/VS5I 
 
 B 4 
 
 bll t03 
 
 O 
 O 
 

 
 i^Ji 
 
 wm 
 
 W:f-.i'. 
 
 tor 
 
 K' 
 
 f'-i 
 
 <?: ■ .i 
 
 'ik^-i 
 

 i TNiVERsm' OF Virginia | 
 I Studies in Soutueiin Literatiie i "' 
 
 ir=t4cfcs== 
 
 CHARLES W. KENT, EDITOR 
 LINDEN KENT MEMORIAL SCDOOL OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 
 
 S 
 
 Neither (he University nor the Editor is responsible for (he 
 view-s expressed by the Author of these Monographs 
 
 VIRGINIA LITERATME 
 
 BY 
 
 CAROL MO.NTGOMERY NEWMAN 
 
 i 
 
.,,CrtM'i<»«^ 
 
Virginia Literature 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Presented to 
 
 ThK FaCII-TV (W THK I'.NIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AS 
 
 A Part ok the Requirements for the 
 Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 
 CAROL Montgomery Newman 
 
 June, 1903 
 
ryrHANGE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The present pamphlet is merely the skeleton of a much 
 larger work, a Virginia Hihlinf/rap/ti/, for which the author has 
 collected nearly all the necessjiry material. The "Sketch of Vir- 
 ginia Literature '' here given wa.s to have formed the Introduc- 
 tion to this larger volume; the present " Check-List of Virginia 
 Writers" is simply an alphabetical enumeration of those authors 
 whose publi.shed volumes the fuller wort was to have catalogued 
 and described; and no record at all is here made of those books 
 published in Virginia by foreign or anonymous writers, of which 
 a long list has been compiled. But, though the author haa 
 found it impossible to publish this complete work at present, he 
 still hopes to do so in the near future. He therefore earnestly 
 requests that inaccuracies, omission.s, or errors of any sort found 
 in the present pamphlet by thos<' into whose hands it may fall, 
 will be brought to his notice for correction. 
 
 To many friends throughout the State the author owes a 
 debt of gratitude for their encouragement and their suggestions, 
 but above all to Dr. Charles \V. Kent, of the University of Vir 
 ginia, whose practical interest in the work sinc^' its inception haa 
 done most towarrl making its completion possible. 
 
 8141)17 
 
6 A DIB8EBTATION ON VIRGINIA LITEEATUKE. 
 
 sfory of a race whose bravery none has impngued, Tirhose noble 
 qualities of head and heart clialleiige the admiration of the world; 
 it breathes the spirit of a land whose love of liberty inspired the 
 first jury trial, the first representative assembly, the first free- 
 school, the first forcible opposition to foreign tyi'anny known to 
 the western world. The final and crowning value of Virginia 
 literature, however, is its value not as mirror or type but as 
 literature alone, — as the artistic expression of broadly human 
 interests by men and women of the highest intellectual caste. 
 
 Such are the considerations that will justify the future his- 
 torian of Virginia's literary development in his labors. All the 
 more will they justify the present sketch, which makes no claim 
 to adequacy, but hopes only to outline in a general way the de- 
 velopment of Viiginia literature, to mark the peculiar social and 
 intellectual conditions influencing that development, and to note 
 the inherent value of a few of the productions themselves. This 
 discussion may be faciliated by dividing Virginia's literary history 
 into periods and considering each in turn. Obviously these are: 
 
 The Eakly Colonial Period, dating from 1607, when 
 Jamestown was founded, to 1676, the year of Bacon's Eebellion. 
 
 The Later Colonial Period, extending from 1676 to 
 1760, when the spirit of revolt again became rife in the land. 
 
 The Revolutionary Period, 1760-1800, the expiration of 
 which may be considered coincident with the close of the century, 
 since not till then was the new republic firmly established. 
 
 The Period of Union, 1800-1850, coveriug the first half 
 of the nineteenth century and ending among the murmurings of 
 coming storm. 
 
 The Period of Division, extending from 1S50, the date of 
 the adoption of the Clay (\)mproniise, to 1876, a year " signal- 
 ized by the centennial of our country's existence — by the peace- 
 ful decision of the Hayes-Tilden contest, the withdrawal of troops 
 from Louisiana, and Hamptou's election in South Carolina." 
 
 The Peeiod of Reunion, 1876 to the present day. 
 
A DIS8EBTATION ON VIBOENIA LITEBATUWL 7 
 
 Let us now proceed to a consideration of these periods, 
 noting in each instance the conditions under which the literature 
 was produced, its general chai-acter, and its more specific forms. 
 
 The Early Colonial Pehiod. 
 (1607-1676) 
 
 During the tirst seventy yeare of Virginia's literary history, 
 environment acted with more than ordinary power. The 
 development of a literary spirit was hampered by various adverse 
 iigencies. No wonder the colonists of this period found small 
 time for writing; think of the taisk of nation-building that lay 
 before them, the many stirring scenes through which they passed 
 in this, the most romantic epoch of American history. These 
 were no '' piping times " and could offer but little leisure for the 
 cultivation of literary tastes. The growth of letters was stunted 
 principally, however, by the peculiar intellectual and social 
 conditions obtaining throughout the colony. 
 
 The earliest settlei-s upon the shores of Virginia brought 
 with them the memories of a truly merry England, the Cavalier 
 England of broad fields and solitary castles. It was luxury and 
 wealth, not strenuous freedom, that they hoped to find in the 
 new world; later, a.s settled colonists, they strove to perpetuate, 
 not the bustling cities of their native laud but its manorial 
 estates, rich and independent. They ultimately succeeded in 
 their endeavor, and in their success lies the secret of the literary 
 iniictivity of their own and following generations. Despite legis- 
 lative enactments, the plantation system prevented the growth 
 of towns, and in those days of imperfect communication between 
 isolated distiicts, reduced to a miiiiuiuin tlie contact of man 
 with man. Con.sequently the most important literary stimulant, 
 the strife of intellectual powei-s, was largely wanting; there was 
 no mental friction and the electric spark of genius remained 
 unkindled. Another result of social segregation, aided and 
 abetted by governmental opposition to education, was the slow 
 development of a general schcxjl .system, which, while it perhaps 
 worked no great injury upon the higher classes, who were not 
 dependent upon native schools, prevented the lower strata from 
 
8 A DI88EHTATI0N ON VIKGINIA LITERATUEE. 
 
 being permeated by any love of learning. Thanks, too, to 
 Governor Berkeley, there was during this period not even a 
 printing-press in Virginia, consequently no local publishing 
 house to offer encouragement to literary activity. Finally, it 
 should be remembered that the early Virginia settlers had no 
 peculiar religious or political tenets, the maintenance of which 
 required the nuilti])iication of aggressive tracts, pamphlets, and 
 Kermons. 
 
 Such literature, however, as was produced during these 
 early colonial days, notwithstanding obstacles, possesses a unique 
 interest. Without exception the authoi-s are Englishmen trans- 
 planted to Virginia soil, and while we may claim them by virtue 
 of adoption, they belong equally to England by right of birth. 
 With but a single exc-epliou the literature of this jjeriod is uncon- 
 scious literature; its object wax quite other than to secure literary 
 fame for its composers. The primitive settlers upon the Powhatan 
 found themselves in the midst of "earth's only paradise" sur- 
 rounded by fair fields and primeval forests, sung to by strange 
 birds and chainied by the fragrance of unwonted flowers, alter- 
 nately ministered to and menaced by dusky savages of unknown 
 lineage. If the mnltilold impressions made upon their receptive 
 minds found written expression, it was that their brethren at 
 home might be told of this new world and the journey to it; or 
 that detractors might be .silenced and meddlers admonished. 
 Consequently, almo.st all the writings of this period belong to the 
 same department of liteiatu re, namely the historical. Here we 
 have a naive nari'ative of exploration or travel, there a vigorous 
 description of natives or nature, but the essential historic quality 
 remains. Not ordinary history this, indeed, for it is penned by 
 those who have been actors in tlie events of which they write, 
 whose knowledge comes at first hand, who do not stop to theor- 
 ize but deliver a plain unvarnished tale. To be sure, poeti-y. 
 also, is written in Virginia during these years, but poetry is an ex- 
 otic transplanted from other shores, .soon to withei' and die; his- 
 tory is of native growth and posses.ses all (he vigoi- of the .soil 
 from which it springs. 
 
 Foremost among the historians in both time and importance 
 stands the redoubtable Captain John Smith, the real father of 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRfilNIA I.lTF.RATrRE. fl 
 
 Ainericaii liistoiv. Essciili;illy;i man of iulioii, lu- was yet of ihai 
 iiuuiy sided typt', tlic jilmy of the Klizahctliaii Ajjc. and mil the 
 least of his accom))lisliiiun1sw:Ls flic ]Ki\vtM to write virile English. 
 Only two of Smith's many Ituoks wi re wiitten during hi« event- 
 ful eareei- in Vii};inia, hut the "True Relation" and " (Jeiienil 
 History of Vii<,'inia, Now Enfjiand, and tlie Summer Isles" are 
 iei)resentati\e as to both merits and demerits. His hi.stories 
 l>os.se><s many positive charms: vignv and eaitiestne.ss chai'acteri/e 
 every statement; felicitous i)hi-a.si'olo>;y ai)onnds; the ita;;c is 
 adoined now by a flash of quaint humor, now l)y a touch of rare 
 imaj^inative beatity. This earliest of our wi'itcrs, moreover, pos- 
 sessed remarkable po Wei's of observation and reproduction; he 
 paints his vivid pictures with a few deft strokes. What, then, 
 if his literary .style be .somewhat rude, his sentences misshapen T 
 This style but brings us nearer to the noble soldiei- as he sits 
 within his tent and i)ens tlie.se ]>ages. His ear alertly listening; 
 for the whi.stle of a death-laden arrow, is not strictly attentive 
 to the reqnii'ements of rhetorical melody of jihra.se; his hand, 
 fre.sh from graspinj; theswoid-hilt, handles the pen but clumsily. 
 Nor would we have it otlierwi.se, for more correct writing woultl 
 be less natuial. We need feel no shame in pointing back to the 
 rugged literary i)roductions of this e(|nally rugged advenlurei-, for 
 America could have had no tinner foundation on which to rear 
 a great and permanent literature. 
 
 Of other Virginia historians but pa.ssiiig iiM-ntion need here 
 1k' made. George Percy, biother of the Earl of Northumberland 
 and .secretary of the colony. pul)lished in l(i()7 his "Discoui-se of 
 Virginia," a collection of '• graphic sketi-hes of brightness and 
 gloom," sket<'hes full of life, not vague or .soft«-ne<l but distinct 
 in their primitive coloring. Anotlieisecrctary,\Villiaiii SIrachey. 
 wrecked on the Bermudas in company with Sir 'i'homas (Jates, 
 made that misfortune the subject of a narrative which, in all its 
 majestic vigor, was well worthy the honor of suggesting to 
 Shakespeare the shi])Wi-eck scene in " The Tern i)es1." Str;ictir\ 
 was also the author of a "History of Tiiivaile into Virginia 
 Hrilannia," and by his collection of '• Lawes Divine, Monill, and 
 Martiall," enrolls himself ius the first Aineriean contributor tu 
 
10 A DISSKRTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 the literature of the law. The first American theologian was 
 Alexander Whitakt-r, the "apostle of Virginia," whose kind 
 and gentle pity, earnest self-forgetfuhies-s, and unshaken belief 
 in divine gnidance are made nnvnifested in his "Good Newes from 
 Virginia" (1G1.3), thebnrden whereof is a strong and scholarly 
 plea for the conversion of the Indians. In character quite 
 different from the saintly Wliitaker w:us John Pory, a convivial 
 roisterer fresh from the si)onging-houses of England. He was, 
 however, a man of marked literary ability, which had already 
 been made known to the world through his translation of Leo's 
 " History of Africa," and which is further shown in his sprightly 
 and pleasing contributions to Smith's " General History." The 
 name of Raphe Hannir closes the list of the leading early 
 Virginia historians, and his "True Discourse of the Present 
 Estate of Virginia" (1615) gives us not the least vivid of our 
 several pictures of the infant colony. 
 
 After the efllorescence of the first decade the flowers of his- 
 toric literature seem not to have flourished on Virginia soil. 
 The first wonder of arrival has now worn ofl"; the difficulties of 
 colonization present them.selves with dreadful earnestness. We 
 need not be suprised, therefore, that there ensues a literary sil- 
 ence lasting for some thirty years and broken only by the pub- 
 lication of occasional anonymous accounts of the progress of the 
 Virginia colony, presumably by Virginians. Sir William Berke- 
 ley, indeed, who became governor in 1641, bronglit with him 
 some literary reputation lus the author of "The Lost Lady: u 
 Tragi -Comedy," but in his new domain neither wrote himself nor 
 encouraged such activity in others. On the contrary, his 
 policy of intellectual repression, well illu.strated by his famous 
 boast, worked untold evil in hindering the production of an 
 indigenous literature. 
 
 In 1649, however, Colonel Norwood, a Royalist refugee and 
 kinsman of Berkeley, published a stirring account of his voyage 
 to Virginia, his shipwreck off Hatt^'ras, his desertion with a 
 party of friends on an uninhabited island, liis rescue by friendly 
 Indians, and his final Journey of triumi)li tlirough the colony. 
 This story is of the true Elizabethan mould, fresh and virile 
 
A DIS8ESTATION ON VIROI>fTA LITEKATUKE. 11 
 
 rising to occasional I'lcxiiU'iice, cbaracterizt'd tliroiighout by re- 
 markable ajitiiess of t'x]»ri'.ssi()ii. L«'ss polished but oqiially vig- 
 orous is the English of John Ilaniiuoiid, who tells for us iu his 
 "Leah aud liachel " (lGr)(j) the story of the "two fruitfull sis- 
 ters, Virginia and Maryland." llaniiuond is a delightful en- 
 thusiast, and when we have linished reading liis glowing and ev- 
 idently sincere sketches of life in a virgin land, we fwl iu- 
 cliued to agree with him that " those that shall blemish Virginia 
 any more, do but like the dog, bark against the moon." 
 
 The bloodily eventful year marking the clos^- of the fi ret era 
 in Virginia literature, brought with it a collection of narratives 
 that disclose a complete change of literary fashion. The.se pamph- 
 lets are: "The Beginning, Progi'e.«s and Conclusion of Bacon's 
 Ret)ellion,"' by an author signing himself T. M. ; " An Account of 
 Our Late Troubles in Virginia, written in 1G7(> by JIi-s. Au. 
 Cotton of Q. Creek;'' aud '' A Narrative of the Indian and Civil 
 Wars in Virginia in the years 1G75 and 1G7G," by .some un- 
 known writer. Though still giaphic and at times pictures«iue 
 — for the freshness of the new country has not altogether lost its 
 power over intellect and imagination — they are oftener tainted 
 by an affectation of .style, an employment of(|uaint conceits, a 
 straining after humorous efl'ects, copied from the literary manner- 
 isms of Caroline England. Henceforth the literature of Virginia 
 is to t)e more conscious of it.>ielf and more conscious in its imita- 
 tation of English models. 
 
 The poetry produceil in Virginia during the seventeenth 
 century, though of limite<l quantity, iu (luality ri.ses far above 
 the average c(Mnmon to tlie versiliei-s of the same day in New 
 England, who made those rockbouud coiusts echo with tlie 
 most uninsi>ired strains that even the partial critic has ever been 
 able to call literature. Well nniy we be thankful that, if tlie 
 early Virginians could not write jioetry, they were at least 
 con.scions of their own limitations. 
 
 K. Rich, "a .soldier blunt and plain," was the lirst xersilier 
 of the colony. In Iiilo he published in London his " Newes 
 from Virginia,'' a iiix-ni of unexpected merit and unusual Jluency, 
 whei'ein is contained a rhjnied chronicle of the wreck of Gati'S 
 uud Newport, their trials in the • B<M-moothawe.s," aud their 
 
12 A DISSERTATION ON VIKGINIA LITERATUEE. 
 
 final arrival at Jamestown. The poem closes with a description 
 of Virginia, a statement of the objects of the phmtatiou, and a 
 summary "f the inducements offered to those that purpose 
 "thitlier to rei)aire.'' Tliere is a note of noble confidence in 
 such a stanza as this, whicii bears the Goxcrnor's message to 
 Englishmen: 
 
 " And to th' adventureis thus he writes, be not dismay'd at all 
 For scandal] cannot doe us wrong, God will no( k-t us fall. 
 Let England know our williMgne.s.s. for that our work is goode: 
 Wee hope to i)lant a nation whei'e none before hath stood." 
 
 To George Sandys, howexer, is geuerally conceded the honor 
 of having been the fir.sl American songstei" certainly he was the 
 first professional poet in the new land. It was on the lonely 
 banks of the James, amid all the liorrors incident to and conse- 
 quent upon the great Indian ma.ssacre, that this Oxford graduate 
 aud colonial secretary transUited ten books of Ovid's "Metamoi-- 
 phoses," and thereby added new lustre tea literary fame already 
 bright. Contemporaries lauded this poetic ofl'ering from the 
 western continent, and such critics as Dryden, FuUer. and Poi)e 
 in after yeai's sang its praises in the highest terms. " It is a 
 work," says Tylei-, "tliat we may be proud to claim iis in some 
 sense ours, and to honor as the morning-star at once of poetry 
 and scholarship in the new world." Well might Virginia, in 
 particular, be proud, were this morning star but i)rophetic of 
 the coming dawn. Alas, for more than a century and a lialf it 
 shines upon the literary horizon of Virginia almost alone. 
 
 Though versatile Captain Smith indited a poem of some 
 merit, and one Jolm Grave sang a ''Song of Zion, " the only 
 other poet of the jjcriod under consideration deserving men- 
 tion is of unknown identity. His threnody on the death of Bacon 
 found among flu! •• Burwell Papers," is perhaps the most re- 
 markable literaiy i)roduction of the period. Throbbing with 
 emotion, breathing a genuine eloquence of grief, it might well be 
 a fragment from s(nne Elizabethan drama: undoubtedly it is the 
 best original i)oem i)roduced in America ilnring the seventeenth 
 century, and thi-. only one W(jrthy of comparison in point of in- 
 herent poetical value with the ti-anslations of Sandys. 
 
a di88ertation on viecinia literature. 13 
 
 The Later (Jolonial Pekiod. 
 (l«7fi-1760) 
 
 r)iiriii;; llic last (|(iiirtcr of the s«'Vt'iitc»'iilh (•cutiiiy tlic un- 
 settled state of aH'airs iu Virginia was <lestnielive of alliitera- 
 tui-e. Berkeley's passion for venjceance iiin)n tlie rebels burnt 
 itself out in time, but executions only gave place to extortions, 
 and for many yeai-s Viiginians needed all their wit« to protect 
 themselves tVoni the rapaeity of royal governors. There are 
 troubles of chui-eh, of commerce, of state; not till the turning of 
 the eeutury does the colonial ]>laiiter feel himself safe in the en- 
 joynu'iit of the ea.se that is Justly his. Though little writing is 
 done between the years IGTti and 1700, we are encouraged as to 
 the future by such intellectual indications as the pre.seiue of the 
 lirst i>rintingpre.ss in the colony (KiSI), and the establishment 
 nf the college of William and Mary (l(j!>3). 
 
 With the eighteenth century, however, comes a eiiange of 
 conditions. Its tii-st fifty years have l)een called the golden age 
 of Virginia. A charming age, to lie sure, with its lordly mamu- 
 houses and tertile plantations, its baronial planters in all their 
 glory of frills and furbelow.s, l)ut not an age of remarkable liter- 
 ary brilliance. Hooks a le written, indeed, but not in Knglish, or 
 even New English, jirofusion. This literary dearth again finds 
 explanation in tho.se peculiarities of colonial life so inimical to 
 letters. 
 
 The unfavorable characteri.stics of social life in Virginia are 
 now more marked than than ever. The M)urge.s.ses have con 
 .structed towns on paper, to Im? sure, but the plantation system 
 still reigns supreme -'The Hou.ses stand sometimes two or 
 three together; and in other Places a (Ju;irter, lialf a Mile, or a 
 Mile, or two asunder, much as in the Cinuilr;/ iu Enf/lanfl.''' The 
 roads are bad: the new postal .sy.stein conveys intelligence sl()w- 
 ly; there is little mental contact. Slavery exists to a greater 
 extent than in New Kiigland, but exerts no blighting influence 
 upon literature except as it encourages the cii.sy idleness of the 
 l>lanters. Intellectually the colony has made great progiv.ss. but 
 Jones complains ( 1721) that the Virginians are "more inclin:ible 
 to read Men bv Business aud Couvei-sation than to dive into 
 
14 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 Books, and are for the most part only desirous of learning what 
 is absolutely necessary, in the shortest and best method;" they 
 go frequently to England foreilucation, however, and " yet more 
 would be sent over were they not afraid of the Small-Pox." 
 Thout^li William and Mary College has been founded since 1693 
 and though a-s early as 170.5 •' there are large Tracts of Land.s, 
 Hou.ses, and other Things granted to Free-Schools for the Educa- 
 tion of Cliildren in many parts of the country,'' it is worthy of 
 note that every writer of this period has received his education 
 iu England. From 168.S to 1720 no printing was done in Virginia; 
 from 1729 until 17(j6 there was but a single printing-house iu the 
 colony. There are some signs of intellectual life, however; a 
 paper is started at Williamsburg in ll'Mi; theatrical representa- 
 tions are popular at this metropolis; many Virginia gentlemen 
 possess libraries that would not be sneered at iu England. But 
 on the whole, throughout this long period, literature receives no 
 decided stimulus. 
 
 Passing over some religious pamphlets, hereinafter men- 
 tioned, and "A Deed of Gift for my dear son, Captain Matt. 
 Page," by John Page of Rosewell, "a devout production full of 
 earnestness and piety " but as literature of somcwliat doubtful 
 value, we reach the year 170.5 before tinding a Virginia book. 
 At this date appeared '*The History and Present State of Vir- 
 ginia," written by Robert Beveily, the colony's first historian of 
 native birth. Here we have conscious, retrospective history, 
 written for no i)urpose beyond giving the world a correct view 
 of Virginia's piust :ind present. The purely narrative portion of 
 the book is by no means voluminous or exhaustive; it is marred 
 by .some inaccuracies and fretpiently colored by partisan hatred. 
 Thedescrijitions of the country, the Indian.s, and the .state of the 
 colony are more interesting and reliable. Everywhere the 
 language 'S clear and .straightforward, stripped of superfluities, 
 tersely vigorous. Simpler still is the style of Hugh Jones, 
 profes.sor of mathematics at the college of William and Mary, 
 sometime lecturer at Bruton Parish Church, and author of " The 
 Present Slate of Virginia" (1721). The object of this work is 
 to correct "the very erroneous and monstrous Thoughts" enter- 
 tained by Englishmen respecting Virginia; the better to 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRCilNIA LITEKATURE. 15 
 
 accomplish his lamhihlc piiriiost- tlio Icarircd clcrjiyniaii has 
 '' industriously avoided tho DinanuMital l)i»'ss of Rbctoiical 
 Fiourislies," and tells very calmly aud candidly wliat he knows 
 about his adopted home. The educational, relifjious, and com- 
 mercial systems of Virginia receive his special attention, tlie 
 attention, a.s it proves, of a man of shrewd common-sense. He is 
 a warm admirer of the colony, hut no mincer of words when it 
 liecomes nece.ssarj* to express his opinion of al)nses; as he is bold 
 enough to criticize, so is he honest enfuigh to suggest improve 
 ments. Another clerical liistorian, whom we shall have further 
 f)cca.sion to mention, is James Hlair, chief collaborator of "The 
 Present State of Virginia and the College,"' in the writing of 
 which Henry Hartwell and Edward Chilton also had a hand. " It 
 is expertly written; is neat and vigorous in style; abounds in facts 
 concerning the condition of the colony at that time; and is not 
 lacking in the courage of plain sp<'ech." William Stith is the 
 last of the pre-Ri'volutionary historians, a Virginian by birtli, a 
 clergyman and teacher by profession, and an author by way of 
 recreation. His " History of the First Discovery and Settlement 
 of Virginia" was published at Williamsburg in 1747, on the 
 only i)rinting-press then in the colony. This book is more 
 con.sciously literary than any of its historical predecessors, and 
 lliough .seriously marred by too great minutenes,s, has many 
 charms that we are forced to admire. Among the.se are vigor 
 of characterization, marked descriptive power, and a simple 
 artles-sness in the treatment of touching scenes. 
 
 Hardly to be clas.sed with the historians, whatever may be 
 the present historical value t)f their writings, are two Virginia 
 gentlemen of tlie highest type, whose note-lmoks contain their 
 impressions of men and events. The fii-st of lhe.se gentlemen, 
 Sir .John Randolph, was Attorney General of Virginia, and iti 
 tlie pages of his interesting •' Breviate Book" live again his 
 legal contemi)orarie.s. The other, ''the perfect flower of his 
 time," wa.s William Byrd, "of We.stover in Virginia, Ksq.'' 
 He wa.s at once wholar and financier, farmer and amba.><.sii(lor, 
 wit and scienti.ft, phiIo.soi)her and epicure. But it is William 
 Byrd the man of letters in whom we are interested. At 
 
16 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 1-audoin this vei-siitile Cavalier dashed off a series of notes that 
 are niii(ine in the annals of our t-arly literature, since published 
 as "The. History of the Dividing Line," ''A. Piogress to the 
 Mines," and " A Journey to the Land of Edeu." These casual 
 jottings in the diary of a man of affairs combine the esuse of the 
 polished gentleman, the wit of the accomplished courtier, the 
 bree/.ine.ss of the observant woodsman, the humor of the genial 
 philanthroi>ist. Criticism can do little toward detiuiug the 
 charm of these sketches, unstvulied in their frankness, warm in 
 their humanity, natural in their vitality. Fancy Sir Richard 
 Steele transported to the Amei-icaii foi'ests, changed and sobered 
 somewhat by contact with ])rimitive nature, forced to become a 
 naturalist, and to devote his sarc;ism to the inhabitants of Caro- 
 lina; fancy what he might have written under such circumstances 
 and you will have some idea of the literary productions of 
 William Byrd, whose kinsmen in English literature are the 
 l)olished wits of tea<"up times. 
 
 No poetry was written in Virginia during (he second liter- 
 ary period, for which omission the student of the correspond- 
 ing i)eriod in New England may be duly thankful. Two new 
 forms of literature, however, call for attention: the theological 
 and the scientific. 
 
 More than once already mention has been made of theolo- 
 gians, but they have appearc-d as the Jiuthors of secular produc- 
 tions. Francis Mak em ie, a Scotch-Irish Presl>yterian, who came 
 to America in 1()8I, stittled in Accomac, and after some persecu- 
 tion, wrung from the Governor jx-rmission to preach throughout 
 Virginia, published as early UiOl an '' Answer to George Keith's 
 LilM'l, " a pamj)hlet that that was highly commended and re- 
 published bj' the eminent Increase Mather, of Boston. Before 
 his death in 1708. Makemie published at least four other tracts, 
 all of a more or less controversial cast. The great theologian of 
 this i)eriod, however, was Commissary James Blair, founder 
 and first jiresident of William and Mary College, already spoken 
 of ius a secular historian. The literary fame of this distinguishetl 
 educator and inlellectual civilizer rests i)rincipally upon his dis- 
 coui-ses on "Our Savior's Divine Sermon on the Mount." Of 
 these live volumes Tyler says: " The tone of the authors mind is 
 
A. DISSERTATION ON VIHfJINIA I-lTEKATtTRE. 17 
 
 jiulirial, charitjihlo, catholic; he is not brilliant; hia 
 ooth, simple, honest, earnest; thcix- is no display; he is 
 uako people good. " High coniniondation this; such 
 hvays deserved by those writing tlie voluminous sec- 
 ribes of New fingland. 
 
 arly Virginia scientists were three in number: John 
 lohn Clayton, and John Mit<hell — the hitter probably, 
 I, tlie author of sereral historical works on America 
 \red in England between the years 175") and 1767. 
 otiinists, and the first a zoologist as well; all labored 
 lithfully to ac(inaint the old world with the scientific 
 'a new hemisphere. In this connection, a.s technical 
 we may also note ''The Office and Authority of a 
 the Peace "by George Webl) (Williamsburg, 1736), 
 ok printed in Virginia of which record h:us been found, 
 umber of authors the later colonial period is slightly 
 the early, it surpa.s8es its predecessor in the average 
 'rit of its productions. As a whole, the writings of 
 I Virginia are characterized by a warmth, gaiety, and 
 rldliness not to Ix- found before — or elstiwhere, at this 
 10 literature of the American colonies. 
 
 The Period of Rkvolution. 
 
 (17()01SOO) 
 
 tamp of the times is indelibly impressed n])on the 
 literature of the Revolutionary Period. True of tbe 
 •jiry products of the colonies, this statement is partic- 
 e of the literature of Virginia. Not for one moment 
 
 long years that saw tlie American union conceived, 
 nursed into strength was the atnu)sphere of Virginia 
 to the growth of any literature siive that bound up 
 itruggle for the firm establishment of civil liljerty; 
 r other thati literary ab.sorbed the great part of men's 
 
 Whether wc insist or deny that Patrick Henry of 
 as the first to set the revolutionary l)all in motion, all 
 to agree that Virginia and Virginians were well to tlie 
 cry crisis of the times that tried nn-n's souls. It was 
 
18 A DIS8EETATION ON VIEGINtA UTERATtTRE. 
 
 the sons of the royalty-loviug Old Dominion that niaishallcd tlic 
 Ameri<Mn armies on tlie field of battlo, or sbapi-d the polieies of 
 the yoiniK republic on the floor of conventions. Vii-j;inia first 
 protested against the Stamp Act; first proposed colonial com- 
 mittees of correspondence; first called for a general congress; 
 first shed her blood iu the Indifin prelude to the great struggle; 
 first declared herself a free and independent state. In the more 
 critical days that followed the cessation of couflict none lalwred 
 more faithfully to build staunch the ship of state than did Vir- 
 ginians. What more natural, therefore, than that every intel- 
 lectual energy should have been devoted to the .service of liberty; 
 that the literature produced should have paid allegiance not to 
 some classic muse but to the goddess of freedom! Little con- 
 scious literature was written in Virginia during these forty 
 years, but never were Virginia s litej-ary annals brighter, for 
 her great authors moulded the thought of a nation and sent forth 
 their words to find responsive echoes in the hearts of Euiopean 
 multitudes. 
 
 In such a sketch as this, one is con.strained to forget the 
 requirements of artistic proportion and pass lightly over well 
 known names to dwell at greater length upon others less renowned. 
 Let us dismiss with a word the t\)ur great authors whom every 
 child has been taught to reverence as statesmen. In a .senst> 
 i-emarkably literal all were men of le(h'rf<, and il is in their cor- 
 respondence, perhaps, that we see their style at its l)est. Here 
 are made manifest the simple grandeur of Washington, the 
 nervous, virile logic of Jefferson, Madison's solidity of argument, 
 Monroe's gentlemanly scholarship. The literary fame of these 
 men, however, is based upon other productions than their letters. 
 Washington is best known for his "Farewell Address," iu its 
 nobility, sincerity, and high-minded patriotism, the perfect 
 mirror of the man. The rounded, sonorous ju'riods of the 
 "Declaration of Independence" will always make Jeffer.son 
 "the best known American author," even though his " Auto- 
 biography" and valuable " Notes on Virginia" should come to 
 Ih; forgotten. i\Iadison's chief conti-ibntions to literature were 
 his essays in the "Federalist," remurkal)le for their argument- 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 19 
 
 tative excellence and stately eloquence of phraw. Monroe, the 
 last of this great group, was the anthoi' of ''The People the 
 Soveivigns" and "A View of the Conduct of the Executive," 
 which wei-e justly pr:iist"d by Englisli critics for their honest 
 good sense and rei)ul)lican sincerity. 
 
 Virginia may boast also of a second gioup of legal and po 
 litical writers hardly le.ss eminent than thost^ just mentioned. 
 Richard Hhmd, '' the Virginia antiquary," stJinds foremost 
 ann>ng these, both in point of time and in point of having been 
 considei-ed "'the fii-st writer in the colony." His ''Enquiry 
 into the Rights of the Colonies" (1760) has l)een said to con- 
 tain the tirst .sound argument of the revolution, its only fault 
 iK'iug found in its conservative author's disinclination to follow 
 his arguments to their logie^il conclusion. A few j'ears later 
 Dr. Arthur Ijee wrote from London his "Monitor's Letters" 
 and '' Letters of Junius American u.s," and made eloquent appeal 
 to the people of Great Britain in the interest of his oppressed 
 countrymen. Richard Henry Lee, author of the "Letters of 
 the Federal Farmer," w;is known ;is the Cicero of the House of 
 JSurge.sses and was noted for his chaste .style, vigorous coucise- 
 ne.s.s, and wealth of classical allusion. George Ma.son, one of the 
 greatest Virginians of that great day, wrote, in addition to many 
 clear and poTfCrful letters, since collected, that leniarkabh' docu- 
 ment whose highest encomium is the fact that Jeflerson em- 
 Ixxlied whole plira.ses from it in his Declaration, — the famous 
 Virginia "Bill of Right.s." Edmund Randol])h, first Attorney- 
 General of the State, published in ITit.Ta vigorous " Vindica- 
 tion of his Resignation," which completely exonerated him from 
 all the charges of his enemies, liobert C. Nichohus, .John Camni, 
 and Liindon Carter were among the earliest phamphleteeis of the 
 period; the latest was James T. Callendar, a political exile from 
 Britain, a partisian of Jetfer.son's, and editor of a Richmond 
 paper. His chief politio-hi.storical works were his " History of 
 the United States for 179(J," "Sketches of the History of 
 America," and "The Prospect Before Us." The latter, a vio- 
 lent attjick upon the administration of President Adams, causfld 
 the trial and conviction of its author, and likewise worked the 
 ruiu of the Alien and Sedition laws. 
 
20 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 Altbougli till' political authors just meutioned were essenti- 
 ally makers, and consequently writers, of history, there were no 
 professed historians in Virginia during the revolutionary period. 
 The absence of this form of literary production was more than 
 made up for by the birth of oratory and the re-birth of poetry. 
 
 Far above his fellows in oratorical ability towered Patrick 
 Henry, wlui spoke "as Homer wrote" and electrified his 
 hearers with his impassioned, unrestrained eloquence. No man 
 could resist tlie potent spell of this wonderful magician, who 
 charmed by native eloquence as spontaneous as the music of the 
 birds, the rush of the cataract, or the portentous thunder of the 
 storm. Vainly we regret that the matchless eliorts of the " fore- 
 most orator on the continent " have been preserved to us only 
 at second-hand. Far less is left of the oratory of his contempor- 
 aries, who have suffered the ElizalM'tliau fate of being eclipsed by 
 one mightier than they. Eichard Henry Lee, Edward Randolph, 
 Edward Pendleton, George Wythe, George Mason — seldom in 
 the annals of oratory have such men appeared to grace a single 
 period in a single state. 
 
 In revolutionary days even the jiulpit became a coign of 
 vantage from which to hui-1 the thunderbolts of logic upon the 
 heads of political heretics. Among the most noted Royalist 
 divines in America was Jonathan Boucher, an Englishman, rec- 
 tor in Virginia and Maryland until 1775, when his pulpit was 
 closed against him and he was forcibly ejected from the country. 
 After his return to England he puplished (London, 17!)7) "A 
 view of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution 
 in thirteen discourses pre;u'hed in North America between the 
 years 17G3 and 1775," a work characterized by independence 
 of opinion and refined nobility of tone. Doubtless Virginia pro- 
 duced other noteworthy pulpit orators, both ])atriot and tory, 
 but their discourses have not been preser\'ed to literary notice- 
 
 We have seen that Virginia's noblest colonial poem was 
 written in time of revolution. For a century thereafter poetry 
 c«ascd to exist; another revolution w;is needed to revive the lost 
 art. Not all of this new poetry, to be sure, bears any close con- 
 nection witli the stirring age in which it wiw> written. "Hearts 
 of Oak " and "Virginia Hearts of Oak" are, to be suie, songs 
 
38EBTATION ON VIEGINIA LITEKATUBE. 
 
 21 
 
 love of liberty. Theodoric Blaiitl wrote a i)0<'ni of 
 imemoratiiig the Aiiierieaii victory at Lexington, 
 •e i.s .supi)osetl by Tyler to have been the author of 
 mgnaeiou.s s;itire in vei-se entitled ' Oppre.ssion.' " 
 eker, the eminent jnri.st, liai-.slily .Siitirizes John 
 is fellow Federalists in "'The Probationary Odes 
 ndar, E.s((., a consin of Peter's." Finally, Colonel 
 ■d, an officer of the Kevolntion, writes the first 
 IS, "The Candidates " and "The Patriot.s," wliere- 
 e corruption of early politics. But the best kuowu 
 d in Virginia before the nineteenth century were 
 ece.s, unconueeted with revolution and the birth of 
 >ue, "The Belles of Williamsburg," a .series of 
 ieal pictures, wjus writteu by Judge Tucker and 
 I'lnrg — the latter already noted for I he classic style 
 '.s.s;iy.s. Concerning the other poem, of which Judge 
 le author, we are told that John Adams once de- 
 il rather have written " Days of My Youth " tlian 
 ilton or Shakesjjeare. 
 
 of glory, poetical, oratorical, jiolitical, closes the 
 of Virginia's literary history. By defending 
 with pen as well as sword, Virginia's sons have 
 ame for them.selves and placed fresh lanicls upon 
 brow. Willi the peace that has settled upon the 
 )roader literary influence. IJenceforth we eau do 
 liace iu a general fashion the main course of this 
 II. 
 
 Thk National Perioo. 
 
 (1H00-1.S.5O) 
 
 auscs worked together to produce the marked 
 'irginia literature ob.servable during the lii-st fifty 
 nineteenth century. Prominent ann^ng thest* 
 ■eful prosperity of a strife rent l>y no strife 
 han that of i)arti.sjiu politics. The early friction 
 III machinery had l)een removed, ami the wheels 
 ly and silently. Of yet greater literary intiuence 
 
22 A DIBSEBTATIOX ON VIRGINIA LITEEATUEE. 
 
 was the multiplicatioD of schools within the borders of 
 the State. Amonj; the more important educational institutions 
 flourishing in Virtrinia between 1800 and 1850 were Hampden- 
 Sidney, the University of Virginia, Eaudolph-Macon, Richmond 
 College, Washington College, the Viigiuia Military Academy, 
 Emory aiul Henry, and the Episcopal Theological Seminary. 
 The establishment of periodicals and the increiise of publishing- 
 houses acted with still greater directness upon literature. We 
 notice at least five magazines, pre-eminent among them the 
 Southetvi Lite7-arii Messenger, that flourished or failed to 
 flourish in Virginia during the National Period : newspapers were 
 far more numerous and moie widely read; printing jiresses issu- 
 ing books performed their labors of enlightenment in many 
 towns besides the capital. The very existence of such towns 
 was another circumstance conducive to literary activity; with 
 increased mental friction came increased interest in producing 
 literature and in literature as produced. 
 
 These improved conditions were a jiowerfnl stimulus to 
 literary development, but they were neither numerous nor 
 strong enough to counteract adverse influences. Though the 
 charge made against Virginia— and the South — of literary barren- 
 ness during this period, has only a meagre Justification in facts; 
 though Northern literary supremacy is often largely a matter of 
 thorougli exploitation, at the hands of partial critics, of all the 
 North's available literary claims, it cannot be denied that a cer- 
 tain dispai'ity is revealed when we i)lac^ side by side the history 
 of letters in Virginia aud the corresponding annals of the New 
 England States. We need not be ashamed to point to what Vir- 
 ginians wrote, if we will first seek to find why they did not write 
 more books and better books. 
 
 We have seen that towns had multiplied, but we must re- 
 member that tlie plantation, not the town, wa.s still the unit of 
 Virginia society. The continuance of that isolation so destruc- 
 tive to literature, was in large measure due to the predominant 
 agricultural activities of the State, lu'rget)grai)hical peculiarities, 
 aud the necessity resting upon her planters to fnrni.sh employ- 
 ment to their large iuheritance of slaves. The Virginian, too, 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 23 
 
 has always felt a hatred of restraint that promptvS him to seek 
 the freedom of spreading fields rather than the cramped quar- 
 ters of crowded cities. 
 
 Ajiuin, for all the blooming forth of periodicals, it is a fact 
 demanding admission that antebellum Virginia did not feel any 
 decided interest in letters, jiff se, aud the lack of a literary 
 audience di.scouraged both authors and publishers. The conserv- 
 ative Virginian admitted the literary supremacy of England 
 long after he had achieved civil iiulependenee; he did not believe 
 in lilcKiry excellence this side of the Atlantic and the Age of 
 Johnson. Lea.st of all di<l he believe that a fellow Virginian 
 could write anything of lasting value. Consequently the pro- 
 fession of lit«'rature was not highly honored; the professional 
 writer, when he dared to avow himself, was looked upon with 
 a st)rt of .scornfid pity ius a faineant whose time should be more 
 profitably employed. Literature thus became in large measure 
 the pa.stime of a dilettante who frequently concealed his identity, 
 ralh«'r than the seiions i)rol'e.ssion of earnest men. We tiud not 
 a .single writer of this i»eriod a man of letters by profession, Siive 
 Poe, who was forced to seek his audience in the North, where, 
 indeed, if he may be credited, the Southern author received but 
 poor encouragement. Such literature as was produced in Vir- 
 ginia, despite contempt, tangibly imitated Knglish models, and 
 thos«^ not always of the be-st. 
 
 Mo far as concerns the charge that literary poverty was the 
 result of intellectual feebleness, it nuiy be denied at once. The 
 cla.ss of Viiginians that might have Ik'cii e.Kpected to produce a 
 lit«T,iture, prided themselves ui)on their superior education aud 
 gloried in the schools whose multiplication we have noted. But 
 theii-s was cliLssical anil historical ediuation that did not lead into 
 liter.iry i)athways; the colleges were not centres of literary in- 
 tluence. The proh-.ssion of the law, looked upon lUS a steppiug- 
 stone t«) poliliciil preferment, absorbed mo.st of the intellectual 
 ability of the .State and claimed tin- energies that in New England 
 would have sought a liter.iry channel. We need not wonder at 
 this, sin<-e Iil4-rature had neither fame nor money to ofl'er its dev- 
 otees, while the law had both, iK'sides giving scope for the ex- 
 
24 A DIS8EETATI0N ON VIKGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 ercise of the power of oratory, tJiat inherited endowment of al- 
 most every Virfjiniaii. The supremacy of the law, moreover, re- 
 sulted logically from the uature of the Virginian and his peculiar 
 civilization. The spirit of liberty inherent in his being, joined 
 to the habit of conmiaud incident upon his control of vast estates, 
 made him aspire to the leadership of men, the suiiervi.siou of the 
 body politic, the power to be obtained by word of mouth rather 
 than by touch of pen. As always, the legal-political profession 
 jirovcd itself the jealous mistress, and most of the literary pro- 
 ductions that came from legal pens weie merely the random 
 jottings-down of men whose chief attention was centred else- 
 where than on literary excellence, or were philosophical and 
 polemic treatises that are literature only by accident. 
 
 Finally, the times of peace were yet times of ardent discus- 
 sion, for coming tragic events already cast their shadows before. 
 ]VIucli of the intellectual power of Virginia was dissipated in the 
 task forever laid upou her of defending the inherited institution 
 of .slavery and solving its many problems. To say that any 
 further repressive influence was exercised by this peculiar sys- 
 tem is to theoriz<^ rather than to deal with facts; the declaration 
 that slavery blights literature can be i)roved neither by analogy, 
 by comparison, nor otherwise. 
 
 If, therefore, the literature of Virginia during the first 
 half of the nineteenth century is less voluminous than we might 
 wish, and if it is too frequently sicklied o'er with the pale cast of 
 amateurishness, these shortcomings find explanation in the pre- 
 valing (juality of the environment, not in the mental incapacity 
 of the people. 
 
 Among the forms of literary production found for the first 
 time during this period, we note first various nariative and 
 descriptive works, largely accounts of travels, now numerous 
 enough to be embraced in a separate class. One of the most en- 
 teitaining of these volumes contains the journals of Captains 
 Lewis and Clarke, whom we follow with interest in their thrill- 
 ing trip, the first across the continent, breathing the pure, fresh 
 air of nature, marvelling at the wonders of the mighty wilder- 
 ness. A notorious and detested writer of books of travel was 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 25 
 
 Mi-s. Aiinc Royall, editor of a hlackiiiiiilinf; piihlioatioii issued 
 at Washington, who always tound numerous purchasi-i's foi- her 
 volumes among prominent politicians who were inspired with 
 a wholesome respect for her vituperative abilities. She seem.s 
 to have been such a virago that one hesitates to speak of her as 
 the fii'st authoress of Virginia. Altogether of a ditl'ercnt kiud 
 was the literary reputation of Mrs. William C. Kives, who wrote 
 •Tales and Souvenirs of a Residence in Europe," and '"Home and 
 the World;" her flowing style and powei-s of picture.sque 
 description received marked commendation from such a critic as 
 Washington Irving. Here should be included Wirt's " Letters 
 of a British Spy," written with much esuse and spirit, several 
 p!us.sjiges in which liave deservedly become famous. " A Voyage 
 up the Kiver Amazon," by William H. Edwards appeared in 
 1847 and wa.s pi'aised for its inteie.st and novelty. In jioint of 
 instructive value, however, Lyncli's " Narrative of the Expedi- 
 tion to the Kiver Jordan and tlie Dead Sea " (1849) probably 
 siirpjusses the other productions of the cl;us.s. 
 
 The writing of biography originates in Virginia with Marsh- 
 all's "Life of Wiishington" (1804), a model of careful and 
 l)aiM.staking investigation, laborious historicjil accunu'y, and 
 simple perspicuity of .style, yet lacking the saving grace of hu- 
 man intere.st. Far more i>o])ular Wiis the biogniphy of Wasliiug- 
 ton by Miuson Locke Weems, preadier, l)ook agent, poet, and 
 romancer extraordinary, who.st^ various biographical volumes 
 have had an immense circulation, chiefly iHH'au.se of their pie- 
 tui-e.s<iiie disregard of the limitations of truth. William Wirt, 
 an eminent Virginia lawyer, attained more busting eminence by 
 the publication, in 1818, of his "Sketches of tlie Life and Char- 
 act«'r of Patrick HcMiry, " still i\u: most widely read ac.<-ount of 
 this great statesman's career. As literature, tlie volume snflei-s 
 in that the aiithoi's love of .s<inorous .sentences freciueiitly lea«Ls 
 )iim into bombast; a.s history, in that his appreciation of drama- 
 tie values .sometimes .seduces him into inaccuracy. The lives of 
 Kieharil Henry Lee and Arthur Ijce were ably writt»'n by Kieh- 
 ard Henry Lee, the younger. Another of the gn-at Virginians, 
 Thomas Jefl'ei'suu, may be seen to iid\ anlage through the piiges 
 
26 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 of Thomas J. Randolph and George Tucker. "The Life of Jolin 
 Hauipden," l)y Col. William C. Eivos, ha.s been pronounced 
 " a miist«-rpiece of philosophical biography," but is less well 
 known than the .same author's " History of the Life and Times 
 of James Madison," which by date of publication (1859-1868) 
 falls without the limitvS of the present period. 
 
 The creditable group of histories produced in Virginia dur- 
 ing the national period is capable of very interesting subdivision. 
 Ofgeueral hi.stories of Virginia we uote three: Burk's (1804), 
 Howisou's (1847), and Campbell's (1840— lev. and eul. 1860). 
 Each of these works, the last especially, is of great value, but 
 each hii-s its faults. The first is at times too florid in style; the 
 second, while jdeasing, is somewhat tedious; the third sacrifices 
 literary beauty to the demands of thoroughness and accuracy. 
 Particular sections of the Stat*- are treated in Wither.s' "Chron- 
 icles of Border Warfare, " i)nblislied at Clarksburg in 1831, an<l 
 the " History of the Valley'' (Winchester, 18;53) by Samuel Ker 
 cheval, who has been ai)lly styled the Froissartof Transniontane 
 Virginia. Bothbooks are based upon tradition rather than 
 upon ollicial recoids; both remain authorities on (svents of minor 
 significance, though superseded in regard to more impoitaiit 
 histoiical occurrenct's. Virginia historians, however, did not 
 feel themselves limited by lln^ confines of Iheir native state. 
 Robert GrcenhdW wrote a thoroughly reliable " History of Ore- 
 gon and California," besides hi.stories of the Northwest Cosistand 
 Tripoli. Benjamin P. French fii-st won for himself fame as a 
 historical investigator by the publication of " Hi.storical Collec- 
 tions'' dealing with Lousiana, his adopted home, to be followed 
 by more coHi])lete volumes of the same general character. An- 
 other class of histories were tho.sc concerned witli subjects 
 purely military. Several of these, such as Lee's " Memoirs of 
 the War in the Sonlhern Department of the United States'' and 
 Clark's "Sketches of the Campaign in the lilinoi.s," po.s.sess the 
 peculiar interest of having l)een written by men who weie them- 
 selves <diief actors in the .scencesthey describe. The first-named 
 book is characterized by distinct literary merit and has ]>assed 
 through .several editions. Nou-participant authors of military 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITKRATirRE. 27 
 
 histoiies were Cougressman Claiborne and Henry Ijce, the 
 younger. The foiincr published " Notes on the War in the 
 South;" the latter, besides b.ing the auflior of "a spirited work 
 on Napoleon and a pungent volume on Jeflerson"' wrote liis 
 "Campaign of 1781" to defend against hostile comnieut the 
 military exploits of his father's legion. 
 
 Even more creditable than the histories, biographies, aud 
 books of travel just considered, are the expository and argument- 
 ative productions of the period. I-lspecially worthy of our atten- 
 tion are tlie constitutional treati.ses of John Taylor of Caroline, 
 who.se Ixioks Mr. Ji-lfei-son considered indespensjible in the li- 
 brary of the statesman or tht^ jthilosopher. Another vigorousex- 
 pouiuler of Virginia's constilulional views Wius .ludge Abel P. 
 I'pshur, who.sc ■• Hiief IiKpiiry into the Nature and Chai-.M-ter 
 of Our Federal Government " h:i.s always I'anked among the 
 ablest presentations of the "states' riglits" doctrine. The 
 Tuck«u-s, Henry St. George and Nathaniel I5everly, both pub- 
 lislied volumes of lectures on constituticuial topics; a third 
 Tucker, Gcoi'ge, es,siiyist. biogi-aphei-. and historian, was the 
 author of many valuable works on economic subjects. In the 
 study of this science, however, he had been ])receded by Di-. 
 Thomas li. Dew, whose lectures on the " Ke.strictive System " 
 appeared in 1S20. (iovernoi- Tazewell, also made important 
 contHbiitions to the comnu-rcial history of the country. Rssiiys 
 of a more popular character were writt«'n by William Wirt, 
 who.se "Old lia<'helor '" exhil)its clearly the bam-ful ettect« of 
 imitation, and by Janu's M. (iarnett, who.se " Lt'ctures on Fe- 
 male Education " might Ik- studied with ])ro(it at tlie present 
 day. The pioneer of lil<'.rary criticism in America wsus tlie Vir- 
 ginian, PiH', who did inestimable si-rvice to the litenilure 
 of the country by his caustic comments ujxin the worthless pro- 
 (bu-tions of the age. For all his ])ersonal bias, his jiai'tiality 
 toward women, and his love of llu- branding iron, his thought- 
 fid judgments of men and books have .seldom been reversed by 
 time aud are well wortliy of a prominent phu-ein that gival body 
 of critical essiiys which, taken by and large, (tuMus no inconsider- 
 able or unimportaut part of Amei'ican liteniture. 
 
28 A DISSEETATION ON VIEGINIA LITEEATURE. 
 
 The oratoiioal elTorts of the many able men whose profound 
 utterances graced the fornm, had they beeu preserved to us iu 
 more instances, would have added a large and characteristic ele- 
 ment to the literature of the period. Only a verj' few of this 
 group of orators, howevt^r, are known to literature through the 
 writt«'ii form of their orations; of these few, three demand our 
 passing attention: William Wirt, counsel in the celebrated trial 
 of Aaron Bun-, which is remembered by the public largely 
 through fiiigments remaining from Wirt's great speech; John 
 ]{aii(lolph of Koanoke, the greatest master of scathing and satiri- 
 cal invective America has yet produced; and, greatest of all, the 
 most natural and spontaneous speaker of the greats senatorial 
 triumvirate, the mighty Clay, whom Virginia will always be 
 proud to claim as her son. 
 
 It cannot l»e stated with accuracy to whom belongs the honor 
 of having written the first novel to be found in Virginia litera- 
 ture. One John Davis, probably a Viiginian, published at New 
 York in 1806 " The First Settlers of Virginia: a Historical Novel 
 exhibiting a view of the i-ise and progress of the colony at 
 Jamestown," ceitaiuly the first of the long line of romances 
 dealing with Virginia and lier people, iu which is treated almost 
 every stirring or ronuintic event in th<^ history of colony and 
 state. In 1829 there appeared in Ilichmond a novel by James E. 
 Heath cut i tied ''Edgchill," wliich long continued popular, and 
 wa.s the first novel to i.ssue from a Virginia press. Virginia fic- 
 tion, liowever, is said by Cooke to have begun with the writings 
 of Dr. William A. ('arruthcrs, author of " The Cavaliers of Vir- 
 ginia "and "The Knights of the Goldeu Horse-Shoe," as well 
 as other books of lesser note. The first of these, dealing with 
 Bacon's R'ilHillion, is marred by stiffness of style, unnatui-alness 
 of conversation, and historical inaccuracy; the second, upon 
 which rests tlie antlioi's fame, is said to present a graphic pic- 
 ture of life in the days of Spotswood. Both are respectable but 
 not remarkable i)roduction.s, which at le.ist recognize the principle 
 that a novelist should deal with familiar scenes. Other Vir- 
 ginia wiiters of fiction followed, among tluMii Dr. Kntlner, Mrs. 
 Martha F. UunUir, and James S. French, but their productious 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIR(}INIA LITERATURE. 29 
 
 sliowctl no j)<"Ciiliai- litoraiy <'xc<'II('iicp. Much tlio nuist note- 
 worthy novels of tilt' j)t>riii(l were Tucker's " (Jeorfjo Biilcoinbe " 
 and "The Partisan Lcailcr." The lornici- Poe ri'|a;arded "upon 
 the whole as the Ix-st, Anieric-an novel." Tlu; latter, an inconi- 
 plfite fragment, is stranj^ely remarkable from the fact that its 
 events are moved forward twenty years and are Hiipi)osed to 
 occnr at a time when President Van Huren is enjoying his third 
 term, the federal government is centralized into a virtual mon- 
 archy, and theSonthcrti states, excejit Virginia, have witlidrawn 
 from the Union. The most interesting tribute to the author's 
 power of jiropliecy in thus foieti-lling, however inaccurately, the 
 great civil struggle, is to l>e found in the strange fact that this 
 book, suppre.s.sed shortly afli-r its original pul)licHtion, was re- 
 issued in New York in IStjl under the title " A Key to the Dis- 
 union 0<)nspira<-y " and was submitted to the world as eviden<'e 
 of a long meditated plot on the pait of Southern political 
 leaders to overthrow the Union. Considered apart from its in- 
 teresting jjredictions and the absurd circu7nslauc«'S of its republi- 
 cation, this book will disappoint the modern reader. Its move- 
 ment is slow and cumbersome, its style though oruatt- is stilted, 
 though chaste is lifeles.s. Indeed tliere was little native vigor in 
 any of the romances of this first j)ei'iod of liction; the curs*- of im- 
 itation had fallen upon them, for the cult ofSctitt reigned tlirough- 
 ont the land. Oidy the inimitable Poe, among Virgiiuans, rose 
 superior to limitations of time or space and produced tho.so 
 masterpieces of the story-teller's art which shall never lo.so 
 their charms while man has l)lood to run cold, a heart to palpi- 
 tate, or a iH'iug to render in abject submission to the ])otent 
 charms of the greatest of literary magicians. 
 
 Before considering tin; crowning glory of the period, its 
 poetry, let us glance briefly at Viiginia's many valuable contri- 
 butions to the medical, legal, audotlier te<'hnical literature of the 
 day. Among the most noted of the theologians were: Dr. 
 Ruffuer, already mentioned its a novelist, wlios*' " Fathers of the 
 Desert'' was considered a work of gr»'at and thorough scholar- 
 ship; his fellow Presbyt«'rians. Moses Hoge and Archibald Alex- 
 ander, the one renowned chielly for his strikingly beautiftd and 
 
no A DISSERTATION ON VIKGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 effective sermons, the other for liis popuhir religions treatises 
 wherein abstract problems are discussed with the si'^a^f'st 
 clearness; still another noted Presbyterian, John Holt Kiee, 
 editor of the Vm/inia Evaiu/climl and Literal y Mojjazinv; Alex- 
 an(h'r Campbell, the great reformer, powerful in debate; the 
 Baptists Taylor and Broaddus; tlie Methodist Thornton, author 
 of "tlie most extensive investigation of slavery yet seen;" and 
 Deverenx .Tairatt, the only Episcopal contributor to the theo- 
 logical literature of the times. Among i>hysicians, John Kearsley 
 Mitchell and Kobley Dnnglison, sometime professor at the XTni- 
 versify of Virginia, produced numerous and valuable medical 
 treatises. Marshall's " Writingsupon the PYderal Constitution, " 
 Hening's invaluable "Statutes at Large," and a variety of 
 learned productions by such eminent, lawyers as Davis, Lomax, 
 Holc<jnd)e, Kobinson, et oh, — these are but a few of Virginia's 
 contributions t<i the liti-rature of the law. Rogers in geology, 
 and Courtney and Bonnyciustle in matliematics, proved them- 
 selves masters of their chosi^n subjects. But by fai- the l)est. 
 known scientist of Virginia, if not of America, w;us Matthew 
 Fontaine Maury, a physicist without rival, whose investigations 
 and discoveries gained for their author honor at home and 
 abioad and won him the proud title of Pathfinder of the 
 Ocean. His many writings may well find a place in our litera- 
 ture since he relieves the technicality of his subject with touches 
 of poetic imagination, true elociuenee, and genuine humor, while 
 liis purely literary essays contributed to the Sunth'-ni LUcrary 
 Messenger are graceful and airy to a degree. Literature no less 
 than science should take care that the name of Maury be not for- 
 gotten. 
 
 Though her atmos])here was not favorabU- to jjrofessional 
 poets, ante-bellum Virginia was by no means utterly devoid of 
 l)oetical talent. As poets whose literary fame rests chiefly 
 upon some basis other than their poetry, we may note Buik, 
 Weems, Mitchell, and Janney. The first-named wrote two 
 tragedies entitled " Bethlem Gabor " and "Bunker Hill;" the 
 imaginative parson added "Hymen's Kecruiting Sergeant " to 
 the poetic treasures of his country's literature; Dr. Mitchell 
 
A DISSKUTATION (IN VIKtilMA t.ITERATl'RK. 31 
 
 IMililjslicil "SI. llclfii;!"' ;iiiil uihcr piiriiis of smnc slij;lil iiicril: 
 Dr. .laniicy's " La.sl of llic Lciiapf " lia.s Ik-ou (•xt<•ll.si\ol.^ 
 pniist'd for its i)nr(^ ami k'""""' Iwmily. Aiiioiij; other minor 
 vorsilitM'S of IIk- early year.s of llie e<MitMry were Daniel liryaii, 
 aiitlKtr of " The Jlomilaiii Mils*-;" Williaiii Maxwell, who pro- 
 diueil two vohmies of vei'se; Jmlilh Loiiiax, whos«' " Note.s of an 
 Anieriwiii Lyre" ajtpeared at Kiehmoiid in ISl,}; one C. Liuiis- 
 den, of Petei'slnirjj; 'llionia.s .1. Seninie.s, the tir.st student of the 
 Univei-sity of Virginia to piil)li.sh a volume of jioeins; Mi's. Mary 
 W. Webster, author of " Poeahontius: a Lej^eud;" and (Jeo. W. 
 V. Curli.s, who ehose the same Indian fpH-en as the heroine of 
 his •'national drama.'" Of {greater literary merit are the 
 ''Sera])s" of .lohn Collins McCahe, the various longer poems by 
 Robert Tyler, the President's son, and the {genuinely poetieal 
 produt'tioiis of St. L«>}jer L. Carter, whose "Powhatan" con- 
 tains pa.s.siii;es of ran! beauty. The pm-ms and translations of 
 Richard Dabney }iive evitlence of scholarship and tiiste, but 
 preeminence in translation belonj^s of i-if;ht to William Munford. 
 His " Iliad, " published in two volumes at Boston ( ISI(i), fur- 
 nishes a lastinj; memorial of the author's exact learning and 
 literary al>ility;as a translation, il is more Homeric than Pope's, 
 smoother than Cowper'.s, but less poet !<■ and vigorous than Chaji- 
 man's. But of all the poetic elTusions ju.st mentioned not one has 
 enjoyed any such gener.il popularity as one or two of the simple 
 love-lyrics anil trijiping ballads of Philip Pendleton t'<ioke, who 
 at the time of his early death gave piomi.st- of becoming; one of 
 the most famous of Amei'i<'an poels. 
 
 Above the mild chorus of tlie.s*' minoi- singei-s ris«'H clear 
 and melodiou.s a strange, wild note, varying little in its weinl 
 beauty, ever mournful, ever haunting. The music of the voice 
 liecomes more and more apparent with the lap.st! of years, and 
 American critics grow more and more ready to recogni/.e E<lgar 
 Allan Poe sus one of the very greatest of American jxM'ts, while 
 their foreign brethrcMi arc; inclined to go still fai'therand ileclare 
 him the greate.st literary artist the New World hits yet produced. 
 While he was a jmet of no age or clime, a strange dreamer from 
 •'the land eiiwt of the sun and west of the moon," he always 
 
32 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 failed himself a Virginian, and it is not difficult to find some 
 traces of Virginia iiitlnencc in both his prose and his veree. Of 
 tliat verso, so oftiui the subject of criticism, little need here be 
 said save that within its limited sphere it has never yet been 
 surpassed; as rythmical creations of beauty, wherein sound and 
 sense answer and combine to work their sul)tle effect upon the 
 reader's brain, Poe's poems are without parallel in our language. 
 He did not^ — perhaps could not — write a vast body of vei-se, 
 but his slender production stands alone in its cliiiste beauty; and 
 when the "sweet bells jangled out of tune" t«o quickly broke 
 and were huslied in e\'erhi.sting silence, the world had lost one 
 of its rarest singers, a genius divinely dowereil, who wiis forced 
 to offer the fragile wares of his sensitive soul at the marts of a 
 selfish and unfeeling world. 
 
 With the mention of this last, the greatest name in Virginia's 
 literary annals, we may well close our consideration of tlie ante- 
 bellum literature of the State. John Esten Cooke h;i.s well 
 summarized t lie general characteristics of the period: "Many 
 writers of admirable attainments and solid merits have i)roduced 
 works which have instructed and improved their generation; and 
 to instruct and imi)rove is better that to amuse. Whatever may 
 be the rank of the literature, it possesses a distinct chai-acter. 
 It may be said of it with truth that it is notable for its respect 
 for good morals and manners; that it is nowhere offensive to 
 delicacy or piety; or endeavors to instill a belief in what ought 
 not to be believed. It is a very great deal to say of the litera- 
 ture of any conntiy in the nineteenth century. " 
 
 The Period of Disunion. 
 
 (18.50-1876) 
 
 The cxuarter-century of <ivil disunion wjis both favorable 
 and unfavorable to the literary development of Virginia. For 
 ten of tliese years Virginia essayed the role of peacemaker and 
 vainly endeavored to restore harmony among her sister states; 
 for five more she was torn by all the mingled emotions of joy 
 and sorrow incident upon a war unequalled for fierceness in the 
 history of man ; for the final ten she lay crushed under 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIKOINIA I.ITEKATUKE. 33 
 
 heol of oppression more terrible than the deviustationsof an army 
 with banners. Rnt it hius always been in great crises that the 
 int«'ll('ctual majesty of Virginia has slione forth most resi)lentlent. 
 Never did her jurists argne more elo<|uently than when defend- 
 ing the rights of tlieir nativi- state; never did her poets sing 
 more sweetly than when voicing tJie glory, grief, and gloom of 
 the Confederacy; never did her biographers prove themselves 
 more worthy than when recording the deeds of Virginia's chosen 
 chieftains; never did her novelists reach a higher plane than 
 when depicting the romantic greatness of Virginia's past or the 
 noble heroism of lier present. The literature prodnced lietween 
 the years ISoO and 1876 is the most .symmetrically rounded, the 
 highest in purely literary average, that has yet appeared iu 
 Virginia, the literature of reunion perhaps excepted. 
 
 It is particularly interesting to trace the coui-se of biography 
 between 1850 and 1876. In the years of tierce discussion, bitter 
 recrimination, and threatened disruption, iinmediatelj- preceding 
 the Civil war, Virginia .s«;ems to have looked back with e.si>ecial 
 pride to the careers of her great .sons of former days, the makers 
 of the nation. Wa.shington was the subject of a popular bio- 
 graphical volume by Schmucker; G. W. P. Custis, adopted son 
 of the first president, i)ublished in 18(!0 his " Recollections and 
 Private Memoirs of George Washington." The life of Thomas 
 Jeffei-son was written by the same Schmucker, and also by 
 Hngh A. Garland, who.se masterpiece is his interesting and in- 
 structive " Life of John R;indolph." In isr),5 apjx'ared Biildwin's 
 "Party lyatlers," a voUune of biographical sketches, dealing 
 principally with the great Virginians of the jiast. Alter 1860, 
 however, Virginia bi()graphei's chose diflereiit subject.s, and only 
 in Mi-s. Kjindolph's ''Domestic Life of Jefl'erson " do we find the 
 ancient worthies again ap|)earing prominently in literature. 
 The lustre of the pa.st s«'emed e(|ualled if not dimmed by the 
 glories of the pre.s«'nt; no actions wen- so worthy of commemora- 
 tion as the gallant achievements of the leaders of the Confederacy. 
 The met«'oric career of Stonewall .Tackson liecame a favorite 
 theme with biographers immediately after the death of the great 
 chieftiiin at Chancellorsville. Dabney'.s, McCaljc's, and Cooke's 
 
34 A DIB8EETAT10N ON VIRGINIA LITEEATUEE. 
 
 lives of Jackson all appeared as early as 1863. Of these, the 
 first is probably the most accurate, though tedious at times; the 
 last is the most i)opular. and if not exhaustive is at least interest- 
 ing, is vivid if not profound. The domestic side of Jackson's 
 life is emphasized in Mrs. Eandolph's study of the great hero, 
 which appeared in 1876. Tliough still alive, General Lee was 
 as popular a biographical figure as was Jackson. McCabe's 
 "Life of Lee" was published in 1867, Pollard's " Lee and His 
 Lieutenants" in the same year, Miss Mason's "Popular Life of 
 Eol>ert E. Lee" in 1870, and Cooke's "Life of Lee" in 1871. 
 Pollard, just mentioned, wrote also a " Life of Jefferson Davis," 
 less valuable than that of the unsympathetic Alfriend, which is 
 really a history of the war, its causes and consequences. 
 Avirett's " Ashby " (1867) is interesting beciiuse of its subject- 
 matter rather than its literary form. Among the li\es of soldiers 
 and statesmen must be included the autobiography of General 
 Winfield Scott, who was certainly a great soldier, though tlie 
 critics have combined in making mock at his literary elTorts. 
 
 In history, too, we find the appeal to local interest predomi- 
 nating. Gen. Early wrote of the cumiiaigus of Lee and of the 
 last days of the war; Gen. Johnston passionately defended his 
 military reputation in his well-known "Narrative;" Col. McCabe 
 published an account of the defense of Petersburg that hiis been 
 praised for clearness and accuracy. No complete histories of 
 the State were written during this period, but Foote's " Sketches 
 of Virginia," Forrest's "Sketches of Norfolk," and Grigsby's 
 invaluable accounts of the conventions of 1776 and 1829-30 fur- 
 nished material of worth for the future historian. In his "Old 
 Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia," Bishop Meade 
 performed the invaluable service of collecting many details con- 
 cerning antebellum days that would otherwise have been lost. 
 Here, too, maybe mentioned W. W. Benuet's "Methodism in 
 Virginia, " a notable addition to the ecclesi;istical annals of the 
 State. Of broader scope were the various histories of the Civil 
 war; among them those by Browulow and Botts, Northern sym- 
 pathizers, "The Southern History of the War" by Edward A. 
 Pollard, Peyton's " Amci-icau Crisis," and Henry S. Foote's 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIUOINIA LITERATURE. ti', 
 
 "Will' of tlio l?»'l)clli<)ii." Slill wider in ranfje were Professor 
 Dew's "Digest of Aiicit-iit and ModtTii Ilistorj'," and the almost 
 inniinienible volunies of Samuel M. SeliinueKer aud James D. 
 MeCal^', both already mentioned as biojjraphers, and lM)lh 
 limited in their ehoiee of subjeots only by the confines of (he 
 globe. 
 
 The nonhistorieal narrative and descriptive productions 
 belonging to the period of disunion are unexpectedly cosmopolitan 
 in character. True, the strife in Virginia is reflected in such lM)oks 
 as Mrs. Putnam's '• Richmond During the War" and Mrs. 
 McGuire's '• Diary of a Southern Kefugee;" in Geo. V. Eggles- 
 ton's " A Rebel's Recollections, " remarkable for its rca<ly gnicc 
 and skilful character portniyal, and Keilcy's " In Vinculis," a 
 graphic picture of pri-son life in the North. Locally interesting, 
 too, are the sketches of Lynchbui'g and Richmond, written res- 
 pectively by Mrs. Cabell and Sam'l ilordecni; in his '• Virginia 
 Illustrated " and " Blackwater Chronicle" David H. Strother 
 C' Porte Crayon ") has given us charming pictures of Virginia 
 scenes and people. pi(;tures in which sympathy and humorous 
 appreciation aid in making the portraiture more life-like. Hut 
 many of the Virginia writers of this period have descrilx'd, 
 with that natural felicity which .seems almost a gift of the 
 soil, strange sights, events, and characters in almost every ([uar- 
 ter of the world. The writings of Mr.s. Mary H. Eastman depict 
 the Indian life of the plains with singular fidelity. Elisha Kent 
 Kane, who spent the formative period of his life at the Univci-sity 
 of Virginia, has given us a plciising and intimate account of his 
 strange experiences amid the snow and ice of the boreal pole, a 
 setting as interesting as it is novel. ]\IeSherry's " El Puchero'' 
 combines an a<eount of Genenil Scott's campaign with racy 
 sketches of life in Mexico; the siime country and war are plejus 
 ingly treated in Philip St. Georgi- Cooke's "Scenes and .\dven 
 tures in the Army."' " La Plata, llii' Argentine Confi-deration and 
 Paraguy '■ by Thonuus J. Piige, is ranked among the standaiil 
 American works of travel. Life in the my.stic East is the sub- 
 ject of Turner's •• VA Klinds, the Holy;" a subject aLso treated in 
 Mrs. Sarah I{ar< lay .lohnson's •• Madji in Syria," in its day a 
 book having reni.irkalde popularity. 
 
36 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 Of the same geiu-ral type iis these narrative and descriptive 
 works, but beloiigin;,' in a cliuss by themselves, are the " Flush 
 Times of Alabama and Mississippi," by Joseph G. Baldwin, a 
 Virginian by birth and family, and the various writings of Dr. 
 Geo. W. Bagby, of Eichmoud. Both meu w ere humorists of a 
 rare order. In the "Flush Times" we have quaint genre 
 pictures of the strange, almost anomalous civilization to be found 
 in the far South during the early years of the century, sketches 
 wherein genuine humor tempers the siitire and gives life to the 
 characterizations. But the humorist of the South, par excellence, 
 wavS Dr. Bagb.y. His '' Letters of Mozis Addums " meets Artemus 
 Ward and Bill Nye on their owu peculiar ground, and will bear 
 comparison with their best work. Without the aid of eccentric 
 spelling, he has also produced essay.s and lectures that for sheer 
 fnu have few equals in the entire range of American literature. 
 All familiar with Bagby's writings will agree that a volume 
 made up from his best work would take precedence over many 
 widely-praised productions of Korlhorn humorists. His more 
 serious efforts are polished and elegant; Tiiomas Nelson Page has 
 declared his "Old Virginia Gentleman" the finest picture of 
 ante-bellum Virginia anywhere to be found. 
 
 Under the head of expository and argumentative writings 
 we may class many works of substantial value and literary merit, 
 chiefly reflecting the great discussions of the day. Thej-e is 
 nothing substantial, however, about the first of these in point of 
 time, the flighty "Sociology for the South" and "Cannibals 
 All " of George Fitzhugh, for in them the authoi- pretentously 
 defends slavery on the high ground of the failure of free society, 
 and argues that cannibalism will inevitably result upon the 
 emancipation of the slaves. Far more logical and scholarly is 
 Dabney's "Defense of Virginia and the South," a vigorous 
 justification, from all points of view, of domestic slavery as 
 practiced in America. The constitutional discussions of the 
 time are well represented by John Scott's " The Lost Priiiciple," 
 Wise's "Seven Decades of the American Union," and Bledsoe's 
 "Is Davis a Traitor! " the last a masterly arraignment of the 
 theories of Webster and Story. By far tbe ablest newspaper 
 
A DISSERTATION OX VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 37 
 
 pen wielded in the Sonth during the war wiis that of John M. 
 Daniel, editor of the RUhmond Kramintrr, and nianj- were the 
 statesmen and generals that winced at reading his vitriolic 
 editorials. Among es.sjiyists nuaflected by the stormy times 
 around tiiem were St«'iihen t'olwell, a jjoiitieal economist of some 
 not«-; James T. Cabell, author of ''The Testimony of Modern 
 Science to the Unity of Mankind," and Professor Scheie DeVere, 
 who, in his "Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature" and 
 "Wonders of the Deej), " i>re.scnted the great truths of natural 
 science in wondrous stories that vie in interest with tlie " Thous- 
 and and One Nights." 
 
 At no time were Virginia theologians more prolific as authors 
 than immediately before, during, and ju.st after the war. At 
 most we can only mention in pa.ssing a few prominent names, 
 like those of Win. Taylor, the iMethodist mi.ssionary to Califor- 
 nia; James A. Pendleton, John A. Broaddus and J. B. Jeter 
 among the Baptists; Thomas V. Moore and W. S. Plumer. and 
 especially James W. Alexander, Presbyt^M'ians; J[cade and Spar- 
 row of the Episcopalians; Samuel M. Janney, the great biogra- 
 pher of the Friends; Charles P. Krauth, a prominent Lutheran 
 divine and apologist; and Moneure D. Conway, Unitarian, a 
 prolific author ahnig many lines, mo.st of them secular. In tho 
 same didactic connection may be mentioned a few of the many 
 writers on legal, medical, and other abstru.s«' subjects. Minor, 
 Daniel, Tate, Munlbrd, and Sands were among the legal writers 
 of note. HolcomlR-, Griflith, Emmet, and Bell made no .small 
 additions to the Iwdy of recorded medical knowledge. The 
 Drapers won reputations for them.s«'lves a« investigators iu 
 <'heniistry and medical i)liysics. The list of textbook writ«'rs 
 is a long one, and includes such well-known names iw McCJnlVey, 
 Hohne.s, V'enable, and Hay. Shatlner liie telegrapher, Soutinill 
 the geologi.st, Etlwards the naturalist, and Norris the angler, 
 were all .scientific authors of whom Virginia should U- proud. 
 
 On viewing the numerous authors of fiction produced by tho 
 disunion period, we are at one*' and forcibly struck by the dis- 
 parity of .sexes, a tlisparity in large measure attributable, no 
 doubt, to tlu' exigencies of an age that called nun to more prac- 
 
38 A DISSEETATION ON VIRGHSIA LITEEATUEE. 
 
 tical tasks than the fashioniug of romances. Of these many 
 women authors, but two or three are still remembered. The 
 stories of Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis, who spent the firat twenty 
 years of her life in Virginia, are still popular because of their 
 earnest, sympathetic presentation of the great problems of life. 
 In the early seventies appeared "The Holcombes" and 
 "Women" by Mrs. Mary Tucker Magill, in which a carefullj' 
 studied local background gives verisimilitude to stories of no 
 mean literary value. More popular have been and still are the 
 many novels of Mrs. Mary V. Terhune (" Marion Harland"), 
 the earliest of which belong to the period here considered. Mrs. 
 Terhune writes with distinct literary ease and tells simple, 
 wholesome stories, whose histing popularity is the best evidence 
 of their merit. It is because their works possessed no merits 
 other than ephemeral that we no longer hear of Miss Dupuy and 
 her much-read blood-and-thuuder, gore-saturated volumes; of 
 the various and sundry romances of Mrs. Cutler, Mi-s. Wright, 
 Mrs. Downing, Mrs. Putnam, and Miss Whittlesey. Of the two 
 masculine romancers of the period, one was St. George Tucker, 
 whose "Hansford: a Tale of Bacon's Rebellion " is a historical 
 novel of some value. The second was one of the gi-eatest novel- 
 ists ever nurtured on Virginia soil — John Esten Cooke. A ro- 
 mancer of the old school, well versed in Virginia traditions, en- 
 dowed with vivid imaginative powers, and possessed to a great de- 
 gree of the art of winning and holding the reader's attention, he 
 first devoted himself to the task of reproducing and revivifying the 
 Virginia life of olden days in such stories as " Fairfax, " " Henry 
 St. John, " "The Youth of Jefferson, " and " The Virginia Come- 
 dians,'' the latter prohouuced by a competent critic the best 
 novel written in the South before the war. After serving on 
 Gen. Stuart's staff during the great civil struggle, he turned his 
 efforts at the close of hostilities to the task of depicting the 
 actions and passions, the glories and regrets of the Southern 
 soldiery, in a series of romances of which "Surry of Eagle's Nest" 
 and "Mohun" are the best known, and which for all their 
 crudities and sins against art, remain jierhaps the best of our 
 Southern war novels — certainly the best in jmint of vigor and 
 vividness. 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIRGIMA LITEEATUKE. 39 
 
 Oftentimes when the mailed baud of war plucks rudelj' at 
 the quiveriu}! heart strinjjs, the eoiisoiiaiit chords of the lyre 
 echo with the noblest music. No wonder, then, that mucl» of 
 the most melodious poetry ever written in Virginia Wius directly 
 inspired by the dissensions of 1S50 1876; that the four poets who, 
 under Poe, are the greatest Virginia li.is yet produced, are in no 
 small degree laureates of the Civil war. John R. Thompson, 
 editor of the Suut/iern Literdi'i/ Mcsscnyer, wrote many of the 
 most stirring military ballads of the Confederacy, lyrics instinct 
 with brave defiance. After the close of the war. Father Ryan 
 .sjvng in tenderest tones the de-spaire of a conquei'ed people, whose 
 sobs seem to echo in his every line. Le.ss despondent was the 
 message of James Barnm Hope, who, beside flower strewn graves 
 and marble shafts, pointed bravely forward to the future and its 
 duties. Mrs. Margaret J. Preston, too, devoted uiuch of her gen- 
 uine poetic genius to the service of the South; lier '' Beechen- 
 brook: a Rhyme of the War, '' which contains the celebrated 
 "Slain in Battle," is a narrative of the conflict not deserving 
 the oblivious disregard which lias been its lot. Less renowned 
 singei-s of Southern patriotism were Mi-s. Cornelia J. Jordan, 
 whose "Corinth" was burned by the Federal authorities as 
 being olyectiouable and incendiary; Mrs. Fannie H. Marr and 
 Mrs. Mary McFarlane, sevenil of whose poems breathe the breath 
 of battle; and Col. JlcCabe, author of several wartime lyrics 
 which the anthologi.sts of America will not willingly let die. 
 
 But war and its i)iissions by no means iu.spiied all the lays 
 of these and other Virginia poets. Before the oix-ning of hostili- 
 ties, Thompson and Hope did much of their best work, while ii 
 liost of lesser singers burned iuceus*- upon the altars of poesy. 
 "Poems by Matilda" appeared in 18.")I, J:unes A. Bartley's 
 " Lays of Ancient Virginia '" in 1855, Lee's '• Virginia Georgics '' 
 in 1858, a volume of poems by Miss Talley in 1859. The " Wind 
 Whi.spei-s" (ISoti) by Mrs. Freiuh w:us followed (1859) by her 
 drama " Iztalilro. " After the war appeared several volumes of 
 verse but .slightly afl'ected by the events of the struggle, promi- 
 nent among which was Mr.s. Downing's "Pluto," a playful ef- 
 fusion sliowing genuine ability. Judge Lucas i.ssued his first 
 poetic volume, " The Wreath of Eglautiue," iu 1869. One of 
 
40 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 the most skilful of the poets of Virginia birth, and one whose 
 work covers the entire period here studied, was Christopher P. 
 Craneh, ti-anscendentalist and Brook Farmer, who adds to the 
 quiet spirituality of the profound thinker the artist's apprecia- 
 tion of the beautiful. The i>ost-bellum poems of Kj'an and Hope 
 that bear no traces of war-times are by no means inconsiderable, 
 whether regarded ;is to quantity or iis to quality; the numerous 
 poetic volumes issued by Mrs. Preston until the time of her 
 death in 1897 are cosmopolitan in scene and interest. 
 
 Taken all in all, the poetry written between the years 1850 
 and 1876 is more evenly meritorious than that of any other 
 period in Virginia literary history. We have noted at lesist four 
 poets that deserve a secure niche in the temple of literature. 
 Thompson's poems exhibit a decided fluency of ver.sificatioii, 
 sparkling wit, playful fancy, humor and pathos of the most gen- 
 uine sort. Many of his translations from Beranger and other 
 French poets have not yet been surpassed for tidelity and grace 
 of reproductive power. Hope, too, though his woik is very un- 
 equal, deserves to be remembered, if only for his " Charge at 
 Balaklava," often compared with Tennyson's similar poem; many 
 of his more extended eiforts such as the '' Washington Ode " and 
 the "Jamestown Ode," read at request of Congress, breathe a 
 broad and noble patriotism that impresses us with its sincerity. 
 Too great facility of versification, coujiled with a certain same- 
 ness of tone, has obscured the real merit of the poetry of Father 
 Eyau, the Southland's poet-priest, for underneath the smooth 
 surface lurks a depth of tenderness, of passion, of mighty ww, 
 that only the Southerner can appreciate to the full. Much t)f 
 Mrs. Preston's best poetry belongs to a subsequent period, but 
 from the first she showed herself endowed with genuine ability. 
 Her muse is a gentle, not a fiery one, and rarely soai-s with her 
 far above earthly levels. Charm of expression, imaginative 
 grace, moral and si>iritual nobility — these are the qualities that 
 will endear lier verses to those who turn with gratitude to " the 
 simple and heartfelt lay." 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIKOINIA MTERATURK. 41 
 
 TiiK Pekiou oi' Keunion. 
 
 (187G ) 
 
 For sevei-.il ira-soiis it .st'i-ins lu-itlier iiecessjiry nor deHimble 
 to foiisider tlu' litfi-atinv of reunion in the s|H'cilic luiinncr em- 
 l)loyo(l introating of the piveediiin iiteraiy i)«'ri<j(ls. First of all, 
 this literature is too reeent to admit of just critieisin; we have not 
 yet the proper perspeetive to aid us in formulating judgments. 
 Xot only is the seal of time wanting upon this literature, but 
 many of its authoi^s themselves avr yet alive, and their U-st work 
 is still to do. It would be unfair to consitler ius final that whieh 
 we have reason to hoite is but an earnest of Ix'lter things to come; 
 the ta.sk, moreover, of eritieising the living is ever an ungrateful 
 one. Finally, the jwriod itself is ineomplele. The .sjime forivH 
 that have acted upon Virginia during the hujt twenty-five years 
 are still acting, and promise to Ije the dominant developiug 
 factoi-8 in the yeara to come. It is needless to ilisen.ss them at 
 length, for they may Ir- felt on every hand, their spirit inhaled 
 with every passing breath. Slowly but surely the peculiarities 
 of aute-bellum Virginia are wearing away, and the typical Vir- 
 ginian is iK'ing ledi.ced to the aver.igc American. The baron 
 of the James is no more, his broad acres have iK-f'u divided, 
 his descendants jostle with the crowds on the streets of Virginia 
 cities. The spirit of active coniinercialism is tnmsforming the 
 land. Bold were it to declare that the change is not a good one; 
 in literature it hius certainly Ikm-u for the be.st. Vet the litemry 
 revolution is not complete. Not yet is the calling of letters the 
 noblest of all callings. Xot yet, .siiys Page, does the Virginian 
 realize that a man can write books and .still 1m' a g<M)d lawyer; 
 much less is the man who sinijily writes Ixjoks a man of highest 
 mark. For publishers and largely for audienc*-, the Virginia 
 author must seek the North; the most ct»ngenial literary atmos- 
 phere is .still to U' found without tin- confines of the Slate. Till 
 thes*' things are untrue; till the cities of Virginia an- at \vasl in 
 some stMise literary centres; till the atmosphere i>f Virginia i.H 
 redoh-nt of literary appre<iation. tlit; work of tin- period of it;- 
 uuion will not have been <-ompleted. 
 
42 A DISSERTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATURE. 
 
 The historical and biographical writings of the day coutiuue 
 to show the .suinc geneial character as those produced duriug the 
 years of disunion. Military biographies are popular with the 
 general reader, and the production of them re8t>s as a boundeu 
 duty upon the Southern historian, anxious to see justice rendered 
 to heroes whose mighty deeds are often belittled, whose motives 
 are misrepresented. Lee, the idol of the South, has been con- 
 sidered from every point of view by such writers as Jno. Wil- 
 liam Jones, A. L. Long, and Fitzhugh Lee, the great commander's 
 nephew. H. B. McClellan h;us contributed to war literature an 
 exhaustive account of " Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns," a subject 
 more lightly and entertainingly touched ui)on in Mosby's " War 
 Reminiscences.'' Allen, Taylor, and others have aided in fur- 
 nishing clearer accounts of the campaigns of Lee and Jackson; 
 the " War Talks of Confederate Veterans," edited by Geo. S. 
 Bernard, contains much vr.lr.able historical data. Less warlike 
 are the " Life of Henry A. Wise " by his grandson, and Mrs. 
 Susan P. Lee's " Memoirs of William Nelson Pendleton." Brad- 
 ley T. Johnson's '' Washington " treats largely of the patriot's 
 private life. Altogether peaceful in tone are Tyler's historical 
 and biographical volumes, Dabney's "Randolph," Mrs. Row- 
 laud's valuable lives of George Mason and Charles Carroll, Wil- 
 liam Wirt Henry's "Patrick Henry,"-one of the most satisfactory- 
 of American biographical productions — and Trent's "William 
 Gilmore Simms,'' a masterly, if prejudiced, volume that early 
 heralded its author as the rising critic of the South. Here, too, 
 should be mentioned Conway's " Life of Edmund Randolph," 
 one of the most valuable historical productions fi'om the pen of 
 that prolific clergyman. As typical of a sort of writing in 
 which Virginians are prone to indulge may be cited Hayden's 
 " Virginia Genealogy," and "Lee of Virginia" by Edmund 
 Jennings Lee. 
 
 Local history continues, and rightly so, to demand attention; 
 Slaughter, Peyton, and Waddell have all garnered much valuable 
 material for the future historian of the State. The great Vir- 
 ginia historian is still to appear, though recent years have given 
 us the most interesting and literary account of the Old Domin- 
 ion yet written: Cooke's "Virginia, " a work which will prob- 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VUUIIXIA I.ITERATUHE. 43 
 
 ably outlive the author's novels. Bruce, too, lias written tho 
 economic history of the State in the seventeenth century, whili; 
 Alexander Brown has tilled many volumes with his valuable dis- 
 coveries concerning the earliest yeai-s <if the nation, masses of 
 cold, unrelieved fad that prove him a tyj)ical member of the 
 dri'iusdust historical school. Louisiana, Mi.ssi.ssipi)i, an*l Texas 
 have been historically tix-ated by authors of Virj^inia birth; 
 other Virginiaus have gone still farther afield and found PVauce, 
 China, Japan, Morocco, Cuba, interesting sulyect.s for their pens. 
 
 Partly historical and ])artly expository are the writings of 
 \V. W. Willonghby and his brother, and thasc of Ricliard VV. 
 Thomjjson, all Virginians by birth. The most concise exposi- 
 tion of Southern con.stitntional theories yet produced is Curry's 
 "Southern States of the American Union," but one of many 
 volumes from this gifted pen, just (l!tO;J) laid aside at death's 
 bidding. By far the ablest among the expository historians of 
 Southern birth is Woodrow Wilson, of Staunton, whos*- i-ecent 
 " History of the United States" promises to become a standanl 
 work. 
 
 War expei-iences have naturally cnntinui'd to he p()|>ular 
 with narrative and desciiptive writers. Wilkin.son, McCarthy, 
 an<l Maury have given us vivid pictures of war and its blended 
 horrors and humora. Not limited to war, though largely dealing 
 with it, is "The End of an Era" by .John S. Wi.se, one of the 
 cleverest books written in recent yeai-s. The old lime South, 
 witli its breath of roses and tlnttt-r of faded silks, lives again iu 
 the pages of Mi.ss Burwell and Mix. Sniedcs, who write of the 
 past with love and reverence. Less frei|nently than of yoi-« 
 such authors as Di'. Harrison cany us abroad and allow us tho 
 Ix'auties of foreign climes. 
 
 During late yeai-s Virginia has i>roduced but few theologi- 
 ans of literary note, among wlioin the principal are Grauljcrry, 
 Kerr, McKim, and Toy. Few eminent medical ti-eatiws have 
 been produced by Virginians during the la.s| twenty live yeara; 
 few noteworthy vulumes have been added to the literature of the 
 law. In the production of valuable le.\l iMxik.s, however, tliero 
 has Im'i-ii mo perceptible diminution; rather, an increasi'. 
 
44 A DISSERTATION ON VIEGINIA LITEEATDBE. 
 
 In respect to poetry, Virginia, like the world at large, seems 
 to be suffering from an interregnum. If, then, we can record 
 few names of poetic note, we must remember that the world's 
 living poets are few. Of todaj^'s Southern singers, the sweetest 
 and teuderest, perhaps, is of Virginia birth. Proud should his 
 mother state be to claim that Father Tabb, who, in his quiet 
 way, is laying the foundation of something more than passing 
 fame. His muse is content to guide him through gentle pastures: 
 the rocky heights are seldom scaled; great flights of song are 
 rarely attempted. But his brief lyrics, his simple sonnets, are 
 bits of amber wherein are preserved the purest, loveliest gems of 
 thought. By virtue of having once been his home, Virginia may 
 lay part claim to William Jf. Johnston, a i)oet of more than 
 local reputation; the verse of Charles W. Coleman, her own 
 sou, gives evidence of poetic facility; the lyiics of Mrs. Dan- 
 dridge trip lightly and musically along; Gordon and Page have 
 revived in verse the negro of past days; the " Herod and Mari- 
 amne" of the Princess Troubetzkoy (Amelie Rives) has been 
 declared by a competent critic to surp.iss the similar work of 
 Stephen Phillips in fire and vigor. The names of minor versifiers 
 might be multiplied, but would generally prove meaningless, for, 
 save in rare instances, their lyrics ha\e failed to reach the pub- 
 lic ear or sti-ike a reponsive chord in the human breast. 
 
 If the poetic harvest of the present be somewhat scant, we 
 may at least point proudly to our field of fiction. Here, indeed, 
 have the authors of Virginia gone far beyond the majority of 
 their predecessors and won for themselves much fame. 
 Among the writers surviving from a preceding period, Mrs. 
 Davis has continued to publish jiroblem novels of the simpler 
 cliis.s, and Mrs. Terhune luxs multiplied her productions till they 
 cover, and cover well, every subject from ca-stle fo kitchen. For 
 many yejirsJohn E.sten Cooke continued to fashion robes of ro- 
 mance wherewith to adorn the cavaliers of the South, till, finding 
 himself in an age that knew him not but paid liomage at realistic 
 shrines, he relintiuished literature as a profession and retired to 
 the i)eace of his counti'y home. Georg<' V. Eggleston still contiinies 
 to delight a wide audience, to >vhich he has added a large and 
 
A niSSIORTATION OX VIKdlNIA I.ITEBATURE. 15 
 
 not iiiici-iliciil <|ii(ilii (if lioy.s. I'lci'iiiincnl iiiiioni^ living aiitlioi-s, 
 however, isTlioiiuis Nelson I'lif^e, \vlios«- first volume appeiired in 
 l.SST. His style is (liiwless, liis inia};iii:itioii powt-rful, liis humor 
 and pathos geiuiiue, his mission of llu> nol»le.>st. His skelehes in 
 Vjlack and white will long;, — i)erliaps always — remain our most 
 faithful pietures of the South of olden days. Virginia's other 
 noteworthy novelists of the i)resent period have all In-en women, 
 to whom t>e great slf>''y '"'it they liave carried her literary fame 
 so liij^h. The stories of JIi-s. MeClellaiid, Jlrs. Hnrton Harrison, 
 and Mi's. F. C'. Baylor are known throughout the country, in 
 the North as well as in the South. The name of Miss Manriider 
 carries with it a promise of charminjr grace of treatnuMit that 
 always appeals to the public, just as that of Miss Seawell suggests 
 8i)rightliness and romantic vigor. The Prince.ss TronlK-tzkoy, 
 for all the uneven quality of her work, luus V)een j-alled ''the 
 most brilliant, versiitile, and talented woman who has appeare<l 
 in the realm of literature in recent years." Here, too, should 
 be mentioned the name of Miss Davis, the ''daughter of tlie Con- 
 federacy," whos(> early death cut short a career of much literary 
 promi.se. The very latest and perhaps the best known of Vir- 
 ginia novelists are Misst-s Mary .Fohn.ston and Kllen Ghusgow; 
 both excel in grace of style and vigor of descriptive ability; 
 though the former has the greater present reputation, it seems 
 .safe to predict that the strong, forceful novels of the latt4>r will 
 outlive the somewhat sw;ushl)uckling romances of lier eont«'m- 
 porary. Of the no less than forty minor iKiveii.sts of the period, 
 it seems well to mention here a few wlio have realized the value 
 of depicting .scenes with which they are familiar; of pre.st-rving 
 the traditions of their native state. The.se are Mi-s. Bo\ive, Mi-s. 
 Bosher, Mis.ses Bryan, Ca.sth'man, and Kwell, Mrs. Moran and 
 Miss Win.ston, John (). Casler, (Jniham ("laytor, Virginius Dab 
 ney, ami Francis Fontaine. All of the.s«> writei-s, however falter- 
 ingly, have told .some .story of Virginia life, jMUst or j)re«cnt; 
 liave not strayed afar after strange gods, but have written feel- 
 ingly of the scenes they knew best. It is along these lines that 
 the literature of Virginia must advance if it would In- sure of itw 
 progress. 
 
46 A DIBSEKTATION ON VIRGINIA LITERATTJBE. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be well to note the conditions now 
 prevalent by which that progress promises to be hastened or re- 
 tarded. We have already seen that in the present period the 
 former peculiarities of Virginia civilization so hostile to the de- 
 velopment of literature have in large measure disappeared. 
 Literary conservatism is vanishing; the calling of the author is 
 coming to be more highly esteemed; the growth of literary interest 
 is shown in the growth of Virginia publishing houses and the 
 attempted establishment of Virginia magazines. But what Vir- 
 ginia needs most, and what she possesses in greater degree every 
 day, is not mere literary interest but positive literary enthusi- 
 asm. Casting aside i>rovincialisin, ceasing to believe that Eng- 
 land and the pa.st hold all the ti'casures of literary ^-alue, realiz- 
 ing the inherent worth of letters and the litterateur, she must 
 learn not to sneer at the efforts of her owu children, however 
 crude, but to urge them ever forward in their work. She must 
 prove by her interest in the Virginia literature of the past that 
 those who devote themselves to the service of letters shall never 
 be forgotten. Yet the people of Virginia must .join with their 
 enthusiasm a firmly critical spirit, must apply the severest tests. 
 Without despising the imperfect, they must demand nothing less 
 than perfection. Then, indeed, will the author's calling be of the 
 noblest. Then we will have more men and women following 
 literature as a profession; we will have less work that is amateur- 
 ish, frivolous, the pastime of idle moments. It is only by con- 
 stant application and ardent apprenticeship — no half-way alle- 
 giance to letters — that Virginia authors can accomplish their 
 task, can discharge the responsibility that rests ujjou them to 
 make the literature of Virginia worthy of the State. ITpou them 
 must fall tlu^ ignominy if they fail to succeed; the means of suc- 
 cess are ready to tlieir hands. Virginia with her natural beauty, 
 her noble civilization, and her glorious i)a.st, oilers the fairest of 
 fields for novelist, poet, and historian; Vii'ginia authors need 
 not seek their subjects far from home. To treat these subjects 
 they are well equipped. Themselves the centre of the most 
 purely Anglo-Saxon society in America, they inherit a literary 
 language pure and uudefiled. They are heirs, moreover, of a 
 mauuer of literary treatment which in its warmth, sincerity, and 
 
A DISSERTATION ON VIR(;INU LITERATURK. 17 
 
 unaffected Bimplicity, is unsurpaKsed in tin- world. Iiilicritinf; a 
 wealth of themes, inherit iiij; u Ix'unty of style, let them work 
 uneoasinf^ly to win perfeetion with the means at hand. Let the 
 authors of Virginia seek to treat earnestly the suhjeets with 
 which they are familiar, in the fashion wliich is nat u nil ly theirs, 
 and, by beinp true to themselves and their mission, they will pro- 
 duce a literature worthy to Ik' called typical not only of Virginia 
 hut of the whole western world. 
 
48 A CHECKLIST OF VIRGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 A CHECK-LIST OF VIRGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 Including Only Those Virginians Who Tublished Books 
 Between the Years 1(507 and 1901. 
 
 In the coini)ilatioii of tins list, roitinii licliiiitt' limitations 
 have been observed. There are here included only those writers 
 who may justly be called Virginians because of birth in the State, 
 or because of residence iu Virginia during some very long or 
 very important period of their lives; those whom the compiler 
 believes to have been Virginians without being absolutely certain 
 of the fact, are distinguished by means of asterisks. Authors 
 whose pen-names only are known, have not been recorded, and 
 cross-references have always been made to the real names of 
 writers best known by their pseudonyms. The list has been 
 further limited by omitting the names of all who have not pub- 
 lished books, — for instance, the writers of uewspaper or magazine 
 articles, and even of pamphlets or speeches separately published. 
 
 The hundreds of sources from which this list ha.s been com- 
 piled cannot lie mentioned here; it is, however, due Mrs. Kate 
 S. Paul, of Harrisonburg, Va., to say that a MS. list of Vir- 
 ginia authors prepared by lier has been of the very greatest 
 value in supplying a large amount of infoi'ination not elsewhere 
 to be found. But, though the comi)iler has done his best to make 
 this list exhaustive and accurate, he is well aware of the fact 
 that it is very far from being either complete or errorless; he 
 hopes, therefore, that those who discover its faults will make 
 them known to him and thus lead to their correction. 
 
A CUECK LIST OK VIIuaNIA WRITEKS. 
 
 49 
 
 " Addiims, Mozis" 
 
 (See Baghy, (Jcoific W. ) 
 Alexander, Archibald 
 Alexander, James Waddell 
 Alfred, George 
 Alfrieud, Edward Morrison 
 Alfriend, Frank H. 
 Allan, Mrs. Eli/alH-th Preston 
 Allan, William 
 Allen, Henry Wat kins 
 Allen, S. Brown 
 Allmond, Marcns Biakey 
 
 Ambler, Ja<-(|nlin 
 *Amis, Mrs. K. H. 
 Andei-son, Florcnee 
 Anderson, L. B. 
 Andrews, Mi-s. Marietta M. 
 Arni.stron};. (Jeorge Dodd 
 Arm.strong, Mrs. M. F. 
 Armstrong, William JcKsnp 
 Arnold, B. W. 
 Asliton, Lawrence 
 Atkinson, George Wesley 
 
 Baron, Alice MaU'l 
 Bacon, Snsixn liee 
 Bagby, Alfred, Jr. 
 Bagby, George William 
 Bailey, John 
 Bailey, Peter 
 Bailey, Koberl 
 Baird, SiimucI Jnlm 
 Baldwin, Joseph (i. 
 Ballagh, James Curtis 
 Banister, John 
 Banks, Henry 
 
 " Barbaros.s;i " (S«M' Scott, Jno. ) 
 Barbour, James 
 Barclay, James Turner 
 Barkstlale, C K. 
 Barnnm, Mrs. Frances Courte- 
 uay Baylor 
 
 B 
 
 Barrett, P. 
 
 Ilariinger, I'anl Hramlon 
 
 Hartley, James Avis 
 
 Barton, Koln-rt I. 
 
 Biirton, W. S. 
 
 Ikixter, George Addison 
 
 Baylor, Frances ('<inrlenay 
 
 (Si'c Barnum, Mi-s.) 
 Baylor, J. B. 
 Baync, George Mi<ldleton 
 Bayne, Howard K. 
 Bcale, Helen G. 
 B.-alc, Mrs. Maria Taylor 
 lU-alc, Hichanl L. T. 
 *B«attie, Francis R. 
 Beckwonrth, James P. 
 ISetlinger, Henry M. 
 
50 
 
 A CHECK- LIST OF VIRGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 Bfll, Agiippa Nelson 
 
 Bell, Johu W. 
 
 Bennett, Mrs. Martha Hayues 
 
 Butt 
 Bennett, William W. 
 Berkeley, Sir William 
 Bernard, George 
 Bernard, Stephen 
 Beverly, Robert 
 Bibb, George M. 
 Bickley, George W. L. 
 Binga, A., Jr. 
 Birch, Thomas E. 
 Bird, Mrs. Mary Page 
 Bitting, C. C. 
 Blackburn, J. S. 
 Blackford, Charles M. 
 Blackford, Mrs. Susan Leigh 
 Blackwell, James DeRuyter 
 Blackwell, Johu S. 
 *Blackwell, R. 
 Blackwell, Robert Emory 
 Blsettermauu, George 
 Blaine, Henry Gordon 
 Blair, James 
 Blair, John Dnrbarrow 
 Blair, Lewis H. 
 Blair, Walter 
 Bland, Richard 
 Bland, Theodoiic 
 Bledsoe, Albert Taylor 
 Blount, Annie R. 
 Boardman, John 
 Boatwright, Frederic William 
 Bocock, J. W". 
 Bocock, Sarah M. 
 Boiling, R. 
 Bolton, James 
 
 Bonnycastle, Charles 
 Bonsai, Stephen 
 Boogher, William Frederick 
 ='=Booker, George A. 
 Bosher, Mrs. Kate Langloy 
 
 " Boswell " 
 
 (See Johnson, William B. ) 
 "-*=Bosworth, Edward W. 
 Botts, John Minor 
 Boucher, Jonathan 
 Bouldiu, Powhatan 
 Bourne, George 
 Bouve, Mrs. Pauline Carringtou 
 
 Rust 
 Bowen, L. P. 
 Bowling, William King 
 
 Bowyer, James T. 
 
 Boyd, Belle 
 
 (See Hardinge, Mrs.) 
 
 Boyd, Charles R. 
 
 Boyd, Mrs. L. 
 
 Bradford, John 
 
 Bradley, A. G. 
 
 Bradley, Mrs. Mary Emily 
 Neeley 
 
 Bradley, Thomas Bibb 
 
 Branch, William, Jr. 
 
 Brannon, Henry 
 
 Braxton, Carter 
 
 Braxton, Carter M. 
 
 Breckinridge, Mrs. Julia Antony 
 
 Broaddus, Andrew 
 
 Broaddus, Andrew ("ind) 
 
 Broadhcad, Garland Carr 
 
 Broadus, Annie M. 
 
 Broadus, John Albert 
 
 Broadus, Rosalie Madison 
 
 Brock, Robert Alouzo 
 
 II 
 
A CHErK LIST Ol' VIUCilNIA WUITKK.'*. 
 
 M 
 
 Brork, Sarah A. 
 
 (See rutiiaiii, Mrs. S. A.) 
 Brockenl)ri)iij;h, John White 
 Brockeiibroiigli, William 
 Brockenbroii^h, William 11. 
 Brockett, F. L. 
 Brooke, F. T. 
 Brooks, EiwiH'/.cr 
 Brown, Aaron Vail 
 Brown, Alexander 
 Brown, (ilcnn 
 Browu, John 
 Brown, Kenneth 
 Brown, Keid 
 Brown, Sanuiel 
 Browne, Henry 
 
 Brownlow, William (";annaway 
 Bniee, Eilwanl C'aledon 
 Bruce, Philip Alexander 
 Bruce, Tlionia.s 
 BnuT, W. ('abell 
 
 Bryan, Daniel 
 Bryan, t]niaia I^yon 
 Bryan, Thomas Barl)our 
 Bryee, C. A. 
 Bryee, T. T. 
 Buchanan, Jose|>h 
 Bul'ord, Fli/abeth Burgess 
 Burj;wyn, I'ollinsun J'ierrepont 
 
 Fdwaids 
 Hnrk, Jolin Daly 
 Burke, William' 
 Burk.s, Martin P. 
 Burrow.s, J. L. 
 Burton, H. W. 
 Burwell, Letitia ^f. 
 Burwcll, William M. 
 Butler, Nathaniel 
 Butt. Martha Hayne.s 
 
 (See B<iinett. Mi-s. M.H.B.) 
 Byrd, William 
 
 Cabell, James Tjawrencc 
 Cabell, Mrs. Isa CarriiiKlon 
 Cabell, Mrs. J. Grattan 
 Cabell, .T()s<'ph Carrinpton 
 Cabell, Mrs. Julia Mayo 
 ♦Cabell, N. F. 
 "Cairns, Kate " 
 
 Campbell, .Mexander .\u(;untu.s 
 ('am])l>ell, .'Mexander James 
 Cami)bell. Charles 
 ("am]>lHll, J. Mason 
 Cami)lM-ll, .lolin Lyie 
 Campbell, John Poape 
 ("amiilx-ll, John Wilson 
 
 (Si'e Bosher, ■Mrs. Kate L. ) CampUll, I^.l>ert F. 
 Caldwell, Mrs. Willie Walker CamplM-ll, William A. 
 
 Call, Daniel 
 
 Callender, James Thoma8 
 Csimeron, Flenry Clay 
 Cameron, William K. 
 Campbell, Alexander 
 
 "Cappleman, Jcwie Frazco 
 Carleton, Henry 
 Carnetix, Fnince** D. 
 
 (SceKeister, Min. F. C.) 
 
52 
 
 A OHEOK-LI8T OF VIRGINIA WEITEES. 
 
 Carpenter, Franklin Eenben 
 
 Carroll, David Lyim 
 
 Carroll, James P. 
 
 Carter, K. R. 
 
 Carter, St. Leger Landon 
 
 Carter, William Page 
 
 Cartwright, Peter 
 
 Cleland, Thomas 
 *Clemens, Nannie 
 Clover, Lewis P. 
 Cluverins, Thomas Jndson 
 Coale, Charles B. 
 Cobbs, Nicholas Hanincr 
 Cocke, A. R. 
 
 Caruthers, William Alexander Cocke, Philip St. George 
 
 Cocke, William Archer 
 Coghill, James H. 
 Colaw, John Marvin 
 Cole, Ricliard Bi>\<"rl.v 
 *Coleman, William D. 
 Coleman, William Emmett 
 
 Cary, Gillie 
 Cary, Mrs. Virginia 
 Casler, John Overton 
 Castleman, Virginia Carter 
 Catlett, James M. 
 Chalmers, Mrs. Anna Meade 
 Chamberlayne, Churchill Gibson Coles, Edward 
 Chambliss, William Parham Coles, John J. 
 Chancellor, Charles Williams Collins, Charles 
 Chandler, J. A. C. Colson, R. 
 
 Chanler, Mrs. Amelie Rives Colwell, Stephen 
 (See Tronl)etszkoy, Princess) Conrad, T. N. 
 
 Chapman, John Gadsby 
 Chapman, Nathaniel 
 Chesterman, William Dallas 
 Chilton, Eldward 
 Chisolm, Julian John 
 Christian, W. Asbury 
 Claiborne, G, M. 
 Claiborne, John Herbert 
 Claiborne, Nathaniel Herbert 
 Clark, George Rogers 
 Clark, R. E. 
 Clark, William 
 Clark, William L., Jr. 
 Clarke, Peyton Ncale 
 Clarkson, Henry Mazyck 
 Clay, Henry 
 Clayton, John 
 Claytor, Graham 
 
 Converse, Henry D. 
 Conway, Monciire Daniel 
 Cooke, John Esten 
 Cooke, Philip Pendleton 
 Cooke, Philip St. George 
 Co))land, Antoinette Sheppard 
 Cooper, Samuel 
 Corbin, Sirs. Diana Fontaine 
 
 Maury 
 Cory, Charles Henry 
 Cotton, Mrs. An 
 Courtenay, Edward Henry 
 Conrtenay, John 
 Cowan, Pamela H. 
 Cowan, Robert 
 Cox, Edward Travers 
 Coxe, Henry Carletou 
 
A CHECK-LIST OF VIK<;IMA WklTKKH. 5.'} 
 
 CoyiHT, Ch;irh-.s Liitbor Crws, John Jaincs UoImtIsou 
 
 Craighill, Hobfit S. Crow, Mrs. Hu.s;iii Wilcox 
 
 Craifihill, William Price Hiibanl 
 
 C'raiuh, C'lirisloplicr Pears*; Curry, .lalx-z Lamar .Moniw 
 
 Crane, William Carey t=Curry, John 1*. 
 
 Crawford, J. Marshall CiissoiiH, John 
 
 *Ciawlorcl, T. P. ( Uistis, George W a s h i n g t o u 
 
 "Crayon, Porte" I'arke 
 
 (See Strotlier, l>avi<l II.) Culler, Mra. Lizzie Petit 
 Cringan, Mrs. J. W. 
 
 D 
 
 Dabiipy, Charles William Davies, Samuel 
 
 Dabney, Uichard Daviess, Joseidi Hamilton 
 
 Ualincy, liiehard Heath Davis, Heury Winter 
 
 Dabney, Robert Lewis Davis, John 
 
 Dabney, Virgiuiiis Davis, John A. (J. 
 
 Dabney, Walter I). Davis, Martha Ann 
 
 Dabney, William Ce<il Davis, Mrs. Mary Dniguid 
 
 Dai^g, John Leadley Davis, Noah Knowles 
 
 *Dalby, J. Arnold Davis, Kebeeea Uardinj^ 
 
 Daiidridge, Jlrs. Danske I>e<l Davi.s, Varina Anne Jetlerson 
 
 inger Davi.s, Varina Howell JetVui-son 
 
 Danfoitli, Joshua Xoltle Davis.son, Anaiiiius 
 
 • Dange, Henri" Day, Mrs. W. C. 
 
 (Si-e Hammond,Mi>i.H.H.) DeIliLs.s, Willis 
 
 Daniel, Frederick S. Delaware, Tlionuis We.st, I.,<ird, 
 
 Daniel, Ferdinand E. Di-nny, («e4>rge Hnlehe.son 
 
 Daniel, John Moncnre DeVer<', Maximilian S<'liele 
 
 Daniel, John Warwick Dew, Thomas Roderick 
 
 Daniel, Mrs. Lizzie Cary I>iKK«'''S I>iidl(y 
 
 Daniels, Josephus Dillard, James llanl\ 
 
 Diusliiel, T. G. Dillon, John Brown 
 
 '■ Da.shmore, Frank " *Dii ck, Charles H. 
 
 (S«'e Downing, Mi-s. F. M. ) Dinwiddie, RoIm-H 
 
 Davidson, John D. Dinwiddle, Williuiii 
 
54 
 
 A CHECK-LIST OF VIKGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 *Dixon, Francis B. 
 Dixon, Tliomas, Jr. 
 Dodd, Jauies B. 
 Doddridge, Joseph 
 Dodge, Jacob Richards 
 Doggett, Daniel Seth 
 Donelson, Joliu 
 Doswell, Sallie J. 
 Douglas, Margaret Crittondeu 
 Dove, John 
 Dowd, Mary Alice 
 Dowel], Greensville 
 Dowler, Benuet 
 Downing, Mrs. Prances Mur- 
 daugh 
 
 Draper, Henry 
 
 Draper, John Christopher 
 
 Drewry, William Sidney 
 
 Dudley, Thoma.s Underwood 
 
 Duggan, Mrs. Janie Prifchard 
 
 Duke, Richard Thomas Walker 
 
 Duuaway, T. S. 
 
 Duncan, James Armstrong 
 
 Dunglison, Robley 
 
 Duuuington, Frank P. 
 
 Dupuy, Eliza Ann 
 
 DuVal, John Pope 
 
 DuVal, W. 
 
 E 
 
 Early, John 
 
 Early, Jiibal Anderson 
 
 "Earnest, Elsie" 
 
 (See Scruggs, Mrs. M.V.S.) 
 Easter, Marguerite Elizabetli 
 
 Millar 
 Eastman, Mrs. Mary Henderson 
 *Easton, William Edgar 
 Edwards, Emory 
 Edwards, John Ellis 
 Edwards, Landou Brame 
 Ed wards, Mrs. Matilda Caroline 
 
 Smiley 
 ^Edwards, Richard 
 Edwards, Sue 
 Edwards, William Emorj' 
 Edwards, William Henry 
 
 Efiinger, John Robert 
 
 Egglestou, George Cary 
 
 Egglcston, R. Beverly 
 
 Elenjay, Louise 
 
 Ellison, Matthew, 
 
 Ellwood, John K. 
 
 Elwes, A. W. 
 
 Emmet, Thouuis Addis 
 
 Empie, Adam 
 
 E\'ans, Elizabeth H e w 1 i a g 8 
 
 Stockton 
 Eveline, Robert 
 EweU, Alice Maud 
 Ewell, T. 
 Ewiug, Finis 
 Exclerc, Daniel 
 
 '! 
 
A CHECKLIST OF VIKtilMA WKITEU8. 56 
 
 P 
 
 Fairfifltl, Eaiiiiuid Hmkc 
 Fiiirar, F. K. 
 Farmer, C M. 
 Faulkner, Cliarlcs Janus 
 FaiuiuiiT, Francis 
 Faiisset, Aiulrcw Rolwit 
 Fentouhill, John 
 Ferguson, Mrs. Enuna Henry 
 Festetitt.s,Mrs. Kate Nci-ly Hill 
 Fewell, Laura K. 
 Ficklen, John Kose 
 '•Fielding, Fannie" 
 
 (SeeStnrges.Mrs.M.J.U.S 
 Figg, R. \V. 
 Fiiiley, John 
 Fishburne, John W. 
 Fisher, Get)rge D. 
 Fitz, J. W. 
 Fitz, James 
 Fitzhugh, George 
 Fitzhugh, William 
 Flagg, Edniunil 
 Fleming, Lucy Kandol])h 
 Flohr, George Daniel 
 Flood, John H., Jr. 
 Flovd, N. J. 
 
 Fontaine, Edward 
 Fontaine, Fi-.incis 
 Fontaine, Jame.s 
 Fontaine, Lamar 
 Fontaine, William Morris 
 Foote, Henry Stuart 
 Foote, William Henry 
 Ford, Harry Clinton 
 Forrest, William S. 
 Fosdick,Mrs. Gertrude Christian 
 Foster, H. V. 
 Foster, Jonathan 
 ) Fowler, (ieorge 
 Fowler, John 
 *Fowler, W. H. 
 Fox, John William 
 Fox, Luther Augustine 
 Fre«'ar, Koln-rt I^^tuis 
 Freemont, Mrs. Jessie Benton 
 French, Benjamin Franklin 
 French, James S. 
 French, Mi's. L.Virginia Smith 
 Fristt)e, William 
 Frith, (Jill)eit K. 
 Funston. J. li. 
 
 O 
 
 Gait, Jolin M. 
 GarlK-r, Mrs. .\ . W. 
 Gardener, Helen Hamilton 
 
 Garnett, Cliarles F. M. 
 Garnett, EliwilK-th 
 (iarnett, Jiimes Merc«T 
 
 (See Sniarl, Mrs. H.H.d.) Garnett, James Mercer ('^ind) 
 Garland, Hugh .\. Garnett, Ix>uis A. 
 
 Garlautl, Landon Cal>ell Garnett, K. U. 
 
56 
 
 A CHECK -LIST OF VIEGINIA "WrEITERS. 
 
 Garrett, William Robcrtsou 
 Gholsou, William Yates 
 Gibsou, Charles Bell 
 Gilbert, David McCoiiaugby 
 Gildersleeve, Basil Laniieau 
 *Gilman, William S. 
 Gilmer, Francis Walker 
 Giles, William Branch 
 *Gillis, B. W. 
 
 Gilmer, George Rockingham 
 Gilmer, John Harmer 
 Giarrdin, Louis Hue 
 Glasgow, Ellen Anderson Ghol- 
 
 son 
 Goode, George Brown 
 Goode, Richard Urquhart 
 Goode, Thomas 
 Goodhart, Briscoe 
 Goodwin, John S. 
 Gordon, Armistead Churchill 
 Gordon, James Lindsay 
 Gordon, John M. 
 Gordon, Mrs. John N. 
 Gore, James Howard 
 Gorgas, Ferdinand J;us. Samuel 
 Graham, John 
 
 Granbery, John Cowper 
 Grantham, Sir Thomas 
 Gratt^in, Peachy Ridgeway 
 Grave, John 
 Graves, Charles Alfred 
 *Gray, S. L. 
 Green, Bennett Wood 
 Green, Lewis Warner 
 Green, Raleigh Tiavers 
 *Greeu, Sauford Moon 
 Green, William 
 Green, Williiun Bachelder 
 Greenhow, Robert 
 Greenway, J. R. 
 Greer, David Hummell 
 Greever, Walton Harlowe 
 Gregory, Edward S. 
 Griffith, Robert Eglesfield 
 Grigg, Jacob 
 Grigsby, Hugh Blair 
 Grimsby, Daniel A. 
 Guigon, A. B. 
 Guild, Josephus Couu 
 Guuter, Bessie E. 
 Gwathmey, Emmy Hendi'en 
 
 Hagan, J. M. 
 Haines, Hiram 
 Hale, John Peter 
 Hale, Nathaniel Herbert 
 Hall, Everard 
 Hall, John Leslie 
 Hallowell, Benjamin 
 Halsey, Leroy Jones 
 Halstead, William H. 
 
 Hamblet«n, James Pinkuey 
 Hamilton, John William 
 Hammond, Mrs. Henrietta Hardy 
 Hammond, John 
 Hamor, Raphe 
 Handy, Isaac W. K. 
 *Hanna, J. Marshall 
 Hausborough, George W. 
 Hardiuge, Mrs. Bell Boyd 
 
A OHEOK-LIST Ol' VllUMNIA WUITER.S. 67 
 
 " Harland, Marion " HcnU-y. Saiuiii-I 
 
 (See Terhmie,Mis.M.V.II. ) ll.imciiian, Joliii Hell 
 
 =»=Harlo\v, B. F. Ilciiiy, I'atriek 
 
 Harper, liohert G»)0<II(k> lloiiry, William Wirt 
 
 Harris, TliDinas Mealey Heriidoii, William I/- wis 
 
 Harris, William Asbiiry Herriek, Mi-s. yt>|(lii»' Mtllvaine 
 
 Harrison, Mrs. Const anee (.'ary Bledsoe 
 
 Harrison, Ciessner Hersi'y, John 
 
 Harrison, James AlU-it Hicks, R4'lM'eea 
 
 Harrison, Thomas Hililn-th, Kup-nins Augustus 
 
 Harrison, William Henry llildreth, I'./.ekiel 
 
 Hartshornc, Joseph Hill, Mrs. Katf Ne<'ly 
 
 Hartwell, Henry (See Fe.stetilt.s,.Mi-s.K. N.H.) 
 
 Harvey, W^illiam Hope Hill, William 
 *Hassler, Ferdinand Kiidolpli IIol>s>in, Marjjaii-I 
 
 Hatch, Frederick Wiiisluw H<>t;e, Moses 
 
 Hateher, William K. lloj,'«-, M(tsps Drury 
 
 Hatehetf, Mamie lianikin Hn^e, Most-s Drury, Jr. 
 
 Haw, Mary J. U<>il*', IVyton Harrison 
 
 Hawes, Herl^Mt II. Hoj^e, William James 
 
 Hawes, Mary V. Iln-jne, Addison 
 
 (SeeTerhune,Mrs.M.\'.U.; llolromU-, H.-nry 
 
 *Hawley, John ti. Hnlcondic, .lames IMiilemon 
 
 Haxall, Mrs. K. B. Holeombe, William Henry 
 
 Hay, George Holladay, .MlM-rt I^-wis 
 
 Hayden, Horace Edwin Holliday, Frederick W. M. 
 
 Heath, James E. *Holman, William 
 
 Heath, Koscoe B. Holme.s, Geor^je Frederick 
 
 Hendei'son, James Holme.s, H. 
 
 Henderson, Julia Putnam Holt, John 
 
 Heiidren, Samuel Kivers Hoojter, Su.saii KlizalM'th 
 
 Hendrick, Elijah H. U •■r, FriHh'ri<-k 
 
 Uenint;, Julia K. H.ioper, T. W. 
 
 Hening, William Waller Ho|»e, .Fames Barron 
 
 Uenkel, l)a\ id Horner, William ^>lmunll.s 
 
 Heiikel, Paul Hoi>ley, ElizalM-lh 
 
 Henk«l, Socrate-s Holehkis.s, Jctlediah 
 
 Henkle, .Mos.s .Montgomery Hol<hkis.s, Nelson H. 
 
58 
 
 A CHECK-LIST OF VIRGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 Hott, James William 
 IIouso, Haiiiia A. 
 Houston, Edwin James 
 Houston, Samuel 
 Howard, Joliu 
 Howard, Overton 
 Howe, James Lewis 
 Howell, Robert Boyle Crawfoi 
 Howison, Robert Reid 
 *Hul)bard, Robert B. 
 Hughes, Robert M. 
 Hughes, Robert William 
 Hume, Thomas 
 
 Humphreys, David Carlisle 
 Humphreys, Jolm T. 
 Humi)hreys, Milton Wylie 
 Hunter, Mrs. Martha Featon 
 Hunt, Sara Keables 
 Hunt, Thomas Poage 
 Hunter, James 
 d Hunter, John 
 Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliafeno 
 Hurst, Samuel N. 
 Hutchinson, John A. 
 Hutter, Mrs. Nannie Laughorue 
 
 I 
 
 Irby, Richard 
 
 Ives, Mrs. Cora Semmes 
 
 Jacksou, Mrs. Mary Anna Mor 
 
 rison 
 Jacob, Henry 
 Jacobs, John Adamson 
 Jaegei', Abraham 
 James, Benjamin 
 James, ('. F. 
 
 Janney, Samuel Macpherson 
 Jarratt, Devereux 
 Jetiferson, Thomas 
 .TeH'ries, Fayette 
 Jennings, Samuel K. 
 Jeter, Jeremiah Bell 
 Jett, James 
 Johns, John 
 
 .[ohnson, Benjamin Franklin 
 Jolmsun. Blanche Wynne 
 
 Johnson, Bradley Tyler 
 Johnson, F. B. 
 Johuson, John Lipscomb 
 .Johnson, Mrs. Sarah Barclay 
 Johnson, Thomas Cary 
 Johnson, William B. 
 .Johnston, Charles 
 Johnston, Frederic 
 Johnston, Mrs. Maria I. 
 .John.ston, Mary 
 Johnston, Joseph Eggleston 
 Johnston, William Preston 
 Jolil!e, William 
 .Jones, Buchring H. 
 *Jones, George William 
 Jones, Hugh 
 Jones, John Beaucbamp 
 
 II 
 
A CHECK- LIST OK VIKfUMA WUITKKS. 69 
 
 Jones, Joliu \Villi:iiii Jordan, Mi-s.Conitlia Jam- Mat 
 
 Jones, Joseph llu-ws 
 
 Jones, Skeltoii Jordan, IJiilianl 
 
 ♦Jones, T. G. Jordan, Thomas 
 
 Jones, Walter Joyncs, Kilward Soulhi-y 
 
 Jones, Wiley Joyncs, William 
 
 Jones, William Hitcr .lulap, Giles 
 
 Jones. William Kiisscll .liinkin, (Jeorjje 
 
 Kane, Elislia Kent Kereheval, Samuel 
 
 Keau, P. Kern, John A. 
 
 Keau, R. G. H. *Kernodle, Peter J. 
 
 KeiflTer, Aldine Sillimun Kerr, HoIkmI l'ollo<k 
 
 Keiley, Anthony N. Key, Thomas Hewitt 
 Keistei", Mra. Fannie f'arnelix Kilhy. L. Clay 
 
 Keuiper, James Ij;iwMon Koiner, Absalom 
 
 Kemper, Willis Millei- Koiner, Mi-s. Anna Venable 
 
 Kent, Charles W. Kraut h, Charles Portertield 
 
 Kent, Henry T. Kuegele, Frank 
 
 Lacey, John Fletcher Ij^-e, Edniuud Jennings 
 Laidley, Theodore Thaddeus Ii<-e, Fitzhuj;b 
 
 Sobieski lyee, Henry 
 
 Lafferty, John J. I>ee, Henry (2ud) 
 
 IdU-y, William Sterling Ia-o, Jesse 
 
 Langhorue, Mrs. Orni Gi'ay F^ee, Iv<>roy Ma«lison 
 
 Laugston, John Meicer Ii«'e, Uichard K. 
 
 Liitane, John Holliday Ii«e. Uichard Henry 
 
 I^itv-.son, Thom:us Iav, Kichard Henry (Jnd) 
 
 Liiy, Henry Cliamjiliii l.ee, HolM-rt P^hvard 
 
 Lederer, John l^e. Hannu-1 I'liilips 
 
 Lee, Arthur Ia-*', Mi-s. Su.s;in Pendleton 
 
 Lee, Charles Carter Lee.s T. J. 
 
 Lee, Charles Henry b-es.-r. Is;iac 
 
60 
 
 A CHECK- LIST OF VXEGINIA WRITEH8. 
 
 Leigh, Benjamin Watkins 
 Leigh, Josejih 
 Lehmd, John 
 Lewis, Andrew 
 Lewis, Jolm 
 Lewis, Jolm (2nd) 
 Lewis, Mrs. May McFarlaue 
 Lewis, Merri wether, 
 Lewis, Theodore Hayes 
 Lewis, Virgil Anson 
 Leybnrn, John 
 Ligon, William 
 Lile, William Minor 
 Lindsay, John Summerfield 
 Lindsay, Margaret Isalx'lla 
 Little, Archibald John 
 
 Little, John P. 
 
 Littlefield, Mrs. 
 
 Loehr, Charles T. 
 
 Loniax, John Tayloe 
 
 Lomax, Judith 
 
 Long, Armist€a<l Lindsey 
 
 Long, George 
 
 Love, C. 
 
 Lowe, John 
 
 Lucas, Daniel Bediuger 
 
 Lucius, Virginia 
 
 Lumsden, C. 
 
 Lupton, Nathaniel Thomas 
 
 Lyford, W. G. 
 
 Lyndi, James Daniel 
 
 Lynch, William Francis 
 
 M 
 
 McBryde, John McLaren 
 McCabe, James Dabney 
 McCabe, James Dabney, Jr. 
 McCabe, John Collins 
 McCabe, William Gordon 
 McCarthy, Carletou 
 McCarthy, William Page 
 McClellan, Henry Brainerd 
 MacClelland, Margaret Green- 
 way 
 McClurg, James 
 MacCorkle, William Alexander 
 *McCorkle, William P. 
 McCormick, Henrietta Hamilton 
 McCreery, John 
 MacDonald, Angus W. 
 McDonald, Fl()ra M. 
 McDonald, William N. 
 McElligott, James Napoleon 
 
 McEnroe, William Hale 
 McGill, John 
 
 McGutt'ey, William Holmea 
 McGuire, Hunter Holmes 
 McGuire, Mr.s. Judith Brocken" 
 
 brough 
 Mcllhauy, Hugli Milton, Jr. 
 Mcllwaine, Henry Bead 
 McIUwaine, R. W. 
 McKim, Randolph Harrison 
 *McLauchlan, James A. 
 MacLeod, Daniel 
 McMahon, Richard Randolph 
 McMahon, Sinu)n Crew 
 MacMahon, T. W. 
 McPhail, Mrs. Clement Carring- 
 
 ton 
 MacQueary, Howard 
 Mcitae, Sherwiu 
 
 t 
 
A CHEt'KlJKT OKVIKCilNrA WKITKKK. «>l 
 
 McShi'rry, Richard M. Matthews, Jaine.s M. 
 
 Madison, Mrs. Dorothy M(atth«'\vs), T(hom:Ls) 
 
 Madison, Janios Matthews, William B. 
 
 Madison, James (2d) Maury, Ann Fontaine 
 
 "Madison, Virfjinia " Maury, Diduiey Herndon 
 
 (See Putnam, Mi-s. S. A.) Maury. Matthew Fontaine 
 
 Magill, Jlary Tucker Maury, Matthew Fontaine, Jr. 
 
 Ma};riider, Allan Bowie JIaury, Bidiartl L. 
 
 Mafji'uder, Jidia Maury, Mm. Sarah Mylton 
 Mahan, Dennis Hart Hiifjlies 
 
 Mahaii, Milo Maxwell, William 
 
 Mallet, .Tohn William Mayer, (H<'v. ) 
 
 Makemie, Francis Mayo, ,Ios<-pli 
 
 Mallard, R. S. Mayo, RolM-rt 
 
 Manly, Loui.so Mead, Kdwai-d <'aMi|>l)ell 
 
 Mann, Ambrose Dudley Mead, Stith 
 
 Marr, Mrs. Janie Hope Meade, Richard ividdei- 
 
 Marr, Frances Harrison Meade, William 
 
 Mai-shall, Alexander Keith Mercer, Charles Fenton 
 
 Marshall, Charles Mercer. John 
 
 Marshall, fieor},'e Mercer, Marj^aret 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey Metcalte, S;unnel L. 
 
 Marshall, John >.Mi<lianl. J. 
 "Martin, Edward Wiiislnw" Miihie, 'I'lioma-s Johnson 
 
 (See McCalH', J. D., Jr.) Mitllin. Warner 
 
 Martin, Jos»>]di MilUi-, Charles Armand 
 
 Martin, William ^Miller, Lucy Henry 
 
 Martin, William r.rnce .Mines, Flavel S<-ott 
 
 Mason, Mrs. Mines, .lohn 
 
 Ma.son, Emily Virj^inia MinnipMode, Charles 
 
 Ma.son, George Minor, B<njamin Blake 
 
 Ma.son, Richard Minor, Charles h. C. 
 
 Ma.sou, Virginia Minor, John Barlx-o 
 
 M;us.sey, J. E. Minor, Luciaii 
 
 Ma.ssey, Wiltmr Fiske Minor. Ralpigh C. 
 
 *Mathews, H. M. Minor, Mrs. Virginia Maurj (H«y 
 " Matilda "(S^t" E<lwrtrd.s. Mrs. Mitchell, John 
 
 M. C. 8.) Mitchell, John Kear«ley 
 
62 
 
 A CHECK -LIST OF VIEGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 MoDCure, Mrs. M. B. 
 
 Monroe, James 
 
 Moutclair, J. W. 
 
 Montague, Andrew Philip 
 
 Monteiro, A. 
 
 Moore, Eicliard (^banning 
 
 Moore, Thomas Vernon 
 
 Moore, William W. 
 
 Moorman, John 
 
 Moran, W. H. W. 
 
 Moran, Mrs. James Worniely 
 
 Blackburn 
 Moran, James Brainerd 
 Moran, William 
 
 Mordecai, Samuel 
 Morris, Thomas 
 Morris, Thomas Asbury 
 Morris, Thomas B. 
 Mosby, Ella F. 
 Mosby, John Singleton 
 Mosby, Mrs. Mary Webster 
 Muir, James 
 Muuford, George Wythe 
 Munford, Robert 
 Muufoi-d, William 
 Murphy, Dan 
 Mutter, Eobert Dent 
 Mutter, Thomas Dent 
 
 II 
 
 Nadal, Bernard Harrison Nicholson, Francis 
 
 Nadal, Ehrnian Syme Nixon, Barnaby 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, Jr. Norris, J. E. 
 
 Neville, Samuel Norris, Thaddeus 
 
 Newton, M. M. P. Norton, George Habley 
 
 (See Stanard,Mr.s.M. M.P.N. l-'Norval, Leigh " 
 Nicholas, Robert Carter (See Horsley, Elizalieth) 
 
 Nichols, Edward West Norwood, [Col.] 
 
 O 
 
 Ogg, I\Irs. 
 Ogilvie, James 
 Opie, John N. 
 
 Otey, James Hervey 
 Overall, John Wilford 
 Overton, John 
 
 Packard, Joseph 
 Page, James Moriis 
 Page, John 
 Page, John (2nd) 
 
 Page, John R. 
 
 Page, John VV. 
 
 Page, Richard Chaiining Moore 
 
 Page, Thomas Jeffersou 
 
A CHECK MKT OK VtRCIMA WKITKKS. C.i 
 
 Paf?e, Thomas Nelson Plu-lps, Mrs. 10. H. W. 
 
 Piige, William I'liilliiis, William Fowki- Rjive- 
 
 Page, William Byid ml 
 
 Painter, Franklin Verzolius Pickett, Janus ('. 
 
 Newton Piikett, Thonia.s Kdwanl 
 
 Palmer, Mrs. V. W. J'it/.er. Alexatuler White 
 
 (See Waddey, Virginia) I'leasants, Mary M. 
 
 Palmer, Robert F. Plnmer, William Swan 
 
 Palmer, William Price Poe, Caswell T. 
 
 Parke, John Poe, ICdgar Allan 
 
 Parke, Uriah I'oindexter, CharleH 
 
 Parker, W. W. Poindexter, Cieorge 
 
 Parker, William Ilarwar I'uliard, Kdward Albert 
 
 Paschall, Edwin Pollard, John 
 
 Patillo, Henry Pollard, John Oarland 
 
 Patterson, Camm Pollard, Marie Antoinette Nallia 
 Pattison, W. N. lie Oninier Dowt'U 
 
 Patton, John Mereer, Jr. I'ollard, Thomas 
 
 Patton, John S. Polloek, A. 1). 
 
 Patton, William M. Pope, John 
 
 Paxton, William McClung Porter, I)nV;il 
 
 *Payne, K. L. Port<-r, John W. 11. 
 
 Peel's, Benjamin Ori-s Pory, John 
 
 Peery, K. B. Potts, John 
 
 Pendleton, Edmnnd Powei-s, Mrs. A. H. 
 
 Pendleton, James Madison Powei-s, William Dndley 
 
 Pendleton, William Nelson Preston, George Jnnkin 
 
 Penick, Charles Cliftou Preston, John Thomas liowis 
 
 Pepper, John R. Preston, Mrs. Margaivt Jnnkin 
 
 Peicy, George Pre.ston, Thoinsus Ix-wis 
 
 Perdne, E. T. Priee, James Cave 
 
 ♦Perry, W. vS. Priee, Thomas Randolph 
 
 Peters, Mrs. M. Shefley Prilts, J. 
 
 Petci-s, William E. *Pryor, J. P. 
 
 Peterson, Peter Areher Pulliam, David L. 
 
 Petit, Lizzie Pnrinton, Daniel Itoanlmiin 
 
 (S«'e (Antler, Mrs. L. P.) Pnrinton, (ieorge Dana 
 
 Peyton, John Lcwia Putiiiau, Mrs. Sjirah A. Bro<k 
 
6-1 A CHECKLIST OF VIRGINIA WRITERS. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quarles, James Addison "Quilp" ( Sec Halstead,W. H.) 
 
 B 
 
 Radford, R. S. 
 *Ranisay, F. P. 
 *Ramsey, James B. 
 Randolph, Alfred Magill 
 Randolpli, Cornelia J. 
 Randolph, E. A. 
 Randolph, Edmnnd 
 Randolph, Edmund Jennings 
 Randolph, Hugh 
 Randolph, Tnnes 
 Randolph, [Sir] John 
 Randolph, John 
 Randolph, Mrs. Mary 
 Randol])h, Peyton 
 Randolph, Sarah Nicholas 
 Randolph, Thomas Jederson 
 Randolph, T. Thornton 
 Ravenscruft, John Starke 
 Ray, Joseph 
 Raymond, Waller M. 
 Read, John H. 
 Reeves, James Edmnnd 
 Reimeiisnyder, Junius Benjamin 
 Relf, Samuel 
 Reynolds, J. L. 
 Rice, David 
 Rice, John Holt 
 Rich, Richard 
 Richardson, Mis. H. H. 
 *Richardson, R. 
 Ritchie, Thomas 
 
 Rives, Amelio(See Troubetszkoy 
 
 Princess) 
 Rives, Mrs. Judith Page Walker 
 Rives, William Cabell 
 Roane, Spencer 
 Roberta, Joseph 
 Roberts, Mrs. R. R. 
 Robertson, David 
 Robertson, Harrison 
 Robertson, John 
 Robertson, Mrs. j\[aitlin 
 Ivobcrt.son, Thomas IJolling 
 Robertson, W y udham 
 Robins, Mrs. Sallie Nelson 
 Robinson, Conway 
 Robinson, Fayette 
 Robinson, John 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. Martha Harrison 
 Robinson, Stuart 
 Robson, John 
 Rogers, Patrick Kerr 
 Rogers, William Barton 
 Rose, E. M. P. 
 Rosenfeld, Sidney 
 R0.S.S, Fredeiick Augustus 
 Rosser, Mrs. Elizabeth Win.ston 
 Rosser, Leonidas 
 Rouett, A. P. 
 Rowan, Andrew Summers 
 Rowland, Kate Mason 
 Royall, Mrs. Anne 
 
 I 
 
A CHECK-LIST OF VIR<iI.MA WRITERS. 
 
 f.5 
 
 Royall, William L. 
 RufBn. Edniiiiul 
 RnflSn, Frank G. 
 KufiFner, Henry 
 Ruffner, William Henry 
 Bumsev, James 
 
 Russell , Frances K. 
 Biiter, P. S. 
 Riitlierlbr<i, Jolui Coles 
 Kyals, John Vincent 
 Kyan, Abram Joseph 
 Rylaiid, Kolx-rt 
 
 Safford, William Harrison 
 Salyards, Joseph H. 
 Sampson, Francis Smith 
 Sams, Conway Whittle 
 Sands, Alexander Hamilton 
 Sandys, George 
 Saunders, A. W.. Jr. 
 Saunders. Cortland 
 Scherer, .1. A. H. 
 Rchermerhorn, Martin Kellog 
 Schmidt. Gnstavns 
 fichmucker. Samuel Mosheiui 
 Schooler, Samuel 
 Scburicht. Herrmann 
 Scott, A. 
 Scott, Edward 
 Scott, John 
 Scott, W. W. 
 Scott, William Cow|»ei 
 Scott, Winfielil 
 Scruggs, Mrs. Marietta Virginia 
 
 Steger 
 Seamon, W. H. 
 Seaton, William Winston 
 Seawell, Molly Klliott 
 8«lden, Samuel 
 Selden, William 
 Semmes, Thoma.s J. 
 Semple, Robert Baylor 
 
 .Sener, .lames I5e\erly 
 ShalVner, Taliaferro I'reston 
 Shaler, William 
 Shearer, John Bunyan 
 Shearer, J. W. 
 Shepherd, Samuel 
 Shreve. Tlu)mas H. 
 Shuck, Mrs. Henrietta Hall 
 Shuck, .lohn I^wis 
 Shnte, Daniel Kerfoot 
 ♦Simonton. Charles H. 
 Sims, .\le.\ander Dromgoole 
 Sims. Edward Droiugcmle 
 Sizer. .Julia .lns*-phiiu' 
 Slaughter, riiilij) 
 Slaugliter. William IJank 
 Sleuker, Mi-s. Elmina Dnike 
 Smart, Mrs. Helen Hamilton 
 
 Gardener 
 Smecles, Mrs. Susin l)al>uey 
 Smiley. .Matilda C. 
 
 (See P>lwar<lsMi-s. M. C. S. ) 
 Smith, Augustine Mea«lp 
 Smith, I{«'njaniin Mosliy 
 Smith. Daniel 
 Smith, Danicd i 2nd i 
 Smith, Edward F?. 
 Smith, FninciM nenn»*y. 
 Smith, George U. 
 
66 
 
 A CHECK-LIST OF VIRGINIA WRITEES. 
 
 Smith, Humphry 
 
 Smith, J. Liiwreuce 
 
 Smith, Johu 
 
 Smith, John Augustine 
 
 Smith, John Bhiir 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Margaret Vowell 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Mary Stuai-t Harri- 
 son 
 
 Smith, Meade 
 
 Smith, Richard Meade 
 
 Smith, Samuel Stanhope 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Sarah Henderson 
 
 Smith, W. R. L. 
 
 Smith, William Andrew 
 
 Smith, William Waugh 
 
 Smithdeal, George Michael 
 
 Smithey, Royal Bascom 
 
 Smothers, S. H. 
 
 Smyth, Alexander 
 
 Smyth, John Ferdinand D. 
 
 Snead, Martha G. Tillman 
 
 Snead, Thomas Lowndes 
 
 Snowden, David Harold 
 
 Snowden, W. H. 
 
 *Snyder, W. 
 
 "Somerville, Lorenzo" 
 
 (See Humphreys, John T. ) 
 
 Southall, James Cocke 
 
 Spalding, J. W. 
 
 Sparrow, William 
 
 Speece, Conrad 
 
 Speece, Frederick 
 
 Spelmau, Henry 
 
 Spence, Walter 
 
 Spencer, Thomas 
 
 Spotswood, Alexander 
 
 Spotswood, Johu B. 
 
 Sprigg, D. F. 
 
 Stanard, Mrs. M. M. P. Newton 
 
 Stanard, W. G. 
 
 Stanton, Frederic Perry 
 
 Stanton, Henry Thompson 
 
 Stanton, Richard Henry 
 
 Starke, Richard 
 
 Steel, George McKendree 
 
 Stephenson, James White 
 
 Sterling, Richard 
 
 Sterrett, John Douglas 
 
 Stcrrett, John Robert Sitlington 
 
 Stevens, Walter Le Conte 
 
 Stewart, Austin 
 
 Stewart, Ferdinand Campbell 
 
 Stiles, Lelia Caperton 
 
 Stirewalt, J. P. 
 
 Stith, WiUiam 
 
 Stobs, Robert 
 
 Stockard, Henry Jerome 
 
 Stone, Ormond 
 
 Strachey, William 
 
 Straker, D. A. 
 
 Strange, Robert 
 
 Stratton, R. B. 
 
 Striugfellow, Thorton 
 
 Strother, David Hunter 
 
 Strother, John 
 
 Stuai't, Alexander Hugh Holmes 
 
 Stubbs, William Carter 
 
 Sturges, Mrs. Mary Jaue Upshur 
 
 Stith 
 Suit, Pleasant 
 Swank, William A. 
 Swart/,, Joel 
 Sweeny, Talbott 
 
A CHECKLIST OF VIROIXIA WEITEKS. 
 
 T 
 
 Tabb, John Baiiistpr 
 Tait,'Johii K. 
 Taliaferro, John 
 Tallev. Susiiu Archer 
 
 Thornton, J. I)ouKla.s.s 
 Thornton, James Hankhead 
 Thornton. Jessy C^iiinn 
 Thornton, Thonuus V. 
 
 (See Weiss, Mrs. S. A. T.) Tiilball, John Caltlweil 
 
 Tate, Benjamin 
 
 Tate, Joseph 
 
 Tatham, William 
 
 Taylor, Charles Elisha 
 
 Taylor, Creed 
 
 Taylor, Georj^e Boardnian 
 
 Taylor, James Barnetl 
 
 Taylor, .Tohn 
 
 Taylor, John (2nd) 
 
 Taylor, Walter Uerrou 
 
 Taylor, William 
 
 Taylor, Yardley 
 
 Taylor, Zaehary 
 
 Tazewell, Littleton Waller 
 
 Tenuent, John 
 
 Terhune, Mrs. Mary Virginia 
 
 Hawes 
 *Teu.sler, Mme. M. J. 
 Thayer, Martin Kus.sell 
 
 Tidball, Mrs. Mary Langdon 
 
 Tidball, Thomas Allen 
 
 Tillett, Francis 
 
 Tindall, P. B. 
 
 Tompkin.son, Henry 
 
 Totteu, Silas 
 
 Toy, Ci-awlord Iluwell 
 
 Traylor, itobert Ix-e 
 
 Trent, William Peterljeld 
 
 Ti-iplett, William U. 
 
 Trist, NichohLS Philip 
 
 Trouln-tM/.koy, .Mi-s. Anielie Rives 
 
 Clianler, I'rince.ss 
 Tucker, David Holmes 
 Tucker, George 
 Tucker, Henry Saint George 
 Tucker, Henry St. George (2d) 
 Tucker, John Kandolph 
 Tucker, I>-na H. 
 
 Theta''(See Hendei-son. J.P.) Tucker, Nathaniel 
 
 Thom, William Tayloi 
 
 Thoma.s, Hiram Wiusiiington 
 
 Thomas, Howell L. 
 
 Thoniius J. 
 
 Thomas, K. S. 
 
 Thomjjson, Cieorge W. 
 
 Thompson, John Keul)en 
 
 Tliomi)s()n. Hich'd Wiggington Turner, William Ma.>son 
 
 Thomson. J«>ii" Tnrpin, John B. 
 
 Thom.son. William Tyler, John 
 
 Thornton, Gu.stavus Brown Tyler, Jaiue.-^ Uoge 
 
 Tucker, Nathaniel Ii«'verly 
 Tucker, S;iint George 
 Tucker, Saint (Jeorge (2d) 
 Tucker, Saint George (3d) 
 Tunstiill, Nannie W. 
 TupiH-r, Henry Allen 
 Turley, Preston S. 
 
68 
 
 Tjicr, Lyon Gardiner 
 Tyler, Robert 
 
 A CHECK -LIST OF VIRGINIA WEITEES. 
 
 Tyree, Mrs. Marion Cabell 
 
 U 
 
 Upshur, Mary ,Taue Upshur, Abel Parker 
 
 (See Sturf;es. Mrs. M. J.U. S.) Uruer, Clarence H. 
 
 Vail, Thomas Hubbard 
 Vanghan, George Tnlley 
 Vaughau, Mrs. S. A. 
 Vawter, Bransl'ord 
 Veuable, Charles Seott 
 
 Venable, Anna 
 
 (See Koiner, Mrs. A. V. ) 
 Venable, Francis Preston 
 "Viola" 
 
 (See Downing, Mrs. F. M. ) 
 
 W 
 
 Waddel, John N. 
 
 Waddell, Joseph Alexander 
 
 Waddey, Virginia 
 
 Walke, Heuiy 
 
 Walker. Alexander Joseph 
 
 Walker, Charles I). 
 
 Walker, Cornelius 
 
 Walker, Thomas 
 
 Wall, H. 
 
 Waller, A. 
 
 Walton, William Claiborne 
 
 Ward, Mrs. Lydia Avery Connie 
 
 Ward, Robert 1). 
 
 Warder, T. B. 
 
 Ware, James 
 
 Ware, Thomas A. 
 
 Warner, Zebedee 
 
 Warren, Edward 
 
 Warroelc, John 
 * Wash bu 1-11, Cephas 
 Washington, Booker Taliaferro 
 Wiushington, Bushrod 
 Wa.shington, George 
 Washington, Henry Augustine 
 Washington, Lawrence 
 Watkins, John Elfreth 
 Wauchope, George Armstrong 
 Webb, George 
 Webster, M. M. 
 y (See Mosby, Mrs. M. W.) 
 Webster, Nathan Burnham 
 Weems, Mason Locke 
 Weidemeyer, John William 
 Weiss, Mrs. Su.san Archer Talley 
 *Wesson, W. H. 
 West, Albert L. 
 
A CHECK-LIST OK VIRGINIA WKITEHX. 
 
 69 
 
 Westeott, Edith C. 
 Whai'ey, Jaiiu's 
 Whartou, Heury M. 
 Wharton, John 
 Whartou, Moiton Bryan 
 Wliitaker, Alexan(UM- 
 Whitaki-r, Maiy S. Furnian 
 Whitakt-r, Nathaniel 
 White, Heury Ah-xantter 
 White, Heury M. 
 White, Hugh 
 White, Isiuel Charles 
 White, Robert 
 White, Robert Bak.-r 
 White, William kS. 
 Whitehead, Thomas 
 Whittet, Robert 
 Whittlesey, Sarah J. C. 
 Wiekhaui, John 
 Wight, Euiuia Howard 
 Wilkinson, John 
 Will, Allen .Sinelaii 
 Willey, Waitiuan Thomas 
 Williams, Charles C. 
 Williams, Edwai-d 
 Williamson, James J. 
 Williams, John \\ilsoii Mout- 
 
 gomery 
 Williamson, Mary Lynn Harri 
 
 son 
 Williamsou, Minnie \\'. 
 Williamson, Thomas H. 
 Willis, Byrd Charles 
 Willis, Heury Parker 
 Willoughby, We.stel Wooilbnrv 
 Willoughby, William Fnmklin 
 
 Wilmer, Hichard Hooker 
 Wilmer, William Holland 
 Wilson, Jost'ph T. 
 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow 
 Wingliehl, Ivlwin Maria 
 Winkler, Mi-s. A. V. 
 Winston, Anne .St«'ger 
 Winston, Nannie B. 
 Wirt, Mi-s. l-;ii/.abeth Wa-shing 
 
 ton (iauible 
 Wirt, William 
 Wise, Barton Haxall 
 Wise, tieorge 
 Wistr, Henry Alexau(U'r 
 Wis4', John Sergeant 
 Witliei-s, Alexander Seott 
 WitheiTipoou, Theodore Dwight 
 Wolfe, (Judge) 
 Wolfl", Bernard Crou.sj- 
 Wood, Annie C. 
 Woo<l, Charles Parke 
 Wood, Mrs. Jean Moneure 
 Wood, .lohn 
 
 Wood, ThouKLs Ijongstreet 
 Woodrow, Fredi iek 
 Woods, Kdgar 
 Woods, Katheriiie Pearson 
 Woodward. Augustus B. 
 Wormley, Ariaua Handolph 
 Wormley, Mary Kli/.al>eth 
 Wreun, Margaret Breekenridge 
 Wright, Mrs. Sarah Anna 
 Wynne, Thomas Hieks 
 Wyth, John 
 Wythe, George 
 
 Youug, Loyal 
 
I 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWEI 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 29Nov'6iKL 
 
 Kt.C-D LD 
 
 DEC 1 'm\ 
 
 I 21A-50m-8.'61 
 ■1795sl0)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 Uaivenity of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
814947 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY