G 'rom the U. S. Satui .g Post, March 17, 184* ' NEW METHOD CACHING GEOGRAPHY. >leas*re, a . : u'ays ago, of witnessing the performance of .o as, an v j^ UC-NRLF r ClWy Street School, (a "I le So/iety e school tinker the perin- whe/c tjie i^entor B^HrHfachtr of ~Njy\of,h Mofv""givin;T~lt'ssons. It tledvidvamce m the art.-i teaching, to rejoice, a> it soitens so materially portant aid of harmonious sound, and ing about the same end as tedious IMl E77 adepts themselves, who are perhaps animated testimony of the superio- ^ t the difficulty of aftq^uing a com- pjCtc knowledge of Geography in the usual way, anu the greater difficulty df rp*rwing it;/ahd i^eligbtSTthera k^ be/pyt ir/pyses*orpscea*ily of Afas o^lhe s|bj^ct tlanf they>eVef %a4^bdi)^ As r6 the/>erma- Sey ^br^hls rhrpression, tl(|y argue very plausib^- that it must by lasting, because so strong and clear. >v / / Xaylor's system seemj^from what we have seerx of ity/o deserve ntion of teachers generally, as it promisee tho attainment of its ob- ject w>h less labour, both to themselves and their pupils. School, Kensington, Philadelphia, July 17, i848. L-,nj& nin Nay lor, the teacuer of Geography^ upplied to this srhool for permission to ill'ist-ate his u. ^od of teaching Geogrrp]i7, bv ^ivir.^ a few lessons to a small class ; by the consert of the Committee, he was authorized :cd ; we were so wv-11 satisiied of the usefulness of his m< iod, gradua'.y increased thj number in his class, until the room was ; < he had t!:;cp hundred mpils preso: . T\Wl. v. ^heei/ully ieccnirr.. r.d t'i s;. stem, as de- iMay'jr es & p 1 " ir>* a,.- 1 agreeable JOSHUA RHO/LJLV M. D., Principal of the Male Department. MARY H. TURNER, Principal of the Female Department From the Philadelphia Daily Sun. NEW SYSTEM OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY. Beniamin Naylor, author of a new System of teaching Geography, gave a public examination last evening at the Franklin Hall, Sixth u-eet, be- "lo\. Au-h, of a geographical class about completing a course of lessons iiiduce Vun to -^ us for a 'season. LIBRARY OF THK University of California. C IRC UL A TING B R A AT If'. ( in -Hw- week* ; or Return in Hto-weekf) or a week before the end of the term. NAYLOR'S SYSTEM OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY, ADAPTED TO PELTON'S OUTLINE MAPS: CONTAINING FULL AND COMPLETE ANSWERS TO ALL QUESTIONS bft.VCEI) IN THE WORK, COMPRISING MUCH VALUABLE, INTE- RESTING, AND DESCRIPTIVE MATTER, NOT FOUND IN ANT OTHER SCHOOL GEOGRAPHT. BY BENJAMIN NAYLOR, PHILADELPHIA: T. ELLWOOD CHAPMAN, NO. 1 SOUTH FIFTH STREET. 1851. Entereu, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, by BENJAMIN NAYLOR, In the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. *.* PREFACE. THE system of teaching Geography, to which this work is de- signed as an auxiliary both to Teachers and Pupils, is, in most respects original. There is no disagreement among intelligent persons, in regard to the importance of a knowledge of this science; but as regards the manner of imparting this knowledge, there appears to be but little unanimity of sentiment among teachers, further than a general ad- mission that the practical results when estimated in comparison with the time and labour usually devoted to the study of Geo- graphy in our schools, are far from being satisfactory to themselves or to their pupils. Without attempting to point out defects in prevailing modes of teaching this or other branches, we may be permitted to suggest that inasmuch as the human mind is governed by fixed and inmu ta- ble laws, any system which operates in harmony with these laws will enable us to accomplish much more than that which has no foundation in mental philosophy. Observation is the first step in intellectual progress ; in order, therefore, successfully to impart and to acquire knowledge, the attention of the learner must, as far as possible, be exclusively directed to the subject under considera- tion. Secondly, each simple or complex idea should be clearly comprehended, previous to any additional matter being presented for examination. Thirdly, the mind must be taxed ; there must be a degree of intellectual effort, or mental exertion proportionate to the end to be attained. Fourthly, the process of repetition is indispensably necessary to render the mind familiar with any science. Fifthly, by means of the principles of association, (the basis of me- mory,) we should weave together skilfully and methodically the various facts and ideas acquired, and thus render our knowledge permanent and practical. CLASSIFICATION. The Grand and Sub-Divisions of each country should be taught, in every instance, as the first lesson to a class. The large bodies of water, viz., Oceans Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Lakes, &c., may consti- tute the second lesson. The class should then be exercised in an- swering the questions in reference to the situation of the different bodies of water embraced in the lesson. The Islands may then be learned, and the pupils exercised with questions in reference to this and the preceding less'ons. The Rivers may be taken as a fourth lesson, and the class then exercised in giving a description of the source, course, &c., of each river, and in learning the towns situated on its banks. After which the Mountains, Capes, Towns, Bounda- ries, &c., should be successively taught, and the class exercised upon 4 PREFACE. t the Promiscuous Questions in the book, until every question can be answered correctly, and without the least hesitation. The pupil who satisfies himself with merely learning to chant the names, and neglects to study the answers to the questions, will fail to acquire that practical knowledge of the science, which the system is calculated to impart. And the teacher who fails to instruct his pupils in this particular does injustice to the system. Regarding the correct spelling of geographical names as very important, the author has paid particular attention to this subject in the present work. He has taken Baldwin's Gazetteer as the standard in this respect, and has endeavoured carefully to conform to it, especially in regard to the mode of writing Oriental names. Many of these names, (in consequence of the various modes in which they are spelled, even by the best writers,) being a source of great per- plexity to teachers and students of geography; he has, with the permission of the authors of the " Pronouncing Gazetteer," adopted the plan of generally inserting the different spellings, as given- in that work. He takes this opportunity of expressing his great obli- gation to the authors of the Gazetteer for their permission to insert ia tne present edition of this work, the pronunciation of a number of difficult names. He has been the more anxious to have this book perfectly faultless in respect to spelling, from the belief that such a work might be very advantageously used in schools as a Spelling-Book of geogra- phical names. It is proper to state that this work is now used in many schools, in connexion with Mitchell's Atlas, to which it is equally as well adapted as to Pelton's Outline Maps. THIS WOIK, THE SPEEDY CALCULATOR, AND THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE IN A NEW AND IMPROVED FORM, ARE SOLD BY W. A. LEARY & Co., No. 138 North Second Street, URIAH HUNT & SON, No. 44 North Fourth Street, DANIELS & SMITH, No. 36 North Sixth Street, and T. E. CHAPMAN, No. 1 South Fifth Street. " DEFINITIONS. 1. GEOGRAPHY is a description of the surface of the earth. 2. The Earth is a large globe, bait, or sphere. 3. The surface of the earth is composed of land and water. 4. About one-fourth part is land, three parts are water. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. 5. The land surface of the earth is naturally divided into Continents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes, Mountains, Shores, or Coasts, &c. 6. A Continent is a great extent of land, containing many countries. There are but two: Europe, Asia, and Africa, called the Eastern, and North and South America, the Western Continent. 7. An Island is a portion of land, entirely surrounded by water. 8. A Peninsula is a portion of land, nearly surrounded by water. 9. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land which joins two parts of a Con- tinent, or a Peninsula to a Continent. 10. A Cape is a point of land extending into a Sea, Ocean, or some other body of water. A high or rocky point of land extending into the Sea or Ocean, is called a promontory or head land. 11. A Mountain is a vast elevation of land. Several Mountains con- nected together are called a range or chain of Mountains. Land lying be- tween hills or Mountains is called a valley. 12. A Volcano is a Mountain that sends forth flame, smoke, and lava or melted stones, from an opening at the top called a crater. 13. A Desert is a vast sandy plain, mostly destitute of water and vegeta- tion. Some Deserts contain a few green and fertile spots. These spots are called Oases, and resemble Islands in the Ocean. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. 14. The water is divided into Oceans, Seas, Archipelagoes, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, Channels, Straits, Lakes, and Rivers. 15. An Ocean is a vast extent of salt water. 16. A Sea is a collection of salt water smaller than an Ocean. 17. An Archipelago is a sea interspersed with many Islands. 18. A Gulf or Bay is a part of some larger body of water, extending into the land. 19. A Strait is a narrow passage of water, separating different portions of land, and connecting different bodies of water. 20. A Channel is a passage of water generally wider than a Strait. 21. A Sound is a passage of water so shallow that its depth may be measured with lead and line. 22. A Lake is a large body of fresh water mostly surrounded by land. Small Lakes are called Ponds. 23. A River is a large stream of fresh water, flowing from mountains or high land, into an Ocean, Sea, or some other body of water. Small streams are called Brooks, Creeks, and Rivulets. The source of a River is the place where it rises. The mouth of a River is the place where it empties into an ocean, sea, or some other body of water. The right bank of a River is the 1" (5) 6 bank on the right hand side as you descend it; the left bank the bank on the left hand side. The Axis, or "Diameter of the Earth is an imaginary straight line passing through its centre from North to South, and is about 8,000 miles in length. The Extremities of the axis are called poles. The Circumference of the earth is the distance around the middle of its surface or outside, and is nearly 25,000 miles. The Equator is an imaginary circle, extending East and West round the Earth, at an equal distance from each Pole, dividing the Earth into North- ern and Southern Hemispheres. Parallels of latitude are circles passing round the earth parallel to the equator. Every Circle of the earth is supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees, and each of these degrees into 60 equal parts, called minutes. The Latitude of any place is its distance North or South from the equa- tor, and it cannot exceed 90 degrees. Meridians are imaginary circles, extending North and South through the Poles of the Earth, intersecting the Equator at right angles. Longitude is the distance of any place East or West from an established meridian, and cannot exceed 180 degrees. The Tropics are parallels of latitude 23^ degrees on each side of the equa- tor ; that on the North is called the Tropic of Cancer, that on the South the Tropic of Capricorn. The Polar Circles are parallels of latitude 23| degrees from each Pole ; that on the North is called the Arctic Circle, and that on the South the Antarctic Circle. Zones are divisions of the earth's surface made by the tropics and polar circles. The Torrid Zone is that portion of the earth which lies between the tropics. The Temperate zones are included between the tropics and polar circles ; that on the North is called the North Temperate Zone ; and that on the South, the South Temperate Zone. The Frigid zones are included within the polar circles : that within the Arctic Circle is called the North Frigid Zone ; and that within the Antartic Circle, the South Frigid Zone. A Map is a picture or representation of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface. The top of the Map represents the North; the right hand East,- the bottom South; and the left hand West. A collection of Maps is called an Atlas, DIVISIONS OF NOR DIVISIONS OF LAND. 4,500 Miles- Long, and 2,500 Miles Wide. Greendand. Labrador. Upper California, Mon- Kussian America. Canada East, > Mon- terey. British America. Canada West, S treal Mexico, Mexico. New Britain. New Brunswick, Fre Guatemala, St. Salva- N. North Wales. derickton. dor. N. South Wales. Nova Scotia, Halifax. Yucatan, Mer'ida. East Main. U. States,Washington. Balize, Balize. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. The words inclosed in parentheses are designed (when they begin with capitals) to show the different spellings of the preceding name, but should claim the attention of the pupil only when the work is used as a Spelling Book ; both spellings should then be learned. When they do not begin with capitals, they are intended to show the pronunciation of the preceding name. Davy's Sound. Gulf Stream Ardencaple Inlet (kapO Delaware B. Lancaster Sd. Chesapeake B. Albemarle' Sd., 60 w. Pam'lico Sound. Smith's Sd. Baffin's B., 350 m Melville B. N. East B. S. E. B. Davis's Strait Comberland Str. Frob'isher's Str. Hudson's Str. Fox Channel. Welcome Str. Chesterfield Inlet- Hudson's B. 1,200 m 1. 600 w. James's B. Richmond G. Musquito B. Ungav'a B. Str. of Bellisle (bel-lile'.) G. of St. Lawrence. Northumberland Str. Gut of Canseau. (kar/so.) B. of Fundy Long Island Sound. 80. Cook's Inlet. Bristol B. Norton Sd. Gulf of Anadeer', (or An-a-dir 7 .) Caribbean Sea, 1,600 Be'hring's Str.40 m. w. m. 1. (improperly written, Gulf of Mexico 1000 Bhering's.) m. 1. Arctic Ocean. Charlotte Harbour. Polar Sea. Tampa B. Makenzie's Sea B. of Campeach'y, Coronation G. (or Cam-pech'e.) Bathurst Inlet. B. of Hondu'ras. G. of Boothia Amatique B. Pr. Regent's Inlet. (am-ah-teek'.) Barrow Str. B. of Guatemala Winter Harbour. (guat-e-mah'la) Pacific Ocean, 11,000 LAKES, m. 1. 9000 m. w. Lake Caniap'uscaw. Gulf of Tehuantepec. L. Mistissin'ny. (ta-wan-ta-pek'.) L. Abbitib'be G. of California 700 L. Onta'rio, 190 m. 1. m. 1. L. Erie, 250 m. 1. Francis'co B. L. St. Clair Str. of Juan de Fuca. Huron L. 280 m. 1. G. of Georgia Nootka Sd. Queen Charlotte's S. Atlantic Ocean, 9000 Washington Sd in. 1. 1000 to 4000 w. Prince William Sd. Manitouline L. (man-i-too'lin.) Michigan L. 320 m.l. Green Bar, 100 m. 1. L. Superior, 430 m. 1. L. Salle. L. Winnipeg, 300 L. Manito'ba. Little Winnipeg Deer L. Little Slave L. Athabas'ca L. 200 m (or Athapescow.) Gr. Slave L. 300 Gr. Boar L. 160. Chelekhof, L. (or Shel'e-kof.) Gr. Salt L. Tula Lakes, (too'la.) L. Cayman, (ki-man'.) L. Chapala (chah-pah'la. Rainy L. 1'ulia'ina Is. L. of the Woods, 100 New Providence, Nas- m. 1. sau Ab'aco. Cat. Long Mayaguana, (my-a-guan'a.) Turks. 1. Inagua (in-ah'gua.) Florida Reefs. Tortugas Is. Key West Cuba, Havana. I. of Pines Jamaica, Spanish T. and Kingston. Hayti, Port au Prince, (ha'te.) Porto Rico, St. John's. St. Thomas. L. Nicaragua, 120 ra.l. St. John's, (nik-ar-ah'gua.) St. Martin's Barbuda, ISLANDS, (bar-boo'da.) North Georgian Isl- Santa Cruz. ands. St. Kits Bank's Land. Antigua. Melville, 100 in. 1. (an-te'gua.) Sabine. Guadaloupe'. (sab-een'.) Dominica Byam Martin. (dom-i-neek'a.) Bathurst Martinico, Cornwallis. (or Martinique.) Das'co. St. Lucia. Jan Mayen St. Vincent (yan-my'en.) Barba'dos. Iceland. Grena'da. Pr. William's Land. Toba'go Southampton Trinidad'. New'foundland, St. Margarita, John's, 430 in. 1. (mar-ga-re'tah.) 300 w. Tortuga C. Breton I. Sidney Orchil'la. Anticosti, Bonair', (an-te-cos'te.) (or Buen Ayre.) Pr. Edward's, Char- Curagoa loite's Town (or Curasao.) Sable. (koo-ra-so'.) Bermudas Is. Oru'ba. (ber-moo'dez.) Corn Is. West India Is. Quib'do Revillagige'do Is. Ignacio, (ig-nash/eo.) Vancouver's, 300 m. 1 Queen Charlotte's. Sitka, improperly writ- te'n Sitcha, New Archangel Kodiak. Shoomag'in's. Aleu'tian Is. Nun'nivack. RIVERS, Maken'zie's, 25. Peel. Laird's, 5 Hay, 3. Slave. Peace, 8 Fin'lay. Athabas'ca, 6. (or Athapescow.) Saskatchewan, 12 N. Branch. S. Branch. Red, 5 Ot'tawa,6, written aiso Utawas. Saguenay, 4, (sag-a-na'.) Kok'sak, or Koksah, 5 Gr. Whale, 5. East Main, 5. Abbitih'be (ab-bi-tib'be.) Al'bany, 5. Sev'ern, 3. Nel'son, 16 Church'ill, 9. Wa'ger. Gr. Fish, 6 Fra'zer's, 7^. Okanag'an. McGil'livray's Clark's, 6. Spokain'. Kooskoos'kee Sal'mon. Fayette'. Reid- Sickly. Bear. 9 Breneau, Mt. Jefferson. Pt, Bee'chey. (bre-no'.) Mr. S haste Pt. Demarcation Owy'hee. (shas'te.) Bathurst. Mal'heur. Coast Range. Pt. De Witt Clinton. Lewis, 8 Sierra Nevad'a, (or York Falls. Snowy Range, 15,- Hurd. Willam'ette. 500 f. h. Robertson. Oolum'bia, 12 Mt. St. Bernardino, Um'qua. (ber-nar-dee'no.) TOWNS, Kia'met. Wahsatch Mts. Toronto. ISacramen'to, 4 (waw'satch.) Quebec. Colorado, 11. Mexican Cordil'leras. Lunenburg. eo-lo-rah'do.) Mt. Jorullo, . Liverpool S'evier'. (ho-rool'yo.) Gape Haytien, or Hai Gila Popocatapetl, 17,735 tien. (hee'lah.) Yaquesila, (or Jaque- sila.) f. h. St. Domingo, (po-po-cat-a-pet'el.) Port au Prince. Water Volcano, 12,620 Jer'emie (yah-kah-see'la. f. h. Havana. Yaqui, 4. Cosiguina Vol. Matan'zas. (yah-kee'.) (kos-e-ge'na.) St. Jago. Grande San Sal'vador. (gran'da.) CAPES. Porto (or Puerto) Prin- St. Juan. Cape Brewster. cipe Balize. Jsorth. Chihuahua, Tula Closterbay (tshe-wah/wah.) MOUNTAINS, Farewell . (c^ as i n chili or Chili) Walsingham. Monclova. Mt. Hecla, 6,530 f. h. King's. Matamoras. Arctic Highlands. Allegha'ny Mts. 900m. written Chidley. 1. i m. h. St. Lewis. Ozark Mts. 2000 f. h. St. John- Hooky Mts. 4000m. 1. Race. Spanish Peaks Sable. Pike's P. 12,000 f. h. Cod- Long P. 12,500 f. h. Cannav'eral. Fre'mont's P. 13,570 St. Ant.o'nio f. h. Gracias a Dios, Mt. Hooker, 15,700 f. h. Gorda. Mt. Brown, 16,000 f.h. Corrien'tes Mt. St. Elias, 17,900 St. Lucas. Morro Hermo'so. Mendocino (men-do-see'no.) Orford. Elizabeth. f. h. Mt. Fair Weather. Cas'cade Range. Mt. Baker Mt. Olym'pus. Mt. Rainier, 12,000 Romanzoff' f. h. (ra-neer'.) East. Mt. St. Hel'ens, 13,300 Prince of Wales. f. h. Icy Mt. Hood, 14,000 f.h. Pt. Barrows. Chud'leigh^ sometimes Monterey. Vera Cruz, (va'rah-kroose.) Tampico (tam-pee'ko.) Durango. Zacatecas, (sah-kah-ta'kas.) San Luis Potosi. (san-loo-is'po-to-see') (grass-e-os-a-de'oce) Aguayo (ah-gwi'o.) Guanaxuato, (or Guanajuato.) (gwan-ah-hwa'to.) Queretaro, (ker-a'tah-ro.) Cholula (ch as inchill.) (tsho-loo'lah.) Jalapa (or Xalapa.) (hah-lah'pah.) Guadalaxara, (or Guadalajara.) (gua-dah-lah-har / ah) 10 Valladolid'. Oaxaca (or Oajaca) Leon. La Puebla, (wah-hah'kah. Cartago, (lah-pweb'lah.) Old Guatemala. (kar-tah'go.j Alvarad o. New Guatemala. Chagres, ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, SOUNDS, &c. DAVY'S SOUND. In the eastern part of Greenland a part of the Arctic Ocean. ARDENCAPLE INLET. In the north-eastern part of Greenland a part of the Arctic Ocean. LANCASTER SOUND. Between the north-western part of Pr. Wil- liam's Land and the southern coast, of the east North Georgian Islands a part of Baffin's Bay. SMITH'S SOUND. Between the north-western part of Greenland and eastern coast of the North Georgian Islands a part of Baffin's Bay. BAFFIN'S BAY. Between the western part of Greenland and the north-eastern part of Pr. William's Land a part of the Arctic Ocean is 350 miles wide. MELVILLE BAY. In the north-western part of Greenland a part of Baffin's Bay. NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-EAST BAYS. In the western part of Greenland parts of Baffin's Bay one north and the other south- east of Disco Island. DAVIS'S STRAIT. Separates the south-western part of Greenland from the south-eastern part of Pr. William's Land and connects the waters of Baffin's Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. CUMBERLAND, FROBISHER'S, AND HUDSON'S STRAITS. Between the southern part of Pr. William's Land and the northern part of East Main and Labrador connecting the waters of Hudson's Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. Fox CHANNEL. 3etween the western coast of the southern part of Pr. William's Land and the eastern parts of Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula a part of Hudson's Bay. WELCOME STRAIT. Between the north-eastern part of New North Wales -and western part of Southampton Island a part of Hudson's Bay. CHESTERFIELD INLET. In the north-eastern part of New North Wales a part of Hudson's Bay. HUDSON'S BA^ . In the eastern interior of British America 1200 miles loner, and 000 wide. The North, Seal, Great Whale, East Main, Rupert, llaricanaw, Abbitibbe, Albany, Attahwahpiskat, 11 Severn, Nelson, York, Churchill, Knaps, Chesterfield, and Wager Rivers flow into it. JAMES'S BAY. Between the eastern part of New South Wales and south-western part of East Main a part of Hudson's Bay. RICHMOND GULF. In the western part of East Main a part of Hudson's Bay. MUSQUITO BAY. In the north-western part of East Main a part of Hudson's Bay. UNGAVA BAY. Between the north-eastern part of East Main and north-western part of Labrador a part of the Atlantic Ocean the Koksak River flows into it. STRAIT OF BELLISLE. Separates Newfoundland from the south- eastern part of Labrador and connects the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic Ocean. GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. Borders on the southern part of Labra- dorthe eastern part of Canada and New Brunswick the northern parts of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island and the western part of Newfoundland is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT. Separates Pr. Edward's Island from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is a part of the Gulf of St. Law- rence. (TUT OF CANSEAU. Separates Cape Breton Island from Nova Sco- tia- -and connects the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic Ocean. BAY OF FUNDY. Between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick a part of the Atlantic Ocean 180 miles long, and 50 miles wide. The tides which here rise to the height of 71 feet rush in with astonishing rapidity and swine are often overtaken and drowned, while feeding on shell-fish. Grindstones and Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, are obtained at the head of this Bay. CARIBBEAN SEA. Borders on the eastern part of Yucatan, Balize, and Guatemala and the northern part of Guatemala, New Grenada, and Venezuela having the Caribbee Islands on the east and the Greater Antilles on the north is 1600 miles long. BAY OF CAMPEACHY. North of the south-eastern part of Mexico, and west of Yucatan a part of the Gulf of Mexico. The town of Campeachy, in the western part of Yucatan, is situated on it. BAY OF HONDURAS. Between the eastern parts of Yucatan and Balize and the northern part of Guatemala a part of the Caribbean Sea. AMATIQUE BAY. In the north-western part of Guatemala, and south of Balize a part of the Caribbean Sea. BAY OF GUATEMALA. In the eastern part of Guatemala a part of the Caribbean Sea. GULF OF TEHUANTEPEC. In the south-eastern part of Mexico a part of the Pacific Ocean. The town of Tehuantepec is situated on it, and is celebrated for its salt works. GULF OF CALIFORNIA. Between the Peninsula of California and the western part of Mexico a part of the Pacific Ocean 700 miles long Colorado and Yaqui rivers flow into it, and the town of Guay- mas (gwi'mas) situated on its eastern bank ; has a population of 8000, and one of the best harbours on the western coast of Mexico. FRANCISCO BAY. In the western part of Upper California a part tfe of the Pacific OceaYi. Sacramento river flows into it and the town of San 'Ftjinjjjsco is situated on it. Its harbour is sufficiently capa- cious to contain the whole of the British navy. STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA. Separates the south-eastern part of Van couver's Island from the north-western part of Oregon Territory and connects the waters of the Gulf of Georgia with the Pacific Ocean. GULF OF GEORGIA. Between the south-western part of Britisl America and the eastern part of Vancouver's Island a part of th* Pacific Ocean. Frazer's river flows into it. NOOTKA SOUND. In the south-western part of Vancouver's Island a part of the Pacific Ocean. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND. Between the south-western part of British America and the northern coast of the north-western part of Vancouver's Island a part of the Pacific Ocean. WASHINGTON SOUND. Between the south-western coast of British America and the eastern coast of Washington or Queen Charlotte's Island a part of the Pacific Ocean. PRINCE WILLIAM'S SOUND. In the south of the eastern part of Russian America a part of the Pacific Ocean. COOK'S INLET. In the southern part of Russian America a part of the Pacific Ocean. BRISTOL BAY. In the south-western part of Russian America a part of the Pacific Ocean. NORTON'S SOUND. In the western part of Russian America a part of the Pacific Ocean. GULF OF ANADEER. In the north-eastern part of Siberia a part of the Pacific Ocean. BEHRING'S STRAIT. Separates the two grand divisions of North America and Asia and the two political divisions of Russian Ame- rica and Siberia and connects the waters of the Arctic and Pacific Ocean is 40 miles wide. MACKENZIE'S SEA. In the north-western part of British America Mackenzie's river flows into it. CORONATION GULF. In the northern part of British America apart of the Polar Sea the Copper Mine river flows into it. BATHURST INLET. In the northern part of British America east of Coronation Gulf is a part of the Polar Sea. GULF OF BOOTHIA. In the north-eastern part of British America north of Hudson's Bay from which it is separated by the Peninsula of Melville. PRINCE REGENT INLET. Borders on the western coast of the north- ern part of Prince William's Land, and leads from the Gulf of Boothia into Barrow's Strait. BARROW'S STRAIT. Separates the most northern part of British America from the southern coast of the North Georgian Islands and connects Lancaster Sound with the Polar Sea. LAKES OF NORTH AMERICA. LAKE CANIAPUSCAW. In the eartern part of East Main the source of the Koksah river. 13 L. MISTISSINNY. In the southern part of East Main the source of the Rupert river. . tfrft L. ABBITTIBBE. In the south-westerajgn^gffitgi ffij^Syfa of James's Bay. The source of the AbbitiDnfeaKfiSBS** 1 *^^ L. SALLE. In the southern part of New South Wales north-east of Lake of the Woods. WINNIPEG L. In the southern part of British America north- west of Lake of the Woods. Saskatchawan and Red river flow into it, and Nelson's river connects it with Hudson's Bay. It is 300 miles long. MANITOBA L. In the southern part of British America south- west of Winnipeg Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. LITTLE WINNIPEG L. In .the southern part of British America west of Winnipeg Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. DEER L. In the southern part of New North Wales, connected by an outlet with Churchill river. LITTLE SLAVE L. In the south-western part of British America, connected by an outlet with Athabasca river. ATHABASCA L. In the western interior of British America. Atha- basca river flows into it, and Slave river connects it with the Great Slave L. It is 200 miles long'. GREAT SLAVE L. In the north-western interior of British America. The Slave and Hay rivers flow into it, and Mackenzie's river issues from it. It is 300 miles long. GREAT BEAR L. In the north-western part of British America connected by an outlet with Mackenzie's river. It is 160 miles long. CHELEKHOF L. In the southern part of Russian America west of Cook's Inlet. GREAT SALT L. In the north-eastern part of Upper California on the eastern margin of the great basin. It is 90 miles long, and from 30 to 40 wide. The Bear river flows into it. It is more than 500 miles from the Pacific Ocean, above which its surface has an ele- vation of 4200 feet. Its waters are a saturated solution of common salt. At the couth-eastern extremity is the Utah Lake. This appears like an arm or bay of the former, but its waters are said to be fresh, and flow into the Great Salt Lake. TULE Ls. In the western part of Upper California connected during the spring or wet season, with San Joaquin river. The largest lake is 80 miles long and 15 wide. L. CAYMAN. In the eastern interior of Mexico. It is 40 miles long. L. CHAPALA. In the southern interior of Mexico. The Grande river flows through it. It is 90 miles long. NICARAGUA L. In the south-eastern interior of Guatemala 120 miles long, about 40 miles wide, and 90 feet deep. Its surface is 134 feet above the level of the Pacific Ocean to the nearest part of which the distance is but 12 miles, and 70 miles to the Caribbean Sea, with which the lake communicates through the river St. Juan. The town of Nicaragua is situated oa its southern coast, and the town of Leon on Leon L. 14 ISLANDS OF NORTH AMERICA. NORTH GEORGIAN ISLANDS. In the Arctic Ocean, north of Britis'i America. MELVILLE I. The largest of the North Georgian Islands in tho Arctic Ocean, north of British America. It is 100 miles long, and 100 wide. The Winter Harbour on the southern coast of this island, is remarkable for being the place where the adventurous Captain Parry and his crew braved the rigors of the Arctic climate for two years. Here the sun sets on the 4th of November, and does not rise till the 2d of February, making a night of three .months' continuance. SABINE I. One of the North Georgian Islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of British America. Disco I. In Baffin's Bay, west of Greenland it contains a vast mine of sea coal. JAN MAYEN I. In the Arctic Ocean, east of Greenland. ICELAND. In the Atlantic Ocean, south-east of Greenland bor- dering on the Arctic Circle. It is 250 miles long, and 220 wide. Area 40,000 square miles, and population 58,000. In no other country have volcanic eruptions been so numerous, or spread over so large a surface, as in this island. Besides more than 30 volcanic mountains there exists an immense number of small cones and craters, from which streams of melted substances have been poured forth, over the surrounding country. Nine volcanoes were active during the last century four in the north, and the rest lying nearly in a direct line, along the southern coast. Twenty-three eruptions of Mount Hecla are recorded, since the occupation of the island by Europeans but the most extensive and devastating eruption ever experienced in the island, occurred 1783. It proceeded from the Skaptar Yokul, a volcano, (or rather volcanic tract, having several cones,) near the centre of the island. This eruption did not entirely cease for nearly two years. It destroyed twenty vil- lages, and 9000 human beings, and it was estimated, that the whole amount of lava discharged, would be sufficient to cover an area of 1400 square miles, to the depth of 150 feet. By far the most remarkable phenomerffe, of Iceland, are the inter- mitting hot springs, met with in several parts, and of all degrees of temperature. The water of some of these springs, is at intervals violently thrown into the air, to a great height. They have thence received the name of Geysers ; from the Icelandic verb Geysa, to rage. The most celebrated of these springs are situated in a plain, about sixteen miles north of the village of Skalholt. The Great Geyser, or principal fountain of this kind, rises from a tube or funnel, seventy-eight feet in perpendicular depth, and from eight to ten feet in diameter at the bottom, but gradually widening towards the top, till it terminates in a capacious basin. After an emission, the basin and funnel are empty. The jets take place at intervals of about six hours ; and when the water, in a vio- lent state of ebullition begins to rise in the pipe or funnel, and to fill the basin subterraneous noises are heard, like the distant roar of cannon the earth is slightly shaken and the agitation increases, till at length a column of water is suddenly thrown up, with tremen 15 dous force, and loud explosions, to the height t5f from 100 to 200 feet, and playing for a time like an artificial fountain, and giving off great clouds of vapour, the funnel is emptied, and a column of steam rushing up with great violence and a thundering noise, terminates the eruption. Such is the explosive force, that large stones thrown into the funnel, are instantly ejected, and sometimes shivered into small frag- ments. Some of the springs near the inhabited parts of the island are used for economical purposes ; food is dressed over them and in some places huts are built over small fountains to form steam baths. In other parts, vast caldrons of boiling mud are seen, in a constant state of activity sending up immense columns of dense vapour, which obscures the atmosphere to a great distance around. It is stated, in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, that the Latin lan- guage, as ;poken by the ancient Romans, is still spoken in some parts of Iceland. This island belongs to Denmark. PRINCE WILLIAM'S LAND. Principally in the Polar Sea situated north-east of British America having Baffin's Bay on the north- east Atlantic Ocean on the south-east Cumberland Strait on the south Fox Channel, Fury, and Hecla Straits, and Regent's Inlet on the west and Barrow's Strait and Lancaster Sound on the north. SOUTHAMPTON I. In the northern part of Hudson's Bay, between Fox Channel and Welcome Strait. NEWFOUNDLAND. In the Atlantic Ocean, scuta-east cf Labrador from which it is separated by the Strait of Bellisle. It is 350 miles 6ng, and 300 wide area 50,000 square nnies. it has long been celebrated for its fisheries, on which the inhabitants principally de- pend. More than 3000 vessels, and 40,000 fishermen, Americans, English, and French, are employed in the cod fisheries, along the coast and the banks of Newfoundland. It belongs to the British government. CAPE BRETON I. In the Atlantic Ocean, north-east of Nova Sco- tia from which it is separated by the Gut of Canseau. It is 100 miles long, and 85 wide. It belongs to the British government. ANTICOSTI I. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south of Labrador 120 miles long, and 30 wide. It belongs to the British government. It is uncultivated and uninhabited, except by two families, who have been established here for the purpose of assisting persons cast away on the coast. PRINCE EDWARD'S I. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, north of Nova Scotia, and east of New Brunswick, from which it is separated by Northumberland Strait. It is 100 miles long, and 37 wide. SABLE I. In the Atlantic Ocean, east of Nova Scotia. BERMUDAS Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, about 600 miles east of Georgia they belong to the British government, and consist of a group of 400 islands, most of which are barren and uninhabited. The principal islands are St. George's, St. David's, Long, Somerset, and Ireland. Their climate is that of perpetual spring. WEST INDIA Is. Are situated southeast of the United States, and north of the western part of South America partially separating the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. BAHAMA Is, In the Atlantic Ocean, south-east of Florida, and 16 ,; .* *_..*.' north-east of Cuba. They belong- to tbe British government. The principal islands of this group are New Providence, Abaco, Cat, Long r Mayaguana, Turks, and Inagua. Nassau, the capital of New Provi- dence, has a population of 5000, and Cat Island or the island of St, Salvador is noted for being the first land discovered by Columbus, October 12, 1492. FLORIDA. REEFS. In the Gulf of Mexico, north of the western part of Cuba. TORTUGAS Is. In the Gulf of Mexico, west of Florida Reefs. KEY WEST. In the Gulf of Mexico, on the southern border of Florida Reefs. The town of Key West is situated on it, and has a capacious harbour. CUBA I. The largest of the West India Islands situated between the north-wester:! part of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and bordering on the south-eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico. It is 780 miles long, and 130 wide. It was discovered by Columbus, October 28, 1492. Area 42,000 square miles. It belongs to Spain, and its capital is Havana. I. OF PINES. In the north-western part of the Caribbean Sea south of the western part of Cuba. JAMAICA I. In the northern part of the Caribbean Sea south of the eastern part of Cuba 150 miles long, and 50 wide. Area 4500 square miles. It belongs to the British government. Its capital is Spanish Town. It was discovered by Columbus in 1495. HAYTI I. Situated between the northern part of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean a little south of an easterly direction from Cuba 400 miles long, and 160 wide. Area 25,000 square miles. Capitals, St. Domingo and Port au Prince. It was discovered by Columbus, December 5, 1495. PORTO Rico I. Situated east of Hayti, between the north-eastern part of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean 100 miles long, and 40 wide. Area 3700 square miles. Capital, San Juan. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493. CARIBBEAN Is. Extend from Porto Rico to Trinidad, which is included forming the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea. TRINIDAD I. In the Atlantic Ocean, north-east of Venezuela it belongs to the British government, and contains 2000 square miles. There is a remarkable lake in the south-western part of this island, called the Brea, or Pitch Lake, about a mile and a half in circumfe- rence, covering an area of 150 acres ; its surface is 80 feet above the level of the ocean. On the margin of the lake, the pitch or bitumen is cold and hard, but becomes gradually warmer and softer towards the interior, till in the central part it is seen boiling up in a liquid state, exhaling a strong bituminous and sulphurous odour. The area of the liquid part is about three acres its depth is unknown. Trini- dad was discovered by Columbus in 1498. MARGARITA, TORTUGA, ORCHILLA, BONAIR, CuRAgOA, AND ORUBA Is. In the southern part of the Caribbean Sea near the northern coast of Venezuela. CORN Is: In the Bay of Guatemala, east of Guatemala. Q UIBO I. In the Pacific Ocean, south-east of Guatemala. REVILLAGIGEDO Is. In the Pacific Ocean, west of the southern part oi Mexico. IGNACIO I. At the head cf t\\e^g^fffiffltfjM&^e mouth of the Colorado river. VANCOUVER'S I. In the Pacific Ocean, south-west of British Ame- rica, from which it. is separated by the Gulf of Georgia. It belongs to the British government, and is 300 miles long 1 . It is uncultivated, being inhabited only by Indian savages. Its coasts are indented with numerous bays, and fringed with towering forests. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S I. In the Pacific Ocean, west of British Ame- rica, is 170 miles long. SITKA I. In the Pacific Ocean, west of British America, and north of Queen Charlotte's I. The town of New Archangel is situ- ated on it. KODIAK I. In the Pacific Ocean, south of Russian America. SHOOMAGIN'S I. In the Pacific Ocean, south of the Peninsula of Alaska. ALEUTIAN Is. In the Pacific Ocean, south-west of the Peninsula of Alaska. NUNNIVACK I. In the Pacific Ocean, south-west of Russian America. RIVERS IN BRITISH AMERICA. MACKENZIE'S R. Flows from the Great Slave lake, in the western interior of British America, a north-westerly course into Mackenzie's Sea. It is 2500 miles long.* PEEL R. Rises on the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, in the north-western part of British America flows first a north- westerly, and then a north-easterly course. It is a branch of Macken- zie's river. LIARD'S R. Rises in the western part of British America flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, then an easterly, and lastly a northerly course. It is a branch of Mackenzie's river, and is 500 miles long. HAY R. Rises on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, in the western part of British America flows a north-easterly course into the south-western part of Great Slave lake and is 300 miles long. SLAVE R. Connects Athabasca and the Great Slave lakes. Its course is a little west of north. PEACE R. Formed by the junction of two branches in the west- ern part of British America west of the Rocky Mountains flows first an easterly, then a northerly, and lastly a north-easterly course into Athabasca lake, and is 800 miles long. , FINLAY R. One of the head branches of the Peace river. ATHABASCA R. Rises on the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains in the south-western part of British America flows a general north-easterly course into Athabasca lake and is 600 miles long. * The length, as here given, includes the .Slave and Peace rivers and it is to be understood in every case that the 'length of a river is given from its ultimate source, though the head branches may, in some instances, take different names. 18 SASKATCHAWAN R. Formed by the junction of two branches called North and Stmth flows first a north-easterly, then a south- easterly course, into tne nortnern part of Winnipeg lake and is 1200 miles long. RED R. Formed by the junction of two branches issuing from Ottertail and Traverse lakes flows a northerly course into the south- ern part of Winnipeg lake and is 500 miles long. The Moose river flows into it near its mouth. OTTAWA R. Forms the boundary between Canada East and Ca- nada West flows a south-easterly course is a branch of the St. Lawrence river and is 600 miles long. SAGUENAY R. Eises in the western part of Canada East flows a south-easterly course into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is 400 miles long. KOKSAK R. Eises in Lake Caniapuscaw in the eastern part of East Maine flows first a northerly, then a north-westerly course forming- the boundary between East Maine and Labrador and falls into Ungava bay is 500 miles long. GR. WHALE R. Eises in the eastern part of East Main flows a westerly course, into Richmond gulf and is 400 miles long. EAST MAINE R. Eises in a small lake, in the eastern part of East Maine flows a westerly course into James's bay and is 500 miles long. ABBITIBBE R. Rises in Abbitibbe Jake, in the south-western part of East Maine flows first a westerly, then a northerly course, into James's bay and is 300 miles long. ALBANY R. Rises in a small lake in the interior part of New South Whales, flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly course, into James's bay and is 500 miles long. SEVERN R. Eises in the interior part of New South Wales flows a north-easterly course, into Hudson's Bay and is 300 miles long. NELSON R. Is a continuation of Saskatchawan. It flows a north- easterly course from the northern part of Winnipeg Lake, into Hud- son's Bay and, including the Saskatchawan, is 1600 miles long. CHURCHILL R. Eises in the western interior of British America flows a north-easterly course, into Hudson's Bay and is 900 miles long. WAGER R. Sises in the north-eastern part of British America flows a north-easterly course, into an inlet of Hudson's Bay, north of Chesterfield Inlet. GR. FISH R. Eises in the northern part of British America flows first an easterly, then a northerly, and lastly an easterly course, into the Gulf of Boothia and is 600 miles long. FRAZER'S R. Eises in the western part of British America flows first a southerly, then a westerly, course, into the Gulf of Georgia and is 750 miles long. RIVERS OF OREGON, CALIFORNIA, AND MEXICO. OKANAGAN R. Eises in the south-western part of British America- flows a southerly course. Is a branch of Columbia river. 10 K. Rises in the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains in the south-western part of British America flows first a south-westerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a general westerly course. Is a branch of Columbia river. CLARK'S R. Kises in the eastern part of Oregon Territory flows a north-westerly course. Is a branch of Columbia river, and is 600 miles long. KOOSKOOSKEE R. Rises in the eastern part of Oregon Territory flows first a north-westerly, then a westerly course. Is a branch of Lewis river. SALMON R. Rises in the eastern part of Oregon Territory flows a north-westerly course. Is a branch of Lewis river. BEAR R. Kises in the north-eastern part of Upper California flows first a north-westerly, then a winding southerly course into the Great Salt Lake. LEWIS R. Rises in the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, in the south-eastern part of Oregon Territory flows first a south-west- erly, and lastly a general north-westerly course and forms a junction with the Columbia river. It is 800 miles long. FALLS R. Rises in the south-western part of Oregon Territory flows a general northerly course. Is a branch of Columbia river. WILLAMETTE R. Risss in the south-western part of Oregon Terri- tory flows a winding northerly course. Is a branch of Columbia river. COLUMBIA R. Rises in the western declivity of the Rocky Moun- tains in the south-western part of British America in 50 N. lati- tude flows a north-westerly course to near McGillivray's Pass, in the Rocky Mountains, where it receives the Canoe river. Here it has an elevation of 3600 feet above the level of the ocean. It now flows first a southerly, then a south-westerly, then a southerly, and lastly a general westerly course into the Pacific Ocean, and is 1200 miles long. SACRAMENTO R. Rises in the south-western part of Oregon Terri- tory flows first a southerly, then a south-westerly, then a southerly, and lastly, a south-westerly course into San Francisco Bay and is 400 miles long. COLORADO R. Formed by the junction of Grande and Green rivers, in the north-eastern part of Upper California flows a general south- westerly course into the head of the Gulf of California. Is 1100 miles long. SEVIER R. Rises in the interior part of Upper California flows first a northerly, then a south-easterly course. Is a branch of the Colorado river. GILA R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Upper California flows a winding westerly course. Is a branch of the Colorado river. JAQUESILA R. Rises in the eastern part of Upper California flows a westerly course. Is a branch of the Colorado river. YAQCI R. Rises in the north of the western part of Mexico flows first a south-westerly, then a westerly course into the Gulf of Califor- nia, and is 400 miles long. GRANDE R. Rises in the southern interior of Mexico flows a general north-westerly course into the Pacific Ocean. Is 400 milea long. 20 ST. JUAN R. Slows from Nicaragua Lake, an easterly course into the Caribbean Sea. BALIZE R. Sises in the north-western part of Guatemala flows first a north-easterly, then an easterly course passing through the in- terior of Ralize into the Bay of Honduras. TULA R. Sises in the south-eastern interior of Mexico flows first a northerly, then an easterly course into the Gulf of Mexico. Tampico is situated on it. Rio GRANDE. Rises among, the Eocky Mountains, in the north-west- ern part of Texas flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly, then winding easterly, and lastly, a south-easterly course, forming the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Flows into the Gulf of Mex- ico, and is 1800 miles long. MOUNTAINS OF NORTH AMERICA. MT. HECLA. A volcanic mountain in the southern part of Iceland. 5530 feet high. ARCTIC HIGHLANDS. In the north-western part of Greenland. Their course is north-east and south-west. ROCKY Mrs. Extend through the north-eastern part of Russian America the western part of British America and the western part of the United States. Their course is north-west and south-east. They are 4000 miles long. SPANISH PEAKS. Peaks of the Rocky Mountains in the north- westarn part of Texas 11,000 feet high. PIKE'S PEAK. A peak of the Rocky Mountains in the western part of Indian Territory 12,000 feet high. LONG'S PEAK A peak of the Rocky Mountains in the western part of Indian Territory 12,500 feet high. FREMONT'S PEAK. A peak of the Rocky Mountains in the south- western part of Missouri Territory 13,570 feet high. MT. HOOKER AND MT. BROWN. Peaks of the Rocky Mountains in the south-western part of British America. Mt. Hooker is 15,700 feet high, and Mt. Brown is 16,000. MT. ST. ELIAS. In the south-eastern part of Russian America the highest mountain in North America, being 17,900 feet high. MT. FAIR WEATHER. In the south-eastern part of Russian Ame- rica south-east of Mt. St. Elias. CASCADE RANGE. Extend through the western part of Oregon. Their course north and south. MT. BAKER. A peak of the Cascade range in the north of the western part of Oregon. MT. OLYMPUS. In the north-western part of Oregon. MT. RANIER. A peak of the Cascade range in the north-western interior of Oregon 12,000 feet high. MT. ST. HELENS. A peak of the Cascade range in the western part of Oregon north of Columbia river 13,300 feet high. MT HOOD. A peak of the Cascade range in the western part of Oregon south of Columbia river 14,000 feet high. This peak can be seen at the distance of 180 miles. MT. JEFFERSON. A peak of the Cascade range in the western part ^f Oregon. 21 MT. SHASTE. In the north-western part of Upper California. COAST RANGE. In the western part of Upper California. SIERRA NEVADA, OR THE SNOWY R^NGE. Extends ^ tJ^p0H|rh the western parts of Upper and Lower Calif(^a therorjiserttearly north and south 15,500 feet high. MT. ST. BERNARDINO. A peak of the Sierra Nevada in the south- western part of Upper California. WAHSATCH MTS. In the eastern interior of Upper California their course north-east and south-west. MEXICAN CORDILLERAS. Extend through the northern interior and south-eastern parts of Mexico and along the south-western coast of Guatemala their general direction is north-west and south-east. MT. JORULLO. A volcanic mountain in the south-western part of Mexico, 70 miles south-west of Valladolid, and 80 miles from the Pacific Ocean. The origin of this volcano is justly regarded as one of the most terrible and extraordinary phenomena ever witnessed in any country. In 1759, from the midst of cultivated fields of sugar-cane and indigo, a mountain arose in one night 1600 feet above the previous level of the plain. Flames are said to have issued from an extent of more than half a square league and from upwards of 2000 apertures while fragments of burning rocks were thrown up to a prodigious height, and through a thick cloud of ashes, illumined by volcanic fires, the softened surface of the earth was seen to swell like an agitated sea. The plains of Jorullo, even at a great distance from the scene of the explosion, were rendered uninhabitable for a long time, in consequence of the excessive heat which prevailed in them. Two rivers (the Cuitamba and Pedro) totally disappeared on this occasion ; but two new streams are now seen bursting through the argillaceous vault of the Hornitos,* having the appearance of mineral waters, in which the thermometer rises to 126 of Fahrenheit. The natives give these streams the names of the former rivers. The nu- merous apertures of this volcanic mass, which is three or four miles in extent, continue still to emit a thick vapour, which ascends to the height of from J30 to 50 feet, and in many of them a subterraneous noise is heard, which appears to announce the proximity of a fluid in a state of ebullition. POPOCATAPETL. A volcanic mountain in the south-eastern part of Mexico 17,735 feet high. WATER VOLCANO. In the north-western part of Guatemala 12,620 feet high. The city of Old Guatemala was destroyed in 1541, by enormous masses of water and stones, bursting forth from this volcano. COSIGUINA. A volcanic mountain, in the southern part of Guate- mala. An eruption of this volcano occurred in 18o4, which was heard at the distance of 1000 miles, and the ashes were carried to Jamaica Island, a distance of 800 miles. * A Mexican word meaning ovens, applied to numerous small cones, from six to nine feet in height. 22 CAPES OF NORTH AMERICA. C. BREWSTER. An eastern point of Greenland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. NORTH C. A north-western point of Iceland extending into the Arctic Ocean. C. CLOSTERBAY. A southern point of Iceland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. FAREWELL. A southern point of Greenland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. WALSINGHAM. A south-eastern point of Pr. William's Land extending into Davis's Strait. KING'S C. A south- western point of Pr. William's Land extending into Fox Channel. C. CHUDLEIGH. A northern point of Labrador extending into Hudson's Strait. C. ST. LEWIS. A south-eastern point of Labrador extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. ST. JOHN. A northern point of Newfoundland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. RACE. A south-eastern point of Newfoundland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. SABLE. A southern point of Nova Scotia, and a southern point of Florida both extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. COD. A northern point of the south-eastern part of Massachu- setts extending into the -Atlantic Ocean. C. CANNAVERAL. An eastern point of Florida extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. ST. ANTONIO. A south-western point of Cuba extending into the Caribbean Sea. C. GRACIAS A Dios. A north-eastern point of Guatemala extending into the Caribbean Sea. C. GORDA. A south-eastern point of Guatemala extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. CORRIENTES. A western point of the southern part of Mexico extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. ST. Lucus. A southern point of the Peninsula of California extending into the Pacific Ocean. MORO HERMOSO. A western point of the Peninsula of California extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. MENDOCINO. A north-western point of Upper California extend- ing into the Pacific Ocean. C. ORFORD. A south-western point of Oregon extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. ELIZABETH. A southern point of Russian America extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. ROMANZOFF. A south-western point of Eussian America ex- tending into the Pacific Ocean. EAST C. A north-eastern point of Siberia extending into Behr- ingr's Strait. C. PRINCE OF WALES. 4 western point of Russian America ex- tending into IJehrimr's Strait. I CY 0. A north-western point of Eussian America extending into the Polar Sea. POINT BARROW. A north-western point of Eussian America ex- tending into the Polar Sea, north-east of Icy Cape. PT. BEACHY. A northern point of Eussian America extending into the Polar Sea. PT. DEMARCATION. A north-eastern point of Eussian America extending into the Polar Sea. PT. DE WITT CLINTON. A north-western point of British Ame- rica extending into the Polar Sea, east of Cape Bathurst. C. YORK. A north-western point of Pr. William's Land extend- ing into Barrow's Strait. C. KURD. A southern point of one of the North Georgian Islands extending into Barrow's Strait. C. ROBERTSON. A north-western point of Greenland extending into Smith's Sound. TOWNS. GUANAXUATO. In the southern interior of Mexico north-east of Lake Chapala, and 170 miles north-west of the city of Mexico. It has a population of 40,000 is situated on the table land, 6835 feet above the level of the ocean and is surrounded by the richest silver mines in the world to which it owes its origin and present magnificence. These mines yielded, in a period of about fifty years, upwards of 225,000,000 of Spanish dollars being an average of $4,500,000 annually. QUEBEC. Is situated in the southern part of Canada East, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence river, where it receiver the St. Charles, and about 400 miles from its mouth ; it occupies the extremity of a ridge terminating at the junction of the two rivers, which rises about 340 feet above the surface of the water. On the summit of this pro- montory stands the citadel, in front of which are the plains of Abra- ham and the town extends from it down to the water's edge has a population of 30,000. The commanding position of the town, together with the vast and beautiful harbour, presents at a distance a picturesque and magnificent view to the approaching spectator. Que- bec is so strongly fortified both by nature and art, that it has justly received the name of the Gibraltar of America. BOUNDARIES. The boundaries of countries, states, &c., should be repeated by the pupils in concert, and each one should, at the same time, imagine himself, or herself, to perform a journey around the country or state to be bounded, naming, in regular succession, the bodies of water or land which form the boundaries; and then returning by the same rout, the boundaries should be repeated with the order reversed, thus : NORTH AMERICA. Is bounded on the north by the Polar Sea; on the east and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south and south-west by the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. On the west by the Pacific Ocean; on 24 the south-west and south by the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mex- ico ; on the south-east and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the north by the Polar Sea. It is connected with South America by the Isthmus of Darian or Panama, which is thirty miles wide; and is separated from Asia by Behring's Strait, which is forty miles wide. It contains 8,000,000 square miles, and a population of 35,000,000. The whole continent of America, after its discovery by Europeans, was called "The New World." The discovery was made in 1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, at the head of a small squadron, fitted out at the expense of Ferdinand and Isabella, sovereigns of Castile and Arra- gon, in Spain. The people who inhabited America at the time of its discovery were called Indians, because Columbus supposed that the country he had discovered was India. The discovery of America excited a spirit of enterprise throughout the civilized world, unknown and unfelt at any time before, and drew adventurers from all parts of Europe. In 1497, John Cabot, and his son Sabastian, natives of Venice, in the service of Henry VII. king of England, discovered North America, and explored the coast from Newfoundland to Florida. GREENLAND. Which comprises the north-eastern division of North Americans now ascertained to be a vast island, and is one of the coldest and most desolate of all the inhabited regions of the globe. It belongs to the government of Denmark. RUSSIAN AMERICA. Is bounded on the north by the Polar Sea; on the east by British America; on the south by the Pacific Ocean; on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Polar Sea. It is a cold, barren and desolate region, inhabited only by a few savages, and some small companies of Russian settlers, who are chiefly occupied in procuring furs. BRITISH AMERICA. Is bounded on the north by the Polar Sea; on the north-east and east by Baffin's Bay and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the United States ; on the south-west and west by the Pacific Ocean and Russian America. New Britain comprises all that part of British America situated north of Canada and the United States ; and like Greenland and Russian America, is a cold and barren country, thinly inhabited by Esquemaux (es'ke-mo) Indians and other savages, whose chief em- ployment is hunting bears, beaver, deer, raccoons, and other animals, (valuable for their skins and furs,) which abound in those regions. In order to procure the furs from the Indians, the Hudson Bay Com- pany have established forts and trading-houses in various quarters, extending from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Ocean, and northward nearly to the Polar Sea. UNITED STATES. Is Bounded on the north by British America ; on the east and south-east by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico ; on the south-west and west by Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. Where is the Bathurst I. Melville I. Str. of Bellisle. C. Cannaveral. C. Brewster. G. of Georgia. Mosquito B. Kodiak I. Tampa B. Corn Is. Davy's Sound. B. of Fundy. Grand Bank. Snowy Range Mts. Ottawa River. Great Salt L. Lancaster Sd. Severn R. Mt. Hecla. East Main R. Welcome G. C. Corrientes. Bahama Is. Coronation G. C. St. Antonio. Norton Sd. Pr. William's Sound. C. Chudleigh. Fox Channel. Gulf of California. B. of Guatemala. C. York. Disco I. Green Bay. Green Bank. Anticosti I. Bonair I. Behring's Strait. Ardencaple Inlet. (or Buen Ayre.) Jamaica I. B. of Campeachy. Vancouver's I. Guanaxuato T. Richmond G. Gr. Sandy Desert. (or Guanajuato.) G. of Tehuantepec. Pr. Edward's I. Quebec. Southampton I. Mt. St. Elias. L. Nicaragua. L. Cayman. Davis's Strait. Trinidad I. Gut of Canseau. St. of Juan de Fuca. Rio Grande. Koksak R. Ungava B. Rocky Mountains. Churchill R. Sitka I. Arctic Highlands. Bermudas Is. LESSONS ON THE MAP Iceland. Mt. Hooker. OF THE L. Chapala. King's C. UNITED STATES. Norton Sound. Pt. De Witt Clinton. Maine, Augusta Great Bear L. I. of Pines. C. St. Lewis. Amatique B. New Hampshire, Con cord. San Francisco B. C. Walsingham. C. Closterbay. Water Volcano. Vermont 7 , Montpe'lier. Massachusetts, Bos- C. Mendocino. Cumberland Strait. ton C. Robertson. Deer L. Rhode L, Providence, Chelekhof L. Pt. Beechey. and Newport. (or Shelekhof.) C. Farewell. Connecticut, Hartford Baffin's B. Athabasca L. and N. Haven Q. Charlotte's S. Sabine I. (or Athapescow.) C. Elizabeth. New York, Albany. N. Jersey, Trenton. Ignacio I. Jan May en I. C. Sable. C. St John. Pennsylvania, Harris- burg. L. Mistissinny. C. Gracias a Dios. Delaware, Dover. Icy Cape. C. Race. Little Slave L. B. of Honduras. Maryland, Annapolis. Virginia, Richmond Cosiguina Mt. C. St. Lucus. N. Carolina, Raleigh, Sable I. C. Gorda. (rau'le.) Tule Lakes. Popocatapetl, S. Carolina, Colum- L. Manitoba. L. Caniapuscaw. bia^ 3 Georgia, Mil'ledge- Chesapeake B.190 m.l. St. Law'rence, 22. ville. Albemarle' Sd. 60 m. 1. St. Fran'cis Florida,Tallahas'see and 15 wide. Missis'que. Alabam'a, Montgome- New Inlent. Lamoile'' ry. Pam'lico sound, 80 m. Onion (late Tuscaloosa.) 1. and from 8 to 30 w. Otter, 6. Mississippi, Jackson- Atlantic Ocean. Delaware, 4. Louisiana, (Loo-e-ze- Gulf of Mexico, 1000 Schuylkill, 1 an'a.) Baton Rouge, m. 1. 800 w. (skool'kill.) (late N. Orleans.) Chatham B. Lehigh. Ar^an'sas, or Ar'kan- Charlotte Har. Susquehan'na, 5. saw, Little Rock. Tampa B. North Branch, 3. Tennessee', Nashville. Vacas'sar B. W. Branch, 2 Kentucky, Frank' fort- Apalachee B. Juniat'a, 2. Ohio, Columbus. Pensacola B. Shenando'ah, 2. Michigan, Lansing, Mobile B. Poto'mac, 5 (late Detroit.) Black B. Rappahan'nock, 2. Indiana, Indianap'olis. Baratar'ia B. York, 2. Illinois, Springfield Gal'veston B. James, 5 (Il-lin-oi'.) Matagorda B. C ho- wan', 2. Missouri (mis-soo'ree, Espiritu-santo B. Roanoke', 5. improperly pronoun- Corpus Christi Inlet. Tar, 2 ced miz-zoo reA.) Nueces B. Neuse, 3. Jefferson City. C. Fear, 3. Wisconsin, Madison- RIVERS. Gr.. Pedee', 4i Iowa, Iowa City. Montreal'. Little Pedee. Minesota Territory, St. Ot'tawa. Santee', 4. Paul. St. Mau'rice-- Wateree' Missouri Territory Batis'can. Congaree'. Oregon Territory Ore- Saguenay. Ed'isto, 2. gon City (sag-a-na'.) Savan'nah, 5. Indian Territory. St. John's, 4^ Ogee'chee, 2. Texas, Austin St. Croix, (g hard.) N. Mexico, Santa Fe, (kroi'.) Altamaha, 4. Upper Canifornia, Penob'scot, 3$. (aul-ta-ma-hau'.) Monterey, Kennebeck', 3 Oco'nee, 2 Deseret, Androscog'gin, 2. Ocmul'gee, 2^. Saco, 1. (g hard.) Bodies of Water. (sau'ko.) Satil'la, 2^. G. St. Lawrence. Piscat'aqua St. Mary's Chaleur B. Mer'rimack, 2. St. John's, 2$. Passamaquod'dy B. Thames, Indian. Penob'scot B. (temz.) Suwan'ee, 3 Muscon'gus B. Connecticut, 43 Ocklocko'ny, 2. Cas'co B. Housaton'ic, 1. Appalachico'la, 5-J, Massachu'setts B. Hudson, 3. (or Apalachicola.) C. Cod B. Mohawk, H Flint, 3 Vineyard Sd. Genesee', 1. Chattahoo'chee, 4^. Buzzards's B. Oswe'go, 1^. Choctawhatch'ie, 2. Narragan'sett B Black, 1^. Yellow Water L. I. Sound Sorelle, (so-rel r .) Black Water. N. York B. (called Chambly and Escam'bia, 2i. Delaware B. 60 1. 20 w. Kichelieu.'i Perdido Fox. Osage', 4$. (per-dee'do. Rock, 3. St. Francis, 4. Mobile, Wiscon'sin, 4 White 6. (mo-beel'.) Chip'peway. B. Black, 3 Alabam'a, 6. Mennom'onie. Arkan'sas, 20. Tombig'bee, 5 Montreal' Ne-o'sho. (written also Tom- St. Lou'is. Cimarron bigby, and Tom- St. Croix. (sim-ar-rone'.) beckbe.) Rum Nesuketon'ga. Black War'rior. Red, 5. N. Fork. Pascagoula, 2. St. Peter's 3. Cana'dian, 9 (pas-ka-goo'la.) Upper Iowa Washita, 5. Pearl, 3. Turkey. (wash'e-taw.) Bio- Black, 2. Cedar. Red, 12. Yazoo',4. _ I'owa, 3 False Washita Mississippi, 42 Des Moines, 4. Sabine, 3. Ohi'o, 13. (de-moin'.) (sab-een'.) Tennessee, 9. Salt, 2. Angelina, Hol'ston, 3 Missouri, 29 (an-je-lee'na.) Clinch, 2. Sioux, 2. Neches, 3 Cumberland, 6. (soo.) (netsh'ez.) Green, 3 Au Jacqua, 4. Trinity, 4. Salt. White Earth San Jacin'to. Kentucky, 3. Porcupine. Braz'os, 6 Lick'ing, 3 William's. Colorad'o, 7. Big Sandy, 3 Bratton's San Saba, Kanavvha, 3. N. Mountain Cr. (sah'ba.) (kan-aw'wa.) Thompson's. Guadalupe Monongahe'la, 3 Allegha'ny, 3. Marias Dea/born's. (gauda-loop'.) St. Anto'nio. Beaver. Jefferson's. Frio, (free'o.) Musking'um, 2 Madison's Nueces, 3 Scio'to, 2$. Gal'latin's. (noo-a'ses.) Miami, 1. Yellow Stone, 8. Rio del Norte, 18, (mi-am'e.) Clark's Fork. (or Rio Grande.) Maumee'. Big Horn, 6. Thames. Tongue, 4. LAKES, Detroit'. Little Missouri, 2$. St. Clair- Sawarcar'na. Temiscou-at'a. Monis'tic, Shienne. Che-sun'cook, 24. (or Manistee.) Maske'gon. Grand, 2 (she-enn'.) Teton', 2 White, 2. Moose'head, 35. Um'bagog. Winnipiseogee, 22. Kalamazoo', l f Running Water, 4. (win-ne-pis-sok / ke.j St. Joseph's, 2. Platte, 10 Memphrama'gog, 30- Wabash, 5 Loup Fork. St. Peter. (wau'bash.) Black. St. John. White, 3. N. Fork. Temiscam'ing E. Fork. S. Fork Chaudiere, W. Fork Kan'zas, 7. (sho-de-aii 7 .) Kaskas'kia, 3. Republican Fork. Champlain, 120. Illinois, 5. Solomon's Fork (sham-plain'.) Sang'amon, 2 Smoky Hill F. George, 33 28 Oneida, 21, Isle of Shoals. Hudson R. (o-ni'da.) Nantuck'et. Newburg. Skeneateles, 15, Martha's Vineyard Poughkeepsie. (sken-e-at'less.) Elizabeth Is. (po-kip'se.) Owas'co No Man's Land. Catskill. Cayuga, 36, Rhode. Hudson. (ka-yoo'gah.) Block. Albany. Seneca, 35. Canandaigua, 14 Fisher's. Gardiner's Lansingburg. (kan-an-da'gua.) Long, 120 m. 1. Sandy Hill. Chautuaque, North Hero. (sha-tau'que.) South Hero. Mohawk R 9 (or Catauque) 16. Grand. Rome. Onta'rio, 190. Manitouline Isles. Utica. E'rie, 250. Royal. Schenectady, St. Glair. Apostle Is. (sken-ek'ta-de. Sag-i-naw 7 B. Herkimer. Thunder B. Towns on Penobscot R. Whitesboro. Hu'ron, 280. Manitouline, Belfast. Prospect. Canaj charge. (man-it-oo'lin.) Nep'issing Michigan, 320, (mish'e-gun.) Green B. 100. Supe'rior, 430. Frankfort. Bangor. Merrimack R. New'berryport. Haverhill, Genesee R. Genase'o. Rochester. Angelica. Independence. Rainy. L. of the Woods, 100. (ha'ver-ill.) Lowell. Slack R. Red Nash'ua. Brownsville. Spirit. St. Croix, (kroi.) Pe'pin Qui Parle. Manchester. Concord. Bos'cawen Sackett's Harbour, Watertown. Martinsburg. Turin. (kee-parle'.) Big Stone. Connecticut P. Han'over. Delaware R* Trav'erse. Norwich, Damascus. Elk. Ot/tertail. (no/rich Wind'sor. Milford. Easton. Itas'ca Charlestown. Bristol. Devil. Okecho'bee. Rockingnam. Wal'pole. Philadelphia. Chester. Borgne, (born.) Brattleboro. Northfield. New Castle Gloucester, Pontchartrain' Greenfield. (glos'ter.) Sabine, Northampton Camden. (sab-een'.) Saline Springfield. Enfield. Burlington. Bordentown. Windsor Trenton. ISLANDS, Hartford. Belvidere. Grand Menan'. Wethersfield. Mt. Des'ert. Middletown. Schuylkill R. Fox. Chatham, Norristown. Boon Haddam. Reading. m Pcttsvilje. Lewisburg. Tomligbte R. Port Carbon. Neuse R. St. Stephens. Gainesville. Lehigh JR. Newbern. Columbus. Bethlehem. Kingston. Aberdeen. Allentown. Waynesborough. Mauch Chunk. Smithfield. Vfi TJ White's Haven. iazoo M. Cape Fear R. W^yatt. Susquehanna R. Columbia. Fayetteville. Elizabeth. Ponola. Tillatoba. Middletown. Wilmington. Manchester. Harrisburg. Sunbury Smithville. Mississippi JR. Northumberland. Gr. Pedee R. New Orleans. Danville. Rock ford. Donaldsonville. Wilksbarre. Cheraw. Plaquemine, Williamsport. Georgetown. (plak-meen'.) Jersey Shore. Baton Rouge, Lock Haven. Savannah R. (bat'un-roozh.) Farrandsville. Savannah. Vidaiia Augusta. Natchez. Juniata R. Hamburg. Grand Gulf. Mifflin. Vicksburg. Lewistown. Mamaha R. Providence. Huntingdon. Darien. Princeton Hollidaysburg. Dublin. Columbia. Milledgeville. Bolivia. Potomac R. Macon. Helena. Georgetown. Washington. Hawkinsville. Jacksonville. Peyton Memphis. Alexandria. Reidsville. Randolph. Harper's Ferry. Osceo'la. Cumberland. Flint R. New Madrid Bainbridge. St. Genevieve, Rappahannock R. Newton. ( jen-e-veev'.) TIrbanna. Hamburg. Hercula'neum. Tappahannock. Knoxville. St. Louis. Fredericksburg. Alton. Chattahoochee R. (aul'tun.) Roanoke R. Franklin. Quincy. Plymouth. West Point. Warsaw Williamston. Columbus. Nauvoo'. Halifax. Liverpool. Madison. Blakely. Weldon. Alabama R. Burlington. Bloomington. Gaston. Claiborne. Stephenson. Milton. Montgomery. Davenport. Wetumpka. Camanche,. TarR. Rome (kah-man'chy.) Tarboro. Canton. Du Buque, Greenville. Washington. Jefferson. Cahawba. (du-book 7 ,) (ooasin Cassville. [moon.) 3* Prairie la Porte-'-.- . Pe*rrysburg. B oliver. Prairie du Chien, Savannah. (pra're-du-she-an'.) Florence. Tuscumbia Scioto R. Portsmouth. Ohio R. Decatur. Piketon. Pittsburg. Dallas. Chilicothe. Alleghany. Washington. Circleville. Birmingham. Knoxvilie. Columbus. Beaver. Clinton. Delaware. Steubenville Wellsburg. Wheeling. Marietta. Kingston. Cumberland R. Smithland. Miami R. Hamilton. Dayton. Parksburg. Point Pleasant. Dover. Clarksville. Springfield. Troy Gallipolis (gal-le-po-leece'.) Barboursville. Nashville. Carthage Gainesborough. Urbanna. Bellefonte. Sidney. Burlington. Burksville. f" 1 nmA ft Catletsburg. Greenupburg. Portsmouth. Jamestown. Barboursville. ijrrana xi. Grand Haven. Grand Rapids. Maysville Augusta. Green R. Greensburg. Ionia. Lansing. Newport. Covington. Cincinnati. Brownsville. Bowling Green. Morgantown. St. Joseph's R. St. Joseph. Berrien. Lawrenceburg Niles. Vevay. Kentucky R. South Bend. Carrolton. Manchester. Centreville. Madison. Proctor. Jeffersonville. Frankfort. Walash R. New Albany Carrolton. (wau'bash.) Louisville. Brandenburg. Licking R. Huntington. Wabash. Fredonia. West Liberty. Peru'. Rome Hawsville. Falmouth. Covington. Lo'gansport. Del'phi. Rockport. Newport. Lafayette, Owenboro. (lah'fa-yett.) Evansville. Henderson. Big Sandy R. Piketon. Williamsport. Covington. Mt. Vernon. Paintville. New'port Shawneetown Louisa. Terre Haute. Elizabethtown. Catletsburg. Vincennes, Gelconda. (vin-senz' ) Smithland. Muskingum R. Mount Carmel Paducah. Marietta. Caledonia. McConnelsville. Kaskaskia R. Cairo Zanesville. Kaskaskia. Coshocton. Carlyle. Tennessee R. Millersburg. Vandalia. Reynoldsburgh. New Philadelphia. ShelbyvilU. - \ * .;,y^ Missouri R. San Felipe. Mhu lAfiS Can*' Liberty. Washington. Cleaveland. Independence Nashville. Cuyahoga Falls. Lexington. Akron. Franklin. Colorado R. Bolivar. Boonville Austin. New Philadelphia Nashville. Bastrop. Coshacton. Marion. La Grange. Newark. Herman. Columbus. Circleville. Portland. Matagorda. Chillicothe. St. Charles. Piketon. Michigan L. Portsmouth. Osage R. Manitouwoc, Osceo'la. (man-e-too-wok'.) Maumee R. Clinton. Sheboy'gan, (written Fort Wayne. Warsaw. also Cheboygan.) Defiance. Erie. Washington. Napoleon. Tuscumbia. Milwau'kie, Perrysburg. (or Milwaukee.) Toledo. Arkansas R. Van Buren. Racine (ras-seen'.) National Road. Ozark. Chicago, Cumberland. Dardanelle. Lewisburg Little Rock. Pine Bluffs. (she-kau'go.) Michigan City. New Buffalo. South Haven Uniontown. Brownsville. Washington. Wheeling St. Clairsville. Napoleon. L. Erie. Sandusky City. Cambridge. Zanesville. Huron. Columbus. Red R. Raleigh. Jonesborough. Ohio City. Cleveland. Painsville Springfield Centreville. Greenfield. De Kalb. Erie. Indianapolis. Fulton. Dunkirk. Terre Haute La Grange. Buffalo. Marshall. Shreveport. Natchitoches, Black Rock- Ewington. Vanrlalia (nak-e-tush'.) er ie Canal V (1I1U all u Greenville. Alexandria. Baffalo. St. Louis. Warrenton. Black Rock. Lockport. Promiscuous ITwn* Trinity R. Albion. Bennington. Liberty. Rochester. Lexington. Swartwout. Lyons. New Bedford. Cincinnati. Syracuse. New London. Alabama. Rome. Norwich. Fenton. Whitesboro Stoninglon Dallas Utica. Brooklyn. Herkimer. Wilmington, Del. Brazos R. Canajoharie. Baltimore. Brazoria. Schenectady. Norfolk. Richmond. Albany. Charleston, S. C. St. Augustine. Houston. MOUNTAINS, Mars Hill. Mr.. Katiih'din. White Mountains Mt. Washington, 6234 f. h. Green Mts. Wachu'sett Mt. Mt. Ho'lyoke. Mt. Tom. Mohe'g-an Mts. Mt. Marty, 5300 f. h. Cat'skill Mts. 3800. Blue Mts. Blue Rid o-e. Black Mt. (1476 f. h. Allegheny Mts. 900m. 1. $ m. h. Cumberland Mts. 2000 Ozark' Mts. 20:K) f. h. Rocky Mts. 4000 rn.l. Spanish Peaks. Green Mts. Pike's Peak, 1200 f. h. Three Parks. Long's Peak, 12,000. Black Hills- Rock Independence. Red Buttes. Wind River Mts. Fre'mont's Peak, 13,- 570. Guadalupe Mts. High Peak, 600 f. h. Pilot Knob. Iron Mountains. Pictured Rocks CAPES, Ann. Cod. Malabar' May. Henlo'pen. Charles Henry. Hatteras. Lookout Fear. Cannav'eral. Florida Sable. Romans. St. Bias. Roxo. Desconocida, (des-ko-no-see'dah.) Catoche (kah-to'tsha.) Hondu'ras. Gracias a Dios. Gorda Corrien'tes. Pal'ma. St. Lu'cas Morro Hermo'so, ("often improperly written More.) Pt. George. Mendocino. Orford Foulweather. Flattery ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS * ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. GULFS, BAYS, &c. CHALEUR. In the eastern part of New Brunswick a part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. ' PASSAMAQUODDY B. Between the south-eastern part of Maine and the south-western part of New Brunswick a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The St. Croix river flows into it. PENOBSCOT B. In the southern part of Maine a part of the At- lantic Ocean. Penobscot river flows into it. MUSCONGUS. In the southern part of Maine between Penobscot and Casco Bays a part of the Atlantic Ocean. CASCO B. In the south-western part of Maine a part of the At- lantic Ocean. Portland, the largest town in Maine, is situated on it has a poplatiorn of 15,000. 33 MASSACHUSETTS B. In the eastern part of Massachusetts a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Boston is situated on a peninsula in this bay has a population of 120,000 and one of the best harbours in the United States. CAPE COD B. In the south-eastern part of Massachusetts a part of the Atlantic Ocean. VINE YARD SOUND Between the south-eastern part of Massachusetts and the Island of Maitha's Vineyard a part of the Atlantic Ocean. BUZZARD'S B. In the south-eastern part of Massachusetts north- west of Vinyard Sound a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The town of New Bedford is Situated on it has a population of 15,000. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the whale fishery. NARRAGANSFTT B. In the eastern part of Rhode Island a part of the Atlantic Ocean 28 miles long, and from 3 to 12 miles wide. LONG ISLAND SOUND. South of Connecticut, and north of Long Island a part of the Atlantic Ocean 120 miles long. The Thames, Connecticut, and Housatonic rivers How into it. NEW YORK B. Between the western end of Long Island, and Staten Island a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The Hudson river flows into it. DELAWARE BAY. Between the eastern part of Delaware and the southern part of New Jersey a part of the Atlantic Ocean 60 miles long, and 20 wide. The Delaware river flows into it. CHESAPEAKE BAY. Divides Maryland, and also the eastern part of Virginia is a part of the Atlantic Ocean and is 190 miles long. The Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James rivers flow into it. ALBEMARLE SOUND. In the eastern part of North Carolina a part of the Atlantic Ocean it is 60 miles long, and 15 wide. Chowan and Roanoke rivers flow into it. PAMLICO SOUND. In the south-eastern part of North Carolina a part of the Atlantic Ocean is 80 rniies long, and from 8 to 30 wide. The Tar and Neuse rivers flow into it. NEW INLET. In the eastern part of North Carolina connecting the waters of Albermarle and Pamlico Sounds with the Atlantic Ocean. GULF OF MEXICO. Borders on the southern part of the United States and the eastern part of Mexico having the south-eastern part of Mex- ico, Yucatan, Cuba, and Florida on the south and east is 1000 miles long, and 800 wide. The Suwanee, Ocklockony, Apalachi- cola, Choctawhatche, Yellow Water, Black Water, Escambia, Per- dido, Mobile, Pascagoula, Pearl, Mississippi, Mermentau, Calcasieu, Sabine, Ketches, Trinity, San Jacinto, Brazos, Colorado, Guada- lupe, Nueces, and the Rio Grande rivers flow into it. CHATHAM B. In the southern part of Florida a part of the Gulf of Mexico. CHARLOTTE HARBOUR. In the south-western part of Florida a part of the Gulf of Mexico. TAMPA BAY. In the western part of Florida a part of the Gulf of Mexico. VACASSAR B. In the western part of Florida a part of the Gulf of Mexico. The Suwanee river flows into it. APALACHEE B. In the southern part of the north-western part of 34 Florida part of the Gulf of Mexico. Ocklockony and Oscilla riven flow into it. PENSACOLA B. In the southern part of the north-western part of Florida a part of the Gulf of Mexico the town of Pensacola is situated on it. Escambia, Black, and Yellow Water rivers flow into it. MOBILE B. In the south-western part of Alabama a part of the Gulf of Mexico. The Mobile river flows into it, and the towns of Mobile and Blakely are situated on it. BLACK B. In the south-eastern part of Louisiana a part of the Gulf of Mexico, BARATARIA B. In the south-eastern part of Louisiana south-west of Black Bay is a part of the Gulf of Mexico. GALVESTON B. In the south-eastern part of Texas a part of the Gulf of Mexico. The Trinity and San Jacinto rivers flow into it. MATAGORDA B. In the south of the eastern part of Texas a part of the Gulf of Mexico. ESPIRITU SANTO B. In the southern part of Texas a part of the Gulf of Mexico. The Guadalupe river flows into it. CORPUS CHRISTI INLET. In the southern part of Texas connect- ing the waters of Nueces Bay with the Gulf of Mexico. NUECES B. In the southern part of Texas, south of Espiritu Santo Bay, is a part of the Gulf of Mexico. Nueces river flows into it, and the town of Corpus Christi is situated on it. RIVERS OF THE UNITED STATES. ST. JOHN'S R. Formed by the north-west and south-west branches?, in the north-western part of Maine flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly course, forming part of the boundary between Maine and Canada East passing through the south-western part of New Brunswick into the Bay of Fundy and is 450 miles long. ST. CROIX R. Forms a part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick flows a south-easterly course into Passamaquoddy Bay, and is 100 miles long. PENOBSCOT R. Rises in the highlands in the western part of Maine flows first an easterly, then northerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a southerly course into Penobscot Bay and is 350 miles long. The towns B., P., F., and B. are situated on it. KENNEBECK R. Flows from Moosehead Lake, in the western interior of Maine, a winding southerly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 300 miles long. ANDROSCOGGIN R. Flows from Umbagog Lake, in the western part of Maine, first a westerly, then a southerly, then an easterly, and lastly, a southerly course, and forms a junction with the Kenne- beck river, in Merry Meeting Bay, 18 miles from the Ocean. It is 250 miles long. SACO R. Sises in the Notch of the White Mountains, in the north- ern interior of New Hampshire flows first an easterly, then a south- easterly course, through the south-western part of Maine into Saco Bay is 100 miles long. The town of Saco is situated on it, six miles from its mouth. It has a population of 4500. PISCATAQUA R. Forms part of the boundary between Maine and 35 New Hampshire flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean. MERRIMACK R. Eises in the northern interior of New Hampshire, flows first a southerly, then a north-easterly course through the north- eastern part of Massachusetts into the Atlantic Ocean is 200 miles long. The towns of N. P., H., L., N., M., C., and B. are situated on it. THAMES R. Rises in the southern part of Massachusetts flows first a winding easterly, then a southerly course through the eastern part of Connecticut into Long island Sound. New London and Nor- wich are situated on it. CONNECTICUT R. Eises in the Connecticut Lake, in the northern part of New Hampshire flows first a south-westerly, then a southerly, and lastly, a south-easterly course, forming the boundary between New Hampshire and Vermont, passing through the western part of Massachusetts, arid through Connecticut into Long Island Sound is 450 miles long. The towns of H., N., W. C., R. W., B., N., G., N., S., E., W., H., W., M., C., and H. are situated on it. HOUSATONIC R. Eises in the north-western part of Massachusetts flows first a southerly, then a south-easterly course passing through the western part of Massachusetts and Connecticut, into Long Island Sound is 150 miles long. HUDSON R. Sises in the north-eastern interior of New York flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, then a north-easterly, and lastly, a southerly course passing through the eastern part of the State forming part of the boundary between New York and New Jerseyflows into New York Bay, and is 350 miles long. The towns of N., P., C., H., A., L., T., and S. are situated on it. The city of New York is situated on Manhattan Island, at the junc- tion of the Hudson and East rivers, 18 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 371,000 is the largest city in the United States, and next to London, the greatest commercial city in the world. It is generally admitted, that the scenery on the Hud- son is unsurpassed by that of any other river in the world. The passage through the highlands, 53 miles above the city of New York, where mountains more than 1400 feet high, come down to the very margin of the river, affords a prospect of unrivalled beauty and grandeur. The Palisades near the city of New York, are scarcely less striking. The waters of this river were the theatre of the first successful attempt to propel vessels by steam. This at- tempt was made is 1807, by Fulton and Livingston, and now more than twenty steamboats ply regularly between the cities of New York and Albany. MOHAWK R. Sises in the interior part of New Y^ork flows a south-easterly course is a branch of the Hudson river, and is 150 miles long. The towns of R., U., S., H., W., and C. are situated on it. About 60 miles from its source, are the Little falls, 42 feet high. Two miles from its mouth, are the Cahoos falls, where the river descends 70 feet perpendicularly presenting, in time of high water, a grand and interesting spectacle. GENESEE R. Rises in the northern part of Pennsylvania flows a northerly course through the western part of New Y r ork into Lake Ontario is 150 miles long. The towns of G., R., A., and I. are 80 situated on it. In the northern part of Alleghany county in the State of New York, the river descends 274 feet in the space of two miles; principally by three perpendicular falls; one 60, one 90, and one 110 feet. The hills approach near the river, being separated only by a chasm, where the banks rise perpendicularly 400 feet for the dis- tance of three miles; to this depth the river has worn its bed in the solid rock, in turns as short and graceful, as if winding through the softest meadow. The passage through this gorge is not less as an object of interest and curiosity, than its high falls. The fall of the river, between the city of Rochester and the lake, is 271 feet 268 of which are within the limits of the city. There are three perpendicular falls, and two rapids. The height of the Falls, in order, is 96, 20, and 105 feet; these afford a vast amount of water power. The flour mills here are equal, if not superior, to any others in the world. OSWEGO R. Rises in the western interior of New York flows first a northerly, then an easterly, and lastly, a north-westerly course into Lake Ontario is 150 miles long. The town of Oswego is situ- ated at its mouth. BLACK R. Rises in the northern interior of New York flows a general north-westerly course into Lake Ontario is 150 miles long. The towns of S., B., W., M., and T. are situated on it. SORELLE R. Flows from Lake Champlain, a northerly course, into the St. Lawrence river. ST. LAWRENCE R. Taken in connexion with the great chain of western lakes, of which it forms the outlet, may be said to rise at the source of the St. Louis river, at the western extremity of Lake Su- perior from Lake Ontario it flows a north-easterly course into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Its whole length, including the Lakes, is 2200 miles. ST. FRANCIS R. Forms the outlet of Memphramagog Lake from which it flows a north-westerly course into St. Lawrence river is 200 miles long. MISSISQUE R. Sises in the northern part of Vermont flows a very winding westerly course into Lake Cham plain, LAMOILLE R. Rises in the north-eastern interior of Vermont flows a westerly course into Lake Champlain. ONION R. Rises in the eastern part of Vermont flows first a south- westerly, then a north-westerly course into Lake Champlain. Mont pelier, the capital of Vermont, is situated on its right bank, has a population of 4000. OTTER CREEK. Rises in the south-western interior of Vermont flows a north-westerly course into Lake Champlain. The towns of R., B., M., and N. H. are situated on it. DELAWARE R. Rises in the western declivity of the Catskill mountains, in the south-eastern part of New York, in 42 45' N. latitude, or 2960 miles north of the equator, at an elevation of 1886 feet above the level of the ocean flows alternately a south-west- erly and a south-easterly course its general course being south. Forming part of the boundary between New York and Pennsylva- nia the boundary between Pennsylvania and New Jersey and part of the boundary between New Jersey and Delaware, and flows into Delaware Bay is 400 miles long. The towns of D., M., E., 37 B., P., C., and N. C. are situated on its right bank. G., C., B., B., T., and B. on its left bank. A short distance above Belvidere, the river passes through the Blue Mountains, by what is called the Water Gap, which is regarded as a great curiosity. The distance through the mountains is two miles, and the banks rise precipi- tously from the water's edge, in rugged and lofty walls, to the height of 1600 feet, leaving at the south-eastern entrance, barely room for a road, which is overhung by immense masses of craggy rock. SCHUYLKILL R. Eises in the eastern part of Pennsylvania flows a south-easterly course, and forms a junction with the Delaware river, six miles below Philadelphia is 150 miles long. N., R., P., and P. are situated on it. LEHIGH R. Sises in the eastern part of Pennsylvania flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly course is a branch of the De- laware river. The towns of B., A., M. C., and W. H. are situated on it. SUSQUEHANNA R. Formed by the junction of the north and west branches which unite in the eastern interior of Pennsylvania flows first a southerly, then a south-easterly course into the head of Chesa- peake Bay, in the north-eastern part of Maryland, and is 500 miles long. The towns of C., M., H., S. N., D., W., W., and J. L., F. are situated on it. The scenery along the banks of this river is of the most beautiful and varied character. NORTH BRANCH. Eises in the interior part of New York flows first a southerly, then a winding westerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a south-westerly course, and unites with the West Branch in the eastern interior of Pennsylvania is J350 miles long. WEST BRANCH. Sises in the western interior of Pennsylvania flows first a winding easterly, and lastly, a southerly course and unites with the North Branch is 200 miles long. J UNI ATA R. Formed by the junction of the Eaystown and Franks- town branches, in the southern interior of Pennsylvania flows a winding easterly course is a branch of Susquehanna river, and is 200 miles long. The towns of M., L., H., and H. are situated on it. SHENANDOAH R. Eises in the interior part of Virginia flows a north-easterly course is a branch of the Potomac river and is 200 miles long. POTOMAC R. Taking the South Branch, rises on the north-western declivity of the Alleghany Mountains, in the northern interior of Virginia flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly course, forming with the North Branch, most of the boundary between Mary- land and Virginia flows into Chesapeake Bay, and is 500 miles long. Washington, the capital of the United States, G. and C. are situated on its left bank. A. and H. F. on its right. The passage of this river through the Blue Ridge, near Harper's Ferry, forms a grand and picturesque scenery, a view of which, Mr. Jefferson pro- nounces worth a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. RAPPAHANNOCK R. Eises in the north-eastern part of Virginia flows a south-easterly course into Chesapeake Bay, and is 200 miles long. The towns of U., T., and F. are situated on it. YORK R. Eises in the eastern interior of Virginia flows a south- easterly course into Chesapeake Bay, and is 200 miles long. York- town, celebrated for the surrender of Lord Cornwaliis and his army T 19th of October, 1781, is situated near its mouth. JAMES R. Formed by the junction of Cow Pasture and Jackson's rivers, in the southern interior of Virginia flows first a south-east- erly, then a north-easterly, and lastly, a south-easterly course, into Chesapeake Bay, and is 500 miles long. Richmond, the capital of Virginia, is situated on its left bank, has a population of 20,000. Linchburg, on its right bank, has a population of 6000. The natu- ral b-ridge over Cedar Creek, a branch of this river, is regarded as a great curiosity. It consists of an arch of rock, 90 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 40 feet thick, extending over a chasm 250 feet deep, at the bottom of which the creek flows. CHOW AN R. Formed by the junction of the Notaway and Meher- rin rivers, in the north-eastern part of North Carolina flows a south- easterly course into Albermarle Sound, and is 200 miles long. ROANOKE R. Formed by the junction of the Dan and Staunton rivers, in the south of the eastern part of Virginia flows a south- easterly course through the north-eastern part of North Carolina, into Albermarle Sound is 500 miles long. The towns of P., W., H., B., W., G., and M. are situated on it. Twelve miles above Halifax commence the great falls, the river having a descent of 100 feet in the distance of 12 miles. TAR R. Rises in the northern part of North Carolina flows a south-easterly course into Pamlico Sound, and is 200 miles long. The towns of T., G., W., and L. are situated on it. NEUSE R. Rises in the northern part of North Carolina flows a south-easterly course into Pamlico Sound, and is 300 miles long. The towns of N., K., W., and S. are situated on^it. CAPE FEAR R. Rises in the northern part of North Carolina flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 350 miles long. The towns of F., E., W., and S. are situated on it. GREAT PEDEE R. Rises in the Blue Ridge Mountains, in the north-western part of North Carolina flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly course, passing through the eastern part of South Caro- lina into the Atlantic Ocean is 450 miles long. The towns of R., C., and G. are situated on it. LITTLE PEDEE R. Rises in the southern part of North Carolina flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course is a branch of the Great Pedee. SANTEE R. Formed by the junction of the Wateree and Conga- ree, in the interior part of South Carolina flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 450 miles long. EDISTO R. Rises in the western interior of South Carolina flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 200 miles long. SAVANNAH R. Formed by the junction of the Tugaloo and Seneca rivers, in the north-western part of South Carolina flows a south- easterly course forming the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia flows into the Atlantic Ocean and is 500 miles long. The towns of S. and A. are situated on its right bank, and H. on its left. In the Tockoa creek, a tributary of the Tugaloo, just before it unites with that river, 150 miles north-west of Augusta, there is a 39 perpendicular fall of 186 feet, called the Fall of Tockoa. This fall is surrounded by no wild scenery. The rivulet, disturbed by no rapids, moves with a gentle current, and drops without warning into a beautiful basin below, expanding 1 into fine rain before it reaches the bottom. The breeze, which always plays here, spreads a thick spray around and ornaments the falling water, the rocks and the shrubbery with rainbows. The Tallula river, which unites with the Chataoga and forms the Tugaloo, is 40 yards in width, 10 miles above their junction ; it is then forced for a rnile and a fourth, through a range of mountains into a channel scarcely 20 feet in width. The mountain receives the water into a broad basin, sur- rounded by solid rock 100 feet in height. Here the stream pauses in anticipation of the gulf below; then rushes down a cataract 40 feet, then hurrying through a narrow winding passage, dashing from side to side against the precipice, and repeatedly turning at right an- gles, is precipitated 100 feet, and in a moment after, 50 feet more, and then, making many short turns, it rushes down three or four falls of 20 and 10 feet. The sum of the falls in the distance o, a mile is estimated at 350 feet. These rapids r however splendid, apart from the sublimity with which they are surrounded, are only an appendage to the stupendous banks of solid rock descending almost perpendicularly to the water on both sides of the river, and varying in the distance of a mile, from 700 to 1000 feet in height, so that the stream literally passes in that distance through the mountains, or rather through the high- lands that connect two mountains. Mud Creek Falls is 25 miles north of Tallulah. The whole fall of the cataract is 280 feet, and the effect is eminently interesting. "Those only," says the North American tourist, "who have visited and contemplated this interesting section of our country, can justly appreciate the beauty and magnificence, and the wildness and sublimity of the natural scenery around the southern termination of the Blue Ridge. There are many rich scenes, whose unknown and heretofore unfrequented recesses have never yet been described, along the western and mountainous border of the Carolinas and Georgia." OGEECHEE R. Eises in the eastern interior of Georgia rflows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 200 miles long ALTAMAHA R. Formed by the junction of Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, in the south-eastern interior of Georgia flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 400 miles lonor. The towns of D., D., M., M., H., J., and R. are situated on it and its head branches, each of which is 250 miles long and also, flows a south-easterly direction. SATILLA R. Rises in the southern interior of Georgia flows first an easterly, then a southerly, and lastly, an easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 250 miles long. ST. MARY'S R. Forms the boundary between the south-eastern part of Georgia, and the north-eastern part of Florida and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. ST. JOHN'S R. Rises in the eastern part of Forida flows first a winding- north-westerly, then a northerly, and lastly, an easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 250 miles long. 40 INDIAN R. This is rather an estuary opening into the Atlantic Ocean, towards the south-eastern part of Florida. SUWANEE R. Bises in the southern interior of Georgia flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course, through the northern part of Florida, into Vacassar Bay and is 300 miles long. OCKLOCKONY R. Rises in the southern part of Georgia flows south-east, south-west, and lastly, a south-easterly course passing through the north-western part of Florida into Apalachee Bay and is 200 miles long. APPALACHICOLA R. formed by the junction of Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, in the south-western part of Georgia flows a southerly course through the north-western part of Florida into Apalachee Bay is 550 miles long, including, of course, the longest branch (Chattahoochee.) FLINT R. Eises in the western part of Georgia flows first a south- easterly, then a south- westeily, course unites with the Chattahoochee, and forms the Appalachicola and is 300 miles long. The towns of B., N., H., and K. are situated on it. CHATTAHOOCHEE R. Eises in the northern part of Georgia flows first a south-westerly, then a southerly course forming a part of the boundary between Georgia and Alabama unites with the Flint, and forms the Appalachicola and is 450 miles long. The towns of F., W., C., and L. are situated on it. CHOCTAWHATCHIE R. Eises in the south-eastern part of Alabama flows first a southerly, then a westerly course into Choctawhatchie Bay and is 200 miles. long. YELLOW AND BLACK WATER Rs. Both rise in the southern part of Alabama flow a southerly course, through the north-western part of Florida, into Pensacola Bay. ESCAMBIA R. Bises in the south-eastern part of Alabama flows first a south-westerly, then a southerly course, through the north- western part of Florida, into Pensacola Bay, and is 250 miles long. PERDIDO R. Eises in the south-western part of Alabama flows a southerly course into Perdido Bay forms the western boundary of the north-western part of Florida. MOBILE R. Formed by the junction of Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, in the south-western part of Alabama flows south into Mo- bile Bay. ALABAMA R. Formed by the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, in the eastern interior of Alabama flows a general south- westerly course unites with Tombigbee, and forms the Mobile river, and is 600 miles long. The towns of C., M., W., R., C., J., and C. are situated on it. TOMBIGBEE R. Sises in the north-eastern part of Mississippi flows with a slight inclination to the east, a general southerly course, unites with the Alabama river, in the south-western part of the State of Alabama, and forms the I^obile it is 500 miles long. The towns of St. S., G., C., and A. are situated oil it. BLACK WARRIOR R. Eises in the northern part of Alabama flows a south-westerly course is a branch of the Tombigbee river. Tus- caloosa, the former capital of Alabama, is situated on its left bank, and has a population of 3000, PASCAGOULA R. Eises in the eastern part of Mississippi flows a 41 general southerly course into the Gulf of Mexico is 250 miles long. The towns of W., M., W., and A. are situated on it. PEARL R. Rises in the eastern part of Mississippi flows first a south-westerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a southerly course, forming 1 part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana- flows into Lake Borgne and is 350 miles long. Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, and Monticello are situated on its right bank, and C on the left. BIG BLACK R. Rises in the north-eastern interior of Mississippi- flows a south-westerly course is a branch of the Mississippi river, and is 250 miles long. The towns of G. and B. are situated on it. YAZOO R. Rises in the north-eastern part of Mississippi flows first a north-westerly, then a south-westerly course is a branch of the Mississippi, and is 400 miles long. The towns of W., P., T., and M. are situated on it. MISSISSIPPI R. Rises in Itasca lake, in the northern interior of Minesota Territory, near the 47 of north latitude, or 3255 miles* north of the equator, at an elevation of 1500 feet above the level of the ocean. Taking its general directions, it flows first a south- easterly, then a southerly course, forming part of the boundary be- tween Minesota Territory and the State of Wisconsin the boun- dary between the States of Wisconsin and Iowa Iowa and Illi- nois Illinois and Missouri Missouri and Kentucky, Missouri and Tennessee Tennessee and Arkansas Arkansas and Mississippi, and part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana then flows a south-easterly course through the south-eastern part of Louisiana, into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi proper, is 2800 miles long, but regarding the Missouri as the principal stream, it is 4200 miles long being the longest river in the world though not the largest. It drains, with its tributaries, an area of more than a million of square miles. Those that flow into it from the east, are the B. B., Y., O., K., I., R., W., C., St. C., and the R. Those from the west are St. P., U. I., T., L, D., S., M., St. F., W., A., and R. New Orleans, the former capital of Louisi- ana, is situatejl on its left bank, 105 miles from its mouth has a population of 150,000, and is one of the greatest commercial cities in the world. The towns of D., P., B., V., N., G. G., V., P., P., C., B., H., P., M., R., O., N. M., St. G., H., St. L., A., Q., W., N., the city of the Mormons, M., B., B., S., U., C., D., C., P. L., and P., are situated on it. 840 miles above the mouth of the Mis- souri are the Falls of St. Anthony, where the river has a perpendi- cular descent of 16 feet, with formidable rapids, above and below. The rapids above the falls have a descent of 10 feet in the distance of 300 yards those below, of 15 feet in the distance of half a mile, making the whole descent of the river, 41 feet in less than three- quarters of a mile. This river is navigable for steamboats to the Falls of St. -Anthem) 7 ", a distance of 220U miles from its mouth. OHIO R. Formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- gahela rivers, at Pittsbnrg, in the western part of Pennsylvania, in 40 32' north latitude, or 2d07 miles north of the equator, at an ele- vation of 680 feet above the level of the ocean flows alternately * The degree is estimated at 69} miles. 4* 42 -~^... T - *' a north-westerly and a soutn-westerly course, its general course be- ing 1 south-west, forms the boundary between Virginia and Ohio Ohio and Kentucky Kentucky and Indiana Kentucky and Illinois, and is the largest eastern branch of the Mississippi river, with which it forms a junction in about 37 of north latitude. It is 1300 miles long, and drains, with its tributaries, an area of upwards of 130,000 square miles. Those that flow into it from the south, are the Tennessee, C., G., S., Ky., L., B. S., Great and Little K. Those from the north are the B., M., S., Great and Little M., and the W. The principal towns situated on it are P., A., B., B., S., W., W., M., P., P., G., B., B., C., G., P., M., A., N., C., C., L., V., C., M., N. A., L., B., P., R., H., R., O., E., H., Mt. V., S., E., G., S., P., C., and C. One remarkable circumstance respecting the Ohio, as well as other western rivers, is its great elevations and depressions during the months of July, August, and September ; it often dwindles to a small stream, affording limited facilities for navigation. Among the hills of Pennsylvania and Virginia, it is seen rippling over chains of rocks, through which a passage is barely afforded to boats of the lightest burden; but the heavy rains during the autumn or winter, and the melting of the snows in the spring, fill the river to overflow- ing, and many of its islands, and the bottom lands along its margin are then covered with water. Its average rise above low water mark is 50 feet, though it sometimes exceeds 60. There are no considerable falls on this river, with the exception of the rapids, commencing at Louisville, 587 miles below Pittsburg, and having a descent of 22i feet in the distance of two miles. A canal is con- structed around the rapids two-and-a-balf miles in length, admitting the passage of the largest steamboats. TENNESSEE R. Eises in the south-western part of North Caro- lina flows first a northerly, then a winding westerly, then a south- westerly, then a westerly, and lastly, a winding northerly course passes through the eastern part of Tennessee, the northern part of Alabama, the western part of Tennessee, and the south-western part of Kentucky is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 900 miles long. The towns of R., P., S., F., T., D., D., W., K., C., K., are situated on it. HOLSTON AND CLINCH Rs. Rise in the south-western part of Vir- ginia flow a south-westerly course through the north-eastern part of Tennessee, are branches of the Tennessee river. The H. 300, and the C. 250 miles long. CUMBERLAND R. Hises in the Cumberland Mountains, in the south- eastern part of Kentucky flows first a westerly, then a south-westerlj", and lastly, a north-westerly course, passing through the south-eastern part of Kentucky, the northern part of Tennessee, and the south- western part of Kentucky is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 600 miles long. The towns of S., D., C., N., C., G., B., J., and B. are situated on it. GREEN R. Rises in the interior part of Kentucky flows first a westerly, then a north-westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 300 miles long. The towns of G., B., B., and M. are situated on it. Mammoth Cave, on this river, is regarded as one of the gratest curiosities in the world. It consists of a series of pas- 43 sages, and grottoes, under ground, which have been^xjilored to the distance of 16 miles 165 avenues have been discovered in various parts of the cave, the walk through which, is estimated at about 300 miles. One of the apartments, called the Rotunda, is a vast hall, comprising eight acres arched with a dome 100 feet high, without a single pillar to support it. There are several streams running through the passages of this wondrous cavern, one of which is more than 30 feet deep and is inhabited by a species of fish which ajre white, and entirely destitute of eyes. The air of the cave is very pure and salubrious and is said to have great healing power in diseases of the lungs. SALT R. Eises in the interior part of Kentucky flows a north- westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river. Another Salt river rises in the southern part of Iowa flows first a south-easterly, then an easterly course is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 200 miles long. KENTUCKY R. Sises in the south-eastern, part of Kentucky flows a general north-westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 350 miles long. The towns of M., P., F., and C. are situated on it. LICKING R. Eises in the eastern part of Kentucky flows a north- westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 300 miles long. The towns of W., F., C., and N. are situated on it. BIG SANDY R. Eises in the south-western part of Virginia flows a north-westerly course, forming part of the boundary between Vir- ginia and Kentucky is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 300 miles long. The towns of P., P., L., and C. are situated on it. KANAWHA R. Eises in the south-western part of Virginia flows a general north-westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 400 miles long. The towns of N., C., and P. P. are situated on it. About 100 miles from its mouth are the great falls, where the river has a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. Sixty-six miles from its mouth are the Kanawha saltworks, where 1,500,000 bushels of salt are manufactured annually. These salt works give employment to 1000 men. MONONGAHELA R. Sises in the northern interior of Virginia flows a northerly course, passing through the south-western part of Penn- sylvania unites with Alleghany, and forms the Ohio river and is 300 miles long. The towns of B., W., C., M., and B. are situated on it. ALLEGHANY R. Eises in the northern part of Pennsylvania flows first a north-westerly course, into the south-western part of fe\v York, after which it takes first a general south-westerly, then a south- easterly, and lastly, a south-westerly course, unites with Mononga- hela, and forms the Ohio river, and is 350 miles long. The towns of K., F., W., O., S., and O. are situated on it. BEAVER R. Formed by the junction of the S. and M. rivers, in the western part of Pennsylvania flows a southerly course is a branch of the Ohio river. The town of Beaver is situated at its mouth. MUSKINGUM R. Eises by the White Woman branch, in the north- ern interior of Ohio flows a south-easterly course is a branch of 44 the Ohio river, and is 250 miles long. The towns of M., McC., Z., C., M., N. P., and B. are situated on it. SCIOTO R. Rises in the north-western interior of Ohio flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 250 miles long. The towns of P., P., C., C., C., and D. are situated on it. MIAMI R. Rises in the western interior of Ohio flows a south- westerly course is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 150 miles long. The towns of H., D., S., T., U., B., and S. are situated on it. MAUMEE R. Formed by the junction of St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, in the east of the north part of Indiana flows a north- easterly course through the north-western part of Ohio, into Lake Erie and is 300 miles long. The towns of F. W., D., N., P., and T. are situated on it. THAMES R. Rises in the southern part of C. West flows a south-westerly course into Lake St. Glair is probably 200 miles long. DETROIT R. Connects Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie. ST. CLAIR R. Connects Huron Lake with Lake St. Clair. MONISTIC AND MASKEGON Rs. Rise in the northern interior of Michigan flow a south-westerly course into Michigan Lake. GRAND R. Rises in the, southern part of Michigan flows first a north-westerly, then a winding- westerly course into Michigan Lake and is 200 miles long. The towns of G. H., G. R., I., and L. are situated on it. KALAMAZOO R. Rises in the southern part of Michigan flows a north-westerly course into Michigan Lake is 150 miles long. The towns of A., K., and M. are situated on it. ST. JOSEPH'S R. Rises in the southern part of Michigan flows first a south-westerly then a north-westerly course passing through the northern part of Indiana, and south-western part of Michigan, into Lake Michigan is 200 miles long. The towns of St. J., B., N., S. B., and C. are situated on it. WABASH R. Rises in the western part of Ohio flows first a north- westerly, then a south-westerly, and lastly, a southerly course pass- ing through the northern interior of Indiana, forming part of the boundary between Indiana and Illinois is a branch of the Ohio river, and is 500 miles long. The towns of H., W., P., L., D., L., W,, C., N., T., V., and Mt. C. are situated on it. WHITE R. Both forks rise in the eastern part of Indiana flow a south-westerly course unite and flow into the Wabash its whole length is 300 miles. The towns of P., B., S., M., and I. are situated on it. KASKASKIA R, Rises in the eastern part of Illinois flows a south- westerly course is a branch of Mississippi river and is 300 miles long. The towns of K., C., V., and S. are situated on it. ILLINOIS R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Wisconsin flows first a southerly, then a westerly, then south-westerly, and lastly, a southerly course is a branch of Mississippi river and is 500 miles long. The towns of N., M., B., H., P., H., P., and J. are situated on it. SANOAMON R. Rises in the eastern interior of Illinois flows first a 45 south-westerly, then a general westerly course is a branch of Illi nols river and is 200 miles long. The towns of M., D., and P. are situated on it. Fox R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Wisconsin flows a southerly course is a branch of Illinois river. ROCK R. Rises in the southern part of Wisconsin flows first a southerly, then a south-westerly course through the north-western part of Illinois is a branch of Mississippi river and is 300 miles long-. The towns of R., R., O., and D. are situated on it. WISCONSIN R. Flows from two small lakes in the northernfcour- c 7 aryof Wisconsin first a southerly, then a south-westerly course is a branch of Mississippi river and is 400 miles long 1 . MENNOMONIE R. Forms the boundary between the north-eastern part of Wisconsin, and the southern part of the north-western part qf Michigan flows a south-easterly course into Green Bay. MONTREAL R. Forms a part of the boundary between the northern part of Wisconsin and Michigan flows a north-westerly course into Lake Superior. ST. Louis R. Rises in the north-eastern part of Minesota Terri- tory flows first a south-westerly, then a winding southerly, and lastly, an easterly course into the western part of Lake Superior. CHIPPEWAY R. Flows from a lake in the northern part of Wis- consin' a general south-westerly course is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 250 miles long. ST. CROIX R. Rises in the north-western part of Wisconsin flows first a south-westerly, then a southerly course passing through St. Croix lake into Mississippi river. RUM R. Rises in the Spirit Lake, in the eastern part of Minesota Territory flows a southerly course is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 200 miles long. ST. PETER'S- R. Rises in the interior part of Minesota Territory flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly course is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 300 miles long. UPPER IOWA R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Minesota Ter- ritory flows a south-easterly course, passing through the north-east- ern part of Iowa State is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 200 miles long. TURKEY R. Rises in the northern part of Iowa flows a south-east- erly course is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 200 miles long. CEDAR R. Rises in the northern part of Iowa flows first a south- easterly, then a southerly course is a branch of Iowa river, and is 300 miles long. IOWA R. Rises in the northern interior of Iowa flows a south- easterly course is a branch of Mississippi river and 350 miles long. DES MOINES R. Rises in a small lake, in the south of the eastern part of Minesota Territory flows first a southerly, then a south-east- erly course, passing through the interior part of Iowa is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 450 miles long. SALT R. Rises in the southern part of Iowa flows first a south- easterly* then an easterly course passing through the north-eastero part of Missouri is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 200 miles long. MISSOURI R. Formed by the junction of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers, in the western part of Missouri Territory in about 45 degrees of north latitude, or 3116 miles north, of the equator, flows first a winding northerly, then an easterly, then south, then a north-easterly, and lastly a general south-easterly course, forming the boundary between Missouri and Minesota Territories Minesota and Indian Territories Indian Territory and the State of Iowa, and part of the boundary between Indian Territory and Missouri flows through, the interior part of Missouri, and forms a junction with. Mississippi river 1300 miles from its mouth, and is '2900 miles long. The towns of L., I., L., F., B., N., M., H., P., and St. C. and Jefferson city, the capital of Missouri, are situated on it. About 500 miles from its source, are the great falls, where the river descends by a succession of rapids and falls 357 feet in the distance of 16 miles. The lowest and greatest fall has a perpendicular pitch of 87 feet; the second, of 19 ; the third, of 47, and the fourth, of 26. Between and below the falls there is a continuous succession of rapids, of from 3 to 18 feet descent. These falls, next to those of Niagara, are the grandest on the continent. Sioux R. Rises in the southern part of Minesota Territory flows a southerly course, forming the boundary between the north-western part of the State of Iowa and Minesota Territory is a branch of Missouri river, and is 200 miles long. JAMES R. Rises in the north-western interior of Minesota Terri- tory flows a southerly course, is a branch of Missouri river, and is 400 miles long. WHITE EARTH R. Rises in the southern part of British America flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course is a branch of Missouri river. YELLOW STONE R, Flows from Subletted lake, in the south- western part of Missouri Territory, first an easterly, then a northerly, and lastly, a winding north-easterly course is a branch of Missouri river, and is 800 miles long. CLARK'S FORK. Rises in. the south, of the western part of Missouri Territory flows a northerly course is a branch of Missouri river, and is 200 miles long. BIG HORN R. Rises in the south-western part of Missouri Terri- tory flows first an easterly, then a northerly course is a branch of the Yellow Stone river, and is 600 miles long. TONGUE R. Rises in the Black Hills, in the southern part of Missouri Territory flows first a north-easterly, then a north-westerly course is a branch of the Yellow Stone river, and is 4CO miles long. LITTLE MISSOURI R. Rises in the eastern interior of, Missouri Territory flows a north-easterly course is a branch of Missouri river, and is 250 miles long. TETON R. Rises in the Black Hills, in the south-eastern interior of Missouri Territory flows an easterly course is a branch of Mis- souri river, and is 250 miles long. WHITE AND RUNNING WATER Rs. Rise in the Black Hills in the south-eastern interior of Missouri Territory flow an easterly course are branches of Missouri river are 200 and 400 miles long. PLATTE R. Taking the North Fork, rises among the Rocky Moun- 47 tains, in the west of the northern part of Indian Territory flows first a northerly, then a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, again a north-easterly, and lastly, a little south of an easterly course form- ing part of the boundary between Missouri and Indian Territories, and flowing through the north-eastern part of Indian Territory is a branch of Missouri river, and is 1000 miles long. By the North Fork of this river following the Sweet Water branch, the best route across the Rocky Mountains is obtained, by what is called the South Pass. KANZAS R. Formed by the junction of Solomon's and Smoky Hill Forks, in the eastern part of Indian Territory flows an easterly course is a branch of Missouri river, and is 700 miles long. OSAGE R. Bises in the eastern part of Indian Territory flows a general north-easterly course through the western and interior parts of Missouri is a branch of Missouri river, and is 450 miles long. The towns of O., C., W., E., T., are situated on it. ST. FRANCIS R. Bises in the eastern part of Missouri flows a general southerly course through the south-eastern part of Missouri, and north-eastern part of Arkansas is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 400 miles long. WHITE R. Bises in the north-western part of Arkansas flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, and lastly a southerly course through the north-eastern interior of Arkansas is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 600 miles long. BLACK R, Bises in the south-eastern interior of Missouri flows first a south-easterly, then a south-westerly course, through the north- eastern part of Arkansas is a branch of White river, and is 300 miles long. ARKANSAS R. Bises among the Rocky Mountains, in the north- western part of Texas flows a general south-easterly course forming part of the boundary between Indian Territory and Texas passing through the interior and south-eastern parts of Indian Terri- tory and the interior part of Arkansas is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 2000 miles long. The towns of V., O., D., L., L. P. B., A., and N. are situated on it. NEOSHO R. Bises in the eastern interior of Indian Territory flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course is a branch of Arkansas river, and is 300 miles long. CIMARRON R. Bises in the north of the western part of Texas flows an easterly course is a branch of Arkansas river. NORTH FORK. Bises in the north-western part of Texas flows a little south of an easterly course is a branch of Canadian river and is 600 miles long. CANADIAN R. Bises in the north-western part of Texas flows first a south-easterly, then a general easterly course, through the southern part of Indian Territory is a branch of Arkansas river, and is 900 miles long. WASHITA R. Bises in the western part of Arkansas flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a southerly course through the northern and eastern parts of Louisiana is a branch of Red river, and is 500 miles long. RED R. Bises in the north-western interior of Texas flows first an easterly, then a southerly, and lastly, a south-easterly course form- 48 ing part of the boundary Letween Indian Territory and Texas pass- ing through the south-western part of Arkansas, north-western and interior part of Louisiana is a branch of Mississippi river, and is 1200 miles long-. The towns of W., R., J., and D. in Texas F. and L. in Arkansas S., N., and A. in Louisiana, are situated on it. SABINE R. Rises in the eastern part of Texas flows first a south- easterly, then a south-westerly course forming part of the boundary between Louisiana and Texas passing through Sabine lake, into the Gulf of Mexico, and is 350 miles long. Sabine city is situated at its mouth. NECHES R. Rises in the eastern part of Texas flows first a south- easterly, then a southerly course passing through Sabine lake, into the Gulf of Mexico is 300 miles long. TRINITY R. Rises in the north of the eastern part of Texas flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course, into Galveston Bay and is 450 miles long. The towns of L., S., C., A., F., and D. are situated on it, SAN JACINTO R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Texas flows a south-easterly course into Galveston Bay. BRAZOS R. Rises in the western interior of Texas flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly course into the Gulf of Mexico and is 650 miles long. The towns of B., R., St. F., W., and N. are situated on it. COLORADO R. Rises in the southern part of Texas flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly course into Matagorda Bay, and is 700 miles long. The towns of A., B., L., C., and M. are situated on it. GUADALUPE AND ST. ANTONIO Rs. Rise in the southern interior of Texas flow a south-easterly course into Espiritu Santo Bay. NUECES R. Rises in Lake de las Yuntas, in the south of the west- ern part of Texas flows a south-easterly course into Nueces Bay, and is 350 miles long. Rio GRANDE. Rises among the Rocky Mountains, in the north- western part of Texas flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly, then a winding easterly, and lastly, a south-easterly course, forming the boundary between Texas and Mexico, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico is 1800 miles long. LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES. TEMISCOUATA L. In Canada East, north of Maine. CHESUNCOOK L. In the north-western interior of Maine Penob- scot river flows through it it is 24 miles long. MOOSEHEAD L. In the western interior of Maine the principal source of Kennebec river is 35 miles long. UMBAGOG AND MOOSETOCMAGUNTIC Ls. In the western part of Maine the principal source of Androscoggin river. WINNIPISEOGEE L. In the eastern interior of New Hampshire connected by Winnipiseogee river with the Merrimac. The towns of Alton and Meredith are situated on it is 22 miles long. This lake is fed by numerous springs at its bottom, and its waters are re- 4D markably pure. It is noted for picturesque beauty and fine surround- ing mountain scenery. MEMPHRAMAGOG L. In the northern part of Vermont, and south- ern part of Canada East, is connected by St. Francis river with the St. Lawrence is 30 miles long 1 . The town of Derby is situated near it. On an island in the western part of this lake, two miles north of the Canada line, is a quarry of novaculite, or razor stone ; known by the name of " Magog oil stone," which is considered equal to the Turkey oil stone. L. CHAMPLAIN. Between the north-eastern part of New York and north-western part of Vermont is 120 miles long. The M., L'., O., and O. C. rivers flow into it, and S. river connects it with St. Law- rence river. L. GEORGE. In the eastern part of New York, south of Lake Champlain, with which it is connected by an outlet three miles in length. This lake is 33 miles long, and 2 in width. The purity and transparency of its waters, the numerous islands with which it is studded, together with the wild and lofty hills by which it is surrounded, render it almost unequalled for picturesque and romantic beauty. ONEIDA L.- In the interior part of New York, connected by an outlet with Oswego river 21 miles long. SKENEATELES AND OWASCO Ls. In the interior part of New York, connected by outlets with Oswego river. Skeneateles lake is 15 miles long. The town of Skeneateles is situated on it, and Auburn on Owasco lake. CAYUGA L. In the western, interior of New York, connected by an outlet with Oswego river. It. is 36 miles long. The town of Ithaca is situated on it, has a population of 5000. SENECA L. In the western interior of New York, connected by an outlet with Cayuga lake. It is 35 miles long. The towns of Waterloo, Geneva, Ovid, and Penn Yan are situated near it. CANANDAIGUA L. In the western interior of New York, north-west of Seneca lake, connected by an outlet with Oswego river is 14 miles long. The town of Canandaigua is situated on it and has a population of 5000. CHATAUQUE L. In the south-western part of New York, con- nected by an outlet with Alleghany river is 16 miles long. The towns of Mayville and Jamestown are situated on it. L. ONTARIO. Borders on the west of the northern, and the north of the western part of New York, and south-eastern part of 'Canada West is 190 miles long, 55 miles wide, and 600 feet deep. Its surface comprises 5400 square miles, and is 210 feet above the level of the ocean. Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, and Black rivers flow into it; and the towns of Toronto, Coburg, and Kingston in Canada. Sackett's Harbour, Oswego, and Troupsville, in New York are situated on it. L. ERIE. Borders on the northern part of Ohio north-western part of Pennsylvania western part of New York southern part of Canada West, and the south-western part of Michigan is 250 miles Jong, 60 miles wide, and 120 feet deep. Its surface is 544 feet above the level of the ocean. The towns of Sandusky, Huron, Ohio city, Cleveland, and Puinsville, in Ohio Erie, in Pennsylvania- 5 50 and Dunkirk, Buffalo, and Black Rock, in New York, are situated on it ; and the Detroit, Huron, Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, Cuya- hoga, and Grand rivers flow into it. The Erie Canal, 363 miles long, connects Buffalo, on this lake, with Albany, on the Hudson river, pass- ing through the towns of Black Rock, Lockport, Albion, Rochester, Lyons, Syracuse, Rome, Whitesboro, Utica, Herkimer, Canajoharie, and Schenectady. The Ohio Canal, 307 miles long, connects Cleve- land, on the lake, with Portsmouth, on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Sciota river, passing through the towns of Cuyahoga Falls, Akron, Bolivia, New Philadelphia, Coshocton, Newark, Circleville, Chili- cothe,. and Piketon. L. ST. CLAIR. In the south-eastern part of Michigan and south- ern part of Canada West, about an equal distance from the southern part of Huron Lake, and the west end of Lake Erie. HURON L. Borders on the eastern and north-eastern parts of Michigan, and the western part of Canada West is 280 miles long, 90 miles wide, exclusive of Manitouline lake -and from 900 to 1000 feet deep. Its surface with Manitouline, comprises 19,000 square miles, and is 596 feet above the level of the ocean. The islands in this lake are very numerous ; they are said to amount to 32,000. MANITOULINE L. In the western part of Canada West a part of Huron Lake. MICHIGAN L. Forms nrostof the western boundary of Michigan the eastern boundary of Wisconsin the eastern boundary of the north- ern part of Illinois, and the north-western boundary of Indiana is 320 miles long, 90 miles wide, and 900 feet deep. Its surface com- prises 17,000 square miles, and is 600 feet above the level of the ocean. The towns of Manitouwoc, Sheboyagan, Washington, Mil- waukie, and Racine, in Wisconsin Chicago, in Illinois Michigan, city, in Indiana New Buffalo and South Haven, in Michigan, are situated on it, and the Monistic, Maskegon, Grand, Kalamazo, and St. Joseph's rivers flow into it. GRE'EN BAY. In the eastern part of Wisconsin a part of Michigan Lake is 100 miles long. The town of Navarino is situated at the head of it. L. SUPERIOR. Borders on the northern part of Michigan, the north of the western part of Wisconsin north-eastern part of Minesota Territory southern part of New South Wales, and forms the south- ern and south-western boundary of the north-western part of Canada is 430 miles long, 160 miles wide, and 900 feet deep. Its surface comprises 28,000 square miles, and is 641 feet above the level of the* ocean, being 45 feet higher than Huron Lake, and is the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Copper abounds in the country south of this lake. RAINY L. Between the southern part of New South Wales and northern part of Minesota Territory south-east of Lake of the Woods. LAKE OF THE WOODS. In the south-western part of New South Wales, south-east of Winnipeg Lake, bordering on the northern part of Minesota Territory, and is 100 miles long. SAGINAW BAY. In the eastern part of Michigan a part of Huron lake is 60 miles long, and 32 wide. 51 THUNDER BAY. In the eastern part of Michigan north of Sagi- naw Bay is a part of Huron lake. NEPISSING L. In Canada West, north of Lake Manitouline. RED L. In the northern part of Minesota Territory the source of Red river. SPIRIT L. In the eastern part of Minesota Territory the source of Rum river. L. ST. CROIX. In the south-eastern part of Minesota Territory the St. Croix river flows through it. PEPIN L. Between the western part of Wisconsin State and south-eastern part of Minesota Territory. The Mississippi flows through it. L. Qui PARLE AND BIG STONE L. In St. Peter's river, in the southern interior of Minesota Territory. TRAVERSE L. In the interior part of Minesota Territory north of Big Stone' lake. ELK L. In the eastern part of Minesota Territory north of Lake Qui Parle. OTTERTAIL L. In the interior part of Minesota Territory the source of a branch of Red river. ITASCAL. In the northern interior of Minesota Territory the source of Mississippi river. It is a beautiful sheet of water, of an irregular shape, about 8 miles long, situated among hills, covered with pine forests, and fed chiefly by springs it is near the 47 N. latitude and is 1500 feet above the level of the ocean. DEVIL L. In the northern interior of Minesota Territory. L. OKECHOBEE. In the southern part of Florida. L. BORGNE. Between the south-eastern part of Louisiana and south-eastern part of Mississippi. L. PONCHARTRAIN. In the east of the southern part of Louisiana. SABINE L. In the south-eastern part of Texas the Sabine river flows through it. SALINE L. In the interior part of Texas the Brazos river flows through it. ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. GRAND MENAN I. In the Atlantic Ocean south-east of Maine. MT. DESERT I In the Atlantic Ocean south of the eastern part of Maine. BOON I. AND ISLES OF SHOALS. In the Atlantic Ocean east of the southern part of New Hampshire. NANTUCKET, MARTHA'S VINEYARD, ELIZABETH'S I. AND No MAN'S LAND. In the Atlantic Ocean south-east of Massachusetts, and be- longing to this State. RHODE I. In Narraganset Bay east of the southern part of Rhode Island. The town of Newport is situated on it has a popu- lation of 9000. The State of Rhode Island derives its name from this island. BLOCK I. In the Atlantic Ocean south of the State of Rhode Island, and belongs to that State. FISHER'S I. In the Atlantic Ocean so ith of the eastern part of Connecticut. GARDINER'S I. In the Atlantic Ocean east of Long Island. LONG I. In the Atlantic Ocean south of Connecticut from which it is separated by Long Island Sound. It is 120 miles long-, and 20 miles wide. The city of Brooklyn and the towns of F., H, H., N. H., O., H., B., R., G., S. H., and J. are situated on it. GRAND I. In the Niagara river between Lake Erie and Niagara Falls 9 miles long, and its greatest width is 6 miles comprises more than 17,OiK) acres. MANITOULINE I. In Manitouline Lake bordering on the north- eastern part of Huron Lake. ROYAL I. In Lake Superior north-west of the central part. APOSTLE I. In the western part of Lake Superior north of the western part of Wisconsin. MOUNTAINS OF THE UNITED STATES. MARS HILL. In the east of the northern part of Maine. MT. KATAHDIN. In the northern interior of Maine 5000 feet high. WHITE MTS. In the north-eastern interior of New Hampshire their most elevated peaks are covered with snow, 9 or 10 months in the year though at a distance of more than 60 miles from the nearest part of the Atlantic Ocean, their snow-white summits are distinctly visible many leagues at sea, and along the coast of Maine. Mt. Washington, the highest peak, is 6234 feet high. The Notch, or Gap, on the west side of the mountain, is a deep and narrow de- file, extending two miles in length, between two huge cliffs. The entrance of the chasm being formed by two rocks, standing per- pendicular, at the distance of 22 feet from each other; the one about 20 feet high, and the other 12. A road passes through this notch, following the course of the head stream of the Saco. The mountain, otherwise a continuous range, is here cloven down to its base, opening a passage for this river. Several brooks, the tributa- ries of the Saco, fall down the sides of the mountain, forming a suc- cession of beautiful cascades, some of them within sight of the road, presenting the wildest and most romantic scenery. GREEN MTS. Extend through the interior part of Vermont, and the western part of Massachusetts and Connecticut; their course is north and south. These mountains give name to the State of Vermont, and constitute its most prominent feature. Their most elevated peaks are Mansfield Mountain, and Camel's Rump, the first 4280 feet high, the other 4188. WACHUSETT MT. In the interior part of Massachusetts. MT. HOLYOKE AND MT. TOM. In the western interior of Massachu- setts. The first east, and the other west of Connecticut river. MOHEGAN MTS. In the ncrth-eaastern part of New York. Mt. Marcy, the most elevated peak is 5300 feet high. CATSKILL MTS. In the eastern part of New York west of the Hudson river, and south of the Mohawk ; they are 3800 feet high. BLUE MTS. Extend through the eastern part of Pennsylvania north-western part of New Jersey, and south-eastern part of New York, their course is north-east and south-west. 53 BLUE RIDGE. Extends through parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia their course is north-east and south-west. BLACK MT. A peak of the Blue Ridge, in the north-western part of North Carolina the highest mountain in the United States, east of Mississippi river, being 6476 feet high. ALLEGHANY MTS. Extend through parts of Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama forming the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee their course is north-east and south-west they are 900 miles long, and half a mile high. CUMBERLAND MTS. Extend through parts of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama forming part of the boundary between Vir- ginia and Kentucky their course is north-east and south-west, and their height 2000 feet. OZARK MTS. 'Extend through the southern part of Missouri, north- western part of Arkansas, and south-eastern part of Indian Territory their course is north-east and south-west they are 2000 feet high. GREEN MTS. In the north-western part of Texas extending north- west and south-east. THREE PARKS. In the Rocky Mountains, in the western part of Indian Territory. BLACK HILLS. Extend through the south-eastern interior, and southern part of Missouri Territory their course is north-east and south-west. ROCK INDEPENDENCE and RED BUTTES. In the southern part of Missouri Territory, near the left bank of Platte river. WIND RIVER MTS. A spur of the Rocky Mountains, between the south-western part of Missouri Territory, and south-eastern part of Oregon Territory. GUADALUPE MTS. In the western interior of Texas extending nearly north and south. HIGH PEAK. In the eastern interior of Texas west of the Brazos river, 600 feet high. PILOT KNOB AND IRON MTS. In the eastern part of Missouri south of Missouri river. PICTURED ROCKS. In the northern Peninsula of Michigan on the southern coast of the eastern part of Lake Superior. They con- sist of a series of lofty bluffs and precipices exhibiting the appear- ance of towering walls, ruins, caverns, and waterfalls, in every variety of combination. They extend 12 miles along the coast, and are generally about 300 feet high often overhanging the water. The colour varies in shades of Hack, white, yellow, red, and brown. The waves, driven by the violent north winds, have worn the rocky shore into numerous ca- verns, bays, and indentations, which increase the romantic effect of their appearance. In one place a grand cascade tumbles from the top of a rock 70 feet above the surface of the lake in so wide a ' curve, that boats pass behind the sheet of water and the rocky shore. Another place exhibits a mass of rock supported by four natural pillars and overgrown with beautiful spruce and fir trees some of which are 50 or 60 feet high this is called " The Doric Rock,"- and closely resembles a work of art. 5* 54 CAPES OF THE UNITED STATES. CAPE ANN. A north-eastern point of Massachusetts extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. COD. A northern point of the south-eastern part of Massachu- setts extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. MALABAR. A south-eastern point of Massachusetts extending into the Atlantic Ocean. MONTAUK POINT. The most eastern point of Long Island, extend- ing into the Atlantic Ocean. C. MAY. A southern point of New Jersey extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. HENLOPEN. An eastern point of the southern part of Dela- ware extending into the Atlantic Ocean at the entrance of Dela- ware Bay. C. CHARLES. A southern point of that portion of Virginia situated east of Chesapeake Bay it extends into the mouth of the bay. C. HENRY. A south-eastern point of Virginia extending into the Atlantic Ocean at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay. C. HATTERAS. An eastern point of North Carolina extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. LOOKOUT. A south-eastern point of North Carolina extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. FEAR. A southern point of Smith's Island at the mouth of C. Fear river extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. CANNAVERAL. An eastern point of Florida extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. FLORIDA. A south-eastern point of Florida extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. SABLE. Most southern point of Florida extending into the Gulf of Mexico. C. ROMANS. A south-western point of the southern portion of Flo- rida extending into the Gulf of Mexico. C. SAN BLAS. A southern point of the north-western portion of Florida extending into the Gulf of Mexico, west of the mouth of Apalachicola river. C. Roxo. An eastern point of Mexico, extending into the Gulf of Mexico, south of the mouth of Tula river. C. DESCONOCIDA. A north-western point of Yucatan extending into the Gulf of Mexico. C. CATOCHE. A north-eastern point of Yucatan extending into the Channel of Yucatan. C. HONDURAS. A northern point of Guatemala extending into the Caribbean Sea, north-east of Truxillo. C. PALMA. A south-eastern point of the Peninsula of California- extending into the Pacific Ocean. Cs. GREGORY AND FOULWEATHER. Western points of Oregon Ter- ritory extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. FLATTERY. The most north-western point of Oregon Territory extending into the Pacific Ocean. CITIES. WASHINGTON, the capital of the United States, is situated on the left bank of the Potomac, 300 miles by the course of the river and bay, from the ocean. The Capitol, for the meetings of Congress, is situ- ated on Capitol Square, at the head of Pennsylvania Avenue, and commands a delightful view of the city and surrounding country. It is constructed of free-stone, and composed of a centre and two wings. The length of the whole is 352 feet; depth of the wings, 121 feet; height to* the top of the dome, 1*20 feet. The Senate chamber, in the north wing, is a semi-circle of 74 feet in length, and 42 in height. The Representatives' chamber, in the south wing, is also a semi-cir- cle, 96 feet in length and 60 in height. About a mile and a half west of the Capitol, is the President's house, an elegant structure of free-stone, two stories high, with a lofty basement, 180 feet long by 85 wide. Near it are four elegant brick buildings, occupied by the Secretaries or Heads of Departments. PHILADELPHIA is, next to New \ ork, the largest city in the United States, and in the extent, variety, and value of its manufactures, is the first city in the Union. It is pleasantly situated between the Dela- ware and Schuylkill, six miles above their confluence, and by the course of the Delaware river and bay, 120 miles from the ocean. Its commerce is very extensive, and ships of the line can sail up to the city. It is laid out in squares, and is probably the most regular and uniform city in the world. The streets are handsomely paved, broad, and pleasant, crossing each other at right angles, and kept remark- ably clean. The houses are neatly built of brick, three stories high, ornamented with marble steps and window sills. Philadelphia is abundantly supplied with excellent water from the Schuylkill. Water wheels, turned by the river, are employed to force the water up into extensive reservoirs, situated on the top of Fairmount, whence it is distributed to every part of the city. The scenery around the water- works, including Fairmount, with its six reservoirs, resembling so many beautiful lakes, is truly enchanting. The water supplying the suburbs of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties, is raised from the river by means of steam, a separate sys- tem of water- works having recently been constructed. The Schuylkill is crossed at Fairmount by a handsome wire sus- pension bridge, 343 feet in length, being the first of the kind which has been constructed in this country. BALTIMORE In the interior part of Maryland, on the north bank of the Patapsco river, 14 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay has a population of 120,000. As a market for tobacco, it is second to no other, and is the greatest flour market in the World. It is situated 93 miles south-west of Philadelphia, and 38 north-east of Washington. It has communication by railroad not only with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Annapolis, Frederick, Har- per's Ferry, York, Columbia, Lancaster, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Cham- bersburg, and Hagerstown. CINCINNATI. In the south-western part of Ohio on the right bank of the Ohio river 455 miles below Pittsburg and 1447 miles by the course of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, above New Orleans, 50 It has a population of 60,000 is the largest city in the Western States and the greatest pork market in the United States. From 300,000 to 400,000 head of swine are slaughtered here every winter. The Miami Canal, 180 miles long connects Cincinnati with the Wabash and Erie Canal, at Defiance, on the Maumee river. BOUNDARIES. When bounding countries, States, &c., a map or atlas, should be suspended or spread before the class, the book being refered to merely as a guide in reference to the order in which the boundaries should first be given, and then reversed. MAINE is bounded on the north by Canada East, from which it is separated by St. John's river on the east by New Brunswick, from which it is partly separated by St. Croix river on the south by the Atlantic Ocean on the west and north-west by New Hampshire and Canada East. NEW HAMPSHIRE is bounded on the north and north-west, by Canada East and Vermont on the east by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean on the south by Massachusetts on the west by Vermont, from which it is separated by Connecticut river. VERMONT is bounded on the north by Canada East on the east by New Hampshire, from which it is separated by Connecticut river on the south by Massachusetts on the west by New York, from which it is partly separated by Lake Champlain. MASSACHUSETTS is bounded on the north by V., N. H., and the Atlantic Ocean on the east by the A. O. on the south by the A. O., R. I., and C. and on the west by N. Y. RHODE ISLAND is bounded on the north and east by Mass. on the south by the A. O. and on the west by Conn. CONNECTICUT is bounded on the north by Mass. on the east by R. I. on the south by L. I. Sd. and on the west by N. Y. NEW YORK is bounded on the north and north-west by L. Ontario and Canada, from which it is partly separated by St. Lawrence river on the east by Vt., Mass., and Conn. being partly separated from Vermont by L. Champlain on the south by N. J. and Pa. on the west by Pa., L. Erie, L. Ontario, and Canada West, from which it is separated by Niagara river. NEW JERSEY is bounded on the north by N. Y. on the east by N. Y., Staten Island Sound and the A. Ocean. (Hudson river and Staten Island Sd. separating it from N. Y.) on the south by the A. 0. and Delaware Bay and on the west by Del. and Pa., from which it is separated by the Delaware R. PENNSYLVANIA is bounded on the north by L. E. and N. Y. on the east by N. Y. and N. J., from which it is separated by the Del. R. on the south by Del., Md., and Va. and on the west by Va. and O. OHIO is bounded on the north by Mich, and L. E. on the east by Pa. and Va. on the south-east and south by Va. and Ky., from which it is separated by the O. R. and on the west by Ind. INDIANA is bounded on the north by Mich. L. and Mich. State on the east by O. and Ky. on the south-east and south by Ky, from 57 whirh it is separated by the O. R. and on the west by 111., from which it is partly separated by the Wabash river. ILLINOIS is bounded on the north by Wis. on the east by Mich. L. Ind. and Ky. (being partly separated from Ind. by the Wabash R.) on the south and south-west by Ky. and Mo., from which it is separated by O. and Miss, rivers, and on the west by Mo. and Iowa, from which it is separated by Miss. R. MISSOURI is bounded on the north by Iowa on the east by 111., Ky. and Tenn., from which it is separated by Miss. R. on the south by Ark. and on the west by Indian Ter. from which it is partly separated by Mo. R. IOWA is bounded on the north by Minesota Ter., on the east by Wis. and 111., from which it is separated by Miss. R. on the south by Ark. and on the west by Indian and Minesota Ters., from which it is separated by Mo. and Sioux Rs. WISCONSIN is bounded on the north and north-east by L. Superior and the northern Peninsula of Mich, from which it is separated by Mennomonie and Montreal Rs. on the east by Mich. L. on the south by 111. and on the west by Iowa and Minesota Ter., being- separated from Iowa, and partly from Minesota Ter. by Miss. R. and St. Croix L. and R. MICHIGAN is bounded on the north by L. Superior on the north- east and east by Huron L. and Canada West from which it is separated by St. Mary's, St. Glair, and Detroit rivers on the south by O. and Ind. on the west and north-west by Mich. L. and L. Superior, and the northern Peninsula on the south-west by Wisconsin, from which it is separated by Mennomonie and Montreal rivers. DELAWARE is bounded on the north by Pa. on the east by N. J., Del. Bay, and the A. Ocean and on the south and west by Mary- land. MARYLAND is bounded on the north by Pa. and Del. on the east by Del. and the A. O. on the south, south-west, and west, by Va., from which it is mostly separated by the Potomac river. VIRGINIA is bounded on the north by Pa. and Md. on the north- east and east by Md. and the A. O., being mostly separated from Md. by the Potomac river on the south by N. C. and Tenn. on the west and north-west by Ky. and O., being separated from O. by O. river, and partly from Ky. by Big Sandy R. NORTH CAROLINA is bounded on the north by Va. on the east and south-east by the A. O. on the south-west and south by S. C. and Ga. and on the west by Tenn. SOUTH CAROLINA is bounded on the north and north-east by N. C. on the south-east by the A. O. and on the south-west and west by Ga., from which it is separated by Savannah R. GEORGIA is bounded on the north by Tenn. and N. C. on the north- east and east by S. C. and the A. O., being separated from S. C. by Savannah R. on the south by Florida and on the west by Florida and Ala., from which it is partly separated by Chattahoochee R. FLORIDA is bounded on the north by Ala. and Ga. on the east by the A. O. on the south and west by the Gulf of Mexico and Ala. ALABAMA is bounded on the north by Tenn. on the east by Ga., from which it is partly separated by Chattahocchee R. on the south ny Florida and the Gulf of Mexico and on the west by Miss. 58 MISSISSIPPI is bounded on the north bj Tenn. on the east by Ala on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and La. and on the west by La. and Ark., from which it is separated by the Pearl and Miss, rivers. LOUISIANA is bounded on the north by Ark. and Miss. on the east by Miss, and the Gulf of Mexico, being separated from Miss, by Miss. and Pearl rivers on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and on the west by Texas, from which it is partly separated by Sabine R. ARKANSAS is bounded on the north by Mo. on the east by Mo., Tenn., and Miss., from which it is separated by St. Francis and Miss, rivers on the south by La. and on the west by Texas and Indian Terr. TENNESSEE is bounded on the north by Ky. and Va. on the east by N. C. - on the south by Ga., Ala., and Miss. and on the west by Ark. and Mo., from which it is separated by Miss. R. KENTUCKY is bounded on the north-west and north by 111., Ind., and O., from which it is separated by Ohio R. and on the east by Va., from which it is partly separated by Big Sandy R. on the soutii by Tenn. and on the west by Mo. and 111"., from which it is sepa- rated by Miss, and O. rivers. PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. Where is the Penobscot R. Potomac R. Santee R. Savannah R. Green R. Galveston B. York R. Schuylkill R. Vacassar B. Alleghany Mts. Delaware B. C.FearR. Muskingum R. Juniata R. Buzzard's B. Casco'B. Chesapeake B. Saco R. Yazoo R. Licking R. Oneida L. Vineyard Sd. Sabine R. Saginaw B. Winnipiseogee L. Brazos R. Mobile B. Albemarle Sound. Green Mts. New Inlet. Mohawk R. Roanoke R. L. Island Sound. Pensacola B. Genesee R. Big Sandy R. Tar R. Miami R. C. Cod. Rappahannock R. Skeneateles L. Moosehead L. Flint R. Wabash R. L. Erie. Muscle Shoals. Muscongus B. L. Champlain. Mars Hill. C. Hatteras. Black Mt. Black Hills. Seneca L. Delaware R. Grand R. Rum R. Wachusett Mt. C. Henry. Pearl R. 59 Tatties R. Colorado R. Rock R. Nantucket I. Arkansas R. C. Lookout. Barataria B. Gr. Pedee R. Mt. Holyoke. Connecticut R. L. Nepissing. C. Romans. Itasca L. White Mts. Isle of Shoals. Mohegan Mts. Kaskaskia R. Mt. Desert I. Pictured Rocks. L. Okechobee. Elizabeth's I. L. Memphramagog. Tombigbee R. Penobscot B. St. Joseph's R. Ozark Mts. Catskill Mts. Martha's Vineyard. Platte R. Temiscouata L. How do the waters of Green Bay reach tht Ohio R. Mt. Hood. ocean ? Til' TV Mississippi R. Missouri R. Altamaha R. Chesuncook L. L. Michigan. Spirit L. L. George. Philadelphia. C. Henlopen. Cincinnati. Des Moines R. Alabama R. Illinois it. Red R. Hudson R. Chattahoochee R. Tennessee R. Merrimack R. Baltimore. Black B. JNeuse R. Thunder Bay. Passamaquoddy B. Bound Pa. Osage R. Matagorda B. Block I. Yellow Stone R. Mt. Katahdin. Washington City. PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS MAP OF N. AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES. Where is the Coronation G. Charlotte Harbour. Sts. of Bellisle. Amatique B. Arctic Highlands. Koksak R. Severn R. Penobscot R. Potomac R. Santee R. Savannah R. Great Whale R. Mt. St. Elias. Bay of Fundy. Chesterfield Inlet. Great Salt L. Cosiguina Mt. Green R. Calveston B. York R. Schuylkill R. Vacassar B. L. Chelekhof, (or Shelekhof.) Water Volcano. L. Mistissinny. Alleghany Mts. Gulf of California. L. of the Woods. Hudson's B. Delaware B. Cape Fear R. Muskingum R. Juniata R. Smith's Sd. Cook's Inlet. Bay of Honduras. Scioto B. Buzzard's B. Casco B. Chesapeake B. Saco B. Yazoo R. Licking R. Gulf of Tehuantepec. L. Chapala. Gut of Canseau, (or Canso.) C Elizabeth. Pr. Edward's I. Oneida L. Vineyard Sd. Sabine R. Saginaw B. \Vinnipiseogee L. Brazos R. Mobile B. C. Chudleigh. C. Race. Snowy Range Mts. Disco I. Com Is. Kodiak I. King's C. Albemarle Sd. Green Mts. New Inlet. Mohawk R. Roanoke R. Davy's Sd. C. Brewster. Tampa B. . Musquito B. Sitka I. L. Caniapuscaw. Long Island Sd. Pensacola B. Genesee R. Big- Sand R. TarR. 0. Cod. Miami R. Tule Lakes. C. St. John. James B. Mt. Hooker. C. Sable. C. Closterbay. Shoomagin I. Gulf of Georgia. Southampton I. Nantucket I. Rappahannock R. Skeneateles L. Moosehead L. C. Corrientes. C. Walsingham. Albany R. Str. of Juan de Fuca. Flint R. Wabash R. L. Erie. Muscle Shoals. Muscongus B. L. Champlain. Mars Hill. L. Nicarao-ua. Antjcosti I. I. of Pines. Melville I. C. St. Lewis. Gr. Bear L. Ungava B. B. of Campeachy, (or Campeche.) Ottawa R. C. St. Antonio. C. Hatteras. C. Catoche. Black Mt. Black Hills. Seneca L. Delaware R. Grand R. Rum R. Wachusett Mt. Richmond G. Pr. William's Sd. C. Mendocino. Bahama Is. Mt. Hooker. C. Henry. Pictured Rocks. Pearl R. Sabine R. Nantucket I. Barataria B. Savannah R. Connecticut R. Itasca L. L. Memphramagog. Popocatapetl Mt. Great Slave L. Jan Mayen I. Nunnivack I. Fox Channel. Ardencaple Inlet. Iceland. Vineyard Sound. Chatham B. Cumberland R. St. Joseph's R. Salt R. Brazos R. Behring's Str. Jamaica I. Guanaxuato T. Quebec. Illinois R. Chattahoochee R. Red R. Hudson R. Trinidad I. Rocky Mts. Tennessee R. Merrimack R. Bound Pa. Massachusetts. Ohio. New York. Neuse R. Block I. Piatte R. Mt. Jorullo. POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF EUROPE. Lapland. Naples, Naples Finland. Pope'dorn, Rome. Russia, St. Peters- San Marino, (san-ma- burg ree'no,) S. Marino. Austria, Vienna, Tuscany, Florence. (ve-en'na.) Lombardy and Ven'ice Turkey, Constantino'- Mil'an pie Mod'ena, ) AT , Greece, Ath'ens. Lucca, $ lV1 Italy Parma, Parma. Sardinia, Turin Switzerland, Berne, Lucerne', Zu'rich France, Parts. Spain, Madrid' Portugal, Lisbon. Ireland, Dublin. Scotland, Edinburgh- (ed'-in-buruh.) Wales. England, London. Germany, Frankfort Bel'gium, Brussels. Holland, Hague. Han'over, Hanover Oldenburg, Oldenburg Holstein, Gluckstadt- (hol'stine.) " Meck'lenburg Schwe- rin, Schwerin (shwa-reen'.) Mecklinburg, Strel'its, New Strelitz Saxe Weimar, Weimar, (sax-wi'mar.) Saxe Al'tcnburg, Al- tenburg. Saxe Coburg, Groth*b Saxe Meiningen, Mei ningen (sax-mi'ning-en.) Hesse Cassel, Cassel, (hes-kas'sl.) Westpha'lia, Munster- Nas'sau, Wlsbad'en. Hesse Homburg, Horn- fa urg Hesse Darmstadt, Darmstadt. Luxemburg, Luxem b u rg Bad'en, Carlsruhe, ' mberg.) Stutt'gard. Bavaria, Munich. Saxony, Dresden Prussia, Ber'lin. Poland, Warsaw. Sweden, Stockholm. Norway, Christian'ia- NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. Arctic Ocean. White Sea, 400 m. 1. Tcheskaya Gulf (ches-ki'a.) Sea of Az'of, 200 m. 1. (or Azov.) Str. of Yenikale, 2, (yen-e-kal'a.) (or Enikale.) Black Sea, 760 m. 1. G. of Burgas, (boor'gas.) Channel of Constanti- nople, 1 m. w. Sea of Moi'mora, 150 Str. of Dardanelles, 2. Archipelago. Gulf of Ath'ens Mediterranean Sea, 2250 m. 1. G. of Ven'ice, 500. Str. of Ostran'to G. of Tar'anto. Str. of Messina, 2. (mes-see'nah.) Orosei G. (o-ro-sa'e.) Str. of Bonifacio. G. of Gen'oa. L. Gar'da, 35 m. 1. L. Gene'va, 47. L. Constance, 45. G. of Lyons Str. of Gibraltar, 15. Atlantic Ocean. Bay of Biscay English Channel. Str. of Dover, 21 m.w. St. George's Channel Bristol Channel. Irish Sea, 130 m. 1., 100 w. North Channel, 12 m. w. Donegal Bay, (don-e-gaul'.) Galway Bay, (gal'way.) Dingle Bay. Kenmare B. Bantry B. The M inch Channel- Murray Frith. Frith of Forth. Sol way Frith Frith of Clyde. North Sea, 450 m. w. Zuyder Zee (zi'der-zee.) Skager Rack. Cattegat. L. Wen'er, 80 m. L L. Wet'ter, 70. L. Maelar, 70. (ma'lar.) (or Maelaren.) 6 Baltic Sea, 800m. 1 G. of Dant'zic. Gulf of Both'nia, 430 m. 1. G. of Finland, 280 G. of Riga, (ree'ga.) L. Peipus, 90, (pa'e-pooce.) L. ll'man L. Lado'ga, 130. L. One'ga, 150. L. Top L. Purus, (poo'rus.) L. Kalla. L. Enarc (en-ah-ra'.) Drontheim, (or Trond jem) Fiord. Bergen Bay. Bukke Fiord. RIVERS, One'ga, 3. Dwi'na, 7. Souko'na Vitchegda, (ve-tshegMah.) Mezene, 4, (mez-ain'.) Petchora, 6 (petch-o'ra.) Volga, 20. Biela, (be-a'lah.) Meuse, 4. Rhine, 9. Milo, (me'lo.) Cerigo, (tsher'e-go.) Kam'a Ems, 1 Ionian Is. Viatka, 4. Weser, 3. Zan'te. (ve-afkah.) Elbe, 6. Cephalo'nia. Moskwa, Oder, 4 Corfu (kor-foo'.) (or Moskva.) Warta, Malta. Oka (or Wartha,) 3. Sicily. Medviedit'sa. Yis'tula, 5^. Lip'ari Is. Kho'per. Bug, 3 (boog.) Sardinia. Don, 10 Niemen, 4. Cor'sica. Donetz', 4. (nee'men.) Elba Dnieper, 10, Duna, 3. Bal-e-ar'ic Is. (nee' per.) ^Umea, 2^ Minor'ca. Desna, 4 (oo'me-o.) Major'ca Prip'ets, 4$. Kemi, (ka'me.) Iviga, (e-vee'sah.) (or Prypetz.) Tornea, 24. Jersey. Boa, 4. Kal'ix, 2i Guernsey Dniester, 5 Lu'lea, 2. Alderney. (nees'ter.) Skellef tea, 2. Sark. Pruth. 4. Indals, 1^ Scilly Is. IWube, 16. Ljusne, I. of Wight. Theiss, 4i (lyoos'na.) Ang'lesea (tice.) Dal, 3, (or Dahl.) I. of Man. Inn. Clara, 2i. Achil, (ak'il.) Drave, 4. Gloramen, 2^. Hebrides Is. Save, 5 Thames, 2. (heb'rid-ez.) Marit'za, Severn, 2 Mull. (or Marissa.) Humber. Skye. Ti'ber, 1$. Shannon, 2. South Uist, Ar'no. Bann (wist.) Po, 4 Boyne. North Uist Rhone, 5$. Barrow. Lewis. Saone. Tweed Ork'ney. E'bro, 3| Tay. Pomo'na Guadalquiv'ir, 4. Spey. Shet'land Is. Guadia'na, 5. Clyde. Mainland. Tagus, 5^ Far'oe Is. Mondego, ISLANDS, Osteroe. (mon-da'go.) Cyprus. Stro'moe. Douro, Rliodes. Su'deroe (or Duero,) 4. Can'dia, Qual'oe. Minho, (meen'yo,) (or Crete) So'roe. (or Mino,) 1 Samos. Senjen Gironde, 3. (je-rond'.) Scio, (shee'o.) Lang / oe. Garonne, (gah-ron'.) (or Chios.) Loffo'den Is. Dordogne Metelin Vigten Loire, 6. (Iwor.) (met-e-leen'.) Hit'teren Seine, 4i. (sane.) Lemnos. Funen. Scheldt, Neg'ropont. Zealand (or Schelde,) 2. Naxia Born'holm. A in Swedish is pronounced like English o. Rugen. Oland Gothland. Oesel, (e'sel.) Al'and. Dag'o. Matapan' Passaro, (pas'sah-ro.) Teulada, (too-lah'dalO St. Antonio De Gatt. St. Vin'cent. Finistere (fin-is-lair*.) MOUNTAINS, Dovrefield, (do-vre-fe-eld',) (or Dofrafield, 7600 Or'tegal. f. h. Land's End. Scandinavian Mts. Clear. Ural Mts., 1400 in. 1. The Naze 4000 f. h. Carpathian Mts., 8600 Towns on theDanube R. f. h. Balkan' Mts.700m.l. Alps Mts., 700 m. 1. Mt. Blanc, 15,533 f. h. Ap'ennine Mts., 11,000 ^a" 4r eS Mts., 5292 f^ h ' , , Pesth. (sa-venn'.) Belgrade' Auvergne Mts., 6470 wid'in-' Tol'edo. Madrid 7 . Douro Oporto. Valladolid'. Burgos, (boorVas.) So'ria. Nicopoli, (ne-kop'o-le.) Roos'-tchook. Sil-is'tria. Ibraila, (e-brah-ee'lah.) Ismail ' (is-mah-eel'.) f. h. (o-vern'.) Montserrat, 3939 f. h. Pyrenees Mts. Vesuvius, 3932 f. h. Etna, 10,870 f. h. Stromboli, 2882 f. h. (strom'bo-le.) Sierra Nevada, se-er'rah-ne-vah'dah. Mulahacen, 1 1,678 f.h. ^ , Erbo R - (moo-lah-ah-then'O J; ortosa / Sierra More'na, 5883 Sara os sa ' ( or f. h. g za ) Sierra Guadalupe'. Vittona. Sierra Estrel'la, 8520 f. h. Guadalquiwr R Canta'brian Mts., 11,- Sev'ille. 200 f. h. Cor'dova. Grampian Hills. Cheviot Hills, (tshiv'e-ut.) Mt. Snowdon, 3570 Zara- Xeres de la Fontera. (ha'res-da-lah-fron- ta'rah.) CAPES, North. Sviatoi, (svee-a-toi'.) Tagus R. Lisbon. Talaveia. (tah-lahva'rah.) Garonne R. Bordeaux, (bor-do'.) (or Bourdeaux.) Montauban'. Toulouse, (too-looz'.) Loire R. Nantes, (nants.) An'gers, Tours, (toor.) Orleans. Bourges. Limoges. Seine R. Havre, (ha/r.) Rouen, (roo'en.) Rheims. Chalons. Troyes. Paris. Rhine R. Leyden, (or Leiden.) (li'den.) Rotterdam. Cologne, (ko-lone'.) Mentz. Manheim. Stras'burg. Basel Schaffhausen, (shaff-how'zen.) Elbe R. Hamburg. Al'tona, (or Altena.) Mag / deburg. Dresden. Prague. 64 Leipsic, (or Leipzig,) (lipe'sik.) Gron'ing-en Amsterdam. Liverpool. Manchester Halle, (hal'leh.) Rotterdam. Norwich. Ant'werp. Yarmouth. Oder. R. Liege Durham. Bres'lau. Ghent. Sunderland. Frankfort. Lille, (leel.) New Castle. Stettin. Waterloo. Carlisle Vistula R. Gulf of Lyons. Ireland. Cra'cow. Narbonne, Sli'go. Warsaw. (nar-bonn ; .) Gal way. Thorn, (torn.) Montpel'lier. Lim'erick. Dant'zic, (o.r Danzig.) Marseilles, Yonghall, (yawl.) (mar-sailz'.) Cork. Sicily I. Toulon, (too-lon'.) Kinssale'. Messina, Killar'ney (mes-see'nah.) England. Londonderry. Syr'acuse. Tun'bridge. Belfast 7 . Catania, Maid'stone. Armagh'. (kah-tah'ne-ah.) Chatham, (chat'um.) Newry. Girgenti, ( jeer-jen'te.) Marsala, Margate, (mar'get.) Canterbury. Dundalk. Drogheda, (mar-sah'lah.) Dover. (droh'he-da.) Trapani, Brigh'ton. Wex'ford. (trah'pah-ne.) Portsmouth. Waterford. Palermo. Plym'outh. Clonmell' Ex'eter. Spain. Taunton, (tan'tun.) Scotland. Cadez, (ka'diz.) Bristol. Green'ock. Gibraltar. Bath. Glas'gow. Mal'aga. Cheltenham, Paisley. Granada, (tshelt'num.) Kilmar'nock. (gran-ah'da.) Birmingham, Edinburgh. Cartage'na. Valencia. (bir'ining-um.) Leicester, (les'ter.) Perth. Dundee' Barcelo'na. Nottingham, Montrose'. (not'ting-um.) Aberdeen'. Lu'beck. Hull. Banff. Ham'burg York. El'gin. Brem'en. Leeds. Inverness' ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. BODIES OF WATER. ARCTIC OCEAN. Surrounds the North Pole and borders on the northern part of Europe, Asia, and North America is of a circular form, being more than 3000 miles in diameter. Near the Pole it is covered with vast immovable fields and mountains of ice. In 70 there is usually floating 1 masses, called icebergs, at all seasons. The appearance of these sometimes 600 feet high, and glittering in the sunbeams is grand and beautiful but dangerous to navigation. WHITE SEA. In the northern part of Russia is 400 miles long. Onega, Dwina, and Mezene rivers flow into it. TCHESKAYA GULF. In the north-eastern part of Russia a part of the Arctic Ocean. SEA OF AZOF. In the southern part of Russia, north of the Black Sea bordering on the south-western part of Asiatic Russia is '200 miles long. The Don river flows into it, and the town of Taganrog is situated on it, and has a population of 18,000. STR. OF YENIKALE. Separates tlie Peninsula of Crimea from Circassia, in Asia and connects the waters of the Sea of Azof uLk the Black Sea it is two miles wide. BLACK SEA. Borders on the southern part of Russia the eastern. part of Turkey the northern part of Asia Minor and the western part of Georgia, in Asia. It is 760 miles long greatest width 400 miles area 160,000 square miles. The Danube, Dneister, Bog, and Dneiper rivers flow into it. It is connected with the Sea of Azof by the Str. of Yenikale, and with the Sea of Marmora by the Chan, of Constantinople. The town of Odes'sa is situated on its north-west coast has a population of 69,000. GULF OF BURGAS. In the eastern uart of Turkey a part of the Black Sea. CHAN. OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Separates the eastern part of Turkey from the north- west&rn part of Asia Minor and connects the waters of the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora. It is 1^ miles wide. SEA OF MARMORA. Between the south-eastern part of Turkey and the north-western part of Asia Minor is 160 miles long, and 50 wide is connected with the Black Sea by the Chan, of Constant! nople, and with the Grecian Archipelago by the Str. of Dardanelles. STR. OF DARDANELLES, OR HEL'LES-PONT. Separates the most south- ern point of the eastern part of Turkey from the western part of Asia Minor and connects the waters of the Sea of Marmora with the Ar- chipelago. It is two miles wide. 6* GO ARCHIPELAGO, or, THE ^-GE'AN SEA. That portion of the Mediter- ranean Sea which lies between the eastern part of Greece, and west- ern part of Asia Minor and is south of the central part of Turkey. GULF OF ATHENS. In the eastern part of Greece a part of the Mediterranean Sea. MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Bounds Europe and Asia Minor on the south Africa on the north and Syria on the west is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar. It is 2*250 miles long- its greatest width is 1100 miles' area 690,000 square miles. The chief feeders of the Mediterranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Po, Arno, Tiber, Maritza, and Nile, with the various waters of the Danube, Dniester, Bog, Dneiper, and Don rivers, brought from the Black Sea, by the strong current which sets west through the Strait of Darda- nelles. But notwithstanding this vast supply, the evaporation is so rapid, that water constantly passes in through the Strait of Gibraltar, to restore the equilibrium. GULF OF VENICE. Borders on the south-western part of Austria western part of Turkey, north-eastern part of Naples and Poped ora and forms an eastern and south-eastern boundary of Lombardy and Venice is 500 miles long. The Po river flows into it. The city of Venice is situated at the head of it, on 72 small islands, connected by 500 bridges has a population of 100,000. Nearly all the inter- course of the place is carried on by means of canals, which intersect every part of the city and gondolas are the universal substitute for carriages and horses. STR. OF OTRANTO. Separates the south-western part of Turkey from the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Naples and connects the Gulf of Venice with the Mediterranean Sea. The town of Otranto in the south-eastern part of Naples, is situated on it aad has a popu- lation of 2000. GULF OF TARANTO. In the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Naples a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The town of Taranto is situated on it and has a population of 20,000. STR. OF MESSINA. Separates the north-eastern part of Sicily from the south-western part of the kingdom of Naples is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, and two miles wide. OROSEI GULF. In the eastern part of Sardinia island a part of the Mediterranean Sea. STR. OF BONIFACIO. Separates the islands of Corsica and Sardinia is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. GULF OF GENOA. In the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Sar- dinia a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Genoa, the birth-place of Christopher Columbus, is situated on it and has a population of 115,000. LAKE GARDA. In the interior part of Lombardy and Venice is connected by an outlet with the Po river. It is 35 miles long. L. GENEVA. In the south-western part of Switzerland 47 miles long, 9 wide, and 900 feet deep. Its surface is 1150 feet above the level of the ocean. The Rhone river flows through it. The city of Geneva is situated at its south-western extremity has a population of 30,000, and is celebrated for its manufacture of watches. L. CONSTANCE. Between the north-eastern part of Switzerland and the southern part of Wirtemburg extending into the south-eastern 67 part of Baden. It is 45 miles long, 13 wide, and 9GI feet deep. Its surface is 1283 feet above the level of the ocean. The Rhine river flows through it. The town of Constance is situated on its southern bank has a population of 5000. GULF OF LYONS. In the southern part of France a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone river flows into it. The towns of N., M., M., and T. are situated near it. STR. OF GIBRALTAR. Separates the south-western part of Spain from the northern part of Morocco connects the waters of the Me- diterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean is 15 miles wide. The rock of Gibraltar, projecting into the strait, is the strongest and most remarkable fortress in the world, forming a promontory three miles in length, from north to south, and -from 1200 to 1400 feet high, besides other fortifications of extraordinary strength, there are two excavations, called galleries wrought in the solid rock sufficiently capacious to contain the whole garrison in time of a siege. They are narrow, and extend from two to three miles in length and are mounted with heavy cannon, at intervals of every twelve yards there being port-holes on the sides of the gal- leries. In fact, the whole rock is lined with the most formidable batteries from the water's edge to its summit so that, if properly victualled and garrisoned, Gibraltar may be said to be impregnable. The town of Gibraltar is situated at the foot of the rock, on the north-west side has a population of 20,000. BAY OF BISCAY. North of Spain, and west of France a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Loire and Gironde rivers flow into it. ENGLISH CHANNEL. Between the southern part of England, and north-western part of France a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is connected with the North Sea by the Strait of Dover. STR. OF DOVER. Separates the south-eastern part of England from the northern part of France and connects the waters of the English Channel with the North Sea. It is 21 miles wide. Dover in Eng- land, and Cal'ais in France are situated on it. ST. GEORGE'S CHANNEL. Separates the south-eastern part of Ire- land from the south-western part of Wales and connects the waters of the Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. BRISTOL CHANNEL. Between the southern part of Wales, and the northern part of the south-western portion of England a part of the Atlantic Ocean 80 miles long, and 50 wide. The Severn river flows into it. IRISH SEA. Between the eastern part of Ireland, and western part of England, and southern part of Scotland 130 miles long, and 100 wide. NORTH CHANNEL. Separates the north-eastern part of Ireland from the south-western part of Scotland and connects the waters of the Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. It is 12 miles wide. DONEGAL BAY. In the west of the northern part of Ireland a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The town of Donegal is situated on it has a population of 5000. BANTRY, KENMARE, AND DINGLE BAYS. In the south-western part of Ireland parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The towns of Bantry and Kenmare are situated on the first and second. GALWAY BAY. In the western part of Ireland a part of the At- 08 lantic Ocean. The town of Gal way is situated on it has a popula- tion of 15,000. THE MINCH CHANNEL. Between the north-western part of Scotland and Lewis island a part of the Atlantic Ocean. MURRAY FRITH. In the east of the northern part of Scotland a part of the Atlantic Ocean. FRITH OF FORTH. In the east of the southern part of Scotland a part of the Atlantic Ocean. SOLWAY FRITH. Between the southern part of Scotland and the north-western part of England a part of the Irish Sea. FRITH OF CLYDE. In the south-western part of Scotland a part of the Atlantic Ocean. NORTH SEA. Borders on the eastern part of Scotland and Eng- land the northern part, of France and Oldenburg-, north-western part of Belgium, Holland, and Hanover western part of the Peninsula of Jutland and the south-western part of .Norway is 450 miles wide. ZUYDER ZEE. In the northern part of Holland a part of the North Sea. It is 90 miles long-, and 50 wide. SKAGER RACK. Separates the southern part of Norway from the northern part of Jutland ai.d connects the Cattegat with the North Sea. CATTEGAT. Between the south-western part of Sweden and north- eastern part of Jutland connected with the North Sea by the Skager Rack and with the Baltic by the Sound, Great and Little Belts. LAKE WENER. In the south-western part of Sweden 90 miles long, and 50 wide is connected with the Cattegat by the Gotha river, on which is the town of Gotheborg, (go'te-borg,) situated three miles from its mouth, with a population of 29,000. L. WETTER. In the southern part of Sweden 80 miles long, and 17 wide connected by an outlet with the Baltic Sea, and also with L. Wener. L. MALAREN. In the east of the southern part of Sweden com- municating with the Baltic Sea at Stockholm. It is 70 miles long. BALTIC SEA. between the eastern part of Sweden vvestern part of Russia, and northern part of Prussia. It is 800 miles long. GULF OF DANTZICX. In the north-eastern part of Prussia a pnrt of the Baltic Sea. The town of D. is situated on it has a popula- tion 62,000 and the Vistula flows into it. GULF OF FINLAND. In the western part of Russia, south of Fin- land a part of the Baltic Sea. It is 280 miles long, and 75 wide. The town of Croristadt, situated on Retusari island, near the head of the gulf has a population of 40,000. GULF OF BOTHNIA, Between the eastern part of Sweden, and west- ern part of Finland comprising the northern arm of the Baltic Sea. It is 430 miles long. The U., K., T., K., L., S., I., L., and L>. rivers flow into it. GULF OF RIGA. In the western part of Russia, south-west of the Gulf. of Finland is a part of the Baltic Sea. The town of Riga is situated on the Duna river, which flows into it and is nine miles from its mouth has a population of 60,000. L. PEIPUS. In the western part of Russia, south, of the Gulf of Finland, with which it is connected by an outlet, called the Nar.^ G9 river, on which is the town of Narva. This lake is 90 miles long, and 30 wide. The town of Pskof is situated near its southern ex- tremity has a population of 12,000. L. ILMAN. In the western interior of Russia south of Lake La- doga, with which it is connected by an outlet. The town of Novgo- rod is situated on it has a population of 10,000. L. LADOGA. In the western part of Russia east of the Gulf of Finland with which it is connected by an outlet called the Neva river, at the mouth of which is situated the city of St. Petersburg, with a population of 476,000. It is 130 miles long, and 75 wide being the largest collection of fresh water in Europe. L. ONEGA. In the northern interior of Russia north-east of Lake Ladoga, with which it is connected, and also with the Volga river 140 miles long, and 45 wide. L. TOP. In the northern part of Russia south-west of the White Sea. Ls. PURUS AND KALLA. In the south-eastern part of Finland. L. ENARE. In the north-western part of Lapland. DRONTHEIM FIORD. In the western part of Norway a part of the Atlantic Ocean. BERGEN BAY AND BUKKE FIORD. In the south-western part of Norway a part of the Atlantic Ocean. RIVERS IN EUROPE. ONEGA R. Rises in a small lake in the northern interior of Rus- sia flows first a northerly, then a north-easterly, and lastly, a north- westerly course into the White Sea. It is 300 miles long. The town of Onega is situated at its mouth. DWINA R. Formed by the junction of S. and V. rivers, in the north-eastern interior of Russia flows a north-westerly course into the W T hite Sea, and is 700 miles long. The town of A. is situated at its rnouth has a population of 20,000. MEZENE R. Rises in the north of the eastern part of Russia flows a north-westerly course into the W'hite Sea, and is 400 miles long. The town of M. is situated near its mouth. PETCHORA R. Rises in the Ural mountains, in the north-eastern part of Russia flows first a winding northerly, then a. westerly, and lastly, a northerly course into the Arctic Ocean, and is 600 miles long. VOLGA R. Rises in the western interior of Russia, in 57 of N. latitude, or 3947 miles north of the equator, at an elevation of 900 feet above the level of the ocean flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, then an easterly, then a south- westerly, and lastly, a south-easterly course. Its general course be- ing south-east, passing through the interior part of Russia, forming part of the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia flows into the Caspian Sea, and is 2000 miles long. A., T., S., S., K., N., K., J., and T. are situated on it. KAMA R. Rises in the north-eastern interior of Russia flows first a north-easterly, then an easterly, then a southerly, and lastly, a south- 70 westerly course, and forms a junction with the Volga. It is about 900 miles long. Perm is situated on it. VIATKA R. "Rises in the eastern part of Russia flows first a general westerly, then winds round to the south, in form of a cres- cent, after which it takes a south-easterly course and unites with the Kama. It is 450 miles long. The town of Viatka is situated on it. MOSKVA R. Rises in the interior part of Russia flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly course is a branch of the Oka river. The city of Moscow is situated on it has a population of 350,000. About two-thirds of Moscow was destroyed by fire in 1812. The conflagration being the act of the Russian government, for the pur- pose of rendering it impossible for the French army to winter in the city. OKA R. Rises in the interior part of Russia unites with the Moskva and flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly course is a branch of the Volga. Kal-oo'ga is situated on it has a population of 32,000. _ MEDVIEDITZA R. Rises in the east of the southern part of Rus- sia flows a 'south-westerly course" is a branch of Don river. KHOPER R. Rises in the southeastern interior of Russia flows a southerly course is a branch of Don river. DON R. Rises in the interior part of Russia flows first a general south-easterly, then a south-westerly course forming part of the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia flows into the Sea of Azof. It is 1000 miles long. The towns of T., V., and New T. are situated on it. DONETZ R. Rises in the southern interior of Russia flows first a southerly, than a south-easterly, and lastly, a south-westerly course is a branch of the DDL river, and is 450 miles long. DNIEPER R. Rises in the interior part of Russia flows first a south- westerly, then a southerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a south- westerly course into the Black Sea. It is 1000 miles long. The towns of S., M., K., and C. are situated on it. DESNA R. Rises in the southern interior of Russia flows south- east, southerly, and lastly, a south-westerly course is a branch of the Dnieper river, and is 400 miles long. T. is situated on it. PRIPETS R. Formed by two branches in the south-western part of Russia flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly course is a branch of the Dnieper river, and is 450 miles long. BOG R. Rises in the south-western part of Russia flows a south- easterly course into the Black Sea, and is 400 miles long. The town of N. is situated on it. DNIESTER R. Rises in the north-eastern part of Austria flows a south-easterly course through the south-western part of Russia into the Black Sea, and is 500 miles long. PRUTH R. Rises in the eastern part of Austria flows first an east- erly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a southerly course, forming part of the boundary between Russia and Turkey is a branch of the Danube river, and is 400 miles long. The town of J. is situated near it. DANUBE R. Rises in the eastern declivity of the Black Forest in the south-eastern part of Baden, in 48 of N. latitude, or 3324 miles north of the equator, at an elevation of 2178 feet above the level of 71 the ocean flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly, then an easterly, then a southerly, then a general south-easterly, then an easterly, then a winding north-easterly, and lastly, an easterly course- passing through Wirtemberg, Bavaria, Austria, and Turkey, forming part of the boundary between Austria and Turkey, and Turkey and Russia flows into the Black Sea by several mouths. It is 1700 miles long. The towns of IL, R., L., V., B., O., P., P., B., W., N., R., S., L, and I. are situated on it. It is navigable for large ships to Silistria. THEISS R. Rises in the south-western declivity of the Carpathian mountains in the eastern part of Austria flows first a north-west- erly, then a south-westerly, and lastly, a southerly course is a branch of the Danube river and is 450 miles long. INN R. Rises in the eastern part of Switzerland flows first a north-easterly, then a northerly, and lastly, an easterly course through Tyrol and Bavaria and forming part of the boundary be- tween 5 Bavaria and Austria is^a branch of the Danube. It is 300 miles long. DRAVE R. Rises among the Alps mountains, in the south-western part of Austria flows a south-easterly course is a branch of the. Danube, and is 400 miles long. SAVE R. Rises among the Alps mountains, in the south-western part of Austria flows first a south-easterly, then an easterly course forming part of the boundary between Austria and Turkey is a branch of the Danube, and is 400 miles long. The towns of L. and A. are situated on it. MARITZA R. Rises in the south-eastern interior of Turkey flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course, into the Archipelago. Tne town of Adrianople is situated on it has a population of 100,000. TIBER R. Rises among the Apennine mountains, in the northern part of Poped om flows a general southerly course, into the Mediter- ranean Sea it is 150 miles long. The city of Rome is situated on it, about 16 miles from its mouth has a population of 150,000. This is the most celebrated city in the world, either of ancient or modern times. It is surrounded by walls in the form of an irre- gular polygon, between 14 and 15 miles in circuit, and has 15 gates. But the glory of modern Rome is the celebrated Cathedral of St. Peter, which is not only the largest and most beautiful church that has ever been erected, but the noblest work of architecture ever produced by the hands of man. Its length is upwards of 600 feet, and its greatest breadth, near 500 feet. The height from the cross to the floor, (which covers an area of nearly five acres,) is 460 feet. The whole expense of constructing this vast edifice is estimated at upwards of $60,000,000. Po R. Rises in the south-western part of Sardinia flows first a north-east3rly, then an easterly course separating the southern part of Lombardy and Venice from the northern part of Parma, Modena, and Popedom flows into the Gulf of Venice by several mouths. It is 450 miles long. Turin, the capital of Sardinia, P., P., C., and M. are situated on it. RHONE R. Rises in the northern declivity of the Alps moun- tains in the southern part of Switzerland in 46 30' of north lati- 72 tude, or 3220 miles north of the equator, at an elevation of 5780 feet above the level of the ocean ; but it scarcely assumes the form of a river till its junction with three or four other streams, at the foot of the glacier of its own name a beautiful fan-shaped cluster of ice the lower edge of which is 5470 feet above the ocean. Its general course through Switzerland is west. It then flows southerly, in- clining to the west, forming part of the boundary between Sardinia and France after which it flows first a north-westerly, then a west- erly, and lastly, a southerly course into the Gulf of Lyons. It is 550 miles long. The city of Lyons is situated at the junction of the Rhone and Saone rivers has a population of 200,000, and is the greatest manufacturing town in France. The city of Avignon (av- een'yon) is situated on the Rhone has a population of 34,000. SAONE R. Rises in the eastern part of France flows first a south-westerly, then a southerly course and unites with the Rhone at Lyons. EURO R. Rises in the northern part of Spain flows a south-east- erly course into the Mediterranean Sea is 350 miles long. The towns of T., S., and V. are situated on it. GUADALQUIVIR R. Rises in the south-eastern interior of Spain flows a south-westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean and is 400 miles long. The towns of X., S., and C. are situated on it. GUADIANA R. -.-Rises in the eastern interior of Spain flows first a south-westerly, then a westerly, and lastly a southerly course form- ing part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal flows into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 500 miles long. TAGUS R. Rises in the north-eastern interior of Spain flows first a south-westerly, then a westerly, and lastly, a south-westerly course through the interior part of Spain and Portugal into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 550 miles long. The towns of L., T., T., and M. are situated on it. MONDEGO R. -Rises in the eastern part of Portugal flows a south westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean. The town of C. is situated on it. DOURO R. Rises in the north-eastern interior of Spain flows first a westerly, then a south-westerly, and lastly, a westerly course forming part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal passing throuo-h the northern part of Portugal into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 450 miles long. The towns of O., V., B., and S. are situated on it. MINHO R. Rises in the north-western part of Spain flows a ge- neral south-westerly course forming part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 150 miles long. GIRONDE R. Formed by the junction of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers, in the south-western part of France flows a north-westerly course into the Bay of Biscay and is 300 miles long. LOIRE R. Rises in the southern part of France flows first a north- erly, then a north-westerly, and lastly, a westerly course into the Bay of Biscay. It is 650 miles long. The towns of N., A., T., O., B., and L. are situated on it. SEINE R. Rises in the eastern part of France flows a general north-westerly course into the English Channel is 450 miles long. The towns of II., R., R., C., T., and P. are situated on it. 73 MEUSE R. -Rises in the eastern part of France flows first a northerly, then a north-easterly, and lastly, a westerly course, passing through the eastern part of Belgium, and southern part of Holland, into the North Sea. About 40. miles from its mouth, it unites with a branch of the Rhine, but still retains the name of Meuse. It is 400 miles long. The towns of L., H., and N. are situated on it. RHINE R. Rises in the northern declivity of the Alps mountains in the southern part of Switzerland in 46 40' of north latitude, or 3232 miles north of the equator, at an elevation of 6581 feet above the level of the ocean flows first a north-easterly, then a northerly, then a westerly, then a northerly, then a north-easterly and northerly and lastly, a win-ding north-westerly course passing through the eastern part of Switzerland, and through Lake Constance forming, in con- nexion with the lake, the boundary between Switzerland and Wir- temberg Switzerland and Baden Baden and France flowing through Hesse Darmstadt, Westphalia, and Holland, into the North Sea. It is 950 miles long. The towns of L., R., C., M., M., S., B., and S. are situated on it. In the first part of its course it flows through the magnificent and stupendous ravine of the Rheinwald inclosed on both sides by almost perpendicular rocks, rising 3000 feet above the river, and clothed to their very summits in stately firs. Three miles below the town of Schaffhausen, the river running in a narrow channel, between lofty rocks, and divided by craggy islets, falls over a ledge of limestone 76 feet in height, forming one of the most splendid cataracts in Europe. EMS R. Rises in the north-eastern part of Westphalia flows first a north-westerly, then a northerly course, through the western part of Hanover, into the North Sea is 150 miles long. WESER R. Is formed by the junction of the Fulda and Werra rivers in the northern part of Hesse Cassel flows a general north- erly course (though with numerous windings) passing through Hanover into the North Sea and is 300 miles long. ELBE R. Rises in the west of the northern part of Austria flows first a northerly, then a general north-westerly course passing through the interior part of Saxony and western part of Prussia and forming the boundary between Mecklenburg and Hanover Hanover and Holstein flows into the North Sea. It is 600 miles long. The towns of H., A., M., D., P., L., and H. are situated on it. ODER R. Rises in the northern part of Austria flows first a north- westerly, then a northerly course, passing through Prussia, into the Baltic Sea. It is 450 miles long. The towns of B., F., and S. are situated on it. WARTHA R. Rises in the south-western part of Poland flows a general north-westerly course is a branch of the Oder river, and is 300 miles long. The town of Posen is situated on it. VISTULA R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Prussia flows first an easterly, then a north-easterly, then a northerly, then a north- westerly, and lastly, a north-easterly course, forming part of the boundary between Austiia and Poland, flowing through Poland and the north-eastern part of Prussia, into the Gulf of Dantzic. It is 550 miles long. Its most southern branch, which rises in the Car- pathian mountains, is, a short distance from its source, precipitated 71 over a fall 180 feet high. The towns of C., W., T., and D. ar situated on it. NIEMAN R. Bises in the western part of Russia flows first, with numerous windings, a westerly, then a northerly, and lastly, a west- erly course, through the north-eastern part of Prussia into the Bal- tic Sea and is 400 miles long. The towns of W. and G. are situated on it. DUNA R. Kises in the western interior of Russia flows first a south-westerly, then a north-westerly course, into the Gulf of Riga and is 350 miles, long. The towns of R., D., and W. are situated on it. UMEA R. Rises in the western part of Lapland flows first a southerly, then a south-westerly course into the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia is 250 miles long. TORNEA R. Sises in the north-eastern part of Sweden flows a southerly course, forming the boundary between Sweden and Lap- land, and falls into the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is 250 miles long. The town of T. is situated near its mouth. KALIX AND LULIA Rs. Rise in the north-western part of Sweden flow a south-easterly course into the Gulf of Bothnia one 250, and the other 200 miles long. SKELLEFTEA INDAL, AND LJUSNA Rs. Rise in the western part of Sweden- -flow a south-easterly course into the Gulf of Bothnia 200, 150, and 200 miles long. DAL R. Rises in the western part of Sweden flows first a south- easterly, then a north-easterly coarse, into the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is 300 miles long. CLARA R. Rises in the western part of Sweden flows first a south- easterly then a south-westerly course passing through Lake Wener into the Cattegat. It is 250 miles long ; after passing through L. Wener it is called the Gotha river. GLOMMEN R. Rises in the interior of the southern part of Nor- way flows first a south-easterly, then a southerly course into the Skager Rack. It is 250 miles long. THAMES R. Rises in the southern part of England flows gene- rally an easterly course into the North Sea. It is 200 miles long. London, the capital of England, is situated on it, about 60 miles from its mouth has a population of 1,875,000. It is probably the largest, and is the greatest commerci I city in the world. There are sixsplendid bridges over the Thames at London, and a tunnel pass- ing under the river, consisting of two arched carriage ways, each 15 feet high by 12 wide. SEVERN R. Rises in the northern interior of Wales flows first an easterly, then south-easterly, and lastly, a south-westerly course, through the western part of England into the Bristol Channel. It is 200 miles long. The towns of S., W., G., and B. are situated on it. HUMBER R. Is formed by the junction of the Ouse and Trent, in the eastern part of England flows a south-easterly course into the North Sea. SHANNON R. Rises in the northern interior of Ireland flows a gene- ral south-westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 200 miles long. The towns of L., K., and A. are situated on it. 75 BANN R. Flows a northerly course from Lake Neagh, into the Atlantic Ocean. BOYNE R. Rises in the eastern interior of Ireland flows a north- easterly course into the Irish Sea. BARROW R. Rises in the south-eastern interior of Ireland flows a southerly course into the Atlantic Ocean. TWEED R. Rises in the southern part of Scotland flows an east- erly course into the North Sea. TAY R. Rises in the interior part of Scotland flows a general south-easterly course into the Frith of Tay. SPEY R. Rises in the northern interior of Scotland flows a north- easterly course into Murray Frith. ISLANDS OF EUROPE. CYPRUS I. In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea south of Asia Minor, and west of Syria. It is 140 miles long, and 56 wide. RHODES I. In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea near the south-western coast of Asia Minor 46 miles long-, and 16 wide. CANDIA I. In the Mediterranean Sea south of the Archipelago, and south-west of Asia Mingr 160 miles long, and 40 wide. The towns of Candia and Canea are situated on it. SAMOS, Scio, AND METELIN Is. In the eastern part of the Grecian Archipelago, near the western coast of Asia Minor. Scio and Mete- lin have towns of the same names as the islands. LEMNOS I. In the northern part of the Grecian Archipelago south of the eastern part of Turkey. NEGROPONT I. In the western part of the Grecian Archipelago near the eastern coast of Greece 110 miles long, and from 4 to 26 wide. The town of Negropont is situated on it has a population of 10,000. NAXIA I. In the Grecian Archipelago south-east of Negropont. The town of Naxia is situated on it. CERIGO I. In the Mediterranean Sea south of the Morea. ZANTE I. One of the Ionian islands, in the Mediterranean Sea west of Greece. CEPHALONIA I. One of the Ionian islands, in the Mediterranean Sea west of Greece, and north of Zante I. CORFU I. One of the Ionian islands, in the Mediterranean Sea south-west of Turkey. MALTA I. In the Mediterranean Sea south of the island of Sicily. Noted for being the place where St. Paul was shipwrecked. The town of Valetta is situated on it has a population of 60,000. SICILY I. In the Mediterranean Sea south of the kingdom of Naples from the most south-western point of which it is separated by the Strait of Messina and is north-east of Tunis from which it is separated by a channel 85 miles in width its length is 180 miles, and greatest breadth 117 area 9900 square miles popula- tion 2,000,000. The towns of M., S., C., G., M., T., and P. are situated on it. LIPAFU Is. In the Mediterranean Sea north of the eastern part of 70 Sicily and west of the southern part of Naples. Mount Stromboli, on one of these islands, is a volcano 2882 feet high flames have been issuing from its crater incessantly, for a period of more than 2000 gears'. The light is seen, at night, at ? Jistance of 100 miles, and serves as a lighthouse to mariners. SARDINIA I. In the Mediterranean Se? -west of Naples east of Spain, and south of Corsica island from which it is separated hy the Strait of Bonifacio. It is 168 miles long, and 90 wide area 10,000 square miles. The towns of S., C., and O. are situated on it. CORSICA I. In the Mediterranean Sea south of the eastern part of the kingdom of Sardinia, and north of the Sardinia island, (which constitutes a part of the kingdom,) from which it is separated by the Strait of Bonifacio. It is 116 miles long, and 50 wide. The towns of B., C., and Jljaccio^ (ah-yach'cho,) the birthplace of Napoleon Buonaparte, are situated on it. This island belongs to France. ELBA I. In the Mediterranean Sea west of Tuscany noted for being the place where Napoleon Buonaparte was banished in 1814. It belongs to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. BALEARIC ISLES. (Including MINORCA, MAJORCA, AND IVICA,) In the Mediterranean Sea, east of Spain, and belong to that king- dom. JERSEY, GUERNSEY, ALDERNEY, and SARK Is. In the English Channel, near the north-western coastftof France. They belong to the British government. SCILLY Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, south-west of England. I. OF WIGHT. In the English Channel, near the southern coast of England. The towns of Cowes and Newport are situated on it. ANGLESEA I. In the Irish Sea, near the north-western coast of Wales. I. OF MAN. In the northern part of the Irish Sea, south of Scot- land. It is 25 miles long, and 13 wide. ACHIL I. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the western coast of Ire- land. HEBRIDES Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, west of Scotland their whole number amounts to nearly 200. MULL AND SKY Is. Next to Lewis, the largest of the Hebrides, in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western coast of Scotland. LEWIS Is. The largest of the Hebrides, in the Atlantic Ocean west of the northern part of Scotland. ORKNEY Is. In the Atlantic Ocean north of the eastern part of Scotland, from which they are separated by the Pentland Frith. Po- mona or Mainland is the largest. There are 67 of these islands. SHETLAND Is. In the Atlantic Ocean 120 miles north-east of Scotland. FAROE Is. A group in the Atlantic Ocean, about 200 miles north- west of the Shetland islands, the largest of which are Osteroe, Stro- moe, and Suderoe. QUALOE AND SOROE Is. In the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway. SENJEN, LANGOE, AND LOFFODEN Is. In the Arctic Ocean, neat the western coast of the northern part of Norway. VIGTEN AND HITTEREN Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the west- ern coast of Norway. 77 FUNEN I. In the south-western part of Peninsula of Jutland, from wMch it is and west of Zealand island, from which it is Belt. ZEALAND I. In the south-western part of the Baltic Sea west of the southern part of Sweden from which it is separated by tho Sound. It is 80 miles long, and 65 wide area 2800 square miles. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is situated on it has a popu- lation of 119,000. BORNHOLM I. In the Baltic Sea, south of Sweden^ and north of Prussia. RUGEN I. In the Baltic Sea, north of the western part of Prussia, from which it is separated by a strait two miles in width area 340 square miles. It was formerly much larger a part of the island, probably one-half, having been swallowed up in the middle ages, by the sea. OLAND I. In the Baltic Sea, near the eastern coast of the southern part of Sweden, from which it is separated by the Strait of Calmar, varying from 2 to 20 miles in width. GOTHLAND I. In the Baltic Sea, east of the southern part of Swe- den, and north-east of Oland island. OESEL AND DAGO Is. In the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga, near the western coast of Russia. ALAND I. East of Sweden, at the mouth of the Gulf of Bothnia. MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE. DOVREFIELD Mxs. Extend through the interior of the southern part of Norway, their general direction north-east and south-west. SCANDINAVIAN RANGE. Forms the boundary between Sweden and Norway, their course is north-east and south-west 7600 feet high. URAL MTS. Form the boundary between Russia and Siberia their course is north and south. These mountains are exceedingly rich in mines of gold, copper, and iron, and scarcely a year passes without some new deposits being discovered. CARPATHIAN MTS. Extend through the northern "and north-eastern interior of Austria, and separate the south-eastern and southern parts of Austria, from the north-eastern and northern parts of Turkey they are 550 miles long, and 8600 feet high. In respect to mineral wealth these mountains stand pre-eminent among the various ranges of Europe nearly every metal, and all in abundance, are found in the Carpathians. Rock salt is also one of the treasures of these mountains. The Salt Mines of Wieliczka, are 9500 feet in extent, from east to west 3600 feet from north to south and 1220 feet in depth. BALKAN MTS. Extend through Turkey, from the Gulf of Venice to the Black Sea branching off in various directions they are 700 miles in length. ALPS MTS. Separate Austria from Lombardy and Venice Lorn- bardy and Venice from Switzerland Switzerland from Sardinia and Sardinia from France. Extending somewhat in the form ot a crescent from the Gulf of Genoa to the head of the Gulf of Venice T* Mount Blanc, the highest summit, situated in the north-western part of Sardinia, is 15,533 feet high. APENNINE MTS. Extend through the interior part of Italy their course is north-west and south-east greatest height 11,000 feet. CEVENNES MTS. Extend through the southern and eastern parts of France their course is north-east and south-west 5292 feet high. AUVERGNE MTS. In the southern interior of France extending nearly north and south 6470 feet high. MONTSERRAT MT. In the north-eastern part of Spain 3937 feet high. MT. VESUVIUS. A volcanic mountain in the south-western part of the kingdom of Naples 10 miles south-east of the city of Naples. It is 3932 feet high, and is the only active volcano of any conse- quence in continental Europe. From the period of the earliest records, down to the reign of Titus Vespasian, this volcano appears to have been extinct; and it was only from the appearance of its crater, and its cavernous structure, that Strabo conjectured it might have been on fire. But in the first year of the reign of Titus, and 79th of the Chris- tian era, this volcano, which had been so long dormant, burst forth with renewed and tremendous violence, in one of the most destruc- tive eruptions, of which history has preserved any record as if, through the long centuries of its sleep and silence, it had been gathering up strength for this one grand exhibition of its awful magnificence and power. The large and flourishing cities of Her- culaneum and Pompeii, near the sea, were entirely overwhelmed by its lava and ashes, and even the figure of the coast was so mate- rially changed, that for a period of 1600 years, all traces of the buried cities were lost, and they were only discovered by accident, during the last century. In 1748, some peasants employed in cut- ting a ditch, met with the ruins of Pompeii, which soon became an object of interest and attraction. In 1755, extensive excavations were commenced, and have been continued up to the present time. A great number of highly interesting antiquities have been brought to light. One may, indeed, at present, promenade the streets, and visit the shops, theatres, and temples of this long forgotten city. Every thing seems to be in a state of extraordinary preservation. MT. ETNA. A volcanic mountain, in the eastern part of the I. of Sicily 10,870 feet high. It is entirely distinct from, and inde- pendent of, any other mountain range and is 87 miles in circum- ference. Previous to the eruptions of this volcano, local earthquakes are felt hollow intonations heard irregular clouds of smoke appear and volcanic lightnings are seen darting from the top of the moun- tain. The agitations increase, till at length a terrific discharge of red-hot stones, flakes of fire, ashes, sand, or other substances, accom- panied with vast volumes of smoke, takes place with sudden and tremendous violence. These eruptions are generally followed or accompanied by the outbreak of a torrent of lava. If this current of liquid fire be stopped by inequalities of the ground, a portion cools, ai;d the rest topples over it. Sometimes it overwhelms whole cities, villages, and tracts of country. The city of Catania is situated near its base, and is surrounded by walls. In the year 1669, an eruption of Etna occurred, in which case, the lava accumulated against the walls of Catania, which were 60 feet high, until it rose to the top, arid then poured over in a fiery cascade, destroying a large portion of the city. So great was the mass accumulated on this occasion, that it was eight years in cooling. Fourteen towns and villages were entirely overwhelmed by the lava and ashes ; and it was estimated that 27,000 persons perished. SIERRA NEVADA. In the southern part of Spain their course is nearly east and west. Mulahacen, the highest peak, is 11,678 feet high. SIERRA MORENA. In the . southern interior of Spain extending nearly in an easterly and westerly direction, and are 5883 feet high. SIERRA GUADALUPE. Extend through the interior part of Spain, and south-eastern part of Portugal between the Tagus and Guadi- ana rivers. SIERRA ESTRELLA. Extend through Spain and Portugal, north, of Tagus river, and are 8520 feet high their course is north-east and south-west. CANTABRIA MTS. Extend through the northern part of Spain, in an easterly and westerly direction, and are 11,200 feet high. GRAMPIAN HILLS. Extend east and west through the interior part of Scotland. Ben Nevis, the highest peak, is 4368 feet high. CHEVIOT HILLS. Form part of the boundary between Scotland and England extending north-east and south-west they are 2658 feet high. MT. SNOWDON. In the northern part of Wales 3570 feet high. CAPES IN EUROPE. NORTH CAPE. A north-eastern point of Norway extending into the Arctic Ocean. C. SVIATOI. A north-eastern point of Lapland extending into the Arctic Ocean. C. MATAPAN. A southern point of the Morea extending into the Mediterranean Sea. C. PASSARO. A south-eastern point of Sicily, extending into the Mediterranean Sea. C. TEULADA. A south-westerly point of Sardinia I. extending into the Mediterranean Sea. C. ST. ANTONIO. An eastern point of Spain extending into the Mediterranean Sea. C. DE GATT. A south-eastern point of Spain extending into the Mediterranean Sea. C. ST. VINCENT. A south-western point of Portugal extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. FINISTERRE. A western point of the northern part of Spain extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. ORTEGAL. The north-western point of Spain extending into the Atlantic Ocean. 80 LAND'S END. The south-western point of England extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. CLEAR. A south-western point of Ireland extending into the Atlantic Ocean. THE NAZE. A southern point of Norway extending into the North Sea. BOUNDARIES. EUROPE is bounded on the north by the Polar Sea, or Frozen Ocean on the east and south-east by Asia,*(Ural mountains, Volga and Don rivers, and Sea of Azof, designating the line of demarka- tion)-on the south by the Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, and the Mo- ri iterranean Sea, which separates it from Africa and on the west by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, separating it from North America. EUROPEAN RUSSIA is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean on the east and south-east by Asiatic Russia, from which it is mostly separated by the Ural mountains and Volga river on the south by Circassia, the Black Sea, Turkey and Austria, being mostly sepa- rated from Circassia by the Don river and on the west by Turkey, Austria, Prussia, Baltic Sea, and the northern part of Sweden and Norway, being separated from Turkey by the Pruth and from the northern part of Sweden by the Tornia river. TURKEY IN EUROPE is bounded on the north by Austria and Rus- sia, from which it is partly separated by the Save and Danube rivers on the east by Russia and the Black Sea, being separated from Rus- sia by the Pruth river on the south by the Sea of Marmora, Grecian Archipelago and Greece and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Venice, and Austria. AUSTRIA is bounded on the north by Saxony, Prussia, and Po- land on the east by Russia and Turkey on the south and south- west by Turkey, Gulf of Venice, and Lombardy and Venice on the west by Lombardy and Venice, Switzerland, and Bavaria. GREECE is bounded on the north by Turkey on the east by the Archipelago on the south and west by the Mediterranean Sea. ITALY (including Sardinia and Lombardy and Venice) is bounded on the north by Switzerland and Austria on the east and north-east by Austria and the Gulf of Venice on the south-east, south-west, and west by the Mediterranean Sea and France. SWITZERLAND is bounded on the north by France, Baden, and Wirtemberg, being separated from Baden and Wirtemberg by Rhine river and Lake Constance on the east by Austria on the south by Lombardy and Venice and Sardinia on the westby Savoy and France. F RANGE is bounded on the north-west, north, and north-east by the English Channel, North Sea, the Kingdom of Belgium, and Ger- many on the east by Baden, Switzerland, and Sardinia, being sepa- rated from Baden by the Rhine, and partly from Sardinia by the * It is proper to observe in reference to the south-eastern boundary of Europe, that a difference of opinion exists among writers; some of the ablest geographers making the Ural River, Caspian Sea, and Caucass moun- tains the boundary. 81 Rhone river on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain the Pyrenees mountains separating it from Spain on the west by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean. SPAIN is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Bis- cay, and France, from which it is separated by the Pyrenees moun- tains on the east and south-east by the Mediterranean Sea on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean, being partly separated from Portugal by Guadiana and Douro rivers, and the north-western part is bounded on the south by Portugal. PORTUGAL is bounded on the north and east by Spain, from which it is partly separated by the Minho, Douro, and Guadiana rivers on the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. IRELAND is bounded on the north-west and south by the Atlantic Ocean on the east by the Irish Sea, St. George's and North Chan- nel, separating it from England and the south-west part of Scotland. SCOTLAND is bounded on the west, north, and east by the Atlantic Ocean on the south by England and the Irish Sea. ENGLAND is bounded on the north by Scotland on the north-east and east by the North Sea on the south by the English Channel on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, Wales, and the Irish Sea. WALES is bounded on the west and north by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea on the east by England on the south by Bristol Channel. BELGIUM is bounded on the north by the North Sea and Holland on the east by Holland and the Province of the Lower Rhine on the south and south-west by Luxemburg and France. HOLLAND is bounded on the west and north by the North Sea on the east by Hanover, Westphalia, and the Province of the Lower Rhine on the south by Belgium. HANOVER is bounded on the north and north-east by the North Sea, Holstein, and Mecklenburg, from which it is separated by the Elbe river on the east by Prussia on the south by Prussia, Hesse Cas- sel, Brunswick, Lippe, and Westphalia on the west by Westphalia, Lippe, and Holland. PRUSSIA is bounded on the north by Mecklenburg and the Baltic Sea on the north-east and east by Russia and Poland on the south by Austria, Saxony, and Saxe on the west by Hesse Cassel, Bruns- wick, Hanover, and Mecklenburg and the north-east part is bounded on the south by Poland. DENMARK is bounded on the north by the Skager Rack on the east by the Cattegat, the Baltic Sea, and Mecklenburg on the south by Hanover, from which it is separated by the Elbe river on the west by the North Sea.* SWEDEN is bounded on the north by Norway on the east, south- Range. NORWAY is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean on the * The Du'chy of Holstein belongs to Denmark, also the Island of Zea- land and Funen. 82 east and south-east by Lapland and Sweden, from which it is sepa- rated by the Scandanavian Range on the south by the Cattegat, Skager Rack, and North Sea on the west and north-west by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. GERMANY is bounded on the north by the North Sea, Jutland, and the Baltic Sea on the east by Poland, Galacia, Hungary, and Cro- atia on the south by Illyria, Tyrol, and Switzerland and on the west by France, Belgium, and Holland.* 1 * The extent of country comprised under the term Germany, has under- gone various changes from time to time, and the complicated and peculiar manner in which the territory is apportioned is cause of some degree of uncertainty in reference to portions of the boundary. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. Where is the White Sea. English Channel. Str. of Yenikale. Guadalquivir R. Loffoden Is. Elba I. G. of Bothnia. C. Matapan. Oesal I. Irish Sea. G. Taranto. C. Finisterre. Petchora R. B. of Biscay. Auvergne Mts. N. Channel. Sierra Morena Mts. L. Ladoga. Zante* 1. C. Clear. Gothland I. Malta I. Sea of Marmora. Cevennes Mts. Str. of Dardanelles. Corsica I. Land's End. Dwina R. Cerigo I.f C. St. Vincent. North Sea. Corfu;}: I. Baltic Sea. C. Sviatoi. C. Passaro. L. Peipus. Sea of Azof. Seine R. G. of Lyons. I. of Man. G. of Dantzic. Lemnos I. Rugen I. Cantabrian Mts. Mediterranean Sea. L. Geneva. Zealand I. G. of Genoa. Cattegat. Balkan Mts. C. Teulada. * Called also Zacynthus (zas-sin'thus.) t Called the Cythe'ra, Mt. Blanc. Onega R. Pruth R. Cephalonia I. Str. of Gibraltar Aland I. Str. of Otranto. G. of Finland. Lipari Is. G. of Venice. Str. of Messina. ' L. Garda. L. Wetter. Candia I. Black Sea. Zuyder Zee. Clara R. Volga R. Tornea R. Ebro R. Donegal B. L. Maelar, .(Millar or Mularen.) Metelin I. Mt. Vesuvius. Grampian Hills. Called also Corcy'ra. Called also Cephaile'nia. 83 L. Ilmen. Glommen R. Dniester R. Tagus R. Negropont I. I. of Wight. Rhine R. PoR. Bantry B. Mt. Etna. Str. of Bonifacio. Duna R. Tiber R. Ch. of Constantinople Oder R. G. of Athens. Str. of Dover. G. of Burgas. Ural Mts. Cyprus I. Majorca I. Don R. Danube R. BogR. Jersey I. How do the waters the Don R. reach ocean ? Shannon R. Frith of Clyde. Vistula R. Maritza R. Douro R. Rhone R. Loire. Thames R. Bound Europe. Austria. France. of Turkey. the Spain. Russia. PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. Where is the C. Matapan. Norton Scund. Gulf of Georgia. Oesel I. Gr. Bear L. Tampa B. Irish Sea. I. of Pines. Bay of Funday. G. of Taranto. Gothland I. Ottawa R. C. Finisterre. Malta I. Severn R. Petchora R. Sea of Marmora. Penobscot R. B. of Campeachy. Cevennes Mts. Potomac R. Richmond G. Land's End. Santee R. Southampton I. Str. of Dardanelles Savannah R. G. of Tehuantepec. Corsica I. Green R. L. Cayman. Dwina R. Galveston B. G. of Canso. Albemarle Sd. \orkR. Koksak R. Green Mts. Schuylkill R. Churchill R. Mohawk R. Pr. Wm. Sound. Chesapeake B. New Inlet. G. of California. Saca R. Roanoke R. Disco I. Yazoo R. L. Island Sound. Anticosti I. Licking R. San Francisco B. Charlotte Harbour. Oneida L. C. Walsingham. Ardencaple Inlet. Vineyard Sound. C. Mendocino. White Sea. Sabine R. C. Robertson. Loffoden I. Saginaw B. Sabine I. English Channel. B. of Biscay. L. Chelekhof, Str. of Yenikale. Auvergne Mts. (or Shelekhof.) Guadalquivir R. N. Channel. C. St. Vincent. Elba I. Sierra Morena Mts. North Sea. G. of Bothnia. L. Ladoga. Corfu I. Vacassar B. Zante I. Baltic Sea. Delaware B. C. Clear. C. Sviatoi. C. Fear R. Winnipiseogee L. C. Passaro. Muskingum R. Brazos R. Lewis I. Juniata R. Mobile B. L. Peipus. Buzzard's B. Arctic Highlands. Big Sandy R. Casco B. L. Chapala. Pensacola B. Genesee R. Cephalonia I. Volga R. Tar R. Str. of Gibraltar. Tornea R. Miami R. Aland I. Ebro R. C. Cod. Str. of Otranto. Donegal B. Rappahannock R. G. of Finland. L. Maelar. Skeneateles L. Lipari I. Metelin I. Moosehead L. Mt. Hecla. Mt. Vesuvius. Flint R. Philadelphia. King's C. Jan Mayen I. Cincinnati. Arnatique B. Ignacio I. C. Corrientes. Catskill Mts. Q. Charlotte's Sd. C. St. Antonio. Altamaha R. L. Mistissinny. C. Chudleigh. Chesuncook L. Bahama Is. Wachusett Mt. L. Michigan. C. Race. C. Henry. Baltimore. Sea of Azof, Pearl R. Th under B. Seine R. James R. Grampian Hills. G. of Lyons. Tongue R. Dniester R. I. of Man. Nautucket I. Tagus R. G. of Dantzic. Barataria B. Negropont I. Wabash R. Connecticut R. I. of Wight. L. Erie. Itasca L. PoR. Muscle Shoals. G. of Venice. W T ater Volcano. Muscongus B. Str. of Messina. Pt. Beech ey. L. Champlain. L. Garda. C. Farewell. Mars Hill. L. Wetter. Osage R. Rugen I. Candia I. Yellowstone R. Cantabrian Mts. Black Sea. Iceland. Mediterranean Sea. Zuyder Zee. Colorado R. L. Geneva. Mississippi R. Monongahela R. Zealand L Clara. Rhine R. G. of Genoa. Ohio R. Bantry B. Icy C. Oder R. Sable I. How do the waters of G. of Athens. Cosiguina Mt. Green B. reach the Cyprus I. Tule Lakes. Ocean ? Str. of Bonifacio. Bathurst Inlet. Waters of the Don R. Str. of Dover. Musquito B. Coronation G. Gr. Pedee R. C. Cannaveral. Corn Is. Vancouver's I. Mt. St. Elias. Tombigbee R. Martha's Vineyard. Grand Bank. Pr. Edward's I. Mt. Jorullo. Gr. Salt L. Davis's Str. Temiscouata L. C. Hatteras. C. Closterbay. L. George. C. Catoche. Sitka I. Athabasca L. Black Mt. Ungava B. C. Elizabeth. Black Hills. Bermudas Is. C. Gracias a Dios. Seneca L. Mt. Hooker. Ural Mts. Delaware R. Mohegan Mts. B. of Honduras. Grand R. Mt. Etna. C. St. Lucas. Cattegat. Balkan Mts. L. Memphramagog, St. Joseph's R. Behring's Strait. Jamaica I. C. Teulada. Washington. T. Guanaxuato. Onega R. L. Pontchartrain. Quebec. Prutii R. Ozark Mts. Illinois R. Red R. Hudson R. Chattahoochee R. Shannon R. Frith of Clyde. Pictured Rocks. Vistula R. L. Nicaragua. Trinidad I. Maritza R. Douro R. Rhone R. Loire R. Thames R. Rocky Mts. Tennessee R. Merrimack R. Sound Pa. N. York. Virginia. DIVISIONS OF ASIA. Siberia, Tobolsk'. Malac'ca, M-a. Chinese Empire Siam, Bankok Chinese Tartary. (se-am', bang-kok'.) Corea, Kingkitao (or Bangkok.) (co-re'ah, king-ke- Bi/mah, Monchaboo'. tah'o.) Mantchoo'ria. Mongo'lia. Soongar'ia Little Bokhara, (bo-kah'rah.) Little Thibet (tib'et.) 'J'hibet, Lassa. China, Pekin'. Empire of Japan, Yed'- Hindostan', Caleut'ta- Bengal, Calcutta. (befi-gaul'.) Ag'ra, Agra Madras', Madras. Bombay', Bombay Lahore, Lahore, (lah-hore'.) Beloochislan, Kelat (bel-oo-chis-tan',) (kel-at'.) do, (written also Jed- Afghanistan', Cabool'. do and ledo.) Her-at', Herat Anam, Hue Independent Tartary. (ah-nam', hoo-a'.) Kirguis Country, (keer- gees'.) Turcomania (toor-co-man'e-ah.) Khiva, Khiva, (kee'vah.) Khokan', Khokan Bokhara, Bokhara. Koondooz'. Persia, Teh-eran'. Arabia, Mec'ca. Syria, Damas'cus Turkey, Constantino- ple. Mesopota'mia Koordistan'. Arme'nia. Asia Minor Georgia, Teflis. Circas'sia NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. Arctic Ocean. Sea of Kara, (kah'rah.) Gulf of Obi (o'be.) Yenisei G. (yen-e-sa'e.) Gulf of Lena. (la'nah.) Behring's Str. 40 m. w. Gulf of Anadeer 7 . Sea of Kamt-chat'ka. Sea of Okhotsk', 700 Sea of Yes'so. (or Jesso.) Channel of Tartary. Perouse, (pe-rooz',) Strait Str. of Matsmay, (mats-mi'.) Yed'do B. Sea of Japan', 600 m. w. Str. of Corea. Pet-che'lee Gulf. Yellow Sea Eastern Sea. 8 Str. of Formo'sa. China Sea, 850 m. w. Gulf of Tonquin, (ton-keen'.) Hue B. (hoo-a'.) G. of Siam Strait of Malacca, 30 G. of Martaban'. B. of Bengal Indian Ocean, 5000 m. 1. 4000 w. G of Manaar'. (man-ar / .) Gulf of Cambay' 86 G. of Catch. G. of Oman'. Strait of O^mus Persian G. 520 m. 1. Arabian Sea. Str. of Bab-elman'del, Pei Ho, 16 m. w. (pa-ho'.) Red Sea, 1500 m. 1. Hoang 7 Ho, 25 Dead Sea, 55 m. 1. Yangtse Kiang, 28. Mediterranean Sea, (yang-tse-ke-ang 7 .) 2250 m. 1. Hoang' Kiang 7 , 7. Archipelago. Cambo'dia, 20 Strait of Dardanelles, Meinam, 8. 2 ra. w. (ma-e-nam'.) Sea of Marmora, 150 Salwen', 9 m. 1. Irrawad'dy, 17. Chan, of Constantino- Brahmapoo'tra, 15, pie, 1^ m. w. (or Burrampooter.) Black Sea, 760 m. 1. Gan'ges, 16 Sea of Azof, 200 Jum'na. Caspian Sea, 800 m. 1. Mahanuddy, 4. Dead Gulf. (mah-han-nud'de. Sea of Ar'al, 240 m. 1. Godav'ery, 6 Amoor', (or Amur,) 22. Koo'rile (or Kurile) Is. Soongaree, Staten (soong-gah-ree'.) Tchan'tar. (or Songari,) 10 Sag-hal'ian. Oosooree' (or Usuri) 5. Yes'so Niph-on'. Sikoke', (see-koke'.) Keooseoo (or Kiusiu)- (kee-oo'se-oo'.) Quelpaert, (quel'part.) Loochoo' Is. RIVERS, Obi, 25. Tobol', 7. Ish'im, 8 Ir'tysh, 20. Cash gar 7 , 7. Yenisei, 23 Selinga, (sa-ling'gah.) Angara, (ang-gah-rab/.) Tangooska, 15 (toong-goos'kah.) Piacina, (pe-ah-seefaah.) Khatang'a. Anabara (an-ab'a-rah.) Olensk'. Lena, 26. (la'nah.) Vitim (ve-teem'.) Aldan'. Yana, (yah'nah.) Indighir'ca, 9 Kolima, 6. (ko-le-rmih'.) Formo'sa Hainan, (hi-nan'.) Phi'lippine Is. Luzon, Manilla. (loo-zone'.) Mindo'ro. Palawan'. Panay (pah-ni'.) Krish A na,(or Kistna) 5. Neg'ros. Taptee'. Nerbad'dah, 8 In'dus, 17. Sut'ledge, 9. Ravee (rah'vee.) Helmund', 6. Attruck', 3. Samar'. Mindanao (min-dah-nah'o.) Bor'neo, Borneo. Sumat'ra. Pulo Pinang, (poo-lo'-pe-nang 7 .) Andaman' Is. Amoo', (or Amu, 1 ) 10 Nieobar'. r^ i ^ i Sihon, 7. (se-hon'.) Ural, 9. Koor, (or Kur) Euphrates, 14. Ti'gris, 9. Jordan, 1 Waters of Lebanon. Ceylon (see'lon.) Mal'dives. Lac'cadives. Bombay' I. of Ormus. Bahrein, (bah-rane'.) Soco'tra ISLANDS, Nova Zem'bla I. Kotel'noi. New Siberia Liaghoff,(orLiakhov.) Tchan'y (le-ah-goif 7 .) Balkash'. Behring's Is, Aleutian Is. (a-lu'she-an.) Para-moo-sheer. (or Paramushir.) LAKES, Baikal, (bi'kal.) Altyn'. Zaizan (zi-zan') Nor. Lop, Nor. Koko Nor Tonting 7 . Poyang^. Zur'rah Ooroomee'a, (or Urmiah.) Tibe'rias, (or T ahareeyeh.) Or Sea of Galilee Gilboa, (ghil'bo-a.) Ta'bor. Car'mel. Hei/mon. Mts. of Leb'anon. CAPES. MOUNTAINS, Thian Chan Mts., (te-an'shan'.) Zelania. 20,000 (?) f. h. (zha-lah-nee'a.) OorYa, (Ourfa, orUrfa.) Mardeen' (or Mardin.) Erzroom' (Erzrum, or Erzeroum) Kandahar 7 . PALESTINE, (or the land ancient- ly inhabited by the Israelites.) Great Altay (or Altai) Cev'ero Vos-tochnoi'. In Galilee, the tribes of Chalagskoi, (shal-ag-skoi'.) (or Shalagskoi.) 1. East. St. Thadeus. Lopat'ka. Cambo'dia. Roman'ia. (al-tah'e.) Mts., 1200 m. 1. Little Altay Mts. Ural Mts., 1400 m 4000 f. h. Beloor' Mts. Thsou rig-ling Mts., (soong'ling.) Kuen Lnn Mts., 16,- Negrais, 000 (?) f. h. (neg-rice'.) (quen-loon'.) Com'orin. Peling Mts. Isolette, (pa'ling.) (e-so-let'.) Meling Mts. Ras Al Gat. Himalaya (or Himma- leh) Mts., 5 m. h. (him-a-li'a.) Choumalarie. (chum-ah-lah're.) Dhawalaghiri,* (dah-wol'ah-gher're) Amas r ia 28,000 f. h. Kootaiah, Ghaut Mts. (koo-ti'yah.) Adam's Peak. (or Kutaiyeh.) Hind'oo Koo Mts., Treb'izond. 20,000 f. h. Boor'sa (or Brusa) Elbrooz', Shiraz (or Shee'raz.) Asher. Naphtali. Zebulon. Issachar In Samaria. Manasseh. Ephraim In Judea. Benjamin. Dan. Judah. Simeon Reuben. Gad. Palestine also includes Land of thePhilistincs^ and Phoenicia. Ispahan' (or Isfahan.) Ango'ra (written also Towns in Palestine.^ Engoor and Enguri) Beersheba. Hebron. Bethlehem. Bethany. Jerusalem. TOWNS. Jericho. Shiloh. Bethel (or Elborz) Mts. Cas'bin (written also Shechem. Cau'casus Mts., 18,000 Casbeen.) Samaria. f. h. Balfroosh'. Apollonia. Ar'arat, 17,620. (or Balfrush.) Cesarea. Tau'rus Mts. 9000 f. h. Reshd. Endor. RanVleah Mts. Tabreez' (or Tausri.) Nain. Si'na-i. Bushire. Nazareth. Pis'gah. (bu-sheer'.) C ana of Galilee Mt. of Olives. (or Abooshehr) Tiberias. * The height attributed to Choumalarie by some geographers is ex- tremely doubtful. The best authorities consider Dhawalaghiri as the high- est mountain, of which the elevation has been fully ascertained. t See Morse's Atlas. 88 Capernaum. Banares. Indus R. Bethsaida of Galilee (ben-ah'res.) Tat'ta. Gaza. Patna. Hy'derabad'. Askelon. Dac'ca. Lahore, Ashdod. T ,, D (lah-hore'.) Ekron. M Irrawaddy JR. Umritseer /. > Joppa. Monchaboo . Cashmere'. Tyre. T . Jm rapoo ra. p es hawer, Sldon ' Prome. (pesh'our.) Towns on the Ganges R. Ran g oon '- Tigris X. Delhi, Euphrates N. Bagdad. (del'le.) Bas'sora (or Basrah, Mo'sul. Agra, Bussora.) Diarbekr, (ah'gra.) Ruins of Babylon. (or Diar'bekr, Lucknow'. Hil'lah. dee-ar-be-keer'.) ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. LARGE BODIED OF WATER. SEA OF KARA. Between the north-western part of Siberia, and eastern part of Nova Zembla Island. GULF OF OBI. In the north-western part of Siberia a part of the Arctic Ocean, the Obi flows into it. YENISEI GULF. In the north-western part of Siberia east of the Gulf of Obi a part of the Arctic Ocean Yenisei river flows into it. G. OF LENA. In the north of the eastern part of Siberia a part cf the Arctic Ocean the Yana river flows into it. SEA OF KAMTCHATKA. Between the eastern part of the Peninsula of Kamtchatka and the Aleutian Islands a part of the Pacific Ocean. SEA OF OKHOTSK. Borders on the south-eastern part of Siberia and Saghalien Island, and the western part of the Peninsula of Kamtchatka and the Koorile Islands. It is 12,000 miles long, and 700 wide. The southern part of it is called the Sea of Yesso (or Jesso.) CHANNEL OF TARTARY. Separates Saghalien Island from the north- eastern part of Mantchooria and connects the waters of the Sea of Okhotsh with the Sea of Japan. PEROUSE STRAIT. Separates the Islands of Saghalien and Yesso, and connects the waters of the Sea of Yesso with the Sea of Japan. STRAIT OF MATSMAY. Separates the Islands of Yesso and Ni- )hon, and connects the waters of the Sea of Japan with the Pacific 89 SEA OF JAPAN. Borders on the eastern part of Mantehooria and Corea, and the western part of Niphon and Yesso Islands. It is 1400 miles long, and 600 wide. STRAIT OK COREA. Separates the Island of Keooseoo and also the south-western part of Niphon Island, from the Peninsula of Corea and connects the waters of the Sea of Japan with, the eastern Sea. PETCHELEE GULF. In the north-eastern part of China, and south- ern part of Mantchooria a part of the Yellow Sea Pei-Ho river flows into it. YELLOW SEA. Borders on the east of the northern part of China the western part of Corea and the southern part of Mantchooria. EASTERN SEA. Borders on the eastern part of China, and is sepa- rated from the Pacific Ocean by the Loo Choo Islands. STRAIT OF FORMOSA. Separates the island of Formosa from the south-eastern part of China, and connects the waters of the eastern and China Seas. CHINA SEA. Borders on the south-eastern part of China, and the eastern part of Anam and is partly separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Philippine Islands. It is 850 miles wide. YEDDO BAY. In the south-eastern part of Niphon Island a part of the Pacific Ocean. The city of Yeddo is situated on it, has a population of 1,31)0,000, and is said to be 20 miles in circumfe- rence. GULF OF TONQUIN. In the east of the northern part of Anam a part of the China Sea. HUE BAY. In the eastern part of Anam a part of the China Sea. GULF OF SIAM. Between the southern part of Siam, and south-west- ern part of Anam a part of the Pacific Ocean. STRAIT OF MALACCA. Separates the Island of Sumatra from the Peninsula of Malacca and connects the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is 30 miles wide. GULF OF MARTABAN. In the southern part of Birmah a part of the Indian Ocean. Salwen river flows into it. BAY OF BENGAL. Between the south-eastern part of Hindostan, and western part of Birrnah a part of the Indian Ocean. INDIAN OCEAN. Borders on the southern part of Asia the east of the southern part of Africa and the western part of Malaysia. It is 5000 miles lon . v Sea of Aral.' " * -~ Lop Nor. Str. of Matsmay. Ural R. C. Ras Al Gat. C. Lopatka. Andaman Is. Tigris R. Thian Chan Mts. Dead G. G. of Cambay. G. of Anadeer. Desert of Gobi. Mt. Pisgah. G. of Manaar. Cash gar R. Hindoo Koo (or Hin- doo Koosh) Mts. Caspian Sea. Koko Nor. Euphrates R. Himalaya (or Himma- leh) Mts. Laccadive Is. Teh an tar I. Mahanuddy R. Caucasus Mts. Des of Akhaf. Tonting L. G. Sandy Desert. Mt. Tabor. Yeddo B. Mt. Sinai. Yangtse Kiang R. Nicobar I. C. Romania. Loo-Choo Is. Mt. of Olives. Ceylon I. Balcash L. Nova Zembla I. G. of Tonquin. Jordan R. G. of Lena. Adams's Pe'ak. East Cape. Mt. C arm el. Hoang Kiang R. C. St. Thadeus. Attruck R. Persian G. Cambodia R. L. Tchany. Ganges R. Amoo (or Amu) R. Isthmus of Suez Great Wall. Meinam R. PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS. Where is the Savannah R. Gut of Canseau. C. Fear R; Potomac R. Koksak R. Delaware B. Penobscot R. Churchill R. Vacassar B. Severn R. Casco B. G. of Bothnia. Ottawa R. Chesapeake B. Elba I. Tampa B. Yazoo R. Loffoden I. G. of Georgia. Saco R. Guadalquivir R. Str. of Bellisle. Licking R. Str. of Yenikale. Muskingum R. Oneida L. English Channel. Juniata R. Vineyard Sound. White Sea. Buzzard's B. Sabine R. Ardencaple Inlet. Ogeechee R. Saganaw B. Charlotte's H. Krishna R. B. of Biscay. Anticosti I. Ghaut Mts. Auvergne Mts. Disco I. Niphon I. N. Channel. G. of California. Elbrooz Mts. Sierre Morenna Mts. Pr. Wm. Sound. L. Baikal. L. Ladoga. Kotelnoi I. Dead Sea. Zante I. Hainan I. 9 C. Matapan. C. Clear. Pei-Ho R. Oesel I. Gr. Salt Desert. Helmund R. Irish Sea. Irrawaddy R. Channel of Tartary. G. of Taranto. Ramleah Mts. Poyang L. C. Finesterre. G. of Siam. Red Sea. Petchora R. Petchelee G. Schuylkill R. Bay of Campeachy. ObiR. York R. Richmond G. Mt. Ararat. Galveston R. Southampton I. Sihon R. Green R. G. Tehuantepec. Winnipiseogee L. #,<>> KT^ 101 *" V ' ***J Brazo^R. Big Sandy K*^C\ GiCaH^'^ ^\2r Mobile B. Pensacola B. ^^S ^U&JHMJP&^ Arctic Highlands. Mt. Etna. Genesee R. Tar R. Black Mts. ' L. Chapala. Norton's Sd. Miami R. C. Cod. Black Hills. Seneca L. Spanish Peaks. Gr. Bear L. Rappahannock R. Skeneateles L. Delaware R. Grand R. I. of Pines. Moosehead L. Rum R. Gothland I. Flint R. Mt. Tabor. Malta I. Jan Mayen I. Yeddo B. (or Jeddo.) Sea of Marmora. Ignacio I. Mt. Sinai. Cevennes Mts. Q. Charlotte Sd. Ural R. Land's End. L. Mistissiny. Thsoungling Mts. Str. of Dardenelles. C. Race. (tsoong'ling'.) Corsica I. Sky I. C. Lopatka. Dwina R. Sea of Azof. Quelpaert I. Str. of Malacca. Seine R. Andaman Is. Str. of Babelmandel. G. of Lyons. Tigris R. Perouse Str. I. of Man. Thian Chan Mts. Zaizan Nor. G. of Dantzic. Cattegat. Nerbuddah R. Wabash R. Balkan Mts. Sea of Aral. L. Erie. C. Teulada. Lop Nor. Muscle Shoals. Onega R. Str. of Matsmay. Albemarle Sound. Muscongus B. Lake Champlain. Pruth R. Cephalonia I. Green Mts. Mars Hill. Str. of Gibraltar. Mohawk R. Euphrates R. Aland I. New Inlet. Koko Nor. Str. of Otranto. Roanoke R. Himalaya Mts. G. of Finland. L. Island Sd. Lacadive Is. Lipari Is. San Francisco B. Tchantar I. Mt. Hecla. C. Walsingham. C. Mendocino. Mahanuddy R. Caucasus Mts. C. Corrientes. C. St. Antonio. C. Robertson. Des. of Akhaf. C. Chudleigh (written Sabine I. Tonting L. also Chidley.) L. Chelehkof. G. Sandy Des. B. of Guatemala. C. St. Vincent. Lemnos I. Wachusett Mt. North Sea. Rugen I. C. Henry. Corfu I. Cantabrian Mts. Pearl R. Baltic Sea. Mediterranean Sea. James R. C. Sviatoi. L. Geneva. Tongue R. C. Passaro. Zealand I. Nantucket I. Lewis I. G. Genoa. Barataria B. L. Peipus. Icy C. Connecticut R. G. Cambay. Sable I. Itasca L. G. of Anadeer. Cosiguina. Dead G. Desert of Cobi. Tule Lakes. Balcash L. Mt. Pisgah. Barthurst Inlet. Nicobar Is. G. of Manaar. Musquito B. C. Romania. Cashgar R. C. Cannaveral. Loo Choo Is. Hindoo Koo R. Corn Is. Mt. of Olives. Caspian Sea. Grand B. Ceylon I. 9* 102 G. of Venice. Str. of Messiaa. L. Garda. L. Wetter. Candia I. Minho R. Black Sea. Zuyder Zee. Clara R. Mississippi R. Ohio R. Rhine R. L. Memphramagog. St. Joseph R. Pittsburg. Portland. Buffalo. L. Pontchartrain. Ozark Mts. Volga R. Tornea R. Ebro R. Donegal B. L. Maelar. Metelin I. How do the waters of*' ??* uvius ' Green Say reach the G '*\ e ' . ocean? * Adams's Peak. East Cape. Waters of the Don R. Iceland. Coronation G. Vancouver's I. Mt. St. Elias. Pr. Edward's I. Davis's Str. Nova Zerabla I, G. of Tonquin. Jordan R. C. Closterbay. Sitka I. Ungava B. Bermudas Is, Hoang Kiang R. Ishim R. Mt. Hooker. Bahama Is. Mohegan Mts, Salt R. King's Cape. Pt. De Witt Clinton. C. St. Lewis. C. Orford. Amatique B. Catskill Mts. Altamaha R. Chesuncook L. L. Michigan. Spirit L. Baltimore. Thunder B. C. St. Thadeus. Attruck R. Persian G. Cambodia R. Grampian Hills. Dniester R. Tagus R. Negropont I. I. of Wight. PoR. Water Volcano. Cumberland Str. Pictured Rocks. Pt. Beechey. C. Farewell. L. Tchany. Ganges R. Amoo R. Isthmus of Suez. Meinam R. Osage R. Yellow Stone R. Mt. Jorullo. Colorado R. Bantry B. Oder R. G. of Athens. Cyprus I. Str. of Bonifacio. Str. of Dover. Cerigo. Shannon R. Isthmus of Darien. Platte R. Ural Mts. DIVISIONS OF SOUTH AMERICA. (ki-enn'.) Braz-il', Rio Janeiro, New Granada, Bogota, French Guiana, Cay (grah-nah'dah.) (bo-go-tah/.) Venezuela, Carac'cas, (ven-ez-wee'la.) (or Caracas.) British Guiana, (ghe- ah'na.) Georgetown. Dutch Guiana, Para- maribo. (ri'o ja-nee'ro.) Paraguay, Assumption U'ruguay, Montevid'eo Buenos Ayres, Buenos Ayres, (bd*nus a'rez.) Patago'nia. Chi'li, Santiago, (san-te-ah'go.) BoWvia, Chuquisaca. (ch oo-ke-sah'kah .) Peru, Lima, (pe-roo',) (lee'jmah.) Ecuador 7 , (or Equator) Quito, (kee'to.) 103 NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. G. of Venezuela. L.Maracaybo, 110 m.l. (mah-rah-ki'bo. Ipava L. (e-pah'vah.) Pinzon B. (pin-zone'.) Atlantic Ocean. B. of All Saints. Marambaya B. (mah-ram-bi'ah.) Paranagua B. ( pah-rah-nah'gwah . ) L. De los Patos, 150 m. 1. L. Mirim, (me-reem'.) L. Ibera, (e-ba'rah.) L. Xarayes, (called also Maudior.) (hah-ri'es.) L. Ubahy, (oo-bah-ee'.) L. del Valle, (del-val'ya.) Porongos L. (por-rong'goce.) Blan'co B. St. Mathi'as B. Desengano B. (des-en-gan^o.) St. George's B. L. Coluguape, (ko-loo-gwah'pay.) Str. of Magel'lan. Str. of Le Maire. G. of Pefias, (pain'yas.) Cho'nos Archipelago. G. of Guaiteca, (gwi-ta'kah.) Talcahuana B. (tal-kah-wah'nah.) Valparaiso B. (val-pah-ri'so.) L. Titicaca, 140 m. 1. (t.it-e-kah'kah.) L. Rey'es. G. of Guayaquil, (gwi-ah-keel'. ) Sardinas B. (sar-deen'as.) B. of Cho'co. B. of Panama, (pan-a-mah'.) G. of Da'rien. RIVERS, Huallaga, 5. (wal-yah'gah.) U cay ale, 12. (oo-ki-ah'la.) Javary (or Yavari.) (hah-vah-ree'.) Jutay, 7. (hoo-ti A .) Jurua, 8. (hoo-roo'ah.) Purus, 9. (poo'rus.) Madeira, 22. (ma-dee'ra.) Beni, Magdale'na, 9. Cauca, 6. (kow'kah.) Orino'co, 15. Arauca, 5. (ba-nee'.) (a-row'kah.) Mamore, 12. Meta, 6. (mah-mo'ray.) (ma'tah.) Branco, 10. Guaviare, 6. Guapore, 5. (gwah-ve-ah'ray.) (gwah-po'ray.) Casiquiare, Topayos, 11. (kah-se-ke-ah'ray.) (to-pi'yoce.) Caroni, Xingu, 13. (kah-ro-nee'.) (shin-goo'.) Essequibo, 4^ (written Araguay, 11. also Essequebo.) (ar-ah-gwi'.) (es-se-kee'bo.) Demerar'a. Surinam', 3. Maroni, 3. (rnah-ro-nee'.) Oy-a-pock'. Am'azon, 40. Trombetas, (trom-ba'tas.) Branc'o. Negro, (na'gro.) Uaupes, 6, (wow'pes.) Caqueta, 11. (kah-ka'tah.) Apapura, (ah-pah-poo'rahO Putumayo, 8. (poo-too-mi'o.) Tunguragua, 9. Tocantins, 11. (to-kan-teens 7 .) Para, 12. (pah-rah'.) Gurapy, 5. (goo-rah-pee'.) Paranaiba, 8. (pah-rah-nah-ee'bah } St. Francis'co, 13. U'ruguay, 8. Rio de la Plata, 21 (ree'o-d el-ah plah'tah) Parana, 19. (pah-rah-nah'.) Paraguay' 12. JPilcomayo, 11. (pil-ko-mi'o.) Vermejo, 10. (ver-ma'ho.) Salado, 8. (sah-lah'do.) (toong-goo-rah'gwah) Dulce, 5. (dooKsa.) 101 Tercero, Mas a Fuera, TOWNS. (ter-sa'ro.) ( ma h -sah-fwa'rah .) La Guay'ra. Saladillo, 4. Mas a Tierra, Valen'cia. (sah-lah-deel'yo.) ( ma s-ah-te-er'rah .) Coro. Colorado, 10, St. Felix. Maracaybo, Rio Negro, 7. Camaro'nes. St. Ambrose. Puna, (ma-rah-ki'bo.) Cartage'na, Port Desire R. (poo'nah.) (or Carthagena.) Porto Bel'lo. ISLANDS, MOUNTAINS, Panama Joannes, 150 m. I. Geral Mts. Guayaquil, (zho-an'nes.) (Zha-ral'.) (gwi-ah-keel'.) St. Anne, Acaray Mts. Riobamba, (san-ta' ah'nah.) (ah-kah-ri'.) (re-o-bam'bah.) Fernando de Noronha, Brazilian Mts., 2100 Cuenca, (fer-nan'do da no- m. 1. (kweng'kah.) rone'yah.) Vul'can Mts. Guamang^a. Itamaraca, An'des Mts., 4800 m.l. Cuz'co. (ee-tah-mah-rah-kah') Mt. Illimani, 24,350 Puno, Abrolhos Is. f. h. (poo'no.) (ah-brole'yoce.) (eel-yah-mah'ne. Arequipa Martin Vas Is. Mt. Sorata, 25,400. (ar-a-kee'pah.) St. Sebas'tian. (so-rah'ta.) La-Paz. Cananea, Mt. Cotopaxi, 19,000. Cochabam'ba. (kah-nah-na'ah.) (co-to-pax'e.) Potosi, Sta.Catharina, Mt. Chimboraz'o, 21,- (po-to-see'.) (santa-cat-ah-ree'nah) 730. Coquimbo, Taramandi, Mt. Pichin'cha, 16,000. (ko-keem'bo.) (tar-ah-man'de.) Valparaiso, Sandwich Land. CAFES. (val-pah-ri'so.) South Georgia. Gallinas, Concep'tion. South Orkney Is. (gal-lee'nas.) Mendo'za South Shetland Is. Orange. Para, Aurora Is. North. (pah-rah'.) Falkland Is. St. Roque. Maraniiam', Staten Land. Frio, (fre'o.) (or Maranhao.) Ter're del Fu-e'go. St. Ato'nio. Pernambuco, Hermit. Corrien'tes. (per-nam-boo'ko.) Camden. Blanco. Sergippe Del Rey. Wellington, 150 m. 1. Horn. (ser-zheep'a del-ray) Chiloe, Pillar. Bahia, (cheel-o-a'.) Francisco. (bah-ee'ah.) Juan' Fernan'dez Is. Pt. Mariato. (or St. Salvador.) 105 DIVISIONS OF AFRICA. Barbary States. Morocco, Morocco, Algiers', Algiers. Beled'el-Jereed', (or Beledeljerid.) Tu'nis, Ts. Tripoli, Ti. (trip'o-le.) Fezzan', Moorzook'. Barca, Derne. Egypt, Cairo, (ki'ro.) Nu'bia, Don'gola, New D-a. Senaar 7 Sr. Abyssin'ia. Amhara, Gon'dar. (am-hah'ra.) Somaulies Country. (so-mo'leez.) Ad el, Zeyla, (ah-del'za'elah.) Ber'bera, B-a, Ajan, (ah-zhan'.) Zanguebar 7 . Mozambique, M-e. (mo-zam-beek'.) Monomotapa, Zirabao. (mon-o-mo-tab/pa.) Cazem'be, C-e. Boshuana, (written also Betchuana and Bechuana) Country. Caffraria, Port Natal. Cape Colony, Cape Town. Hottentot's Country. Cimbebas, (sim-ba'bas.) Lower Guinea. Benguela, San Felipe, De, B-a. (Ben-ga'lah.) Matem'ba. Ango'la, St. Paul De Loando. Cong'o, St. Salvador. Lo-ang / o, L-o. Upper Guinea. Benin, B-n. (ben-een') Dah/omey, Ab'omey. Ashan'tee, Coomas'sie. Liberia, Monrovia. Sierra Leone, Free T. (se-er'ra le-o'ne.) Senegara'bia, Timboo'. Soodan', (Soudan or Sudan) Sego, Sac- catoo, Timbuctoo. Bergoo', Wara. Darfoor', (or Darfur,) Cob'be. Kordofan, Ibeit. Fertit and Donga. Etbiopia. Unexplored Regions. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. Str. of Gibraltar. Mediterranean Sea, 2250. G. of Sid'ra. Red Sea, 1500 m. 1. G. of Su'ez. Str. of Babelmandel. G. of Aden, (ah'den.) Indian Ocean. Ethiopian Archipelago Mozambique Channel, 240 m. w. Bombetok' B. Vohemaire B. (vo-he-mar'.) Antongil B. (an-ton-zheel'.) Delago'a B. Agulhas (written also Lagullas) B. Table B. St. Hele'na B. Santa Cruz B. Walwisch B. Great Fish B. G. of Guinea. Atlantic Ocean. LAKES, Lowde'ah. Dibbie, (dib'bee.) Tchad. Fittre, (fiftra.) Dem'bea. Maravee, (mah-rah've.) RIVERS. Nile, 28. El Abiad, (el-ah/be-ad.) El Az'rek. Tacazze, (tah-kat'say.) Web'be. Ozee'. Manice, (man-nis'sa.) Zambeze, (zam-ba'ze.) St. Lucia. Great Key. Kous'sie. Orange, 10. Bembaroughe, (bem-bah-rooh'.) Cunene, (koo-na'ne.) Co-an'za. Am'briz. Con'go. Umbre, (oom'bra.) 106 Mis-se-lad'. May'o, (mi'o.) Red Mts. Shary, St. Jag'o. Radama Mts. (shah'ree.) Fo'go. (rah'dah-mah.) Yeoo, Brava. Peak of Tenerifle, (ya-oo'.) (brah'vah.) 11,946 f. h. Niger, 27. Canary Is. (ni'jer.) Fe/ro. GAPES, Tsad'da. Palma, Bo'na. White. (pal'mah.) Guardafui, St. Paul's, 3. Teneriffe, (gwar-dah-fwee'.) Rio Grande, 10. (ten-er-iff') Orfui, Gam'bia, 7. Lancero'ta. (or-fwee'.) Senegal, Fortaventu'ra. Bas'sas. (sen-e-gauF.) Grand Canary. Delgado, Medeira Is. (del-gah'do.) ISLANDS, (ma-dee'ra.) Am'bro. Socotra. Porto Santo. St. Mary. Seychelle Is. Az'ores. Corrien'tes. (sa-shell'.) St. Mary's. Agulhas, Almirante Is. St. Michael's. (ah-gool'yas.) (al-me-ran'ta.) Juan de Nova. Terceira, (tep-sa'e-rah.) C. of Good Hope. Cross. Assumption. Graciosa, Frio, Com'oro Is. (grah-se-o'sah.) (fre'o.) Madagascar, Tanana- Fayal, Pal'mas. rivoo'. (fiar.) Verde. Mauritius, Pico, Blanco. (mau-rish'e-us.) (pee'ko.) Bojador 7 . Bourbon, Flo'res. (boor'bon.) CorVo. TOWNS, St. Helena. Alexandria. Ascen'sion. MOUNTAINS, Roset'ta. St. Paul's. Mountains of Kong. Damiet'ta. An'nobon. At'las Mts. 1400m. 1. Sioot, (or Siout. St. Thomas. Mt.Miltsin, 11,900 f.h. se-oot'.) Prince's. (melt-seer/.) Se'go. Fennan'do Po. Mts. of the Moon. Timbuc'too. Cape Verde Is. Cameroons' Mts., 13,- Sackatoo'. St. Vin'cerit. 000 f. h. Kano, St. Antonio. Crystal Mts. (kah'no.) St. Nich'olas. Snow Mts., 10,000 f.h. Zaria Sal. Lupata Mts. (zah-ree'yah.) Bonavis'ta. (loo-pah'tah.) 107 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. LARGE BODIES OF WATER. GULF OF VENEZUELA. Between the north-western part of Vene xuela and north-eastern part of New Granada a part of the Carib- bean Sea. L. MARACAYBO. In the north-western part of Venezuela 110 miles long, and 80 wide. It is connected with the Gulf of Vene- zuela by a strait five miles wide, on the west side of which is the town of Maracaybo having a population of 20,000. Near the north-east border of the lake, is a remarkable mine of Asphaltum, the bituminous vapours of which are so easily ignited that during the night phosphoric fires are continually seen; which, in their appearance, resemble lightning. They go by the name of the " Lan- tern Maracaybo," because they serve for a lighthouse and compass to the Spaniards and Indians, who navigate the lake without the assistance of either. IPAVA L. In the southern interior of Venezuela the source of Orinoco river. PINZON B. In the east of the northern part of Brazil a part of the Atlantic Ocean. ATLANTIC OCEAN. This is one of the great divisions of that watery expanse, which covers more than three-fourths of the surface of the globe. It lies between the Old and New Worlds washing the eastern shores of North and South America, and the western shores of Europe and Africa. It is 9000 miles long, and from 1000 to 4000 wide. B. OF ALL SAINTS. In the eastern part of Brazil a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The town of St. Salvador is situated on it and has a populuton of 120,000. MARAMBAYA B. In the south of the eastern part of Brazil a part of the Atlantic Ocean. PARANAGUA B. In the east of the southern part of Brazil a part of the Atlantic Ocean. L. DE Los PATOS. In the extreme southern part of Brazil 150 miles long. L. MIRIM. In the eastern part of Uraguay. L. IB ERA. In the eastern part of Buenos Ayres south of Parana river. XARAYES L. In the eastern part of Bolivia. Paraguay river flows though it. 103 L. UBAHY. In the interior part of Bolivia. Blanco river flows through it. L. DEL VALLE. In the western interior of Buenos Ay res. PORONGOS L. In the interior part of Buenos Ay res the Dulce river flows into it. BLANCO B. In the southern part of Buenos Ayrcs a part of the Atlantic Ocean. ST. MATHIAS AND DESENGANO Bs. In the east of the northern part of Patagonia parts of the Atlantic Ocean. ST. GEORGE'S B. In the eastern part of Patagonia a part of the Atlantic Ocean. L. COLUGUAPE. In the interior part of Patagonia the source of Port Desire river. STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. Separates Terra Del Fuego from the south- ern part of Patagonia, and connects the waters of the southern Atlan- tic and Pacific Oceans. It is 300 miles in length, and from a mile and a half to 40 miles wide. STR. OF LE MAIRE. Separates Staten land from Terra del Fuego. It is a part of the Southern Ocean. G. OF PENAS. In the western part of Patagonia a part of the Pacific Ocean. CHONOS ARCHIPELAGO. Near the western coast of Patagonia north of the Gulf of Penas. G. OF GUAITECA. Between the west of the northern part of Pata- gonia and Chiloe island a part of the Pacific Ocean. TALCAHUANA B. In the western part of Chili a part of the Pacific Ocean. The town of Conception is situated near it has a population of 10,000. VALPARAISO B. In the western part of Chili north of Talcahuana Bay a part of the Pacific Ocean. The town of Valparaiso is situated on it has a population of 30,000. L. TITICACA. In the southern part 'of Peru and north-western part of Bolivia 180 miles long, and 500 feet deep its surface com- prises 4000 square miles, and is 12,795 feet above the level of the ocean. L. REYES. In the western part of Peru the source of the Amazon river. G. OF GUAYAQUIL. In the western part of Equador a part of the Pacific Ocean. The town of Guayaquil is situated on it has a po- pulation of 20,000. SARDINAS B. In the south-western part of New Granada a part of the Pacific Ocean. B. OF CHOCO. In the western part of New Granada a part of the Pacific Ocean. B. OF PANAMA. In the north-western part of New Granada on the south side of the Isthmus of Darien is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. The town of Panama is situated on it has a population of 10,000 G. OF DARIEN. In the north-western part of New Granada a part of the-Caribbean Sea. 109 RIVERS OF SOUTH AMERICA. MAGDALENA R. Rises among the Andes mountains, in the south- western part of New Granada flows first northerly, with a slight inclination to the east then a north-westerly course, into the Carib- 1 can Sea, by several mouths. It is 900 miles long. The towns of M. and H. are situated on it, and C. on an island at its mouth. In the Bogota river, (a tributary of the Magdalena,) 15 miles west of the city of Bogota, are the falls of Tequendama ; a short distance above the falls the river is 140 feet in width, but being forced into a narrow though cfeepbed, of only 40 feet wide, it is precipitated, at two bounds, down a perpendicular rock, to the depth of 650 feet. " This cataract," says Humboldt, " forms an assemblage of every thing that is sublimely picturesque in beautiful scenery. The body of water, when it first parts from its bed, forms a broad arch of glassy appearance ; a little lower down it assumes a fleecy form, and ultimately, in its progress downwards, it shoots forth into mil- lions of small tubular masses, which chase each other like sky rockets. The noise which attends the fall is quite astounding, and dense clouds of vapour are sent up, which mingle with the atmo- sphere, forming, in their ascent, the most beautiful rainbows." CAUCA R. Kises among the Andes, in the south-western part of New Granada flows a northerly course is a branch of Magdalena river, and is 600 miles long. ORINOCO R. Rises in Ipava lake, in the southern interior of Vene- zuela flows first an easterly, then winds round to the south, and takes a westerly direction, then a northerly course, forming part of the boundary between Venezuela and New Granada, then flows north-easterly, and lastly, changes to an easterly direction, flowing through the north-eastern part of Venezuela, into the Atlantic Ocean, by a multitude of mouths. It is 1500 miles long. ARAUCA R. Rises in the northern interior of New Granada flows an easterly course is a branch of Orinoco river, and is 500 miles long. META AND GUAVIARE Rs. Rises among the Andes in the south- ern interior of New Granada flows a little north of an easterly course are branches of Orinoco river, and are each 600 miles long. CASIQUIARE R. Connects the Negro, a branch of the Amazon, with Orinoco liver. CARONI R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Venezuela flows a general northerly course is a branch of Orinoco river and is 300 miles long. ESSEQUIBO R. Rises in the south-eastern part of British Guiana flow first a north-westerly, then a winding northerly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 450 miles long. SURINAM R. Rises in Acaray mountains, in the southern part of Dutch Guiana flows a general northerly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 300 miles long. MARONI R. Rises in Acaray mountains flows a northerly course, forming the boundary between Dutch and French Guiana, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean. It is 350 miles long. OYPOCK R Forms most of the boundary between French Guiana and Brazil flows a northerly course into the Atlantic Ocean. 10 no AMAZON R. Rises in Lake Reyes, in the western part of Peru in about 12 of south latitude, or 831 miles south of the equator flows first a south-easterly, then a north-easterly, then a north-west- erly, then a northerly, and lastly, a general easterly course, passing through the interior and northern parts of Peru the south-eastern part of Ecuador, and the northern part of Brazil, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, under the equator. It is the largest river in the world, though not the longest, being 4000 miles long, and 180 wide at its mouth. Its current is so rapid that it. carries its own waters unmixed into the ocean, to the distance of 240 miles. It drains, with its tributaries, an area of 2,400,000 square miles. Those that flow into it from the north, are the Trombetas, Aniba, Negro, Ca- queto, and Putumayo those from the south are the Tunguragua, Huallaga, Javary, Jutay, Jurua, Purus, Madeira, Topayos, and the Xingu. Two days before and after the full moon at its mouth, the phenomenon, called " The Bore," occurs when the water from the ocean rushes into the river with a prodigious force and noise in two, three, and sometimes four successive waves, each presenting a per- pendicular front of from ten to fifteen feet high no small vessel can encounter this, without certain destruction. The meaning of its Indian name, (Am-as'so-na,) is boat destroyer. TROMBETAS AND ANABA Rs. Rise in the Acaray mountains, in the northern part of Brazil flows a southerly course are branches of the Amazon river. BRANCO R. Rises in the Acaray mountains, in the northern part of Brazil flows a southerly course is a branch of the Negro river. NEGRO R. Rises in the southern interior of New Granada flows first an easterly, then a southerly, then an easterly, and lastly, a south-easterly course is a branch of the Amazon river, and is 1200 miles long. UAUPES R. Rises among the Andes mountains in the southern part of New Granada flows first an easterly, then a southerly, and lastly, an easterly course is a branch of the Negro river and is 600 miles long. CAQUETA R. Rises among the Andes, in the south-western part of New Granada flows first a south-easterly, then an easterly, and lastly, a south-easterly course forming part of the boundary between New Granada and P^cuador Ecuador and Brazil is a branch of the Amazon river, and is 1100 miles long. APAPURA R. Has its source near that of the Caqueta flows a general south-easterly course is a branch of the Caqueta, and is 500 miles long. PUTUMAYO R. Rises among trie Andes, in the north of the west- ern part of Ecuador flows first a south-easterly, then an easterly course is a branch of the Amazon river, and is 800 miles long. TUNGURAGUA R. Rises among the Andes, in the western part of Peru flows first a north-westerly, then a winding easterly course and forms a junction with Huallaga river. It is 500 miles long. HUALLAGA R. Rises among the Andes, in the western part of Peru flows a general northerly course, and unites with Tunguragua river. It is 500 miles long. Ill JAVARY R. Rises in the north-eastern part of Peru flows first a northerly, then a north-easterly course forming part of the boundary between Brazil and Ecuador is a branch of the Amazon river. JUTAY AND JURUA Rs. Rise among the Geral mountains, in the eastern part of Peru flow a north-easterly course through the west- ern part of Brazil are branches of the Amazon river. The first is 700, and the other 800 miles long. PURUS R. Rises among the Geral mountains, in the south-eastern part of Peru flows first a northerly, then a north-easterly course through the western part of Brazil is a branch of the Amazon, and is 900 miles long. MADEIRA R. Is formed by the junction of the Mamore and Blanco rivers, in the northern part of Bolivia flows first a northerl}-, then a north-easterly course through the western part of Brazil is the largest branch of the Amazon river, and is 2200 miles long. TOPAYOS R. Rises near the south-western boundary of Brazil flows a northerly course, with a slight inclination to the east is a branch of the Amazon, and is 1100 miles long. XINGUA R. Rises in the southern interior of Brazil flows a wind- ing northerly course is a branch of the Amazon river, and is 1300 miles long. ARAGUAY R. Eises among the Brazilian mountains in the south- ern interior of Brazil flows a northerly course, and unites with the Tocantins, which also flows a northerly course into the Atlantic Ocean taking the name of Para in the last 100 miles of its course. The A. and T. are each 1100 miles long the Para included, T200. GURAPY R. Rises in the northern part of Brazil flows a north- easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 500 miles long. PARANAIBA R. Rises in the eastern interior of Brazil flows first a north-easterly, then a northerly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 800 miles long. ST. FRANCISCO R. Rises among the Brazilian mountains in the south-eastern part of Brazil flows first a northerly, then a north- easterly, and lastly, an easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 1300 miles long. PARAIBA R. Rises among the Brazilian mountains, in the south of the eastern part of Brazil flows, with a slight inclination to the north, an easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 450 miles long. URUGUAY R. Rises among the Brazilian mountains, in the south- ern part of Brazil flows first a winding south-westerly, then a south- erly course, forming part of the boundary between Brazil and Buenos Ayres Buenos Ay res and Uruguay unites with the Parana, and forms the Rio de la Plata. It is 800 miles long. NEGRO R. Rises among the Brazilian mountains, in the most southern part of Brazil flows a south-westerly course through Uruguay, and unites with the Uruguay river. It is 400 miles lon'g. PARANA R. Is formed by the junction of the Tiete, Grande, and Parnahyba rivers, in the southern interior of Brazil flows first a southerly, then a south-westerly, then a southerly, and then a west- erly course forming part of the boundary between Brazil and Para- guay Paraguay and Buenos Ayres unites with the Paraguay, then taking a southerly course, nceives the Salado, after which it changes 113 to a south-easterly direction, and unites with the Uruguay, and forma the Rio de la Plata. It is 1900 miles long. Rio DE LA PLATA R. Is formed by the junction of the Uruguay and Parana rivers, in the south-eastern part of Buenos Ayres. It is rather an estuary than a river. Measured from the source of the Parana, it is about 2100 miles long, and 150 wide at its mouth. PARAGUAY R. Rises in the southern interior of Brazil flows a southerly course, forming part of the boundary between Brazil and Bolivia, the boundary between Bolivia and Paraguay, and part of the boundary between Paraguay and Buenos Ayres, and forms a junction with the Parana river. It is 1200 miles long. PILCOMAYO R. Rises in the south-western part of Bolivia flows first an easterly, then a south-easterly course, passing through the southern part of Bolivia, and north-eastern part of Buenos Ayres is a branch of the Paraguay river, and is 1100 miles long. VARMEJO R. Forms part of the boundary between Bolivia and Buenos Ayres after which it flows a south-easterly course through the north-eastern part of Buenos Ayres is a branch of the Paraguay river, and is 1000 miles long. SALADO R. Rises in the north-western part of Buenos Ayres flows a south-easterly course is a branch of Parana river, and is 800 miles long. DULCE R. Rises in the north-western part of Buenos Ayres flows a south-easterly course into Porongos lake, and is 500 miles long. TERCERO R. Rises in the interior part of Buenos Ayres flows a south-easterly course is a branch of Parana river, and is 300 miles long. SALADILLO R. Rises in the southern interior of Buenos Ayres flows an easterly course into the Rio de la Plata, and is 400 miles long. COLORADO R. Rises among the Andes, in the western part of Bue- nos Ayres flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 1000 miles long. Rio NEGRO. Rises in the south-western part of Buenos Ayres flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 700 miles long. CAMARONES R. Rises among the Andes, in the north-western part of Patagonia flows a south-easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean is 300 miles long. PORT DESIRE R. Flows from Lake Coluguape, an easterly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 300 miles long. w ISLANDS OF SOUTH AMERICA. JOANNES I. Near the northern coast of Brazil, in the mouth of the Amazon river. It is 150 miles long. "ST. ANNE I. In the Araguay river, in the interior part of Brazil. FERNANDO DE NORONHA I. In the Atlantic Ocean, north-east of C. St. Roque. ITAMARACA I. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the eastern coast of Brazil, and in about 9 of south latitude. 113 ABROLHOS Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the eastern coast of Brazil in ahout 18 3 of south latitude. ST. SEBASTIAN, CANANEA, ST. CATHARINA, AND TARAMANDI Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the eastern coast of the southern part of Brazil. SANDWICH LAND. In the Atlantic Ocean, south-east of Patagonia. SOUTH GEORGIAN Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, north-west of Sand- wich Land. SOUTH ORKNEY AND SOUTH SHETLAND Is. In the Atlantic Ocean south-west of the south Georgian islands. AURORA Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, north-west of South Georgian islands. FALKLAND Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, east of tfie southern part of Patagonia. STATEN LAND. In the South Atlantic Ocean, east of Terra del Fuego, from which it is separated by the Strait of Le Marie. TERRA DEL FUEGO I. In the Southern Ocean, south of Patagonia, from which it is separated by the Strait of Magellan. It is 270 miles long, and 180 wide. HERMIT AND CAMDEN Is. In the Southern Ocean, near the south- ern coast of Terre del Fuego. WELLINGTON I. In the Pacific Ocean, near the western coast of Patagonia. It is 150 miles long. CHILOE I. In the Pacific Ocean, near the southern coast of Chili, and the western coast. of the northern part of Patagonia. JUAN FERNANDEZ Is. In the Pacific Ocean, west of Chili. Mas a Fuero and Mas a Tierra, or Selkirkis, are the principal islands of the group. ST. FELIX AND ST. AMRROSE Is. In the Pacific Ocean, west of the northern part of Chili, and south-west of Bolivia. PUNA I. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, west of Equador. MOUNTAINS OF SOUTH AMERICA. GERAL MTS. Extend through the eastern and south-eastern parts of Peru, and along the south-western boundary of Brazil. ACARAY MTS. Form the boundary between the northern part of Brazil and Guiana, and part of the boundary between Brazil and Ve- nezuela their general direction east and west. BRAZILIAN MTS. Extend in various directions through the south- eastern part of Brazil, the principal range running parallel with the coast for 2100 miles. VULCAN MTS. In the south-eastern part of Buer\os Ayres extend- ing east and west. ANDES MTS. Extend from north to south, through the whole length of South America the principal ridge following in general the winding of the Pacific coast, from which it is distant from 50 to 150 miles. MT. ILLIMANI. A peak of the Andes in the western part of Bo- livia, 24,350 feet high. MT. SORATA. A peak of the Andes, in the north-western part of Bolivia the highest mountain in the New World, being 25,400 feet above the level of the ocean. 10* 114 MT. COTOPAXI. A celebrated volcanic mountain in the western ?art of Ecuador 34 miles south-east of the city of Quito. It is 9,000 feet high its shape is that of a perfect cone at an elevation of 14,500 feet above the level of the ocean, commences the region of perpetual snow. Cotopaxi is one of the most dreadful of volcanoes its explosions are frequent and disastrous. In 1738, the flames rose 3000 feet above the brink of the crater. In 1744, the roarings of the volcano were heard as far as Honda, on the Magdalena river, at a distance of 600 miles. On the 4th of April, 1768, the quantity of ashes ejected was so great that during a large portion of the day the sun-light was entirely shut out, and the thick darkness of a starless midnight brooded over many miles of the surrounding country, so that at the town of Lutacunga which is more that 20 miles distant from the crater, day broke only at three in the afternoon. An eruption which occurred in the month of January, 1803, was pre- ceded by the melting of the snows that covered the mountain, at the port of Guayaquil, 156 miles in a straight line from the crater, " we heard," says Humboldt, " day and night, the noises of the volcano, like continued discharges of a battery ; we distinguished these tre- mendous sounds even on the Pacific Ocean, south-west of the island of Puna." CHIMBORAZO. A peak of the Andes in the western part of Ecua- dor, 21,730 feet high, till recently regarded as the highest mountain in South America. MT. PICHINCHA. An extinct volcano, in the western part of Ecua- dor, near the equator, 16,000 feet high. CAPES OF SOUTH AMERICA. C. GALLINAS. A north-eastern point of New Granada, extending into the Caribbean Sea the most northern cape of South America. C. ORANGE. A northern point of Brazil extending into the At- lantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Oyapock river. C. NORTH. An eastern point of the most northern part of Brazil, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. ST. ROQUE. An eastern point of Brazil extending into the Atlantic Ocean the most eastern cape of South America. C. FRIO. A south-eastern point of Brazil, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. Cs. ST. ANTONIO AND CORRIENTES. South-eastern points of Bue- nos Ayres, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. C. BLANCO. An eastern point of Patagonia, extending into the Atlantic Ocean also a north-western point of Peru, extending into the Pacific Ocean. C. HORN. A southern point of Terra del Fuego, (or rather of Hermit island,) extending into the Southern Ocean the most south- ern cape of South America. C. PILLAR. A north-western point of Terra del Fuego, extending into the South Pacific Ocean. C. -FRANCISCO. A north-western point of Ecuador, extending into the Pacific Ocean. PT. MARIATO. A southern point of the Isthmus of Panama, ex- 115 tending into the Pacific Ocean. This isthmus, called also the Isthmus of Darien, is, in its narrowest part, not more than 30 miles across. The dry season here lasts from December till April, and the wet, the rest of the year. The quantity of rain that falls is pro- digious ; but a very remarkable phenomenon occurs throughout the isthmus, .in the height of the rainy season, of which no satisfactory explanation has ever been offered. On the 20th of June the rain ceases, and during five or six days the sun shines out constantly, with the utmost splendour; after which the rain sets in as before, nor is any instance known of irregularity in the recurrence of this singular break in the ordinary course of the season. CITIES. QUITO. The capital of Ecuador, in the north-western part, near the equator has a population of 70,000. It is situated in a ravine, on the eastern declivity of Mount Pichincha, at an elevation of 9500 feet above the level of the ocean. This city enjoys, as it were, a perpetual spring vegetation never ceasing at any period of the year, though it is within sight of eleven summits of the Andes, which ;ire covered with perpetual snow. Earthquakes are frequent, and from December to March, violent storms of rain and lightning almost daily occur in the afternoon. CARRACAS. The capital of Venezuela, is situated in the northern part, 20 miles from the Caribbean Sea. This city was partially de- stroyed in 1812 by an earthquake, in which 12,000 persons are said to have perished. The population previous to that time was 40,000, it is now but 23,000. POTOSI. Is situated in the western part of Bolivia, on the west- ern declivity of the mountain of Cerro de Potosi, at an elevation of of 13,265 feet above the level of the ocean. The silver mines of Potosi so celebrated throughout the world, were accidentally dis- covered in 1545, by an Indian named Hualpa, as he was pursuing some w r ild goats up the mountain. Arriving at a steep place, lie laid hold of a bush, to assist him in his course, which he tore from the soil, and exposed a mass of solid silver at the roots. The popu- lation of Potosi, when these mines were in their most flourishing state, was 160,000 it is now less than 10,000. SOUTH AMERICA is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean on the east and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean on the south by the Strait of Magellan on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 116 QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. Where is the G. of Venezuela. Str. of Magellan. Magdalena R. Dulce R. Essequibo R. G. of Guayaquil. Itamaraca I. B. of All Saints. Ipava L. Geral Mts. Ponrongos L. C. Pillar. Surinam R. Des. of Atacama. Blanco B. Vulcan Mts. Orinoco R. C. Horn. L. Titicaea. G. of Darien. Oyapock R. Marambaya B. Joannes I. Mt. Illimani. C. Frio. C. Reyes. C. Gallinas. Amazon R. Wellington's I. Selkirk's I. L. Ibera. St. Mathias's B. Puna I. B. of Choco. G. of Penas. G. Guaiteca. Mt. Chimborazo. Pinzon B. C. St. Roque. Madeira R. Chonos Archipelago. Pilcomayo R. Acaray Mt. Chiloe I. Paranagua R. Caraccas (or Caracas.) Abrolhos Is. Quito. L. Maracaybo. Mt. Pichincha. Sardinas B. L. De los Patos. Terra del Fuego I. St. Catharina I. Topayos R. Mt.Cotopaxi. Maroni R. Camden I. W^hich is the most Mt. Sorata. Northern, Eastern, L. Coluguape. Southern, and West- C. Orange. ern Cape of South- Falkland I. America ? St. Felix I. Parana R. St. Sebastian I. L. Ubahy. I. of St. Anne. Desengano B. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. LARGE BODIES OF WATER. GULF OF SIDRA. In the western part of Barca a part of the Me- diterranean Sea. G. OF SUEZ. Between the eastern part of Egypt and north-western part of Arabia a part of the Red Sea. The town of Suez is situated 117 at its northern extremity. This Gulf, which at low water is in many parts so shallow as to be fordable, is memorable in sacred history, on account of the miraculous escape of the children of Israel, and the destruction of Pharaoh and his host. G. OF ADEN. Borders on the northern part of Berbera, and south- ern part of Arabia is a part of the Arabia a Sea. MOZAMBIQUE CHANNEL. Between the eastern part of Mozambique, and western part of Madagascar island. It is a part of the Indian Ocean, and is 240 miles wide. BOMBETOK B. In the north-western part of Madagascar island is a part of the Indian Ocean. VOHEMAIRE AND ANTON GILS Bs. In the north-eastern part of Madagascar island are parts of the Indian Ocean. DELAGOA B. Between the southern part of Mozambique, and the eastern part of Boshuana's Country is a part of the Indian Ocean. AGULHAS B. In the southern part of Cape Colony is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. ST. HELENA B. In the western part of Cape Colony is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. SANTA CRUZ B. In the western part of Hottentot's Country is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. WALWISCH B. Between the north-western part of Hottentot's Country, and the south-western part of Cimbebas is a part of the Atlantic Ocean. GREAT FISH B. Between the north-western part of Cimbebas, and south-western part of Lower Guinea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean Bembaroughe river flows into it. G. OF GUINEA. That part of the Atlantic Ocean bordering on the south-eastern part of Upper and north-western part of Lower Guinea. L. LODEAH. In the interior part of Tunis. L. DIBBIE. In the Niger river in the north-western part of Soudan. L. TCHAD. In the north of the eastern part of Soudan 200 miles long. The Yeou and Shary rivers flow into it. L. FITTRE. In the north-eastern part of Soudan. The Misselad river flows into it. L. DEMBEA. In the interior part of Abyssinia is 65 miles long. The Azrek river, a principal branch of the Nile, flows through this lake but is said to preserve its waters with but little inter- mixture with those of the lake, across which its current is always visible. L. MARAVEE. A salt lake in the eastern part of unexplored regions, near the south-western coast of Zanguebar. RIVERS OF AFRICA. NILE R. Is formed by the junction of El Abiad and Azrek rivers, in the south-western part of Nubia after receiving the Tacazze it flows first a very winding, and then a direct northerly course, passing through Nubia and Egypt into the Mediterranean Sea. It is 2800 miles long. From the junction of the Tacazze 118 to its termination a distance of 1350 miles the Nile does not receive a single affluent on either side, an instance unparalleled in the geography of the globe. It is noted for overflowing its banks every year, and fertilizing the country, called the valley of the Nile. The rise of the Nile commences in June, and continues to increase till September. These annual inundations, are now ascertained to be caused by periodical rains, which fall about the sources of the Nile, within the tropics. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is situated on its right bank, 100 miles from its mouth has a population of 300,000. The towns of S. and New D. are situated on its left bank and S. on the Azrek, one of its head branches. The Pyra- mids of Egypt are situated near the left bank of the Nile, seven or eight miles from Cairo. The largest of them is 763 feet square at the base and 590 feet high and covers an area of more than 13 acres. According to the writings of Herodotus, who obtained his information from the priests of Egypt 100,000 men \vere em- ployed 20 years in its construction. The Sphinx, a huge monster hewn out of the solid rock, having the face of a virgin, and the body of a beast is situated near the Pyramids, and is 125 feet long. WEBBE AND OZEE Rs. Rise in the north-eastern part of Ethio- pia flow a south-easterly course through Zanguebar into the Indian Ocean. MANNISSA R.- -Rises in the south-eastern part of unexplored re- gions flows a southerly course, between Mozambique and Boshu- ana's Country into Delagoa Bay. ZAMBEZE R. Is formed by two branches, which unite near the western boundary of Monomotapa flows first a north-easterly, then a south-easterly course through Mozambique into the Indian Ocean. ST. LUCIA R. Is a small river, forming the boundary between Bo- shuana's Country and Caflfraria, flows south-east into the Indian Ocean. GREAT KEI R. Forms the boundary between Caffraria and Cape Colony flows south-east into the Indian Ocean. ORANGE R. Rises in the southern part of Boshuana's Country flows a winding westerly course through Hottentot's Country into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 1000 miles long. BEMBAROUGHE. Rises in the interior part of Cimbebas flows a north-westerly course into the Great Fish Bay. COANZA R. Rises in the western part of unexplored regions flows a general westerly course through Lower Guinea into the Atlantic Ocean. AMBRIZ R. Rises in the eastern part of Lower Guinea flows a westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 600 miles long. CONGO R. Rises in the interior part of unexplored regions flows first a westerly, then a north-westerly, and lastly, a south-westerly course through Lower Guinea into the Atlantic Ocean.* MISSELAD R. Rises in Fertit flows a general north-westerly course into Lake Fittre. SHARY R. Rises in the south-eastern part of Soudan flows a general north-westerly course into Lake Tchad. YEOU R. Rises in the interior part of Soudan flows a little north of an easterly course into Lake Tchad. * The courses of this river are partly conjecture 119 NIGER R. Rises in the south-western part of Soudan flows first a north-westerly, then a north-easterly, then a northerly, then a south-easterly, and lastly, a south-westerly course passing- through the western, northern, and interior parts of the Soudan, and forming the boundary between Upper and Lower Guinea falls into the Gulf of Guinea, by several mouths. It is 2700 miles long. The towns of S., T., S., B., E., and B., and some others of less note, are situated on it. The Tsadda and White rivers are its two prin- cipal branches. ST. PAUL'S R. Rises among the mountains of Kong flows a south-westerly course, forming the boundary between Upper Guinea and Senegambia and passing through Liberia into the Atlantic Ocean is 300 miles long. Rio GRANDE. Rises in the interior part of Senegambia flows a general westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean. GAMBIA R. Rises in the interior part of Senegambia flows with many windings, a general westerly course into the Atlantic Ocean, and is 700 miles long. SENEGAL R. Rises among the mountains of Kong, in the south- eastern interior of Senegambia flows first a northerly, then a north- westerly, and lastly, a south-westerly course, passing through the northern part of Senegambia into the Atlantic Ocean. ISLANDS OF AFRICA. SEYCHELLEjPRASLIN, ALMIRANTE Is., MAKE, RoQUEPIZ, ANUNCIA- TION, UOETIVI, GEORGE, GALEGA, AND JUAN DE NOVA Is. Are all comprised within the Ethiopian Archipelago, lying east of the south- ern part of Zanguebar. ASSUMPTION, NATAL, AND ALDABRA Is. In the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar. MONFIA PEMBA, AND ZANZIBAR Is. In the Pacific Ocean near the eastern coast of the southern part of Zanguebar. MADAGASCAR I. In the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique, 960 miles long, and from 200 to 360 wide are aestimated at 225,000 square miles. MAURITIUS AND BOURBON Is. In the Indian Ocean, east of Mada- gascar. Mauritius belongs to Great Britain and Bourbon to France. ST. HELENA I. In the Atlantic Ocean, about 1200 miles west of the most southern part of Lower Guinea, and a southerly direction from France, noted as being the place where Napoleon Bounaparte was banished in 1815, and where he was detained as a prisoner of war, till his death, in 1821. ASCENSION I. In the Atlantic Ocean, about midway between Lower Guinea and Brazil. ST. PAUL'S I. In the Atlantic Ocean, near the equator, and north- east of Brazil. ANNOBON, ST. THOMAS, PRINCES, AND FERNANDO Po Is. In the Gulf of Guinea, near the western coast of the northern part of Lower Guinea. CAPE VERDE Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, west of the northern part of Senegambia. They belong to Portugal. CANARY Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, south-west of Morocco. Te nerifife, one of these islands, is noted for its high mountain, called * The Peak of Teneriffe," which is 11,946 feet high. It is an extinct volcano, but from some crevices in the crater, hot watery vapours still issue; these crevices are called by the natives, "The Nostrils of the Pe tk." The Canary islands belong to Spain. MADEIRA Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, west of Morocco. These islands belong 1 to Portugal. AZORE Is. In the Atlantic Ocean, west of the southern part of Spain. They belong to Portugal. MOUNTAINS OF AFRICA. MTS. OF KONG. Form the boundary between Upper Guinea and Soudan extending east and west, after which they take a northerly and southerly direction through the eastern part of Senegambia. ATLAS MTS. Extend through the Barbary States, and separate the cultivated country from the Great Desert they are 1400 miles long. MT. MILTSON. A peak of the Atlas mountains, in the interior pas>best qualified to jiid[ correctly, because they judge experimen^gj^ TTpg*~ "ksfV^/ The undersigned, having just completed a course of instruction in Geography, under the tuition of Benjamin Naylor, do take much pleasure in recommending the system, of which he is the author, to all desirous of obtaining a thorough knowledge of the subject. A. B. IV1NS, Principal Palmer St. Grammar School. JOSEPH WHITALL, Teacher. ROBERT IVINS, Teacher, Camden. SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY. MARGARET E. BUCKMAN,! ELIZABETH JONES, I Teachers MARY BEANS, f leachers - HANNAH W. STEEL, Philadelphia, Uth mo. 15th, 1847. The undersigned, Trustees of the Union District School of Bur- lington, New Jersey, having attended an examination of the pupils of their Boys' and Girls' Grammar Schools, after the pupils had attended a course of instruction in Geography, of about ten days' continuance, given them by Benjamin Naylor, agreeably to his sys- tem of teaching upon Outline Maps, do freely express the opinion, that the said pupils did demonstrate, that they possessed a greater amount of accurate geographical knowledge than is common to find in students, who have spent many quarters, and even years of study, at school, in the usual way in which Geography is taught, by regu- lar lessons from books. We have, moreover, examined numerous candidates for the station of teachers, some of whom had passed through college, and been engaged in teaching for years, whose acquaintance with Geography would bear no favourable comparison with that of many of the young pupils in Benjamin Naylor's class. J. GRISCOM, President, THOS. MILNOR, JAMES R. WETHEREL, THOS. DUTTON, A. W. ARCHER, WM. R. ALLEN, WM. R. DEACON, THOS. SEAMAN. Burlington 6th mo. 22rf, 1846. I fully concur in the sentiment expressed by our Trustees, in their remarks upon Mr. Benjamin Naylor's system of teaching Geo- graphy. . E. WEST, Principal of Female Grammar Department, Burlington. I subscribe cheerfully to the above opinion. RUFUS SHADWICK, Principal of Male Grammar Department. [From the. Burlington Gazette, June 19, 1846.] , The pupils in our public schools have been for two weeks past engaged in studying Geography under the instruction of Mr. Ben- jamin Naylor, who is teaching a system of his own, assisted by the large Outline Maps of Pelton. When he first offered himself and his system to the directors of the schools, but little confidence was felt in his novel method of imparting instruction; but from the remarkable testimonials of his ability as a teacher, which he pro- duced, furnished by the presiding officers of celebrated seminaries in various parts of the country, and of the superiority of the system, the directors were induced to give them both a trial. The pupils of two of the schools, about eighty in number, have now attended under his instruction for two weeks ; and the result of his labours has given the most entire satisfaction to the directors, to the teachers, to the pupils, and to all others who have attended during the exercises. The proficiency of the pupils in Geography is perfectly astonishing. They can undergo a most rigid examination without a single mis- take, on maps, where the names of neither countries, towns, rivers, nor lakes, &c., are printed. The whole is taught by the eye, and appears to be thoroughly impressed upon the memory. Every ques- tion is answered promptly, and from memory alone. The study of Geography is so indispensable, that any new aids by which it may be rapidly and thoroughly acquired, should be hailed with every demonstration of public encouragement. We assure our readers that Mr. Naylor is a master of the art of teaching it rapidly, thoroughly, and in a way which possesses the peculiar charm of interesting the juvenile mind. Benjamin Naylor has taught a class in our school, from one of his Outline Maps, thereby explaining his system very much to our satisfaction. We take pleasure in recommending him as an able teacher, and his plan as being well calculated to imprint geographi- cal knowledge on the minds of children, in a very short time, and without unnecessarily burdening the memory. HANNAH P. DAVIS, SIBBILLA EMBREE, RACHEL PRICE, JR., ANNA A, STEVENSON, Price's Boarding School, West Chester, 1st mo. 7th, 1846. Harrisburg, July 26, 1848. We the undersigned teachers, having completed a course of in- struction in Geography under the tuition of B. Naylor, take much pleasure in recommending his system to all who are desirous of ob- taining a thorough knowledge of the subject. LEWIS H. GAUSE, S. D. INGRAM, E. L. MOORE, ANNA E. GEETY, MALVINA L. INGRAM, CATHARINE A. EMERSON. [From the West Chester Jeffersonian, January 20, 1846.] GEOGRAPHY. We had the pleasure, on Wednesday last, to witness the exami- nation of a class in Geography, at the public school in this borough, taught by Mr. Benjamin Naylor. We were surprised and delighted. Mr. Naylor's manner of teaching is peculiar to himself. The class we had the pleasure of hearing, were under his instruction but six days, and exhibited a readiness and proficiency beyond conception. Benjamin Naylor having taught in this school, a course of lessons in Geography, we have no hesitation in pronouncing his system the most efficient that we have seen adopted. MARY H. MIDDLETON, LYDIA GILLINGHAM, MARTHA HAMPTON MARTHA BEANS. Friends' Central School, Philadelphia, 5th mo. 16, 1846. [From the Albany Daily Knickerbocker, September 16, 1846.] We attended Mr. Benjamin Naylor's last public exhibition on Monday, and we must say that we were never more gratified or astonished in our lives. If we had not seen what he has done, we could not have believed it possible for any mortal to impart to the merest schoolboy a thorough knowledge of Geography in a fortnight, as he has done and is doing. We saw children under his tuition scarcely twelve years old, who, in two weeks, have acquired a more perfect knowledge of the world than any teacher of the ordinary system could have imparted to them in a century. The rapidity with which Mr. Naylor imparts knowledge, is brought about by a well arranged system of associations, the admirable working of which must be, seen to be appreciated by any one. EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE COMMITTEE OF MADISON GIRLS' GRAMMAR SCHOOL, IN NEW MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA. January 24, 1849. The Committee were present this morning, together with Messrs. Belsterling and Anderson members of the school board , and Mr. Justice, a commissioner of the district, for the purpose of witnessing the mode and manner of imparting a knowledge of Geography by, Mr. B. Nay- lor, to the pupils of the school, and agree in saying that we were much edified and entertained by the plan of teaching, and believe the system a good one and well adapted for imparting instruction. [From the West Chester Village Record, January 20, 1846.] Mr. Naylor's exhibition of his class in Geography, on Wednesday last, was highly gratifying. The progress of the pupil was such as to recommend the teacher and his system to all who wish to improve themselves in this useful branch of knowledge. W T e cannot too highly recommend the teachings of Mr. Naylor to the patronage of parents and pupils. His plan is one of great economy, of time and money. 134 Mr. Naylor's system of Topographical Geography, as taught by Mr. Henry A. Warriner, having been highly recommended to us, we were induced to use our influence to obtain a class for him in the school under our charge. A large class was immediately organized, and his course of in- struction has just been completed. We are happy to be able to say that the result has exceeded our most sanguine expectations. His pupils have been enabled, at their examination, to answer with remarkable rapidity and correctness, almost every question of a " THOUSAND" selected at random. From what we have been eye-witnesses to, we do not hesitate to say, that we believe where proper attention is paid by the pupil, a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of LOCAL GEOGRAPHY can be obtained in an almost incredible short period of time. In short, we believe the system needs but a trial to be universally adopted ; and we hereby recommend it as being a great saving of LABOUR and TIME, on the part of both pupil and teacher. Respectfully, WILLIAM HENRY WOOD, Principal of Frankford Boys' Grammar School. REBECCA S. ROSS, ) 4ssistantg MARY J. ROBERTS, \ ASS1 Thursday, March 11, 1847. [Erom the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, December 5, 1848.] MR. EDITOR : Allow me, through the columns of your valuable journal, to call public attention to the course of Lessons on Geo- graphy now in progress, under Benjamin Naylor, at John Sim- mons's school room, Locust Street, above Eighth. On Tuesday evening last, by the invitation of a friend, I attended the public examination of a class just completing the course, and was struck with the amount of general progress it evinced. Geo- graphical and statistical questions were answered with the greatest readiness, and every locality pointed out upon the maps which hung before the pupils. I likewise was present at a gratuitous lesson given on Thursday last, and was still more favourably impressed with the superiority of the system. I desire to call attention to this school, because, during a residence of some years abroad, I visited many institutions founded upon new or improved systems, in the hope of embodying their utilities for home experiment ; and I unhesitatingly pronounce Mr. Naylor's plan, with reference to Geography, far superior to any I have hitherto seen. It is a system which would, I am convinced, be attended with the greatest suc- cess, if adopted by our public schools ; and I feel sure it requires only to be known to insure to Mr. N. a large amount of patronage Yours truly, W. H. FREEMAN, United States Consul for Curacoa. 135 NAYLOR'S ARITHMETIC. From the Public Ledger, Oct. 25, 1849. The Speedy Calculator, by Benjamin Naylor, will be found an improved system of Arithmetic, greatly abridging the mechanical part of the solu- tions, and awakening the powers of the understanding by showing the reasons of the rules, and making the acquisitions to the study permanent. The author dispenses with at least five-sixths of the ordinary figures em- ployed in solving problems. From the Pennsylvania Freeman, Nov. 8, 1849. The Speedy Calculator, a System of Arithmetic designed to abridge the labour of the learner and expand his intellectual faculties. By Benjamin Naylor, author of Naylor' s System of Teaching Geography. From as careful an examination of this work as our time would permit, we have formed a very favourable opinion of its merits. Its first object is to make every arithmetical process intelligible, by a method of analysis which shall always be for the learner, a key to its meaning, while it aims to simplify and abridge operations which are either intricate or tedious. Its success in all these attempts will be equally gratifying to teachers and pu- pils. We have too lively a sympathy with both, not to partake of their pleasure at every improvement which smooths and widens the way up the Hill of Science, or which reveals new pleasures, new beauty, or a deeper and fuller significance, in every scene opened to the view of the upward traveller. We have no fears that the children of the present age will dis- honour their parents by surpassing them in knowledge or goodness ; no higher honour can the child bestow on the virtues and attainments of his parents and teachers, than to make his own life wiser and better than theirs. Nor do we fear that however great the facilities for gaining knowledge, there is any danger of its infinite storehouse being too soon exhausted, or the thirst of the soul being quenched and sated by too large a supply. The stuffing of the brain with dull and meaningless facts or words, may and does weary and disgust, but never the unfolding of the harmony and real beauty of scientific truth. In the child or in the philosopher, the spirit leaps with a new gladness as the unknown truth, or hidden meaning bursts on the mind. We welcome every help to knowledge as a help to moral health and harmony, as well as intellectual development and symmetry ; and every worker in that great field of labour as, in so far, the benefactor of his race. The humblest of such is not to be despised, but what he brings to the common good is a worthy offering on a divine altar. But in our mo- ralizing we are forgetting the object for which we took our pen, viz., to recommend Mr. Naylor's new system of Arithmetic to the attention of teachers, parents, and school directors, as, at least, well worthy of their examination. From the Woodbury Constitution, March 18, 1845. ' In this wonder working age, every thing seems to be progressing at rail- road speed ; we rise in the morning in Philadelphia and dine in New York, 136 with scarcely a perception that we have been in motion. One may sit quietly in Baltimore and hold conversation with a friend in Washington, almost without being aware of the fact that he is 40 miles distant from his friend. The improvements of the age are not confined to physics alone. The MIND is made, by improvements in its modes of cultivation, to surpass any thing heretofore conceived possible, as was evidenced by the examination at our Courthouse, the other evening, of Mr. Naylor's pupils. Boys of from 10 to 15 years of age, being capable of solving the most complicated questions almost with the quickness of thought, and with so few figures as to appear magical. The mode of examination was something in this way. Questions were read by the teacher, during which the boys, in a class of 8 or 10, were required to put down upon the black board before them, the figures named in the question, and from these one of the boys was then required to give an explanation of the statement, which statement being completed by each boy, the word was given to solve, and it was done with the quickness of thought. No questions proposed to them required more than 3| minutes from the time the reading of it was finished. We will give a few of the questions as specimens : 1. If 3 compositors set 15 pages in 2| days, how many will be re- quired to set 69| pages in 6 days'? Answered in 50 seconds. 2. If 25 pears can be bought for 10 lemons, and 28 lemons for 18 pome- granates, and 1 pomegranate for 48 almonds, and 50 almonds for 70 chest- nuts, and 108 chestnuts for 2 cents, how many pears can I buy for $1.35 ] Answered in one minute. 3. A has 608 yards of cloth at 14s. per yard, for which B is to give him JC125 12s. in money, and 85 cwt. 2 qrs. 24 Ibs. of beeswax, at how much is the beeswax valued per cwt. 1 Answered in 1 minute. 4. A cistern for water has two cccks to supply it, by the first it may be filled in 45 minutes, and by the second in 55 minutes ; it has likewise a discharging cock, by which it may, when full, be emptied in 30 minutes : now if these three cocks be all left open when the water comes in, in what time will the cistern be filled] Answered in 1^- minutes. It must be remembered too, that neither the teacher nor pupil knew that they were working against time, one of the spectators keeping the time without letting them know it. And it should be borne in mind two, that most of the time was taken up in making the statement the solution in every case being the work of an instant. From the Lafayette (Indiana] Free Press, April, 1844. We had the pleasure of being present at Mr. Naylor's examination, on Monday afternoon and evening. The large Methodist church was crowded with the most intelligent and delighted audience. When the subject of Arithmetic (which occupied several hours) came up, the pupils seemed to become even more animated than during the other exercises. Their pro- ficiency in this science was perfectly astonishing, and if this proficiency be a proper criterion to judge by Mr. Naylor's plan of teaching Arithmetic, is undoubtedly vastly superior to any thing now known in the west. From the Evening Bulletin. EXAMINATION OF PUPILS IN NAYLOR'S NEW SYSTEM OF ARITHMETIC. We should hail with gratitude every successful effort to abridge th 137 labour of acquiring useful knowledge, particularly in the elementary branches of education, pursued, a-; they are, at an early age, when the mind is but imperfectly developed, and which requires so long a period for their complete mastery. We were in attendance at an Arithmetical Examination of a class from the Chester Street Secondary Boys' School, by Mr. Benjamin Kaylor, on Friday evening last, at Franklin Hall, which took place in presence of a large and intelligent audience, and were delighted and astonished at the surprising rapidity and precision with which the pupils solved a variety of complex problems, as well as at the clear and logical manner in which they demonstrated every part of the process. In order to convey to the mind of the reader a more definite idea, we will give from our notes a few specimens of the problems solved : A merchant had 5| cwt. of sugar, fct 6|d. per pound, which he bar- tered for tea, at 8|s. per pound ; how many pounds of tea did he receive for the sugar 1 This question was solved in less than two minutes, with but ten figures in the work, after the statement was made ; whereas an ordinary solution would require 118 figures. Another If 3 cwt. of hay cost 5.88, what will 2 tons, 5 cwt., 20 pounds cost at that rate 1 This problem was also solved in less than two minutes, and by a purely intellectual process; not a single figure was written on the black board by the pupils, excepting those in the statement and answer; yet an ordinary solution would require 79 figures in tlie work. Again What is the value of 1 72 pigs of lead, each weighing 3 cwt. 2 qrs. 17 pounds, at the rate of $29.5S, per fother, of 19 cwt. The solution of this problem occupied between two and three minutes, (including the time of making and explaining the statement) and eight figures only were used in the work, while if solved by the common rules, the pupil will have to make somewhere in the neighbourhood of 170 figures. The exercises in oral arithmetic were interesting in the highest degree ; the youthful mind grasping at feats far beyond the strength of mature wis- dom, which utterly failed in the same exercises. We were, furthermore, pleased to observe the avidity with which the young aspirants for distinction sought a call to the field none seemed in- clined to shrink the task, but all appeared laudably ambitious to cut a figure. It must be borne in mind that the time devoted to the study of Arith- metic in this school is but one hour each day, which Mr. Naylor has em- ployed during some four or five months, and thereby produced such extra- ordinary results. In order to properly appreciate the merits of his system, this important fact must not be forgotten. The system must undoubtedly be admirably well adapted to expand and discipline the youthful mind, and should therefore claim the attention of all who desire to promote the caune of education. v At the conclusion of the examination, it was proposed to have an expres- sion of opinion in reference to the subject, when Clinton Gillingham was called to the chair, and Nathaniel P. Hood appointed secretary. The following preamble and resolutions were then offered by Mr. John Ashton, Jr., and adopted by the audience : Whereas, the cause of education is the cause of humanity. Ready and apt modes of acquiring knowledge, whereby may be lessened the excessive toil which has hitherto stood in the way of the pupil, may be justly hailed as the labour-saving machinery of the mind ; we therefore regard the plan of instruction introduced by Mr. Nay lor as one of computeless benefit, and of surpassing importance to mankind. Resolved, That in the success which has attended Mr. Naylor's mode of imparting geographical knowledge, we have viewed an earnest of its appli- cability to the acquirement of other science, and the evidence of which the illustrations of this evening have offered fully confirms our preconceived hopes. Resolved, That we are not content that our hopes of enlarged benefits from the system should rest here. No. We would have History, Chro- nology, Botany, Chemistry, Astronomy, and other sciences embraced in the comprehensive schedule of his admirable educational method. Resolved, That the thorough mental discipline displayed in the arithme- tical exercises which we have this evening witnessed, entitle Mr. Naylor's system to the credit of at once shortening the process, facilitating the study, and training the mind of the pupil to active and healthy thought. Resolved, That we recommend to the Controllers and Directors of our Public Schools, and to all who directly or indirectly have charge of the culture of youth, a due inquiry into the principles and practice of Mr. Nay- lor's system. Mr. Rehn offered the following, which was also adopted : Resolved, That these resolutions be published in one or more of the papers of this city. From the Pennsylvania Freeman, Dec. 21, 1848. GEOGRAPHY. Having attended with much interest and satisfaction several lessons in Geography given by Mr. Naylor, to his class in Locust Street, and observed the rapidity and ease with which his pupils acquire a knowledge of Geo- graphy, we believe we shall do our readers a service, by copying from the Daily Republic the following testimony to the worth of his system : The Geography lesson was once our delight, and we plumed ourselves upon the rewards and commendations it gained us ; but when we saw Mr. Naylor's boys and girls acquiring in a single evening more knowledge than we could scrape up in a week, we must either confess to incorrigible stu- pidity, or the superior excellence of his method of teaching. The latter supposition was most agreeable to our self-esteem, and we adopted it. We recommend our readers to go and see ; they may have as good a reason for the same conclusion. NAYLOR'S SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. On last Tuesday evening a public examination of Naylor's celebrated Geography class, was held at the Arch Street Hall. The room was crowded, so that many were unable to obtain seats ; but so great was the interest excited by the proficiency of the pupils that the audience remained perfectly quiet during the whole of the exercises, which lasted about two hours. Some remarks were then made by Lewis C. Gunn, who stated that he had been engaged in teaching for six years, and that he felt interested in every thing relative to education. He had also been entirely sceptical iu relation to Mr. Naylor's system, until he had examined some of his pupils, and tested the practical operation of the system. He was now entirely satisfied, and offered with pleasure the following resolutions. John Sim- mons immediately rose and seconded them, stating that he also had been engaged in teaching in this city more than twenty years ; that he had been very slow to approve of the present system, regarding it, at first, as a hum- bug, but that now he was satisfied it was the only true system for instruct- ing in Geography, that was based upon correct philosophical principles. That he had never known a single pupil taught in the ordinary way, whose proficiency in Geography was equal to that of the smallest pupil in this class. The resolutions were then adopted by acclamation, by the audience, among whom were a large number of teachers, and parents of Mr. Naylor's pupil*. Resolved, That the system of Geography commonly known as Naylor's System, possesses merits which we think have not yet been appreciated ; simply because the public are not yet acquainted with the peculiarities of the system. Resolved, That one excellence of the system which entitles it to especial regard, is that it interests the scholar and makes learning a pleasure ii^tead of a task. Resolved, That another excellence is, that it impressed almost indelibly upon the mind of the scholar, maps of the different countries, instead of a mere collection of names, which are soon forgotten. Resolved, That the system is based upon correct views of mental philoso- phy ; as proved not only by the effects already referred to, but also by "the astonishing rapidity with which Geography is learned. Resolved, That as teachers, parents, and scholars, we can truthfully testify that more Geography can be learned in one course of lessons under Mr. Nay lor, occupying only 35 evenings, than is generally learned at school in several years, and that when learned it is more easily remembered. From the Pennsylvania Teh-graph, Harrisbitrg June, 1848. GEOGRAPHY. fl New truth is better than old error." Mr. Editor : Last evening I attended an examination of a Geography class which has been for the last three weeks receiving instructions two hours and a half per day from Mr. Nay lor, the author of the system. If this was not the day of wonder, instead of miracle, one would have sup- posed the vast amount of geographical knowledge which his class exhibited, had been imparted by some super-human agency. They manifested an entire acquaintance with the maps of North America and United States, (the only two he has yet taught them,) and the rapidity with which they could give names to the different parts was astonishing. Besides this, they answered with backs to the maps, some 70 or 80 questions with great promptness and precision ; the answers embraced a great number of highly interesting and important facts, couched in very laconic language. Their knowledge of the maps was very thorough ; they could not only name the precise location of the bays, lakes, capes, &c., but they could tell where all the principal rivers rose, their course, length, the bodies of water into which they flowed ; what States they bounded, if any, and repeat the towns situated on each. MO Now the query arises how is all this knowledge imparted ? How can small children put to shame,' and that too in a few lessons, those that have taught Geography for years 1 By what plan can pupils learn more in a few weeks, than they could in a life by the old system. Simplicity marks every improvement adapted to the human mind ; and this is not an excep- tion. The plan is this ; a large outline map is hung up before the pu Us , the teacher with a rod points out the various parts and repeats their names, grouping several together; the class repeats the names after him; after they are somewhat familiarized with the names, they chant or sing them over repeatedly, the teacher still pointing out their location. Thus through th>e medium of the eye, and by means of association and repetition, an inde- lible impression is made on the mind ; indeed the principle of association is the great distinguishing feature of this system. It will undoubtedly su- persede the sluggish one now in general use in our schools ; because it is adapted to the philosophy of the mind with which Mr. N. appears to be an adept. There are two objects sought for in the education of children ; the first is to develop the faculties of the mind; the second is to store the mind with facts and principles to be used in after life. This system is wonder- fully fitted to develop the memory ; the plan used being such as to concen- trate the mind and to tax its powers to the greatest extent, consequently to invigorate and strengthen it. And because the impression is made through the medium of the eye it must be very lasting. Every one knows how much more easy it is to recognize a countenance he has once seen, than one of which he has had the most accurate description. IV ow the question is, will the directors of our public schools think proper to introduce into them a system so eminently calculated to relieve the teacher and improve the learner. Our public schools have been well said to be the palladium of our liberties. Why are they so ] Because they are the great fountai ns from which issue the knowledge of the masses. Let not only the fountains be kept clear, but let the access to them be made as easy and inviting as possible. If this system be an improvement, the poor as well as the rich, have a right to its advantages. Let it be adopted in our public schools, and future generations will thank Mr. Naylor for his zealous efforts to benefit the race. From the Daily Republic, Oct. 30, 1848. GEOGRAPHY. Mr. Benjamin Naylor's system of teaching Geography, which has been now very fully tested by a number of large classes in this city, has proved itself worthy the attention arid adoption of all who wish to lighten the labour of children in the aquisition of this branch of elementary knowledge. Geography, as usually taught, is a tedious and uninteresting study in its minute and most important details. It absorbs more attention than the result justifies, and overtasks the memory without affording information practically available. Mr. IV ay lor dispenses with the use of the school book during the recitations, using only large outline maps, and imparting his instruction orally. The names and positions of places are chanted to a simple tune which greatly assists in the recitation. The children all join in the singing right merrily, keeping their eyes fixed upon the places on the map as he points them out. Mr. Naylor teaches the whole of what is called 141 Geography in thirty lessons, and it is really surprising to witness the joy- ous alacrity and rapid exactness with which the children sing over the names of Continents, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Islands, and Mountains: Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Lakes, Bays, and Rivers Capes, Inlets, Bights, Sounds, and Straits Empires, Kingdoms, Princedoms, Dukedoms, States, Cities, and Towns. They will scour the sands of Africa, faster than a Bushman, giving a local habitation to the tribes whose whereabouts were not known a few years ago ; and it is all done brightly, earnestly, and in a state of the happiest excitement, for the teacher possesses the happy tact of giving inter- est to new and unfamiliar places by relating historical facts, describing na- tural curiosities and anecdotes of early discoveries, which at once relieve the study and fix the figures and localities in the memory. By this system the labour of years is performed, in effect, in a month, the mind is agreeably stimulated, the memory healthfully exercised, the social feeling kindly indulged, while the simple tunes which they chant, blend the class and teacher into the most cordial harmony. At the examinations held by Mr. Naylor, the public have had ample opportunity of witnessing the great facility with which the scholars answer miscellaneous questions on the maps, proving that he really does teach them Geography in thirty lessons ! We cheerfully give publication to the above notice of Mr. Naylor's sys- system of teaching Geography to children. Our own child has enjoyed the advantage of his institution ; occasionally, we have witnessed the pro- cess and been as much gratified with the procedure and result as our cor. respondent. The praise is well deserved, and Mr. Naylor both as a teacher and gentleman we know to be worthy of patronage and confidence. From the True Sun, May 5, 1849. LEARNING MADE EASY. We have never seen a better illustration of this than in the system adopted by Mr. Benjamin Naylor, of this city, for teaching Geography. We have seen his class together, and have talked with the pupils sepa- rately, and with their parents. The evidence before our eyes was fully confirmed by the testimony of the children, who should certainly know. One thing is certain, Mr. Naylor's system interests the scholars beyond any thing heretofore tried. They go to their Geography lesson with as much eagerness as to a singing school. And why should they not 1 for Mr. Naylor in fact keeps a singing school. He first instructs his class orally, and in the most interesting manner, giving them numerous facts and details. He then makes them repeat what they have learned, not only in the order in which they had learned it, but also in an inverted order, thereby securing their utmost attention, and fixing every thing on the memory. Mr. Nay- lor is fully aware of the importance of repetition in the study of Geography. In no other study is it more important. But frequent repetition becomes irksome, or to say the least, the scholars are apt to become listless. In order to obviate this Mr. Naylor has happily introduced singing or chant- ing so that after a lesson is once learned the scholars rehearse it from day to day in concert, singing a song of boundaries, rivers, lakes, and cities, interspersed with incidents which more properly belong to the region of song. We can scarcely say which was greater, our astonishment or our grati- 143 fication, on listening, a few evenings since, to an examination of Mr. Nay- lor's class. The questions were all answered instantly and correctly. Nor were they easy questions by any means. There were upwards of a thou- sand, and many of them referred to the length of rivers, the height of moun- tains and other statistics. You could not probably select more difficult questions, and certainly you cannot find another class of children in the city capable of answering them. From Fowler's American Phrenological Journal. NAYLOR'S SYSTEM OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY BY CONNECTING IT WITH Music. That mankind is progressive in every respect is a cardinal doctrine alike of Phrenology and of our Journal. We must therefore expect that im- proved modes of teaching both science as a whole, and the respective de- partments of it, will be continually making their appearance. To many of us the study of Geography has been exceedingly dry and hard; whereas it is capable of being rendered easy and delightful. Benjamin Naylor has, we think, made some very important advances upon the pre- sent mode of teaching Geography. The real philosophy involved in these advances is by increasing its associations. For example, the association of geographical facts, boundaries, names, &c., with singing. Thus he bringo Time, Tune, Language, and Comparison to the aid of Eventuality and Locality, and thereby renders the impression upon the mind much more indelible, and enables the learner, by remembering the tune, to recall its words, and thereby the facts and names stated. Music possesses a deep and universal interest. Its capability of awakening up to increased action all the other faculties, has already been stated in the Journal. Why then should it not be employed to increase the action of Locality, Eventuality, and the other geographical faculties, as well as Combattiveness, Veneration, Mirth, or the social faculties ? From what we have been able to learn concerning it, we do not hesitate to say that it will enable pupils to learn several hundred per cent, faster and better than the common method. We have rarely been more gratified than by attending one of Mr. N.'s exhibitions, and both cheerfully and con- fidently recommend his system to universal adoption in all our schools. Besides all its other advantages, its discipline and improvement of the voice are admirable. We have known several teachers who have not merely improved, but restored their voices and lungs from extreme weak- ness to strength and health. This feature of it alone renders it invaluable for schools. Why should not the lungs be cultivated in schools as much as Causality. One of the principal faults of schooling is its injurious in- fluence upon the lungs. Few things are more promotive of general health and vital power than the vigorous exercise of the lungs. This exercise this system requires. His system must commend itself to the common sense of all judicious school teachers and directors. We are glad to be able to contribute of our mite, to the dissemination of a system possessing so many decided improvements upon the present mode of teaching this science. 143 From the School Friend, Published in Cincinnati. A NEW METHOD OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY. Mr. Editor : Permit me, through your excellent paper, to call the atten tion of the public to a new method of teaching Geography, invented by Mr. Benjamin Naylor, of Philadelphia. I am aware that there is a preju- dice in the minds of many intelligent teachers, against every system of in- struction which differs widely from those to which they always have been accustomed. Such a prejudice is certainly very natural; and one might almost add, very excusable especially when it is considered how often the public has been imposed upon by systems of Artificial Memory, and other inventions claiming to be " royal roads" to science, but which are in fact but royal roads to ignorance ; since they have nothing to recommend them but their novelty and the ease with which they may be travelled ; the pupil in no case being subjected to the disagreeable toil of ascending in his course. The system of Mr. Naylor, however, differs in some material points from all others of its class ; and will be found, I am persuaded, to possess more than ordinary claims on our attention. He does not, like many of our edicational mountebanks, travel from place to place with a view to reap a hasty harvest from the ignorance or inexperience of the people, and leave as soon as the real character of the so styled improvement becomes known. On the contrary, suffice it to say, that he invites the most rigorous exami- nation into the peculiarities of his method of instruction, and expresses his entire willingness that its merits should be tested by its permanent results. The following sketch may serve to give the reader an idea though a very imperfect one of Mr. Naylor's mode of teaching. A set of large Outline Maps, (on which there are no names,) are suspended before the class. The teacher then points out the different seas, rivers, towns, &c., giving at the same time the name of each. After having become acquainted with a considerable number, all the pupils together chant their names in succession. The modulation of .the sounds in the different names, though a simple sort of music, has a very exhilarating effect on the class, and not only makes the exercise more pleasing to them, but contributes greatly to strengthen the impression made upon the memory. After the scholars have become familiar with the important places on the maps, and can readily call them by name which they will learn to do in an astonishingly short time the teacher proceeds to the minutiae of description, statistics, &c. The facility and precision with which Mr. Naylor's classes will de- scribe the course, (including all the principal bends,) and the length, of such a river as the Mississippi, naming in their proper order all the states, towns, and villages, situated on both sides of it, is perfectly amazing. When I first witnessed an exhibition of this kind, I confess, I could hardly trust my ears. At the same time, it is due to Mr. Naylor to say, that he is evi- dently less anxious to surprise by brilliant temporary results than to use . every possible means to render the knowledge which he imparts thorough and permanent. He has lately published a little work, intended as a key to his system, which will satisfy the mind of any one who will examine it thoroughly that his method of instruction is any thing but superficial. In order, however, to obtain a just idea of all the advantages of his system it in would be necessary for the inquirer to learn under Nay lor himself, or under some one who has been fully instructed by him. Another recommendation of the system in question, is the facility which it affords for acquiring the correct pronunciation of geographical names. Every teacher will admit, (if he has had half as much trouble in this way as the writer of the present article,) that this is a very difficult branch of instruction. Those acquainted with the business of education must be aware that correct pronunciation depends less upon knowledge than upon habit. If a child be early accustomed to hear words or names pronounced correctly, he will learn to speak them correctly himself, with but little dif- ficulty ; but if he grows up with erroneous habits in this respect, he will be almost sure to pronounce wrong from the mere force of habit, even though he knows perfectly what the true pronunciation is. Now according to the system of Mr. Naylor, the pupils, from speaking in concert, must neces- sarily adopt the same pronunciation, of geographical names, and this pro- nunciation by the frequent repetition will become unalterably fixed. In In this manner, if the teacher is careful to speak correctly himself, the pupil will acquire permanent habits of correct pronunciation without the least difficulty ; and accuracy and uniformity may thus be introduced into a department of orthoepy, which, as all admit, has till recently been in a state of the greatest discrepancy and confusion. A TEACHER. Philadelphia Feb., 1848. From the Woodbury Constitution. NAYLOR'S SYSTEM OF TEACHING GEOGRAPHY. The opportunity was afforded, a few days ago, of witnessing the ex- amination of a class of pupils at Paulsboro', in that very important branch of education, Geography; the members of which had been instructed under the immediate supervision of Mr. Naylor himself. He uses Pel- ton's Outline Maps," upon which the anomalous feature is presented of not only a single name being attached to. any country, town, or river; and yet, by means of these, geographical knowledge is imparted, in a course of lessons occupying twenty days, to an extent that would sur- prise any one who has devoted his attention to such pursuits for years. During the examination, the class described countries and stated accu- rately the number of square miles in each ; followed the course of rivers minutely, gave the length, by what counties or states they were bounded ; and repeated in order all the permanent towns on their banks ; located, almost instantly, towns, capes, lakes, seas, and oceans / and all this over a series of maps embracing every part of the globe. Upon a map com- prising the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, having the counties delineated, about one hundred in number, every county with its corresponding capital, was immediately named by the whole class in concert, although no regular order was observed in drawing attention to the points indicated by the teacher. Judge Reeves, Sheriff Gill, Dr. John Y. Clark, and other prominent gentlemen were present: also, the School Examiners of Gloucester county, who received a special invi- tation. This system deserves the encouragement of every true friend of educa- tion. OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY YC134087 io, March 23, 1350. .:-'ix NAY? r \ . i : yai feach- ,re to say, that I considered you;- e 'Othou. The scholars J remark- 'if] proa^ijcjously given them many of which were qu ; eiy rate. respectfully, &c. GEL . P. NICE. PRONUNCIATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. In order to teach Geography correctly, it is absolutely necessary that the teacher should be acquainted with the correct pronunciation of geographi- cal names. The author of t&is work, therefore, takes the present opportu- nity of recommending to his pupils, and to ftli who may wish to teach on his svstem, < BALDWIN'S UNIVERSAL Pnoxouisrcixo vrAi F/;'TT.;.U, as a standard, or, the accuracy of which, he feels ass are i 1 * u 'ey muy cor.fidnutiy rely. The -oUo'Ying e\ti .cts will ;hov/ in what estimation the ; GarnHeer ' is held : : judges: the . .kr'.:,ian. Examiner, BOX'GU, fcr Ja \.iary, 134 From the Princeton Review for October, 1845. We -ave no hesitation m pronouncing this one of the most scholarlike productions ot' our native press. From me L\J- '', i;,^rica . Review fw J'nuary. 1846. The practical value of a work of this sort depends entirely on the fulness and ftcatracy with which it is executed, and in these respects we can com- mend this volume in the strongest terms. t 1 I? is a good bock !u two nays; it was much' Ranted, aijd it is exceed- || ingly Avail d-ne. From Professor Anlhon* The subscriber having examined "Baldwin's Universal ^renouncing izetteer," takes great pleasure in recommending it as a very superior Gazetteer work. CHARLES ANT^ON. From Professor Hart, Principal of High School, Philadelphia. This is n bock that has been very much needed, both in families and in schools. -