men, not ^rbu-men. ^rco-rd,n, not al-co'ran. ^I'cove, 01' al-cove^ Al-ex-M'drine. ^rge-bra, not -bra. ^rge-bra-ist, or ^1-ge-bra'ist. The second is the marking both of Webster and Worcester in all except their later unabridged editions, which accent the first syllable. ali4s, or ^ri4s, 7Z(9^ a-li'as. alien — ^aryen, not ali-en. al-le'giance, or al-le'gi-ance. Webster's dictionary always has made this a word of four syllables, the later unabridged editions excepted. fi,rie-go-rist. allegro — al-le'gro, or al-la'gro. al-l6p'a-tliy ; al-lSp'a-tMst. al-lude', not -lud. See adduce. al-ly' ; ^?., al-lie§'. This noun is frequently pronounced dl'ly^ in accordance with the gcfneral custom of changing See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 17 the accent of words used both as nouns and verbs. But Walker shows that this is a violation of a stronger analogy, since "it is a universal rule to pronounce y like e in a final unaccented syllable." Therefore this accentuation is errone- ous, and it is altogether unauthorized. almond — a'mund. alms — amz, not almz, nor ^mz. al-p^c'a, not ^1-a-p^k'a. alpine — ^rpin, or (better ?) -pin. al'so, not srso. ^1-ter-ca'tion, not al-, hut al- as in alum. al-ter'nate, noun and adj.^ not al-. ^I'ter-nate, or al-ter'nate, verb. al-ter'na-tive, not al-. a-lu'mi-ntim, not a-lu^-. al-ve'o-lar, or ^iVe-o-lar. al-ve'o-late, or ^iVe-o-late. aVways, not al'wuz, nor blVuz. amateur — a'ma-tur'. There have been as many ways set down for pronouncing this word in English as there have been English dictionary-makers. The fact is, the exact sound of the last syllable can not be represented by any characters we have at com- mand. This word is semi- Anglicized. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 18 In pronouncing French, it is of the first im- portance to bear in mind that it is a compara- tively unaccented language ; that the difference in the quantity of the syllables is due rather to a prolongation of the vowel-sounds of the long syllables than to their receiving a greater stress of voice. ^m'ber-gris. There is a class of words, mostly of French and Italian origin, in which i retains the long sound of e ; as, ambergris, antique, bombazine, capuchin, caprice, critique, gabardine, haber- dine, quarantine, ravine, routine, fascine, fa- tigue, intrigue, ^nachhie, magazine, marine, palanquiyi, pique, police, tambourine, tontine, oblique, etc. Brazil, chagrin, and invalid for- merly belonged in this list ; now, however, they are generally, if not universally, pronounced with the i short. ambrosia — am-bro'zlie-a, or am-bro'zlia. ameliorate — a-mel'yo-rate. a-me'na-ble, not a-mSn'-. amende honorable (French) — a'mSngd' 6n'6'ra-br. a-menl-ty, not a-me'ni-. amour (Anglicized French) — a-mor' amour propre (Fr.) — a'mor' priipr'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. v' 19 an-cSs'tral. Ease of utterance has transferred this accent from the first to the second syllable. anclior — ^ng'kur. an-clioVy. ancient — ^an'shent, not ^n'% andiron — tod'i-urn. anew — a-nu', not a-nu'. angel — ^an'jel, not an'jl, nor ^n'jtil. angular — ^ng'gu-lar. an-ni'lii-late, not an-nilate. annunciate — an-niin'slie-at. an-oth'er, not a-n&th'-. an'swer. See advance. S,n-te-pe-nult^ There is no authority for saying dn-te-pe' nUlt ; still, that is what the recognized pronunciation of this word will be sooner or later, probably. We already have authority for saying pe'niUty instead of pe-niXlt' , a,n'ti, not ^n'ti. ^n'ti-mo-ny. an-tin^'o-my. The penultimate o of these two words, it will be seen, is marked in both cases alike, i. e., See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 20 according to the dictionaries. Who will contend that the sound of the vowel is, or should be, the same in both words? In the first word it is the vowel of a long syllable ; in the second, of a short one. See absolutory, an-tip'o-deg, not ^n'ti-podz. anxiety — ang-zi-e-ty. anxious — ^ngk'slius. a'pgx, not ap'ex. Apli-ro-drte. a-p6d'o-sis. apologue — ^p'o-l6g. apostle — a-p6s'sl. Sp-o-the'o-sis, not ^p-o-the-o'sis. ^p-pa-ra'tus, or ^p-pa-ra'tus. ap-p4r'ent, not ap-par'ent. appreciation — ap-pre-she-a'shun. ap-pren'tice, not ap-prin'tis. ^p'pro-ba-tive. a'pri-c6t, oiot &p'ri-c6t. apron — a'purn, or a'prun. h propos (Fr.) — a pro'po'. ^p'ti-tude, not -tud. The u of altitude^ amplitude^ assiduityy See Key to FronunciatioD, p. 6. 21 assume, attitude, astute, attribute (the noun), etc., has its long sound slightly abridged. The careless generally pronounce it u. See adduce, aquiline — ^^k'we-lin, or -lin. aqueduct — ^k'we-diikt. Ar'ab, 7iot X'rAb. Ar'a-bic, not A-ra'bic. archangel — ark-an'jel. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the Greek and is followed by a vowel, it is pronounced arJc; as in archangel, architect, archive, archipelago, archiepiscopal, archaeology, etc. ; but when arch is prefixed to an English word, it is pronounced so as to rhyme with march ; as, archbishop, archduke, archfiend, ar-^hi-di-^c'o-nal. arctic — ark'tik, not ar'tik. ard'u-otis, not ar'dous. are — ^ar, not kr. a're-a, not a-re'a. a-re'o-la, not ^-re-6la. ar'gand. ar'gen-tine. A-ri-M'ne. A-ri'on. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 22 a-ris'to-cr^t, or ^r'is-to-cr^t. Ar-k^n'sas. ar-ma'da, or ar-ma'da. ar'mis-tice. a-ro'ma-tize. arquebuse — ar'kwe-btis, not -bus. ar-rear' ; pl,^ ar-rear§'. ar'se-nic. Ar'te-mis. Asia — a'she-a, not a'zha, nor a'zhe-a. Asiatic — a-slie-^tl€, not -zhe-. as-pir'ant. ^s'sgts, not as-s6ts'. associate — as-so'slie-at, not as-so'shat. association — as-so-she-a'sliun, not -se-. assure — a-shur', not -shur'. as-sur'ance. as-tr6g'ra-phy ; ^s-tro-l5g'i€. ^tli-e-ne'um. ^s-tro-n5m^i€. ate, not 6t ; imp, of to eat. k toute force (Fr.)— a' tot' fors'. k tout prix (Fr.) — a' to' pre'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 23 attache (Fr.)— a't^'sha'. Aubert— 6'bar'. au-da'cious, not -dfcli'us. au fait (Fr.)— 6^ fa'. Au-ge'an. aunt, not Snt. au-re'o-la, not au-re-o'la. au revoir (Fr.) — o' rtiv'war', au'rist. au-ro'ra bo-re-alis. aus-cul-ta'tion. auxiliary — awg-zirya-re. a-vaunt', or a-vaunt'. ^.v^e-nue, not -nu. aw'fiil, not aw'fl. awkward, not awk'ard. a-wry', not aw-ry'. axiom — ax'e-tim, or ^ks'yum. axle — ^k'sl. ay, or aye (meaning yes) — i. aye (meaning always) — a. a^z'ote, or a-z6te'. azure — a'zliur, or Szh'ur. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 24 B. This consonant, preceded by m or followed by t in the same syllable, is generally silent ; as, Imnh^ limhy comb, dumhy climb, bomb, tomb, doubt, debt, subtle, etc. Buccumh is said to be one of the exceptions ; in this country, however, it is generally pronounced without the b. bade — ^bS-d, Twt bad. bagatelle (Fr.)— ba^g^'tgr. badinage — ba'di'nazli'. balm — bam, not b^m. Balmoral — ba,l-m5r'al. Balzac — ^b^Fz^k', not bal'-. banquet — ^b^ng'kwet. Ba-r^b'bas, not bar'ab-bas. barouclie — ^ba-rosli', not -rocli'. b^r'rel, not -ril. ba-salt', not -zalt'. bas-bleu — ^ba'-bluh^ Those who do not know the French pronun- ciation well are advised to use the English word blue-stocking, as good English is always better than bad French. ba-sliaw\ ba,ss' re-lief , not ba-, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 25 B^s^tile'. batli, not ba,th ; jp?., bathg. Beatrice Cenci (Italian) — ^ba-a-tre'cM cliSii'clie. beau monde (Fr.) — bo' maund'. beaux-esprits (Fr.) — ^bo'-zas'pre'. be-cauge', not be-c6z'. bedizen — ^be-di'zn, or be-diz'n. Be-6l'ze-bub, not bgrze-btib. bedstead — ^b6d'st6d, not -stid. Beethoven — ^ba'to-fen. been — ^bin. Pronounced hen in England by many care- ful speakers ; their highest authority, however, marks it hm, be-g6ne', not -gawn. See accost. be-Mlf , not -Mf. Be'lie-mStli. behoove. Whether written with one o or with two, this word is pronounced he-h6bve\ and not be- hoved bel-esprit (Fr.) — ^bgl'-as^pre'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 26 bellows — ^bsrius. Smart says : " Though generally considered as a plural, some authors join bellows to a verb singular ; and this will justify the pronunciation heVlus.'''^ Walker remarks : " The last syllable of this word, like that of gallows^ is corrupted beyond recovery into /w5." be-neath', not -neatli\ be-queath', 7iot -queatli'. Beranger — ba'r5ng'zlia'. Ber'lin, not ber-lin^ The latter pronunciation is neither English nor German, since the Germans say hdr-len', bestial — ^bSst^al. bestrew — ^be-stru', or -stro'. See strew. be-tr6tli^, not -troths be-tr6tli'al, not -troth'-. be-tr6tli'ment, not -troth'-. bev'el, not b6vl. bib-li-6g^ra-pliy. bi-fur'cate. bi-ftir'cat-ed, oiot -id, nor -iid. Making id or ud out of terminal ed is one of the most objectionable, as well as one of the most common, of faults. The mangling of the terminal See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 27 vowels is more offensive to a cultured ear than the misplacing of an accent. billet-doux (Fr.) — be'ya'do'. The plural {billets-doux) is pronounced, in French, precisely like the singular. bi-fin'ni-al, not bi-. Bingen— bing'en, not bin'jen. bi-no'mi-al, not bi-. bi-6g^ra-pliy, not bi-. bis'mutli. Bis'marck, not biz^-. At the end of a syllable, 5, in German, has invariably its sharp, hissing sound. bi-tu'm6ii, not bit'ii-men. blackguard— bMg'gard. bMs^phe-motis, not bMs-plie'mous. bla'tant, not bla'-. blase (Fr.)— bla^za'. bleat — ^blet. bless'ed, adj. There are some participial adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in which the e of the last syllable is commonly sounded ; as, agedy beloved^ blessed, cursed, deuced, wicked, winged, etc. The pulpit affectation that sounds See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 28 the ed of the imperfect tense and the participles, when reading the Bible, is going out of fashion. blithe. Blumentlial — ^blu'men-tal. blue, or blue. Smart is the only orthoepist who gives the u of this word the sound of long oo, Boccaccio — bo-ka'cho. bold'est, not -ist, nor -ust. bombast — bfim'b^st. This is the accentuation of Walker, Webster, Cull, and Richardson ; it is permitted by Worces- ter, and is the general pronunciation in this coun- try. Boileau — bwa'lo'. bombazine — ^b&m-ba-zine', not b6m-. Boleyn — ^bdbl'in. Bolingbroke — ^bsring-brdbk. bom-byg'i-noiis. Bonnat — ^bttn'na'. bSn'net, not biln'-. booth, not booth. Borghese — bor-ga'za. Bouguereau — ^bo'ger'o'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 29 Boulanger — bol6ng'z]ia\ bouquet (Fr.) — ^bo'ka'. bourn, or bourne — ^born. The authority for pronouncing this word boom is very slight. bowsprit — bo'sprit, not bow'% Bra'min, not bra^-. bra-va'do, or bra-va'do. braVo, not bra'-. breeches — bricli'ez. breeching — briching. brStii'ren, n/)t bretii'er-6n. breviary — brev'ya-re, or breVi-a-re. brew — bru, not bru. brewer — ^bru'er. brig'and, not bri-g^nd'. brig'an-tine, not -tin, nor -ten. bristle — ^bris'sl. bro'gan, or bro-gto'. bro'mine, not -min. bro'mide, not -mid. br5n-€lii'tis. brSth'el. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 30 Brougham — ^brdb 'am. bruit — ^brut. bruige. Buddha — ^bud'a, or blid'a. buoy — ^bwoy, or bwoy. bureau — bu'ro. Bur'gun-dy. bur-l6sque'. biish'el, not biishl. business— ^biz'nes, not -ntis. See ailment. C. . This letter is hard, and sounds like ^, before a, o, and u ; soft, and sounds like 5, before 6, % and y, except in sceptic and scirrhus^ and their derivatives, in which it is hard, like Jc, When ce or ci are preceded by the accent, and are followed by a vowel in the next syllable, the c combines with the e or i to form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, tenacious, etc. Sometimes the c alone has this sound, or rather the e or i is used twice. First it combines with the c to make the sound sh, then it takes on its usual sound, as in sociology — so-she-ol'o-gy. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 31 In discern, suffice, sice, and sacrifice, and their derivatives, c has the sound of z. It is silent in czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and also in terminal scle, as in muscle, etc. cabaret — ka'b^'ra'. See amateur. cabriolet— ka'bre'ola'. cachet — ^ka'sM'. Cadi — ^ka'dj. cafe (Fr.)— ka'fa'. Cairo — in Egypt, ki'ro ; in tbe United States, ka'ro. caisson — ka'son. This word is generally marked by orthoepists ka-soon' or ka'sobn; but it has'become thoroughly Anglicized, and should be pronounced according to English analogy. The above marking is be- lieved to conform to good usage. ca-Msli'', not Jash\ cal-cin'a-ble. cal-cine', or c^rcine. The dictionary authority for the second mark- ing is very slight. The preference shown for it in this country is due to its having been so marked in the earlier editions of Webster. The last edition only permits it. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 32 cardron, not c^l'-. calf — caf, not c^f. ca'lipli, not ca'-. c^l-is-thenics. calk — kawk, not kawlk. cal-lig'ra-pliy. Cal-li'o-pe. calm, palm, psalm, alm§. calyx, or c^l'yx. ca-mero-pard. c^m'phor, not -fir. Canaanite — ca'nan-ite. canaille — c^'nie'. The last syllable is* very like a running- together of long i and long e, c^n'cel, not c^n'sl. ca-nine', not ca'nine. caoutchouc — koo'chdok. C^p-u-glim'. car'bine. carbonaceous — kar-bo-na'slius. ca'ret, not c^r'-. careme (Fr.) — ka'ram'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 33 cAr'i-cat-ure, not -ca-ture, nor -ca-chur. c^rl-cat-u-rist. Worcester's and Webster's marking of these words is -ca-tur-. carte de visite (Fr.) — kart de ve'zet'. 'car'tsr (Fr.), not car'tSl, nor car-tSl'. carte blanclie (Fr.) — kart bl5ngsli. car'tridge, not kdt-. Car-tha-gm^i-an. ca§e'ment, not -miint. caseous — ^ka'se-us, ka'she-iis, or ka'sMs. c^s'si-mere, 7iot k^z'-. cassino (game) — kas-se'no. castle — ^k^s'l, not k^s'tl. casual — ^kd-zh'ii-al. casuistry — ^k^zh'u-is-try. catalogue — kd,t'a-l5g, not -log. ca,tcli, not kStcli. cateckumen — ^k^t-e-ku'meri. caviar (Fr.) — k^Ve'ar.' Cay-gnne', not ki-6n'. Cecil — s6s'il. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 34 cSri-ba-cy. This is the marking of all the orthoepists except Webster, who gives the preference to se-lWa-se, cellar, not stiller. cellular — cSryu-lar. cSm'ent, 07* ce-mSnt' {nouTi). Smart says ce-ment\ and thinks this accentu- ation will finally prevail. cem'e-t6r-y, not cgm'e-try. c6n-trif' u-gal, not cgn-tri-fu'gal. c6n-trip'e-tal, not cgn-tri-pe'tal. ce-pMric, not cgpli^al-ic. ce'rate, not c6r'-. cere'ment, Tiot ce're-. "But tell Why thy canonized bones, hears'd in death. Have burst their cerements ! " — Hamlet, Not "canoniz'd bones, hearsed in death," as it is generally read. cer'tain, not cert'n. ce-rule-an, not ce-ru'-. ^ha-grin'. See ambergris, chal'dron, or chardron. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 35 Cham — \&m, cham'b'er, not cMm'-. chamois — sh^mVa'. chan'cer-y, not chan^-, nor cMn'-. See advance. €lia'6s, not -lis. chapeau — sha'po'. gha-rade'. charge d'affaires — shar'zha' d4f'far^ chasten — chas'sn, not chS-s'n. ch^s'ti§e-ment, not ch^s-tiz'-. chateau en Espagne — sha'to' Gn'as'pM'. Cherubini — ka-r u-be 'ne. chestnut — chgs'nut. chew — chu, not chu. ghi-ca'ner-y, not chi-. chick'en, not chick'n. chirdren, not chirdurn. chimpanzee — chim-p^n'ze, or -pdn-ze'. Smart accents the last syllable. Chi-ne§e', not -nese'. €hi-r6p'o-dist. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 36 cMg'el, not chiz'l. gMv'al-ric, or ghi-v^rric. gMv'al-rotts, not clii-vArroiis. ghiv'al-ry, not cMv'- (antiquated). ^Mo'ride. According to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in icle should have the i long ; all other authorities, however, mark it short. Chopin — slio'ptog', n6>^ clio'pin. €horer-ic. €li6'rist, not -eliSr'- (antiquated). €li6r'is-ter. christen — kris'sn. christening — ^kris'sn-ing. Christianity — ^krist-y^n'e-ty, or kris-te. ^n'e-ty. Christmas — kris'mas, oiot krist'-. €hr6n'o-l6g-ic. cic'a-trice, not -trice, cicerone — sis-e-ro'ne (Anglicized). The maker of this little book would take occasion to say here that, in his judgment, it is always well to make one's pronunciation, when speaking English, as English as permissible. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 37 choose — chuz, not chuz. ciliary — sirya-ry. CiVce. Cincinnati — sin-sin-na'ti, not -n^t'ta. cir'cum-stance — ance as in instance. cis-a,rpine, or (better ?) -pin. cit'a-del, not -dtil. cit'rate, not ci'trate. civ'il, not civ'l, nor civ'ul. cMn-des'tine. clapboard — kMb'bord. cMr'i-on. clem'en-cy, not -tin-. clew — ^klu, not klu. clerk. In England pronounced Mark ; in America, except on the stage, Merk. cl6tll. Before th, st, and ss, the letter o is frequently sounded aw in this country, as in cloth, hroth, lost, cost, moss, dross, etc., which is accounted inelegant ; it is not more objectionable, however, than a palpable effort to make the vowel short. See accost. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. S8 c6-ad-ju'tor. c6-M'ju-tant. c5c]i'i-neal, or (according to Smart) c6cli-i-near, not koch'-. c5ck'a-trice, not -tris. coffee — k6f' f e, not kauf f e. See accost. cocoa — ko'ko. c6f 'fin, not kauf 'n. See accost. coexist — k6-egz-ist\' c6g'ni-z^nce. There is good authority for pronouncing this word cdn'i-zdnce ; but this pronunciation finds little favor in America. cognac — kon'ya,k', not ko'ni-^k. c6g-no'men. Colbert (Fr.)— kurbar'. Coleridge — korrij. c6l-os-se'um. cSrum-ba-ry. column — kSl'um, not -yum, nor -y&m. col-la'tion, not ko-la'tion. com'bat, or cSm'bat. The question here is whether the o shall have the sound of o in come or of o in from. Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 39 Worcester, Smart, and others prefer the o in come ; Webster and others, and popular usage, the o in from. The stage has always followed Walker, making the 6 very short ; but, though this may perhaps be considered the more elegant mode of pronouncing the word at present, the longer o will doubtless eventually prevail. com'bat-ant, or c5m'-. com'bat-ive-ness, or com-b^t'-. Ease of utterance has put the accent on the second syllable of this word, where, despite the dictionaries, it is pretty sure to remain. Comedie Frangaise — kom'a'de' frSng'- saz'. comely — ktimly, not kom'-. comme il faut (Fr.) — ^ktim el fo. com-mend'a-ble ; in verse^ often c6m'-. "'Tis sweet and commendable in thy nature, Hamlet." " Silence is only comm6^c7able In a neat's foot dried and a maid not vendable." commensurable — kom-men'shu-ra-ble. cttm'ment^ verb and noun, com-mi§'er-ate. c6m'mon-w6altli, or c5m-mon-wealtli'. c5m'mu"iii§m ; cttm^mu-nist. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 40 c6m'pa-ra-ble. com-pa,r'a-tive. com-pa'tri-ot, not -p^t'-. corn-peer'. com-peired, participial adjective. " Finding ourselves too slow of sail, we put on a compelled valor." — Hamlet. com-pen'sate, or c6m 'pen-sate. See con- summate, complaisance — ^k6m'pla-z^nce^ Worcester accents the last syllable of this semi- Anglicized French word ; Webster the first, placing a secondary accent on the last. In French, whatever difference there is in the quantity of the three syllables is due to the vowel-sound of the last syllable being somewhat drawn out. c6m'plai-§ant^ c5m'plex, not com-pl6x'. c6m'pro-mi§e. comptroller— kon-troVer. c5m'rade, or coin'rade, or -rM. The authorities are divided on this word somewhat as they are on combat^ which see. The last marking of the second syllable, though not sanctioned by the dictionaries, certainly is by etymology and good use. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 41 con amore (It.) — ^kSn a-mo'ra. concave — kSng'kav, not -kav. con-c6n'trate, or c6n'cen-trate. See con- summate, conch — kSngk. con-cise', not -cize'. con-elude', not -clud'. See aptitude, con-clu'sive, not -ziv. concord — kSng'kord. Concord (town) — ^k6ng'kurd. concourse — kSng'kors. con-cu'bi-nage. con-dolence, not c5n'do-. conduit — kSn'dit, or kun'dit. con-fess'or, or c6n'fess-or. The latter accentuation is becoming anti- quated. c6n'fi-d^nt^ con-fis^cate. See consummate. c6n'flu-ent, not con-flu'-. congenial — ^kon-jen'yal. There is abundant authority for making this a word of four syllables ; but, fortunately, few people follow it. See Key to Pronunciation^ p. 6. 42 congeniality— kon-Jen-y^ri-ty, or -ni4r-. Congo — ^k6ng'g6. congregate — ^k5n'gre-gate, or k6ng'-. congress — ^kttng'gres. congressional — ^kon-gr6sli'un-al. con-jure', to solemnly enjoin^ to adjure, con'jure, to influence hy magic. " What is he whose grief Bears such an emphasis ? whose phrase of sorrow Conjures the wand'ring stars, and makes them stand Like wonder- wounded hearers ? " Which word does Hamlet use here ? From time immemorial the stage has said that he uses the second. In other words, according to the stage, Hamlet accuses Laertes of playing hocus- pocus with the stars. connaisseur (Fr.) — con^a'sur'. The orthography of this word is made to conform to that of the modern French, because ai represents the sound of the syllable, and oi does not. The sound of the last syllable can only be approximated with English characters. The ur of fur, however, somewhat prolonged, is very near it. conquer — k6ng^ker. conquest — ^k6ng'kw6st. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 43 conscientious — k6n-slie-6n'sliiis. c5n-ser-va'tor, or c6n'ser-va-tor. con-sid'er-a-ble, Tiot -sid'ra-ble. con-sign'or, ot c6n-sign-6r'. con-sis'to-ry, or c5n'sis-to-ry. c6n-s6ls. The important point in pronouncing this word is to make the o of both syllables short. As for the accent, it seems to be quite immaterial where it is placed. con-spir'a-cy, not -spf-. c6n'striie. con-sume'. c6n'sum-mate, or con-stim'mate, verh. Those who prefer, in common with nearly- all the orthoepists, to accent the second syllable of such three-syllabled verbs as contemplate^ compensate^ confiscate^ constellate^ demonstrate^ despumate^ expurgate^ and extirpate^ will perhaps think it well to except consummate in order to distinguish it from the adjective. con-tem'plate, or cSn'tem-plate. cSn'tents, or con-t6nts\ The penultimate accent of this word is not only well-nigh universal in this country, but is sanc- tioned by Webster, Worcester, Clarke, and others. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 44 contour — kSn'tdbr'. cSn'trast, noun. con-trast', verh. con-trib'ute, not c6n'tri-bute. . cSn'tro-vert, not c6n-tro-vert'. c6n^tU"ine-ly, not con-tu'me-ly. c5n'ver-sant, not con-ver^-. cftn-ver-sa'tion, not -za'-. con-verse', verh ; c6n Verse, noun. c6nVex, not con-v6x'. con-voy', verh ; c5nVoy, noun. Gobp'er, or cdbp'er. Smart says : " Cooper and its compounds are doubtful (with respect to tlie sound of 06) except in common speech, which, in London at least, invariably shortens them." Common speech means uncultured, non-pains- taking speech, which certainly is not a desirable model to copy after. The lower orders, the world over, are slipshod in their articulation. The most sonorous vowel-sounds in the German language are never, by any chance, made by the common people, simply because they require a little greater effort than approximate sounds that suffice. Cooper for cooper — like hoop for hoop, root for root, soon for soon, soot for soot, roof for roof, hoof for hoof, wUnt for won't, hlXm for See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 45 home, hiXl for whole, etc. — is probably one of those corruptions which it is wisdom to avoid. cbr'al, not co'ral. cordial — kord'yal? or kor'de-al. c6rd-iari-ty, or cor-di-^ri-ty. corkscrew — kork'skru. Corot— ko'ro'. co-ro'nal, or c6r'o-nal. Preference is given here to the first marking, because it more fully brings out the vowel-sounds and conforms to the primitive coro'na, corps d'armee (Fr.) — kor dar'ma^ corps diplomatique (Fr.) — ^kor de'plo'- ma'teek'. c6r'ri-d6r. cor-ro'sive, not -ziv. cortege (Fr.) — kor'tazh'. corvette (Fr.) — korVet'. co§-m6g'ra-pliy. cos-tume', or c6s'tume. coterie (Fr.) — ko'te-re'. couu'sel, not coun'sl. coup d'etat (Fr.) — ko da'ta' coupe (Fr.) — ^ko'pa'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 46 courier — ^ko're-er. courrier (Fr.) — ^ko're'a'. Courbet — kor'ba'. courteous — kur'te-tis. courtier — kort'yer. cov'er-let, not -lid. cov^et-ous, not -e-chiis (antiquated). cow'ard-ice, not -ice. cr^n'ber-ry, not cr^m'-. creature — kret'yur. creek, not krik. cre'ole. cre^o-sote. crem^a-to-ry. . crew — kru. Cromwell — ^krttm'well, or krSm'-. cru'ci-fix. crude. The vowel u preceded by r in the same sylla- ble has the sound of oo, cru'el, not -il, noi' -til. cu'cum-ber, not kow'- (antiquated). cuirass — kwe 'r ^s'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 47 cuirassier — kwe 'ras-ser'. cuisine (Fr.)— kwe'zen'. culj-na-ry, not kiiri-. cu'po-la, not cu'pa-l6. Cura§oa — ^ku-ra-so'. cu-ra'tor. cur'so-ry, not -zo-. cur-tair. curtain — kur'tin, not kur^tn. cy-clo-pe^an. cy-lin'dric. cynosure — si'no-sliur, 6>r -shur. czarowitz — zAr'o-vitz, not -witz. Czerny — ckar'ne. D. This consonant is silent only in the words Wednesday y handkerchiefy and handsome. daguerreotype — da-ger'o-tip. dahlia — dal'ya, or daVya. da,n'de-li-on, nx)t d^n'de-lin. Worcester accents the penult of this word. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 48 Da'nisli, not D^nlsTi. da'ta, 07' da'-, da'tum, or da'-, daub, 7iot d6b. daunt, not dawnt. deaf — def. Webster alone of all the orthoepists pro- nounced this word def— 2^ pronunciation which now is considered very inelegant. debenture — de-bent'yur. de bonne grAce (Fr.) — de bon' gras'. debris (Fr.)— da'bre'. debut (Fr.)— da^u'. As the sound of the French u can not be represented in English, even approximately, or made by English organs of speech without much practice, the safer plan is to Anglicize both syl- lables of this word, and call it simply de-hu'y or to avoid using it at all. debutant, debutante (Fr.)— da'bu'tSng', da'bu'tSngt'. As in the case of debut^ we would recommend that these words be Anglicized in sound, and both pronounced dlh-u-t^nt'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 49 dgc'ade, not de-kad'. de-ca'dence. decalogue — dek'a-l6g, not -log. descent, not de 'stint. de-ci'sive, not -ziv. dec-li-na'tion. de-cliVotis. de-co'rous. The authority is small, and is becoming less, for saying dec'o-roiXs^ which is really as incorrect as it would be to say sdn'o-roUs. de-crep'it, not -id. de-d6c'o-rotis. de-duce', not -dus'. de-M'cate. d6f-al-ca'tion, or de-M-ca'tion. def 'i-cit, not de-fig'it. de-file^ Sheridan said def'i-le, de-fini-tive. degage (Fr.) — da'ga'zM'. deglutition — deg-lu-tish'un. degout (Fr.) — da'go'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 50 Delaroclie — dela'riisli'. de-lude', not -lud^ de-lu'sion, not -lu'-. dSm-o-ni^a-cal. de-mSn'stra-ble. de-mftn'strate, or dem'on-strate. See consummate. de-m5n'stra-tive. denouement (Fr.) — da'no'mfing'. denunciate — de-ntin'slie-at. depot — de'po. This word is so thoroughly Anglicized that it is in doubtful taste to pronounce it a la fran- paise ; but, Anglicized, if we give the vowels their long sound, the syllables still have nearly the same quantity. d6p-ri-va'tion. d6r'e-lict. dernier (Fr.) — dam'ya'. de-ri'sive, not -ziv. Descartes — da'kart'. deshabille (Fr.)— da^za^be'ya. de-sic'cate, 07* dfts'ic-cate. Desgoffe — da'giif^ See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 51 de-§ign', or de-sign'. The second pronunciation is seldom heard, and is certainly not euphonious, though the weight of authority is in its favor. des'ig-nate, not d6z'-. de-sist', not -zist'. des'o-late, not dez'-. des-pe-ra'do, or -ra'-. des'pi-ca-ble, not des-pic'a-ble. de§-§ert'. des'tlne, not -tin. desuetude — des'we-tiid. d6s'ul-to-ry. de-tair, verb. de'tail, or de-tair, noun. Preference is given to the first marking by the later English authorities, and in the last edi- tion of Webster. det-es-ta'tion. detour (Fr.)— da'tor.' de trop (Fr.) — de tro. de-vas'tate, or dev^as-tate. dev-as-ta'tion. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 52 devoir (Fr.) — dtiv-war', dew — du, not du. diaeresis — di-6r'e-sis. dialogue— di^a-l6g, not -lawg. dfa-mond. di-Ss'to-le. di'a-tribe. This word is pronounced dVa-tri-he by Smart, and dl-dt' re-be by several orthoepists. di'et-a-ry. dif-fu'sive, not -ziv. dig-i-talis. digression — de-gresli'un. di-late', not di-late'. di-lem'ma, not dl-. di-lu'tion, not -lu'-. din'ar-^liy. di-6g'e-§to, 07* di-o-§e'§an. di-o-ra'ma, or -ra^-. diph-the'ri-a — dip- or dif-. dipli'tliOng — dip'- or dif'-. Worcester and Smart prefer the former, Web- ster the latter. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 53 diplo-m^te. dip-lo-m^t'ic, not di-plo-. di-pl6'ma-tist, not di-pl6'-, nor dip'lo^ dj-rectly, not di-. dis — dis, or diz. " When the accent, either primary or secon- dary, is on this inseparable preposition, the s is always sharp and hissing ; but when the accent is on the second syllable, the s will be either hissing or buzzing, according to the nature of the consecutive letter. That is, if a sharp mute, as p^ t, k, or c hard, succeed, the preceding s must be pronounced sharp and hissing, as dispose^ distaste, etc. ; but if a flat mute, as b, d, or g hard, or a vowel or a liquid, begin the next syllable, the foregoing s must be sounded like z, as dis- burse, disdain, etc. ; but if the secondary accent be on this inseparable preposition, as in dis- belief, etc., the 5 retains its pure hissing sound." — Walker. In accordance with Walker, Smart says : " As to the pronunciation of this prefix, the s is un- vocal [i. e., sharp or hissing] if the accent, primary or secondary, is on the syllable ; but if the next syllable be accented and begin with a real vowel (not u) or a vocal consonant [i. e., flat mute], the s is sounded z, unless the word is connected with a principal word in which the 5 is un vocal ; for in such case the derivative fol- lows the primitive." See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 54 di§-a'ble, or dis-a'ble. di§-arm'j not dis-. di§-as-ter, not dis-. di§-b^nd', or dis-. di§-biirse', or dis-. dis-card', not dis'card. discern — diz-zern'. discernment — diz-zern^ment. dis'ci-pline, not di-ciplin. disclosure — dis-Mo 'zhur. dis-count'j or dis'count, verh. Webster stands almost alone in accenting the first syllable of this word. discourteous — dis-kur'te-iis. dis-crep'an-cy, or dis'cre-p^n-cy. di§-dain, not dis-. di§-ea§e', not dis-. dis-frto'clii§e, not -chiz. di§-g6rge', or dis-. di§-grace', or dis-. di§-gui§e', or dis-, di§-gtist', or dis-. dishabille — dis-a-biV. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 55 dishevelled— di-sli6vld. di§-li6n'est, not dis-. di§-li5ii'or, not dis-. dig-in'ter-est-ed, or dis-. di§-join, or dis-. dig-junc'tive, or dis-. di§-like', or dis-. di§-l6dge, or dis-. di§-loy'al, or dis-. di§-may', or dis-. di§-miss', or dis-. di§-mount', 6)r dis-. di§-6r'der, or dis-. di§-6wn', 7^(9^ dis-. dis-po§-§ess', or dis-pos-sess'. dispossession— dis-poz-zesli'un, or -s6sli'-< dis'pu-ta-ble, not dis-pu'ta-ble. dis^pu-Mnt, not dis-pu'tant. Disraeli — diz-ra'el-e. di§-robe', or dis-. dis-sem'ble, not diz-zem'ble. dissociate — dis-so'she-at. dis'so-lute, not -lut. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 56 di§-§6lve', not dis-s6lve'. dis-syl-Mbic. dis-sylla-ble, or dis'syl-la-ble. disticlL — dis'tik. distingue — des't^ng'ga'. distinguish — dis-ting'gwisli. dis'trict, not des'-. di-v^n'. diVerse-ly. di-yert', not dk di-vest', not di-. docile — dbs^il, not do'sil, nor dossil (anti- quated). 'd6c'u-ment. does — diiz. d6g, not daug, nor the other extreme^ dtig. See accost. dolce — dol'clia. d5ro-rotis. d6m'i-ne, not do'mi-ne. d5n'a-tive. donkey — dSng'ke, not diing'ke. D5r'ic, not Do'ric. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 57 dost — dftst, not dost. doth — dtith, not doth. * double-entendre — ddb'bl-6ng't5ng'dr. dra'ma, or dr^m'a. And then there is an abundance of unheeded authority for saying drd'md, draught — draft. dromedary — driim'e-da-ry, not dr6ni'% drSss. See accost. drought — drowt. Dru'id, not Dru'id. du'bi-otis, not du'-. dtic'tile, not -til. du'el, not dul. duke, not duk. duly. See adduce. dy'nas-ty. Smart and some others say dm'as-te; and this pronunciation is very common, though by many considered vulgar. dys'en-ter-y, not diz'-. dys-pgp'sy. Worcester and half a dozen other orthoepists accent the first syllable. See Key to Pronunciation, p. & 58 E. This vowel, tlie most frequent in the lan- guage, has two principal sounds : long as in eve, short as in end. In the languages of continental Europe it generally has the sound of a in /ate or e in met, according to position. In French, when un- marked, it is silent in many positions, and in many others has a peculiar and unrepresentable sound, which when distinct approaches that of short u in sum, and when slurred that of obscure e in over. eastward, not eastward. eau de vie (Fr.) — o de ve. eclat (Fr.)— a'kla^ 6c-o-n6in'ic, or e-co-nSm'ic. ec-o-n6m'i-cal, 6>r e-co-nSm'i-cal. The first is the marking of a large majority of the orthoepists. ec-u-men'i-cal. E'den. Most words ending in en drop the e in pro- nunciation, as dozen (doz'n), so/ten (sof n), oftenf> (of'n), etc. The e in such words is sounded more frequently by unschooled pedants than by the careless. Some of the words in which the e should be sounded are aspen, chicken, hyphen, kitchen, lichen, and marten. The e is also sound- See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 59 ed when preceded by ^, m, n, or r, as in woolen, omen, linen, siren, barren ; but fallen, stolen, and swollen drop the e. As for Eden, sloven, sudden, heathen, hounden, and mitten, some speakers suppress and some sound the e, e'dile. e'en — en. effort, or ef'fort. . 6f-fr6nt'er-y, not -frSnt'-. ef-fu^sive, not -ziv. e'go-ti§m, or eg'o-tigm. egregious — e-gre'Jus. either — either, or i'ther. Smart says that between e'ther and I'ther there is little in point of good usage to choose. The last edition of Webster's dictionary says that analogy, as well as the best and most gen- eral usage, is decidedly in favor of e'ther. See neither. eleemosynary — 3l-e-m6z'e-na-re. e-le'gi-^c, or el-e-gi'ac. There is abundant authority for the second marking, but for the most part, in this country, the word is made to conform to the rule that words ending in ia, iac, ial, ian, eous, and ious have the accent on the preceding syllable ; as demoniac, regalia, melodious, etc. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 60 6l-e-pli^n'tiiie, not -tin. eleve (Fr.) — alav'. eleven — e-lev'n. gri-gi-ble, not e-ligl-ble. elite (Fr.)— adet^ E-Uz'a-b6tli-an. - This is the dictionary pronunciation of this word ; ease of utterance, however, generally puts the accent on the penult. Ellen— ell'en, not 6irn, nor eirtin. Sim, not gVtim. el-o-cu'tion, oiot 6l-e-. Sro-quence, not -kwiince. e-lu'ci-date, not -In'-. See aptitnde. e-ln'sive, not -^iv. elysian — e-lizh'e-an, not e-liz'e-an. elysium^ — e-lizli'e-tLm, not e-liz'e-iim. emaciate — e-ma'she-at. em-balm', not -b^m^ embrasure — em-bra'zhur. em-en-da'tion, not e-men-. e'mir. emollient — e-mSl'yent. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 61 em-pir'ic, or 6m^pi-ric. The time was when the weight of authority was in favor of the second marking ; not so now. gm'prSss, not -pris. See ailment. em-py-e'ma. 6n-ce-pMric. en-cy-clo-ped'ic. en-cy-clo-pe'dist. e-nerVate. The only authority for saying en'er-vdte is popular usage ; all the orthoepists say e-ner^vdte. enfranchise — en-frdn'chiz, not -chiz. en'gine, not -Jin. English — ing'glisL e-nig'ma. en-ig-mat'ic or e-nig-m^tic. • Though the weight of authority is against us, we nevertheless give the first place to Walker's marking of this word. ennui (Fr.) — 5n'we'. ensemble (Fr.) — ong'sSng'bl. ensure — en-shur', not -shur'. en-tliu'§i-^§m, not -thu'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 62 entree (Fr.) — Sng'tra^ enunciate — e-nun'she-at. en-vgrop, verh. envelope, noun — 6ngVe-lop, or (better) enVe-lop. enveloppe (Fr.) — 6ngVe-ltip'. en-vi'ron§, or 6n'vi-r6n§. The first accentuation is cei^tainly much to be preferred. ep'au-let. Ep-i-cu-re'an. Webster alone of all the orthoepists gave this word the antepenultimate accent ; and though in the last edition of his dictionary the preference is given to this accentuation, we are distinctly told in the " Principles of Pronunciation," in the first part of the volume, that Epicurean is one of a list of words ending in an which accent the penult. epilogue — ep^i-l5g, not -log. epistle — e-pis'l. ep'i-t^pli, not -taf. ep'o€li, not e'p5eli. The latter is a Websterian pronunciation, which is not even permitted in the late editions. See Key to Pronunciation, p, 6. 63 equable — ekSva-bl, or e'kwa-bl. Preference is given here to Smart's marking, though he stands quite alone. equation — e-qua'stun, not -zliun. e-qua-to'ri-al. equerry — ekVe-re. e'qui-n5x, not ek'-. equipage — ek'we-paj. equitable — ek^ we-ta-bl. equivoke — ek'we-vok. ere — kx ; ere long — ^r l6ng. err — er. er^rand, not ^r'tind, nor ^r^ant. erudite — er'yu-dite, not 6r'u-. The latter pronunciation is neither euphonious nor easy of utterance. erudition — er-yu-dish'un, not Sr-u-. erysipelas — er-e-sip'e-las, not ir-. es-ca-pade'. espionage — es'pe-o-nd-zli'. etli-n6g'ra-pliy. etui (Fr.j— a^twe^ Eu-ro-pe'an, not Eu-ro^pe-an. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 64 Eu-ter'pe. etagere (Fr.) — a'ta'zhar'. ev-an-geVi-cal, or e-van-. The first marking is that of Walker and Smart ; the second, that of Webster and Worces- ter. Preference is given here to the first, because it is thought to be more euphonious and more in accordance with good usage. e-va'sive, not -ziv. evening — eVn-ing, not evening. ev'er-y, not 6v're. ev'i-d6nt, not -dimt. evil — eVl. ewe — yu, or yu. The first is the pronunciation set down by nearly all the orthoepists ; the s,econd is that of the last edition of Webster. ex. The letter x in this prefix, when followed by an accented vowel, usually has the sound gz (x) ; sometimes, also, in the derivatives of such words, even though x stands under the accent, as exalta'- tion, ex'emplary. When the accented vowel is preceded by A, universal custom drops the h if the sound of gz is given to the cc. The h can be more easily aspirated when the x is pronounced as ks ; but See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 65 the writer inclines to the opinion that the h is nearly always (from necessity) dropped in both cases — a point which the orthoepists seem to have overlooked. e:^-^ct', e:]^-^ct'ly, e^-^ct'or. exaggerate— egz4j 'er-at. e:^4g-ger-a'tioii. e^-alt^, 6:?^-al-ta'tioii. e:^-am'ine, e:^4m-i-na'tioii. e^-am'ple. e:^4s'per-ate, e:^-^s-per-a'tion. ex-ci§e', noun and verb ; ex-ci§e'man. ex-clu'sive, not -klu'ziv. excruciate — eks-kru'she-at. See accrue. 6x^cre-tive, or ex-cre'tive, adj. The first marking is Webster's and Worces- ter's ; the second, Smart's. • ex-cur'sion, not -zMn. e^-ec^u-tive. e:^-ec'u-tor, e^-gc^u-trix. e^'em-pla-ry, not e^-em'pla-ry. exempt — egz-Smt'. The letter p is silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, etc. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 66 e^-ert', e^-er'tion. exhale — eks-hale'. exhaust — egz-aust', or eks-haust'. exhaustible— egz-austi-bl, or eks-haust'-. exhaustion— egz-aust'yun, or eks-haust'% exhibit — egz-ib'it, or eks-hib'it. exhibition — eks-he-bish'un. exhilarate — egz-iVa-rat, or eks-hira-rat. exhort — egz-ort', or eks-hort'. ex-hor-ta'tioUj not egz-or-. exhorter — egz-or'ter, or eks-hor'ter. ex-hume', Webster. e^-hume', Worcester. 6x'i-gen-cy, not ex-ig'en-cy. exile, noun — eks'il, not egz-iF. " exile, verh — eks'il, or egz-il'. The first marking is Webster's and Smart's ; the second, Walker's and Worcester's. e:5^-ist^, e:^-ist'ence. ex'it, not egz'it. e:^-6n'er-ate, e:?^-6n-er-a'tion. 6x'o-ra-ble. e:}^-6r'bi-tant. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 67 e:^-6r'di-tim. e5-5t'ic. ex-pa'tri-ate, ex-pa-tri-a'tion. Webster said eJcs-pdt'-, ex'pert, or ex-pert', noun. ex'ple-tive. 6x'pli-ca-ble, 7iot ex-plic'-. 6x'pli-ca-tive. ex-ploit'. * ex-pl6'sive, not -ziv. ex-po'nent, not -ntint. expose (Fr.) — eks'po'za'. ex-pur'gate, or 6x'pur-gate. ex'qui-§ite, adj. and noun^ not eks-quiz'it. ex't^nt^, not fex'tant. As the syllables of this word are properly about equal in quantity, it is thought to be mis- leading to put a mark of accentuation over the first one only. ex-tSm'po-re, not -tem'por. extinguisli — eks-ting'gwisli. ex-tir'pate, or 6x'tir-pate. 6x'tra, not 6ks'tre. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 68 extraordinary — ex-tror'di-na-ry. exuberant — egz-yu'ber-ant. e^-ude'. ex-u-da'tion. e:^-1ilt', e^-tilt'ant. ex-ul-ta'tion. eyre — kr. eyry — ar'e, or a're, or e're, or i're. Good authority for every one of them. Choose ! F. This letter has always the same sound except in the preposition of and its compounds, where it has the sound of v. It is never silent. In German, v has the sound of /. facade (Fr.)— fa^sM'. facial — fa'shal. facile — f^s'il. fa,c-sim'i-le. failure — ^fal'yur. fait accompli (Fr.) — fa'ta'cSng'ple'. falchion — ^faurcliun, or -sliun. falcon — f aw'kn, not fd-l'kn. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 69 fa-mil-i4r'i-ty, -ye-^r'e-te, or -y^r'e-te. f Ar'o, not fa'ro. fascia — Msli'e-a. faubourg (Fr.) — ^fo'bor' ; Anglicized, fo'borg. fau'cet, not iMl-, fault, not f 6lt. Faure — for. faVor-ite, not -it. feb^ri-fuge. fe'brile, or feb'rile. F6b'ru-a-ry, not -ru-. fec'und, not fe'cund. fSc'un-date, or f e-ctin'date. f6c-un-da'tion. fgm'i-nine, not -nin. fem'o-ral. feoff— fgf. ferrule, a metal ring — f gr'ril, or f er'rul. f er'tile, not -til. ferule — fer'ril, or fer'rul. fi-deri-ty, not fi-. filet de bcBuf (Fr.)— fela^ de b6f'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 70' figure — fig'yiir, not fig'er. filial— firyal,' not firi-al. film, not firiiin. fi-na'le, not f e-n^P, nor fi-nar. fi-Mnce', not fi'nance ; jpl.^ fi-Mn'ce§. fin-an-cier'. This much-used word is rarely pronounced correctly. finesse (Fr.) — fe'nes'. fiord (Swedish) — ^fe-ord'. ' first, not fiirst. fissure — fish'yur. flaccid — ^fl^k'sid, not fl^s'id. flageolet — ^fl^j'o-let. flambeau — ^fl^m'bo'. flatiron — fl^t'i-urn. flaunt — flant, not flawnt. fleur de lis (Fr.) — flaur de le. The sound of the diphthong eu in French is very like the sound of u in urge initiated with the long sound of a — i. e., with long a barely touched before sounding the 'd, flew — flu, not flu. flexion — ^flek'shun. 't,^ See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 71 flSr'id, flo-ridi-ty. fl6r'in, not flo'rin. flo'rist, not flSr'ist. flue, not flu. See adduce, flu'id, not flu'id. flute, not flut. foli-o, or forio. forbade — ^for-bM'. forecastle — for'kas-sl. f ore'f a-tiier, not for-f aether (antiquated), forehead — ^f6r'ed. For'hed nowadays is hardly permissible. foresaid — ^fore'sed, not -sad. f6r'est, not -ist. forge, not forj. forager, f or'ger-y. for-get', not -git'. for'mi-da-ble, not f or-mid'a-ble. fort'niglit. In the early editions of Webster's dictionary this word was marked fdrt'mt, which possibly accounts for this pronunciation being so common with us. In England it is the universal custom to sound the i long. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 72 for'tress, not fort'res. fortune — fort'yun. fr^g'men-ta-ry, not frag-ment'a-iy. francMse — fr^n'cliiz, not -cliiz. fr^nk-in'cense, or fr^nk'in-cense. The first marking is Webster's ; the second, that of nearly all the other orthoepists. Ease of utterance, as well as the etymology of the word, will probably make Webster's marking generally preferred. fra-ter'nize, or fra'ter-nize. fr^t'ri-cide, Qiot fra'-. fre-quent', verb ^ not fre'quent. The latter was the marking in the early edi- tions of Webster. Frere — frar. Frey cine t — ^f ra'se 'mJ. fricandeau (Fr.) — fre'k6ng'do\ fricassee (Fr.) — fre'ka'sa'. This word may properly be treated as Angli- cized — fric-as-see^ frontier — ^frSn'ter. Webster marked this word fron-ter'^ but this accentuation has been abandoned in the new editions. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 73 frSnt'is-piece, not frtint\ frSst. See accost. Froude — ^frdbd. fru'gal. See accrue, f u'el, not ivi!\ nor fu'ul. furcrum. fiil'some, not iooY-. furniture — fur'nit-yur. fu'tile, not -til. future — ^fut'yur. This consonant has two sounds, one hard and one soft. It is hard before a, o, and u^ except in gaol^ which is usually written as well as pro- nounced Ja^7. Before 6, ^, and y it is sometimes hard and sometimes soft. It is generally soft in words from the Latin, Greek, and French, as in gentle^ geology^ giant ^ gymnast ^ etc., and hard in words from the Saxon. These last are much in the minority. Some of them are gear^ get, gewgaw, eager, gift, gig, gild, gird, girl, rugged, foggy y muggy, scraggy, etc. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 74 The g of ng is often pronounced as though doubled ; as in England^ younger (ing'gland, young'ger). Before the verbal suffixes ed^ est^ ing, er, it loses this double effect ; as in loing'edy hring'esty sing'ing, hang'er. See N, g^b-ar-dine'. Gade, N. W. — ga'de. Gaelic — galik. gain'say'. 'gainst — ^genst. g^ri-ot. g^riant, hrave^ daring^ jme. gal-Mnt', polite and attentive to ladies. gallows — ga^rius. See bellows. galsome — gawrsum. ganglion — g^ng'gli-on. gangrene — g^ng'gren. Ganz — ^gants. gaol— Jail. gape— gap, or gap. The latter is the marking of Smart and sev- ' eral others, and is frequently followed in Eng- land. garden— gar'dn, or gar'den. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 75 Garibaldi — ga-re-ba,rdi. gArish, usually written gMr'isli. g^r'ra-lous, not g&r'yU"? ^^^ -y^-* g^s, not g^z. ' ga§'e-oiis, not g^s^-. ga§-6ni'e-ter. gasp, not g^sp. ga.tii'er, not ggtii'-. gaunt — gant, not gawnt. gauntlet — gantlet, not gawnt'-. Gautier, TheopMe — ^ta'o-fer got'ya'. gSn-e-^ro-gy, or ge-ne-^l'o-gy. gen'er-al-ly, not gen'rul-ly. . genial — ^jen^al, or je'ni-al. genius — ^jen'yus, or je'ne-iis. Genoa — ^jen'o-a, not je-no'a. gen'tle-mSn, not -mlin. gents. Supposed to be an abbreviation of gentlemen. Pronounced — except by the very lowest orders — • the most nauseating of vulgarisms. genuine — ^j6n'yu-in, not -in. ge-Og'ra-phy, not j6g'ra-fe. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 76 ge-ttm'e-try. Gerome — zha'rom'. Gertrude — ^ger^trud, not -trud. ger'und, not je'rund. - gesture — ^jest'yur. get, not git. ghoul (Turk.) — gdbl. In the digraph gh at the beginning of a word, the h is silent, as in ghost, ghastly, etc. ; at the end of a word both letters are usually silent, as in high, sigh, neigh, hough, through, borough, etc. In some words this digraph has the sound of f, as in enough, tough, cough, laugh ; in some the sound of Jc, as in hough and lough, giaour (Turk.) — jowr. gib'bous, not jib'-. gi-gan-te'an. Gil Bias (Sp.) — hel bias, not zliel bla. gi-rMe', not gi-. gird, girl, girtk. The sound of i before r, resembling u in surge, is precisely like the sound of e in ermine. See advertisement. glacial — gla'ske-al. glacier — gMs'e-er. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 77 glance, gMnd, glass, gMd. Glau'ber, not gl5b'er. glisten — glis'n. glue, not glu. G6d, not gaud ; gSdlike, not gaudlike. golden — gold'n, not gorden. • g6n'do-la, not gon-dola. gone — g6n, not gaun. gdb§e'ber-ry, not gobs'-. gorgeous — gor'jiis, not gor'je-tls. gSs'pel, not gaus'-. Gounod — go'no'. gourd — gord. gouvernante (Fr.) — goVar'naunt'. gov-er-n^nte^ gov'ern-ment, not guv'er-mtint. gov'erii-or. Graefe — gra'f e, not graf. gramme (Fr.)^gram. gr^n'a-ry, not gra'na-re (antiquated). gra'tis, or gr^t'is. grease, noun — gres. grease, verh — grez, not gres. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 78 greag'y. grew — ^gru, not gru. gridiron — grid'i-urn. griev'oils, not grevi-iis. gri-mace^, not grim'ace. gri-markin, not -maul'-. grrmy, not grimy. grisette (Fr.) — gre'zet'. groat — grant. grovel — grSvl. grn'el, not gru'-. See accrue. guano (Sp.) — gwa^no. guardian — gard'e-an, or gard'yan. The second marking is Smart's ; the first, Worcester's and Webster's. gu-ber-na-to'ri-al, not gtib-. guillotine — gil-lo-ten'. guipure (Fr.) — ^ge^pur'. Guizot (Fr.) — ^ge'zo^ The office of the u here is simply to make the g hard. gum-arabic — gtim-^r'a-bik, not -a-ra'bik. Gumbert — gdbm'bert. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 79 gtimg, not g(3bniz. gtin'stSck, not -stauk. g&t'ta-per'clia, not -ka. gym-iia'§i-tim. gypsum — ^jip'sum, gyve— jiv, not giv. H. This letter is merely an aspiration. It is silent in heir, heiresSy herh^ herbage, honest, honor , hour, hostler, and their derivatives. It is also marked as silent by most orthoepists in hospital, humor, and humble, and their derivatives. By some it is thought that there is an increasing tendency to sound the h in these words ; this is undoubtedly true with regard to hospital, H is silent after initial g, as in ghost, ghastly, etc. ; after r, as in rhetoric, rhyme, etc. ; and also when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable, as in oh, Jehovah, etc. The French talk about their aspirated A's, but they never aspirate any. In German the effect of A in many cases is simply to prolong the sound of the preceding vowel ; and in all the continental languages it has no effect after t. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 80 Haeckel — hgck^el. halcyon — ^]ia,rse-tin, or ha^rslie-iiii. talf, not \SSi. halibut— hsre-btit. halve, not halve. handkerchief— hang'ker-chif; ^/., -chifs. handsome — ^h^n'sum. h^r'ass, not ha-rd^s'. ha'rem. haricot (Fr.) — a're'ko'. harlequin — ^har'le-kwin, or -kin. Nearly all the orthoepists pronounce tlie last syllable of this word hm. Why ? Because the word comes to us through the French, in which the u is silent ? Inasmuch as in every other re- spect the word has been thoroughly Anglicized, it would seem that the pronunciation of this syllable should be Anglicized also. har-ni6n'i-ca. H^r'ri-et, not har'-. hasten — has'n, not has^ten. haunch — hanch, not haunch. Hause — how'ze. haunt — ^hant, not hawnt. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 81 he, pronoun — ^he. When emphatic, this is pronounced as marked; otherwise the h is but slightly aspirated, and the vowel becomes obscure. See him. " A man he was to all the country dear." — Goldsmith, " He who goes to bed, and goes to bed sober. Falls as the leaves do, and dies in October ; But he who goes to bed, and goes to bed mellow, Lives as he ought to do, and dies an honest fel- low."* heard — herd, not herd (antiquated). hearth — harth, not herth, except in verse. heaven — hSv'n. Hebrew — he'bru, not -bru. He^e. he-gf ra, or h6gi-ra. height — hit. Hei'ne, nothing. Final e in German is never silent. heinous — ^ha'nus. Hsren, not Hgriin. Hellenic — hel-le'nik, Smart ; hel-l6nik, Webster ; h6lle-nik, "Worcester. h6hn, not hgrtim. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 82 Hemans — ^liSni'aiiz, not he'manz. her — ^her. So pronounced when emphatic ; otherwise the h is but slightly aspirated and the vowel becomes obscure. See him, he-r^rdic. herb — erb. Smart says herh, herbaceous — her-ba'shus. herbage — er'baj, or her'baj. her-biv'or-oiis. hereof —her-ftv', or -6i5'. herewith — her-with', or -with'. her'o-ine, not he'ro-in, nor he'ro-in. her'o-i§m. het'er-o-d6x. h6t-er-6p'a-thy. Heyse — hi'ze. hi-a'tus. hi'ber-nate. hiccough — hik'kup. hi-er-o-glyph'ic, not hi-ro-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 83 him, pronoun — ^him. When not emphatic, the h is but slightly aspirated, and the vowel becomes very obscure. In ordinary conversation initial h is frequently dropped entirely, in the pronouns, by those whose articulation is least faulty. There are not a few, however, who, when they appear in public and are " on their mettle," studiously avoid slurring the pronouns, and consequently are careful to aspirate the h distinctly in his, her, he, and him, no matter whether the thought demands that the pronoun should be emphasized or not ; but in their endeavor to be nicely correct, they simply succeed in being pedantically wrong. This error seriously mars the delivery of many actors and public readers, making their elocution stilted and unnatural. Many of them slur my, not unfre- quently making it me, in fact, when the y should retain its long sound ; but they seem to think it would be a heinous offence to treat the other pronouns in a like manner. Pronouns in which the letters should have their full value are met with only at considerable intervals. Hin-ddo', or Hin'doo. hip-po-p6t'a-miis. Mr-sute'. Ms, pronoun — Wz. See Mm. " The bosom of his Father and his God." — Gray. ''His was a life of toil and penury, while m^ine is a life of ease and plenty." See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 84 Ms'to-ry, not his'tiy. Mtii^er-most. The in most is always long, hsriy-libck, not -hank. liSro-caust, not holo-. liSm'age, not 6m'-. homely, not htimly. homestead — ^home'stSd, not -stid. ho-mce-6p'a-thy, not ho'moe-o-p^th-y. ho-mo-ge'ne-otis. Smart says h6m-o-, honest — 5n'est, not -ist, no7' -tist. "Honest, l[ionest lago," is preferable to "hon- ust^ hotiust lago," some of our accidental Othellos to the contrary notwithstanding. honi soit qui mal y pense (Fr.) — 6-ne swa ke m^l e p5ngss. hoof. See cooper, ho-ri'zon, not h6r'i-zon. hftr'o-scope, not ho'ro-scope. hors de combat (Fr.) — or de kawng'ba'. horse-rM'ish, not -redish. h6s'pi-ta-ble, not hos-pit'a-ble. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 85 li6s'pi-tal, not 6s'pi-tal (antiquated). hostler — Ssler. hound — ^hownd, not hown. housewife — ^housVif, or huz'zif. As applied to a little workbag used by women, the word has the latter pronunciation ; but it seems to be now seldom used in this sense. h5v'el, not hSv'l. hov'er, not h6v^-. humble — ^tim'bl, or htim'bl. - humor — ^yu'mur, or hu'mur. Smart pronounces this word hu'mur when it means moisture, as in a man's body, and yu'mur in the other senses. humorist — yu'mor-ist. hiin'dred, not hiln'durd (antiquated). hungry — ^hting'gre, not hung'ger-e. hy-dr6m'e-ter. hy^-drSp'a-thy, not hi'dro-p^th-e. hy^gi-ene. hy-me-ne^al. hy-per'bo-le, not hf per-bol. hyp-o-€h5n^dri-^c, not hi^po-. hypocrisy — ^he-p5kYe-se, not hi-p6k'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 86 hyp-o-crit'i-cal, not hi-po-. hyp-o-g^s'tric. hypothenuse — ^lii-pStli'e-iiiis, not -nuz. This word is very frequently — perhaps most commonly among mathematicians — pronounced hip-6t'e-nuse ; but Smart is the only orthoepist who sanctions that pronunciation. hy-po-tlietic, not liip-o-. This vowel has two principal sounds, a long and a short, as in dine and din. It also has three secondary sounds, heard in marine^fir^ and ruin respectively. I. This pronoun, in common with all the other pronouns of the language, and a long list of the particles, is touched more or less lightly when it is not emphatic. Unemphatic, it becomes i in- stead of I. i-de'a, not Tde-a. id-i-o-syn'cra-sy, not id-i-os-in'cra-sy. i'dol, not i'dl. ig-no-ra'mus, or -ra^mus. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 87 il-lu'sive, not -ziv. il-ltls'trate, not illus-trate. il-liis'trat-ed, not illus-trat-ed. im'age-ry, or im'a-ger-y. The latter is preferred by Walker, Smart, Worcester, and others ; but usage is decidedly in favor of the former. imbecile — ^im'be-cil, im-b6s'il, or im-be- ser. The first mode given here of pronouncing this word is the most correct, the second the most unusual, and the third the most fashionable. im-brue'. See accrue. im-me'di-ate, not im-me'jet. irn'mi-nent. See ailment. impartiality — ^im-par-slie-^ri-te. im-pec'ca-ble. im-per'fect. See advertisement. im'pi-otis-ly, not jm-pi'-. im-pla'ca-ble, not im-pMk'-. im-por-tiine', not im-p6r^-. im-pro-vi§e', not im'pro-vi§e. Worcester says im-pro-vez' ^ but this pronun- ciation is rarely heard. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 88 • jn-au'gu-rate, not in-au'ger-ate. in-ci'sive, not -ziv. in-ci'§or. . incisure — ^in-sizli'iir. in-clem^en-cy, not -un-. in-cliide', not -Mud'. in-clu'sive, not -ziv. in-c6g'ni-t6, not in-c6n'-. in-com-men'su-ra-ble (-shu-). in-c6m^pa-ra-ble, not -kom-pAr'-. incongruent — in-k6ng'gru-eut. incongruity — in-kon-gru 'i-ty . incongruous — in-k6ng'gru-otis. in-con-ven'ient. Walker and Smart say m-Tcon-ve'ne-ent, in-crease', verh ; in'crease, noun. For the noun the ultimate accent is becoming antiquated. incursion — in-kur'sliun, not -zkun. in-de'cent. See ailment. in-de-co^rotis. This pronunciation is not only more so^iorous than in-dec' o-roiXSy but it now has the balance of authority in its favor. See decorous. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 89 indenture — in-d6nt'yur. Indian. This word is generally pronounced Wdi-an, though the orthoepists, for the most part, would have us say md'yan, in'di-ca-to-iy, not in-dic'-. indiscernible — ^in-diz-zem'i-ble. in-dis^pu-ta-ble, not in-dis-pn'ta-ble. indocile — in-d6sll. in'dus-try, not in-dtis'-. inequitable — in-6k'we-ta-ble. inertia — in-er^she-a. inexhaustible — in-egz-aust'i-ble. in-6x'o-ra-ble, not in-ex-6^-. in-ex^pi-a-ble. in-6x'pli-ca-ble, not -ex-plik'-. in-ex'tri-ca-ble. in'fan-tile, or in^fan-tile. in'fan-tine, or in'fan-tine. in-fgc'und. in'fi-d6l, not in'fi-dL Ingelo w^ — ^in^ j e-lo. in-gen'iolis, or in-ge^ni-oiis. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 90 in-ge-nu'i-ty, not -nob'-. in-gen^u-oiis. ingratiate — in-gra'slie-at, not in-gra'shat. in-li5s'pi-ta-ble, not in-hos-pit^a-ble. in-im'i-cal. Smart says m-e-mVcal. initiate — in-isli'e-at. in'most, 7iot in^mlist. in-nate'. This is the marking of nearly all the orthoe- pists except Webster, who says m'ndte, in'no-cent, not -sunt. See ailment. innoxious — in-nSk'sliu s. inofficial — in-of-fisli'al, not -o-fish'-. in-5p-por-tune', not in-6p'por-tune. jn-qui^ry, not in^qui-ry: insatiable — in-sa'she-a-bl, 7iot -slia-bl. in-sa-ti'e-ty. in-scru'ta-ble. in'sgcts, not -sets. in-sid^i-oiis, not -yu-us. insition — in-sisli'un, or -sizh'-. in-st6ad'j not -stid'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 91 in'stgp, not -stip. in'stinct, noun; in-stinct', adj. in-sti-tu'tion, not -tu'-. in^stru-ment, not -miint. insurance — in-shur'ans^. insure — in-shur'. in'te-gral. in'ter-est, verh^ not in-ter-6st'. in^ter-est, noun^ not in'trest. in'ter-est-ed, not in-ter-6st'ed. in'ter-est-ing, not in-ter-estlng. In the dictionaries some stress on the third syllable, in the verb and its derivatives, is indi- cated by marking the e as distinct — est ; and that was formerly the prevalent pronunciation. But the most careful speakers now generally make the third syllable as obscure in the verb and partici- ples as they do in the noun. in'ter-im. in-ter-l6c'u-tor, not in-ter-lo-cu^tor. international — in-ter-n^sli'un-al. in-ter^po-late. in'ter-stice, or in-ter'stice. The authorities here are about equally divided. Smart accents the second syllable. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 92 in-tgs'tine, not -tine, in-trigue', noun and verh^ not in'trigue. in-tro-duce', not -dus'. See aptitude, in-trude'. See accrue. in-trii'§ioii. in-tru'sive, not -ziv. ; in-tu'i-tive. See adduce, inure — in-yur'. inVa-lid. See ambergris, inveigle — in-ve'gl, not -va'gl. inVen-to-ry, not in-v6n'to-ry. Iphigenia— -if-i-je-ni'a. i-r^s'ci-ble. i'o-dide, or -dide. See chloride, i'o-dme, or -dine. Iowa — ^i^o-wa. iron — i'urn. irony, adj. — i'urn-e. ' irony, noun — i'run-e. irrational — ir-r^sli'un-al. ir-r6f'ra-ga-ble. There is authority for saying ir-re-frdg'a-hl, which certainly is much easier of utterance. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 93 ir-re-fut'a-ble, or ir-r6f u-ta-ble. Here, though the first marking is that of the majority of the orthoepists, and though it has the advantage of being the easier of utterance, the second marking may possibly be considered the more elegant. ir-re-me'di-a-ble. ir-rep'a-ra-ble, not ir-re-p4r'a-bl. ir-r6s'pi-ra-ble. ir-rev'o-ca-ble, not ir-re-vo'ka-bl. isinglass — i'zing-glas. isocliroiious — ^i-s6k'ro-niis. i§'o-late, or is'o-late, not i'so-lat. The first marking is Walker's, Worcester's, and Smart's ; the second, Webster's. i-s6m'er-i§m. issue — ^ish'sliu. isthmus — ^is'mus, or ist'mus. Italian — i-t^ryan, Twt i-. i-t^l'ic, not i-. i-tin'er-ant. iVo-ry, not iv'ry. Ixion — iks-i'on. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 94 This consonant has always the same sound, and is never silent. In words in which d precedes a letter having or embodying the sound of y in an unaccented syllable, the sound of J is often substituted for the combined sounds of d and y — as sol'jer instead of sold'yer^ and moj'u-lat instead of mod'u-ldt — just as ch is substituted for the combined sounds of ^ and 2/ in question, nature, etc. It is doubtless possible to preserve the pure sounds of d and y where they appear in these connections, but it is well-nigh certain that the most careful speakers generally fail to do it. Ja'cob, not ja'cop. ja,g-ii-ar', not j^g'war, nor ja'gar. j^rap, not jSVup (antiquated). Jan'ty, not jaun'ty. J^n'u-a-ry, not jen'-. Jap-an-e§e', oiot -ese\ ja.§'mine, or j^s'mine. jaundice — jan'dis. jaunt — jant. javelin — ja,v'lin. jer-e-mi'ade. Je-ru'sa-lem, not -za-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 95 Jew — ju, or ju. jewel — ^ju^el, not |iil. jew'el-ler. jo-cose'. jSc'und. join. Until toward the close of the last century the diphthong oi was very generally pronounced like long ^, asjine instead oijoin, rile instead of roil, etc.; but now this pronunciation is confined to persons of the most limited culture. joist, not jist. jostle — ^jSs'sl. joust— just. joVi-al, 7iot jov'yal. jowl — ^jol, not jowl. Ju-da'ic. jtidg'ment, not -lamni. ju'gu-lar, not jiig'-. Julia, not juF-. Ju'pi-ter, not ju'bi-. ju-ris-c6n'sult. ju'rist, not ju'-. ju've-nile, not -nil (antiquated). See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 96 K This letter before all the vowels has one uni- form sound. Before n in the same syllable it is silent, as in Jcneel^ lenity knoWy etc. ; it is likewise silent after c, as in hack, crack, haddock, etc. kangaroo — Mng-ga-rob \ keelson — ^kel'son, or keP-. kSt'tle, not kit^tl. klian (Turk.) — kawn, or k^n. kiln — ^kil, not kiln. kind. When dy % or i is preceded in the same sylla- ble by the sound of g or k, many speakers, espe- cially in England and our Southern States, intro- duce a slight sound of e, as in car, cardy kind, garderiy guard, guide, girly skyy etc. If not car- ried too far, this can hardly be considered objec- tionable, as it effectually corrects a certain gut- tural utterance of these words that the best usage is careful to avoid. kirsckwasser (Ger.) — ^kersk'vas-ser. kitch'en, not kitck'n. knout — ^nowt. knowledge — nftl'ej ; nolej is very anti- quated. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 97 This liquid consonant always has the same sound. In many words it is silent, as in halm, calm, half, calf, almond, palmier, walk, could, should, etc. la'bel, not la'bl. la'bor-er, not la'brur. labyrintli — ^l^b'e-rinth. M^li^iy-inose, not -moz. Mc'o-iii§m, not la'co-. Mm^ent-a-ble, not la-mgnt'a-bl. Mn'dau (au as in haul). Lange, G. — lang'e. lang syne — ^lang sin, not -zin. language — Mng'gwaJ. languid — Mng'gwid. languor — ^la^ng'gwor. La-6c'o-5n. la-pel', not Mp'el. Mr'um. la-ryn'ge-al. la'tent, not Mt'-. lath, or lath, nx)t Mth. See Key to PronunciatioD, p. 6. 98 LMin, not Mt'n. Mt'tice, not Mt'tus. laud^a-nUm, not l6d'-. laugh — ^laf, not Mf . launcli — ^lancli, not launcli. laundress — lan'dres, not laun'-. laundry — ^lan'dre, not laun^-. laurel — lau'rel, or l6r'-. laVa, or laVa. leaped — ^lept, or lept. learn'gd, adj. See blessed. leeward — le'ward, or lu'ard. le'gend, or leg'end. I8g'en-da-ry. legislative — ^16J 'is-la-ti v. legislator — ^I6jls-la-tur, not -la'tor. legislature — 16J 'is-lat-yur. For an obvious reason these three words are much mispronounced. There is small authority for the penultimate accent which ease of utter- ance generally gives them, and none for the ante- penultimate {le-gis'la-tive, etc.) which some affect. Leipsic, in Saxony — lip'sik. Leipsic, in the United States — lep'sik. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 99 leisure — le'zhur. This is the only way of pronouncing this word that nowadays is admissible in this country. In England, however, lezh'ur is common, although not sanctioned by any modern orthoepist. iSngth, not lenth. le'ni-ent, not I6u'-. len'i-tive, not le'ni-. Igp'er, not le^per. Leroux — le-rdb'. I6s's6r, or les-sor'. le-thar'gic, not letli'ar-. Le'the, Le-the'aii. lettuce — ^iSt'tis. I6v-ee', a gathering of guests. levee — ^l6v'e, a hanh along a river. I6v'el, not iSv'l. le'ver, not lev'er. Lever, Charles — le'ver, not lev'er. lev'er-age, not le'ver-. liaison (Fr.) — le-a'zawng'. irbel, not li'bl. lib'er-tine, not -tin. . See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. .100 licentiate — ^li-sSn'she-at. It will be observed that in this word the last vowel, which is two removes from the accented syllable, is left to take care of itself. This, it may be seen, has been the usual practice in the cases of all vowels similarly situated, especially when they were in the penult. This vowel is marked long (a) by Smart, and obscure (a) by Worcester. Smart says, then, that this a is like a in fate ; Worcester, that it is like a in sedative, Now, it is neither the one nor the other, but something between the two, which something it is safe to leave every one to find out for himself; and whether the speaker brings out the quality of the vowel a little more or a little less than he perhaps should, may be set down as one of the least of sins against good usage. liclien — Irken, or licli'eii. The few English orthoepists who have given the pronunciation of this word are divided in relation to it ; but as a Greek and Latin word, it is pronounced ll'ke?i; the French keep the eh hard, pronouncing it le'ken ; and the pronuncia- tion of ll'ken appears to be supported by the best usage among American botanists. — Worcester, lic'or-ice, not -er-ish. lien — ^le^en, or li'en. In the early editions of Webster's dictionary this word was marked len. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 101 lieutenant — ^lu-t6n'ant, l6f-, or l6v-. It is not easy to see why our orthoepists should differ so widely in their modes of pro- nouncing the first syllable of this word, since none of them appear to have made any effort to imitate its pronunciation in French. Preference is given here to the first marking — which is Webster's — because it comes nearest to what the orthography demands. lilac, not li'l6k, nor lal6k. lin'sey-woorsey, not -ze. listen — ^lis'n. Ii-tli6g'ra-plier, li-tli6g'ra-pliy. litigious — li-tij'iis. livelong — livl6ng, not livlSng. liv'er-y, not liv'-. loath, adj, — ^loth, not loth, nor l6th. loathe, verh — loth. loathsome — loth'sum. lo-ca'tion, not lo-. logomachy — lo-g6m^a-ke. I6ng'-lived, not -llvd.' loth, not l6th. louis d'or (Fr.) — lo'e d6r, not dor. low, verb — ^lo. See Key to Pronunciation, p, S. 102 lu'cid, not lu'-. Iti'ci-fer, not lu'-. lu'cre, not lu'-. Lii'cy, not lu'-. lu'di-crotis, not lu'-. luke'warm, not Ink''-. lute, not lut. Lu'ther-an, not lu'-. luxuriance — ^Itlgz-yu'ri-ans. See ex. luxuriant — ^Itigz-yu'ri-ant. luxurious — Itigz-yu'ri-tts. luxury — luk'sliu-re. ly-ce'um, not li'ce-tim. Lyonnaise (Fr.) — le'tin'naz'. M. This letter has always one sound, except in ac- compt, accomptant, and comptroller, pronounced and usually written account, accountant, and con- troller. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, as in mnemonics, Machiavelian — m^k-e-a-vSryan. m^c'ro-cftsm, or ma'cro-c6§m. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 103 mM'am. Not unfrequently good taste is offended by the retention of the French word madame in translations. This is especially true of transla- tions for the stage. Few things are more un- pleasant to a cultured ear than the unnecessary mixing of languages. madame (Fr.) — ^ma'dS,m\ Madeira — ma-de'ra, or -da'-, mademoiselle (Fr.)— mMm'wa'zel', not m^d-tim-wa-zel, nor m^m-zel', whicli is exceedingly vulgar. In this word an Englishman encounters his greatest difficulty in the proper utterance of the last syllable, to which the Frenchman gives a very clear dental utterance, while the Englishman is wont to let the sound come from his throat. ma foi (Fr.) — ma fwa. ma^gi, not mSg'i. magnesia — mag-ne'zhe-a. mag-nif i-cent, not -stint. See ailment. mag-no'li-a, not -norya. main'ten-ance, not man-tan'ans. mal k propos (Fr.) — mal a pro'po'. ma-la'ri-a, not ma-la'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 104 mall, a public walk — ^m^l. m^m'mil-la-ry, not mam-mira-re. m^n-da-rm', not m^n'da-rin. ma'nes, not naanz. mango — m^ng'go. ma-ni'a-cal. manoeuvre — ma-nuVer, not ma-nu'-. m^n^or, not ma'nor. m^n'or-house, not ma'nor-. mto's^rd' roof, mansuetude — m^-n'swe-tud. mantua-maker — ^m^n'tu-mak'er. ma-r^§'mus, not -r^s'-. marchande de modes (Fr.) — mar'- shangd' de mod'. The letter o in French generally has the sound of in souy woriy done, or of o in or, nor, for, ex- cept when under the circumflex accent {6), Hence we should say, for example, Mf a Id mud, not mod. marchioness — mar'shun-gs. m^r'i-gold, not ma're-. m^r'i-tal, 7iot mar'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 105 m^ri-time. mar'ket, not -kit. marVel, not marVl. m^s'cu-line, not -lin. mask, not m^sk. massacre — md,s'sa-ker. mas'ter, not mfe'-. m^t'jn, not ma'tin. ma'trix, not m^t'-. ma'tron, not m^t'-. ma,t'roii-al, or ma'tron-al. ma'tron-ly, not m^t^-. m^t'tress, not mS^t-tr^ss'. mau-so-le'um. mauvais gout (Fr.) — ^moVa^ gob. mauvaise honte (Fr.) — moVa' zaungt, may'or-al-ty. mayonnaise (Fr.) — ma'yon'az'. measure — mezk'ur, not mazh'-. mechanist — ^mek'an-ist. me-di§'i-nal. medicine — m6d'e-sin, not med'sn. mediocre — ^me 'de-o-ker. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 106 meerscliaTiin (Ger.) — mar'stowm. The au has the sound of ow in owl^ and there is little if any difference in the quantity of the syllables, as is generally the case with compound words. Meissonier — ma'son'ya'. meliorate — ^meryor-at. mgro-drSm-a, or -dra-ma. The second marking is supported by abundant authority, but few, if any, seem to heed it. Mel-p5ni'e-ne. memoir — memVor, or me'mwor. mem'o-ry, not mem'ry. menagerie (Fr.) — ma'nazh'e-re'. menagery — ^me-n^zli'e-re. m6n-in-gi'tiSj not me-nin'gi-tis. mer'can-tile, not -til, nor -tel. The second, however, is sanctioned by Smart. See advertisement, mesmerism — mes'mer-izm, or m6z'-. The dictionaries tell us to sound the first s of this word and of its derivatives like z, which is contrary to the prevailing custom, etymologically incorrect, and not euphonious. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 107 messieurs — masyur'. The English orthoepists have marked this word in no less than ten different ways, agreeing in only one thing — that the final s should be sounded. Now, this s is absolutely silent ; so is one of the other eses. The first syllable is per- fectly represented by mas, and the second syl- lable is ver^ nearly/ represented by y^r. If, in pronouncing this syllable, the speaker imagines a long e between the y and the it, and then, hav- ing prepared the organs of speech to sound it, goes directly to the it, he will perhaps get the sound of the syllable somewhat more perfectly. The sound of the r is very short and obscure. See m^onsieur, met-a-mor'pliose, not -plioze. me-te-5r'o-lite. met-ro-pSri-tan. mi4§'ma. mrcro-scope, not mic'ro-. ini-cro-sc5p'ic, not -scoplc. mid'wife-ry, or midVife-ry. Milan. We Anglicize the orthography of this proper name : why should we not do likewise with the orthoepy? Bryce, Earnshaw, and Thomas say Mil! an, while Wright says Mi-ldn', See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 108 milch, adj,^ not milks. millionaire — ^mil-yiin4r'. min-er-^ro-gy, not -6ro-gy. Millet, E.— mella^ miniature — min'i-at-y ur. Min'o-taur. mi'niis, not min^us. mi-nute', or mi-nute', adj. minute, noun — ^minlt. nur'a-cle, not m6r'-. mi-ra,c'u-lotis, not mi% mirage (Fr.) — ^me'r^zli'. mis'an-tlirope, not miz'-. mischievous — mis'che-vtis, not mis-che'-. mis'chiev-ous-n6ss. mis-c6n'strue, not mis-con-strue'. "Do not, great sir, misconstrue his intent." — Dryden, misfortune — ^mis-fort'yun. misogyny — me-s6j'e-ne. mistletoe — miz'zl-to. mit'ten, not mit'n. mnemonics — ^ne-mSn'iks. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 109 mobile — mo-ber, or mo'bil. The first is the pronunciation of Walker and Worcester, and is always heard in the name Mobile ; the second, that of Webster. Smart says m6h'iL mSck, not mauk. See accost. m5d'el, not m6d'l. mSd'est, not -ist, nor -ust. moisten — mois'n, not -ten. mo-lec'u-lar. mSre-cule. Moliere — ^moryar'. M6n'a-co, not Mo-na'co. mSn'ad, or mo'nad ; mo-nMic, m6n'as-t6r-y, not -te-ry. mongrel — ^milng'grel. m6n-o-c5t-y-le'don. mo-n6g'a-my. m6n'o-gr^m, not mo'no-. mftn'o-gr^pli, not mo'no-. m6n'o-l6gue, not mo'no-log. m5n-o-ma'ni-a. m6n-o-ma'ni-^c. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 110 in6n-o-syl-Mb'ic. monsieur (Fr.) — mils'yur^ This marking perfectly represents the pro- nunciation of the first syllable of this word, the o being like the o in son. The second syllable is like the second syllable of the plural. The r in both cases is really a silent letter, but with its aid the pronunciation of the syllable is better represented to the English eye than it could be without it. It is marked obscure in order that it may be merely hit and not dwelt upon. Care should be taken to give the syllables the same quantity. See messieurs, . morale (Fr.) — mo^r^l'. morceau ; pl.j morceaux (Fr.) — ^mor'so'. m6r'i-btind, not mo'ri-. Morpheus — mor'fus, or mor'f e-us. morphine — mor'fin, not mor-fen'. mor'sel, not mor'sl. mor^tal, not mor'tl. Mosenthal, J. — mo'zen-tal. M6§aem, not M6s'-. mo'tion-less, not -Itis. See ailment. mountain — ^moun'tin, not -ting, no7' -tn. mountainous — moun'tin-ils. mtil-ti-pli-ca'tion, not -pi-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. Ill miirti-tude, not -tud. See adduce, mu-nig'i-pal, not mu-ni-cip'al. mur'der-er, not mur'drer. mtis-co-va'do. mu-§e'iim, not mu'§e-um. mush'rdbm, not -robn. mlls-tdglie', or -tash'. my — mi, or mi, never me. When, from being used in contradistinction to another personal pronoun, my is emphatic, the 2/ has its full, open, long-^ sound. Thus we would say, " Is this my ink or yours f " But when there is no such emphasis — and there is hut rarely — the y has the sound of obscure ^, as in tni-nute' and m^iraculouSy which is very nearly the sound of y in many, only, etc. " My {mi] ink is as bad as my {mi] pen,'''* These rules, however, are and should be departed from in certain cases where we would express respect or emotion. " My \m%\ brother shall know of this." " Sir, this lady is my \mi\ wife." "Ay, madam, she was my \mi\ mother ! " Say m^i in these sentences, and they become commonplace ; you take all the soul out of them. myself — mi-self. myrmidon — mur'me-dSn, not mir'-. mythology — ^me-tliSro-je, not mi-tli5l'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 112 N. This letter has two sounds : one simple, as in man^ ten, not ; the other compound, as in thank, banquet, anxious, pronounced thangk, hang'quet, angk'shus. The sound of ng is really a distinct and simple alphabetical element, unlike that of either constituent of the digraph. When final after I or m, n is silent, as in kiln, condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, autumn, etc. naiad — na'yad. naive (Fr.) — na'ev'. naivete (Fr.) — ^na'ev'ta'. naively — na-ev'le. nape, not n^p. n^s'cent, not na'sent. national — n^sh'un-al, not na'shun-al. The first marking is that of all the orthoepists except Webster, and his mode of pronouncing the word is not even permitted in the new edi- tions of his dictionary. nationality — n^sh-un-^re-te. nature — ^nat'yur. nausea — ^naw'she-a, not naw'se-a. nauseous — ^naw'shus, not naw'se-tis. na-vic'u-lar. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 113 near'est, not -ist. iiec-ro-l6gic. ne-crSro-gy. nSc^tar-ine, not -ine, nor -en. ne'er — ^n^r, not ner. neglige (Fr.) — na'gle'zlia^ neither — ^ne'ther, or ni'ther. There is very little dictionary authority for saying m'thery but of late years this mode of pro- nouncing the word seems to be preferred by some of oijr most careful speakers. See either, Nem'e-sis. nephew — nev'yu, or nef yu. " This word is uniformly pronounced nev'vu by the English orthoepists ; but in the United States it is often pronounced nef'fu. Smart re- marks that 'p with A, in almost all cases, is pro- nounced yi In Stephen, this sound is vocalized, that is, converted into v ; and likewise in nephew, almost the only word in which' the combination occurs that is not immediately referable to a Greek origin.' " — Worcester. The latest editions of Webster give nef'yu, remarking that the English dictionaries uniformly mark it nev'yu. The latter, in our estimation, is the most euphonious pronunciation of the word. n6p'o-ti§m. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 114 nestle — ngs'l. ngth'er-most. neii-r^l'gi-a. neu'ter, neu'tral, not nu'-. new — nu, not nu. New Orleans — nu or-lenz\ This, in tlie opinion of the writer, is the better mode of pronouncing the name of the American city. Besides harmonizing with the spirit of the English language, it is easier of utterance and more euphonious than dr'le-anZy which is a mon- grel pronunciation at the best. news — niiz, not nuz. newspaper — niiz'pa-per, not nnz'-. niaiserie (Fr.) — ne-a'ze-re\ nf ce-ty, not nis'te, niclie, not nish. nick'el, not nickl. nic'o-tine, not -ten. noblesse oblige (Fr.) — no'blSs' 6'blezli'. nSm'ad, not no'mM. no-mMic. no^men-clat-ure, or no-men-clat'ure. n6nil-na-tive, not n5m^na-tive. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 115 none — ^ntin, not non. nook, or nook. n5t^a-ble, industrious^ careful^ hustling. not'a-ble, vemarTcahle^ memorahle. nothing — nuth'ing, not nStli^-. Notre Dame (Fr.) — no'tre d^m. n6v^el, not n5vl. n6v'el-ty, not n5vl-ty. novitiate — no-vish'e-at. noxious — n5k^s]ius. nu'di-ty, not nu'-. nuisance — nu'sans. See adduce. nuncio — ntin'slie-6. nuptial — ^niip'slial, not -chal. nu'tri-mSnt, not nu'tri-miint. O. This vowel has seven sounds, as in note, not, son, move, wolf, nor, and major, 6'a-sis ; pl.^ 6'a-se§. Webster permits o-d'sis. oath — oth ; pl.j oath§. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 116 6b'du-rate, or ob-dii'rate. obeisance — o-ba'sg,nce, or o-be'-. The weight of authority is in favor of the first marking ; usage — in this country at least — would seem to favor the second. Walker em- phatically preferred the first, for the reason that ei when under the accent is most frequently pro- nounced like long a, and the corresponding ey always, except in key, 6b'e-lisk, not 6'be-. o-bese', not -bez'. o'bit, or 6b'it. 6bli-ga-to-ry, not ob-lig'a-to-ry. oblige — o-blij'. "When Lord Chesterfield wrote his Letters to his son, the word oblige was, by many polite speakers, pronounced as if written ohleege — as if to give a hint of their knowledge of the French language; nay. Pope has rhymed it to this sound: * Dreading even fools, by flatterers besieged, And so obliging that be ne'er obliged.'' But it was so far from having generally obtained, that Lord Chesterfield strictly enjoins his son to avoid this pronunciation as affected. In a few years, however, it became so general that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it in the English manner ; but upon the publication of this nobleman's Letters, which was about twenty years after he wrote them, his authority had so See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 117 Tnuch influence with the polite world as to bid fair for restoring the i in this word to its original rights ; and we not unfrequently hear it now pronounced with the broad English i in those circles where, a few years ago, it would have been an infallible mark of vulgarity." — Walker. " Smart says : ^ The word oblige, which was formerly classed with marine, etc., is now pro- nounced regularly.' John Kemble is said to have corrected the Prince of Wales (George IV) for adhering to the former pronunciation, by saying, * It will become your royal mouth better to say oblige,'* " — Worcester, ob-lique', (?r ob-lique'. obnoxious — ob-nOk'shus. ob-sc6ii'i-ty, not ob-sce'ni-ty. 6b'se-quie§, not ob-se'quie§. 6b'so-lete, not 6b-so-lete'. ob-trude', not -trude'. See accrue, ob-tuse', not -tuse'. ob-tru'sive, not -ziv. 6bVerse, noun. ob-verse', adj, oc-ca'§ion, 7iot o-ca'§Ion. oc-ctilt', not Sc'cult. oceanic — 6-she-^n'ic. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 118 oc-taVo, or oc-taVo. There is no dictionary authority for the sec- ond marking, and yet that is the pronunciation that seems to be preferred by our most careful speakers — for the reason, doubtless, that they think it the more euphonious. oc-t6g'e-na-ry. 6c'tu-ple, not oc-tu'ple. o-de'on. o'di-oiis. The best usage now makes this a word of three syllables. 6f fice, not au'ftis. official — of-fisli'al, not 6-fisli'al. officious — of-fish^us, not o-fish'us. Often — 6f' n, not 6f' ten. 6'gle, not ftg'le. olden — old'n, not old'en. 6-le-o-mar'ga-rine, not -ja-. The letter g is always hard before a, except in gaol^ now disused in this country. oJib'a-num. ombre (Fr.) — awng'br, not om'br. 6m'i-nous, not o'mj-nous. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 119 omniscience — om-nisli'ens. 6n'er-oiis, not o'ner-ous. only, not iin'ly. o'nyx, not Sn'yx. o'pal, not o'p^l. ophtlialmy — 6f thal-my, or 6p'tlial-my, not oph-th^rmy. opinion — o-pin'yun. Some of the orthoepists caution us not to let unaccented o in such words as opinion, observe, oppose, command, conceal, condition, contain, content, possess, police, etc., degenerate into short or obscure u. While it is well to heed their ad- vice, it is also well to remember that to make these o's too long is, perhaps, more objectionable than to make them too short. How unpleasant, for example, to hear pedantic ignorance say po- lice and pO'Sessf An endeavor to avoid sound- ing the o like short or obscure u should be made with nice discrimination, as by making it too long one's utterance becomes pedantic, which of all elocutionary faults is the worst. 6p-o-derdoc, or o-po-derdoc, not -dil'- op-po'nent, not 6p'po-nent. The latter, though often heard from tolerably correct speakers, is unauthorized. 6p-por-tune', 7iot 5p'por-tune. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 120 orange — 6r'6nj, not Srlnj. o-r^ng'-ou-ta,ng'. or'^hes-tra, or or-€hes'tra. Among the orthoepists who accent the second syllable of this word are Walker and Smart ; but that pronunciation is rarely used by careful speakers. 6r'€lies-tral, or or-€h6s'tral. 6r'de-al, not or-de'al. The latter is not even permitted by any of the orthoepists. or'di-na-ry, not 6rd'na-ry. orgies — or'jiz, not -jez. or'i-fice, not o'ri-. oriflamme — orl-fl^m, not o'ri-. o-rig'i-nal, not -o-nal. Orion — o-ri'un. orison — 5r ' e-zun. or'nate, not or-nate'. o'ro-ttind, not 6r'o-. The ultimate accentuation, d-ro-tiXrid' , is be- coming antiquated. Orphean — or-fe'an, or or'fe-an. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 121 Orpheus — or'fus, or or'fe-us. The first is the classic, the second the popular pronunciation. or^tho-e-pist, or or-tho'e-pist. 6r'tlio-e-py, or or-tho'e-py. One may say or-tho'e-py on the authority of Wright, Clarke, and Knowles, and of Fulton and Knight ; and this is the pronunciation the writer would recommend, on account of its being so much the easier of utterance, if he had the cour- age to do so in the face of such weighty authori- ties as Walker, Worcester, Webster, and Smart. ostler — Ss'ler. otium — 6'she-tim. outre (Fr.)— o'tra'. 6-ver-se'er, or -seer'. oVert, not o-vert\ 5xlde. 6Y?r, not oi'er. P. This letter has but one sound. It is silent when initial before n, s, or t, as in pneumatics, psalm, ptarmigan. It is also silent or very in- distinct when between m and t in the same syl- See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 122 lable, as in tempt, exempt, etc.; but when pre- ceded by m in the same syllable and followed by if or ^ in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded, as in temptation, exemption, sumptuous, humpMn, pumpkin, etc. In raspberry, receipt, semptress, and corps it is also mute. pa-cif-i-ca'tion, (9r p^g-i-fi-ca'tion. pa-cif i-ca-tor, or p^g-i-fl'^^^'tpr. The first marking is Webster's and Smart's ; the second, Walker'^ and Worcester's. pageant — ^p^j'ent. Pa'jent is growing obsolete. pageantry — p^J 'ent-re. p^race, not p^l'as. The latter smacks of pedantry. pa-laVer, not pa-Mv'er. P^l'es-tine, not -ten. paVfrey, or p^^rfrey (Smart). palm — ^pam, not p^m. panegyric — p^n-e-Jir'ik. Smart, Walker, Sheridan, and others pro- nounce this word pdn-e-jer'ik, Worcester re- marks : " Though Smart pronounces squirrel and panegyric, squer'rel 2indipdn-e-jer'ik, yet he says, ' The irregular sound of i and y in squirrel and See Key to Pronunciation, d- 6. 123 panegyric we may hope in time to hear re- claimed ; a correspondent reformation having taken place in spirit and miracle, which were once pronounced sper'it and iner'a-cle!' " p^n'el, not p^nl. panorama — pan-o-ra'ma, or -ra'ma. P^n-tlie'on, or P^n'the-on. " Hail, learning's Pantheon ! Hail, the sacred ark Where all the world of science does embark." — Cowley, " Mark how the dread Pantheon stands. Amid the toys of modern hands, How simply, how severely great ! " — Akenside, p^n'to-mime, not -mine, papier mache (Fr.) — pap'ya' ma'sha'. pa-r^b'o-la, not p^r-a-bo'la. par'cel, not -siiL parenchyma — pa-ren'ke-ma. p^r-e-g6r'ic, not -gaur'ic, par'ent. pAr'ent-age. Smart ^^j^ pa' rent-age. par-heli-on. Pa'ri-ah, not pa'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 124 pa-ri'e-tal. Parisian — ^pa-iizli'an, iwt pa-riz'e-an. Par-me-§dn'. p^r'ol (legal word). pa-role' (military word). partiality — ^par-slie4re-ty, not par-sli^r-. par'ti-ci-ple, not part'si-pl. part'ner, not pard'-. par'tridge, not pS^t'-. pdt'ent, or pa'-. p^t-en-tee', or pa-ten-. According to nearly all the authorities, the a of these two words should have its short sound. path, not p^th. pa'tli5s, not p^th'os. p^t'ri-mo-ny, not pa'tri-. pa'tri-ot, not p^t'ri-. pa'tri-ot-i§m. pa'tron, not p^t'-. p^t'ron-age. p^t'ron-al. Smart says pa'tron-al^ but the balance of authority is decidedly in favor of making the a short. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 125 pa'tron-ess, not pa^t'ron-. p^t'ron-ize. peculiar — pe-kuryar. Smart says pe-Jcu'le-ar, peculiarity — pe-kul-y^r'i-ty. There is abundant authority for saying joe-M^ ye-dr'e-ty, pecuniary — pe-kun'ya-re. pedagogue — ped'a-g6g, not -gog. pe'dal, adj. / pfid'al, noun. p6d'es-tal, not pe-d6s'-. P6g'a-siis, not Pe-g^s'us. pel-lu'cid, not -lu'-. pe-iia'te§ (Lat.). pen'cil, not pen'sl. Pe-nero-pe. penitentiary — pen-i-t6n'slia-ry. pe'nult, or pe-ntilt'. pe-nu'ri-olis, not -nu'-. See adduce. pe'o-ny, not pi'ny. per'emp-to-ry. Walker, Perry, and Jameson permitted pe- remfto-ry, . See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 126 per'fect, adj. See advertisement, per^fect, or per-fect', verb. The latter pronunciation is probably the more common, being in accordance with the general rule of change of accent in a word used both as a noun or adjective and a verb, as con' duct, con- duct'; but the weight of authority is in favor of the former. per^fume, or per-fume', noun. The ultimate accentuation of this noun, al- though there is good authority for it, is little used in this country by careful speakers. per-fume', verh. peril, not -lil. pe-ri-6dlc, not per-i-. per'mit, or per-mit', noun. Persia — per'she-a, not -zhe-. Persian — ^per'shan, not -zhan. per-sist', not -zist'. per-spi-ra'tion, not pr6s-pi-. per-sua'sive, Twt -ziy. pe-rii§e'. See accrue, pestle — pes'l. Petruchio — ^pe-tru'ke-6. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 127 pet'al, or pe'tal. phaeton — fa'e-ton, not fa'ton,»726>7' fe'ton. ph^ranx, or pha'Mnx. "The pronunciation phdVanx is the more general ; hut pha'lanx is the more analogical." — W^alker, Is Walker correct in saying that it is more analogical to make the a long ? Pha^ followed hy a consonant, and under an accent — primary or secondary — is almost always, if not always, short. This marking is supported by Smart and by Wright, and by well-nigh universal usage. pharmaceutic — far-ma-su'tik, not -ku'-. pharmacopoeia — f ar-ma-ko-pe 'y a. phil-an-thr6p'ic, not phi-Ian-. phil-o-l5g'ic. phil-o-§5ph'ic, or -s6ph'-. ph6n^ics, not pho'nics. ph6s'pho-rus. phren-o-l5g'ic. phy§-i-6g'no-my, not -6n'o-my. "There is a prevailing mispronunciation of this word, by leaving out the g^ as if the word were French. If this arises from ignorance of the common rules of spelling, it may be observed that g is always pronounced before n when it is See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 128 not in the same syllable ; as, sig-nify, indig-nity, etc. ; but if affectation be the cause of this error, Dr. Young's *Love of Fame' will be the best cure for it." — Walker, pianoforte (It.) — pe-a'no-for'ta. pi-a'nist. picture — pikt'yur. piebald — pi'bald. pied, adj. — ^pid. " Meadows trim with daisies pied, Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." — Milton. pi^et-i§rQ. pigeon — pidj'on, not -in. pin'cers, not pin'clierz. pinchbeck, not -b^ck. pi'o-ny, or pe'o-ny, not pi'ne. piquant — ^pik'ant. pi§'mire, or pis^mire. pla^ca-ble, not pMk'a-ble. pla'card. The dictionaries tell us to pronounce this word, both the noun and the verb, pla-hdrd'. Why ? Because it comes to us from the French ? A very poor reason, since in French it is pro- nounced ijilaJhar'^ which is as unlike plq-hdrd' as See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 129 it is unlike the pronunciation that harmonizes with the language into which it is adopted, namely, pld'hdrd. In language, as in everything else, that which is neither " fish, flesh, nor fowl " is distasteful. Mongrel pronunciations are as unpleasant to the ear as orthographical mon- strosities are to the eye. plagiary — pla'je-re, or pla'Je-a-re. That pronunciation which makes the smaller number of syllables of such words as plagiary, genial, cordial, bestial, ameliorate, etc., is the easier of utterance, and for that reason is gen- erally — and the writer thinks justly — considered the more desirable. plait — plat, not plet. plateau (Fr.) — ^pla'to'. pMtl-na, or pla-ti'iia. pMt'i-ntim, or pla-ti'num. plebeian — ple-be'yan, not ple'be-an. plebeianism — ^ple-be'yan-izm. Pleiades — ^ple'ya-dez. Pleiads — ^ple'yadz. pl6n'a-ry, or ple'na-ry. "Some very respectable speakers make the vowel e in the first syllable of this word long ; but analogy and the best usage seem to shorten the e, as they do the a in granary, Nor do I see See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 130 any reason that the e should not be short in this word as well as in plenitude.^'' — W^alker. We have Walker, Worcester, and seven other orthoepists for the first marking ; Smart, Web- ster, and three others for the second. pleuipotentiaiy — plen-i-po-ten'slii-a-re. pleth'o-ra. ple-tli6r'ic, or pletfo-ric. The early editions of Webster's dictionary said pletNo-ric, and the later editions permit this pronunciation. All the English orthoepists, ex- cept Ash and Crabb, accent the second syllable. plume, not plum. See adduce. po'em, not po'm. poignant — poignant. po-lice', not p6-. See opinion. polonaise (Fr.) — ^p6ro-naz^, not po'-. polyglot — pSre-glSt. p6l-y-syl-Mb'ic. P6l-y-liym'ni-a. It should be remembered that y, except when beginning a word, has the sound of i, and that it never has its name-sound when forming a sylla- ble. Here the first y is unaccented and sounded like obscure i or obscure e, which are hardly distinguishable. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 131 po-made'. Pompeia (Lat.) — pom-pe'ya. Pompeii (Ital.) — p6m-pa'ye. Pompeium (Lat.) — pom-peYtim. por'ce-lain. This is the marking of Worcester, Webster, and Reid. Smart says pors'ldn ; Knowles, pars'- lin y Walker, por'se-ldn. porte-monnaie — p6rt'-m6n-na\ por-tent'. pO'gf tion, not po-. See opinion, pos-te'ri-or, not pos-, nor p6s-. pSst'hu-motis. Perry and Craig say posfhu-moHs, po'ta-ble. po'ten-tate, not p6t'-. prairie — pra're, not p6r-a're. preb'end, not pre'-. pre-ce'dence, not prfis'e-. pre-ce'dent, adj. " A murderer and a villain : A slave, that's not the twentieth part the tythe Of your precedent lord ! " — Samlet. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 132 pr65^?-d6nt, noun, pre-cise', not -cize'. pre-cise'ly, not pre-cise'-, nor -cize'% pre-clude^ See adduce. pr6d'a-to-ry. pr6d-e-ces'sor, not pre'de-. pre-di-l6c'tion, not pr6d-i-. prSf ace, noun and verh^ not pre 'face. pre'fect. prefecture — ^prSf'ek-tur, or pre'fek-. pr6f 'er-a-ble, not pre-fer'-. prefigure — pr e-fig'yur. prgrate, not prelate. prerMe, noun, Webster alone says pre'lude, and the later editions of his dictionary permit preVude. pre-lude', verb. Smart says preVude, but he is supported by Jameson only. " So Love, preluding, plays at first with hearts. And after wounds with deeper-piercing darts." — Congreve. pre-ma-ture', not prem'at-yiir. premier (Fr.) — ^prgm'ya'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 133 pre-p5s'ter-oiis, not -triis. Pre§-by-te'ri-an, 7i6>^ pr6s-. pr6§'by-ter-y, not pres-byt'e-ry. prfeg-en-ta'tion, not pre-. pre-sen'ti-ment, not -zen'-. pre-§ent'ment. pr6§'i-dent, not -dtint. pres'tige. prestige (Fr.) — pras'tezh'. pre-§iimpt'u-oti.s, Hot -ztimp'sliiis. pre-tence', not pre'tence. pret'er-ite, or pre'-. pre-text'. This is the marking of nearly all the orthoe- pists. " My pretext to strike at him admits A good construction." — Shakespeare, pretty — prit'te, not pret'-. pre-vent'ive, not -v6n'ta-tive. pri'ma-ry, not -mer-e. prin'cess, not prin-c6ss^ pris'tine, not -tin. priVa-cy, not priv'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p 6. 134 priv'i-ly. pro'ba-to-ry. pr6b'i-ty, not pro'-. The erroneous pronunciation is often used, especially on the stage. prOg'ess, not pr6'% proces verbal (Fr.) — pro'sa' ver'b^r. prbd'iice, not pro'-. prftd'uct, not pro'-. profile — ^pro'fel, -fil, or -fil. The first pronunciation is Worcester's and Smart's ; the second, Walker's and Webster's ; the third, Craig's. Pro-feV is also authorized, and by some speakers may be preferred. pro-fuse', not -fuz'. pr6g'ress, not pro'-. prOj'ect, noun^ not pro'-. pro-j6ct', verb. pro-jec'tile, not -til. pro-lix'. In their earlier editions both Webster and Worcester pronounced this word pro'lix ; which accentuation a few other authorities also recog- nize. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 135 prftl'Sgue, or pro'-. The first marking is that of Worcester, Smart, and Walker ; the second, that of Webster and one or two others. prSm-e-nade', w -nade'. pro-miirgate, not pr6m'ul-gate. prSm-ul-ga^tion, or pro-mtil-. pronunciation — pro-nim-slie-a'sliun, or -ce-a'shun, hut not -ce-a'sliun. The majority of the authorities are in favor of the sound of sh ; Webster was not, but this sound has been adopted by the editors of the later editions of his dictionary. Wheaton in his " Travels in England " says : " I was not a little mortified at having my Yan- kee origin detected by my omitting to give the full sound of sh in the ynox^ pronunciation P Walker says : " The very same reasons that oblige us to pronounce partiality^ propitiation^ speciality^ etc., as if written parsheality^ propi- sheashun, spesheality, etc., oblige us to pronounce pronunciation as if written pronunsheashunP Smart marks this word pro-niXn-ce-a'shun, yet he says in his "Principles ": " It is regularly pro- nounced pro-niXn-she-a' shun^ and by all speakers would probably be so sounded if it were related to any such verb as to pronunciate, in the same way as association and enunciatio7i are related to associate and enunciate. In the absence of See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 136 any such related verb, most speakers say pro- nijbn'Se-a'shun, and so avoid the double occur- rence of the sound of sh in the same word." "The time was when the stage was justly held the model of pronunciation ; but that golden age of dramatic literature and dramatic life has long since passed away." — William MusselL propitiate — pro-pisli'e-at. pro-§a'ic. pro-sce'ni-tim, not -seen'-. pr6s'per-otis, not prSs'prtis. pr6t'a-sis, not pro'-. protege (Fr.) — ^pro'ta'zlia'. pro tem'po-re, not tem'pore. prSt'es-ta'tion, not pro'-. pro-th6n'o-ta-ry, not pro-tho-no'ta-ry. pro-trude'. See accrue. pro-tru'sive, not -ziv. pro-tu'ber-ant. proven — ^probv'n. This word, incorrectly used ior proved, is said to be a Scotticism. pro-Yo'ca-tive, or -v6c'a-tive. Smart is the only orthoepist of note who gives the second marking. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 137 provost, the chief of any hody^ as a col- lege — ^prSv'ust. provost, the executioner of an army — pro-vo\ Smart and some others pronounce the word in the latter signification pr6v'ust also. prow — prou or pro, prowess — ^prou'es. Fro'es was once permissible. prude, pru'dence, prune, pru'ri-ent. See accrue. Prussian — prtisli'an, or prob'shan. There is little choice here in point of good usage. prussic — ^prtis'ik, or prcJb'sik. psalmist — sam 'ist. There is good authority for saying both sdV- mist and saVmist, psalmody — s^l'mo-de. Webster said sdm'o-de, psalms — samz, not s^mz. pseudo — su'do. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 138 Psyche — si'ke. In Greek aud Latin words which begin with uncombinable consonants, the first letter is silent ; thus P in Psyche and Ptolemy is not sounded. Ptolemaic — t6l-e-maik. pu'er-ile, not -il. puissance (from the French). All the orthoepists, with one exception, accent this word on the first syllable. Why this is done it is not easy to see, since that accentuation makes the word most difiicult of utterance, and because the last syllable, in French, is made most promi- nent by being drawn out in the pronunciation somewhat like au in haul followed by nasal n and the sound of s. It seems to the writer that the word, in English, should be pronounced />^^-^s'- sans instead of pu'is-sdns, ptim'ice, or pu'-. " This word ought to be pronounced pewmis. In nothing is our language more regular than in preserving the u open when the accent is on it and followed by a single consonant." — Walker, We have at least three other words which break this regularity — cwn'm, duc'at^ and pun'- ish, Pum'ice is as well established as pun'ish. We never hear a mechanic talk about la^pewmis- stone, ptimp'kin. See P. 8ee Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 139 piir'port, noun and verh^ not pur-port'. pur-sue', not -su^ pursuit — ^pur-sut', not -sut^ pustule — pfist'yul. put — ^pdbt, not pttt (very antiquated). pyg-me'an, or pyg'me-. There is very little authority for the second accentuation. pyramidal — ^pe-r^m'i-dal. pyrites — pe-ri'tez. Pytli-a-go're-an, or Py-tMg-o-re'an. Pyth'o-ness. Q. This consonant is always followed by u. The digraph qu has usually the sound of kw^ as in quail, quart, etc. ; but in many words from the French it has the sound of Jc, as in coquette, mas- querade, etc. The termination que is also pro- nounced Jc, as in oblique, antique, etc. quadrille — ka-drir, not kw6d-ril'. quaff, not qu6ff. qu^g'gy, not qu6g'-. qud-g^mire, not qu5g'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 140 quan'da-ry, or -da'ry. Webster and one or two lesser lights are the only orthoepists who accent this word on the first syllable ; but that is certainly the prevailing pronunciation in this country. quar'rel, not quar'l. quash — kw6sh, not kw^sh. quassia — kw6sli^e-a. quay — ke. quelque ckose (Fr.) — ^kgrke shoz, not k6k skoz. quelle sottise (Fr.) — kel sot'tez'. quinine — kwi-nin', or kwi^-, not ke-nen'. qui vive (Fr.) — ^ke vev. quoit — kwoit, not kwat. quoth — kwoth, or kwtith. "Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Nares, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith pronounce the o in this word long, as in both ; but Buchanan short, as in moth. This latter pro- nunciation is certainly more agreeable to the general sound of o before th^ as in hroth^ frothy clothy etc.; but my ear fails me if I have not always heard it pronounced like the o in doth^ as if written kwiXth, which is the pronunciation Mr. Elphinstone gives it, and, in my opinion, is the true one." — Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 141 R. This letter is never silent. It has a peculiar influence on both the long and the short sound of the vowels. Sometimes it changes the short sound of a as in man into its Italian sound, as in far^ and the short sound of o as in not into its broad sound, as in nor. It has a corresponding effect on the short sound of the other vowels. When r is preceded by a short vowel, it some- times has the effect of blending the syllables. Thus the dissyllables higher^ lower, mower, rower, sower, Siiid flower are pronounced precisely like the monosyllables hire, lore, more, roar, soar, and Jlour, rMlsh, not red^-. raillery — r^^rer-e. Webster, in the early editions of his diction- ary, said rdl'ler-e ; and in this some later orthoe- pists have concurred. raisonne (Fr.)— ra'zon'na'. ra'jah. rancor — ^r^ng'kur. r^p'ine, not ra-pen^ raspberry — r^z'ber-re, not rawz'-. r^th'er, o?' rath'-, not ruth'-. ratio — ^ra'she-o. ra'tion, not r^sh'un. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 142 rational — r^sli'iin-al. JRd'shun-al is no longer permitted by any orthoepist. The like is true of nd'shun-al and other words of similar orthography. Indeed, the making of the a in the first syllable of these words long was never countenanced by any of the English orthoepists. It was one of the many Websterian innovations. re-al-i-za'tion, not -i-za'-. re'al-ly, not rely. reb'el, not reb'l. re-cess'. There is no dictionary authority for saying re'cess, though the word is very generally so pro- nounced, even by good speakers. reg-ep-tivl-ty. rSg-i-pr6g'i-ty. reg-i-ta-tive'. rec-la-ma'tion. re-cltise', noun and adj. " I all the livelong day Consume in meditation deep, recluse From human converse." 7,7 .7. -—I^hihps, Sooner or later the accent of this word, when a substantive, and also of recess, will probably, by general consent, be changed to the first syllable. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 143 rgc'og-niz-a-ble, or re-c6g'ni-za-ble. There is no lack of authority for the second marking, but in this country it is not heeded. rec'og-nize, not re-k6g'niz, nor rSk'on-iz. rec-ol-lect', not re-col-, rec'on-dite, or re-c5ii'dite. reconnaissance (Fr.) — re'kon'a'sangs'. This is the modern orthography of this word. reconnoissance — re-kOn'ni-sance. rec-on-noi'tre, not re'-, re-cord', verh, rec'ord, nonn^ not rec'ord. Some of the older writers accented this sub- stantive on the second syllable, as we see in the lines of Watts ; "Our nation reads the written word, That book of life, that sure record^'* re-coursed rec're-ant, not re'-, rec're-ate, to take recreation. re-cre-ate', to create anew. re-cruit'. See accrue. rSc'ti-tude. See adduce. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 144 r6f'er-a-ble. re-f6r'ri-ble. "This word," says Worcester, "is given in many of the dictionaries in two forms, referrihle and referable, and both are often met with ; but referrihle is the form that seems to be the more countenanced by the dictionaries. Smart says, ' Meferahle, which is to be met with, violates the practice of deduction from the verb.' " re'flSx, not re-flex'. rgf lu-ent, not re-flu'ent. r6f 'use, 6>r ref 'fuz. re-fut'a-ble. regime (Fr.) — ^ra'zhem'. rSl-ax-a'tion, or re-. Euphony and authority are on the side of the first marking. relievo — ^re-leVo. This word, thus given in the dictionaries, is a corruption of the Italian rilievo. Inasmuch as our own word relief has the same meaning in art, there is no occasion for a corrupt foreign form ; and when the Italian word is used, it should have its Italian spelling and pronuncia- tion — re-lyd'vo, re-me'di-a-ble. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 145 re-m6d'i-l6ss, or r6m'e-di-lSss. Ease of utterance makes the first marking preferable, though the second is that of a major- ity of the authorities. re-morseQess, not -lilss. See ailment. renaissance (Fr.) — ^re-na'sangs'. rendezvous (Fr.) — ^rSng'da' vdb\ renew — re-nu', not -nu'. renunciation — re-niin-slie-a'shun, or -se-. See pronunciation. rgp'a-ra-ble. r6p-ar-tee'. " A man renowned for repartee Will seldom scruple to make free With friendship's finest feeling." — Gowper, repertoire (Fr.) — ra'par'twar'. rep'er-to-ry. rgp'tile, not -tile (antiquated). r6p'u-ta-ble. re'qui-em, or rek^we-em. Smart says reU'we-em^ and Worcester permits this marking. re-searchV not re'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 146 rgg'in, not rSz^n. re§'o-lu-ble. Those who, like the writer, are glad to have an authority for pronouncing this word re-zWu- hUy find it in Sheridan. re§-o-lu'tion, not -lu'-. See adduce. rgg'o-n^iice, not res'-. re-source', not re'-. " Pallas viewed His foes pursuing, and his friends pursued ; Used threatenings mixed with prayers, his last resource,'''^ t^ -, — Dryden, re-spir'a-ble. Perry and Knowles say res'pi-ra-ble, m re-spir'a-to-ry. rgs'pite, not -pit. re-splen'dent, not rSs-. restaurant — rSs'to-rant. In speaking English, to pronounce this word d lafrangaise is in questionable taste ; it smacks of pedantry. restaurateur (Fr.) — ras'to'ra'tur'. re-sto'ra-tive, not r6s-t6'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 147 re-§ume\ resume (Fr.) — ^ra'zu'ma^ The vowel u lias a sound in French which can not be represented with English characters. The sound is identical with IX or ue in German. re-tail', verb ; re 'tail, noun, re-taiVer, or re'tail-er. retch, or retch. Though the former is more heard in this country, the latter has the weight of authority in its favor. re-trib'u-tive. re^tro-cede, or ret'ro-. All the dictionaries put the accent on the first syllable of this word ; but in nearly all other words of similar formation it is on the last, as intercede', supersede', etc. If this were as com- monly used as the others, we apprehend it would have been treated in like manner. rSt'ro-grade, or re'tro-. A large majority of the orthoepists give the first marking. Indeed, Smart is the only one of note who prefers the second. rSt'ro-spect, or re'tro-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 10 148 rgv'el-ry, not -til-ry. revenue — ^rgv'e-nu, in prose ; re-v6n^yxi, in verse. " Do not think I flatter ; For what advancement may I hope from thee, That no YQvenyxe hath but thy good spirits To feed and clothe thee ? " — Samlet, rev'o-ca-ble. re-volt', or -v6lt'. "This word has Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Buchanan for that pronun- ciation which rhymes it with malt; but that which rhymes it with holt, jolt, etc., has the authority of Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Smith, Mr. Scott, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, a clear anal- ogy, and, if I am not mistaken, the best usage, on its side." — Walker, rheum — rum. rheumatic — ru-m^t'ik. rheumatism — ru'ma-tizm. rhubarb — ru'barb, not ru'-. Richelieu — rish'el-yu. It is doubtful taste to pronounce this historic name after the French mode when speaking English. It certainly smacks a bit of pedantry. ripe'ness, not -nils. See ailment. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 149 rige, verb. rise, or ri§e, noun. " This word properly takes the pure sound of s to distinguish it from the verb, but does not adhere to this distinction so inviolably as the nouns use^ excuse^ etc.; for we sometimes hear *the rise and fall of the Roman empire,' 'the rise and fall of provisions,' etc., with the s like z. The pure 5, however, is more agreeable to analogy, and ought to be scrupulously preserved in these phrases by all correct speakers." — Walker, Walker's recommendation is little heeded nowadays by even the most fastidious. risk, not resk. ro-Mst', not ro'btist. ^- Survey the warlike horse ; didst thou invest With thunder his rohiist, distended chest ? " — Young, robustious — ro-btist'yus. ro-m^nce'. Though ro'mance is often heard in cultured circles, it is not sanctioned by any of the orthoe- pists. " A staple of romance and lies. False tears and real perjuries." — Prior, roof. See cooper. rook, (9r rook. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 150 root, not root. See cooper, roseate — ^ro'ze-at. ro-§e'o-la, not ro-§e-6la. roue (Fr.) — ro'a'. route — root. There is abundant authority for pronouncing this word rowt ; Tbut this pronunciation is now very generally considered inelegant. "Most of the orthoepists more recent than Walker give the preference to the pronunciation rooV — Worcester, routine (Fr.) — rotten'. ru-be'o-la, not ru-be-ola. , Rubinstein, A. — ru'bin-stin. ru'by, not ru'-. rude, not rude. See accrue. ruffian — rtif yan, not rtif fi-an. Ru'ftis. rule, not rule. ru'mi-nate. ru'ral, not xvlt. ruse de guerre (Fr.) — ruz de gar. Russian. See Prussian. Ruy Bias (Sp.) — ^ru'e bias, not bla. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 151 S. The usual or genuine sound of this letter is its sharp, hissing, or sibilant sound, as in alas^ sun, same, caps, stuffs, etc. It has also a soft sound like z, as in does, was, ribs, prices, dismal, etc. Combined with or from the effect of the suc- ceeding vowel, it has the sound of sh in words ending in sion preceded by a consonant, as in dimension, expulsion, etc.; also in censure, sen- sual, fissure, pressure, sure, insure, nauseate, nauseous, sugar, etc. It has the sound of zh in the termination sion preceded by a vowel, as in contusion, explosion, etc. ; also in many words in which it is preceded by an accented vowel and followed by the ter- mination ure, as in treasure, exposure, leisure, etc. ; also in a number of words ending in sier, as in hosier, etc.; and finally in elysium, elysian, and ambrosia. In the German language, s, beginning a syl- lable and followed by a vowel, has the sound of z ; at the end of a syllable, it has invariably its sharp, hissing sound. s^5-er-d6'tal,^7io^ sa-cer-. sd.c'ra-m8nt, not sa'cra-. " This word, with sacrifice, sacrilege, and sac- risty, is sometimes pronounced with the a in the first syllable long, as in sacred ; but this is con- trary to one of the clearest analogies in the lan- guage." — Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 152 sacrifice, verh — s^k're-fiz. In the words sacrifice^ suffice, discern, and sice, c has the sound of z, " They talk of principles, but notions prize, And all to one loved folly sacrijice.^^ — Pope, sacrifice, noun — s^k're-fiz, or -fis. The second marking is authorized by Smart and by Wright. sd,c'ri-l6ge, not sa'cri-. s^c-ri-le'gioils, not -lij^iis. s^c'ris-ty. sa-ga'ciotis, not -g^sh'tis. said — sed, not sad. Sainte-Beuve — s^ngt'-bSv'. S^ric, not SaQic. salmon — s^m'un. salve — say, or salv, not s^v. " Dr. Johnson tells us that this word is origi- nally and properly salf ; which having salves in the plural, the singular in time was borrowed from it ; sealf, Saxon, undoubtedly from salvus, Latin. There is some diversity among our ortho- epists about the I in this word and its verb. Mr. Sheridan marks it to be pronounced ; Mr. Smith, W. Johnston, and Barclay make it mute ; Mr. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 153 Scott and Mr. Perry give it both ways ; and Mr. Nares says it is mute in the noun, but sounded in the verb. The mute I is certainly counte- nanced in this word by calve and halve ; but, as they are very irregular, and are the only words where the I is silent in this situation (for valve, delve, solve, etc., have the I pronounced), and as this word is of Latin original, the I ought cer- tainly to be preserved in both words ; for, to have the same word sounded differently to sig- nify different things is a defect in language that ought, as much as possible, to be avoided." — Walker, s^Ver, not sa'ver. Sa-m^r^i-tan. sanguine — s^ng'gwin. sapphire — sM.^iir, or sM'fir. The second pronunciation has a great prepon- derance of authority in its favor ; but the first, which is Webster's, is both more analogical and more euphonious. sarce'net, not sar'se-. sar'do-nyx. sar-sa-pa-rilla, not s^s-a-. satiate — sa'she-at. sa-ti'e-ty, not sa'she-ty. The pronunciation of this word seems anom- alous, from the fact that it is the only one in the See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 154 language having the syllable ti under an accent followed by a vowel ; but this syllable regularly takes the accent, in analogy with society^ variety^ and all other words of similar formation. sa^t'in, not s^t'n. sa,t'ire. This is the marking of Webster and Craig. Smart says sdt'er ; Worcester, sd'ter ; Walker, sa'tlr, sa'trap. Sdt'rap is becoming obsolete. s^t'ur-nine, not sa'tur-nin. satyr — sa'tur. Smart alone prefers sdt'ur, sau'cy, not sAs'e. sauer kraut (Ger.) — zow'er krowt. saunter — san^ter, or* saun'-. " The first mode of pronouncing this word is the most agreeable to analogy, if not in the most general use ; but where use has formed so clear a rule as in words of this form, it is wrong not to follow it. Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Scott are for the first pronuncia- tion ; and Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston for the last."— Walker. See Key to Pronunciation, d. 6. 155 sau'sage. The pronunciation sds^sij, now exceedingly- vulgar, was at one time countenanced by good usage, and was preferred by several ortboepists of the last century. savoir faire (Fr.) — s^-v^war' far. says — sez, not saz. sca^bi-oiis. sc^ld, 07' scald, a Scandinavian poet. scallop, verb and noun — skSl'lup. " This word is irregular ; for it ought to have the a in the first syllable like that in tallow ; but the deep sound of a is too firmly fixed by custom to afford any expectation of a change. Mr. Sheri- dan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith pronounce the a in the manner I have given it." — Walker, scarce, not stars, 7ior skers (obsolete), sc^th, not skatli (old), scen'ic. Smart says sce'nic, schedule — skSd'yul. The orthoepists give us seven or eight differ- ent ways to pronounce this word. This is the marking of both Worcester and Webster. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 156 schism — sizm, not siz'tim. " The common pronunciation of this word is contrary to every rule for pronouncing words from the learned languages, and ought to be altered. Ch^ in English words, coming from Greek words with x^ ought always to be pro- nounced like h ; and I believe the word in ques- tion is almost the only exception throughout the language. However strange, therefore, skizm may sound, it is the only true and analogical pronunciation ; and we might as well pronounce scheme seme as schism sizm, there being exactly the same reason for both. But, when once a false pronunciation is fixed, as this is, it requires some daring spirit to begin the reformation ; but when once begun, as it has (what seldom hap- pens) truth, novelty, and the appearance of Greek erudition on its side, there is no doubt of its suc- cess. Whatever, therefore, may be the fate of its pronunciation, it ought still to retain its spelling. This must be held sacred, or the whole language will be metamorphosed ; for the very same reason that induced Dr. Johnson to spell sceptick skep- tick, ought to have made him spell schism^ sizm and schedule sedule. All our orthoepists pro- nounce the word as I have marked it." — Walker. scliismatic — siz-m^t'ik. schooner — skobn'er, not skdbn'-. Schubert — shob'bert, not -bar. Schurz, Carl — shdbrts. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 157 scSff, not scauf. See accost. scor-bu'tic. screw — skru, not skru. scr6f'u-la, not skrauf '-. See accost. scru'ple. See accrue. scru'pu-lous. scru'ti-ny. sculpture — sktilpt'yur. seamstress — sem'stres, or sem'-. Webster is the only orthoepist of note who gives the second marking. seance (Fr.) — sa'angss'. seckel, a small pear — sSk'kl, not sikl. se-clude', not -clud'. See adduce. sec're-ta-ry, not s6c'u-ta-ry. se-d^n', a hind of chair. s6d'a-tive. se-duce'. See adduce. seigneurial-r— sen-yu'ri-al. seine, a net — sen, not san. Seine, river — san. sem'i, not sem'i. sempstress — sem'stres. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 158 se'nile, not se'nil. sen'na, not se'na. sentient — sen'she-ent. sen'ti-ment. See ailment. sepulchre, noun — sep'ul-ker. "I consider this word as having altered its original accent on the second syllable, either by the necessity or caprice of the poets, or by its similitude to the generality of words of this form and number of syllables, which generally have the accent on the first syllable. Dr. Johnson tells us it is accented by Shakespeare and Milton on the second syllable, but by Jonson and Prior, more properly, on the first ; and he might have added, as Shakespeare has sometimes done." — Walker, sepulchre, verb — se-ptirker. se'quel, not -kwil. se-qu6s'trate. sequestration — sek-wes-tra'shun. sequestrator — sek^wes-tra-tur. Se-ra'pis. sergeant — sar'jent, or ser'-. There is but little authority for the second marking. " There is a remarkable exception to the com- mon sound of the letter e in the words clerk, ser^ See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 159 geant, and a few others, where we find the e pro- nounced like the a in dark and margin. But this exception, I imagine, was, till within these few years, the general rule of sounding this letter before r, followed by another consonant. Thirty years ago every one pronounced the first syllable of r)ierchant like the monosyllable march, and as it was originally written, marchant. Service and servant are still heard, among the lower orders of speakers, as if written sarvice and sarvant ; and even among the better sort we sometimes hear the salutation, * Sir, your sarvant,'' though this pronunciation of the word singly would be looked upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The proper names Derby and Berkeley still retain the old sound ; but even these, in polite usage, are getting into the common sound, nearly as if written Durhy and JBurkeley, As this modern pronunciation of the e has a tendency to simplify the language by lessening the number of ex- ceptions, it ought certainly to be indulged." — Walker, " The letters er are irregularly sounded ar in clerk and sergeant, and formerly, but not now, in m^er chant, Derby, and several other words." — Smart, " In the United States, the letters er are, by good speakers, regularly sounded, as in her, in the w^ords merchant, servant, Derby, Berkeley, etc. The regular pronunciation of clerk {clurk) is also a very common, if not the prevailing, mode. Many give the same sound to e in ser- geant.'^'* — Worcester, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 160 series — se'rez, or se'ri-ez. serVile, not -vil. serVi-tude, not -tud. ses'a-me. sew — so, not su. sewer, one who sews— so'er. sewer, an under-ground drain — su'er. Walker and half a dozen other orthoepists say shor ; Smart says soor, and maintains that shor is vulgar ; Worcester says soo'er or shor ; and finally, Webster and Wright say svler^ which is the pronunciation always heard here. sh. This digraph represents the simple sound heard in shelf ^ fleshy usher, etc., and is never silent. " It is expressed : 1. By c, as in oceanic, emaciation ; 2. By s, as in nauseate, Asiatic ; 3. By t, as in negotiation ; 4. By ce, as in ocean ; 5. By c^, as in soc^al ; 6. By se, as in nauseous ; 7. By s^, as in tens/on ; 8. By ti, as in cap^/ous ; 9. By the si implied in xi {=ksi)y as in nocc/ous ; 10. By the sy implied in su (=syw), as in mensu- ration ; 11. By the sy implied in xu {=ks]/u), as in IxixuYj ; 12. By ch, as in cAaise, charlatan, machine ; 13. By chs, as in fucAsia ; 14. By so, as in conscientious ; 15. By schy as in scAorl ; 16. By sci, as in consc^ence." — TT. A. Wheeler: See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 161 shall, auxiliary — sh^l, or sh'l, accord- ing to the stress put upon it. The auxiliaries, like the pronouns and a long list of the particles, are touched but lightly when they are not emphatic and the utterance is natu- ral. sha'n't {shall nof) — shant, not sh^nt. sheath, noun ; pi., sheath §. she, or she, according to the demands of the emphasis. "Then, with eyes that saw not, I kissed her ; And she [she], kissing back, could not know That my \ml\ kiss was given to her sister." " Oh, she \she\ too died a short time since ; she \she\ broke a blood-vessel in a fit of passion." sheik — shek. shekel — shekl, not she'kl, shew — sho. shewn — shon. shire, or shire. "The pronunciation of this word is very irregular, as it is the only pure English word in the language where the final e does not produce the long diphthongal sound of i when the accent is on it ; but this irregularity is so fixed as to give the regular sound a pedantic stiffness. Mr. '^ See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 162 Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Buchanan, however, have adopted this sound, in which they have been followed by Mr. Smith ; but Mr. Elphin- ston, Dr. Lowth, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and Barclay are for the irregular sound ; W. John- ston gives both, but places the irregular first. It may likewise be observed that this word, when unaccented at the end of words, as Nottingham' shire^ Wiltshire, etc., is always pronounced with the i like €6." — Walker, shoe — shoo, not shu. shone — shon, or sh6n. " This word is frequently pronounced so as to rhyme with tone ; but the short sound of it is by far the most usual among those who may be styled polite speakers." — Walker, Webster and others give the first pronuncia- tion ; Smart, Worcester, and others, the second, which violates an almost uniform analogy, and is rarely heard in this country. This and gone are the only words of similar formation in which the regular short sound of o is ever heard, the only other exceptions to the long sound being a few words in which the o has the sound of short u, as done, love, etc. short-lived, not -livd. shrew — shru, not shru. shrewd — shrud, not shrud. shriek — shrek, not srek. See Key to PronunciatioD, p. 6. 163 shrill, not sril. strine, not srin. shrink, not srink. shrtib, not sriib. shrug, not srlig. sibyl — sib'il, not si'bil. sice — siz. See sacrifice, sigli — si. " A very extraordinary pronunciation of this word prevails in London, and, what is more extraordinary, on the stage — so different from every other word of the same form as to make it a perfect oddity in the language. This pronuncia- tion approaches to the word sithe [scythe] ; and the only difference is that sithe has the flat aspira- tion, as in this^ and sigh the sharp one, as in thin. It is not easy to conjecture what could be the reason of this departure from analogy, unless it were to give the word a sound which seems an echo to the sense." — Walker. " This ^ extraordinary pronunciation ' of sigh is more or less common in some parts of the United States. It is not countenanced by any of the orthoepists." — Worcester. silhouette (Fr.)— se'lo-et'. sim'i-le, not simll. si-mul-ta'ne-otis, not sim-ul-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. U 164 since, not sSnce. si'ne-cure, not sin'e-. si^ne di'e (Lat.). sin'is-ter, or sj-nis'ter. " This word, in the sense of left, is accented by the poets Milton, Dry den, etc., on the second syllable, though most lexicographers and orthoe- pists accent it on the first syllable, whether it is used in the sense of left or perverse. Walker says : ' This word, though uniformly accented on the second syllable in the poets quoted by John- son, is as uniformly accented on the first by all our lexicographers, and is uniformly so pro- nounced by the best speakers. Mr. Nares tells us that Dr. Johnson seenis to think that, when this word is used in its literal sense — as, *' In his sinister hand, instead of a ball, He placed a mighty mug of potent ale," {Dryden) — it has the accent on the second syllable ; but when in the figurative sense of corrupt, insidious^ etc., on the first. This distinction seems not to be founded on the best usage.' " — Worcester. sFren, not sir'en. Sir'i-us (Lat.). sirrali — sir'ra, s^r'ra, or ser'ra. "This [sdr'ra\ is a corruption of the first magnitude, but too general and inveterate to be See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 165 remedied, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr.' Scott, Dr. Ken rick, and Mr. Perry pronounce it as I have done. W. Johnston alone pronounces it as if written serrah ; and Mr. Elphinston, because it is derived from sir and the interjection ah, says it ought to have the first syllable like sir,''' — Walker, sir'up. Though sanctioned, sUr'rup may be set down as being rather inelegant. sky — ski, skei, skyi, or sk'y. See kind. slan'der, or sMn'der. sMb'ber. This word is pronounced colloquially sldh'ber, and sometimes so written. " The second sound of this word is by much the more usual one ; but, as it is in direct opposi- tion to the orthography, it ought to be discounte- nanced, and the a restored to its true sound." — Walker, sMng. slant. slate, slaugh'ter. sleek, not slick. slew — slu. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 166 sliv'er, or sliVer. The first marking, the prevailing pronuncia- tion in this country, is that of Webster and Craig ; the second, that of all the other ortho- epists. ^ sloth. Webster alone marks the o of this word and its derivatives short. slotli'ful. slougb, the cast skin of a serpent — sltif. slough, a deep^ miry place — slou. sloven — sluv'n, not slov'n. sobriquet (Fr.) — so'bre'ka'. sociability — so-she-a-bil'i-te. sociable — so 'she-a-bl. s5ft. See accost. soften — s6f 'n, not s6f 'ten. soiree (Fr.) — swa'ra'. so'Journ, noun. so-journ', or so'journ, verh " This noun and verb are variously accented by the poets ; but our modern orthoepists have, in general, given the accent to the first syllable of both words."— Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6, 167 so-journ'er. All the authorities, so far as the writer knows, place the accent of this word on the first syllable, thus, sd[journ-er. Ease of utterance, euphony, and analogy demand the penultimate accentua- tion, which is accordingly recommended here. solder — s&l'der, s6d'der, or saw'der. " Dr. Johnson seems to favor writing this word without the I, as it is sometimes pronounced ; but the many^ examples he has brought, where it is spelt with l^ show sufficiently how much this or- thography is established. . . . Though our ortho- epists agree in leaving out the /, they differ in pronouncing the o. Sheridan sounds the o as in sod^; W. Johnston as in sober ; and Mr. Nares as the dipththong aw. Mr. Smith says that Mr. Walker pronounces the I in this word, but every workman pronounces it as rhyming ^'ith. fodder '; to which it may be answered that workmen ought to take their pronunciation from scholars, and not scholars from workmen." — Walker, sSl'e-cism, not sole-. sSrstice, not sol'-. so-lu'tion, not -lu'-. sftm'bre, or s6m\ ISTearly all the orthoepists mark the o of this word long. It is not easy to see why, especially as it comes to us through the French, in which See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 168 language the o is more like our short than our long o. True, the long o makes the word some- what more sonorous. sftm'brous, or som'-. sSn'net, not son'-. so-no'rous, not s6n'o-. soon, not soon. soot, or soot, not sM. "Notwithstanding I have Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and the professors of the black art themselves against me in the pronunciation of this word, I have ventured to prefer the regular pronuncia- tion to the irregular. The adjective sooty has its regular sound among the correctest speakers, which has induced Mr. Sheridan to mark it so ; but nothing can be more absurd than to pronounce the substantive in one manner, and the adjective, derived from it by adding y, in another. The other orthoepists, therefore, who pronounce both these words with the oo like % are more consistent than Mr. Sheridan, though, upon the whole, not so right." — Walker, soothe. "2%, at the end of words, is sharp, as deaths breath, etc., except in beneath, booth, with, and the verbs to seeth, to smooth, to sooth, to mouth, all which ought to be written with e final, not only to distinguish some of them from the nouns, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. Nouns^ etc. Verbs, Sheath, to sheath, sheathe. Smooth, to smooth. Sooth, to sooth. Swath, to swathe. 169 but to show that tli is soft ; for th^ when final, is sometimes pronounced soft, as in to mouth ; yet the^ at the end of words, is never pronounced hard. There is as obvious an analogy for this sound of th in these verbs, as for the z sound of s in verbs ending in se ; and why we should write some verbs with e, and others without it, is inconceivable. The best way to show the ab- surdity of our orthography, in this particular, will be to draw out the nouns and verbs as they stand in Johnson's Dictionary : Nouns^ etc. Verbs. Bath, to bathe. Breath, to breathe, rioth i *^ clothe, ^^^^^' \ to uncloath. Loath, to loathe. | Txr„^„i.u ) to wreath. Mouth, to mouth. | ^ ^®^^^^' ] to inwreathe. "Surely nothing can be more evident than the analogy of the language in this case. Is it not absurd to hesitate a moment at writing all the verbs with e final ? This is a departure f rori^ our great lexicographer which he himself would approve, as nothing but inadvertency could have led him into this unmeaning irregularity." — Walker, "Although Walker speaks so decidedly on this matter, yet he has not accommodated the orthography of all these words to the principle which he inculcates. It could be wished that all the words of this class were conformed in their orthography to this rule. The only ones which are not now actually, by respectable usage, con- formed to it, are the verbs to mouth and to , See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 170 smooth, which we hardly ever see written to inouthe and to smoothe,'^'' — Worcester, sobth'say-er, not sdoth'-. s6p-o-rif' ic, not so-po-. sSr'ry, not saw'iy. sough — stif. souse, not souz. souvenir — sov^ner'. sov'er-eign, or s5v'-. In England the o of this word is generally sounded like o in on, while in the United States it is generally sounded like o in son. spaniel — sp^n'yel. sp^§m, not sp^z'um. specialty — spesli'al-te. species — spe'shez, or -shez. A tautophonic objection to the second mark- ing will, probably, make the first one generally preferred. specious — spe'shus. sper-ma-ce'ti. splie'roid. spinacli, or spinage — spin^ej. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6.- 171 spirit, not spir^tit. "The general sound of the first ^, in this word and all its compounds, was till lately the sound of e in merit ; but a very laudable atten- tion to propriety has nearly restored the i to its true sound ; and now spirit sounded as if written sperit begins to grow vulgar." — Walker, spir'it-ed, not spir'et-ud. splSn'e-tic. spruce, not spruce. See accrue. squalid — squSrid, not squ^l'-. squalor. This is the marking of all the dictionaries ; but universal usage makes the word squd'lor, squirrel — skwiir'rel, skwir'-, or skwer'-. " The i in this word ought not, according to analogy, to be pronounced like e; but custom seems to have fixed it too firmly in that sound to be altered without the appearance of pedantry." — Walker. See panegyric. The above note assumes that the word must be pronounced with the sound either of short i or of short e ; but in this coun- try the general pronunciation is that first given. stal'wart, or stSl'-. sMmp, not stSmp. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 172 stanch, not stanch, stead — sted, not stid. stead'y, not stid'y. steeryard. Colloquially in the United States, stiVyard ; in England, according to Smart, stel'yard, " This word, in common usage among those who weigh heavy bodies, has contracted its double e into single ^, and is pronounced as if written stilyard. This contraction is so common, in com- pound words of this kind, as to become an idiom of pronunciation, which can not be easily coun- teracted without opposing the current of the lan- guage." — Walker, " It is sometimes written stillyard,-'* — Crdbh, ste're-0-scope, or ster'e-. ste're-o-type, or ster'e-. steward — stu'ard, not stu^-. stint, not stSnt. stir'rup, or sttir'rup. stsrid, not stolid, stom'a-clier, not -ker. stone, not stiin. ston'y, not stun'e. storm, not stawm. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 173 stra-teg'ic, or -te'gic. Webster and Cull are the only authorities for the second pronunciation. strength, not strenth. strew — stru, or stro. The first place is given here to stru because that is the marking of the majority of the ortho- epists, and because both Worcester and Webster give it the preference. The writer personally pre- fers stro^ thinking it the easier of utterance and the more sonorous ; in fact, the sound of long o is the most sonorous sound in the language. stry^li'nine, or -nine. stu'dent, not stu'-. See adduce. stu-pen^dotis. stu'pid, not stu'-. suavity — sw^^v'e-te, not su-^v^-. sub-artern. The antepenultimate accentuation of this word is becoming obsolete. sub-due', not -du'. See adduce. sub-ject'ed, not siib'Ject-ed. " A very improper accentuation {siXh'ject-ed) of the passive participle of the verb to subject has obtained, which ought to be corrected." — Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 174 siib-lu^nar. sub'lu-na-ry. subpoena — stib-pe^na, not stip-. sub-si'dence, not siib'si-. substantiate — sub-st^n^slie-at. stib'stan-tive-ly, not sub-st^n'-. subtile, tTiiUy rare^ fine — sub 'til. subtle, sly J artful^ cunning — slitl. These two words are often confounded with each other both in orthography and pronuncia- tion. stib'tirb, 7iot su'burb. sub-urb'an. such, not sech, nor sich. stid'den, not stid'n. suffice — suf-fiz', not -fis^ See sacrifice, sug-gest'. Smart marks this word sud-j^st\ " Though the first g in exaggerate is, by a carelessness of pronunciation, assimilated to the last, this is not always the case in the present word. For, though we sometimes hear it sounded as if written sud-jest, the most correct speakers generally preserve the first and last g in their distinct and separate sounds." — Walker. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 175 su-i-ci'dal, not su-igl-dal. suite — swet, not sut. sul-ta'na, or -ta'-. sul-phii'ric. sum'ma-ry, not -mer-e. summoned — stim^mund, not -munzd. su'per-a-ble. su-per-e-r6g'a-to-ry, or su-per-er'o-ga-, su-per'flu-ous, not sii-per-flu'-. Suppe, F. von — zob'pe. supple — sup'pl, not sdb'pl. sup-po§e', not spoz. sure — shnr, not shur. surety — shur'te, not shur'te. sur-named\ sur-pri§e', not sup-. sur-vey', verb, sur'vey, noun. Su'gan, not su'-. suture — sut'yur. swarth'y, not swatli'y. swath — swStli. sword — sord. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 176 syl-Mb'ic. syn'od, not si'nSd. syringe, not syr-inge^ sys'to-le. This letter is silent in the terminations te7i and tie after s and f, as in fasten^ listen, often, soften, gristle, castle, throstle, bristle, etc. It is also silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, host- ler or ostler, mistletoe, and mortgage, td-b'er-na-cle. tableau ; pl.^ tableaux (Fr.) — ^t^'blo'. Tal-mtid'ic. t^p'es-try, not td,ps'tre, nor ta'pes-tre. tapis (Fr.) — ta'pe'. tar-pauliu, not tar-polin. Tarpeian — ^tar-p e ^y an . Tar-ta're-an, not tar-ta-re'an. tar-t^rlc, not tar-tarlc. t^s'sel. The authority for saying tds'sl is very slight and antiquated. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 177 Mt-ter-de-mdl'ion, not -marion. Taubert (Ger.) — ^tow'bert. taunt — ^tant. Several of the older orthoepists said tawnt t^v'ern, not taVern. Tchaikowsky, P. — chi-kuvs'ke. teat — tet, not tit. tedious — te 'de-US, or ted'yus. te-leg'ra-pliy, not tere-grdpli-y. Telemaclius — te-lem'a-kiis. tem^per-a-ment, not -mtint. See ailment. tem'per-at-ure, or tem'per-a-ttire. t6n'a-ble, not te'na-. tenacious — ^te-na'shus, not -n^sh'us. ten'et, not te'net. Some of the older orthoepists said te'net, but now the weight of authority is decidedly in favor of the marking we have given. tenure — ten'yur. tSp'id, not te'pid. ter-gi-ver-sa'tion. ter'ra-pin, not ttir'-. Terpsichore — terp-sik'o-re. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 178 Terp-si-€lio-re^an. tete-Uete (Fr.)— tat^-a'-tat'. Tha-li'a. tMnks'giv-ing, or tlianks-giv'ilig, the, wlien emphatic j otherwise^ the. the'a-tre, not the'a-tre. their — th4r, when emphatic; otherwise^ ther. " Hearing their [^Aer] conversation and their [ther\ accounts of the \the\ approbation their ther\ papers were received with, I was excited to try my \m%\ hand among them [^A'm]." — Franklin, " If their [thdr] loss were as great as yours, it would bankrupt them [^A'm]." them, when emphatic / otherwise, them, or th'm. "If you give me [me] money, what are you going to give them [them] ? " " If I had them [th^m] now, I should know what to do with them [th'm]" th6r-a-peu'tic. therefore — therefor. Though thdr'/or is permissible, it is generally accounted inelegant. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 179 thereof — ^ther-Sv', or tiier-6ff'. there-witli', or -with^ Theuriet, Andre — tu're-a'. they — tiia, when emphatic y otherwise^ tha. " We'll see our husbands before they \tha\ think of us." " Shall they \tha\ see us ? " ." So she asked him what they \tha\ were, whence they [^Aa] came, and whither they \thq\ were bound." Thiers — ^te-ar'. thousand — ^thou'zand, not -zan. threw — thru. three-legged — three'-legd, or -I6g-g6d. thresh'old, or -hold. thrSng. See accost. thyme — tim. ti-a'ra, or ti-a'ra. ticklish, not -el-ish. tid'bit. tiers etat (Fr.) — te-ar' za'ta'. ti'ny, not tin'y, nor te'ny. ti-rade'. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 12 180 to — ^to, or to, depending upon the stress it receives, " From morn To \to\ noon he fell, from noon to \to\ dewy eve." We say, "He is at home," not " to \to'\ home." to-ma^to, or -ma'-, tobtli'aclie, not teetli'aclie. to-p5g'ra-pliy. tSp-o-gr^plilc, not to-po-. tortoise — ^tor'tiz, or -tis, nx)t -tois. Toulmouclie — tdbrmopsli^ tout-^-fait (Fr.)— to■b'-ta'-fa^ tout court (Fr.) — too kobr. toward — to'ard, not to-ward'. towards — to'ardz, not to-wardz'. "Notwithstanding our poets almost univer- sally accent this word on the first syllable, and the poets are pretty generally followed by good speakers, there are some, and those not of the lowest order, who still place the accent on the second. These should be reminded that, as in- loards, outwards, backwards, forwards, and every other word of the same form, have the accent on the first syllable, there is not the least reason for pronouncing towards with the accent on the last." — Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 181 tranquil — tr^ng'kwil. tr^ns-^ct', not trtoz-. transition — trd-n-sizli'un, or -sisli'un. tr^ns-lu'cent, not -lu'-. tr^ns'mi-grate. tra,ns-par'ent, not -pa'-. tr^ns-pire\ This word is frequently misused in the sense of to happen, to occur. It is properly used in the sense of to become known, tr^v'el, not tr^v'l. tr^v'el-ler, not tr^vQer. tr^v'erse, not tra-verse'. treble — treb'l, not trib'l. This is one of the long list of words which are differently marked in the later editions of Webster's dictionary from what they were for- merly. tre-men'dous, not -mend'yti-us. tre'mor, or trem'or. tri-bu'nal. trib'une, not tri'bun. tri'o, or tri'o. trip'ar-tite. See Key to ProDUDciation, p. 6. 182 triphthong — trif thOng, or trip'-. "Two aspirations in succession, says Mr. El- phinston, seem disagreeable to an English ear, and therefore one of them is generally sunk. T\i\x^ diphthong and triphthong are pronounced dipthong and tripthong, P is lost, as well as A, in apophthegm ; and therefore it is no wonder we hear the first h dropped in ophthalmy and ophthalmic^ which is the pronunciation I have adopted, as agreeable to analogy. Nay, such an aversion do we seem to have to a succession of aspirates, that the h is sunk in isthjniis, Esther^ and Demosthenes [?], because the s, which is akin to the aspiration, immediately precedes. Mr. Sheridan pronounces the first syllable of ophthal- m^ic like off^ but the first of diphthong and triph- thong like dip and trip, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, and Mr. Perry pronounce diphthong and triph- thong in the same manner as Mr. Sheridan. Dr. Kenrick gives no pronunciation to diphthong^ but makes the h silent in triphthong / while Barclay pronounces the h in ophthalmic^ but makes it either way in diphthong^ and silent in triphthong. It may be remarked that Dr. Jones, who wrote a spelling dictionary in Queen Anne's time, makes the h in those two words silent." — Walker, trisyllable — tris-silla-bl, or tris'-. trivi-al. The older orthoepists say trWyal, troche — ^tro'ke. See Key to PronunoiatioD, p. 6. 183 trochee — tro'ke. tro'phy. tr5th, not troth. trou'§er§, not -z8z. trousseau (Fr.) — trdb'so'. tru'ant. See accrue. true, not tru. truf'fle. truncheon — trtin'shun. truth, not truth. truths, not truthg. tube, not tub. tu'ber-ose, tu'ber-o§e, or tube'roge. The first of these markings has the fewest authorities in its favor, but they are among the latest — Smart, Cooley, and Cull ; and the Web- ster "Unabridged" gives it the second place — after tube' rose, which is a corruption resulting from the accidental resemblance of the word to a compound of tube and rose. The second mark- ing, in retaining the soft sound of the 5, goes only half-way in rejecting the vulgarism. The word comes from the Latin adjective tuberosus, and should have the sharp sound of 5, like all other words of similar derivation, as morose, verbose, etc.; and this, we believe, is the actual pronun- ciation of the majority of educated speakers. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 184 Tue§'day, not tuz'-. See adduce. Tuileries (Fr.) — ^twele-re'. tulip, not tu'-. tu'midt, not tu'-. tune, not tun. tur'gid. turkois, or turquoise — tur-koiz', or -kez'. tu'tor, not tu'-. ty^phus, not tf pus. typ-o-gripliic, or ty-po-. ty-r^n'nic. tyr'an-ny, not ty'ran-. tzar (for czar) — zar. tzarina (for czarina) — za-re'na. This is a remarkable instance of defeat of good intentions. The proper sound of cz in these Slavic words is that of ts, and some English writers have spelt them with a ^ in order to get them pronounced correctly ; but our lexicogra- phers, assuming that this was merely an unmean- ing variation of the orthography, have inserted them as above with the same lazy pronunciation given in English to the original forms. It should be remembered that, as a rule, there are few or no entirely ineffective letters in any of the Euro- pean languages, the English and the French ex- cepted. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 185 U. This vowel was formerly the same letter as the consonant v, and the two forms were inter- changeable for both purposes ; and, though the consonant and vowel have very different uses, their representation came to be discriminated only at a comparatively recent period. The sound of this letter in French has no equivalent in English, and therefore can not be represented with English characters. In German it is sounded like double o in English ; followed by e, or with two points over it (^), it is sounded precisely like u in French. Urti-ma TMle. til-ti-ma'tum, or -ma'tum. We frequently hear this word pronounced with the a broadened, and this pronunciation can not be said to be really incorrect, although it is not sanctioned by any of the dictionaries. This remark applies with equal force to apparatus, armada^ bravado, datum, desperado, gratis, ig- noramus, lava, octave, octavo, panorama, prome- nade, etc. All these words are of foreign origin, even to their form, and to many ears are more euphonious with a broadened a. ul-tra-mftn'tane. iil-u-la'tion. tim-bi-li'cus. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 186 umbrageous — lim-bra^jus, or -je-us. tlm-breria, not tim-ber-era. tin-as-sum'ing, not -sum'-. Hn-bat'ed, not b^t'-. " With a little shuffling, you may choose A sword unhated.'^^ — Hamlet. un-civll, not -civ'l, nor civ'ul. uncourteous — tin-kur'te-ils, or -kort'yiis. tin-coutli', not -couth^ unctuous — ungkt'yu-tis. undaunted — ^un-dant'ed, not -daunt'-, un-der-neath', not -neatli'. un-der-signed\ undiscerned — un-diz-zernd^ See sacri- fice, un-ex-pgct'ed, not -ud. See ailment. tin-fre-quSnt'ed, not un-fre'quent-ed. un-fruiffiil, not -frut'-. unguent — ting'gwent. unhandsome — tin-li^n'sum. unheard — un-herd^ Webster said ijtn-herd\ tin-in'ter-est-ed. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 187 tin-in'ter-est-ing. One of the most common of errors is the mis- placing of the accent of the verb interest and its derivatives. See note on interesting, unison — yu'ne-stin. Smart says yvfne-ziXn. u-nit'ed-ly, not -lid-. tin-kind'ness, not -ntis. See ailment. iin-leam'ed, adj.^ not -lemd. tin-mask', not -m^sk'. See advance. tin-pre§'e-d6nt-ed, not -pre'ce-. un-ruly. See accrue. unscathed — tin-sk^tht', or -skatht'. un-tune', not -tun'. iin-tu'tored, not -tu'-. unvanquisked — un-v^ng'kwiskt. tin-wa'ry. tip'most, not -mtist. tJ'ra-nus. usage — ^yu'zaj, not -saj. usurious — yu-zku'ri-tis. u-§urp', not -siirp'. uxorious — ^tigz-o 'ri-iis. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 188 V. This character represents a uniform conso- nant sound, and is never silent. (See U.) In German the letter v invariably has the sound of/*, except in words derived from foreign languages. v^c'gine, or va^c'gine. va-ga'ry, not va'ga-ry. " They changed their minds, Flew off, and into strange vagaries fell As they would dance." ' — Milton. v^Vet ; in French, v^la^ valet de chambre (French) — vala' de sliSng'br. va-lise', or -lise^ v^ru-a-ble, not v^ru-bl, nor v^l'ii-a-bL vanquish — v^ng'kwish. va'ri-e-gate, not va-ri'-. va'ri-e-gat-ed. va'ri-o-loid, not v^r'i-. va-ri-o'rum. vase, or va§e. For the pronunciation vdz, in imitation of the French sound — more frequently heard in Eng- See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 189 land than with us — there is no authority what- ever ; nor is there authority for vawz^ which was only permitted by Jameson. The pronunciation to which we give the first place is unquestionably the most rational and most euphonious, especially in the plural. '* I have a pretty fancy for bric-a-brac and antique vases; Know how to carve a cabinet and make books on the races." vaunt, or vaunt. ve'he-mence, not ve-he'mence. ve'lie-ment, not ve-he'ment. vglVet, not -vit. ven-due', not -du'. Venezuela — v6n-e-zwe'la, or -zwala. ve'ni-al, or venial. venison — ven'zn, or ven'e-zn. This word is rarely pronounced in three sylla- bles. venue — v6n'yu, not ve'nu. veracious — ve-ra'shus, not -r^sh'us. ver-bose', not -boz^ ver'di-giis, not -gris. verdure — verd^yur, or -yur. vermicelli — ver-me-sSre, or -cheVe, vermilion — ver-mil'yun, not -mil'e-un. See Key to Pronunciation, p. G. 190 version — ver'shun, not -zhun. ver'ti-go, ver-ti'-, or ver-ti'-. vesture — ^vestYni". ves'sel, not ves'l. vet'er-i-na-ry, not vet'ri-na-ry. Vibert — ve'bar'. vig'i-nage. vig'i-nal, or vi-ci'nal. vi-cis'si-tude. See adduce, vic'to-ry, not vic^try. victuals — vit'tlz. *This corruption, like most others, has ter- minated in the generation of a new word ; for no solemnity will allow of pronouncing this word as it is written. Victuals appeared to Swift so con- trary to the real sound, that, in some of his manu- script remarks, he spells the word mttlesP — Walker. villain — viriin, not viriiin. vin^di-ca-tive, or vin-dic'a-tive, vin^di-ca-to-ry. vi'o-lence, not -liince. vi'o-lent, not -liint. See ailment. vi-ra'go, or vi-ra'-, not -ra'-. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 191 Virchow — fir'ko. virile — ^vi'ril, or vir'il. virtue — -virt'yu. " Dr. Hill publislied, in a pampWet, a petition from the letters Zand tl Xo David Garrick, Esq., both complaining of terrible grievances imposed upon them by that great actor, who frequently- banished them from their proper stations, as in the word virtue^ which, they said, he converted into vurtue ; and, in the word ungrateful^ he dis- placed the w, and made it ingrateful, to the great prejudice of the said letters. To this complaint Garrick replied in the following epigram : * If it is, as you say, that I've injured a letter, I'll change my note soon, and, I hope, for the better. May the right use of letters, as well as of men, Hereafter be fixed by the tongue and the pen. Most devoutly I wish they may both have their due, And that / may be never mistaken for UJ' " — Walker, vir'u-lence, 7iot vir'-. vir'a-lgnt. It will be observed that i in these two words has the sound of i in vista, viscount — vi'kount. vig'or. There is but little authority for mJzor. It is only permitted in the later editions of Webster. visual — vizli'u-al. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 192 . vivacious — vi-va'shus, not -v^sh^us. vizier — viz'yer, or -yer. vo'ca-ble, not v6c'a-. vSra-tile, not -til. v6l-ca'no, not -ca'no. The latter pronunciation, although etymolog- ically correct, is so seldom heard as to sound pedantic. volume — ^vSryum. Webster said voVum. von (Ger.) — fiin, not v6n. This German monosyllable is pronounced pre- cisely like the English word fun, except that its utterance is somewhat shorter or more abrupt. Hence we should ssijficn (not von) Arnim, etc. w. This letter is a consonant (or more correctly a semi-vowel) at the beginning of a word or of a syllable, and when preceded by a consonant in the same syllable. Its combination with a pre- ceding a in the same syllable produces the sound of broad a in hall, as in lawn; with e, a diph- thong sounding like long u, as in 7iew, or, if pre- ceded by r or y, like the u in rule — i. e., like long 00 — as in crew, yew ; with o, the diph- See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 193 thongal sound sometimes also represented by on, as in tow7i, or that of long o (the w having no effect), as in glow. It is always silent before r in the same sylla- ble, as in write, wring, wren, wrong, etc.; it is likewise silent in the words sword, answer, two, toward. Before another vowel in the same syllable, it is frequently represented by u, as in languor, question, etc. In German, w has the sound of v in English. waft, not w^ft. See advance. Wagner — vag'ner. Wa-lia'bee§. waistcoat — wast'kot, or wes'kot. wan — ^w5n, not w^n. "Mr. Sheridan has given the a, in this word and its compounds, the same sound as in man, Mr, Scott and Dr. Kenrick have given both the sound I have given and Mr. Sheridan's, but seem to prefer the former by placing it first. I have always heard it pronounced like the first syllable of wan-ton ; and find Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Mr. Perry have so marked it." — Walker, war'y, or war'y. wassail — wSs'sil. weapon — w6p'n, not we'pn. w^Wynot w^l. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 194 we, or we, according to the stress it should receive. " We \yoe\ go to Boston ; they to Chicago." " We \yoe\ hope to see you when we \w€\ ar- rive ; if we \yoe\ do not, we \yoe\ shall be disap- pointed." Weber — va'ber. westward, not -ilrd. wharf, not worf. where'fore, not whSr'for. A goodly number of the orthoepists say whdr'- for^ and Smart is among them. where-with'j or -with'. where-with-ar. wheth'er, not w6th^-. which, not wich. while, not wile. whis'key, not wis'-. whole — ^hole, not hul. See cooper. whole'sale, not hiir-. Wieland — veland. wife ; possessive^ wife's, not wives. Winckelmann — vink'el-man. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 195 wind, or wind. " These two modes of pronunciation have been long contending for superiority, till at last the former [wmd] seems to have gained a complete victory, except in the territories of rhyme. . . . Mr. Sheridan tells us that Swift used to jeer those who pronounced wind with the ^ short, by saying, ' I have a great mmd to fmd why you pronounce it wind? A very illiberal critic re- torted this upon Mr. Sheridan by saying, 'If I may be so hoold, I should be glad to be toold why you pronounce it goold,'* . . . Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott give the same preference ,to the first sound of this word that I have done. Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Barclay give only the short sound. Mr. Perry joins them in this sound, but says in dramatic scenes it has the long one. Mr. Nares says it has certainly the short sound in common usage, but that all our best poets rhyme it with mind, kind, etc. ; and Mr. Smith observes that it is now the polite pronunciation, though against analogy." — Walker, wind'pipe. Wlnd'plpe is antiquated, mnd'ward, not -iird. wi§e'a-cre. Worcester says wi^e'a-cre, with, preposition^ not with, with, or withe, a twig— with. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 13 196 women — ^wim^en, not -tin. wont, verh and noun — wiint. won't — wont, not wiint. wonted — wunt'ed. word — werd. See advertisement. work — werk. world — werld. worst, verh and adj. — werst. worsted — wobst'ed, or wdbrst'ed. worth — ^wertk, not wtitli. wound — wobnd, not wownd, wkicli is antiquated, wrath. Smart says rath, wrath'f ill. wreath, noun—YQi\ not reth ; plural, wreaths — rethz, not reths. wreathe, verb — reth. wrestle — res'sl. wrestler — rSs'ler. wristband — rist'band. wrSng. See accost, wroth, adj. — rawth, or rSth. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 197 X. The regular sound of this letter is like ks^ as in tax, excuse, etc. It has a soft or flat sound like gz when the following syllable begins with an accented vowel, as in exist, example, etc. It also has the sound of gz in some words derived from primitives which have that sound, when not followed by an ac- cented vowel, as in exemplary. When X begins a word, it has the sound of z, as in xe'hec {ze'bek). x^n'the-ine. xerophagy — ze-r6f'a-je. xy-l6g'ra-p]iy. xy-loi'dine. This letter at the end of a word, preceded by a consonant, is generally pronounced short and indistinct like obscure e, as in m,any, com,ely, pol- icy, etc. The exceptions are monosyllables and their compounds, as dry, fly, by, whereby, v^ry, awry, etc.; verbs ending in/y, as magnify, beau- tify, and a few others — for example, supply, mul- tiply, reply, etc. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 198 The sound of y is heard in many positions where it is either unexpressed, or is represented by i or e ; as in union (yun'yun)^ righteous (rlt'- yus), etc. yacht — y6t, not y^t. ycleped — e-klept'. ySs. Walker and several other orthoapists said yis, but this pronunciation is now obsolete. yesterday — yes'ter-da, or -da. ySt, not yit. " The e in this word is frequently changed by incorrect speakers into i ; but, though this change is agreeable to the best and most established usage in the word yes, in yet it is the mark of incorrectness and vulgarity. " Dr. Kenrick is the only orthoepist who gives any countenance to this incorrectness, by admit- ting it as a second pronunciation ; but Mr. Sher- idan, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Smith give the regular sound only." — Walker. yew— yu. yolk — yok, or yolk. ySn'der, not yen'-, nor ytin'-. you — ^yu, when emphatic ; otherwise, ye, not ye. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 199 your — ^yur, when emphatic / otherwise^ yur, or yer. In the latter case the word is pronounced pre- cisely like the last syllable in the word lawyer, " What judgment shall I dread, doing no wrong? You [ye\ have among you [ye] many a purchased slave, Which, hke your [yur\ asses and your [yur\ dogs and mules, You [ye\ use in abject and in slavish parts. Because you [ye\ bought them [tWrn]-^ shall I say to you [ye\ * Let them [Wni] be free, marry them [tJCm] to your [yur] heirs ? Why sweat they \thg] under their [ther] burdens? let their [thdr] beds Be made as soft as yours [yurz\ let their {tTidr] palates Be seasoned with such viands. You * will answer. The slaves are ours! So do I answer you [yu]. The pound of flesli which I demand of him * Is dearly bought, is mine, and I will have it ! If you* deny me [me\ fie upon your [yur] law ! There [ther] is no force in the decrees of Venice. I stand for judgment : — answer : shall I have it ? " — ShylocTc, The writer would take occasion now to say that he is not of opinion that the sound of the pronouns should always either be brought out distinctly and fully, or that it should be touched very lightly, in strict accordance with the mark- ings he has given, which are intended to repre- * Here the rhythm and not the sense lengthens the vowel somewhat, which accounts for the quantity of the sound being left unindicated. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 200 sent only the two extremes. Much must be left to the discretion of the reader, who, it is believed, if he takes the trouble to observe and to give the matter a little thought, will quickly come to the conclusion that nothing tends more to make one's delivery stilted and unnatural than the continual bringing out of the full name-sound of the pro- nouns, after the fashion of so many of the would- be correct. This letter has the sound of soft 5, as in maze, gaze, zone. In some words, combined with a succeeding vowel, it has the sound of zli, as in azure, glazier, etc. In German, it has the sound of ts ; in Span- ish, that of th as in thin, or (in Spanish America) of sharp s as in sun, Zamacois (Sp.) — tha-ma-ko'is. zealot — zel'ot, not ze'lot. "There are few words better confirmed by authority in their departure from the sound of their simples than this and zealous. If custom were less decided, I should certainly give my vote for the long sound of the diphthong ; but, as propriety of pronunciation may be called a compound ratio of usage and analogy, the short sound must, in this case, be called the proper one." — Walker, See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. 201 ze'nitli. " I never once called in doubt the pronuncia- tion of this word till I was told that mathemati- cians generally make the first syllable short. Upon consulting our orthoepists, I find all who have the word, and who give the quantity of the vowels, make the e long, except Entick. ... If this majority were not so great and so respect- able, the analogy of words of this form ought to decide." — Walker, Smart says zen'ith, Zeus, not Ze'as. zo-Oro-gy, 7iot Z0-. zo-o-l6g'i-cal, not zo-o-. Zunz (Ger.) — tscJbnts. See Key to Pronunciation, p. 6. THE END. THE ORTHOEPIST. A PRONOUNCING MANUAL, CONTAINING About Three Thousand Five Hundred Words, INCLirDJNG A Considerable Number of -the Names of Foreign Authors, Artists, etc., that are often mispronounced. By ALFRED AYRES. "Asa remedial agency, for popular application to an evil which we all know to be widespread and constantly operative, this is one of the most timely issues from the press which we have had the good fortune to wel- come for many a day. Within the compass of thjs Uttle volume is placed at the command of every speaker of the English tongue an aid to correct pronunciation which, if used, will be really invaluable. Scarcely one per- son in five thousand, or ten thousand, can claim to be without occasion for resort to the corrections offered in the pages before us. Indeed, whoever will take the pains to examine those pages will enjoy a continued succes- sion of surprises at the multiplicity of the blunders of which he or she is constantly guilty in the use of the mother-tongue. This conviction is car- ried home to the comprehension, not only by the arrangement of contrast- ed correct and incorrect pronunciations, but also in explanatory notes which make clear the relations of the vowel-sounds, the uses of the diph- thong, methods of using the unaccented syllables, proper accentuation, correct employment of the aspirates, etc. The arrangement of the wonls is alphabetical, thus rendering reference particularly easy. The entire presentation is at once simple and direct, so that while the ripest scholar will find constant reward for study, the youngest student, or the man of affairs and the mother in her home, can not fail to comprehend the nature of their own faulty pronunciations, and how they may, if they will, promptly apply a remedy. 8uch a manual ought to be in the hands of every intelligent person in the country, and at ready command in every household." — Davenport Daily Gazette. 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