UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO 3 1822027536242 k : >, UN ERSITY OF CAL FORNIA SAN DIEG 3 1822027536242 A SYSTEM PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY; OR, How TO READ FACES. A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN PHYSIOG- NOMY AND ORGANISM, EMBRACING THE DISCOVERIES OF LOCATED SIGNS OF CHARACTER IN THE BODY AND FACE, AS SHOWN BY THE FIVE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTENANCE. JVIARY OLMSTKD AUTHOR OF "A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TREATISE ON PHYSIOGNOMY," "A CHART FOR THE DELINEATIONS OF MENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS," ETC. VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON: F. A. DAVIS, PUBLISHER, 1890. Hy il.->i i and direction of botli Author and Publisher, this work is sold only by subscription, at the advertised prices, by Agents regularly authorized, \vlio iii-' itbHoliitely pledged to maintain prices and manner of sale. Its presence, i IH-I I-IIM-.-. in any book-store which is not an authorized agency, and which sells otherwise than by subscription, save as a second-hand copy, or its being ottered for sale at less than the advertised price, is an evidence of fraud, against which the public, and especially honest and upright book-sellers, are hereby warned. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1889, by MARY OLMSTED STANTON, la the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C., O. S. Philadelphia, Pa., U. 8. A,: The Medical Bulletin Printing Home, 1231 Filbert Street. TO THE LOVERS OF SCIENCE, TO THE EARNEST AND ENTHUSIASTIC SEARCHERS FOR TRUTH THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. PREFACE. To THE READER: In sending forth this work to the public, I am impelled thereto by my desire to benefit the masses of mankind in a manner which I believe they very much need. Man's knowledge of himself seems not to have kept pace with the knowledge of his surround- ings. It is time, therefore, that there should be an accordance of intelligence between the two, in order that, through man's compre- hension of his powers and possibilities, he may by scientific methods assist in improving his own life and in perpetuating'a race which shall be an improvement on the present one. This can come only through a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, physiognomy, and hygienic law, practically applied. I have endeavored to put this science in as plain and simple language as possible, in order that the non-scientific reader may not be confused by an ambiguous terminology. The method of classification used in this system of science is in accord with that observed by all naturalists in their classifica- tions of the lower animals, and is based .on the forms of the human organism, which are produced by the intermingling of the vegeta- tive, the thoracic, the muscular, the osseous, and brain and nerve systems. These are treated in the order of evolution, from the first evolved to the latest acquired, the true and perfected cerebral system. Practical and scientific physiognomy gives the most compre- "hensive theory of mind of any work hitherto presented to the world. It takes the position that mind inheres in the entire organism, and that the brain is only one source of the mind or of mental operations ; that the mind and body are one and indivisible, and cannot be judged as separate entities ; that the mind is not (v) vi PREFACE. shut up in the skull, as is taught by a certain class of metaphy- sicians. It teaches that the office of the mind is threefold, viz., to produce (1) sensation, (2) consciousness, and (3) ideation. The chief organ of sensation is the outer skin-covering, and this, as well as the " five senses," the visceral organs, together with the hones and muscles, contribute their share of sensation, while the att'nviit and efferent nerves assist in conveying intelligence to and from the brain, where all sensation is, as George Henry Lewes expresses it, " in some profoundly mysterious manner elaborated into ideas." This view of the diffusive locale of mind is supported by Alexander Bain, Henry Maudsley, M.D., Prof. Ernst Haeckel, J. Lauder Lindsay, Herbert Spencer, Rudolph Virchow, Albert Ferrier, and all of the most advanced students of mind and body. In this system of physiognomy this comprehensive theory has been elaborated and carried to its ultimate by proofs which I believe to be incontrovertible. The discoveries in this system of physiognomy include many important subjects. Among them may be mentioned the very comprehensive one shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates the three ruling principles in Nature. Another great discovery is the local- izing of fifty mental signs of character in the face; another is the localizing of the facial signs of all the internal organs; still another, the relating of every mental faculty to a certain physical organ or system of functions. These ideas are all entirely original, and are approved by many able anatomists. They are extensively figured, and the theories expounding them thoroughly elaborated. Furthermore, the relation between physical functions and mental faculties is conclusively proven, and each mental faculty is traced to its physiological or anatomical base, either in the nervous, the muscular, the osseous, the thoracic, or the vegetative systems. The proofs of the positions which are here offered enable me to lay claim to having formulated the most advanced system of mental science hitherto presented to the public, inasmuch as it traces the several mental faculties to their origin and proves their PREFACE. Vll existence in each case, and locates the accompanying mental and functional signs in the face. Its practicability is such that children can be taught the sub-basic principles, as well as its methods of localizing the signs of character in the face r and body. Scientific and practical physiognomy should be a part of the school educa- tion of youth, and if life and health are spared me I purpose writ- ing a primary work for the use of young children in the school and family. The study of physiognomy commenced in childhood and its principles applied in adult life would advance the mental, moral, and physical conditions of humanity, and carry forward the evolu- tion of the race on the basis of selected types, instead of by the slow, unsatisfactory, and animal-like methods at present employed, in which instinct and not reason governs the reproduction of the human family. The majority of mankind use their reason in re- production only when it is desired to obtain a finer breed of fowls or horses. I am fully persuaded that a knowledge of scientific and prac- tical physiognomy, practically applied, will give almost any type of character that is desired, and this is its highest mission. Consider- able repetition of the same ideas was unavoidable, owing to the complex nature of the elements, features, and faculties under con- sideration. The nomenclature used in designating the faculties is the same in ordinary use by the people at large, and is therefore retained, although no single word can express the scope of a faculty in its entirety. This system takes into consideration every feature of the human body. It includes the investigation not only of facial fea- tures and signs of character in the face, the body, and limbs, but declares that the outlines and proportions of the form, the colors of the skin, eyes, and hair, as well as the voice, the attitude, the gestures, the movements, the wrinkles, dimples, lines, hands, feet, and muscles in action, are all faithful indices of character. One of the advantages which this physiognomy possesses over viii PREFACE. all others is that it is a complete system, not scraps, fragments, and compilations from other works on the subject ; furthermore, it is not mingled with phrenological, theological, or psychological theories. It deals entirely with the material mind in a material body. Speculations in regard to the soul, the hereafter, as well as to sectarian creeds, are not considered in this connection. Such sub- jects I think should be left to their own proper teachers, for I deem it as inappropriate to mingle these subjects with physiognomy as it would be to associate algebra and theology. Earnest and religious regard for the welfare of mankind has impelled the writing of these ideas. I have endeavored to treat the subject in a reverent spirit, believing that the study of God's highest manifestation of creative energy is a subject which should excite our holiest aspiration. With the hope that these ideas may lead to a correct knowledge of man, and that this knowledge may conduce to his welfare, physically, morally, and intellectually, I am, sincerely, your friend, THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. PREFACE, v INTRODUCTION, 1 PART I. THEORETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. THE BASES OF PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Definition ; Lavater's work ; Theoiy of Practical and Scientific Physi- ognomy ; What it teaches ; How the discoveries were made ; General laws and principles. The human face the index of all Nature; Three grand divisions Chemical, Architectural, Mathe- matical. Mineral forms. The physical basis of Mind, . . 7 CHAPTER II. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. Rotatory motion the origin of Form ; The movement of the earth has a direct bearing on the form and destiny of created beings. Relation between universal existence and mathematical law. Number the proper index to the volume of Being ; The human countenance the index to these laws and principles. The law of Scalenism, or perversion ; Disease a temporary return to abnor mal or perverted t} r pes ; Straightuess of the bones indicates straightness'of the mind. The normal factors of Form and Being in Nature, Art, and Science, 27 CHAPTER III. THE FIVE ORGAN SYSTEMS WHICH CREATE FORM AND CHARACTER. All is symbolic in Nature ; Form the decisive factor in the interpreta- tion of character. The five different organ systems. Form, character, and earliest appearance of cell life in the organiza- tion of animal tissue ; The structure of organized bodies, . 59 THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM, 67 Characterization of the vegetative adult ; The organ 83-stems in the chemical or vegetative division ; Faculties derived from the development of these organs. (ix) x CONTENTS OF VOL. I. THE THORACIC SYSTEM, . . . 71 Facial sin'iis lor the internal organs; Diseases which assail the thoracic system. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. . . 75 Arrangement of the muscles ; Voluntary and involuntary ; The varied expressions of the human face due to the muscles ; The mechanic:il and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system ; Faculties that have signs located in the muscular division ; Diseases which assail the muscular system ; The dominant systems of man's organism control his capacities. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM, 83 Classification of the bones ; Firmness and integrity of character depend upon the bones ; Composition of the bony structure ; Kind of food necessary for good bones ; Prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, and heroism ; Bony people the best ; Faculties derived from the bony system ; Faculties in the architectural division ; Diseases incident to the bony svstem ; Remedy for an excessive development of bone. The points of character which depend upon the several organ sys- tems of the body. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM, ....... 94 Size of the brain alone not a proof of great mental power; Form and congenital quality the most potent factors ; Texture of the skin significant of mental quality ; Physiology of the brain and nerves; Diseases which assail this system. CHAPTER IV. THE SUB-BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOGNOMY. FORM AND SIZE; A large head no indication of superior intelligence; The nose the best indication of power. Quality or mental power ; Fine hair and skin to be considered first. Form ; Persons of creative or constructive minds are round in form ; The arch, the curve, the circle, the ovoid, the square, and straight line; Each illustrates different phases of character. Color ; The mineral the original source ; Pure air the best cosmetic ; Color and heat synonymous, .......... 101 THE LAW OF PROPORTION OR HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT, . . . 131 Proportion a potent factor in determining character; One or more faculties excessively developed dominate and influence the action of other faculties ; Secretiveness ; Cautiousness ; Acquisitiveness. HEALTH, 137 The basis of all really useful character founded on health ; Organic perfection and morality; Precocious children; Sensi- tive, nervous children; Drug medication; Pure air the best; Compensation ; The established laws of compensation. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. XI CHAPTER V. RATIONALE OF PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS AND MENTAL FACULTIES, AND THEIR SlGNS IN THE FACE. The brain not the sole seat of the mind. Hope directly related to the liver. The source of moral power. THE KIDNEY SYSTEM, 158 Faculties dependent upon it ; Analysis of Conscientiousness ; Morality dependent on the action of the kidneys ; Color-blind- ness ; Analysis of Firmness. FACULTIES DERIVED FROM THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. THE INTESTINAL SYSTEM, 165, 185 Digestion or Alhnentiveness ; Mental power of the nerves of the digestive apparatus ; Relation of the visceral organs to the brain. Friendship ; Its selfish and unselfish action ; Its connection with and dependence on other faculties : Anal}- sis ; The liver as a clearing-house of the entire organism. THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM, . 169 Benevolence; Value of the lips as indicators of pathological and morbid states of the body ; Econoin}^ ; The grade of intellectual development shows the kind of economy ; Hospitality ; Love of Home ; Patriotism. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, . . . 177 Amativeness, or love of the sexes; Its moral and physiological importance should be taught ; Love of Young ; Mirthfulness ; Sanativeness ; Pneumativeness. THE LIVER, 182 Hope ; Its dependence upon the liver. THE NERVES OF THE SKIN, 190 Modesty ; Analysis of the glandular system and olfactory gan- glia; Cautiousness; The correlation of function with faculty. THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM, 192 Veneration ; Its connection with the stomach. THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS, 194 Executiveness. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM, 195,213 Self-will ; Credenciveness ; Uses of this faculty. Calculation : Music ; All art is founded on a circle or sections of it ; Analysis of Music; Language; Shown by a high quality of the muscular system; Musical qualities observed in hmguage. xii CONTENTS OF VOL. I. THE OSSEOUS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS, . ... .199 Observation. THE MUSCULAR AND BRAIN SYSTEMS, . . . 200 Memory of Events ; A faculty of the five systems of functions ; A great memory only is no indication of intellect or wisdom ; .Memory depends upon a healthy condition of the body; Weight ; A high development of the muscular system a power- ful ally to art; Locality; Large in those whose muscular sys- tem is supreme. THE GLANDULAR AND ARTERIAL SYSTEMS, 206 Analysis of color. THE BRAIN AND NERVE SYSTEM, . . . . . . . 209, 233 Mental order ; Physical order. Intuition; A true and distinct sense ; Division of the nervous system into two parts ; De- scription of the powers and action of these two departments of the brain system ; Organs and functions from which the mental faculties derive their powers. THE FIVE SUPERIOR SYSTEMS, . .210 Time; Lacking where the vegetative system predominates; Time as well as Order one of the leading characteristics of the bon}' system. THE BRAIN SYSTEM, 227 Comparison ; Causality ; Reason ; Development of reasoning faculties among the masses ; Children should be drilled in logical reasoning. CHAPTER VI. THEORIES OF THE MODE OF ACTION OF CERTAIN TRAITS. Analysis of Amativeuess; Should be judged by the adjoining facial signs. Analysis of Jealousy ; The result of one of three causes. Analysis of Revenge. Analysis of Secretiveness ; Intended by Nature to conceal the lack of some other facuhy. Theory of Suspicion. Analysis of Anger, Will, and Temper; A dark man has the strongest temper ; Its effect on the system ; Self-will the basis of Anger and Temper ; What true religion consists of. Analysis of Selfishness ; Two distinct and opposite methods of action; Caused l\y an insufficient development of the glandular system. Self-conceit; Egotism. Analysis of Scorn and Con- tempt. Anabysis of Enthusiasm ; Faculty that leads to great efforts. Analysis of Laziness ; Obstinacy ; Contrariness ; Physi- ognomy teaclies that all defects can be remedied, to a large extent, 239 CONTENTS OF VOL. I. Xlll PART II. PRACTICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. THE THREE NATURAL AND PRIMITIVE DIVISIONS OF THE FACE CREATED BY THE MOUTH, THE NOSE, AND THE EYES. The month ; The centre of the most primitive system of function. The nose ; Represents the mental powers. ' The eyes ; Repre- sent the muscular development of the entire body. Facial signs of the physiological organs and functions. Digestion, or Alimentiveness. Location of the signs for the visceral organs. Physiognomy properly a part of medical science. The glands. The reproductive system. Lactation. The kidneys ; Conscien- tiousness dependent on this system. Method of localizing the higher developments of the body ; The lungs and heart ; The Liver ; The stomach. The muscular or motive system ; The eye ; Motion; Vision; Hearing. The osseous system ; Denoted by the bones of the eyebrow. The brain and nerve system ; Train- ing the feeble-minded and imbecile ; The sense of touch, . . 273 MENTAL SIGNS OF CHARACTER IN THE FACE, 287 Five practical subdivisions ; The width and length of the face ; The nose high and broad the entire length a good sign ; The lower part of the forehead and eyebrows an important part to consider ; Great size of the forehead no criterion of mentality ; Local signs for the mental faculties; Summary to the five prac- tical subdivisions of the face. CHAPTER II. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SIGNS OF CHARACTER IN THE FACE. Fifty separate and distinct faculties described ; The adaptability of the human mind ; Man does not possess a greater number of mental faculties than woman ; Gestures significant in disclos- ing character; The face an exact register of all mental facul- ties and bodily functions and conditions, ..... 297 THE FACULTY OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, 302 Definition ; An excess and deficiency of this faculty ; Facial and bodily signs ; The color of the face an indication of the general integrity of a person ; Bodily signs of Conscientious- ness ; Description of Conscientiousness ; Conscientiousness large where the bony system predominates. THE FACULTY OF FIRMNESS, 312 Definition; What an excess or deficiency causes; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Firmness ; A receding chin an in- dication of weakness ; The signs for Firmness observed all over . the individual. xiv CONTENTS OF VOL. I. THE FACULTY OF ECONOMY, 318 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Economy ; A normal degree of Economy indicates a normal or balanced condition of mind ; Acquisitiveness not Economy. LOVE OF HOME, 324 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Love of Home ; This trait should be cultivated in children. PATRIOTISM, . - 329 Facial and bodily signs ; Definition of Patriotism. BENEVOLENCE, 335 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Benevo- lence; Faculties in combination modify and influence this trait; Difference between benevolence and friendship. BlBATlVENESS, , . 339 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Bibativeness ; Situation of this sign most suggestive; Indicates the func- tional purity of the entire organism. ALIMENTIVENESS, OR DIGESTION, 348 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Alimentive- ness ; The mouth by its shape and color gives the general tone or grade of the individual. AMATIVENESS, 355 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Amative- ness ; Training in sexual morality ; Works that all young people should read ; Signs for emotional traits found in the glands and muscles, not the bones. LOVE OF YOUNG, 367 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Love of Young ; Should be balanced by reason and justice ; Does- not necessarily impart a tone of kindness to the individual. MlRTHFULNESS, 373 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description ; Mental uses of Mirthfulness. APPROBATIVENESS, . . . 378 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Approbativeness ; Essential to the success of some people. FRIENDSHIP, . 385 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Friendship; Selfish and unselfish friendship ; Friendship with fine inherited quality shows a strong, magnetic nature ; Diverse manifesta- tions of Friendship. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. XV HOSPITALITY, 392 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hospitality. PNEUMATIVENESS, . 397 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty may lead to; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Pneumative- ness ; The most essential factor is pure air ; Manifestations of Pneumativeness ; Acuteness of scent; Great energy of mind and body. GLANDULAR AND ARTERIAL SYSTEM. COLOR, 408 Definition ; Facial and bodiby signs ; Description of Color ; A high cultivation of the color-sense a religious duty ; Aids toward cultivating this sense ; What the color of the face reveals ; Color-blindness. SANATIVENESS, . . . . 427 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Sanativeness ; One of the normal and primitive functions ; Magnetic healers ; The faculty of Sanativeness should be large in physicians ; Longevity of life ; Facial signs that a good surgeon or physician should possess. SELF-ESTEEM, 436 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-esteem ; Its relation to other faculties ; Self-assertion and Positiveness ; The combination of Self-esteem with other faculties; What a short upper lip. denotes. MODESTY, 445 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Modesty ; Blushing ; Downcast looks not an indication of Modest} 1 " ; Shy- ness sometimes spelt " slyness." FORCE, 454 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Force ; Possessors of round muscles are the most vigorous ; Children should be thoroughly trained in gymnastics ; Force gives to the voice clearness and resonance ; Color of great service in determining what degree of force will be exhibited. RESISTANCE, 463 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Resistance; Sometimes takes the form of combativeness or contrariness ; Mental resistance. SECRETIVENESS, 469 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Secret! veness ; Physiological peculiarities of secretive men ; What deficiency of faculties Secretiveness indicates ; This faculty large in priests and physicians ; Characteristics of Secretiveness. X vi CONTENTS OF VOL. I. ('A! Tlol SNKSS, . . 479 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Cautiousness ; The nose the principal sign ; Its connection with other faculties. HOPE, . 486 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Hope ; Hygienic remarks ; Its connection with and indication of the general con- dition of the internal organs ; Temporary disorders of the liver ; A clear, fresh-colored complexion. ANALYSIS, ... . 493 Definition ; What a deficiency of this faculty indicates ; Fac-ial and bodily signs; Description of Analysis; The capacity for analyzing ; Large in all talented persons; Of great help in the investigation of human character; Must be judged in combina- tion with other faculties. MENTAL IMITATION, . . 499 Definition ; What a deficiency of this facult}' indicates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Mental Imitation; What is the basis of supply of Mental Imitation ; All features subject to the modifying action of the law of Quality ; Signs for literary and artistic faculties grouped about the tip of the nose ; Nosology ; Normal uses of Imitation. SUBLIMITY, 506 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty leads to ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of the faculty of Sublimity ; Mental phase of Sublimit}' ; This faculty an attri- bute of old and perfected races ; Largely observed in the faces of the Hebrews ; Prominent Hebrews ; Sublimity in combi- nation with other faculties. IDEALITY, 514 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodity signs ; Description of Ideality ; Physi- ological base of Ideality ; Great diversities of degree of this faculty exhibited ; Natural allies and assistants of Ideality ; The dimpled chin. HUMAN NATURE, 525 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Human Nature ; ' The beneficial uses of the faculty of Human Nature. ACQUISITIVENESS, 534 Definition; Facial and* bodily signs; Description of Acquisi- tiveness ; Should be judged in combination with other faculties ; The outline of each feature and limb reveals t the entire man ; Acquisitiveness useful in connection with literary pursuits. CONTENTS OF VOL. I. XV11 CONSTRUCTIVENESS, 544 Definition ; What a deficienc}^ of this faculty indicates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Constructiveness ; Physio- logical and anatomical description of the base of each separate and mental manifestation ; A predominance of the muscular system necessary in all artistic pursuits ; Analyze the combina- tions of systems of functions observed in each individual ; With a knowledge of physiognomy a knave cannot be mistaken for an honest man ; Combination of Constructiveness with other faculties. VENERATION, . 553 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Veneration ; Large where the bony system predominates ; Exhibited in vary- ing degrees and in diverse ways ; The " scooped " or pug nose ; The uses of Veneration ; Natural religion. EXECUTIVENESS, 561 Definition ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Executive- ness ; Its relationship to the stomach ; All power not in the brain ; Different forms of Executiveness ; A vigorous thoracic system a great adjunct. SELF-WILL, 569 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this facult}- indi- cates ; Facial and bodily signs ; Description of Self-will ; This faculty sometimes necessary to make other traits conspicuous ; Secondary signs of Self-will ; Distinction between Self-will and Firmness ; Self-will, where deficient, can be cultivated by gym- nastic exercises. CREDENCIVENESS, 578 Definition ; What an excess or deficiency of this faculty causes; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Credencive- ness ; This faculty universal ; Its uses in the artistic line ; The best use of Credenciveness ; Rationale of Credenciveness. PRESCIENCE, . * . 588 Definition; Facial and bodily signs; Description of Prescience; Its action best observed in aged persons ; The possession of the Prescient faculty gives a love and desire for a future life ; Manifestations of Prescience different in each individual. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOL I. FIG. 1. THE GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE FACE, 15 " 2. MINERAL FORMS, 19 3. A NON-NUCLEATED CELL, THE PROTAMCEBA PRIMITIVA 63 " 4. NATIVE AUSTRALIANS, 65 " 5. A POLYP, 66 " 6. VEGETATIVE INFANT, 67 " 7. VEGETATIVE MAN, 67 " 8. THOMAS H. BENTON, 72 " 9. HERR FLEISCHMAN, 75 " 10. ANDREW JACKSON, 84 " 11. HERBERT SPENCER 94 " 12. THE NATURAL AND PRIMITIVE DIVISIONS OF THE FACE, .... 273 " 13. THE PRACTICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE FACE 275 " 14. LOCATION OF THE SIGNS FOR THE VISCERAL ORGANS, 277 " 15. LOCAL SIGNS FOR THE MENTAL FACULTIES, 288 " 16. GEORGE WASHINGTON 304 " 17. CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN, 305 " 18. ANNA DICKINSON, 314 " 19. GEORGE WASHINSTON (profile), 315 " 20. LUCRETIA B. MOTT, 318 " 21. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 319 " 22. MAD. OCTAVIA WALTON LE VERT 326 " 23. JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, 327 " 24. MAD. MARIE JEANNE PHILLIPON ROLAND, 330 " 25. THOMAS STARR KING 331 " 26. LADY ANGELA GEORGINA BURDETT-COUTTS BARTLETT-COUTTS, . . . 336 " 27. HENRY BERGH 337 " 28. ALEXANDRE DUMAS, 340 " 29. MONSIEUR D'AUBRAY, 341 " 30. SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, 350 " 31. A. A. Low, 351 " 32. THE PUNDITA RAMABAI 356 " 33. ANTHONY RAPHAEL MENGS, 357 " 34. THE PRINCESS ALEXANDRA, OF WALES 368 " 35. WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM, 369 " 36. ELIZA COOK 374 " 37. DAVID G. FARRAGUT, 375 11 38. Miss OTIS, . .380 " 39. JOHANN CHRISTOPH VON GLUCK, 381 " 40. M. Louis ADOLPH THIERS, 386 " 41. SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, 387 " 42. MARTHA DANDRIDGE CUSTIS WASHINGTON 394 " 43. GEORGE WILLIAM CHILDS, 395 " 44. Miss FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, 398 " 45. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, 399 " 46. MARIA ANGELICA KAUFFMANN 410 (xix) XX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF VOLUME I. FIG. 47. HANS HOLBEIN 411 18. DR. NELLIE BKKIIILE 428 U>. PIEATRO ANDREA MATTIOLI, 429 " 50.' "MOTHER" BYCKERDYKE, 432 11 ~>1. CLEMENCE S. L'OziER 433 ~>2. THOMAS JEFFERSON, 438 13. HENRY WARD BEECHER 439 " ~>4. BELVA A. LOCKWOOD, 446 " 55. JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, 447 41 56. JOHN L. SULLIVAN, 456 " "i7. ARCHIBALD FORBES, 457 " 58. MARTIN LUTHER, 464 " 59. GROVER CLEVELAND, . . . . 465 " 60. MRS. M:, 470 " 61. FRANCOIS MAXIMILIEN JOSEPH ISIDORE ROBESPIERRE, 471 " 62. SIGNOR CRISPI, 480 " 63. JOHN Fox 481 " 64. ELLEN TERRY, 186 " 65. PAUL GUSTAVE DORE, 487 " 66. JOHN RUSKIN 494 " 67. MATTHIAS JACOB SCHLEIDEN, 495 " 68. PETER CORNEILLE, 500 " 69. WILKIE COLLINS, 501 " 70. SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM HERSCHELL, . 508 " 71. CHARLES DARWIN, 509 " 72. Miss ADELAIDE NEILSON, 516 " 73. MR. H. RIDER HAGGARD . . . .517 " 74. MARY ANDERSON, 526 " 75. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, 527 " 76. JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER, ...'....... 529 " 77. MATTHEW VASSAR 536 " 78. JAY GOULD ... 537 " 79. JOHN ERICSSON, .... ... 544 " 80. JOHN BUNYAN, ..'*... 545 " 81. BENJAMIN MOORE, 554 " 82. THOMAS PAINE, 555 " 83. Miss CLARA BARTON . 562 " 84. WILLIAM H. SEWARD . 563 85. EX-QUEEN NATALIE, OF SERVIA, . 570 " 86. JOSEPH GARIBALDI 571 " 87. JOANNA SOUTHCOTT, . 580 88. ROBERT SOUTHEY . 581 " 89. ALICE GARY 590 . " 90. JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, . 591 INTRODUCTION. IF the most learned man of the twelfth century were to return to earth and become cognizant of our advance in the sciences and industrial arts, he would doubtless believe, at first, that he was in the midst of works of magic more won- derful and powerful by far than*the mysterious and- occult operations of the Magi of his own age. He would note the use of natural forces turned to the economies of life by ingenious and complicated machinery ; he would be shown the wonders of steam navigation, of the art of printing, of electricity in its numerous developments and uses, of the telegraph and telephone, together with the telescopic and microscopic discoveries which astonish even this progressed age. The knowledge of the laws of sound, motion, light, and color, which this epoch has evolved, would unfold to his senses a world of realities as new to his mind as if he, in verity, were transported to quite another planet than the one which had been his former habitation. After taking note of all our increased knowledge of science in its various departments, and after examin- ing our museums and institutions of learning, if he were to ask, What do you now know of man 1 of his powers and properties 1 what reply could we make I We might answer that we understand the circulation of the blood, a little about the nervous system, somewhat of the process of digestion ; that we know the number of the bones and have named them, and also the action of the muscles ; that we are in a state of uncertainty as to the function of the brain ; that we know very little of the prevention of dis- ease, much less about its cure, and nothing at all as to the meaning of his physiognomy. What think you woidd be his opinion of our progress in useful knowledge 1 Surely, he would conclude that we had vexed our minds with many tilings that could be dis- pensed with, and had neglected the most useful of them all. The knowledge of man and how to improve his capacities, how to pro- tect his bodily powers, how to prevent and remedy the diseases which assail him, is surely of more importance than many of the studies upon which valuable time has been spent without advanc- ing the knowledge of man one step. All through the ages of which we have any recorded history we find inklings of an instinctive perception of physiognomy. (1) 2 INTRODUCTION. The writings of Moses show him to have been a profound student of human nature, and . possessed of a power to read and understand countenances and features. His knowledge of sanitary law, ill regard to food and diet and the protection of the body, and the success attending the application of these laws, place him even beyond the sanitarians of to-day. Among the earliest Greek writers, Aristotle, Plato, and Galen may be named as having written and taught physiognomy. Hippocrates also formulated a system based upon the several colors of the human complexion. This classification has passed down to the present day, and has been accepted by naturalists in its application to man, while at the same time, with singular inconsistency, the lower animal kingdom has been classified on the basis of form, and correctly so, as color is an effect, not a cause ; it is dependent on climate, food, habit, and other accidental surroundings. Even phrenologists, who ought to know better (since their researches extend widely among the animal kingdom), have retained the* classification which Hip- pocrates set up. The differences observable in the human family he denominated temperaments a word which has no intelligent application even to the false basis upon which the old Greek phy- sician founded his system, long before the circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey, and before the functions of the liver, heart, and -brain were at all understood. Each age has added its contributions to our knowledge of physiognomy, and if these contributions have not given us hereto- fore a correct system, at once practical and scientific, they have maintained an interest and a belief in this science. This interest and belief have served as a beacon-light, which has flashed far down the ages made brilliant by the works of the most renowned philosophers and literates. Among the Grecians, Aristotle wrote extensively on this subject. Pliny, Cicero, and others of ancient Rome found this science worthy 'of their consideration, while, later in the advancing centuries, we find Petrus d'Abbano lecturing on physiognomy before the students of the University of Paris. After him followed the renowned Avicenna, Averroes, Michael Scott, and the Italian sculptor and naturalist, J. Baptista Porta, the discoverer of the camera obscura. Later still, many German, French, Eng- lish, and American observers left their writings among us to be added to and built upon. Lavater, in 1801, wrote numerous volumes on the subject, copiously illustrated, in which he had the assistance of some of the best artists in Europe. It is through his works, and from his associations that this science is best known to modern students. His purity of life and high position (he having been an eloquent clergyman, pastor of St. Peter's Church, at INTRODUCTION. 3 Zurich) placed physiognomy on a footing of credibility. His works are what he named them " Fragments " merely, without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the belief and interest in the science. Prominent among the German and French observers and writers are the eminent Blumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and De la Sarthe ; among the English, Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker ; and among Americans, James W. Red- field. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse published from the University Press, at Glasgow, a series of lectures on physiognomy which he had delivered, setting forth a system which contains practical knowledge, susceptible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary observer. Prof. Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California, in an able article in the Popular Science Monthly* describing the advance of science, says : *' In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more com- plex departments, there are three distinct stages of advance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and arrangement of facts Descriptive Science. The second is the reduction of these to formal laws Formal Science. Thus far the science is inde- pendent of all other sciences. The third is the reference of these laws to the more general laws of a more fundamental science in the hierarchy as their cause Causal Science. It is this last change only which necessarily follows the order indicated above. Its effect is always to give great impulse to scientific advance, for then only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning planetary motions Descriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced these to the three great and beautiful laws known by his name Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for Newton, by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Keplerian laws by referring them to the more gen- eral and more fundamental laws of mechanics as their cause, and thus he became the founder of physical arid causal astronomy. In other words, astronomy was at first a separate science, based on its own facts. Newton connected it with mechanics, and thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time astronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, however, another more solid and * Popular Science Monthly, January, 1879, p. 325. 4 INTRODUCTION. central shaft had grown up under the hands of many builders, viz., mechanics. Newton connected the astronomical shaft with the central column of mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a yet higher shaft." This description truthfully and beautifully shows the progress of scientific research. The system which this work presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to the human physiog- nomy and organism which have been observed and collected ; it reduces these facts to laws, and, lastly, shows the correspondence of this science to the general and fundamental laws which under- lie all matter, viz., those of chemistry, architecture, and mathe- matics. The sum of all human action is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, and man's organism illustrates the influence of these laws. I would like to see the facts contained in this work in the hands of all who love their kind, and who de- sire its elevation by scientific methods. In the years to come I do not doubt that more ample knowledge of physiognomy will be disseminated by greater minds, with better opportunities of obser- vation than have fallen to me. It would seem a very appropriate time for spreading the knowledge of man, now that so much is known of his environment, and while so many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and substances of Nature are coming daily to light which are immediately connected with his welfare. Earnest and religious regard for the advance of mankind to grander heights of purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing short of the knowledge of scientific laws and their appli- cation can regenerate the human race, has impelled the writing of these ideas. PART I. THEORETICAL PHYSIOGNOMY. CHAPTER I. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. " The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of physiognomy." WlNKLEMAN. EATER defines physiognomy to be the " art or science of iscerning the character of the mind from the 'features of the face, or the art of discovering the predominant temper or other characteristic qualities of the mind by the form of the body, but especially by the external signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features." This definition scientific physiognomy accepts in so far as it relates to the human species, but extends it in a more compre- hensive manner so as to include all animate and even inanimate nature. The form of every rock, tree, animal, and object in ex- istence has come by design, and is self-revealing as to its true character. That we fail in many instances to comprehend the meaning of certain forms observed in Nature is due to our lack of acute observation, or want of comparison, or ignorance of the meaning and significance of the basic principles of form, a science which this system of physiognomy undertakes to unfold and apply to the human and animal face and body, as well as to vegetable and mineral formations. It is logical to infer that form has general laws which are self- revealing. Without knowledge of these general laws we must forever remain in ignorance of most of Nature's meanings in regard to the myriad things in the universe. Without some principles of form to guide us, character remains a sealed book ; but Nature has equipped many if not most of her children with faculties suited to the true interpretation of signs which are thrown out in the most affluent manner by every form in existence. Nature's hieroglyphics are easily deciphered by the keen ob- server, and the facial signs of every human creature can be under- stood by those who are willing to study and apply the basic prin- ciples of form. In entering upon the study of physiognomy, or mental science, it will be well if we consider briefly the methods formerly employed by metaphysicians in the investigation of the science of mind, and then, as we proceed to contrast them and their results with the 8 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. i system which I shall present to your attention, a system which has occupied the best thought of thirty-five years of my life, you will doubtless ask what relation there is between the human phys- iognomy and metaphysical theories. If we were intending to con- fine our study to ancient metaphysics or even modern metaphysics and theological theories of the mind, I should be compelled to answer that there is no relation between them, since these two classes of thinkers confined themselves to speculations merely and MHight no solution in the investigation of the mechanism through which mind is manifested. Modern scientific observers, however, pursue the study of mind by investigating the body it inhabits and of which it is a part, and, as the face is proven to be the index or register of the entire organism (which you will acknowledge as we proceed), we are compelled to study the mechanism within the body which we find to be the moving cause of those expressions, forms, and colors that reveal to us the mind or character of the individual. Our knowledge of the history of mental science reaches far back into the age of Grecian civilization. The philosophical or metaphysical method of studying the human mind was coeval with the age in which configuration or sculpture reached its acme. It was also coeval with the creation of the greatest epic poems, of some of the grandest dramas and most sublime orations known to man. In short, it was an age of art, not of science. The great metaphysicians of Greece, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Thales, Pythagoras, Anixamander, and many other ancient philosophers, however they may have differed in their several systems of philosophy, all alike believed in and used one common method of investigating mind. This method consisted in the investigation of self-consciousness, that is to say, an observation of the manner in which the mental processes viz., those of memory, reason, will, Comprehension, and perception were carried on in the mind of the observer. Each philosopher sat in judgment, as it were, on his own method of thought, etc., and then gave to his investigations the name of " mental science." Observations were pursued in this manner by all of the Greek thinkers, without any reference to bodily conditions, with the single exception of Aristotle, whose re- searches in natural history among insects, birds, and beasts, had given him greater insight into the origin and development of mind, both in the lower animals and in man. He, beyond all the other philosophers of his age, possessed a better comprehension of the physiology and anatomy of animal organisms, together with a very moderate knowledge of the physiology of man. The superstitions of his age prevented the dissection of human bodies, and thus these BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. \ 9 philosophers were cut off from pursuing one practical and scien- tific method of studying mind. For two thousand years these impractical systems of mental science dominated the world of thought, then the great Bacon arose and began the study of mind from an entirely different stand- point. His studies in the practical sciences he having been the inventor, it is said, of the telescope, air-pump, diving-bell, and of gun-powder, besides having written very learnedly upon optics, chemistry, medicine, mathematics, and many other sciences natu- rally led him to adopt a scientific method of investigating mind ; but as very little more of physiology was known in his day than in the age of Aristotle, His writings on mental science are not as reliable as those of the more modern thinkers, yet his method was an advance on those preceding him. The circulation of the blood was not discovered by Harvey until four hundred years after the death of Bacon ; the construction and operation of the heart, liver, lungs, and brain were not known until still later periods. How, then, can it be expected that a knowledge of the mind of man could be studied or comprehended without an intimate knowledge of his bodily functions ? The subjective method (as it is denominated) of the ancients would not have seemed so impractical a mode of studying mind, had all persons been alike normally constituted ; but so large a proportion of persons are insane (it is now estimated that one in five hundred is so at the present day, and there are also many un- developed races in existence, and were then, as well as children who are also in a state of undevelopment), that if the subjective method is to be employed, we should never know anything at all about these several classes of beings who form a large proportion of our population. Now, in any system of mental science, to ignore the knowledge of the character of all children, of all un- developed races, and persons such as idiots, imbeciles, and the in- sane, as well as those who are laboring under temporary aberration and weakness of mind of every degree whatsoever, is to deprive mankind of the most useful and necessary part of the knowledge of himself; hence any system of mental science which fails to treat of these several classes, together with the means for their improve- ment, cannot be considered either practical or scientific. In order to understand the human mind practically, we must commence with its first manifestations in childhood. It was in this manner that Locke, so justly celebrated for his wonderful essay on the "Human Understanding," commenced the investiga- tion of mind in the eighteenth century. He considered the nature of children and of savage races. He was the first metaphysician 10 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. who made any decided advance in the method of studying, inves- tigating, and interpreting the human mind, and this advance was due to his observation of Nature, by his discarding the old metaphysical methods, and by basing his laws upon observations made on living subjects. He first observed natural phenomena in children and savages, and then, by generalizing, was able to dis- cover the laws underlying the actions of the individuals thus ob- served. He also made observations among animals, and here the investigator will find corroboration of many laws which are recognized in the human family. Modern writers of the greatest eminence, among whom we find the celebrated M. de Quatrefages, Mr. Herbert Spencer, Mr. Darwin, Dr. H. Maudsley, and Professor Huxley, all agree in their methods of investigating character by first observing plailts and animals. M. de Quatrefages, in his celebrated work on "The Human Species," remarks: Now, plants and animals have been studied for a much longer period than man, and from an exclusively scientific point of view, without any trace of the prejudice and party feeling which interferes with the study of man. Without having penetrated very deeply into all the secrets of animal and vegetable life, science has acquired a certain number of fixed and indis- putable results, which constitute a foundation of positive knowledge and a safe starting-point. Whenever there is any doubt of the nature or signifi- cance of a phenomenon observed in man, the corresponding phenomena must be examined in animals and even in plants. They must be compared with what takes place in ourselves, and the results accepted as they are exhibited. What is true of other organized beings cannot but be true of man. This method is incontestably scientific. Every solution which makes or tends to make man an exception from those laws which govern other organized and living beings is unsound and unscientific.* Dr. Maudsley asserts : The study of the plan of the development of mind as exhibited in the animal, the barbarian, and the infant furnishes results of the greatest value, and is as essential to a true mental science as the study of its development is to a full knowledge of the bodily organism. Those who have read Lavater's renowned work on physiog- nomy, will doubtless look for some theoretical testimony from his facile and prolific pen. Now, although Lavater wrote many volumes on physiognomy, and was himself a great intuitional physiognomist, he was, unfortunately, not a scientific student. He says of him- self that he did not understand anatomy and physiology, and without a thorough knowledge of these sciences it is impossible to found a system of physiognomy. At the same time, such was his rare gift of observation and correct intuition, and such his ardor, * The Human Species, M. de Quatrefages, p. 27. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 11 that, added to his noble character and purity of life, it enabled him to revive the belief in physiognomy, which had waned during the middle ages, or had become classed with the " black art " and works of magic. And this pure-minded minister of the gospel was received at the courts of kings and princes, and his observa- tions and researches were hailed with enthusiasm by the most emi- nent men of his day. His writings, although they lack system and are really what he terms them, "Fragments" merely, restored physiognomy to that rank which it had held in the estimation of man two thousand years before, when such great minds as Plato, Galen, Aristotle, Pliny, Cicero, Seneca, Hippocrates, and others as learned and renowned, had written upon and taught physiognomy as an art. From Lavater's day to the present, a period of over one hundred years, inventions and discoveries of mechanical in- struments and principles have given us means of investigating the human body and mind, wholly unknown to any former age of the world. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The theory of mental science which I shall present to you is the most advanced and comprehensive that has ever been offered to the world, and to the discoveries made by the microscope and in anatomy and physiology I am largely indebted for the discov- eries which I have made in this department of science. Let it be understood at the outset, that physiognomy teaches and proves that the mind and body are a unity, acting in unison and harmony ; that all mental power is originated primarily by sensation ; that all parts of the body contribute to mental action ; that the heart, the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, the glands, the muscles, the bones, the nerves, and all other organs are each in- strumental in creating and assisting mental efforts. This system also teaches that there is a unity of action and universality of law running from the lowest creation, the inorganic or mineral, up to the highest, the animal and human kingdoms. It shows, too, that all form has meaning and character, that every form observed in Nature is shaped by law and design, and discloses the character of the mineral, plant, tree, or animal under observation. This system of physiognomy goes still farther. It proves that certain physical functions are directly related to and sustain certain mental faculties. The idea that all or nearly all parts of the body con- tribute to mental action was vaguely perceived by some anatomists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sir Charles Bell re- marks that he had a dim though strong conception that it was an 12 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. error to limit sensation to the action of the special senses, lie observes : It appears to me thai the frame of the body exclusive of the special organs of seeing, hearing, etc., is a complex organ, I shall not say of , but which ministers, like the external senses, to the mind.* George I lenry Lewes, one of the most philosophic and scien- tific writers of our era, remarks : If every distinct part of the organism which is the source of distinct sensation is to be called a sense, we must necessarily include the muscles and viscera among the senses, for the sensation derived through the muscles are as specific MS those derived through the eye or tongue, and the glandular sensations are assuredly distinct from those of the muscles. The sensations derived throuyh the viscera are not less specific nor less important than those of the eye or ear. We are not at liberty to reject this fact, because it is capable of proof as rigorous as the proof of the existence of sight or la-ite. Mind is the sum total of the whole sensitive organism; no one exclu- sive organ of mind can be said to exist. "\ In this theory and its proof lies the greatest advance made in mental science in this era. The celebrated gentlemen whom 1 have mentioned as having taught that mind inheres in the entire or- ganism stop short at that theory, but scientific physiognomy, as taught by this system, goes farther, and proves the relation between Conscientiousness and the kidney or fluid system of the body ; between Benevolence and the glandular system ; the relation of Amativeness, or the love of the sexes, to the reproductive system ; of Hope to the liver ; and, in short, proves that all so-called sentiments have a />////.svVW base as well as a representation in the brain, which origin may be likened to the counting-house of a manufactory, the emotions being manufactured by the muscles, nerves, and viscera, and registered in the brain, where consciousness and abstract thought has its home and origin ; and, lastly, shows that all this is revealed in the face, as well as by the voice, the walk, the color, movement, gesture, etc. A practical application of the laws of scientific physiognomy is the only method that can make possible race improvement by intelligent design. As long as the human face is a sealed book, men and women cannot intelligently choose partners in marriage, and the progress of the race will be left to natural selection, which is a slow process, as we observe in the present instinctive methods. But where reproduction is the result of laws intelligently under- stood and applied, there is no reason why the races of man should not advance in nobility as rapidly and surely as have the scientifi- cally-bred animals of the past few years. Aristotle tells us that * The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, Sir Charles Bell, M.D.. p. 83. t Physiology of Common Life, G. H. Lewes, p. 194. THEORY OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. 13 " a life devoted only to sensual enjoyments is brutish, an ethico- political life is human, but a scientific life is divine." If by a scientific life he meant living up to the laws of God as shown by the laws of Nature, I can wholly and heartily agree with him. In announcing the discoveries which I have made pertaining to the human physiognomy, it may not be uninteresting to the reader to know in what manner they were reached, what mental process or scientific observation was required to elaborate the sys- tem setting forth the three grand divisions of the face, and why I denominate them the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathe- matical. In the first place, my studies in anatomy and physiology had shown me that the action of the glands is purely chemical, and, as I found that the development and normal action of this system were most apparent in the lower part of the face, in the cheeks (as is observed in healthy infants), in the lips, and adjacent parts, it occurred to me that this part of the face must represent the purely chemical or vegetative department of the human or- ganism. Knowing as I did that nearly all the principles of me- chanical forces were illustrated by the action of the several lever powers in the movements of the muscles and bones, of the hinge in the joints, of the pulley in the muscles of the eye, of valves in the heart and arteries, while the principles of optics are exhibited in the eye, the principles of acoustics in the construction and action of the ear, the principles of hydrostatics and capillary attraction in the veins, tubes, and tissues of the several parts of the body ; knowing that electricity is a property of the nerves and magnetism of the muscles, I saw that these several systems constituted a mechanical or an architectural system, the signs for which I have discovered are located in the middle portion of the face. When I had discovered and located the signs for the heart, the lungs, the liver, the muscular, the nervous, and bony systems, logic came to my aid, and I argued that if the signs for chemical action and architectural powers were to be found in the human face I must look there for the signs of the mathematical powers also. I had years previously ascertained by observation and reflection that these three laws or principles govern all matter. Reflection soon convinced me that in the upper part of the face I should find the signs for mathematical power indicated, and, as in the upper part of the forehead we have the signs for Logical Deduction, or reason, so in the lower part of the forehead are located the signs for Form, Size, and Calculation. I at once saw that here were the signs for the last of the three ruling principles needed to complete the harmonic system of laws which underlie nil matter, and of which man is the highest expression and exponent. 14 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Is it not logical to infer that in the countenance of man (which is certainly the most perfected object that the human mind has ever studied) should be found concentrated and combined all the general principles which assist in the formation of man's organism? I know that this is a novel theory, and one perhaps as startling and revolutionary as was Newton's theory of the law of gravitation, but, as time rolls on, a scientific knowledge of man and of his physiog- nomy is as certain to evolve as is the knowledge of the laws of light, sound, color, and other abstruse departments of natural law. The proof of my theory is so easy of verification that any person of ordinary observation and reflection can satisfy himself experi- mentally of its truth. I now address myself to scientific thinkers and those accustomed to investigating the correlations of the laws and forces of Nature, and I ask them if it seems to them unreason- able or illogical that the basilar laws of all the lower creations should find illustration in man and his countenance 1 When we reflect that man is the outcome or evolutionary product of all the lower kingdoms, mineral, vegetable, and animal, it should not seem improbable that man's face, read scientifically, that is, according to his physiological and anatomical organization, should typify and disclose the action of all these formative and creative powers. The general laws and principles enunciated in this chapter, together with the connection of physical functions with mental faculties, will appeal the strongest to naturalists, scientists, and phy- sicians, those who are accustomed to observe in Nature's processes the action of that law discovered and set forth by the eminent Baron Cuvier, viz., the law of the correlation of organs, " accord- ing to which a certain conformation of structure in one organ is always found in conjunction with a certain conformation in another." Now, under the operation of this law it is quite safe to predict the existence and presence of certain mental faculties by observing the signs for certain physical functions in the face ; as, for example, where the signs for Amativeness and Love of Young are exhibited in a highly developed degree the sign for the glandu- lar system is also well defined, and the same is true of other faculties and functions. Not only do we find that certain faculties are correlated, but that certain physical functions and mental faculties are always observed to develop paripassu. Another proof of this interaction is shown where the sign for a faculty is small in the face and the action of its related function is weak and corre- spondingly undeveloped in the body, as, for instance, where the sign for Hope is small in the face the activity of the liver is corre- spondingly feeble. Later on all of the various organs will be treated of in this connection. THE HUMAN FACE THE INDEX OF ALL NATURE. 15 THE HUMAN FACE THE INDEX OF ALL NATURE. Standing at the < pex of all creation is man, the very epitome, sublimification, and essence of creative energy. What more natu- ral, then, that in this high and complex organization should be found in combination all of the components of what may be termed the lower creations ] Man is literally made of the " dust of the earth." Considered as a chemical compound, man will be found upon analysis to be composed not only of the "dust of the earth," but also of nearly all the primitive elements contained in. the earth. In his composi- FiG. 1. THE THREE GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE FACE. 1, Chemical ; 2, Architectural ; 3, Mathematical. tion will be found oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, and a small amount of other minerals. In the face of man will be found, by dividing it into three grand divisions, the signs of character representing the three basilar principles underlying all matter, as well as man's own organism, viz., those of Chemistry, Architecture, and Mathematics. If one examine closely a grain of sand, and enters into an analysis of its constituents, he finds that it has, first, chemical properties, a portion of one kind of element, another particle of some other sort ; perhaps several other elements enter into 16 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. its constitution. These various elements have an affinity for each other and harmonize in their combination. This is the power which binds them in one and forms them into a chemical compound. Upon further examination it will be found to possess a definite /a/-///. In the case of crystals of the various minerals this form is always defined by law, and the mineralogist recognizes each object by its form. This natural law of shaping of all objects, both ani- mate and inanimate, is an illustration of architectural law. If the crystals be reduced to their elementary particles the number of their constituents is discovered. This is the mathematical law exemplified. All creations, from a grain of sand up to the planetary bodies, have their chemical properties, their, architectural formation, or shape, and the number of particles which mathematical law re- quires for their completion. The same constituents which compose planets, which form minerals as well as plant, insect, and animal life, form also man's organism. These elementary constituents bring with them into man's body their basic principles, and wherever we find man we can but observe that in the chemical action of the elements com- posing his body and surrounding him, that in his form and^/'o- /Htrflons, and in the number of elements entering into his consti- tution, the same laws of chemical action, of architectural forma- tion, and of mathematical quantities .or particles which govern all other departments of life are as potential in fashioning him and in determining his character. In this wonderful microcosm, as exhibited in man's face, we find illustrated in its three divisions the signs of character which denote man's ability to be either chemical, architectural, or mathe- matical, or, in other words, exhibiting vegetative, constructive, or reasoning power. We shall find, upon investigating the lower organisms, whether of plant, insect, or animal life, that chemical action is the primary mode of organization, next that the formative, or architectural, follows chemical action, and the perfection or com- pletion of the life of all organisms requires the full and complete n umber of particles of matter which compose its entirety, thus illus- trating the mathematical law which dominates every department of organic and inorganic life. In the mineral world we find, as I have previously stated, that chemical action precedes formation, and that formation pro- duces the number of faces or sides and angles which each species of mineral assumes, and mineralogists are able to classify each mineral by its architectural or geometrical formation. MINERAL FORMS. 17 MINERAL FORMS. The first and most primitive formations of any kind whatso- ever are found in the crystals of minerals. Here, at the very be- ginning of inanimate organization on the globe, the law of Form discloses its supremacy. This law is dominated by the law of Number, which lies at the base of all things in existence, and from Number Form proceeds. Although minerals are inanimate, they have their precise laws of shaping as set and rigid as those that form the plant, the animal, or man. They fall into shape by law and design. They are not chaotic, shapeless masses of matter, but in their interior, microscopic, molecular construction, as well as in their completed outward shape, they afford us fine illustrations of the dominance of the law of Form, which is exhibited in a much more complex manner in higher organizations, in the vegetable, animal, and human kingdoms. After minerals have become solidified by passing through the chemical processes of heat, incan- descence, vaporization, or by condensation, as water does in freez- ing, they each assume a definite and diverse fixed form, each one differing from every other, and by their forms alone mineralogists are able to say to which class each belongs, and can also state their properties by inspection of their forms. An inherent law of shap- ing causes one mineral to form crystals which are cubical in form, salt, for example, while another assumes six-pointed sides or prisms, as exhibited by quartz. The most plentiful mineral water becomes solid at 32 F., and then crystallizes and constitutes snow or ice. Flakes of snow consist of a congeries of minute crystals and stars, and may be detected by a glass.* One significant fact in regard to snow-crystals is that, although many hundreds of different shapes have been observed and figured, they all with singular unanimity show that the laws both of Form and Number preside over their construction, for without exception they present six points or rays, as shown in Fig. 2, E, F, G, regardless of the peculiarities of their formation. Thus it is shown that the number six is the underlying law which controls water when it assumes a solid form. Of the identity of the various mineral species, Professor Dana tells us : The true foundation of a species in mineralogy must be derived from crystallization, as the crystallizing is fundamental in its nature and origin ; and it is now generally admitted that identity of crystalline form and structure is evidence of identity of species.^ * Manual of Mineralogy, .1. B. Dana, p. 78. t Ibid., p. 74. 2 18 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. As we proceed in the study of physiognomy the reader will find that the highest expression of divine architecture the human ia,. ( . combines and illustrates all of the primary elements of Form which are exhibited in the structure and form of all minerals. These elements are the point (or central axis), the sphere, the line, the angle, the square, and cube. The sphere is represented by the spherical molecule, which it is now known that the mineral assumes while in a state of fusion or incandescence, as I have shown in the chapter entitled " The Basic Principles of Form." From these few primary elements of Form all other forms are derived by multiplication or combination. Of the constancy of crystalline forms in the mineral kingdom Professor Dana observes: Each mineral may be properly said to have as much a distinct shape of its own as each plant or each animal, and may be as readily distinguished by the characters presented to the eye. Crystals are therefore the perfect individuals of the mineral kingdom. The mineral quartz has a specific form and structure as much as a dog or an elm, and is as distinct and unvarying as regards essential characters, although, owing to counteracting caul's (luring formation, these forms are not always assumed. In whatever part of the world ciystals of quartz may be collected they are fundament- ally identical. Not an angle will be found to differ from those of crystals obtained in any part of this country. The sides of the faces vary and also the number of the faces, according to certain simple laws hereafter to be explained, but the corresponding angles of inclination are essentially the same, whatever the variations or distortions. Other minerals have a like constancy in their crystals, and each has some peculiarity, some difference of angle, or some difference of cleavage structure which distinguishes it from every other mineral. In many cases, therefore, we have only to measure an angle to determine a species. Both quartz and carbonate of lime crystallize at times in similar six-sided prisms, with terminal pyramids, but the likeness here ceases, for the angles of the pyramids are quite different and also the internal structure.* Minerals, like plants, animals, and human beings, possess many other properties besides form, number, and chemical con- stituents. These are primitive, or fundamental, common to each kingdom of Nature. The mineral possesses other properties, among which are lustre, color, diaphaneity, refraction, taste, odor, mag- netism, electricity, specific gravity, density, luminosity, and phos- phorescence. It is thus shown that although minerals are not vital, animate objects, they yet possess many characteristics which are observed in plant and animal life ; it is from these fundamental sources that these very qualities are obtained, for the higher mani- festations of life derive these qualities from the foods grown upon the mineral soil, and bring up into the plant, animal, and human being the same elements of form and color, and other properties with which the mineral abounds. All the primitive mineral ele- * Manual of Mineralogy, J. B. Dana, p. 22. MINKHAL FORMS. 19 mcnts and primary forms of the mineral are found in the human body and arc; illustrated and revealed in his face, the most wonder- ful evidence of the harmony of Nature's laws in the universe. Fig. 2, shown below, discloses the supremacy of the law of form in several of the best-known minerals. In the shells of the ocean we observe that the same laws govern their formation, and that the " mollusk forms a perfect geometrical curve, and proportions the size of its valves to the distance between them." FIG. 2.-MINERAL FORMS. A, B, C, common salt; D. quartz; E, F, G, snow; H, sulphur; I, J, gold : K, L, diamond. Common salt crystallizes in cubical forms, as shown in A, B, C. Quartz. D. always crystallizes in six-sided pyramids. Snow assumes many forms, yet they all express the dominance of the number six, as exhibited by the diagrams E, F, G. Sulphur appears in octahedral forms, and is yellow in color, as in H. Gold, I, J, has several forms and is of a yellowish color ; its crystals are cubical. The diamond, K, L, is a crystallized carbon, and is found in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and other complex forms. After cutting it appears in various forms, as seen in the above figure. [NOTE. These illustrations are from works on mineralogy by Prof. J. B. Dana.] Mathematical law governs in the vegetable kingdom, and Tegulates by number the petals, sepals, stamens, pistils, and leaves upon every blossom and branch. In the human family the mini her of bones, muscles, joints, etc., proves its dominance, and wherever we look we must admit that these three great laws are universal and general. It is thus shown that man, in himself, in his own person, typifies all creation, 1 proving that he is the very essence, the subtle, refined organization or force evolved from all forces, powers, causes, and chemical activities in the universe, and that the Jace of man reveals the action of all these laws. 20 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. A correct understanding of this grand organization is the first science in the world, the first in importance to each one of us. It lias its laws, which are exact and yet complex; but where is the reader skillful enough to understand them ? As Nature is per- fect in her works, and has made few laws so mysterious as not to be comprehended, is it not natural, then, to infer that man is capable of understanding his own organization and the laws which govern it "? He mav, if he will but seek the truth and fear not. f 7 As the dial is to the clock, so is the face to man ; it is his exponent, morally, mentally, and physically ; on it are written not only his mental powers, his moral strength or weakness, but also his physical capacities, powers, weaknesses, predispositions to health and disease, and there is no one of ordinary capacity who cannot perceive these signs almost at a glance. The importance of this knowledge is incalculable. 'Inasmuch as we all have to pass our days in intercourse with our fellows, it is of the greatest importance not only that we should understand ourselves, but also that we should be able to comprehend to a nicety all with whom we associate, not merely for our protection and the pleasure we may derive from it, but also for the good we may do. Again, this knowledge will teach us that what we now call " charity" in over- looking the faults and weaknesses of others is but simple justice, for it is not just to expect something different of an organization than Nature has given it power to accomplish. Therefore, we may spare our charity and, through knowledge, give justice. The three grand divisions of the face namely, the Chemical, the Architectural, and the Mathematical have also their sub- divisions. The Chemical includes and reveals the signs for the moral, the domestic, and the supplyant powers ; the Architectural, the faculties which indicate the building, artistic, religious, and literary traits; and the Mathematical includes the reasoning powers, which are the chief faculties in numerical demonstration. Within the three grand divisions of the face we find the facial indications of five different systems of functions which create, the different forms of man, and which are always found in combination, but in different degrees of development in different persons. These are named the Vegetative, the Thoracic, the Muscular, the Osseous, and the Brain and Nerve systems. Upon the different degrees of development of these several conformations depends man's power for being mainly either chemical, architectural, or mathematical The organization, which is mainly chemical in its operation and effects, is known by a predominance of the vegetative system, and is accompanied most largely by all those functions which serve to supply the body with material, and for the protection and pro- MINERAL FORMS. 21 creation of the race. The functions included in this division of the organism are those of digestion, reproduction, respiration (through the mouth), secretion, excretion, and growth. These functions are productive of the following faculties : Conscientious- ness, Firmness, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Children, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Modesty, Self-esteem, Friendship, Digestion, Bihativeness, Sanativeness, Hospitality, Pneumativeness, Color, Economy, Love of Home, and Patriotism. These include in their action all the laws common to vegetable life, and the de- velopment of all these traits proceeds mainly from chemical action, as, for instance, the sustentation of the body and the procreation of the race. These operations are almost entirely chemical. The architectural division is shown by a predominance of the muscular, thoracic, and osseous systems, which embrace within their own action almost all of the principles of mechanical forces, such as the different lever powers, different principles of valves, and the representation of a pulley (in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye) ; also other mechanical powers which will be mentioned hereafter. The traits indicated in this division are : Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Hope, Cautiousness, Analysis, Imitation, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Construct- iveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, Self-will, Cre- denciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, Time, Language. You will observe by these names that the artistic and religious faculties are included in this as subdivisions. The mathematical division of the face has its work performed mainly by the brain and nerve system. The faculties shown in this division are named Time, Order, Causality, Comparison, Intuition. The several systems of the body and faculties of the mind act and react upon each other and sustain inter-relations to each other, but each division is mainly sustained by the action of the system to which the several different parts of the face indicate it as belonging. As I have before stated, the principles of physiognomy are founded on the same general laws which underlie all matter, but they have for their demonstration special laws. When we reflect that brain-matter in the form of nerves and nervous ganglia, as well as the muscles, are instrumental in producing mental mani- festations, we must at once conclude that the rather contracted views and theories of the ancient metaphysicians and modern phrenologists must give way to more extended and well-demon- strated /^m. The entire surface of the body, being covered with a cuticle upon which a fine net-work of nerves ramifies, and 3. t Body and Mind, Henry Maudsley, M.D., p. 34. MI NEK A L FORMS. 23 Elsewhere he remarks : The internal organs are plain!}' not the agents of their special functions only, but by reason of the intimate consent or sympathy of functions they are .essential constituents of our mental life.* In corroboration of the views of the highly respected gentle- men above quoted, I add the following from the pen of George Henry Lewes, who observes: I do not agree in the opinion respecting the brain as the organ of the mind ; one of the principal conclusions to which fact and. argument will direct us in these pages will be that the brain is only one organ of the mind, and not by any means the exclusive centre of consciousness. It will be understood by the word Mind we do not designate the intellectual opera- tions only. But the word Mind has a broader and deeper signification ; it includes all sensation, all volition, and all thought. It means the whole psychical life, and this psychical life has no one special centre any more than the physical life has one special centre ; it belongs to the whole and animates the whole. The brain is a part of this whole, a noble part, and its functions are noble, but it is only the organ of special mental functions. It is not the exclusive sensorium, and its absence does not impl}' the absence of all consciousness. It cannot, therefore, be considered as the organ, but only as one organ of the mihd.f The following from the work of Dr. J. Lander Lindsay, en- titled " Mind in the Lower Animals," will not be without interest, and is entitled to our respect in consideration of the source whence it emanates. Dr. Lindsay has been for many years at the head of an institution for the insane in Scotland, and is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of England. His investigations of diseased mental peculiarities of the insane have opened the way to an un- derstanding of the locale of the mind, and he states his belief of its location and action thus. He remarks : The student of comparative psychology cannot too soon divest himself of the erroneous popular idea that brain and mind are in a sense synony- mous ; that the brain is the sole organ of the mind ; that mind cannot exist without brain ; or that there is any necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development. Even in man there is no necessary relation between the size, form, and weight of the brain and the degree of mental development, while the phe- nomena of disease in him show to what extent lesions of cerebral substance occur without affecting the mental life. Physiologists are gradually adopt- ing or forming a more and more comprehensive conception of mind, and are coming to regard it, as a function or attribute not of any particular organ or part of the body, but of the bod;/ ax n ir/m/r. Long ago the illustrious Milton, discoursing of mind and its sent, properly described the human mind MS an attribute of man's body as a whole. In various forms and words this view has been expressed in recent times by Muller, Lewes, Laycock, Bashman, Bastian, Maudsley, Carpenter, * Ibid., p. 38. t Physiology of Common Life, G. H. Lewes, Part II. p. 3. 24 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Mini others. According to these authors, " the sent of mind Is throughout the body " (Muller); "mind pervades tlie body " (Lay cock and Bashman); -mind comprehends the bodily life" (Mandsley) ; "psychical life has no one especial centre" (Lewes); -the whole nervous system is the sent or or<>-an of the mind, the brain being only its chief seat or organ" (Bastian). The brain, then, is only <><' onjan of mind, the organ, it may be said, only of *) x'dii! mental functions. The old doctrine or assumption of the phre- nologists, as represented by Gall and Combe, the doctrine in which the}- have so greatly prided themselves and foolishly continue to do so, that, namely, which regards the brain as the sole organ of the mind, must un- questionably be given up. We must henceforth regard the true site, seat. or organ of the mind as the whole body, and this is (he onbj sound basis on which the comparative psychologist can begin his studies. There would be the less difficulty in accepting such a basis were it only borne in view that the muscular as well as the nervous system, that muscular action has an intimate relation to mental phenomena, to ideas as well as feelings. ',!/">/.<- cii/ar action is essential in certain, if not in a//, mental processes, e.g., in feeling or emotion, outward muscular expression (i.e., facial), and inward ideas and feelings are in separately correlated " (Maudsley).* There are many more of our leading physicians, anatomists, and naturalists of every nationality who believe and demonstrate the theory of the physical basis of mind, but enough evidence from the writings of the most eminent has been adduced to assist the reader in gaining a knowledge of the course I propose to take in this work. Further evidence will be presented as the reader advances. It has been reserved for me to extend their theories and ob- servations to a finality, and to show that mental faculties are directly related to and sustained by the action of physical functions, and also to prove by the face the direct connection of physical functions with mental faculties. The diffusive locale of the mind will be- come more and more apparent as the rationale develops, and I believe that the proofs will not be wanting to substantiate my position. I maintain that nearly all errors in regard to man his life, his surroundings, his relations to them and their relations to him, his religion, his sense of right, his misconceptions of beauty, his ex- ceedingly scant knowledge of governmental principles proceed directly from utter ignorance of himself; and, while he has a knowledge of the planets, stars, winds, rocks, beasts, birds, snakes, and animalculse, he does not know the laws which govern his own body. He understands not one single sign of character as indi- cated by the face ; he knows not the meaning of different voices ; the walk of man conveys to him no meaning ; the color of the eyes and hair declare nothing to his sense of sight. He is like a mole *Mind in the Lower Animals. .T. Lander Lindsay, M.D., Part II, pp. 3,4. MINERAL FORMS. 25 groping in daylight. He plans and executes grand enterprises ; he spans continents ; he examines the character of the uttermost stars ; calculates eclipses ; traces the paths of comets to remote ages ; understands to a nicety the great world and the little world as shown by the telescope and the microscope, and yet cannot sound the depths of his child's character, which appear to him unfathomable. Why is this ? Is it because the science of man is more abstruse and occult than all others 1 Because it belongs to the unknowable ? Not so. It is because he has not thought of these things, and because he has not been taught them as he has the other sciences. I regard it as the most simple of all sciences, the most easily demonstrated, the most essential to human happi- ness and welfare. And until the science of physiognomy is commonly under- stood, government, as a science, cannot go forward. Legislating for beings of the laws of whose existence one is in utter ignorance is an absurdity and will fail. Not until the masses can put them- selves in harmonious relations to their environment can government go forward, and this can result only from a complete knowledge of man, his capacities, his needs, and his possibilities. This knowl- edge proceeds only from a scientific study of himself. When man becomes convinced that his face registers his life, and that " he who runs may read " what he has been about, and that he cannot hide his inner self from the gaze of the world, he will endeavor to make his life so good and so noble that he will not be ashamed of the most rigid scrutiny, because it is only in thus doing that he will be enabled to have either a character or a reputation. " Ex- perience daily declares that certain irregular and vicious propensi- ties impress very sensible traces on the countenance. The surest method, then, to embellish our physiognomy is to adorn the mind." Physiognomy as a science, with rules and established prin- ciples so plainly set forth as to be comprehended by the masses, had never been given to the world until my recent publication. Lavater possessed the power of reading the human face intuitively, but he has left among his writings no rules nor principles" by which students can learn this science. The best book and school for students is Nature. Still, a keen observer may record such dis- coveries in this field as to be a benefit to coming generations. This science is gigantic in its proportions, and when we reflect that there are in the world no two organizations with exactly the same combinations of traits we see that the field is wide, with room for many observers. I leave the case in the hands of the scientific. the logical, the unprejudiced reader. My motives are based on a 26 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. love of humanity, nature, and truth, and will enable me to reject any idea, however much I may respect it, if it be found untrue and unscientific. All true lovers of humanity must surely take as great interest in promoting the right generation of the race as in regenerating the defectively organized. A scientific knowledge of the face of man is the first step toward this great work ; the next is the union of suitably adapted men and women for parentage, those who, by the union of their traits and physiological powers, would produce a higher type of children than they could were they unsuitably united. In order to bring about this much-to-be-desired result a certain degree of positive knowledge of the human face and body is essen- tial. This course demands that some factors other than " blind love " be brought into the marriage relation to sanctify it. In this sacred relation there should -be no "blindness." Cupid should be all eyes. This course, then, presupposes a recourse to observation and reason, to love of purity, noble traits, and righteousness, in short, to scientific religion. The motive which attracts the majority of men and women to matrimony could be shown to be nothing higher than animal mag- netism or instinct, if the truth were told. Probably most people never pause to analyze their feelings on this subject. It is upon this self-same plane that animals mate. Should not lovers of hu- manity and of religion act from higher motives than those which move the lowly beasts of the field 1 The object of this book is to afford the assistance necessary toward the right generation of man- kind and the creation of the highest types of human beings possible under our present limitations. Its laws and principles, being founded on Nature, will teach how to distinguish the false from the real, for the " laws of Nature are the thoughts of God," and science, being an exposition of the laws of Nature, deals with realities and demonstrable theories. CHAPTER II. t THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. "The philosophy of expression is based on the science of human nature. The science of human nature involves a knowledge of universal and eternal nature. The microcosmos is an epitome of the cosmos. Man when thoroughly compre- hended is a key to eternal nature, but again he who fails to comprehend nature fails to comprehend himself." J. BUCK, M.D. "The human frame, unlike that of the animal, is co-ordinate with the whole eternal universe. It is an organization correlated and responsive to the entire series of the natural creation. The brain is a form of the elemental kingdom, the lungs of the atmospheric world, and the abdomen of the terraqueous globe." SWEDENBOKG. THE basis of all form is motion. The basis of time is also motion. The basis primarily of form, motion, and time is numerical, or mathematical. These profound truths were wrought out by the Greek philosophers; for it was Plato who exclaimed : " God perpetually geometrizes." All motions, forms, distances, spaces, and chemical products are resolvable into numbers. The chemical constitution even of all matter is a question of atomic proportions or quantitative particles, and primordial chemical atoms must present specific forms, or possess weight, and are posited in space, and subject to the laws of time or duration. These chemical atoms or gaseous quantities as they rise into form, (as in the motion and shape of the planets) become more and more the subjects of mathematical laws, as they become more and more complex in their structure and movements. The laws of all structures whatsoever are deducible from this single science, mathematics. In the first condition of atoms, the number of particles of which they are composed, or their weight (as in gases) is their prime factor. The next ruling principle is the/orm which they eventually assume. This is geometrical and numerical as well, for all lines running in any direction create shapes; more particularly is this the case when concreted witli substance, as in the form of planets or of vegetable or animal cells or structures. Another property of an atom, a planet, a mineral, a plant, or an animal cell, is its chemical or real character-condition. Which comes first"? The chemical quality of the atom, the numerical quality, or the form which is necessarily a part of these objects ? It must be supposed that the elementary or primordial nebula is (27) 28 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. homogeneous, without "form or void." Yet the principle of number presides over this state of being, for nebulous matter must possess weight, and this is the fundamental basis of all shapeless substances, ethers, and gases, as well as of objective forms ; hence chemical character and the principle of number or of weight are co-existent in primordial matter, and thus represent the positive and the negative principles, the father and mother, substance and number, or the parental and conjugal condition of the first beginnings of planetary life. Stated in other words, there must be something to weigh or measure before it can be measured or weighed, and this something must have a qualitative basis, and this again is reducible to mathematical condition by its specific gravity or weight ; thus substance and number are a unity and convertible terms. They become a trinity when a form is assumed ; thus we have the basis of the universal trinity, three in one, and this trinity is well illustrated in the three grand divisions of the human face. View the question as we may, we are led by the irresistible force of truth and logic to the conclusion that number or mathe- matics lies back of all these phenomena ; also, that number and form are indissolubly united, and that in the structure of every- thing in Nature the chemical property is equally essential. It is thus we find that number, form, and quality are at once the unity and the trinity which preside over the initiation of being, either animate or inanimate. In other words, chemistry, architecture, and mathematics rule everywhere. These three ruling princi- ples are dominant in every minute microscopic cell of animal and vegetable life, and their action can be analyzed and verified. The same principles govern man's entire organism, and their action can be discovered and demonstrated in his face, the highest specimen of divine architecture in the universe. The form of the ultimate mineral atom, or the smallest par- ticle conceivable by the human mind, has been demonstrated by the most eminent physicists to be spherical. Silliman, in his 44 First Principles of Philosophy," page 6, tells us that " the second theory brought forward by Wollaston, in 1824, but more fully de- veloped by Ampere, supposes each ultimate atom to be a sphere, possessed of certain forces of polarity, which tend to produce the various forms which crystallized bodies assume." The verification of this theory has been made and still further elaborated by the re- searches of a French chemist, as mentioned by Comte ; he says : A French chemist, M. Brand, has quite recently made a wonderful dis- covery, which, if it be established, shows that previous to crystallization certain bodies assume an embrj'onic cellular condition, the outgrowth and THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 29 consequence of which is a crystal ; juid what is still more remarkable in this cellular embryo, not only has the microscopic cell an enveloping membrane, inclosing within it a soft, semi-transparent matter containing vapor, which when condensed forms a crystal, thus furnishing a " cell-membrane " and "cell-contents," but these cells assume an arrangement analogous to that of the organic tissues.* In observing the external forms of the various mineral crys- tals, we find that they have assumed various angular shapes, such as hexagonal, rhomboidal, cubic or tetragonal. Now, these forms are built upon a number of spherical cells, which shapes have been assumed by the minute molecules of mineral matter while in a state of incandescence or while gaseous. On this point, Professor Silliman observes: The form of the ultimate crystalline molecules is supposed to be spherical for the cube and other mesometric forms, spheroidal for the square prism, and ellipsoidal for forms of the last four systems. The ellipsoid is either that of revolution, that is, a form produced by the revo- lution of an ellipse upon one of its axes, or it is a flattened ellipsoid.f The further elucidation of primitive or Nature forms is thus stated. He observes : The raindrop falling from the cloud, the mottled lead from the tower, each assumes the form of spheres before reaching the ground. The celestial bodies, it will be remembered, also approach this form.| The evidence here presented by Professor Silliman of the uniformity of the spherical form in elementary mineral molecules might be added to indefinitely from the writings of other physicists, but sufficient is here noted to prove that the universal law of primitive forms is expressed by spheroidal shapes. Now, this evidence is not as accessible to the general observer as is the action of the same law in primitive vegetable and animal cells, and these, as all know, are of the same form, or modifications of it, caused by pressure or other external circumstances. Not only do the germs of all life assume this form, but the perfected or matured shape of all things in Nature ; such, for example, as the planets, the shape of the trunks of trees, of men and of animals and of their several parts, also present this form or some one of its numerous modifications. When the earth took on its rotatory motion, its vibrations caused it to assume a spherical shape, and this shape became the type of all forms. This form, then, prefigured the ruling or type-form of * Comte's Philosophy of the Sciences, G. H. Lewes, p. 154. 1 Silliman'sF" Ibid., p. 27. t Silliinan's First Principles of Philosophy, p. 51. 30 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. (\rrything to come. Its motion, also, set up a mechanical law of shaping. So the molecule, the primitive cell of all organic life, and the perfected vegetable, animal, and man, are of necessity rounding, ovoid, or spherical, like their prototypes, the atom and the earth. It is true that the square-built man presents an angular outline as compared with the form of the vegetative infant; yet the primitive law of shaping in the direction of the spherical is dominated -by his squared or perfected outline ; the manner of the conversion of the ovoid to the square form will be explained later. The underlying principle of form, o'r the force which is the cause of all formative effort, comes along up the line of progressive growth, bringing with it this dominant law, as well as all other laws and principles, just as the chemical elements of lower organizations are brought up into the human organization, from the mineral to the vegetable, and from the vegetable up through the animal to man. The vegetable and animal derive their support from the mineral, and man is a compound of all. Here, then, we have the most primitive, elemental, or Nature form, as the archetype or basic plan of all form whatsoever. This form could only be created by motion and developed by time. The rotatory motion of our planet undoubtedly influences both the form and motion of all natural objects upon it, as well as all of the processes of Nature, such as the circulation of the sap in the cells of vegetation and in the corpuscles of blood ; in short, rota- tory motion is the origin of form, both animate and inanimate ; thus, u when a crystal is broken there is a tendency to repair it ; it continues to increase in every direction, but the growth is most active upon the fractured surface, so that the proper outline of the figure is restored in a few hours."* This healing process takes place through the laws of polarity ; as its result shows, it is a movement of forces along its line of formation. The reparative and creative forces in vegetable and animal cells are regulated by rotatory motions of the liquid of which they are composed. Building proceeds from a central nucleus outward in all directions equally, producing a globular or spherical form. The nucleus of the cell answering to the axis of the crystal and the electric and magnetic forces at work in building up both the cell and the crystal are doubtless identical, as they operate in the same manner and their results are shown by orderly arrangements of forms, which reveal a wonderful symmetry in the plan of Nature. The central axis of the mineral molecule, where the creative forces cross each other to form the angular external shape, is doubtless the most elementary illustration of the law of the angle translated into form, and is the least element * Youinan's New Chemistry, p. 56. New York. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 31 of the square and cube which is cognizable to our senses, although abstractly we can think of it in a yet more primitive state. The lines of force cross each other here ; hence its force is central, just as with the forces which set up development in the vegetable and animal cell, and which finally are the forces which are situated centrally in man's organism, and there continue the processes of growth and development outwardly in all directions to every part of his body. The law of motion as related to organic life is thus described by Spencer. He observes: Development of life is primarily central. All organic forms of which the entire history is known set out with a symmetrical arrangement of parts around a centre. In organisms of the lowest grade no other mode of arrangement is ever definitely established, and in the highest organisms central development, though subordinate to another mode of development, continues to be habitually shown in the changes of minute structure. Leaving out the rhizopods, which are wholly structureless, every plant and animal in its earliest stages consists of a spherical sac full of liquid con- taining organic matter in which is contained a nucleated cell, more or less distinct from the rest ; and the changes that occur in the germ thus con- stituted are changes that take place around centres produced by division of the original centre.* The nucleus, or germinating spot, and the axis of the molecule are similar in action, and the point is the form-analogue of both as well as the form-analogue of the sphere and of motion ; for motion is produced primarily by rotating spheres and continued by the laws of centrifugal and centripetal motion, in the planet and in the organic cell. No other form but a globular one could create motion ; hence it creates rounding forms. The addition of axial or longitudinal law of motion to the spherical shows up in pro- gressive evolution very early in development. Of this more com- plex mode, Mr. Spencer says: From central development, we pass insensibh' tp that higher kind of development for which axial seems the most appropriate name. A tendency toward this is vaguely manifested almost everywhere. The originally cel- lular units, out of which higher organisms are mainly built up, usually pass into shapes that are subordinate to lines rather than to points, and in higher organisms considered as wholes an arrangement of parts in relation to an axis is distinct and universal. Of animals, the advanced are without excep- tion in this categoiy. There is no known vertebrae in- which the whole of the germ-product is not subordinate to a single axis.f All mechanical forces and powers are rotatory in action. Even the lever acts upon the same principle, for when wielded by the hand of man it describes a segment of a circle, and, like a gesture, produces a circnloid shape through the atmosphere, thus coming * Biology, Herbert Spencer, p. 133. f Ibid., p. 135. 32 I'KACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. under the head of abstract form. " For motion is the form of f force as form proper is that of substance ; and hence the exist- ence and law of force express themselves only through the motions which it causes." * Mr. Andrews also says : It facilitates the conception of force to ally it with some object which maml'i'sts it or in which it is manifested, and no object is more favorable for tliis purpose than the human bodA*. Force herein derived from its interior source in the mind, and then outwardly upon the limbs and members, and finally through them upon the external objects surrounding the body.f It is logical to infer that the shape of any object would bear a direct relation in its external form to the internal force creating and governing it. This is undoubtedly true of all natural objects, for as I have shown that the countless motions of the fluids within the body are circular, so the external form in every part partakes somewhat of the same shape. The motions of the celestial bodies, our own planet included, also rotate upon thek axes about a com- mon centre, and, all combined, influence the form of everything in the universe. The " ultimate atom" is proven by scientists to be spherical. This being the case, why may not the spirit or law of the primitive atom come into the human body and there form a nucleus around which all the elements of nutrition arrange them- selves after the patteni and ideas of the great archetypal plan of the entire universe"? There can be no doubt whatever of this being the fundamental plan and design of creative wisdom. It is our high privilege to be able to trace out the operations and rela- tions of this grand and universal plan, and to interpret the mean- ing of the innumerable forms about us. This can be readily done if we succeed in comprehending the basic principles of form as revealed throughout Nature, who, like the prodigal mother that she is, has strewn the world broadcast with the signs, symbols, and revelations of her designs. This singular coincidence of form is something more than mere analogy ; it is the analogy of law show- ing its power ; first, in the most infinitesimal atom of which it is possible to conceive; afterward, manifesting its action in the most perfected form in Nature, in the head, and body, and face of man. Of the influence of the motion of the earth upon man, Comte remarks : The double movement of the earth, and especially its rotation, may probably be as necessary to the development of life as to the periodical dis- tribution of heat and light. Too much care, however, cannot be taken to avoid confounding the motion produced by the organism itself with that by which it is affected from without, and analysis had therefore better be applied to communicated than spontaneous motion. J * Basic Outlines of Universology, S. P. Andrews, p. 438. t Ibid., p. 437. J Comte's Positive Philosophy, p. 358. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 33 In this paragraph the great philosopher shows that he recog- nizes the influence of the motion of the earth upon our lives in a limited manner only, but at the same time proves that he did not go to the foundation of the subject, for had he done so he would have found that the motions of the planet, or the motions of the entire solar system, primarily are instrumental not only in " develop- ing life," but that they also give form to all organic life, for, as the rotatory motions of the planets and solar system produce the spherical shape of the bodies influenced, so these same motions in connection with electricity, gravitation, and magnetism set up a sphericity of motion in all of the created processes of cell-building. The same motion is characteristic of the motion of the circulation of the blood in its entire course through the heart and veins, and is also manifested by the rotatory motions of all the juices of the body, as well as of the sap and juices in the various classes of vege- table life. We might follow out the course and influence of this law of motion (although it is complex, I admit), and show that as it is influential and all-pervading, not only in the initiation of life in its most comprehensive sense, but is equally potent in declaring its effects upon our pathway through life ; in short, it must exert a regulative influence upon all our movements, in individual and associated efforts, hence controls- our destiny. It must be apparent to all those who observe closely and reflect deeply that the movements and conditions of the earth, and other planets as well, have a direct bearing upon the life and destiny of all created beings. There were, doubtless, many grand truths mingled with grave errors in ancient astrology, but, inasmuch as our forms are dependent primarily upon the movements of the solar system, it would not be too great a tax upon our credulity to be- lieve that in many ways the various aspects, conditions, and move- ments of the heavenly bodies exert a mighty and controlling influ- ence upon our lives. The subject may be too vast and complex for finite minds to grasp completely, yet we know that the appear- ance of the " sun-spots " is simultaneous with great and important changes in the atmospheric conditions of our own planet. These changes and conditions affect the health and lives of thousands, as the reports of the meteorologists prove ; hence, their destiny is in- fluenced by certain changes in the sun, for whatever produces changes in the health of men affects their plans and purposes. The ideas of the ancient astrologers may yet, in part at least, be proven to have a scientific foundation. As our present knowledge of chemistry grew out of ancient alchemy, and as astronomy derived many of its important truths from the observations and the speculations of the superstitious 34 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. astrologers, and as astronomy lies at the foundation of all laws and sciences and is based upon mathematical certainty, it would seem that its laws should be in direct relation to our pathway through life and have a governing- influence upon human affairs and des- tinies. I am greatly influenced in the belief that this may be (in the course of time) scientifically proven through my knowledge of the astronomical basis of form, as well as by the striking coinci- dences which exist between the calculations of certain astrologers and the laws of scientific physiognomy. I am aware that I am now getting into deep water, but if science is to be useful to man its most important application is in the line of prevision (foreknow- ing), as has been noted by the most eminent minds, and astronomy and the sciences arising out of it are dependent upon mathematical calculations which predict from certain present indications what the future progress, aspects, and conditions of the planets and the weather of our own habitation will be at certain fixed and definite times. The meteorologist foresees and predicts a storm which will pursue a certain path and affect a certain area, and directly the signal service telegraphs its warnings, and thus the mariner is en- abled to shape his course so as to avoid the threatened danger. The astronomer by his calculations is able to predict with certainty the eclipses for hundreds of years to come, and other planetary changes which affect life here. Hence this science is most emi- nently " previsional " in its operations. The physiognomist, read- ing the face of man, reveals his weaknesses as well as his powers, and by this knowledge is able (with as great certainty as the as- tronomer) to prognosticate what will be the result of the weak- nesses which threaten if not averted by hygienic measures. He is also able to state what will be the future course of conduct, mentally and morally, to a certain large extent, for a square-built man will, in the main, act from conscientious motives, and exhibit scientific or mechanical powers ; a friendly man will always have friends, on the principles that " like attracts like " and that " we receive that which we give." Here, again, prevision (foreseeing) provides against suffering and assists man in shaping his pathway through life. This same application of the previsional character of every science may be extended indefinitely, and is applied constantly in mechanism particularly (for this is based upon mathematical laws), as well as to all trades and professions, the followers of which may make the application unconsciously, yet it is nevertheless present and potent. The elementary principles of form, weight, motion, and num- ber, as in mechanical movements, are all embodied in the human organism, and are outwardly exhibited by mechanism, artistic and THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FOK.M. 35 scientific works. Man is but a part of " one stupendous whole," as we shall have every reason to believe as we progress in the study of scientific physiognomy. The great French philosopher, Comte, recognized the intimate relation between universal existence and mathematical law, and he expresses his sense of it thus. He observes : It is necessary for physiologists to have geometrical and mechanical knowledge to understand the structure and the play of the complex appa- ratus of the living, and especially of the animal, organism. The laws of equilibrium and motion are, as we saw when treating of them, absolutely universal in their action, depending wholly on the energy and not at all on the nature of the forces considered, and the only difficulty is in their numerical application in cases of complexity. Thus, discarding all idea of a numerical application in biology, we perceive that the general theorems of statics and dynamics must be steadily verified, in the mechanism of living bodies, on the rational study of which they cast an indispensable light. The highest orders of animals act in repose and motion like any other mechanical apparatus of similar complexity, with the one difference, of the mover, which has no power to alter the laws of motion and equilibrium. The participation of rational mechanics in positive biology is thus evident. Mechanics cannot dispense with geometry, and, besides, we see how ana- tomical and physiological speculations involve considerations of form and position. * America has given to the world a philosopher who has perhaps grasped a profounder idea of the unity of law than any philoso- pher of ancient or modern times, and from his work I have received much instruction, as well as the verification of my theories upon the " Basic Principles of Form." Mr. Stephen Pearl Andrews, in his " Basic Outlines of Universology," formulates a universal basis for everything in existence, and this basis is Number. It is a dar- ing, comprehensive, and masterly undertaking, and its laws can be applied to all other theories, facts, systems, and objects in the uni- verse if they present truthful aspects. I had made all the dis- coveries pertaining to the law of form as applied to scientific physi- ognomy before I read Mr. Andrews' work, and I was both delighted and sustained by the support which his larger conceptions and generalizations afforded me. In my own department of research I am constantly surprised and gratified at the breadth of his philosophy and the manifold applications of its logic which I am enabled to make. Just here a temptation arises to give the reader some extended quotations from his work, trusting that as they pro- gress in physiognomy, more particularly as they advance in the practical division, they will see more and more the use and beauty of his discoveries, which both indorse and assist in explaining my own theories on the symbolism and signification of form generally. * Comte's Positive Philosophy, pp. 325, 326. 36 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I am here undertaking perhaps a most difficult task, that is, to give the reader a tolerably clear idea of what Mr. Andrews deems the absolute basis of all thought and all things. The more I study the subject, the more difficult becomes the undertaking; but, as it corroborates my own theories, and more particularly that of the geometric outlay of the face, as shown in Fig. 1, and as his basis corresponds to and confirms my own ideas of the ruling principles of Nature in chemistry, architecture, and mathematics, and also that these three are a unity, or, in other words, are resolvable into number primarily, I shall attempt in as brief a manner as possible to make it clear to my readers, for in order to comprehend the "grand man " we must have some knowledge of basic or universal principles. No intelligent person should be satisfied with less. And now let us proceed to investigate why and how ic Number is the proper index to the whole volume of Being, the inventory and label of the contents of the universe."* I shall now give the statement of Mr. Andrews in regard to the scope of his discoveries, and shall then proceed to show the correspondencies existing between his discoveries and my own. I hold this to be the mutual corroboration of the truth of both his and my own observations and deductions, for all sciences, if based upon natural law, will coincide and mutually expound and verify each other. Mr. Andrews has made a very free use of capitals r and I have retained his style of printing as nearly as possible. This, together with the coinage of some new verbal forms, shows the marked individuality and strongly assertive selfhood of the man. The same attributes and tendency to originate a new vo- cabulary are observed in all original minds; besides, the demands of a newly discovered science or principle require new forms of style and expression. Scientific laws and observations that harmonize are a part of eternal truth, hence incontrovertible and immortal, for " a law once demonstrated is good for all time." The definition given by Mr. Andrews of the science which he has formulated is stated thus. He observes : Universology is therefore based on finding in the determinate particular (any one thing, however minute) a General Law, or, more properly speaking, a Group of Universal Laws, as a new basis of Generalization distinct from and traversing the law or laws of Being gathered from observation ; all generalization (Universal) as distinguished from observational generalization (namely, the collection of numerous facts and the deductions made there- from). This is analytical generalization (Universal) as distinguished from observational generalization (always partial or fragmentary, or, at all events, less than Universal). It is the Interior and Vital Law of All Organization, * Basic Outlines of Universology, S. P. Andrews, p. 191. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 37 and hence of the Constitution of Being itself (transcendental), as distin- guished from the external and dead law. It is a new or a newty discovered Scientific Entity, a New Element in Science, revolutionary, exact ify ing, inaugurative of New Careers, and Scientifically Supreme. * This new element which Mr. Andrews proposes to introduce is Number, the same by which Plato, Pythagoras, and other emi- nent Greek philosophers sought to pierce the veil of the infinite and open up to the world the secrets of creation. Many modern philosophers have sought from this basis to deduce a law of uni- versal application. Comte, in his " Philosophic Positive," has come perhaps the nearest to it of the moderns up to the time of the appearance of " Universology." In his system he endeavors to make mathematics the basis of all things, yet Mr. Andrews goes farther, both in simplicity and complexity, and founds upon very simple numbers the whole scheme of being, viz., the domi- nance of the law which he terms " the spirit of the numbers 1, 2, and 3." The arithmetical reader will immediately recognize the fact that these are basic numbers, from the combinations of which all other numerical powers proceed. He says : Comte has furnished the rational basis for the first of these beliefs, viz., that the fundamental principles of all science are to be sought in the mathe- matics by establishing the fact that the mathematics are the basis or fttnda- mentum of the pyramid of the sciences, in virtue of their greater simplicity and generality, properties which constitute the elementary character of this as' of other elementary domains. He failed, however, to draw from the demonstration the consequence which I am here deducing from it, namely, that it is in this elementary domain of science that the first principles of all science must be sought, f I shall now proceed to show Mr. Andrews' ideas of the supremacy of the 'first of these three units, and thence how they come to stand as representatives of the science of morphology or form ; how, in' fact, they create the sphere and cube, which he terms the " morphic measurers " of the universe, and which I find, when applied to the forms of man, to be the measurers and revela- tors of his character. On page 102 he remarks that "the number two (2) is the virtual basis of the whole of mathematics; more properly speaking, it is not a sum. Two (2), the first sum, is the simplest form of division ; its included units being divided even before it is a sum, and division by thought lines or real lines is the Essence of Form"% Of the dominance of simple numbers in all domains of thought and substance, he remarks : If mere number is the simplest, most general, and hence the most ele- mentary of the Domain of Thought and Being, we have next to inquire what is most simple, most general, and most elementary within this whole * IbM.. i>. 590. t Ibid., i>p. 137, 138. t Mitl., page 103. 38 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Domain of Being. Here the numbers (1), two (2), three (3) answer to our call, and appear as the first heads or principles prima capita of the whole positive numerical Domain. It is here that the Child begins to acquire Science in the pure and exact meaning of the term, and it is with these numbers or with the recognition of the Spirit or Meaning of these Numbers, enlarged into the Universal Principles of Being, that the Thinking World will pass from its infancy the stage of mere observation and vague specu- lation to an exact comprehension of the Universe.* The First law of Universal Being, in the natural order of precedence,, has relation to the number one (1), and may be regarded as the spirit of one, whence it is denominated Unism, from the Latin unus, one. It ramifies or permeates all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is one of the two organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all things in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The second law of Universal Being, in the natural order, has a similar relation to the number (2), and may be regarded as the spirit of two, whence it is denominated Duism, from the Latin duo, two. It likewise ramifies or permeates constitutively all thought, all existence, and all movement, and is the remaining one of two antagonistic but co-operative organizing forces, or factors, or principles of all tilings in the Universe of Matter and Mind. The third law of Universal Being has relation to the number three (3), and may be regarded as the spirit of three, whence it is denominated Treism or Trinism, from the Latin tres, three. From these three laws or principles the whole Universe is wrought out by their successive repetitions in new forms of manifestation in infinite variety, but in serial order and traceable regularity of structure from the lowest to the highest domain, from the basis of the scientific pyramid in the Abstract Mathematics up to its culminating point in Theology, or the sci- ence of God. In quoting so copiously from universological laws as I shall, I leave out, as far as possible, all that pertains to the transcendental r the abstract, and abstruse, and come as quickly as possible to the practical applications of number to form, and as an application of the evolution of form from number I quote the following, which is- simply and concisely stated. Mr. Andrews says: Posit through the imagination two points anywhere in space, and let these two points represent two units. Conceive of them as the sum called two, that is to say, collectively, or as co-existing at the same time in the mind ; and this conjoining of the two individual or separate units into a collective twoness is necessarily effected by drawing a line of abstract thought as a trait d 1 union or connection between them. This line so impro- vised and interposed by the operation of the mind itself is then Limit, and as such it is the governing element of Form. Form is thus generated from. Number.'}' The preceding shows how the mind first by abstract reflection and imagination creates Form mentally. We can illustrate the process practically by placing two articles of any sort whatsoever in space, as, for example, two pencils, and we create a third object, viz., the form resulting from the space inclosed between the pen- cils ; that is the most simple form that can be shaped. * Basic Outlines of Universology, pp. 139, 140, et seq. t Ibid., p. 356. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORM. 39 Number is, then, the simplest or most elementary and primitive kind or variety of Limitation. The mathematical unit representing the Individual Thing is in turn represented Geometrically by the mere point, and Number is an aggregation of Geometrical Points. This is lower down in the Ele- mentismus of Limitation than the line which pertains to figure or Form, and hence to Geometry, above the domain of mere Arithmetic. It is here, there- fore, in Number and in the First Elements of Number that the definite limitations of Being must first be considered. * Mr. Andrews includes a system of comprehensive analogies, by which Form is made to echo to or repeat Number, and this idea of echo or analogy is carried through everything in Nature, as well as into every human scheme, plan, government, system, and all modes of conduct whatsoever. I can only refer in a meagre man- ner to these manifold subjects, as I need all my space for the con- sideration of my own particular branch of science. Suffice it to say that all thinking persons can apply his system infinitely and absolutely unlimitedly. To return to the consideration of the anal- ogies of form and number, Mr. Andrews observes: The Morphic Analogies of the 4, the 3, and the 7 are the square, the equilateral triangle, and the House, Edifice, or Temple with its body and its roof. The Compass (dividers) associates with the Circle. This, together with the Square, the Triangle, and the Edifice or Temple, again reminds us of the Symbolism of Masonry, as the Instinctual Stage of the religion of science and of the science of morals. f The point is a very important factor of Form and Being. Aside from its significance as a unit in mathematics and its import as the type of the "least element of roundness" in general morphology, it is the analogue of the nucleus or "starting-point of development" in all organic processes, and it must also type the centre of the mineral crystal, where the polar forces ci*oss each other in the development of that object. Although here the angle is formed, yet it corresponds to the point. It is the analogue of motion, and hence of development in the egg or vegetable cell, because it is from this central point, as in the germ spot in the animal egg, that the forces of the egg-substance are set in motion which commence the evolution or progressive development of the chick or mammal. It is, therefore, the type-form of Nature domi- nated by art in its inceptive or embryotic state. Motions are the essential forces of art acting upon substance. We all know that the ovoid is the primitive type-form of the mineral, vegetable, and animal cell. How, then, do we arrive at the square, cube, and angle in primitive forms \ By motion, by segmentation. * Ibid., p. 190. t Ibid., p. 541. 40 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The yelk or true mass of nutritive matter in the egg begins its course of development by being, as it were, completely cut up, segmentized, or sec- tionized. Nor is this process of segmentation a merely random cutting up, but an orderly succession of central and equal divisions of the spheroidal yelk into halves, quarters, eighths, etc., thoroughly hemispheroid, quadratoid, cuboid.* It is in this manner that we obtain the angular and squaring principles of form in living organizations, primarily illustrated to our 'senses. The law of the square and angle, of the line, the point, and the cube, are all contained in the spherical egg, just as all of the "potencies and possibilities of life " are contained in the human ova or embryo. I think I have now demonstrated the pri- mary origin of the several factors of form ; later I shall make the application to matured or developed form, as seen in the various shapes of perfected human beings. I use the term " primary " here in a limited sense. The most elementary principle of form lies back of anything of which the human senses can take cogni- zance. If we believe these principles to have existed in nebulous matter, we should be obliged to look -back of that for the law which is existent in that chaotic state of evolution. It is as inconceivable to our minds as are the laws of squaring to our senses in the egg- substance before the motions of the forces which develop it have shown themselves by segmentation. Let it be understood, then, that the terms primary and primitive are used by me in this second- ary sense unless otherwise stated. The segmentizing of the ova into lines or furrows of latitude and longitude shows the influence of the measuring the geometric or formative power of the law of number. From this law proceeds exactness, scientific or posi- tive illustration (diagrammatic as in form), and demonstrable as to the number of lines, etc., exact, scientific ; the primitive compound of form and number, primal principles which repeat themselves in the perfected man in every part of his body and mind in infinite number and variety. As before stated, the sphere is capable of bisection into equal halves, and these must cut each other at ri/>(' progress and development which the lower organisms pass through in their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms.* At his birth he possesses all the functions and. faculties which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, with the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension and with more per- fected and sensitive members and faculties. These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they have evolved from the lower organisms the vegetative functions occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the body. In the human face the signs indicating these several organs and functions with their accompanying faculties will be found to follow precisely the same plan. A good proportion of the vegetative system is essential to health, and those who are lacking in the right proportion of it suffer from dyspepsia, nervousness, sleeplessness and consumption. What is required to make a well-balanced individual is equilibrium in the several functions, and this law of equilibrium is universal, controlling and regulating all created things. It is the law which keeps the planets in motion, and holds them true to their orbits. Some of the finest traits are evolved from the vegetative system ; the domestic and social here find their origin. If we wish to lead happy, healthy, and moral lives, we must seek to obtain a fair share of this system, and then keep it in repair by applying hygienic law to its conservation ; yet an excess must be avoided, unless wo wish to sink to the level of a mere vegetable existence. The vegetative system will always play an important part in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of character as well as being the sustaining power of the organism. The absence of a due admixture of this system produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many beautiful and useful traits. Friendship, Approbativeness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are directly related to this system and are all sustained by its develop- ment and action. The signs for the following organ systems are within the chemical or vegetative division: The intestines, the kidneys, the glands, and reproductive system. Their action is chemical mainly and does not involve the action of the muscles or bones, except as * Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 5 THE THORACIC SYSTEM. 71 a secondary cause. The faculties derived from the development and functional action of these organs are Conscientiousness, Firm- ness, Digestion, Bibativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Self- esteem, Friendship, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Economy, Hospitality, Love of Home and of Country. * The vegetative system shows all the functions and facilities which are dominant in childhood, and the physiognomies of all children, if they are healthy, exhibit a larger development of these signs than of other divisions where the signs of the Mechanical, Artistic, and Mathematical powers are located. The three grand natural divisions of the face, by the very order of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of pro- gressive growth and development of the body and mind. First, the vegetative system, which is supreme in childhood; afterward, the mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strengthen; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material sub- stances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and mechanical calculation serves also to assist mental processes. The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis, just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affect- ing the human family would be unknown. A judicious mingling of this system with a suitable proportion of the other systems of the organism creates health and happiness; how .to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of physiognomy. This system constitutes the chemical division of the body and mind ; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation. ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION. THE THORACIC SYSTEM. The thoracic system is located in the highest portion of the trunk, and contains the organs of respiration and circulation, the heart and lungs, as well as the liver, which is an active agent in purifying the blood that has been created by the assimilation of nutriment in the intestines and glands. The blood is poured into the heart through the thoracic duct ; from the heart it is carried to 7-2 PRACTICAL AND SCIKXTIFIC IMIYSIOGXO.MY. the lungs by the pulmonary artery. This system therefore includes the heart, liver, and lungs, together with the several ducts, veins, arteries, and tubes Comprised in its action. These physical func- tions give rise to the following faculties: Pneumativencss, Hope, Analysis, and Color, and exert an influence upon Human Nature, Imitation, and Sublimity. 4 The Architectural Division has three subdivisions. One is composed of the heart, liver, and lungs; the second, of the muscles, including the stomach, which is a muscular organ; and the third, the osseous or bony system. Each of these organ systems origi- nate a different class of mental efforts. The outward facial sign for the lungs is, of course, the nostrils, as it is through these organs that we are enabled to respire. The facial sign for the heart is also the nostrils, as well as bright color of the complexion. The heart and lungs being correlated organs, they mu- tually condition each other; hence large nostrils are indicative of good heart and lung power. A predom- inance of the thoracic system is known by large rounding chest, wide nostrils, rather high cheek-bones, full throat, bright eyes, and elastic step, while the abdomen and brain are com- paratively small. The greyhound is a fine illustration of this system, also the various deer tribes. This system in its highest manifestation shows that the aeration of the blood is performed on a large scale, inducing buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of apprehension, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. It causes the individual to be cheerful, happy and pure-minded, owing to the large quantity of oxygen taken into the system and the purifying effect which a large heart, liver, and lungs give to the whole organism. History abounds in the record of men with large thoracic de- velopment and small brains, who have made of life a brilliant suc- cess, but it is almost void of those possessed of small lungs and large brains. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, orators, and aggres- sive people in thought and action the world over will be found within this class. Where this system is well marked, the indi- vidual will be fond of outdoor sports and pursuits, quick at appre- hending everything perceived, and as quick to drop it. This FIG. 8. THOMAS H. BENTON. (UNITED STATES SENATOR.) Thoracic System dominant. THE THORACIC SYSTEM. 73 peculiarity causes them to excel in pioneering and geographical discovery, and in all pursuits where great activity and constant motion is required. Children of this formation of body are restless, eager, and apt, but dislike close and continuous study and dull routine and drudgery, and will run from it if pressed too closely. This class will make better students later in life, and study better after thirty years of age, yet will pick up and store away thousands of useful facts, apparently without effort, in childhood. They will excel in outdoor pursuits and enjoy outdoor labor even in early life. It is cruel to compel them to study closely and continuously in youth. The study of the sciences is natural to them. This class of per- sons (with a suitable brain system in addition) can become botanists, orchardists, navigators, naturalists, stock-breeders, geolo- gists, hygienists, and succeed in similar occupations. By follow- ing these pursuits, their health, happiness, and usefulness will be promoted. People of this type make cheerful and safe companions, for, as their organisms are filled with the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere, their moral sense andjwriYyof mind are stronger than in weaker developments of the thoracic system. They are also, as a rule, high-minded, filled with noble and philanthropic ideas, or ambitious to hold prominent and distinguished positions in society. Persons with large lungs become poisoned Avith noxious air sooner than do those with small lungs. The reason of this is owing to the greater quantity of bad air which is inhaled in a given time. A large development of the thoracic system engenders a cheerful, sportive, ardent, courageous, and magnanimous disposition, and those who inherit and conserve this system will retain their youth- ful feeling and vivacity to an advanced age ; hence it is that we find in the countenances of many aged persons a fine complexion, skin of a fine, soft texture, and but few wrinkles, as compared with others who do not possess as large a development of the thorax. Among the eminent persons who have been endowed with a fine thoracic system, I may mention Julius Caesar. Cicero, Well- ington, Cromwell, Bonaparte, Patrick Henry, William Pitt, Henry Clay, and many other well-known warriors and orators. The diseases which assail this system are acute and inflamma- tory, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, cerebral and pulmonary con- sumption, rupture of the heart, hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart, and inflammation of the lungs. These disorders are caused by the intense activity of this system. It is a law of human nature that we love to use most our strongest faculties. 74 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Hence, those persons possessing a large thoracic system are apt to be too energetic, and to consume their vital forces by undue use of them. Such persons should avoid exciting scenes and all kinds of commotions in which the emotions take a leading part. They should live on some simple vegetable diet, sleep much, and pursue a steady unexciting occupation. Those who inherit a feeble development of the thorax should live in hilly regions, engage in walking, running, boating, horse- back exercise, and gymnastics, especially those which develop the upper part of the body. It is a circumstance worth noting that all the high-flying birds have larger lungs relatively than those that remain in marshes and fly low. The bones of the former are permeated with air-cells which contain air, and thus their flight is assisted by their frame being lightened by this peculiarity of construction. All those races of men and animals that inhabit mountainous regions have larger thoracic systems than those who dwell in the plains. Naturalists tell us that fishes inhabiting mountain streams have larger air-vessels than those found in other waters, and the reason of it is that the atmosphere in those regions is rarer or more attenuated, hence the lungs are compelled to respire more in order to get the same quantity of air. Persons with small or weak lungs will find it advantageous to inhale the atmosphere of the hills, because it induces activity of the lungs' and heart, and this causes a demand for more blood. The appetite, under the stimulus of this atmosphere will call for more food, the digestive processes will derive more nourishment from the aliment consumed, and thus the entire system will become invigorated by the improved quantity and quality of the air, while the lungs will be compelled to greater activity ; and, as use increases capacity, many persons who have inherited weak lungs have been benefited and almost renewed by early change from low to higher altitudes. Thus much will capacity for and a full supply of pure air do for the individual. A system of ventilation for public buildings and homes is the greatest necessity of the present age. We cannot expect pure- minded, noble characters to thrive and expand in close, ill-smell- ing, noxious dwellings. If we desire moral men and women, and those who are truly religious, our systems of drainage, sewerage, ventilation, and water supply will have to be amended before such result can be secured ; for any system of Theology or Ethics which does not include Natural Law as its ruling principle will create no improved types of the human family, and will only succeed in pro- ducing a class of theoretic sentimentalists, irithout the power to be either pure-minded, noble, or truly religious. Fresh air, pure THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 75 water, bathing, hygienic diet, and self-control, used according to law, contain all the fundamental principles of true religion, and will advance civilization to grander heights of purity, morality, and truth than all the dogmatic theories of centuries. Pure water and pure air are the first necessities of life, and must be obtained if a fine development of the thoracic system is desired. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. The next system in the order of development or evolution is the Muscular. It is in the Architectural Division, and assists for- mative effort of every kind whatsoever, whether literary, artistic, mechanical, or in the rebuilding of the human race. In analyzing the salient points of features of the Muscular System and Form, we must make a dis- tinction between muscle and fat, as these two classes of tissues create and exhibit two distinct and opposite kinds of character. The predominance of the Muscular System is known by a rather broad form, with well-developed muscles and tendons; quick, elastic step ; shoulders broad in pro- portion to the body ; rather low or high and rounding forehead ; the nose rather short and broad; full convex eye; round, short ears; short, thick neck, with a tendency to develop long, perpendicular wrinkles on the face. Writers of works on physiology and anatomy arrange the muscles into two general divisions, viz, the voluntary and the involuntary ; but scientific physiognomy finds it necessary to take cognizance of and describe every formation which the muscles may assume, in the outward conformation of the human body. The six classes of muscles which we are obliged to take into consideration in the reading of character are as follow : FIG. 9. HERR FLEISCHMAN. (GERMAN ARTIST.) Muscular System supreme. Straight muscles. Crooked muscles. Round muscles. Thin muscles. Long muscles. Short muscles. Combinations of these produce the following forms : Round and long forms. Round and short forms. Thin and long forms. Thin and short forms, ('rooked and thin forms. Crooked and round forms. 76 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The two divisions which are made by anatomists tiro termed the "Voluntary" and the "In voluntary." The voluntary muscles are those which arc moved by the will and are the muscles involved in motion, such as the muscles of the arms, legs, trunk, and Dice. These are moved whenever the individual desires, and are the muscles of motion. The involuntary muscles are those which move automatically and are riot controlled by the will or wish of man. These muscles are the large organs of the viscera, com- posed of fibrous material, and are moved by inward motions pro- duced by the circulation of the air and the periodic movements of the heart, and the involuntary contractions of the stomach in digestion; hence the heart, lungs, and stomach are involuntary muscles, together with the valves of the veins and the several septums of the heart and other organs. The muscles of the larynx belong to a mixed class. In the production of sound they are wholly under the control of the will and are then voluntary ; but in deglutition and respiration they are spasmodic and automatic, and are then involuntary. A minute description of all these combinations is unnecessary for the general reader. Those who design becoming teachers and examiners can refer to the rules laid down for the " Basic Principles of Form," and apply those principles to the combination which they have under consideration. After learning the sort of character exhibited by the straight, the crooked, the round, the thin, the long muscles, etc., he can, upon observing any given combination in a character, make such observations upon it as the basic rules of Form declare to be correct. The combination of muscles which are most commonly exhibited are the short and round, and the long and thin; yet they are sometimes found mingled in just the opposite manner, and then they point to characteristics easily understood by those who learn the principles upon which they act and the kind of character which each simple uncombined sort discloses. Those with short and round muscles have relatively broad and short figures, with thick chests, broad shoulders, thick neck ; low, broad heads, and particularly broad above the ears ; the joints small and well covered ; the fingers tapering and nails oval ; the feet short and thick, with high instep; the forehead broad and rounding outwardly at flic s/V/r.s and rising in an almost straight line from the eyebrows upward. The face is round or oval, cheeks full, nose round, eyes large and convex, chin often dimpled, hands and feet small, and the limbs short, round, and tapering. The functions most active in this class are those of digestion, circulation, and motion, and the heart, lungs, and stomach are strong and large. The mental constitution dis- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 77 inclines to study, for love of motion here works against close application to books. The predominance of the vital organs, as shown by the strong development and action of the muscular organs, the heart, the lungs, the stomach, the reproductive system, and veins, gives great muscular strength, love of eating and drinking, social enjoyments, athletics, music, dancing, etc., and love of the opposite sex, animals and children. This type of character is inclined to commercial business and speculation, contracting, brokerage, and all classes of trades which bring in the social element and allow of motion without hard labor. The noted Jim Fisk, of Erie Railroad notoriety, is a good specimen of this class. Those with a good brain development in combination will exhibit capacity for surgery and military life. Napoleon I illustrates this combination. The army includes many surgeons of this build. Where the muscles are of the long and thin type, the character has less of the aggressive and more of the sentimental cast, owing to the fact that the internal viscera are relatively less round and the motor muscles longer and thinner than in the former class. This difference in muscular structure shows in the face in several ways. The face is relatively long and the chin oval. The nose is higher, thinner, and longer than with the former, the cheeks not so full and round, and the eye, although as large and round, not as convex or full as the above. The affectional and intuitional traits are well developed ; yet the sentiment of love of the opposite sex and of children will exhibit itself in a more refined manner, and the commercial instinct will not be so pronounced as with the former! The head rather high and narrow, the limbs and body long, the joints, knuckles, etc., appear rather prominent, the bones of the fingers pronounced, and the body lithe and flexible. Men- tally, this build will have capacity for some form of art, will enjoy domestic ties and possess true conjugal feeling, sincere friendship, and, with a suitable brain-formation, will be inclined to languages, belles-lettres, and metaphysical studies. These two different and distinct formations are so often met with and so thoroughly described as to make it quite easy for the reader to give the delineation correctly. Where certain variations are observed, as, for example, if the combination presented should be round and long, some of the characteristics common to each of these forms will be present; or, if the combination should present the thin and short type, or the crooked and round, or the thin and crooked, which is rare, the reader has only to apply the general law governing the two distinct forms of muscle. The many and varied expressions of the human face are due "7>> PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. to the action of a great number of muscles ; there are found in the face thirty-six pairs and two single muscles, and in the body more than five hundred. The eye contains more muscles, more active ones, and those which express more thought, than those of any other part of the body ; hence the eye, being a mass of muscles, is the facial exponent of the muscular system. When we desire to know the muscular development of an individual, we can safely trust to the eye for our knowledge. The larger, more convex, and deeper colored the eye, the greater the degree of strength in the muscular system. Small or depressed eyes with sunken orbits always denote less muscular power than large full eyes, and pale- colored eyes indicate less vigor than well-colored ones. A com- parison of the eyes of all muscular animals is one proof of this statement. Examine the eyes of the deer tribes, the gazelle, springbok, hare,- rabbit, etc. In all these creatures the muscular predominates over the osseous or bony system. The bull is an example of great muscular power-, as well as the bull-dog, and both have great convex eyes. Light-colored eyes do not denote as much vigor of the muscles as dark eyes, but this branch of the subject will be considered under the head of Color. All eminent artists, actors, singers, musicians and sculptors are endowed with a fine quality of muscle. Observation of their physiognomies will reveal the fact that they have large bright eyes. The nature of their professions requires a fine as well as strong muscular system. Inasmuch as all parts of the organism involved in the production and reception of tone or sound are in the muscular system, it follows logically that we should look to that department of the body for capacity in this direction. The vocal cords, the larynx, the tongue, the lips, as well as the ear, are all engaged in the production and reception of tone or sound. In artistic works, such as acting, painting, and sculpture, the muscle must be in excess in order to take command of the bones ; hence we find that nearly all artists are round-built persons. They are lithe and elastic like muscle itself. In speaking of artists as muscular persons, it might seem to the unobservant that this is incorrect, since a muscular person is usually thought of as being developed like an athlete or black- smith. Now, size of muscle is not the only indication of power, for we know that horses training for racing are exercised with a view of decreasing the size of the muscles in order to make them more dense and firm ; in short, to improve their quality. Quality is the dominating principle all through Nature. Many large men are weaker than some much inferior in size. It is the inherited quality which first gives superior power ; after- THE MUSCULAR .SYSTEM. , 79 ward exercise must keep up the natural tone and vigor of the system. The muscles of a dwarf might dominate his bony system, I should then classify him among muscular men. Observation of the faces and forms of all eminent artists will give all the proof needed on this point. It will be seen that they possess large, wide-open eyes with arched eyebrows, the bones small at the joints and the fingers tapering every part and mem- ber disclosing a rounder appearance than where the bony system predominates. For when Nature creates an artist the hands and ieet are those of an artist, and agree with the shape of the head, the face, and body ; all alike are artistic, and the physiognomist is able to discern this character in the hands and fingers, in the shape of the finger-nails, as well as in the features of the face and round- ness of the body. The following description of the various powers of the muscles in the human organism will give some idea of the mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system. The human body combines within itself almost all the principles of natural mechanical forces; for instance, the arch in the thorax, shoulder, and hip ; the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones, one principle of which is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm; so, also, in the flexors generally, namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna in extending the forearm is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus magnus muscle of the thigh in abducting the femur. The differ- ent joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder ; the hinge-joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno-clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones in the vertebrae, and in the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We have also the different principles of valve* in the heart and veins, and in the pylorus between the stomach and the duodenum, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye. These are some of the mechanical forces which inhere in and regulate the several parts of the muscular system ; other principles will be shown in other systems of the body as we reach them in their proper order. 80 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The action of the muscular system gives ability for artistic, emotional, literary, religious, and executive effort. The faculties that have signs located in this division and that depend mainly upon the muscles for their power, are the following, viz., Cautious- ness, Sanativeness, Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Imitation, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Ven- eration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Weight, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Magnetism is a force belonging exclusively to the muscular system. The most magnetic orators and those persons endowed with power to heal through magnetism are very muscular, and have either size or fine quality of the muscles or both combined. The animals that exhibit magnetic power are also muscular. I suppose that the mineral constituents of muscle must be those which create magnetism. But this branch of science histology is yet in its infancy, and it is hoped that further experiment will give us more accurate demonstration of the laws and principles governing animal magnetism and its uses. From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of muscular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural Division of the organization, and, in combination with the osseous or bony system, which will next be treated of, constitutes the building powers and capacities of man. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are constructive, often artistic, religious, emotional, and amative, and, with a suitable brain in combination, excel in literature as novelists, actors, dramatic writers, etc. Many highly emotionally-religious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not follow that they are moral, also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality ; yet at the same time it assists ardor, zeal, faith, and imagination. In those races that exhibit the most Credenciveness that is to say, the most faith and belief there will be found the predominance of the muscular over the bony system, as, for example, in the Hebrew, the Turk, the Persian, the Arabian, the Mongol, the Celt, and the Hindoo; and what is true of races applies with equal force to individuals. Those in whom this system predomi- nates are apt to be contrary (not obstinate), changeable, and shifting in moods and tempers, affectionate and amative, with plenty of physical courage, adepts in commercial life and in mystic religions, preferring one in which faith is a leading principle. They make good companions in marriage, as domesticity is one of their ruling tastes, are also social, fond of gay, sportive companions and athletic pursuits, enjoy bathing and swimming and liquid foods, such as soups, milk, soda, lemonade, etc. However, they should THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 81' never indulge in intoxicants, as, having great power of assimilation, strong liquors will cause them to become dangerous and destructive. The diseases which assail the muscular system are derange- ments of the liver, acute rheumatism, dumb ague, bilious colic, cramps, softening of the brain, muscular exhaustion, and valvular disease of the heart, all consequent on too great exercise or emotion, to which the system is liable. An early training in morality and the rights of others is highly essential, for suffering, disgrace, and an early death often follow the unrestricted indulgence of the temper and the tastes which accom- pany this system where it is greatly in the ascendant. The most eminent men of ancient and modern times have been noted for a fine development of the muscular system. In ancient Greece the Isthmian, Nemean, and Olympian games were national, and large numbers of the citizens trained for the periodi- cal exhibition of athletic sports. Even the women and children had their own gymnasia and baths, and at no time in the world's history has the human figure, particularly the female figure, attained such perfection as in ancient Greece. A close observation of the statues of the classic sculptors will disclose the development of certain muscles about the female waist and abdomen which are not to be found in the modern woman. The disuse of these muscles has caused an atrophy or shrinking of them, and modern women are, without exception, born with waists too small, and entirely changed from the normal type and standard. The lines of the body should curve outward from the bust to the hips. In modern women this form is completely reversed. The more we investigate man physiologically, the more is the conclusion forced upon us that the dominant systems of man's or- ganism control and guide his acts and capacities. It was by ignor- ing the investigation of man's physical powers and functions that we were so long deprived of a practical method of studying the mind of man. But the instrumentalities for such research were not in existence until recently, as, for example, the microscope and 'chemical discoveries. A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and character of man. Herbert Spencer, in his essay on education, remarks : Without acquaintance with the general truths of biology and psy- chology, rational interpretation of social phenomena is impossible. And he also says : The actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, and their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood. 82 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysicians were not founded on an intimate knowledge of either physiology or the laws of mind, as revealed by investigation of either bony, muscular* or brain and 'nerve systems. They were most of them simply specu- lative theories which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. They were like the loves of the poets, creatures of the imagination merely. If we desire to advance in exact knowledge of real human tHitnre we must cast out the ancient dogmas, which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy. We must, instead, interrogate Nature face to face. First learn the facts, then manufacture the theory in accordance therewith. Formerly, the method was to con- struct an abstruse theory couched in incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one time considered the crowning virtue of human character. Now, childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying eye, and we feel both sorrow and contempt for him who is too weak or too cowardly to grapple with the truths of Nature lest they overthrow some time-honored error which he is cherishing. "For Faith, fauatic Faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last." When we wish to understand the emotions which play so im- portant a part in the drama of life we must look to the physio- logical and anatomical development of individuals and races, for it is to the muscular system mainly that we are indebted for the power to manifest will, emotion, and expression, both of the face and body. The great number and variety of the muscles of the face alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feeling, will, mental energy and capacity than all the other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental characteristics of the individual than any other portion of the muscular system, and the reason why it does this is explained by the fact that the eye is a mass of muscles. Added to this power is the fact that the optic nerve also finds its centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world the will of the man as he stands revealed before our gaze. The muscles of the eye and the optic nerve bring to us the bulk of the knowledge which we acquire. It is true that we can feel heat and cold ; we can taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual organs, but the world of form, of architecture, is unknown without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge of form bring THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 83 to us our most useful and practical acquirements, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted for much that is practical and necessary ; hence, the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleasure are laying up a store of goodness, which, whether they desire it or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and " thus do our deeds follow us." When we examine the nature of muscle we find that although it is powerful in expressing emotions, it is wanting in feeling, in sensitiveness. Hence we find that muscular people, although able to express emotion, have very little of that keenness of sensation which those have who are endowed with a fine nervous organiza- tion. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that often those who seem to feel the most, in reality feel the least. If one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve there* would be little, if any, feel- ing experienced. It is only by analyzing the constituents and nature of the several systems in the body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate share of work. This method enables us to relieve the brain of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind have ascribed to it. Hitherto it has been a poor overworked organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has been assigned to it by meta- physicians, of what use, I ask, are the several ganglia, the plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral organs 1 We must either divide the labor equitably or declare the utter inability of the last mentioned to assist mental manifestations. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. Observation of the order of progressive development in the lower animals shows that a perfected bony system was the result of life upon land and in the open air. As soon as the Amphibia had ceased their life in the water, a race of animals was evolved from them which, instead of using air-vessels for the purposes of inspiration, developed a true lung system that was no longer suited to life in the water. This necessitated a great many other changes in the anatomy and physiology of animal life. A heart and blood- vessel system became necessary, as the lungs and heart are corre- lated and essential to the existence of each other. A strong and true bony system became also a necessity in place of the cartilagi- nous one of the fish tribes. This strong bony system was needed to which to attach the muscles, as life on the land required a better muscular system for purposes of locomotion and for the 84 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. getting of food. Accordingly we find that the order observed in the lowest forms of animal development, as shown by geology and evolution, was in the following manner: First, the chemical or \curtative; second, the thoracic or breathing power; third, the evolution of the muscular system; fourth, the bony system; jiffh, the perfected brain and nerve system. All through these various growths and developments (which doubtless took millions of years to complete) the brain and nervous system had gradually developed. As each animal organism took on a more and more complex organization, a more complex nervous system and larger brain was necessitated. When muscles were developed, as we find in the body and legs of Amphibia, the intelligence essential to their use was evolved simultaneously. When the bony system became per- fected, a higher quality of cerebral power was exhibited. The per- fecting of a true bony system marked a great advance jn the animal, not only by reason of the substantial quality of the con- stituents which enter into its com- position, but when an organism has arisen to the grade of devel- opment which is marked by the possession of a perfected osseous system we find that there is a higher quality of both body and mind, as we shall learn later on. But we do not find the high- est degree of mental power until we reach the order Mammalia, which is endowed with a more perfect reproductive system as compared with the lower methods of reproduction, viz., by fission, gemmation or egg-multiplication. The higher and more complex method of mammal reproduction demands more intelligence in the rearing of the young and for the getting of food and other purposes of the animal. Hence we find in the order Mammalia, which includes both our wild and domestic animals, as well as Man, a far higher grade of intelligence than is observed in all the lower races the fishes, reptiles, and birds. Now, what is the logic of this correlated devel- opment "? We find that as physical functions have evolved, intel- ligence has increased ; that mentality has associated itself with the physical functions; that a creature endowed with wings is more intelligent than a simple jelly-fish. We must, therefore, deduce FIG. 10. ANDREW JACKSON. Osseous System dominant. THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 85 the theory that physical functions and mental faculties are in close relation to each other, and if by observation we can ascertain which functions and faculties are connected, then we have all that is necessary to discern character, simply by observing the physical development of any order, species, or individual. In the preceding remarks it was stated that the greatest ad- vance in the intelligence of animal organisms was made simulta- neously with a more perfected reproductive system. In the human family,, the most developed and perfected races will be found to possess a developed reproductive system. All the great creative artists, such as poets, painters, actors, authors and sculptors, are developed men and women; that is to say, are well sexed; and this development is the base of creative talent. This function and faculty have been wholly misunderstood and their office and action not at all comprehended in their entirety. A reference to the faces of all our great creative minds will show the sign for Amativeness and the reproductive system to be well defined ; and this is another fact proving the relation of physical functions to mental faculties. The osseous or bony system (Fig. 10) is known by height, large joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and projection of the lower part of the forehead over and beyond the eyes ; prominent and broad chin; large, bony hands; long, flat, bony feet; prominent joints and knuckles; tips of the fingers inclined to the square form as distinguished from the oval or tapering form of the muscular system ; and relatively small, angular head, rising high above the ears. There are six classes of bones to the meaning of which the / physiognomist must pay strict attention. To those unused to the close observation essential to discerning these slight variations of structure, they may seem trivial and unimportant, but let me say that in Nature's broad domain there is no form insignificant, no matter how minute. How much more important must every slight variation of form observed in the human face be when we reflect that in it are to be read the physical, moral, and mental traits of the individual, together with all his individual peculiarities, as well as "all the traits of all his ancestors," as Emerson aptly remarks ! "To despise the minute in Nature is to despise the infinite," and so we shall come to the study of the following-named classes of bones with increased understanding of the close observation which the several variations of the bony structure demand. Classified and combined as follows, they have a pregnant meaning: 86 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. CLASSIFICATION OF THE BONKS. Straight bones, Straight and square bones, Crooked bones, Straight and round bones, Square bones, Straight and short bones, Round bones, Straight and long bones, , Long bones, Round and short bones, Short bones. Round and long bones, Round and crooked bones, Long and crooked bones, Short and crooked bones. It will be observed by reference to the above that there are six simple formations of the bones, each indicating something dis- tinct from the others. The adjective employed to describe each form will reveal to the reader its condition without elaborate description. I have never found that nature crooked which was produced by combination of the straight with the square form of bone. This combination produces and denotes the most solid character, and as it is composed of a rocky material, viz., lime, and shaped in the most enduring form, it is, we might say, incapable of becoming crooked. The nature of bone gives solidity, firmness, and integrity to the organism, but where it is crooked by Nature, then this signal is thrown out to tell the observer the character of the individual. Where the bones are round and small, the character possesses less- firmness and integrity, less capacity for endurance and resistance ; but it exhibits ability to execute curved motions, as in gestures, writing, dancing, etc., and to produce curved or circular work with tools ; hence such persons are adapted to art- work. They are like the animals which exhibit similar formations, such, for example, as the mole, squirrel, and beaver. These are all highly artistic in the constructions of their dwellings, and have round bones, and are quite skillful architects. They are also playful, lively, and fond of motion, and all possess the combination of round muscles with round bones ; while horses and several species of dogs exhibit square bones combined with round muscles, and these animals exhibit less artistic talent than the former, but more of the moral, solid, reliable, teachable and practical traits of character. There are several causes in Nature which assist in forming and developing a good bony system. These are, first, water, in which lime is a large constituent ; next, a diet of grains, into which lime enters in the shape of its phosphates. These grains are grown in a soil from which the phosphatic elements are extracted by the grain through chemical action in the process of growth. The next influence favoring bone development is exercise in the sunlight. In this exhibit of what constitutes bone, we observe that the most substantial material in Nature enters largely into its THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 87 composition. The very material of which rocks are made is found, upon analysis, in the bones of man as well as in those of the higher animals ; hence it follows that those in whom the bony system is dominant will be the most reliable and trustworthy. The bony system is composed mainly of lime in two forms the carbonate of lime and the phosphate of lime; these two materials form the solid part of the bones. It is found also in the teeth, muscles, blood, and cartilages ; in the gastric juice, the blood, and secretions, it is in the fluid form. In the bones, teeth, and carti- lages, it assists in making them firm and solid. The enamel of the teeth, which is the hardest substance in the body, is composed mainly of the phosphate and carbonate of lime, and in the ivory of the teeth these form a large part of the constituents. In the bones, more than one-half is found to be composed of these two forms of lime. It is lime which gives to the bones their firmness and solidity. If we were to soak a bone in a mixture of muriatic acid and water we should dissolve from it all the mineral ingredi- ents and leave nothing but the animal constituents, and should then find it so soft and flexible that, if we were to treat one of the long bones of the body in this manner, we could tie it up in knots just as we can a rope. Lime is found in the various grains, in milk, and in lean meat. Salt is another useful element, not only in the bones but in the several tissues. In connection with water it is found in every portion of the body, in the bones, tissues, and the various fluids and secretions, and is necessary in digestion, where it assists by chemical action the various processes of assimilation. The taste for salt is, therefore, natural and necessary. The taste for pepper is not natural, inasmuch as that is not found in any part of the body, and has no use in the human economy. Black pepper is highly indigestible and inflammatory. There is no similarity between these two constituents. Pepper induces dis- orders of the stomach and kidneys, and should be used like all spices, for a remedy and not for food, as it cannot be digested like salt. Salt, lime, and water are found in every part of the body, and are natural and necessary to health and life. Salt we derive from the air and water ; lime comes to us in our food in grains, fruits, etc., and if we use them as Nature has provided we shall rebuild our blood, bones, muscles, nerves, and brain with the materials which they require for their replenishing ; but if we cast out the phosphates of lime and the carbonates, as we do in making fine white bread, we shall have nothing to assist the repair of the bones, muscles, nerves, and brain, since the phosphates arc rejected by this mode of preparation. A man would starve in a 88 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. short time were he led on foods deprived of lime and salt ; neither would he exist on a diet which did not contain starch or animal fats, and fat is created both from animal and vegetable foods, as chemical analysis shows. This exhibit of the composition of the bony structure informs us at once why it is that those who possess large and strong bones are more firm, persevering, reliable, and honest than those with smaller and weaker ones. The more fluid lime dissolved in the blood which goes to make up the solid parts of the organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, etc., the more integ- rity and strength will these tissues and organs possess. A com- parison of the animals in which the bony system predominates, with those in whom the fat an4 muscle are in excess, will give us a correct idea as to how the bones are related to integrity and stability. If honesty were a sentiment merely, something which could be taught, then the one best taught on this subject would have the most reliable character, but we know full well that some are more naturally honest than others. We know that some have more ability for music or painting than others, and we find by observation that those who are skillful in music, etc, are so mainly by virtue of an organism which fits them for this art ; that some are musicians without instruction, while others are not able to be taught because they are lacking in the proper construction of body ; in short, they have not the right muscular development for this purpose. A comparison of the highest and most useful animals the horse, the dog, the camel, and ox with the rhinoceros, the hog, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the panther, and tiger, will show us a physiological combination as distinct as is that of the mental and moral characteristics of each class. The rhinoceros and hog, by reason of their excess of fat, are too vegetative to be either moral or intelligent. The mole, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the cat, the rat, etc., have relatively small bones and large muscles, and they are suited to slyness, skulking, deception, and craft, to live in the shade and prey upon others. While the bones of these creatures are hardly perceptible, then* bodies are sleek, sinuous, graceful, and quick-motioned, and they are quite artistic in some of their habits, the beaver and mole, for ex- ample, building their houses on excellent architectural and artistic principles. Now compare the camel, with his great, homely, un- gainly, bony structure, and his fidelity and usefulness, docility and intelligence ; compare him with the graceful, gliding, sleek-looking tiger ; compare the bony ox^ with his great joints, his patient and useful ways, with the hog ; compare the horse, with his bones THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 89 jutting out over his eyes, his large hip-joints and bony face, his mental development and observation, with the unwieldy, stupid, and brutal rhinoceros; compare the intelligence of the former with the ferocity of the latter; compare t^he fidelity, usefulness, and forms of all these various creatures, and you will find in every instance that the bony formation gives and exhibits integrity, re- liability, intelligence, and morality, as compared with those forms that resemble the muscular and vegetative or fat animals. Fat in excess is not honest, whether we find it in man or beast. Fat, by its lack of resistance, is negative and self-indul- gent, and is not capable of self-control ; muscle in excess is unre- liable, and by the nature of its constituents and action is change- able and shifting ; it moves with rapidity and changes constantly, and is not built of such substantial material as bone ; hence, it is suited to artistic pursuits, while bone is suited to mechanical and scientific occupations, for mechanical individuals must have j physical order and a good, true eye for angles and straight lines. They must have patience and perseverance, steadfastness and in- tegrity, in order to produce straight and square work. In every age and country the most reliable, honest, and upright men are (as a class) its mechanics. They perform honest work ; the very house that we dwell in must be plumb and built on the square, or it will fall to the ground. The scientist, too, must possess a large share of integrity, of bone. Inasmuch as he has the ability to comprehend the truths of Nature, he must be built on Con- scientiousness, else he would be incompetent to comprehend the laws of Nature, which are all based on absolute truth and mathe- matical certainty and precision. Newton, the discoverer of the most important law of Nature, viz., gravitation, was a square-boned man, and Conscientiousness is large in his face. Now, all persons and animals must have bones in a greater or less degree, and in the degree that they have good, square bones are they capable of honesty, morality, and fidelity. Hence the importance of endow- ing offspring with a good, square, bony structure. We cannot do this if we feed upon fine white flour, or allow our children to con- sume too much sugar and other carbonaceous food. If we look abroad for our proof of the action of the various kinds of food as it relates to bone-making, it is only necessary to refer to the low stature of the Lapps and Finns, who subsist mainly on a fish diet, and whose bones are both small and short, while their near neigh- bors, the Norwegians, Swedes, and Russians, who live upon a farinaceous and vegetable diet, are much their superiors in stature and strength. But the subject of bone-building I will consider later. 90 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I will here note some of the prominent men who have excelled in morality, endurance, heroism, and honor, and in every instance we shall see that each one possessed a large and fine quality of bone. Our own Washington was six feet three inches in height, and broad and square built. Andrew Jackson was above the medium height, and the bones jutted out all over him, in the eye- brows, the cheeks, the chin, the forehead, the joints and knuckles. Lincoln, too, shows a very bony organization, and was more noted for his fidelity to principle than for great intellectual power. Had he been made of soft, fatty tissue, the results of our late war might have been quite different. General Lafayette's portraits show him to have been possessed of good bones ; likewise Alex- ander the Great in ancient times, also Caesar, Mahomet, and Cromwell. Luther had a very large bony structure, with a power- ful vegetative system, and a fine brain. Isaac Newton, Lamartine, James Watt, Humboldt. Cuvier, Washington Irving, von Liebig, David Livingstone, Charles Darwin, George Stephenson the in- ventor, Peter Cooper, and a host of others, who have shown b'y their lives that integrity, morality, and mechanical and scientific powers were theirs, possessed large, bony development. It makes quite a difference in our powers of endurance, either moral or physical, whether we have four or six feet of bone in our bodies. It is true that the persons just mentioned had fine brain systems in addition, but without the same amount of bone and with muscle in its stead they never would have evinced such rectitude, endurance, and reliability, as with the large bones in combination. The greatest and most useful men and women have been those with the bone and brain systems dominant. The greatest artists have been those with a fine quality of the muscular and brain systems combined; hence they form a less useful class than mechanics and scientists. They are, also, less reliable and moral, but more entertaining. The record of the purely vegetative men is limited to a few, who succeeded in becoming prize hogs in appearance, notably, Daniel Lambert, Vitellius, the Roman Emperor and glutton, and some few others whose fame rests entirely upon their fat, selfish- ness, and immorality. The bony structure is the foundation and framework of the human organism, upon which is built the entire organism, and to the predominance of the bony structure man owes his character for integrity, stability, and physical and mental soundness. The very constituents of bone lime, phosphates, magnesia, soda, etc. give stability, integrity, decision, and firmness to the organization in which they abound most largely; hence the bony system is the one in which, from the rcrt/ nature of its com- THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 91 ponents, we naturally look for the most stability and trustworthi- ness. Tall, lean, square, bony people are noted for their usefulness, unselfishness, integrity, and generally for mechanical ability. Bony people, with a fair proportion of the muscular system in combination, make the best mechanics in the world. Length facilitates activity, while muscle combined with a large bony struc- ture gives the form essential to mechanical construction. This system is included in the architectural division of the face and body, and has for its assistance the muscular powers. These two systems combine and include most of the principles of natural forces, as has been shown, and persons in whom this com- bination is largely developed wiU have not only the power to become good mechanics and artists, but will be able also to build up and perpetuate a fine race of children, if proper attention be given to combinations with suitable conformations, added to righteous regard for hygienic and sanitary laws. It will be per- ceived from this analysis and illustration of the bony system, that the human organism is dependent upon bone development for all those attributes which go to form stability and integrity as well as architectural and mechanical ability. These principles lie at the very foundation of physiology, anatomy, human greatness, moral goodness, government, and society; and in every age, country or community, noted for its justice, probity and true civilization, there will be found upon examination a majority of its people built upon this conformation' and possessed of mechanical powers. In selecting trades for young people, due attention should be paid to this principle of Nature. A neglect of its application will result in failure, and one reason why we sometimes find poor mechanics is that they have mistaken their vocation and chosen a pursuit to which their conformation was un suited. The signs of the bony form predominant are found all over the individual, in the large joints of the hands, fingers, wrists, arms, and legs. The projection forward of the lower jaw, the projecting of the brow over the eyes, and the high, long, bony nose are all evidences of a conscientious and morally-inclined character; indeed, the square bony system may be depended upon for moral conduct. The large development of bone shows that the fluid circulation has done its primary work in a thorough manner, and has conveyed all the materials needed in bone making to their several destinations in just the right proportions, thus giving soundness to the whole framework. Size and Form, Physical Order, and Calculation are some of the prominent faculties in this system, as well as Veneration and Executiveness. Conscientious- 92 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ness is seen all over the individual in whom the bony system pre- dominates over all the other systems. The list of faculties in the architectural division is as follows: Sanativeness, Secretiveness, Force, Resistance, Hope, Cautiousness, Imitation, Constructiveness, Analysis, Ideality, Sublimity, Human Nature, Self-will, Executiveness, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Form, Size, Weight, Color, Order, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language. Some of these facul- ties are derived from the functional action of the heart and lungs ; others from the power of the muscles and bones. Hope is related to the liver, Color to the lungs and heart, and Veneration to the stomach. Every faculty depends upon some organ or system of functions for the power to exhibit its peculiar mode of activity. In all cases where one system is found in excess in an organ- ism, no matter how useful it may be, we shall find that it is pro- ductive of various disorders and predispositions to certain diseases. An excess of bone makes the system liable to chronic rheumatism, torpid conditions of the liver, the spleen, the stomach, and bowels, enlargement of the joints, gravel, granular degeneration, stone in the bladder, disorders of the digestive functions, and inclination to melancholy as old age advances. An excess of bone also causes laziness and inertia; the bones being too heavily charged with mineral matter disinclines the individual for motion, hence he will care only for work that can be done in a sitting posture. The remedy for an excessive development of bone is to drink water that has been purified from all traces of lime, to remain in the shade as much as possible, to study more, to eat less farinace- ous food and adopt the diet of the carnivorous animals, whose bones are smaller than those of the grain-eaters. Stimulate the sensitive parts of the nature by indulging more in light, active games; cultivate the emotional parts of the mind by attending theatres and balls and by associating with the lively and light- minded. By pursuing this anti-bone-making course, the tendency to these diseases may be avoided and the bulk of bone may be reduced considerably in a few years. Getting health is like getting religion it comes by struggling for it. In fact, good health seems to me a really religious condition and ought not to be considered as distinct from it. If, on the other hand, the bony system is too poorly developed, inactivity and weakness are the result. When we observe a person with small, thin hands and feet, with large brain and small abdo- men and short, small, round bones, we know that he is doomed to a short life and one of suffering, unless hygienic treatment comes to his relief. Drugs and doctors cannot alter such conditions, but THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM. 93 will do more harm than good. Only Nature, the Infallible One, can regenerate such beings. Calisthenics, gymnastics, outdoor exercise in pure air, and lime-water, with farinaceous foods will do more for such boneless creatures than all the drugs in existence. When we come to comprehend fully the differences existing between the various organ systems of the body, we shall recognize at a glance the main points of character. We shall see that bone gives more integrity and power of resistance, with love of science and mechanism ; that muscle indicates emotion and affection as well as passion and artistic ability; that fat assists in softening the emotions and gives warmth to the system. It must be apparent to the thoughtful that we do not love with our bones that all parts of the body concerned in emotion are found in the muscular and soft tissues. All the parts of the organism involved in reproduction are mainly in the muscular and glandular system, hence when we wish to know the degree of Amative sentiment in an individual we must look to the facial representation of the muscular system the eye; we must mark its shape, size, and color, its degree of activity and brightness. If the eye be large, bright, well-colored either blue, brown, or black then we can safely say that such an individual is highly emotional and affectionate, and artistic as well ; but when we observe a bony person with large joints, small muscles, long, slim, bony fingers, and small eyes shaded by a full, projecting, bony brow, then we know that he is more thoughtful than emotional or amative, with considerable control of all the emotions. This class of persons is mechanical, inclined to science, given to reforms and original radical ideas rather than to imitating artistic efforts. In this class are found such men as Charles Darwin, Richard Owen, the naturalist; Professors Morse and Edison, the electricians; and, among reformers, Wendell Phillips, Richard Cobden, Peter Cooper, Thomas Paine, Susan B. Anthony, and others well known for reform work. A good degree of bone offers a steady resistance and pressure ; muscle has a reactive power, moving first in one direction and .then in another; hence muscular people are not so reliable as bony -ones. Muscle shows itself in will-power, in sudden bursts of temper as suddenly subsiding, while bone offers a steady but calm .resistance, and this is the difference between the two faculties of Firmness and Self-will. Fat is yielding, without the ability either to withstand or to overcome. It is negative in its nature, utterly unreliable, except where we find it in combination with a good bony structure and considerable muscular development. This concludes the description of the architectural division of 94 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. the face- and faculties. The term " architectural" is used in its broadest and most comprehensive sense. Whatever exists is built and has a form ; not a particle of any sort whatsoever is found with- out form and without combination with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance ; thus it is architectural. In works of art the same principle applies. In dramatic composition, in works of fiction, and in the sermons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive principle prevails. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. In entering upon the investigation of the brain and nervous system, I shall depart from the usual methods employed by writers on this subject, and, instead of giving cuts representing the interior of the brain, which can afford the reader no clue as to its functions, I shall devote my space to a discussion of its origin as exhibited in tfye lowest forms of animal life, and then describe its appearance in the exterior of the organism by facial and bodily indications. Anatomists, in dissecting the brain, are al- most entirely in the dark as to the use and connection of the several parts of the brain with the various organs of the body. With the exception of being able to trace the course of the optic, auditory, olfactory, and facial nerves to their origin in the brain, the functional action of the several portions of the brain are still as great a mystery as ever. Very recent observers have mapped out on different parts of the cerebral hemispheres certain areas which are thought to be the representatives of certain mental faculties. The faculty of language is thought to have its representative in one of the frontal convolutions, and this convolution is found in a rudi- mentary stage only in the anthropoids, but fully developed in man, the only creature endowed with the capacity for perfect language. Other areas of the brain are thought to be the locale of other faculties, but as yet these are not firmly established. Yet I be- lieve that every function, as well as every faculty, must be repre- sented in the brain and have " a local habitation" in that organ, FIG. 11. HERBERT SPENCER. Brain and Nerve System supreme. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 95 where all sensation is wrought into consciousness and translated into thought and emotion. The /ace, read scientifically, will give the clue to the right analysis of the various parts of the brain, and any anatomist who will take as a basis of investigation the evolution of the organ systems of the body, as shown by Haeckel in his " Evolution of Man," can trace the connection between the organs of the body and the several parts of the brain. My understanding of the brain is that it is functional of the entire organism, a,nd not an organ acting independently, but affected by morbid or abnormal con- ditions of the blood and visceral organs. I believe that all parts of the body have representation in the brain, and that these repre- sentations are localized. My researches have led me to the conclusion that size of the brain alone is not the proof of great mental power nor of the lack of it; that its form and congenital or inherited quality are the two most potent factors in deciding its power ; also that a proportionate and normal degree of physiological development of the body, as well as of the brain, is far more influential in deciding mentality than size of the brain alone ; but the question of size and form I will postpone until I come to the consideration of the " Sub-Basic Principles." In tracing the course of the evolution of the brain and nerve system, the history of the development of the lower animal organ- isms is most instructive, and the physiognomist, if he desires to be truly scientific, must go back to the earliest and lowest animals in the scale of creation and note the gradual development or evolution of the nerves and brain. The first sense-organ was the outer skin-covering, long before any bodily organs had evolved, as in the case of the Zoophites, In- fusoria, Corallines, and Polypi, and other low forms of animal life. The bodies of these creatures are composed of a hollow globe or tube, with an opening at one end. Their entire construction con- sists only of an inner and an outer skin, with a row of cells be- tween. All knowledge of the outer world comes to these creatures entirely through the sense of touch or feeling, and the outer skin- covering is their only sense-organ, therefore their only mental <>ri/ there in this instance corresponding mental power 1 History fails to record anything that would prove capacity of any part of this person's organism except the stomach and digestive apparatus. In modern times Daniel Lambert has headed the list of great men, those famous for size and for nothing else. Intellectually he was not gifted beyond the average man, having occupied the position of keeper in an English prison. His weight was seven hundred and thirty-seven pounds. His head was large and his face also. Another noted " great " man was Edward Bright, a miller, of Maiden, England, who, at the age of thirty years, weighed six hundred and sixteen pounds. He also had a large head and face, while his intellect was only ordinary. Another large man, James Mansfield, also an Englishman, died at the age of eighty years, weighing four hundred and sixty-two pounds. He was a butcher by trade, and his head and face were large. Here we have the record of three of the largest men known to history, and we find in them only the most ordinary and commonplace intellectual development and power. Now let us examine the evidence in the matter of both large and heavy brains, and thus discover, if possible, the kind of intel- lect exhibited by these phenomena. The opinion of the most eminent writers on mind of physicians to the insane, and of anatomists will be adduced, and my readers will then be able to see upon what ground mere size of the brain as a measure of power is based. Observers, from Aristotle down to the present time, have given their views as to the size of the head, and in most cases their opinions and evidence point to small or average-sized heads as the most intellectual. Lavater says that Aristotle holds the smallest heads to be the wisest,* while Esquirol, the French anatomist, states that no size or form of head or brain is incident to idiocy or talent. Dr. H. C. Bastian, an anatomist of eminent talent, observes: It seems perfectly plain from the facts recorded that there is no neces- sary or invariable relation between the degree of intelligence of human beings and the mere size or weight of their brains. We have seen that some demented persons may have very large brains, and, again, that in certain very ordinary members of society, suffering neither from disease nor from congenital defect, the brain may be decidedly large and heavy. f * Lavater's Essays, p. 266. t The Brain an Organ of the Mind, H. Carlton Bastian, pp. 364, 370, 371. London. SIZE OF THE HEAD. 105 Elsewhere he remarks: Idiocy is not therefore necessarily associated with a very small size of brain. Prof. Alexander Bain tells us that " occasionally a stupid man has a larger brain than a clever man."* It has often been stated, in medical and phrenological journals, that Cuvier's brain was the largest and heaviest ever observed. This is entirely erroneous. The largest on record is that of an insane negro, who died at the Richmond (Virginia) Insane Asylum. Dr. Barksdale states that his brain weighed seventy ounces. (See report of April, 1882.f) Dr. James Morris gives an account of the next largest brain in the world ; it belonged to a thieving, drunken fellow who could neither read nor write; his brain exceeded sixty-seven ounces in weight. Both these brains are heavier than those of any intellectual person on record. Cuvier's brain-weight, so often quoted, was sixty-four and five-tenths ounces. Dr. Bucknill states an instance " of a male imbecile, thirty-seven years of age, whose brain weighed the same as Cuvier's, the greatest of naturalists ; " J whilst the brain of Agas- siz, who ranks next to'Cuvier in science, weighed only fifty-three and three-tenths ounces. Esquirol instances a foolish monomaniac whose head measured in circumference twenty-six inches and thirty-seven hundredths ; also, of an idiot whose head measured in circumference thirty-three inches and sixty-six hundredths ; another idiot whose head was twenty-two inches and forty-four hundredths in circumference. Dr. Langden Down states that he dissected the brain of an idiot that weighed fifty-nine and one-half ounces. || Dr. Thurman declares that the heaviest brain weighed by him was that of an uneducated butcher, who was just able to read, and who died suddenly of epilepsy, combined with mania. ^[ Moses Parchappe says the largest brain-weight observed by him was that of an epileptic or insane man, whose brain weighed sixty-one and three- tenths ounces. Dr. Skae mentions an insane epileptic woman, whose brain weighed the extraordinary amount of sixty-one and one-half ounces.** Now, when we reflect that the average weight of the adult male brain is said to be forty ounces (according to the climate in which he lives), while the female brain averages four to five ounces less, what we are to make of the phrenological law, that " Size is the measure of power, all else being equal," it is * Mind and Body. Alexander Bain, M.D., p. 19. t British Medical Journal. Oct. 26. 1872. i The Brain an ( irgan of the Mind, H. Carlton Bastian, p. 67. (j Ksquirol, p. liTo. II The Brain :m Organ of the Mind, p. 364. 1 Jbiil., p. :!<>;. ** Ibid., p. 37t>. 106 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. difficult to say. We find that the record is against this proposi- tion, inasmuch as the greatest size seems always to be attended with abnormal physiological structure, and either idiotic or com- monplace quality of brain. We know that Daniel Webster had a twenty-three and three-quarter inch head, and some other famous men had heads varying all the way from twenty-two to twenty-four inches in circumference, but in all instances where these heads have been accompanied with unusual talent the inherited qualify was of a high order, and the physiological development was also most uncommonly strong ; and, acting normally, a large brain must have the assistance of a large and fine visceral organization, together with high quality, to make it effective. A large brain is no more an indicator of talent or genius than is a large face or body. Large features, if accompanied by fine quality of skin and hair, denote a powerful intellect if great good health be present. Lavater tells us that " a head too bulky almost always indicates gross stupidity ; too small, it is a sign of weakness and insig- nificance." Let us now investigate some characters whose great intellects have been exhibited by small heads, and see if the traits disclosed will not bear fair comparison with the largest-brained men on record. All naturalists whose observations lead them to study animal organisms comprehend well the fact, that (juajify, not size, is the prime indicator of mental ability. Charles Darwin observes that No one supposes that the intellect of any two animals or of an}' two men can be accurately gauged l>y the cubic contents of their skulls. It is certain that there may be extraordinary mental activity with an extremely small absolute mass of nervous matter. Thus, the wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the quarter of a small pin's head. Under this latter point of view, the brain of an ant is one of the most mar- vellous atoms cf matter in the world, perhaps more marvellous than the brain of a man.* As size of brain merely is not a measure of power, neither can we consider form or shape an absolute indication of mental power or of racial classification in man. Those persons who have imbibed the notion that a very high and full forehead is evidence of superior mental power are often startled to find very commonplace or inferior mentality accompanying such appearance. Dr. Living- stone enlightens us on this point in the following remarks. He observes: There is no proper race-form of the cranium. The same measures of skull, the same types, whether of a classified purit}- and beauty, or of savage * Descent of .Man, Charles Darwin, p. 139. SIZE OF THE HEAD. 107 degradation, appear in individuals of all races. Tiedman has met with Germans whose skulls bore all the characteristics of the negro races, and an inhabitant of Nukihawa, according to Silesias and Blumenbach, agreed exactly in his proportions with the Apollo Belvidere.* He observes, further, that the "Kaffirs are five feet eight inches high, with large heads ; foreheads high and well devel- oped, "f Yet, as all students of ethnology know, these people are not one whit more intelligent than the North American Indians. In analyzing and in deciding character, form is a safer guide than size, but here also quality must be regarded first, and I have no doubt that the negro Apollo mentioned by Blumenbach lacked the fine thin skin, fine hair, and brightness of the eye which characterized the ancient Greek, and which are the proofs of keen- ness of apprehension wherever found. Among the most celebrated statesmen of modem times, Prince Talleyrand, of France, takes high rank, not only for his learning, which was comprehensive, but for his native talent, subtlety, and profundity he was considered the ablest man of his times. Of him, Mirabeau said: For every combination he was prepared ; one of the most subtle and powerful intellects of the age, he generally counselled measures marked by wise liberality and solid common sense. J Napoleon said of Talleyrand, "He is a dexterous fellow; he has seen through me;" and his biographer tells us, also: To a great talent for business he added that perfect command over himself which is so advantageous to a diplomatist ; his wit was caustic, ready and penetrating, a crowd of examples attesting his accomplishments in this respect; he preserved all the qualities of his great mind un,til the close of his life ; he had always the welfare of his country at heart. The following measurement of his head, made by Drs. Moreau, Coigny, Flaurens, and Micard, proves that large size does not always exist with and is not .essential to great men of intellect.)! They give the following: General horizontal measurement, twenty inches and four lines (a line in French measure is the tenth of an inch); from the root of the nose to the occipital hole over along the top of the head, fourteen inches; from the hole in the ear to the other over veneration, eleven inches two lines. Many of the most eminent persons known to history in every department of thought and genius have possessed small heads. * Races of the Old World, p 471. t IbM., p. 289. 1 Universal Biography, Win. N. Beeton. London. Beeton's Dictionary of Biography. || Phrenological Journal, vol. i, p. 1. Philadelphia. 108 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. Many of the world's greatest and most executive men had rela- tively small heads. Among them I may mention George AVash- ington, John Marshall (who had a low forehead as well), Percy Bysshe Shelley. John Seldon, one of the most learned men of England, was six feet in height, and his head not large. Lord Byron's head was remarkably small, but beautifully formed, on the true artistic principle of the curve, being rounded in every direc- tion. His hair laid in easy, graceful rings and waves. The following very strong testimony on the subject of large versus small heads will go far to dispel the popular fallacy that large heads and talent and genius are necessarily associated. It goes to prove, on the contrary, that the largest heads are usually associated with criminal character when they are not the indication of feeble minds. The following from " Types of Mankind " is pertinent : I have not hitherto exerted myself to obtain crania of the Anglo-Saxon race except in the instance of individuals who have been signalized by their crimes, and this number is too small to be of much importance in a generali- zation like the present. Yet, since these skulls have been procured without reference to their size, it is remarkable that five give an average of ninety-six cubic inches for the bulk of the brain ; the smallest head measuring ninety- one and the largest one hundred and five cubic inches. It is necessary to observe, however, that they are all male crania; but, on the other hand, they pertained to the lowest class of society, and three of them died on the gallows for the crime of murder. The Anglo-Americans conform in all their characteristics to the parent stock. They possess in common with their English ancestors a more elongated head than the unmixed Germans. The few crania in my possession have without exception been derived from the lowest and least cultivated portion of the community, male- factors, paupers, and lunatics. The largest brain has been ninet3*-seven cubic inches ; the smallest eighty-two, and the mean of ninet}- accords with that of the collective Teutonic race. The sexes of the seven skulls are four male and three female. Dr. John Reid has also investigated this question on a large scale with great care. After weighing two hundred and fifty-three brains of both sexes, and of various ages, he arrives at the conclusion that the encephalon arrives at its maximum size sooner than the other organs of the body ; that its relative size when compared with the other organs, and to the entire body, is much greater in the child than in the adult ; and that, although the average weight of the male brain is absolutely heavier than the female brain relative to the whole body, yet the female brain is some- what heavier than the average male brain* I shall offer still further corroborative evidence as to the association of size of brain with intelligence. The following from the pen of the distinguished writer Quatrefages is apropos. He observes thus: Types of Mankind, Knott & Glidden, p. 312. SIZE OF THE HEAD. 109 We shall certainly not be accused of exaggerated immaterialism if we estimate the action of the brain as we estimate the action of a muscle. Now, experience and observation daily testify that in the latter volume and form are not everything. Functional energy often more than compensates for what is wanting with respect to mass. Many other organic systems would furnish similar facts well known to all doctors and all physiologists. To assert the case is different with the brain would be, in the absence of all direct observation, a purely gratuitous hypothesis, and in the presence of Wagner's -tables a contradiction of evidence. With his small brain Hanssmann, the correspondent of the French Institute, has evidently surpassed in the matter of intelligence almost all his large-headed contemporaries. In these tables a number of brain-weights of eminent men are given, in which Cuvier's stands as the heaviest, sixty-four and five-tenths ounces; while Hausmann's brain-weight stands at 43-24 ounces. To continue the quotation : But, on the other hand, beyond a certain stage of decrease, the muscular apparatus becomes incapable of effort. We can readily under- stand that it might be so with the brain also. It is, therefore, most natural to find that when it has fallen below a certain volume and weight it generally passes from weakness to impotence. Even M. de Bonald could not consider it strange that an intelligence when provided only with imperfect or almost useless organs should only manifest itself in an incomplete manner. Thus, irrespective of all dogmatic or philosophic ideas, we are led to the conclusion that there is a certain relation between the develop- ment of the intelligence and the volume and weight of the brain. But at the same time we must allow that the material element, that which is appreciable to our senses, is not the only one which we must take into account, for behind it lies hidden an unknown quantity, an X, at present undetermined and only recognized by its effects.* The unknown quantity here mentioned, I believe to be in- herited quality, or energy. It can be determined by the laws of scientific physiognomy, which gives the signs for discovering its power. To add to the weight of evidence in regard to the size of the head as an indication of intellect, I add the following from M. Broca, one of the most distinguished French writers. "No well- instructed person," says M. Broca, "would ever think of esti- mating the intelligence by measuring the encephalon." Corrob- orative evidence in this direction from the most competent observers could be largely added to, but want of space forbids. The evidence here presented shows us that great size is not essential to greatness of intellect; that where great mental powers have co-existed with small heads some factor or factors other than size have assisted in producing or exhibiting such power. *The Human Species, A. de Quatrefages. 110 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. These factors are inherited quality and physiological development ; the quality is produced either by the pre-natal conditions of the individual by inheriting the natural quality of either father or mother by a combination of qualities of both, which created that which was inherited or by an endowment from some remote ancestor ; for there are several ways to account for inherited quality of a high order, and when we do not find a counterpart in cither parent we must look for the cause in some one of the other modes above stated. I obtained the statement from Mr. Charles Herman, a hatter doing an extensive business in hats in San Francisco, that all his customers who wore extra-large sizes were very commonplace characters, with one or two exceptions. Those who wore the smallest hats were mostly men who were bright, smart, active persons, and none of them less than ordinary in intellect, but some of them among the brightest men of the country. He stated, furthermore, that his largest sizes went north to Alaska and British Columbia, while the smallest men's sizes were sent south to the native Californians, the descendents of the Spanish settlers. The several instances previously quoted of the idiotic or commonplace characters of very large or heavy-brained persons correspond with the commonplace characters of these exceedingly heavy and large-bodied persons mentioned. Indeed, I think, all Nature unfolds to us this one fact, that all her finest and most valuable products are relatively small. The largest animals are the least intelligent and useful, as, for example, the whale and hippo- potamus; the largest flower, the Rafflesia arnoldi. is as repulsive as it is monstrous, being fifteen pounds in weight and with a carrion- like odor. Our most useful domestic animals, the camel, the ox, the horse, and dog, are only of medium size as compared to the first mentioned, yet are both intelligent and useful; and no one, surely, will compare the largest flowers with the jasmine, rose, and pink. I think we may .safely set it down as a law of Nature that all over-sized individuals, whose brain, face, or body is unusually large in size, are relatively deficient in intellect and practical talents. Medium or small-sized heads and bodies are, as a rule, the most useful and intellectual, and in looking for true greatness neither the size of the head, face nor body will be the index. The law which scientific physiognomy formulates is stated thus: The "size of the nose, controlled by quality, is the measure of power; the shape of the nose denotes the kind of power." The nose is the central and most radical feature of the face, and indicates more of the body and mental qualities than any other feature. SIZE OF THE HEAD. Ill The most perfected races possess the most developed noses, and the most developed and intellectual persons among the civilized races have the most developed noses, while all the savage races are lacking in the development of this feature, and exhibit by the peculiarities of the size and form of the nose the absence of all those traits -of mind and body of which the nose, in its most devel- oped state, is an indication. Why may not all facial features and portions of features reveal the shape, form, and condition of internal organs'? We know this to be so in regard to the size and shape of the nostrils in relation to the lungs, and if the nostrils can reveal internal con- ditions so also can the mouth, the eyes, the ears, and every other feature of the face as well. I will say, en passant, that quality is shown by brightness of the eye and fineness of the skin and hair. The subject of Quality will be treated at length in its proper order. Where the nose is long, high, and broad, the stomach, heart, and lungs are much superior in strength to those associated, with a nose which is short, flat, and narrow. A comparison of the noses and hoclies of the Germans and English, for example, with the noses and bodies of the native Australian will illustrate this point. In some savage races, and in one species of the ape family (Semno pitliecus nascius), we % find long noses, but they do not possess a form that indicates intelligence, and their bodies do not exhibit the quality essential to mental vigor. It is most surprising that, while physicians and writers on physiology have long understood the value of the tongue and lips as indicators of healthful and diseased conditions, they seem to have utterly ignored the significance of the nose as a revelator of internal conditions and functions. Of course, they comprehend the fact that the nostrils must be in accord with the size and vigor of the lungs, and if large nostrils reveal the size of the lungs they must disclose the activity of the heart, as these two organs are cor- related and mutually condition each other. All ^observers may prove for themselves, with slight trouble, these statements. All persons who have narrow or small nostrils will also exhibit a flat, narrow chest; those with large, round nostrils will disclose a high, wide, full chest. Now, if one part of a feature of the face dis- close the shape of a certain part of the body, together with its strength or functional activity, is it not logical and reasonable to infer that ever >/ part of every feature of the face will disclose the form and functional activity of other parts of the organism t And if the body and mind are one, acting as a unit, then, by the same method of reasoning, why is not the action of the mind, its strength, weakness, and direction, also indicated by the form, size, and color 112 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of certain features of the face "? I think that all candid and observ- ant readers will find ample proof of all these ideas both in the theoretical and practical parts of this vohime, but, above all, will the verification of these statements be found most conclusive in Nature by comparing the faces and forms of individuals with their mental labors and dispositions as exhibited in their daily life. There is no reason why mental and physical science should not be demon- strated as conclusively as any other department of natural science. Those who talk of its " complexity " should realize the fact that all other departments of natural history are complex, yet have been pretty well explained, and that every step in the knowledge of plants and animals has thrown new light on this very complexity, which, it is claimed, should deter man from even attempting to simplify. The tangled knot of the warp and woof of life and mind is gradually loosening under the innumerable discoveries of the microscope in the hands of legions of valiant soldiers which Science has summoned to do her bidding, and if man is really what he has so long flattered himself, viz., the master of the universe, let him earn and deserve the title by virtue of his knowledge of its secrets concerning himself. Although the size of the nose is a very decisive sign of ability, yet several other things must be taken into account in getting at the entire mentality, disposition, and general and particular powers of the individual. After size is noted, quality and form must be regarded ; then the proportion both of the features and body. But, in order to recognize powerful character in an individual, we must see that the nose stands high above the plane of the face, the nos- trils broad, the eye relatively large and bright, the mouth also large, the chin of proportionate breadth and length, the eyes set well under a rather projecting brow (an eye that is on a level with the plane of the brow discloses great stupidity), the cheeks well filled (not too fat), a forehead broad across its upper part; and, when to this is added fine skin and fine hair, true greatness of some sort is indicated. The kind of greatness depends upon the shape of the nose. If it be a literary nose, then the possessor will excel in a literary direction ; if the nose be architectural, that power will be exhibited ; an artistic or dramatic nose will decide the talent and power of the individual in that department. To make all this effective good health is most important, for without it the individual would be like a powerful steam-engine without steam, an inert, helpless machine. QUALITY. In determining the quality or mental power of an individual, the texture of the skin and hair is to be considered first, as these QUALITY. 113 indicate quite as much as the form, and really determine its power and activity. If the skin be fine, clear, smooth, and thin, a high I grade of mental activity or sensitiveness of the nervous system may \ be inferred. As the brain-substance, in the form of nerves, is spread all over the surface of the skin, the thinner and finer it is, ' the greater is the amount of sensation experienced, and, as Nature is harmonious, all the external appearances will be found to har- monize ; hence, the hair will agree with the skin in quality, as well as with the finger-nails. The latter will be found smooth, fine, and thin in combination with a skin of like qualities. The history of the evolution of man teaches us that the nerv- ous system was evolved from the outer skin-covering in primitive animals millions of years before man came upon earth. This very significant fact shows us how the skin is an indicator of nervous and brain quality. It will be found, upon investigation, that this way of deciding the quality of mental power is infallible. The peculiarities of the formation of the face must tell the rest. The same law obtains in the animal world. A fine, soft coat on any animal proves its superior intelligence to those who possess coarse, / shaggy hair. The exterior will always be found to agree with the interior in quality and form ; and, after we learn the indications, ' it will be astonishing how simple it will seem to read character cor- rectly, and we shall wonder why we never saw these things before nor fathomed their meanings. The brightness of the eye is still another exponent of the quality of brain-power. An eye that is dull naturally, and moving slowly, shows dullness and stupidity ; while bright eyes, with a quick and animated motion, show that the sensations are keen .or the mental powers clear and active. There is much in regard to the eye which cannot be written. Words fail to describe adequately . different degrees of brightness and expressions. The reader must investigate for himself, and commence a course of generalizing and classification on his own account. Quality is the determining power all through Nature not size. If one wishes a fine flower, one does not pluck a sunflower. It is large, true; but it is also coarse in look and devoid of fragrance. So one selects a smaller and more-developed flower. This development is shown in the same way by which a brain or S an ear of high quality is known by the number of its convolu- tions. A fine rose or pink will illustrate this difference. I have never met a genius nor a highly intelligent person with a coarse, thick skin, coarse hair, and dull eyes; but I have seen many coarse and commonplace persons possessed of these peculiarities. Of course there are many grades of quality disclosed 114 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. I by the texture of the skin and hair, while there are several kinds and degrees of brightness of the eyes which have each a different signification. One kind of brightness of the eye, as seen in the case of George (Francis Train, for example, denotes a very active brain, along with the most sublime egotism. This sort of eye the egotistic is always uncommonly bright and glittering, and close observation is required by the student of physiognomy to discern these fine and subtle differences ; and these differences are best learned from the living subject. No pen-painting can describe them adequately. In this science a reference to Nature is our court of last resort, yet good observers must note these minute shadings and record them for the benefit of beginners, whose atten- tion may be first drawn to them in this way. There is a peculiar glitter of the eye caused by egotism and intense conceit, which is not to be confounded with that brightness and keenness which is indicative of great intelligence. After once noting this distinction, the student can scarcely mistake one for the other. Those persons whose skins are exceedingly fine, thin, and clear are excessively sensitive. This is caused by the nerves being nearer the outer world than is the case with those whose skins are coarser and thicker. Such people have brains all over ; that is to say, that as brain and nerve-matter are identical in structure, those whose nerves lie the nearest to the outer world, and whose skin is fine and sensitive, naturally receive impressions and sensations more ncutely than those not thus endowed. Hence, we find that the most impressible, intuitive, and sensitive are those who possess the finest quality of brain and nerves, and this quality is always dis- closed by fine skin and hair and bright eyes, and is never found in those races and persons that have coarse, thick skins, coarse hair, and dull eyes. The senses of these finely organized persons, being highly susceptible to impressions, are hence capable of more en- joyment and suffering than others, and unless the nutritive powers are \vell developed they are liable to disease and early death ; the excessive activity of the brain and nerves will cause them to wear out : yet some of our most gifted poets and artists, who have ex- hibited a fine and high quality of brain and nerves, have lived to advanced age, because the other systems of the body were equally developed, and assisted in sustaining the excessive activity of the brain and nerves. The signs for quality are the same in the animal races as in the human ; the coarsest-haired creatures, like the bear and hog, are the most brutal and stupid. These animals exhibit very dull eyes, nearly on a plane with the brow and cheek, and herein form denotes their low grade of intelligence, for we observe that the QUALITY. 115 most shallow and superficial people among civilized races are those whose eyes project to nearly a level with the eyebrow. Among dogs and horses, who are conceded to be the most intelligent of animals, the differences of intelligence are easily found by an in- spection of the degrees of coarseness and fineness of their coats and the brightness and position of their eyes. The bull-dog has neither the fineness of hair nor brightness and clearness of eye that distinguishes the spaniel ; neither does he possess the latter's intelli- gence and aptitude for learning; his eyes protrude beyond the brow, while the eye of the spaniel is placed just as is the eye of the most observant of men, under a projecting bony brow. This appearance denotes in the dog just what it does in man, viz., ob- servation, and this latter faculty enables the spaniel to be man's intelligent assistant while hunting, an office which the bull-dog, with all his great size and strength, could not fill. It is commonly understood that phrenologists decide character by feeling the protuberances on the head, and judging of one's proclivities by the elevations and depressions which the fingers discover; but if one will take the trouble to read what is written on the subject, he will find that phrenologists are physiognomists to a certain extent, and that they make free use of indications in the face, and it is from this source that their best delineations of character are made. The following from the pen of O. S. Fowler, one of the pioneers of phrenology in this country, is proof of this statement. He observes: The countenance furnishes by far the most perfect means of commu- nication. In both the amount of mental action expressed and in conveying its minutest shapings find phrases, it as far surpasses words as sunlight does starlight. Fine-grained persons can be read through and through by this means, because they communicate their utmost shadings of thought and emotion more completely by facial expression than Ivy any other. I think natural and facial language the chief language of angels.* I have not had much intercourse with "angels," but Sweden- borg, who claims to have associated freely with them, states that they communicated with each other "by looking in each other's faces." "They comprehend," he says, "what is in the mind by merely looking at the face." Mr. Fowler shows that he uses the face for a knowledge of the changes which take place in the body. He observes: All existing bodily states are also told instantly and correctly in the face. Two persons meeting after even a long separation instinctively admeasure any changes in both each other's health and moral tone and all their other states since they parted. If either has degenerated or * Human Science, O. S. Fowler, p. 1089. 116 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. improved in health, the other instantly catches and estimates it correct!}", :iud even wherein ; or if either has grown better or worse morally, the other notes which, and its nmount instantly, and admeasures it correctly. Nature compels everybody to tell everybody else who sees them whether they are growing better or worse, and just wherein, in any and in all respects. This natural language is a great fact and a great volume of truth all should learn to read.* The above is the great phrenologist's testimonial to the value of the face as a revelator of character and of all sorts of characteristics. The "phrenology" is Mr. Fowler's, the italics mine. That he uses also the skin, hair, and eyes as indicators of quality the following from his pen will testify: The skin is especially significant of the character of its possessor. The elephant and rhinoceros, coarse, powerful animals, have coarse, power- ful skins, almost impenetrable; while man, with a finer-grained skin, has finer feelings; and woman, the most delicate, susceptible, and emotional being on earth, has the softest and most velvety skin, and, the finer the skin of any particular person is, the finer the feelings. In diagnosing a character the skin should be one of the first things observed ; hair-texture comes next, and is like that of skin : when either is coarse or fine, harsh or soft, stiff' or flexible, all else will correspond with it. The texture of brain r therefore, corresponds with that of the body, and any and every part of itself with every part of both.f Mr. Fowler also tells us something of the complexion as an indicator of character. He remarks : A good complexion, then, is something more than skin deep. Who disputes that the complexion indicates existing health states? Who does not know that these very states control the temper and morals ? One may be justly proud of a good complexion and ashamed of a poor one, while all should try to keep or make theirs good by observing the health laws.^ Of the signification of the eye, he states : The expressions of the eye convey precise ideas of the existing and predominant states of the mentality and physiology. As long as the con- stitution remains unimpaired the eye is clear and bright, but becomes languid and soulless in proportion as the brain has been enfeebled. Wild, erratic persons have a half-crazed expression of eye, while calmness and benignancy, intelligence, purity, sweetness, love, sensuality, anger, and all the other mental affections express themselves quite as distinctly by the eye as by voice or any other mode, doubtless because the optic nerve is located in the midst of the basilar organs. After noting the various conditions of the complexion, skin, and hair, our " phrenologist " next observes the various meanings which the eye discloses, and this is all very encouraging, for it seems impossible to me to read human character without taking notice of every feature of the face, and indeed of all bodily features, Human Science, O. S. Fowler, p 1134. f Ibid., pp. 240, 241. { Ibid., p. 282. Ibid., p. 284. QUALITY. 117 together with the voice, the walk, the handwriting', handshaking, gestures, attitudes, and every motion of the muscles of the face and body. And all this Mr. Fowler proves to us that he doex, but at the same time denominates" his examinations "phrenologi- cal." Now this is inconsistent, to say the least; still I do not wonder that phrenologists attempt to read the face and body, for in undertaking to read the mind the entire organism must be con- sidered and be thoroughly analyzed before a correct description can be given ; for, inasmuch as Mind inheres in the entire organism, wo must study not only -the size and form of the head and body, but also of the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the chin, the hands, the feet, the hair, and even the eyelashes and finger- nails ; every separate feature and part of the body must come under the study of the examiner, if the most complete and comprehensive knowl- edge of character is desired. I believe that all phrenologists are more physiognomists than they are simple skull-feelers. Mr. Fowler shows us, at any rate, that he depends greatly upon physi- ognomy, yet states his regret that he has not a good systematized way of doing so, and hopes that some good "looker and thinker will bring out a system which shall be scientific."* I hereby call his attention to this system. The following extract from Mr. Fowler's work evidences yet again that he is a Physiognomico-Phrenologist. He observes: Horses, oxen, sheep, owls, cloves, snakes, and even frogs, also have their men and women cousins with their accompanying characters. These animal-resemblances are more easily seen than described, but the voice, forms of mouth, nose, and chin, are the best bases for observation."^ After all this, if I hear any one accuse Mr. Fowler of being a phrenologist I shall deny it, and defend him by bringing his own words forward for evidence. I shall later adduce more of this gentleman's ideas on physiognomy, and I believe we shall find them useful; for it is not to be supposed that an observing man like Mr. Fowler has been closely scrutinizing faces for forty or fifty years without knowing considerable about them, even if he has not, as he acknowledges, the originality to found a system upon the subject. In looking for indices of character one should not pass un- heeded the characteristics which the finger-nails disclose. Where they are fine and thin and of a pinkish shade, a normal condition of health and a fine degree of mental power will be indicated. The color denotes health, and the fineness and delicacy of the grain, or texture, is an exponent of a sensitive, nervous system, * Human Science, p. 1136. t Ibid., p. 2^9. 118 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY: which under the law of harmony is bound to correspond with the keenness of the nervous system and brain. Coarse-grained, thick nails reveal to us a character more useful than ornamental. If the color is of a pink or reddisli hue, then a normal degree of health is present; if the nails are of a bluish tint, irregular circulation will be denoted ; if pale, then consumptive tendencies or exhaus- tion of the system are shown; where the nails bend over the ends of the fingers, we are led to infer consumptive, dyspeptic, or scrofu- lous tendencies. The nails point to moral and immoral states, as well as to artistic and mechanical abilities, but this branch of the subject will be discussed when we come to treat of the hand and fingers separately. In order to comprehend fully and in a scientific manner the meaning of the indications of character and signs in the face, one must know somewhat of the origin of mind as revealed to us by the history of the evolution or progressive growth of the human body. It is impossible, in a work of this sort, to give more than a slight description of the origin of the sign for mental power as disclosed by the texture of the skin, hair, and nails. Yet, slight as this must necessarily be, it is just to my readers and to the system which I bring forward, that a scientific basis should be shown for every sign, and most especially for one so important as is the sign for deciding the mental power of all created beings. The methods observed by naturalists to learn the origin of man's mental organs and powers are twofold ; first, by following the course of the evolution or progressive growth and development of the lower animals, com- mencing with the lowest forms of animal and vegetable life; thence tracing the evolution of man through animal and human embryology. It is in this latter department that our most con- clusive evidence is revealed. It was an assumption on the part of Aristotle, that the heart of the incubated chick was the first organ to develop. We now know that the chick, as well as all other vertebrate animals, develops in precisely the same way pri- marily as does man. The quality observed in the skin, the hair, and in the bright- ness of the eyes is not only the index of mental quality, but also of the quality of all the physical organs and functions of the organ- ism. This must necessarily be the case, for do we not find delicacy and sensitiveness of all the powers of body in the greyhound as compared to the bear, the hog, the hippopotamus, and the rhi- noceros, just as we observe the difference of physical delicacy and sensitiveness between a North American Indian and the gifted and refined Florence Nightingale'? Lavater understood the value of the textures of the skin and FORM. 119 hair as an exponent of character, for he remarks (quoting from Galen) : To discover whether the quality of the brain corresponds with the flesh we must examine the hair. When the hair is of the first qualit}' and \vo \vould further distinguish whether it betokens goodness of understand- ing or imagination, we must pay attention to the laugh.* The following from Aristotle is true to Nature, although he attached but one signification to it. I find more than one mean- ing in weak and strong hair. He observes : Weak hair betokens fear, and strong hair courage. This observation is not only applicable to men, but to beasts. The most fearful of beasts are the deer, the hare, and the sheep, and the hair of these is weaker than that of other beasts. The lion and the wild boar, on the contrary, are the most courageous, which property is conspicuous in their extremely strong hair. The same also may be remarked of birds, for in general those among them which have coarse feathers are courageous, and those that have soft and weak feathers are fearful ; quails and game-cocks, for example. This may be easily applied to man.f FORM. The physiognomists of all ages have understood the connec- tion between form and character, and, to a certain extent, between form and function. Naturalists and scientists have given various rules for translating form into character, while artists, who deal with form as an art, with lew and rare exceptions, have left no true rules upon which to base a correct estimate of human charac- ter. This is not to be wondered at, as highly imitative and imaginative minds are not adapted to the kind of observation, cool analysis and reason which is needed to reveal and expound prin- ciples of Nature ; hence we must not expect any great light from artists on the subject of the meanings of form, although form is the basis of their profession. They only deal with" form as an expression of beauty or ugliness, without regard to its scientific or iitt(i-(d meaning. Artists are not as high in the scale of develop- ment as are mechanics, inventors, or scientists; for artists are mainly in the muscular and brain systems, while the former classes are in the bony and brain systems, which is a higher combination than the artistic. It is true that we have had a few great artists who were great in other directions ; Michael Angelo, for example, was a man capable of as great achievement in many other direc- tions as in art. Goethe was almost as eminent in science as in poetry, yet the great majority of artists are mere surface-readers of form and do not need, perhaps, to know the sciencq or laws * Lavater's Essays, p. 265. t Ibid., p. 206. 120 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. governing form ; but science will revolutionize painting and all arts, as it has every other department of human knowledge. Every leaf, every tree, and each animal form reveals its char- acter by its shape. Every part of each individual corroborates every other part, so that a skilled observer can learn considerable of one's mentality by the shape or form of the finger-nail even. Every bone of the body is in harmony with every other bone of the same body, and a physiognomist is quite able to tell what shaped chin or forehead is associated with a given nose, or vice versa. This is not only comparative anatomy, but comparative physiognomy as well. On this subject O. S. Fowler remarks: Form thus obviously becomes the true basis for temperamental classi- fication : shape is, as character. Then why should not the temperaments be named and described from those forms which accompany them and are con- ferred by them ? They should.* Mr. Fowler has an original way of using the term Tempera- ment. This is the word which Hippocrates used to denote the colors of the human countenance and organism, but Mr. Fowler takes it bodily and applies it to a description of form. We may set it down as a fixed principle of physiognomy that the form is one of the most potent factors in revealing and com- prehending character. We shall find, if we observe and compare, that all round persons are creative, inventive, and original. This does not include the globose, vegetative people, but those of the round, muscular build. This class of persons are social, often domestic, musical, amative, sportive, mirthful, and commercial. They are also good dancers, enjoying motion, walking, and all athletic sports ; while square-built persons are always found to be orderly, like the methodical arrangement of their bones, which are at right angles to each other. They are also precise, accurate, and punctual. Persons of this formation are naturally given to me- chanical pursuits, and make good mechanics, such as carpenters, dress-fitters, scientists, etc., and in all trades and professions where method, punctuality, rule, law, and order are required, these square, bony people are found. Round people are more suave, politic, and polished than square-built ones. The latter are more direct, accu- rate, and reliable than the former as a class, yet true persons are found among the round-built ; but, as a general rule, these two formations are as I have described them. It will be seen that straightness of bone points to straightness of character, to integ- rity, while straight muscles disclose more honorable character than * Human Science, O. S. Fowler, p. 244. FORM. 121 crooked muscles. Persons with crooked eyes are not so truthful as where they are straight ; that is to say, where the crookedness is congenital and not accidental. A crooked, convex nose is not as indicative of honest character as is a straight one. Many merchants have this formation, and such persons will be found to be grasping, acquisitive, rapacious, and overbearing, and will exhibit all the traits of the bird of prey, whose beak discloses the same form. Crooked-legged persons those whose legs are crooked by the curving of the muscles are naturally licentious. This form is not to be confounded with the " bow-legs," which are due to a weak- ness of the bones caused by supporting the body too early in in- fancy. A close observer can distinguish the difference. The first mentioned disclose legs which crook outwardly from the knee, while the bones of the bow-legged individual crook outwardly from the hip-joint. There is a very great difference in these two appear- ances, and each denotes wide differences of character. Round or ovoid-shaped persons always possess a degree of creative ability of some sort, if only of a physical nature. Round- shaped animals and men exhibit large procreative powers. In the lowest races of round men and animals creative power is shown more by fecundity than by mental creation. The square or angular races are less fertile than the former, but possess character adapted to the observation and investigation of the laws and principles of Nature. There is no doubt that the forms of the interior organs of all animal and human bodies are as individualized as are the features of the face and forms of the body, and most certainly correspond with the external configuration in size and shape, for the action of the interior organs produces the external contour. The shape of the fingers corresponds to that of the hand, and both these to the arm, the body, and the face. If as much time were spent upon learning this system of comparative anatomy as is put into useless accomplishments it would advance the reader immeasurably in the knowledge of character-reading. The various forms of the nose (a feature most potent in dis- closing character, both mental and physical) are very easily reduced to several general classes, and with little observation on the part of the student he will be enabled to place each nose in its own class, without regard to the pronounced individuality which each nose must necessarily exhibit. The same is true of the various sorts of mouths, and one can soon separate the criminal from the artistic mouth; the social, sympathetic, or oratorical from the secretive or gluttonous mouth. 122 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. The basilar or primitive shape of all forms, both vegetable and animal, is the ovoid or circular. The cellular tissue of vege- table life always presents this appearance under the microscope. The tissues of all animal and human organisms present in their primary organization precisely the same appearance as the tissues of the vegetable. The corpuscles of the blood are like the cells of vegetable life. The bones of the animal and human organisms are built upon the same form, and present, under the microscope, a cellular construction, just as we see in the corals and all other primitive and low animal organisms. The ovoid, or egg shape, then, is the uniform pattern of primitive creations; hence, it indi- cates creation, constructiveness. It is the same form which the planets assume in their course of formation, and there must be one universal law which assists in shaping the primitive germs of or- ganic life, as well as the great bodies which revolve in celestial space. The round form of vegetable, animal, and human organisms is caused, doubtless, by the rotatory motion of our earth, for we know that no form or organism is angular or square in its primary state. If it assumes angles, as in the mineral formations, there has been first cellular crystallization, while the mineral was in an incandescent state ; and no matter what shapes plants, trees, and animals eventually assume, the whole structure is built up by myriads of ovoid-shaped cells. The sap and juices of the tree and plant, like the blood of the animal body, are composed of minute cell-shaped forms, and ar,e uniform in their shape, though not in size. The tissues also of both vegetable and animal bodies are cellular, and built up in the same uniform manner, as are all the other cells in Nature. What is the interpretation of this universal and uniform method of growth 1 ? We find the answer in the contour of the highest being in creation, viz., in man. All persons of creative or constructive minds are round in form, and whatever works they produce, such as pictures, statuary, gestures, and positions, as in acting, and the use of the voice in oratory (for sound is of a curved shape in its passage through the atmosphere), are also rounding in form. And, in writing, this class of persons treat of subjects and principles which are based upon the ovoid, elliptical, or circular form, as in physics, geometry, etc. Thus we see that the pos- session of creative power is always known by rounding form of the body, the head, the nose, the eyes, the fingers, and limbs, and whenever in the human face we find one feature which presents a rounding appearance, be it the head, the ear, the nose, or lip, then that feature expresses more creative energy of a certain part of the mind than does a flat or depressed feature. A round ear is best FORM. 123 adapted to the reception of tone or sound. A round nose is indica- tive of constructive power, either musical, dramatic, or literary (see section on " Noses "). A rounding upper lip reveals greater pro- creative ability and capacity than the flat, thin lip. A round, red, rolling under lip points to greater glandular action than one that is thin and pale, together with less ability for conversation and less taste for flavors, all of which are disclosed by a good-sized, round, red under lip. We may go on indefinitely, and apply this law 7 to every feature of the face and every portion of the body, and we shall find in every instance that this circular form is an indication (in its final result and shape, as well as in its primitive cause) of constructive or creative power. Another form which is used greatly by architects and artists is the arch. Its true living meaning I have never yet heard de- fined by either class. Wherever in Nature, whether in animate or inanimate objects we find this form, it illustrates two distinct inherent principles, viz., strength and beauty. The arch is ob- served in the numerous caves which are scattered over the world, in the natural bridges, one of which is found in the State of Vir- ginia, in America, and is a really picturesque structure, fashioned by the hand of the Great Architect. In the vegetable kingdom we have exhibitions of this form of architecture in the limbs of trees where they join the trunk and where the smaller limbs and twigs join branches. In the floral department we have ample evidence of the strength and beauty of the arch as we see it in its construction of the branches and blossoms of numerous plants. In the animal species we have the most positive evidence of its value and meaning. The humps of the camel and dromedary are great arches, and assist these creatures in carrying, without fatigue, enormous loads over the sandy wastes. They also assist in creating harmonious propor- tions in the outline of these animals, which without these projec- tions would be very ugly in appearance. The beak of the bird of prey is another manifestation of strength and harmonious con- struction. A prominent convex beak is characteristic of the class of birds denominated "Raptores," or rapacious birds, such as vultures, condors, eagles, falcons, hawks, kites, buzzards, owls, etc. This arched beak is an illustration of superior strength and power, and in all animals whenever we observe this peculiar for- mation we shall find in combination great strength- of that par- ticular part, and shall know that it is the sign or index of the entire character, for under the law of proportion and homogeneous- ness every part of an organism is adapted to every other part, and all indicate the ruling traits of the individual Apply the meaning 124 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of the arch to the human face and body, and we find that its meaning is precisely the same in the human that it is in all the lower forms of existence. The perpendicular or horizontal out- line, wherever it is observed in an organism, reveals character dif- ferent from all other forms. As crooked lines disclose crookedness of action, so straight lines, in their normal localities, whether in man or animal, denote straightness of action and upright conduct. Persons with straight bones and straight muscles are more reliable and possess more integrity than those with warped or curved bones and muscles. Straight eyes and mouths evince truthful proclivities, while crooked, slanting eyes (" a la Chinois "), and twisted mouths exhibit characteristics the reverse of the former. Observe the slant- eyed animals, the tiger, the panther, the fox, and the cat, and the habits and dispositions of these creatures coincide with their slant- ing organs of vision. They are deceptive, sly, treacherous, and cruel, and this is precisely like the character of those races and persons who exhibit the same formation. The Mongolian is an excellent example of this peculiarity of formation. The races of animals such as the dog, the horse, and the ox have straighter eyes and are more reliable and faithful than the former classes of animals. These facts are patent to all, and easily verified in the animal or human families, as well as in the vegetable kingdom. Form comes by design, and is a reliable significator of character. It is only the indifference of man to these subjects that has caused the wide-spread ignorance of the inherent meaning of forms, as well as of colors in Nature. The lamentable absence of knowledge on the part of man in regard to himself causes one to coincide with Carlyle when he exclaimed : " I had no idea until late times what a bottomless fund of darkness there is in the human mind." The correct method to interpret form is to observe what characteristics and traits accompany certain forms, and the form will thereafter stand for the character found in combination therewith. The arch, curve, circle, ovoid, square, and straight line are created by Nature, and each illustrates different grades and phases of character. We shall be more than blind if we remain ignorant of their meanings, their powers, and their capacities. There are other principles in Nature which serve to exemplify and illustrate character, and when found in combination with certain forms greatly modify their meanings. One of the most important prin- ciples in all Nature's domain, and most especially important to the human family, is Color. This topic will next be treated of, and here the student of physiognomy will have an opportunity to advance in the science. COLOR. 125 COLOR. The element of color which we behold spread broadcast throughout Nature is an inherent and constituent principle in mineral, vegetable, and animal life. Color is as potent a factor in creating as it is in expounding character, and indicates by its pres- ence life, health, activity, and beauty. Its absence from vegetation denotes disease or death. In the human family similar appear- ances indicate like conditions. Color is a necessary and natural element of the human organism, and is a preservative of health and power, both mental and physical. Color is obtained from two sources, viz., from the mineral constituents of the earth upon which are grown our foods, and from the atmosphere and sunlight. Color is extracted from the earth by the roots of the plants and trees, and carried upward by the tubes which circulate the nourish- ment thus received in a fluid form through all their parts. The original source of all color is mineral, whether it comes to us from the sun, whose incandescent rays are thrown off from vaporous minerals in the form of white light (which by refraction is shown to be composed of the seven primary colors, viz., red, orange, blue, green, yellow, indigo, and violet), or whether it is evolved from the earthy minerals upon which our foods are grown. The experiments made by means of the spectroscope teach us that there are twenty important elements in sunlight which are the origin of colors ; sixteen of these are mineral, viz., sodium, cal- cium, barium, magnesium, iron, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, stronium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, aluminum, titanum, and rubidium. Each of these minerals has its own peculiar color, and it is by the colors given forth from the mineral that the scientist, aided by the spectrum analysis, is enabled to know which particu- lar minerals are in any given atmosphere. The minerals which give forth a red light are not the same as those that emit a blue ray. Some rays are composed of three of these minerals, others have eleven, and others sixteen mineral constituents. Color, like sound, is brought to us by vibrations of the surrounding atmos- phere, and the longer and shorter vibrations give us different- colored rays, just as longer and shorter vibrations of atmospheres bring to us higher and lower sounds, as heard in the musical scale, when some resonant object has been struck ; the key-board of the piano or harp-strings, for example. The longest waves or vibra- tions produce heat only. The shorter arid quicker rays give off a red color, and as they quicken and become shorter they emit orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The sciences of sound and color are yet in their infancy, but 126 PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. a^ the greatest minds of the world are turned to their investiga- tion, aided by the manifold scientific apparatus and instruments which this inventive age has brought forward, we may hope for i^reat discoveries in these directions discoveries which, like all those that have preceded them, will bring to us greater knowledge of the laws of God and Nature. The color derived from the two sources mentioned, it will be observed, must naturally and inevitably permeate all Nature ; hence, plants, animals, and man are all influenced and sustained by color in some form or other. The wonderfully variegated lines of the shells of marine animals excite our admiration ; so, also, the iridescent hues of minerals and gems appeal to our sense of the harmony of color ; the fields with their verdant vegetation, the foliage and flowers with their pencillings of delicate beauty, the clouds which float above our earth, shading from the roseate through all grades of color, from azure, golden, opaline, and vivescent to the beautiful, yet sombre, lavender, drab, gray, brown, and black, the gorgeous dyes of the Aurora, the brilliant pris- matic colors of the rainbow, the lustrous and variegated plumage of birds, and the myriad hues of insects delight and satisfy the eye of those whom Nature has endowed with the color-sense. This universal endowment of color teaches us that it has a most important bearing upon our lives, and is worthy our earnest investigation. AVhat is its use to the human familv and what its 9 method of action'? Its use primarily is to give health, vigor, tone, and beauty to the human organism and all natural objects ; its secondary use is for the reproduction by man of the same principle and element in works of art, in pictures, and in the wide range of the industrial arts, as in dyeing, house-painting, etc. We all know that a green color of vegetation denotes life and health ; that a yellow hue of the same indicates ripeness or decay. A plant that is sickly is pale or yellow ; a human being with a pallid, colorless skin is not only sickly, but where this condition is natural or permanent he is not so useful to himself and the world as is the person with a brilliant-colored complexion, for the reason that the law before stated, viz., that an element or principle which is the best developed within the organism is the one which the individual can best ex- press in external operations, applies with just as much force to Color as it does to Form. This principle of the color-sense giving power to reproduce it externally in artistic efforts must have been understood by the great artists ; for Winkleman tells us that " we read the coloring of Guido and Guercino in their countenances."* These painters * Lavater's Essays, p. 313. COLOR. 127 were both distinguished for the brilliancy of the colors and tints in their paintings, and Winkleman being, like all truly great artists, something of a scientist as well as a philosopher, made this obser- vation of their powers as he understood them. Those persons who pass much time in the open air, and particularly in pure air, have the most brilliant complexions, and are among the healthiest of people ; hence, fresh, pure air is the best cosmetic. The high- flying birds and all birds who pass their time in pure atmospheres are more brilliantly colored than the marsh birds which never fly high nor seek the sunlight and the higher atmosphere. The color acquired by outdoor life gives vigor to the blood owing to the large quantity of oxygen and electricity inhaled from the air as the blood passes through the lungs ; this purified blood is carried to all parts of the organism, and rebuilds all the tissues of the body upon a more healthful and sound basis than pale or colorless blood. Fishes have less color relatively than birds, beasts, or man. The reason is that they inhale less oxygen ; and the deep-sea fishes have less color than those that live nearer the surface, where more air is inhaled. Bright-colored birds, we know, have a most developed color-sense, and bright-colored insects as well ; for, as Mr. Darwin has shown us in his "Origin of Species": The species of shells which are confined to tropical and shallow seas are generally brighter colored than those confined to cold and deeper seas.* Here we are met with the fact that heat produces color ; and we shall find as we progress that color and heat are synonymous, and that heat, color, and activity are in close relationship. All the darker races of the world live in the most heated climes, and the darkest races have the most intense and violent passions and emo- tions ; even among civilized races the darker are the more excit- able and passionate. Compare the Italian and Spanish with the German, English, or Scotch, for example, and we shall compre- hend the fact that color indicates character in man as well as in all lower developments, such as fishes, birds, insects, and beasts. Those in whom the coloring pigment is wanting are weaker than those who have a normal supply. We observe this quite often in young persons who are growing too fast, as well as in consump- tives and anaemic people. In these classes enough color is not taken into the system by the food or by exercise in sunlight ; hence, the skin fails to get a proper quantity. The pallor produced indi- cates enfeebled conditions of other parts of the organism. Haeckel, in his " History of Creation," treating of the influ- * Origin of Species, C'has. Darwin, p. 138. K'S PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ciicc of color on animals, quotes the following from Darwin. He remarks : Verv frequently Albinos are more feebly developed, and consequently the whole -nurture of the body is more delicate and weak than in colored animals of the same species. The organs of the senses and nervous system are in like manner curiously affected when there is a deficiency of coloring pigment. The want of the usual coloring matter goes hand in hand with certain changes of the formation of other parts, for example, of the muscu- lar and osseous sy terns, consequently, of organic systems which are not at all intimately connected with the system of the outer skin. He also says : White cats with blue eyes are nearly always deaf. White horses are distinguished from colored horses by their liability to form sarcomatous tumors. In man, also, the degree of development of pigment in the outer skin greatly influences the susceptibility of the organism for certain diseases ; so that, for instance, Europeans with a dark complexion and brown eyes become more easily acclimatized to tropical countries and are less subject to the diseases there prevalent inflammation of the liver, yellow fever, etc. than Europeans with white complexions, fair hair, and blue ej-es.* The Albinos of the human family are always deficient in the senses of sight and hearing ; and very light-haired, light-eyed per- sons are generally predisposed to scrofulous and kidney complaints. My experience has led me to observe that the color-sense may be imperfect where the hair and eyes are dark and the skin pallid or not clear. It is necessary that color should be well defined and t/ic akin clear in the entire organism in order to exhibit the color- sense in its highest perfection. Persons who have the color-sense best developed are, without doubt, those who have inherited large, strong lungs. This enables them to inhale copious draughts of air which serve to oxygenate and thus color the blood. By this process the color of the skin and eyes is deepened, and thus the color-sense is enhanced. All of the great color artists, Reubens, Titian, Paul Verronese, Van Dyck, and Rembrandt, for example, were the inhabitants of countries where people live mainly in the open air ; their ancestors had thus inherited and developed this fine color-sense, and as traits become aggregated by inheritance they are transmitted in an intensified form ; and as deep-colored individuals have an ardent love of color, these artists were able to reproduce in their works the element of color which permeated their whole being. I venture to affirm that no great color-artist ever existed who was possessed of very fair hair, very light eyes, and a colorless or pallid, thick, muddy-looking skin. Deep colors, as before stated, accompany strong passions, and * Origin of Species, Chas. Darwin, p. 26. COLOR. 1 29 in the animal kingdom this is well illustrated ; for we know that love, jealousy, and revenge are all the more active with dark people. It is the same with dark or black animals ; a black horse is more fiery in his disposition than a white one, and less teach- able. You will always observe white or cream-colored horses em- ployed in a circus as. trick-horses on account of their superior in- telligence and docility. Light persons and races are found to be more progressive than those of dark color. As their passions and emotions are not so intense they are more capable of improvement. The local sign for color given by phrenology is "arching or height of the external portion of the eyebrow." This sign is, of course, more prominent in muscular persons than in bony ones, for the reason that muscle produces curves, while bones produce straight lines and angles. Then, too, muscular persons are more given to art than bony ones ; and this sign, as shown in the lace of Holbein, is the result of opening the eye wide for a number of years in order to take in wide expanses, and to observe the effect of artistic work. This sign is not at all a sign for color, but is one sign of the artistic tendency. The sign for Color is not local, but is shown by general color of the eyes, the hair, and complexion. This is inherited when it is present in childhood. There are many persons who are color-blind. Albinos are entirely so ; a larger percentage of males than females are destitute of the color-sense. Dr. Jay Jeffries, a recent writer, states that those who are color- blind, in a greater or less degree, are as one in every twenty-five males, while among females of all ages only one in seven thousand one hundred and nineteen are so ! There are several reasons for this wide difference of the color-sense in the sexes ; one is. that females are early taught to combine colors in dress and household appointments ; another is that they work at many trades and pro- fessions which cultivate this sense. The use of tobacco does much to destroy this sense in man by altering the functional action of the glandular system and the circulation of the blood. The counte- nances of habitual smokers are pallid, blue, or ashen, thus indi- cating that the arterial circulation is vitiated. The kindergarten schools are doing a good work in respect to the training of boys, as well as girls, in teaching them in childhood the harmonies and differences of shades, tints, and colors. When we reflect that so many lives are dependent on the color-sense of an engineer on a railroad train, or the pilot of a steamboat, the necessity for the careful training of all boys in color is at once perceived. Absti- nence from tobacco should be a well-grounded principle in every boy who desires to be a useful man, as this sense is not only pre- servative of his life and health, but enables him to protect the lives PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. of those who may he intrusted to his care in nmiiy positions which require a knowledge of colors. Tin' origin of colors is readily traced, and as they play so im- portant a part in our lives it is right we should have a clear com- prehension of their use and origin. Color has a moral as well as an intellectual significance, which is explained in the chapter on the "Rationale of Signs and Functions." I think, however, that enough light has heen thrown upo'n this subject in the pre- ceding pages to convince my readers that if a high degree of health, usefulness, and activity is desired, an adequate quantity of sun- light and color must he had in order to bring about this result. We have found that a due admixture of color assists talent, art, industry, science, health, and longevity. Later on we shall dis- cover that it has a direct bearing upon our moral nature, and can assist or impede moral effort according to the proportion which we have in our system. This will seem a singular- statement to those who have been accustomed to regard morality as a sentiment merely, something which the brain or conscience has in charge ; but if these persons reflect that it is only by the right use of the organs and members of the body and by their being in a normal or equilibrated condition that we are able to lead moral lives, they will at once perceive the importance of a proper degree of color in the organism, as well as a just proportion of bone, muscle, nerve, and brain. The regeneration of the race should commence by right generation and by attention to physical laws, for these laws are just as divine and just as binding upon us as are moral laws, and obedience to the former leads directly to the advancement of the latter. Observation and comparison of the colors of the several races of mankind reveal to us the fact that where a race or people retain one color of skin and eyes for generations, that race is rela- tively non-progressive. Races which have within their num- bers many varieties of color, where, for example, we find the black-, blue-, and gray- eyed people, as well as dark- and fair- haired and dark- and fair- skinned people, we shall find a more original class. A mixture of colors always denotes capacity for improvement and progress. The Chinese are an example of a uniform-colored race. They have remained stationary in their habits and customs for ages. The Spanish among civilized people are of a nearly uniform color, and are not so progressive as are the Germans or English ; neither have they as diverse talents, nor as much originality and independence. In the animal kingdom the law of color is just as applicable as in the human family. All the non-progressive animals, such as the lion, the panther, the bear, and the zebra, have always re- PROPORTION, OR HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT. 131 mained the same in color and in character ; they are untamable and intractable, while other animals that have a variety of colors, such as the elephant, the camel, the horse, the dog, and the ox, are more teachable, and can be very much improved in intelligence and beauty by scientific breeding. They are also more amiable and docile, less fierce, and more useful than the stationary-colored animals. In fact, all races that retain one color or form for ages are non-progressive and not as adaptable nor as amiable as those which possess a diversity of form and color. THE LAW OF PROPORTION, OR HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT. A correct knowledge of the laws of proportion governing the human physiognomy and organism will not be found to ac- cord with the laws of proportion as taught in the schools of art. Science has wrought a mighty change in nearly every department of knowledge. It is possible that a widespread understanding of the laws of physiognomy, as revealed by Nature, may also create a revolution in art. The Greek ideal of symmetry, to which the ages have given their assent, will be found to be based on mathe- matical calculation, and it is from this cold and mechanical idea of what constitutes beauty that the modern conceptions of beauty and proportion are taken. A scientific comprehension of the law of proportion as shown in the human face will unfold more beauties than Greek art ever conceived. My understanding of beauty, as disclosed by physi- ognomy, is based on the idea that moral and intellectual beauty exhibited in the countenance and form constitute' true beaut i/. True greatness in the moral, mechanical, and mental consti- tution of man is not accompanied by any such law of proportion as the Greek or any other school of art has set forth. Nothing is more indicative of selfish will and heartless character than the so- called Greek profile. Lavater, the great intuitional physiognomist, says, in discussing its signification : Depraved is the taste which can call this graceful, and, therefore, it must be far from majestic. I should wish neither a wife, mother, sister, friend, relation, nor goddess to possess a countenance so cold, insipid, affected, stony, unimpassioned, or so perfectly a statue.* A scientific interpretation of the face will reveal more bea-uties than the ordinary observer has any idea of; for when he comes to attach meanings to forms and expressions which indicate beauties of character, he will regard them quite differently than when in his ignorance they signified nothing to him ; and when an intelli- * Lavater's Essays, p. 432. I'KACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. ohiserver looks with the eye of comprehensive understanding upon the countenances about him, his sense of the beautiful will he gratified he\ond expression. A new world will open to him; and I predict that with a general diffusion of physiognomical knowledge a complete revolution in religion, art. hygiene, and government will be brought about. Profn >///'< a/ is as potent a factor in determining character as are Form, Size, or Quality; and yet an arbitrary system based on mathematical measurement cannot be set up, for the reason that very great diversity of form and size exists in which symmetrical C/KI />(<'/ is exhibited. If we were to form a standard of beauty, and take for the standard those faces in which the most moral goodness or power for usefulness was disclosed, we should then have a more elevating and intelligent model than those already observed, which teach that beauty consists in mathematical pro- portions mainly, and not in those proportions and expression* which reveal moral grandeur or useful talents of a high order. As has been shown, each of the five systems of the body pro- duces a form peculiar to itself, and every human being possesses an admixture of a certain proportion of each of these forms. It will, therefore, be apparent to the observer that the law of Com- pensation is more potent in forming Proportion than any other factor. If these five systems were always blended in every form in exact proportions, we might then be able to realize the ideals of art in living forms, but this would not produce that differentia- tion of types which is needed to supply the varied wants of humanity. To carry out the idea of" diversity in unity," which is the ruling idea observed in progressive Nature, we must have con- stant modifications, which will, of course, produce ever-varying forms and countenances. This comprehensive differentiation results in higher development of species. It is a law throughout Nature that the greater the variety, the higher the power for development and progress. The law of scientific proportion and beauty to be observed in the human face is illustrated in those countenances in which all of the features, taken together, express to the scientific reader of character a f>u/K.N. paying them for them, and having them well done. Sennit ire, nervous children would be greatly benefited if the first ten \ears of life were given up exclusive/// to outdoor work and play alternately. The degree of health attained, not to mention the *ultxtnfilir