^B 3Db ISfl THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EDUtSA PSYCH. ' LIBRARf BEQUEST OF ANITA D. S. BLAKE Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/firstitaliancourOOriccricli The Italian Pringipia-^Part I. FIRST ITALIAN COURSE CONTAINING A GRAMMAR, DELECTUS, AND EXERCISE BOOK WITH VOCABULARIES ON THE PLAN OF DR. WILLLAM SMITH'S "PRINCIPIA LATINA" NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •;• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY W. p. 2 EDUav ^SYCH. -IBRARY GEPT PC KS EDUC^ LIBRARY PREFACE. The following Work has been drawn up by Signer Ricoi, Professor of Italian in the City of London College, on the same plan as the Principia Latina and the French and German Principia. The main object of the book is to enable a beginner to acquire an accurate knowledge of the chief grammatical forms, to learn their usage by constructing simple sen- tences as f^oon as he commences the study of the language, and to accumulate gradually a stock of words useful in conversation as well as in reading. The grammatical forms are printed in conspicuous type and at full length, as no sound knowledge of the language can be acquirv d unless the pupil becomes thoroughly familiar with these forms. But at the same time it is important that the learner should be exercised from the first in the construc- tion of Sentences, so as to test by practical applictition the grammatical forms. The present Work thus contains Grammar, Delectus, and Exercise-book, with Vocabularies, and consequently presents in one book all that the beginner will require for some time in his study of the language. The Grammar has been made as complete as possible, so far as the forms are concerned, in order to obviate the necessity of the use of any other Grammar. Great pains have been taken to simplify the Bules, which often consist 463 iv PP.EFAOB. of only a few words, when the same subjects oocnpy several pages in other Italian Grammars. Special care has been taken in the arrangement and classification of the Irregular Verbs. Many of the so called Irregular Verbs, which show the same slight irregularities, are given in the chapters on Peculiarities of Verbs. As most persons have learnt some Latin before beginning Italian, it has been thought advisable to pointy out the affinities between the two languages. In the Vocabularies the etymology of all Italian words is given, not only of those derived from the Latin, but also of those which come from the Teutonic and other languages. In the case of Teutonic derivations the modern German forms, where they exist, are generally given, as more practically useful than the older forms, from which the Italian words actuall}' come. In drawing up these lists the authorities of Diez, Littre, and Brachet have been chiefly followed. The writer has consulted most of the books used in teaching Italian both in this country and abroad, and desires to express his obligations to the Grammars of Volpe and Sauer, as well as to the ordinary Grammars used in Italian Schools. CONTENTS. FAOI I. The Alphabet. Parts of Speech 1 II. Pkonunciation 2 Ilf. The Article 3 IV. The Substantive 5 1. Formation of the Plural 5 2. Formation ok the Genitive 9 3. Formation OF the Dative 10 4. Formation OF the Ablative 11 V. The Partitive Article 14 VI. Proper Names 15 VII. The Verb Avere 16 VUI. The Verb EssERE 22 IX. The Adjective 27 1. Qualificative Adjectives 27 2. Possessive Adjectivks 37 3. Demonstrative Adjectives 38 4. Interrogative Adjectives 39 5. Numeral Adjectives 40 6. Indefinite Adjectives 45 X. The Verb 47 XI. First Conjugation 49 XII. Second Conjugation 51 X in. Third Conjugation 54 XIV. Affinities of the Italian and Latin Verbs.. .. 57 XV. Peculiarities of some Verbs of ihe I'irst Conju- gation 58 XVI. Peculiarities of some Veri^s of the Second Conju- gation 61 XVII. Peculiarities of some Verps of the Third Conju- gation 65 XVIII. Complements OF Verbs 69 XIX. The Pronoun 75 A. Personal Pronouns 75 B. Demonstrative Pronouns 84 C. Possessive Pronouns 87 yi CONTENTS. PAOt D. Interrogative Pbonouns 87 jE. Relative Pronouns 89 V. Indefinite Pronouns 91 XX. Passive Verbs 92 XXI. Neuter Verbs 98 XXII. Keflective Verbs 101 XXIII. Impersonal Verbs 108 XXIV. Adverbs 112 A. Adverbs of Time 114 B. Adverbs of Place 115 C. Adverbs OF Manner 116 D. Adverbs OF Quantity 117 E. Adverbs OF Affirmation 118 F. Adverbs OF Negation 118 G. Adverbs of Doubt 120 H. Adverbial Expressions 121 XXV. Prepositions 123 A. Prepositions GOVERNING THE Genitive.. .. 123 B. Prepositions governing THE Dative .. .. 124 C. Prepositions governing the Accusative , . 125 D. Prepositions governing THE Ablative ., 125 XXVI. Conjunctions 126 A. Copulative Conjunctions 126 B. Disjunctive Conjunctions 127 XXVII. Interjections 128 XXVIII. Irregular Verbs 130 The First Class 130 Verbs irregular in the Past Definite and Past Participle 131 The Second Class 139 A. Verbs irregular in the Past Participle only .. 139 B. Verbs irregular IN different Tenses.. .. 141 The Third Class .. 164 Defective Verbs 164 Alphabetical List OP Irregular Verbs .. .. 169 Vocabularies 179 Index I. — Italian Words 204 Index II.— English Words 213 A FIRST ITALIAN COURSE, I. — The Alphabet. Parts of Speech. 1. Alphabet. — The Italian alphabet consists of 22 letters : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, a, b, 0, d, o, f, g, h, i, j, 1, m, n, o, p, Q, R, S, T, U, V, Z. q, r, s, t, 11, V, z. The English letters K, W, X, Y are only used in foreign words. The names ot the Italian letters are given on page 3. Of these letters, a, e, i, o, u aie Vowels (vocdli), the re- haain-ing letters being consonants (consondnti). 2. Accents. — There is only one written accent O in Italian, and it is used (a) To mark a contraction ; as, verity, truth ; carit^, charity i written instead of caritate, veritate, showing thus the suppression of a syllable, and pi'eserving the accent or the word in its original place. (b) To give a dififerent signification to the same word, as la, the, la, there ; da,/rom, da, gives ; e, and, e, is. (c) On the third person singular of the Past Definite and on the first and third persons singular of the Future: as, egli am5, he loved ; io amero, / shall love ; egli amer^, he will love. Note l.— The acute accent (') is never written in Italian, but in this work it is put for the sake of beginners upon every Lalian word, exc pt in the Exercises, in order to indicate the pronunciation ; as, un angelo, an anutli un -mid), a friend. 2. Some writers u.^e tne circumflex accpnt (") to mark the contrac- tion of two t's: as principi for priucipii, etc 3. Apostrophe. — The Apostrophe shows that a vowel has been drop!>e i, as I' amico, the friend, instead of lo amico; r anima, the soul, instead of la anima. 2 PRONUNCIATION. 4. Genders. — There are two Ganders : Masculine (mcuco- lino) and Fetninine (femminino). 5. Numbers. — There are two Numbers : Singular (singo- Idre) and Plural (jplurale). 6. Parts of Speech. — There are Nine Parts of Speech in the Italian language : 1. Article articolo. 5. Verb, verho. 2. Substantive, or Noun, sostaittivo, 6. Adverb. avverbio. or name. 7. Preposition, preposizidne. 3. Adjective, aggeitivo. 8. Uonjuiiction, congiunzidne. 4. Pronoun, prmidme. 9. Interjection, interiezidne. II. — PrONUNCI AT ION. Every letter must be pronounced in Italian, as there are neither diphthongs nor mutes. Vowels. a is pronounced like a in fatJier : as, p^dre, father. ( (close) „ a in made : meno, less. \ (open) „ a in and : e'rba, grass. i „ e in to he : dire, io say. ( (close) „ o in society : sotto, under. \ (open) „ ill loxs : ddtto, learned. U „ 00 in booty : miito, dumb. Consonants. The Consonants not given below have the same sound as in Englisti. Ih before a, o, u,h: as caro, dear ; che, what, ch in cherry before e, i: as cera, wax; cittk, town. !g in garden before a, o, m, ^; as gdla, throat; ehiandii. acorn, g in general before e, t; as gelare, to /r«eae ; gidrno, dny. gl when before i sounds like II in billiards : as e'gli, ^e ; except in negl gere (to neglect) and its derivatives; whe i it sounds like gl in negligent. In all other chscs gl has the l-nglish sound. gn sounds like nt in union: as bagnn, /)«»//i ; ragno, spider. h 18 never pronounced in Italiun, and is used (a) to harden the sound of th»- lett. rs c and g when these precede the vowel e or i (b) to give. different meanings to the same word : as anno, year ; hanno (they) hav. j sounds like // in to yield and is used only to form the plural of a few words in io iis cse'inpio, examp'e, ese'rapj or escmpii. ^ , , , J ^r f »c in scatter before o, o, u. h : as, scacco, cheu. •0 has the sound of | ^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ . . ^^ Boimmia, monkey. THE ARTICLE. Pronunciation OF THE Italian Alphabet. Name. Similar sounds in Enellsh. A a sounded like a in father- B bi 5} he in to he. C ci It ch in cherry and c in cottage. D di J» di in dixcovery. E e J> a in and and made. F effe »» effe in effervescent. G gi »> ge in general and gf in garden. H acca » aca in academy. I i •) i in middle. J i liingo y in eZZe in Ellesmere. M emme the Englibli m. N enne •> en in enemy. O o 5) in Zoss and in society. P pi „ pi in _p/ w in victory. z zeda >» the Englisli long zed. III. — The Article (VArticolo). There are three Articles, the Definite, the Indefinite. and the Partitive. 1. Definite Article. Masculine. Feminine. Singular 11, lo (1') * la (1') Plural i, gli le II is used before all masculine nouns heginninp: with a consonant, except the impure s and z; as, il padre, the father; \l fraieUo, the brother. Lo is u^ed before masculine nouns beginning with the impure s, 2 or a vowel, but the is dropped before a vowel : as, lo i^coglio, the rock ; lo zio, the uncle ; V osso, the hone, instead of lo osso. I is the pbiral of 11, and gli of lo ; but the i of gli is only diojiped before another i: as. lo scettro, the s^ejptre ; gli scettri, the sceptres ; V in^annatore, the cheat ; gl' ingannatori, the cheats. Note.— When a noun ends in gli. the g of the article is dropped to avoid the repetition of the same sound : as, li scdgli, the rocks ; li artigli, the claws. Note. — The impure 8 is « followed by another consonant ; as, «6, «c, «d, &c. * The Article comes from the Latin demonstrative pronoun ille, ilia. 1* 4 THE ARTICLE. La is used with all feminine nonns; but drops the a and t^kes an apostrophe when before a vowel ; as, r allieva, the pupil {/em.), instead of la allieva. 2. Indefinite Article. Masculine. Feminine, uno, an. una, an*. Uno is nsed before masculine words beginning with the impure « or z ; un is used before all other masculine nonns ; una is used before all feminine nouns, excep' tliose begin- ning with a vowel, beTore which it drops the a and is wiitten un' : as, nno scacco, a chessboard ; un amico, a friend {masc.) ; una mddre, a mother; un' ami'ca, a friend (/em.). [3. The Partitive Article is given on page 14.] The Article always agrees in gender and number with the Noun. Examples. Singular. Plural. il pddre. the father. i padri. the fathers. la mad re. th- mother. le inadri. the mothers. lo spe'cchio, the looking- glass. gli spe'echi, the ". )oking-gla»ses. rami CO, the friend (m.). gli amici, the friends ( w.). r arnica, the friend (f.) le ami'cLe, the friends (/.). uno Hpecchio. , a looking-gla»8. un cane. a dog. una camera, a room. on' anima. a sotd. Present Tense of the Verb " To have" av^re. Singular. Plural. io ho,* I have. ndi abbiamo, we have. tu hai, thou h^st. v6i avete, you have. egli ha, he has. eglino hanno, they {m) have. elia ha, she has. elleno hanno, they (J.) have. Exercise I. 1. Io ho r orologio. 2. Io ho una camera. 3. Tu hai un cane. 4. II padre ha 1' orologio. 5. La niadrelia un cane. 6. L'aniico lia uno zio. 7. Ij' arnica ha una zia. 8. Lo zio ha una nmdre. 9. L'uorao ua il cane. 10. L'uomo ha una camera. 11. Lo zio ha li cera. 12. Lamadre ha un orolojio. * Many authors use the accent In.stead of the h : as. b, ii, <), inna. Not«> that the k, or the accent, a'-e used to distini^ui^h th«^ verb from simitar words uf dtffi-rent meaning : •s Ov or ; ai,to the; a, to ,- anno, year. THE SUBSTANTIVE. 6 1. I have a dog. 2. We have a room. 3. The man has a friend (masc). 4. The man has a dog. . 5. The mother has a friend (fern.). 6. They (masc.) have a watch. 7. They (/em.) have a friend {fern.). 8. The friend {fern.) has an uncle. 9. I have the dog. 10. The man has a dog. 11. The mother has a watch. 12. The friend (masc.) has a room. Present Tense of the Verb " To have,^' av^re, used Interro- gatively. Singular. Plural. ho io ! have J? abbiamo noi ? have toe i hai tu ? hast thou 9 avcte vol 1 have you ? ha egli ? has he i hanno eglino ? have they (m.) f ha ella ? has she f hanno elleno 1 have they (J.) i si, yes ; no, no ; e (before vowels ed), and ; che, what. Exercise II. 1. Avete voi un padre ed una madre ? 2. Ha egli uno zio ? Si, egli ha uno zio. 3. Hai tu una zia ? 4. Avete voi un cane? 5. Ha egli lo zucchero? 6. Avete voi una camera? Si, io ho una camera. 7. Ha il cane uii osso? Si, il cane i'a un osso. 8. Ha r amico la cera ? fSi, egli ha la cera. 9. Avete voi un allievo ? No, io ho un' allieva. 10.^ Ha elia un orologio? 11. Che avete voi? Io ho un cane. 12. Avete voi un coltello? Si, io ho un coltello. 1. Has he a friend (masc.) f 2. Have they {masc ) a pupil (masc.) ? 3. Has the friend (masc.) a watch? 4. Have you a pupil (/em.)? 5. Has he a watch ? 6. Have they (fern.) an uncle ? Yes, they (fern.) have an uncle. 7. Have you a knife? No, I have the sugar. 8. Have you a room ? Yes, I have a room. 9. Has he a dog? No, he has a watch. 10. Has she the sugar? Yes, she has the suizar. 11. Has the dog a bone? Yes, the dog has a bone. 12. Have they (masc.) a room ? Yes, they {masc.) have a room. IV. — The Substantive {il Sostantivo). 1. Formation of the Pi-ural (Formazione del Plurdle). All nouns form their plural in i, except feminine nouns in a, which form their plural in e. Examples. Singular. Plural. il fratello, the brother. i frate'lli, the brotnen. la mano, the hand. le mani, the hands. 11 principe, the prince. i principi, thf^ princet. la madre, the mother. le madri, the mothers. la casa, the house. le ca^e, the houses. il po^ta, the poet. i po€ti, the poets. 6 THE SUBSTANTIVE. NorEs. 1. Words ending in ca, ga take h after the o or ^ in tbe plural, in order to preserve to those letters the same liard sotind they have in the sin<;iilar : as, il duca, the duke, i duchi ; la ruga, the wrinkle, le riighe. 2. Words ending in co, go in the singular liave their plural, some in ci, gi, and some in chi, gai : 1' ami'co, the friend, gli aniii; il sacco, the sack, i sacchi ; il mago, the maifician, i ma*j,i ; 1' a^o, the needle, gli aghi. 3. M.onos\llables, words with the accent on the last syllable, and words ending in i, ie, or s do net change in the plural : as, il re. the king, i re ; la citta, the town, le citta ; la specie, species, le speoie; il lapis, the pencil, i lapis. 4. Words ending in cia, ccia, gia, ggia, and sola drop the i in the plural ; la faccia, the face, le facce ; la spiaggia, the coast, le spiagge. 5. The names of trees are masculine, and the names of fruits are feminine: as, il nooe, the walnut-tree, la noi-e, the walnut; il ciiiegio, the cherry-tree, la ciricgia, the cherry, etc. The exceptions are : la (inercia, the oak, il fico, which means the fig-tree and the fig ; il limone, the lemon-tree and the h.mon ; and 1' ananassu, the pine-apple tree and the pine apple. The following words are irregular in the plural : — Dio, God. gli de'i, the gods. il hue, the ox. i budi, the oxen. mille, a tkoumnd. mila, thousands. la moglie, the wife. le mogli. the wives. I'udmo, the man. gli udmini, the men. Y novo, Uie egg. le udva, the eggs. [Other Irregular Plurals to be passed over by the pupil at present. 1. The following masculine nouns in o have, V)e8ides the plural in i, a feminine plur-il in a, sometimes e, in some ca-es with a different signification (the plurals placed in brackets are less frequent) : — Singular. Masculine. Masculine. Plural. Feminine. I anello, the ring il brjiccio, the arm II budello, the gut gli anelli (i brttCci) i budelli (le anellay le braecia. le hudella, bu- delle. il calc!?!?no, the heel il CHBtello, the cattle il cervello, the brain (i calcagni) i caste'lli i cerv^Ui, mind le calciigna. (le cast^Ua) le cervella, brains. THE SUBSTANTIVE. Singular. Masculine. il oi'glio, the eyebrow il coltello. the knife il cdriio, the horn il diti Ho, the armpit il d.to, the finger il filo. the thread il fondHmeiito, foundation il fi utto, the fruit il fiiso, the spindle il geVto, the gesture il ginocchio, tlie knee il gdmito. the elbow il gr do the shout il labbro, the lip il legno, the wood il leiizuolo, the sheet il membro, tlie limb il miiio, the wall V oreccliio, the ear rdssu, the bone il pdrao, the apple il piigno the fist Plural. Masculine. (1 cfgli) i coltelli i cdrni, cornets (i diteili) (i d ti; f.li {of a plot) Feminine, le ci'glia. (le coltella). le cdrna, horns. le d te'ila, ditelle. le d.ta. \e fi\si (of cloth\ the i foiidHinenti [used ab- le fondaiuenta (of ma- stractedly) sonry). i friitti, results . le frutta, the fruits. i fiisi (le fiisa). i gesti. gestures le gesta, great deeds. (i giiiocchi) le gindcchia. i gdraiti (le gdmita). (i gr: of the. deir Indefinite Article d' dno, d' un, d' una, d' un' of a, an. Del a contraction of di il. Dei a contraction of di i. Dello, dell' „ di lo. Degli „ di gli. Delia, deir „ di la. Delle „ di le. Examples. Sinpnlar, Plural, del padre of the father. del padri of the fathers. dello zio of the uncU. degli zii of the uncles. dell'ami'co of the friend (m.) degli amici of the friends ^m.) della madre of the mother. delle madri of the mothers, deir am 'oa of the friend (/.). delle ami>he of the friends if.). d' uno gpe'-'chio of a looking-glass. d' nn cappello of a hat. d' iina camera of a room. d' un' anima of a soul. e, is; dove, dve, where; qui, here. Exercise V. 1. L' arte del pittore. 2. 11 cappello del fratello e qui. 3. Pov'i (for dove e) il libro del fratello ? Qui. 4. II colore della faccia. 10 THE SUBSTANTIVE. 5. La faccia dell' uomo. 6. Le strida della scimmia. 7. Dove sono gli amici dello zio ? Eglino sono qui. 8. Dov' h la sedia della zia? La sedia della zia fe qui. 9. U giardino dello zio. 10. II cappello della cugina. 11. 11 cavallo del cugino. 12. Ledita della mano. 1. The books of the cousin (masc.) are here. 2. The hat of the man. 3. The garden of the house. 4. The windows of the houses. 5. The room of the uncle. 6. The colour of the hands. 7. Ihe friends of the cousin (masc). 8. The horses of the uncle. 9. The chair J of the room. 10. The house of the painter. 11. ITie house of the aunt. 12. The hats of the brothers are here. 3. Formation of the Dative (Bativo), The prepositions to and at are translated in Italian by a (before a vowel ad), which is thus used with the article. Singular. Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. al alia ai alle Definite Article alio all' all' agli Indefinite Article ad uno, ad on, ad tna, ad un'. Al a contraction of a 11. Ai a contraction of a i. Alio, all' ,. a Id. Agli „ a gU. AUa, air a la. Alle a le Examples. Singular. Plural. al padre to the father. ai padri to the fathers. &II0 210 to the uncle. agli zii to the uncles. all' am ico to the friend (m. ) agli amici to the friends (w».) alia madre to the mother. alle madri to the mothers. all' am ica to the friend (J ) alle amiche to the friends (J.) ad fino spe'fchio to a looking-glass. ad un cuppe'llo to a hat. ad iina camera to a room. ad un' linima to a soul. Masculine : (il) mio (i) mia } my. Feminine : (la) mia (le) mle chi, who f whom i dato. given. io &mo, / hve, I like. io do, I give. Exercise VI. 1. Io do un cappello alia sorella. 2. Avete voi dato un anello alia madre? 3. Io do le frutta alia figlia. 4. Io amo il mio bastone. 5. Lo zio ha dato uno specchio alia zia. (i. Io ho dato il giornale alio zio. 7. Io do la mia penna alia sorella. 8. L' allieva ha dato THE SUBSTANTIVE. 11 una penna all' allievo. 9. Egli ha dato un libro alia madre. 10. Noi abbiamo dato un quadro al fratello. 11. Lo zio ha dato il mio bastone al padre. 12. lo ho dato il mio cappello al fratello. 1. I have given my ring to the aunt. ?. He has given my stick to the uncle. 3. She has given a hat to the daughter. 4. ^he has given a pen to the aunt. 6. We have given a newspaper to the father. 6. They {masc.) have given a painting to the uncle. 7. I have given my hat to the friend (masc). 8. The uncle has given a pen to my friends (masc). 9. He has given a book to the daughter. 10. Ihey (masc) have given my newspapers to the pupils (masc). 11. I like my painting. 12. He has given a horse to the man. 4. Formation of the Ablative (^Ahlativo). The Ablative is formed in Ital>an with the prepositions da, from ; in, in ; su, upon, on ; per, hy ; con, with ; fra, tra, among; which are thus used with the article. Singular Plural. Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. dal, dallo, dall' dalla, dair dai, dagli dalle from the. nel, nello, nell' nella, nell' nei, negli nelle in the. sul, sd.lo, suir suila, soil' sui, sugli sulle on the. pel, psr lo, per 1' per la, per 1' pel, per gli, per le by the. [ ool, con lo, conl' con la, con 1' coi, con gii con le with the. da uno, da un da nna, da un' from a, an. in uno, in un in una, in un' in a, an. sur lino, sur un sur una, sur un' on a, an. per uno, per un per una, per un' hy a, an. [ con uno, con un con una, con un' tcith a, an. Dal a contraction of da il. Dai a contraction of da i. Dallo, dall' „ da lo. Dagli „ da gli. Dalla, dall' „ da la. Dalle „ da le. The same contractions take place with the other pre- positiuns (see p. 12), except with fra and tra, which are generally not contracted with the article. Examples. Singular. Plural. dal padre from the father. daipddri from the fathers. dallo zi'o from the uncle. dagli zi'i from the uncles. dall' ainico fromthe frif-nd m.Msigli amci from the friends(m.) dalla madre from the mother. dalle madri from the tunthers. dall' anji'ca from the friend (f.) dalle amiche from the friends (/•) da 6no speech i()/ro;» a hiohing-glass. da un cappello from a hat. da una camera from a room. da un' anima from a soul. 12 THE SUBSTANTIVE. io vengo, I come ; egli viene, he comes ; io yidOi I go. EXEBCISE VII. 1. Io vengo dalla citta. 2. Egli viene dal giardino. 3. Ella viene dall' albergo. 4. Io vado alia chiesa. 5. hlla viene dalla ferrovia. 6. Egli viene dalla zia. 7. io vado per la strada. 8. Ella e con la madre. 9. Ella viene dal teatro. 10. 11 servo viene coi libri. 11. II dottore viene dalla casa. 12. Lo speziale viene col dottore. 1. I come from the church. 2. He comes from the hotel. 3. I go to the hotel. 4. She comes by the railway. 5. I come from the street. 6. She comes with the books. 7. The uncle comes with the doctor. 8. I come from the church. 9. She is with my brother and with my sister. 10. The aunt comes from the town. 11. I go with the mother. 12. She comes from the garden. dggi, to-day. egli ya, he goes. B. 1. II padre va alia chiesa. 2. La madre va con la zia. 3. Egli va oggi col fratello. 4. Ella va al teatro. 5. 11 dottore va oggi air albergo. 6. lo vengo dal teatro. 7. II servo va all' osteria. 8. Io vado oggi alia ferrovia. 9. Egli e nella strada. 10. II libro e sulla tavola. 11. Ella e nella strada con la zia. 12. Ella e nella 1. He goes to the railway. 2. She goes to (the) church. 3. He comes from the house. 4. She comes from the theatre. 5. He is at the hotel. 6. The pen is on the table. 7. I go to the hotel with my servant. 8. I come from the railway. 9. My brother goes with my sister. 10. He goes to the garden. 11. She comes from the garden. 12. I go to-day to the hoteL Recapitulation of the Definite Article and op its use with the prepositions. MascSing. | F. Sing, i Masc il Plur. F. Plur. il . lo . 1 la . i . ffU. le . » ike di, 0/ . . del. deUo i d^lla dei. degU delle of the a, eo . . al . alio &lla ai . ig'i &lle to the da, /rom . dal. dallo d&Ua dai. dagU ; dalle from the in, tn . . nel. nello n&lla nei. negli nelle in the Bu, on . . sal. sullo Bulla 1 Boi . BugU Bolle on the per, hy . . pel. per Io per la pei . pergli per le hy the oon, with . col. con lo con la coi . congli conle toiththe, THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 13 Recapitulation of the Declension of the Substantive.* 1. Nouns beginning with a consonant : — Masculine. Nom. il padre, (he father. (rcn. del padre, of the father. Dat. al padre, to the father. Abl. dal padre, from the father. Singular. Feminine. la madre, the mother. della madre, of the mother alia madre, to the mother. dalla madre, from the mother Plural. Nom. i padri, the fathers. le madri, the mothers. Cen. deipadri, of the fathers. delle madri, of the mothers. Dat ai padri, to the fathers. alle madri, to the mothers. Abl. dai padri, from the fathers. dalle madri, from the mothers. 2. Nouns beginning with z, or s followed by- sonant : — Singular. Masculine. Nom. lo scudo, the shield. Gen. dello scudo, of the shield. Dat. alio scudo, to the shield. Abl. dallo scudo, from the shield a con- Feminine. la scatola, the box. della scatola, of the box alia scatola, to the box- dalla scatola, from the box. Plural. Nam. gli scudi, the shields. le soatole, the boxes. Gen. degli scudi, of the shields. delle scatole, of the boxes. Dai. &gli Botidi, to the shields. alle scatole, to the boxes. Abl. dagli scudi, from the shields. dalle scatole, from the boxes. 3. Nouns beginning with a vowel : Singular. Masculine. Nom. V amioo, the friend. Gen. dell' amico, of the friend. Dat. all' amico, to the friend. Abl. dall'amloo, from the friend. Feminine. r anima, the sovl. dell' anima, of the soul. all' anima, to the soul. dall' anima, from the soul. Plural. N(m. gli anuci, the friends. le anime, the souls. Gen. dtgli amici, of the friends. delle anime, of the souls. Dot. agli amici, to the friends. alle anime, to the muIs. Abl. iJigliaxaicU from the friends. dalle anime, from the souls. The Accusative of Nouns is like the Nominatiy^ 14 PBOPEB NAMES. V. — The Partitive Article (Articolo partitivo). The Partitive Article some (or any), is the Kame as the Gt^nitive of the Detinire Article (see p. 9) : as, io ho del vino, I have some wine ; della bin a, some beer. Note 1. — When the word is used in an indt finite and general sense, the Italian is like the English: as, io ho libri e penue, I have buok* and pens. Exercise VIII. 1. Io ho degli amici. 2. Hai tu del butirro? Si, io ho del butirro. 3. EgU ha della came. 4. Ella ha del danaro. 5. Eglino hanno del formaggio. 6. Elleno hanno del latte. 7. Avete voi del pane? Si, io ho pane e formaggio. 8. Ella ha delle pere. 9. Noi abbiamo del t^. 10. Eglino non hanno vino, ma hanno della birra. 11. Ella ha dell' acqua. 12. Io non ho danaro. 1. I have some water. 2. He has some wine. 3. Has she any butter ? Yes, she has butter and eggs. 4. We have some butter. 5. Have you any water ? Yes, I have some water. 0. 1 have some pears. 7. They (masc.) have some wine. 8. You have some meat. 9. Have you some bread? Yes, I have some bread. 10. We have given some money to the man. 11. I have given some pearg to my sister. 12. They (fern.) have given some beer to my brother. Note 2. — When the Partitive Noun is in the Genitive case, or expresses the part of a thing, the preposition di is used without the Article : as, una bottiglia di vino, o bottle of wine. Exercise IX. 1. Io ho un bicchiere di vino. 2. Tu hai una tazza di t^. 3. Ella ha degli abiti di seta. 4. II mio orologio h d'oro. 5. Noi abbiamo delle bottiglie di birra. 6. La mia spada e d'acciaio. 7. II tuo bastone e d'ebano. 8. la casa del cugino e di marmo. 9. Io ho degli stivali di pelle. 10. Avete voi del caffe, o della cioccolata? 11. La tavola e di legno. 12. L'anello e d'oro. 1. I have a cup of tea. 2. He has a glass of water. 3. She has some needles of steel. 4. We have two sticks of ebony. 5. You have a house of marble, fi. They (masc.) have boots of leather. 7. They (fern.) have some dresses of silk. 8. We have a table of wood. 9. You have a cup of coflFee. 10. I Im ve a cup of chocolate. 11. Thou hast a bottle of wine. 12. She has a hat of silk. PROPER NAMES. 15 VI. — Proper Names {Nomi propri). 1. The Article is om tted before, (o) Christian names : as, Carlo, Charles. (6 1 Names of towus, except il Vasto, il Cairo, la Mirandola, TAia, the Hague. Names of countries, when governed by the preposition in or di\ are used with or without the Ai tide : as, in Inghilterm, in England ; in Italia, in Italy ; ne'lla Cina, in China. 2. The Aiticle is n.-ed with the names of countries, or parts of the world : as, La Pnissia, Prussia. L Austria, Austria. La Tur hi'a, Turkey. La Cilia, China. L' India, India. La Francia, La Spagna, II Ponogallo, L' Italia, La Svizzera, La Uermania, II Belgio, L' Olanda, La Daniiuarca, Denmark. La Svezia, Sweden. La Norvegia, Aorway. La Russia, Russia. France. Spain. Portugal. Italy Switzerland. Gfrmany. Btlgium. Holland. Stati Uni'ti, The United Statet. II Brasilt L' Eurdpa, L' Asia, L' Africa, L' America, L' Australia, brazil. Europe. Asia. Africa. America. Australia. 3. The Article is omitted bef )re the names of islands, except the following and a few othe'S : — L* Inghilterra, England. La Picilia, Sicily. L' Irlanda, Ireland. La Sai(le!J:na, Sardinia. L'Elba, Elba. La Cors ea, Corsica. 4. The article is often used with family names : as, il Machiavelli, il Tdsso, etc. Note.— The English Possessive case, Johns hat, Emma's sister, is rendered in Italian by ti e dlenitive: as, il cappe'Uo di Giovanni (the hat of John, la sorella di Emma [the sider of Emma) ; the nominative always preceding the genitive. Exercise X. A. 1. Carlo e mio fratello. 2. Emma e mia sorella. 3. Jo ho i guanti di Sofia. 4. I *ov' e la zia ? Ella e a Londra. 5. Dov' e il cappello di I'ietro? II cappello di Fietro e sulla tavola. 6. Avete voi un bastone? Si, io ho il bastone di (novanni. 7. lo ho il cap- pello di ( arlo. 8. ^ aria h la figlia della signora Scalchi. 9. E ella qui? Ko, ella e a Parigi. 10. Dov'e il padre? Egli h a Homa. 1 ) . Dov' e il figlio del signore Stoppino ? Egli e a Milano. 12. Avete voi un cappello ? Si, io ho il mio cappello. 1. Peter is my brother. 2. Mary is my sister. 3. I have my brother's gloves. 4. Where is John? He is in Paris. 5. Where is my brother? He is in London. ^. Where is Mrs. Johnson? She is in Milan. 7. Have you my hat? No, I have my hat. 8. Where is Peter's cousin (^masc.) ? He is in Rome. 9. Have you 16 THE VERB AV^RE. my uncle's stick ? 10. Have you given some money to the man ? Yes, sir. 11. Who has the gloves? The father has the gloves. 12. He has Maiy's gloves. 1. Parigi e la capitale della Francia. 2. Londra h la capitale deir Inghilterra. 3. Mio cugino e a Berlino. 4. Mio padre ^ in Inghil terra. 5. Dresda h in iSassonia. 6. U Beltrio h in Eiiropa. 7. II Brasile d in America. 8. Mio zio fe in Asia. 9. lo vengo dall' Inghilterra. 10. lo vado oggi con mio fratello al teatro. 11. Dov' 6 mia zia? Al teatro. 12. lo ho il cajjpello di Pietro. 1. My father is in Asia. 2. Holland is in Europe. 3. My brother is in Grermany. 4. My uncle is in China. 5. My cousin (masc.) is in Italy. 6. My cousin (fern.) is in Paris. 7. My sister is in Wussia. 8. Where is Charles? He is in London. 9. She is with my sister in the room. 10. 1 have John's horse. 11. 1 have my uncle's newspaper. 12. We have the pupils' (Jem.) books. VII. — The Verb Avere, to have. INDICATIVE MOOD (Indicatico). Present Tense (Presente). Singular. Plural. ioho. I have. n6i abbiamo. we have. tn hai, thou hast. vdi avete, you have. egliha, he has. eglino hanno, j elleno hanno, / they have. ella ha, she has. Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto). io aveva, I had. ndi avavamo, we had. tu avevi, thou hadst. vdi avevate, you had. egli aveva, he had. egliao avavano, they had. Past Definite Tense (Passdto Definite).* io ebbi. I had. ndi avemmo, we had. tu avesti, thou hadst. v6i a vest e, yon had. egli ebba, he had. eglino ebbero, they had. Future Tense (Futuro). io avro. I shall have. ndi avremo, we shall have. tu avrai. thou wilt have. vdi avrete. you toill have fegU avra, he toill have. eglino avrHnno, they trill have COMPOUND TENSES (Tempi CompSstt). avUto, had. Past Inueftnitb Tense (Passdio Indefinfto). io ho av^to, tu hdi avtito, egli ha avuto, I have had. thtni hast had. he hcut had. ndi abbiamo avuto, vdi avcte avuto, eglino baano avuto, trc have had. you have had. they have had. * See page 48 for an explanation of the difference between the Imperfect and the Past Definite. THE VERB AVJSRE. 17 Pluperfect Tense (PiM die Perfetto). Singular. lo aveva avuto, I had had. tn avdvi avuto, thou hudst had. egli aveva avuto, he had had. Plural. ; n6i avevamo avtito, we had had. I vdi avevate avuto, you had had. j eglino avcvano avuto, they had I had. Past Anterior Tense {Passdto Rimdto). io ebbi avuto, tu avesti avuto egli ebbe avuto, I had had. thou hadsl had. he had had. n6i avemmo avuto, we had had. vdi aveste avuto, you had had. eglino ebbero avtito, they had had. Future Anterior Tense (JFuturo Anteriore). io avro avuto, tu avrai avuto, egli avra avuto, I shall have had. thou wilt have had. he will have had. ndi avremo avuto, we shall have had. vdi avrete avuto, you will have had. eglino avranno avuto, they will have had. CONDITIONAL MOOD (Condiziondle). Present Tense {Fresente). io avrei, I should have. tu avresti, thou irouldd have. egli avrebbe, he would have. ndi avremmo we should have. vdi avrcste, you would have. eglino avrebbero, they would have. Past Tense (Passdto). First Form. io avrei ardto, I should i,^ tu avresti avuto, thou wo'ddd I ® egli avrebbe avtito, he would ndi avremmo avtito, we should i^ vdi avreste avtito, you would \^ eglino avrebbero they would j g avuto, JJ Second Form. io avessi avUto / should tu avessi avtito, thou wouldst egli avesse avtito, he would ndi avessimo avtito, we should ],^ vdi aVfcSte avtito, you would \% eglino avessero they would | ^ avuto, J -I abbi tu, abbia e^li, IMPEKATIVE MOOD (Imperative). have thou. let him have. abbiamo ndi, abbiate vdi, abbiano eglino. let U8 have. have ye. let them have 18 THE VERB AV^RE. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Soggiuntivo) Present Tense {Preseute). Singular. Plural. oh' io &bbia, that I may \ . I che ndi abbiamo, that we may ohd tu abbia, that thou mayd > | j che vdi abbiat.', that yvu may oh' egli abbia, thai he may oh' egkno abbiano, that they may Impebfect Tense (Imperfettoj, oh' io avessi, that I might j I che n6i avessimo, that toe ohe tu avessi, that thou I i che vdi aveste, that you mightst j J oh' eglino aves- that they oh' egli avesse, that he might ) sere, Past Tense (Passdto). oh' io abbia avnto, that I may ohe tu abbi avuto, that thou mayst eh' egli abbia avlto, that he may che ndi abbiamo that we may i avtito, .^ che vdi abbiate that you may (J avnto, / S oh' eglino abbia- that they may\ -« no avnto, > ' Pluperfect Tense (Piu che Perfetto). ch'io avessi that I might avnto, 1 ehe tn avessi that thou avnto, mightst eh' egli avesse that he might avnto, che ndi avessimo that toe might) avnto, ^ che vdi aveste that you mightlM avnto, * j U oh' eglino aves- that they -^ sero avnto, might ' INFINITIVE MOOD {Infinito). Present (Presente). Past (Passdto). avere, to have. \ aver avnto, to have had. GERUND (Gerundio). Present (PresSnte). Past (Passdio). avendo, having. ( avendo avnto, having had. PARTICIPLES (PaHictpt). Present (Pres4nte). Past (Passdto). avente. having. Sing, avnto (m.\ avfita (/.) \ "i Plur. av6ti (m.), avlte (/.) / •* THE VERB AV^RE. 19 EULES ON THE UsE OF THE VeRB. 1. The Personal Pronoun is often omitted iu Italian; as, Ho veduto mio ] adre, / havt seen my fathr. 2. The iuterrcgative is the came as in English ; as, Ho io ? Have 1 ? Avdva lo ? Had J ? See p. 56. 3. The negative non always precedes the Verb; as, Non ho vediito Carlo, / have not seen Charles ; non hai tu visto mio fratello ? Hast thoa not seen my brother f 4. The Italians use the feminine pronoun Ella and the third person singular of the Verb, in a'idressing a stranger, or a superior : in \yhich case the word Vossignorm, Your Lordship, is understood ; as Ella ha il mio cappello ( ) our Lordship) hus (you liave) my hat* The second person plural, voi, you, is used in mercantile corre- spondence and in lamiliar conversation. Tlie second person singular tu, thou, is used amongst friends and relations. \ 6i and ^w are used towards servants. These rules are not strictly followed everywhere in Italy. Idioms formed with the Verb AVERE, shortened AVEB. A vere a meute, Avere a mano. Aver care, Averla con, Aver cal lo, Aver freddo, Aver cervello, \ Ave'r giiid.zio,/ Aver fietta, Aver fame, Aver se'te, Ave'r Sonne, Aver famrt di,| Aver voce di, j Aver liiogo. Aver r intenzidne, A\er pensiero, A\er idea, Aver miile, Aver puiira, Aver piacere. Aver a male Aver per male. to remember, to hace a thing readfi. to cherish, to be angry with to feel warm, to feel cold. to be clever. to be in hurry, to he hungry, to he thirsty, to he sleepy. to be reputed. to take place. to intend. to feel pain, to be frigh- tened to be glad. to fake offence. Aver per iscusato, to excuse. Aver ragidne, to be right. Aver torto, to be wrong. Aver vdjrlia (with m), to wish. Aver budna cera, A\ei eattira, or mala cera, Aver I azienza, Avere a or da (be- fore an infinitive). Aver cerlezza, Aver cudre, Aver faccia di, Aver bitdgno. Aver compasfiidne, Aver ciira, Aver a grade, Avere a schrfo, 1 Aver in disprezzo,/ Aver astio, ^ Aver in ddio,/ io looh healthy, to l< oh- unheal- thy, poorly, to he patient, to be obliged. to be certain.^ to be sure, io dare, to seem, appear, to want, need, to pity, to iahe care, to he with. to to io despise. to be (vfKjry with, to hate. * When Ella Is written in the middle of a sentence with a capital e it must be translated by you', when written with a Bmall e, it must be translated by she. 20 THE VERB AV^RE. EXEBCISE XI. A. Simple Tenses. 1. lo ho un libro. 2. Tu hai un calamaio. 3. Egli ha una lettera. 4. Klla ha una collana. 5. xNoi abbiamo due scarpe. 6. Voi avete cinque lire. 7. Eglino hanno due mele. 8. Elleno hanno tre orologi. 9. Jo ebbi tre fichi. 10. Klla avra due lettere. 11. Voi avrete un calamaio. 12. Eglino avranno due cavalli. 1. I have a horse. 2. Thou hast two pens. 3. He has four shoes. 4. She has three needles. 5. We have two rings. 6. You have five figs. 7. 'J hey (masc.) have two apples. 8. They (/em.) have two letters. 9. I shall have a letter. 10. We shall have two horses. 11. She will have a chair. 12. He will have an inkstand. Be,if. B. Compound Tenses. 1. Jo ho avuto un regalo. 2. 'I'u hai avuto un foglio di carta. 3. Egli ha avuto un anello. 4. Ella ha avuto due orecchini. 5. >Joi abbiamo avuto delle ciriege. 6. Voi avete avuto una dis- grazia. 7. Eglino hanno avuto due bottiglie di birra. 8. Elleno hanno avuto quattro penne. 9. Avrk egU avuto un regalo ? .\ossi- gnore.* 10. Avremo noi avuto dello zucchero? Sissignore. 11. Avreste voi avuto un regalo ? Sissignore. 12. i\ on avevano eglino avuto una disgrazia ? No, signora ; eglino non avevano avuto una disgrazia. 1. I have had a sheet of paper. 2. Thou hast had a present. 3. She has had four earrings. 4. He has had some cherries. 6. We have had a misfortune. 6. You have had some figs. 7. They (masc.) will have had three bottles of beer. 8. 'J hey (/em.) would have had a present. 9. Have we had a present V No, sir. 10. Has she not had a chain ? No, sir. 11. Will you have had some cherries ? No, sir. 12. Would they (muse.) have had a mis- fortune? No, sir. Idiomatic Forms. C. 1. Voi non avete a mente il colore del vino di Giovanni. 2. Avete voi caldo o freddo ? lo non ho freddo, io ho caldo. 3. L' a- mico non aveva un asciugamano, egli aveva un cappello. 4. Jl pittore non aveva colori. 5. Aveva la zia del butirro? No, la zia non aveva butirro. ella aveva del latte e del te. 6. Avete * Whenever no. or a wc-d ending with an Accentuated vowel is Joined to another word, the first loiter of the latter Is doubled : as — No signore bicomes nosslgnore. da 6 tl becomes darottl. 8*1 signore „ ^i^8 gnure. d4 ml dammi, &c. amb lo w amollu. But this does not occur when thoy precede gli, or a word beginning with a rowel thtu: giMrd gli becomes giurogli, la onde becomes laondc, etc. THE VERB AV^RE. 21 voivoglia d' un' arancia ? Ko, io ho voglia di avere delle pere. 7. Avete voi fretta ? No, signore, io non ho fretta. H, Avete voi fame, o sete? Io ho sete, non ho fame. 9. II fratello ha mala cera, signore, egli ha voglia d'un bicchier* d'ac(iua. 10. Abbiate giudizio, ed avrete danaro. 11. Se io avessi danaro, avrei libri e servi. 12. Ella non ha pazienza, ella ha fretta. 1. 'J'he painter has no colours. 2. Do you feel cold ? No, sir, I feel warm. 3. The friend (/em.) had no oranges, she had walnuts. 4. Had the friend (masc.) not a hat ? No, sir, he had a book. 5. Had the uncle a cup of coffee V Yes, sir, and he had also butter and bread. 6. Have you a fork? ]S'o, sir, I have not a fork. 7. The daughter had not a needle, she had a watch and two books. 8. Have you some books? Ko, sir, we have no books. 9. Have you had a sheet of paper from Charles ? Yes, sir, and I have had also a newspaper. 10. Has he had a letter from the uncle ? No, sir, he has had a letter from my father. 11. Have they (f^m.) not had a present from my sister ? Yes, madam, they (fem.) have had two watches from Mrs. N. 12. Does he look well? jNo, sir, he looks poorly. D. 1. Io non ho paura della spada, io ho paura de'cani. 2. Mio fratello ha cattiva cera, egli ha avuto paura. 3. Ha egli veduto il mio cavallo ? No, signore, egli non ha veduto il vostro cavallo. 4. Hanno eglino veduto i miei giardini ? 8i, signora, eglino hanno veduto i giardini ed anche le case. 5. Ha egli moglie il cugino?t Mio cugino ha moglie e due figli. 6. Ha Carlo avuto del formaggio e del pane ? No, signore, Carlo non ha avuto formaggio. Carlo ha avuto del pane. 7. Ha egli voglia di libri o di dauaro ? Egli ha voglia di libri. 8. Ha mio fratello avuto delle noci ? JS'o, signora, egli ha avuto delle arance. 9. Avrebbe egli voglia d' un bicchiere di birra? JS'o, signore, egli ha voglia d'un bicchiere di vino ed anche di pane e formaggio. 10. Mia madre ha avuto un orologio d' oro da mio padre. 11. La zia ebbe delle noci dalla cugina. 12. Mio fratello e mia sorella hanno avuto una tazza di tfe e del pane e butirro. 1. Have you had a cup of tea ? No, sir, I have had a glass of wine. 'J. Has he some oranges ? Yes, madam, and he has also some walnuts. 3. Hast thou had my hat? Ko, sir, I have not had the hat. 4. I shall hive two bottles of wine from ( harles. 5. Have you a ring ? Yes sir, I have a ring and a watch. 6. I have no cousins (masc.) and Charles has no brothers. 7. My brothers have had a monkey. 8. My aunts have had two cups of tea. 9. Have I not given to my brothers my horse and my watch ? Yes, Sir, you have given to the brothers the horse and the watch. 10. Has she had my books? She has had the books and the pen. 11. I have given to Charles my inkstand and three sheets of paper. 12. The painter has given to my cousin (fern.) some colours. * The final e of words is o'ten dropped. Sne p. 28, note. t Bos the cou&in a wife f lit. iToa he a wife — the cousin f 22 THE VERB J^SSERE. VIII. — The Verb Esseee, to he. INDICATIVE MOOD Ondicativo). Present Tense (Presente). Singular. F lural io s6iio, 1 am. ndi fdamo. we are. tn sei, thou art. yoi si^te, you are. eglie, he 18. eglino 86no,| elleno sono, / they are. eUae, she is. Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto). io era, I was. ndi eravamo, we were. tu eri, thou wast. vdi eravate, you were. egU era, he was. eglino erano, tliey were. Past Definite Tense (Passdto Defi nito). iofui, I was. ndi fiimmo, we were. ta fdsti. thou wast. vdi fdste, you were. egUftt, he was. eglino fdrono, they were. Future Tense (Futuro). io saro, I shall he. ndl saremo, toe shall he. tu sarai, th"u will be. vdi sarete, ynu uriU he. egUsara, he will be. eglino saranno, they will Ite COMPOUND TENSES (T^mpi Ceen. eglino forono stati, they had been. FrTURB Anterior Tense (Futho Anteridrt). io sard stito, I shall have (be) been. ta sarai stato, thou shalt have been. egli sara 8t&to, he shall have been. ndi saremo st&ti. we shall have been. you shall have been. eglino sar&nno st&ti, they shall hav€ been. vdi sarete stati, THE VERB ^SSERB. 23 10 sarei, tu sarcsti, egli sarcbbe, CONDITIONAL MOOD (Condiziondle). Present Tense (Prednte). Singular. I should be. thou wouldst he. he would be. Plural, noi saremmo, we should he. vdi sarcste, you would be. eglino sarebbero, they would be. io sarei stato, ta saresti stato, Past Tense (Passdto) First Form. I should have' thou wouldstl e I have egli sarebbe stato, he would have ndi saremmo stati, we should have voi sareste stati, eglino sarebbero siati, you icould have they would have Second Form. io fdssi stato, 1 should tu fossi fetato, thoH wouldst egli fosse stato, he would noi fdssimo stati, v6i fdste stati, we should 1 1 you would /-^ eglino fdssero stati, they would] | IMPERATIVE MOOD (Imperativo). sutu, be thou. siamo ndi. let us he. sia egli, let him he. siate vdi. he ye. siano eglino. let them he. oh' io sia, che tu sii, oh' egli sia. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Soggiuntivo). Present Tense (Presente). that I may he. that thou mayst he. that he may be. che ndi siamo, that we may be. che voi siate, that you may be. oh' eglino siano, thatjie may be. Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto) ch' io fossi, that I might >>e. che tu fdssi, that thou mvjhtd be. ch' egli fosse, that he might be. che ndi fdssimo, that we might he. che vdi fdste, that you might he. ch' eglino fdssero, that they might be. Past Tense {Passdto). oh' io sia stato, that I may che tu sii stato, that thou mayst ch' egli sia stato, that he may that we may that you may ch' eglino siano stati, that they may che ndi siamo stati, che vdi siate stati, 24 THE VERB 63SERE. Pluperfect Tense CPiii che Perfetto). Singular. I'lural. oh' io f6s8i stato, that J might ' che tu fdssi stato, that thou miijlitst oh' egli fosse stato, that he might ohe n6i f6ssimo stati, that we \ might * che v6i fdste stati, that you ' | might J ^ oh' eglino fdssero stati, that lhey\^ might ) INFINITIVE MOOD (Infinito). Present {Presente). Past (Passdto). essere, to be. \ essere stato, to have (he) been. GERUND (Geriindio). Present (Presente). Past (Pasmto). essendo, being. j essendo state, having (being) been. PARTICIPLES (Participi). Present (Presente). Past (Passdto). [essente, being.'] I Sing, stato (m.) stata (f.) \ . I Plur. stati (m.) state (f.) / ^'** Note 1. — The verb Essere is conjugated, iti its Compound Tenses, with tlie verb " to be," not *' to have :" as, Io scJno stdto, I have (am) been. It means "to exist" when used without an adjective or parti- ciple. Essente is very seldom used. Note 2.— All Participles are declined like adjectives, being used in the maaeuline iin I feminine gender, and in the singular and plurel number: as, stato, stata, stati, state. Participles ai pr, I in budn concetto, in citrivo t-onc^tto, a grddo, d* accdrdo, in (lisaocdrdo, in grido di, in sife, fudri di se. with ESSEBE. to be in a critical position. to be ready. to be good for nothing. to be on the point of. to have a good character. to have a bad character. to please. to agree. to disagree. to he aftle. to be right (in mind). to be mad, or maddened. THE VERB ^SERE. 25 Exercise XII. andare, to go ; fare, to do, to make. A. Simple Tenses. 1. lo sono nella casa {or a casa). 2. Tu sei nella libreria. 3. II libro e sulla tavola. 4. Ella e sulla sedia. 5. Eglino sono sul tetto. 6. Mete vol nella cantina ? 7. Eglino sono in carrozza. 8. iSiete voi per le scale '? 9. iSiamo noi in citta ? 10. tSarete voi a tempo? 11. lo non fui a tempo. 12. ISaranno elleno al teatro? 1. I am in the library. 2. Art thou in the house ? 3. He is in the cellar. 4. hhe is in the carriage. 5. We are in (a) time. H. You are not in (a) time. 7. He is on the roof. 8. They {fem.) are in the house. 9. Will he be in (a) time ? 10. Shall 1 be in (a) time ? 11. Will he be in the library V 12. Will they {masc.) be in the room ? No, Sir. B Compound Tenses. 1. Dove siete stato, signore ? lo sono stato a Londra. 2. Dov' e stata la sorella V Ella e stata a Parigi. 3. Dove sono state le zie ? Elleno sono state al mercato. 4. Dove sono stati i fratelli ? Eglino sono stati alia passeggiata. 5. La serva e stata al mercato. 6. Egli e stato al parco. 7. lo sarei stato dal medico. 8. Voi non sareste stato a tempo. 9. JSiete voi stati al ballo? 10. !l& egli stato al pranzo del signor B. ? 11. Sei tu stato per le scale ? 12. Noi siamo stati con gli zii. 1. I have been to Paris. 2. Where has he been? He has been in London. 3. She has been at the market. 4. Has the servant (masc.) been here? 5. Will the mother have been with the daughter? 0. W'e should have been to the theatre. 7. You would have been with my father. 8. Where would you have been? At Paris. 9. You would not have been in time. 10. He would have been with the doctor. 11. The sisters of Charles would have been here. 12. She would have been in the market. mparative. Superlative. Mage. m€no CI udele il meno er udele. Fern. me'no crudele la meno crudele. Masc. eecca rV' meno secco iJ me'no secco. Fern. me'no se'cca la meno se'cca. 3. The Superlative absolute is formed by adding the termination issimo to the Positive deprived of its final letter : as, Positive, Superlative. ExcEPriONS. 1. Adjectives ending in ro and re preceded by a con- sonant drop their ro and re and add 6rrimo to make their Superlative absolute : as, Positive. Superlative. Masc. acre \ acerrimo. Fern, acre J acerrima. Masc. integro Uongg/ intege'irimo. Fern, iiiteg^ra ( " ** • intege'rrima. Maac. ce'lebre 1 , i. i ■, celeberrimo. Fern, ce'lebre Y^^^^<'^^d' celeberrima. 2. Adjectives ending in dico, fico, and volo drop the last letter and add entissimo to make their Superlative absolute ; as, Positlvf. Superlative. Masc. maleclico\ j ■,. . . maledicentissimo. Fern, male'dica/'""^^*^^^^- maledicentissima. itfctac. bcnefioo i, r. . beneficent issimo. Fern, bcne'fica /''«"«./^««»« benetlccntiWma. Masc. benevoloi, , . benevolcntissimo. Fern, bene'voiar'^"^"^*^"^- benevolentissima. Note. — The above forms follow the Latin: as, acer, acerrimus, maledicus, maledieentissimus. Irregular Comparison. The following Adjectives have their Comparative and Supeilative ii regular : thus — Positive. Comparative. Snperl. Rol. Superl. Abeol. budno, a, gfooc2. migliore il, la m'glioio dltimo, a < a, > had. peggidre il, la pcggidre p^ssimo, a mdlo, cattivo. ADJECTIVES. 3 Positive. Comparative. Superl. Rel. Superl. Absol. ♦gratide, great. ♦piccolo, a, small. maggiure miuore il, la maggidre il, la niindre mdssimo, a mini mo, a *alto, a, high. superidre il, la superidre supi eino, a ' sdmmo, a ♦basso, a, low. inferidre 1' inferidre, iniimo, a 33 Those marked M'ith an asterisk form their Comparative and Superlative relative aLo in the regular way. 2. The following Adjectives have no positive : — Comparative, posteridre, later. esteridre, exterior. interidre, interior. pridre, former, nhenore, further. citeridre, on this side. anteridre, former^ foregoing. Superlative, postremo, last. estrenio, extreme, last. intimo, inwatd, intimate. pi imo, first ultimo, last. prdssimo, next Bemabes. 1. The comparison of equality, as .... as or «o .... as, is formed by placing the adjectives o^ nouns between cosi .... che, or tanto .... quanto : as, Giovanni e cosi ricco che Pietro, John is as rich as Peter. La tdvola e tanto larga quanto liinga, the table is as broad as long. 2. The English than after the Comparative is expressed in two ways, either by the Genitive or by che. (i) The genitive is used when the comparative is fol- lowed by a noun or a pronoun : as, II sole e piu grande della luna, the sun is larger than the moon. II leone e meno crudele d^Ua tigre, the lion is less cruel than the tiger. Tu sei piu grande di me, thou art taller than I. (ii) Che is used when there is a comparison between two nonns wifhont an adjective : as, [Egli e pill pittore che scultore, he is more a painter than a sculptor. (iii) Che is used when the comparison is between two adjectives: as, Sgli e piu fortun^to che prudente, he is more fortunate than prudent. 34 ADJECTIVES. (iv) Che is used when two verbs are compared, and non is used if no negative precedes : as, Voi paiiate piu che non pensate, you apeak more than you think. i3ut in many cases it is indififerent wliether the com- •parison is expressed by the Genitive or che. F. Modifications of Adjectives and Nouns. (Augmentatives and Diminutives.) A peculiarity of the Italian language is the power of modifying an Adjective or a Noun by changing its ter- mination, so as to augment or diminish the original mean- ing of the word : thus, vecchio, old, is chfinged into vecchietto, a little old man; Vecchione, a very old man; vecchiaccio, an ugly old imin; &c. 1. The terminations one, uto, denote increase : as, portn, a door, portone, a large door or gate ; I'icco, rich, riccone, enormously rich ; naso, a nose, nasone, a large nose ; nastito, adj., with a long nose. 2. The termination otto denotes strength : as, giovine, youth, giovinotto, a strong young man; contadina, a country- woman, contadinotta, a strong countrywoman. 3. The terminations dccio, astro, dzzo, aglia suggest something had : as, giovine, youth, giovinastro, a bad young man; vino, wine, vinaccio, had wine; medico, doctor, medi- castro, quack ; plebe, people, plebaglia, moh. 4. The terminations ino, 6tto, 611o, er^llo, sugscest dimi- nution together with fondness : as, caro, dear, carino, little dear; mdno, hand, manina. Utile hand; vecchio, old man. vecchietto, dear little old man, or, vecchierello. 5. The terminations uolo, iiccio, uzzo, ucio, uciolo, igno, Ognolo denote diminution with contempt : as, libio, hook, iibruccio, worthless little book; verde, green, verdognolo, greenish; &c. 6. Words already modified can undergo a second modi- fication: as, cdpra, goat, capretto, yowig goat, caprettino, small young goat ; ^otg, flower, fior^lK', little flower, fiorellino. dear little flower ; etc. ADJECTIVES. 35 7. Some words, thus modified, have altogether lost their original meaning, and liave become new woids with new meanings: as, citta, city, cittadella, citadel; -pidre, father, padiino, god-father, &c. It is not every word thut can be modified in Italian, but it is impossible to give any rule, as there are no fixed rules for the use of the.^e modifications. These terminatiun.s greatly eniich the Italian language, but their use is only to be learnt by long practice and knowledge of the best Italian authois. Exercise XV. ma, hut. A. 1. 11 leone e piti grande del lupo. 2. II gatto e meno grande del cane. 3. La nuova casa e piu piccola delta vecchia casa. 4. La campagna e piu grata della citta. 5. Le notti d' inverno sono piu lunghe de'giomi. H. 11 maestro e piii vecchio dello scolare. 7. II hue e meno forte dell' elefante. 8. La luna e piu piccola della terra. ' 9. Gli amici sono piu numerosi nella buona che nella cattiva fortuna. 10. L' anello della sorella e d' oro. 11. Ho meno dauaro, ma lio pill libri di voi. 12. La tua sedia e nella camera. 1. The room of my brother is larger than my room. 2. The wolf is stronger than the dog. 3. My brother is taller than John. 4. The old man is in the room. 5. Paris is smaller than Loudon. 6. Horses are stronger than dogs. 7. The canal is longer than the street. 8. The house is old. 9. The elephant is stronger than the horse. 10. The glass is upon the table. 11. The dog is in the room. 12. The cat is on the roof. B. 1. Vittorio e un carissimo ragazzo. 2. Londra e la piii grande cittk d' Europa. 3. La citta e grandissima. 4. Le strade sono lunghissime. 5. Egli e un uomo integerrimo. 6. 11 banchiere ^ benevolentissimo. 7. La pittura e bella, ma e cara. 8. Dov' e il mic bicchiere? 8ulla tavola. 9. KgU e mio intimo amico. 10. Noi siamo amicissimi. 11. 11 gatto e sulla sedia. 12. La ragazza e nella casa. 1. He is better tnan Charles. 2. The wine of John is very bad. 3. He was the greatest man of Kome. 4. The watch of Mary is very dear. 5. He is the smallest of my brothers. 6. , The sister of Emma is my best friend. 7. England has the largest city of Europe. 8. The son of Emma is very young. 9. John is a v< ry young man. 10. He is an old man. 11. IShe is my oldest friend (/.). 12. He is the youngest of my brothers. 36 ADJECTIVES. (^Modifications of Adjectives and Nouns.) C. 1. n canone nel giardino h ano grandi. 10. Questa penna e migli^re della penna tua, 11. Questo e un bell' orologio. 12. Quella lezione e difficilissima. •1. This woman is younger than that woman. 2. This watch is dearer than that watch. 3. That ^ilass is small. 4. Those streets are very (moUo) long. 6. That coat is dearer than my coat. 6. Those lessons are not difficult. 7. That man has an old hat. 8. This house is higher than that house. 9. This exercise is less diffi- cult than that exercise. 10. That dog is stronger than this dog. 11. This is an old painting. 12. That book is older than my book. 4. Interrogative Adjectives {Aggettivi Interrogativi). The Interrogative Adjectives are — Singular. Plural Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fern English, quale, quali, which i or what i ohe (both genders and numbers), what? used in exclamations. Quale often becomes qual before a consonant, except impure s. Examples, quale cavdllo ? which home f quale ddnua? whirh woman f qual bicchiere ? which glass ? quali libri ? which books ? quali case ? wh'ch houses ? che bel libro ! what a beautiful book! che be la chiesa ! what a beautiful church! che hei fi6ri ! what beautiful flowers ! che belle pittiire ! what beautiful paintings! andato, gone. Exercise XVIII. 1. Quale donna avete voi visto ? 2. In quale citta siete voi stato ? 3. Qual fiore e codcsto? 4. Quali fiori avete voi in mano? 5. Quali libri avete voi avuti? 6. Con quali studeuti siete voi stato? 7. Per quali vie siete voi andato? 8. Quali ameni boschi avete voi visto? 9. A casa di quali amici siete voi stato? 10. Di qiral colore avete voi il vostro abito ? 11. Le arance sono di color giallo. 12. Che bella musica e la musica italiana! 40 ADJECTIVES. I. Which man has been here? 2. In which room have yon been ? 3. Whici) of my brothers have you seen ? 4. Which flowers have you had? 5. Which books are those on the table? 6. Which colour is the best? 7. Which books has your father? 8. With which students have you been in the town? 9. W hich forest have you seen ? 10. What roads have you seen ? 11. What (a) beautiful colour ! 12. What (a) small hat ! 5. Numeral Adjectives (Aggettivi Numerdlt). A. Cardinal Numbers (Numeri Cardinali). 1 lino, lina. 2 dile. 3 tre. 4 quattro. 5 cinque. 6 sei. 7 se'tte. 8 otto. 9 ndve. 10 dieci. 11 lindici. 12 dodici. 13 treilici. 14 quattdrdici. 15 qiu'ndici. 16 sedici. 17 diciassette. 18 dici(5tto. 19 dicianndve. 20 ve'uti. 21 ventuno. 22 veiitifliie. 23 ventitre. 24 ventiqnattro. 2.') venticinque. 26 veiitisei. 27 venti-^tte. 28 ventdtto. 29 ventindve. 30 tre'nta. 31 trentiino. 32 treiitadiie. 33 trentatrb. 34 trent*«(^uattro. 35 trenticmque. 36 trentas^i. 37 trentnse'tte. 38 trentdtto. 89 ^jentandve. 40 quaranta. 41 quaraiituno. 42 quarantadiie. 43 quarantatre. 44 quariintaquattro. 45 quarantacmque. 46 quarantasei. 47 qu'irantasette. 48 quarantdtfo. 49 qnarantandve. 50 einquanta. 51 cinqiiantuno. 52 cinquantadue. 53 cinquantatre. 54 cinquantaqudttro. 55 cinqtiantacinque. 56 oinquantapei. 57 c nquantasette. 58 cinqiianldtto. 59 cinquantandve. 60 sessanta. 61 sessantiino. 62 sessantndue. 63 Be3^aIltat^e. 64 sessantaquattro. 65 ^essantneinque. 66 sessantflsei. 67 sessantase'tte. 68 sessantdtto. 69 sessantandve. 70 si^ttanta. 71 settantiino. 72 settantadile. 73 settantntr^. 74 settantaquattro. . 75 settant I cinque. 76 settantjiRPi. 77 Bettantas^tte. 78 settantdtto, ADJECTIVES. 79 settantandve. 95 novantacmque. 80 ottanta. 96 nova-'ta-ei. 81 ottantiino. 97 novantasette. 82 oltaiitadtie. 98 novantdtto. 83 ottaiitatre. 99 novautandve. 84 oltantaquattro. 100 cento. 85 ottaiitacmque. 101 cento ed uno. 86 ottantnsei. 110 cento die'ci. 87 ottantasette. 200 dnere'nto. 88 ottantotto. 300 trecento. 89 ottantundve. 1000 mille. 90 novaiita. 2000 due mila. 91 novantuno. 3000 tre mila. 92 TKivantadue. 10,000 diecimila. 93 novantatre. 100,000 centoniila. 94 novantaquattro. 200,000 duecentomfla. 41 1,000,000 un milione. 2,000,000 due milidni. 100.000.000 cento milidni. 1,000,000,000 un miliardo. Remarks. 1. All Numerals remain unchanged in Italian, except uno, the feminine of which is una ; and mille, having the plural mila, 2. In spealra, half a pound, ^ote that the English a is not translated. lim^zzo follows the noun, it is left unchanged : as lina libbia e mezzo, a pound and a half; tie mezze lire fanno una lira e mezzo, three halfMre make one lira and a half. Eemarks. 1. The Numerals which follow the names of kings are rendered with the Ordinal as in Knglish : as, Yi torio Emmanuele Secondo, Victor Emanuel II. : Umberto Pjimo, Humbert I. 2. The days of the month are lendered by the Cardinal : as, il tre di maggio, the three (third) of May; except the first day of the month, wh'ci is translated by the Ordinal: as, il primo maggio, the first (of J May. 3. The hours of the day are thus expressed : — che ora e 7 Bono le tre, soTJO le quattro, sono le cinque, e mezzo gi6rno, e mezza ndtte, sdiio le dolici e un quarto, sdno le d6dici e mezzo, 8<5no le dddici e tre quaxti, \ I'lina meno un quarto, / e un' 6ra, or h Y lina, e un' dra e un quarto, "1 e r lina e un quarto, ) sdno le due e tre quarti, \ sdno le tre meno un quarto, / sdno le tre e cinque, sdno le sei meno dieci, a che dra ? dlle due, £lle tre. what o'clock IS it 9 it is three o^clock. it is four o clock. it is five clock. it is mid-day, noon. it is midnight. it is a quarter past twelve. it is half past twelve. a quarter to one. one o'clock. it is a quarter past one. it is a quarter to three. it is five minutes past three. it is ten minutes to six, literally, six hours less ten, the word mimUea he'm^ understood. at what o'clock i at two o'clock, at three o'clock. 44 ADJECTIVES. AXle qudttro, at four o'clock. dlle b4i e un qudrto, at a quarter past nx. dlle dieci e mezzo. at half-past ten ddpo le dieci e mezzo, after half-past ten. 4. The English twelve hundred, thirteen hundied, etc., must never be translated doilici cento, tredici cento, but mille e duecento, mille e trecento, etc. 5. The mnltiplicatives are : — s^mplice, simple. sestuplo, sixfold. d<5ppio, twofold. settuplo, sevenfold. tripio, threefoll. decuplo, tenfod. quadruple, /o'/r/v/Zd. ceiituplo, owe hundredfold, quintuplo, fivefold. NAMES OF THE MONTHS. I Mesl. The Months. I Mesi. The Months. Genndio, January Febhriio, , February. Marzo, March. Aprile, April. Maggio, May. Giiiguo, June. Luglio, July. Agosto, August. Settembre, September. Ottobre, Octcjher. Novembre, November. Dece'mbre, December. NAMES OF THE DA lYS of THE WEEK. I Giorni della Settim&na. Domonii-a, Lunpdi. Marfedi, Mercoledl, Giov«*dl, Venerdl, Sdbato, The Days of the Week. Sunday. Monday. Tu^day. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. NAMES of the FOUR SEASONS. N6ini delle qu&ttro Stagi6ni. Priraavera, Spring. Estk estate, state, Sumiuer. Autunno, Afitumn. Inv^mo, Winter. Exercise XX. A. 1. Aprile 6 il quarto mese dell' anno. 2. Luglio ^ un mese caldo. 3. Decembre 6 un mese freddo. 4. La state 6 calda, 6. Quest' invemo e stato freddissimo. 6. La primavera del mille ADJECTIVES. 46 ottocento settantotto e stata dolce. 7. L' autunno e bello. 8. Feb- braio e un mese cortissimo. 9. Guglielmo e il primo della classe. 10. Maria e l' ultima della classe. 11. bettembre ha trenta giorni. 12. L' anno ha dodici mesi. 1. March is the third month of the year. 2. June has thirty days. 3. August is a warm month. 4. January is a cold month. 5. Summer in England is less warm than in Italy. 6. Winter in England is colder than in France. 7. My brother is the second in the class. 8. My sister is the first in the class. 9. This summer is the warmest summer. 10. This winter 1 shall be in Italy. 11. De- cember is longer than February. 12. The week has seven days. mori, died. nacque, was born. B. 1. Che ora e? Sono le sette. 2. A che ora siete stato dal medico? A lie due e mezzo. 3. lo sono stato al concerto dalle otto ed un quarto alle dieci e tre quarti. 4. Napoleone terzo mori a Chislehurst il nove gennaio mille ottocento settantatre. 5. Napo- leone primo mori a ISant* Elena il cinque maggio mille ottocento ventuno. 6. Mio fratello nacque il sedici marzo mille ottocento sessanta cinque. 7. La sorella e alia seconda finestra del primo piano. 8. La terza casa in questa strada e vecchissima. 9. Carlo quinto e Francesco primo furono contemporanei. 10. Egli nacque il tre luglio del mille ottocento settanta. 11. Alle sei io era con tuo fratello. 12. Noi saremo alle otto a casa tua. 1. Victor Emmanuel II. died the ninth January one thousand eight hundred seventy- eight. 2. She was-born the fifth March eighteen hundred and sixty. 3. 1 was with your brother at seven o'clock. 4. We shall be at your house at nine o'clock. 5. What o'clock is it? Jt is half past ten o'clock. 6. We were in the room at a quarter past two o'clock. 7. Charles is at the third window of the first floor. 8. Napoleon the first and Wellington were con- temporaries. 9. My brother was born the twenty-first July eighteen hundred and seventy-one. 10. 1 shall be at that house at three o'clock. 11. He was with my cousin (m.) at two o'clock. 12. She was at the house of the doctor at half-past one o'clock. 6. Indefinite Adjectives (Aggettivi Indefiniti). The following Indefinite Adjectives are always used with a noun. When by themselves, they are pro- nouns : — 46 ADJECTIVES. Declinable. Indeclinable. dgni,' each. qualohe,^ wme. qnalunque,' every. Masc. Sing, t^tto,* Plur. tutti, Sing, alcnno,' Plur. alcuni, Sing, taltino, Plur. taltini, Sing, tale, Plur. tali, Sing, ootale," Plur. ootali, Fern. alc^a, alcune, taldna, talone, tale, j tali, I cotale, I cotali, J some, few such a Plural only. Ma 80. parecchi,^ alquanti, dlversi, p6chi. different!, m61ti, Fem, pareccMe, alqnante, diverse, pdche, differenti, in61te, several. some. few. some. many. Singular only. niuno,^ nmna, nullo, nulla, nesstino, veruno, oiascuno,^ ciascheduno, eiasctina, ciaschedtina, each one. on certo, veruna, no one, with a negative. ^a oerta, some one. Remarks. 1. When ttitto precedes the noun, it must also precede the article : as, ttitto 11 villaggio, tiitta la cittk, tiitti gli uomini, tiitte le ddnne, the whole village, the ichole town, all the men. all the women. 2. Niiino, ntiUo, nessuno take a negative if they follow the verb: as, non ha mssun anii'co, he has no friend ; but do not take a negative if they precede the verb : as, nes- 8un uomo h suo arnico, no man is his friend. > Ogni, from the Latin omnis. 2 Qudkhe f» qualis quam, after the analogy of qnlsqnam. s Qualiinque * Tiitto gualiscumqw. totus. » Alciino ^^ aliquis unus. • (otdU .' (vque talis t L.L. piiriculus, dim. of par. » Paricchi „ • Ifiiino „ •M untM. » Ciatctirw ,. fluMqut urvu*. THE VERB. 47 Exercise XXI. 1. Ogni uomo e mortale. 2. Tutta la casa era in fiamme. 3. Ho avuto alcuni amici a casa mia. 4. Niuua persona ha visto inio fratello. 5. Vostro fratello non fii visto da niuiia persona. 6. Egli e stato visto da taluni uomini. 7. II cugino e con parecchi amici nella camera. 8. Diversi uomini erano a casa mia. 9. Egli ha qualche amico a casa. 10. Parecchie doime erano nella chiesa. 11. Ha egh qualche cosa? Egli non ha nulla. 12. Ugni ora ha sessanta minuti. 1. Few persons were at my concert. 2. No one has seen your brother. 3. All the town was in flames. 4. Some person has seen my father with your brother in the town. 5. Every man has a friend. 6. Several men were in the house. 7. No man is happy. 8. Few men are rich in this town. 9. Many men are poor in that village. 10. My sister has several friends (fem.). 11. All these houses are very old. 12. !She has been some time in Italy. X.— The Verb (^7 Verho). There are five sorts of Verbs in Italian : — 1. Active, or Transitive (il verbo attivo), 2. Passive (il veibo passho). 3. Neuter (il verbo neutrd). 4. Reflective (il verbo riflessivd). 5. Impersonal (il verbj impersondle). Verbs have five Moods (Modi) in Italian: — 1. Tlie Indicative (U Indicatlvo). 2. The Conditional (11 Condiziondle). 3. 'J'lie Impekative (U Imperativo). 4. The Subjunctive (// t preserve the original sound of its Infini- tive; thus, 1, Verbs ending in care or gare, as mancare, to fail; pagare. to pay ; take an h after c or (/, when these precede e or i. This is done in order to preserve to the c and g the hard sound of the Infinitive, as lo mdnco. lo pd^o. tu manchi. tu paghi. ^idi uianca. egli paji;a.. ndi maiiciiianio. ndi pughiamo. 2. Verbs ending in ciare, gidre, sciare, as, cominciare, to begin; pas.>eggiaie, to walk ; lasoiare, to leave, in which the i only serves to indicate the soit pronunciation, drop this i before e or i, as 10 comincio. io passeggio. io lascio tu cominci (one /). tu passe^gi (one i). tu lasci (one 0- fut. tu comiucerdi. tu passeggerai. tu lascerai. 3, Verbs ending in chiare and glidre drop the » only before another i ; as pigliare, to take. invecchiare, to become old, io pi'glio. io inxet'cliio. tu [)igli (one 0- tu inveochi (one t). tu piglieiai. tu inveccliierdi. 4. Verbs ending in iare, when tlie i of the termination is preceded by another vowel, drop the i before anotiier t, as, annoidre, to annoy ; io anndio. tu anndi (one i). When these verbs however have the accent on tl>e t in the first person singular of the Present of the Indicative, they follow the general rule. sp'dre, to fpy. io spio, / spy. tu Bpii. In which case both t's must be distinctly pronounced. exercises on first conjugation. 59 Exercises on the First Conjugation. pensare a, to think of. ritomare da, to return from. EXERCISK XXIII. The Simple Tenses. A. 1. lo amo il mio paese natale. 2. Se tu fossi tanto buono quanto mio fratello, tu ameresti il maestro. 3. lo portava una lettera alia posta, quando incontrai il soldato nella strada. 4. L' uomo generoso perdona volentieri ai nemici. 5. Mia sorella amo sempre la musica ed ella canta come una canta trice di mestiere. 6. lo pensava ch'egli cercasse il cappello per le scale. 7. lo ritomai dalla campagna con un'orribile mal di testa. 8. Porta la scatola nella mia camera, Antonio, e fa presto (he quick). 9. lo paghero le cambiali fra pochi giorni, Signore ; scusate il ritardo. 10. Se tu studiassi, saresti il primo della classe. 11. Se tu non paghi i debiti, mio caro amico, sara male per te (ill for thee). 12. lo canterei il duetto ch' Ella mi domanda, ma non ho voce stassera. 1. Do you love your country? Yes, sir, I love my country. 2. I should like to return to my country. 3. I should like to forgive all my enemies. 4. I met a man in the street ; he was carrying a long stick. 5. I was seeking my hat in the room, when you returned from the concert. 6. I should study my lessons if I had time. 7. In a few days I shall return to town in company with my friends {masc). 8. I should pay you, sir, if I had the money. 9. I shall sing a duet this evening with my brother at the house of your aunt. 10. My books were on the table in the library. 11. I am thinking of the present brought for my uncle by your sister. 12. Bring my hat into this room, John, and be quick. B. 1. Amate voi il caffe, o il te ? lo amo il te. 2. Portavate voi un cappello bianco, od un cappello nero stamattina al passegnio ? lo portava un cappello bigio. 3. A che ora ritornaste dalla passeggiata domenica scorsa? lo ritomai alle cinque e un quarto. 4. A che ora avete voi I'abitudine di mangiare ? Jo mangio alle sei. 5. Cercate voi la sua compagnia? No, signore, io non cerco la sua compagnia. 6. lo cercava il mio ombrello e trovai il suo bastone all' angolo della mia camera. 7. Io comprerei delle frutta, se avessi danaro. H. Io lodo gli scolari studiosi, ma biasimo gl'infingardi. 9. Pensavate voi alle vostre lezioni, durante le vacanze? 10. Voi parlerete italiano fra pochi mesi, se imparerete le vostre lezioni. 11. Dove erano i miei libri ? Io trovai i vostri libri sulla mia sedia. 12. lo pagai venti lire al bottegaio per sei volumi di poesia. 60 EXERCISES ON FIRST CONJUGATION. 1. Did you have a white hat or a black hat this morning? 1 had a black hat. 2, I shall return from the concert at ten o'clock. 3. Bring a cup of coHee to my brother. 4. 1 did not return from the concert at nine o'clock, but 1 returned at eleven o'clock. 5. Shall you forgive your enemy? 1 shall for- give all my enemies. 6. Did you find my ring on the table ? I did not find your ring on the table. 7. Is your hat on my chair? No, sir, my hat is on the table. 8. Were you seeking my father this morning ? Yes, sir. 9. Did you praise my exer- cises ? No, sir, I blamed your exercises, but I praised the exercises of your sister. 10. Did you speak of William to my brother? Yes, sir, and 1 spoke also of John's garden to your father. 11. Had you time to buy the newspaper ? No, sir, 1 had no time to buy the newspaper. 12. Why did you not praise my exercise? Because your exercise was not good. The Compound Tenses. C. 1. lo ho mangiato del pesce e dell' arrosto con 1' insalata ; e tu che cosa hai mangiato? lo ho mangiato del salame con due uova. 2. A che ora siete arrivato a Londra? A lie due. 3. Voi siete molto invecchiato dallo scorso anno. 4. Ha ella parlato con tua madre ? Si, signora, ella parlo con mia madre oggi. 5. Avete voi pensato alle conseguenze di una tale azione ? ISi, signore. 6. Ave- vate voi trovato mio padre di biion umore ? No, egli era di cattivo umore. 7. Siete voi stato ammalato lungo tempo? lo fui am- malato due settimane. 8. Pensate voi che il contadino abbia seminato il grano ? lo penso che il contadino non ha ancora seminato il grano. 9. L'uomo cattivo calunnia tutti. 10. Onora tuo padre e tua madre e sarai felice. 11. Hai tu imparata la tua lezione? Non ancora, signor maestro. 12. Basta! non annoiare gli amici con i tuoi lamenti. 1. Have you eaten? 1 have eaten some cherries. 2. Why have you praised the exercises of my little brother ? Because the exercises of your brother weie good. 3. Have you been ill seven days ? No, sir ; 1 have been ill ten days. 4. I should have found my hat, if I had had time. 5. They ifem.) have found in your room all the books of your brother. 6. Have you spoken to my cousin (masc.) ? No, sir, I have spoken to your father. 7. Where have you bouiiht this stick ? I have hou^ht this stick in Paris. 8. Have you learnt your Italian lesson? Yes, sir, and my master has praised my exercise. 9. The banker has blamed his servant (masc.) because he was lazy. 10. Have > ou been in France ? Yes, sir. 11. Would you have paid the shopkeeper if you had had the money ? Yes, sir, I should have paid the shopkeeper. 12. Have you found a needle in the corner of this room? Yes, sir, I have found two needles in that corner. PECULIARITIES OF SECOND CONJUGATION. 61 XVI. — Peculiarities of some Verbs of the Second Conjugation. In order to diminish the number of Irregular Verbs to be given afterwards, we here subjoin many Verbs of the Second Conjugation which are subject only to some small irregularities. 1. Some Verbs of the Second Conjugation have a donble termination for the First and Third Persons of the Sin- gular and the Third Person of the Plural in the Past Definite Tense, as : tem^re, to fear ; credere, to believe ; ricevere, to receive-, v^ndere, to sell: c6dere, to give way; p^rdere, to lose. Regular Termination. Irregular Termination, io temei. io temetti. tu temesti. ejrli teme. egli temette. noi tememmo. vdi temeste. egli 1 10 temerono. eglino temettero. io credei. io credetti. tu credesti. egli crede. egli credette. noi credemmo. voi crede. te. eglino crederono. eglino credettero. 2. Tac^re, to he silent; piac^re, to please; giac^re, to lie down; ndscere, to he horn; nuocere,* to he hurtful; and their compounds, form their First and Third Person Sin- gular and Third Person Plural of the Past Definite Tense irregularly, thus — io taoqui. io piacqui. io nacqui. tu tacesti. tu piaresti. tu nast esti. egli tacque. egli piacque. egli iiacque. udi ta^emrao. noi piiicemrao. noi na-ceinmo. voi t iceste. voi piaceste. vdi nasceste. eglino tacquero. eglino piacquero. eglino nacquero. 3. Tac^re, piac6re, and giac^re add i afrer the c when this letter precedes a, o, w, in oider to preserve the soft sound : as, noi taciamo, we are silent ; eglino giaciono. they lie down ; piaciuto, pleased. These three verbs have * Nuocere loses tlie u in tli^ irregular persons of its Past Deflnite, and la the Past Participle. 62 PECULIAKITIES OF iSEtO^D CONJUGATION. also the First Person of the Present Tense of the Indicative irregular, as : io taccio, I am silent ; io piaccio, I please ; io gid.ccio, I am lying doum. 4. The fullowing Verbs are irregular in the First and Third Persons Singular and in the Third Person Plural of the Past Definite Tense, and in the Past Participle, all fol- lowing the same rule : as, chiidere, to shut. Past Definite. io chiu«i. nol chiudemmo. tu chiudesti. vdi chiudeste. egli chiuse. eglino chiiisero. Past Participle. chiuso, chiiisa, chiudi, ehiuse, shut. accendere, ardere, asceniere, as( didere, cliiulere, comdndere, contendere, conve'rtere, cdrrere, C(^rr6dere, d.'iudere, dife'iidere, disf'endere, disodrrere, dispergere, dissuade re, distendere, dividere, elidere, eliidere, escludere, estendere, fdndere, iiludere, imnjergere, inchiudere, incidere, iiicludere, incdrrere, infdndere, intendere, to light, to burn.* to (iscenfJ. to hide, to shut, to confound, to dispute, to convert, to run. to corrode, to delude, to defend, to descend, to discourse, to disperse, to dissuade, to extend, to divide, to elide, to elu'le. to exclude, to extend, to melt, to illude. to immerse, to enclose, to engrave, to include, to incur, to infuse, to intend. intraprendere, intridare, intrudere, invadere, mdidere, offe'ndere, perrdrrere, perdere,t persnaileie, precidere, profdndere, pre'ndere, raccendere, racchiiidere, radere, recidere, riacce'ndere, ridrdere, riciiiidere, ricdrrere, ridere, rifdndere, rimdrdere, rinohiiidere, ri pre'ndere, rddere, re'ndere,t sre'adere, scdrgere, scdrrere, socchiudere. to undertake to dilute. to intrude. to invade. to bite. to offend. to traverse. to lose. to convince. to rut. to dissipate. to take. to light again to enclose. to shave. to rut. to light again. to burn again to shut again. to recur. to laugh. to melt again to bite again to shut in. to retake to gnaw. to give liack. to descend. to perceive. to go over. to half-shut. ♦ The letters in black type are droppotl in the Irregular Persons of tlje Past Deflnitt Tense and In the Past rarticipl •. t Has also the regular terminatloDs. EXERCISES ON SECOND CONJUGATION. 63 soccdrrere, to help. stringere,* to clutch, to hind. sommergere, to submerge. suddividere, to subdivide. sorprendere, to surprise. tendere, to tend. soriidere, to smile. tergere, to wipe. sospendere, to suspend. traiscendere. to surmount. sdttintendere, to be understood. trascorrere. to go over. spargere, to scatter. tnisfondere, to transfuse. speiidere, to spend. uf'cidere, to kill speigere, to disperse. vilipendere, to insult. stendere, to extend. Fondere and its compounds change o into u in their irregular forms. fondere, to melt Past Definite. io fdsi. ndi fondemmo. tu fondesti. voi fondeste. egli fuse. eglinn fusero Past Participle. fiiso. fiisa, fiisi, fuse, melted. Exercises on the Second Conjugation. Exercise XXIV. Simple Tenses. A. 1. Io discorsi con tuo fratello della prossima guerra. 2. II mio cane morse due contadini, uno nella gamba ed uno nel braccio. 3. Intesi 1' attrice can tare la bell' aria : " Tergi 11 pianto, giovinetta." 4. II generale incorse la disgrazia del re per aver ucciso 11 signor N. in un duello. 5. io chiusi la porta della camera e discesi le scale per incontrare vostro padre 6. Ti offesi io, mio caro ? No*, signore. 7. La serva riaccese il fuoco nella vostra camera, signor Giovanni, adempiendo i vostri ordini. 8. Nostro padre rimpro- verava Maria ed ella sorrideva, mostrando non avere molta educa- zione. 9. I nemici invasero tutto il paese ed uccisero molte persone. 10. Noi discorrevamo del tuo amico Guglielmo e delle sue virtu, nella ferrovia. 11. 8e non intend! perdere, non hai da giocare. 12. Egli spese tutto il suo danaro ne' piaceri, ed ebbe a lavorare. 1. The servant (fern.) lighted again the fire at eight o'clock this morning. 2. That young man spent all his money for his country. 8. The enemy invaded our country with a hundred thousand men. 4. Will this dog bite ? No, sir, this little dog does not bite. 5. He works on steel. 6. He descended to meet his father. 7. The uncle of William spent all his money with his brothers. 8. She killed * stringere has the p.p. stretto. 64 EXERCISES ON SECOND CONJUGATION. her sons. 9. John played with his cousin (masc.) in the garden. 10. You would not smile if you had a headache. 11. He enclosed his hat in its box. 12. I was speaking with your father, when your sister was singing. Compound Tenses. B. 1. Avreste voi leso i suoi diritti, se aveste conosciuto le sue ragioni? No, signore, io ho abbastanza educazione. 2. lo non amerei aver offeso vostro fratello, perclie egli e stato sempre mio buon amico. 3. II soldato avrebbe ucciso il suo nemico, se avesse avuto tempo. 4. II medico ha infuso nuova vita aH'ammalato con le sue medicine. 5. II fuoco arse tutto il giorno e tutia la sera nella mia camera. 6. Tu hai intrapreso una difficilissima azione, spero che succederai. 7. Intendevate voi oflendere mio cugino, con una tale lettera ? No, signore, io non ho mai inteso oflendere suo cugino. 8. Ha Ella ricevuto le lettere lasciate in casa mia? No, signore, io non ho ancora ricevuto quelle lettere. 9. Avete voi venduto il vostro giardino ? Non ancora, signore. 10. Hanno i soldati diviso il dauaro de' loro nemici V Si, signore, ed ebbero centocinquanta lire per uno. 11. Sospendete la vostra partenza, o il signor zio I'avrk a male. 12. Ha egli pagato i suoi debiti? bi, signore, ed ha anche comprato un gran giardino. 1. Have you lost much money in playing ? No, sir, I have not lost any money. 2. Has my letter oftended your brother? Ko, sir, your letter has not off"ended my brother. 3. Has she sold her house, sir ? No, sir, she has not yet sold her house, but she has sold her gardens. 4. Have you undertaken the education of my cousin (masc.)? Yes, sir, and I think he will not lose his time. 6. Have you known Mr. B. ? No, sir, I did not know Mr. R., but I have known his son. 6. Have they (niasc.) sold their books ? Yes, sir, and they spent all the money in oranges. 7. Has he shut the door? No, sir, he has not shut the door. 8. Light agjiin the fire in my room, Mary, and bring a cup of tea and some bread and butter. 9. I have f^poken to my enemy in his misfortune. That was a good action. 10. I should have come down (descended) to meet your father if I had had the time. 11. She has received all her books from our uncle this morning. 12. Would you have undertaken to find my hat in that house ? Yes, sir. C. 1. A che ora vostro padre e a casa ? Egli riceve dalle sette alle nove di sera. 2. Avete voi ricevute tutte le mie lettere? 3. Io avrei ricevuto un regalo dal maestro se non fossi stato infingardo. Ha tua sorella ricevuto I'abito nuovo? Non ancora. 4. Non avevate voi ricevuto cin(iuecento lire pel vostro cavallo ? Ko, signore, io ricevei seicento cinquanta lire pel mio cavallo. PECULIARITIES OF THIED CONJUGATION. 65 5. Perche batteto voi vostro figlio ? lo batto mio figlio perchfe egli e un poco di buono. 6. Tuo fratello discendeva per le scale, ed h caduto. 7. lo ho incontrato vostro fratello in buona compagnia. 8. lo non ho perduto nulla, ma non ho guadagnato. 9. A che era avete voi ricevute queste arance ? Alle due ed un quarto. 10. Avete voi guadagnato molto danaro ? lo ho guadagnato settantacinque lire. 11. Ha egli diviso 1' arancia per meta ? Egli divise 1' arancia in sei parti. 12. Hanno i loro amici ricevuto de' regali V I miei amici non hanno ricevuto regali. 1. Have you not received a present from my father ? I have not received any present from your father. 2. Have you known my brother Charles ? 1 have not known your brother Charles, but I have known your brother William. 3. Have you lost any money ? No, sir, I have not lost any money. 4. Have you not spoken with your master of your exercises ? Kot yet, sir. 5. Has he not yet sold his house? No, sir, he has not yet sold his house. 6. Had they (masc.) not undertaken a very diflicult action ? 1'hat action was not very difficult. 7. Had not your master beaten that lazy pupil ? My master had blamed, but had not beaten, the lazy pupil. 8. Had the servant (feni.) re-lighted the fire in my room at ei^iht o'clock ? No, sir, she re-lighted the fire at three o'clock. 9. We have not spoken to your father to-day. 10. Who is fallen in the stairs'? Your cousin (masc.) Charles. 11. Has she not received a present from her mother ? Yes, sir ; and she has also received a present from her father. 12. Would you not sell this house if you had no money ? I should sell the house if 1 had no money. XVII. — Peculiarities of some Verbs of the Third Conjugation. 1. There are only twelve Verbs of the Third Conjuga- tion, which aie Rey;iilar in all their terminations like sentire, to feel (^ee pages 64—56) : these are, Bollire, to hoil. Sdrucire, to rend. Cucire, to 8^W. Se<,'uire, to follow. Durmire, to sleep. Sen tire, to feel. Fugiiire, to run away. Servire, to serve. Partire, to depart. Soitire, to qo out Pentiibi,* to repent (oneself). Vestire, to clothe. Of the above^ cucire and sdrucire take an i whenever the e preced 8 a or o; as, lo cucio. ch'io ciicia, lo sliucio, etc. 2. Other Verbs of the Third Conjugation, most of them from the Latin Verbs in scere, have tiie thiee Persons of Pentirsi is conjugated as a Pronominal Verb : see pp. 101-108. 66 PECULIARITIES OF THIRD CONJUGATION. the Singular, and the Third Person of the Plural of the Present Tenses of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, and the Imperative, Inegular — the irregulaiity being the same for all of them, and is marked in black type in the following Examples. impallidire, to become pale. Indicative. Subjunctive. Present. fiorire, to blossom Indicative. Subjunctive. Present. ch'io fiorisca. io fioriECO. tu fiorisci. egli fiorisce. noi Horiamo vol fiorite. €ghno tioris oono. che tu tiorisca. cli' egli fiorisca. che noi fioriamo. che vol fioriate. ch'e'glino fioris- cano. io impallidisco. tu inipallid'sci. egli iinp;illidi8ce. noi impallidiaru > vol impallidite egliiio impallidis- oono. ch' io impallidisca. die tu impallidisca. elj'e'gli iinpnilidisoi. clie noi impallidiaino ch»; \6i impallidiatc. ch' eglino impallidis- cano. fiorisci. oh' egli fiorisca. Imperative fioridmo. fiorfte. ch' eglino fioris- impallidisci. impallidisca. impallididmo. imp;dlidite. impaliidiiMsano. Such are avvizziie, to wither ; aggvandiie, to increcLse ; affievolire, to weaken; arriccliiie, to enrich; impoven're, to become poor; anossire, to blush; svanire, to disappear; puniie, to punish, and many others. 3. The following Verbs have both (the Pegular and Irre- gular) terminations in thoir Present Tenses ; partire and sortire changing their 8ij2;nification, according to their ter- mination ; as, partisco, I divide ; parto, I depart, &c. Abom're, Applaudiri', Assorbir;? Avvertire, Conv»>rtire, Divertire, Feifre, Garrfre, Iughi.)ttire, Lainbire, Lansruire, Mentfro, to abhor. to applaud. to ahsorb. to advise. to convert. to divert. to wound. to sing {of birds to strallow. to I ck. to languish. to lie. Muggire, Nut 11 re, Partire, Perire, Pervcrtire, Putire, Rugirire, Sortire, SovvjTtire, Tosare, fo), to isco). to belhtto. to nourish, to depart divide ' to perish, to pervert, to stink, to roar, to go out (o), to assort (iaco). fo subvert, to cough. exercises on third conjugation. 67 Exercises on the Third Conjugation. Exercise XXV. Simple Tenses. A. 1. L' acqua bolle, signora. 2. 1 Jormiste voi molto la notte scorsa ? lo dormii sette ore. 3. Ferche faggivate nella strada ? Perche aveva paura che un cane mordesse le niie gambe. 4. A che era parti- rete oggi ? Alle quattro, od alle cinque. 5. lo sdrucii il mio abito stamattina nella scuola. 6. Questo cagnolino segue senipre mio fratello. 7. Mia sorella parti per Londra ieri sera. 8. Antonio serve nostro padre da venti anni ; egli e un onestissimo servo. 9. lo non mangerb oggi, mio caro, perche sono ammalato. 10. I'erch^ arrossite, giovinetto V lo arrossisco perche il maestro non ha lodato il mio eseriizio. 11. Un soldato non fugge i nemici del suo paese. 1-. fcervite il ^ignor B., ed egli paghera. 1. I shall depart this evening. 2. My brother sleeps in his room. 3. He ran away from a dog. 4. He blushed, because his master blamed his exercise. 5. Your dog bites. 6. He- will uepart next Monday at six o'clock with my cousin (masc). ,. Ihat soldier ran. away and was blamed by his captain. 8. I slept eight hours last night. 9. 1 tore my coat yesterday. 10. The water does not yet boil. 11. We shall eat at eight o'clock this evening. 12. The hours fly and do not return. Compound Tenses, 1. Tuo fratello ba battuto il suo cane per aver morso il cugino. 2. II maestro ha punito lo scolare, perche egli non aveva imparato la iezione. 3. Egli ha arricchito tutti i suoi amici col suo danaro. 4 l\oi abbiamo seguito il maestro alia passeggiata. 5. I nostri soldati ban no ucciso due mila nemici in battaglia. 6. lo ho inghiottito un osso, ed ora sono ammalato. 7. Noi abbiamo applaudito gli attori al teatro del re ieri sera. 8. Un leone nel giardino ha ruggito tutta la notte. 9. Voi avete dormito dieci ore, signorino ! 10. Mia sorella ha cucito nuove maniche al suo abito vecchio. 11. Egli ha mentito nella sua lettera ; io non ho offeso suo cugino. 12. Noi abbiamo punito il servo, perche egli era infingardo. 1. The master has beaten that lazy pupil. 2. She has swallowed a bone and is now ill. 3. We have slept nine hours last night. 4. You have punished my brother twice. 5. He has enriched bis 68 COMPLEMENTS OF VERBS. cousins (masc.) with his money. 6. Our soldiers have killed two thousand five hundred and sixty-five enemies. 7. My mother has sewn new sleeves to my coat. 8. They {masc.) have applauded the new actress at the king's theatre last Saturday. 9. I should have punished you if you had not learnt your lessons. 10. We would have followed your father if we had had the time. 11. The master will punish all the lazy pupils. 12. He has enriched all my brothers. C. 1. II maestro non ha ancora punito quello scolare infingardo. 2. Ha egli sdrucito il suo abito nuovo ? Ko, signore, egli ha sdrucito il suo abito veccliio. 3. Non dormiste voi nove ore la notte scorsa? No, signore, la scorsa notte io dormii sei ore e mezzo. 4. Non ha il cane morso tuo cugino ? 11 cane non ha morso mio cugino, ma ha morso il nostro servo. 5. Non ha Ella lodato il mio esercizio ? No, signore, io non ho lodato il vostro esercizio, perchfe non d buono. 6. Non avreste voi battuto il giovinetto se fosse stato cattivo ? Io non batto i giovinetti, ma biasimo la loro infingardag- gine. 7. Avrebbe Ella applaudito 1' attrice, signor Carlo ? Io ap- plaudo le buone attrici. 8. Da quanti anni Giovanni serve in casa vostra ? Giovanni ha servito mio padre venticinque anni. 9. I'erche non avete voi seguito i miei consigli? Perche i vostri consigli non erano buoni. 10. Avrebbe Ella seguito il mio consigUo, se fosse stato buono ? Io avrei seguito il suo consiglio. 11. Chi ha tossito ? II Signor B. ha tossito. 12. Perche impallidisce ? Io non ho impallidito. 1. Would you not have punished my lazy brothers ? I should not have punished your brothers. 2. Have you not praised ray cousin's (m (sc.) exercise ? I have praised that exercise. 3. Have you not blamed his laziness ? I shall blame and punish his lazi- ness. 4. Have you served a long time in this house, John? I have served in this house fifteen years. 5. Would you not have followed my brothers to the concert, if you had had time ? I should not have followed your brothers. 6. Has not your dog bitten my father ? My dog has not bitten your father ; my dog has bitten my cousin (masc). 7. Have the soldiers killed the enemies of their country ? The soldiers have killed all the enemies of their country. 8. Did you not become pale when you received his letter ? No, sir, but I blushed. 9. Has he run away from the school ? No, sir, he is in the school. 10. Why has Mr. B. en- riched his brothers? Because he loved his brothers. 11. Will they (masc.) be in London this evening ? No, sir, they (masc.) will be in London next Wednesday. 12. Would your sister have sewn your coat? She would have sewn my coat if she had the time. COMPLEMENTS OF VERBS. 69 XVIIL— Complements of Verbs. 1. The Complement of a Verb is a word wliich completes the sense of a sentence: as, il maestro loda lo scoIslyg, the master praises the pupil, the pupil is called the Complement of that sentence. 2. There are two kinds of Complements, i. e., • (a) Tlie Direct Complement, wliicii is put in the acciisativo cas-e, as in the alove example: and, (6) The Indirect Complement, as, io ho scritto una lettera a laia mad re, I have written a letter to my mother, to my mother being here the Indirect Complement of the Verb scrivere. to write. 3. The Direct Complement beinoj the same in Italian as in EnoLsh, d«ies not require further explanations: io amo mi'o padre; I love my father; io hevo dcqua, I drink water; io le^go un libro, J read a hook, etc. 4. The Indirect Complement in Italian differs greatly from the English, an reading to the daughter. Da a niiingiare agli aifiiraati. Give lo cat In the hungry. Da a liere aj:li a.tom one- Iiicitare, to excite. self. Inclindre, to incline. Adattarsi, to accommodate Indiirre, to induce. oiiexelf. Insej^ndre, to teach. Arlempire, to fulfil. Iiim' ttre, to insist. Artaticarsi, to endeavour. Invitare, to invite. Aiutare, to help. Mettersi, to begin. Appli arsi, to endeavour. Offrirsi, to offer oneself. Att ndcrsi, to expert. Persistefe, to persist. Avvezzarsi, to accustom one- Per venire, to get to. self Piace'rai, to please. Bastdre, to be sufficient. Provvedere, to prov de. Con lannare, to condemn. Re'g^ere, to endure. Contribuire, to contribute. Ridtttere, to reflect. Cofetringere, to oblige. Rinimziare, to renounce. Ddre, to give. RUdlversi, to resolve. De^inaro, to destine. Riuscire, to succeed. Detenninarsi, to determine one- Soecoirere, to assist. self Sopravvivere to survive. Dispdrsi, to prepare oneself. Spronare, to spur. Equ vale're, to be equivalent. Stimolare, to stimulate. Esitaiv, to hesitate. Snppire, Taidare, to suffice. Espordi, to expose one- io long. self. Toccare, to concern. Forzare,. to force. Ubbtdire, to obey. Exercise XXVIII. 1. Venticinque lire italiane equivalgono ad una lira sterlina. 2. Dieci centesimi italiani, o due soldi, equivalgono ad un soldo inglese. 3. Lhi cerca Klla, signore ? Io corco la Signora B. 7. Che cerca Ella di fare aha porta,? Io cerco di aprire la porta per entrare. 8. Crede Klla la storia del soldato? io non credo al soldato. 9. Carlo crede in Dio ed all' Kvangelo. 10. lo domando arance. A chi domanda Klla delle arance? A Giovanni. 11. Di chi domanda Ella, signore? io domando del signoro Z. 12. Gio- 'cheremo noi agli scacchi? Si, signore; ma di cho giocheremo? Giocheremo d' una lira. Assistere a. to be present. Giocare a, Assiotere (with arc. , to help. Gif)oare di, Caml.iare (to. d not to my brother. \ Date un' arancia a me, c nou a mio trateilo. In the first example the idea convsyed by the Verb date, give, bears more upon arancia, orange, than upon mi, to me: in tlie seconu example the contrary takes place, and the V^erb lays its stress on ihe Pronoun a me. The Conjunctive Pi()nonn is generally joined to the Verb, if coming after the Verb, and hence its name. 76 ABSOLUTE i'ERSONAL PKONUUNS. 1. Absolute Personal Pronouns {Prondmi Persondli Aaaolutt) First Person. Masculine and Feminine. Singular. Plural. Norn .io. J. Nom. n6i, we. Gen. dime, of me. Gen. dindi, of us. Dai. a me, to me. Did. andi. to us. Ace. me, me. A^c. ndi, us. Abl. dame, from me. Abl. da ndi, from us. con me, with me. con ndi, with tis. per me, by me. per ndi. by us. in me. in me. in ndi, in us. same. upon me. sundi. upon u$. Singular. Second Person. Masculine and Femininf Plural. Nom . tu, thou. Nom .vdi, you. Gen. di te, of thee. Gen. di vdi, of you. Dat. a te, to thee. Dat. a vdi, to you. Ace. te, thee. Ace. vdi, you Abl. da te, from thee. AU. da vdi, from you. con te, from thee. con vdi, with you. per te, by thee. per vdi, by you. in te, in thee. in vdi. in you. en te, upon thee. sa vdi, upon you. Third Person. Maflculine. Feminine Singular. Nom. , egli, ei, e', esse, he, it. Nom . ella, la. essa, she, it Geii. di lui, di esso, of him, of it. Gen. di lei, di essa. of her, of it. Dat. a lui, ad esso, to Mm, to it. Dat. a lei, ad essa, to her, to it. Ace. lui, esso, him, if. Ace. lei, essa. her, it. Abl. da 16i, da esso, from him, from it. Abl. da lei, da essa, from her, from it. oon I^ con esso, with him. oon lei, con with her. with it. essa. with it. per Itii, per esso, by him, by it. per lei, per essa, by her, by it in Itii, in esso, in him, in it. in lei, in essa. in her, in it BU lui, 8U esso, upon him. su lei, sa essa, upon her. upon it. upon it. Plural. Nom. eglino, essi, they. Nom. elleno, esse. they. Gen. di Idro, di eesi, of them. Gen. di Idro, di esse, of them. Dat. a Idro, ad essi, to them. Dat. a Idro, ad esse, to them Aco. Idro, essi, them. Aco. Idro, esse, them. Gen. di se,* Dat ase, Ace. se, Ahl. dase, con se, perse, inse. sopra se, ABSOLUTE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 77 Ahl. da 16ro, da essi, /row them. Ahl. da Idro, da ease, from them. con loro, con icith them. con loro, con with tUem. essi, ess 3, perl6ro,peressi,6r/ ^ifiem. per loro, -per hy them. esse, in Idro, in essi, in them. in loro, in tsse, in them. sn loro, su essi, upon them. su loro, su esse, upon them. Third Person for both Genders and Numbers. of himself, herself. itneJf. themselves. to himself, herself, itself, tliemselves. himself, herself, itself, themselves, from himself, herself, itself, themselves, icith himself, herself, itself, themselves, hy himsflf herself, itself, tht-mselces. in himself, herself, itself, themselves. upon himself, herself, itself, themselves. Kkmarks 1. Ei, e*, are contractions of §gli, from the Latin ille. 2. Egli and Ella are used only for persons, 6sso, ^ssa, being used for things and persons also. 3. The English it, when referring neither to a person nor to a thing, is not translated : as, it is true, e vero. 4. The English self, selves, own self ownselves, are rendered in Italian by the words st^sso, med^simo, st^ssa, med^sima, st^ssi, med^simi, st^sse, med^sime. I have written the letter myself lo stesso lio Bcritto la leltera, or, lo medesimo ho scritto la le'ttera. Mary herself has asked after you. Maria ella stessa (or ella medesiraaj ha domandato di voi. 5. Instead of con me. con te. con se, meco, t§co, S§co are used very often : and, in poetry only, nosco and vosco, instead of con noi, con voi. Exercise XXXI. 1. Chi e state qui ? II Signer B. e state qui ed ha egli stesso pertato una lettera per voi. 2. Pensi tu a me ? lo non penso a te, ma penso ad esse. 3. Manda il danaro a me e non a mio fratello. 4. Perchfe Ella non ascolta me ? I'erche non ho tempo da perdere. 5. Aprite la porta per me. Perch^ non aprite voi stesso la porta ? Perche le mie mani sone sndicie. (>. 11 maestro egli stesso ha date a tuo fratello un bel libro ed a te una nueva penna. 7. lo stesso ho * Se takes an accent when it cotild be mistaken fur te, if. 78 CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. acritto a lui una lettera ieri sera. 8. Chi ha firmate le cambiali ? Ho firmate le cambiali io stesso. y. Ho dato a lei un cappello nuovo ed a lui un nuovo abitx3. 10. Ho ricevuto da lei questa mattina un beLissimo regalo, ed io stesso ho scritto a lei una lettera di ringraziamento. 11. Giovanni, portate del vino per questi signori. 12. Egli h molto superbo, egli e pieno di sfe. 1. 1 have given a new hat to him. 2. JShe has been here, and she herself brought two books for you. 3. ( )pen the box for me, 1 have no time to lose. 4. The master himself has given a new book tf> him, and he has also given an exercise to us. 5. Have you given to them my letters ? 1 have given them your letters yesterday. 6. Have you yourself signed the bills of exchange? Yes, sir, I have signed the bills of exchange myself. 7. To whom have you given my pen ? To him. 8. Is he proud ? Yes, sir, he is (full of himself) very proud. 9. The shoemaker has brought the boots himself. 10. He always speaks of himself. 11. I have been with him myself all the evening. 12. Have you been with them? Yes, sir, I have been with them all the evening. 2. Coiyunctive Personal Pronouns ( Pronomi Persondli Congiunti). The Conjunctive Personal Pronouns have only the Dative and the Accusative cases. First Person, Mascaline and Feminine. Singular. Plural. Dot. Ace. mi, mi, me, to me. me. Dat. Ace. Second Person ci, ci, t. ne, U8, to U8. no, us. Dat Ace. ti. ti, Masculine and Feminine. Singular. thee, to thee. Dat. vi, thee. Ace. vi, Plural. you, to you. you. Dat. Ace. e. Masculine. Mm, to him. him. Third Person Singular. Dat. Ace. le, la, Feminiue. her, to her. Le, to you. her. La, you. Dat. Ace. 16ro, Plural. them, to them. Dat. them. Ace. 16ro, th,em, to them. le, them. Yhird Person, Masculine and Feminine, Singular and Plural, Dal. si, to him»elf, to herself, to itself, to thernselves. Ace, 8i| himself, herself, itself, themselves- CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 79 Remarks. 1. The Conjunctive Personal Pronouns ^rececie the Verb in the Indicative, Conditional, and Subjunctive Moods. They also precede tlie Verb iu ti^e Imperative used negatively: as, Non mi dare delle bastonate, do not give me a thrashing. Id ti do uii' arancia, I g,ve you an orange. lo vi vedo, I see you. Til gli (lai UM regalo. thou ghest him a present. Ella si r guar la nello specchio, shp. loohs at herself in the looking-glass Egii mi h» flato uti t-Hppeilo, he has given me a Imt. Tu le hai dato lin i spil a, thou had given, hp.r a pin, Nnn mi dare 1' anelio dra, do not gve me the ring now. Cli' egli mi ami, tuat he may love me. 2. When two Conjunctive Personal Pronouns, one in the dative and the other in the accusative, are in the same sentence, they both prt cede the Verb, the dative before the accusative; the i of m, ti, ci, vi, being changed into e; and gli taking an e before tbe accusative with which it is joined : as, Egli me lo disse, he said it to me. lo te lo (lissi, I said it to thee. Eglino ce lo dissero, they xaitl it to us. Ella ve lo dLse, she said it to you. lo glielo diro, I »hall tell it to him. 3. Le, to her, is never used before lo, la, li, le, ne; gli taking its place for the sake of euphony : ihus, lo glielo do, 1 give it to her. lo glielo do, I give it to you ; or, lo lo do a lei, I give it to her. lo lo do a Lei, / give it to you. 4. The Conjunctive Personal Pronouns follow the Verb in the Imperative (except when used Negatively), Infini- tive, Gerund, and Past Particdple, and are joined to the Verb, the infinitive dropping its final vowel: thus, Xrao Vf'dervi, I am glad to see you. Mostratemelo, show it to me Parlandomi di te, speaking to me of thee. Vedutomi, disse, having seen me, said. Datole una lettera, disse, having given her a letter, said . . . 5. When the Verb is a monosyllable, or has an accent on its last vowel, these pronouns follow the verb and are 80 CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN 8. joined to it, the consonant of the pronoun being doubled and the accent dropped (except gli) ;* thus we any : Lo farb, ajid furollo, I »hall do it. Fai dgiiela le'ggere, \ r t, 7, . r . j .^ Gliela faro legg. re. | ^ ^ ^'^^^ '»«^« '^*"» ^"^ «^ Dirovvelo, and ve lo diro, I shall tell you it. L' am 6, or an 1 611a, he, she loved her. Ci dk, or ddooi, ^e, ^Ae giveg us. 6. Loro, » n<^>u pdcfco usiiru senza liii. Look for my son ; I cannot go out without him, 4. The Conjunctive Pronouns ne, of it; ci, vi, to it, are often used in the singular, and then refer only to thingg and never to persons : as, Che cdsa ne pensile ? what do you think of il f Che cdsa pensate di lui ? what do you think of himi Cue cdij, ci ave'te a far vdi ? what haoe you to do with it 1 5. Ne is sometimes used instead of ci, tw, to us : as, Ne dicono, they teU us. £gll ne ba dafo, he has given us. But this form of speaking is to be avoided. • 6. Before lui, l^i, loro, and before nouns, 6sso is used to strengthen the expression : as, Aiidai con esso lui al tf dtro, I went with him to the theatre. Quest' drdine fu riccvuto da esso this order has been received from the ministero, ministry. 7. Instead of the accusative masculine lo, il, is used before words beginninuj with a consonant (except z or s impura). When preceded by mi, ti, si, gli, ci, vi, or non, the i of il is drop[ieil, and both words are contracted thus : me' 1, or mel dice, tells it to me. te' 1, or tv\ dice, tells it to thee. glie* 1, or glu'l dice, tells it tn him. ce'l, or eel dice, tells it tn us. ve' 1, or vel dice, teVs it to you. tie' 1, or sel dice, tells it to him- self no' 1, or nol dice, does not tell it 8. ronjunctive Personal Pronouns in the accusative are often affixed to the adverb 4cco, here it is : as, Eccovi veniito, here you are come. Eccolo qui ! here he is I 9. In answering questions, the Italians have a different form from the English Yes, I am ; Yes, I do, &c. (a) If the answer refers to a noun with the definite article or a demonstrative adjective, then tlie verl> in the answer requires a personal pronoun agreeing with the fore- going noun : as, Sie'te vdi le zie di qneVo fanciiilln ? Si, ndi le siimo. Are you the >'ossignore, codeste arance sono di tua sorella. 8. Koi fummo con i suoi amici al teatro, ed Ella ci fu co' nostri. 9. fi questo bastone il suo, od e quello del suo amico Guglielmo ? Codesto bastone e il mio. 10. Gli parlerete a casa vostra, o nella sua ? Gli parlero in sua casa. 11. Sono queste le mie penne, o le tue ? Esse sono le tue. 12. Hai visto i miti IVatelli, od i tuoi nel giardino dello zio ? Io vidi i miei. 1. This is my book, and that is yours. 2. Have you not had my pen? -No, sir, I have had mine. 3. Are these your oranges, or those of your brother? 1'hose oranges are mine. 4. Have you learnt your lesson ? Yes, sir, 1 have learnt mine ; have you learnt yours ? 5. Were you at the theatre with your friends last l<"riday ? No, sir, I was with yours. G. Have they (maac.) written their exer- cises ? They (jmasc.) have written theirs. 7. This garden is mine ; is that house yours ? JS'o, sir, that house is not mine. 8. Are these your pens ? Ko, sir, those pens are not mine. 9. J s this your sister's needle ? Yes, sir, that needle is hers. 10. Have you not listened to his advice? No, sir, I have not Hstened to his advice, but to yours. 11. Have you not yet found my stick ? Yes, sir, and 1 have also found mine. 12. Is this your umbrella ? Ko, sir, that is not mine. D. Interrogative Pronouns (Pronomi Interrogativi). The Interrogative Pronouns are — 1. Chi? who? is used only of Persons, and is of both genders and numbeis, beirig declined only with the Pre- position, without the Article : as, Chi e cestui ? Who is this man? A chi hai dato il mio bastone? To whom have you given my stick ? 00 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. When Chi is in the Genitive with the verb essere it denotes possession : as, Di clii h questo Ifbro ? Whose hook is this ? Chi means also colui il quale, as : II perder tempo a chi pill sa pill spiace, to lose time displeases most him who knows most. 2. Che ? what f is used only of things, and is of both jjjenders and numbers, being declined without the article; as, Di che paese e li^lla ? Of what country are you f 3. Qudle, which, disi riminates between several things, or persons <>f the same kind, and is used fur both genders, being declined withont the article : as, Qudle di qu^ste arance mangerete ? Which of these oranges will you eat ? Masculine and Feminine. Singular and Plural. Nam. oM 1 whoi : Nom. che? whatf Gen. dicM? whone ? Gen. dichel of what f Bat. achil to whom ? Dat. ache? to what f Ace. ohil whom ? Ac. che ? what 1 Ahl. daoMI from whom i Abl. da che? from toJiat f Masculine and Feminine. Singular. Plural Nom . qu&le 1 which i 1 Nam. quali ? which 9 Gen. di quale ? of which ? 1 Gen. di quaU ? of which? Daf. a quale 1 to which i Dat. a quali? to which ? Ace. quale 1 which 'i Arc. quali? rchich i Abl. da quale ? from whic^i i Ahl. da quali? from whichi Exercise XXXVJ. 1. Chi sono questi signori ? Questi signori sono miei amici. 2. Chi e cestui? Cestui e il servo del medico. 3. Chi sono colore? Colore sono i corrieri del re. 4. Chi e quella signora? Ouella signora e mia zia. 5. Di chi e questo giardino ? Questo giardino e il mio. 6. A chi hai dato il mio cappello ? Ho dato il tuo cap- pello al mio servo. 7. Da chi hai ricevuta cotesta lettera? lo ho ricevuta questa lettera da mio padre. 8. Che e questo ? Questo e un fucile. 9. Da che proviene questa malattia ? Questa malattia proviene da un' indigestione. 10. Quale di questi due sigari pren- deretu ? lo prendero questo. 11. Quale di questi quadri compre- rete? lo comprer5 quelle. 12. Quale di quests penne d la vostra ? Questa e la mia. 1. Who are those ladies ? They (fern.) are my sisters. 2. Who is this woman ? That woman is the servant of my aunt. 3. Whose is this gun? That gun belongs (is) to Charles. 4. To whom have you given my letter ? 1 have given it to your father. 5. From whom eomes this present ? It comes from your cousin (masc) 6. Whose house is this? It is mine. 7. Of whom are you thinking RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 89 (daHve)? I am thinking of (to) my sister. 8. Is he ill? He is ill with .(of) fever. 9. Which of these apples will you eat? I shall eat this. 10. Which of these books is yours? That is mine. 11. From what country do you come? Irom England. 12. In what country have you been last year? I have been in France. E. Relative Pronouns (Pronomi Relativi). The Relative Pronouns are che, Interrogative and il quale, (not to be PronounN). They are mistaken for the declined thus: (a) 1. Che, who, which, for Persons only. Masculine and Feminine. Singular. Plural. Nom. che, who, which. I Nom. che, who, which. Gen. di cui, u-hose. \ Gen. di cui, whose, of which. Dat. a ctii, to ivhom. \ Dat. a cui, to which. Ace. che, cui, whom, which. ' Ace. che, cui, which, Ahl. da cui, from whorn,from I which. I . 2. Che, what, for Things only, is declined thus for both genders : singular. Plural. Nom. che. what Nom che, which. Gen. diche. ofwhat,whereof. Gen. diche. of which. ]Jat. ache, to irhat. Dat. ache. to which. Ace. che. what. Ace. che. which. Ahl da che. from what. Ahl. da che. from which. (h) II quale, that, who, which, is used for Persons and Things, and declined thus: Masculine. Feminine. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. il quale, del qual al quale, il quale, dal quale. la quale, della quale, alia quale, la quale, dalla quale. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl i quaU, de' quaU, a'quaU, i quaU, da' quali, le quali, deUe quali, ille quali, le quali, daUe quaU, Singular. that, who, which. of that, whose, of which. to that, to whom, to which. that, whom, which. from that, from whom, from which. Plural. that, who, which, of that, whose, of which, to that, to iL'hom, to which, that, whom, which, from that, from whom, from which. * Che Is a conjunction when relating to a verb, or adverb; and is a pronoun when referring to a ruyun, or another proiwun. 90 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. K&MARKS. 1. Che is more generally used than il quale. 2. II che is used, when relating to the whole of some preceding sentence : as, Egli feri Carlo, 11 che mi obbligo ad arrestailo. He wounded Charles, which obliged me to arrest him. 3. The English forms whose father, whose friend, are lendeied by il padre di cui, 1' amico di ciii, or by il cui padre, il ctii amico, the expression il di ciii being erroneous. 4. The Relative Pronoun must always be translated in Italian, even when omitted in English • as, L* uorao che avete veduto. The man you have seen. La lezidue, che vdi avete imparata. The lesson you have learnt. Exercise XXXVII. 1. L' amico, che tu hai visto, e mio cugino. 2. La sigiiora, che era con tua madre, e mia zia. 3. La persona, della quale parli non e onesta. 4. II servo, di cui parli e un onestissimo uomo. 5. La donna, a cui hai dato la lettera e la cameriera di mio zio. 6. L' uomo, che hai visto nella strada, ha comprato il mio giardino. 7. Colore che amano lo studio, imparano le loro lezioni. 8. Di che parlavate stamattina con mio padre ? lo parlava della morte del nostro comune amico B. 9. Maria, la quale hai visto ieri sera in casa deir architetto, e mia sorella. 10. Le allieve, le quali hanno imparate le loro lezioni, avranno un reoalo. 11. Gli uomini, i quali amano la virtu, sono felici. 12. I maestri, da' quali siete educati, meritano il vostro rispetto. 1. The Italian language, which you are learning, is not difficult. 2. The boy who" was with me this morning is my cousin (masc). 3. The pupil (fern.) who has learnt her lesson will have a present. 4. The man, whom you have seen in my house, is our servant (masc). 5. Those who love virtue are always happy. 6. The young man with whom 1 was speaking is the brother of Charles. 7. The boy, whose father was in your house this morning, is a good boy. 8. The master, who teaches you the Knglisli language, deserves your re- spect. 9. The house of which you speak is very old. 10. The pupil (masc.) to whom 1 have given my pen is a bad boy. 11. The lady, whom you have seen with my mother, is her sister. 12. l)f what were you speaking with my brother ? 1 was speaking with him of his exercise. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 91 F. Indefinite Pronouns {Fronomi Indefiniti). The Indefinite Pronouns are : (Altri (m.), another. Altriii, (iio nom.), other's. Nit?a^'} ''^^'"''*^ ^"^^^^ ^°^ ^^ following a verb). Sing. L' un 1' altro, 1' tina 1' altra, \ „««/j,^^ Plur. GU tini gli altri, le une le altre, / ^^ anomer. Entrambi (indecl ), Sing. L'uno e 1' altro, 1' una e 1' altra, \ both. Plur. Gli uni e gli altri, le tine e le altre, Sing. Ttitto, tiitta, \ « Plur. Ttitti, tiitte, / ^' Altro, a, something else, j Qualctino, qualctina, Alctino, a, i, e, somebody, ajew. \ Qualchedtino, qualche- Ognuno, a, every one. Alquanto (indecl.), some, a little. Chitinque, ) Chicchessia, I Chicchesivoglia, I ^i.^.^^^ Chi Che si sia, ^ '^^t^osoever. Qualsisia, Qualsivdglia, diina, CerS, certuna, } 'o^'^^dy. Parecchi, e (pi. only), many a. Quale — quale, some . . . some. Tanto . . . quanto, as much . . . as. Tanti . . . quanti, as many . . .as. Remarks. 1. Altri . . . altri, quale . . . quale, chi . . . chi, qu§sti . . . . . . qu^gli, mean the one . . . the other, and are used only of per.-ons, as, 'Altri piange altri ride, quale piaiige quale lide, chi i>iange chi ride, questi piange quegli ride, the one cries, the other laughs. 2. Altrui has no nominative, is used only of persons, is declined without the article, and sometimes even without the preposition : as Reatituisci cio che de'vi altrui, Give back what you owe to others. L' altrui means the property of other people, and is regu- larly declined. 3. Nulla and ni^nte are sometimes used as substantives ; as, Mille scudi sono un nulla per lui, A thousand dollars are a nothing for him. 4. Alcuno, with a negali m, means nobody ; as, Non vidi alcuno, I saw nobody. 6. Qualsisia and qualsivoglia make in the plural qualsi- siano, qualsivogliano. 5 92 PASSIVE VERBS. Exercise XXXVIII. 1. Non desiderare V altrui, dice il Signore Dio. 2. Ogni uomo h mortale, ed ogni persona ha i suoi difetti. []. Nulla fa paura al- r uomo valoroso. 4. Egli stima un niente lo spendere mille lire. 5. Que' due fratelli si amano 1' un 1' altro. 6. L' uno e 1' altro erano nella scuola questa mattina, io li vidi entrambi. 7. Gli uni e gli altri erano col maestro alia passeggiata. 8. Alcuno mi lodava, ed alcuno mi biasimava. 9. Caro padre, datemi alquanto danaro, perch^ ne ho bisogno. 10. C'hiunque impara la sua lezione e un buono scolare. 11. Qualsisiano le vostre ragioni io non vi permetto di essere ozioso. 12. Tante teste quanti cervelli (proverb). 1. As many opinions as there are heads. 2. Whosoever studies shall have a |)resent. 3. Whosoever learns his lessons will have a book for nothing. 4. Every one was at his house last even- ing. 5. We were all at his dinner at his new house in town. 6. Some one will be happy to eat this dinner with me. 7. The one likes wine, the other beer. 8. Every one thinks of his family on this day. 9. We shall all be with you at dinner to- morrow evening. 10. 1 have spoken with nobody at the 'theatre, there was nobody. 11. He has as many houses as gardens in this town. 12. Both (masc.) have learnt their lessons, and both {masc.) will have a present next Thursday. XX. — Passive Vekbs {Verbi Passivi). The Passive of all Transitive Verbs is formed bv adding the Past Participle of that Verb to the Auxiliary' essere, to be. Tiie Past Participle of all Verbs conjugated with the verb Essere, must agree in gender and number with the subject of this verb ; as, Luio^i h state. Louts has been. Maria h stata, Mary has been. I udstri fratelli sdno stdti, our brothers have been. Le nddtre surelle sduo state, our fisters have been. Essere amato. INDICATIVE MOOD (Mddo Indicativo). Present Tense {Timpo Presinte). Singular. I'lural. io sdno amato, a, I am loi^ed. tu sa amato, a, thou mi loved. egli e amato, ) he is loved. ella e amata,/ she is loved. n6i si&tno am&ti, e, xce are loved. v6\ siete amati, e, you are hived. egilno ; 6no amati, \ ,, , , eUenosdnoamate;? ^^ey are loved. PASSIVE VERBS. 93 io era amato, a, tu eri amato, a, egli era amato, ella era amata, Imperfect Tense (Imperf^tto). Siijgular. Rural. / was loved. ndi eravamo ama- we were loved, thou wast ti, e, loved. v6i eravate ama- you were loved, he teas loved. I ti, e, she was loved. eglino erano amati, i they were I elleno erano amate, ( loved. io fui amato, a, tn fosti amato, a, egli fa amato, I ella fa amata, ) Past BEmKvrK (Pai^sdto JJefinito). I was loved. ndi fiimmo ama- we were loved, thou wast li, 6, loved. 1 vdi fcste amati, e. you were loved, he was loved. eglino fiirono amati, \ they were she was loved. | elleno furono amate, / loved. Future Tense (Futiiro). he he io saro amato, a, 1 shall loved. ta sarai amato, a, thou wilt loved. egli sara amato,) he will he loved. eUa sara amata,/ she wdl he loved. he ndi saremo ama- we shall ti, e, loved. v6i sarete amati, e, you will hp loved. eglino saranno ] they icill he amati, I loved. elleno saranno [ they will he amate, I loved. Past Indefinite Tense (Passato Indefinito). Masculine. io s6no stato amato, ta s'ti stato amato, egli e stato amato, noi siamo stati amati, vdi siete stati amati, eglino s6no stati amati, Heminine. io s6no stata amata, tu sei stata amata, ella e stata amata, noi siamo state amate, vdi sicte state amate, elleno sdno state amate. I have heen loved, thou hast heen loved, he, she, has heen loved, we have l>een loved, you have heen loved, they have heen loved. Pluperfect Tense {Fiu che Perfetto). io era stato amito, io era stata amata, I had heen loved. ta eri stato amato, ta eri stata amata, thou hadst heen loved. egli era stato amato, ella era stata amata, he, she had heen loved. ndi eravamo stati amati, ndi eravamo state amate, we had heen loved. vdi eravate stati amati, vdi eravate state amat°, you had heen loved. eglino erano stati amati, elleno erano state amate, they had heen loved- Past Anterior (Passdto Rimdto). io fui stato amato, io fui stata amata, ta fdsti stato amato, tu fdsti stata amata, egli fu stato amato, ella fu stata amata, ndi ftiramo stati amati, ndi fummo state amate, vdi fdste stati amati, vdi fdste state amate, eglino ftirono stati elleno furono state am&ti, amate, I had heen loved, thou hat 1st heen laved, he, she had heen loved we had heen loved, you had heen loved, they had heen loved. 94 PASSIVE VERBS. Masculine. io sard stat^ amato, tu sarai stato amato Future Anterior (FuMto Anteri&re). Feminine. io saro stata amata, egli sara stato amato, ndi saremo stati amati, v6i sarete stati amati, eglino saranno stati amati. ta sarai stata amata, ella sara stata amata, ndi saremo state amate vdi sarete state amate, elleno saranno amate, [shall have been loved thou milt have f)€en loved. [loved, he, she, icill have been we shall have been loved. [loved. you loill have been state tlif^y will have been loved. IMPERATIVE MOOD (Imperative). tH am&to, oh' tgli sia amato, ohe n6i siamo amati, siate voi amati, oh' egUno siano amati, sii amata, ch' ella sia amata. che noi siamo amate, siate vdi amate, ch' elleno siano amate, be (thou) loved. let him, her, be loved. let us be loved. be (ye) loved. let them be loved. io sarei amato, tu saresti amato, eg i sarebbe amato, ndi saremmo amati, vdi sarcste amati. CONDITIONAL MOOD (C&ndiziondU). Present Tense (Pres^nfe). io sarei amata, I should be loved. tu saresti amata, ella sarebbe amata, ndi saremmo amate, vdi sareste amate. thou wouldst be loved. he, she, would be loved we should he loved, you wi'uld he loved. eglino sarebbero amati, elleno sarebbero amate, they would be loved. Past Tense (Passdto,. First Form. io sarei stato amato, io sarei stata amata, I should have been loved. tu saresti stato amato, tu saresti stata amata, thou vouldst have been loved. egli sarebbe stato amato, ella sarebbe stata amata, /i^, she, would have been hved. ndi saremmo stS,ti amati, ndisaremmostate amate, ire should have been lived. vdi sareste state am&te, you would have been loved. elleno sarebbero state they would have been vdi sareste stati amati. eglino sarebbero stati amati, io fdssi st^to am^to, tu fdssi stato amato, egli fdsse st&to am&to, amate, Second Form. io fdssi stdta am&ta, tu fdssi stata am&ta, loved. I should have been loved, thou wouldst have been loved. egli fdsse stata am&ta, he, she. would have been loved. PASSIVE VERBS. 05 Second Form. Masculine. Feminine. n6i fdssimo stati amati, ndi fdssimo state amate, we should have been loved. vdi fdste stati amati, vdi fdste state amate, you would have been loved. eglino fdssero stati elleno fdssero state thfy would have been amati, amate, loved. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Soggiuntivo). Present Tense (Pres^nte). ch' io sia amato, ch' io sia amata, that I may be loved. che tu sia amato, che tu sia amata, that thou mayst be loved. oh' egli sia amato, ch' ella sia amata, that he, she may be loved. che ndi siamo amati, che ndi siamo amate, that we may be loved. che vdi siate amati, che vdi siate amate, that yoti may be loved. ch' eglino siano amati, ch' elleno siano amate, that they may he loved. Imperfect Tense (Imperfd'tto). ch' io fdssi amato, ch' io fdssi amata, that I might he loved. che tu fdssi amato, che tu fdssi amata, that thou mightst be loved. , ch'egli fdsse amato, ch'ella fdsse amata, ihat he, she, might be loved. che ndi fdssimo amati, che ndi fdssimo amate, that we might he loved. che vdi fdste amati, che vdi fdste amate, that you might be loved. oh' eglino fdssero amati, ch' elleno fdssero amate, that they might he loved. Past Tense (Passdto). oh' io sia stato amato, ch' io sia stata amata, that I may have been loved. ohe ta sia stato amato, che tu sia stata amata, that thou mayst have been loved. oh' egli sia stato amato, ch' ella sia stata amata, that he, she. may have been loved. che ndi siamo stati che ndi siamo state that we may have been amati, amate, loved. che vdi siate stati amati, ohe vdi siate state amate, thai you may have been loved. oh' eglino siano stati ch' elleno siano state that they may have amati, amate been loved. 96 PASSIVE VERBS. Pluperpect Tensk (Piu che Perfiito). Masculine. Feminine. oh' io f6ssi stato amato, ch' io fdssi stata amata, that I might have been loved. che tti fdssi stato amato, che tu fdssi stata amata, that thou mightst luive been loved. eh' egli fosse stato amato, oh' ella fosse stata amata, that he, she, might have been loved. che n6i fdssimo stati che n6i fdssimo state that we might have amati, amate, been loved. che vdi fdste stati amati, che vol fdste state amate, fTia^ you inight have been loved. ch' eglino fdssero stati ch' elleno fdssero state that they might have amati, amate, been loved. INFINITIVE MOOD {Infinito). Present Tense (Presente). S. essere am&to, S. essere amata, to be loved- P. essere amati, P. essere amate, to be loved. Past Tense (Passdto). S. essere stato amato, S. essere stata amata, to have been loved. P. essere stati amati, P. essere state amate, to have been loved, GERUND {Gerundio). Present Tense < Presente). S. essendo amato, S. essendo amata, being loved. * I', essendo amati, P. essendo amate, heiri^ loved. Past Tense {Passdto). S. essendo stato am&to, S. essendo stata amata, having been loved. P. essendo stati amati, P. essendo state amate, having been loved. PARTICIPLES (Participi). Past Tense (Passato). 8. stato amato, stata amata, been loved. P. stati amati, state amate, been loved. Eemarks. 1. Present Participles (^Participi) are not u»ed in the passive form. 2. The Passive voice of the tbir^e (ourselvt^s). that you might risf (ijourselves). ch' eglino si levassero, that ttiey might rise (themselves). Past Tense (Passato oh' io mi sia levato, a, ohe tu ti sia levato, a, ch' egli si sia. levato, a, che n6i ol siamo levati, e, che v6i vi slate levati, e, ch' eglino si siano levati, e. that I mxiy have risen (myself) that thou mayst have risen (thyself . that he may have risen (himself), that we may have nsen ourselves . that you may have risen (yours Ives), that they may have risen (themselves). Pluperfect (Piu che Perfdto ch' io mi fdssi levato, a, che tu ti fdssi levato, a, ch' egli si fdsse levato, a, che noi ci fossimo levati, e, che v6i vi fdste levati, e, oh' eglino si fdssero levati, e. that J might 1 ave risen (myself), that thou mightst have risen (thyndf). tiiat lie might have ri^eu (hims If), that we might have'risen (ourselves . that you might have risen yourselves), that they might have risen '^thtmr selves). INFINITIVE MOOD (Infinito). Present (Presente). ley&rsi, to rise (oneself). Past (Passdto). essersi levato essersi levata Essersi levati essersi levate levandomi, levandoti, levandosi, levandooi, levandovi, levandosi, essendomi lev&to, a, essendoti levato, a, essendosi levato, a, essendcoi levati, e, essendovi levati, e, essendosi levati, e, to have risen (oneself ^ ihemselves). GERUND (Geriindio). Present (Presente). rising (myself), risng (thyself), risviq (himself herself). risinij (our self es). rising (uourselves). rising (themselves). Past (Passato). having risen (myself), having risen (thyelf). having risen (himself, herself), having risen {ourselres). having risen (your sel res), having risen (themselves). REFLECTIVE VEHBS. 105 PARTICIPLES (Participi). Present {Fresente). (not used.) Past (Passdto). Singular. . Mas. levatosi, \ Fern, levatasi, / Plural. Mas. levatisi, j Fern, levatesi, risen (himself, herselfy. rUen (themselves). Eemarks. 1. When the Reflective Verb is conjugated negatively, the Negative is always placed before the Reflective Pio- noun. Thus, in Railegrarsi, to rejoice, the Inaicative Present is as follows : io non mi rallegro, tu non ti rallcgri, egli non si ralltg^ra, noi non ci rallegriimo, voi noa vi rallegrats, eglino non si rallegrano, / do not rejoice (myself . thou dost not rejoice (thyself), he does not rejoice (himself), ice do not rejoice (ourselves), you do not rejo ce (i/ourselves). they do not rejoice (themselves). 2. The Reflective Verb is conjugated Interrogatively^ as follows : mi rallegro io t ti rallcgri tu 1 si ralldgra egli 1 ci rallegriamo noi 1 vi ralleg ate voi 1 si ralldgrano eglino 1 do I rejoice (myself) f dod thou rfjoice (thyself) f does he rejoice (himself) i do we rejoi e (ourselves) '/ do you rejoice (yourselves) ? do they rejoice (titemseloes) ? 3. The Reflective Verb used Interrogatively with Negative, is conjugated as follows : non mi rallegro io ? non ti rallegri tu ? non si ralleg *a egli ? non ci rallugriamo noi ? non vi rallegrate vdi? non si rallegrano eglino ? do T not rejoice (myself) f dost thou not rejoice ( thyself) ? does he not rejoice (himself) i do we not rejoice (ourselves) ? do you not rejoice {yourselves) ? do they not rejoice \ themselves) 1 4. Many Verbs, which in Italian are Intranstive in Eno;lL>h: Reflective, are Aocdrff:^rsi, ) . Avvedersi, } ^o perceive. Ad lormentarsi, to fall asleep. Affrettar^di, to hasten. Alz^r.«i, to rise. Ammo^lidrsi, to take a vrlfe. Annoiarsi, to get tired. Appoggidrsi, to lean. 106 REFLECTIVE VERBS. Approssira^rsi, Aceostarsi, Avvicinarsi, Arrendersi, ABtenersi, Attiiatarsi, Avanzarsi, Avviarsi, Bagnarsi, CornpiacfTsi, Contentarsi, Crucciarsi, Adirarsi, Arrabbiarai, Dilettarni, Dimenticarsi, Dolerrfi, Fidarsi, Imbarcarsi, Impadronirsi, Iiifastidiriii, to approach. to surrender, to abstain, to become sad. to advance, to start, to bathe, to be pleased, to be satisfied. \to get angry. to delight. to forget. to grieve. to trust. to embark. to take possession. to get weary. Ingegnarsi, Inuamorarsi, Lamentarsi, Levarsi, Maravigliarsi, Maritdrsi, Oflfendersi* Oppdryi, Peptirsi, Querelarsi, Rallegrarsi, Ricordarsi, Riposarsi, Rdmpersi, Sbrigarsi, Sentirsi, Scorddrsi, Spicciarsi, Svegliarei, Vantarsi, Vergognarsi, (o endeavour. to fall in love. to complain. to rise. to marvel. to get a husband to take offence. to oppose. to repent. to complain. to rejoice. to remember. to rest. to break. to make hade. to fed. to forget. to hasten. to awake. to ioast. to be ashamed. Exercise XLI. A. 1. lo mi rallegro con te della tua buona fortuna. 2. Grazie mille, mio caro, te ne sono obbligatissimo. 3. Egli non si accorgeva che noi non avevamo sedie. 4. Noi ci siamo avveduti della perdita che abbiamo subita ! 5. A che ora ti addormentasti la notte scorsa ? lo mi addormentai a mezzanotte. 6. Giovanni, affrettati a portarmi il cappello, perch^ io ho da sortire. 7. Quando io entrai nella camera, tutti si alzarono e mi salutarono. 8. Si h Carlo ammo- gliato ? Nossignore, Carlo non si h ancora ammogliato, ma Emma si e maritata. 9. Si e Ella annoiata questa sera, signor mio? ]o non mi annoio in sua compagnia. 10. Su che si appoggia quel povero vecchierello ? Egli si appoggia sul bastone per non cadere. 11. Approssimatevi, ragazzi, ed io vi detterb le vostre lezioni. 12. Egli mi si accostb per domandarmi che cosa io ne pensava. 1. Why do you rejoice, boys? Because we shall have a present. 2. Did your sister rejoice to receive a present ? Yes, sir, she rejoiced. 3. We should all rejoice if we had a present. 4. Do you prceive that you are wrong ? No, sir, I do not perceive it ; but I think that I am right. 5 Did they (masc.) jxirceive their loss last night ? No, sir; they (masc.) perceived their loss this morning. 6. At what time {hour) did your little brother fall asleep? He fell asleep at half-past ei.iht o'clock. 7. l>id the hatter make haste to bring you your hat? Yes, sir, the hatter brought it to me this morning. 8. Will you go out to-day ? Yes, sir, I shall go out, but I shall not make haste. 9. Why did you get up (have you risen)! To salute you, sir. 10. On what day will he be married ? He will be mar- REFLECTIVE VERBS. 107 ried next Saturday. 11. "Will your cousin Mary also get married on that day? No, sir, she will get married on the fifth of May. 1'^. Why do you come near me {approach) ? To ask you what you think of it. B. 1. Perche vi astenete dal vino ? Perche questo vino e cattivo : io non me ne asterrei se fosse buono. 2. Perche si sono attristate le tue sorelle ? Perche elleno furono biasimate dal loro maestro di musica. 3. L'esercito nemico si e avanzato ed i nostri soldati furono obbligati di arrendersi. 4. Io fui obbligato ad avanzarmi per parlargli. 5. !Si avvio Ella alle cinque, od alle st-i ? Io mi avviai alle cinque e mezzo. 6. II mio maestro non si contento del mio esercizio, e me ne ha dettato un altro. 7. Perche ti sei tu adirato col servo? Perche egli non ha portato le mie lettere alia posta. 8. II padre era crucciato col figlio, perche questi era infingardo. 9. Non si e suo fratello arrabbiato ? Nossignore, mio fratello non s' e arrabbiato. 10. Io mi diletto a suonare il pianoforte — e ne ho uno bellissimo. 11. La tua canzone ci diletto tutti. 12. Avete im- parato la vostra lezione ? Me la imparai ieri sera, signer maestro ; ma ora me ne sono dimenticato. 1. Have you forgotten your lesson? No, sir, I have learnt it, and I remember it. 2. Why do you abstain from this beer? Be- cause it is not good. 3. Has the army advanced? Yes, sir, our army has advanced. 4. At what hour did your sisters start for the promenade ? They (/em.) started at three o'clock. 5. Was your father angry with you ? No, sir, my father was not angry with me, but was angry with my little brother. 6. We were all angry with our servant {fern) because our coffee was cold. 7. Would you be angry with the hatter if he were not to bring you your hat this evening ? I should not be angry with him. 8. In what do you take pleasure ? We all take pleasure in playing {to play) the piano. 9. Has she forgotten to speak Italian ? She has not forgotten to speak Italian, but she has forgotten to speak French. 10. Will you forget this lesson? I shall not forget this lesson, sir. 11. On what did you lean ? I supported myself on this stick. 12. Will you forget my advice ? No, sir, I shall remember it. dice, sayg. 1. Vi fidate voi del vostro servo ? Io non me ne fido. 2. Di chi ti fidi tu ? Di nessuno. 3. Un proverbio italiano dice " Fi- darsi e ben, ma non fidarsi e meglio." 4. Noi c' imbarcammo per r America il venti giugno e vi arrivammo il ventotto a mezzo- giorno. 5. Egli si e imbarcato in una difficilissima intrapresa. 6. Su che nave s' imbarcherk Ella ? Io m' imbarchero sul battello a vapore " II Colombo." 7. Que' ragazzi si sono impadroniti de' miei libri. 8. Noi ci siamo infastiditi di avere I'arrosto ogni giorno. 9. Pagazzi, riposatevi se siete stanchi. 10. Noi non ci riposiamo, perchd non siamo stanchi. 11. Vi sentite voi male ? Nossignore, 108 IMPERSONAL VEHBS. io mi sento bene. 12. Perche vi vantate d' una tale azione ? Vergognatevene. 1. Have you forgotten my advice? No, sir, we have not for- gotten your advice. 2. Does she trust her servants {fern.) ? Yes, sir, she trusts her servants (Jem.), and everybody. 3. Why do you trust him? Because he is an honest man. 4. Would you trust him if he were a thief? No, sir, I should not trust him if he were a thief. 5. Why did you embark in such a difiBcult undertaking? This undertaking is not difficult. 6. On what ship will they (masc.) embark ? They (jnasc.) will embark on " The Columbus." 7. Shall we take possession of his money ? No, sir ; we should be wrong. 8. Why do you not rest ? Because I am not tired. 9. V\ ould you rest, if you were tired ? Yes, sir, I should rest if 1 were tired. 10. Of what do you boast? I do not boast, sir. 11. Are you ashamed of not having {not to have) learnt your lesson ? Yes, sir, I am ashamed of it. 12. Do you feel well ? No, sir, 1 do not feel well ; I feel ill. XXIII. — Impersonal Verbs {Verhi Impersondli). Impersonal Verbs are either really impersonal, i. e., they have no other form but the third person, or they are used as Impersonal, although they may be conjugated like other Verbs. 1. Impersonal Verbs, really so, are : — aooade, avvilne, didiacoia, j dimdia, gala, gixiaooia, it happens, it thaws, it freezes. grandina, it haiU. lampeggia, it lightens. nevioa, it snows. pidve, it rains. ta6na, it thunders. are: p&re, it seems. place, it pleads. Bembra, it seems. s' intende, it is understood. dudle, it is painJuL. 2. Verbs used impersonally are bista, it is enowjh. bisogna, it is necessary. convicne, it is proper. rinoresce, it pains. ooodrre, it is wanted. Besides these, many other Verbs are formed impersonally with the third person singular of fdre, 6ssere, and av^re: thus, fa bel tempo, it is fine weather. fa cattivo uempo, it is bad weather. fa oaldo, it is hot. fa ohiaro diltina, ?7 is mnnnlight. fa freddo, it is cold. fa pdlvere, it is dusty. fa sdle. it is sunny. fa vtnto, it is windy. fa imido, it is (lamp. d tempo. it is time. e meglio, it w better. V' ha tempo, tliere is time, etc IMPERSONAL VERBS. 109 The irregular Verb dov^re (see p. 14n) is ii^ed for the Enj^lish must, to he obliged: the following verb being put in ihe infinitive without a preposition, as : lo devo sciivere, / must write ; tu devi veniie, thou shalt he obliged to come. Bisogna is often used instead of dov^re and does not take a preposition before the Infinitive, if used in a genei al sense, as : bisogna vivere, one must live. If however there is a noun or pronoun subject of the sentence, the verb follow- ing bisogna must be put in the Subjunctive, as : bi>6gna che noi viviamo. we must livf. Avere da is used also for must, as : ho da dargli uno sctido, I must give him a dollar. Bisognare means to want if ccnjugated as a iironouiinal verb, as : mi bisogna un cappello nuovo, I want a new hat. 3. The Tonipound Tenses of the Impersonal Verbs take the Auxiliary av^re when the verb is transitive, as: ha snonato niezzanotte, it has struck midnight ; and the Auxiliary ^ssere or av^re wlien the verb is really imper- sonal, as; e pioviito la notte scorsa. it has rained last night ; ha nevicato oggi, it has snowed to-day. 4. There is. there are, there will he, etc., are rendered with ci or vi e, vi sono, vi sara, etc. 5. All Impersonal Veibs are used only in the third per- son: thus, * Pi6vere, to rain. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present pidve, it rains. Im'porf. piovfcva, it was raining. Past Def. pidvve, it did rain. Future plovera, it wU rain. Pant Indef. e piovuto, it has rained. Pluperf. era piovuto, it had been raining. Past Ant. fu piovlto, it hud raineil. Fut. Ant. sara piovuto, it will have rained. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present pioverebbe, it would rain. Past \st Form sartbbe piovuto, it would have rained. Past 2nd Form fdsse piovuto, it would have rained (No Imperative.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present ch' egli piova, that it may rain. Imperfect ch* egli piovesse, that it might rain. Past eh' tgli sia piovuto, that it may have rained. Pluperject ch' egli fosse piovuto, that it might have rained. 110 IMPERSONAL VERBS. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present pidvere, to rain. \ Past essere piovdto, to have rained. GERUND. piovendo, raining. Present Past essendo piovdto, having rained, PARTICIPLES. Present (Not used.) Masc. Fem. Past, Sing. piovtito, piovnta Plur. piovuti, piovute, rained, rained. Bisognare, to he necessary. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Imperfect Past Def. Future Pa^t Indef. Pluperfect Past Ant. Fut. Ant. Present Past Ist Form Past 2nd Form it is necessary, it was necessary, it was necessary, it will be necessary, it has been necessary, it had been necessary it had been necessary, it will have been """'" bisdgna, bisognava, bisogno, bisognera, e bisognato, era bisognato, fu bisognato, sara bisognato, CONDITIONAL MOOD, bisognerebbe, it would he necessary. sarebbe bisognato, fosse bisognato, it would have been necessary, it would have been necessary. {No Imperative by itself) SUBJUNCTIVE MO(JD. Presertt ch' egli bisogni, that it may be necessary. Imperf ch' egli bisognasse, that it might be necessary. Past ch' egli sia bisognato, that it may have been necessary. Pluperf ch' egli fosse bisognato, that it might have been necessary. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present Past Present Past bisognare, essere bisognato, to be necessary. to have been necessary. GERUND. bisognfindo, essbndo bisognato, being necessary, having been necessary. PARTICIPLES. Present (Not used.) Masc. Fem. Past Sing, bisognato, bisognata, Pltir. bisognati, bisognate. been necessary. been necessary. IMPERSONAL VERBS. Ill Exercise XLII. A. 1. Piove? Nossignore, non piove. 2. Ha piovuto ieri sera a Londra? Jeri sera non ha piovuto in Londra, ma ha piovuto a Parigi. 3. Che e accaduto ? Nulla, signore. 4. Ha gelato la notte scorsa? ISissignore, la scorsa notte ha gelato. 5. Questa mattina gela. 6. Grandina? Non grandina, ma nevica. 7. Lampeggia? Oggi non lampeggia, ma lampeggio ieri. 8. Ha nevicato tutta la notte. 9. Jil egli piovuto ? is ossignore, non ha piovuto. 10. 1^ tuonato e lampeggiato tutto il giorno. 11. La neve e didiacciata. 12. Tuona, ma non lampeggia. 1. What has happened? The boy has fallen. 2. Does it rain? It does not rain, sir. 3. Did it rain this morning? Yes, sir, this morning it did ra^n. 4. Is it freezing? it does not freeze. 5. Did it freeze this morning ? This morning it did freeze. 6. Did it hail? Yes, sir. 7. Is it hailing? No, sir, it does not hail. 8. Has it been snowing ? Yes, sir, it has snowed, and it is freezing. 9. Does it thunder ? It thunders and lightens. 10. Is the snow melted? The snow is not melted; it is frozen. 11. What will happen ? Nothing will happen. 12. \V hat has happened yester- day ? I have been punished by my father. 1. Basta, basta, non pariate piu, capisco. 2. Vi basta una tazza di caffe ? !Si, una tazza mi basta. 3. Che cosa vi bisogna ? Mi bisognano danari. 4. Le bisogna un' ombrello ? Nossignore, mi bisogna un bastone. 5. A me non bisogna nulla. 6. Se Ella parte per Parigi, Le bisognera un abito nuovo. 7. Cio non mi con- viene. 8. La sua malattia mi rincresce. 9. Che cosa Le occorre ? Mi bisogna un bicchier d' acqua. 10. Che cosa Le pare di questa casa? Mi pare ch' essa sia umida. 11. Le place avere un'arancia? A me non place aver un' arancia ; ma mi piacerebbe avere una tazza di te. 12. A me sembra ch' egli abbia ragione. 1. What do you want? I want a new hat. 2. What does she want? She wants an umbrella. 3. W hat did they (masc.) want? Two bottles of wine. 4. Will you want anything ? No, sir, thanks ; I shall not want anything. 5. Does his misfortune pain you? Yes, sir, it pains me. 6. 'The illness of my cousin (/em.) pains me. 7. Is this sufficient? Yes, this is sufficient. 8. It seems that^ this coat is not new. 9. It seems to me that she is wrong. 10. This is not proper. 11. One cup of tea is sufficient for me. 12. Is one bottle of wine sufficient for you ? Y^'es, sir, thanks. 1. Fa caldo questa mattina. 2. Oggi fa fi-eddo. 3. Nel giardino a mezzanotte fa chiaro di luna. 4. Nella strada fa polvere. 5. Fa caldo perche fa sole. 6. lo non passeggero oggi perchd fe 112 ADVERBS. vento. 7. Fa umido questa sera ? Nossignore, non ra umido, h bel tempo, e una notte stellata. 8. £ meglio studiare che divertirsi. 9. V'ha tempo a tutto. 10. Bel proverbio italiano equesto: Uhi ha tempo non aspetti tempo. 11. A mo passeggiare al chiaro di Imia, non fa freddo. 12. Pare che geler^. Nossignore, a me paie che pioverii. 1. Is it cold? iVo, sir, it is hot. 2. It is moonlight; I shall take a walk. 3. I shall not take a walk ; it is dusty. 4. Why is it hot? Because the sun shines. 5. Is it damp? No, sir, it is fine weather. 6. 1 1 is better to learn your lesson than to play. 7. This starry night is beautiful; I shall take a walk. 8. Is there time? There is no time. 9. It seems that it will rain. 10. Do you want a bottle of wine, or a cup of coffee? 1 want a cup of tea. 11. It seems that this room is damp. 12. A cup of coffee and some bread and butter will be sufficient for me. XXIV. — Adverbs (Avverbi). The Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, and are invaii ible. There are eight dirlerent kinds of Adverbs in Italian ; they are : (a.) Adverbs of time, avverbi di tempo. (6.) Adverbs of place, avverbi di ludgo. (c.) Adverbs of manner, avverbi di mddo. (d.) Adverbs of quantify, avverbi di quantita. (e.) Adverbs of affirmation, avverhi affermativi. (/.) A nouo. appena, come prima. as soon a«. dra, non prima, 7iot before. or dra, s6bito, presently, immediately. s^bito che, tdsto che, \ as soon cw. avanti, before. di rado. seldom. Gia often means of course: as, Gia, Ella ml vede, o/cottr«e, you see me. Gia with a negative means rather not: as, lo non cr6dc gik tutto cio ch'egli dice, I do not believe all that he says. Gia, when precedinir a noun, means /ormer ; as, il gik re di N^poli, the former King of Naples, Exercise XLIII. 1. Quando e Ella arrivata a Londra? lo arrival a Londra ieri I* altro. 2. Avantieri io era a Parigi, oggi sono a Londra e domani ADVERBS 115 saro a Manchester. 3. !fi ormai terapo di cominciare la lezione. 4. lo sono spesso con tuo fratelio ; egli e sovente al mio negozio. 5. II dottore prima lo credeva seriamente ammalato; e dopo non crede seria la sua malattia. 6. Bisogna far presto, perch e ho fretta. 7. lo saro tosto con Lei. 8. Desidera Klla essere subito servita? Servitemi appena avrete finite di servire quel signorc. 9. E ormai tardi, bisognerk partire subito. 10. D' ora in poi io >ar6 studiosissimo. 11. Ella e arrivata poco dopo noi. 12. Noi eravamo teste con la madre e le sorelle di Guglielmo. 1. I have often been with Mr. S. 2. When did you arrive? We arrived yesterday. 3. You are late. Yes, sir ; I am late. 4. Is sht! in a hurry ? Yes, madam, she is in a hurry, because she has to go out at once. 5. We shall play after we shall have had our lessons. 6. 1 shall come as soon as I shall have finished my exercise. 7. Were you in London yesterday ? I was in London the day before yesterday ; and yesterday 1 was at Brighton. 8. Hence- forth 1 shall always learn my lessons. 9. He is now a very studious young man. 10. He is often with my cousin Charles. 11. You were not at the school yesterday. No, sir; I was in Brighton. 12. You should learn your lessons first, and then play. B. Adverbs of Place {Avverbi di luogo). Dve, ) where. dentro, inside. dove, J fudri. out>ide. 6nde, ( ddnde, qui, qua, ia. whence. here. there. indietro, la su, \ lassii, li gid, \ laggiii, j behind, up there. down there. cola, da per ttitto, everywhere. qua e la. to and fro. altrdve, elsewhere. vi, ivi, '> here. innanzi. before. c:. abbasso, down. s pra, su, upon. costi, \ oosta, / there. giii. helow. quindi, thence. qux-ici, hence. quassli, above here. :ie:;ro, behind. quagglli, down here. 8Jt:;o, underneath. su e giii. up and down d.vanti, before. di dove. whence. Note.— Davanti is only used of place, avanti is only used of time, :cept when meaning /ortoard, along^ when it is an interjection. Exercise XLIV. 1. Dove siete. Carlo? lo son qui. 2. Chi e la? Tuo cugino e ]k con sue fratelio. 3. Io sono stato qu^ tutta la mattina ad aspet- 6 116 ADVERBS. tarvi. 4. Noi siamo stati quk e li a cercarlo. 5. Portate su i libri che son giu nella libreria. H. lo sono stato molte volte su e giu per le scale e sono stanco. 7. Che cosa c' e dentro questa scatola ? 0*d un cappello nuovo per mia sorella Kosina. 8. Andate abbasso nella cucina a chiamare la serva. 9. Sarete quassu domattina? Nossignore, domattina noi saremo altrove. 10. Donde arrivate? lo arrivo da Parigi. 11. 11 suo canino e sotto la tavola. 12. Da per tutto si trovano buoni e cattivi ragazzi. 1. Where were you this morning ? I was down in the library. 2. Who was here an hour ago ? Mr. S. was here with his servant (masc). 3. Who is waiting there? The servant {masc.) of the doctor. 4. We have been looking for you everywhere. 5. Have you been up there ? Not yet, sir. 6. What is inside that box ? There is a present for my father. 7. What is underneath my chair ? My dog is under your chair. 8. Have you been downstairs ? Yes, sir, to call the servant (masc). 9. Have you been at the theatre last evening ? No, sir ; we have been elsewhere. 10. Whence does she arrive? She arrives from London. 11. Call your dog from under the table. 12. I shall wait for the doctor here, in his library. C. Adverbs of Manner (^Avverhi di modo). o6me, how. ptire, yet, also. gia,* indeed. f6r88, perl'aps. si, 1 80, thus. Peggio, worse. oosi, j 1 volentieri, tvillingly. psrche, why. quasi, almost. bene, weU. i meglio, better. male. badly. EXERCIS a malinoudre, IE XLV. unwittingly. 1. Come si pronuncia questa parola, signor maestro ? Essa si pronuncia cosi. 2. Come si chiama suo fratello ? Mio fratello si chiama Francesco. 3. Questo esercizio non d cos! buono come quello di ieri : e perche ? Perche non ho avuto molto tempo a scri- verlo. 4. Perch^ non avete imparata la lezione? Perche sono stato al teatro ieri sera. 5. Non e bene andare al teatro prima di imparare la lezione. 6. Dov'e sua cugina? Ella e forse a Milano oggi. 7. Noi impariamo volentieri la musica e la lingua italiana. 8. Mia sorella impara a malincuore il disegno. 9. lo passeggeri volentieri con Lei, se Ella mi permetter^ di accompagnarla. 10. Dopo tutto questo, che cosa ne pensate? lo ne penso male, mio caro. 11. lo pure lo credo onesto. 12. Egli e quasi rovinato. 1. Do you learn willingly the French lansruafje ? No, sir, T learn it unwillingly. 2. What do you learn willingly? The Italian Sm remaiki on page 114, ADVERBS. 117 language. 3. He is not as studious as his brother. 4. Why were you not here this morning? I was elsewhere with niy lathn. 5. Allow me to come wifh you, sir. Willingly. 6. He has had almost a whole bottle of wine, and now he is ill. 7. Is this well? No, sir, that is bad. 8. How is that la<1y called? 8he is called Mrs. Large. 9. How do >ou pronounce these words? These words are pronounced so. 10. 1 go with him willingly. 11. 1 always learn my lessons willingly, all his friends. 12. He will be here this evening with D. Adverbs of Quantity (^Avverhi di quantita), tanto . . quanto, as much . . as. in61to, much. pdoo, little. meno, less. troppo, too much. tanto, so much. abbastanza, enough. piii, more. quanto, how much ancora, a pdco a poco, a sufficienza, via p-u, I vie piii, / a bizzcffe, assai, stilly more, litle hy little. i certainly. gia, of course. siouramente, ) mai si, certainly, yes. Exercise XL VII. 1. Egli lo avrebbe certamente aiutato, ma non ne aveva i mezzi. 2. Crede Ella tutto cio-che ej?li narra? Jo lo credo di certo. 3. II hallo air ambasciata di Spagna lu dawero magnifico. 4. Ci era Ella, signor Conte? Si, signore. 5. Gi^ s'iutende Ella h da per tutto. 6. Ella s' inganiia dawero, mio caro, se crede tali storielle. 7. fe stata Ella dal Signor B. ? Per T appunto, e 1' ho trovato a casa col maestro di musica. 8. lo saro felicissimo di essere al suo pranzo domani sera di certo. 9. lo appunto La cercava. 10. Ella gik mi cercasempre. 11. In fatti h cosl. 12. Ella si trova a casa di rado. Per l' appunto. 1. It is of course understood that I shall be at your house at eight o'clock this evening. 2. We shall certainly be there with all our friends (masc). 3. Will you be there also? Yes, sir. 4. Will your friend (fern.) be at the theatre to-morrow niiht? Certainly she will be there. 5. Is Mr. S. very rich ? Yes, sir, he is extremely rich. 6. Has he related to you his new fib? Yes, sir. 7. Do you believe his story? Certainly, I do. 8. Of course you believe every- thing. 9. Have you already had your dinner? Yes, sir. 10. Have they (wasc.) been with our friends (masc.) at the concert? Yes, madam. 11. is he mistaken? Certainly. 12. Would you be happy if you were now with your parents ? Certainly. F. Adveres of Negation (AvvSrbt di negaztSne). . either. no, no. nemmeno, non, not. ne manco, non . . m&i, never. ne . . nd, non . . gia, scarcely. non mica, non . . pid, no more. neppure. noanche. not even. non ano6ra, non , . pfinto. not at all. I neither, not at all. not even, not yeU ADVEliBS. 119 Bemarks. 1. Non precedes the verb in Italian (see p. 56) : as, lo non amo, I do not love. \ lo non vdglio, I will not, &c. 2. Non is strengthened by the addition of mica, punto, which f(How the verb, whilst non precedes the verb : as, non amo punto il vino, I do not like wine at all. non lo credo mica, I do not believe it at all. 3. After verbs conveying ideas of negation, or hindrance, non is used in the accessory sentence ; as the consequence is just what is denied or hindered from taking place : thus, EgU nega che la donna non sia mdrta. He denies that the woman is (not) dead. Proibiro cht- Carlo non gli cada vittiraa. I shall forbid Charles to jail his victim. 4. When a negative verb is u.^ed with non, this must be repeated in the accessory tent^nce : as, Non nego ch* egli non m' dmi. I do not deny tit at he does (not) love me. 6. After a verb expressing doubt, non is required. (a) If the accessory sentence is not in the negative, the second verb is put in the subjunctive with non : as, Temo che non mudia, I fear he may die. Diibito che non v^nga, I fear he might come. (b) If the accessory sentence is used negatively, then the second verb must be used in the future with non : as, Temo che non morrk, I fear he will not die. Diibito clie non verm, I fear he might not come, 6. Ne . . . ne require non before the verb which precedes them : as, Egli non be ve ne acqua ne v ino, He drinks neither water nor wine. 7. If the first part of the sentence includes a comparative of augmentation or diminution, without a nejjjative, then the non m ly be used in the second part of that sentence, the verb being changed from the Subjunctive to the Indicative Mood : as, Egli h pill ricco cne ndi pensassimo. Egli h pill ricco che ndi non pensavamo. He i» richer than we thotight. 120 ADVERBS. Exercise XLVIII. 1. lo non ho ancoraveduto tuo zio; malo visiter^oggi, odomanL 2. Siete voi statu dal do'. tore? Non ancora. 3. lo non sono raai statu A teatro. 4. io non gli prestur^ nemmeno un soldo; e^li non nie lo rendercbbe mai. 5. Io lioa lo credo mica cattivo, cgli ha buon cuoie. 6. Gli crede Ella? Io non gli credo piinto. 7. Egli mi ha molto offcso, io non lo ricnver6 a casa mia. 8. II maestro piiniia lo scolare, non gi^ ch'egli non I'ami, nia soltanto per c^rreg- gerlo. 9. lo at leisure, in spite of. >about. a un dipresso, al pill al pid, a soqquadro, ad un tratto, oioe, vale a dire, da bauda, in disparte, da banda a banda, Wi rough and da parte a parte, / through. at the utmod. confusedly, all at once. \that is to say. \aside. 122 ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS. da b61o a s61o, a quattr' dcchi, di mala v6^1ia, malvolentieri, di buon grado, di budna vdglia, di mano in mano, di nuovo, di nascdsto, di soppiatto, in avvenire, in Hne, in Bomma, in un batter d'do- chio, in on attimo, \ tete-a-tete. \unwiUzngly. I willingly. gradually, again. hy stealth. for the future. \in short. in a moment. in vece, 6gm qual vdlta, per esempio, per ischerzo, per r appnnto, per lo piii, par tempo, il pid presto posBibile, in mddo che, su due piedi, tanto pid, tra pdco, \ a momenti, / instead, whenever, for instance, in jest, exactly, mostly. early, in time, as soon as pos- sible, in fuch a way. at once, so 7nuch the As we said in Remark 4, p. 113, some Adjectives are also used as Adverbs, thus • piano, fdrte, oaro, budno, trovar budno, slowly, quietly. loudly, drongly. dear (of value). agreeably (of taste). to find conve- nient. oantar falBO, veder chia: o, tene si diritto, scriver diritto, Bentir budno, sentir cattivo, to sing badly, to see clear, to stand upright, to write straight, to smell nicely, to smell badly. Exercise L. 1. Noi eravamo a cavalcioni 1' iino suU' altro. 2. Ejili era carpone per trovare una spilla. 3. ('arlo mando tuo fratello rotoloni ctm un pugno al petto. 4. Era cosi scuro, che noi camminavamo a taafone. 5. lo ho la niia lezione a menioria. 6. Ella imparo a mente tutto un sahiio. 7. Voi reciterete la lezione a viva voce, ajipena I'avrete imparata. 8. Noi lo insuliammo a hello siudio. 9. A proposito, cameriere, a che ora si pranza qui? Per solito qu\ si raaiigia alle sei, signore. 10. lo ho da parlarvi a quattr' orchi. 11. lo vi nbbid.ro di buon grado. 12. lo lo incoutro ogni qual volta passo per quella strada. 1. He was sent sprawlins with a blow on bis chest. 2. It is so dark that we must grope about. 3. I have learnt it by heart. 4. We have all learnt it by heart. 5. Have you learnt this psalm ? Yes, sir, I have learnt it by heart. 6. We meet you whenever we pass throngh this street. 7. Hesouoiht him on purpose. 8. I shall willingly oi)ey my master. 9. By the by, give me a cup of coffee and some bread and butter. 10. He wants to speak to you pri- vately. 11. 1 met him as soon as I went out. 12. We dine her* generally at five o'clock. PREPOSITIONS. 123 XXV. — Prepositions (Preposizidnt). In Italian thei'e^re two kinds of Prepositions ; 1. Simple and real Pref»ositions governing the noun directly : as, io vengo da Londra, I come from London; 2. Compound Prepositions, that is, Adverbs used as Prepo>itions, and usually followed by one ot the real PrepositioTis. The real Pj epositions are : di, of. da, a, ad, at, to per, con, with. in. of. from, by. for, hp, through in, within, on, upon. A. Prepositions governing the Genitive. The following prepositions govern the Genitive case, and are followed hy the preposition di. fudri, al di li, al di qua, a forza, per mezzo, a causa, a motivo, a ragidne, in ludgo, \ in vece, / davanti, dentro,* outside, beyond, this side, by much, by means. on account. instead. before, inside. senza,* verso,* apple, a dispetto, ad onta, a favdre, cdntro,* dietro,* ddpo,* presso,* sdtto,* without, towards, at the foot. notwithstanding. in fanour. against. behind. after. near. underneath. Exercise LI. 1. Fuori di questa cittgl ci ^ un gran parco. 2. 11 castello del conte L. e al di la del finme Arno. 3. A forza di studiare s' impara. 4. Egli era davanti di questa tavola, iin'ora fa. 5. Egli e state norainato goverriatore per mezzo della mia raccomandazione al ministro. 6. lo fui piinito a causa di lui. 7. Egli estate piinito in luogo di me. 8. La sorella fu lodata invece del fratello. 9. II finme scorre appie del monte. 10. Ad onta de' niiei buoni«consigli, egli si e rovinato. 11. Chi e dietro di me? Nessuno. 12. Ho spedita una lettera di cambio a favore in quanto, ) concerning. in mezzo, amidst. dietro, behind. a mezzo, vioino, near. dentro. inside. adddsso, upon. attomo, around. confdrme, conformably. accanto, circa. about. allato. contro, against. accosto, near. dattdmo. around. preaso, davanti, before. appreaso, , entro, Exercise LII. mlhin. 1. Fino a che ora mi aspetterete ? Fino alle sei. 2. Egli abita dirinifjetto all'ospedale. 3. La sua casa era in faccia alia mia. 4. Egli obli6 i suoi doveri in mezzo a tante delizie. 5. Cercate il mio cap[)ello dentro a quell' altia camera. 6. Gli adulatori t>ono sempre attorno agli uomini ricchi. 7. Oltre a queste due case, egli ha grandi propriety in provincia. 8. In rispetto a qiiesto affare, bisogner^ pensarci. 9. Ej,li si gitto addosso a me come un cane arrabbiato. 10. Aspettate sino a doniani, e sarete pagato. 11. lo non aspettero neanche sino a stassera, io ho bisogno di danaro imme- diatamente. 12. C erano al teatro oltre a mille persone. 1. Up to what time did she wait for me? She waited for you till four o'clock. 2. We live opposite the new church. 3. He lived opposite our house last; year. 4. He has always around him many Hatterers. 5. Inside this box there is a new hat for you. 6. I thank you very much for your goodness to me. 7. Besides that hat, 1 have brought you a ring and a watch. 8. As for this aftjiir, I have to speak about it with my friends. 9. The dog went at him like a mad one. 10. I shail wait lor him until seven o'clock. 11. We shall not wait h»-re, but at our house, until three o'clock. 12. There were there over three thousand people. PREPOSITIONS. 125 C. Prepositions governing the Accusative. The fallowing prepositions govern the Aecnsative, as well as other ca:bes, if included in the other lists of pp. 123-124. avanti, oiroa, cdntro, 1 contra, j ddpo, glusta, innanzi, saJvo. ecoetto, dentro, mediante, before, about. lungo, along. presso, secondo, senza, near. agreeably. without. sopra, sotto^ upon, underneath. verso, towards. durante, malgrado, 61tre, during. notiriihstanding. besides. dietro. behind. against. after. according. before. except. inside. by means of. All Adjectives and Participles used as Pjepositions govern the Accusative case : as, ras^nte, along ; sdlvo, accept ; nonostante, notwithstanding ; mediante, hy means ; etc. Exercise Llll. 1. Non si combatte contro il fato. 2. Eg1i e offeso contro me e contro mio padre senza ragione. 3. Mediante lemieracomandazicni egli m nominato a quel posto lucrative. 4. Noi posstdiamo oltre mdle lire di rendita. 5. Durante la ternpesta il vascello s'aflfondo. 6. Tutti si affogarono, senza eccezioiie. 7. Egli nsci di casa mal- grado i miei ordini. 8. Noi camminammo lungo il fiiime tutta la mattina. 9. La sua casa e situata presso la mia. 10. Noi fumnio tntti a pranzo dal signer Gnglielmo, eccetto te e tua sorella. 11. Giusta la reUzione del giornale, sembra che la guerra sia finita. 12. La sua carrozza passo rasente la nostra. 1. He fought against us in the war of eighteen hundred and seventy. 2. They (masc.) are without money now. 3. She was near nie at dinner, and we talked of you. 4. He has many other houses besides this one. 5. Where were >ou just now? I was amongst the trees in your garden. 6. He talked during the concert ; the music did not please him. 7. We went along the river for a long walk. 8. Notwithstanding his illness, he is still very strong. 9. 'i hey (masc.) will dine without us, because we shall not. be there in time. 10. A^^reeably to his letter, I shall lend him a lew pounds. 11. She has been for a walk, in spite of the orders of her mother. 12. We shall not go for a walk ai^aiiist your orders. D. Prepositions governing the Ablative. Very fev^r prepositions govern the Ablative and are fol- lowed by da. These are fine da, since; Itingi, discosto da, /ar from. 126 CONJUNCTIONS. Inftl6ri, except, is &lwa.y8 preceded by the word it governs : thus, Da me infudri non c' era nessiino. Except me, there was nobody. Note. — The preposition is sometimes omitted in Italian in the following cases : — (a) When words are joined together : as, caposcuola, capocdccia, capo[)arte, instead of capo della scuola, head or founder of the school (of arts) ; capo della caccia, head of the hunt ; capo della parte, leader of the party. In the plural, only tho first word is modified: capiscuola, capicaceia, capiparte. (6) In easa Strozzi, in the house of Strozzi ; vengo da cdsa Palmieri, I come from the house of Palmieri, &c. (c) The preposilion a is omitted in the dative of the personal pronouns mi, ti, ci, vi, le, gli, Idro, si (see p. 78). (d) The preposition in is often omitted in ablatives referrinsr to time : as, lo vidi la state scdrsa, I saw him lant summer ; egli arrivo a Pescia dal Signer Fidri il ciiiqne acosto, he arrived at Pescia at Mr. Fiori's, August 5th : instead of nella state, vel quinio gidriio, &c. XXVI.— Conjunctions {Congiunzioni). Conjunctions are of two kinds in Italian, i. e., copulative when used to join words or sentences, and disjunctive when employed to separate them. A. Copulative Conjunctions. tperchg, poiche, so that, because. &r"' }••"-*'«»«-• pacche, since Sck } ^^- posciAohe, tse, if- tprima che, somer. tohe, that. tquand' anche, though. •f and. tse anche, even if. e . . . e, as well as. di maniera che, \ „^ .i. dim6doche, ] '^^'^' o6me, as. finche. till. dtinque, so, therefore. appena, a pen a, scarcely. non . . . se non, except. pero, though. tsappostoohe. provided. qulndi, therefore. ^nche, also. dacche, because, since. oosicche, so that. mentre che, whilst. fconoiossiaohe. in case that. } before. tfino a tanto che, until. tawegnache, tanzi che, SSll^iu, } »-''*^- tavinti che. Beo6ndo ohe, according as. dnde, so that. oio^, that isy i.e. ■LOOhg, so that. CONJUNCTIONS. 127 B. Disjunctive Conjunctions. neppdre, nemmeno, senza che, nuiladimeno, nullameno, niente di meno ma, eziandio, 1 ma anco, / fnonostante che, tper quanto che, peroio, altresi, per altro, 0, or. ... 0, either . . . or. se, whether. owero, ossia, > or. oppure, tbenche, ] tabbenche, fsebbene, ' although. tancorche, tquantunque, tpurche, provided. ne . . . ne, neither . . . nor. anzi pure, even. \ not even, without that. nevertheless. but. hut also. notwithstanding, houcever. nevertheless. besides. however. All those marked with \ require the following verb in the subjunctive. Pure, yet, is used to mean also hoicever, even ; pur troppo, means only too : a^, ^gli e pur troppo vero, it is only too true. Perche means why and because, and it is not to be mistaken for per . . . che, which means however. Exercise LIV. Copulative Conjunctions. A. 1. Egli e un cittadino ricco e possente. 2. Giacch^ Ella fe cosi buona, La prego prestarmi il sue libro. 3. lo Le prestero volentieri e i miei libri e quanto altro Ella desidera. 4. Tuo padre non solo mi prest6 un libro, ma prestommi anche delle pittnre perch^ le copiassi. 5. Bisogna ch' egli studii se desidera essere premiata. 6. Noi eravamo appena usciti di casa che lo incontrammo con le sue sorelle. 7. To non lo visiterei, qnand' anche fossi invitato a casa sna. 8. Ragazzi, non siate cattivi, se non volete essere puniti. 9. Se anche egli fosse tanto ricco quanto Creso, io lion lo crederei uomo onesto. 10. Poiclie Ella e qui, giuocliiamo una partita alle carte. 11. Io sono pero sicuro di perdere. 12. Egli mi saluto appena io antral nella sua camera. 1. He "was in my room whilst we were speaking of you. 2. Pro- vided yon are a good boy, you will be praised. 3. We had scarcely begun our dinner, when he came in with all his friends (wa.sc.). 4. I shall be with you as soon as 1 shall have finished this letter. 5. He is a studious boy as well as an obedient one. 6. He was idle, 128 INTERJECTIONS. therefore he was punished by his father. 7. She is now eighteen years old, and she is also the tallest of all my sisters. 8. We met him as we were comino; out of the concert. 9. Sooner tiian be idle, I would study and learn sometlnng. 10. Whilst yuu are here, 1 shall speak to you about that affair. 11. He ran away in ord» r that his master might not punish him. 12. He is a tall and a strong man. Disjunctive Conjunctions. B. 1. Desidera della came o del pesce ? Datemi o came o pesce, h lo stesso per me. 2. Sono questi soldati inj;lesi, o fraucesi ? Essi non sono n^ inglesi ne francesi, ma sono ilaliani. 3. Desiderano quel signori della birra oppure del vino? Quel signori desiderano e birra e vino. 4. Purch^ impariate le vostre lezioni, avrere oggi una bella arancia ciascuno. 5. Non lo crederei neppure se lo ve- (lessi con gli occhi miei. 6. lo lo consigliai di finirla, nondimeno egli continue a lamentarsi. 7. Per quanto ch'egli ami me, egli non mi amer^ mai quanto io lo amo. 8. Egli era airabbiatissimo, senza che egli avrebbe seguito il mio censigiio. 9. Carlo 6 molto povero, egli non ha nerameno uno scellino. 10. O nii uhbidite, o vi 8caccer5 di casa mia. 11. Giovanni era non solo stupido, ma ariche ostinato. 12. Sebbene tuo zio sia vecchissimo, egli ha ottioaa salute. 1. Although ihe is very young, she is a very good and sttidious girl. 2. [)o }oa want this book or that? Give me either this one or that one. 3. Although I advised him well, he would not follow my advice. 4. Provided you are diligent you will have a present. 5. This story is only too true, although so difficult to believe. 6. Whether true or not, it is a nice story. 7. Do you want tea or coffee? I want neither tea nor coffee, but I want some wine. 8. Why have you been punished? Because I have not learnt my French lesson. 9. However old he may be, he is not yet a hundred years old. 10. I want not only books, but also pen and ink. 11. I am not very well, hut nevertheless 1 shall be at your liall next week. 12. He would have a prize if he were studious, but he is very idle. XXVII. — Interjections {Inter iezioni). ah I ah I oibo! jie. fthi I alas ! possibile ! good gracious ! eh! \ 1,^77-1 avanti! forward! \ hallo > hurrah! m\ r""^' evYiva! oTiime ! woe is me I viva ! f Ola! oh! iitto! hush! oniil courage! inirno! courage! INTERJECTIONS. 129 bene! weU! f benone ! very weU I aidto! help ! bravo ! well done I aU'erta! up I affe! indeed ! susu! come, come ! obi va la ! who goes there ! Remarks. gn&i ! woe I ?&po1u°Bicoo!} S"^ *«<"'«»' ^ li'. ) »*' deb ! alas ! fadri ! begone 1 via ! away ! 1. Bravo and zitto agree, like adjectives, in gender and number with the person spoken to : as, Bravo 1 Carlo, hai oantato benissimo. Well done. Charles, thou hast sung very well. Brava! signoia l^iuma, ;£lla balla a maraviglia, Well done ! Madam Emma, you dance beautifully. Zitti ! lagazzi, non late ruraore, Hush! children, do not make any noise. Siguoiiue, ]!er carita btatevi zitti- ! Young ladies, for heaven's i^ahe, keep quiet. 2. In interjeotive sentences the adjective must precede the personal pronoun, wLich is put in the accusative : thus, Ahi ! mispra te ! Oh ! povcri lore ! Oh ! wretch that thou art I Alas ! poor people ! 3. When an adjective is with a name, this is preceded by di; the adjective coming first : as. Oh, quelle zdtico di Cdrlo ! Oh, qiieila scidcca di Maria ! Oh, that hoor Charles ! Oh, that foolish Mary! 4. When an appellative noun is used with the name of a person, the foi mer is }>recefled bv di with the article : as. Quel caro vecchio del signor Raffaellel That dear old man. Mr. Raphael ! Quell I buona donna della bigndia B. ! That good woman, Mrs. B. ! 5. Gudi ! woe ! takes a dative : as, Gudi a te, se noti mi ubbidisci ! Wop to thee, if thou dost not obey me! Guai ai codardi! Woe to the cowards ! 6. After interjections expt-epsing grief, the pronoun may also be put in the dative, the adjective precediiig it : as, Oh ! pdvero a me, qiiaito sono infelicel Oh! poor me, how unhappy I ami 130 IRREGULAR VERBS. EXEBCISK LV. 1. Oh, che bella maschera, ma non ha cervello ! 2. Oh, che belle pitture ! 3. Ehi, fern)ati, ti ho da parlare. 4. Ehi,ehi,dove corri? Corro dal medico, 5. Zitto, non far rumore, che il bambino non si svegli. 6. ]fc egli possibile ! Cosi e pur tropjK)! 7. Avanti, avHnti, ho bisogno di voi. 8. Viva 1' Italia, viva la liberty ! 9. Animo dunque, soldati, e battete il nemico ! 10. Guai a quel sohlato che volger^ le spaile al nemico. 11. Corpo di Bacco! questa si che 6 bella ! 12. All' erta, sentinella ! All' erta sto ! 1. Oh, poor me, I am ruined! 2. Oh, what a beautiful picture! 3. Hallo, stop, I have to speak to you. 4. Is this {X)ssible? Y(-t, it is so. 5. Enuland for ever! 6. Hurrah for the Queen ! 7. Woe to those who shall run away! 8. Courage, soldiers, let us beat our enemies ! 9. Make haste, Charles, I have need of you. 10. Woe to you, if you are a bad boy! 11. Hush, baby, hush ! 12. Oh, what a tall man ! XXVI II. — Irregular Verbs ( Verbi Irregoldri). Irregular Verbs may be divided into three classes. They follow in most, though not in all, cases the Perfects and Supines of the Latin verbs from which they are derived. The Fiasr Class includes all those verbs which have their irregularities in common with other verbs, so that they can be classed together in diffeient groups, according to their irregularities. In each group we give only the iiTcgularities of one Verb, the other Verbs of the same group being understood to be conjugated in the same way. The StcoND Class includes all those Verbs, the irregu- larities of which cannot be subjected to any rule. This Class also includes Verbs which have only the Past Participle irregular. The Third Class contains all the Defective Verbs. The First Class. The following Verbs, almost all belonging to the Second Conjugation, have the first and third persons of the Sin- gular, and the third person of the Plural ii regular in the Past Delinite and also an irregular Past Participle. lEREGULAK VEUBS. 131 Verbs irregular in thk Past Definite and Past Participle. 1. Past Def. in si. Past Part, in SSO. M6ttere, to put* {Lat, mitto, misi, missum). Past Definite. io misi. tumettesti. egli mise. noi metteinmo. voi metteste. eglin© misero. So also the compounds : commettere, omettere, amraeitere, permettere, pr omettere, to commit, to omit, to admit, to permit to promise. compromettere, to compromise. Past Pauticiple. Masc. Fern, messo. messa. m«ssi. mease. rime'ttere, diiuettere, scommettere, aottome'ttere, sommettere. to remit, to dismiss, to bet. submit. }. Exercise LVI. 1. Ella mise il tuo cappello invece del suo nella scatola. 2. Dove hai tu niessi i miei libii ? Io li ho messi nella libreria. 3. Eglino misero tiitti i loro abiti nelle loro camere. 4. II giudice ammise 1' innocenza del prigiouiero e Io libera 6. Egli hacommesso de' gravi errori. 6. Quell' uomo ha commessi moiti delitti. 7 Mio padre uon mi permise di visitarlo. 8. Io gli promisi un bel regale, 86 egli mi avesse aiutato. 9. Ella si e compromessa seriamente col governo per i suoi errori politici. 10. Io Le ho sottomesse tutte le mie raiiioni. 11. La porta della mia camera e chiusa. 12. Che cosa ha Ella scommesso? Io non ho scommesso nulla. 1. He promised me that he wouhl pay this bill of exchange next week. 2. He compromised himself with his government. 3. Did you bet anything? I never bet. 4. I put my hat on that chair, when 1 came in. 5. "Where has she put my books? She has put ycmr books on rhe taV»le. 6. Has he submitted to you his reasons? Not yet. 7. Has the judge admitted his innocence? Yes, and he has set him at liberty. 8. Charles has committed a very serious mistake, and he will be punished for it. 9. We shall submit our reasons to the jud. Have you reflected sufficiently about it? Yes, sir, and I sl»all follow your advice. 11. "What is reflected by that looking-glass? My own image. 12. He has struck my little brother with bis stick. 4. Past Def. in ssi. Past Part, in tto. Scrivere, to write (Lat. scribo, scripsi, scriptum). Past Depintte. Io scrtsBi. tu scrivesti. ^gli sciisse. ndi sorivemmo. vdi scriveste. ^glino Si-riBsero. Fast Participle. Masc. Fem. scrltto. BcKtta. scritti scrltte. IKREGULAR VERBS. 135 So also : cuocere,t to cook. ergere, to erect. ricuocere.t to cook again. erigere, to erect. costruire, to construct. friggere, to fry. scnvere, to write. leggere, to read. affliggere, to afflict. negligere,t to neglect. infliggere. to inflict. reggere, to govern. instruire, to instruct struggere, to dissolve. correggere. to correct. \ di struggere, to destroy. dirigere,* to direct. 1 traf ggere, to transfix. tradiirre. to translate. i stitiggersi, 4o long. condiirre, to conduct. inuurre, to induce. condursi. to behave. i addiitre, to bring. produ'rre, to produce. ridiirre, to reduce. figgere, to fix. sediirrc, to seduce. configgere, to nail down. dediirre, to deduct. eleggere, to elect. prote'ggere, to protect. Ergere has the Past Definite and Past Participle from er^ggere. Addurre, indurre, tradurre, sedtirre, dedurre, condurre, ridtirre, and prodtirre foim iheii- Regular Tenses from their old infinitives, in cere, adducere, inducere, seducere, tradu- cere. rondHcere, etc., of which tliey are a contraction , thus, io adduco, egli seduce, che eglino conducano, etc. The Past Participle of verbs ending in cere or urre ends in otto, as tradotto, cotto, ridotto, indotto. Exercise LIX. 1. II maestro ha corretti i nostri esercizi. 2. Egli e ridotto alia miseria. 3. lo addussi tutte le mie ragioni, ed egli atFernio che io aveva torto. 4. Noi fummo protetti da lui. 6. Chi ti protesse ? Mio cugino. 6. La cittk intera fu distrutta dai nemici. 7. Avete voi neglerto i vostri doveri? Nossignore, noi non 11 negligiamo mai. 8. Tuo cugino si e condotto niolto male in questo afifare. 9. Molte statue furono erette al primo re d' Italia in diverse citta della penisola. 10. Gli eressero una statua perche fu grande oratore. 11. Chi Le ha scritto? 11 libraio mi ha scritto e mi lia inamlato il suo conto. 12. ]& fritto il pesce? 11 pesce non e ancora Iritto, signore; bisognera aspettare ancora un poco. 1. Who has corrected this exercise? The master has corrected it. 2. To what has he been reduced by his laziness ! 3. I brought before him many good reasons, and he affirmed that I was wrong. 4. We were protected by the general. 5. Who protected you? My * The i is changed into e in the Irregular terminations. f The u is omitted in the Irregular terminations. 136 IRREGULAR VEBBS. brother protected me. 6. What did the enomies destroy? They destroyed the whole town. 7. Why do you neglect your lessons? I have never neglected them. 8. How