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 THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 A COMPLETE TOURIST'S GUIDE 
 
 COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, UTAH, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA, 
 
 OREGON, PUGET SOUND AND THE 
 
 GREAT NORTH-WEST. 
 
 By STANLEY WOOD. 
 
 Revised and Corrected to Date, 1895. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1895.
 
 COPYRIGHT, 
 BY S. K. HOOPER. 
 
 1894. 
 
 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co.. The Lakeside Press, Chicago.
 
 PREFACE 
 
 |T is no light undertaking to prepare a guide-book which shall 
 adequately describe the places of interest on the great trunk 
 lines between Denver on the hither side of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, San Diego at the southern extremity of California, and 
 Portland, Seattle and Tacoma, the three commercial entre- 
 pots of the Great Northwest. Yet such is the undertaking purposed. In 
 a work of this character fact must ever stand paramount to fancy, and 
 lucidity of expression take the precedence. No attempt will be made at 
 "fine writing;" every effort will be made to state just such facts as the traveler 
 would like to know, and to state these facts in clear and explicit language. 
 The country traversed is most interesting, abounding in scenes of the 
 greatest variety, from the broad and billowy expanse of the boundless 
 prairie to the rugged grandeur of the American Alps, from the picturesque 
 quaintness of New Mexico and the nomadic wildness of the Indian reser- 
 vations to the polished civilization of metropolitan cities. There is no 
 journey which can be taken on the continent of North America that pre- 
 sents so much of interest to the tourist, and which can be taken with such a 
 comparatively moderate outlay of time and money, as the one described 
 in the following pages. New Mexico, Colorado, Nevada, California, 
 Oregon, Washington Territory! What a field for investigation, investment 
 or pleasure ! These are the lands of gold, of silver, of coal, of agriculture, 
 of all fruits known to the temperate and sub-tropical zones. These are the 
 lands of new endeavors, of fresh impulses, and for these reasons are of 
 special interest to tourists, business men and seekers after health and 
 pleasure. Aside from the interesting character of the subject discussed, 
 there is also a special value in the work now presented to the reader, 
 inasmuch as great care has been taken to gather information that shall be 
 found statistically accurate. In a work of this character it is difficult to 
 combine accurate information with matters of general interest in such a 
 way that neither shall have an undue prominence. The writer has 
 endeavored to attain this desirable medium. One thing is certain, nothing 
 in this book is venal in its character. The opinions here expressed are 
 those of the writer ; the descriptions of scenes given here are reproductions 
 of the feelings inspired by those scenes. There has been no bias in any 
 direction. On the contrary, every effort has been made to write judicially 
 and, at the same time, retain the enthusiasm which the traveler naturally 
 feels in beholding new sights and scenes. 
 
 In order that no element of information may be lacking, carefully 
 prepared tables of statistics have been given a place in this volume, and 
 the reader is respectfully requested to make use of these tables because 
 much of value has been condensed into this convenient form. 
 
 By the aid of the tables referred to, and by frequent reference to the 
 
 5
 
 PREFA CE. 7 
 
 three excellent maps herein given, the tourist will be able to gain an 
 exceptionally clear idea of the journey he is making, and of the character- 
 istics of the country through which he is passing. 
 
 As another aid to the traveler abundant illustrations have been 
 prepared, which will give the purchaser of this book an idea of what he 
 may expect to see ; and which, after he has beheld these places, will serve 
 as a reminder of those pleasant scenes which by their assistance can 
 never fade from his memory. 
 
 It has been the endeavor of the writer to meet as nearly as possible 
 thewants of all classes of travelers. Information of value to the tourist 
 for pleasure, the health seeker, the sportsman and the man of business, 
 will be found in the pages of this book. Nothing has been written in the 
 interests of any clique or class. The truth, and nothing but the truth, has 
 been told. If there are errors they are such as must necessarily occur 
 in the compilation of a work covering such a vast extent of territory. 
 Accuracy has been aimed at, and as a whole, the writer can vouch for the 
 accuracy of what will be found herein. The book is one written in the 
 field and not in the study. Facts are not taken at second hand. The 
 author writes of what he saw with his own eyes, and not what he read. 
 The statistics have been gathered from authentic sources, and have been 
 condensed into the most compact and convenient form. Hoping the book 
 may prove a useful companion to the traveler, it is submitted without 
 further comment to the public.
 
 FROM THE MISSOURI RIVER TO DENVER. 
 
 HE Missouri River has become to be regarded, in a general 
 way, as the boundary line between the East and the West, 
 although, in truth, the terms east and west are extremely 
 elastic in their application. However, for the purposes of this 
 book we will consider that all on the sundown side of the 
 Missouri River is West, and that the traveler has reached one of the three 
 great entrepots to this vast country and finds himself in Omaha, St. Joseph 
 or Kansas City. From either of these thriving cities the journey to Denver 
 can be taken by way of first class transportation lines provided with all the 
 modern conveniences and luxuries. 
 
 From Omaha one has choice of the Burlington Route, the Rock Island 
 and the Union Pacific, and from Kansas City one can travel by any of the 
 above lines with an additional choice between the Missouri Pacific, or the At- 
 chison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads. With Chicago or St. Louis as the initial 
 point one can go direct by any of the trunk lines to the Missouri River and 
 continue his journey to Denver over his choice among the routes mentioned 
 above. 
 
 The trip across the great plains from the Missouri River to Denver is 
 full of interest and variety to one who beholds this vast expanse for the first 
 time. Nothing can give such a vivid impression of the greatness of our coun- 
 try, and the adventurous character of our people, as the sight of these bound- 
 less prairies and the habitations of the hardy pioneers who are rapidly turning 
 the buffalo sod and exposing the rich black soil to the fertilizing action of 
 the sun and air, and substituting for nature's scant forage, abundant harvests 
 of corn and wheat. The railroads, for a distance of three or four hundred 
 miles to the west of the Missouri River, pass through thriving cities to which 
 a comparatively thickly settled agricultural country is tributary. Then the 
 newer territory is reached, the towns are of less frequent occurrence and 
 smaller in size, the plains appear more nearly in their native state, only 
 dotted here and there with the claim cabins of the settlers. As the traveler 
 looks out of the car window across the billowy expanse, he sees herds of 
 cattle and sheep, grazing on the rich bunches of buffalo grass, and occasion- 
 ally he will catch a glimpse of the flying form of an antelope disappearing 
 over the brow of a distant rise of land. Not uninteresting are the prairie 
 dog villages with their preternaturally grave inhabitants sitting on their 
 haunches like diminutive kangaroos, and the writer has seen a whole car 
 load of people filled with the most pleasurable excitement over the efforts 
 of a jack rabbit to outspeed the iron horse. With these and many other 
 novel and interesting sights the time is whiled away until some traveler, 
 more experienced, or more sharp of sight, suddenly cries out "The Moun-
 
 "HTT'nT^-3 
 
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 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. " 
 
 tains!" There is a rush to his side of the car and everybody gazes 
 earnestly, and amidst eager explanations and doubting comments the blue 
 of the sky is at last disintegrated from the blue of the mountains, and the 
 most skeptical at length acknowledges that the stain of ultramarine, with 
 its undulating sweep against the western horizon is really the distance- 
 enchanted range of the Rocky Mountains. Soon patches of fleecy white 
 appear, and with a sigh of disappointment the traveler decides that the 
 clouds are dropping down and will soon shut out the view of those "senti- 
 nels of enchanted land," but gazing more intently, it dawns upon the mind 
 at last that those glimmering expanses are not veils of cloud, but are in fact 
 mountain fields of everlasting snow ! The Snowy Range has at last declared 
 itself, and from this moment until the trans-continental journey shall have 
 been accomplished, the traveler will have the immediate memory or the 
 intimate presence of the mountains with him continually. 
 
 The view of the Rocky Mountains, which the traveler gains on ap- 
 proaching Denver from the east is one of unsurpassed beauty, and that this 
 statement may not rest on the dictum of this book, let us take the testimony 
 of the greatest traveler, and the most graceful descriptive writer America 
 has yet produced. Bayard Taylor says: — -"I know no external picture of 
 the Alps that can be placed beside it. If you take away the valley of the 
 Rhone, and unite the Alps of Savoy with the Bernese Overland, you might 
 obtain a tolerable idea of this view of the Rocky Mountains. Pike's Peak 
 would then represent the Jungfrau, a nameless snowy giant in front of you, 
 Monta Rosa and Long's Peak, Mount Blanc. The altitudes very nearly 
 correspond, and there is a certain similarity in forms. The average height 
 of the Rocky Mountains however, surpasses that of the Alps. * * * 
 From this point there appears to be three tolerably distinct ranges. The 
 first rises from two to three thousand feet above the level of the plains, is 
 cloven asunder by the canons of the streams, streaked with the dark lines of 
 the pine, which feather its summits and with sunny, steep slopes of pasture. 
 Some distance behind it appears a second range, of nearly double the 
 height, more irregular in its masses, and of a dark velvety violet hue. Be- 
 yond, leaning against the sky, are the snowy peaks, all of which are from thir- 
 teen to (nearly) fifteen thousand feet above the sea. These three chains, with 
 their varying but never discordant undulations, are as inspiring to the im- 
 agination as they are enchanting to the eye. They hint of concealed 
 grandeurs in all the glens and parks among them, and yet hold you back 
 with a doubt, whether they can be more beautiful near at hand than when 
 beheld at this distance." 
 
 The doubt so gravely expressed in the last sentence of our quotation, 
 the traveler, when he shall have taken the trans-continental tour, will be 
 fully able to resolve for himself. He will have beheld a bewildering variety 
 of beauty, and in the quiet evenings at home, he will find material for the 
 most exquisite enjoyment of pleasing reminiscence and reverie. 
 
 With such an approach, Denver must needs be something more than 
 ordinary not to strike the traveler as a discord in the grand harmony of the 
 scene. It is a fact, and it is a pleasure for the writer to record it, that Den- 
 ver is never a disappointment. What its peculiar charms may be, and how 
 it appears to the stranger within its gates, will be described in the succeed- 
 ing chapter.
 
 VIEW OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS, DENVEF 
 
 CITY HALL. 
 
 ARAPAHOE COUNTY COURT-HOUSE 
 
 POST-OFFICE AND CUSTOM HOUSE 
 CAPITOL BUILDING. 
 
 U. S. BRANCH MINT.
 
 FROM DENVER TO PUEBLO. 
 
 DENVER, 
 
 Capital of Colorado. 
 
 Population, 150,000. 
 Elevation, 5i«95 feet. 
 
 There are only a few cities in the world 
 that please at first sight. Denver is one of 
 this favored few. The liking one gets for 
 Boston, Philadelphia or London is an acquired 
 taste, but one falls in love at once with Paris, 
 Denver or San Francisco. It does not follow 
 that because the cities mentioned are immedi- 
 ately pleasing, they must of necessity resemble 
 each other, any more than that a peach, an 
 apple or an orange should have a similar flavor. We like the fruit and 
 we like the cities without having to learn to like them, but not for the same 
 reasons. One feels a sense of exhilaration in the atmosphere of Denver. 
 The grand view of the Snowy Range of mountains to the north and west 
 and the broad expanse of horizon-bounded plains to the east and south 
 exalt the spirits, the bland but bracing breezes cool the fevered pulse and 
 the abundant oxygen of the air thrills one like a draught of effervescing 
 champagne. A beautiful city, beautifully situated, is Denver, with broad 
 tree-shaded streets, along each side of which flow streams of sparkling 
 water, necessary to the growth of vegetation in a country where the annual 
 rainfall is less than fifteen inches, with public buildings of massive pro- 
 portions and attractive architecture, with residences erected in accordance 
 with the canons of good taste, with innumerable lawns of shaven grass, 
 ornamented with shrubs and flowers, with charming suburbs and an out- 
 lying country, studded with fertile farms and flowering or fruiting orchards, 
 peace is within her dwellings and plenty within her palaces. Denver has 
 now nineteen railroads, two extensive street railway systems operating, 
 one hundred and sixty miles of electric and cable railroads, reaching all 
 the various portions of the city. Strangers will find that the most conveni- 
 ent and satisfactory manner of viewing the city is from the windows of the 
 street cars. The town is lighted by gas and electricity, its principal streets 
 are paved with asphaltum, has paid fire and police departments, and 
 obtains its water from mountain sources by means of Holly works, and 
 from over 300 artesian wells varying in depth from 350 to 1,600 feet. The 
 public buildings, exclusive of churches and schools, cost $4,771,000. The 
 real estate belonging to the city is worth $3,439,207, the bonded debt is 
 $2,223,000 and the assessed valuation of Denver is $76,856,000. The com- 
 merce of Denver is now annually not less than one hundred and forty 
 millions of dollars. Denver is situated at the junction of Cherry Creek and 
 the Platte River, and in addition to being the Capital of the State, is the 
 county seat of Arapahoe County. All the railroads which enter Denver 
 land their passengers at the Union Depot, a massive and handsome edifice 
 of native stone; originally built in 1880, and destroyed by fire in the Spring
 
 TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 
 
 *5 
 
 of 1894, now re-erected, more beautiful and complete than before. Opposite 
 the main entrance of the Union Depot, on Seventeenth Street, and at the 
 south end of the building, on Sixteenth Street, cable and electric car lines 
 diverge to all parts of the city, passing the principal hotels and all points of 
 interest. On the town-ward side of the . Union Depot are the carriage 
 stands, and if arrangements for transportation have not already been made 
 on the train, with the carriage company's agent, before reaching the city, 
 a carriage can be engaged here. Prices are regulated by ordinance and 
 
 ARAPAHOE COUNTY COURT HOUSE, DENVER. 
 
 extortion prohibited by law. There are many objects of interest to see in 
 Denver: The smelters, the public buildings, the Tabor Grand Opera House, 
 the Broadway Theatre, Brown Palace Hotel, — probably the finest in the 
 United States, — magnificent business blocks, the system of irrigation, the 
 beautiful private residences, the homes of mining princes and cattle 
 barons, the lovely suburbs and Fort Logan the United States .Military POst. 
 The hotel accommodations of Denver are probably the most complete of 
 any city of its population in the country. There are ten first-class hotels 
 provided with all modern improvements, to say nothing of some sixty odd 
 less pretentious ones. A day, or better two days, can be profitably spent 
 in Denver, and then, refreshed and rested from the long ride across the
 
 i6 
 
 OVER THE RAXGE. 
 
 plains from the Missouri River or beyond, the tourist is ready to resume 
 his trans-continental journey. If he wishes to behold the wonders of 
 nature and to get a familiar acquaintance with the grandeur of the moun- 
 tains, he will take the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which by universal 
 acclaim has been designated " The Scenic Line of the World." 
 
 Seated in a comfortable car, whose large windows give an excellent 
 outlook on the scenery, the traveler is ready and anxious to be off. The 
 busy Union Depot may amuse him for a moment, but anticipation of the 
 wonders in store makes him impatient of delay. Soon the conductor gives 
 the signal to the engineer, the inevitable late passenger is seen chasing the 
 rear end of the Pullman out of the depot, and whether he catches it or not, 
 one thing is assured, the journey to the Pacific Coast has begun, and from 
 this time on the eye and mind will both find plenty to do in noting and 
 recording Nature's most marvelous works. The first stop is made at 
 
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 COLORADO'S STATE CAPITOL BUILDING, DENVER. 
 
 Burnham. The station for the suburb of West Denver and the site 
 of the great shops of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The buildings 
 of the machine shops cover an area of five acres and were erected at a 
 cost of $300,000. (Distance from Denver, 2 miles.) 
 
 Overland Park is a pleasant suburb to the southwest of Denver, 
 and is supplied with one of the best race-courses in the west. It is a 
 fashionable resort and connected with Denver by the suburban train ser- 
 vice of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. 
 
 Petersburg - is a small town surrounded by farms, market gardens 
 and plats laid out as additions to Denver. (Distance from Denver, 8 miles.) 
 To the west, 2}4 miles distant, lies P'ort Logan, the United States Military 
 Post.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 17 
 
 Fort Logan. A regimental post of United States troops has been 
 here established, and has become the centre of great interest. The quar- 
 ters are elegant and substantial, consisting of handsome brick edifices. 
 The parade ground is ample in proportions, and no expense has been 
 spared to make this Post a model of its kind. The military band gives 
 frequent concerts, and the citizens of Denver take great interest in and 
 make frequent excursions to the Post. The Denver & Rio Grande Rail- 
 road has established a very complete suburban train service for the 
 accommodation of the Post, and the public, which is largely patronized. 
 
 Littleton is prettily situated on the east bank of the Platte River, is 
 the centre of a good agricultural country, and is destined to be the location 
 of the suburban residences of many of Denver's best citizens. Already an 
 adequate suburban train service has been inaugurated for the convenience 
 of persons having country homes at this delightful spot. (Population, 1,200. 
 Distance from Denver, 10 miles. Elevation, 5,372 feet.) 
 
 Wolliurst. Four miles beyond Littleton, the summer home of United 
 States Senator Wolcott. 
 
 Aceqilia. A small station for the accommodation of ranchmen. 
 Here the High Line Canal, one of those great irrigating ditches character- 
 istic of Colorado, crosses the track and takes its winding way to the north- 
 east over the rolling plains, having under its fertilizing power at least a 
 hundred thousand acres of otherwise arid land. (Population nominal. 
 Distance from Denver, 17 miles. Elevation 5,530 feet.) 
 
 Sedalia. A little village. Home market and post office for cattle 
 growers and ranchmen. (Population 200. Distance from Denver, 25 miles. 
 Elevation, 5,835 feet.) 
 
 Castle Rock. The town takes its name from a peculiar upthrust 
 of rock on the summit of a conical hill, resembling, in the distance, an old 
 martelle tower, and nearer by an irregular pentagonal structure. Under 
 the shadow of this hill and surmounting tower lies the town, which is a 
 pretty village and the county seat of Douglas County. Fine quarries of red 
 sandstone are worked here, and pastoral industries contribute to the pros- 
 perity of the town. (Population, 500. Distance from Denver, 33 miles 
 Elevation, 6,219 feet.) 
 
 Douglas. A station near which are stone quarries and grazing lands. 
 (Population, nominal. Distance from Denver, 35 miles. Elevation, 6,323 feet.) 
 Between Douglas and Palmer Lake are the small stations of Glade, 
 Larkspur and Greeland. 
 
 Perry Park is reached by stage from Larkspur station. This park 
 abounds in curious formations of red sandstone; is watered by sparkling 
 brooks and is one of the most popular resorts near Denver. 
 
 As the train rolls into the station the 
 traveler sees to his left a beautiful little lake 
 cradled in the hills. Along the shore has been . 
 placed a handsome cut stone embankment, and 
 a neat and tasteful boat house has been erected 
 and well stocked with boats. The lake is a 
 natural body of water, though the fact that a 
 fountain plays in its centre, casting a jet of 
 water to the height of 80 feet, leads many to 
 
 PALMER LAKE. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort. 
 
 Population, 150. 
 
 Distance from Denver. 
 
 52 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 7,237 feet. 
 
 Eating Station.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 19 
 
 suppose that it is entirely artificial. Palmer Lake in addition to being a 
 place of great beauty, is a natural curiosity, poised as it is, exactly on the 
 summit of the "divide," a spur of the outlying range of the Rockies extend- 
 ing eastward into the great plains and from the crest of this summit the 
 waters divide flowing northward into the Platte, which empties into the 
 Missouri, and southward into the Arkansas as it wends its way to the Mis- 
 sissippi. Red roofed picturesque cottages nestle here and there among the 
 hills, gayly painted boats float gracefully upon the bright blue waters, and 
 on either hand rugged peaks, pine clad and broken by castellated rocks, 
 rise into a sky whose cerulean hue is reflected in the placid waters of the 
 lake. Excellent hotel and livery establishments furnish good accommoda- 
 tions for sojourners. 
 
 Glen Park, an assembly ground modeled after the famous Chautau- 
 qua, and destined to become equally as popular in the West as its prototype 
 in the East, is only half a mile beyond Palmer Lake. Objects of natural 
 interest are abundant and the walks and drives to Glen D'Eau, Bellview 
 Point, Ben Lomond, the Arched Rocks and the canons and glens adjacent 
 afford material for enjoyment in the seeing and for many pleasant memories. 
 One hundred and fifty acres are comprised in the town site. The Park is at 
 the foot of the Rocky Mountain Range, and is sheltered at the rear by a 
 towering cliff 2,000 feet high, and on the two sides by small spurs of the range. 
 A noble growth of large pines is scattered over the Park. A skillful landscape 
 engineer has taken advantage of every natural beauty and studied the best 
 topographical effect, in laying out the streets, parks, reservoirs, drives, walks, 
 trails and lookout points. It is a spot that must be seen to be appreciated, and 
 every visitor, whose opinion has been learned, has come away captivated. 
 There are building sites for all tastes. Some have a grand lookout, taking in 
 a sweep of the valley for a distance of 50 miles, with the fountain in Palmer 
 Lake and the beautiful lake itself in view. Elephant Rock, Table Moun- 
 tain, the town of Monument, the railroad trains from both ways for over an 
 hour before reaching the station can be seen. Others have pretty vistas, 
 partly hidden by the pine branches, promises, so to speak of grand views, 
 but not so ambitious as the first. Still others are sylvan nooks where the 
 shades are deepest and the murmur of the cool waters of the babbling 
 brooks makes music forever. 
 
 Monument. The five miles ride from Palmer Lake to Monument 
 is interesting. On the left are giant upthrusts of brilliant red rocks castel- 
 ated in shape and reaching an altitude of two and three hundred feet. The 
 town takes its name from the creek which flows near, and the creek is so 
 designated from the curious monumental forms of rock along its course. 
 To the right is the Front Range of the Rockies, which the road parallels 
 from Denver to Pueblo, and near the centre of this stretch of one hundred 
 and twenty miles, stands Pike's Peak. Agriculture and pastoral industries 
 are tributary to Monument. (Population, 500. Distance from Denver, 56 
 niiles. Elevation, 6,974 feet.) 
 
 Two miles beyond is Borst, and four miles further Uusted, both mere 
 side tracks for convenient shipping of cattle and produce. 
 
 Monument Park is reached by private conveyance from Edgerton 
 Station — distance from Denver, 67 miles. This valley is quite remarkable 
 for the verv fantastic forms into which the action of air and water through
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 21 
 
 Colorado Springs. 
 
 Residence City and 
 Health Resort. 
 
 Population, 15,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 75 niles. 
 
 Elevation, 5,005 feet. 
 
 long reaches of time, have worn the sandstone rocks, forming grotesque 
 groups of figures that very generally keep their broad brimmed sombreros, 
 formed of iron stained cap-rock. Visitors to Monument Park obtain a fine 
 view of Pike's Peak and Cheyenne Mountain Range. A hotel in the Park 
 is open at all times for the accommodation of guests, and can furnish saddle- 
 horses and carriages on premises. The grotesque group of figures into 
 which the cream-colored sandstone rocks have been worn, some of them re- 
 sembling human forms have been given quaint, descriptive titles, viz.: 
 Dutch Wedding, Quaker Meeting, Lone Sentinel, Dutch Parliament, Vul- 
 can's Anvil and Workshop, Romeo and Juliet, Necropolis or Silent City, 
 The Duchess, Mother Judy and Colonnade; all of these and many others too 
 numerous to mention are within easy walking distance to " The Pines." 
 The Park is a favorite resort and has comfortable accommodations for 
 guests. (Population nominal. Distance from 
 Denver, 67 miles. Elevation, 6,354 feet.) 
 
 Many of the most influential business men 
 of Colorado have their residence in Colorado 
 Springs. No more delightful home city can be 
 found than this. Mansions and cottages of the 
 highest architectural beauty abound, and the 
 society js composed of cultivated and wealthy 
 people. 
 
 The town was originally laid out as a health 
 resort, and while it still maintains its superiority in this respect, has grown 
 beyond that single characteristic, and is now a thriving commercial place, 
 in addition to being a favorite residence 
 city. The town is sheltered on the west 
 by the range of mountains with Pike's 
 Peak in the centre, on the east by bluffs, 
 on the north by the spur of the mountains 
 called the "Divide," and on the south- 
 west by Cheyenne Mountain. The streets 
 are unusually wide, one hundred feet, 
 and the avenues are 160 feet broad. 
 Trees line both sides of the streets, and 
 on Nevada avenue, the central street of 
 the city, there are six rows-of trees, two 
 on each side and two down the centre. 
 Water for irrigation is brought into the 
 town by means of a winding canal, and 
 cold, clear water, for domestic uses, is 
 conducted from mountain sources in iron 
 pipes. The pressure is such that no 
 fire engines are necessary, the water 
 being forced from hydrants to the tops of 
 the tallest buildings. Monument Creek 
 flows west of the town, and the Fontaine 
 qui Bouille to the south, where the two 
 streams form a junction. The scenery 
 around Colorado Springs is of a very in-
 
 TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 2^ 
 
 teresting and attractive character. The hotels of Colorado Springs are 
 noted for their excellence; special attention being paid to the entertainment 
 of tourists. There are ample accommodations and of different grades to 
 suit all tastes and pockets. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad has a 
 very handsome stone depot, erected in accordance with good taste and 
 correct architecture. The plains to the east and the mountains to the west 
 give unlimited variety. Cheyenne Canon, Austin's Bluffs, Crystal Park, 
 Cameron's Cone, Monument Park and Manitou, with its environs, are all 
 within the radius of nine miles. 
 
 Cheyenne Mountain. It is impossible to contemplate the grandeur 
 of Cheyenne's bold outlines and great massiveness, and to become in the least 
 familiar with its ever-varying play of light and shadow, without acknow- 
 ledging the striking beauty of this noble mountain. From Colorado Springs, 
 a superb view of its front is seen. Looking at the mountain it will be ob- 
 served that at almost the nearest point, in reality four miles distant, the base 
 of the mountain is deeply cleft by two yawning chasms, the outer rocks of 
 which present sharp, jagged points. These clefts are, respectively, the 
 North and South Cheyenne Canons. They certainly should be visited by 
 every traveler who has an eye for the beautiful. On the eastern side of 
 Cheyenne Mountain, and accessible from South Cheyenne Canon, is the 
 grave of the well-known auther and poet, " H. H." The direct road from 
 Manitou takes the tourist a distance of eight miles, turns off to the southward 
 from the road to Colorado Springs, on the top of the hill half a mile from 
 the town; they can also be reached by making a detour of one and a half 
 miles through Colorado Springs, and following the continuation of Nevada 
 avenue to the southward. Either road is pleasant, and the drive or ride is 
 one replete with interest, and abounding in attractive scenery. An electric 
 car line runs to the foot of the mountain from Colorado Springs. 
 
 Broadmoor. Nestling under the shadow of Cheyenne Mountain lies 
 the famous Broadmoor resort. Connected with Colorado Springs and Mani- 
 tou by an electric railway, and therefore easy of access from either of these 
 places, this beautiful spot, with its fine casino, lake, drives, etc., is one of 
 the many attractions surrounding the Western Spa. 
 
 Colorado City. This town, once the seat of the state capital, is two 
 miles west of Colorado Springs, on the Manitou branch of the Denver & 
 Rio Grande Railroad. Located in this thriving little town are extensive 
 railroad repair shops, glass works, where the bottles for the famous Mani- 
 tou Water are made, and several large manufactories, making it one of the 
 principal cities of the state. (Population, 1,800. Distance from Denver, 
 78 miles. Elevation, 6,110 feet.) 
 
 The one resort of all the West is certainly 
 Manitou. The attractions of this watering place 
 have secured for it fame, and fame secures for 
 it largely increasing patronage each year. No 
 resort has had a more rapid growth than this, 
 and none has more truly deserved its pros- 
 perity. There are more places of extraordinary 
 interest to visit in the vicinity of Manitou than 
 can be found contiguous to any other resort in 
 the world. It is situated six miles from Colorado 
 
 MANITOU. 
 
 Watering Place, 
 
 flineral Springs and 
 
 Health Resort. 
 
 Population, 1,800. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 Si miles. 
 Elevation, 6,324 feet.
 
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 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 25 
 
 Springs, immediately at 
 the foot of Pike's Peak. 
 Here are the famous 
 effervescent soda and 
 iron springs which in an 
 early day gave the name 
 of "Springs" to the town 
 of Colorado Springs. A 
 branch of the Denver 
 & Rio Grande Railroad 
 unites the two places, 
 over which trains run 
 daily with sufficient fre- 
 quency to accommodate 
 the most exacting. There 
 are a thousand ways in 
 which to enjoy oneself 
 in Manitou. A favorite 
 pleasure is that of riding. 
 The saddle horses are 
 excellent. Comfortable 
 saddles for ladies and 
 well trained horses are 
 furnished by all the liv- 
 ery stables at reasonable 
 prices. A burro (donkey) 
 brigade is a feature for 
 the special benefit of the 
 children, a careful guide 
 taking the little ones for 
 a ride every morning. 
 Carriage riding and ex- 
 cursions on foot are 
 excellent means of diver- 
 sion. Following is a 
 partial list of places of 
 interest near Manitou 
 with the distance in miles 
 from town attached: 
 
 THE SEVEN 
 
 ENNE CANON. 
 
 Manitou Grand Caverns 2 
 
 Cave of the Winds 1 
 
 Ute Pass and Rainbow Falls \y 2 
 
 Red Canon 3 
 
 Crystal Park 3 
 
 Garden of the Gods 3 
 
 Glen Eyrie 5 
 
 Summit of Pikes, by rail 9 
 
 " " " " trail 13 
 
 Seven Lakes, by horse trail 9 
 
 " by carriage road 25 
 
 North Cheyenne Canon 8^ 
 
 South Cheyenne Canon.-- g 
 
 Broadmoor Casino by electric railway 7
 
 
 
 
 
 ,,:< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 •%':W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ; : ~tmimiti 
 
 t* «•/.'
 
 PIKE'S 
 
 PEAK. 
 
 Colorado s 
 
 Landmark. 
 
 Elevation, 
 
 •4.«47 
 
 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 27 
 
 In addition to these well-known localities there are scores of canons, 
 caves, water-falls and charming nooks which the sojourner for health or 
 pleasure can seek out for himself. The village is thronged with visitors 
 throughout the summer months ; it is somewhat cooler and less dry than 
 Colorado Springs in the summer, and warmer in winter. The springs all 
 contain more or less soda and some iron. They are peculiarly adapted for 
 the dyspepsia of the consumptive, and the Ute Iron Spring is especially 
 remarkable for its blood-making qualities. For the pleasure-seeker and 
 the invalid, Manitou is one of the most satisfactory resorts in the State. 
 During the season the hotels are rilled with guests from all parts of the 
 Union. Society is represented by many of its best people, the evenings 
 are made merry with hops and social gatherings, and the days delightful 
 with drives r.nd rides and walks among the myriad of attractions this place 
 affords. 
 
 Before Colorado had acquired a name, 
 Pike's Peak was the landmark of the Indian, 
 the trapper and the explorer. In later times it 
 was the beacon by which the adventurous gold 
 hunters steered their prairie schooners into the 
 wonderful and mysterious west ; now it has be- 
 come the goal of those in search of the grand 
 and beautiful in Nature, the enjoyments of an 
 attractive summer resort, or the restoration of 
 impaired health. The mountain is one of great beauty, and never entirely 
 discrowned of snow. The Cog Wheel Railroad to the summit of Pike's 
 Peak is the most novel railway in the world. When it reaches its objective 
 point above the clouds, at a height of 14,147 feet above sea-level, it renders 
 almost insignificant, by comparison, the famous cogway up Mt. Washing- 
 ton and the incline railway up the Rhigi in Switzerland. From its station in 
 Manitou, just above the Iron Springs, to the station on the summit of Pike's 
 Peak, the Manitou & Pike's Peak Railway is just eight and three-quarter 
 miles in length. The cost of construction of the road was a half million of 
 dollars. While it could have been built for many thousands of dollars less 
 by putting in wooden bridges and trestles, light ties and light rails, those in 
 charge of the building of the road would not consent to the use of any 
 flimsy material for the sake of the saving of any sum of money — a substan- 
 tial road that would insure absolute safety being economical, as well as a 
 guarantee for putting the road from the start on a paying basis. The rail- 
 road closely follows Ruxton Creek, generally at an elevation of two or three 
 hundred feet above it ; the sides of the Glen are clothed with beautiful 
 pines and spruces. Some very pretty falls are passed on the way, two of 
 which are named respectively, the Shelter and the Minnehaha. Stupendous 
 granite boulders are in places piled up in chaotic confusion over the stream, 
 frequently hiding it from view. Two prominent ones are plainly visible 
 from Manitou, and are appropriately named Gog and Magog. One of the 
 most charming features during the ascent is the opportunity afforded for 
 exquisite views of the world below, on looking back through the pine trees 
 with the far-stretching plains glowing in the sun and forming a golden 
 horizon. It goes without saying that the view from the summit is grand 
 beyond description. To any one accustomed to mountain climbing no
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 29 
 
 guide is required in making the ascent of Pike's Peak, as the trail is good 
 and well-defined, and there is a station on the summit, where visitors can 
 obtain food and shelter. 
 
 Fountain. A pretty little town on the Fontaine qui Bouille Creek, 
 fourteen miles south of Colorado Springs. The town has taken a new 
 growth within the past year, and being surrounded by a good grazing and 
 agricultural country, has a fair prospect of permanent improvement. (Pop- 
 ulation 200. Distance from Denver, 88 miles. Elevation, 5,568 feet.) 
 
 There are between Fountain and Pueblo, side-track stations as follows: 
 Buttes, Wigwam, Pinon, Eden and Dundee. These places are useful to the 
 railroad and convenient for the residents of the surrounding country, but 
 they possess little or no interest for the traveler. All the way from Denver 
 to Pueblo the traveler has the Front Range of mountains on his right, to 
 the west, while on his left are the great plains. Below Colorado Springs 
 the country is very fertile, and good crops are grown wherever water for 
 irrigation can be procured. 
 
 "The Pittsburgh of the West" is a title 
 often conferred on Pueblo, and it is the name 
 which pleases its citizens best, and which comes 
 the nearest to expressing the salient character- 
 istics of the town. It is a live city, full of enter- 
 prise and push, and it has been favored by 
 Nature, both in the matter of its immediate 
 situation and of its surroundings. Plenty of coal 
 is found not fifty miles away, iron ore is not 
 more distant, and on the mesa, just south of the 
 town, is Bessemer, the site of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Works, one of the 
 largest plants of this character in the world. There are also many great 
 smelters for the reduction of gold and silver ores, together with a large 
 number of manufactories, planing mills, flouring mills, machine shops, etc. 
 The city of Pueblo is surrounded by great stretches of rich agricultural 
 land, which in places here and there is under a high state of cultivation. 
 But it is only here and there that cultivation shows its elevating work. 
 Tourists wonder at this, and cannot divine why, if the land is rich, it should 
 lie fallow and uncultivated. The answer is easy to find. All this land is 
 arid. Crops will not grow without water, and the rains of heaven are not 
 half copious enough to promote the growth of vegetation. Where the land is 
 watered by irrigation it is as fertile as the valley of the Nile, where it is not 
 irrigated it is nearly as sterile as the desert of Sahara. This condition of 
 affairs will not long remain. Storage reservoirs to conserve the winter and 
 spring rainfall and snow deposits are in contemplation, also a series of great 
 canals to be taken from the Arkansas river to carry the water on to the 
 waiting land. In the meantime this uncultivated country, which appears 
 so barren, supports tens of thousands of sheep and cattle. The short, dry 
 crisp, curled buffalo grass, which looks about as succulent as shavings, 
 actually contains great nutritive qualities, and if cattle or sheep can get 
 enough of it they grow fat and command the highest price in the markets. 
 Pastoral and agricultural interests contribute to Pueblo's prosperity, (wq 
 trunk lines of railroad centre here, and manufactories increase the business 
 of the town. Many people of great wealth make Pueblo their home and 
 
 PUEBLO, 
 
 Commercial and 
 
 Manufacturing City. 
 
 Population, 35,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 120 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 4,667 feet. 
 Dining Station.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 3i 
 
 do business here. Handsome mansions, pretty cottages, large business 
 blocks, and line stocks of all kinds of merchandise testify to the good taste 
 and enterprise of Pueblo's citizens. It is admitted on all sides that this 
 must of necessity become the leading manufacturing town between the 
 Missouri river and the Pacific coast, and the manufacturers in the East 
 who contemplate extending or removing their works, are now carefully 
 studying the resources of Pueblo. Pueblo is well provided with hotels, one 
 of them representing an expense of $250,000 in its erection. All grades of 
 excellence can be found among the hostelfies, and the traveler will find no 
 difficulty in securing accommodations suited to his tastes. Through Pueblo, 
 the traveler passes to reach Santa Fe, Espanola, Durango and Silvertoh on 
 the south. Canon City, Salida,. Leadville, Glenwood Springs, Aspen, Grand 
 Junction, Salt Lake City, and Ogden on west enroute to San Francisco; 
 and Gunnison, Montrose and Ouray, via the narrow gauge line over Mar- 
 shall Pass. 
 
 Parnassus Spring's. A pleasant drive of twelve miles, southwest 
 of Pueblo, takes us to Parnassus Springs, among the foot hills of the Green- 
 horn Mountains. These waters — muriated alkaline — have been tested with 
 marked benefit, especially in cases characterized as gastric complaints. 
 
 Carlile Spring's are situated twenty miles above Pueblo, on the 
 Arkansas river. These purgative alkaline waters are as yet unimproved, 
 but give good promise of becoming popular on account of their medicinal 
 qualities. 
 
 Clark's Magnetic Mineral Spring. This celebrated spring in 
 the suburbs of Pueblo, has recently been improved by the erection of a 
 large bath house, fitted up with all the latest improvements and con- 
 veniences for bathing. 
 
 M(< ^
 
 PUEBLO TO OGDEN. 
 
 P ROM Denver to Pueblo, a distance of one hundred and twenty 
 miles, the traveler has followed the Front Range of the 
 
 Rocky Mountains and kept his course mainly to the south. 
 At Pueblo, however, he turns his face westward, and this will 
 be his outlook, in the main, until he finds himself standing on 
 the shore of the Pacific Ocean, watching the descent of the sun into the 
 wilderness of waters. The country between Pueblo and Florence is fine 
 agricultural land, being the bottoms of the Arkansas River, up whose 
 course the railroad follows until Salida is reached, ninety-seven miles from 
 Pueblo. Back from the river rise high buttes of sandstone worn into fan- 
 tastic shapes by the action of the elements. Banded with a great variety of 
 colors and dotted here and there by groups of pines, the scene is one of 
 much interest and adds an element of variety to the journey, which is ex- 
 ceedingly grateful to the traveler. The river bottoms are irrigated by 
 means of ditches taken from the river, and the result is crops of marvelous 
 growth and yield. One interesting and peculiar feature is the frequent 
 occurrence of the ancient Egyptian water wheels suspended in the current 
 of the Arkansas. This method of securing water for irrigation is rarely ob- 
 served in Colorado. This valley of the Arkansas is also a good fruit 
 country, and grapes and apples grow in abundance and of fine quality. 
 
 Florence. This town is in the centre of the coal oil fields of Colorado. 
 Glancing from the car window the traveler will here see the tall derricks of 
 the well machinery and the tanks for storing, together with the tank cars for 
 transporting the oil. There are between fifty and sixty wells already in 
 operation and more are being sunk. The oil is used for lubrication and 
 fuel, and gives the best of satisfaction. Florence is the junction point 
 of the Denver & Rio Grande and the Florence & Cripple Creek Rail- 
 roads ; the latter line having been completed and opened for business to 
 Colorado's famous Gold Camp — Cripple Creek — on July 4th, 1894. This 
 new railroad has made this bustling little city one of the foremost in the 
 state. (Population, 2,000. Distance from Denver, 152 miles. Elevation, 
 5,199 feet.) 
 
 The Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad. This railroad, 
 forty miles in length, has been but recently built for the purpose of open- 
 ing up to commerce the vastly rich gold fields of Cripple Creek and 
 vicinity. The principal points on the line are Arequa, Anaconda, Victor 
 and Cripple Creek itself, all of which are heavy shippers of rich gold ores. 
 The scenery on this line from beginning to end, is of a most beautiful char- 
 acter, canons and gorges, mountain peaks and passes, valleys and vales- 
 combined in a panorama of startling loveliness. 
 
 32
 
 TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 33 
 
 The town of Cripple Creek has advanced 
 
 CRIPPLE CREEK. 
 
 Great Gold Hining 
 
 Town. 
 
 Population, 5,000. 
 
 Elevation, 9,400 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 193 
 fliles. 
 
 with the prosperity of the mining district of 
 which it is the centre. From a camp of a few 
 wooden shanties and tents, a few years ago, it 
 has risen to a well-built, well-defined mining 
 town. . Brick buildings are being erected in the 
 business centre and dwellings of a permanent 
 character are dotting the slopes around the 
 town. There is a stability about it which is 
 most encouraging. The hotel accommodations 
 are first-class, considering the age of the town. The population is about 
 5.000. There is an excellent .water service, the supply being piped from 
 the mountains above, and the town is peaceably and well governed. The 
 advent of the railroads, the great attention being paid to gold mining and 
 the immense quantities of ore that are being uncovered in the mining 
 district, all go to show that Cripple Creek is but entering upon an era of 
 great prosperity. 
 
 The Cripple Creek Gold Mini tig District is situated near 
 the western base of Pike's Peak at an elevation of 9,400 feet. It consists of 
 rolling hills, sparsely wooded, and small valleys and gulches. Lying a 
 little south of west from Colorado Springs at a distance of about twenty 
 miles in an air line, seventy miles from Denver and forty-four miles from 
 Pueblo, down to 1891 it was to all intents and purposes exclusively a 
 pastoral district. It is true that for many years past, in fact ever since 
 1859, prospectors have, from time to time, been over the ground and brought 
 back samples which demonstrated the presence of gold. However, no 
 serious efforts were made toward development, though some exploration 
 work was done, as for instance in 1S74 when a tunnel was driven in Arequa 
 Creek, and again in 1879 m Poverty Gulch. In these, as in other instances 
 prospectors were unfortunate and just missed the ore which is now being 
 profitably mined. 
 
 In February, 1891, some Colorado Springs men determined upon a serious 
 attempt to test the capabilities of the district, taking up several claims 
 which promised so well that, during the following spring and summer, many 
 prospectors flocked in and by the close of the year some 2,000 people were 
 there, really determined to prove its worth. The camp was now well under 
 way and during 1892 its progress was rapid. Work was mainly confined to 
 the location and establishment of claims, and testing their value. In the 
 course of that year some ten or a dozen mines became regular shippers of 
 ore and their output reached a total of some $600,000. 
 
 During 1893 progress has been still more rapid. Numerous new claims 
 have been located and the number of regular shipping mines has increased 
 to some seventy or eighty, while many others not actual shippers have pay 
 ore in sight and the total output has increased to $2,400,000 for the year. 
 This would seem to be a very creditable showing but a much increased 
 rate of progress may be hoped for in the immediate future. 
 
 Coal Creek Branch. A branch line of the Denver & Rio Grande 
 Railroad runs from Florence to Coal Creek, a distance of six miles, where 
 excellent and extensive coal mines are in operation. This line is one of 
 great commercial importance, opening one of the most extensive coal fields 
 in the state.
 
 34 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 CANON CITY. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort. 
 
 Business Centre. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 160 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Population, 3,500. 
 
 Elevation, 5,243 feet. 
 
 Coal Creek is at the terminus of this branch of the line. It is well 
 
 supplied with stores and shops of all kinds and does a thriving business. 
 
 (Population, 1,500. Distance from Denver, 155 miles. Elevation, 5,360 feet.) 
 
 This city is rightly named, for it stands at 
 the entrance to the greatest canon penetrated 
 by any railroad. The Grand Canon of the 
 Arkansas is acknowledged by a universal con- 
 sensus of opinion to be one of the great wonders 
 of the world. The Arkansas River, which 
 rises in Fremont Park, one hundred and 
 seventy miles to the northwest of Canon City, 
 here breaks its way through the Front Range of 
 
 mountains and enters upon its uneventful course to the Mississippi. The 
 
 town is one of the oldest in Colorado, and is essentially a place of pleasant 
 
 homes. It is the county-seat of Fremont County, and the seat of the 
 
 State Penitentiary. Its 
 
 warm and equable 
 
 climate makes it a 
 
 favorite resort for in- 
 valids. In addition to 
 
 its pleasant climate it 
 
 possesses valuable 
 
 mineral springs, both 
 
 hot and cold. The 
 
 water of the cold 
 
 springs is almost icy 
 
 in temperature, and 
 
 strongly impregnated 
 
 with soda. The cold 
 
 springs are situated 
 
 just above the Peni 
 
 tentiary. The scenery 
 
 round about Canon 
 
 City is exceedingly 
 
 attractive. The drive 
 
 of about twelve miles 
 
 to the brink of the 
 
 Royal Gorge and the 
 
 view of that wonder- 
 ful chasm from the 
 
 top, which can there 
 
 be obtained, are ex- 
 periences never to be 
 
 forgotten. The town 
 
 and its contiguous country possess the finest orchards in the state, and 
 
 the cultivation of fruit has become a leading industry. The city is 
 
 well built, has handsome business blocks and comfortable and elegant 
 
 residences. 
 
 The Hot Springs. Having left Canon City and traversed a mile 
 
 to the westward the traveler will observe to his left, a picturesque, many 
 
 GRAPE CREEK CANON.
 
 ROVAL GORGE.
 
 36 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 gabled building, across die river, a rustic foot bridge leading thereto. 
 This is the Royal Gorge Hotel situated at the Hot Springs. The hotel has 
 excellent accommodations for guests and is a favorite resort for health and 
 pleasure seekers. The springs are recommended by physicians as excel- 
 lent in cases of cutaneous and blood diseases. Prof. Loew's analysis of the 
 waters is as follows : 
 
 Grains in a Gallon of Water 
 Temperature of 104 deg. Fall. 
 
 Chloride of Sodium 18.2 
 
 Sulphate of Soda 79-3 
 
 Carbonate of Soda 73.2 
 
 Carbonate of Lime 33.5 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia 12.8 
 
 Lithia Trace. 
 
 217.0 
 
 Baths have been provided at the hotel and are supplied with all the 
 modern conveniences. 
 
 Silver Cliff" Branch. This branch, 33 miles in length, which turns 
 to the left just as the train enters the Grand Canon, two miles above Canon 
 City, has its terminus at West Cliff. It passes through most charming 
 scenery and enters an exceedingly fertile country, the Wet Mountain Val 
 ley surrounding the terminal station. Its greatest claim to scenic attrac- 
 tion is the fact that it passes through a canon only less grand than that of 
 the Arkansas. 
 
 Grape Creek CaiiOii. Among the many remarkable canons for 
 which the State of Colorado is famous, there is probably none which presents 
 more attractions to the lover of nature, or which combines the sublime with the 
 beautiful more perfectly, than that of Grape Creek. This beautiful stream 
 takes its rise among the lofty and almost inaccessible peaks of the Sangre 
 de Cristo Range, and flowing nearly northward, waters in its course the 
 beautiful and fertile Wet Mountain Valley ; then passing near the famous 
 Silver Cliff mining camp it continues its tortuous course in an easterly 
 direction until it enters the Arkansas River about a mile above Canon City, 
 just where the river leaves the Grand Canon, after its terrific conflict with 
 the granite cliffs, and tossing its foam crests high in the air, makes its last 
 triumphant exit from the mountains. The walls of this canon present a 
 splendid study for the geologist, as piled up in many places over a thousand 
 feet in nearly vertical height, they exhibit the various formations of primary 
 rock in a striking and peculiar manner. The entrance to the canon for over 
 a mile follows the windings of the clear flowing creek, with gently sloping 
 hills on either side covered with low spruce and pinon, and with grass plats 
 and brilliant flowers, in season, far up their slopes, and the Spanish 
 lance and bush cactus presents their bristling points wherever a little soil 
 affords them sustenance. To examine this canon thoroughly a carriage 
 or saddle-horses should be taken from Canon City, but as the train ascent of 
 the grades must be^made slowly, a very satisfactory view can be gained 
 from the cars in passing. 
 
 West Cliff". This town is beautifully situated in the Wet Mountain
 
 38 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 
 
 
 THE ROYAL GORGE. 
 
 Valley, surrounded by a fine grazing and agricultural country. The view 
 is a grand one, lofty mountains bounding the entire circle of the horizon. 
 A mile from the station is Silver Cliff, which after the discovery of the 
 Racine Boy mine, was the centre of a tremendous rush of miners, resulting 
 in several other great discoveries, but the large mines were few in number 
 and the prospectors left for other fields. The good mines are still produc- 
 tive and add their quota to the prosperity of the valley. West Cliff is the 
 shipping point for Silver Cliff and Rosita, being the railroad station. (Pop- 
 ulation, 800. Distance from Denver, 194 miles. Elevation, 7,864 feet.)
 
 ROYAL GORGE. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 163 
 
 miles. 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Height of 
 
 Walls, 2 
 
 ,627 feet. 
 
 Length, 
 
 7 miles. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 39 
 
 ju&i beyond Canon City the railway enters the Grand Canon of the 
 Arkansas, the narrowest portion of which is known as the Royal Gorge. 
 When arsi examined it seemed impossible that a railway could ever be 
 constructed through this stupendous canon to Leadville and the west. 
 There was scarcely room for the river alone, 
 and granite ledges blocked the path with. their 
 mighty bulk. In time, however, these obstruc- 
 tions were blasted away, a road-bed closely 
 following the contour of the cliffs was made, and 
 to-day the canon is a well-used thoroughfare. 
 But its grandeur still remains. After entering 
 its depths, the train moves slowly along the 
 side of the Arkansas, and around projecting 
 shoulders of dark-hued granite, deeper and 
 deeper into the heart of the range. The 
 crested crags grow higher, the river madly foams along its rocky bed, and 
 anon the way becomes a mere fissure through the heights. Far above the 
 road the sky forms a deep blue arch of light ; but in the Gorge hang dark 
 and sombre shades which the sun's rays have never penetrated. The place 
 is a measureless gulf of air with solid walls on either side. Here the gran- 
 ite cliffs are a thousand feet high, smooth and unbroken by tree or shrub ; 
 and there a pinnacle soars skyward for thrice that distance. No flowers 
 grow, and the birds care not to penetrate the solitudes. The river, sombre 
 and swift, breaks the awful stillness with its roar. Soon the cleft becomes 
 still more narrow, the treeless cliffs higher, the river closer confined, and 
 where a long iron bridge hangs suspended from the smooth walls, the 
 grandest portion of the canon is reached. Man becomes dwarfed and 
 dumb in the sublime scene, and Nature exhibits the power she possesses. 
 The crags menacingly rear their heads above the daring intruders, and the 
 place is like the entrance to some infernal region. Escaping from the 
 Gorge, the narrow valley' of the upper Arkansas is traversed, with the strik- 
 ing serrated peaks of the Sangre de Cristo close at hand on the west, until 
 Salida is reached. 
 
 There are a number of stations between Canon City and Salida, but 
 none of them are of special interest to the tourist, except that fishing and 
 hunting can be found in the immediate vicinity of any of them. 
 
 Parkdale. This is the point where tourists who desire only to see 
 the famous Royal Gorge disembark from the west bound train, to return 
 again to Pueblo, Colorado Springs or Denver. (Population nominal. Dis- 
 tance from Denver, 172 miles. Elevation, 5,737 feet.) 
 
 Beautiful Mountain View. Emerging from the canon, a most 
 beautiful mountain view is obtained ; to the left stretch the serrated sum- 
 mits of the Sangre de Cristo Range, while to the front and right are the 
 towering peaks of the Collegiate Mountains. 
 
 Wellsville Hot Spring's are on our left across the Arkansas River, 
 six miles before Salida is reached. Here is a natural warm plunge bath, 
 the waters of which are strongly impregnated with medicinal qualities. 
 The Wellsville Springs are a favorite resort, and are made the objective 
 point for many pleasant excursion parties.
 
 40 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 This prosperous town is situated on the right 
 bank of the Arkansas River, anil is the con- 
 verging point of the four great divisions of the 
 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The first 
 division being the line to the east ; the second is 
 the main line to the west via Leadville, Glenwood 
 Springs and Grand Junction ; the third is the 
 narrow gauge line to Grand Junction over 
 Marshall Pass and via Gunnison and Mon- 
 trose, and the fourth is the southern extension 
 to Alamosa, Durango, Silverton and Santa Fe. 
 The view of the mountains from Salida is especially grand. The Colleg- 
 iate Range rises to the west with Yale, Harvard and Princeton Peaks 
 in plain view crowned with perpetual snow, while to the south stands the 
 
 SALIDA. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort and 
 
 Business Centre. 
 
 Population, 3,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 217 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 7,049 feet. 
 
 Eating Station. 
 
 SROWN'S CANON. 
 
 Sangre de Cristo Range, and in the south-west tower Ouray and Shaveno. 
 The beauty of its situation, the near proximity to hot medicinal springs, the 
 wonderful salubrity of its climate, make Salida an extremely popular health 
 and pleasure resort. Tributary to the town are mines of copper, silver, 
 gold, iron and coal, great quantities of charcoal are burned near Salida. 
 and the agricultural and pastoral interest are of great extent. 
 
 The trip from Salida to Grand Junction and Ogden abounds in interest 
 for the tourist. It leads one through a most varied country, and presents to 
 the inspection of the traveler almost every variety of industry, from the agri- 
 culture and stock raising of the Arkansas, Eagle and Grand River Valleys 
 to the gold and silver mining of Leadville and Aspen, and it may be said, in 
 passing, that. Leadville and Aspen are two of the greatest mining camps in 
 the world and well worthy of a visit. The scenery after Salida is passed 
 grows in interest with each mile of advance. We are steaming up the left 
 bank of the Arkansas River, and are cussing the western border of the
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 41 
 
 Great South Park. The mountains capped with snow shut us in throughout 
 the whole circle of the horizon. The Collegiate Range, including the peaks 
 of Yale, Harvard and Princeton to our left, and beyond, the great volcano- 
 made cones of Ouray and Shaveno, which tower above Marshall Pass. 
 Away off to the right are the Kenosha Hills. Agriculture and stock raising 
 are the main industries of South Park, and the ranchmen find these pur- 
 suits of an exceedingly lucrative character. A number of small stations 
 are passed beyond Salida as follows: Brown's Canon, Hecla Junction, 
 Xathrop and Midway. 
 
 Brown's Canon. After passing the station of Brown's Canon, fine 
 views of the Sangre de Cristo peaks present themselves close by, and then 
 the rocks are heaped up again into the grand defile of Brown's Canon, 
 where one of our illustrations was made. 
 
 Calumet Branch. Just before entering Brown's Canon, a branch 
 road can be seen running off to the northward. That is the short road up to 
 Calumet, where the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company have iron mines of 
 great value and in constant operation, for the ore is suitable for the making 
 of Bessemer steel. These mines are open, quarry-like excavations, and 
 the ore is therefore more easily handled than is usual. The grade on this 
 branch, four hundred and six feet to the mile, is said to be the heaviest in 
 the world where no cog-wheels are used. Only a few empty cars can be 
 hauled up; and the difficulty is almost as great in descending, for it requires 
 at least four cars, dragging with hard set brakes, to hold an engine under 
 control in going down. Marble and lumber in great quantities are also 
 shipped down this little branch from the neighborhood of Calumet. 
 
 Buena Vista. Buena Vista is the county seat of Chaffee County. 
 The town was incorporated in the month of December, 1879, an d, for its 
 age, is a wonderfully thriving place. It is beautifully situated on the 
 Arkansas River, thirty-six miles below Leadville and 242 miles from 
 Denver. The town is quite an important station, and is surrounded by 
 good mines of gold and silver, fine pasture lands for stock and many 
 improved ranches. The city has an abundance of pure water, fine shade 
 trees, churches, schools,, stores, etc. (Population, 1,800. Distance from 
 Denver, 242 miles. Elevation, 7,970 feet.) 
 
 Cottonwood Springs. The Cottonwood Hot Springs have long 
 been famous in Colorado for their curative properties. They were the 
 resort of the Indians before the whites took possession of the country, and 
 have since been greatly improved and made accessible to invalids and 
 tourists. The springs are situated six miles from Buena Vista, whence a 
 stage line conveys passengers arriving on the Denver & Rio Grande Rail- 
 road to the springs. For cases of inflammatory rheumatism, lead poison- 
 ing, and diseases of the blood, these waters possess remarkable curative 
 properties. The scenery of the valley in which the springs are situated is 
 of great loveliness, the Collegiate Range of mountains forming an imposing 
 background. Fine trout fishing can be found in ten minutes' walk up and 
 down Cottonwood Creek, and the neighboring hills abound in game. There 
 are good accommodations here for tourists and invalids. 
 
 After leaving Buena Vista the following small stations are passed: 
 Americus, Riverside, Pine Creek, and Twin Lakes (station).
 
 TWIN LAKES. 
 
 Pleasure Resort. 
 Elevation, 9,357 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEX GATE. 43 
 
 Granite. At this point the stage line to Twin Lakes connects with 
 the trains. Placer mining by huge hydraulic systems are in full operation 
 and have been successfully worked for the past twenty years. (Population, 
 150. Elevation, 8,945 feet. Distance from Denver, 259 miles.) 
 
 The station of Twin Lakes must not be confounded with the lakes 
 themselves. These most beautiful mountain tarns are best reached by a 
 seven miles stage ride from Granite Station. The drive is in itself a 
 delightful experience, and the lakes prove a most charming culmination. 
 You find yourself in a little valley about seven miles in area. Around you 
 on all sides, looming up grand and precipitous, are snow-capped mountain 
 peaks, each of them towering fully a mile high, from where you stand, 
 completely walling you in from the outer world. These mountains are 
 Mount Elbert, La Plata, and Twin Peaks, each 
 of them higher than the famous Pike's Peak, 
 Lake Mountain, Mount Sheridan, and Park 
 Range. They are all more or less covered, up 
 to the timber line, with fir and spruce trees, the 
 fragrance of which perfumes the atmosphere, 
 and, owing to the rarified air, the tops of the 
 peaks, on which rest the eternal snows, seem so 
 near that you think you could almost throw a 
 stone to their summits, though in fact the length of that very uphill stone- 
 throw would be considerably more than a mile. For about three-fourths of 
 its area the valley is occupied by the lakes, and to an ordinary observer it 
 is plain that these lakes were formerly one and occupied the whole valley 
 up to the very foot of the mountains. At present, however, they are twins — 
 Siamese twins — for they are connected by a mountain stream, which, as 
 well as the lakes themselves, abound in the most delicious mountain trout 
 that ever nibbled at a hook or smoked on a platter. 
 
 Now let us row out into the middle of the upper lake. It seems as if 
 you were in the centre of a mighty amphitheatre, the arena of which is 
 water, the sloping sides fir- clad mountains, and the roof a great bowl in- 
 verted, painted a gorgeous blue and lightly resting on the snow-capped 
 mountains. The sizzling dweller of cities may ask what is the thermometer 
 here? 1 do not know. I never saw one here. These people have no more 
 use for a thermometer than a toad has for a pocket-book. Old Sol rises 
 bright and fierce-looking every morning in an Italian sky, but his rays are 
 so tempered by the breezes from the mountains that by time they reach the 
 valley they are just pleasantly warm and exhilarating. But there is one 
 thing his rays will do, and city folk would better beware of them if they do 
 not want to peel off their outer cuticle, they will sunburn as effectually as il 
 conveyed through the medium of a burning glass; this is owing to the rarity 
 of the atmosphere. Flannels can and ought to be worn here every day, and 
 a person sitting reading or writing in-doors for an hour or so, in a room 
 where there is no fire, and while the sun is shining brightly outside, will find 
 the cold stealing up his nether limbs. 
 
 Returning to Granite and resuming the journey, the following small 
 stations are passed: Hayden, Crystal Lake, Malta and Filer.
 
 44 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 LEADVILLE, 
 
 The Great "Carbonate 
 Camp.' ' 
 
 Population, 20,000. 
 
 Elevation, 10,200 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 277 miles. 
 
 This wonderful Cloud City first became 
 known to lame in 1859 :vs California Gulch, one 
 of the richest placer camps in Colorado. From 
 1859 to 1864 $5,000,000 in gold dust were washed 
 from the ground of this gulch. The camp was 
 afterwards nearly abandoned, and it was not 
 until 1876 that the carbonate beds of silver were 
 discovered. Immediately after this discovery a 
 great rush ensued to the carbonate camp, which 
 was named Leadville, and the population rose 
 from a nominal number to 30,000. Leadville is the county seat of Lake 
 County. It is the third city in size in Colorado, and the greatest and most 
 unique carbonate mining camp in the world. The visitor to Leadville is 
 irresistibly reminded of the words of Joaquin Miller: "Colorado, rare 
 Colorado! Yonder she rests; her head of gold pillowed on the Rocky 
 Mountains, her feet in the brown grass; the boundless plains for a play- 
 ground; she is set on a hill before the world, and the air is very clear, so 
 that all may see her well." The city is lighted by gas and electricity; has 
 telephonic communication with surrounding points; has the usual conven- 
 iences and luxuries of cities of corresponding size, and in all respect ranks 
 as one of the greatest cities of this great State. Leadville is one of the 
 most interesting cities in the world to the tourist. It abounds in scenes of a 
 novel and characteristic nature, and presents views of life entirely foreign 
 to the conventional. Mining methods are here fully illustrated in every 
 form, from lode mining to hydraulic and sluicing work. Leadville has a 
 handsome theatre, the Tabor Opera House, having a seating capacity of 
 1,000. The scenery around Leadville is magnificent. It is walled in on all 
 sides by towering mountains whose summits are crowned with eternal 
 snow. Occupying so high an altitude, the effect is remarkable, and tourists 
 can find no more striking nor interesting scenes than those presented by 
 Leadville and its weird and wonderful surroundings. Leadville is well 
 supplied with good hotels. Livery accommodations are first-class, and the 
 boulevard affords one of the finest drives in the State. Situated on the front 
 ol Mount Massive, at the mouth of Colorado Gulch, and distant five miles 
 from Leadville are the popular Soda Springs and Evergreen Lakes. The 
 boulevard, a carefully constructed drive, one hundred feet in width, and 
 as smooth as a race track, gives access to the springs and lakes, a stage 
 connecting with Leadville twice a day. The springs are strongly impreg- 
 nated with soda, and are of a highly medicinal character. There is excel- 
 lent trout fishing within a few minutes' walk of the springs, pleasant drives 
 and rides are numerous, and placer as well as lode mining are in progress 
 in near proximity, easily accessible to the inspection of the tourist. As a 
 business point, Leadville is recognized as among the first in the State; with 
 its large population, great smelting works and vast mining industry, it 
 cannot help commanding the attention of business men and investors. 
 
 Between Leadville and Tennessee Pass are the following unimportant 
 stations: Leadville Junction, Keeldar and Crane's Park. 
 
 Tennessee Pass. Rising along a tortuous path cut at a heavy 
 grade, as usual, into the side hills, we mount slowly into Tennessee Pass, 
 which feeds the head of Eagle River on one side and one source of the
 
 MOUNT OF THE HOLY CROSS.
 
 46 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Arkansas on the other. It is a comparatively low and easy pass, covered 
 everywhere with dense timber, and a wagon road has long been followed 
 through it. Reaching an elevation of quite 10,433 Ieet » tne train darts into 
 a tunnel half a mile long and on emerging at the western end we are on the 
 Pacific slope. There is nothing to be seen except an occasional pile of 
 ties, or a charcoal oven, save that now and then a gap in the hills shows 
 the gray rough summits of Galena, Homestake, and the other hights that 
 gudrd the Holy Cross. At each end of the Pass is a little open glade or 
 "park," where settlers have placed their cabins and fenced off a few acres 
 of level ground whereon to cut hay, for nothing else will grow at this great 
 elevation. 
 
 We can do no better service to the tourist than to quote Ernest Inger- 
 soll's description of this famous mountain given in "The Crest of the 
 Continent." He says: "One of the side valleys, coming down to the 
 track at right angles from the southwestward 
 — I think it is Homestake Gulch — leads the eye 
 up through a glorious alpine avenue to where 
 the cathedral crest of a noble peak pierces the 
 sky. It is a summit that would attract the eye 
 anywhere, — its feet hidden in verdurous hills, 
 guarded by nightly crags, half-buried in seeth- 
 ing clouds, its helmet vertical, frowning, plumed 
 with gleaming snow, — 
 
 riOUNT OF 
 
 THE 
 
 HOLY CROSS. 
 
 Elevation, 14,176 feet. 
 
 ' Ay, every inch a king.' 
 
 "It is the Mount of the Holy Cross, bearing the sacred symbol in such 
 heroic characters as dwarf all human graving, and set on the pinnacle of 
 the world as though in sign of possession forever. The Jesuits went hand 
 in hand with the Chevalier Dubois, proclaiming Christian Gospel in the 
 northern forests; the Puritan brought his Testament to New England, the 
 Spanish banners of victory on the Golden shores of the Pacific were upheld 
 by the fiery zeal of the friars of San Francisco; the frozen Alaskan cliffs 
 resounded to the chanting of the monks of St. Peter and St. Paul. On every 
 side the virgin continent was taken in the name of Christ, and with all the 
 eclat of religious conquest. Yet from ages unnumbered, before any of 
 them, centuries oblivious in the mystery of past time, the Cross had been 
 planted here. As a prophecy during unmeasured generations, as a sign of 
 glorious fulfillment during nineteen centuries, from always and to eternity 
 a reminder of our fealty to heaven, this divine seal has been set upon our 
 proudest eminence. What matters it whether we write 'God' in the con- 
 stitution of the United States, when here in the sight of all men is inscribed 
 this marvelous testimony to his sovereignty! Shining grandly out of the 
 pure ether, and above all turbulence of earthly clouds, it says: Humble thy- 
 self, O man! Measure thy fiery works at their true insignificance. Uncover 
 thy head and acknowledge thy weakness. Forget not, that as high above 
 thy gilded spires gleams the splendor of this ever-living Cross, so are My 
 thoughts above thy thoughts, and My ways above thy ways." 
 
 Craue's Park is a beautiful park in the mountains at the western 
 foot of Tennessee Pass. Here are to be seen the kilns of charcoal burners, 
 and a wonderful valley and mountain view.
 
 EAGLE RIVER 
 CANON. 
 
 Height of Walls, 
 2,000 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 47 
 
 Red Cliff Canou. Just beyond Crane's Park the railroad enters 
 Red Cliff Canon, a comparatively short but very interesting gorge in the 
 mountains. 
 
 Red Cliff. This picturesque little town is the country seat of Eagle 
 County, and the entrepot of a large mining district. The mines of the 
 Battle Mountain and other districts contribute greatly to the business of the 
 place. Leadville with its smelters is only 25 miles distant, and this fact is 
 also an element of success among the many which give promise of future 
 prosperity to the town. The scenery around Red Cliff is of the grandest 
 and most beautiful description. To reach the town the traveler makes the 
 ascent and descent of Tennessee Pass, and obtains the best distant view 
 that can be had of the famous Mount of the Holy Cross. Just beyond Red 
 Cliff are the wonders of Eagle River Canon. (Population, 1,000. Distance 
 from Denver, 300 miles. Elevation, 8,615 feet.) 
 
 Beyond Red Cliff the Eagle River Canon 
 opens to the view at first a comparatively wide 
 expanse, later more narrow, walled in on each 
 side by cliffs of vari-colored rocks, whose lofty 
 and apparently insurmountable summits bear 
 the dark banners of the pine. Admiration and 
 awe at this stupendous work of Nature take 
 possession of the mind, when suddenly these 
 emotions are overshadowed by wonder and 
 almost incredulous surprise at the daring of man, for there above us on 
 the right, perched like the nest of heaven-scaling eagles, rest the habita- 
 tions of men ! There are the shaft houses and abiding places of adventur- 
 ous miners, who, having climbed these cliffs, pick in hand, have here 
 discovered rich veins of the precious metal, which, being blasted from its 
 matrix, is conveyed to the railroad track 2,000 feet below, by a most ingen- 
 ious system of tramways and endless steel ropes. There is something very 
 impressive in the sight of these frail cliff-perched dwellings; and the shaft- 
 penetrated, tunnel-pierced peaks suggest irresistibly the fabled cavernous 
 labyrinths of " Kor." Nowhere can the traveler find a more interesting and 
 instructive illustration of mining methods than is here presented by the 
 shaft-scarred sides of Battle Mountain and the pinnacle-perched eyries of 
 Eagle River Canon. 
 
 Milltlirn. Having passed through the canon, the train brings up at the 
 eating station at Minturn, where a first class meal is always obtainable. 
 (Population, nominal. Elevation, 7,823 feet. Distance from Denver, 308 
 miles.) 
 
 The Valley of the Eag'le. Leaving Minturn, one enters the 
 Valley of Eagle River. Quieter scenes of pastoral and agricultural 
 achievements follow. Here are comfortable ranch houses surrounded by 
 fertile fields ; there are herds of cattle feeding contentedly in natural pas- 
 tures ; while on all sides are seen evidences of peace, prosperity and plenty. 
 The Eagle River, a beautiful stream, whose pellucid waters do not conceal 
 the bright colored gravel of its bed, meanders through the valley, adding 
 to the beauty of the scene, and carrying with it the practical benefits of irri- 
 gation, without which the soil would produce nothing but vegetation 
 suitable for grazing purposes. The clear, cold water swarms with trout, and
 
 4 8 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 here the disciples of old Izaak Walton cannot fail to find ample room and 
 
 verge for plying their gentle craft. 
 
 In our journey through the valley we pass the following stations: Rock 
 
 Creek, Allenton, Sher- 
 wood, Eagle, Gypsum, 
 Dotsero, Shoshone and 
 Sulphur Springs. 
 
 CANON 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GRAND RIVER. 
 
 A Marvelous Gorge. 
 
 One of the World's 
 Wonders. 
 
 EXPLORING THE WALLS. 
 
 Gradually the valley 
 narrows, high bluffs hem 
 us in on the left, the river 
 is close to the track on 
 the right, and its fertile 
 banks suddenly change 
 into a tumbled, twisted, 
 black and blasted ex- 
 panse of scoria, the out- 
 pouring of some ancient 
 volcano of tremendous 
 activity. The few trees 
 on the hither side of the 
 stream are also black, an 
 inheritance of fire; the 
 waters under the black 
 banks, and reflecting the 
 blackened trees, take on 
 a swarthy hue — a Styg- 
 ian picture! Just beyond, 
 a distant glimpse of 
 fertile country, and the 
 clear waters of the Eagle 
 are lost in the muddy 
 current of the Grand, 
 and a canon greater in 
 extent and more varied 
 in character than that of 
 the Arkansas opens be- 
 fore us. As the train 
 speeds downward, the 
 mountains on the horizon
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 49 
 
 behind us seem to rise up towards the zenith as though the miracle of crea- 
 tion was being repeated before our eyes. Soon, however, the distant 
 mountains are shut out and only the sky above, the river and track beneath 
 and the cliffs around are visible ; and here begins a panorama, kaleido- 
 scopic in its ever changing forms and colors, the wonder of the one who 
 sees, the despair of the one who wished to tell others what he saw. 
 
 In places the effect is that of giant Egptian art and architecture. Vast 
 bastions of granite, strata on strata, rise to a stupendous height, braced 
 against rock masses behind them, infinitely vaster. Suggestions of the 
 Sphinx and of the pyramids can be caught in the severe and gigantic rock- 
 piled structures on every hand. These are not made up of boulders, 
 nor are they solid monoliths; like those in the Royal Gorge. On the con- 
 trary, they are columns, bastions, buttresses, walls, pyramids, towers, 
 turrets, even statues, of stratified stone, with sharp cleavage, not in the least 
 weather-worn, presenting the appearance of Brobdignagian masonry — 
 hence I use the phrase "rock-piled structures" advisedly and as best 
 descriptive of what there exists. 
 
 But the kaleidoscope is shaken and the rock pieces are re-arranged. 
 The effect is startling. We have left Egypt, with her shades of gray and 
 her frowning, massive and gigantic forms. We are in a region of glowing 
 colors, where the vermillion, the maroon, the green and the yellow abound 
 and mingle and contrast. What strange country was the prototype of this? 
 Ah I yonder is something characteristic — a terraced pyramid banded with 
 brilliant and varied colors — the teocoli of the Aztecs. 
 
 Whirling around a headland of glowing red rock, which it seems ought 
 to be called "Flamingo Point," we are in a region of ruddy color and of 
 graceful forms. Minarets, from whose summits the muezzin's call might 
 readily be imagined falling upon the ears of the dwellers in this "Orient in 
 the West," spires more graceful than that of Bruges, more lofty than that 
 of Trinity, towers more marvelous than Pisa's leaning wonder, columns 
 more curious than that of Vendome, splintered and airy pinnacles, infinite 
 in variety, innumerable! inimitable! indescribable! 
 
 In a moment darkness and the increased rumble of wheels ; then light 
 and another marvelous view. We have passed tunnel No. i, the portcullis; 
 darkness again for a moment, then the blue sky above us. We have 
 entered through the postern gate; darkness for the third time — absolute, 
 unmitigated blackness of darkness; this must be "the deepest dungeon 
 'neath the castle moat." But soon again we see the blessed light, and there 
 before us lies Glenwood Springs! — Colorado's Greatest Resort. 
 
 Glenwood Springs is the pleasure and 
 health resort of Colorado, as well as a flourishing 
 and growing town. It is the county seat of Gar- 
 field County. The picturesque scenery of the 
 Grand River, from its source midst the peaks 
 and crags of the Rockies, to its debouch into the 
 magnificent waters of the broad Colorado, has 
 been the theme of able writers in prose and 
 poetry, but at no spot in its rapid march to the 
 sea, do the waters of the Grand glisten and 
 ripple upon the shores of a lovelier valley than 
 
 Glenwood Springs. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort. 
 
 Wonderful Hot 
 Springs. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 367 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 5,758 feet. 
 
 Population, 3,000.
 
 50 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 at its confluence with the Roaring Fork, where are situated the springs and 
 city of Glenwood. Here the sentinel ranges, which have guarded the 
 stormy passage of the turbulent stream through mountain pass and precip- 
 itous canon, seem to have deployed their ranks, that they might surround 
 and embrace a valley so lovely in its landscape and set in a frame of such 
 scenic grandeur. The springs themselves are phenomenal, innumerable 
 fountains bubbling up over an area covering both sides of the river, and 
 varying in volume from twenty to one thousand cubic inches per second. 
 The principal springs on the north side of the Grand River discharge an 
 immense body of water, heated in nature's furnace to 140 degrees Fahren- 
 heit, which flows in a broad stream to its outlet through an aqueduct 
 recently constructed, forming a beautiful island, upon which is erected a com- 
 modious and well appointed bathing house, provided with every convenience 
 for sitz, plunge and vapor bathing. The waters have been found of great 
 benefit to invalids, and as a result the springs are largely patronized. Aside 
 from the beautiful valley selected for its site, and the attractions pre- 
 sented by its wonderful springs, Glenwood City possesses many advantages 
 and material resources which are destined to make it one of the most im- 
 portant points on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The town has 
 electric lights, water works, and all of the modern improvements. Glen- 
 wood is well supplied with hotels. The new Hotel Colorado, completed 
 and opened in June, 1893, at a cost of £350,000, is probably one of the finest 
 resort hotels in the United States. It is built of Roman tiles and Colorado 
 peach-blow stone and contains two hundred guest rooms and forty private 
 baths, is built in Italian style, and located under the shadow of the mountains, 
 with the banks of the famous Tool immediately in front of it. It is sur- 
 rounded by beautiful parks and drives, and withal, is a most delightful 
 place to spend a season. This beautiful hotel is owned by Mr. Walter 
 Raymond of the Raymond Vacation Excursions, and all the parties man- 
 aged by him spend at least a week here. The hotel is under the manage- 
 ment of Mr. A. W.Bailey, formerly of Manitou, whose ability as a hotel 
 manager is second to none in the country. There are two other hotels, 
 though less pretentious, the Hotel Glenwood and the Hotel Harlow. 
 
 Accommodations for IJiitliili^. The bath house recently erected 
 at the wonderful hot springs here, is of the most elegant design. It is built 
 of red sandstone, and the walls of all rooms are of red or cream colored 
 pressed brick, wainscoted with Texas pine and colored enamels. There 
 are forty-four large bath rooms, in two departments, for the respective 
 sexes. Each bath room has two compartments. One is lined with enamel 
 and set with a porcelain tub, having bronze appliances for readily supply- 
 ing hot, warm or cold, mineral water ; and hot, warnV or cold, fresh water, 
 also showers of warm or cold water. Any desired temperature, from 45 up 
 to 120 Fahrenheit can be supplied. The other compartment is furnished 
 as a dressing room, and provided with a settee for reclining after the bath. 
 These compartments have high ceilings and are well lighted from elevated 
 windows by day, and by incandescent electric lamps at night. Light re- 
 freshments are served in each room by attendants summoned by electric 
 bells. Massage treatment is administered in a room for that purpose. 
 Besides the bath rooms, the building contains handsome sitting and smok- 
 ing rooms with open fires, physician's room, billiard room, coffee kitchen,
 
 52 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 linen rooms, hair dressing rooms, laundry, etc. All rooms are kept supplied 
 with fresh air at an equable temperature throughout the year. Every 
 accessory for the luxurious and health-giving bath is provided in the build- 
 ing. The baths are supplied from the main spring, which yields a constant 
 flow of 2,500,000 gallons per day of highly mineralized hot water, at a 
 temperature of 124.2 Fahrenheit. This water is a remarkable remedial 
 agent, aiding or effecting cures of scrofula, rheumatism, gout, lead poison- 
 ing, diabetes, Bright's disease, and all skin and blood diseases. The new 
 bath house stands on the margin of the Mammoth Swimming Pool. 
 
 The Bathing' Pool. This is remarkable for its size and the com- 
 pleteness of its conveniences. It is nearly six hundred feet in length, by 
 one hundred and ten feet in width at the widest part. Its depth gradually 
 increases from three and one-half feet at one end to six feet at the other. 
 The walls are of red sandstone, and the bottom is paved with hard pressed 
 brick. Its surface area is 43,000 square feet, or one acre ; and the capacity, 
 1,500,000 gallons. It is constantly supplied with mineral water from the 
 main and Yampa Springs, and kept at a temperature of about 95 Fahren- 
 heit. There are one hundred and thirteen dressing rooms, in separate 
 departments for the sexes. These are warmed in winter, and a hooded way 
 leads into the water. At night the pool is brilliantly lighted by arc electric 
 lights. Bathing suits are supplied at a moderate charge. Thousands who 
 have tried bathing in the pool pronounce it the most delightful of baths. 
 The exercise which it admits of while bathing is deemed especially bene- 
 ficial to many kinds of invalids. 
 
 The Vapor Caves. A remarkable feature of these springs are the 
 vapor caves — natural openings in the rocks to which the steam from the 
 hot springs obtains access. In one of these natural caves the company has 
 erected a unique vapor bath house with ample dressing rooms, a number of 
 private vapor rooms, shower bath room, etc., all lighted by electric lights, 
 affording vapor baths in either cave or private rooms at a temperature of 
 105 to 110° Fahrenheit. These baths are not only a luxury to those who 
 are well, but are especially recommended by physicians for a number of 
 serious ailments. 
 
 Aspen Branch. Extending from Glenwood Springs in a southerly 
 direction is the branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to Aspen, and 
 its wonderful mines. The following points are on this line. 
 
 Carbondale. Situated at the confluence of Rock Creek and Roaring 
 Fork, twelve miles south of Glenwood Springs. This is the proposed point 
 for coking ovens and blast furnace to be erected by the Colorado Fuel & 
 Iron Company. (Population, 500. Distance from Denver, 379 miles. Ele- 
 vation, 6,181 feet.) 
 
 The Elk Mountain Railway, starting at Carbondale, where it 
 connects with the Aspen branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, runs 
 up the valley of Rock Creek, in a southerly direction, for about twenty-two 
 miles, and then in nearly an easterly line to Robinson's Lake, thirty miles 
 from Carbondale. The line will be constructed from Robinson's Lake to 
 the mines in the vicinity of Crystal, in the near future, making a distance 
 of thirty-five miles from Carbondale. 
 
 Avalanche Creek. Twelve miles from Carbondale. This will be
 
 54 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 the shipping point for silver and iron ores located six to eight miles up 
 Avalanche Creek. 
 
 Penny's Hot Spring's. Fourteen miles south of Carbondale, on 
 
 Rock Creek. These springs are said to be equal to those of Glenwood in 
 healing and restorative power. 
 
 Coal Basin, Nineteen miles from Carbondale. At this station all 
 the coal from Coal Basin will be received. This is the largest and finest 
 body of coking coal in Colorado, and is largely controlled by the Colorado 
 Fuel & Iron Company. Extensive coking ovens will be erected at this point. 
 Prospect. Twenty-one. miles from Carbondale. At or near this 
 point will be located the coal breaker and extensive plant of the Pacific 
 Coal & Coke Company, who own the extensive anthracite coal fields of 
 Chair Mountain. This company is preparing to ship five hundred tons of 
 anthracite coal per day. This coal is said to be equal to the best red ash 
 coal of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Robinson's Lake. Thirty miles from Carbondale. At this point 
 are located the finest marble and slate quarries west of the Missouri River. 
 Yule Creek joins Rock Creek here, and all the valuable silver ores of that 
 district will be loaded here. 
 
 Crystal. This is an old mining camp and is thirty-five miles south- 
 east from Carbondale, on the head waters of Rock Creek. In the vicinity 
 of this camp are located nearly one hundred and fifty patented silver mines. 
 It is estimated that the output from this district will be one hundred tons 
 per day. 
 
 Scenic Attraction. The line passes the base of Sopris Mountain 
 and Chair Mountain, and terminates in the great elbow of the Elk Moun- 
 tains at Crystal. No finer scenery can be found in the West. In a ride of 
 two hours the tourist can be transported from the beautiful valley of Roar- 
 ing Fork nearly to the summit of the Elk Mountain Range, and car view 
 nearly all the prominent peaks from Mount Massive west. 
 
 Returning to Carbondale, the stations on the main line to Aspen are as 
 follows: Emma, Snow Mass and Woody Creek. 
 
 Aspen, the county seat of Pitkin County, is 
 located in one of the most noted mining regions 
 of Colorado, seventy-five miles northwest from 
 Buena Vista, and is the terminus of the Aspen 
 branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. 
 The valleys of the Roaring Fork River and its 
 confluents, Castle, Hunter's and Maroon Creeks, 
 are especially fitted for agriculture, and the hills 
 and mesas adjacent form a fine range for stock, 
 which in addition to the mining interests will 
 surely make Aspen one of the most prosperous 
 cities in the State. Stores and shops of all kinds, carrying large lines of 
 goods, are abundant, and the business done here would do credit to a town 
 boasting five times its present population. The good faith of the people is 
 manifested by the character of the buildings they have erected. It is a 
 town of beautiful homes, and has most excellent society. All the principal 
 religious denominations have suitable houses of worship, and the public 
 schools are of an excellent order. The hotels are good, there is a fine 
 
 ASPEN. 
 
 Great Mining Town. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 Resort. 
 
 Population, 11,000. 
 
 Elevation, 7,874 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 408 miles.
 
 TO THE GOLD EX GATE. 
 
 55 
 
 Opera house, and the town is supplied with pure water from Castle Creek. 
 An electric light plant illuminates the principal places of business as well 
 as the streets. The climate is delicious and especially beneficial in all 
 pulmonary complaints. Aspen is a garden town, and displays many beau- 
 tiful lawns, sprinkled and beautified by flowers. 
 
 The main industry of Pitkin County, of which Aspen is the county seat, 
 is mining. The town is situated upon the great zone or belt which passes 
 through the country in a northeasterly and southwesterly course, and has 
 tributary territory for from twenty to thirty miles each way. The ores are 
 of good grade and are found in remarkably large deposits. The Great 
 Central lead, with its spurs and lateral feeders, resembles a river with many 
 
 branches. Silver and lead 
 are the principal min- 
 eral products, although 
 gold has been found and 
 profitably worked at In- 
 dependence, in the east- 
 ern part of the county, 
 and the Iron ores at 
 Cooper's Camp, in the 
 southwestern part, are 
 found in immense de- 
 posits, and are of the 
 very finest quality. Build- 
 ing stone is found, and 
 the rock is unsurpassed 
 in texture or color, and 
 the surrounding hills 
 will be great producers 
 for outside markets. 
 Some coal is found in 
 Pitkin County, but not 
 in extensive measures as 
 in Garfield, the great coal 
 county of the United 
 States, which adjoins up- 
 on the north. There is 
 no territory of similar 
 area with richer or more 
 varied products than Pit- 
 kin County. The scenery 
 around this thriving city 
 is wonderfully varied and 
 beautiful. Situated in the 
 heart of the mountains, 
 and surrounded by the 
 most wonderful works of 
 nature. Aspen will always 
 bean attractive place to 
 
 MARBLE CANON. thc tOUrist a,ul the l0Ver
 
 56 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 of the grand and marvelous. Hunting and fishing are found here in their 
 perfection. Nature seems to have made Aspen her favorite child, and has 
 poured out at her feet all the rich gifts of her cornucopia. (Population, 
 11,000. Distance from Denver, 408 miles. Elevation, 7,874 feet.) 
 
 Returning to Glenwood Springs, we cross to the western bank of the 
 river, and resume our journey towards the Occident, down the beautiful 
 valley of the Grand. 
 
 New Castle. Here are located extensive coal mines and coking 
 ovens of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company. (Distance from Denver, 379 
 miles. Population, 1,500. Elevation, 5,560 feet.) 
 
 Rifle. The debarking point for Meeker and other points reached by 
 stage lines. Excellent hunting and fishing grounds surround Rifle in all 
 directions. Elk, deer, bear, trout and all kinds of game are in abundance. 
 (Distance from Denver, 393 miles. Population, 200. Elevation, 5,500 feet.) 
 
 The Grand Valley is noted for its agricultural resources, being 
 one of the most prolific producing portions of the state. All manner of 
 grains are raised in great abundance, and the fruits, especially peaches, 
 grown in this valley are unsurpassed. The principal railroad points are 
 Parachute and DeBeque. 
 
 In the Valley of the Grand River, and sur- 
 
 Grand Junction. 
 
 Chief City of 
 
 Grand River Valley, at 
 
 Junction of Grand and 
 
 Gunnison Rivers. 
 
 Population, 4,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 456 miles, via Standard 
 
 Gauge Line; 425 miles 
 via Narrow Gauge Line. 
 
 Elevation, 4,594 feet. 
 
 Eating Station. 
 
 rounded by a fertile and well watered country, 
 Grand Junction is the leading city of western 
 Colorado. An extensive system of irrigating 
 ditches has been established, and all the land 
 under these ditches taken up, and most of it 
 cultivated. The comparatively low altitude of 
 this valley (it being the lowest among the Rocky 
 Mountains with but one exception in Utah) 
 makes it especially adapted to the cultivation 
 of fruit. Peaches, grapes, apricots, pears and 
 small fruits flourish here in great luxuriance, 
 and most of the farmers have planted orchards 
 and vineyards of greater or less extent. The 
 usual farm products thrive in the valley, and large crops can be counted on 
 with the greatest confidence. Grand Junction is the county seat of Mesa 
 County, and has business and public buildings of a substantial character. 
 Shade trees have been planted on each side of the streets, giving the town 
 a most pleasing and attractive appearance. There is one thing sure about 
 the Grand River Valley, and that is, it will never want for water; and with 
 plenty of water for irrigation secured, the future prosperity of the valley 
 and the consequent growth of Grand Junction are both assured. Back in 
 the hills great herds are pastured, and extensive coal mines and large 
 natural gas wells add to the many resources of this thriving city. 
 
 Grand Junction is well named, for here is the converging point of the 
 standard and narrow-gauge lines of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 
 with the Rio Grande Western line for Ogden, Salt Lake and the Pacific 
 Coast, as well as the confluence of the two largest rivers in Colorado, the 
 Gunnison and the Grand. 
 
 Fruita is the next station to the west, and while the town does not 
 appear to amount to a great deal, yet the experiment which is being carried
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 57 
 
 GRAND CANON OF THE COLORADO. 
 
 on here is of interest to all. The experiment to which reference has been 
 made is that of fruit culture, the effort being to prove this valley as well 
 fitted for this purpose as Utah. So far the experiments have been success- 
 ful. (Population, ioo. Distance from Denver, 436 miles. Elevation, 4,523 feet.) 
 The Colorado Desert. For a stretch of about two hundred and 
 fifty miles beyond Fruita no agricultural country will be seen — over one 
 hundred miles of this, in fact, is known as the "Colorado Desert." But well 
 informed people assert that all this desert needs to be made fertile is 
 irrigation. Water can be got on this land from the Grand River, and per- 
 haps before another decade has passed away the "Colorado Desert" will
 
 5S 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 be ranked with that geographical myth of twenty years ago, "The Great 
 American Desert-" 
 
 The Book Cliffs. The intervening space of one hundred miles 
 between the Grand River and the Green would be monotonous were it not 
 for the glimpses one obtains, to the left, of the snow-crowned San Rafael 
 
 CASTLE GATE. 
 
 and Sierra La Sal Mountains, and the constant presence, to the right, of the 
 multiform and varicolored Book Cliffs. These Cliffs are the northern shore 
 of what in former ages must have been a great inland sea, across whose 
 basin the railroad runs. They vary in altitude from seven thousand to nine 
 thousand feet and divide the waters of the Grand River from those of the 
 White, extending two hundred miles from east to west. There are no 
 stations of any importance between Grand Junction and Green River, the 
 train pausing in transit only for water. 
 
 Green River. This is an eating station, on the west bank of the
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 59 
 
 Green River, and on alighting from the cars the traveler is astonished at 
 the elegance of the hotel and the beauty of its surroundings, situated, as it 
 is, away out on the edge of the desert. A handsome lawn of shaven grass 
 surrounds the hotel, ornamented with trees, shrubs and flowers. All the mod- 
 ern conveniences are to be found within, even to the latest style of electric 
 light, and one of the best meals to be found on the entire journey is here set 
 before the traveler. The hotel buildings are owned by the railroad com- 
 pany, and no pains have been spared to make everything first class. Green 
 River is a shipping point of considerable importance for stock. From 
 Green River a stage line runs to the new gold discoveries in the Henry 
 Mountains to the south. (Population, nominal. Distance from Denver, 531 
 miles. Elevation, 4,069 feet.) 
 
 Grand Canon of the Colorado. From the bridge across Green 
 River the traveler, can, if the day is clear, catch a glimpse of the rugged walls 
 of the Grand Canon of the Colorado, scarcely fifty miles to the southward. 
 
 Climbing' the Wasatch Range. From Green River to Soldier 
 Summit, a distance of ninety-nine miles, the grade is a constant ascent, the 
 scenery growing wilder and more varied as the advance is made. The 
 road extends to the northward, and, after passing Sphinx, Desert Switch 
 and Cliff Siding, unimportant side tracks, reaches Lower Crossing, twenty- 
 five miles from Green River. 
 
 Lower Crossing is situated on Price River in the midst of interest- 
 ing scenery. Stock raising is tributary to the town. (Population nominal. 
 Distance from Denver, 556 miles. Elevation, 4,630 feet.) 
 
 Price. Situated on the south fork of the Price River, the town has a 
 very fertile valley, though of limited extent, surrounding it. What arable 
 land there is has been carefully utilized, and large crops of potatoes, alfalfa, 
 oats and vegetables are raised here, through the aid of irrigation. There 
 are mines of asphaltum to the northward, which are worked extensively, 
 and the product shipped to the east. Price is also an important shipping 
 point for cattle and sheep. The scenery here is very attractive, and the 
 hunting and fishing are excellent. (Population, 100. Distance from Den- 
 ver, 595 miles. Elevation, 5,547 feet.) 
 
 Fort Du Chesne. Eighty miles to the northward from Price, on 
 the Uintah and Uncompahgre Indian reservation, is Fort Du Chesne, the 
 Government post, supplies for which are forwarded from Price. Fort Du 
 Chesne, has four companies of infantry and two of cavalry, numbering in 
 all three hundred men. There are 4,000,000 acres in the reservation, all of 
 which are at the service of only 2,500 Indians. 
 
 Helper. End of the railroad divisions and dining station. (Popula- 
 tion, 500. Elevation, 6,000 feet.) 
 
 Eleven miles beyond Price station the 
 I train enters the famous portals of Castle Gate, 
 which stand at the entrance of the Price River 
 Canon. Castle Gate is similar in many re- 
 spects to the gateway in the Garden of Gods. 
 The two huge pillars, or ledges of rock com- 
 posing it, are offshoots of the cliffs behind. 
 They are of different heights, one measuring 
 five hundred, and the other four hundred and 
 
 CASTLE GATE. 
 
 Entrance to 
 
 Price River Canon. 
 
 Height, 500 feet.
 
 60 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 fifty feet, from top to base. They are richly dyed with red, and the firs and 
 pines growing about them, but reaching only to their lower strata, render 
 this coloring more noticeable and beautiful. Between the two sharp pro- 
 montories, which are separated only by ;i narrow space, the river and the 
 railway both run, one pressing closely against the other. The stream leaps 
 over a rocky bed, and its banks are lined with tangled brush. Once past 
 the gate, and looking back, the bold headlands forming it have a new and 
 more attractive beauty. They are higher and more massive, it seems, than 
 when we were in their shadow. No other pinnacles approach them in size or 
 majesty. They are landmarks up and down the canon, their lofty tops catch- 
 ing the eye before their bases are discovered. It was down Price River 
 Canon, and past Castle Gate, that Albert Sidney Johnston marched his army 
 home from Utah. For miles now, and until the mountains are crossed, the 
 route chosen by the General is closely followed. The gateway is hardly lost 
 to view by a turn in the canon before we were scaling the wooded heights. 
 The river is never lost sight of. The cliffs which hem us in are filled with 
 curious forms. Now there is seen a mighty castle, with moats and towers, 
 loopholes and wall; now a gigantic head appears. At times side canons, 
 smaller than the one we are in, lead to verdant heights beyond, where game 
 of every variety abounds. 
 
 Kyune. Large stone quarries are worked here. (Distance from 
 Denver, 614 miles.) 
 
 Pleasant Valley Junction. This little town is situated in the 
 midst of rich and extensive coal measures. A branch road runs to the 
 coal mines a distance of about twenty miles to the southward. The coal is 
 valuable for coking, and is used in the various smelters of the territory. 
 (Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 620 miles. Elevation, 7,177 feet.) 
 
 Coal Branch. From Pleasant Valley Junction the Coal Branch 
 extends to Mud Creek, a distance of 20 miles. The intervening stations are 
 Hale, Schofield and Coal Mine. The chief business of the road is the 
 transportation of coal, which is mined extensively here. 
 
 Soldier Summit. Here we are on the highest railroad point on the 
 Wasatch Range. Good pasturage covers the mountain tops, and great 
 herds of cattle, horses and sheep graze here among the sage brush. The 
 scenery here is wild and picturesque, and the view is wide, embracing a 
 great sweep of serrated mountain summits. (Population, nominal. Dis- 
 tance from Denver, 627 miles. Elevation, 7,465 feet.) From this point the 
 descent is made to the Utah Valley. 
 
 Red Narrows. Here the cliffs rise on each side of the track, 
 assuming fantastic forms, and glowing with varied colors, among which red 
 is predominant ; hence, the name. 
 
 Thistle Junction. This is the junction point of the main line 
 and the San Pete Valley branch extending to Salina. (Population, 500. 
 Elevation, 5,043 feet. Distance from Denver, 652 miles.) 
 
 The San Pete Valley Branch of the Rio Grande Western starts 
 toward the vast mines and quarries, grain fields and fruit gardens that lie 
 toward the south from Thistle. Glance lor a moment down this branch line. 
 Two miles from Thistle is Asphaltum station, where there is a bed of nearly 
 pure asphaltum, covering a scpiare mile, and from eight to fourteen feet 
 thick. Six miles further, and at Nebo a view is caught of Mount Nebo, one
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 61 
 
 of the tallest and grandest peaks in Utah, snow-capped all the year. About 
 a mile below Nebo the road enters the Indian Reservation, and six miles 
 onward is Indianola, around which cluster the adobe houses and tepees of 
 a branch of the great Ute tribe, whence Utah has its name. They do a little 
 farming and stock-raising, and a good deal of hunting and fishing, and, all 
 things considered, are generally doing well. Whirling on through twenty 
 miles of pastures and farms, past Hilltop and Milburn, at Fairview a glor- 
 ious view of the San Pete Valley,. "the granary of Utah," bursts upon the 
 enchanted eye. The whole country for fifty miles is a mingling of field and 
 garden. Only two miles more, and the train sweeps into Mount Pleasant, 
 nestled in peach and apricot, apple, pear and plum trees, all bowed down 
 with their loads of fruit. The town stands at the foot of the mountain on 
 a commanding site. It has about 3,000 population, a flouring-mill and 
 planing mill, and is the seat of Wasatch Academy, a Presbyterian school 
 of some repute. Five miles in twelve minutes, and Spring City is passed, 
 with great masses of snow-crowned mountains east and southeast of it, and, 
 in ten miles more, Ephraim's bowers of fruit and shade are entered. In a 
 population of 2,200, there are 800 school children, besides all those too 
 young for schooling. A new depot, new hotel and many other new build- 
 ings tell the story of prosperity. 
 
 A dash of six miles onward, and Manti is reached, with 2,300 people, 
 and hardly a poor man among them. Here, at the top of four lofty terraces 
 hewn from the mountain side, stands the magnificent Mormon temple, 
 which has cost $2,500,000, and is only second to the one in Salt Lake City. 
 It is nearly two hundred feet long, one hundred wide and one hundred high, 
 with massive towers at each end rising one hundred and seventy-five feet in 
 the air. It is built of snow-white oolite, quarried out of the site on which it 
 stands, and the whole workmanship is exquisite. It can be plainly seen for 
 forty miles up and down the valley. A hot spring, on the edge of the town, 
 pours out a hundred cubic feet a minute of water gifted with remarkable 
 medicinal qualities. Just below Manti are the strange "Saleratus Beds," 
 where for two miles or more the road runs through vast deposits of soda 
 pure enough for cooking purposes. 
 
 The train rushes on through a continuous succession of grain fields and 
 orchards. Sterling, Gunnison and Willow Creek are passed, the Sevier 
 Valley is entered, and the locomotive screams its greeting to Salina, the 
 present terminus of the branch. Just back of the town are mountains of 
 rock salt, much of it as clear as crystal, and absolutely pure. Millions on 
 millions of tons of it can be blasted out as cheap as dirt. About a mile 
 south of these mountainous monuments to the memory of Lot's wife is a 
 mountain of almost pure gypsum, and there is a kaolin enough to furnish 
 all the potteries and candy-makers of the world. The whole region abounds 
 with game and fish. Returning again to the main line we find that the 
 
 Spanish Fork Canon is charmingly picturesque, and a spot 
 which would delight the artist. It is characterized by fresh foliage, soft 
 contours, charming contrasts, and sparkling waters. Emerging from the 
 canon the traveler realizes that one sta^e of his mountain journey has been 
 achieved, and before him lies one of the most fertile valleys in the world. 
 
 Utah Valley. This favored spot presents the appearance of a well-
 
 62 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 cultivated park. It has an Arcadian beauty, and resembles the vales of 
 Scotland. In the centre rests Utah Lake, where 
 
 "... the stars and mountains view 
 The stillness of their aspect in each trace 
 Its clear depth yields of their far height and hue." 
 
 A little back from the lake stand the towns of Provo and Springville, 
 shaded by the near peaks of the range. Utah Valley possesses a fertile 
 soil, a delightful climate, and is one of the best farming sections of Utah: 
 Fruit trees and grape vines grow as readily as hay and cereals. Eastward 
 the oblong-shaped basin is shut in by the Wasatch Mountains; and on the 
 west in the Oquirrh Range. Northward are low hills, or mesas, crossing 
 the valley and separating it from that of the Great Salt Lake; while in the 
 south, the east and west ranges approach each other and form blue-tinted 
 walls of uneven shape. To the left of this barrier Mount Nebo, highest 
 and grandest of the Utah peaks, rises majestically above all surroundings. 
 Its summit sparkles with snow, its lower slopes are wooded and soft, while 
 from it, and extending north and south, run vast, broken,, vari-colored con- 
 freres. The valley is like a well-kept garden ; farm joins farm ; crystal 
 streams water it; and scattered about in rich profusion are long lines of 
 fruit trees, amid which are trim, white houses. All these evidences of 
 prosperity testify to the virtues of industry, frugality and perseverance, 
 which no one can deny are possessed by the Mormon farmers. 
 
 Spanish Fork. This is the first town in Utah Valley that the west- 
 bound tourist enters. It is situated on the Spanish Fork River, and is a 
 most pleasant rural village. Fruit and shade trees abound. Agricultural, 
 horticultural, and pastoral industries are pursued by the inhabitants. Vine- 
 yards nourish, wine is made, dairy products are a specialty, and the cereals 
 and all kinds of vegetables are cultivated. (Population, 2,500. Distance 
 from Denver, 664 miles. Elevation, 4,721 feet.) 
 
 Springville. This is another typical Mormon town. It is only four 
 miles from Spanish Fork, and naturally possesses similar characteristics. 
 The town derives its name from the fact that a strong hot spring pours its 
 waters into a stream just above the town, in Hobble Canon. The water 
 does not freeze in winter, and thus a flouring mill run by it is enabled to 
 work the year round. (Population, 2,500. Distance from Denver, 667 
 miles. Elevation, 4,565 feet.) 
 
 Tintic Branch extends southward from Springville, on through 
 Payson and Goshen, a region rich in all agricultural productions. West of 
 Goshen, the branch line enters Pinon Canon, and runs for ten miles through 
 as wild and rugged scenes as can be found in all this region of scenic 
 wonders. The track through the canon is a dizzy puzzle in engineering. 
 It winds and climbs, twists, turns and wriggles, and at last absolutely 
 crosses itself backward and forward, tying itself into a loop like a double 
 bow-knot. There are but two similar track tangles in the United States, 
 one in California and the other in Colorado. Out of this canon labyrinth, 
 the line emerges at Silver City in the far-famed Tintic mining-camp; and 
 just on beyond that, will doubtless ere long rush its iron-horse into the 
 newly discovered Deep Creek bonanza region, whose richness is now attract- 
 ing wide-spread attention.
 
 64 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 This pretty little city belongs to the best 
 type of Mormon towns, and a description of it 
 will serve to give the reader a good idea of the 
 characteristics of all the towns built by the Mor- 
 mons. The dwellings, as a rule, are comfortable, 
 but not imposing in appearance. Many of them 
 are constructed of adobe or sun-dried bricks, and 
 all are situated in lots of generous proportions 
 and surrounded by ornamental and fruit trees. 
 Water for irrigating purposes flows down each 
 side of the streets, and shade trees in abundance 
 and of luxuriant growth render the walks cool 
 and inviting. Gardens filled with fruits, flowers and vegetables are the 
 rule, and a quiet, peaceful, industrious semi-rural life is the good fortune of 
 the residents here. The town is eminently fitted for a health and pleasure 
 
 PROVO. 
 
 County Seat of Utah Co. 
 Summer Resort. 
 
 Population, 5,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 672 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 4,517 feet. 
 
 SPANISH FORK. CANON. 
 
 resort, and has also great advantages as a manufacturing centre. The 
 Timpanogas River furnishes unexcelled water power, while inexhaustible 
 supplies of artesian water are to be found at a depth of from forty to two 
 hundred feet. The city has, in fact, the finest water supply of any in Utah 
 Territory. Provo has a fine public school system and is the seat of the
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 65 
 
 Brigham Young Academy, which was amply endowed by the first President 
 of the Mormon Church, from whom the school takes its name. Its churches 
 and public buildings, including an opera house, are a credit to its people, 
 who are of a literary tasfe and inclined to liberality of thought. Utah Lake, 
 a fine body of fresh water, lies to the southwest, and to the north and east 
 are the Wasatch Mountains. Farming, horticulture and the raising of 
 cattle and sheep are tributary industries, while in the town are large saw 
 mills, flouring mills and woolen mills, the most extensive in Utah. 
 
 Utah Lake. Mention has already been made of this beautiful body 
 of water, but the statistical traveler may want to know something more 
 
 TRAMWAY IN LITTLE COTTONWOOD CANON. 
 
 definite about its dimensions. The lake is thirty miles lung, six miles wide, 
 and is fed by the American Fork, Spanish Fork and Provo Rivers, and 
 Salt, Peteetweet and Hobble Creeks. Its outlet is the Jordan River which, 
 flowing northward, empties into Great Salt Lake. There are plenty of fish 
 in Utah Lake, chiefly trout and mullet. 
 
 American Fork. On the western extremity of Utah Lake, is 
 American Fork, a thriving town beautifully situated and embowered in 
 trees. Agricultural and pastoral industries are tributary to its prosperity. 
 (Population, 1,800. Distance from Denver, 685 miles, Elevation, 4,567 
 feet.)
 
 66 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 Lehi. Three miles from American Fork is Lehi, another thriving 
 town also on Utah Lake. Fruit and shade trees abound and make the 
 town a place of sylvan beauty. The same industries thrive here as in the 
 sister town mentioned above. (Population, 3,000. Distance from Denver, 
 688 miles. Elevation, 4,544 feet.) 
 
 Bingham Junction. This station is at the junction of the Bing- 
 ham and Alta branches of the road, and, therefore, is quite a bustling place 
 in the way of railroad business, though it has but a nominal population. 
 (Distance from Denver, 706 miles. Elevation, 4,366 feet.) 
 
 I H ng ha 111 Branch. This branch extends southwest to Bingham, a 
 distance of sixteen miles. The intervening stations are Revere, Lead Mine 
 and Terra Cotta. 
 
 Bingham. The town may almost be classed as a suburb of Salt 
 Lake City, as it is less than an hour's ride from the capital of Utah Territory. 
 The main industry of the surrounding population is mining. (Population, 
 goo. Distance from Denver, 724 miles. Elevation, 4,375 feet.) 
 
 Alta Branch. This branch extends to the northward from Bing- 
 ham Junction to Alta, a distance of thirty-five miles. The intermediate 
 stations are Sandy and Wasatch. The line passes through the Little 
 Cottonwood Canon en route. 
 
 Alta. This is a mining town known all round the world. The place 
 is not only entertaining in itself, but in its neighborhood are a large number 
 of easily accessible gorges, lakes and hilltops full of artistic material and 
 of trout fishing ; or, if the tourist goes late in the season, of good shooting 
 and ample opportunity for dangerous adventures in mountaineering. The 
 Little Cottonwood canon is one of those great crevices between the peaks 
 of the Wasatch Range, plainly visible from Salt Lake City, and dis- 
 tinguished by its white walls, which, when wet with the morning dews, gleam 
 like monstrous mirrors as the sunlight reaches them from over the top of 
 the range. 
 
 The River Jordan. After the valley of Utah Lake has been left 
 behind, en route to Salt Lake City, on the left of the track is seen a small 
 river of yellow water meandering through the sage brush and volcanic 
 scoria. The river is the Jordan, so called because it connects the Utah 
 with the Great Salt Lake, as its namesake does Galilee and the Dead Sea. 
 
 In July, 1847, Brigham Young stood on En- 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY. 
 
 Capital of Utah 
 Territory. 
 
 Population, 50,000. 
 
 Elevation, 4,228 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 716 miles. 
 
 sign Peak, the " Mount of Prophesy," and an- 
 nounced to his followers that down in the valley 
 below should be founded the new "City of 
 Zion," the future home of the Latter Day Saints. 
 Up to 1871 the original settlers virtually lived 
 apart from the rest of the world. This was 
 owing to the religious views of the Mormons, 
 which made them a peculiar and isolated peo- 
 ple. To mining is due the first incursion of 
 Gentile population, which population has steadily increased, until at present 
 the community of Salt Lake City differs but little from any other in its 
 social, business or religious aspect, except that it possesses, in addition to 
 the accepted religious associations which exist elsewhere, one which differs 
 from all others. The city is situated at the base of the Wasatch Mountains,
 
 Kffr "i r "
 
 68 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 which are a part of the great Continental Range dividing the Far West 
 from the plains which extend from the base of the Rockies to the 
 Missouri River. The finest residence portion of the city occupies the 
 mountain bench, once the shore of a great inland sea, from which, ages 
 ago, the waters receded until they settled in the basin of the Great Salt 
 Lake, distant eighteen miles from the water marks yet plainly to be 
 seen above the city. The location is such as to command a view of 
 the entire valley, both ranges of mountains, and the southern portion 
 of the lake. The streets are one hundred and thirty-two feet wide and 
 bordered on each side with long rows of shade trees. Streams of pure 
 water are conducted in ditches along both sides of all the streets. The busi- 
 ness sections are well built, and the business streets are paved. One of 
 the largest business enterprises of the city is the Cooperative Establishment. 
 For convenience it is universally called the "Co-op."; its title in full is the 
 " Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution." It has a central building for 
 headquarters and branches throughout the city and Territory. Whenever 
 one sees a building with the mystic initials "Z. C. M. I." on its sign, one 
 may know it is a branch of the great "Co-op." The headquarters of this 
 institution are of brick, three hundred and eighteeen by fifty-three feet 
 in size, three stories high, and built over a large cellar. This building is 
 crowded with merchandise of every description, and does an extensive 
 wholesale and retail business. "Temple Square" is a great attraction for 
 the tourist. Here are situated the Mormon Temple, Tabernacle and 
 Assembly Hall. The Tabernacle is immense in its proportions, the roof 
 resembling an upturned boat, and is visible from nearly every part of the 
 city. The Temple is, with the single exception of St. Patrick's Cathedral 
 in New York, the grandest and costliest ecclesiastical structure in this 
 country. It was begun in 1853, completed in 1893 and cost nearly $6,000,000. 
 It is two hundred feet long, a hundred feet wide, and a hundred feet high, 
 with four towers, one at each corner, two hundred and twenty feet in height. 
 The walls are ten feet thick, and the massiveness and solidity of its con- 
 struction insure its defiance of the ravages of time for ages to come. It is 
 built wholly of snow-white granite from the Cottonwood Canon; and, 
 standing on one of the loftiest points in the city, can be seen for fifty 
 miles up and down the valley. Near by is the Bee Hive, once the home of 
 Brigham Young and opposite the house of President Taylor. The Hot 
 Springs of Salt Lake are highly medicinal, and the large baths are 
 resorted to for many ailments. Within a short radius of the city the 
 attractions are varied and numerous. Fort Douglas, the Lake, Emigration 
 City, Bingham, Little and Big Cottonwood Canons are easily reached. 
 From Ensign Peak a panoramic view of the surrounding country is had. 
 One may look from it down the greater part of Utah's length, while near at 
 hand lie the city and lake. The Fort is also a popular resort, and not only 
 commands an extensive view, but affords excellent opportunities of study- 
 ing garrison life. The rides, drives and rambles are innumerable. Every 
 taste is catered to. For those who love grandeur, there are the mountains, 
 with their narrow trails, secluded parks, wild canons and deep gorges ; for 
 those preferring gentler aspects, the valley, glowing with freshness, affords 
 continual pleasure ; for those craving the mysterious, there is the lake, large, 
 silent and strange. The hotels are excellent, the climate unexcelled, and
 
 Great 
 
 Salt Lake. 
 
 Area, 
 
 2,500 square 
 
 
 miles. 
 
 
 Mean 
 
 Depth, 20 
 
 feet. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity, 
 
 1. 107. 
 
 Length, 126 m 
 
 iles. 
 
 Breadth, 45 m 
 
 iles. 
 
 70 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 days may be passed delightfully in exploring and in studying the wealth of 
 attractions. There are theatres, reading rooms, good horses, perfect order 
 and universal cleanliness. Many of the private houses are palatial, and 
 altogether the city is one of rare beauty and interest. 
 
 As far as can be learned, the first mention 
 in history of the Great Salt Lake was by the 
 Baron La Houtan, in 1689, who gathered from 
 the Western Indians some vague notions of its 
 existence. Capt. Bonneville sent a party from 
 Green River in 1833 to make its circuit, but they 
 seem to have given up the enterprise on reach- 
 ing the desert on the northwest, on which they 
 lost their way, and after weeks of aimless 
 wandering found themselves in Lower California. 
 To General John C. Fremont must be given the 
 credit of first navigating its waters. In 1842, on 
 his way to Oregon, General Fremont pushed out from the mouth of Webber 
 River, in a rubber boat, for the nearest island. He found it to be a desolate 
 rock, fourteen miles in circumference and named it Disappointment Island. 
 Captain Stansbury, on a subsequent visit, re-named it Fremont's Island, 
 which name is retained. In 1850 Captain Stansbury spent three months in 
 making a detailed survey of the Lake, its shores and islands. In brief, he 
 found the west shore a salt-encrusted desert; the north shore composed of 
 wide salt marshes, overflowed under steady winds from the south; the east 
 shore possessed good, irrigable lands; the south shore was set with moun- 
 tain ranges standing endways towards the lake, with the grassy valleys, 
 Spring, Toelle and Jordan, intervening. The principal islands are Ante- 
 lope and Stansbury, rocky ridges ranging north and south, rising abruptly 
 from the water to a height of three thousand feet. Antelope is the nearest 
 to Salt Lake City, and is sixteen miles long. Stansbury is twenty miles to 
 the westward and is twelve miles in length. Both have springs of fresh 
 water and good range for the stock, with which they are now covered. 
 ( )f minor islands there are Fremont, Carrington, Gunnison, Dolphin, Mud, 
 Egg and Hat, besides several small insular promontories without names. 
 The first white man's boat to navigate the lake was probably that of Fre- 
 mont ; Captain Stansbury came next with his exploring boat curiously 
 named the "Salicornia" ; next in order were the Walker brothers, mer- 
 chants of Salt Lake City, who sailed for some years a lonesome pleasure 
 yacht. There is now a considerable yachting fleet, which is yearly growing 
 in size. The lake covers an area of 2,500 square miles. Its mean depth 
 does not probably exceed twenty feet, while the deepest place between 
 Antelope and Stansbury is 60 feet. These two principal islands used to be 
 accessible from the shore by wagon, but now boats must be used. From 
 1847 to 1856 the lake gradually filled five or six feet, and then slowly sub- 
 sided to its old level. In 1863 it began to fill again, and in four or five years 
 reached a point considerably higher than its present level, perhaps four or 
 five feet. In the year 1875 a pillar was set up at Black Rock, by which to 
 measure the rise and fall, resembling a tide, but having no ascertained time. 
 It is very slight compared what it formerly was. Professor Gilbert of the 
 Geological Survey, says that twice within recent geological time it has risen
 
 72 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 nearly a thousand feet higher than its present stage, and, of course, covered 
 vastly more ground. He calls that lake after Captain Bonneville, the origi- 
 nal explorer of these regions, and whom Irving has immortalized, Lake 
 Bonneville. Causes which learned men assign as producing what they call 
 a glacial period might easily fill the lake until it extended nearly the whole 
 length of Utah. During the last high stage, Professor Gilbert says there were 
 active volcanoes in it. It is generally agreed that its first outbreak was via 
 Marsh Creek, and the Portneuf into the Snake. At the present height of 
 that channel (where the Utah and Northern passes out of Cache Valley) it 
 remained a long time stationary and then seems to have receded rapidly to 
 a second stationary point, and so on down to its present stage. There is one 
 very heavy beach-mark on all the hills surrounding its extended area and on 
 the hills, which were then islands, and a curious thing is the fact that this 
 beach-mark varies in altitude from one hundred to three hundred feet, 
 showing that the earth in this valley is still far from having reached a 
 stable equilibrium. 
 
 The most mysterious thing about this inland sea, aside from its salti- 
 ness, is the fact that it has no known outlet. A great number of fresh 
 water streams pour into the lake from all sides, yet the water remains salt 
 and the lake does not overflow. The saline or solid matter held in solution 
 by the water varies as the lake rises and subsides. In 1842 Fremont 
 obtained "fourteen pints of very white salt" from five gallons of the water 
 evaporated over a camp fire. The salt was also very pure, assaying 97.80 
 fine. In 1850 Dr. L. D. Gale analyzed a sample of it which yielded 20 per 
 cent, of pure common salt, and about 2 per cent, of foreign salts, chlorides 
 of lime and magnesia. Sergeant Smart, U. S. A., analyzed a sample in 
 1877, and found an imperial gallon to contain nearly 2\ l / 2 ounces of saline 
 matter, amounting to fourteen per cent., as follows : 
 
 Common salt 1 1-735 
 
 Lime carbonate .016 
 
 Lime sulphate .073 
 
 Epsom salt 1-123 
 
 Chloride of magnesia .843 
 
 Percentage of solids. — 13-79° 
 
 Water 86.210 
 
 One hundred grains of the dry 
 solid matter contained : 
 
 Common salt 85.089 
 
 Lime carbonate .117 
 
 Lime sulphate -53 1 
 
 Epsom salt 8.145 
 
 Chloride of magnesia 6.1 18 
 
 It compares with other saline 
 waters about as follows : 
 
 Atlantic Ocean-. 
 Mediterranean -- 
 
 Dead Sea 
 
 Great Salt Lake- 
 
 Water. 
 
 96.5 
 96.2 
 76. 
 86.2 
 
 Solid. 
 
 - 3-5 
 
 - 3-8 
 .. 24. 
 
 - 13-8 
 
 And in specific gravity, distilled 
 water being unity : 
 
 Ocean water 1.026 
 
 Dead Sea 1.116 
 
 Great Salt Lake 1.107 
 
 The solid matter in the water varies between spring and fall, between 
 dry and wet seasons, and also between different parts of the lake, for nearly 
 all the fresh water is received from the Wasatch on the east. It is the 
 opinion of salt makers that an average of the lake at its present stage 
 would show the presence of 17 per cent, of solid matter.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 73 
 
 Salt Lake has become a fashionable bathing resort. In the long sunn} 
 days of June, July, August and September, the water becomes deliciously 
 warm, much warmer in fact than the ocean, and this pleasant temperature is 
 reached a month earlier and remains a month later. The water is so dense 
 that one is sustained without effort, and vigorous constitutions experience 
 no inconvenience from remaining in it a long time. A more delightful and 
 healthy exercise than buffeting its waves when it is a little rough can 
 hardly be imagined. There is a magnificent bathing resort on the Lake, 
 near Salt Lake City. 
 
 BEE HIVE HOUSE. 
 
 Saltair. The Rio Grande Western Railroad has opened a new 
 bathing resort at Saltair, on the Great Salt Lake, about eighteen miles from 
 the city. During the season bathing trains are run almost hourly from Salt 
 Lake City to Saltair. These trains enable all overland passengers stopping 
 off at Salt Lake City to have a bath in the great dead sea. Here is located 
 the finest bathing pavillion on the continent, each of the elegant bath-rooms 
 is fitted with shower-bath, stationary water-bowls, mirrors, chairs, incan- 
 descent electric lights, etc., making Saltair one of the most attractive water- 
 ing places on the continent. There is a first-class restaurant ; careful male 
 and female attendants and a silver-cornet band furnishes music day and 
 evening. Prof. John Aluir, the celebrated scientist and litterateur, speaks as 
 follows concerning a bath in the Great Salt Lake : 
 
 "Since the completion of the trans-continental railways this magnifi- 
 cent lake in the heart of the continent has become as accessible as any water- 
 ing-place on either coast, and I am sure that thousands of travelers, sick
 
 74 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 and well, would throng to its shores every summer were its merits but half 
 known. Saltair is only a few minute's ride from the city and has good hotel 
 accommodations and then besides the bracing waters, the climate is 
 delightful. The mountains rise into a cool sky, furrowed with canons 
 almost Yosemitic in grandeur and filled with a glorious profusion of flowers 
 and trees. Lovers of science, lovers of wilderness, lovers of pure rest will 
 find here more than they ever may hope for." 
 
 Salt Lake to Ogden. From Salt Lake to Ogden the Rio Grande 
 Western Railroad traverses a narrow plain. On the west lies the Great 
 Salt Lake, while to the north rise the serrated peaks of the Wasatch Moun- 
 tains. This region is under a high state of cultivation. Farms reach their 
 golden or green fields over its length and breadth, and little streams run in 
 bright threads out of the mountain canons down across the meadows. The 
 lake is in full view of the traveler most of the way, and is a never-ending 
 source of interest. The train speeds on, and entering an amphitheatre, set 
 around with mountains, reaches Ogden, the western terminus of the Denver 
 & Rio Grande and Union Pacific Railroads. (Population, 32,000. Distance 
 from Denver, 753 miles. Elevation, 4,286 feet.) 
 
 QUEEN'S CANON.
 
 GRAND CANON, FROM TO-RO-WASP.
 
 SALIDA TO GRAND JUNCTION 
 
 VIA MARSHALL PASS. 
 
 T Salida the tourist, holding tickets over the line of railroad, 
 with which this book treats, may have the choice of two 
 routes to Grand Junction. Either the standard gauge line via 
 Leadville and Glenwood Springs, as described in the fore- 
 going pages, or the narrow gauge line via Marshall Pass, 
 Gunnison and Montrose. At Grand Junction these two lines unite and 
 continue on to Salt Lake. The points of interest enroute are as follows: 
 
 Poncha. This little town, five miles west of Salida, is the station for 
 Poncha Hot Springs and the Junction of the Monarch Branch with the main 
 line. It is really a suburb of Salida, and is connected with that town by a 
 beautiful boulevard, which is one of the pleasantest of drives. 
 
 Monarch Branch. From Poncha this branch runs in a rich mining 
 country, its terminus is Monarch, a prosperous mining town, 237 miles from 
 Denver and 1 1 miles from Poncha. The intermediate stations on the line 
 are Maysville and Garfield. Mining is the chief industry. 
 
 As a resort for invalids, Poncha Hot Springs 
 offers superior inducements, especially to those 
 suffering from chronic troubles. The sick get 
 well here in less time and with less medicine 
 than in any other sanitarium outside of Colo- 
 rado. The return to health here is made radi- 
 cally permanent. A great variety of diseases 
 are cured by the peculiar earth-heated and 
 earth-medicated waters and an intelligent sys- 
 tem of baths. The effect on the sick is wonder- 
 fully beneficial, corollatinga specific energy with 
 the climate and pure atmosphere, and the very feeble are enabled to 
 tolerate much hotter baths than in damper or lower altitudes, and secure 
 correspondingly greater results. The analysis of the Poncha Hot Springs 
 corresponds almost exactly with the waters of the Hot Springs in Arkansas. 
 The temperature of the various Arkansas Hot Springs varies from go to 
 175°, that of the Poncha Springs varies from 90 to 185 ° Fahrenheit. The 
 water is as clear as crystal and perfectly odorless and tasteless. It 
 quenches thirst whether cold or hot, and does not disturb the stomach in 
 any manner. There are one hundred 'of these Hot Springs, all flowing from a 
 great field of tufa, the natural precipitation of ages, loss of temperature 
 from contact with the atmosphere and chemically the same as the tufa of 
 the Arkansas Hot Springs. The springs have a capacity large enough to 
 bathe 40,000 persons daily. The following is an analysis of the Poncha Hot 
 Springs : 
 
 76 
 
 Poncha Springs, 
 
 Mot Springs, 
 Watering Place, 
 and Health Resort. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 221 niles. 
 Elevation, 7,480 feet.
 
 78 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 Silicic Acid 32.73 
 
 Sesqui-oxide of Iron 1.27 
 
 Alumina 5.20 
 
 Lime 20.00 
 
 Magnesia .74 
 
 Cholorine .06 
 
 Carbonic Acid Gas 22.50 
 
 Organic Matter 6.24 
 
 Water 1.72 
 
 .Sulphuric Acid 4.46 
 
 Potash 2.08 
 
 Soda 1. 00 
 
 Iodine 1.50 
 
 Bromine 1.50 
 
 The waters are said to be a sure cure for rheumatism and all blood and 
 skin diseases, and catarrhal affections. 
 
 Poncha Pass. After leaving Poncha Station the railroad begins to 
 climb the mountains, and makes its entry into Marshall Pass by way or 
 Poncha Pass. As the train makes a long curve around the side of a great 
 hill, about two miles above the town of Poncha, the tourist can see the Hot 
 Springs on the side of the opposite hill to the left, a deep gorge intervening, 
 at the bottom of which flows a clear mountain stream. The scenery here is 
 wild and beautiful, and the interest increases with each mile of the ascent. 
 
 Mears JunctioD. This little station, 227 miles from Denver, in the 
 heart of the hills, is the junction of the San Luis Valley branch with the 
 main line, and from this point the real ascent of Marshall Pass begins. 
 
 San Luis Valley Branch. This branch of the Denver & Rio 
 Grande extends from Mears Junction to Alamosa where it connects with 
 the line coming over Veta Pass, to Silverton and to Creede, as described 
 elsewhere in this volume. Enroute the first station of importance is 
 
 Villa Grove, This town is situated at the northern extremity of 
 the great San Luis Valley, and is surrounded by a rich agricultural country. 
 There are many good mines of gold, silver and coal in the near vicinity. 
 Eight miles from Villa Grove on the Orient Branch, is located the famous 
 Orient Iron mine, from which is annually produced about 60,000 tons of a 
 fine quality of iron ore. This ore is smelted and formed into all kinds of 
 commercial iron and steel at the works of the Colorado Fuel & Iron Com- 
 pany located at Bessemer, near Pueblo. (Population, 500. Distance from 
 Denver, 247 miles. Elevation, 7,971 feet.) 
 
 Hot Springs. Five miles beyond Villa Grove is situated a group of 
 hot springs of great medicinal value. There are so many of these springs 
 in Colorado that all of them have never been fully developed, and this par- 
 ticular group of springs has not been given the attention they really deserve. 
 
 For a distance of fifty-two miles this branch extends through the grand 
 San Luis valley in an absolutely straight line with a gradual descent 
 towards the south. Moffat, Garrison and Mosca are the principal stations 
 enroute and are all towns of considerable importance as entrepots for this 
 wonderful agricultural valley. There are a number of small lakes in the 
 valley, insuring water in abundant quantities for irrigating purposes and 
 constituting a home for myriads of wild fowl. Hunters from Denver, 
 Pueblo, Leadville, Salida and Alamosa, and in fact from all parts of the 
 state visit this valley each season. Alamosa the end of this division will be 
 found fully described in another part of this book. 
 
 After leaving Mears Station on the main line the road advances by means 
 of a series of curves absolutely bewildering, following the convolutions of the 
 gulches. As the altitude grows greater, the view becomes less'obstructed by 
 mountain sides, and the eye roams over miles of cone-shaped summits. 
 The timberless tops of towering ranges show him that he is among the heights
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 and in a region familiar with the clouds. Then 
 he beholds, stretching away to the left, the most 
 perfect of all the Sierras. The sunlight falls 
 with a white, transfiguring radiance upon the 
 snow-crowned spires of the Sangre de Cristo 
 Range. Their sharp and dazzling pyramids, 
 which near at hand are clearly defined, extend 
 to the southward until cloud, and sky and snowy 
 peak commingle and form a vague and bewil- 
 dering vision. To the right, towers the fire 
 
 scarred front of old Ouray, gloomy and grand, solitary and forbidding. 
 
 Ouray holds the pass, standing sentinel at the rocky gateway to the 
 
 Marshall Pass. 
 
 Railroading 
 Among the Clouds. 
 
 A Marvel 
 of Engineering Skill. 
 
 Elevation, 10,856 feet. 
 
 CRESTED BUTTE MOUNTAIN AND LAKE. 
 
 fertile Gunnison. Slowly the steeps are conquered until at last the train 
 halts at the station, upon the Summit of Marshall Pass. The awful silence 
 of the storm-tossed granite ocean lies beneath. The traveler looks down 
 upon four lines of road, terrace beyond terrace, the last so far below as to 
 be quite indistinct to view. These are only loops of the almost spiral path- 
 way of descent. Wonder at the triumphs of engineering skill is strangely 
 mingled with the feelings of awe and admiration at the stupendous gran- 
 deur of the scene. 
 
 Marshall Pass Station, fs directly on the summit of the pass, 
 and the track is enclosed by a large snow shed. Fine views can be 
 obtained, however, from the loop holes, from either end of the shed or 
 from the observatory, erected above the station. The elevation, is 10,856
 
 82 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 feet above the sea. The descent begins, and the road winds around 
 projecting headlands, on the verge of vast precipices, threads dark recesses 
 where patches of light fall through leafy canopies upon the green slopes, 
 follows the windings of the Tomichi, and later courses through cultivated 
 meadows dotted with hay-stacks and small ranch houses. As the train rolls 
 swiftly on, a backward glance gives the traveler' a comprehensive idea of 
 the vast heights overcome in the passage. The stations between Marshall 
 Pass and Gunnison are as follows: Hilden, Shawano, Chester, Buxton, 
 Sargent, Elko, Crookton, Doyle, Bonita, Parlin and Mounds. These sta- 
 tions are all small but situated in the midst of beautiful scenery. 
 
 The Waunita Hot Springs are situated eight miles from Parlin. 
 The waters have long been famous for their great medicinal qualities, 
 and they have been frequented by those suffering from ill health with the 
 most surprising and gratifying results. Good accommodations have been 
 provided for guests. The scenery surrounding the Springs is unsurpassed, 
 and no pleasanter place can be found by the searcher after health or 
 pleasure. 
 
 Tomichi Meadows. Beyond Parlin the line crosses a wide 
 expanse of natural meadow land, through which meanders the beautiful 
 Tomichi Creek. 
 
 Gunnison is the county seat of Gunnison 
 County, and is situated on the Gunnison River. 
 From its central position in the great Gunnison 
 Valley, it must of necessity always be the dis- 
 tributing point ; and, therefore, its growth is 
 assured as being coincident with that of the 
 country in which it is situated. From Gunnison 
 extends a branch of the Denver & Rio Grande 
 Railroad up to Crested Butte, situated in the 
 heart of a rich gold and silver mining country, 
 
 GUNNISON. 
 
 Population, 2,500. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 290 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 7,683 feet. 
 
 Eating Station. 
 
 and being the centre of the wonderful anthracite coal measures of the state. 
 The town is beautifully situated and is in such close proximity to some of 
 the most attractive scenery in the Rocky Mountains, that it has become a 
 favorite objective point with tourists. The Gunnison River and its many 
 confluent trout brooks offer fine sport for the fisherman, and the hills 
 abound in game. The La Veta Hotel, the eating station for passengers, 
 is one of the most magnificent in Colorado, having been erected at an 
 expense of $225,000. It is elegantly furnished, and offers first class accom- 
 modations for the tourists who may wish to spend a few days or weeks 
 here, hunting and fishing. 
 
 Crested Butte Branch. From Gunnison the Crested Butte 
 branch of the road extends to the northwest to Crested Butte, a distance of 
 twenty-eight miles. The line extends up the Gunnison River, which 
 swarms with trout and is an extremely picturesque stream. The Elk 
 Mountains are in plain view, and add grandeur to the scene. The interven- 
 ing stations are Almont, Jack's Cabin, and ( daciers. 
 
 Crested Butte. This pretty village is situated most delightfully 
 among the mountains, one castellated peak directly opposite the town 
 conferring the name it bears. This is the centre of the most remarkable 
 coal region yet discovered in Colorado, and abounding also in rich mines of
 
 84 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 gold and silver. At Crested Butte, just back of the village, is found 
 abundant measures of exceedingly bituminous coal, which is mined largely 
 and made into coke. Four miles north of the town anthracite coal, equal 
 in every respect to the best found in Pennsylvania, is ta*ken from the top of 
 a mountain, and shipped all over Colorado and Utah. The fishing and 
 hunting in the mountain streams, and over the wooded hills, furnish abun- 
 dant sport for the residents and tourists, and the rides and drives afford 
 an almost infinite variety. (Population, 1,200. Distance from Denver, 
 318 miles. Elevation, 8,878 feet.) 
 
 Anthracite. Four miles beyond Crested Butte. The present ter- 
 minus of this branch, and as its name indicates the shipping point for the 
 anthracite coal mined in the vicinity. 
 
 Sapinero stands at the eastern entrance to the Black Canon, and is 
 beautifully situated on the banks of the Gunnison River. The town was 
 named after a sub-chief among the Utes, who was regarded by the whites 
 as a man of unusual intellectual and executive ability. In addition to com- 
 manding the entrance to the canon, Sapinero is the junctional point for 
 the Lake City extension of the line, and from whence stages run to the new 
 gold region of Goose Creek. (Population, 100. Distance from Denver, 316 
 miles. Elevation, 7,255 feet.) 
 
 The Goose Creek Gold Mining district is located on Goose, Wild 
 Cat, and Cebolla Creeks, and bids fair to outrival many of the older gold 
 camps. Dubois and Spencer are the principal towns, and present indica- 
 tions for a new Leadville or Creede are flattering to say the least. 
 
 Lake City Branch. This extension is thirty-six miles in length, 
 and has its terminus at Lake City. The line turns to the left about a mile 
 west of Sapinero, and passes through a remarkable canon en route. 
 
 Lake Fork Canon. This canon is a most attractive bit of scenery. 
 It is noted for its narrowness, and the height and grandeur of its walls. 
 For thirteen miles the railroad winds through this tortuous chasm, the walls 
 rising on each hand to a height varying from eight hundred to thirteen 
 hundred feet. The river claims the right of way but the railroad also 
 asserts its rights, and by the exercise of engineering skill has forced a 
 passage. In many places the solid wall of granite has been blasted away, 
 and from the fallen blocks a solid embankment constructed, upon which 
 the rails have been laid. The Lake Fork is a rapid and tumultuous stream, 
 abounding in rapids and presenting a most interesting, varied and exhil- 
 arating panorama to the eye. Emerging from the canon and gaining a 
 greater altitude, the view is one of magnificent extent and grandeur. 
 Northward the peaks of the Elk Range form a long line of well-separated 
 summits. Northeastward, the vista between nearer hills is filled with the 
 clustered heights of the Continential Divide in the neighborhood of the 
 Mount of the Holy Cross. Just below them confused elevations show 
 where Marshall Pass carries its lofty avenue, and to the southward of 
 that stretches the splendid, snow trimmed array of the Sangre de Christo. 
 The enterprising and thriving mining town of Lake City stands in a little 
 park at the junction of the Lake Fork of the Gunnison River with Hensen 
 Creek, both typical mountain streams. A substantial and pretty town has 
 been established. Mines of marvelous value surround the town, and the 
 advent of the railroad has given new life and energy to all the com-
 
 GATE OF LADORE.
 
 86 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 LAKE CITY. 
 
 Picturesque Mining 
 .Town. 
 
 Population, 1,500. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 352 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 8,604 feet. 
 
 mercial and speculative projects of the people. 
 The development of her mining resources has 
 been retarded during the past by the lack 
 of transportation facilities, but this has only 
 caused its stores of wealth to be held in 
 abeyance for awhile before their coinage. 
 Many another district a few years ago thought 
 equally profitless has risen to become the scene 
 of steady dividend making labor through the 
 perfection of processes. It will not be long 
 before, by like means, the reviving of Lake City's mines will occur, and 
 enable her to catch up with her more fortunate sisters in the wide circle of the 
 San Juan silver region. The romantic surroundings of this pretty town, — 
 the lovely lakes from which it takes its characteristic name, the grand moun- 
 tains and the grassy parks — have made it a favorite for the lovers of nature 
 in the' past, and will still attract them in the future. This is a paradise for a 
 sportsman. Over these rolling uplands, among the aspen groves, upon the 
 foot hills and along the willow-bordered creek deer now throng, and even 
 an occasional elk and antelope are to be seen. In the rocky fastnesses the 
 bear and panther find refuge, and every little park is enlivened by the 
 flitting forms of timid hares and the whirring escape of the grouse disturbed 
 by our passing. 
 
 Beyond Gunnison, the railway traverses the 
 valley of the same name, following the river 
 closely, and encountering nothing but meadows 
 and low, grayish cliffs. The Gunnison River 
 abounds in fish, and is a great resort for the 
 disciples of Isaac Walton. Soon, however, the 
 channel, which the stream has worn, becomes 
 narrower. The cliffs grow higher and steeper, 
 the vegetation is less abundant, and suddenly the 
 sunlight is cut off by broken summits, and 
 directly after leaving Sapinero, where the ob- 
 servation car is attached, the Black Canon holds 
 us fast in its embrace. This gorge is grander, deeper, darker, and yet more 
 beautiful than the one we have so lately penetrated. It is twice as long, 
 has more verdure, and, although the walls are dark-hued enough to 
 give the place its name, still they are of red standstone in many places, and 
 from their crevices and on their tops, shrubs, cedars and pifions grow in 
 rich abundance. The river has a deep, seagreen color, and is followed to 
 Cimarron Creek, up which the road continues, still through rocky depths, to 
 open country beyond. The Black Canon never tires, never becomes com- 
 monplace. 
 
 Chippeta Fall starts from a dizzy height, is dashed into frag- 
 ments by lower terraces, and, tossed by the winds, reaches the river in fine 
 white spray; there another cataract leaps clear of the walls, and thunders 
 unbroken upon the ground beside us. In the cliffs are smaller streams, 
 which trickle down and are lost in the river below. At times the canon 
 narrows, and is full of sharp curves, but again has long wide stretches, which 
 enable one to study the steep crags that lower heavenward two or three 
 thousand feet. 
 
 BLACK CANON 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GUNNISON. 
 
 Height of Walls, 
 2,500 feet. 
 
 Length of Canon, 
 14 miles.
 
 88 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 Currecanti Needle, the most abrupt and isolated of these pinnacles, 
 has all the grace and symmetry of a Cleopatra obelisk. It is red-hued from 
 point to base, and stands like a grim sentinel, watchful of the canon's 
 solitudes. At the junction of the Gunnison and the Cimarron a bridge 
 spans the gorge, from which the beauties of the canon are seen at their 
 best. Sombre shades prevail ; the stream fills the space with its heavy 
 roar, and the sunlight falls upon the topmost pines, but never reaches down 
 the dark red walls. Huge bowlders lie scattered about ; fitful winds sweep 
 down the deep clefts; Nature has created everthing on a grand scale; 
 detail is supplanted by magnificence, and the place is one appealing to our 
 deepest feelings. It greets us as a thing of beauty, and will remain in our 
 memory a joy forever. Long ago the Indians of this region built their coun- 
 
 TROUT FISHING 
 ON THE CIMARRON 
 
 cil fires here. By secret paths, always guarded, they gained these fastnes- 
 ses, and held their grave and somber meetings. The firelight danced 
 across their swarthy faces to the cliffs encircling them. The red glow lit up 
 with Rembrandt tints the massive walls, the surging streams and clinging 
 vines. They may not have known the place had beauties, but they realized 
 its isolation, and fearing nothing in their safe retreat, spoke boldly of their 
 plans. 
 
 Cimarron. Is a most attractive little station, nestled among the gulches 
 on the banks of the sparkling Cimarron Creek. Here is a meal station, 
 #nd here the observation car is detached. Sportsmen make headquarters 
 at Cimarron, for the hills are full of game and the streams abound in 
 trout. (Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 331 miles. Elevation, 
 6,906 feet.) 
 
 Cimarron Canon. Where Cimarron Creek empties into the Gun- 
 nison through a short canon the road leaves Black Canon, which continues
 
 CURRECANTI NEEDLE, BLACK CANON.
 
 9° 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 on with the larger stream, heightening in awfulness. Down there the fall 
 (it the river increases so rapidly that to follow it to the end, the railroad 
 would emerge a thousand feet below the valley which it seeks, if a practic- 
 able grade should be kept, so the engineers have turned the road out to the 
 valley through Cimarron Canon, and in four or five miles a verdureless 
 expanse is reached, and for hours the road traverses a region which is 
 picturesque in its poverty and desolation ; and in the summer the distant 
 and sun-heated buttes, with the arid plains between, remind the traveler of 
 the Wastes of Arabia Petra. 
 
 A UTE COUNCIL FIRE. 
 
 Cedar Divide is reached directly after emerging from Cimarron 
 Canon. From here the Uncompahgre Valley, its river, and the distant, 
 picturesque peaks of the San Juan are within full sight of the traveler. 
 Descending to the valley and following the river past Montrose, the 
 Gunnison is again encountered at Delta. 
 
 The town of Montrose can take just pride in the grandeur of its 
 mountain view. Situated in the Uncompahgre Valley, Montrose is almost
 
 CHIPETA FALLS IN THE BLACK CANON.
 
 92 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 MONTROSE. 
 
 Population, 2,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 353 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 5,811 feet. 
 
 surrounded by mountains. The San Juan Moun- 
 tains tower into the heavens to the south, cap- 
 tained by Mounts Sneffles and Uncompahgre, 
 both over fourteen thousand feet high. Along 
 the western horizon trend the Uncompahgre 
 Peaks to where the Dolores joins the Grand 
 River, a distance of over one hundred and fifty 
 miles. The Uncompahgre Valley is fertile, and 
 along the branch of the Denver & Rio Grande 
 Railroad from Montrose to Ouray, is under high state of cultivation. The 
 cereals, fruit and vegetables, together with forage plants, flourish here in 
 the greatest luxuriance. Here was the Indian reservation, and here lived 
 Ouray, the friend of the white man. It is only a few years since th good 
 chief died, and his farm and buildings are still pointed out to the traveler, 
 on the line to the town of Ouray, about two miles south of Montrose. The 
 land in the valley surrounding Montrose is gradually being brought under 
 cultivation. Irrigating canals have been constructed, and the rich soil 
 responds generously to the demands of the farmer. Mining and pastoral 
 industries also contribute greatly to the success of Montrose. There can 
 be found excellent hunting and fishing in the vicinity. 
 
 Delta is twenty-one miles from Montrose, and is the county seat of 
 Delta County. It is situated in the delta formed by the junction of the 
 Uncompahgre and the Gunnison Rivers. The town is in a fine agricultural 
 region and is supported by farming, pastoral and mining industries. It is 
 destined to become, in time, a considerable business centre. (Population, 
 400. Distance from Denver, 374 miles. Elevation, 4,980 feet.) 
 
 Between Delta and Grand Junction there are a number of small sta- 
 tions which will not interest the traveler, but the scenery through which the 
 railroad passes (while it is not especially startling) will interest him. After 
 passing Delta the road crosses the Uncompahgre and follows the west bank 
 of the Gunnison (the same river that was left at Cimarron, forty-four miles 
 behind us). In about five miles we cross to the east bank of the Gunnison 
 and roll along beneath cliffs which tower on our right above the train, 
 leaving but little room between rocks and river. At Bridgeport the cars 
 plunge into the Bridgeport Tunnel, 2,256 feet in length, one of the longest 
 tunnels on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Shortly an iron bridge, 
 over a fine stream (the Grand River) is passed, and we find ourselves at the 
 junction of the Gunnison with the Grand River; and of the two main lines 
 of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad with the Rio Grande Western Rail- 
 way
 
 PUEBLO TO ALAMOSA. 
 
 o |ROM Pueblo to Cuchara Junction, a distance of 50 miles, the 
 railroad extends to the southward across the plains which 
 stretch in one vast unbroken expanse to the eastern horizon, 
 while to the west lies the Greenhorn Range with its interven- 
 ing foothills. 
 
 Spanish Peaks. To the south rise the famed Spanish Peaks, 
 springing directly from the plains, remarkable for their symmetry of out- 
 line, and reaching an altitude respectively of 13,620 and 12,720 feet. The 
 Indians, with a touch of instinctive poetry, named these beautifully moun- 
 tains "Wahatoya," or twin breasts. As a matter of orthographical interest, 
 the reader may be pleased to know that the Indian spelling of the word 
 is as follows: " Huacjatollas !" 
 
 Trinidad Branch. From Cuchara Junction, one line of the road 
 extends in a southern direction to Trinidad, the largest city in Southern 
 Colorado and the centre of the famous coal measures of El Moro. 
 
 This branch of the road does not pass directly through grand scenery, 
 as it extends to the southward across the plains, and to the east of the moun- 
 tains; but the line is of great commercial importance, as by its connections 
 at Trinidad it affords a direct through route to the Gulf of Mexico. Locally, 
 also, it is of especial importance as El Moro and Trinidad are in the heart 
 of one of the greatest coal regions in the west, and the agricultural and 
 pastoral industries of the plains are of large proportions. From Cuchara 
 Junction the stations occur in the following order: Tuna, Rouse Junction, 
 Santa Clara, Boaz, Apishapa, Barnes, Chicosa and El Moro. 
 
 El Moro is worthy of special mention because of its extensive coal 
 mines and coking ovens; the latter are 250 in number, and the greatest in 
 the State. The town derives its name from the great butte (El Moro) which 
 towers above it, presenting a very striking object to the view. (Population, 
 250. Distance from Denver, 206 miles. Elevation, 5,879 feet.) 
 
 This is the metropolis of southeastern Colo- 
 rado, and the terminus of this branch of the Den- 
 ver & Rio Grande Railroad. Trinidad is the 
 trade and money centre for an immense territory, 
 including portions of northern Texas, southern 
 Colorado and northern New Mexico. In natural 
 resources, Trinidad is exceedingly rich, being the 
 centre of the largest coal belt in the world, and the 
 supply depot for most of the coke used in the 
 Great West. In addition to coal and coke in the 
 immediate vicinity, iron exists in unlimited quanti- 
 ties. The supply of gypsum, granite, alum, fire-clay, silica, grit or grind- 
 stone, limestone and the finest of building stone is absolutely inexhaustible, 
 Trinidad, from the natural deposit alone, must of necessity become a 
 
 93 
 
 TRINIDAD. 
 
 Commercial and Hanu- 
 
 facturing City. 
 
 Population, 
 
 8,000. 
 
 Elevation, 
 
 5,994 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 210 miles.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN HATE. 95 
 
 manufacturing centre of vast importance, and has already taken advanced 
 steps in this regard. A §200,000 rolling mill is now in operation. The 
 manufacture of cement, mineral paint, lime, and plaster of paris, are all 
 important industries, while the production of building brick is very large in 
 its proportions. Fire-brick and silica brick will soon be an additional 
 industry. In and around Trinidad no less than three thousand laborers are 
 now employed, and this large and daily increasing number of men spend 
 their money in Trinidad. The city has water-works, gas-works, electric 
 light, street cars, and other metropolitan improvements. The schools and 
 churches are very superior, while the business houses and residences are a 
 credit to the city. Its elevation above the level of the sea insures a delight- 
 ful climate, free from malaria and other poisons common to lower altitudes, 
 while the scenic surroundings are unsurpassed, Raton Peak and the 
 distant range adding their grandeur to the beauty of the scene. Trinidad is 
 a railroad centre, with three great trunk lines already in operation, with 
 three more moving toward it ; is the most important wool centre in Colorado, 
 being the orignal market for 3,000,000 pounds, and is also a great cattle 
 centre and, for that reason, the largest hide and pelt-receiving point in the 
 State. Resuming the journey to Alamosa, the tourist returns to 
 
 Cucbara Junction. A small town at the junction of the New 
 Mexico and Trinidad extensions of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. 
 The supporting industries are pastoral and agricultural pursuits. (Popula- 
 tion, 200. Distance from Denver 169 miles. Elevation, 5,942 feet.) 
 
 Walsenburg". A flourishing town doing a large business, both at 
 home and abroad. It is surrounded by a fine pastoral country, and also 
 derives revenue from agriculture. Coal is mined near here in large quan- 
 tities. (Population, 1,000. Distance from Denver, 176 miles. Elevation, 
 6,189 feet.) 
 
 La Veta. A prosperous village surrounded by a pastoral country 
 and in the midst of most beautiful scenery, being near the foothills of La 
 Veta Mountain and the famous pass known by the same name. The 
 Spanish Peaks are also in plain view to the east. (Population, 600. Dis- 
 tance from Denver, 191 miles. Elevation, 7,024 feet.) 
 
 The ascent of this famous pass is one of the 
 great engineering achievements of the Denver & 
 Rio Grande Railroad. The line follows the 
 ravine formed by a little stream, La Veta Moun- 
 tain rising to the right. At the head of this 
 gulch is the wonderful " Mule-Shoe Curve," the 
 sharpest curve of the kind known in railroad 
 engineering. In the centre of the bend is a 
 bridge, and the sparkling waters of the moun- 
 tain stream can be seen flashing and foaming in 
 theirrocky bed below. Standing on the rear platform of the car as the train 
 rounds the curve, the tourist can see the fireman and engineer attending to 
 their duties. From this point the ascent of Dump Mountain begins, rocks and 
 precipitous escarpments of shaley soil to the right and perpendicular cliffs 
 and chasms to the left. The ascent is slowly made, two meat Mogul engines 
 urging their iron sinews to the giant task. The view to the eastward is one 
 of great extent and magnificence. The plains stretch onward to the dim 
 
 VETA PASS. 
 
 Elevation, 9,393 feet. 
 
 rtaximum Grade, 211 
 feet to the mile. 
 
 Distance Across Pass, 
 13 miles.
 
 9 6 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 I JBIJIH II 
 
 CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS AT VETA PASS. 
 
 horizon line like a gently undulating ocean, from which rise the twin cones 
 of Wahatoya, strangely fascinating in their symmetrical beauty. At the 
 summit of the pass the railroad reaches an elevation of 9,393 feet above the 
 sea. 
 
 Veta Mountain is to the right, as the ascent of the pass is made, and 
 rises with smooth sides and splintered pinnacles to a height of 11,176 feet 
 above the sea. The stupendous proportions of this mountain, the illimita- 
 ble expanse of the plains, the symmetrical , cones of the Spanish Peaks 
 present a picture upon which it is a never-ceasing delight for the eye to 
 dwell. The train rolls steadily forward on its winding course, and at last 
 reaches the apex, glides into the timber and halts at the handsome stone 
 station over 9,000 feet above the level of the distant sea. The downward
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 97 
 
 journey is past Sierra Blanca and old Fort Garland and through that 
 pastoral and picturesque valley known as San Luis Park. 
 
 Placer. At Placer, one can say that the descent of Veta Pass has 
 been accomplished, although it is still down grade as far as Alamosa. This 
 little town is situated on the eastern border of the San Luis Valley and at 
 the western extremity of La Veta Pass. Good hunting and fishing can be 
 found in the neighboring foothills. The tributary industries are agriculture 
 and stock raising. (Population, 75. Distance from Denver, 212 miles. 
 Elevation, 8,410 feet.) 
 
 Garland. This town was formerly known as Fort Garland, and was 
 a United States military post. Sierra Blanca, elevation, 14.483 feet, the 
 highest mountain in the United States with one exception, is seventeen miles 
 distant. Good trout fishing and shooting can be found in the adjacent foot- 
 hills. Garland's tributary industries are agriculture and stock raising. 
 (Population, 200. Distance from Denver, 226 miles. Elevation, 7,936 feet.) 
 
 Sierra Blanca is the monarch of the Rocky 
 
 SIERRA BLANCA 
 
 Highest Mountain 
 
 of 
 The Rocky Range. 
 
 Elevation, 
 14,483 feet. 
 
 Range, and is characterized by the peculiarity 
 of a triple peak. The mountain rises directly 
 from the plain to the stupendous height of 
 14,483 feet, over two miles and three-fifths of 
 sheer ascent. A magnificent view of this moun- 
 tain is obtained from the cars as soon as the 
 descent from Veta Pass into the San Luis 
 Valley has been made. Surely it is worth a 
 journey across the continent to obtain a view of such a mountain ! 
 Although a part of the range, it stands at the head of the valley, like a 
 monarch taking precedence of a lordly retinue. Two-thirds of its height is 
 above timber-line, bare and desolate, and except for a month or two of mid- 
 summer, dazzling white with snow, while in its abysmal gorges it holds 
 eternal reservoirs of ice. 
 
 "Oh, sacred mount with kingly crest 
 
 Through tideless ether reaching, m 
 The earth world kneels to hear the prayer 
 
 Thy dusky slopes are teaching. 
 With mystic glow on sunset eyes 
 All trembling lie thy blood-red leaves, 
 Their silken veins with gold inwrought, 
 Oh, glorious is thy world-wide thought." 
 
 The lower slopes of the mountain are clad in vast forests of pine and 
 hemlock, while its grand triad of gray granite peaks lift into the sky their 
 sharp pyramidal pinnacles, splintered and furrowed by the storm-com- 
 pelling and omnipotent hand of the Almighty. To the north and south, for 
 a distance of nearly two hundred miles, it is flanked by the serrated crests 
 of the Sangre de Cristo Range, the whole forming a panorama of unex- 
 ampled grandeur and beauty. 
 
 Sail Luis Park. This great and fertile valley is located in Southern 
 Colorado, bordering New Mexico, and' is drained by the Rio Grande, one 
 of the largest of Colorado's rivers, into which flows from the lofty mountain 
 ranges surrounding the park, almost numberless little mountain streams. 
 This park, which was once the bottom of a vast mountain lake, contains 
 fully 10,000 square miles — equal to the entire area of Massachusetts. The
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 99 
 
 soil is alluvial, from six to fifteen feet deep, and the surface is naturally 
 well adapted for irrigation, which the rivers and streams in the park are 
 abundantly capable of providing. The park, or valley, as it is frequently 
 called, is from 7,000 to 7,300 feet above sea level. This elevation insures a 
 light, pure atmosphere, free from all malarial conditions, and especially 
 favorable for those disposed to pulmonary affections. The climate is cool 
 in the summer, and not severe in the winter — scarcely ever more than an 
 occasional snowfall of two or three inches in the valley. Too much in praise 
 of the attractions and beauty of the climate of the San Luis Valley cannot 
 be said. The grand chain of mountains, which entirely surround the park, 
 present scenery unsurpassed in the world. Spring wheat will yield from 
 thirty to fifty bushels to the acre, oats from fifty to seventy-five bushels, peas 
 from thirty to forty bushels, potatoes from two hundred to three hundred 
 bushels to the acre ; beans, cabbage, all kinds of root crops, are unexcelled 
 anywhere. Hops do well ; tomatoes and melons are grown, but with some 
 effort. Corn, in consequence of the elevation, except for garden purposes, 
 does not pay. Alfalfa — the clover of the mountains — does well, yielding 
 from four to six tons in two cuttings. Common red clover, timothy and 
 red top do well. The native grasses, by irrigation, yield two tons per acre. 
 All kinds of small fruit do exceedingly well. Grapes are untried, but it is 
 believed they will succeed. Apples and cherries do well, plums and pears 
 may, but peaches cannot be grown. Surrounding the valley, embracing 
 the foot-hills and lower mountain ranges, is a range covering millions of 
 acres, where cattle, horses and sheep can feed for more than nine months 
 in the year. The grasses are more abundant and nutritious than upon the 
 lower elevations. The stock so grazed upon these free ranges in the sum- 
 mer and fed upon the home farms in the valley in the winter, can be 
 handled without hazard, and with certainty of profitable return to the 
 farmer and large ranchmen. 
 
 This is one of the most considerable towns 
 
 ALAMOSA. 
 
 Junctional City. 
 
 Eating Station. 
 
 Population, 1,500. 
 
 Distance From Denver, 
 
 Via Veta Pass, 250 Miles, 
 Via Salida, 302 Hiles. 
 Elevation, 7,546 feet. 
 
 of the San Luis Valley. It is situated on the 
 west bank of the Rio Grande river, and at the 
 junction of the New Mexico, San Luis and Creede 
 branches of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. 
 The resources of the San Luis Valley have been 
 described above, and it goes without saying that 
 these resources are naturally tributary to the 
 welfare of .Alamosa. 
 
 The town is well supplied with stores of all 
 kinds, some of which carry large stocks of goods. 
 Great quantities of hay and grain, and farm produce generally, are shipped 
 from this station, which also commands a large local trade. Within a short 
 distance of the town a natural gas supply has been discovered, which only 
 needs adequate development to make it an element of great prosperity to 
 the city. There are also a large number of ever-flowing artesian wells near 
 the city, which insure a never-failing source of pure water. The eating 
 house at Alamoso, while unpretentious in its exterior, furnishes one of the 
 best meals to be obtained anywhere, and has a wide-spread and well-de- 
 served reputation. The scenery surrounding the town is grand, and the 
 near proximitv of the river makes it a favorite resort for sportsmen. 
 
 Creede Branch. From Alamosa a branch of the Denver & Rio
 
 IOO 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 SUMMIT OF VETA MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Grande extends up the valley a distance of seventy miles to the great hot 
 springs at Wagon Wheel Gap, and the famous gold and silver mining camp 
 of Creede. The line passes through an exceedingly fertile agricultural 
 country lying on both sides of the Rio Grande, and irrigated by the great 
 canals taken out from the river. In the proper season of the year thousands 
 of acres of wheat and oats, alfalfa and other farm produce can be seen 
 growing in the greatest luxuriance on both sides of the track. 
 
 Monte Vista. This flourishing town is an example of rapid growth 
 and a proof of the self-sustaining character of the country. The surround- 
 ing country is full of coal, oil and gas. Very rich mines are being devel- 
 oped (ore running from $1,000 to $2,000 per ton) in the mountains southwest 
 of Monte Vista, which is located in the midst of 300,000 acres of the richest 
 irrigable land with abundance of water to supply it. Monte Vista is a new, 
 growing, enterprising prohibition town, and has a superior class of citizens. 
 It is rapidly becoming an extra desirable residence locality. It has a first 
 class roller process flouring mill, fifteen stores, two banks, a planing mill,
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 101 
 
 three lumber yards, three weekly papers, three livery stables, large public 
 library, an $8,000 school-house, a $75,000 hotel, seven church organizations, 
 a secular Sunday society, secret societies, military company, cornet band, 
 etc. In the vicinity is one farm of 7,000 and another of 4,000 acres. The 
 Colorado Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and Sailors is located here. 
 Some two hundred veterans occupy the magnificent building and surround- 
 ing cottages, enjoying, in their declining years, a well earned respite from 
 the turmoil of war. (Population, 1,200. Distance from Denver, 267 miles. 
 Elevation, 7,665 feet.) 
 
 Del Norte. This is the oldest town in what is known as the San Juan 
 country, and is the county seat of Rio Grande county. The town site was 
 surveyed in 1872, though the town company was formed in 1871. The town 
 is so situated as to be on the line between the agricultural and mining 
 sections. To the north and east of the town are the rich and rapidly settling 
 agricultural and pastoral lands of the San Luis Valley, to the south and 
 west are the great mines of San Juan. Del Norte is beautifully situated in 
 a basin at the foot of the mountains, sheltered from the blasts of winter and 
 having the most delightful weather' in summer. The Rio Grande flows 
 through the edge of the Del Norte town site, and offers to manufac- 
 turing interests exceptionally fine water power. Del Norte has some 
 excellent business and dwelling houses, fine public school buildings, two 
 good church buildings — above the average, the Presbyterian College of the 
 Southwest (a staunch educational institution), a fine flouring mill of the 
 latest roller process, a large brewery using home grown barley, two banks, 
 court house costing $30,000, the United States land office, where all business 
 regarding lands in this district must be transacted, and countless other 
 enterprises that cannot be mentioned here. On Lookout Mountain, 600 feet 
 above the town, is mounted a large telescope, to be used in connection with 
 the Presbyterian College of the Southwest. The view from the Lookout 
 observatory is grand in the extreme. The streets of Del Norte are wide, 
 and the town is noted for its growth of trees — mostly cottonwoods. Water 
 for irrigating purposes is supplied by means of a main canal from the Rio 
 Grande, with laterals over the town site along the sides of streets. The 
 distance from Del Norte to the following points is : To Alamosa, 30 miles ; 
 to Saguache, 35 miles; to Villa Grove, 45 miles ; to Monte Vista, 15 miles; 
 to Veteran, 18 miles; to Summitville, 27 miles; to Wagon Wheel Gap, 30 
 miles; to Creede, 40 miles; to Shaw's Springs, 6 miles; to Carnero, 25 
 miles. Del Norte is certainly a very attractive town. (Population, 1,200. 
 Distance from Denver, 281 miles. Elevation, 7,880 feet.) From Del Norte 
 the line follows the river amidst most attractive scenery. South Fork is a 
 small station on the river, and is a favorite stopping place for anglers. 
 
 The hot springs at Wagon Wheel Gap, to 
 gether with the magnificence of the scenery, 
 make it one of the most attractive pleasure 
 resells in Colorado. As the Gap is approached 
 the valley narrows until the river is hemmed in 
 between massive walls of solid rock, that rise 
 to such a height on either side as to throw the 
 passage into a twilight shadow. The river 
 rushes roaring down over gleaming gravel or 
 
 Wagon Wheel Gap 
 Hot Springs. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 311 
 Miles. 
 
 Elevation, 8,440 feet.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 103 
 
 precipitous ledges. Progressing, the scene becomes wilder and more 
 romantic, until at last the waters of the Rio Grande pour through a cleft in 
 the rocks just wide enough to allow the construction 
 of a road at the river's edge. On the right, as one 
 enters, tower cliffs to a tremend- 
 ous height, suggestive in their 
 appearance of the palisades on 
 the Hudson. On the left rises 
 the round shoulder of a mass- 
 ive mountain. The vast wall 
 is unbroken for more than half 
 a mile, its crest presenting an 
 almost unserrated sky line. 
 Once through the gap the 
 traveler, looking to the south, 
 sees a valley encroached upon 
 and surrounded by hills. Here 
 is the old stage station, a primi- 
 tive and picturesque structure 
 of hewn logs and adobe, one 
 storv in height, facing the 
 south, and made cool and in- 
 viting by wide-roofed verandas 
 up the Rio grande. extending along its entire front. 
 
 Not a hundred feet away rolls the Rio Grande swarming with trout. A 
 drive of a mile along a winding road, each turn in which reveals new scenic 
 beauties, brings the tourist to the famous springs. The medicinal qualities 
 of the waters, both of the cold and hot springs, have been thoroughly tested 
 and proved to be of a very superior quality. Lieutenant Wheeler, U. S. A., 
 gives the following analysis of these springs : No. 1 has a temperature of 
 about 1 50° Fahrenheit, is bubbling continually, and is about eight feet wide 
 by twelve feet long; No. 2 is a small bubbling spring, cold, and about one 
 foot in diameter, and gives out a strong odor of sulphuretted hydrogen ; 
 No. 3 is situated some distance from Nos. 1 and 2, at the foot of a hill, it 
 bubbles continually and is of a temperature of 140 Fahrenheit. This spring 
 is about three feet wide and the same in length ; it is called the Soda 
 Spring. In one thousand parts of the water of the springs of Wagon Wheel 
 Gap a r^ contained parts as follows: 
 
 No. 1 
 
 No. 2. No. j. 
 
 Sodium Carbonate 6942 
 
 Lithium Carbonate Trace. 
 
 Calcium Carbonate 14.08 
 
 Magnesium Carbonate 10.91 
 
 Potassium Sulphate Trace. 
 
 Sodium Sulphate 2 3-73 
 
 Sodium Chloride 29.25 
 
 .Silicic Acid 5.73 
 
 Organic Matter Trace. 
 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen Trace. 
 
 Total 152.12 
 
 Trace. 
 
 144.50 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 31.00 
 
 22.42 
 
 5.10 
 
 22.42 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 10.50 
 
 13.76 
 
 11.72 
 
 33-34 
 
 1.07 
 
 4.72 
 
 Trace. 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 
 71.39 218.77
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 105 
 
 There are two good hotels at Wagon Wheel Gap, one at the springs, 
 another close to the station, giving ample accommodation for invalids and 
 sportsmen. The bathing facilities at the springs consist of two first class 
 bath houses, one at each of the hot springs, which are supplied with modern 
 conveniences. 
 
 Antelope Springs. Twenty miles west of Wagon Wheel Gap, in 
 Antelope Park, are situated Antelope Springs, in a region which is becom- 
 ing a great resort for sportsmen and abounding in fish and game. The 
 waters of the springs are medicinal and resemble the more widely-known 
 mineral waters of the gap, in that they are both hoth hot and cold, and differ 
 among themselves in their mineral constituents. The scenery is wild and 
 beautiful. For a hunting party, or as a place for a few days' outing in 
 camp, no more pleasing spot can be found. 
 
 Trout Fishing 1 in the Kio Grande. There is no stream on the 
 eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains that affords finer trout fishing than 
 the Rio Grande. Trout reaching the wonderful weight of nine pounds have 
 been frequently taken, and those weighing from one to three pounds can be 
 caught in great abundance. This is undoubtedly one of the best fishing 
 resorts in America. 
 
 Ten miles beyond Wagon Wheel Gap on 
 Willow Creek, a tributary of the Rio Grande, is 
 Creede, the new but already famous mining 
 camp. This camp was located but a few years 
 ago, and is to-day one of the largest produc- 
 ing camps in the State, and has a population of 
 five thousand. While Creede is known as a 
 silver camp, it is not distinctly so. The ore in 
 
 CREEDE. 
 
 Great Hining Camp. 
 Population, 5,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 320 niles. 
 Elevation, 9,016 feet. 
 
 that district varies, and almost every property has more or less of a per- 
 centage of gold. The vein matter is so rich in the leading mines that even 
 did they not contain gold they could be worked at a profit. But with Lead- 
 ville, so with Creede. The deeper the mines are going, the heavier the 
 percentage of gold. This has been the invariable rule with the large pro- 
 ducing properties, which, from the indications, will soon have enough gold 
 to pay for their working. The camp is active and is progressing. A great 
 deal of development work is going on, contracts being let for extensive 
 work every day. New districts are being opened up, revealing new forma- 
 tions and good paying ore. The properties that first brought the camp into 
 prominence are continuing their large output. 
 
 There are several good hotels in Creede, and the wayfarer will be 
 assured of all modern comforts.
 
 ALAMOSA TO ESPANOLA AND SANTA FE. 
 
 HE New Mexico branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 
 extends southward from Alamosa to Espahola, passing 
 through an interesting country to the tourist, especially after 
 New Mexico has been entered. Here can be seen what 
 remains of the ancient Spanish civilization, as well as the 
 habitations of the Pueblo Indians and the ruins of the pre-historic Cliff 
 
 EMBUDO, RIO GRANDE VALLEY. 
 
 Dwellers. Leaving Alamosa the road turns to the south and crosses the 
 southern portion of the San Luis Valley. 
 
 La Jara. Within the last few years many new towns have sprung 
 up in the valley, owing to the development of its agricultural industries, 
 through the construction of great irrigating canals. Old settlements have 
 acquired new vigor and advanced greatly in prosperity. La Jara is one of 
 
 1 06
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 107 
 
 the towns that has received this new impulse. Its people are enterprising 
 and industrious. Agriculture and pastoral pursuits contribute to the town's 
 success. (Population, 300. Distance from Denver, 265 miles. Elevation, 
 7,609 feet.) 
 
 Manassa. This is a village for a colony of Mormons, which has been 
 established near Antonito. These Mormons do not practice polygamy and 
 are industrious and law abiding citizens. 
 
 Antonito, This town is a thriving and prosperous place, the last one 
 of any special importance on the railroad in the southern part of the San 
 Luis Valley. Stock raising and agriculture occupy the attention of the 
 surrounding population. There is a fine stone depot here, and there are 
 many creditable business blocks. It is the station for Conejos, one mile 
 distant ; for Manassa, a large and prosperous Mormon settlement, in which 
 polygamy is not practiced, eight miles distant, and for San Rafael, four 
 
 ^ 
 
 OLD CHURCH OF SAN JUAN. 
 
 miles distant. Its position in the heart of the San Luis valley (for full 
 description of which see Alamosa) insures it a generous and constantly 
 increasing support from agricultural and pastoral industries. Being the 
 junctional point of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad's New Mexico and 
 San Juan branches gives it a large railroad business. Tourists will do well 
 to stop at Antonito and visit the old Mexican town of Conejos, which is the 
 most accessible town of the typical Mexican character in Colorado. Here 
 may be found the plazas, churches and ancient adobe houses peculiar to 
 the early civilization of the Spanish. Fine fishing can be found near 
 Antonito. Antonito itself is a modern town with all the life and push oi the 
 American, full of business and enterprise. (Population, 400. Distance 
 from Denver, 279 miles. Elevation, 7,888 feet.) 
 
 Palnrilla is twenty-three miles from Antonito, and here the road 
 enters the Territory of New Mexico and passes through a number of small 
 stations of no especial interest to the tourist. As a matter of statistics, the 
 names of these stations and their distances from Denver are given; Pal-
 
 io8 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 A TYPICAL MEXICAN. 
 
 milla, 290 miles. Volcano, 297 miles. No Agua, 306 miles. Tres Piedras, 
 313 miles. Serviletta, 323 miles. Caliente, 335 miles. Barranca, 344 miles. 
 Comanche, 346 miles. Embudo, 351 miles. Alcalde, 359 miles. Chamita, 
 365 miles. Espafiola, 370 miles. The traveler will notice that the names of 
 the stations have assumed a Spanish form, and should he happen to 
 address any of the swarthy men that chance to be lounging around the 
 stations, he would very likely to receive a reply in the language of His- 
 pania. The Spanish spoken is not Castilian by any means, but is about as 
 near it as " pidgin English " is to genuine Chinese, being a mixture of 
 English, Spanish and Indian dialects. 
 
 Barranca is a quiet little station in New Mexico, 344 miles from 
 Denver. Its only claim for special mention is the fact that here the traveler 
 takes the stage for Ojo Caliente, the celebrated hot springs, which lie 
 among the hills, eleven miles to the westward. Stages to and from the
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 log 
 
 0J0 CALIENTE. 
 
 Famous Hot Springs. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 Resort. 
 
 Elevation, 7,324 feet. 
 
 springs connect with passenger trains, making 
 quick time over an excellent road. The altitude 
 of the springs is 7,324 feet, and the climate 
 at all seasons of the year mild and pleasant. 
 The springs have been noted for their curative 
 properties and from time immemorial, having 
 been frequented by the Indians previous to 
 Spanish occupation and highly esteemed by both 
 races sinces that date. They have proved re- 
 markably successful in the treatment of rheuma- 
 tism, skin diseases, derangement of the kidneys 
 and bladder, and especially of all venereal diseases. Cases of paralysis, 
 after resisting the usual appliances of medicine, have been sent to Ojo 
 Caliente, and immediately and 
 permanently relieved. The 
 springs lie in a pleasant valley, 
 one thousand feet lower than 
 Barranca, surrounded by high 
 bluffs capped with basaltic 
 cliffs. On the top of these cliffs 
 are table-lands on which are 
 found the ruins of prehistoric 
 buildings, not unlike the Indian 
 pueblos of the present day, but 
 of which the Indians know noth- 
 ing and even their traditions 
 furnish no account. Four miles 
 above the village are larger 
 springs of tepid water, the min- 
 eral deposits from which have 
 built up great mounds, full of 
 strange caves and glittering 
 with saline incrustations. About 
 three miles from Ojo Caliente 
 is a high mountain called Cerro 
 Colorado, from its peculiar 
 reddish brown color, which, ac- 
 cording to the statement of the inhabitants, exhibited marked evidences of 
 volcanic action only sixty-two years ago. It has a well defined crater, and 
 offer's an inviting field for the investigations of the geologist. 
 
 Comanche Canon. Six miles below Barranca the train enters 
 Comanche Canon. Through this canon the road makes its descent into 
 the Rio Grande Valley. Rugged, difficult and striking, the canon com- 
 mands the admiration of the spectator. Through breaks in the walls can be 
 caught glimpses of the valley and river, the noble Rio Grande beneath. 
 Experienced travelers who have made the "grand tour" say that this 
 scene resembles choice bits in Switzerland. Ernest Ingersoll thus describes 
 the valley in his charming book, " The Crest of the Continent" : "Emerg- 
 ing from Comanche Canon, a bend to the southward is made along the 
 western bank of the lower part of the canon of the Rio Grande. In many 
 
 PUEBLO INDIANS.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. m 
 
 portions of this narrow valley, only about twenty miles in length, features of 
 great interest to the eye occur, equaling the walls of Comanche, which 
 was itself ignored until the railway brought it to the light. The river here 
 is about sixty yards wide, and pours with a swift current troubled by in- 
 numerable fallen rocks. At times it is swollen and yellow with the drift of 
 late rains, but in clear weather its waters are bright and blue, for it has not 
 yet soiled its color with the fine silt which will thicken it between Texas and 
 Mexico. On the opposite bank, near the level of the river, runs the wagon 
 road that General Edward Hatch, formerly commander of the department 
 of New Mexico, cut some years ago to give ready communication between 
 his headquarters at Santa Fe and the posts in the northern part of the 
 Territory and in southern Colorado. This is the track now followed by all 
 teamsters, but the old road from the south to Taos ran over the hills far to 
 the eastward, passing through Picuris." 
 
 Embudo. At the mouth of Comanche Canon stands an odd conical 
 hill dividing the current of the river. Noticing its resemblance to a funnel 
 the Mexicans called it Embudo, and the station here takes the same name. 
 Embudo is chiefly important as the point of departure for Taos, whose 
 remarkable pueblo is described further on. 
 
 Espanola. This little village is the southern terminus of the Denver 
 & Rio Grande Railroad, and is of interest to the tourist because of its con- 
 tiguity to ancient pueblos and the ruins of Cliff dwellings. The Santa Fe 
 Southern Railroad connects here with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 
 and by it the journey is continued to Santa Fe. Espanola's tributary indus- 
 tries are pastoral and agricultural. (Population, ioo. Distance from 
 Denver, 370 miles. Elevation, 5,590 feet.) 
 
 Places of interest near Espanola. 
 Santa Cruz is a most interesting old Mexican 
 town, situated on the Rio Grande del Norte, 
 directly opposite Espanola. Its chief attraction 
 is the ancient church erected in the sixteenth 
 century, which contains several paintings and 
 images sent over from Spain. 
 
 The Pneblo of San Juan is situated 
 on the Rio Grande, about four miles above 
 Espanola, and one and one-half mile from the railroad. There are twenty- 
 six similar Indian towns, nineteen of which are situated in New Mexico, and 
 seven in Arizona. Nine of them are on the line of the Denver & Rio 
 Grande Railroad, or its immediate vicinity, viz. : Taos, Picuris, San Juan, 
 Santa Clara, San Yldefonso, Pojuaque, Nombe, Cuyamauque, and Tesuque. 
 The different pueblos closely resemble each other in construction. The 
 dwellings are all built of mud-colored adobes, or sun-dried bricks, and are 
 arranged so as to inclose a plaza or public square. The walls are from two 
 to four feet in thickness, and the roofs are of timber, covered with dirt a 
 foot or more in depth ; many houses are two, and some even four and five 
 stories, or rather terraces, in height, each successive story being set back 
 some twelve or fifteen feet from the side walls of the next story below. 
 The usual manner of entering these dwellings is by ascending a ladder 
 outside the building to the roof, and through a hole descending to the inter- 
 ior by another ladder; though some, as a modern improvement, have doors 
 
 SANTA CRUZ 
 PUEBLO OF SAN 
 
 JUAN. 
 PUEBLO DE TAOS.
 
 ri2 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 cut through the side walls. This method was doubtless adopted as a 
 defensive measure during troublesome times - , when it was often necessary 
 to convert the pueblo into a fortress from which to repel hostile invasions. 
 
 Pueblo of Santa Clara A few miles below the pueblo of San 
 Juan is the pueblo of Santa Clara, just across the river from Chamita, a 
 station on the Denver & Rio Grande line. Its characteristics are similar to 
 those of the pueblos already described. 
 
 The Pueblo tie Taos. Thirty miles above Embudo is the Pueblo 
 de Taos. This is considered the most interesting as well as the most per- 
 fect specimen of a Pueblo Indian fortress. It consists of two communistic 
 houses, each five stories high, and a Roman Catholic church, now in a 
 ruined condition, which stands near, although apart from, the dwellings. 
 Around the fortress are seven circular mounds, which at first suggest the 
 idea of being the work of Mound Builders. On further examination they 
 
 •j&tmmx&SHmm 
 
 NEW MEXICAN LIFE. 
 
 prove to be the sweating chambers, or Turkish bath, of this curious people. 
 The largest appears also to serve the purpose of a council chamber and 
 mystic hall, where rites peculiar to the tribe, about which they are very 
 reticent, are performed. The Pueblo Indians delight to adorn themselves 
 in gay colors, and form very interesting and picturesque subjects for the 
 artist, especially when associated with their quaint surroundings. They are 
 skilled in the manufacture of pottery, basket making and bead work. The 
 grand annual festival of these Indians occurs on the 30th of September, and 
 the ceremonies are of a peculiarly interesting character. 
 
 All of these ancient pueblos are easy of access via the Denver & Rio 
 Grande Railroad, and abound in objects of interest dating back many 
 hundreds of years before the occupation of the country by the whites, and 
 will fully repay the tourist for the time and expense necessary to visit 
 them. 
 
 Espanola to Santa Fe. At Espanola the Santa Fe Southern 
 Railroad connects with the Denver & Rio Grande and carries the tourist
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 "3 
 
 SANTA FE, 
 
 The Oldest Town in the 
 United States. 
 
 Commercial City and 
 Health ResoVt. 
 
 Population, 7,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 408 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 7,046 feet. 
 
 still further southward to the capital of New Mexico, one of the most 
 interesting cities on the North American continent, Santa Fe. En route 
 one can catch a glimpse of the ruins of ancient cliff dwellings perched in 
 the alcoves of the perpendicular bluffs which rise near the track. The 
 journey is only a distance of thirty-eight miles through a country presenting 
 novelty to the eyes of those unfamiliar to sub-tropical scenes, but not of an 
 especially startling character. 
 
 The capital of the territory of New .Mexico is 
 the oldest city in the United States, there being 
 evidence to show that it was inhabited as early 
 as 1325, or nearly three hundred years before 
 the pilgrim fathers landed on Plymouth Rock. 
 The city of Holy Faith is situated on both sides 
 of the Santa Fe Creek. The streets are narrow, 
 and the buildings are almost all constructed of 
 adobe, and only one story in height. The city is 
 filled with antiquities, the most remarkable of 
 which, perhaps, is the church of San Miguel, 
 built in 1582, and the Palace, erected in 1710. 
 The city is free from malaria and excessive 
 heat and cold, and from wind and sand storms. It is supplied with pure 
 water and pure air from the the mountains surrounding ; it has delightful 
 scenery beneath bright sunshine with glorious sunsets; it has .trout in its 
 streams, and game in the adjacent hills and mountains; the people are 
 daily supplied at their doors with the freshest and choicest esculents of 
 home production ; and besides possessing wonderful health-giving proper- 
 ties, it is one of the most comfortable residence cities in the world. This 
 fact is rapidly becoming known and appreciated, as witness its growing 
 popularity both as a summer residence for people from the South, and as 
 a winter residence for people from the North, and as an all-the-year-round 
 residence and sanitarium for people variously in search of health, comfort, 
 pleasure and business. 
 
 Santa Fe is the chief money centre of the. Territory. It has two old and 
 well established national banking houses, besides hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars for loan in private hands. It has a live board of trade, the most 
 able and distinguished bar in the Southwest. A splendid agricultural, 
 pastoral, and mining country is tributary to the city. (Population, 7,000. 
 Distance from Denver, 408 miles. Elevation, 7,046 feet.) 

 
 ALAMOSA TO SILVERTON. 
 
 T Antonito the line branches, that to Espanola and Santa F6 
 extending due south and that to Silverton turning to the 
 westward. The trip from Antonito to Silverton is one of 
 great interest and abounds in scenic attractions. The road 
 gradually climbs out of the valley of San Luis and up the 
 eastward slope to the Conejos range of mountains. The line from Big 
 Horn to Arboles is constantly among the hills, and the stations are either 
 for the convenience of stockmen or shipping points for lumber, and while 
 of commercial importance to the railroad, of little interest to the tourist. 
 During the summer the Conejos Mountains furnish one of the finest ranges 
 for stock in Colorado, and it goes without saying that these grass-carpeted 
 hills and vales are fully occupied. The forest growth on the western slope 
 is of a larger and more dense character than that of the eastern. Many 
 sawmills have been here established, and the manufacture of lumber is a 
 large industry. The climb to Chama is full of interest. The line pursues 
 a tortuous course, following the convolutions of the hills and making the 
 ascent up the less difficult grades of the gulches. 
 
 .Los Pilios Valley. Describing a number of large curves around 
 constantly deepening depressions, we reached the breast of a mountain, 
 whence we obtain our first glimpse into Los Pinos Valley, and it comes like 
 a sudden revelation of beauty and grandeur. The approach has been 
 picturesque and gentle in character. Now we find our train clinging to a 
 narrow pathway carved out far up the mountain's side, while great masses 
 of a volcanic conglomerate tower overhead, and the faces of the opposing 
 heights are broken into bristling crags. The river sinks deeper and 
 deeper into the narrowing vale, and the space beneath us to its banks is 
 excitingly precipitous. We crowd upon the platform, the outer step of 
 which sometimes hangs over an abyss that makes us shudder, till some 
 friendly bank places itself between us and the almost unbroken descent. 
 But we learn to enjoy the imminent edge, along which the train creeps so 
 cautiously, and begrudge every instant that the landscape is shut out by 
 intervening objects. To say that the vision here is grand, awe-inspiring, 
 impressive or memorable, falls short of the truth in each case. It is too 
 much to take in at once. We are so high that not only the bottom of the 
 valley, where the silvery ribbon of the Los Pinos trails in and out among 
 the trees, and underneath the headlands, but even the wooded tops of the 
 further rounded hills are below us, and we can count the dim, distant peaks 
 in New Mexico. 
 
 Phantom Curve. One ot the most striking scene? o:i the line of 
 this ascent is Phantom Curve. Just after the side-track station of Sublette 
 (305 miles from Denver) has been passed, the road makes a great bend 
 
 114
 
 u6 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 around the side of a mountain ; on the left rise tall monuments of sandstone, 
 cut by the elements into weird and fantastic figures. Here is indeed a wild 
 spot, with the valleys so deep below, the grotesque, red monumental rocks 
 around, the tall, shelving cliffs above. A mile beyond the Curve the rail- 
 road crosses the head of the ravine on a high bridge of trestle work. From 
 this point the track runs directly toward the valley, on a line almost at 
 right angles with it, to where it narrows into a mere fissure in the rocks at 
 Toltec Gorge. 
 
 The approach to this great scenic wonder 
 prepares the traveler for something extraordi- 
 nary and spectacular. A black speck in the 
 distance against the precipitous surface of a 
 frowning cliff is beheld long before Toltec is 
 reached, and is pointed out as the entrance to 
 the tunnel which is the gateway to the Gorge. 
 As the advance is made around mountain spurs 
 and deep ravines, glimpses are caught of pro- 
 found depths and towering heights, the black 
 speck widens into a yawning portcullis, and then the train, making a detour 
 of four miles around a side canon, plunges into the blackness of Toltec 
 tunnel, which is remarkable in that it pierces the summit of the mountain 
 instead (if its base. Fifteen hundred feet of perpendicular descent would 
 take one to the bottom of the gorge, while the seared and wrinkled expanse 
 of the opposite wall confronts us, lifting its massive bulwarks high above us. 
 
 "Fronting heaven's splendor, 
 Strong and full and clear." 
 
 When the train emerges from the tunnel it is upon the brink of a preci- 
 pice. A solid bridge of iron and masonry, set in the rock after the manner 
 
 Toltec Gorge, 
 
 A Scenic Wonder. 
 
 Depth of Gorge, 
 
 1,500 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 314 miles. 
 
 f ' 
 
 - :- : ! : 
 
 of a balcony, supports the iSH 
 track, and from this coigne phantom curve. 
 
 of vantage the traveler be- 
 holds a most thrilling spectacle. The tremendous gorge, whose sides are 
 splintered rocks and monumental crags and whose depths are filled with 
 the snow-white waters of a foaming torrent, lies beneath him, the blue sky 
 is above him and all around the majesty and mystery of the mountains.
 
 TOLTEC GORGE.
 
 n8 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 GARFIELD MEMORIAL 
 
 Garfield Memorial. To 
 
 the left of the track, just beyond 
 the bridge, stands a monument of 
 granite. Curiosity is naturally 
 excited at beholding this polished 
 shaft, and the questions which 
 arise as to its origin can be briefly 
 answered as follows: On the 
 26th day of September, 1881, the 
 National Association of General 
 Passenger Agents (then on an 
 excursion over the Denver & Rio 
 Grande Railroad), at the time 
 President Garfield was being 
 buried in Cleveland, held memor- 
 ial services at the mouth of Toltec 
 tunnel and since have erected 
 this beautiful monument in com- 
 memoration of the event. 
 
 Cumbres. This small sta- 
 tion is on the summit of the 
 Conejos Range, which we are now 
 
 crossing, and, having passed it, we are on the Pacific slope. (Population, 
 nominal. Distance from Denver, 329 miles. Elevation, 10,015 feet.) 
 
 Cliania. This is an eating station, where, in spite of primitive accom- 
 modations, an excellent meal can be obtained. Large quantities of lumber 
 are shipped from here, and the surrounding country is an excellent range 
 for stock. (Population, 300. Distance from Denver, 343 miles. Elevation, 
 7,863 feet.) 
 
 Amargo. This little station is in the midst of attractive scenery, but 
 is especially worthy of mention from the fact that it is the station at which 
 tourists and health seekers take the stage for Pagosa Springs. 
 
 Pagosa Springs, the far famed "big medi- 
 cine " of the Utes, the greatest thermal fountains 
 on the continent, are situated in Archuleta County, 
 twenty-eight miles northwest of Amargo, the 
 nearest railway station, on the New Mexico 
 extension of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. 
 These Springs lie upon the northern bank of 
 the San Juan River, at an altitude of seven 
 thousand feet, and in a situation combining 
 numerous advantages and attractions. To the 
 north are the peaks of the San Juan range, east 
 and west are the grassy plains dotted with immense pines and far to the 
 south the undulating prairie stretches into New Mexico. With such an 
 environment, the Pagosa Springs must ere long gain the celebrity to which 
 their medicinal qualities undoubtedly entitle them. The Indians having 
 long been aware of the healing powers of these " great medicine waters," 
 and have, until recently, jealously guarded their possession. It is not sur- 
 prising that these children of the wilderness, who find relief from distress 
 
 Pagosa Springs. 
 
 The " Big Medicine" of 
 the Indians. 
 
 HOT SPRINGS, 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 Resort. 
 
 Elevation, 7,108 feet.
 
 iuai 
 
 CASTLE OF THE CUFF DWELLERS, MANCOS CANON, COLORADO.
 
 120 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 mainly from the medications of Nature, should deplore the loss of these power- 
 ful thermal waters. Within a basin seventy feet long and fifty feet wide, 
 formed from its own alkaline deposits, which are twenty or thirty feet thick, 
 the water bubbles up at a temperature of 153" Fahrenheit. There are four 
 other springs in the immediate locality, their similarity to the main source, 
 as shown by analysis, suggesting a common origin. Upon a cold morning 
 the steam which rises from these different springs can be seen at a distance 
 of several miles. These purgative, alkaline waters, with the large excess of 
 sulphate of soda, so much increased in medicinal virtue by the degree 
 of temperature, would seem to designate Pagosa as the Bethesda for 
 sufferers from calculus disorders, gravel with uric diathesis, rheumatism 
 and skin diseases, when alterative and depleting treatment is indicated. 
 New bath houses are being erected, and the tourist will find good accom- 
 modations here. 
 
 The Pacific Slope. From Chama to Durango, the ride is down 
 grade and through a most interesting country. Hills and valleys of great 
 beauty, meadows covered with thick growing grass, forests of giant trees, 
 are some of the many attractions of this trip. For details of information 
 concerning the small stations, the tourist is referred to the tables given in 
 another part of this book. The line passes through the Indian reservation. 
 Ignacio. At Ignacio the Indian reservation is reached and the rude 
 tepees of the Southern Utes can be seen pitched along the banks of the Rio 
 de las Florida. Occasionally a glimpse can be caught of a stolid brave, 
 tricked out in all his savage finery, gazing fixedly at the train as it speeds 
 by. Frequently there is quite a little group of these aborigines at the 
 station, and they are always ready to exchange bows and arrows, trophies 
 of the chase, or specimens of their rude handiwork, in return for very hard 
 cash. 
 
 This thriving city is the county seat of La 
 Plata County, Colorado, and is the commercial 
 centre of southwestern Colorado. It is the 
 market for the agricultural region of Farming- 
 ton and Bloomfield, New Mexico, and the valleys 
 of the Rio de las Animas, the Rio Florida, etc. 
 
 Two miles below Durango is the wonderful 
 " ninety-two feet thick " vein of coal, one'of the 
 largest in the State, and here are also great coke 
 ovens. All the surrounding hills are more 
 heavily timbered than in any other part of 
 Colorado. In addition to its many other resources Durango boasts of two of 
 the largest smelters in the State, reducing from their native state the 
 precious ores of the wonderfully rich mines of the entire San Juan. 
 
 With two railroads in operation, and several in contemplation, and with 
 its natural resources Durango will in time, and a very short time too, prove 
 to be the metropolis of the Great Southwest. 
 
 The famous Cliff Ruins, a description of which will be found further 
 on, are reached from Durango, by the Rio Grande Southern Railroad to 
 Mancos Station, thence by saddle horses or wagons. 
 
 In a word, Durango is one of the most progressive towns in Colorado, 
 and is surrounded by a country of unexampled richness. Mining, agricul- 
 
 DURANGO. 
 
 Metropolis 
 
 of the San Juan. 
 
 Population, 8,000. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 via Veta Pass 450 miles. 
 
 Via Salida, 502 miles. 
 
 Via Ridgway, 540 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 6,520 feet.
 
 122 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 tural and pastoral pursuits all contribute to her success; but best of all 
 her business men are alive, and by their liberality, generosity and push 
 insure a good future for the city. 
 
 Farming'ton, Bloomfield and Aztec are growing towns in New 
 Mexico, just over the southern line of La Plata County. They are in the 
 heart of a large agricultural and stock growing district, and near many 
 ruins of the homes of the ancient Cliff Dwellers. 
 
 Trimble Hot Springs are reached nine miles above Durango. 
 The spacious hotel stands within a hundred yards of the road to the left of 
 the track. Here are medicinal hot springs of great curative value, and 
 here, in the season, gather invalids and pleasure seekers to drink the waters 
 and enjoy the delights of this charming resort. The water as it pours out of 
 the rock is at a temperature of 120 degrees, and runs constantly in a stream 
 three inches in diameter. Within two feet of it is another spring flowing 
 as much more in a stream of cold water. Bath houses have been erected, 
 and the hot and cold water can be mixed. The medicinal properties of 
 these springs are beyond question. Four miles further up the Animas 
 valley are the Pinkerton springs of warm water, closely resembling in 
 properties those at Trimble's. Leaving the springs behind, the train 
 speeds up the valley, which gradually narrows as the advance is made, the 
 ascending grade becomes steeper, the hills close in, and soon the view is 
 restricted to the rocky gorge within whose depths the raging waters of the 
 Animas sway and swirl. 
 
 Magnificent Scenery. From Durango, the metropolis of the San 
 Juan, to Silverton, the scenery is of surpassing grandeur and beauty. The 
 railroad follows up the course of the Animas River (to which the Spaniards 
 gave the musical but melancholy title of " Rio de las Animas Perdidas," or 
 River of Lost Souls) until the picturesque mining town of Silverton is 
 reached. The valley of the Animas is traversed before the canon is 
 entered, and the traveler's eyes are delighted with succeeding scenes of 
 sylvan beauty. To the right is the river, beyond which rise the hills ; to the 
 left are mountains, increasing in rugged contour as the advance is made ; 
 between the track and the river are cultivated fields and cosy farm-houses, 
 while evidences of peace, prosperity and plenty are to be seen on every hand. 
 
 This beautiful canon has characteristics pe- 
 culiarly its own. The railroad does not follow 
 the bed of the stream, but clings to the cliffs 
 midway of their height, and a glance from the 
 car windows gives one the impression of a view 
 from a balloon. Below, a thousand feet, are the 
 waters of the river, in places white with foam, in 
 quiet coves, green as ocean's depths. Above, 
 five hundred feet, climb the combing cliffs, to 
 
 ANIHAS CANON. 
 
 A Gem of Beauty. 
 Depth, 1,500 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 470 miles. 
 
 which cling pines and hemlocks. The canon here is a mere fissure in the 
 mountain'sheart, so narrow that one can easily toss a stone across and send 
 it bounding down the side of the opposing rock-wall until it falls into the 
 waters of the river rushing through the abyss below. Emerging from this 
 wonderful chasm, the bed of the gorge rises until the roadway is but a few 
 feet above the stream. The close, confining and towering walls of rock are 
 replaced by mountains of supreme height. The Needles, which are among
 
 124 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 the most peculiar and striking of the Rockies, thrust their sharp and splin- 
 tered peaks into the regions of eternal frost. 
 
 Elk Park is a quiet little nook in the midst of the range, with vistas 
 of meadow and groves of pines, a spot which would furnish the artist many 
 a subject for his canvas. At the end of Elk Park stands Garfield Peak, 
 lifting its summit a mile above the track. Beyond are marshalled the ever- 
 lasting mountains, and through them for miles extends, in varying beauty 
 and grandeur, the Canon of the Animas. Frequent waterfalls glisten in the 
 sunlight, leaping from crag to crag only to lose themselves at last in the 
 onflowing river. Emerging finally from this environment of crowding cliffs, 
 the train sweeps into Baker's Park and arrives at Silverton in the heart of 
 the San Juan. 
 
 This thriving and picturesque little city is 
 the county seat of San Juan County, Colorado, 
 and derives its support from the surrounding 
 mines, which are scattered in every portion of 
 the county. The output of the camp has 
 swelled from an annual product of $40,000 to 
 $2,000,000 in three years. From 600 to 1,000 tons 
 of ore are shipped weekly from Silverton, and 
 the product is constantly increasing. An indus- 
 try of no small importance, and which is rapidly 
 assuming large dimensions, is the system of 
 leasing mines, and it may be said that at least one-half of the producing 
 mines are now being worked by lessees. Hundreds of prospects that are 
 in a condition to ship paying mineral are now laying idle, awaiting the 
 arrival of thrifty miners to take and work them under this system. The 
 scenery around Silverton is of the most beautiful and attractive character, 
 Entrance to Baker's Park, in which the town lies, is made through the 
 famous Animas Canon. Hid in a theatre of hills, the picturesqueness of 
 the surroundings cannot be adequately described. Sultan Mountain, one of 
 the grandest of the San Juan Range, towers above the town ; its summit 
 crowned with snow from which descend innumerable rills, glittering like 
 silver in the sunbeams. 
 
 SI LVERTON. 
 
 Picturesque Mining 
 Town. 
 
 Population, 2,500. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 495 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 9,224 feet.
 
 DURANGO TO RIDGWAY 
 
 VIA RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
 
 EAVING Durango via the Rio Grande Southern line, the 
 tourist is whisked across the Rio de Las Animas up Lightner 
 Creek, past the silver and gold smelters with their seething 
 furnaces and smoke and dust-begrimed workmen, and 
 shortly past the famous coal banks where the black diamond 
 is dug from the bowels of Mother Earth, and from there hauled to the 
 smelters where it is used for the reduction and refining of its more 
 exalted, but not more useful brethren. 
 
 Up through the valley the train speeds along among huge pines which 
 thus far have escaped the woodman's axe, and which will be free from such 
 invasion as long as Uncle Sam claims this particular spot as the especial 
 reservation for the military post at old Fort Lewis. 
 
 From Fort Lewis the line passes through seemingly endless forests of 
 pine trees, and after the reservation is passed an occasional saw-mill is 
 sighted from its emitting unearthly screeches, which the knowing ones say 
 is merely the head sawyer sharpening up. Descending the mountain into 
 the valley, the beholder looks out on a broad expanse of fertile, well-watered 
 country, surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains, and dotted 
 with the rancheros of the hardy pioneer, who has been well repaid for his 
 daring in locating in this far-away but beautiful valley, by its productive- 
 ness, and now that the railroad, that greatest of all civilizers, has come, he 
 has abundant opportunities for the disposition of his products. 
 
 In the centre of this valley lies Mancos station, which is the junction 
 with the main line of the proposed extension of this road into Arizona. 
 
 One of the most attractive portions of Colo- 
 rado, to the scientist, antiquarian and indeed, 
 the general tourist, is that part in which are 
 found the cliff-dwellings of a long extinct race. 
 Some of the most remarkable of these ancient 
 ruins are situated in the Mancos canon, within 
 a day's ride of Durango. A brief description of 
 one of these will serve as a characterization of 
 all. Perched seven hundred feet above the 
 valley, on a little ledge only just large enough to hold it, stands a two-story 
 house made of finely-cut sandstone, each block about fourteen by six inches, 
 accurately fitted and set in mortar, now harder than the stone itself. The 
 floor is the ledge of the rock, and the roof the overhanging cliff. There are 
 three rooms on the ground floor, each one six by nine feet, with partition 
 walls of faced stone. Traces of a floor which once separated the upper 
 
 126 
 
 
 THE 
 
 Cliff 
 
 Dwellings. 
 
 
 Relics of 
 
 A Pre=Historic Race. 
 
 
 Ruins 
 
 Older 
 
 than History.
 
 RWF\.T" 
 
 ANIMAS CANON AND THE NEEDLE MOUNTAIN.
 
 128 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 from the lower story still remain. Each of the stories is six feet in height, 
 and all the rooms are nicely plastered and painted, what now looks a dull 
 brick red color, with a white band along the floor. The windows are "f " 
 shaped apertures with no signs of glazing, commanding a view of the whole 
 valley for many miles. One of our illustrations shows a fortified watch-tower, 
 indicating that these strange cliff -dwelling people were prepared. to resist 
 assault. Traditions are few and of history there is nothing concerning this 
 lost race. Their ruined houses only remain, and some broken fragments of 
 the implements made use of in war and peace. Researches are in progress 
 concerning these extremely interesting ruins and new facts are being 
 developed concerning their architecture ; but it is quite improbable that 
 any certain light will ever be thrown on their origin or history. 
 
 To the south of Mancos station, within a day's ride, and easily accessi- 
 ble, are the principal ruins of the strange habitations of this extinct and 
 mysterious race. To those seeking curiosities and wonders, the great 
 Canon of the Mancos, the great Montezuma Valley, the McElmo Canon, 
 the Lower Animas Valley, and the Chaco Canon are the wonderlands of the 
 world. They contain thousands of homes, and a town of the ancient race 
 of Mound Builders and " Cliff Dwellers," that has attracted the curious 
 ever since the discovery of America. The great Mancos Canon contains 
 hundreds of these homes which were built and occupied thousands of years 
 ago. Yet many of them are in a good state of preservation, and in them 
 have been found many specimens of pottery and implements of husbandry 
 and warfare. This canon is cut through Mesa Verde, a distance of thirty 
 miles, and the walls on either side rise to a perpendicular height of two 
 thousand feet. These cliff dwellings are built in the sides of the canon, as 
 shown in the illustration. Fifteen miles farther west from the Mancos is 
 situated the great Montezuma Valley, where thousands of fine specimens of 
 pottery have been found among the ruins of that ancient people. On the 
 west side of this valley is the great McElmo Canon, also full of. the ancient 
 homes of the "Cliff Dwellers." Thirty-five miles south of Durango, in the 
 valley of the Animas, are some extensive ruins of the Aztecs, and fifty miles 
 further south are the wonderful ruins in the Chaco Canon. These ancient 
 Pueblos are, without doubt, the most extensive and the best preserved of 
 any in the United States. Of these Prof. Hayden in his report of the 
 Geological Survey of the United States for the year 1866, says: "The 
 great ruins in the Chaco Canon are pre-eminently the finest examples of 
 the works of the unknown builders to be found north of the seat of ancient 
 Aztec Empire in Mexico." There are eleven extensive Pueblos in this 
 canon, nearly all in a good state of preservation, and their appearance indi- 
 cates that they were once the home of fifteen hundred to three thousand 
 people each. From the thousands of ruins of cities, towns and families 
 found throughout this great San Juan Valley, it is evident that once 
 this great valley was the home of hundreds of thousands of this 
 extinct race. That they were a peaceful and agricultural race of people is 
 evidenced by the large number of their implements of husbandry and 
 the specimens of corn and beans found in these ruins, besides irrigating 
 ditches and reservoirs for the storage of water. 
 
 Mancos. The debarking point for the cliff ruins as mentioned above 
 and the leading town of the valley. Shipping point for large numbers of
 
 CLIFF DWELLINGS,
 
 13° OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 cattle and sheep. (Distance from Denver 490 miles. Population 300. Ele- 
 vation 7,008 feet.) 
 
 Leaving Mancos, the road winds up the sloping sides of a flat-topped 
 mountain, and there on its summit, among huge pines centuries old, bubbles 
 up a clear, cold spring of sparkling water, forming the stream thai ilows 
 down through the beautiful Lost Canon, and which is called by the unpoetic 
 name of " Lost Canon Creek." 
 
 Lost Canon is a novelty in itself, as its sides are densely wooded and 
 softly carpeted with a thick bed of moss and leaves, beautifully colored by 
 millions of Colorado wild flowers whose delicate beauty is unrivaled. 
 
 Emerging from Lost Canon the traveler is whirled up to the beautiful 
 Valley of the Dolores River, with its many ranches and farms, past the 
 town of the same name. Off to the left, flowing to the eastward, comes 
 bubbling down the mountain side into the larger river, the West Dolores, 
 and no more famous or prolific trout stream exists than this. 
 
 Dolores. One of the principal towns in Southwestern Colorado, It is 
 the shipping point for the southeastern part of Utah and from whence the Gold 
 Hunters start on their prospecting trips to the canons of the San Juan and 
 Colorado Rivers. (Population 500. Distance from Denver, 510 miles. Ele- 
 vation 6,957 feet.) 
 
 Dolores Canon. Continuing on up the main river, the valley begins 
 to narrow down, until we are once more within the walls of a canon which 
 takes its name from the stream flowing through it. While this canon is not 
 particularly deep, its natural beauties are manifold and are sure to make a 
 lasting and delightful impression on the beholder. 
 
 Rushing out of the canon the tourist is now landed at Rico. 
 
 Kico is one of the most important mining towns of the State, whose 
 mines dot the mountain 'sides, and whose product is packed to the cars on 
 the backs of the ever patient and faithful burro, without which no mining 
 camp can be complete. 
 
 Rico ranks among the " cities of the first class " and has all the facilities 
 and improvements of a town of ten times its population. Its principal 
 industries are those connected with mining interests, though considerable 
 agricultural country surrounds it. The town is located in what was at one 
 time the crater of a large volcano. Precipitous mountains with poetic 
 names arise upon all sides of it, gradually widening, until by describing a 
 circle of their summits they appear as the top of a huge funnel. Among 
 them is the famous Telescope Mountain, a freak of nature only to be seen 
 to form a proper realization of the aptness of its name. The place has 
 much of historic interest, as evidences of early Spanish discoveries are 
 found on many sides. (Population 3,000. Distance from Denver, via Ridg- 
 way, 444 ; via Durango, 546 miles. Elevation 8,737 feet.) 
 
 Lizard Head Pass. Leaving Rico, the line continues up the 
 Dolores, which grows smaller and smaller, until it becomes a mere silver 
 thread winding in and out among huge rocks and boulders. Thirteen 
 miles north of Rico, and after climbing many miles of three and four per 
 cent, grades, the summit of the Lizard Head Pass is reached at an eleva- 
 tion of nearly 11,000 feet. From the summit and to the left will be seen 
 the Lizard Head, a peculiar rock formation capping a tall, bare mountain.
 
 
 * mw>fr30$~ ^
 
 I3 2 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 This rock derives its name from its resemblance to the head of a mountain 
 lizard, though at the same time it may be said to resemble the shaft of some 
 large monument. 
 
 Descending the pass through the mountain gorges over rushing moun- 
 tain streams, one finds one's self at 
 
 Trout Lake. No more graphic description of this sheet of beautiful 
 blue water can be given than a verse from a poem by " H. H." 
 
 "The mountain's wall in the water ; 
 It looks like a great blue cup ; 
 And the sky looks like another 
 Turned over, bottom side up." 
 
 Here the sport-inclined tourist may spend a few days, for the lake is 
 inhabited by thousands and thousands of mountain trout. Accommodations 
 of a primitive, though wholesome character, can be obtained of the neigh- 
 boring ranchmen. (Population nominal. Distance from Denver, via Ridg- 
 way 427 miles ; via Durango 563 miles. Elevation 9,400 feet.) 
 
 Shortly after leaving Trout Lake, the famous 
 
 Ophir Loop is passed. Here the skill of the engineer was taxed to 
 its utmost, for the track winds in zig-zags down the mountain side, rushing 
 through a deep cut here, over a mountain torrent and a high bridge there, 
 darting around sharp curves, in and out of snowsheds, until on the opposite 
 mountain and high above us is to be seen a line of freshly-turned earth, 
 which the knowing ones say is the track over which we have just passed. 
 
 From Vance Junction, a side trip of ten miles, which will repay 
 the tourist, can be made to 
 
 Telluride, a mining town of some 2,500 inhabitants, nestling among 
 snow-capped mountains, rising to stupendous heights and rich in gold and 
 silver. Like all the towns of the San Juan, mining is the principal resource 
 of the city ; at Telluride are located some of the largest and richest mines 
 in the country. (Distance from Denver, via Ridgway 423 miles ; via Duran- 
 go ^82 miles. Elevation 8,756 feet.) 
 
 From Vance Junction the journey is continued down the San Miguel 
 River, past Placerville, until the river leaves the rail, and again we com- 
 mence to go up ; this time over the Dallas Divide. This pass resembles 
 Marshall Pass, though not quite so long. After reaching the summit, the 
 line runs down the eastern slope along Leopard Creek, high above it on the 
 mountain side, giving a most magnificent view of the Uncompahgre Range 
 to the south with its gentle slopes softly colored by the deep, dark foliage of 
 dense pine and fir forests ; gradually rising until the mountains develop into 
 a huge mass of shattered pinnacles, their topmost points covered with the 
 everlasting snow. 
 
 Ridgway. This bustling little town is the northern terminus of the 
 Rio Grande Southern Railroad, and its junction point with the Ouray branch 
 of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The shops and headquarters are 
 here, giving employment to a large portion of its inhabitants. A fine agri- 
 cultural, as well as a very rich mining region surround Ridgway, and give 
 promise of, making it a large and prosperous city. (Distance from Denver 
 378 miles ; via Durango 612 miles. Population, 1,000. Elevation, 7,002 feet.)
 
 CATHEDRAL SPIRE.— OPHIR LOOP.
 
 SILVERTON TO MONTROSE. 
 
 HE trip from Silverton to Montrose across the intervening range of 
 mountains, is not at all the difficult undertaking it looks to be. 
 Here, blocking the way, is one of the most rugged and lofty chains 
 of the great Rocky Mountain system, which but recently only the 
 adventurous prospector and his sure footed burro (donkey) dared to 
 cross ; but now the journey has been rendered an easy accomplishment by the 
 building of the Silverton Railway over Red Mountain to Ironton, from whicn point 
 comfortable stages carry the tourist a distance of eight miles to Ouray, where the 
 trip is continued by way of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The construction 
 of the Silverton Railway was a task of great magnitude, and one remarkable 
 feature about it is that it owes its existence to the enterprise and daring of one 
 man. For years Mr. Otto Mears has been the "pathfinder" of the San Juan 
 country, and the toll roads constructed by him have opened the way to the many 
 rich mining camps of that argentiferous region. Recently enlarging his field of 
 usefulness, he began unaided and alone the building of this mountain railroad; 
 himself being both bond owner, stockholder, corporation, president, board o» 
 trustees, treasurer, auditor, general manager, chief engineer and paymaster. The 
 result has been one of the most remarkable achievements in engineering of modern 
 times. The road has the same gauge as that of the Denver & Rio Grande, and 
 like it finds no grade so stubborn as to be insurmountable. Taking the cars at the 
 Denver & Rio Grande depot, at Silverton, the ascent of the mountains is at once 
 begun. There is no preliminary skirmishing along level ground for Silverton lies 
 at the bottem of a bowl-shaped valley, and the mountains rise round about on all 
 sides to tremendous heights. With curves, whose sinuosity surpasses that of the 
 serpent's trail, the railroad climbs up the gulches, until at the mining station of 
 Chattanooga the track makes an almost perfect loop, the cars traveling several miles 
 forward and the same distance back — and there lies Chattanooga directly beneath 
 us ! All that has been gained is altitude. This is equivalent, however, to a direct 
 progress of a thousand feet, though it has taken a journey of fifteen thousand feet 
 to accomplish it. At the summit of the range the railroad reaches an altitude of 
 12.000 feet, and the view is something to be remembered a life time. At one point 
 of the descent it has been necessary to construct a switch-back reversing the course 
 of the train, and yet continuing the descent. This switch-back is a novel applica- 
 tion of engineering science, and is an exceedingly interesting piece of railroad 
 work. The ascent and descent of Red Mountain by this wonderful railway, give 
 the tourist not only an opportunity to behold the grandest of mountain scenery, 
 but also the privilege of witnessing on all sides the progress of mining operations. 
 The shafts, shaft houses, tunnels, and "prospect" holes of mines in fact or in 
 futuro, are to be seen on all sides. The mines of Red Mountain are numerous, and 
 several of them rank among the richest in the world. At Ironton, a typical mining 
 
 134
 
 BEAR CREEK FALLS.
 
 136 
 
 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 town, the Silverton Railroad has its terminus, and here stages are taken for the 
 eight miles ride to Ouray. 
 
 A Romantic Stage Ride. The stage ride forms on<e of the most 
 attractive features of this most attractive journey. Lasting only three hours, pass- 
 ing over the summits of ranges and through the depths of canons, the tourist will 
 find this a welcome variation to his method of travel, and a great relief and recrea- 
 tion. The old fashioned stage, with all its romantic associations, is rapidly becom- 
 ing a thing of the past. A year or two more and it will have disappeared entirely 
 from Colorado. Here, in the midst of some of the grandest scenery on the conti- 
 nent, the blue sky above, and the fresh, pure exhilarating mountain air sending the 
 blood bounding through one's veins, to clamber into a Concord coach and be 
 whirled along a splendidly constructed road, as solid as the living rock from which 
 it has been carved at an expense in some instances of $40,000 a mile, and as smooth 
 as a city boulevard, is surely a novel and delightful experience. The scenery on 
 
 ON THE UNCOMPAHGRE. 
 
 this journey between Silverton and Ouray is of the greatest magnificence. This is 
 especially true of this portion of the route traversed by stage. The Silverton and 
 Ouray toll road has long been noted for its attractions in the way of scenery, the 
 triangular mass of Mount Abraham's towers to the left, while the road winds 
 around the curves of the hills with the sinuosity of a mountain brook. 
 
 Bear Creek Falls. The scene from the bridge over Bear Creek is one 
 which once beheld can never be forgotten. Directly under the bridge plunges a 
 cataract to the depth of two hundred and fifty-three feet, forming a most note- 
 worthy and impressive scene. The toll road passes through one of the most famous 
 mining regions in the world, and the fame of Red Mountain is well deserved both 
 from the number and richness of its mines. Before Ouray is reached the road 
 passes through Uncompahgre Canon. Here the roadbed has been blasted from 
 the solid rock wall of the gorge, and a scene similar in nature and rivaling in 
 grandeur that of Animas Canon is beheld.
 
 OURAY. 
 
 The Gem of the 
 
 Rockies. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort. 
 
 Elevation, 7,721 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 
 389 miles. 
 
 Population, 2,5O0. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 13? 
 
 This is one of the most beautifully situated 
 towns to be found anywhere. Its scenery is idylic. 
 The village is cradled in a lovely valley, sur T 
 rounded by rugged mountains. The situation of 
 the town is thus briefly described in the Crest of the 
 Continent: " The valley in which the town is built 
 is pear-shaped, its greatest width being not more 
 than half a mile, while its length is about twice that 
 down to the mouth of the canon. Southward — that 
 is toward the heart of the main range — stand the 
 two great peaks, Hardin and Hayden. Between is 
 the deep gorge down which the Uncompahgre finds 
 its way ; but this is hidden from view by a ridge which walls in the town and cuts 
 off all the further view from it in that direction, save where the triangular top of 
 Mount Abrahams peers over. Westward are grouped a series of broken ledges, 
 surmounted by greater and more rugged heights. Down between these and the 
 western foot of Mount Hayden struggles Canon Creek to join the Uncompahgre ; 
 while Oak Creek leaps down a line of cataracts from a notch in the terraced heights 
 through which the quadrangular head of White House Mountain becomes grandly 
 discernable — the eastermost buttress of the wintry Sierra San Miguel. At the 
 lower side of the basin, where the path of the river is beset with close canon-walls, 
 the cliffs rise vertical from the level of the village, and bear their forest growth 
 many hundreds of feet above. These mighty walls, two thousand feet high in some 
 places, are of metamorphic rock, and their even stratification simulates courses of 
 well-ordered masonry. Stained by iron and probably also by manganese, they are 
 a deep red-maroon ; this color does not lie uniformly, however, but is stronger in 
 some layers than in others, so that the whole face of the cliff is banded horizontally 
 in pale rust color, or dull crimson, or deep and opaque maroon. The western cliff 
 is bare, but on the more frequent ledges of the eastern wall scattered spruces grow, 
 and add to its attractiveness. Yet, as though Nature meant to teach that a bit of 
 motion, — a suggestion of glee was needed to relieve the sombreness of utter 
 immobility and grandeur, however shapely, she has led to the sunlight, by a crevice 
 in the upper part of the eastern wall that we cannor see, a brisk torrent draining 
 the snowfields of some distant plateau. This little stream, thus beguiled by the 
 fair channel that led it through the spruce woods above, has no time to think of its 
 fate, but it is flung out over the sheer precipice eighty feet into the valley below. 
 We see the white ghost of its descending, and always to our ears is murmured the 
 voice of the Naiads, who are taking the breathless plunge. Yet by what means the 
 stream reaches that point from above cannot be seen, and the picture is that of a 
 strong jet of water bursting from an orifice through the crimson wall, and falling 
 into rainbow-arched mist and a tangle of grateful foliage that hides its further 
 flowing." 
 
 The town has one hotel of great magnificence worthy of a city of ten times its 
 population, besides a good supply of other hostelries of a less splendid character. 
 Ouray is a health resort worthy of patronage by invalids, possessing hot springs of 
 a fine medicinal character and abounding in attractions to divert the mind. Plenty 
 of sport can be had about here. The mountain sheep and wapiti have not yet been 
 killed off ; deer and trout are abundant. The rides up the roads and trails to 
 neighboring mines and mining camps, through valley and canon, and over moun- 
 tain and mesa, are not soon exhausted, and the lover of botany or geology, or the 
 student of mineralogy and mining, could scarcely find a finer field anywhere than 
 in the neighborhood of Ouray.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 139 
 
 Oliray to Montrose. Leaving Ouray, a ride of thirty-five miles, via the 
 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, brings the traveler to Montrose, on the main line of 
 the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, between Denver and Salt Lake. Two miles from 
 Ouray the country begins to become open and soon one is passing through farms 
 and an excellent agricultural valley. En route one passes the confluence of the 
 Uncompahgre and Dallas, and the mesas and terraces on either side abound with 
 almost every species of game, deer, elk, mountain sheep, bear, and smaller animals. 
 
 Ridgway. — Eleven miles from Ouray. The junction point with the 
 Rio Grande Southern Railroad. A description of this charming little city 
 
 CHIEFS OF THE UNCOMPAHGRE UTES. 
 
 will be found elsewhere in this volume. Further on, twenty-two miles from 
 Ouray, you come to the old Los Fiiios Agency, where Chiefs Douglas, Jack, 
 Colorow, Piah, and other Indians, who participated in the massacre of 
 Thornburg and the Meekers, tested the nerve of General Hatch and his associates 
 in 1879. ' The store-house, council chamber, etc., are still standing. The military 
 camp* is passed twenty-six miles from Ouray, and five miles further on, one reaches 
 the residence of Chippeta, the widow of Ouray, the dead Ute chief, who, during 
 his reign, held the Utes in check, and was always the friend of the white man. At 
 Montrose the tourist can take the main line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad 
 and resume the trans-continental journey.
 
 LEADVILLE TO DILLON. 
 
 From Leadville a branch line of 
 the widely radiating Denver and Rio 
 Grande system extends over Fremont 
 Pass to Dillon. The general direction 
 taken by the line is to the northeast, 
 with a deflection from Fri?co to Dillon 
 to the northwest. The Great Middle Park 
 of Colorado lies to the north of Dillon, 
 just over the range of the Williams River 
 Mountains. The country between Lead- 
 ville and Dillon is extremely mountainous, 
 and mines of great value have been dis- 
 covered in this region. The railroad 
 crosses the Park Range at Fremont Pass, 
 and in the valley at the foot of the pass 
 the Arkansas River has its sources. The 
 Blue River heads on the Pacific slope near 
 the pass, and the south' branch is crossed 
 ,„. , ty the railroad near the small station of 
 
 Wheeler, the north branch is encountered at Frisco in the vicinity of which the 
 two jo.n and form the main stream, which empties into the Grand in the south- 
 west corner of Middle Park. 
 
 The ride from Leadville to Fremont Pass is one of great interest to lovers 
 
 of the grand and beautiful in nature. The mountain ranges which surround the 
 
 Carbonate Camp " are in plain view, and every turn in the road reveals new 
 
 attractions. This extension of the line is known as the Blue River branch It is 
 
 141
 
 142 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 thirty-six miles in length, with its terminus at Dillon. The intervening stations 
 are Birds Eye, Alicante, Fremont Pass, Robinson, Kokomo, Wheeler, Frisco and 
 Dillon. 
 
 Source of the Arkansas. The line from Leadville follows up the 
 Arkansas River, and here we have an object lesson in the growth of rivers. We 
 see from what small beginnings great things in the way of water courses grow. 
 We see how a little brook which one could dam with a couple of shovels of mud 
 may push its way along, " undermining what it cannot overthrow ; sliding around 
 the obstacle that deemed itself impassable, losing itself in willowy bogs, tumbling 
 headlong over the error of a precipice or getting heedlessly entrapped in a confined 
 canon ; escaping down a gorge with indescribable turmoil, and always growing 
 bigger, bigger, broader and stronger, deeper and more dignified ; till it can leave 
 the mountains and strike boldly across a thousand miles of untracked plain to 
 " fling its proud heart into the sea.' " 
 
 Almost in the very springs of the river, where an amphitheatre of gray 
 quartzite peaks stand like stiffened silver-gray curtains between the Atlantic and 
 the Pacific, we curl round a perfect shepherd's crook of a curve, and then climb its 
 straight staff to the summit of Fremont Pass. 
 
 Through a charming valley the approach to 
 Fremont Pass is made. A famous pass, with the 
 historic name of him who has been called "The 
 Pathfinder," although a later day has witnessed 
 greater achievements than his among the Rocky 
 Mountains. A journey here deserves the title of a 
 pilgrimage, for from the summit of this pass the 
 traveler can discern the Mount of the Holy Cross. 
 The scene is one replete with vivid interest. Fainter 
 and fainter grow the lines of objects in the valley, 
 until at last the clouds envelope the train, and at the next moment the observer 
 looks down upon a rolling mass of vapor through which the light strikes in many 
 colored beams. The sublimity of the scene forbids all thoughts other than those 
 of reverence and rapture. 
 
 " The snow-crowned monarchs of an upper world, 
 Rugged and steep and bare, the mountains rise; 
 Their very feet are planted in the skies; 
 Adown their sides are avalanches hurled. 
 
 " Time was when few and daring were the men 
 Who mignt behold this pass, that Fremont gained 
 Through toil and danger, and its heights attained, 
 Perils beset the long leagues down again. 
 
 " Now all may come who seek, afar from crowds, 
 The grand in nature, for we now engage 
 The potent eemi of this iron age. 
 Fire, steam and steel, and rise above the clouds ! 
 
 The railroad crosses the pass at an elevation of about two miles above the 
 level of the sea, and ranks among the highest railroad passes in the world. 
 
 Mount Of the Holy CrOSS. From the crest of Fremont Pass the 
 traveler looks eagerly about and soon catches sight of the sacred symbol which 
 gives name to the famous mount. The snow-white emblem of Christian faith 
 gleams with bright splendor against the azure sky. The wayfarer at last realizes 
 that he has reached the height " around whose summit splendid visions rise. 
 This is one of the best points of view from which to behold this wonderful 
 mountain, a more extended description of which will be found in the chapter 
 
 FREMONT PASS. 
 
 One of the Highest 
 
 Railroad Passes 
 
 in the World. 
 
 Elevation, 11,329 feet.
 
 144 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 entitled, From Leadville 
 to Aspen. 
 
 Downward to 
 Dillon. On the Pacific 
 Slope are the mines which 
 made this region famous. 
 The Robinson Consoli- 
 dated, the White Quail, 
 the Wheel of Fortune, etc 
 
 Moving on down the 
 pleasant valley, whose level 
 bottom is carbonate tinted, 
 not with ore dust, but with 
 an almost continuous thicket 
 of stunted red willows, we 
 pass the Chalk Mountain 
 mines, the Carbonate Hill 
 district, Clinton Gulch, 
 where gold ore is alleged to 
 be wonh more attention 
 than it is receiving, and so 
 come to Elk Mountain and 
 Kokomo. The ore found 
 here is a hard carbonate, 
 running about twenty-five 
 ounces in silver and twenty- 
 five per cent, in lead, be- 
 sides a third of an ounce 
 in gold, which is carefully 
 separated at the smelter. 
 Much of it is so admirably 
 constituted that it " smelts 
 itself," — that is, it requires 
 little or no addition of lead, 
 iron and other accessories 
 to its proper fluxion. Con- 
 tinuing the journey we be- 
 hold alluring pictures of 
 mountains and canons, of 
 belts of timber and pleasant 
 uplands, of green meadows 
 
 and sparkling streams beloved of gamey trout and the haunts of deer and elk. This 
 country is still a paradise for the sportsman, and the rod and gun find ample 
 range for their employment here. 
 
 Dillon is the terminus of the Blue River branch, and is situated in a mining 
 country. Distance from Breckenridge, 10 milts ; Frisco, 3 miles; Montezuma, 12 
 miles; Decatur, 15 miles; Rock Creek, 10 miles. The station is the nearest 
 point for the lower Blue River Valley, into which good roads extend. Saddle 
 horses and wagons can be hired to go down this river into the hunting and fishing 
 grounds of Middle Park. (Population, 300. Distance from Denver, 313 miles, 
 Elevation, 8,86i feet.) 
 
 CASCADES OF THE BLUE.
 
 OGDEN TO SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 OGDEN, 
 
 Railroad and 3Ianufac- 
 turing Town. 
 
 Population, 33,000. 
 
 Elevation, 4,286 feet. 
 
 Distance from Denver, 
 754 miles, 
 
 Distance from San 
 Francisco. 883 miles. 
 
 At Ogden the tourist steps from the train of 
 the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad into that of the 
 Southern Pacific, the transfer being made with 
 very little trouble, and in a few minutes time, at the 
 fine new Union Depot. A glance around will show 
 one that Ogden is beautifully situated on the west 
 slope of the Wasatch Mountains. It is well laid out 
 and substantially built ; the streets are wide, reg- 
 ular, well paved, lined with shade and ornamental 
 trees, and lighted with electricity. By a good system 
 of water works the mountain streams and springs are 
 made to supply an abundance of pure water. Many 
 of the private residences and grounds are very hand- 
 some, and the business blocks solid and elegantly constructed Of the climate too 
 much cannot be said. Utah claims the finest climate in the United States. Colorado 
 makes the same assertion; so does California. There is no doubt that each of these 
 great commonwealths has good grounds for its claims. Colorado and Utah have 
 similar characteristics, while California is quite different; circumstances are 
 said to alter cases, and this saying holds true in climate as well as in other 
 matters. While the climate of Colorado or Utah might be a specific for one 
 class of diseases, that of California might be much . more beneficial for 
 another class. The advice of an intelligent and unprejudiced physician 
 should be taken before an invalid decides on his choice of location. In Utah 
 the winters are short and mild, and the spring and fall months give almost perfect 
 weather; the summers are warm but not oppressively hot, and the nights are always 
 cool and never moist. Pulmonary troubles will surely find relief, and generally 
 a cure. Ten miles north of Ogden are Hot Springs, whose sulphur water 
 possesses peculiar medicinal properties, and are pronounced superior to the 
 Arkansas Springs. Hundreds of invalids visit these springs annually, and they are 
 steadily growing in popularity. The educational and religious advantages of 
 Ogden are on a par with those of eastern cities of the same size. Here is the 
 centre of one of the richest agricultural and mining districts of Utah. Ogden 
 has better railroad facilities than any other town in the territory. It is affection- 
 ately called by its inhabitants the "Junction City of the West." It is the terminus 
 of five leading trunk lines, namely: The Denver & Rio Grande, the Union Pacific, 
 the Southern Pacific, the Utah & Northern, and the Utah Central Railroads. 
 The outlook for manufacturing is excellent, the Weber River furnishing almost 
 unlimited water power. Iron ore is found in great quantities in the near vicinity. 
 while the wool clip of the territory, and those of Idaho, Wyoming, Montana and 
 Nevada is enormous, and could be advantageously manufactured into cloth at this 
 point. 
 
 Geological Features. Looking from the car window after passing 
 
 145
 
 146 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Ogden, the traveler can see many things in this region indicating a thrilling geologi- 
 cal history. That striation, extending along the side of the foot hills to the 
 right, marks the water line of a vast, pre-historic inland sea, that shrunk ages ago 
 to the comparatively small proportions of Salt Lake. In all probability the whole 
 area between the Wasatch Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas was once an im- 
 mense body of water, in which the mountain ranges rose as islands. The lakes 
 of the present day are all that remain of this vast pre-historic sea. The deposits 
 which cover the low lands are chiefly calcareous, and are often filled with fresh 
 water and land shells, indicating a comparatively modern origin. The formation 
 of the islands and the shore ranges of Salt Lake is metamorphic, the strata are 
 distinctly marked and highly inclined, but attaining no great elevation, being 
 generally overlaid with sandstone and limestone of the carboniferous age, but partly 
 altered, the former constituting the loftier eminence, in places it is rich in fossils, 
 while in others it loses the granular character, and becomes sub crystalline or 
 threaded by veins of calcareous spar, the sandstones, from metamorphic action, 
 taking the character of quartz. As the train advances, evidences of volcanic action 
 become numerous. 
 
 BrighlXlll. A half hour's ride from Ogden brings the traveler to Brigham, 
 a busy little town surrounded by an agricultural settlement, but possessing nothing 
 of special interest to the tourist. (Population, 1, 800. Distance from Ogden, 17 
 miles. Elevation, 4,229 feet.) 
 
 Corilllie. Between Brigham and Corinne the Bear River is crossed by a 
 bridge twelve hundred feet in length. The town of Corinne has a good agricultural 
 country around it, and wherever irrigation has been secured large crops have 
 responded to industrious cultivation. The raising of stock, is also a tributary 
 industry, and cattle do well on the surrounding excellent ranges, which are found 
 in the greatest perfection north of the town. (Population, 500. Distance from 
 Ogden, 24 miles. Elevation. 4,231 feet.) 
 
 A small station surrounded by country covered 
 with sage brush, and only worthy of mention for its 
 history. At this point, on Monday, May 10, 1869, 
 the Union Pacific Railroad, building west and the 
 Central Pacific Railroad, building east, met. The 
 junction was made, and the news flashed all over 
 the world that the first great trans-continental rail- 
 road of America had become an accomplished fact. 
 The importance of that event cannot be overesti- 
 mated, and to enumerate the results emanating from that meeting would be 
 the task of a historian. An epitome of what that meeting meant can be best ex- 
 pressed by quoting that clever and quaintly humorous poem, written by Bret 
 Harte, commemorative of the occasion, under the title of 
 
 WHAT THE ENGINES SAID 
 
 What was it the Engines said, 
 Pilots touching — head to head, 
 Facing on the single track. 
 Half a world behind each back ? 
 This is what the Engines said 
 Unreported and unread : 
 
 With a prefatory screech, 
 In a florid Western speech, 
 Said the Engine from the West 
 
 PROMONTORY. 
 
 A Point of 
 Historical Interest.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 147 
 
 " I am from Sierra's crest ; 
 And if altitude's a test, 
 Why, I reckon, it's confessed. 
 That I've done my level best." 
 
 Said the Engine from the East : 
 ; They who work best talk the least. 
 S'pose you whistle down your brakes ; 
 What you've done is no great shakes,— = 
 Pretty fair, — but let our meeting 
 Be a different kind of greeting. 
 Let these folks with champagne stuffing'. 
 Not their Engines, do the puffi «£"." 
 
 •* Listen ! Where Atlantic beats 
 Shores of snow and summer heats ; 
 Where the Indian autumn skies 
 Paint the woods with wampum dyes, 
 I have chased the flying sun. 
 Seeing all he looked upon. 
 Blessing all that he has blest, 
 Nursing in my iion breast 
 All his vivifying heat, 
 All his clouds about my crest ; 
 And before my flying feet 
 Every shadow must retreat." 
 
 Said the Western Engine, " Phew ! ' 
 And a long, low whistle blew. 
 "Come novv, really, that's the oddes. 
 Talk for one so very modest, — 
 You brag of your East ! you do ? 
 Why, I bring the East to you t 
 All the Orient, all Cathay, 
 Find through me the shortest way 
 And the sun you follow here 
 Rises in my hemisphere. 
 Really, — if one must be rude — 
 Length, my friend, ain't longitude 
 
 Said the Union, " Don't reflect, ot 
 I'll run over some Director." 
 Said the Central, " I'm Pacific, 
 But, when riled, I'm quite terrific. 
 Yet, to-day we shall not quarrel, 
 Just to show these folks this moral, 
 How two Engines — in their vision — 
 Once have met without collision." 
 
 That is what the Engines said, 
 Unreported and unread ; 
 Spoken slightly through the nose, 
 With a whistle at the close. 
 
 Monument. Before Monument is reached the side-track stations of Rozel 
 and Lake are passed. At Rozel, the great Salt Lake is close to the track on the 
 left, and at Monument, a point of the same name extends into the lake. Here 
 we take our last view of the interesting and mysterious sea which has been our 
 almost constant companion since leaving Salt Lake City. Before us stretches 
 a vast unfertile country, and here, if anywhere, can be found that makeshift of the 
 easy going and old fashioned geography — the "Great American Desert." 
 
 Keltoii, This little place is situated on the eastern edge of the desert,
 
 
 m&i 
 
 lEfBlb 
 
 
 >d 
 
 »• - 
 
 
 
 *s*A 
 
 
 OVER THE RANGE.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 149 
 
 and here tne water-trains of the railroad company obtain their supply of the 
 aqueous fluid and deliver to the stations to the westward on this division. Look- 
 ing to the north the traveler will see the Red Dome mountains, while to the 
 southeast rises Pilot Knob, a prominent feature in the landscape. (Population 
 small. Distance from Ogden, 92 miles. Elevation, 4,222 feet.) 
 
 Towns in the Desert. From Kelton to Toano the road traverses 
 the northern edge of the desert, amidst a scene of general desolation. In a general 
 way this unfertile region may be described as sixty square miles of alkaline sands, 
 evidently a portion of the great ocean bed already referred to Like the arid 
 country, between Fruita and Green River, in Utah, through which we came, 
 on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which only needs irrigation to become 
 fertile, this region is the counterpart. The stations on the desert are of no special 
 interest, but as a matter of record may be named as follows : — Ombey, Matlin, 
 Terrace, Bovine, Lucin, Gartney, Tecoma, Montello, Ullin, and Loray. The 
 train has been ascending the grade, and from Kelton, with an altitude of 4,222 
 feet, to Toano. with an altitude of 5.975 feet, we have made a net gain of 
 1,753 feet, The mountains to the south are the Toano Range, where mines have 
 been discovered, and which gave a phenomenal output of ore some years 
 ago, but concerning which, since that time, little has been heard. The great 
 peak almost directly south, which has been our landmark for the last fifty miles is 
 Pilot Knob, rising to a height of twenty-five hundred feet directly from the 
 plains. This Knob was the beacon of the early emigrant by which he steered his 
 ship of the desert, knowing that near it lay Humboldt Wells, where plenty of 
 water and grass could be obtained for his almost famished stock. 
 
 Toano. A little station marking the western verge of the desert. (Popula- 
 tion small. Distance from Ogden, 1S3 miles. Elevation, 5,975 feet.) 
 
 From Toano the ascent of Cedar Pass is begun. 
 For 22 miles the grade is upward, though not re- 
 markably steep, the road rising only 191 feet. The 
 Cedar Pass Range is comparatively low and ex- 
 tends from north to south, the south fork of the 
 Humboldt River flows through these hills. The 
 Ruby Valley lies to the east, and is sixty miles long 
 by ten wide. The valley is occupied by farmers 
 and is very fertile. There are a number of small 
 fakes in the valley, among which may be mentioned Ruby and Franklin. 
 
 Moors. This station occupies the summit of Cedar Pass. Snow sheds and 
 fences, which can be seen here and for some distance beyond, testify to the fact 
 that the elevation is such as to cause protection against the danger of snow block- 
 ades. (Population small. Distance from Ogden, 210 miles. Elevation, 6,167 feet.) 
 Wells. The grade has been a descending one since we left Moors, and 
 the descent will be continued for nearly three hundred miles. The railroad com- 
 pany has adopted the monosyllabic title of Wells for this station, but for nearly 
 half a century this place has borne the popular title of " Humboldt Wells." Here 
 the railroad repair shop and round house are located, and the town consists of these 
 and twenty-five or thirty other buildings, including a hotel. In this vicinity, the 
 emigrants in the old days of overland travel to California, were wont to make their 
 camp and recuperate their stock after the trying ordeal of the desert. The 
 wells from which the place takes its name are very curious, consisting of circular 
 openings in the ground varying in size, being from four to eight feet in diameter, 
 and filled to the brink with water. No bubbles arise on the surface of the water, 
 
 CEDAR PASS, 
 
 The Divide between the 
 Desert and Hum- 
 boldt Valley. 
 
 Highest Elevation, 
 6,166 feet.
 
 150 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 which trickles off through the grass and sinks into the porous soil. It is said that 
 the wells have been frequently sounded and no bottom found. The water is some- 
 what brackish. There are about twenty of these pools in the little valley, and their 
 life giving influence can be seen in the abundant growth of grass. Because of 
 these peculiar pools Wells is a station of considerable interest to the tourist. (Pop- 
 ulation, 300. Distance from Ogden, 219 miles. Elevation, 5,628 feet.) 
 
 Valley of the Humboldt. After the journey across the desert, the 
 Valley of the Humboldt presents a most delightful appearance to the eyes of the 
 traveler, who is considerably wearied by the constant view of sand and sagebrush. 
 The valley is eighty miles in length and ten in breadth and is occupied by agricul- 
 turists and stock raisers. The river which makes this section of the country fertile 
 rises thirty miles northwest of Wells, and, flowing southwest nearly three hundred 
 miles- empties into Humboldt Lake, which has no outlet. The railroad follows the 
 river closely for two hundred and seventy miles and leaves it at Brown's Station, 
 where one has a fine view of the lake. The railroad follows for the greater part 
 of the way the north side of the river, while the old emigrant trail, parts of which 
 can v et be seen, pursues its course on the opposite side of the stream. 
 
 Tulasco, Bishops, Deeth, Halleck, Peko, Osino, are all small side track 
 stations, useful to the residents of the valley and to the railroad, but of no especial 
 interest to the tourist. After passing Peko, the railroad crosses the north fork of 
 the Humboldt River and at Osino a canon of the same name is entered, and we 
 \e<- v e behind us the pleasant valley of the Humboldt. 
 
 Elko. This is one of the largest towns on the line since leaving Ogden. 
 li 1* the county seat of Elko County and is well supplied with churches, schools, 
 business blocks and comfortable residences. It is also the seat of the state uni- 
 versity. Elko is an important shipping point for stock and for the output of the 
 Eureka, Tuscarora, White Pine and Cape mines, all being within a radius of from 
 twenty-five to one hundred miles. Beyond Elko some ten miles the South Fork of 
 the Humboldt joins the river on the south, watering along its course an excellent 
 grazing country. (Population, 752. Distance from Ogden, 275 miles. Eleva- 
 tion, 5,065 feet.) 
 
 Carlin. Between Elko and Carlin is the small station of Moleen. Some 
 hay meadows intervene and the road passes through Five Mile Canon, where the 
 tourist will behold some rugged scenery. Gold and silver mines within a radius of 
 twenty miles are tributary to the town. (Population, 394. Distance from Ogden, 
 29S miles. Elevation, 4,897 feet.) 
 
 Twelve Mile Canon. The road pene- 
 trates the range of mountains (which trends from 
 north to south) by way of this canon. The walls 
 rise on either side in rugged grandeur, attaining in 
 places a height of a thousand feet. From the pe- 
 culiar stratification of the rocks, resembling that of 
 the famous rockwalls of the Hudson, this canon has 
 been called the Palisades of the Humboldt. Red 
 Cliff is a striking promontory in the midst of the 
 canon, stained with rubescent colors and rising 
 above the track for more than rive hundred feet. 
 
 Palisade. This little town nestles in the heart of Twelve Mile Canon, 
 and is the junction point of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad with the Southern 
 Pacific. The former road is a narrow gauge and was built mainlv to convey ore an<f 
 
 THE PALISADES OF 
 THE HUMBOLDT. 
 
 Height of Walls, 1,000 
 feet. 
 
 Objects of Interest, 
 
 Red Cliff and Devil's 
 
 Peak.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 151 
 
 bullion to the great trunk line. Eureka, its terminus, is a mining town of about 
 six thousand population, engaged principally in mining. Here are stamp mills 
 and smelters handling fifty tons of ore daily. Palisade is the site of the machine 
 shops of the Eureka and Palisade Railroad and is also a great shipping point. 
 Beyond Palisade Station is Devil's Peak, an isolated projection on the south side 
 of the river, rising from the water to the height of three hundred feet. 
 (Population, 300. Distance from Ogden, 308 miles. Elevation, 4,840 feet.) 
 
 Cluro. A small station which stands at the lower entrance of Twelve Mile 
 Canon, and is worthy of mention for this fact. 
 
 Gravelly Ford. This place is entitled to mention because of its 
 historic interest. It was here that the old California trail crossed the river. The 
 " Eord " was often the scene of Indian raids, and the hardy pioneers and the 
 aborigines more than once tried conclusions here, and the blood of both the white 
 and the red man often stained the flow of the Humboldt. 
 
 Beowawe. At this point the Humboldt forces its way through the Red 
 Range of mountains forming a natural " gate," which is the significance of the 
 name Beowawe in the Indian tongue. Beyond the station the road passes through 
 Dottom lands covered with a thick growth of shrubbery, the willow predominating. 
 To the south eight or ten miles lies Hot Springs Valley, taking its title from the 
 hot springs which are found there in great number. These springs are inter- 
 mittent in their flow, resembling in this characteristic, though in a lesser degree, 
 che geysers of the Yellowstone. Beowawe is a station of no very great commer 
 dal importance, but possesses interest because of the peculiar features of the sur- 
 rounding country. (Population small. Distance from Ogden, 326 miles. Eleva- 
 tion, 4,695 feet.) 
 
 Tlie Valley Region. To the north and soiAb of tne Humboldt and 
 nearly opposite Argenta, are several valleys; among the most '-uportant is 
 Paradise Valley — to the north — sixty miles long by ten miles wide, and settled 
 by prosperous ranchmen. Eden Valley, also to the north, is twenty miles long by 
 five miles broad, and thickly settled. Reese River Valley, is to the south, of variable 
 width, not wider than ten miles, and about seventy-five miles in length. The Reese 
 River possesses the peculiarity of sinking into the sand before it reaches the Hum. 
 boldt, and only in times of great abundance of water does it flow beyond the point 
 of its subsidence. 
 
 Battle Mountain. Important as a shipping station for the wining 
 regions in the hills to the north and south ; also the junction of the Nevada Cen- 
 tral Railroad with the Southern Pacific. This is a narrow gauge, and its southern 
 terminus is Austin, ninety-three miles distant from Battle Mountain, with 
 a population of three thousand: The Nevada Central penetrates a rich mining 
 district, and not less than twenty camps contribute to its prosperity. Batfifc 
 Mountain takes its name from the range of mountains to the north of the Hum- 
 boldt, between the Reese River and Owyhee ranges. (Population, 522. Distance 
 from Ogden, 359 miles. Elevation, 4,511 feet.) 
 
 Groleomla. A station for the shipment of ores supplied by adjacent 
 gold and silver mines. The Golconda mine is the nearest, being three miles to the 
 south. (Population, 400. Distance from Ogden, 402 miles. Elevation, 4,392 
 feet.) 
 
 Wiimemucca. County seat of Humboldt County. The town derives 
 its name from a noted Indian Chief who made his home in this region. (Popu- 
 lation, 2,000. Distance from Ogden, 419 miles. Elevation, 4,333 feet.)
 
 AT THE GOLDEN GATE.
 
 HUMBOLDT. 
 
 An Oasis in the Desert. 
 
 The Effect of Irriga- 
 tion. 
 
 Distance from Ogden 
 459 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 4,236 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 153 
 
 The Nevada Desert. We have now fairly entered upon the Nevada 
 Desert, which we shall travel over to the westward until Wadsworth is reached, a 
 di-tance of 138 miles. This stretch of country is the most desolate and the most 
 uninteresting of any of the deserts crossed on the transcontinental journey. It 
 is characterized by an almost total absence of vegetation of any kind, and by a 
 remarkable distribution of scoria, the remains of extinct volcanic action. These 
 deposits of black lava are scattered over a grayish expanse of sand, and are 
 of a general cubical form, varying in size from that of a pea to that of a good-sized 
 house. 
 
 As the train stops at Humboldt, the passengers 
 are surprised to see a beautiful little park filled with 
 thrifty trees and carpeted with luxuriant green- 
 sward. This oasis in the desert is the result of 
 irrigation, and the fountain of cold, clear water that 
 throws its rainbow tinted spray into the air, tells the 
 story as to how this magical transformation has been 
 brought about. The charm of contrast is complete, 
 and taking all things into consideration, I know of 
 no place to be met with on the trip across the 
 continent that the tourist will regard with more 
 pleasure than the unexpected vision of this emerald 
 of the desert. Star Peak, the highest mountain in the Humboldt Range, crowned 
 with perpetual snow, can be seen only seven miles distant to the northeast, and 
 it is a pleasure to learn that the desert gives way to the Lanson Meadows five 
 miles to the northwest, from which large crops of hay are cut. 
 
 Rye Patch. A small station, which derives its name from the fact that 
 wild rye grows here in great quantities. There is in operation here a ten-stamp 
 mill which is supplied with ore from the Eldorado and Rye Patch mining districts 
 lying to the east within a radius of fifteen miles. (Population, 65. Distance from 
 Ogden, 470 miles. Elevation, 4,257 feet.) 
 
 Oreana. A small station of no especial interest. A smelter is located 
 here, and the widened expanse of the river at this point is owing to the fact that 
 a dam has been thrown across it to secure water power. The railroad crosses the 
 Humboldt five miles west of Oreana. (Population, 55. Distance from Ogden, 480 
 miles. Elevation, 4,181 feet.) 
 
 Bl'OWllS. At Browns station the tourist has a good view of Humboldt 
 Lake, as the road approaches it closely. The town itself is of minor importance. 
 (Population, 25. Distance from Ogden, 508 miles. Elevation, 3,929 feet.) 
 
 Mirage. Side track station, deriving its name from the phenomenon 
 peculiar to the desert, which has allured many an early emigrant to destruction 
 through its deceptive influences. The green trees, the lake of bright water in which 
 can be seen the reflection of surrounding objects, which the mirage presents to 
 view, are only optical illusions, and those who left the beaten track to seek the 
 refreshment apparently at hand, frequently paid the penalty of their rashness with 
 their lives. (Population, small. Distance from Ogden, 520 miles. Elevation, 
 4,247 feet.)
 
 154 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 THE LAKE REGION. 
 
 Facts Concerning 
 
 Interesting 
 Bodies of Water. 
 
 A glance at the map of Nevada will reveal the 
 fact that we have now reached what may very 
 appropriately be called the lake region. These 
 lakes have not the clear, sweet water which one 
 generally associates with the term ; but on the 
 contrary are brackish, and hold great quantities 
 of alkali and chloride of sodium in solution. The 
 most important of these lakes are: 
 Humboldt Lake. This sheet of water takes its name from the river 
 which flows into, or rather through it; the fact being that the waters of the river 
 are collected in this basin, and are then conducted further west into Carson Sink— 
 or Lake. All the drainage carried in the channel of the Humboldt River, in its 
 course of three hundred and fifty miles, is concentrated here ; the surplus, as has 
 been said, passing south into Carson Lake which has no outlet. Humboldt Lake is 
 thirty-five miles long by ten miles wide. 
 
 Carson Lake. This lake, which receives the waters of the Humboldt 
 River, through Carson Sink, is due south from Humboldt Lake, and has no outlet. 
 The map shows two distinct bodies of water, namely : Carson Sink and Carson 
 Lake; but during the prevalence of rain both are united, and cover a large extent 
 of country. Carson Lake proper, is twenty miles long by ten wide. 
 
 Mud Lake is situated north of Granite Point, some fifty miles. The 
 famous " Black Rock " stands at the head of Mud Lake. This promontory is 
 eighteen hundred feet in height, and a strong feature in the landscape. The name 
 of this lake is especially descriptive of its peculiar characteristics, especially during 
 the summer when the water is low and muddy. It has no outlet, and at its season 
 of greatest enlargement is fifty miles long by twenty broad. 
 
 WinneillUCCa Lake is of small extent, being about fifteen miles long by 
 ten wide ; it has connection with Pyramid Lake, which lies a short distance to the 
 eastward. 
 
 Pyramid Lake is made the receptacle of the waters of the Truckee River, 
 the outlet of Lake Tahoe, and is about twice the size of Winnemucca Lake, being 
 thirty miles long by twenty broad. 
 
 Walker's Lake has no outlet. It is fifty miles long by twenty wide, 
 and lies about a hundred miles to the south of Mirage. 
 
 Hot Springs. A small station, taking its name from the springs which 
 send up the steam from their heated waters on the right of the track. (Population, 
 42. Distance from Ogden, 535 miles. Elevation, 4,072 feet.) 
 
 Desert. This is the last station in the Nevada Desert, marking its western 
 boundary. From here the grade is an ascending one, and when Wadsworth is 
 reached, nine miles beyond, the desert will have been left entirely. (Population 
 small. Distance from Ogden, 546 miles. Elevation, 4,018 feet.) 
 
 Wadsworth. The tourist finds a pleasant greeting at Wadsworth, for on 
 arriving at the station he sees a beautiful little park, neatly enclosed and orna- 
 mented with a carefully kept lawn and handsome shade trees. The park is not so 
 extensive as that at Humboldt, but is none the less a delight after the long journey 
 across the desert. The town is situated on the eastern bank of the Truckee River, 
 and is prosperous and well built. Here are located the railroad shops for this 
 division of the railroad, and considerable freight business is transacted with the 
 mining camps situated to the south. The Truckee River has its source in lakes 
 Tahoe and Donner, and is a pure and sparkling stream. Six miles south are the 
 Pine Grove Copper Mines, while ten miles south are the Desert Gold Mines
 
 RENO. 
 
 Junctional Point. 
 
 Distance from Ogden, 
 589 miles. 
 
 Population, 4,500 
 
 Altitude, 4,49* feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 155 
 
 tributary to Wadsworth. (Population, 700. Distance from Ogden, 555 miles. 
 Eievation, 4,085 feet). 
 
 In addition to being the county-seat of Washoe 
 County, Reno is a thriving business centre. It 
 possesses all the modern improvements, including 
 electric lights. Its business blocks are well built 
 and its public buildings creditable to the city. The 
 town was named after General Reno, who lost his 
 life in the battle of South Mountain. This is the 
 junctional point for the Nevada & California Rail- 
 road, a narrow gauge, the present terminus for 
 which is Moran. Here also the tourist can take 
 the Virginia & Truckee Railroad for Carson City, 
 Virginia City and points to the north and south. Condensing che statement of 
 connections, they are as follows : Virginia & Truckee Railroad for Carson, Virginia 
 and Mound House, connecting there with Carson & Colorado Railroad for Haw- 
 thorne (stages for Aurora and Bodie), and for Belleville, Candelaria and Keeler; 
 Nevada & California Railroad for Moran (stages for Millford, Susanville, Quincy, 
 Fort Bidwell, Cal.,etc. Stages can also be taken to Eagleville, Alturas, Cedarville 
 and Lake View or Davis Creek. Reno possesses a lively interest to the traveler, 
 as it is the junction point to the world famed Comstock Mines. 
 
 Climbing the Sierra Nevada Range, After leaving Reno the 
 grades grow steeper, and the traveler prepares himself for the grand and striking 
 scenery which he will have the pleasure of beholding until the passage of the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains has been made. For fifty miles the ascent continues until 
 Summit Station is reached, the highest point attained by the Southern Pacific Rail- 
 road on its transcontinental line from Ogden to San Francisco. From Reno the 
 road follows up the course of the Truckee River, and soon enters Truckee Canon. 
 The course of the river is tortuous and the road quickly changes sides, giving 
 varied and interesting views of towering rocks, foaming waters and pine clad 
 mountains. In quick succession the following small stations are passed : 
 
 Verdi, Essex, Mystic, Floriston, Boca, Prosser Creek, Proctor and Winsted. 
 The country between Verdi and Proctor seems pretty well given up to the 
 production of lumber, great quantities of ties, logs and boards being piled beside 
 the track. The river is used as a facile means of transporting these products of 
 the forest. Ice store houses also abound here. 
 
 Truckee. Roofed like an alpine village to shed the deep, moist snows of 
 winfr, Truckee stands at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The 
 town is well built and extends mainly along the north bank of the Truckee River. 
 Lumber is the leading industry, and where the town now stands, once stood a dense 
 forest. It is estimated that the Truckee Basin will supply at least 4,000,000,000 
 feet of lumber, or enough to keep the saw mills going at their present rate for a hun- 
 dred years. The round house for this division of the railroad is located here. 
 Truckee is the shipping point for Donner Lake and the towns of the Sierra 
 Valley. Stages can be taken for Lake Tahoe (fourteen miles) Donner Lake 
 (two miles), and Webber Lake ; also for Sierraville, Sierra City and Plumas 
 Eureka Mine. (Population, 1,500. Distance from Ogden, 623 miles. Elevation, 
 5,819 feet.)
 
 156 
 
 OVER THE RANGE, 
 
 " There is a grandeur and enchantment at all times in the scenery which 
 environs the lakes of this region and never-ending means of pleasure and exhil- 
 aration on their waters; and the panorama of mountain and valley, meadow-Ian^ 
 and woodland, sunshine and cloud, as viewed from Tahoe City is spacious, inspir- 
 iting and impressive. This view is an unspeakably fine one; within the magnificent 
 frame of the Tahoe range is Lake Tahoe, sometimes tranquil, sometimes turbulent 
 but always lovely. The summer sunsets on Lake Tahoe are remarkable for their 
 great beauty and wealth of coloring and are grander than those mirrored on Lakes 
 
 Como and Maggiore. No painter 
 would ever dare to put upon canvas 
 the variegated colors of Tahoe's wa- 
 ters in a summer sunset. It would 
 appear such an exaggeration that he 
 would lose caste among those who 
 demand that the artist's pencil shall 
 be true to nature. None but those 
 who have witnessed the scene would 
 be persuaded of its reality. Such 
 beauty could not be were it not fot 
 the highly reflective qualities of the 
 pure translucent waters which serve 
 as a polished mirror of French 
 
 plate glass." Such is the glowing 
 language of a much traveled author, 
 whose words, though eloquent, fail 
 of depicting the entrancing loveliness 
 of the scenes which one can here be- 
 hold. But it is no reflection upon 
 the descriptive powers of any write: 
 to say that he has fallen short of the 
 yeality. Surely if these scenes are 
 beyond the powers of the artist, no 
 discredit can follow when the writer's 
 pen fails to attain to the full measure 
 of their grandeur and beauty. 
 
 TAHOE 
 SCENERY.
 
 LAKE TAHOE, 
 
 The " Gem of the 
 Mountains. " 
 
 Distance froni Truckee, 
 14 miles. 
 
 Length, of Lake, 
 
 22 miles- 
 Breadth of Lake 
 10 miles. 
 
 Depth, 1,700 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 157 
 
 Lake Tahoe, one of the most beautiful moun- 
 tain lakes in the world, lies in the heart of the 
 Sierras, 6,216 feet above the sea, while mountain 
 peaks surround it, rising to an additional height ot 
 from two to four thousand feet. It is 22 miles in 
 length, io miles in breadth and from ioo to 1,700 
 feet in depth. Its waters are famous the world over 
 for their crystal purity, and their transparency is so 
 absolute that the fish, which abound in great 
 numbers, can be seen distinctly as they swim 
 beneath you, at a distance of eighty feet. On its 
 lovely shores are situated some of the most delight- 
 ful summer resorts. The mid-summer air is cool 
 and invigorating, the hunting and fishing excellent 
 
 and the landscape picturesque and a never-ending delight to the eye. The ride by 
 stage from Truckee to the lake, is a most charming experience, and is thus 
 described by Mr. N. H. Chittenden, a traveler of some distinction : " It was a 
 glorious morning, bright and cool, a rain having fallen the previous evening, 
 tempering the dry mountain air, fragrant with the sweet odor of the pines, to a 
 delicious, exhilarating freshness, and also effectually laying the dust. It is a 
 magnificent drive, following up the dashing Truckee, a fitting outlet for the 
 world's crowning gem of mountain lakes. From thirty to fifty feet in width, 
 clear as crystal pure and cold, it courses swiftly down the mountains, frequently 
 a foaming rapid, but interrupted in its headlong descent by several dams. The 
 valley is from three-quarters to a mile across, the mountains generally not precipitous 
 or very high, though presenting several bold, towering granite cliffs and peaks from 
 five hundred to one thousand and eight hundred feet above the river. The most prom- 
 inent of these, from their resemblance to the human face, are known as the ' Old 
 Woman' and 'Old Man' of the mountains, and the ' Duke of Wellington.' Thick 
 forests of red, yellow and sugar pine, fir and cedar, extend the whole way, 
 except where cleared by the lumbermen. The great saw mill companies are 
 annually cutting millions of feet of the choicest trees, having already advanced 
 about eight miles up the river and back three or four miles therefrom. The lum- 
 ber flumes extend from the great mills at Truckee to the farthest camps, and the 
 sides of the mountains are grooved with log chutes. Down the former are run vast 
 quantities of wood and timber, while down the latter immense logs are shot, with 
 the velocity of thunderbolts, into the river. At the Eight-Mile Crossing, a five-foot 
 monster plunged in as we passed, striking a forerunner fairly endwise, with 
 terrific force, and the noise of distant thunder. Horse railways and long ox teams 
 ire also employed in hauling out the logs from over the summit of the mountains." 
 The tour of the lake is made by an excursion steamer which is taken at Tahoe 
 City. The surroundings of the lake are picturesque in the extreme. Beginning at 
 the right, the coronet of mountains, which surrounds the lake, may be named as 
 follows: the Rubicon Peaks, 9, 28 7. feet above the sea; Mount Tallac, 9,715 feet 
 in height ; Mount Ralston, 9,140 feet; Pyramid Peak, 10,052 feet; Job's Peak, 
 10,637 feet; Geneva Peak, 9.135, and the summits of the Tahoe Range. Down the 
 steep, forest-covered sides of these mountains swiftly descend numerous beautiful 
 streams, Ward's Creek, Blackwood's, McKinney's, Phipp's, Meek's Bay, Lonely 
 Gulch, Cascade Falls, Cascade Lake, Taylor, Little Truckee River, Big Truckee 
 River, Jim Small's Creek, Sevory Cove Creek, Glenbrook, Secret Harbor, Big, 
 Griffin's, Cornelian Bay and Gordon's Creek being the most important.
 
 I 3:
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 1.59 
 
 The shores of Lake Tahoe are indented with beautiful bays, Crystal, Corne- 
 lian, Meeks and Emerald, the latter being the largest and most frequented. It is 
 about eighteen miles from Tahoe City, three miles long, and about half a mile in 
 width. Ben Holladay built a summer residence here, which his family occupied 
 until it was burned in 1879. , 
 
 Capt. Dick, an eccentric old English sailor, chose this wild mountain retreat 
 for his home, built a cabin, and chiseled out a tomb in the solid rock, on the lonely 
 rock-bound island near the entrance. Falling overboard, while intoxicated, Lake 
 Tahoe, which it is said, never gives up its dead, became his last resting-place, in- 
 stead of the grave he had prepared. 
 
 The shores of the lake are dotted with summer residences and pleasure resort 
 villages. Among the latter may be mentioned Tahoe City, Glenbrook, Tallac, 
 Rowlands and McKinneys. Glenbrook is a very pretty village and is the business 
 centre for Lake Tahoe. The thousand and one attractions of this lovely lake can 
 obtain but little justice in 60 brief a description as can be given here; indeed, the 
 most elaborate description would fall far short of the reality, and only he who has 
 had the extreme good fortune to visit the spot can form an adequate idea of its charms. 
 
 Dormer Lake. Made memorable by the 
 terrible fate of the Donner party, thirty-four of 
 whom died of starvation on its shores in the year 
 1846, and taking its name from the leader of this 
 unfortunate company, Donner Lake commands 
 especial attention for its historical associations. Its 
 beauty gives it a leading position among the lakes 
 of the Sierras and has been made familiar through 
 the well known paintings, by Bierstadt. Only three 
 miles from Truckee, it is easy of access. It is about 
 three miles long, one and a half miles wide, and 
 two hundred and fifty feet deep. Its shores are 
 gravelly and the lake is surrounded by great forests of pine, fir and tamarack. 
 
 Webber Lake, a perfect gem, lies in the Sierra Nevadas, about twenty- 
 six miles from Truckee, at an altitude of 6,925 feet above the sea level. It is 
 circular in shape ; its waters crystal white, and with a depth of eighty-four feet. 
 It is considered one of the finest fishing grounds in California, the trout being 
 large and numerous, gamey and delicious. About three-quarters of a mile away 
 from the lake are the falls, having a descent of 105 feet. 
 
 Independence Lake, sixteen miles from Truckee, and ten miles from 
 Webber, is another one of those beautiful gems. It is two and one-half miles long 
 and three-quarters of a mile wide. Its waters are alive with trout. 
 
 Climbing' the Sierra Nevada Range. The ascent of the Sierras 
 begins at Truckee. In order to protect travelers from delay in inclement weather, 
 the railroad company have constructed an almost uninterrupted line of snow 
 sheds for forty miles. These sheds interrupt the view, but they serve an 
 eminently practical purpose and are necessary for winter travel. Through the 
 loopholes cut in the sides of the sheds the tourist catches tantalizing glimpses 
 of magnificent scenery. Donner Lake can be seen below us, gleaming like a dia- 
 mond in its granite setting, while a panorama of pine-clad hills and splintered 
 mountain pinnacles is spread before us. Plunging onward through the snow sheds, 
 the two great engines drag the train upward, while below can be seen the winding 
 roadway we are ascending. Rumbling through a tunnel the train comes to a halt 
 on the highest railroad point in the Sierras. 
 
 DONNER, WEBBER, 
 
 AND 
 
 INDEPENDENCE 
 LAKES. 
 
 Waters of Crystal 
 Whiteness.
 
 160 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 SUMMIT. 
 
 The Highest Railroad 
 
 Point in the Sierra 
 
 Nevadas. 
 
 Elevation, 7,017 feet. 
 
 Distance from Ogden, 
 638 miles. 
 
 Appropriately named, this station is the sum- 
 mit of our railroad ascent. For many years it 
 held the pre-eminence as the highest railroad point 
 in North America, and it still deserves renown 
 as the first to lay claim to so lofty an estate* This 
 is the "divide" from which flow various streams 
 through devious courses to empty at last at widely 
 divergent points into the great Sacramento. Among 
 these streams are the Bear, the American and the 
 South Yuba Rivers. The scenery around Summit is 
 of the grandest description. The mountains tower above us to an altitude of ten 
 thousand feet. Lakes lie below us and waterfalls glimmer down the sides of dis- 
 tant precipices. Here the sportsman can find ample scope for enjoyment. Bear 
 and deer and a vast variety of game haunt the wooded fastnesses and the streams 
 abound in trout. The east-bound tourist who wishes to visit Lakes Tahoe and 
 Donner can take the stage at Summit, and, after enjoying the delights of the 
 mountain drive and an unobstructed view of the scenery, together with a satisfying 
 visit to the lakes, can again resume his journey by taking the cars at Truckee, thus 
 avoiding the up grade return to Summit. 
 
 Cascade. Six miles beyond Summit we pass Cascade, crossing a branch of 
 the Yuba River. To the westward lies Summit Valley, a charming spot for a sum- 
 mer resting place. It is well watered and abounds in luxuriant meadows, which 
 are utilized by stock and dairy men, who have found here an ideal spot for their 
 purposes. Cascade is a growing shipping point for cattle and their products. 
 (Population, 28. Distance from Ogden, 644 miles. Elevation, 6,538 feet.) 
 
 Soda Spring's. Many large soda springs give their name to this side 
 track. Their waters are pleasant to the taste and medicinal in character. One of 
 the springs has been improved and its waters are bottled for shipment. There are 
 also hot springs in the near vicinity. (Population small. Distance from Ogden, 
 647 miles. Elevation, 6,749 feet.) 
 
 Emigrant Gap. Here we catch the last sight of the old emigrant wagon 
 
 road, which we have seen from time to time for the last two hundred and fifty 
 
 miles. (Population, 120. Distance from Ogden, 659 miles. Elevation, 5,221 feet.) 
 
 Blue Canon, Shady Run, Towles, and Alta, are small stations which we pass 
 
 in rapid succession. 
 
 Dutch Flat. Population, 700. (Distance from Ogden, 675 miles. Eleva- 
 tion, 3,595 feet.) 
 
 Historic Ground. To the "men of '49" the names of Alta and 
 Dutch Flat call up many memories of stirring times. The stages still run from 
 Dutch Flat to "You Bet "and " Little York," where mines are still worked; 
 but the palmy days made historic by the achievements of the "John Oakhursts," 
 " Sandy McGees," and " Hank Monks" have passed away. A glimpse can be 
 caught of a scenic attraction of paramount interest as the train passes Shady Run. 
 This is the famous American Cation, with walls two thousand feet high, and of 
 such wonderful perpendicularity that the American River, which flows between 
 them, has never been ascended for a distance of two miles— the extent of the canon.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 161 
 
 CAPE HORN. 
 
 A Scenic Wonder. 
 
 There are few mountain passes more famous 
 than that known to the world as "Cape Horn." 
 The approach to it is picturesque. The north 
 fork of the American River is seen raging and 
 foaming in its rocky bed, fifteen hundred feet 
 below and parallel with the track. A little further 
 on we see the north fork of the North River leap- 
 ing in snowy cascades down the mountain side. 
 The train rolls on and soon is clinging to the side 
 of a mountain wall, which climbs to the clouds above it and drops to the waters 
 beneath ; a hand thrust from the window of the car could drop a stone straight 
 as the plummet falls, into the chasm, two thousand five hundred feet below. We 
 are rounding Cape Horn ! The road having been carved from the solid rock, 
 the workmen, when building the same were suspended from the cliff above by 
 means of ropes until they had blasted sufficient to gain a foothold. A beautiful 
 valley lies beneath us to the left, and across this vale on the opposite side can be 
 seen the line of road on which we shall soon appear. The descent now begins, and 
 Rice's Ravine is crossed, the trestle bridge being S7S feet in length and 113 feet in 
 height. The narrow gauge railroad, which we see beneath us, is the line from 
 Colfax to Nevada City. From the trestle we pass to an embankment, and from 
 the embankment to the solid roadway on the side of the bluff. We have followed 
 the curving road until now we are opposite the tremendous precipice, from whose 
 fearful height we have but just descended. 
 
 Colfax. Named after the statesman, Schuyler Colfax, a steadfast friend to 
 the Southern Pacific Railroad during the early days of its existence. This town is 
 thriving and prosperous. Fruit raising has taken the place of the original industry 
 of mining, and the financial results appear to be eminently satisfactory. There is 
 a large and handsome depot erected at this place, it being the distributing point 
 for Grass Valley, Nevada City, and a large area of agricultural and mining 
 country. The trains of the Nevada County Railroad (narrow gauge) run to and 
 from this depot. (Population, 700. Distance from Ogden, 6S9 miles. Elevation, 
 2,422 feet ) 
 
 Auburn. The approach to Auburn is made through a rugged country, a 
 tunnel seven hundred feet in length being passed just before reaching Clipper Gap 
 — beyond this can be seen the famous gold fields, now abandoned- The town of 
 Auburn is embowered with fruit trees, is well-built and prosperous. Many of the 
 residents of San Francisco and Sacramento spend a part of their summers at this 
 mountain town. Fruit raising has usurped the place of mining among these foot 
 hills of the western slope — vineyards, orchards and vegetable gardens, are now 
 seen on all sides. This condition of things exists all along the slope, and for a 
 distance of twenty miles we pass through California's semi-tropical fruit belt. The 
 quarrying of stone and stock raising are also important industries. (Population, 
 1,700. Distance from Ogden, 707 miles. Elevation, 1,360 feet.) 
 
 Newcastle. Is situated in the midst of a rich farming region, and is an 
 important shipping point for all California fruits. Here are also a number of 
 extensive canning and fruit drying establishments, with unlimited capacity. The 
 early citrous fruits are grown and shipped from this point. (Population, 350. Ele- 
 vation, 956. Distance from Ogden, 712 miles.) 
 
 Rocklin. This little town lies at the base of the foothills, and is famed for 
 the excellent quality of the granite found in its quarries. The round house and 
 machine shops of the railroad company located here are built of this material.
 
 163
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 163 
 
 The State House at Sacramento is also erected of Rocklin granite. (Population, 
 1,100. Distance from Ogden, 721 miles. Elevation, 249 feet.) 
 
 Junction. This station is the junction point for the east side of the great 
 Sacramento Valley and Portland, Oregon ; it is here the branch of the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad intercepts the main Transcontinental Line. (Population, 350. 
 Distance from Ogden, 725 miles. Elevation, 163 feet.) 
 
 TllC Plains Region. A glance from the car window, or a reference to 
 the elevation of Junction Station, given in the paragraph above, will show the 
 tourist that the region of mountains and foothills lies behind him, and that the 
 fertile plains of California have been reached. Broad expanses of gently rolling 
 country greet the eye, dotted here and there with the round-topped, dark-foliaged 
 live oaks, which form strikingly characteristic features in the landscape. Here 
 and beyond in the Sacramento Valley are the great wheat fields of the State, famous 
 in the past for their enormous yield and the magnificent scale upon which the 
 raising of this cereal is carried on. Now, however, fruit raising is gradually 
 usurping this territory, and orchards and vineyards are frequently seen. 
 
 American River Bridge. This bridge spans the current of the 
 American River, and Sacramento is only three miles distant. (Distance from 
 Ogden, 740 miles. Elevation, 49 feet.) 
 
 As is the almost universal rule in the case 
 of large cities one gets a very unsatisfactory view 
 of the town from the railroad station. Several 
 days can be pleasantly and profitably spent by the 
 tourist in Sacramento. It is handsomely built, and 
 its shaded streets and flower ornamented yards pre- 
 sent an exceedingly attractive appearance. It has 
 a complete system of electric street railways. 
 Being the capital of California, the county seat of 
 Sacramento County, and the second commercial city 
 
 SACRAMENTO, 
 
 California's Capital. 
 
 Population, 32,000. 
 
 Elevation, 30 feet. 
 
 Distance from Ogden, 
 743 miles. 
 
 in the State, it has a most prosperous present and promising future. More trains 
 arrive and depart each day than in any other town or city in the State. 
 Sacramento, being the geographical centre, it is the great distributing point 
 for California. Three-fourths of all the fruits shipped from this State each 
 year are shipped from this point. It is at this place all the principal buyers 
 and shippers locate for the purchase of fruits and vegetables. The Southern 
 Pacific Company's shops (which employ from 2,000 to 3,000 men constantly, 
 covering an area of twenty-five acres of land), the largest cannery and 
 packing houses in the State, a woolen mill, foundry, machine shops, etc., 
 are located in Sacramento. For a manufacturing town, the location of 
 Sacramento cannot be excelled. It is ninety miles from San Francisco, with 
 which it is connected by numerous daily trains, and by river steamers. Many of its 
 wholesale houses rival those at San Francisco in the amount of business transacted. 
 It has fine wide streets lined with shade trees, many substantial business blocks, 
 elegant residences, and good hotels. The State Capitol, State Printing Office, 
 State Agricultural Exposition Building (the largest west of the Missouri river), a 
 Free Library, the largest Art Gallery (with one or two exceptions) in the United 
 States, an Old Ladies' Home (where old ladies have the same care and attention, 
 if not better, than they would have in their own homes), are located in Sacra- 
 mento, the two latter were donated to the city by that most estimable and philan- 
 thropic of ladies, Mrs. E. B. Crocker, In fact, Sacramento is the great metropolis 
 of the Sacramento valley.
 
 164 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 The first railroad in California, extending from Sacramento into El Dorado 
 County, was formally opened on February 22d, 1856. Work on the Central Pacific 
 Railroad was inaugurated at Sacramento, January 8th, 1863, and the last spike was 
 driven May 10th, 1869. Sacramento is on the line of the California & Oregon, 
 Western Pacific, Central Pacific, California Pacific, and Sacramento & Placerville 
 Railroads. All these roads are of the Southern Pacific System. The Company's 
 principal hospital, is also located in this city. A line of steamboats runs to 
 San Francisco on the Sacramento River and the bay. and another as far up the 
 same stream as Red Bluff. The Sacramento River is spanned opposite the 
 city by a railroad and wagon bridge, connecting it with the town of Washington, 
 Yolo County ; and the American River is bridged on the line of Twelfth 
 street, and also by a railroad bridge a short distance above. All the bridges 
 in the county and all roads are free. The Capital of California was permanently 
 located at Sacramento, February 25th, 1854, and in 1869 the present Capitol 
 Building was completed, at a cost of about $3,000,000. The building is the 
 finest in the state. In the Capital Park are also the exposition pavilion of the 
 State Agricultural Society, and the State Printing Office, in which are printed, in 
 addition to the usual work for the State, the text-books for use in the public 
 schools. The State Agricultural Society has also an extensive park for the 
 exhibition of stock, and one of the finest race tracks in the world. The State fairs 
 are annually held in September. The Masons and Odd Fellows have each imposing 
 temples, in which their lodge rooms are located. The United States Government 
 has erected a Post Office Building, for which an appropriation of $100,000 
 was made. The County Court House (formerly used for a State Capitol) 
 cost $200,000 ; and a brick and iron Had of Records has recently been 
 completed at a cost of $50,000. The County Hospital built on the pavilion 
 plan, can accommodate one hundred and seventy-five patients, and cost 
 $75,000. The State Library contains some sixty thousand volumes; the Free 
 Public Library, of twelve thousand volumes, with the two story building in which 
 it is contained, is the property of the City, and is maintained by a City tax. 
 The Order of Odd-Fellows maintain a library of about eight thousand volumes. 
 The Crocker Art Gallery is also the property of the City. It is a brick and iron 
 building, three stories high, and in it are contained some of the finest paintings 
 and statuary, together with an extensive cabinet of minerals, the property of the 
 State. 
 
 Webster. Leaving Sacramento, and crossing the Sacramento River on 
 a bridge 600 feet in length, the train passes through Webster, which is a 
 suburb of the city. Beyond we cross a belt of swampy country known locally as 
 " The Tules." The track is elevated above the danger of floods by means of 
 embankments and a trestle bridge. 
 
 Davis. This place is the junction with the main line of a branch passing 
 through the west side of the Sacramento Valley to Tehama, the country round 
 about being rich and fertile, and capable of producing an unlimited amount of 
 fruit, cereals and vegetables. Distance from Ogden, 736 miles. 
 
 Fremont, Dixon, Batavia are soon passed, when we arrive at
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 165 
 
 ELMIRA. 
 
 Junction Point 
 
 to 
 
 Vaca and Capay 
 
 Valleys. 
 
 At this point the tourist will do well to take the 
 side trip through the great Vaca and Capay Valleys. 
 These valleys supply all the earliest fruits and 
 vegetables. The soil is of surprising fertility, 
 yielding bountifully of every crop with no necessity 
 for irrigation. The climate is superb, it being a 
 continual Indian summer the entire year. The 
 health of the inhabitants, their industry, wealth and 
 prosperity, have all tended to make this place the 
 most desirable for settlement. Semi-tropical and citrus fruits grow luxuriantly, 
 and are of unusual size and lusciousness. These valleys are veritable gardens of 
 Eden, and a continuous panorama of a beautiful and picturesque country. 
 Cannon and Suisun are more or less important stations, but of no especial 
 interest to the tourist. Having passed Suisun the waters of Suisun Bay approach 
 the track, and at high tide ripple against the embankment. For twelve miles 
 this bay is always in close proximity. 
 
 Army Point. Distance from Ogden, 797 miles. This is the station for 
 the headquarters of the United States army in California. 
 
 Benicia. Situated on the southern slope of the Suscol hills, Benicia extends 
 down to the bank of the Sacramento River. This is the head of navigation for 
 sea-going ships and is a very charmingly situated city. Benicia was at one time 
 the capital of California, but is now a quiet residence town, with a number of 
 large manufacturing interests to maintain its commercial importance. (Population, 
 2,400. Distance from Ogden, Soo miles. Elevation, 10 feet.) 
 
 Crossing the Straits of Carquinez. From Benicia to Port Costa 
 the journey is continued on the Solano, the largest ferry boat in the world. This 
 boat can transport at one time fifty-four loaded freight cars and consequently finds 
 no difficulty in bearing our entire train safely across the straits, a distance of one 
 mile, with an expenditure of little if any more than twenty minutes of time. To 
 most, this experience is a novel one, and the cars are quickly emptied by their 
 occupants, and the tourists gaze delightedly at the broad expanse of waters and 
 inhale gratefully the invigorating saline odors wafted from the neighboring ocean. 
 The cars are run directly on to the boat and when Port Costa is reached the 
 journey by rail is resumed. 
 
 Port Costa. Here the sea-going ships can be seen lying close to the 
 wharfs, and the tourist begins to appreciate the fact that his long journey to the 
 Pacific coast is nearly completed. At this point the Southern Pacific's line to Los 
 Angeles branches to the southwest. 
 
 Vallejo Juuction. The town of Vallejo lies across the straits a distance 
 of two miles. At this junction a branch line runs to Napa and Calistoga, also to 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 Pinole. Another town of wharfs and warehouses. 
 
 Sixteenth Street, Oakland. This is the small station for the large city 
 of Oakland. The great Bay of San Francisco lies to our right and beyond can be 
 seen the spires of San Francisco. 
 
 Oakland Pier. This marvel of engineering has been constructed for two 
 miles directly out into the bay. At its terminus is an immense building containing 
 waiting rooms and all necessary accommodations for the convenience of the great 
 army of travelers who disembark on the arrival of trains. All the passenger trains 
 for the east, north or south are made up at this depot, and here all incoming 
 passengers leave their trains and are transported on magnificent ferry boats to San 
 Francisco.
 
 166
 
 SAN FRANCISCO TO SAN DIEGO. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 The Great City 
 
 by 
 
 The Golden Gate. 
 
 Population, 
 400,000. 
 
 The first view of San Francisco which the over- 
 land tourist obtains from the bow of the ferry boat 
 that bears him from Oakland Pier to the foot of 
 Market street, is most enchanting. A city set on a 
 hill, beautiful for situation, it commands attention 
 and demands the most enthusiastic admiration. 
 Nor does " familiarity breed contempt." The first 
 pleasant impression is confirmed and deepened by 
 every day's experience within the gates of this most 
 hospitable and beautiful city. Fitz Hugh Ludlow, 
 whose early death was a great loss to literature, if 
 one may judge by the early fruitage of a tree toe 
 soon cut down by cruel frost, speaks glowing words, and true ones of this city by 
 the sea. He says: " To a traveler paying his first visit, it has the interest of a new 
 planet. It ignores the meteorological laws which govern the rest of the world. 
 There is no snow. There are no summer showers. The tailor recognizes no 
 aphelion or perihelion in his custom; the thin woolen suit made in April, is com- 
 fortably worn until April again. Save that in so-called winter frequent rain* 
 falls alternate with spotless intervals of amber weather, and that soi-disant 
 summer is an entire amber mass, its unbroken divine days concrete in it, 
 there is no inequality on which to forbid the bans between May and December. In 
 San Francisco there is no work for the scene-shifter of Nature. The wealth of 
 that great dramatist, the year, resulting in the same manner as the poverty of 
 dabblers in private theatricals — a single flat doing service for the entire play. 
 Thus, save for the purposes of notes of hand, the almanac of San Francisco might 
 replace its mutable months and seasons with one great, kindly, constant, sumptu- 
 ous All the Year 'Round. Out of this benignant sameness what glorious fruits are 
 produced ! Fruit enough, metaphorical ; for the scientific man or artist who 
 cannot make hay while such a sun shines, from April to November, must be a 
 slothful laborer, indeed, But, fruit also literal ; for what joy of vegetation is lack- 
 ing to the man who, every month in the year, can look through his study window 
 on a green lawn, and have strawberries and cream for his breakfast. Who can sit 
 down to this royal fruit, and at the same time to apricots, peaches, nectarines, 
 blackberries, raspberries, melons, figs, both yellow and purple, early apples and 
 grapes of many kinds." 
 
 But aside from the claims of climate, which appealed so strongly to Ludlow, 
 San Francisco has artistic and architectural claims that command respect and 
 admiration, to say nothing of her vast commercial and mercantile interests. 
 
 San Francisco has suffered greatly from fire in the past, but has always 
 arisen from its ashes in renewed beauty. A condensed history of these great 
 conflagrations may be of interest : 
 
 167
 
 168 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 December 24th, 1849. First great fire. More than $1,000,000 worth of 
 property destroyed. 
 
 May 4U1, 1850. Second great fire. Three blocks of buildings consumed. 
 Loss, $4,000,000. 
 
 June 14th, 1850. Third great fire. Loss, $5,000,000. 
 
 September 17th, 1850. Fourth great fire. An extensive area of compara- 
 tively inexpensive buildings destroyed. Loss, $500,000. 
 
 December 14th, 1850. Fire on Sacramento and Montgomery streets. Loss, 
 $1,000,000. This is not generally classed among the great fires. 
 
 May 4th, 1851. Fifth great fire. Eighteen blocks entirely burned, and parts 
 of six others destroyed. The length of the burned district was three-fourths of a 
 mile, and its width half a mile. Loss, $10,000,000 to $12,000,000. 
 
 June 22d, 1851. Sixth great fire. Ten blocks and parts of six others des. 
 troyed. Loss, $3,000,000. 
 
 When the Oakland ferry boat, a most magnificent steamer by the way, enters 
 her pier at the foot of Market street, the traveler will find ample means of convey- 
 ance to any hotel. If of an economical turn of mind he can board a cable car, 
 after running the gauntlet of vociferous "cabbies," and for five cents be carried 
 smoothly and quickly to almost any part of the city ; or, handing his baggage 
 checks to one of the agents of the United Carriage Company, he can drive to his 
 destination in considerable more "style," and at a moderate expense, the amount 
 being determined by the distance traveled — but extortion need not be feared, as 
 cab fares are regulated by a city ordinance. Once at home in hotel or lodgings — 
 and San Francisco can furnish either of these of the very best character — the 
 traveler can map out excursions in the city and its environs that will pleasantly 
 occupy his time for a fortnight, or which can be crowded into the space of three 
 or four days. 
 
 Everybody has heard of the Cliff House and 
 the Seal Rocks. These attractions are pretty sure 
 to command first attention. The Cliff House may 
 be reached by three routes. These are tersely 
 described by Mr. Charles Turrell, in his valuable 
 California notes, as follows : " One of these routes 
 is the old road that begins at the Mission and winds 
 over the hills, affording many attractive views of the 
 city and the bay beyond, the Contra Costa Mount- 
 ains and Mount Diablo towering in the remote east. 
 This road descends to the Ocean beach, passing near Merced Lake — Laguna de la 
 Merced — the largest lake in the county. From the Ocean Side House to the Cliff 
 House, a distance of some two and a half miles, the road follows the sandy beach. 
 As this road is quite long, and the latter part very heavy, but few follow it. An- 
 other route is by Point Lobos avenue, a broad, well macadamized street, com- 
 mencing at the western end of Geary street and continuing in a straight line to the 
 Ocean beach. This was for many years the fashionable drive for San Franciscans. 
 However, since the Golden Gate Park has been opened, and its serpentine drives to 
 the beach completed, the Point Lobos road has fallen into disuse." This drive is 
 the one we took, and we found it a most charming way. The Haight street cable 
 car for Golden Gate Park took our party to the entrance of the Park, and here a 
 carriage was engaged for the drive to the Cliff House and return ; thus economy 
 was subserved and nothing of pleasure lost. The Park, though in a state of tran- 
 sition from wild land to a cultivated Paradise, presented many most charming 
 
 CLIFF HOUSE 
 
 AND 
 
 SEAL ROCKS 
 
 Novel and 
 
 Characteristic 
 
 Attractions.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 169 
 
 views. The abundance of natural flowers, the flora new to our unaccustomed 
 eyes, the conservatory abounding in tropical flowers, the shaven lawns, and the 
 artistically arranged trees and shrubbery, were objects of great interest. From 
 Inspiration Point we obtained a fine view of the Pacific Ocean and the Golden 
 Gate. The most characteristic objects of interest at the terminus of this drive, are 
 the Seal Rocks and their curious occupants. The rocks are conical in shape, three 
 in number, and vary in height from twenty to fifty feet. These rocks are the 
 haunts of seals, and it is said that there is never a moment when scores of these 
 curious marine mammals may not be seen basking in the rays of the sun on these 
 rocks, or struggling among themselves for a place thereon. These seals are pro- 
 
 VIEWS FROM THE CLIFF HOUSE. 
 
 tected by law, and there is, therefore, no great danger of 
 future travelers visiting Seal Rocks only to be disappointed. 
 San Francisco Bay. As a harbor it 
 ranks among the few great seaports of the world. 
 A land-locked sheet of water, some fifty miles long 
 and of varying width. It has the advantage of 
 lying at the central edge of a great area of agricul- 
 tural land. The shipments through this port are 
 very heavy, giving constant employment to a large 
 fleet of steamers and sailing-vessels. It is also the 
 terminal point of the great transcontinental routes. 
 If the tourist will take a seat on the dummy of 
 either the California Street or Jackson Street cable cars and ride as far as Mason 
 Street, the trip will be amply rewarded. Perhaps the best time to view this mag- 
 nificent panorama would be in the forenoon. To the left we have the Golden Gate, 
 the wonderfully beauteous entrance to the still more beautiful bay ; to the right 
 the sheet of water merges into the distant hills bordering the Santa Clara Valley. 
 Before us lie, in semi-circular form, Mt. Tamalpais, standing on the northern side 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO BAY. 
 
 A Beautiful Sheet 
 
 of Water and 
 
 Land - Locked Harbor 
 
 of 
 
 Inestimable Value.
 
 170
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 171 
 
 of the Golden Gate ; Saucelito, San Pablo Bay, the debouchere of California's two 
 great rivers — the Sacramento and San Joaquin ; then we have the Contra Costa 
 Mountains and, just beyond, Mount Diablo's graceful peak, while nestling at their 
 base we distinctly trace the towns of Berkeley, Oakland, Alameda, Haywards, 
 and Oakland Pier. The steamers of the ferry lines may be viewed ploughing their 
 rapid way to and from San Francisco. Close to the Pier, Goat Island rises three 
 hundred and forty feet out of the water. It is the most southerly island in the 
 bay, save the Mission Rock, now surrounded by warehouses, etc. West of Goat 
 Island is Alcatraz Island, situated about one mile due east of the Golden Gate, 
 whose entrance it commands. It is one-third of a mile long and one-tenth of a 
 mile wide, irregular in shape and contains about twelve acres, composed mainly of 
 solid rock. A perfect belt of batteries surround the island, mounting several 
 very heavy guns on all sides as well as on the top. On the highest point of the 
 island stands a light-house, whose light can be seen, on a clear night, twelve miles 
 at sea, outside of the Golden Gate. Next in succession is Angel Island, three 
 miles north of San Francisco, the largest and most valuable island in the bay. It 
 contains six hundred acres of excellent land, watered in many places by natural 
 springs. Three fixed batteries, mounting large, heavy guns, are here, besides 
 large barracks, accommodating the garrison. On the bay we see craft of every 
 kind, from the tiny skiff to the monster six-masted ocean steamers. Scows and 
 steamers may be seen in every direction; the propeller, the paddler are all herein busy 
 activity. Fringing the water front is a forest of masts, the black hulls from whence 
 they spring being scarcely visible on account of the long line of the sea-wall and 
 warehouses that intercept the view. In every direction, lying peacefully at anchor, 
 are vessels just arrived or about to depart. Here, too, snugly harbored, are the 
 little yachts of the different clubs — white-winged birds of pleasure. 
 
 There are several " squares" in San Francisco, the most noted of which is 
 Portsmouth Square, with an area of 275 by 204 feet 2 inches. Its history is 
 important. On July 8th, 1846, Captain Montgomery, of the United States 
 sloop-of-war Portsmouth, then lying in the bay, at the command of Commodore 
 Sloat, raised the American flag on the plaza of what was then called " Yerba 
 Buena " — now San Francisco. A salute of twenty-one guns from the Portsmouth 
 announced the fact that the United States had taken possession of Northern 
 California. This square was then named Portsmouth Square, and at the same time 
 Montgomery street was named in honor of the Captain. 
 
 Telegraph Hill is dear to the hearts of old Californians. In 1849 a signal 
 station was established on this elevation, and the dwellers at the " Bay" were 
 notified of the approach of vessels from sea by means of a well understood system 
 of signals. A tract of 275 feet square on the summit of the hill has recently been 
 purchased by some public spirited citizens and presented to the city for a perpetual 
 park. 
 
 Many tourists take interest in the cemeteries of a city ; to such a brief mention 
 of those in San Francisco will be interesting. Most of these "cities of the dead " are 
 best reached via the Geary Street Cable Railway. Laurel Hill Cemetery, near the 
 foot of a solitary hill, called Lone Mountain, presents the finest examples of 
 mausoleum architecture in California. Landscape gardening contributes greatly to 
 the beauty of the scene. 
 
 The four principal cemeteries of the city surround Lone Mountain. They are 
 " Laurel Hill," " Calvary," the Roman Catholic burial ground, and the cemeteries 
 of the Masons and the Odd-Fellows.
 
 172 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 The oldest building in San Francisco and the 
 one most noted, considered historically, is the Mission 
 Church, on the corner of Dolores and Seventeenth 
 Streets. Considerable of the original building re- 
 mains and many of the interior decorations have 
 been, to a certain degree, retained in their pristine 
 state — sufficient to recall the times of the early 
 fathers. The adobe walls are three feet thick, rest- 
 ing on a low foundation of rough stone, not laid in mortar ; and the roof is covereo 
 with heavy semi-cylindrical tiles. The floor is of earth, except near the altar, and 
 the entire structure rude in character and still used for purposes of worship. 
 
 THE 
 
 MISSION DOLORES. 
 
 Oldest Building in 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Founded Oct. 8, 1776. 
 
 IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY 
 
 Adjoining it is the Mission Cemetery, not used for purposes or interment since 
 1858. Many of the inscriptions on the tombs are in Spanish. Clustering around 
 the mission are a few adobe buildings, red tiled but dilapidated, yet speak to the 
 thoughtful of five score years and more. It is best reached by taking the Castro 
 Street cable car of the Market Street Railway. 
 
 The theatres are numerous and first class, but English theatres are the same 
 in kind the world over, and need no special description. Not so, however, with 
 the Chinese theatre. This is sui generis, entirely novel and of remarkable interest. 
 There are two of these theatres in San Francisco, and the histrionic peculiarities of 
 the Celestial drama can here be seen in greater perfection than in any other city in 
 the world, with the exception of those of China. There is no danger in visiting 
 these theatres, as they are as well conducted, in their peculiar Chinese way, as any 
 other place of amusement ; but if there is a party, especially if it contains ladies, 
 the escort of a guide should be secured. Through his influence and acquaintance 
 seats can be obtained upon the stage, and a fine view of the wonderful perform-
 
 TO THE GOLDEN' GATE. 173 
 
 ance obtained. The stage has no scenery. The orchestra occupies the back of 
 the stage, and the most industrious member of it is the man who manipulates the 
 big bronze cymbals and the gongs. This fellow punctuates the dialogue with 
 vigorous blows on his loud resounding instruments, giving to the drama the 
 characteristic of operatic recitative. The other instruments are the Chinese violin 
 and fife. The result is a queer kind of barbaric harmony, but to the English ear 
 there is absolutely no melody. The "property " man sits on the stage in full view 
 of the audience and supplies the actors with such properties as they may need 
 during the action of the play. The actors are masters of their art. They possess 
 great facial mobility, and even through their conventional " make up "one can 
 recognize their histrionic ability. No women are allowed to act in the Chinese 
 dramas, and all female characters are played by men. These actors are exceedingly 
 clever, and in voice and action imitate the weaker sex most admirably. A good 
 female impersonator receives a very large salary from the management. Whenever 
 it is necessary to personate a death upon the stage, the actor lies quietly for a 
 moment, and then calmly rises and walks off. A stick with a tuft of horse hair 
 represents a horse, and a gesture of the leg signifies that the cavorting animal has 
 been mounted. After all, these conventionalities are not much more crude than 
 those of the Shakesperian age. The dramas are historical, and some of them are 
 more extended even than a Wagnerian triology — requiring from three to four weeks 
 to present a single play. 
 
 It would be vain for the writer to attempt to give a circumstantial description 
 of the attractions of San Francisco. It would require a volume, and the pen of a 
 Bayard Taylor to do the city justice. As a convenience for strangers, the follow- 
 ing list of places of amusement and points of general interest is annexed : 
 
 New Baldwin Theatre — Baldwin Hotel. Market and Powell. 
 
 The Alcazar — O'Farrell street, between Stockton and Powell. 
 
 Bush Street Theatre— Bush street, above Montgomery. 
 
 Stockwell's Theatre — Powell street, opposite Baldwin Hotel. 
 
 Tivoli Opera House — Eddy street, near Baldwin Hotel. Grand operatic 
 performance every evening. Grand orchestra and chorus. Admission, 25 cents. 
 Extra to reserve. 
 
 Wigwam Theatre — Geary and Stockton streets. Admission, 10 cents and 
 25 cents. 
 
 Panorama Building — Corner Tenth and Market streets. Open daily (Sun- 
 days included) from 9 a. m. to 11 p. m. Admission, 50 and 25 cents. 
 
 "Orpheum" Opera House — O'Farrell street, opposite "Alcazar." Ad- 
 mission, 25 cents. Extra to reserve. 
 
 Morosco's Grand Opera House — Mission street near Third street. 
 
 Chinese Theatre — Grand Chinese Theatre, S14 Washington street. Per- 
 formances every evening by full Chinese Company. Admission, 50 cents. Private 
 Boxes, $3.00. 
 
 Golden Gate Park — Contains over 1,000 acres ; extends from Baker street 
 to the Pacific Ocean, 3^ miles. Reached by Market Street Cable Railway via 
 Haight, Hayes, or McAllister streets, from ferries ; or, Geary Street Cable Road, 
 from corner of Kearney and Geary streets ; and via Powell or California Street 
 Cable Roads. It was in this beautiful Park that the Mid- Winter Fair of 1894 
 was located.
 
 GLIMPSE OF CELESTIAL LIFE IN SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 174
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 175 
 
 Cliff House and Seal Rocks — Point Lobos, 6 miles from City Hall. A 
 magnificent drive over a perfect road leading through Golden Gate Park ; or, can 
 be reached by Market Street Cable Railroad, Haight Street Division, connecting 
 at terminus with trains of Park & Ocean Railroad direct to Ocean Beach, near 
 Cliff House. Distance from Oakland Ferry, about 8 miles ; time, 55 minutes ; 
 fare, 10 cents. Also reached by Powell Street Cable Railroad and Ferries and 
 Cliff House Railroad. 
 
 Sutro Heights — The private garden of Adolph Sutro, made beautiful 
 beyond description by the gardener and artist, is just back of the Cliff House, but 
 higher up. Open daily from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m. 
 
 Presidio Reservation — Fronts on the Golden Gate for about two miles. 
 It has several beautiful drives, is owned by the Government, and its barracks have 
 the largest military force on the Pacific Coast. Drive out California Street or take 
 California Street, Jackson Street or Union Street cable cars. 
 
 Postoffice — Corner of Washington and Battery Streets. General delivery 
 is open from 7:30a. m. to 11:00 p. m. everyday, Sundays excepted ; Sundays, 
 from 1 to 2 p. m. Branch postoffice, station " A," 1309 Polk street ; " B," City 
 Hall ; "C," Twentieth and Mission streets ; " D," Market street Wharf ; " E," 
 Third and Townsend streets ; " F," Post and Devisadero streets ; "G," 17th and 
 Market streets; " H," Laguna and Ivy avenue; "J," Stockton and Union; 
 "K," 30 New Montgomery. Branch offices open from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. daily 
 except Sunday. Open on Sundays from 1 p. m. to 2 p. m. 
 
 Markets for fruit, flowers, fish, game and other produce: California 
 Market, California Street, below Kearney ; Centre Market, Sutter and Grant 
 Avenues. Visit early in morning. Semi-tropical fruits and flowers all the year 
 round. 
 
 San Francisco Stock Exchange— Pine street, between Montgomery and 
 Sansome. 
 
 Merchants Exchange— California street, between Montgomery and San- 
 some. 
 
 United States Mint— Fifth and Mission streets. Visitors admitted from 
 9 a.m. to 12 noon, except Saturday and Sunday. 
 
 California State Mining Bureau— New Pioneer Building, Fourth street. 
 This institution has the largest and most valuable collection of ores, minerals, 
 fossils, and Indian relics, in the United States. 
 
 Mission Dolores— Founded 1776 ; 17th and Dolores streets. Reached by 
 Valencia Street Division of Market Street Cable Railway. 
 
 Alcatraz Island and Angel Island — Permission to visit these may be 
 secured at department headquarters, Phelan Building, Market St., except Sundays. 
 Steamer General McDowell visits them daily. 
 
 Eastern Railway Lines— The offices of all agents of eastern railroads, 
 represented in San Francisco, are on Montgomery, Market and New Montgomery 
 streets ; in close proximity to Palace, Grand and Occidental Hotels. 
 
 Express Offices— Wells, Fargo & Co., corner Mission and New Montgomery 
 streets, opposite Palace Hotel. 
 
 Street Car Fares— The fare on all street car lines, both horse and cable, 
 is 5 cents. 
 
 Hack Fare — One person, not more than one mile...... $1 50 
 
 Two or more persons " " ...... 2 50 
 
 Four or less, by the hour — first hour 3 00 
 
 Each subsequent hour ........................... 2 00
 
 176
 
 OAKLAND. 
 
 Beautiful Residence 
 City. 
 
 Population, 75,000. 
 
 Distance from 
 San Francisco, 8 Miles. 
 
 Elevation, 13 Feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 177 
 
 Cabs — One person, not more than one mile ... 50 
 
 Two or more persons, by hour — first hour .. 1 50 
 
 Each subsequent hour I 00 
 
 Oakland. It is to be supposed that the 
 tourist in his stay in San Francisco has not neglected 
 to visit this garden city. The town is beautifully 
 situated on the east shore of the bay, the land slop- 
 ing gradually down to the waters from the Contra 
 Costa Mountains, which rise back of the city at a dis- 
 tance of a few miles. The foot hills are crowned 
 with the suburban villas of wealthy merchants of 
 Oakland and San Francisco, and from their veran- 
 dahs can be obtained a most extensive and pleasing 
 view of the bay, San Francisco and the Ocean 
 beyond. Oakland is one of the most beautiful resi- 
 dence cities in the world, and in point of sylvan beauty has few if any rivals. The 
 houses are tastefully built, many of them of the greatest elegance, surrounded by 
 extensive and well kept grounds, embowered in trees and glowing with a lavish 
 wealth of roses. It must not be supposed, however, that Oakland is not also a 
 business town. On the contrary, it possesses large mercantile and manufacturing 
 establishments. Electric lights illuminate the wide and well paved streets ; cable 
 and electric car lines are numerous and none of the modern improvements lacking. 
 Schools and churches abound. Oakland is a city of colleges, and numbers among 
 these institutions of higher education the following : The State University 
 School, the Oakland Military School, the Convent of Our Lady of the Sacred 
 Heart, the Oakland Female Seminary, the Female College of the Pacific, and the 
 University of California, at Berkley, four miles distant. Among the large manu- 
 facturing establishments may be mentioned the extensive machine shops of the 
 Southern Pacific Company, the Judson Manufacturing Company, the Pacific Iron 
 and Nail Company, besides cotton mills, jute mills, flour mills, and innumerable 
 other institutions, employing a large amount of capital and thousands of men, 
 women and children. One can reach San Francisco from Oakland every fifteen 
 minutes by train and ferry. Oakland is a most charming place, and is the home of 
 an enterprising, hospitable, and intelligent class of people. 
 
 Southward Boillld. Having spent a most delightful season in San 
 Francisco, the tourist's face is turned southward, and the journey to Los Angeles 
 and San Diego begins. Taking the Oakland ferry, at the foot of Market street, 
 one is borne pleasantly over the waters of the bay and lands at Oakland pier, 
 where he takes the Southern Pacific train for Los Angeles. 
 
 Doubling on our Track. From Oakland to Port Costa we follow the 
 same line as that upon which we entered San Francisco, therefore, it is not neces- 
 sary to make mention of the intervening stations. Passing Port Costa, the line 
 has the Sacramento River on its left, and rolling hills on its right. Beyond the 
 river can be seen the town of Benicia nestling among the coves of the Suscal Hills. 
 Martinez. A pleasant village among the hills. Fruit trees and vines 
 abound, and the inhabitants of the towns and surrounding country are mainly 
 engaged in horticulture. Martinez is the county seat of Contra Costa County, 
 and is a most quiet and charming place of residence. Citrus fruit, grapes of all 
 varieties, and deciduous fruits flourish without irrigation, and the climate is so 
 mild that semi-tropical plants grow out of doors without any special protection. 
 (Population, 1,500. Distance from San Francisco, 35 miles. Elevation 10 feet.)
 
 ON WHEELS, THROUGH GOLDEN GATE PARK. 
 
 178
 
 TO THE GOLDEN 1 GATE. 179 
 
 Avon, Bay Point and Cornwall are small intermediate stations. 
 Coal Mines. About six miles south of Cornwall are large coal mines, the 
 tramways for the conveying of the product of these mines pass over our track, and 
 deliver the coal at Pittsburgh Landing on the river, whence it is carried by water to 
 destination. From Martinez to Antioch the road passes through a hill country on our 
 right, with the river to the left. Many deep cuts occur, and numerous small tribu- 
 taries flow down the gulches, into the river. Up these gulches we catch 
 glimpses of neat farm houses, surrounded by well cultivated fields and orchards. 
 Mount Diablo rises to the south, and reaches an elevation of 3,896 feet. 
 Among the foot hills of this mountain are the mining towns of Stewartville, 
 Empire, Nortonville and Somerville. At Cornwall to our left lies Suisun Bay, 
 and here the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers have their junction. 
 
 Antioch. A shipping point for coal. The town itself is a mile north on 
 the banks of the San Joaquin River. From this point also large quantities of vege- 
 tables, strawberries, fruit, etc., are shipped to San Francisco. (Population, 700. 
 Distance from San Francisco, 55 miles. Elevation, 46 feet.) 
 
 Bentwood. Wheat fields begin to appear here, dotted with live oaks. 
 The town is small and supported by agricultural industries, It is situated on the 
 Marsh Grant of 13,000 acres, on which much stock is fed. 
 
 Byron. The most attractive thing about 
 this station, to the invalid and the tourist, is, its 
 near proximity to the Byron Hot Springs, situated 
 two miles to the south. The country round about 
 is famous for its production of wheat, alfalfa, fruit 
 and grapes. This being a portion of the great wheat 
 belt. The hot springs have attracted much atten- 
 tion, and a large hotel and bath houses have 
 been erected. The springs are varied in their characteristics, being both hot 
 and cold, and possessing in turn the constituents of sulphur, iron, soda and mag- 
 nesia. There are mud baths, and in fact all varieties of bathing. The temperature 
 of some of the springs is as high as 130 Fahrenheit. 
 
 Bethany. Distance from San Francisco, 76 miles. 
 
 Tracy. The junction of the old Western Pacific route from San Francisco 
 to Sacramento via Livermore Pass with our line to the south. Tracy is surrounded 
 by broad wheat fields, which extend to the northward beyond the reach of vision. 
 (Population, 400. Distance from San Francisco, 71 miles. Elevation, 64 feet.) 
 
 Banta. Small station three miles from Tracy, after passing which we cross 
 the San Joaquin River on a very long draw bridge. (Population, 150. Distance 
 from San Francisco, 74 miles. Elevation, 30 feet.) 
 
 Lathrop. Junction of the old Western Pacific and the Sunset Route. This 
 is a regular meal station and here the railroad company have erected a large hotel, 
 in which are also their offices. Lathrop is in the heart of the great San Joaquin 
 wheat belt. (Population, 600. Distance from San Francisco, 83 miles. Elevation, 
 26 feet.) 
 
 The San Joaquin Valley. After crossing the San Joaquin River and 
 turning to the right, our course is up the famous San Joaquin Valley — the great 
 granary of California. Here are five million acres of the best wheat land in the 
 world. A valley two hundred miles long by thirty miles broad, which when 
 vivified by the magic touch of irrigation, produces not only wheat but also almost 
 every thing that can be raised in tropical or temperate zones — wheat, corn, oats, 
 flax, apples, oranges, lemons, figs, nuts, olives — the list is too extended for 
 
 BYRON HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 Bathing 
 
 and 
 
 Health Resort.
 
 180 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 recapitulation. Properly conserved there is water enough to irrigate the whole 
 valley, and in many places the natural supply of water has been supplemented by 
 that flowing from artesian wells. After passing Lathrop, we rattle through a 
 number of small stations, all of them with large shipping warehouses, speaking 
 eloquently of the generous output of the soil. 
 
 Passing through Morano, Ripon, and Salida, small stations, we reach 
 Modesto. County seat of Stanislaus County, and a prosperous and pretty 
 town, surrounded by an industrious agricultural people. (Population, 2,500. 
 Distance from San Francisco, 114 miles. Elevation, 91 feet.) 
 
 Between Modesto and Merced are the unimportant stations of Ceres, Turlochs, 
 Livingston, and Atwater. 
 
 Merced. A well-built town, the county seat of Merced County. Possessed 
 of good public buildings, fine private residences, and surrounded by an exceedingly 
 rich agricultural country, and destined to be a great manufacturing center, Merced 
 has prospered and will continue to prosper. The county has a population of 
 75,000, nearly all engaged in agricultural pursuits. (Population, 3,000. Distance 
 from San Francisco, 152 miles. Elevation, 171 feet.) 
 
 Atlllone. Before Athlone is reached we cross the Mariposa River, and 
 after it is passed the Conchilk River. Wheat fields are on every hand. Irrigating 
 ditches abound. Vineyards are frequently to be seen. And Athlone, a quiet little 
 village, sits in the midst of fertile fields. (Population, 50. Distance from San 
 Francisco, 162 miles. Elevation, 210 feet.) 
 
 This station is situated at the junction with the 
 main line of the Yosemite extension of the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad, which extends to Raymond, a dis- 
 tance of twenty-one miles to the eastward. From 
 Berenda a good view of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
 tains can be had. Among the highest peaks in view 
 are those of Mount Lyell, Mount Tyndal, Mount 
 Goddard and Mount Whitney. These mountains, 
 which exceed 14,000 feet in altitude, impress one 
 deeply with their vast proportions, more especially 
 because we are so near the sea level, being at an 
 elevation of less than three hundred feet. Berenda 
 has an agricultural and grazing country directly 
 tributary to it. (Population, 85. Distance from San Francisco, 178 miles. Eleva- 
 tion, 256 feet.) 
 
 Madera. This is a leading shipping point for lumber, which is delivered 
 to this point from the foot-hills by means of a flume fifty-three miles in length. The 
 great work of constructing this flume was completed in 1876, which has been in 
 service ever since. The amount of lumber delivered in this way during the last ten 
 years is something enormous, as may readily be gathered from the fact that one 
 year's delivery amounted to over twenty-two million feet. (Population, 1,500. 
 Distance from San Francisco, 185 miles. Elevation, 278 feet.) 
 
 Fresno. Between Madera and Fresno there is some interesting country. 
 Just after leaving Madera we cross the Fresno River, beyond Sycamore the 
 San Joaquin River, and at Borden, Cottonwood Creek. The sand dunes wil) 
 attract your attention beyond Sycamore — queer little hills of sand fifteen to *wenty- 
 five feet in diameter and three to six feet high. Fresno is the county-seat of 
 Fresno County, and is a most thriving and prosperous city. It has electric 
 lights, telephones street railroads, water works, in short, all the modern im- 
 
 BERENDA. 
 
 Junction Point 
 to the 
 World's Famous 
 Yosemite Valley. 
 Big Trees, etc.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 181 
 
 provements. Redwood and pine is the material mostly in use for building pur- 
 poses, and the town possesses many elegant public and private edifices. A 
 great variety of industries are tributary to the town. Fresno County has about 
 50,000 acres planted to grapes, and shipped last year over eight million pounds of 
 raisins. This is but a small part of the product of the county. The shipments of 
 various farm products reached the high figure of one hundred and sixty million 
 pounds of freight. There is an abundant supply of water for irrigation, being 
 
 THE PETRIFIED FOREST. 
 
 brought from the mountains by means of canals having an aggregate length of 
 eleven hundred miles and costing two million dollars. The capacity of these 
 canals for irrigation covers a space of over seven hundred thousand acres, thus 
 making Fresno County one of the richest agricultural regions in the world. Lom- 
 bardy or the Nile Valley are not richer in possibilities. Many colonies have 
 formed settlements in the vicinity of Fresno. These enterprises, through intelli- 
 gent and united industry, have proved very successful. With a salubrious climate :
 
 182 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 fine scenery, fertile land and an industrious people, Fresno has every reason to 
 anticipate a continuance of her phenomenal success. (Population, 12,000. Dis- 
 tance from San Francisco, 206 miles. Elevation, 293 feet.) 
 
 Selllia. Surrounded by a wheat growing country and supplied with good 
 flouring mills, this town is in a flourishing condition. A great deal of wheat is 
 shipped from this station — twenty million pounds last year. The town has most 
 all the modern improvements. (Population, 2,200. Distance from San Francisco, 
 221 miles. Elevation, 311 feet.) 
 
 King'SDUl'g'. This enterprising little town owes its prosperity to the fact 
 that it is situated in the famous wheat belt. Here are to be seen big warehouses 
 for storing wheat, large quantities of which are shipped from this station annually. 
 The cultivation of fruit is beginning to attract attention of the people. Irriga- 
 tion is the salvation of this country, and the water is secured, not only through 
 ditches, but also by means of windmills from wells varying in depth from fifteen 
 to fifty feet. Soon after leaving the town, we cross King's River on a trestle 
 bridge, the approach to which is made over a long, high embankment. (Popula- 
 tion, 450. Distance from San Francisco, 227 miles. Elevation, 300 feet.) 
 
 King's .River, a large, clear body of water, rises in the Sierras to the 
 northeast, and flows southwesterly in a broad and tortuous channel, irrigating a 
 large scope of territory. King's River is the boundary line between Fresno and 
 Tulare Counties. 
 
 Traver. This is a new town, showing evidence of prosperity and thrift, 
 possesses a flouring mill, machine shops, planing mills and other business enter- 
 prises of commercial importance. (Population, 600. Distance from San Francisco, 
 232 miles. Elevation, 291 feet.) 
 
 Goshen. The junction of the Goshen Division, which extends a distance 
 of sixty miles to Alcalde. (Population, 75. Distance from San Francisco. 240 
 miles. Elevation, 286 feet.) 
 
 The Goshen Division. There are a number of small towns on this 
 branch, as follows: Hanford, Armona, Grandeville, Lemore, Huron and Alcalde. 
 The land through which the road passes is very fertile, and prices for it range 
 from one hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars per acre. 
 
 Visalia. This town is the county-seat of Tulare County, and is situated 
 seven miles to the eastward of Goshen, being connected with that station by means 
 of a motor road. The Kaweah River flows through Visalia and aids in irrigating 
 this most fertile region. (Population 3,000. Distance from San Francisco, 247 
 miles. Elevation, 290 feet.) 
 
 Resources of Tulare County. The resources of this county are 
 mo^t varied, the plains and the mountains meeting here; hence, the farming and 
 fruit-raising of the one are supplemented by the mining, lumber industries and 
 stock-raising of the other. There are about two million and a half acres of territory 
 in the mountains, about eight hundred thousand acres among the foot-hills, eleven 
 hundred thousand acres of valley and two hundred thousand acres in Tulare Lake 
 and its surrounding' " tule" lands. The mountains are covered with timber, and 
 tnines of gold, iron, copper and zinc are worked. The foothills produce almost 
 every variety of deciduous and citrus fruits, together with grapes — both wine and 
 raisin. Lands can be bought here at prices ranging from twenty-five to three 
 hundred dollars an acre.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE 
 
 183 
 
 TULARE. 
 
 Commercial 
 
 and 
 
 Agricultural Centre. 
 
 Population, 
 
 4,000. 
 
 Distance from San 
 
 Francisco, 251 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 383 feet. 
 
 Ten miles beyond Goshen we come to Tulare. 
 a thriving town of recent growth, with railroad 
 roundhouse, shops and good station buildings. 
 This is a large shipping point, not only via the 
 railroad, but by means of wagons to interior 
 points. 
 
 Irrigation in the Artesian Belt. The 
 question of irrigation in California has been one 
 of much vexation and exceedingly difficult of solu- 
 tion. The supply of water has been so very limited 
 I Elevation, 383 feet. l ^ at m 'hions of acres of land, as fertile as any in 
 
 ._ ^____^_^^^_^^^_^ the world if irrigated, and absolutely worthless 
 without water, have lain fallow for years. Fortu- 
 nately for California, it has been discovered that this lack of water can be supplied 
 in many instances through the agency of artesian wells. In certain sections 
 of the country these resources have been developed, and the result has been the 
 establishment of what are popularly known as "artesian belts." One of these 
 zones extends from Caliente to Stockton, the greatest development being in 
 Merced, Fresno, Tulare and Kern Counties, where over seven hundred flowing 
 wells have been established. These wells are from 250 to 700 feet in depth, 
 and an average well will irrigate about 150 acres of land. The capacity of each 
 well can be largely increased by means of storage reservoirs. After leaving 
 Tulare the derricks of artesian well-borers can be seen on each side of the 
 railroad in great numbers. 
 
 Tipton is a small station of no very great importance, except from the 
 fact that it is the shipping point for sheep, which are raised in great numbers in 
 the surrounding country. Seven miles to the west lies Tulare Lake, which is quite 
 a large body of water, being thirty miles long by twenty-five miles wide, and 
 abounding in fish and water fowl. Tipton is surrounded by a good agricultural 
 country, and enjoys its full measure of prosperity. (Population 400. Distance 
 from San Francisco, 262 miles. Elevation, 267 feet.) 
 
 Beyond Tipton are to'be seen great numbers of windmills, used particular for 
 the work of irrigation. Immense groves of eucalyptus, or blue gum trees can be 
 seen from the train. Pixley, Alila, Delano, Poso and Lerdo are small stations of 
 minor importance. We cross the Kern River between Lerdo and Bakersfield. 
 
 Bakersfield is the county-seat of Kern County, situated at the junction 
 of the two forks of Kern River. The town has the usual complement of public 
 and private buildings. It is surrounded by an exceedingly fertile country. Four- 
 teen miles southwest is Kern Lake, seven miles long by four wide, while six miles 
 farther is Buena Vista Lake, a somewhat larger body of water. Irrigation has 
 been brought to great perfection in this county, there being seven hundred miles of 
 irrigating canals within its limits, the largest having a width of one hundred feet 
 and a length of forty miles. Twenty-five miles southwest of Bakersfield are the 
 Buena Vista Oil Works. Tim oil region, eight miles long by three wide, only 
 needs development to become an exceedingly valuable property. Bakersfield has, 
 as may be seen by the above, a most productive country surrounding it. (Popula- 
 tion, 2,500. Distance from San Francisco, 314 miles. Elevation, 415 feet.) 
 
 Caliente. This station is at the entrance to the famous Tehachapi Pass, 
 and is located in the embrasure of a deep and narrow canon, up which the train 
 takes its difficult way. This is a shipping point for freight from interior points 
 delivered to the road by wagons. It is also quite a stage station, stages leaving
 
 184
 
 The Famous Loop, 
 
 TEHACHAPI PASS. 
 
 Distance from San 
 Francisco, 353 miles. 
 
 Length of Loop, 
 3,795 feet. 
 
 Altitude of Tunnel, 
 3,956 feet. 
 
 Altitude of Crossing, 
 3,034 feet. 
 
 Altitude Gained, 
 78 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GA TE. 185 
 
 Caliente for Basin, Havilah, Hot Springs, Weldon and Kernville. (Population, 50. 
 Distance from San Francisco, 336 miles. Elevation, 1,290 feet.) 
 
 The twenty-four miles of journey up and down 
 the Sierra Nevadas, at the point where the railroad 
 makes the passage of this range dividing the broad 
 valley of the San Joaquin and the desert of Mojave, 
 is a most remarkable experience, and brings before 
 our eyes the wonderful triumph of railway engineer- 
 ing skill. It is alleged that three civil engineers of 
 great reputation first undertook to survey a passage 
 through these peaks and crags, and, after repeated 
 attempts, declared the route impassible. A boy 
 of twenty took up the work where his elders had 
 forsaken it, and this miraculous railway path over 
 and through the mountains is the result. Con- 
 cerning this famous pass, Mr. E. McD. Johnstone writes graphically as follows : 
 "As the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges in the north culminate in the great 
 peak of Shasta (41 24'), so in the neighborhood of Tehachapi Pass (35°) these two 
 great chains blend their distinguishing features of fern slope and icy crag, and 
 are lost in an inextricable mass of jumbled up peaks of every conceivable form and 
 variety. Although nature has reared no such colossal masterpiece as Shasta in the 
 welding of her great rock bands in the South, she has managed to throw up her 
 earth-works in a manner so impregnable as to seemingly defy the art of man to 
 penetrate. The physical features of this Tehachapi country (the lowest pass 
 being 4,000 feet altitude) seemed to, and did for a time, baffle the shrewdest 
 engineers, but, finally, the track, by doubling back upon, and crossing itself, by 
 climbing, squirming and curving, resulted .in a success and gave us one of the 
 most famous and dextrous pieces of railroad engineering in the world." 
 
 Tehachapi Summit. The station at the summit of the pass is at an 
 elevation of 3,964 feet, and is the highest point on this extension of the line. 
 Sheep feed on the grass, which is abundant in the valleys and gulches which sur- 
 round the station. 
 
 Descending- to the Desert. For several miles the train rolls along 
 on a level plateau on the summit of this range before the descent to the Mojave 
 Desert is made. A small salt lake is passed, where abundance of the chloride of 
 sodium, that important article of commerce, can be shoveled up from the bed of 
 the lake, it being entirely exposed during the summer by the evaporation of its 
 waters. 
 
 Cameron is a small station passed about midway between the summit and 
 Mojave, at the base of the range 
 
 Mojave is on the edge of the desert of the same name, and the water used 
 s brought in pipes from Cameron, a distance of ten miles. This place is the 
 junction of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad with the Southern Pacific. (Popula- 
 tion 300. Distance from San Francisco, 382 miles. Elevation, 2751 feet.) 
 
 The Mojave Desert. A desert isn't as a general rule much of an ob- 
 ject of interest to travelers, especially to those who have made the transcontinental 
 journey and experienced the monotony of the deserts of Utah and Nevada. How- 
 ever we must say this, that we found many things to interest us while traversing the 
 famed sand wastes of Mojave. In the first place there were the giant Cacti or
 
 186 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Yucca Palm, a sight novel to our eyes, and peculiar in and of itself. This cactus 
 grows to the size of a tree, reaching an average height of twenty-five feet, and 
 attaining very often that of fifty feet. Its diameter is often that of two feet, and 
 sometimes even greater ; with its spreading club-like branches, its trailing bark and 
 peculiar form, the Yucca Palm is indeed an interesting feature in the landscape. 
 Another attraction is the peculiar form of the buttes, which rise from the desert 
 sands on every side. Varying in height from two to five hundred feet, grooved 
 and channeled by the elements, they give variety and interest to the landscape. 
 One must not neglect to mention the mirage as a third element of variety. We do 
 not remember ever to have seen more complete or deceptive mirage effects than 
 those of the Mojave Desert. 
 
 Rosamond. Lancaster, Acton are desert stations of small interest. The 
 Solidad Mountains tower to our right as Rosamond is passed, and we later on 
 make our way through this range by means of what is known as the Solidad Pass, 
 reaching an altitude of 3,211 feet. 
 
 Newliall. This station is not very large, but boasts a large hotel, capable 
 of entertaining one hundred and fifty guests. From here may be plainly seen the 
 San Fernando Mountains, exceedingly perpendicular, and rising to an altitude of 
 three thousand feet. These mountains could not be passed until a tunnel six 
 thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven feet long had been made. 
 
 In this vicinity are oil refineries producing about five thousand barrels of oil 
 per day. The oil fields are but a short distance from Newhall. 
 
 San Fernando Tunnel. From Newhall we ascend the grade through 
 cuts until the tunnel is reached. The grade is one hundred and sixteen feet to the 
 mile, and as we approach from the north in the tunnel, it is thirty-seven feet per 
 mile, the grade on the south from the exit is one hundred and six feet, while the 
 elevation of the tunnel is one thousand four hundred and sixty-nine feet. 
 
 San Fernando. The valley of San Fernando bursts on our vision as we 
 emerge from the tunnel, a land of orange groves and olive trees, the very opposite 
 in character from the arid waste we have just left behind us. The town of San 
 Fernando is quite a place, and growing daily in population. 
 
 Through cultivated fields, past suburban residences we roll, pausing for a 
 moment at Burbank, only eleven miles from Los Angeles. Beyond this place we 
 journey through villages de facto, de jure or in futuro. There are plenty of lot 
 stakes, and the suburbs of Los Angeles will certainly be wide spread, if they ever 
 cover the ground now laid out. 
 
 The valley of the San Joaquin has been passed, 
 the heights of Tehachapi have been scaled, the desert 
 of Mojave has been crossed, and we are here at last! 
 From our cheery heights, as we approach the town we 
 gaze on a scene of entrancing beauty. Mountain-gird- 
 led, garden-dotted city, lying on the slope of the San 
 Gabriel Mountains, and watered by streams from 
 the heights above, one hardly knows whether to call 
 it a city of gardens and groves, or an immense grove 
 and garden sprinkled with palaces and delightful 
 
 LOS ANGELES. 
 
 The 
 
 Metropolis of Southern 
 
 California. 
 
 A City of Tropical 
 Magnificence. 
 
 homes. Health and prosperity seem to have made themselves the presiding Deities 
 of the place. We gratefully decide that we have arrived at a point where it were 
 well to let the train, like the busy world it typifies, pass on and away, while we rest in 
 this paradise— a home indeed fit for the angels— and while we bask in its sunshine, 
 gaze at its mountain peaks, catch glimpses of the ocean, breathe the fragrance of
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 187 
 
 its roses and geraniums, or listen to its mocking birds and nightingales, we unite 
 many a time and oft in thanks to the kindly fate which led our steps to Southern 
 California and the City of the" Angels. There is no city whose growth can be 
 compared to Los Angeles — in fact, no city west of the Rocky Mountains can boast 
 of such rapid improvements. Thousands have come to Southern California simply 
 to pay a visit, but soon become charmed with its wonderful climate and beautiful 
 surroundings, so much so that they conclude to remain permanently in this land of 
 sunshine and flowers. A great deal has been written of this section, but the half 
 has never been told. With the greatest climate in the universe, the richest and 
 most inexhaustible soil, the vast amount of valuable land in and around Los 
 Angeles, it is no wonder that her present condition is so prosperous. The beauti- 
 ful avenues extending away to the foothills on the east and to the ocean on the 
 south, the orange groves within her corporate "imits, the magnificent public and 
 private buildings all tend to make the Angel City a place of wonder. Main street, 
 the principal street in town, is the dividing line for east and west, First street 
 the division for north and south. The wholesale houses are scattered along Los 
 Angeles, Commercial, Aliso and Requena streets, while the large retail establish- 
 ments are to be found on Spring street, which is to Los Angeles what State 
 street and Wabash avenue are to Chicago. The entire city south of First 
 street is paved with concrete pavement, north of First *>eing laid with Belgian 
 blocks. There are many beautiful parks within the city Hmits, and the ocean can 
 be reached in a trifle over an hour's drive. 
 
 It may be stated that the much-abused word "climate" ha? doubtless been a 
 powerful factor in producing grand results. Furthermore, the fact that hundreds 
 of those who were deemed hopeless invalids on their arrival here are to-day enter- 
 prising, energetic and successful capitalists, merchants, manufacturers, formers and 
 orchardists, attesting the effects of this sun-kissed land and health-renewing climate 
 on the human system ; and so long as there are any sufferers from the blizzards, 
 cyclones and other life-destroying elements east of the Rocky Mountains, just so 
 long will Southern California, and Los Angeles in particular, continue to receive 
 thousands annually of the best citizens of the republic, until it becomes the most 
 densely populated portion of the United States. 
 
 Los Angeles is reached by the Southern Pacific R. R. in nineteen hours 
 from San Francisco — distance, 482 miles — or by steamer. It is a most beautiful 
 city, of 60,000 people, is growing rapidly, and is a commercial point of much 
 importance, as well as the center of an agricultural paradise, it being the principal 
 city between San Francisco and Kansas City on the transcontinental line 
 formed by the connection at Deming or El Paso. It is also the largest city 
 between San Francisco and San Antonio, Texas, by the great "Sunset Route," 
 now open to the Gulf of Mexico. The city has many elegant buildings, wide, 
 clean streets, with horse, cable, and electric railways. A day's ride over the 
 lovely country surrounding Los Angeles, through miles of long, straight avenues 
 of orange trees and thousands of acres of grapes, seeing every kind of semi- 
 tropic fruit growing side by side with the more hardy fruits, both being in the 
 greatest profusion and of the finest quality, will convince the traveler from almost 
 any part of the earth that here is surely the paradise of America, if not of the world. 
 
 No city in the United States has improved so rapidly within the past few years 
 as Los Angeles. Since 1887 opened, nearly every one of the principal business 
 streets have been paved with Belgian blocks, and the main residence thoroughfares 
 with concrete, thus making a drive equal to any avenue in the Union There are no 
 improYements which have been of more benefit to Los Angeles than that of pave-
 
 IN THE SEMI -TROPIC ZONE. LOS ANGELES. 
 
 188
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 189 
 
 ment. The immense amount of daily traffic necessitated this movement, and 
 there is scarcely a block within the corporate limits which is not in proper 
 condition. Curbing has also received its share of attention, while the cement 
 sidewalk is becoming universal. The city has an almost perfect sewerage 
 system, which requires an outlay of nearly $750,000. Since January I, 1 887, 
 the Sixth Street Park, bounded by Fifth, Sixth, Olive and Hill streets, has been 
 thrown open to the public, and is in keeping with the many fine residences that 
 surround it. The Second Street Park, situated near the terminus of the cable 
 line of railroad, is a very inviting place, and receives its share of Eastern visitors 
 when viewing the many improvements around Los Angeles. 
 
 Los Angeles is essentially a land of schools. The public, high and normal 
 schools are supported by State taxation, and their doors are open to all. Besides, 
 there are numerous universities, colleges and academies. The majority of children, 
 after obtaining an education in the public schools, by force of circumstances are 
 compelled to take up the battle of life for themselves ; but to those who thirst for 
 deeper draughts at the fountains of knowledge, the higher schools await them. 
 
 The University of Southern California is under the auspices of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and was established by Rev. O. S. Frambes in 1876. In 1880 
 it was incorporated under the State laws, and was the recipient of a large tract of 
 land in the southwestern corner. 
 
 Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. There are two routes by which 
 Santa Barbara may be reached from Los Angeles. One by water, via San Pedro, 
 and the other by rail, via Saugus. A pleasant way for one with time at his disposal 
 is by water. In order to make this trip the tourist takes the train of the San Pedro 
 Division of the Southern Pacific Company at Los Angeles, and is soon rolling rapidly 
 along to the southward through orange groves and vineyards, which abound along 
 the entire course, but are especially noteworthy in the suburbs of Los Angeles. 
 
 Florence. This pretty town, embowered in an abundance of shrubs and 
 fruit trees, is surrounded by well cultivated and fertile fields. Here the line 
 branches, the San Diego Division extending to the left. (Population, Soo. Dis- 
 tance from Los Angeles, 5 miles. Elevation, 151 feet.) 
 
 Comptoil. This is the largest town on the division between Los Angeles 
 and San Pedro. It is in the heart of an extremely well cultivated and productive 
 fruit belt. Grapes, citrus fruits and berries grow in great abundance. The 
 yield is extraordinary and is especially true as to small fruits, such as black- 
 berries, strawberries, raspberries, etc. (Population, 900. Distance from Los 
 Angeles, 10 miles. Elevation, 76 feet.) 
 
 Ten miles beyond Compton evidences of our near approach to the grand old 
 ocean begin to appear. Salt marshes begin to make their appearance and the 
 fertile soil gives place to stretches of shifting sands. 
 
 Wilson's College. This is a Protestant institution of learning, eighteen 
 miles distant from Los Angeles, situated on the site of the old Headquarters of the 
 United States Military Department for Southern California and Arizona, which 
 was abandoned about twenty years ago and sold to private parties. About a mile 
 beyond the college, the junction for Long Beach is passed and San Pedro the rail- 
 road terminus is soon reached. 
 
 San Pedro. This is one of the largest and best harbors between San 
 Francisco and San Diego. It has over a mile of docks, with between eighteen 
 and twenty feet of water at low tide. Ships receive and unload freight to and 
 from the railroad cars direct, though from some ships of great tonnage the freight 
 is taken by means of lighters. The government has improved the harbor to a great
 
 190 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 extent and the results have been fully commensurate with the expense incurred. 
 The commerce of San Pedro is quite extensive, sometimes as many as twenty 
 ships can be seen riding at anchor, or tied up to the wharf busily engaged in 
 loading or unloading freight. Great quantities of lumber are shipped to San 
 Pedro from points on the coast as far as two hundred miles north of San Francisco 
 and all nations are represented during the year by ships in this harbor hailing from 
 every part of the world. Coal comes here from the upper coast and from England 
 and in the case of English vessels a cargo of grain is taken back. The history of 
 San Pedro dates back to the earliest settlement of California, but as a port of any 
 importance its growth began less than ten years ago. Before that time it was merely 
 an open roadstead and lighters carried all freight to and from Willmington. 
 
 Point Fermin. This point is marked by a lighthouse of the first class 
 and is one of the most conspicuous headlands on the western coast. It lies to the 
 west of San Pedro and is reached by stage road around the beach, a distance of six 
 miles, or by boat directly across the cove. 
 
 Santa Catalina Island. This mountainous island looms up to the 
 southwest at a distance of twenty miles to sea. The island has become a favorite 
 resort for excursionists and sportsmen. The trip to Catalina Island and return from 
 San Pedro can be made for $2.00 and is well worth the visit. 
 
 San Clemeth Island is still further to seaward, faintly outlined against 
 the sky at a distance of fifty miles. On this island great flocks of sheep and 
 goats sre allowed to range at will. 
 
 San Pedro to Santa Barbara. The tourist takes one of the steam, 
 ers which ply regularly between San Francisco and San Diego and, after a most 
 enjoyable and interesting trip, finds himself at Santa Barbara, " The Peerless." 
 
 In the short space of two years, from January, 
 1887, to January, 1889, a number of events crowded 
 together have practically changed the entire aspect 
 of the city. At the beginning of the period, Santa 
 Barbara was a quiet country town of great possi- 
 bilities, it is true, but of very limited actual im- 
 portance. It was shut off from the rest of the 
 world, and quite contented that it should be. No 
 changes of great moment had taken place in 
 the town for years and there was but little prospect that any were very 
 soon to be realized. The marvelous advance which was being achieved 
 by the rest of the southern part of the State showed but little signs of appearing 
 here. People came and visited and went away, but the idea of Santa Barbara as a 
 good place for business undertakings or for investment rarely entered their heads. 
 Now after a brief space of time, during which the natural forces of American 
 enterprise and the genuine merit of its situation have been allowed full play, the 
 city of Santa Barbara finds itself a different being. Many of the old conditions 
 still remain, some of the changes are far from complete; but those who see beneath 
 the surface appreciate that there has suddenly come into being a new Santa Barbara 
 with a gratifying present and a splendid future. The great event in its history, 
 so important that it overshadows all the others, was the arrival of the railroad. 
 Since the Southern Pacific first pushed its way into this part of the State, it has 
 been merely a question of time when it would enter this quiet valley. On the 19th 
 of August, 1887, the event took place, and the first train of passenger cars entered 
 the city, bringing hosts of visitors from all parts of the State. A jubilee celebra- 
 
 SANTA BARBARA, 
 "the peerless." 
 
 An Ideal Home under 
 Sub-Tropical Skies.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 191 
 
 tion hailed the advent of the power that was to bring progress and improvement to 
 Santa Barbara. The company immediately set about building a suitable passenger 
 station, and before the year was ended the railway connection had become in every 
 sense an accomplished fact. After making its way into the city, the road proceeded 
 along the coast, passed Goleta, and by the end of the year trains were running to 
 Elwood, twelve miles farther north. The locality where the road enters the city, 
 was formerly a sandy desert and is now alive with shops, freight buildings and 
 cottages. Exact statements with regard to passenger and freight traffic are not 
 obtainable ; but the confidence which this corporation has in its Santa Barbara 
 connection is evinced by its purchase of more than three-quarters of a million dol- 
 lars worth of property in and around this city. That the advent of the Southern 
 Pacific Company to Santa Barbara has given a new impetus to trade and rapid ad- 
 vancement, none will deny. 
 
 Santa Barbara county extends along the coast of California seventy miles, and 
 is thirty-five miles in width, and has a million and a half of acres of land. It con- 
 tains a population of about 30,000 and has made a gain of seventy-three per cent, 
 during the past seven or eight years. The city is beautifully laid out with newly ma- 
 cadamized streets, It has electric lights, lines of street cars, telephone facilities, and 
 everything metropolitan. It is justly termed " The Newport of the Pacific," with 
 a climate unequalled for the prolongation of life, beauty and health. 
 " Where the coast line trending eastward, 
 
 Bending eastward, inward, southward 
 
 Forms a bay of wondrous beauty, 
 
 In a quiet, peaceful valley 
 
 Lies a peaceful, quiet hamlet — 
 
 Santa Barbara the peerless: 
 
 Peerless in her genial climate, 
 
 In her skies so clear and cloudless ; 
 
 Peerless in her sheen of sunshine, 
 
 Peerless, having sea and mountains. 
 
 Shadowy canons, mystic islands. 
 
 Hill and vaJley, grove and meadow." 
 
 Malarious diseases are unknown. In fact, there are no endemic or epidemic 
 diseases whatever. The relative humidity of the air averages seventy degrees. 
 The average rainfall for the past few years was seventeen inches. Roses — and 
 such roses! — bloom in the open gardens, without shelter, the whole year round, 
 without irrigation. The city of Santa Barbara and its suburbs contains about 
 10,000 people. In the course of the winter it is visited by thousands of tourists 
 from the East, which causes it to present a more metropolitan aspect than many 
 cities five times its size. During the summer months come the visitors from San 
 Francisco and the northern part of the State, so that at no time in the year is 
 Santa Barbara lonesome. Horseback-riding, surf-bathing, driving among the 
 canons and getting the views from the foothills, or merely dreaming away the 
 hours in the calm enjoyment of the delicate atmosphere, the visitors experience no 
 difficulty in passing the time. Santa Barbara has a future as interesting as the 
 past has been. It is probably not destined to achieve great commercial import- 
 ance. It does not expect to rival San Francisco, nor compete with Los Angeles 
 for the first place in the southern part of the State. Through its harbor, which is 
 one of the most perfect on the coast, it will receive a steadily increasing quantity 
 and variety of imports ; and as the port of a rich and productive region, it must 
 transact a considerable amount of business. But the true future of Santa Barbara 
 lies in the manifold advantages which it possesses over other places on this favored 
 coast, as a place for homes and villas. Not only in the town itself but in the val-
 
 OLD MISSION CHURCH AT SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 192
 
 TO THE GOLDEN' GATE. 193 
 
 leys and among the foothills are many perfect sites, where, surrounded by a few 
 acres, which a little care will transform into a garden, the happy proprietor spends 
 his days in peace and calm contentment. 
 
 The Old Mission. A visit to Santa Barbara is not complete without a 
 meditative stroll through the old mission, the history of which is pleasantly given 
 by Mr. E. McD. Johnstone in his delightful book "By Semi-Tropic Seas" as 
 follows: " This of Santa Barbara is the best preserved of all the old missions, 
 and has had, perhaps, the most notable history of any. Its presidio, or military 
 garrison, was founded by Father Junipero Serra, on April 29, 1782, but it was not 
 until the 4th day of December, 17S6, on the celebration of the feast of Santa Bar- 
 bara, virgin and martyr, that the cross was raised and the mission founded. A few 
 days after, the Rev. Father Lasuen celebrated mass and preached from a hut or 
 booth made for the occasion. The territory under control of this mission included 
 all the arable lands from the 'Rincon' west to Point Conception, and from the 
 mountains, on the north, to the sea. The greatest prosperity of the mission was 
 reached about 1812. The unjust demands continually made upon it by the Spanish 
 government, and later by the Mexican, greatly weakened its resources, and, finally, 
 by the secularization act and the withdrawal of Mexican protection, the destruction 
 of this property, as far as its primal object was concerned, was complete. The 
 immediate property of the mission was leased in 1845. In 1S52 it was organized 
 into an independent Franciscan convent or college. In 1885 this college, the 
 titular of which was the Blessed Virgin of the Seven Dolors of Santa Barbara, was 
 annexed to the Province of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of the U. S. A." 
 
 By Bail to Los Ang'eles. As a pleasant variety the tourist can make 
 the return trip from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles by rail, taking the Ventura 
 branch of the Southern Pacific Company, which forms a junction at Saugus with 
 the main line from San Francisco. Leaving Santa Barbara with a sigh of regret, 
 for here, if anywhere, a man could live peaceful days, we pass through groves of 
 verdure and are soon skirting the ocean with towering cliffs to the land- 
 ward, which in places have been blasted away leaving space for the railroad to pass. 
 The scenery is charming and the mind is pleasantly engaged until the train pauses 
 at a handsome station building, which is the depot for 
 
 Ortega. This is a town of expectations and few buildings. The situation 
 is a charming one and there seems to be every reason to believe that ere long a 
 town worthy of the beautiful natural surroundings will be established. (Distance 
 from San Francisco, 521 miles. Elevation, 77 feet.) 
 
 Carpinteria. This is a picturesque little town surrounded and encroached 
 upon by orchards and vineyards. Many of the residents are of Spanish origin, as 
 Carpinteria dates back to the early settlement of Southern California and was 
 one of the original mission towns. (Population, 300. Distance from San Fran- 
 cisco, 517 miles. Elevation, 8 feet.) 
 
 San Buenaventura. The city of San Buenaventura, since the advent 
 of the Southern Pacific Company, has made progressive strides. It is a beautiful, 
 old, ex-Spanish town, with 3,000 population, and is the county seat of Ventura 
 county. It is beautifully located upon the seashore, just at the point where the 
 Ventura river breaks through the sand into the sea. There are not many costly or 
 elegant residences, but rather more than the usual proportion of neat, cosy homes. 
 The same thing is true of the business blocks, and the town has its full comple- 
 ment of stores and shops of all kinds. The streets have solid concrete walks and 
 tile sewerage throughout the town. It is well lighted with gas, and has very
 
 194 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 efficient water-works. The hotels are good and well patronized. There are the 
 usual number of churches, schools and fraternal organizations. The town is lively 
 and a large volume of business has always been transacted. The climate is 
 delightful and life here must be a continual delight. 
 
 " And oh ! the balmy air 'tis bliss to breathe, 
 
 As through the mountain gap steals the fresh breeze, 
 Tempering the fervid summer's noonday heats 
 With the gentle breath of mild Pacific seas." 
 
 San Buenaventura has until within a comparatively recent "date, been, in a 
 measure isolated from the great centers of trade, not only of California but of the 
 world ; but now that the Southern Pacific Company has been built through its con- 
 fines, it has entered upon an era of unexampled prosperity. The road enters the 
 southeastern part of the county by the way of Newhall, and extends to the coast at 
 San Buenaventura, tapping a tract of country that for fertility cannot be surpassed. 
 Los Angeles is but a few hours' ride distant ; and thevaried products of this section 
 find a ready market. (Population, 3,000. Distance from San Francisco, 500 
 miles. Elevation, 45 feet.) 
 
 .Fertile Valleys. The great Santa Clara of the South is celebrated for 
 the fertility of its soil, mildness of climate, and healthfulness of its people. It was 
 this valley and its tributaries that enabled Ventura county at the Mechanics' Fair 
 at San Francisco, in 1885, to carry off the first premium for the most extensive and 
 varied exhibit of farm products. The valley extends nearly east and west across 
 the county, and is traversed by the Santa Clara river, fed by numerous tributaries, 
 as the Castaic, Piru, Sespe and Santa Paula. At the upper or east end is the San 
 Francisco ranch, which includes the wheat-growing ranch of the Newhall Brothers, 
 and the Camulos with its orange and olive orchards, wine-cellars and old vineyards, 
 made famous by Mrs. Jackson, who wrote apart of her celebrated book, " Ramona" 
 at this place. San Francisco ranch contains about 12,000 acres ; the Sespe ram h 
 8,000, well adapted for citrus and deciduous fruits; the Saticoy Rancho, 17,00a 
 acres ; Bardsdale, a 2,000-acre colony ; thence southerly, the Colonia rancho of 
 45,000 acres, level as a floor. Intervening is the Rancho Santa Clara del Norte, 
 of 13,000 acres. Next there is the San Miguel rancho, of 5,000 acres — an immense 
 corn, bean and grain field. When we have passed through this rancho, en route 
 for Los Angeles, we are in the Ex-Mission, the grant upon which is located the 
 beautiful and thriving palm city, San Buenaventura. This rancho includes about 
 48,000 acres, mostly hill lands, lying north of Santa Paula and Saticoy. Among 
 its hills are some beautiful tracts, well wooded and watered. In this great valley. 
 the Santa Clara of the South, a large population can be sustained. Its wonderful 
 resources, climate and scenery attract the attention of home-seekers. 
 
 The Ojai valley is a great amphitheater, whose walls are mountains rising like 
 citadels in all directions. Overlooking the whole is Mt. Topo-topa, rising to a 
 height of from five to six thousand feet, and coming out in springtime from the 
 snows of untold winters as fresh and beautiful as ever. The drive to lower Ojai is 
 exceedingly inviting, being an easy grade along a clear, beautiful stream alive 
 with trout. In many places the road is arched with sycamore, oak and other 
 trees, festooned with hanging mosses and vines, and made vocal by the songs of 
 birds. In the valleys the air is soft and balmy as that of the island of Atlantis 
 of fabled story. They are the resort of invalids and pleasure-seekers, who receive 
 the best attention and care at a very moderate price. 
 
 Montalvo is another prospective city, with great beauty of situation.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 195 
 
 really a suburb of San Buenaventura, but no great business interests at present. 
 (Distance from San Francisco, 495 miles. Elevation, 89 feet.) 
 
 Saticoy. This pretty little town is situated in the midst of a fruit, grain 
 and vegetable growing region. (Population, 300. Distance from San Francisco, 
 491 miles. Elevation, 146 feet.) 
 
 Santa I*aula is one of the leading towns in Ventura county and is fifty 
 miles north of Los Angeles. It has a growing population and is located in the 
 center of the beautiful Southern Santa Clara valley, which has the most productive 
 soil in the world, producing anything that mother earth can bring forth. Grain, 
 corn, beans and tropical fruits are raised in abundance, and are unsurpassed in 
 quantity and quality. There is one orange orchard near the town consisting of 
 one hundred acres, which is the finest we ever saw. 
 
 For climate and health, Santa Paula and its surroundings are unexcelled. The 
 water supply is abundant from cooling springs in the near mountains. The fine 
 gardens of vegetation and flowers ripen and bloom the whole year round. In fact, 
 it is a land overflowing with milk, honey — and oil. 
 
 Santa. Paula is the headquarters of the oil regions of California. The most 
 extensive Petroleum Oil operations are on the Rancho Ex-Mission, situated along 
 the south side of Sulphur Mountain, beginning about four miles northwest of the 
 town and extending in a westerly direction eight miles, these wells are owned and 
 operated by a company which is incorporated with a capital stock of $1,000,000. 
 This company has been most successful in its development, having a daily produc- 
 tion of about 1,000 barrels from the many wells and tunnels. The region is a net- 
 work of pipe lines conveying the oil to Santa Paula, Ventura and Hueneme. The 
 largest well produces about 300 barrels daily. The next most extensive oil develop- 
 ments in this region are located at the Sespe, owned and operated by the Sespe 
 Oil Company, with its office at Santa Paula. The company has a capital stock of 
 $250,000. The production of the region is about 275 barrels daily, which is 
 piped to Santa Paula. These two companies keep a large force of men constantly 
 engaged in drilling new wells, and thus the production is being constantly 
 augmented. No industry in the Golden State promises better results than 
 its oil developments, and nothing is more beneficial to Ventura county, and to 
 Santa Paula in particular. With an abundance of cheap petroleum for fuel. 
 no section offers better advantages for manufacturing purposes. (Population, 
 1,200. Distance from San Francisco, 4S3 miles. Elevation. 286 feet.) 
 
 CamilloS. This picturesque hamlet has been made known to the world of 
 book readers as the home of " Ramona." The scenery surrounding it is of the most 
 attractive character. The San Fernando mountains are on the south, the foot-hills 
 of the Sierra de San Rafael on the north, the Santa Clara river flows through 
 the sylvan valley that lies between. On its margins are clumps of willows and 
 groves of wide-spreading sycamores, and near where its clear waters run by the old 
 homestead, may be seen the " artichoke patch," and the "flat stone washboards, 
 on which was done all the family washing." The house, as described by Mrs. 
 Jackson, was "one of the best specimens to be found in California of the repre- 
 sentative house of the half barbaric, half-elegant, wholly generous and free-handed 
 life led there by Mexican men and women of degree in the early part of this cen- 
 tury." The foothill pasture lands, the sheep corrals, the vineyards, olive groves 
 and orchards, the old Chapel, etc , etc., are all to be seen quite as really as they 
 are described in this interesting book. Mrs. Jackson's descriptions of Southern 
 California scenery are exceedingly fine, and it is not a matter of wonder that she 
 chose this beautiful spot as the home of her charming Ramona. Camulos presents
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 opportunities for the establishment of ideal homes in the heart of ideal scenery. 
 (Population, 150. Distance from San Francisco, 463 miles. Elevation, 286 feet.) 
 SaugUS. Junction of the Ventura Branch with the main line. Our 
 journey from here to Los Angeles has already been described. 
 
 From Los Angeles to San Diego. The trip from Los Angeles to 
 San Diego abounds in interest and if one obeyed one's inclinations and made a 
 stop at all the attractive stations which intervene between the inland city and the 
 city on the ocean side it would take an entire vacation to accomplish the one hun- 
 dred and eighty-nine miles of the journey. Leaving Los Angeles on the Southern 
 California Railway at a comfortable hour in the morning, we are soon speeding 
 through the suburbs of the City of Angels. It is difficult for us to tell just when we 
 have passed beyond the confines of the city, because the country is so fully occu- 
 pied by handsome villa residences and the suburban stations are of such frequent 
 occurrence that one is puzzled to determine where the town ends and the country 
 begins. Downey Avenue, Morgan, Highland Park, Gravanzo, Lincoln Park, 
 South Pasadena, Raymond, Pasadena, Olivewood, Fair Oaks and Lamanda Park 
 are all busy stations disposed within a distance of thirteen miles from Los Angeles. 
 It is therefore not to be wondered at that the traveler is confused and at a loss to 
 know just when he is "out of town." Beyond Lamanda Park the stretches of 
 open country between stations begin to widen and one can look out of the window 
 at least twice before another town appears in view. 
 
 Raymond. As this station is approached one sees on the right an aspiring 
 hill adorned with handsome lawns, ornamental shrubbery, trailing vines and um- 
 brageous trees. The summit of this hill is crowned by a massive and stately edifice 
 that at once attracts attention and excites curiosity. On inquiry we learn that this 
 is the Hotel Raymond and that here are entertained the hundreds of guests 
 brought hither by the well known excursion managers, Messrs. Raymond and 
 Whitcomb. This, however, forms but a small part of the patronage of the Hotel 
 Raymond, for from its excellent management, beautiful situation and healthful 
 location the hotel has become exceedingly popular. Of course there is a town-site 
 here and, what is not always the case in this country of town-sites, there is a town 
 as well, with the prospects of a city. 
 
 Soutll Pasadena is a flourishing suburb of Pasadena and will soon be so 
 merged into the parent town that they will be practically one and the same city. 
 
 One of the loveliest towns in the world lies 
 before us as we enter Pasadena. From a sheep 
 range in 1873 to the paradise of fruits and flowers 
 and verdure which greets our eyes to day is a magic 
 transformation. Yet such, in a word, is the history 
 of Pasadena. The semi-tropical luxuriance of floral 
 and arboreal growth which delights us here has 
 sprung into existence within the marvelously short 
 space of a decade and a half, and, nestling here 
 among the orange groves and fruiting vineyards, is 
 a city whose beauty of architecture is a glowing testimonial to the good taste, 
 wealth and liberality of its residents. I know of no pleasanter or more interesting 
 drives than those which may be taken along the broad tree-lined avenues of Pasa- 
 dena. Within spacious enclosures on each hand may be seen elegant villa resi- 
 dences or splendid mansions surrounded by ornamental grounds of the greatest 
 beauty. Palm trees, magnolias, century plants, fig trees, ancient live oaks, sur- 
 vivals of the days when this was only grazing ground for flocks and herds, pepper 
 
 PASADENA. 
 
 An Orchard City. 
 Beautiful for Situation. 
 
 A Delightful 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 
 Resort.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 197 
 
 trees, blue gums and an infinite variety of ornamental shrubbery, make these 
 drives entirely novel, interesting and charming. The city obtains an abundant 
 supply of water from the Arroyo Seco Canon and the results of irrigation confront 
 one in the wonderful groves of citrus and deciduous trees. Pasadena has a round 
 dozen of churches, representing an expenditure of nearly half a million dollars. It 
 has business blocks of metropolitan proportions, spacious and elegant theatres, 
 
 NEAR SAN GABRIEL AND PASADENA. 
 
 four banks, a score of hotels, large manufacturing establishments, canning factories, 
 horse car lines, telephone system, electric lights,— in short, all of the modern con. 
 veniences. As a place of residence we know of no more charming city than 
 Pasadena, whose fifteen thousand inhabitants have every reason to congratulate 
 themselves that their lines have fallen in such pleaeant places. The wonderful cli- 
 mate of Pasadena is one of its chief attractions. Tourists who arrive in November
 
 198 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 or October are constantly on the watch for winter. Finally a rain storm comes, 
 drenching the earth, and a few weeks later the ground the length and breadth of 
 the land is carpeted with flowers, form succeeding form, until color and variety, 
 tint and hue, seem to have run riot ; by this token you may know that the winter 
 has come. The tops of the Sierras are clothed with snow, so near that you can 
 see the snow blown high in air by the mountain's blizzard, so near that in two 
 hours' ride you can go snow-balling or tobogganing, yet here at Pasadena the 
 ground is white with the blossoms of the orange, there is a carnival of flowers in 
 every dooryard, and to the student who arranges his plants according to their alti- 
 tudinal horizons, it is a puzzle. Here, in the same latitude as Wilmington, N. C, 
 we find the banana, fig, pomegranate, guava, alligator pear, cocoanut, the fan 
 palm, sago palm, cactus, the yucca, century plant, cork tree, the rubber tree, the 
 olive, orange, lime, lemon, and a host of other tropical forms, yet it can not be a 
 tropical climate, as side by side with these is seen every pine known from Norfolk 
 Island to the shores of the Arctic Sea, firs, spruces ; and as for fruits, we see the 
 apple, pear, peach, apricot, plum, nectarine, all the small fruits, everything found 
 in the gardens of New York State. 
 
 The seasons are difficult to understand. The summer mean temperature at 
 Pasadena is 66.61 degrees ; that of Mentone in the Riviera, 73 degrees ; of Jack- 
 sonville, Fla., 81 degrees ; of New York, about 73 degrees. Thus it will be seen 
 Pasadena can not have remarkably warm weather. The summer, with the excep- 
 tion of one or two days, is not unpleasantly warm, and it is always pleasant 
 and comfortable in the shade, while every night is sufficiently cool to require a 
 blanket. Not a case of prostration from heat, not a squall or wind storm, seldom 
 a thunder-clap or sign of lightning, and hardly a cloud in the sky ; this is the 
 record of the summer here. Every day is a pleasant one, and such heat as is 
 experienced in New York City in the summer is never felt. 
 
 Three hundred and forty days out of the year will permit of continuous out-of- 
 door life in the open sunlight, and at least half of the others may be enjoyed. 
 This is the great secret. The country is the land of the open air, winter and sum- 
 mer, and the conditions of altitude and nearness to large cities allowing of all the 
 luxuries and comforts, add to its attractions. 
 
 Lamanda Park. We wish to do the tourist who reads this book a good 
 turn, having his comfort and enjoyment at heart ; therefore we advise him to stop 
 at Lamanda Park and make his headquarters for a day, or a week, or a fortnight, 
 in this delightful spot. In the first place one can find here a home-like and com- 
 fortable hotel ; in the second place, this is an excellent point from which to make 
 radiating trips through the charming San Gabriel Valley or among the foot-hills 
 and up the peaks of the Sierra Madre Mountains. Within an hour's drive 
 are Sierra Madre Villa, the famous Rose Vineyards, Baldwin's ranch, where, be- 
 sides miles of orange avenues are to be found, at Santa Anita, the stables made 
 famous by the fast horses owned by the " bonanza king." Orange orchards, ave- 
 nues of English walnut trees, lemon groves, vineyards, veritable forests of decidu- 
 ous fruit trees and a tropic luxuriance of splendid floral beauties surround this 
 place, which, though modest in size, is as we have said, a charming resting spot 
 and a most convenient point from which to radiate in all directions and view either 
 the grandeur of the mountains or the more quiet but none the less attractive beau- 
 ties of the valley.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 199 
 
 SIERRA MADRE VILLA 
 
 An Ideal Pleasure 
 
 and 
 
 Health Resort. 
 
 In the Heart of Orange 
 
 Groves, on the 
 
 Slope of the Sierra 
 
 Madre Mountains. 
 
 The fame of the Sierra Madre Villa is world- 
 wide. On its shaded verandas congregate daily the 
 most cultivated and intelligent people. , It is not 
 always the same company that gathers here, but 
 it is always a company which it gives pleasure for 
 one to meet. The class of guests is of the best, 
 because the reputation of the Villa naturally attracts 
 that class. This ideal pleasure and health resort is 
 located on the southern slope of the Sierra Madre 
 Mountains, fourteen hundred feet above the level 
 of the sea. This elevation gives it complete im- 
 munity from the fogs of the sea and valley, and 
 also gives a view of the most wide-horizoned beauty. 
 Here we are only fourteen miles from Los Angeles, far enough away to escape the 
 turmoil of the city, and near enough to enjoy all of its advantages. Theatre trains 
 are run three or four nights each week, and one can go to Los Angeles by train 
 at almost any hour in the day. The Southern California Rai'road passes within a 
 mile and a half of the villa, Lamanda Park being the station. The views from 
 the Villa overlooking the beautiful San Gabriel Valley, are a glorious panorama of 
 ru gg e d mountain ranges, extensive orange groves — in one of which the Villa 
 stands — vineyards, and the distant ocean with its shadowy islands. Here is, 
 indeed, an ideal home, with good food skillfully prepared, pure air and sparkling 
 mountain water. With all these essentials for health, comfort and luxury, the 
 tourist can not fail to enjoy his sojourn here. The fame of the Villa for its beautiful 
 and healthful location, and superior accommodations, with all modern improve- 
 ments for over one hundred guests, has become international. There are fine 
 suites of sunny rooms, broad verandas, inclosed with glass to keep out chilly air 
 if desired, a beautiful lawn, flowers, etc., and the most genial climate under the 
 sun. Good roads and a beautiful drive from Los Angeles to the Villa. Eight trains 
 daily leave Los Angeles from First street depot, all stopping at Lamanda Park, 
 where the stage from the Villa meets all trains. 
 
 The San Gabriel Valley. The remarkable growth of the San Gabriel 
 Valley of Southern California may be traced to a single imperishable feature — its 
 climate. Towns and cities have appeared like magic; not the mushroom growth 
 one expects and finds where a mining excitement has been the magnet, but towns 
 which in completeness, architectural beauty, taste and culture of the people, wih 
 equal many in the East dating back fifty years or more. Ten years ago the San 
 Gabriel Valley was, comparatively speaking, unoccupied. Several small towns, as 
 Duarte, San Gabriel, Puente, were the chief centres, and the entire land was cut 
 up into large holdings or ranches. To-day we find towns by the dozen larger than 
 these pioneers, three lines of transcontinental railway, and one city, Pasadena, 
 with a summer or permanent population of fifteen thousand persons, and a winter 
 one ranging from twenty thousand to forty thousand. The San Gabriel Valley is 
 about ten miles wide and thirty miles long. Upon the north are the California 
 Maritime Alps — the Sierra Madre range — rising directly from the plains in a 
 series of parallel ridges, in peaks from four thousand to fourteen thousand feet 
 above the sea. To the west, spurs of the main range, the Sierra Santa Monica, the 
 San Rafael and the Verdugo Mountains form a protective boundary, while to the 
 south the Puente Hills rise, beyond which, faintly visible, twenty-five miles away, is 
 the Pacific. The Valley is therefore completely environed on all sides, having abso- 
 lute protection from prevailing winds from the north, in this respect again resem-
 
 200 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 bling the Riviera of Europe. The presence of these mountains and canons rising 
 so abruptly from the valley gives to the locality a scenic charm difficult to describe, 
 and for its peculiar charm the view of the Sierra Madre range at Pasadena is un- 
 equaled in this country. 
 
 Monrovia. This handsome little city has been christened by its admirers 
 "The Gem of the Foot-hills," and, in fact, there is quite as much truth as poetry 
 in the title. It has a most attractive site, commanding a comprehensive view of 
 the San Gabriel Valley to the front, while the background is filled in with the mass- 
 ive range of the Sierra Madre mountains. The town has two lines of street railway 
 and a motor line to Los Angeles. It possesses an elegant and costly hotel, fur- 
 nished with all the modern improvements, handsome school-houses, first-class 
 business blocks, fine private residences, and no saloons. 
 
 Duarte. This is one of the oldest of the settlements of the Valley and is 
 surrounded by a country of great productiveness. Farming is a considerable in- 
 dustry and great quantities of corn and alfaifa, in addition to fruit, are raised. 
 
 Azusa is near the upper end of the San Gabriel Valley and is in the centre 
 of the great ranch from which it takes its name. The stations now foilow in quick 
 succession until San Bernardino is reached. In fact the train never makes more 
 than four miles advance without either stopping at a station or passing through 
 one. To give the reader an idea of the frequent occurrence of these towns we 
 append a list, with the distance of each from Los Angeles : Glendora, 27 ; San 
 Dimas, 31 : Lordsburg, 34; North Pomona, 35 ; Claremont, 36; North Ontario, 
 41 ; North Cocamonga, 45 ; Etiwanda, 47 ; Rialto, 57, and San Bernardino, 60. 
 One of the most marvelous things connected with this journey of sixty miles from 
 Los Angeles to San Bernardino, aside from the marvels of nature, is that for an 
 average of every three miles .of the journey there is a station and that at many of 
 these stations there are considerable towns and at several of them thriving cities. 
 
 At San Bernardino we stop for dinner and 
 change cars, taking the Southern California Rail- 
 road for San Diego*. The station is a large and 
 spacious building, admirably fitted for the purposes 
 to which it is dedicated. The city of San Bernar- 
 dino lies in a most beautiful and fertile valley. The 
 county embraces 23,476 square miles, and contains 
 not only some of the finest farming land, citrus and 
 deciduous fruits of countless varieties, but also rich 
 mines, and many mineral springs and health resorts. 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO, 
 
 Manufacturing 
 and Mercantile Centre. 
 
 A Beautiful Residence 
 City. 
 
 The scenery is magnificent and varied, the mountains abound in timber, and game 
 is plentiful. The climate is superb and invigorating. The city of San Bernardino 
 is situated in the centre of a valley one mile square and has a population of 10,000, 
 and is rapidly increasing in size and wealth. Among other notable buildings are 
 the finest brick grammar school in Southern California, a court-house which cost 
 $40,000; the Stewart Hotel, costing $125,000; an opera house, an excellent 
 hospital, and churches of all denominations. There is an abundance of artesian 
 water. Three lines of railroads cross the county— the Southern Pacific, through 
 Los Angeles and Colton, to Yuma and Arizona, and the Southern California from 
 San Diego, through San Bernardino to Barstow, where it connects with the 
 Atlantic & Pacific ; and the Southern California Railroad, which runs on a 
 straight line between the two cities. There is also the Valley Railroad, from the 
 city to Gladysta, Lugonia, Redlands and Mentone, to the west line of High View.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 201 
 
 A motor road also runs continuously between this city and Colton, a distance of 
 three miles, and the San Bernardino & Redlands Motor Road to Redlands and 
 Lugonia, via Victoria and Old San Bernardino orange groves. Also the San Ber- 
 nardino & Arrowhead Narrow Gauge to Arrowhead Hot Springs. Street cars are 
 running to all parts of the city. Building material is abundant and cheap. Among 
 the varied products that attain perfection here we may mention oranges, raisins, 
 wines, fruits and flowers of all kinds, alfalfa, corn and barley, while gold, silver 
 and borax are found in large quantities in the near mountain ranges. 
 
 A Fertile Valley. The county of San Bernardino is the largest in Cali- 
 fornia, and includes within its limits the valley of the same name. It contains 
 much land which is now lying fallow, but which will in time be irrigated and 
 made very productive. In its southwest corner are several large valleys well irri- 
 gated and of unusual fertility. Within them are long stretches of almost level 
 plains, from which the gently undulating mesas gradually rise until they reach the 
 foothills. The lower level lands are sufficiently moist to grow alfalfa, corn and 
 vegetables, without irrigation; and the soil is mainly a black sandy loam. The 
 higher lands become more sandy, while the foothills contain the gravel washings 
 from the mountains. These higher lands grow vines and deciduous fruits with the 
 natural moisture; oranges and lemons alone require artificial irrigation. The 
 higher lands are better for deciduous fruits, the mesas or table-lands for citrus 
 fruits, the lower lands for vegetables and general farming. There are some im- 
 mense vineyards in the country, and a vast quantity of excellent wine is made. 
 After a barley crop is harvested, it is succeeded on the damp or irrigated lands by 
 a crop of corn. Alfalfa yields well and is cut from three to seven times in the 
 season. About two tons are taken off each acre at a cutting. The heavy black 
 loam of the mountain sides grows exceptionally fine potatoes. Vegetables and 
 edible roots of all kinds attain an enormous growth in the valley. Besides the 
 semi-tropical fruits, all those of more northern latitudes can be raised. These val- 
 leys surpass any others in the southern part of the State in the matter of an abun- 
 dant supply of water for irrigating purposes. The Chino Ranch and Ontario lands 
 are in this county. 
 
 Colton. This live town is at the crossing of the Southern California and 
 the Southern Pacific railroads, and an unusually handsome station and large hotel 
 are to be seen here. The town is only four miles from San Bernardino, and the 
 time is not far distant when they will be one city. The citizens of Colton are en- 
 terprising and liberal, and as a result the town is making rapid and large improve 
 ment. Canning factories are established here, and the shipments of prepared fruit 
 and fruit in its natural state are something extraordinary. The surrounding coun- 
 try is of unsurpassed fertility, and a drive of half a day through the never-ending 
 groves of orange trees and in the midst of most entrancing scenery will convince 
 one that Colton has every requisite for becoming a large and flourishing city. It 
 is surely a most delightful place of residence. 
 
 Fast Riverside is the station for Riverside, reached by a branch line. 
 
 South Riverside, on the Southern California Railway, 15 miles southwest 
 of Riverside, is remarkable for the beauty of its situation and the symmetry of its 
 design. The projectors of this delightful town had original ideas and the town- 
 site is exactly circular in form. Fruit raising is one of the leading industries, 
 while manufacturing is receiving a great deal of attention and has already been 
 firmly established here.
 
 VIEW IN SAN ANTONIO CAMpN, ONTARIO, CAL.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GA TE. 203 
 
 RIVERSIDE. 
 
 The Orange Grove City 
 
 of 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 Washington has been wittily denominated " the 
 city of magnificent distances," but here in Southern 
 California we have found a city equally as deserv- 
 ing of that characterization. Riverside manages to 
 cover twenty-five thousand acres, and this great 
 extent of territory has upon it between three and 
 four thousand inhabitants. But did ever anyone 
 behold a more beautiful sight than this orchard city, reclining in the midst 
 of orange groves, its magnificent avenues lined with ornamental trees, among 
 which the oriental palm is most conspicuous, its artistic villa residences surrounded 
 with grounds in which the care of the landscape gardener, can be seen, its 
 fine business blocks of brick and stone, its handsome hotels and its surrounding 
 vineyards making it a perfect bower of beauty. 
 
 Resuming our journey on the main line from East Riverside, we pass through 
 Box Springs, Alessandro and Perris, which latter place is situated on the San Jacinto 
 River, which empties in Lake Elsinore, some twelve miles farther on. The country 
 has become more rugged, for we are now skirting the San Jacinto hills. We pass 
 through deep cuts and around projecting spurs, and finally enter a very pretty 
 canon, emerging from which we pause at Elsinore on the margin of 
 
 Lake Elsinore. This is a lovely little sheet of water, cradled in the 
 highlands, with a bold mountain range to the west. The lake is four miles long 
 and about half a mile wide, and forms a charming feature in the landscape. 
 
 Wildomar. At the foot of Elsinore Lake is Wildomar. This town has a 
 very picturesque situation, and considerable expense has been incurred in planting 
 trees, grading the streets, and bringing water in pipes from the adjacent moun- 
 tains. It has schools, churches, good business houses, and a population of about 
 two hundred. 
 
 Murietta. This is a regular meal station, and on that account is of inter- 
 est to the traveler. It is situated on the Margurita ranch, which comprises 
 208,000 acres of land, especially and solely adapted for grazing. San Margurita 
 Creek flows through the town, and the railroad follows this stream for thirty seven 
 miles, and then, over the brow of a rolling mesa to our right, the great Pacific 
 Ocean bursts on our view. 
 
 Ocean Side. This thriving town of a thousand inhabitants has a com- 
 manding situation on a mesa two hundred feet above the level of the ocean. From 
 this point of view the coast line can be followed in either direction as far as the eye 
 can reach. Here there is one of the finest hotels (The South Pacific) on the coast, 
 and here great improvements have been inaugurated by the enterprising citizens. 
 The accommodations for sea bathing are most complete, and Ocean Side-is sure to 
 become an exceedingly popular pleasure resort. Between Ocean Side and San 
 Diego, a distance of forty-seven miles, there are just a "baker's dozen " of sta- 
 tions. At some of them one can see hotels of the most imposing size and beautiful 
 architecture, a house or two, and thousands of lot stakes, but no great showing of 
 business or population. The stations occur in the following order : Carlsbad, 
 Leucadia, Encinitas, Del Mar, Cardero, Sorrento Alpine Selwyn, La Jolla, 
 Roses Siding, Morena and Old Town.
 
 204
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 205 
 
 SAN DIEGO. 
 
 The Naples of 
 
 the New World. 
 
 The Great Bay City of 
 
 Southern California. 
 
 The magnificent natural advantages of San 
 Diego cannot fail to make this the great city of 
 Southern California. It lies upon a slope facing 
 San Diego Bay. This slope extends back perhaps 
 an average mile, where it reaches an altitude of 200 
 feet above the level of the sea, and from which 
 point the country extends back in a broad, rolling 
 mesa. With such a slope, and with such an ascend- 
 ing altitude, opportunities are offered for the most 
 wide-sweeping and magnificent views. At the foot 
 of the city lies the land-locked bay, one of the most beautiful in the world, glistening 
 like a sheet of silver in the genial rays of an unclouded sun. Between the bay 
 and the ocean is the Coronado peninsula, on the expanded part of which is the 
 town of Coronado, with the largest hotel in the world. Beyond Coronado is the 
 Pacific Ocean, whose long, rolling swells break upon a level and far-extending 
 beach, their combining crests breaking into snow-white foam as they fall with 
 majestic regularity upon the shining sands. The distant background is formed by 
 the mountains, with the Jamul, old San Miguel and El Cajon standing well 
 forward, the advance guard of an army of giants. To the right is the receding 
 mesa; to the left the table lands and mountains of Old Mexico. The landscape in 
 garb of varying green, the bay and ocean with their ever-changing shades from 
 shining silver to deep, dark blue, form a picture of such entrancing beauty that 
 neither pen nor pencil can adequately depict. With such natural attractions, to 
 which should be added the attractions of climate, it is not a matter of wonder that 
 the population of San Diego has increased rapidly since overland transportation 
 facilities have been provided. The city's population in November, 1885, was but 
 the population of a healthy village, say about four thousand; a year later saw it 
 advance to a city of between ten and twelve thousand; and by November, 1887, 
 the population had doubled again, and reached a total of twenty-five thousand 
 souls. The increase since has been steady, and the common but conservative 
 estimate of the population to-day is thirty thousand. The character of the popula- 
 tion is truly American. Because to the Eastern mind San Diego is "away in the 
 West," the impression prevails with some that its population is of that western 
 character to be found in romance of the light order. A greater mistake could not 
 be imagined. San Diego is as typical an American city as any to be found in the 
 land of Americans. If the influence of any one city may be said to prevail here, 
 it is the influence of the City of Boston; and there is reason for it. The Sante Fe 
 Railroad, whose western terminus is at this harbor, is an institution maintained by 
 Boston men and Boston capital. This has naturally created in Boston a financial, 
 ind finally a social, interest in San Diego, which has resulted in the transplant- 
 ing of many Boston men and women from the metropolis of New England to the 
 new city by the sunset sea. They have found here a genial, social climate. In a 
 city covering as much ground as does San Diego, the matter of transportation is of 
 first importance. Thus has been looked after by the enterprising citizens. Horse 
 cars, steam motors, electric motors and cable systems supply the needs of the in- 
 habitants. The San Diego Street Car Company has in operation twelve and one-half 
 miles of horse-car lines. The Coronado Railroad Company has in operation twenty- 
 eight miles of suburban steam motor lines. The Electric Rapid Transit Company 
 controls about six miles of road, and is rapidly extending its lines, which, under the 
 Henry Electric System, are being operated with great success. The National City
 
 206 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 SAN DIEGO BAY. 
 
 A Thing of Beauty 
 
 and a 
 
 Great Commercial 
 
 Factor. 
 
 C. P. 
 
 & Otay Railway Company have twenty-nine miles of steam motor lines and three- 
 fourths of a mile of horse-car line under operation. These lines centre in the city, 
 and afford frequent and rapid communication to all parts and to the suburban 
 towns and valleys. 
 
 The bay of San Diego is one of the most beau- 
 tiful in the world; it is also a great factor in the 
 success of the city. There are larger harbors than 
 this, but for the uses to which harbors are devoted, 
 there are none better anywhere than that of San 
 Diego, and it is large enough to afford a safe refuge 
 for the entire merchant fleet of the United States. 
 The bay is thirteen miles long, and the total area 
 of water is twenty-two square miles. Commodore 
 Patterson, Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, wrote in 1878: 
 "I have crossed this bar at all hours, both day and night, with steamers of 
 from 1,000 to 3,000 tons burden, during all seasons of the year, for several years, 
 without detention. It is the only land-locked harbor south of San Francisco and 
 north of San Quintin, Lower California, and from a national point of view its 
 importance is so great that its preservation demands National protection, and justi- 
 fies National expenditure." 
 
 It may be added right here, however, that the Government has never acted 
 upon Commodore Patterson's worthy suggestion. Not one dollar of Government 
 money has been spent in either the improvement or preservation of San Diego harbor. 
 It stands to-day as nature made it. The depth across the bar is 23 feet at mean 
 low water, with a rise of from 2>H f eet to SVz f eet at high water; and a regular 
 trader at this port, the ship "Jeremiah Thompson," drawing 26^ feet of water, 
 comes into the harbor and reaches the wharves without danger or difficulty, bring- 
 ing an average cargo of 1,500,000 feet of lumber. 
 
 The history of this wonderful city reads like a romance. Previous to Novem- 
 ber, 1885, San Diego existed chiefly as a town-site, and, measured by the corpora- 
 tion limits, it contained an amplitude of area. It was in 1833 that the Pueblo of 
 San Diego was organized; but it was not until eleven years later, in the latter part 
 of the year 1844, that the people followed the usual customs of those times, and 
 petitioned the Government of Mexico (this whole country was then under Mexican 
 rule) for a tract of land. A few acres more or less was of no particular account to 
 the Mexican Government at that time, and a grant of seventy-five square miles was 
 made, "to be used, controlled and disposed of by the legally authorized represent- 
 atives of the city." These seventy-five square miles or, to be exact and use the 
 figures of the surveyor who traced the lines subsequently for the Government, and 
 who reported that the entire Pueblo consisted of 48,556.69 acres, do now, minus 
 1,233.8 acres reserved by the Government for military purposes, constitute the area 
 of the corporation of San Diego. The question of title never arises here. That 
 original grant has been confirmed, and upon it rests all instruments of sale. 
 
 The shores of the bay are dotted with suburban towns, which share the 
 benefits of San Diego harbor. They are separated from the City of San Diego by 
 distinct bounds, but it is only a matter of time when they will become integral 
 parts of the parent city. These towns are known as National City, Roseville and 
 Coronado. 
 
 National City is located four miles down the bay, reckoning the distance 
 from the center of the business community of each city. The two cities are, how- 
 ever, already practically merged into one, as they are one in interest and in
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 207 
 
 sentiment. National City has a population of 3,000. It is the terminus of the 
 Santa Fe system on the Pacific coast, and of the National City & Otay Railway 
 Company. A capacious wharf furnishes facilities for deep-sea vessels to unload, 
 and here, too, ship and rail are brought together. An olive-oil mill having been 
 established, National City is the olive market for Los Angeles, San Bernardino and 
 San Diego counties. It is furnished with water from the recently completed 
 Sweetwater reservoir, which has a capacity of six billion gallons, and insures a 
 supply sufficient for a city of twenty-five thousand inhabitants. 
 
 Coronaclo. On Coronado Beach, just across the bay from San Diego, is a 
 city which has already become famous throughout the country. In two years' time 
 this wild waste of land has been transformed into a city with a population of two 
 thousand. It has one hotel which cost one million dollars, and others which cost 
 large sums; it has elegant and substantial residences; it has an iron foundry in 
 
 YOUNG AMERICA'S FRIEND. 
 
 operation, and half a dozen factories of various kinds; it has ship-ways with a 
 capacity for dry-docking the largest coast steamers on an hour's notice; it has 
 complete water, gas and sewer systems, and, as a whole, has been converted 
 into a veritable garden, the streets being uniformly lined with tropical trees, shrubs 
 and flowers. The surf-bathing of Coronado Beach is the best on the entire coast, 
 and probably the finest in the world. The beach slopes gently, and the sand is 
 hard and free from stones and ragged shells, and there is no undertow. The 
 temperature of the air and of the sea is about equal both in winter and summer; 
 consequently there are extraordinary inducements for surf-bathing all the year 
 round. 
 
 Roseville and !New Koseville are located not far from the entrance 
 to the harbor. A fine wharf has been built there, regular ferries established, and 
 the works of the San Diego Nail Factory are now being erected. They will have
 
 208
 
 THE CLIMATE. 
 
 Summer the Year 
 Round. 
 
 The Home of Health 
 and Pleasure. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 20!) 
 
 a capacity of 500 kegs of nails a day, and will be one of the important industries of 
 the San Diego region. 
 
 The Sweetwater Dam. This dam is one of the engineering wonders 
 of this region, and an excursion to it is a most enjoyable experience. It is situ- 
 ated about six miles back of National City, and is reached by the National City & 
 Otay Railroad. The dam, together with sixty-five miles of wrought iron pipe laid 
 from the reservoir to National City, and to various points in that section for 
 irrigation purposes, cost a total of $Soo,ooo. The dimensions of the dam are as 
 follows : 46 feet in thickness at the base, 12 feet in thickness at the top, 75 feet 
 in length at the base, 396 feet in length at the top. The reservoir is three miles 
 long, three fourths of a mile wide, and covers 700 acres. When full it will hold 
 six billion gallons of water, a quantity sufficient to irrigate 30,000 acres of land and 
 supply a city of 50,000 people for one year, or irrigate 50,000 acres of land one 
 year. 
 
 The climate of this region is a perpetual source 
 
 of wonder to visitors. It is stating the simple, 
 
 unquestionable fact to say that it has no equal 
 
 among the health resorts of the world. From the 
 
 compiled records of the U. S. Signal station here 
 
 we extract the following : From 1876 to 1885, 
 
 both years inclusive, covering a period of ten years, 
 
 and embracing a period of 3,653 days, there were 
 
 3,533 days on which the mercury did not rise above 
 
 8o°; and only 120 days in ten years in which the 
 
 thermometer marked a higher temperature than 
 
 8o°. During these ten years there were never more than two days in any one 
 
 month in which the mercury rose as high as 85 , except June, 1877, four days, 
 
 September, 1878, five days; Tune, 1879, two days; September, 1879, four days. 
 
 Returning' to LOS Angeles. The lovers of fine scenery, yachting, 
 ocean bathing, salt sea fishing, outings among the hills, and those who delight in 
 a summer which circles the entire year, will most reluctantly tear themselves away 
 from the charms of San Diego. But one can't travel and stand still at the same 
 time; so we take a night train northward on the same line we came in on, and 
 sleep sweetly in one of Pullman's Palaces until we reach Colton. Here, after a 
 good breakfast, we take the Southern Pacific road for Los Angeles, thus passing 
 through new scenes from this point on to our destination. The first station reached 
 after leaving Colton is 
 
 CucaniOIlga. This town is situated in the region made familiar to the 
 public by the Cucamonga wine, the grapes here being noted for their fine quality. 
 Slover Mountain is near Cucamonga, and is remarkable for containing quarries of 
 onyx, lime, marble and cement. The " Mountain" is in reality only a moderate 
 sized conical hill, but its rich deposits make it more valuable than a whole range of 
 its big brothers. The marble is of the best quality, and can be quarried in great 
 blocks, fifty feet long, if desired, and with a width of from five to six feet. The 
 onyx is white, and is mined in large quantities for ornamental uses. Along the 
 southern foot of Slover mountain flows the river Santa Ana. 
 
 Ontario is located on the main lines of the Southern Pacific and the Sama 
 Fe Railways, the main depot being on the Southern Pacific, 38 miles from Los 
 Angeles and 20 from Colton, while the Santa Fe runs two miles north, the station 
 being North Ontario. From the Southern Pacific depot, a branch line extends to
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 21] 
 
 Chino. The Southern Pacific and San- 
 ta Fe run also three trains daily each 
 way, thus affording first-class railway 
 facilities ; Ontario comprises some 12,- 
 000 acres, located on the mesa which 
 slopes south gradually from the Sierra 
 Madre Mountains to the Santa Ana 
 River. It is in the west part of what is 
 commonly known as the San Bernardino 
 Valley, and occupies the highest point 
 passed by rail or carriage road between 
 Los Angeles and San Bernardino. The 
 lands reach from the mountains around 
 the San Antonio canon to the Chino 
 Ranch, a distance of about nine miles, 
 and the Colony ranges in width from 
 one to three miles. The altitude is a 
 little less than 1,000 feet at the ranch 
 line, and the grade is about 100 feet 
 to the mile, increasing a little nearer 
 the mountains, the mouth of the canon 
 being about 2,200 feet above sea 
 level. 
 
 The scenery around Ontario is of 
 the most striking and attractive char- 
 acter. To the northwest rise the 
 Sierra Madre Mountains, while to the 
 east towers the San Bernardino Range, 
 and to the west slumbers the dreamy 
 Pacific Ocean. As special landmarks 
 in this striking scene are the four 
 highest peaks of Southern California, 
 namely: Mount San Bernardino and 
 Old Grayback to the east, San Jacinto 
 to the southeast, and Mt. San Antonic 
 (Old Baldy) adjoining the Ontario 
 tract on the north. Ontario occupies 
 the elevated plateau between the San 
 Bernardino Mountains and the ocean. 
 The mountains being closely adjacent, 
 and the sea being forty miles distant. 
 The settler can choose his altitude 
 from 900 to 2,500 feet, and by so 
 
 SAN ANTONIO FALLS. ONTARIO, CAL
 
 212 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 doing find exactly the climate that is suited to his personal tastes. On 
 the higher slopes of Ontario we can see orange groves bearing fruit and 
 flowers in delightful profusion, suggesting the breezes of " Araby the Blest, ,: 
 while half a dozen miles distant on the mountain peaks gleams the arctic 
 snows. Nowhere in the world are summer and winter brought into closer juxtapo- 
 sition. Tne zones of perpetual summer and never-ending winter are separated 
 only by the San Antonio Canon. Nor is it scenery alone which recommends the 
 "Model Colony " of Ontario. Here are the best fruit lands in this country of 
 fruit producing acres. Here the orange and the lime grow most perfectly and 
 most abundantly; here deciduous fruits flourish, and here, in a word, is the fruit 
 growers' paradise. It is alleged that orange groves at less than four years of age 
 have produced, and frequently do produce, from $300 to $500 worth of fruit per 
 acre. So great is the fertility, indeed, that three year old trees have been known 
 to produce a full box of oranges each. But oranges are not the sole products of 
 this wonderful soil. There are grown in great profusion the olive, peach, 
 apricot, guava, prune, pear, apple, persimmon, plum, raisin and grape, and when 
 one has mentioned these, he has only begun the list. For residence there can be 
 no pleasanter place than Ontario, and for horticulture and arboriculture surely no 
 place can claim precedence. 
 
 One of the prettiest towns in the San Bernardino 
 Valley is Pomona, in the eastern part of Los 
 Angeles county, thirty miles from the city of Los 
 Angeles and thirty miles from the Pacific Ocean 
 northward and fifty miles eastward. The Sierra 
 Madre range of mountains — average elevation of 
 9,000 feet above the sea, with snow-capped peaks — 
 are distant six miles north, and Mt. San Bernardino 
 (height 11,000 feet) and Mt. San Jacinto (about 
 the same height) forty and fifty miles eastward, 
 The lower range, called the San Jose Hills, midway 
 between the Sierra Madre Range and the ocean, terminates at the city, and the 
 great valley widens at this point to twenty-five and thirty miles. 
 
 Thus these high mountain ranges protect this valley equally from harsh sea 
 winds and the unpleasant dry winds and sandstorms of the desert. The altitude 
 of the city is 860 feet above the sea, the valley rising gradually to 2, coo feet at the 
 foot of the mountains. The immediate locality bears a similar relation to the 
 mountains and the ocean as the celebrated health resorts of Mentone and Nice. 
 
 A ride through the streets of the city, or along the many roads traversing the 
 country in every direction, will disclose many fine residences; also cosy, comforta- 
 ble homes. Houses, which are neither large nor costly, show the refinement of 
 true comfort and adaptation to the wants of the owners. The mild, open winters, 
 and consequent freedom from cold, do not require as expensive houses as in east- 
 ern and northern climates; therefore the house is open, cheery and home-like in its 
 appointments, many with broad verandas for the open-air life of the occupants 
 during most of the days of the year; and yet the individuality of the owner is as 
 plainly seen in the architecture and plan of the modest home as the more preten- 
 tious building of the city or in older communities; for these quiet homes are sur- 
 rounded by groves of trees, many of them evergreen — rows of vines extending 
 almost as far as the eye can reach — with roses and flowers from the roadside to and 
 surrounding the house, the whole deepJy impressing the visitor with the air of 
 
 POMONA. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 Resort. 
 
 A Fruit Growing Para- 
 dise.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 213 
 
 home-like comfort and cheerfulness everywhere prevailing. The town is amply 
 supplied with water, this precious fluid being obtained from three sources, namely, 
 San Antonio Canon, numerous cienegas which encircle the valley, and which are 
 fed by subterranean streams from the high mountains and artesian wells. There 
 are in this valley some of the finest flowing wells upon the continent, some of which 
 have given an undiminished flow for nearly ten years. There are now flowing in 
 the Pomona Valley sixty-seven wells, fifty- two of which are owned by the Pom- 
 ona Land and Water Company, who are extending their works at different points 
 and increasing the number. These waters are alike free from alkaline, saline or 
 mineral taint, and deliciously cool and invigorating. The right to use water for 
 irrigation is sold with the land, so that there need be no fear of a lack of this neces- 
 sity upon the part of those who settle here. 
 
 As Pomona is directly suggestive of the subject of fruit, and as fruit culture 
 is the great industry of Southern California, this is an appropriate place to introduce 
 a few statistics on the subject. We condense the following facts from reliable 
 documents: 
 
 The cost of raw land may safely be placed at $150 per acre, which is about an 
 average, according to location. In the following estimates for a vineyard, the 
 Zinfandel and Berger grapes have been taken, varieties which have been tested 
 here, and which have proven highly satisfactory: 
 
 Ten acres of land. @ $150 per acre $1,500 
 
 Two plowings, leveling, etc., @ $5 per acre 50 
 
 Cost of cutting for 10 acres. 50 
 
 Planting, @ $5 per acre .- 50 
 
 Care for two years, @ $15 per acre 300 
 
 Total cost till brought to bearing $1,950 
 
 Crop third year, 5 tons to acre, @ $20 per ton $1,000 
 
 Crop fourth year, 7 tons to acre, @. $20 per ton 1,400 
 
 Crop fifth year, 10 tons per acre, @ $20 per ton 2,000 
 
 Total for three years - -. $4,400 
 
 Deduct cost of care for third year, fourth and fifth years, @ 
 
 $15 per acre $ 450 
 
 Cost of 'and, vineyard, etc i,950 
 
 Interest 2 -ears, @ 10 per cent 390 
 
 $2,790 
 
 Net profit, five years "... $1,610 
 
 This estimate supposes that all the work is hired. If a man is not afraid to 
 take hold and do most of the work himself, which he can easily do, the expense 
 account would be materially smaller. 
 
 Prunes promise to be a most profitable fruit, and have proven themselves at 
 home in this valley. 
 
 Cost of ten acres of land, as given above $1,500 
 
 Plowing, etc 50 
 
 Cost of prune trees for ten acres 180 
 
 Planting 50 
 
 Care for 3 years @ $15 per acre per year 450 
 
 Cost of 10-acre prune orchard to time of bearing $2,230
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 215 
 
 The tourth year the account stands about thus: 
 
 Crop, ioo lbs. per tree and 10S trees per acre, ioS.ooo lbs., 
 
 @ 2 cts. per lb $2,160 
 
 Fifth year, 150 lbs. per tree, 162,000 lbs., @ 2 cts 3,240 
 
 Deduct cost of orchard . $2,230 
 
 Interest on $2,230 for 3 years, @. 10 per cent „- 669 
 
 5,400 
 
 $2,899 
 
 Net profits for five years - $2 ,501 
 
 Other deciduous trees will show about the same result. As has been stated, 
 the expense account can be largely decreased if a man is willing to take hold and 
 work. One norse will do all the cultivating ; thirty dollars will buy all the im- 
 plemeii s nee:ed, and there need be no expense for hired help until the grapes or 
 fruit are to be gathered, and enough potatoes and other vegetables can be raised 
 on the land to furnish a living for the first few years. 
 
 Beyond Pomona are a number of small stations possessing all the requisites of 
 climate, soil and scenery to become thriving towns; which, doubtless, will be the 
 outcome in a few years. At present, however, they possess only a statistical value 
 to the tourist. These stations occur in the following order: Spadro, Lemon, 
 Puenta, Monte and Savanna. 
 
 Sail Gabriel. This is the site of the famous Mission of Sau Gabriel, or, to 
 give it the full honors of its stately Spanish title, "El Mission de San Gabriel 
 Arcangel." The Mission was .founded September 8, 1771, and was moved from 
 the original site to its present position in 1775. The mission church is plainly to 
 be seen from the car windows to our right, just after the station has been passed, 
 and is a most interesting relic of what in the new world may be called antiquity, 
 having been erected, in 1804, of material imported from the mother country, Spain. 
 Beyond San Gabriel are the suburban stations to Los Angeles, of Alhambra, 
 Shorb and Aurant. The handsome suburban villas which dot the landscape on 
 each hand rapidly increase in number as the city is approached, and soon we are 
 rolling along between continuous rows of houses, and finally come to a stop at the 
 Southern Pacific Railroad's depot, in Los Angeles. 
 
 The trip from Los Angeles to Santa Monica, 
 one of the famous bathing resorts of the Pacific 
 coast, is not only justified by what one finds at the 
 end of his journey, but also by the pleasures 
 enjoyed en route. The Southern Pacific Company 
 runs four trains to the beach each day — a distance 
 of sixteen miles ; and on Sunday the exodus 
 to this famed seaside resort is something ex- 
 traordinary. For three or four miles after leav- 
 ing the station, we pass through suburbs of 
 Los Angeles. Handsome villa residences, sur- 
 rounded by beautiful and most attractive grounds, 
 are to be seen on every side. At last, reaching the open country, we pass through 
 a constant succession of vineyards and fruit orchards, until the near presence of the 
 ocean is made known by refreshing saline breezes and the occurrence of sand dunes 
 and salt marshes. The train stops at a handsome depot, beyond which extends a 
 large, well-kept and beautilul park. It is difficult for one accustomed to the 
 
 SANTA MONICA. 
 
 The 
 
 Long Branch 
 
 of 
 
 the Pacific. 
 
 A charming Sea Shore 
 
 Watering Place.
 
 216 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 varying seasons of the lands across the mountains to comprehend the fact that this 
 beautiful park, with its luxuriance of sub-tropical vegetation, its affluence of 
 delicate and vari-tinted flowers, is never less verdant, less brilliant or less attrac- 
 tive than it is now. It is not easy to grasp the fact that all the year round, equally 
 as comfortably on the first of January as on the first of June, one can sport among 
 
 the combing billows that come rolling in across the blue, serene Pacific. The 
 attractions of Santa Monica are manifold,— beach-driving, surf-bathing, fishing, 
 boating, yachting, are the sea-ward delights; while on the shore are all the charms 
 which nature has so opulently spread for the pleasure of those who visit this 
 favored spot, together with all the ingenious devices invented by man for amuse- 
 ment and relaxation. Of course, it goes without saying that there is a magnificent 
 beach hotel, whose broad verandas face the sea, and whose appointments an com-
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 217 
 
 plete in all respects ; also, of course, there are bath-houses of ample accommoda- 
 tions. 
 
 There are many points of scenic interest within easy reach of Santa Monica. 
 One of the most charming is that to Santa Monica canon, to which the Southern 
 Pacific Company has extended its line, and Manville Glen, a spot made cool and 
 inviting by ancient forest trees and a rippling brook, all embraced by rugged 
 mountain surroundings. This is a favorite camping ground, where pleasure and 
 health seekers pitch their tents and spend months in the calm enjoyment of this 
 sylvan retreat. Santa Monica is a great health resort, and experience has proved 
 its excellence in this regard. It possesses, the year round, one of the most en- 
 joyable and healthy climates in the world, being from ten to fifteen degrees cooler 
 than Los Angeles and the interior country in summer, and warmer in winter. 
 There is a magnificent driving beach stretching away for fifteen miles, good sea 
 fishing, an abundance of water fowl in the neighboring lagoons, and game in the 
 mountains a few miles distant. The climate of Santa Monica and vicinity is 
 worthy of somewhat extended notice. In a general way we can sum up the cli- 
 matic conditions of the Southern California coast as follows : So far as the 
 amount of rainfall is concerned throughout Southern California, the rainy season 
 simply signifies that during that period, exclu-ively, not exceeding 18 inches may 
 fall. The average annual rainfall at San Diego is only 10 43 inches. Following 
 up the coast to San Francisco, it increases at the rate of about 2 inches for every 
 100 miles. Santa Monica receives about 13 inches, Santa Barbara 15 inches, 
 Monterey 17 inches, and San Francisco 21 inches. The Coast Range of moun 
 tains, rising to an elevation of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, robs the ocean rain- 
 freighted clouds of all their precious burden before reaching the interior plains 
 and valleys. At Fort Yuma, on the Colorado River and De ert, the mean annual 
 ra nfall is only 2.54 inches ; among the little valleys extending from San Diego to 
 the San Jacinto Mountains, from 7 to 9 inches ; in the valley of San Bernardino, 
 and at Colton, Riverside and Cocamongo, 10 incl es ; advancing toward the coast, 
 Spadra and El Monte receive about 11 inches ; and Los Angeles, situated 20 miles 
 from the ocean, about 14 inches. Crossing the San Bernardino Mountains to the 
 Mojave Plains, the yearly rainfall is only from 3 to 4 inches, and from thence up 
 the San Joaquin Valley as far as Goshen, in latitude 36 degrees, it ranges from 3 
 to 6 inches ; from thence, northward, it increases to 15.10 at Stockton and 18 23 
 at Sacramento. Taking it all in all, Santa Monica is a place of great interest. 
 We have said nothing about the town so far, but must not neglect to state that 
 there is a town, and a very pretty one at that. It is situated on the level mesa, 
 which stretches back landward from the brink of the natural sea wall, from whose 
 foot extends the level beach outward to the ocean rim. The residences are taste- 
 ful, many of them elegant, the business blocks substantial, and every element of 
 comfort and convenience for the health or pleasure seeker can be found here. 
 
 Port Los Angeles. Twenty miles west of the city of Los Angeles is 
 where the Southern Pacific Company have built their Mammoth Wharf, the longest 
 ocean pier in the world. The total length of the structure is 4 620 feet. The 
 coal bunkers are fitted with every convenience for rapid handling of coal cargoes 
 from ship to bunker and then to car, and are 8 6 feet long, 36 feet wide, and 36 
 feet high, with a capacity for 8,000 tons of coal. Depot buildings and freight 
 sheds are 384 feet in length, containing ample waiting room accommodations and 
 an excellent restaurant. The fishing from the wharf is the best on the coast. 
 Bait and tackle can be had on the wharf. The large steamers of the P. C. S. S. 
 Co. stop at Port Los Angeles north and south bound for passengers and freight,
 
 SIS 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 while deep sea and coasting vessels are coming and going at all times. Fare, 50 
 cents ; round trip, 75 cents ; round trip Saturday and Sunday, good to return 
 until Monday, 50 cents. 
 
 Lonji" Beach. We have already described the greater portion of the trip 
 from Los Angeles to Long Beach in that portion ot this book devoted to the jour- 
 ney from Los Angeles to San Pedro. We follow the same line in our excursion 
 to the Beach as far as the Junction, at which point our train takes the line to the 
 left, and rolling along through a level country, encroached upon here and there by 
 the salt marshes of the ocean, but passing many fertile and attractive spots, soon 
 reaches Long Beach, the goal of our journey. This popular resort is only twenty- 
 five miles distant from Los Angeles, and can be reached in an hour's ride from the 
 city. Surf-bathing may be enjoyed here the year round, and the accommodations 
 are complete in every respect. The beach itself is one of the greatest attractions 
 of the place. The sands are left hard and compact by the retiring tide, and the 
 drive along the margin of the ocean is undoubtedly the finest to be found any- 
 where on the California coast. Long Beach has a wharf which extends a distance 
 of 750 feet in the ocean, reaching water deep enough to float vessels of the heaviest 
 tonnage by its side. Long Beach has already become a resort of great popularity, 
 and the excellence of its beach, its attractive scenery and fine hotel combine to 
 render this popularity greater every day. 
 
 CALIFORNIA'S MAMMOTH GRAPE VINE.
 
 SAUNTERINGS AROUND SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 FTER enjoying the delights of Southern California, the tourist can 
 return to San Francisco from Los Angeles over the same route by 
 which the southward journey was made, or he can take steamer at 
 Santa Barbara, San Pedro or Port Los Angeles, and have the 
 pleasuie of a delightful coast voyage. Having once more estab- 
 lished headquarters in the metropolis, he will be ready to make excursions to the 
 points of interest adjacent to the city. 
 
 San Francisco to Monterey. It was a bright, genial California 
 day, when we took the cars of the Coast Division of the Southern Pacific Kail- 
 road, at the station opposite the immense brick building at the corner of Fourth 
 and Townsend streets, in which are the general offices of this great railroad com- 
 pany. We were bound for Monterey, famous for its bathing and its Rosamond's 
 Bower — the world-renowned Hotel del Monte. Our course is southward through 
 the city for a distance of four miles. Two miles from the station are the machine 
 shops of the railroad company. Valencia street station is reached in another mile; 
 here the cable line through the center of the city to Oakland Pier crosses the 
 track. Beyond this station the suburbs of the city are entered. On the right, 
 occupying an elevated position, is the Industrial School building. Bernal is 
 passed, and numbers of market-gardens, with an intricate and interesting system of 
 terraces and irrigating ditches, pipes and flumes. Holy Cross Cemetery is seen to 
 our left, then Coloma, Ocean View and Baden come next, and then we approach 
 quite near the shore of San Francisco Bay, reaching this point by means of a 
 sharply descending grade. 
 
 San Bruno. Here are the rifle ranges of the shooting club-;, situated on 
 the shore of the bay; and here also is a large hotel, a popular resort for the sports- 
 men who congregate at this place. (Population, 50. Distance from San Francisco, 
 14 miles. Elevation, 15 feet.) 
 
 Millbrae. This is the station for the country-seat of Mr. D. O. Mills, 
 president of the Bank of California, and his palatial residence can be seen about 
 half a mile distant to the right, characterized by two lofty towers. Just beyond 
 the station is the Millbrae Dairy, with a multitude of buildings showing the 
 great extent of this enterprise. Handsome residences cam be seen on the right, the 
 left side being next the bay, and given over to meadow lands and cultivated fields, 
 diversified by occasional groves. (Population, 300. Distance from San Francisco, 
 17 miles. Elevation, S feet.) 
 
 Fair Oaks. This station is the site of most attractive groves of live oaks, 
 from which it takes its name. (Distance from San Francisco, 31 miles.) 
 
 San Mateo. Surrounding San Mateo are a number of the most elegant 
 country-seats in California. Wealth has concentrated its forces here, and every- 
 thing that money can do, when employed unstintedly and intelligently, has been 
 done to beautify the scene. The art of the landscape gardener has here been 
 exercised to its fullest extent, and the grounds which surround these palaces of 
 San Franciscan millionaires are bewildering visions of arboreal and floral beauty. 
 As we advance after leaving the station, the race track is passed on the right, also 
 the Young Ladies Seminary. The bay is on the left. Groves of oak, eucalyptus 
 
 219
 
 OLD MISSION CHURCH — MONTEREY.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 .'1 
 
 PASO RUBLES 
 
 trees and endless orchards stretch away to the right as far as vision can reach. 
 Four miles beyond San Mateo is Belmont, the station for the country-seat of the 
 late banker king, John Ralston, which is one of the most noted country residences 
 near San Francisco, and during the life of its owner it was the scene of a most 
 generous and lavish hospitality. The statistics of San Mateo are as follows: 
 
 (Population, 1,500. 
 Distance from San 
 Francisco, 21 miles. 
 Elevation 22 feet.) 
 
 Redwood. 
 This town is the 
 county-seat of San 
 Mateo county, and 
 derives its name from 
 the proximity of 
 extensive redwood 
 forests to the west- 
 ward. Great quan- 
 tities of redwood 
 lumber, firewood and 
 bark are shipped from 
 this station. Arte- 
 sian wells furnish 
 water for the town, 
 which is well built 
 and supplied with all 
 of the modern con- 
 veniences. The trib- 
 utary industries, in 
 addition to lumber- 
 ing, are fruit raising 
 and agriculture. 
 (Population, 1,600. 
 Distance from San 
 Francisco, 28 miles. 
 Elevation, 9 feet.) 
 
 Menlo Park is 
 noted as the residence 
 of a large number of 
 San Francisco's most 
 wealthy business men 
 and gentlemen of 
 leisure. It is a bower 
 of beauty in the 
 heart of umbrageous 
 groves, made still 
 more lovely and attractive by flowers of every hue and a generous abundance of 
 ornamental shrubs and trailing vines. It goes without saying that all that the genius 
 of the architect can devise has been done to make the country residences equal 
 in beauty with their surroundings. (Population, 400. Distance from San Fran- 
 cisco, 32 miles. Elevation, 64 feet.)
 
 222 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Lelaml Stanford, Jr., University. The site of this university, 
 which has an endowment of $20,000,000, and is a monument of parental affection, 
 is Palo Alto, near Mayfield, two miles beyond Menlo Park. There are 4,291 acres 
 of land in the grounds belonging to the university estate. 
 
 Alviso. This station is at the head of San Francisco Bay, and from this 
 point great quantities of fruit, especially of the smaller varieties, are shipped by 
 boat to San Francisco. (Population, no. Distance from San Francisco, 38 miles. 
 Elevation, 8 feet.) 
 
 Santa Clara was foundea by the Jesuits in 1774, and has for its site a 
 most beautiful region, being near the centre of the fertile Santa Clara Valley. 
 The climate is noted for its healthfulness and equability. This valley is one of the 
 best wheat regions in the state, and is also noted for the abundance and fine 
 quality of its fruit. Santa Clara and San Jose are twin cities, being only three 
 miles apart. 
 
 From San Jose, the Alameda, a broad and famous avenue lined with ancient 
 willows, leads to the old town of Santa Clara, four miles distant. The Mission of 
 Santa Clara was founded by Father Pena, in 1777, and the old adobe walls are 
 still crumbling away. Twelve miles by rail takes us to the famous New Almedan 
 quicksilver mines, which furnish half the quicksilver the world produces, and gives 
 employment to several hundred miners. The mountains are picturesque, easily 
 reached, abound in trout and game, and contain many health and pleasure resorts, 
 besides presenting every attraction to camping parties. (Population, 3,000. Dis- 
 tance from San Francisco, 44 miles. Elevation, 75 feet.) 
 
 The metropolis of the Santa Clara Valley is 
 San Jose, the county seat of Santa Clara county, 
 and the Garden City of the Pacific Coast. It is a 
 progressive and rapidly growing city, with a popula- 
 tion of 25,000. It is fifty miles distant from San 
 Francisco, with which it has rapid and convenient 
 communication by three lines of railroad, operated 
 by the Southern Pacific Company, giving trains 
 either way at all times of day, tickets being inter- 
 changeable on all the routes. It is also convenient 
 to the most charming seaside resorts in the world, 
 Santa Cruz and Monterey, and two special excursion trains are run to these places 
 weekly. The beautiful surroundings and delightful climate of the valley already 
 briefly alluded to, its many elegant and costly homes, its shaded streets and 
 avenues literally embowered in trees of perpetual verdure, and the many social 
 and other advantages which wealth and culture have bestowed, make San Jose the 
 place for an ideal home. 
 
 There are twenty three churches in San Jose, and its educational facilities are 
 unsurpassed. The five public schools are not excelled in the state, and a high 
 school with an advanced curriculum crowns the system. There are here, besides, 
 some of the best known educational institutions on the Pacific Coast. The 
 University of the Pacific is a Methodist institution of high rank; the State 
 Normal School and the College of Notre Dame are centrally located, and at Santa 
 Clara, three miles distant, is the Santa Clara College, an institution located on the 
 site of the old Santa Clara Mission At Palo Alto, few miles to the northwest, 
 are the buildings of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, one of the grandest 
 educational institutions of the world, having an endowment of $20,000,000. 
 
 SAN JOSE. 
 
 Metropolis of Santa 
 Clara Valley. 
 
 The Garden City of the 
 Pacific Coast.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN 1 GATE. 
 
 223 
 
 There are also, in and about San Jose, several other minor educational institutions. 
 Besides the vast and only partial developed resources of the Santa Clara and three 
 small but fertile tributary valleys, San Jose has many industries as a basis for her 
 
 A, - ' y\ 1 - _ jr 
 
 prosperity. Recent experiment has shown that the Santa Clara Valley is one ol 
 the most favorable regions in the world for the propagation of the silk worm, and 
 the infant silk industry is already represented by a manufactory of dress silks. 
 There are four large fruit canneries, three glove factories, two flouring mills, a 
 large woolen mill, and a great number of other industries. Four miles away are 
 the great Lick paper mills. (Population, 25,000. Distance from San Francisco, 
 50 miles. Elevation, 86 feet.)
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 225 
 
 The Lick Observatory. Throughout this region are many points and 
 features of interest. First in importance is the great Lick Observatory, whose 
 dome glistens in the sunlight on the top of Mount Hamilton, twenty-six miles 
 away, and at an altitude of 4 443 feet. Here is now in place one of the most pow- 
 erful telescopes in the world. For this observatory the late James Lick bequeathed 
 $700,000, and the property now belongs to the University of California. Daily 
 stages run to the summit over a magnificent winding road, which cost Santa Clara 
 county % 100,000. From the summit, on a clear day, the view is one of indescrib- 
 able beauty and grandeur. The great dome of the observatory can be plainly seen 
 to the left, from the windows of the train, after San Jose has been left behind. 
 Two delightful side trips from San Jose are those to Los Gatos and Santa Cruz. 
 
 LOS Gatos. Nine miles from San Jose, on the direct narrow gauge line to 
 Santa Cruz, lies Los Gatos, a thriving town of 2,000 inhabitants, which nestles 
 amid picturesque surroundings, on the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz Mountains. 
 It is within the Santa Clara Valley, partaking of all the material and climatic 
 blessings of that lovely region; but it also lies within the thermal, or warm, belt, 
 and so enjoys an added advantage and attraction. This thermal belt is an interest- 
 ing phenomenon, and is observed in all the foot hills of the bay region. It is due 
 to the fact that when the cooler airs of night flow into the broad valley below, 
 sometimes lowering the temperature until frost is formed, the warm air rises and 
 rests at a higher altitude, preserving in a wide strip of country along the mountain 
 sides a higher temperature at night and a more equable climate than is found in 
 the valley below. About Los Gatos, the strip of country so affected is six miles in 
 width. The change is quickly noted in a drive from San Jose to Los Gatos in the 
 cool of the evening. This condition gives to Los Gatos a truly Arcadian air that 
 is a perpetual delight to the visitor or resident. It is this which makes the success- 
 ful cultivation of the orange, lemon and other citrus fruits possible here. The soil 
 here is as rich and fertile as in any portion of the valley, and this with the perfect 
 climate, pure and balmy airs, and the ever-present beauty and abundance which 
 has followed the efforts of labor and capital, make of this particular region a veri- 
 table Eden. 
 
 The country about Los Gatos is noted for its fruit, and the whole slope is 
 covered with profitable vineyards and orchards, wherein plums, peaches, prunes, 
 apricots, pears, apples, olives, figs, cherries, oranges, lemons and other fruits 
 attain a rare perfection. English walnuts are extensively raised, and the largest 
 almond orchard in the world is located here. Owing to its proximity to San 
 Francisco, and its unequaled attractions as a place of residence, Los Gatos has 
 become the suburban residence place of a number of San Francisco men of wealth, 
 and a special suburban train is run to the town. (Population, 2,000. Distance from 
 San Francisco, 55 miles. Elevation, 400 feet.) 
 
 One of the loveliest cities of California is that 
 of Santa Cruz. Occupying a charming site on the 
 seashore at the north end of the crescent-shaped bay 
 of Monterey, it is at the mouth of the San Lorenzo 
 river, and recedes from a beautiful beach, extending 
 to a broad plateau and two terraces rising above it, 
 surrounded by protecting hills. 
 
 Santa Cruz is the most popular and fashionable 
 seaside resort in the state, and is termed the New- 
 port of the Pacific Coast. During the summer 
 season people flock to this beautiful city by the thousands, especially from 
 
 SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 The Newport of the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 Health and Pleasure 
 Resort.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 227 
 
 the cities; and during the "season," the population is increased to ten or 
 twelve thousand. Its bathing is its pride and its glory, and with its lovely beach 
 of clean, white sand, its fine bath houses, and its safe and delightful waters, its 
 attractions in this line are unequaled. While the crowds are greatest during the 
 vacation season, between May and September, the bathing is delightful the whole 
 year round. Excursion trains are run to this place from San Francisco every 
 Saturday and Sunday. 
 
 The place itself has all the features of a modern progressive city, among which 
 may be mentioned electric lights, gas, fine water system, fire department, street 
 cars, free library, telephones, three daily and two weekly papers, two banks, hand- 
 some public buildings, fine schools and numerous churches. It has magnificent 
 streets, many being paved with bituminous rock, and its sidewalks are exceptionally 
 good. Its great number of cosy and attractive homes are among its chief features. 
 
 The climate of Santa Cruz and surrounding country is unsurpassed by that of 
 any other part of the state. It is remarkably equable, the average temperature for 
 winter being 52 degrees, and for summer 62 degrees. The difference between the 
 extremes of the year is always small. Epidemics are unknown, and health and 
 vigor is imparted to invalids, as well as to the strong. Rare roses, and ether 
 blooms which in the East are hot-house plants, are culled from gardens every week 
 in the year. 
 
 In the mountains and valleys about Santa Cruz, there is an almost endless 
 array of attractions. The mountains are exceedingly picturesque, abound in trout 
 and game, offer great attractions to the camper, are full of beautiful canons and 
 nooks, and the views to be obtained are of surpassing beauty and grandeur. Ben 
 Lomond is the highest peak, and is reached by four delightful routes. Five miles 
 from Santa Cruz is a famous group of redwoods, known as the " Big Trees." The 
 largest is 300 feet in height and 60 feet in circumference There are several 
 valleys of great beauty and fertility, the most noted being the Pajaro Valley. In 
 the valleys and on the mountain slopes fruits of all kinds are extensively grown, 
 with as great success as anywhere in the state, and general farming is easy and 
 profitable. The dairying interests are extensive, and the forests are still large and 
 dense. The county is the second in the state in manufactures. This is a region of 
 flowers and perpetual summer, with every attraction for residence, and offering 
 great inducements for investments. (Population, 7,000. Distance from San 
 Francisco, 80 miles. Elevation, 15 feet.) 
 
 Castroville. Resuming our journey at San Jose for Monterey, we pass 
 through an interesting and fertile country until Castroville is reached. From this 
 point a branch extends down to Monterey, the main line running to Templeton. 
 Around Castroville is one of the greatest wheat growing regions of California. 
 The ordinary yield is from 40 to 50 bushels to the acre, though as high as 102 
 bushels have been grown here — the largest yield on record. (Population, 600. 
 Distance from San Francisco, no miles. Elevation, 17 feet.) 
 
 From Castroville we follow the curving shore of the Bay of Monterey; at 
 times within a short distance of the shore, and at others somewhat farther inland. 
 Sand dunes and salt marshes testify to the nearness of the ocean. 
 
 Del Moilte. In the heart of a lovely grove the train stops at a tasteful 
 rustic pavilion, which is the station. Broad, graveled roads sweep up to the 
 station in graceful curves, and here stand waiting richly appointed four-horse 
 carriages, in which guests for the famous Hotel del Monte are conveyed to their 
 destination. Glimpses of the hotel to the left can be caught through the interstices 
 of the trees; while vines and shrubs and flowers grow everywhere in studied and
 
 HOTEL DEL MONTE. 
 
 A Palace of Delight. 
 
 The Queen of American 
 Watering Places. 
 
 TO TI$E GOLDEN GATE. 229 
 
 artistic confusion. The drive to the hotel along the broad, tree lined avenues, 
 shaded by immemorial and stately live oaks, through which vistas of sylvan beauty 
 can be seen, gives one a foretaste of the charms of this one of the most charming 
 places in the world. 
 
 The hotel is first seen through a vista of trees. 
 and, in its beautiful embcwerment of foliage and 
 flowers, resembles some rich private home in the 
 midst of a broad park. This impression is height- 
 ened when the broader extent of avenues, lawns 
 and flower-bordered walks come into view. The 
 gardener's art has turned many acres into a choice 
 conservatory, where the richest flowers blossom in 
 profusion. Here and there are swings, croquet 
 grounds, an archery, lawn-tennis courts, and bins 
 of fine beach sand — the latter being intended for the use and amusement 
 of the children, who can not await the bathing hour for the daily visit to 
 the beach. The use of all these, as well as of the ladies' billiard saloon, is free to 
 guests. In all directions there are seats for loungers. Through a vista formed 
 by the umbrageous oaks and pines, the huge, bulbous forms of a varied family of 
 cacti are seen. In another place is a bewildering maze. Everywhere flowers and 
 rare plants abound, and every avenue and pathway is bordered by intricate floral 
 devices. In any direction the eye may turn are fresh visions of beauty. In the 
 fall of 18S3 a great improvement was consummated in the introduction of an 
 abundant supply of pure, soft water from the Carmel river. Extensive water 
 works were constructed at an expense of over half a million dollars. The supply not 
 only meets every requirement of the hotel, but also feeds the great fountain in the 
 lake. The Del Monte Bathing Pavilion is situated on the beach, about eight 
 minutes' walk from the hotel, and is one of the largest and most complete establish- 
 ments of the kind in the world. It is seventy feet wide by one hundred and seventy 
 long. There are four tanks of about thirty-six feet wide by fifty feet long. The 
 water int'iese tanks ranges in temperature from cold up to warm, and the bather 
 can take his choice The heating is done by steam, and the water is daily changed. 
 The pavilion contains two hundred and ten dressing-rooms, one-half of which 
 is set apart for the use of ladies. Each of the latter is fitted up with a fresh water 
 shower bath, while on the gentlemen's side fourteen shower baths serve for ail. 
 The pavilion and everything connected with it is kept scrupulously clean, and 
 always presents a pleasing appearance. When filled with bathers and spectators, 
 it presents a spectacle which, in point of animation and interest, would be hard 
 to surpass. Outside of this pavilion is a beautiful sandy beach, on which surf- 
 bathing may be indulged. An adjunct of the Hotel del Monte is its iS mile 
 drive, over a splendidly-kept macadamized road, by way of Monterey, Pacific 
 Grove, Cypress Grove, Carmel Bay, and the old Mission Church. The reader will 
 remember the sensation which was created several years ago by the burning of the 
 Hotel del Monte. From its ruins there has arisen a new Del Monte — larger, more 
 beautiful and complete than the old one. The new Del Monte is in its main front 
 and general style of architecture an exact copy of the old Del Monte, which was 
 universally pronounced, by thousands of famous visitors from all countries, to have 
 been the most graceful and elegant building of its class in the world. The new 
 building, by increasing and extending its annexes, has nearly double the accommoda- 
 tions of the old one. These annexes are connected together by two arcades of 
 glass and iron, three stories in height, which virtually makes the two annexes one.
 
 INSID 
 
 E AND OUTSIDE HEADERS- DEL MONTE.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 231 
 
 Befng tully incrosed, and yet light as day, the guest experiences no inconvenience 
 of any kind in walking through them; on the contrary, the two arcades make 
 delightful little promenading places. T he dining-room is 162 by 66 feet, nearly 
 double the size of the old one, and will comfortably seat 500 people at once. The 
 park grounds surrounding the Del Monte have no equal on this coast, and it 
 is a mere question of time when they will have no superior anywhere. Nature 
 endowed them with prodigal liberality, and the owners are supplementing nature's 
 efforts with an equally prodigal expenditure of art. Croquet plats, an archery 
 ground, swings, lawn tennis grounds, choice flowers, shrubs, trees, beautiful 
 walks, and, in short, everything which an experienced landscape gardener's artistic 
 eye can suggest, is being done for the improvement of this favored spot. 
 
 Monterey. This quaint and romantic old town, the capital of California 
 when the territory was acquired by the United States, and the place where 
 Fremont first raised the stars and stripes and took formal possession of the 
 country, is one of the most interesting places to visit in California. Monterey is 
 situated on the lovely bay of the same name, 125 miles from San Francisco by the 
 Southern Pacific Railroad, and can be reached in 3^ hours by taking the fast 
 Monterey train, leaving the city at 2:30 P. M. This is the fastest train on the 
 Pacific Coast, and one of the most elegant in equipment in the world. There is 
 probably no place upon the Pacific Coast so replete with natural charms as 
 Monterey. Its exquisite beauty and variety of scenery is diversified with ocean, 
 bay, lake and streamlet; mountain, hill and valley; and groves of oak, cypress, 
 spruce, pine and other trees. The mountain views are very beautiful, particularly 
 the Gabilan and Santa Cruz spurs. The Bay of Monterey is a magnificent sheet of 
 water, and is twenty-eight miles from point to point. It is delightfully adapted to 
 boating and yachting; and many kinds of fish may be taken at all seasons of the 
 year. For bathing purposes the beach is all that could be desired — one long, bold 
 sweep of wide, gently sloping, clean, white sands — the very perfection of a 
 bathing beach; and so safe that children may play and bathe upon it with entire 
 security. There are also great varieties of sea-mosses, shells, pebbles and agates, 
 scattered here and there along the rim of the bay, fringed, as it is at all times, with 
 the creamy ripple of the surf. (Population, 2,300. Distance from San Francisco, 
 125 miles. Elevation, 5 feet.) 
 
 Pacific Grove, a short distance from Monterey, is to the Pacific Coast 
 what Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard and Ocean Grove, are to the Atlantic sea-side 
 resorts, except that the Pacific Grove retreat has as equable a temperature as 
 Monterey itself, and is kept open all the year round. It is delightfully situated o* 
 the beautiful Bay of Monterey, less than two miles from the old town, and in 
 loveliness of location cannot be excelled, its graceful pines extending to the water's 
 edge.
 
 YOSEMITE VALLEY.
 
 TO THE YOSEMITE. 
 
 O one who visits San Francisco can afford to return home without 
 seeing nature's great temple of wonders — the Yosemite. The way 
 thither has been greatly smoothed by the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
 and each succeeding year sees improvements in this direction. 
 What was formerly an undertaking of considerable magnitude and 
 difficulty, has now become an easy journey, and one fraught with pleasure in the 
 taking It is only a vacation jaunt, requiring four days to make the round trip. 
 The valley is 259 miles from San Francisco, 178 miles to Berende, on the 
 route already described in the trip to Los Angeles, thence 21 miles by rail to Ray- 
 mond, and 60 miles by stage to the valley. It is now all rail to the foot-hills of 
 the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where the traveler is transferred to the most 
 approved pattern of stages (or carriages, really), and is delightfully whirled up 
 into the Land of Wonders over an excellent road, through giant timber, across ice- 
 cold rivulets, and past cataracts which send their spray into the sunlight, embel 
 Hshed with the colors of the rainbow. Mr. Ben. C. Truman, the veteran traveler 
 and writer of the Pacific Coast, speaks as follows concerning this wonderland: 
 " Some few years ago we visited the Yosemite in company with a gentleman who 
 had traveled largely, and who had written much of the scenic attractions of Europe, 
 Asia and America, and who exclaimed, as we reached ' Inspiration Point ': 'My 
 God! self-convicted as a spendthrift in words, the only terms applicable to this 
 spot I have wasted on minor scenes.' And it was, unfortunately, true, that 
 language failed to give adequate utterance to the emotion of my friend upon that 
 occasion, and his hitherto facile pen failed to perform its functions with its 
 characteristic felicity and brilliancy. This has been the case with many, however, 
 if not with all others; and, thus, the pre-eminent grandeur and magnificence of 
 the Yosemite remains, after all, untold. Indeed, its charms must really be seen 
 and felt; for it is an absolute fact, that neither pencil nor brush, nor photographic 
 process, can give them faithful protraiture." 
 
 The Yosemite Valley is about 150 miles, in an 
 almost easterly direction, from San Francisco, and 
 nearly midway of the state, between the northern 
 and southern boundaries; it was for many years the 
 rendezvous, or permanent abiding place, of hostile 
 Indians, who had a legend for every point of in- 
 terest, whether of water or rock. The place was 
 first seen in 1850 by a number of white men, who 
 had formed themselves into a military company to 
 punish or compel peace with bands of murderous Indians; it was taken 
 possession of in March, 1851, by an expedition under the command of Captain 
 Boling, which invaded the aboriginal stronghold, killed several of its defenders, 
 and either stampeded or compelled peace with the rest. The valley is some 
 15 miles long, by about one-third of that distance in width, and is undoubtedly 
 the most wonderful combination of chasm and dome, cliff and canon, mountain 
 and valley, river and waterfall, cataract and streamlet, winter and summer, 
 
 233 
 
 YOSEMITE. 
 
 A Valley 
 
 of Wonders. 
 
 
 The 
 
 Climax 
 
 of Grandeur 
 
 and 
 
 Beauty.
 
 FALLS OF THE YGSEMITE.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 235 
 
 and sunshine and shadow, to be seen in the world — especially within a radiu9 
 of eight or ten miles. Among the most noted and majestic elevations, which 
 rise right up vertically, many of these seeming like hewn rock, are: El 
 Capitan, 3,300 feet above the floor of the valley; Cathedral Rock, 2,660 feet 
 above the valley; Three Brothers, 3,830 feet; The Sentinel, 3,043 feet, with 
 cascades of 3,000 feet fall, Washington Column, 1,875 feet; Dome and Royal 
 Arches, 3,568 feet, down which descends a cataract of 1,000 feet; The Half Dome, 
 4,737 feet; Cloud's Rest, 6,150 feet; Glacier Point, 3,200; Sentinel Dome, 4,150; 
 Eagle Point, 4,200, and many others of greater or less altitudes. The most noted 
 waterfalls are the Yosemite, which first displays an unbroken descent 1,500 feet, 
 then 600 feet of partly hidden cataracts, and a final leap of 400 feet — 2,526 in all; 
 Bridal Veil, 900 feet; Vernal Falls, 400, and Nevada Falls, 600 feet. There are 
 many other points of interest, conspicuous among which are the Merced River, 
 Mirror Lake, and romantic drives and climbs without number. There are a 
 number of good hotels in the valley, and tourists are driven right up to their doors. 
 The best time for visiting the falls is from the first of April until the end of July; 
 but it is accessible until the snows of November close up its means of ingress and 
 egress for several months. 
 
 The Big Trees. Thirty-five miles from Raymond is the Wawona 
 Hotel (formerly Clark's) one of the most exquisite spots in the Sierra Nevada. 
 There is an abundance of game near by, such as bear, deer (in great plenty), 
 mountain quail, grouse and smaller game, while the adjacent streams abound in 
 trout. It is from this hotel that tourists make their pilgrimage to the Mariposa 
 Big Tree Grove, which is six miles, and is made in a carriage, and for which there 
 is no extra charge for those holding through tickets to ard from the Yosemite 
 Valley. In this mighty grove there may be seen a large number of trees more 
 than 300 feet in height, and varying from 50 to 93 feet in circumference, according 
 to Professor Whitney's official measurement. 
 
 The Calaveras Grove, which was the first one discovered (by a hunter 
 named A. T. Dowd, in 1S52), has a magnificent lot of mammoth trees, also piercing 
 the clouds at heights exceeding 300 feet, and measuring 80, 90 and 100 feet around 
 at the ground. Most of these have marble slabs containing the names of distin- 
 guished soldiers, navigators, statesmen, poets, travelers and authors. The 
 Calaveras Grove is 131 miles from San Francisco by rail, and 44 by stage — 175 
 miles in all. The Mammoth Grove Hotel has lately been enlarged, and can now 
 accommodate one hundred guests. There is a post-office, express and telegraph 
 office at the hotel. It faces the grove, having the greater number of trees to the 
 left, looking from the veranda, and the Two Sentinels immediately in the front, 
 about two hundred yards to the eastward. The valley in which the hotel is 
 situated contains of the Sequoia trees, ninety-three, not including those of from one 
 to ten years' growth.
 
 
 The sequoia is a represen 
 tative of a family of trees, re- 
 lated to the cypresses, which 
 has survived from a time 
 more ancient than almost 
 my other family of trees. Its nearest 
 relative is in Japan. The name was 
 given by the botanist, Asa Gray, in 
 honor of Sequoyah, the Cherokee 
 chieftain. Besides the S. gigantea, 
 there is still another species, the S. 
 senipeivirens, which exists in forests 
 along the seaward side of the Coast 
 Range from San Francisco bay north- 
 ward for over ioo miles. It is these 
 forests which furnish the celebrated 
 redwood lumber ; and an illustrated 
 article by Ernest Ingersoll, in Har- 
 per's Magazine for 1882, gives an 
 admirable account of the lumbering 
 operations by which these mighty trees 
 are utilized, and of the interesting 
 scenes in and about the region in which 
 they grow. Many specimens of the 
 redwood rival their big cousins near 
 Yosemite in size, and the whole forest 
 will average 250 feet in height, where 
 full grown. 
 
 BIG TREES OF CALAVERAS.
 
 FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO THE GREAT 
 NORTHWEST. 
 
 LONG reach of most interesting country lies between San Francisco 
 and Portland, Oregon. Seven hundred and seventy two miles 
 intervene between the two great cities, and it is our purpose to 
 take the reader with us on this journey. There are two routes by 
 rail ; and, of course, the ocean highway is open to all who wish to 
 go by steamer. The rail routes are east of the Sacramento River to Tehama, and 
 west of the river to the same point, 125 miles from San Francisco, where the two 
 lines form a junction. The route generally taken by tourists is that east of the 
 river ; and this is the route chosen for our journey. From San Francisco we 
 return on the Overland route (by which we entered the city) as far as Roseville 
 Junction, eighteen miles beyond Sacramento. Here we turn northward, leaving 
 the main line behind us, and are fairly embarked on our journey to the Great 
 Northwest. 
 
 Lincoln is a small manufacturing town, where great quantities of pottery 
 and sewer pipe are made. (Population 600. Distance from San Francisco, 119 
 miles. Elevation, 167 feet.) 
 
 Passing through Sheridan, a village surrounded by grazing lands, we 
 come to 
 
 Wheatland. Fitly named, it being in the centre of a fine wheat region. 
 The town is well built, and has the usual complement of good business houses, 
 churches, schools, etc. (Population 600. Distance from San Francisco, 130 miles. 
 Elevation, 90 feet.) 
 
 The Yllha River. Leaving Wheatland we are soon crossing the bottom 
 lands of what the latest maps call the Bear River, but which "old timers " know as 
 the Yuba; a name which, it seems to us, should by all means be retained. The 
 Yuba is here a vagrant stream, inclined to " spread itself " entirely too much foi 
 the convenience and comfort of the farmers; hence, it has been confined within 
 great dykes, which extend as far as the eye can reach up and down the river. The 
 road crosses the bottoms on trestle work. 
 
 This thriving place is the leading town of 
 Northern California, the depot for the product of 
 Yuba and Sutter Counties, and is situated at the 
 head of navigation on Feather River and on the 
 right bank of the Yuba. It has a population of 
 6,000. It is known throughout California as being 
 the neatest built city in the State. Splendid busi- 
 ness blocks; fine residences; magnificent gardens, 
 where flowers bloom the year round; best of schools 
 and academies; eight churches; large manufactur- 
 ing interests; flour mills; finest woolen mill in the 
 State; fruit cannery; iron foundry, etc. The city is 
 lighted by gas and electricity. The water supply is considered the best in the 
 State. The trade of Marysville to-day is greater than any town north of Sacra- 
 
 237 
 
 MARYSVILLE. 
 
 Flourishing 
 
 Commercial City. 
 
 County Seat of Yuba 
 
 County. 
 
 Population, 6,000. 
 
 Distance from 
 
 SanFrancisco,143 Miles 
 
 Elevation, 66 Feet.
 
 
 AitTTigl**!^ 

 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 239 
 
 mento. It is the trade centre for a large country outside of Yuba County. It 
 enjoys the trade of all Yuba and Sutter, and part of Butte, Colusa, Sierra, Placer 
 and Nevada Counties. Two lines of railroad enter the town, and a third is now 
 being pushed forward. Ten trains a day enter and depart. Steamers and 
 barges ply on the river, carrying freight to and from San Francisco. It is one of 
 the terminal points on the railroad. In climate, Marysville can not be be excelled. 
 No extremes of heat and cold; but a pleasant, equable temperature, equal to, if not 
 the superior of, the climate of Italy. Epidemic diseases of any kind never obtain 
 a footing here; Marysville has been singularly free from such afflictions. With 
 the fast increasing tide of immigration which is now turning to California, and with 
 the new and varied industries which are now springing up here, as the producing 
 power of the lands are becoming known, Marysville will, in a short space of time, 
 no doubt, be one of the leading towns of California. Frosts are very rare, and 
 when they do occur, very little damage to vegetation results, owing to the great 
 
 SIR JOSEPH HOOKER OAK, CHICO VECINO. 
 29 Feet in Circumference. 
 
 dryness of the atmosphere. The same characteristics also make life very enjoyable, 
 and render this section one of the healthiest in the State. 
 
 Oroville is situated on the Feather River, 28 miles from Marysville. It is 
 the northern terminus of the Northern California Railroad, which runs from 
 Marysville, 28 miles to the south. The town is well built, the business buildings 
 being of brick, and the residences are almost universally neat and handsome, 
 surrounded with lawns set with a wealth of flowers, palms and blooming orange 
 trees. The church and school facilities are all that could be desired. One daily 
 and two weekly papers are published. There is abundant water-power awaiting 
 the establishment of manufactories, and a flouring mill and a large sash and door 
 factory are now in operation. But the glory of Oroville is mainly in the region 
 about it. The western part of Butte County, near the Sacramento River, is 
 level, the eastern part includes the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 
 while the central portion consists of low foothills, gradually increasing in altitude,
 
 240 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 as the mountains are neared. This strip of sloping foothills, twenty miles in 
 width, consists of a rich, gravelly soil, remarkably productive. The climate of this 
 region, which is known as the "Thermal Belt," is of peculiar salubrity, being 
 milder both in winter and summer than in the lower portion of the valley, and 
 resembling that of the most favored countries about the Mediterranean Sea. The 
 summer's heat is here tempered to an even mildness, and in the winter the forma 
 tion of thin ice in the open air is of rare occurrence. Snow is a natural curiosity, 
 and outdoor work is uninterrupted the year round. The average rainfall is about 
 22 inches. Experiment has shown that the conditions of climate and soii make 
 this region the natural home of the orange, olive, lemon, fig and other semi-tropical 
 fruits, while all the known deciduous fruits, including the hardy apple, flourish and 
 yield in unsurpassed abundance. When, at the Northern California Citrus Fair, 
 held in January, 1886, Butte County was awarded the first premium, the people of 
 the county awoke to the fact that they lived in a fine orange-producing region, 
 and since then great numbers of orange orchards have been planted. Each 
 December since then a great citrus fair has been held at Oroville, and so 
 marked has been their success, and so wonderful their revelations and their 
 magnificence, that Oroville is rapidly becoming as noted as Riverside. While 
 citrus fruits made up the most important features of these fairs, all the products of 
 the county were also represented, and the Butte County Citrus Fairs are un- 
 doubtedly the greatest show of the fruits of the earth ever gathered together under 
 one roof, including the fruits of nearly all climes, and all produced in one county. 
 The country about Oroville is undoubtedly the greatest fruit-producing region in 
 the State, offering great inducements to settlers, while it is equally wealthy in a 
 great variety of other resources. 
 
 Returning to Marysville we resume our northward flight, the Sacramento 
 Valley being on our left, while the Valley of the Rio de Los Plumas, or, as it is now 
 popularly called, the Feather River Valley, is on our right. Following this course 
 we pass through Live Oak, Gridley, Biggs, Nelson, Dunham, and arrive at 
 
 The largest town in Butte County, Chico, 
 situated on Chico Creek, five miles from the Sacra- 
 mento River, and on the line of the California & 
 Oregon Railroad. Chico is the centre of the finest 
 agricultural portion of the county — perhaps the 
 finest in the State. The famous " Rancho Chico 
 property of Gen. John Bidwell adjoins the town en 
 the north, the rich and varied fruits of which have 
 attracted such marked attention at all fairs and 
 expositions throughout the United States. Chico 
 Creek is a clear and beautiful mountain stream, flow- 
 
 CHICO 
 
 An Ideal Residence 
 City. 
 
 Population, 6,000. 
 
 Distance 
 
 from San Francisco, 
 
 186 miles. 
 
 Elevation, 193 feet. 
 
 ing sufficient water all the year to supply power for Gen. BidwelPs large flour mill, 
 until its capacity was so enlarged as to require the supplemental aid of steam. 
 Steamers run on the Sacramento River to Chico Landing and points above, carry- 
 ing immense quantities of grain to the bay on barges. Chico is a beautiful city, 
 and its population is principally American, agriculture and its adjunct employ- 
 ments being the chief elements of its life. But it has also tributary to it a fine 
 mining region, up Butte Creek, and an immense lumber region to the east and 
 north. In this latter there are five or six large mills at work. A V-flume comes 
 to the city from the mountains, in which the lumber is floated from the mills to the 
 town, so rapidly that a few years- ago a beam of timber was sawn in the mill, thirty 
 miles away, flumed to Chico, drawn through the town to the water-works building,
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 241 
 
 fitted for its purpose and wrought into the building, all within the working hours 
 of a single day. Chico has a regular town government, with police officers and an 
 excellent fire department, which owns two steam fire engines. It has gas and 
 water-works, and is supplied with electric light. There are two banks in flourish- 
 ing condition. Seven churches, representing as many denominations, adorn the 
 city, and two large and elegant public school buildings and two private academies 
 are filled with children. The streets are wide, well kept and shaded. Very many 
 private residences are large and handsome, and the homes of the people all indi- 
 cate intelligence and comfort. 
 
 Chico VecillO. This is an attractive suburb of Chico, included within the 
 
 boundaries of the well known Rancho Chico. 
 There are one thousand acres in the town site, 
 the plat of which has been laid off in five-acre 
 tracts. Here there will soon be one of those 
 delightful fruit-raising colonies for which Cali- 
 fornia is becoming famous. From Chico to 
 Tehama we roll along through a fine fruit and 
 agricultural country, passing the stations of 
 Vina, Nord, Anita, Cana, Soto and Sesma. 
 
 Tehama is the junction of ihe Willows 
 Branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad with 
 the main line. It is situated in a good wheat- 
 growing country on the west bank of the Sac- 
 ramento River, and here irrigation is not found 
 necessary for the production of crops. Stock- 
 raising and lumbering are large tributary in- 
 dustries. (Population, 700. Distance from Sa-.i 
 Francisco, 213 miles. Elevation, 222 feet.) 
 
 Seven miles beyond Tehama we pass 
 through Rawson, and five miles farther on reach 
 Red Bluff, the county-seat of Tehama 
 County which is one of the most thriving towns 
 of the State. It is a growing town in one of 
 the richest sections, and it has an elevated and 
 sightly location. Its streets are wide and well 
 graded, lighted by electricity; and there is no 
 place in the United States better drained. The 
 Sacramento River here is a clear, rapid stream, 
 lined with beautiful trees and vines. On all the 
 three other sides there are ravines or valleys 
 through which streams run, which give the 
 perfection of drainage. Its public and business buildings are fine archi- 
 tectural structures; and its private residences are nowhere excelled for taste,, 
 elegance, and the beauty and the wealth of their floral surroundings. The streets 
 are lined with popular, elm, white maple, locust, acacia and pepper trees, which 
 will soon make a veritable forest city. There are also many fine residences. 
 Tehama County is the great grain-growing county of the State; 8,000,000 
 bushels of wheat and 2,500,000 bushels of barley have been harvested in one season 
 from its fertile lands Tehama has about 400,000 sheep, which produce 2,500,000 
 pounds of wool annually. The numbers of cattle, horses, mules and swine are large. 
 In this county the celebrated Vina Ranch is located, embracing 56,000 acres, a 
 
 ON THE RIO CHICO.

 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 2*3 
 
 princely property, which, through the unexampled generosity of Senator and Mrs. 
 Stanford, has become the heritage of the children and of the coming generations of 
 the Pacific Coast. (Population, 3,500. Distance from San Francisco, 225 miles. 
 Elevation, 307 feet.) 
 
 The grade is now steadily upward as we press onward in our journey. From 
 Red Bluff to Sissons, a distance of 113 miles, we make an ascent of 3,245 feet. 
 
 rWIN FALLS. 
 
 Through a broken country, and crossing a number of rapidly flowing creeks, we 
 pass through Hopker and Cottonwood (small stations) and arrive at 
 
 Anderson. Which is a beautiful and very lively town of 1,500 inhabitants. 
 on the line of the California & Oregon Railroad. It lies a mile and a half from 
 the Sacramento River, 8 miles south of Redding, and 222 miles north of Sacra- 
 mento. The town is attractively laid out, with wide, well shaded streets, 
 lined with cosy and beautiful homes. The leading hotel in the place is a fine 
 one, costing $20,000. There are fine schools ; the usual churches ; a fine roller
 
 244 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 flouring mill; good, substantial brick business buildings; water works, furnishing 
 an abundant supply of pure water from the mountains; and a live weekly paper, 
 besides many other evidences of enterprise and progress. The semi-tropical 
 climate of the Sacramento Valley generally prevails in the region about Anderson, 
 which is noted for its healthfulness. The summers are rather warm, though dry, 
 and the mercury rarely reaches 105 degrees, 85 degrees being about the average. 
 The winter, or rainy season, is delightful, and resembles April or May in the 
 Eastern States. (Population, 750. Distance from San Francisco, 249 miles. 
 Elevation, 432 feet.) 
 
 Redding'. No town of Northern California has a more promising future, 
 and exhibits at the present time more enterprise, activity and rapidity of growth 
 than Redding, in the southwestern part of Shasta County, of which it is the 
 county-seat. It is at the upper end of the great Sacramento Valley. 169 miles 
 north of Sacramento, and is built on a plateau on the bank of the Sacramento 
 River, here a clear mountain stream which sweeps around the town to the east and 
 south. No town in the State has a more charming and picturesque location. The 
 brief history of Redding is one of rapid progress, and never has it been more 
 marked than now. Its population has increased from 500 in 1883 to over 2,oco at 
 the present time, and with the rapid development of the county, which will follow 
 the recent completion of the first railroad through this region, and the vast territory 
 that must remain tributary to Redding, extending in some directions a hundred 
 and fifty miles, a rapid and continued growth is assured. The city has water and 
 gas works, a great variety of manufactories, many important buildings, a fine 
 court house and jail, two newspapers, good schools and several churches. The 
 river here affords fine water power and the lumber interests of the country trib- 
 utary to Redding are immense. The future of this lively place depends largely 
 on the development of the country about it ; and with the great variety of soil, 
 climate and products, the thousands of acres of cheap, unoccupied lands that only 
 await intelligent cultivation to yield great profits, and with the other almost inex- 
 haustible resources which the country possesses, there can be no question on this 
 point. During the past few years the country has made rapid strides, many set- 
 tlers have invested, building has amounted almost to a boom, new industries 
 started, and thousands of acres of orchards and vineyards have been planted. 
 No part of California offers such inducements to the farmer, the laboring man, the 
 capitalist, or the home-seeker, as Shasta County. There is a delightful semi- 
 tropical climate in the valleys and plateaus of the scuth, and a gradual change is 
 noted as higher altitudes are reached, that of the mountains resembling the New 
 England States. The climate of the southern portion of the county is indicated 
 by the fact that orange trees flourish and bear abundantly. The county is noted 
 for the number and beauty of its clear, sparkling streams, which burst from the 
 mountains through wild, picturesque canons, and flow onward through small fertile 
 valleys of great beauty. In these mountain streams the finest trout-fishing in the 
 State is found. (Population, 2,500. Distance from San Francisco, 260 miles. 
 Elevation, 551 feet.) 
 
 Wild Scenery. After leaving Redding our course is directly toward 
 the Shasta Range of mountains, and the scenery grows in grandeur as we advance. 
 Within a distance of 80 miles we cross the Sacramento River eighteen times, and 
 pass through just an even dozen of tunnels. Grander and grander grows the scene 
 as we advance. The roll of stations as given in the railroad time tables gives no 
 idea of the beauty which surrounds these villages, but as a matter of record we 
 will name them as follows: Middle Creek, Copley, Kennet, Morley, Elmore,
 
 SHASTA. 
 
 The Monarch of the 
 
 Range. 
 
 Altitude: 14,440 feet 
 
 above the Sea. 
 
 Local Elevation: 
 
 10,885 feet. 
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 245 
 
 Smithson, Delta, Slatons, Gibson, Chromite, Sims, Castle Crag, Lower Soda 
 Springs, Chestnut, Dunsmuir, Upper Soda Springs, Cantara, Mott, McCioud and 
 Sisson. The Soda Springs mentioned above are of interest to the tourist and 
 health seeker, being medicinal in their qualities, and having good hotel accommo- 
 dations. The Lower Spring is two miles below Dunsmuir, and the Upper Spring 
 one mile above. Beyond Upper Soda Springs we pass through a tremendous 
 gorge, whose beetling crags tower above our heads, and before McCioud is reached 
 we circle the Big Bend of the Sacramento River, traveling over five miles to gain 
 an advance of half a mile; but it must be considered that we have also gained an 
 additional elevation, nearly six hundred feet. At Castle Crag is the famous 
 " Tavern of Cast'e Crag " a resort of growing prominence, from which excursions 
 to the summit of Mt. Shasta are easily made. 
 
 As we near Sisson, Mount Shasta, of which we 
 have obtained brief glimpses through the pines, 
 bursts into full view in all its sublime magnificence. 
 This noted snow capped peak, towers to the height 
 of 14,440 feet. It is an extinct volcano, and its 
 snows and glaciers feed hundreds of streams which 
 thread the wild region in every direction. Sisson is 
 a regular meal station, situated in Strawberry Val- 
 ley, one of the most beautiful vales of California. 
 It is a new but rapidly growing town, with stores, 
 hotels, a weekly paper, a fine depot, and a round- 
 house and repair shops. Here is obtained the finest 
 view of Shasta, and it is the only convenient point from which the ascent can be 
 made. But few parties succeed in reaching the summit, and the attempt is only 
 .made in midsummer and then with trusty guides. The feat is exciting, but the 
 view is grand beyond description. The region about Sisson is a paradise for the 
 sportsman and the lover of nature. Grizzly, black and cinnamon bears abound ; 
 elk, deer and mountain sheep are plenty, as well as a great variety of smaller game. 
 The mountain streams teem with trout, and often the sport loses its zest through 
 the very abundance of the beauties. The McCioud and the Pitt Rivers are the 
 most noted streams, though others are equally attractive. The McCioud runs 
 through the most uninhabited and unexplored region on the coast. No region in 
 the State is so delightful for camping, and hundreds of parties go there every 
 year. At Sisson, camping and hunting parties can be provided with complete out- 
 fits at moderate cost. As has been said, Sisson is situated at the foot of Mount 
 Shasta, and is noted for its magnificent scenic attractions. From Redding north- 
 ward the California & Oregon road is the scenic route of California ; and at Sisson, 
 at the base of Mount Shasta, 80 miles north of Redding, the acme of interest is 
 reached. While there are many places in California replete with beauty and 
 grandeur, there are none which, for infinite variety of scenery, wildness and 
 abundance of everything to delight the sportsman, artist and tourist, can compare 
 with the region about Sisson. (Population, 250. Distance from San Francisco, 
 338 miles. Elevation, 3,555 feet.) 
 
 Mllir's Peak. After leaving Sisson we circle the base of Muir's Peak, 
 locally known as " Black Butte," which rises to a perpendicular height of 3,00c 
 feet above our heads. It is black, bare and desolate, — an extinct volcano, with
 
 jngHf ,
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 247 
 
 half a dozen craters in plain view. We are now among the mountains, and pass 
 in succession the stations of Igerna, Edgewood, Gazelle, Grenada, Montague, 
 Snowden, Ager, Hornbrook. Zuleka and Coles. 
 
 The State Line. Two miles beyond Coies station we cross the State 
 line, and, entering Oregon, begin the ascent of the Siskiyou Mountains. This 
 ascent is a wonder of railway engineering. The statistical facts concerning this 
 achievement may be condensed as follows: 
 
 Elevation at State Line 2,859 feet 
 
 Coles Springs 3.775 
 
 Tunnel No. 13 3,108 
 
 " Tunnel No. 15 3 710 
 
 Tunnel No. 16. 2,977 
 
 Length of Tunnel No. 13 4,160 
 
 The mathematician has the advantage here. He can tell exactly the fr<*ts concern 
 ing this great work; but the descriptive writer strives in vain to convey to the 
 reader the beauty and grandeur of the scene. The southern slope of the range 
 is denuded of trees, while the northern side is covered with a dense growth of 
 pine. 
 
 Siskiyou Station. This is the summit of the range, and the highest 
 point on the entire line, being 4,135 feet above the level of the sea. The mountain 
 view from this coign of vantage is indescribably magnificent. To the east is the 
 Cascade Range, extending to the north for full four hundred miles; to the northeast 
 is Mount Pitt, while still farther on are Mounts Scott, Threlson and Diamond 
 Peak, — monarchs of the Cascades. To the west are the peaks of the Siskiyou and 
 Coast Ranges; to the south are the Two Sisters, Mount Lassen, and above all 
 imperial Shasta rears his head. Lakes, rivers and valleys lie spread out before us 
 like a map; and, in a word, for variety, grandeur, beauty and extent, this view has 
 no equal on the continent. 
 
 Asllland. At the foot of the Siskiyou Range, on the eastern slope, is 
 situated this beautiful little town, in a delightful valley. The town was established 
 in 1850; and in 1887, on December 17, Mr. Charles Crocker, of San Francisco, 
 drove the last spike which completed the railroad connection between California 
 and Oregon. The town of Ashland has entered upon a season of great prosperity, 
 being the seat of the State Normal School, and having the White Sulphur Springs 
 within near proximity. It is a large shipping point for wheat, and also for fruit. 
 (Population, 2,000. Distance from San Francisco, 431 miles. Elevation, 1,891 
 feet.) 
 
 Rolling along through the valley we pass Phcenix and Medford, prosperous 
 towns of moderate size. 
 
 Jacksonville is the county-seat of Jackson County, and is connected with 
 Medford. four miles distant, by stage. (Population, 1,200. Distance from San 
 Francisco, 450 miles. Elevation, 1,399 ^ eet - ) 
 
 Rogue River Valley. We are now in the Rogue River Valley, and are 
 following the stream in its downward course. The valley averages about three 
 miles in width, with high hills on each side, covered with a strong growth of 
 grass and in places heavily timbered. The products of this valley are berries, nuts 
 and fruit. Fishing and hunting can be found here of the best quality. The 
 stations which follow Medford, are: Gold Hill, Grant's Pass, Merlin, Aeta. 
 Almaden, Glendale, Riddles, Myrtle Creek, Oak Grove, Dillard and Greens.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 249 
 
 SCENIC 
 
 ATTRACTIONS. 
 
 A Panorama of 
 
 the 
 
 Grand and Beautiful 
 
 in Nature. 
 
 For a stretch of over one hundred and fifty 
 miles from Grant's Pass, the country presents a 
 wonderful panorama of grand and beautiful scenery. 
 Mountains are all around us. To the right the 
 Cascade Range, to the left the Coast Range. 
 Gorges before us! — canons behind us! Little 
 valleys of entrancing loveliness are crossed; spark- 
 ling streams abound, forests of oaks and pines, of 
 hemlocks and madrones are threaded; in a word, 
 the variety is infinite, the beauty indescribable. 
 Roseburg- is the county-seat of Douglas County. Through the town flow 
 the Umpqua River and Deer Creek, which furnish water-power and a plentiful 
 supply of pure water for domestic purposes. Agriculture, horticulture and 
 pastoral industries are tributary. (Population, 1,500. Distance from San Francisco, 
 574 miles. Elevation, 487 feet.) 
 
 Tile Valley of the Unipqua. This valley, situated between the 
 Coast Range of mountains and the Calapooias, is exceedingly fertile, being 
 especially adapted to agriculture and the growing of fruit. The valley ranks third 
 in size among those of Oregon, those of the Willamette and Umatilla being greater 
 in area. A historical interest attaches itself to the Umpqua Valley, for in its qui t 
 confines lie the remains of the brave soldier and public-spirited citizen. General 
 Joseph Lane. His grave is in a little churchyard, a mile from Roseburg. After 
 leaving Roseburg, the stations occur in the following order: Wilbur, Oakland, 
 Rice Hill, Youcalla, Drains and Comstocks. 
 
 Divide is on the water-shed between the waters of the Umpqua and 
 Williamette Rivers. Latham, Cottage Grove, Walkers, Creswell, Goshen and 
 Springfield are the succeeding stations. 
 
 Ellg'eiie is the county-seat of Lane County, situated on the right bank of 
 the Willamette River, and is a thriving, prosperous town. Here has been 
 established the University of Oregon, which is one of the leading educational 
 institutions of the State. The Willamette is navigable from Portland to this point 
 for steamers of light draught; but freight traffic is now carried mainly by the rail- 
 road. This is a fine agricultural and fruit country, and shipments of these 
 products from Eugene are large. (Population, 4,200. Distance from San 
 Francisco, 649 miles. Elevation, 455 feet.) 
 
 Beyond Eugene are Irving, Junction City, Harrisburg, Muddy, Halsey, 
 Shedds, Tangent and Albany Junction. 
 
 Albany, the county-seat of Linn County, is an enterprising, growing town. 
 For a country which eastern people consider so " new," this town has great 
 "antiquity," having been established in 1848. Here is located the Albany 
 College and other schools of excellent quality. The town has good business and 
 private buildings, water works, — in fact all of the modern improvements. (Popu- 
 lation. 5,000. - Distance from San Francisco, 692 miles. Elevation, 240 feet.) 
 
 Millers, Jefferson, Marion and Turner are the stations passed after leaving 
 Albany before Salem is reached. 
 
 Salem is the State capital and the county-seat of Marion County. It is 
 situated on the left bank of the Willamette River, which furnishes unlimited water- 
 power. Here are located the State institutions, including the Insane Asylum, the 
 School for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind, the Penitentiary and the Indian Train- 
 ing School. Steamers ply regularly between Portland and Salem, and the amount 
 of lumber shipped annually exceeds three million feet. The Capitol Building
 
 250 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 occupies an entire block, and may be seen from the car windows, to our left, after 
 leaving the depot. It need not be said that Salem is a well-built, prosperous city, 
 for the fact that it is the State capital makes such a statement superfluous. 
 (Population, 6,000. Distance from San Francisco, 720 miles. Elevation, 190 
 feet.) 
 
 After we have left Salem we pass the State Fair grounds, two miles from the 
 city, and four miles farther on Chemawa is reached, which is the immediate site of 
 the Indian Training School. Beyond are the stations of Brooks, Woodburn, 
 Hubbard, Aurora, Barlow, Canby, New Era and Canema. 
 
 Oregon City is the county-seat of Clackamas County, and is noted for its 
 magnificent water-power, being located at the great falls of the Willamette River. 
 Here were constructed the canal and lock system which make the Willamette 
 navigable beyond the falls. This system cost half a million dollars. Oregon City 
 is a thriving town boasting all the modern improvements, and doing a large busi- 
 ness. (Population, 3.200. Distance from San Francisco, 575 miles. Elevation, 
 95 feet.) 
 
 Beyond Oregon City we pass through the following stations: Clackamas, 
 Milwaukee, Wellsburg, Machine Shops and East Portland. These are really 
 suburbs of Portland, as the distance between Oregon City and Portland is only 15 
 miles. 
 
 This metropolitan city, with its population of 
 eighty-two thousand souls, sits on the west bank of 
 the' Willamette River, twelve miles from its conflu- 
 ence with the Columbia, and one hundred and fifteen 
 miles, by river, from the Pacific Ocean. The first 
 settlers came here in 1843, and in 1851 the settle- 
 ment was incorporated as a city. It is now the 
 metropolis of the Pacific Northwest, and the third 
 richest city in the world, in proportion of the wealth 
 to per capita of population. On the east side of 
 the Willamette, directly opposite Portland, is the city of East Portland, and on the 
 same side, to the northward, around the bend of the river, the city of Albina, 
 both of which contain a population of about ten thousand souls, and are con- 
 nected with Portland by two bridges. Numerous ferry boats also ply on the river 
 between Portland and her trans-Willamette suburbs. Thus, there are clustered 
 here under three corporate names, a community of sixty thousand people, whose 
 business intermingles, and who are actively engaged in its diversified industries. 
 
 The favorable position which Portland occupies for an important commercial 
 city, can be best understood by gaining a knowledge of its location, relative to a 
 large area of very rich country. The Willamette Valley, at the foot of which 
 Portland is situated, contains four million acres of land, and its products are 
 abundant to furnish sustenance for over a million people. Most of this territory 
 is now under cultivation. Wheat has been the chief crop raised, but other cereals, 
 root crops and fruits are now occupying the attention of the farmers, and on 
 the slopes of the mountains that border the valley, stock-raising and dairying 
 are found to be profitable industries. The finest flavored fruits in the world are 
 raised here — apples, pears, prunes, peaches, plums, small fruits, melons, etc. In 
 fact, all the products of the temperate zone can be successfully grown in the 
 Willamette Vailey. The surplus product of this fertile valley, of course, flows 
 through Portland, to which port it is transported by boats which ply on the 
 Willamette, and railroads which penetrate the country on each side of the river. 
 
 PORTLAND. 
 
 The Metropolis of the 
 Pacific Northwest. 
 
 A City of Magnificent 
 
 Achievements and 
 
 High Hopes.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 251 
 
 The Columbia River, before piercing the Cascade Mountains, flows through and 
 drains a tract of country more than four times as large as the State of New York, 
 and with a soil of wonderful productiveness. The improvement of that vast region 
 is scarcely begun, yet the product has already grown beyond the facilities for 
 moving it, though they are great, and beyond all expectations. But the trans- 
 portation facilities are increas- 
 ing rapidly, and that trouble 
 will not last. Anything that 
 can be grown on fertile soil 
 in a mild climate is produced 
 in this basin in abundance, and 
 from Idaho, Washington Ter- 
 ritory and Oregon, a constant 
 stream flows to Portland. 
 
 The mines of Oregon, in- 
 cluding those of gold, silver, 
 iron, copper, etc., and the vast 
 mineral output of Montana, r 
 Idaho and Washington con- § 
 tribute an important amount to -n 
 the business of this commercial o 
 metropolis. The timber pro- 
 duct is by no means inconsider- J; 
 able, large quantities of lumber 
 being annually turned out. > 
 The most extensive salmon * 
 fishing in the world, and the 
 general piscatorial indusry of 
 the Columbia and Willamette 
 Rivers, have their main springs 
 of capital in Portland. Situated 
 as she is, at the gateway to the 
 regions mentioned, the re- 
 sources of which are practically 
 illimitable and easily trans- 
 ported on the rivers that drain 
 them, being accessible to ocean 
 craft, and having a demand for 
 trade from across the sea, being 
 at a point of interchange of 
 foreign and domestic traffic, 
 having a situation favorable for 
 utilizing these various agencies 
 
 for promoting growth, Port- ^ & ■& ! « _.. __ _^ — A 
 
 land certainly possesses advantages of location equaled by few cities in the 
 world. 
 
 There are five lines of railroad centering in Portland. The Northern Pacific 
 runs north to Tacoma, thence east to St. Paul. It also connects, at Wallula 
 Junction, with the O. R. & N., making a shorter route from Portland to the East. 
 The Oregon Railway & Navigation Company has a line passing up the Columbia 
 River to Wallula Junction, and branching out into various feeders, built and in
 
 CAPE HORN, COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 LOWER CAPE HORN. COLUMBIA RIVER.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 253 
 
 process of construction, ramifying the south-central portion of the great Inland 
 Empire. The connection of the O. R. & N. with the Union Pacific gives a direct 
 trans continental line between Portland and Omaha. The Southern Pacific Com- 
 pany has leased the Oregon & California Railway, which has been completed, and 
 this, besides affording a rail route between Portland and San Francisco, gives a 
 through line, under one management, from Portland, via New Orleans, to New 
 York. This road runs southward through the Willamette Valley. Another line 
 of the Oregon & California starts from Portland, and, running up the west side of 
 the river, forms a valuable feeder, penetrating the heart of the garden of Oregon. 
 This line connects, at Corvallis, with the Oregon Pacific, extending westward to 
 Yaquina Bay, and will soon reach a rich but as yet undeveloped region in Eastern 
 Oregon. Then the Yamhill Division of the Southern Pacific Company affords 
 another outlet for the valley through Portland. Thus, this city is made a terminus 
 for three trans-continental railway systems and has all the advantages of five local 
 roads, besides the water transportation on the Willamette and Columbia Rivers 
 and the Pacific Ocean. The Canadian Pacific is also competing for Portland busi- 
 ness, running a steamer between here and Vancouver, B. C , to connect with its 
 China line of steamers, and bidding eagerly for freight and passenger business be- 
 tween Portland and the Eastern States. The Northern Pacific Terminal Company 
 has erected shops in Albina, at a cost of over $500,000, with a capacity for the 
 employment of a thousand men. The company owns nearly eight thousand feet 
 of water front. Besides the shops, there are large grain warehouses, coal bunkers, 
 and a dry dock, owned by the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company. 
 
 On the Portland side of the river, about thirty acres of land have been pur- 
 chased for a site for union passenger and freight buildings, and for a freight yard. 
 The completion of the bridge over the Willamette, which the Oregon Railway & 
 Navigation Company has constructed, enables the improvements contemplated for 
 the Portland yard and buildings to be carried out. This bridge is a steel structure, 
 consisting of a draw span of three hundred and forty feet and a fixed span of 
 three hundred and twenty feet. It is a through bridge, with carriage way and 
 foot-walks above the railroad tracks, and connects Third Street, Portland, and 
 Holladay Avenue, East Portland. 
 
 Modern Improvements. The streets of Portland are lighted by in- 
 candescent and arc electric lights. The city owns its water-works system. In 
 order to purchase the water-works plant from the private corporation which owned 
 it, the city issued five per cent, bonds to the amount of $500,000, which were 
 readily sold at an average price of $1.08, showing the confidence in the city's 
 financial condition. The city has thirty-two miles of water mains, and the 
 pumping capacity of the works is fifteen million gallons per day. The supply is 
 obtained from the Willamette River, about five miles up the stream. The average 
 daily consumption is five million gallons. 
 
 The Portland Paid Fire Department is an efficient organization, operating 
 under the City Board of Fire Commissioners. A fireman's mutual relief asso- 
 ciation is in operation in connection with the Fire Department.
 
 254 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Manufacturing'. The manufacturing advantages of Portland and vicinity 
 are not utilized to an extent at all commensurate with their importance. There is 
 abundant raw material in Oregon, cheap and reliable water power, and generally 
 favorable conditions for the growth of varied manufacturing enter- 
 prises. The comparatively recent discovery of the resources of the 
 region must account for the small amount of manufacturing that is 
 done where circumstances are so favorable. People from the East, 
 accustomed to the closer and fuller development of their resources, 
 and alive to the advantages of manufacturing as near the source of 
 supply as possible, are surprised at the neglected opportunities 
 which they observe on the Pacific Slope, and particularly in and 
 I about the commercial centre of a region incalculably rich in the 
 elements that promote manufacturing prosperity. 
 Still, that branch of industry is well established, and 
 is constantly increasing in volume and importance. 
 (Population, 82,ooo. Distance from San Francisco, 
 72 miles.) 
 
 Picturesque Surroundings. Aside 
 
 from the advantages of its relative location, 
 Portland has a very admirable site for a beauti- 
 ful city. From the docks at the river's side, the 
 land gradually ascends to the west and south- 
 west, finally breaking in elevated and pic- 
 turesque hills, upon which the residence 
 portion of the city is already encroaching. 
 These hills form an important feature 
 the topography of the city. The 
 lower and more level part of the 
 town is occupied by business 
 houses and manufactories. The 
 heights are visible from almost 
 any point. They are 
 ascended by means 
 gg of roadways winding 
 
 along the hillsides, 
 affording mag- 
 nificent views 
 
 ■ORESTS ON THE COLUMBIA.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 255 
 
 as the prospect unfolds. From the summit of Robinson's Hill, on a cleai 
 day, the sight is most grand and inspiring. Within a radius of hundred a 
 miles, which the eye sweeps from this elevated outlook, north, east and southeast, 
 five perpetually snow-clad mountain peaks are visible. The most prominent of 
 these is Mount Hood, which rests upon the long, bluish bank of the Cascade 
 Mountains, and rears its lofty summit to the sky. Its covering of snow and 
 
 ROOSTER ROCK, COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 glaciers sparkles in the sunlight, and when suffused with the soft glow of the 
 setting sun, reflects the most delicate tints of purple, crimson and gold, giving it a 
 majestic splendor inspiring to the beholder. To the south is Mount Jefferson, and 
 to the north Mounts Adams, St. Helens and Rainier, the latter the loftiest peak of 
 the Cascade Mountain Range, all of them capped with snow and ice, and relieving 
 a landscape of charming beauty. Breaking through the ridge of the Cascades, the 
 great " River of the West," the Columbia, pours its mighty tide toward the sea. 
 The Willamette threads the broad valley to the south like a ribbon, its course being 
 visible for many miles and finally being lost among the farms and villages that dot its 
 banks. 
 
 Tacoma's commanding position among the 
 cities of Washington Territory has been earned 
 step by step by a struggle in which the odds wee 
 against her. The general apprehension, justified 
 probably by the history of many cities and towns, 
 that in the West all one need to do is to stake off a 
 few lots, build a cabin or two, select a name, and a 
 city will grow up much after the fashion of vege- 
 tables in a garden, is in nowise true 01 Tacoma. 
 When Tacorna was established, other towns on Puget Sound had existed for many 
 
 TACOMA. 
 
 A City whose 
 
 Fame has become 
 
 International. 
 
 1 The City of Destiny.
 
 Jp^~-
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 257 
 
 years, and naturally they did not extend any encouragement to a new town. Instead 
 of receiving from the beginning, as in the case of many cities of the West, the 
 exclusive support and encouragement of an extensive business district, Tacoma 
 found the older towns already in possession, and ready to contest every step tsken 
 by the new claimant for public favor and support. Figuratively speaking, Tacoiaa's 
 first breath of life was a battle-cry, and although the cry was not at first very liAid, 
 it was firm, full of confidence and pluck. The town did not remain long ii its 
 swaddling clothes. Its voice gained in strength. At first Puget Sound only hear i it. 
 Then it reached the ears of everybody in Washington Territory, and they were 
 pleased with it. The Pacific Northwest then realized that there was a new voice in 
 the business world and stopped to listen, and soon the entire Pacific Coast was 
 talking about it. Then the great and populous East heard Tacoma's voice, and 
 when it said "Come," thousands responded. Then England came thousands of 
 miles by sea, in great ships, to learn more about Tacoma, a city whose fame had 
 crossed the Atlantic. China and Japan sent tea-ships at this infant's demand, and 
 even far-off Australia heard it, and was so pleased that the ocean pathway between 
 Tacoma and that continent is marked by an ever-increasing fleet of ships going and 
 coming. Tacoma helps to feed the world; helps to build the world's houses; and 
 yet its voice is stronger than ever and is being used more than ever. The 
 thousands of people who listened and responded to Tacoma's invitation were not 
 disappointed. And Tacoma grew and flourished until its present commanding 
 position was reached. 
 
 From a town of only a few hundred people, Tacoma now has a population 
 estimated at 36 000. Its property has increased to twenty times its value twelve 
 years ago. Its business relations extend to all parts of the civilized world, a fact 
 which is true of no other city in Washington Territory. In railroads, shipping, 
 manufactories, and business generally, Tacoma's prosperity has been very great; 
 so great, indeed, that whereas it a few years ago was only a small and relatively 
 unimportant village, it is now a city, possessing all the characteristics and con- 
 veniences of a city. 
 
 Tacoma was originally planned on a large scale, and the expectations of th« 
 founders of the city, however Sanguine they may have been, have doubtless been 
 more than realized at this time. Probably no one expected Tacoma to grow so 
 rapidly, to earn so speedily such extraordinary trade relations with the markets of 
 the world. The streets are wide and laid off with special relation to convenience 
 and beauty. Pacific and Tacoma Avenues are without superiors for beauty and 
 length in the Northwest. These and other public highways are well graded, and 
 sidewalks are constructed of a substantial character. 
 
 The location of the Methodist University in Tacoma has given the city a 
 notable addition to its already large number of educational institutions. The Tacoma 
 people subscribed a bonus of $75,000 to this great institution. The Annie Wrighl 
 Seminary, the Washington College, and the numerous public schools, speak more 
 than words can tell of the public spirit manifested by Tacoma people, of their ability 
 to meet every demand of a liberal and progressive population and of the existence 
 of a breadth of public sentiment which proves the stable character of the city's pro. 
 gress. Of the many church buildings, some possess architectural beauties equal to 
 those to be seen anywhere. Private residences of handsome architecture may be 
 seen in all parts of the city. The hotels number twenty, and yet they are not 
 sufficient to accommodate the multitude of people who daily arrive in this flourish- 
 ing city.
 
 PACIFIC AVENUE, TACOMA. 1877- 
 
 PACIFIC AVENUE, TACOMA. 1£
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 259 
 
 The Northern Pacific Railroad Company has erected a magnificent brick 
 building for the offices of the company. 
 
 These features of Tacoma are worthy of special attention as evidencing the 
 solid character of the city's progress. They rebut every idea that Tacoma's 
 growth and the expansion of her industries are " mushroomy " in character. The 
 city itself is the best commentary on the character of its resources. (Population, 
 36,000. Distance from San Francisco, 917 miles.) 
 
 The Climate of Puget Sound. The following extract from a recent 
 compilation so accurately sets forth the characteristics of this climate, that to 
 employ other words would add nothing to the facts contained in it: 
 
 The climate of the Puget Sound country is wholly unlike anything experienced 
 on the Atlantic Slope, or in the Mississippi Valley; or, indeed, anywhere on the 
 American continent except in the Pacific Northwest. The summers are cool and 
 the winters singularly mild. A temperature of 80° in midsummer is very rare, and 
 not often in winter does the mercury go much below the freezing point. The 
 following is the meteorological table for 1885, which is about an average year, 
 compiled from observations taken daily at 7 a. m., 2 p. m. and 9 p. m. A minute's 
 study of it will show how remarkably free from trying extremes the climate is. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL TABLE FOR 1885. 
 
 Monthly 
 
 Lowest. Highest. Mean. Rainfall 
 
 in inches. 
 
 January 30° 62 37-9° 4.20 
 
 February 31 59 44.5 4.16 
 
 March 32 68 48.0 1.01 
 
 April 35 75 50.8 0.47 
 
 May 43 80 60.5 2.89 
 
 June 47 76 57.0 0.49 
 
 July.-. 51 86 66.4 0.26 
 
 August 52 84 64.5 
 
 September 46 74 58.8 2.44 
 
 October 39 64 514 2.47 
 
 November 34 60 45.5 8.22 
 
 December 28 60 41.4 6.14 
 
 Total rainfall in 1885 32.74 
 
 As suggested, if the above extract is carefully studied it will tell more than 
 many words of explanation. 
 
 Trade with South America and Mexico. The condition upon 
 which trade relations will be established with South American and Mexican Pacific 
 Coast points are of such a promising character that it will not be long until a most 
 valuable commerce will be carried on. The peculiar conditions which justify the 
 hope of establishing very extensive relations with that country are found in the 
 products of the countries. The purposes of this article will not admit of a minute 
 examination of these conditions, but any one who will examine the subject will 
 find that the products of Washington Territory supply what the South American 
 countries referred to do not have, and those countries produce that which will find 
 a ready market in the Northwest. » Hard woods, tropical fruits, valuable ores and 
 minerals on the one hand, with soft woods, iron, grain, fish and many other of the 
 resources of the Northwest — these, any one can easily see, furnish all the con- 
 ditions upon which most extensive commercial relations may be established. The
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 261 
 
 relations will be those of exchange of products. Such conditions are especially 
 promising, as they will afford cargoes both going and coming. 
 
 Tacoma's commercial relations with the Pacific Coast are now so well known 
 that it is almost unnecessary to make reference to them at all, except to make this 
 array of evidence complete. Reference to the record of Tacoma's shipping, as set 
 forth already in this article, will show how extensive are Tacoma's relations with 
 San Francisco and other coast points. 
 
 The thoughtful man will reason that if Tacoma enjoys such extraordinary 
 advantages now, what will the future bring? He will then understand the peculiar 
 significance of the poetical phrase, " The City of Destiny." 
 
 A Magnificent Harbor. The general measure of Tacoma's apprecia- 
 tion of this most remarkable body of water would be expressed in miles rather than 
 particular instances. To say that there are saw mills at particular points, coal 
 bunkers at others, wheat warehouses near by, magnificent docks elsewhere, various 
 harbor improvements and railroads, would certainly be very suggestive of what 
 Tacoma has accomplished in a few years. But to say that these improvements 
 extend along the water front for a distance of about six miles, gives a larger idea 
 of their extent. 
 
 These features of Tacoma's enterprise and prosperity have a special meaning. 
 They are not constructed simply as a matter of ornament. Business men do not do 
 things that way. Business methods are not fancy in their character. These 
 improvements indicate that demands exist and are being supplied. And Tacoma is 
 doing the supplying. 
 
 Terminal and Shipping- Facilities. The fact that the Northern 
 Pacific Railroad has made Tacoma its terminal point, is of itself enough to satisfy 
 anyone, without further explanation, that the terminal and shipping facilities would 
 be commensurate with the importance of a great trans-continental railroad com- 
 pany's interests. 
 
 The immense docks at which railroad and ocean traffic unite, are so large and 
 involve so many distinct features, that it would be difficult to impart to anyone not 
 familiar with such improvements an adequate idea of their extent and importance. 
 
 It is not an uncommon sight to see lying along these immense docks, only 
 a few feet away from the railroad tracks, an ocean sailing-vessel, several ocean 
 steamships, Alaska steamers, besides a host of smaller craft. This will suggest the 
 character and extent of these docks. The Northern Pacific Company has immense 
 warehouses erected on these docks, and all the conveniences incident to the prompt, 
 careful and expeditious handling of freights. It is often a difficult matter for local 
 craft to secure dock accommodations, so crowded with steamers and sailing-vessels 
 do the docks become. 
 
 The conveniences are such that the handling of immense cargoes is accom- 
 plished with an ease and dispatch scarcely conceivable. The ships laden with tea 
 are drawn up within a few feet of the great warehouses, alongside of which are the 
 railroad switches. The San Francisco steamers also discharge their freight into 
 these warehouses. Extensive additions have been made to these docks to accom- 
 modate the ever-increasing demand for room, and more extensions are in 
 contemplation. 
 
 Trade with the Middle West. The trade with the Middle West and 
 in the Far East is made up of tea and lumber and shingles. In lumber and shingles 
 most promising trade relations have been established with the sections referred 
 to, and the trade in these products is constantly increasing in volume. The 
 excellence and durability of the cedar shingles manufactured in Tacoma and
 
 
 IffiKHi 
 
 III t 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ?. J 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 ■0 
 
 
 
 V '■ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 ■ |v; 
 
 Shi
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 263 
 
 vicinity make them superior to any manufactured elsewhere, and large quantities 
 are now being shipped East. The qualities of Puget Sound lumber has made 
 it famous all over the world. Tacoma being the terminal point of that great trans- 
 continental artery of commerce the Northern Pacific Railroad, naturally enjoys the 
 results of such special advantages. It does not require elaborate reasoning to 
 convince any man that the same conditions which gave rise to such trade will 
 increase its volume rapidly the longer the relations exist. 
 
 Tea Trade with the Orient. It was only a few months after the 
 completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company's Cascade branch that the 
 first tea ship arrived in Tacoma from Yokahama. This shows how quickly Oriental 
 and American merchants realized the advantages attending the shipping of tea to 
 Tacoma. The great gain in time and reduction in expense were the considerations 
 which have brought to Tacoma such an important branch of San Francisco trade. 
 Is there need to expand on the significance of these relations? Is there need to 
 repeat the fact that trade brings trade ? Tea and lumber will not always be the 
 only articles of commerce between the Orient and Tacoma. This is only the 
 beginning, and it does not require much imagination to picture in the near future 
 a constant stream of vessels, both steam and sail, between Tacoma and the vari- 
 ous commercial cities along the western Pacific Coast. Tacoma has first secured 
 these trade relations. Such relations are very tenacious. 
 
 Seattle is the county-seat of King County, and 
 is known far and near as the " Queen City of Puget 
 Sound." 
 
 It has a present population of 40,000 against 
 3,500 in 1880. The city contains national and pri- 
 vate banks ; daily and weekly journals ; mortgage, 
 loan and trust companies ; twenty churches ; public 
 school buildings, two of which cost $30,000 and 
 $42,000 each ; a territorial university ; two private 
 colleges and a girl's academy ; besides numerous 
 private schools, three hospitals and an orphan's 
 home. The wholesale and retail stores are too many to enumerate, some of the 
 former doing a business annually of $500,000 to $1,000,000 each. The city is 
 admirably supplied with pure water, both by numerous private companies on a 
 small scale and by the mammoth works of the Spring Hill Water Company, 
 located at Lake Washington. This company has completed a great reservoir on 
 Central Hill. 315 feet above tide level. Connected with it in the city are hydrants, 
 from which five extinguishing streams are thrown far above the highest buildings 
 in the business part of the city. This city has a splendid system of gas-works, 
 also two electric light companies. Both arc and incandescent lights illuminate 
 the streets. Two lines of street railway are in operation and steadily extending 
 outward, and several other lines are projected. It contains more than forty 
 benevolent societies and fraternal lodges; also four well- drilled and equipped 
 militia companies. During the past few years there have been added to its 
 municipal improvements twenty- five miles of graded streets and sixty miles of 
 sidewalk. Some of the recent steps in the progress of Seattle as a metropolis are 
 here given : On October 1, 1887, the free postal delivery system went into effect in 
 the city. A few weeks later Seattle was made the terminus and centre of distribu- 
 tion for all the mails for the entire Puget Sound country ; in consequence it har 
 
 SEATTLE. 
 
 A Town of Marvelous 
 Growth. 
 
 "The Queen City 
 
 of 
 
 Puget Sound."
 
 264 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 become the central headquarters and home port for destination and departure of 
 the steamboat system of the Sound. Within its maritime jurisdiction are now 
 plying more than eighty steamers. On December I, 1887, the United States 
 District Land Office was removed to Seattle, making this city the principal seat of 
 the public land business in Western Washington. 
 
 The city of Seattle contains ten saw mills, whose plants cost $4,000,000, which 
 employ over seven hundred men; and also has tributary to it, within a radius of 
 thirty five miles, the mammoth lumbering establishments of Port Blakely, Port 
 Madison, Port Discovery, Port Gamble, Port Ludlow, Utsalady and Seabeck, said 
 to be the largest saw mills in the world, some of them having a capacity of 350,000 
 feet per diem, and employing scores of seagoing ships. There are three or four 
 brick yards and tile factories, four breweries, numerous bakeries, candy factories, a 
 cracker factory, several sash, door and blind factories, shingle factory, soap works, 
 furniture factory, soda works, bottling establishments, carpet weavers, match 
 factory, harness and saddlery, blank books and bindery, book printing, several 
 boiler works, foundries, iron and brass works, etc. ; numerous boot and shoe shops 
 and tailoring establishments, factories of shirts and underwear, cigars, millinery 
 goods, chair stock, barrels, plaster decorations, etc.; four marble and stone cutting 
 works, patent medicines, dressmakers, hair work, cairiage makers, wagon shops, 
 fish packers, coffee and spice mill, cabinetmakers, boat builders; and numerous 
 dentists, jewelers, watchmakers, florists, nurserymen, fancy poultry breeders and 
 stockmen, furriers, gun and locksmiths, hatters, meat packers, photographers, 
 picture framers and painters, metallic roof works, scroll saw works, shipyards, tin 
 shops, taxidermists, chemists, undertakers, etc. 
 
 The export trade of Seattle and Puget Sound is very large and is rapidly 
 increasing. An idea of it can be formed from a single fact. During the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, 1887, the United States Custom House at Port Townsend noted 
 the departure from the Sound of 641 cargoes of coal and lumber, besides several of 
 wheat, which, at $10,000 each (a low estimate), would be worth $6,500,000. A 
 large bulk of this export wealth went to foreign ports all over the world, to be paid 
 for in coin. As Seattle is the chief metropolis of the entire Puget Sound region, 
 it is not far out of the way to credit the most of this business as her commerce 
 since it is largely contributory to her growth. During the fiscal year ending June 
 30, 1885, the number of vessels entered in the Puget Sound district was 1,065, 
 with a tonnage of 478,000, and the clearances were 1,065, with a tonnage of 
 452,234. Of the entrances, 271 cargoes, 151,301 tons were in cargo, and 794 
 cargoes, 326,839 tons were in ballast. Of the departures, those proportions 
 were just reversed, showing the balance of trade. The total value of her foreign 
 and coastwise exports for 18S5 was $7,000,000. Besides the ordinary shipments 
 of coal, lumber, hops, oats, wheat, potatoes, furs, lime, canned and barreled 
 salmon, the daily routine export trade to the neighboring British ports of Victoria 
 and British Columbia forms an enormous item. 
 
 Advantages Of Seattle. The special advantages of Seattle are too 
 numerous to mention in full. A few may be specified, as: First — A splendid 
 harbor, scarcely equaled in the world for the varied purposes and convenience of 
 commerce. Second— Its central position relative to the commerce of the world, as 
 the great seaport on the Pacific Ocean of North America, and directly facing
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 265 
 
 the teeming population of Asia and the great and rich island? of the South 
 Seas. It is already the chief port of supply for the growing trade of Alaska— 
 a great region, more extensive than the thirteen original States of the Union, 
 with an ocean coast line of thousands of miles, that is beginning now to loom 
 up as a great coming source of supply of the precious metals, as well as of 
 furs, fish, whale oil, yellow cedar and ice. Third— It has an excellent and most 
 
 productive soil for fruits, flowers, and garden produce, of such a nature as not to 
 be very dusty in summer nor muddy in winter. Fourth— Its exceptional health- 
 fulness. The death rate in Seattle is only 7 in 1000, per annum, which is less than 
 one-third that of the northern cities of the Union. Fifth— Its mild, even and delicious 
 climate, free from all dangers from the clouds above, from vapors or miasma 
 around, or the fires beneath. Sixth— Its surroundings on all sides, except the 
 magnificent harbor front, by grand lakes and deep, navigable rivers, which have 
 caused it to be officially designated as the location of a great naval station and 
 construction yard. Seventh— The one-third mile canal now completed between
 
 266 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 Lakes Union and Washington, in the suburbs of the city, furnishes a great water- 
 power of incalculable value for manufacturing and motive power. 
 
 Seattle has two lines of local railroad completed and in operation, the Colum- 
 bia & Puget Sound, with two branches, one twenty miles long, running to New- 
 castle, the other forty miles long, running to the Black Diamond and Franklin 
 collieries; and the Puget Sound Shore Line, extending through a link of the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad, and placing the city in connection with the Northern 
 Pacific, the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, the Union Pacific, the 
 Oregon & California, the Southern Pacific, and the general railroad system of the 
 United States. 
 
 The Canadian Pacific has been pushed through the Canadian Dominion by 
 British capital, to a Pacific terminus, something over a hundred miles north of 
 Seattle, and the Seattle & West Coast Railroad, which furnishes the connecting 
 link, and makes Seattle the American terminus of this great system, is now under 
 contract for the entire distance, and is being rapidly pushed to completion this 
 year. This line, as regards the carrying trade, is as much an element in the trans- 
 portation problem of the Northwest as any of the American roads. The Seattle, 
 Bellingham Bay & British Columbia Railroad Company, a local company of Seattle 
 capitalists, has obtained from Congress a charter for a through line, and are 
 actively pushing the preliminary work for a second line to connect Seattle by rail, 
 direct with the Canadian system, at the international boundary line on the 49th 
 parallel. 
 
 Beauty of the City. The city presents a beautiful and striking 
 appearance from whatever side it is approached. It rises from the water front 
 to the crest of a hill in a gradual slope. The site is most beautiful. The 
 city extends about four miles along the water front. The whole water front is 
 lined with mills, manufacturing establishments of various kinds, commission and 
 storage, and warehouses. 
 
 Steamers are constantly arriving and departing; regular lines run to Tacom? 
 and Olympia, to Port Townsend and Victoria, to Whatcom and other points on 
 Bellingham Bay, and to the Skagit River; there are regular steamers to Alaska, 
 San Francisco, San Diego, and other points in California. Ships from China, 
 Japan, Australia, crowd its docks. In addition to the great and varied industries 
 on the water front, there are business blocks, higher up, that would do credit to any 
 Eastern city. The residence portion of Seattle is unsurpassed for beauty. There 
 are hundreds of homes costing from $3,000 to $50,000, surrounded by charming 
 grounds, and so located and constructed as to command magnificent views of the 
 Sound, the Olympic and Cascade Ranges of mountains, always covered with snow, 
 and the mighty peaks of Mounts Rainier and Baker. To the north of the city and 
 close up to it lies the beautiful Lake Union, a body of fresh water covering a 
 section or two of land, and of immense depth. The heights about this lake are 
 being covered with pleasant homes, and in the near future it will be a most delight- 
 ful resort. To the east of the city, four miles from the bay, but now hardly a mile 
 from the city limits, lies Lake Washington, twenty-five miles in length by from 
 two to four in width. It is clear, fresh, sparkling water, so deep that it can not or 
 has not yet been sounded. The lake is hemmed in by hills covered with giant 
 forest trees. The water supply of Seattle is drawn from this lake. It is connected 
 with Lake Union by a small stream, which is being enlarged into a ship canal, so 
 that within a year or two the largest steamers and ships will go directly from the 
 salt water of the Sound into the clear, fresh water of Lake Washington. It will 
 make one of the finest ship-building points and dry-dock stations in the world, and
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 267 
 
 will certainly be utilized for such purposes, either by the National Government or 
 private enterprise. There is certainly not within the National domain such an 
 eligible location for a great navy yard. Special attention is being paid to the 
 establishment of manufacturing industries in Seattle, and almost every week 
 some new enterprise is materialized. Henry Villard, in his visit to the city in 
 1878, designated it " The Queen City." Situated as it is, in the heart of Western 
 Washington, with railways running out in many directions, with a harbor equal 
 to any in the world, the city well deserves the title. The city is the nucleus of 
 
 MT. RAINIER, W. T. 
 
 territorial commerce; all the prosperity of the country is reflected in the genera) 
 progress of the city. The history of the city is the history of the whole Northwest. 
 It is the supply depot and shipping port for a quarter of a million people; it is the 
 wholesale and retail market for a vast territory. Its commerce within the last two 
 years has assumed enormous proportions. It is the coal and lumber shipping 
 depot for the whole Pacific Coast. It is the heart of navigation of Puget Sound. 
 Nearly two hundred steamers radiate from the wharves to different local points. 
 (Population, 40,000. Distance from San Francisco, 940 miles.)
 
 268 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 COMPLETE INDEX TO STATIONS ON THE DENVER & RIO 
 GRANDE RAILROAD, RIO GRANDE WESTERN RAILWAY, 
 RIO GRANDE SOUTHERN RAILROAD, AND FLORENCE 
 & CRIPPLE CREEK RAILROAD. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Acheron 
 
 Acequia 
 
 Adelaide 
 
 Adobe 
 
 Alabaster 
 
 Alamosa 
 
 Alcalde 
 
 Alleutown 
 
 Alinont 
 
 Alta 
 
 Alta Vista 
 
 Amargo 
 
 Americus 
 
 American Fork 
 
 Arequa 
 
 Aulmas City... 
 Anth. Coal Mine 
 
 Antonito 
 
 Apache 
 
 Apishapa 
 
 Arboles 
 
 Anaconda 
 
 Aspen 
 
 Azotea 
 
 Baldy 
 
 Barnes 
 
 Barranca '.... 
 
 Battle Creek 
 
 Bear Creek 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Belleview 
 
 Bessemer 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Bingham June. 
 
 Bingham 
 
 Bird's Eye .. 
 Blackbuin .., 
 
 Blanca 
 
 Boaz , 
 
 Bocea 
 
 Bonita , 
 
 Borst 
 
 Brayton 
 
 Bridge 3 
 
 Bridgeport . 
 
 Brown's 
 
 Brown's Canon. 
 Buena Vista .. 
 
 Burnhani 
 
 Buxton 
 
 Buttes 
 
 Caliente 
 
 Calumet 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Caroondale . .. 
 
 Carlile 
 
 Canon City 
 
 Carracas 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Castle Gate . . . 
 Castle Kock . . . 
 Castle Creek. . 
 
 Cebolla 
 
 Cedar Creek . . 
 Cerro Summit 
 
 Cbama 
 
 Cbamita 
 
 Cherrydale ... 
 
 Chester 
 
 Chicosa June. 
 
 Chipeta 
 
 Cisco 
 
 Cimarron 
 
 Clear Creek 
 
 Cleora 
 
 Slate 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 "3 
 
 e. 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 
 03 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 2 ¥ 
 
 1 a 
 
 is a- 
 30 
 
 Q 
 
 463 
 17 
 169 
 148 
 160 
 250 
 359 
 320 
 300 
 742 
 183 
 365 
 240 
 702 
 189 
 
 322 
 279 
 164 
 189 
 402 
 190 
 408 
 353 
 238 
 195 
 344 
 698 
 458 
 143 
 220 
 121 
 298 
 723 
 740 
 282 
 173 
 2ii7 
 186 
 444 
 272 
 
 58 
 507 
 146 
 399 
 402 
 224 
 242 
 2 
 254 
 
 94 
 335 
 233 
 448 
 379 
 1 10 
 161 
 394 
 477 
 622 
 
 33 
 374 
 309 
 343 
 336 
 643 
 365 
 :» 1 s 
 250 
 199 
 269 
 490 
 331 
 670 
 214 
 
 
 Ctali 
 Colo 
 
 
 493) 
 5530 
 7012 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo, . , . 
 
 N. M ,.. 
 Colo. 
 
 Utah 
 
 1200 ' 
 
 5778 
 7546 
 5709 
 7144 
 8042 
 
 
 Colo.... 
 
 
 9710 
 7009 
 8183 
 4567 
 9595 
 6554 
 8947 
 7888 
 5946 
 6158 
 6013 
 9462 
 7874 
 7723 
 7619 
 6232 
 6949 
 4497 
 
 
 N. M .... 
 Colo 
 
 150 
 
 
 Utah ... 
 
 1800 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. M 
 
 11000 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 N. M 
 Utah 
 
 25 
 
 
 Colo. . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 4999 
 
 
 Colo. . 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 4803 
 9022 
 4366 
 4375 
 10187 
 7379 
 9(163 
 6282 
 6709 
 
 
 N. M 
 Utah .... 
 Utah .... 
 Colo 
 
 500 
 900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 6811 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo. ... 
 
 
 5048 
 4755 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo. . .. 
 
 
 
 Colo. ... 
 
 
 7322 
 7967 
 5241 
 8794 
 5368 
 7324 
 8871 
 6424 
 6181 
 4950 
 5343 
 6173 
 7785 
 6257 
 6219 
 6037 
 7354 
 6755 
 7968 
 7863 
 5641 
 
 
 
 ItiOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo, 
 
 N. M 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 5000 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 300 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \. M .... 
 N. M 
 Colo. .. 
 
 300 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 " "25" 
 
 9412 
 
 6616 
 
 4417 
 6906 
 6228 
 7014 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 200 
 
 50 
 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Coal .Mine 
 
 Coal Creek 
 
 Coke Ovens 
 
 Colorado City . 
 Colorado Sp'gs 
 
 Colorow 
 
 Colona 
 
 Conchlta June. 
 
 Corkscrew 
 
 Coxo 
 
 Cotopaxi 
 
 Cottonwood . . . 
 
 Crane Park 
 
 Creede 
 
 Crescent 
 
 Cresco 
 
 Crested Butte 
 
 ( Irevasse 
 
 Cripple Creek . 
 
 Croo ton 
 
 Crystal Creek . 
 Crystal Lake . . 
 Cuchara .) unc . 
 
 Cumbres 
 
 Currecanti 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Dallas Divide . 
 Davenport 
 
 Deep Creek 
 
 Deer Run 
 
 Delta 
 
 Del Norte 
 
 Denver 
 
 Derby 
 
 Desert 
 
 Dillon 
 
 Dolores 
 
 Dotsero 
 
 Doyle 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Domiuguez . 
 
 Draper 
 
 Dulce 
 
 Duncan 
 
 Dundee 
 
 Duraugo 
 
 EaglejPark 
 
 Eagle 
 
 Echo 
 
 Eden 
 
 Edgerton 
 
 Eiler 
 
 Eidredge 
 
 Elko 
 
 El M010 
 
 Embudo 
 
 Emma 
 
 Engleville 
 
 Escalante 
 
 Espanola 
 
 Excelsior 
 
 Fairy Glen 
 
 Falrview 
 
 Fall Creek 
 
 Farnham 
 
 Farmington ... 
 
 Florence 
 
 Fort Lewis 
 
 Fort Logan 
 
 Fort Crawford 
 
 Florida 
 
 Fountain 
 
 Frank lyn 
 
 Fremont Pass. 
 Frisco 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 Utah.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo .... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 N. M.... 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo. ... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 N. M.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M... 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 Utah.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Ctali.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 300(1 
 15000 
 
 SI I 
 
 3000 
 
 1200 
 '5060 
 
 400 
 900 
 
 151)000 
 
 300 
 500 
 
 8000 
 ' '35b' 
 
 250 
 25 
 100 
 
 35 
 
 1200 
 ' 800 
 
 150 
 
 653 
 1 55 
 208 
 78 
 75 
 364 
 365 
 181 
 464 
 331 
 193 
 479 
 281 
 321 
 52 1 
 334 
 318 
 446 
 192 
 267 
 329 
 
 268 
 169 
 329 
 322 
 376 
 391 
 241 
 llll 
 404 
 374 
 281 
 
 437 
 544 
 8859 I 313 
 6957 310 
 
 5360 
 5953 
 6110 
 5992 
 5352 
 6109 
 6391 
 
 ' 9753 
 6385 
 4602 
 
 10112 
 
 9016 
 4896 
 9193 
 SS7S 
 4526 
 9396 
 8168 
 6831 
 9329 
 5942 
 100(5 
 7075 
 6926 
 
 8179 
 
 4980 
 788(1 
 5198 
 
 6154 
 8(1(12 
 6323 
 4801 
 43Q4 
 6779 
 4880 
 4712 
 6520 
 9227 
 65«8 
 6085 
 4880 
 6417 
 9858 
 6541 
 
 5879 
 5821 
 6610 
 6493 
 4 8 15 
 5590 
 4928 
 
 5534 
 4236 
 5199 
 
 5438 
 6182 
 6717 
 5568 
 4291 
 11328 
 9086 
 
 319 
 271 
 
 35 
 392 
 776 
 372 
 382 
 117 
 150 
 294 
 335 
 181 
 112 
 
 66 
 275 
 36S 
 264 
 206 
 351 
 3SS 
 213 
 386 
 370 
 457 
 179 
 348 
 407 
 599 
 750 
 1 52 
 528 
 
 10 
 361 
 4*6 
 
 88 
 728 
 290 
 310
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 269 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 3 
 
 & > 
 . a 
 
 5*" 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 a 
 _o 
 
 si 
 
 "3 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 *2 
 
 c3 
 
 HI 
 
 3 
 
 ^ u 
 
 Fruila 
 
 Glenwood Spgs. 
 Germania 
 
 Colo .... 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 3000 
 
 4523 
 7936 
 9510 
 5758 
 429b 
 6518 
 
 436 
 226 
 235 
 367 
 728 
 
 38 
 489 
 124 
 188 
 435 
 146 ; 
 259 
 581 
 236 
 
 47 
 544 
 119 
 290 
 342 
 383 
 646 
 232 
 247 
 265 
 400 
 226 
 428 
 461 
 523 
 245 
 386 
 388 
 296 
 456 
 764 
 365 
 255 
 205 
 157 
 
 62 
 424 
 416 
 306 
 724 
 385 
 409 
 754 
 279 
 233 
 
 80 
 420 
 302 
 296 
 632 
 
 Marsh 
 
 Maysviile 
 
 Meadows 
 
 Mear's June ... 
 
 Menefee 
 
 Colo.... 
 
 
 6347 
 
 8320 
 4812 
 8431 
 
 171 
 
 Colo.... 
 
 100 
 
 228 
 130 
 
 Colo. . 
 
 25 
 
 227 
 359 
 
 
 
 
 503 
 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 Goodnight 
 
 
 
 4728 
 7639 
 4594 
 5804 
 8945 
 4874 
 9673 
 6920 
 4069 
 4581 
 7680 
 6325 
 
 Minturn 
 
 Midway 
 
 Military June . 
 Military Park . 
 
 Mill Fork 
 
 Milwood 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Montolores 
 
 Moffat 
 
 Colo 
 
 300 
 
 7823 
 7852 
 5329 
 5310 
 5808 
 
 308 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 4000 ' 
 
 239 
 
 Grand Junction 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 658 
 
 
 493 
 
 
 
 
 9922 
 
 287 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah ... 
 Colo 
 
 25 
 150 
 
 
 
 448 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M. ... 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 30 
 
 300 
 135 
 3000 
 1200 
 350 
 300 
 
 5500 
 10028 
 
 264 
 
 
 Monarch 
 
 Monero 
 
 Monte Vista.. 
 Monument 
 
 237 
 
 
 Colo , 
 
 1500 
 
 7262 362 
 5811 357 
 
 
 
 
 7665 
 6974 
 
 8754 
 7695 
 6588 
 8141 
 5560 
 8205 
 5353 
 4286 
 8189 
 
 "8212 
 9637 
 7721 
 5830 
 5276 
 7238 
 S258 
 9227 
 
 253 
 
 Hale 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Halfway 
 
 Hayes 
 
 ;>KS 
 
 
 
 
 Mounds 
 
 Mule Shoe 
 
 Nathrop 
 
 284 
 
 
 
 9158 
 
 202 
 
 Haskell's Spur . 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 50 
 
 234 
 
 
 
 7271 
 
 376 
 
 Heibler's Spur.. 
 
 
 
 Needleton 
 
 New Castle 
 
 No Agua 
 
 Oak Creek 
 
 481 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M 
 
 1000 
 
 379 
 
 Hesperus 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 6645 
 
 306 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 High Bridge 
 
 Hillside Spur... 
 
 Colo ... 
 
 
 10277 
 
 Utah ... 
 
 32000 
 
 771 
 
 
 
 Ojo 
 
 Ophir 
 
 199 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 300 
 
 423 
 
 
 
 
 6559 
 4391 
 6409 
 9024 
 6714 
 5677 
 6596 
 6437 
 
 "8309 
 
 ' 6341 
 4686 
 4263 
 9970 
 9401 
 5849 
 
 7434 
 
 10614 
 
 7052 
 
 Otto 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo , , , 
 Colo 
 
 ' 2500' " 
 
 317 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Howard 
 
 
 
 Ouray Junction 
 Overland Park. 
 Palmer Lake . . 
 Palmilla 
 
 354 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 200 
 
 " 30" 
 
 20 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M.... 
 
 Colo 
 
 " 150" 
 
 6 
 52 
 
 290 
 
 
 293 
 
 
 Parkdale 
 
 Parlin 
 
 4->5 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 50 
 
 5400 
 
 410 
 
 
 Utah .. . 
 Colo 
 
 
 519 
 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 35 
 100 
 
 5737 
 7952 
 7616 
 
 5322 
 6248 
 7108 
 6188 
 
 171 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 278 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 50 
 
 ^61 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 Piedmont . , , . 
 Pike View , , . 
 Pine Creek .... 
 Pine Ridge 
 
 382 
 
 Keystone Spur . 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 <>54 
 
 
 Colo 
 Utah 
 
 800 
 
 
 
 
 532 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 
 20 
 75 
 
 25 
 
 '20b' ' 
 
 5038 
 8410 
 
 "7177 
 
 10316 
 
 4890 
 
 7480 
 
 106 
 
 
 6177 418 
 
 Placer 
 
 Placerville . 
 
 Plateau 
 
 Pleasant Val J <• 
 
 212 
 
 Lake City 
 
 Lake Hughes ... 
 
 Colo . 
 
 1500 
 
 8686 
 7470 
 7609 
 
 352 
 385 
 265 
 748 
 160 
 43 
 757 
 289 
 191 
 277 
 
 404 
 29 
 
 Colo , 
 
 300 
 
 636 
 
 
 •>39 
 
 
 Pole Canon 
 
 Poncha Juno . . 
 
 Utah 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 120 
 
 674 
 
 Larkspur 
 
 N. M 
 Colo . 
 
 25 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 6669 
 
 8468 
 7084 
 
 10200 
 
 221 
 
 535 
 
 
 Poncha Pass. . . 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah.... 
 Utah.... 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 ' 200 ' 
 
 5000 
 
 :;.->ooo 
 
 9059 
 5547 
 4517 
 4669 
 6228 
 8615 
 
 231 
 
 
 611 
 
 
 
 689 
 
 
 9762 280 
 4544 68b 
 5691 21 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 Colo 
 
 3000 
 
 Quarry 
 
 Red Cliff 
 
 Red Narrows. . 
 
 79 
 
 Lehigh June 
 
 Colo 
 
 Dtah 
 
 Colo 
 
 300 
 
 299 
 
 (Jtab 
 
 
 
 286 
 394 
 412 
 527 
 10 
 130 
 339 
 321 
 
 5543 663 
 
 Leopard Creek . 
 Lime Kiln Spur. 
 Little Grand.... 
 
 Littleton 
 
 Lizard Head 
 
 Lobato 
 
 
 
 
 5236 157 
 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo. ... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo.. . 
 
 200 
 
 1 111 
 
 3000 
 
 500 
 
 ' '600 ' 
 
 5500 393 
 
 Utah .... 
 Colo 
 Colo . .. 
 
 V M .... 
 Colo . 
 
 ' 1200 ' 
 
 1604 
 
 5372 
 
 10250 
 
 8303 
 
 9637 
 
 Riverside 
 
 Rico 
 
 Ridgway 
 
 Roan 
 
 Rockdale 
 
 Ruck wood 
 
 Roswell 
 
 Roubideau 
 
 Round Hill .... 
 
 8372 
 
 s;.;; 
 
 Tni 12 
 
 4512 
 
 10861 
 
 249 
 444 
 
 378 
 433 
 294 
 
 Lost Canon ... . 
 Lower Crossing. 
 Malta 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 Coin 
 
 Colo . ... 
 
 Colo 
 
 25 
 50 
 
 1800 
 31 I'll 
 
 181 
 
 4630 570 
 9580 272 
 6318 ' 80 
 7(108 1 500 1 
 
 10856 1 242 1 
 
 140 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo. .. 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 ' 1660 ' 
 
 7367 
 6095 
 
 " 81187 
 HISS 
 
 168 
 73 
 
 
 379 
 
 Mancos 
 
 Marshall "ass. . 
 
 235 
 183
 
 270 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS.— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 House Junction 
 
 Kc»-k Creek 
 
 Sagers 
 
 Salida 
 
 Salt 1 'reck 
 
 Salt Lake City.. 
 
 Sam's Spur 
 
 San Carlos 
 
 Sandy 
 
 San Barnardo. . . 
 Sa Clara Mine . . 
 
 San Miguel 
 
 Sapinero 
 
 Sargent 
 
 Schofield 
 
 Sedalia 
 
 Serviletta 
 
 Shale 
 
 Snerwood 
 
 Shawano 
 
 Shirley 
 
 Shoshone 
 
 Silver Lake 
 
 Silverton 
 
 Soda Springs ... 
 Soldier Summit. 
 
 Solitude 
 
 South Fork 
 
 So. Fork RGS.. 
 Spanish Fork.. 
 
 Sphinx 
 
 Spikebuck 
 
 Spring Creek .. 
 
 Springville 
 
 Stewart June. 
 
 Sublette 
 
 Sunnyside 
 
 Swallows 
 
 Swissvale 
 
 Tennessee Pass 
 Texas Creek . . . 
 
 Telluride 
 
 Thistle 
 
 The Hook 
 
 Thompson 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 el 
 
 W 
 
 2* 
 
 *". 3 
 
 «Q 
 
 O 
 
 178 
 303 
 302 
 217 
 140 
 735 
 395 
 128 
 725 
 425 
 187 
 422 
 316 
 259 
 625 
 25 
 323 
 452 
 328 
 246 
 230 
 357 
 181 
 495 
 176 
 642 
 507 
 297 
 414 
 679 
 551 
 176 
 616 
 683 
 317 
 305 
 591 
 135 
 209 
 2 S3 
 
 isi; 
 123 
 679 
 :,11 
 515 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 6149 
 S304 
 
 
 Colo ... 
 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 3000 
 
 7050 
 5469 
 4228 
 
 ' 4900 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo . . . 
 
 50000 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 Colo .... 
 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 6473 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 Utah .... 
 
 Colo 
 
 N. M 
 
 ioo 
 
 50 
 
 1500 
 
 200 
 
 7255 
 8477 
 
 5835 
 7727 
 4608 
 6901 
 
 
 Colo .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 8669 
 6119 
 6395 
 
 9224 
 6850 
 7465 
 4383 
 8188 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 
 
 Colo 
 Colo 
 
 2500 
 
 
 Utah 
 Utah 
 Colo .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 Utah . . . 
 
 2500 
 
 4721 
 
 
 Colo .... 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 Colo 
 
 2500 
 
 4565 
 
 8006 
 9276 
 5270 
 4868 
 
 
 N. M 
 Utah 
 Colo 
 
 50 
 
 
 Colo 
 
 Colo 
 
 Utah .... 
 Colo 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 1800 
 
 100 
 
 10433 
 6217 
 8756 
 5043 
 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 
 5145 
 
 
 Tioga 
 
 Tollgate 
 
 Toltec 
 
 Toltec Gorge . 
 
 Toluca 
 
 Tres Piedras.. 
 Trimble Spr'gs 
 
 Trinchera 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Trout Lakes... 
 
 Tuna 
 
 Twin Lakes 
 
 Unaweep 
 
 Utah Line 
 
 Vallejo 
 
 Vallie 
 
 VanceJunction 
 
 Vegas 
 
 Verde 
 
 Veta Pass 
 
 Victor 
 
 Villa Grove.... 
 
 Volcano 
 
 Wagon W Gap. 
 
 Wahatoya 
 
 Walsenburg. . . 
 
 Wasatch 
 
 Wason 
 
 Wellsville 
 
 West Cliff 
 
 West Denver .. 
 Westwater . 
 
 Wheeler 
 
 Whitehouse ... 
 Whitewater. . . 
 Winkfleld'sS.. 
 Widen eld.... . 
 
 Wigwam 
 
 Wilbur 
 
 Willow Creek.. 
 
 AVolhurst 
 
 Wolcott 
 
 Wood's Cross'g 
 Woody Creek. . 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Territory 
 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 N. M.. 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 N. M.. 
 Colo... 
 Colo.. . 
 Colo... 
 Colo . . . 
 Col,,... 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 
 Colo... 
 Colo.., 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 Colo... 
 M. M. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Utah'. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Utah . 
 Colo.. 
 Utah. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo.. 
 Colo . . 
 N. M. 
 Colo.. 
 
 Colo. . 
 
 Utah. 
 Colo.. 
 
 75 
 8000 
 
 2(1110 
 425 
 
 25 
 
 1000 
 25 
 
 7.-, 
 
 25 
 
 100 
 25 
 
 6203 
 
 9165 
 
 5672 
 
 963 
 
 80SS 
 
 6575 
 
 S104 
 
 5994 
 
 6131 
 
 9024 
 4636 
 4758 
 6202 
 653(1 
 8116 
 4768 
 5102 
 9393 
 9734 
 7972 
 8487 
 
 8449 
 6504 
 61S9 
 
 8603 
 
 6894 
 7864 
 5201 
 
 9781 
 4486 
 4 665 
 
 5720 
 5231 
 8614 
 
 7712 
 
 6976 
 4255 
 7270 
 
 o u 
 
 180 
 166 
 309 
 21 
 31 
 313 
 459 
 220 
 210 
 427 
 174 
 261 
 418 
 467 
 409 
 199 
 415 
 127 
 134 
 206 
 186 
 247 
 297 
 311 
 183 
 176 
 734 
 ai7 
 210 
 194 
 1 
 473 
 302 
 499 
 413 
 443 
 84 
 99 
 177 
 348 
 14 
 325 
 740 
 399 
 
 MOUNTAIN PEAKS AND PASSES OF COLORADO. 
 With their elevations above sea level. 
 
 ALTITUDE OF MOUNTAIN PEAKS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 RAMPART RANGE. 
 
 Height. 
 14,147.. 
 
 Name. 
 l'ike's Peak. 
 
 County. Nearest Point. 
 
 El Paso Manitou. 
 
 FRONT RANGE. 
 From Lula Pass to Canon Citv in the transverse valley of the Arkansas. This range divides 
 Grand County from Boulder 'County, passes through Gilpin County, Clear Creek County and 
 Park County,' ami ends in Fremont County. 
 
 County. Nearest Point. 
 
 Boulder Boulder. 
 
 Boulder Sunset. 
 
 Boulder Sunset. 
 
 Gilpin Central City. 
 
 Gilpin Central City. 
 
 (iilpiu Central City. 
 
 Height. Name. 
 
 14,271 Long's Peak 
 
 13.173 Audubon 
 
 13,520 Arapahoe ... 
 
 13.283 James Peak 
 
 13.133 Pern's Peak 
 
 12 873 Mount Flora 
 
 1 1 33c Torrey's Peak Clear Creek Georgetown. 
 
 1 4411 . Gray's Peak Clear Creek Georgetown. 
 
 14'321 .... Evans Peak Clear Creek Georgetown. 
 
 14,340 M t. Rosalie Clear Creek Georgetown. 
 
 12,446 Bison Peak Park .' Fairplay.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE 271 
 
 MEDICINE BOW RANGE. 
 
 Is due northern continuation of the North Range. 
 
 ?/i"oo'- Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 13,832 Haynes Peak Larimer 
 
 13,167 Clark's Peak Larimer 
 
 BLUE RIVER RANGE. 
 Sometimes called Eagle River Mountains, runs ^parallel with the Park Range throuirh 
 Summit County. It ends in the western part of Park County. 
 
 £«!<?#• J^ am /- U „ County. Nearest Point. 
 
 13,398 Mount Powell Summit Dillon 
 
 12,382 Red Peak Summit Dillon' 
 
 ' 12,890 ... Miles Peak Summit Dillon 
 
 13,200 Whale Peak Park Breckenrid"e 
 
 13.565 Mount Guyot Summit Breckenridge' 
 
 J3-800 Mount Hamilton Summit Breckenridge'. 
 
 13,835 Silver Heel Park Como. 
 
 PARK RANGE. 
 
 Begins in the northern boundary of the state, marking the boundary lines of Routt County 
 and Larimer County, and ends in the transverse range of the Arkansas Mountains, passing 
 through Eagle County, Summit County, Lake County, Park County and Chaffee County. 
 
 ffy&Jh jy am t e -r7 , , County. Nearest Point. 
 
 12,126 Mount Zirkel Larimer 
 
 14,269 Quandary Summit .' Breckenridge 
 
 14,297 Lincoln Park Alma g 
 
 13.796.. .Arkansas Park.. " Alma' 
 
 13.961 Buckskin Park ......'.'.'.['.'.'. Alma 
 
 14,185 Bross Park " Alma' 
 
 13,650 Evans(No.2) Park Alma 
 
 14,008 Sherman Park Alma' 
 
 13,750 Sheridan (No.2) Park Fairnlav 
 
 13,909 Horseshoe Park Fa r lav 
 
 13,738 Ptarmigan Park Fair av 
 
 13,328 .... Buffalo Peak Park Fair lav 
 
 14,132 Goat's Peak Park ..........'.'.'.'.'. Fairplay! 
 
 SAGUACHE RANGE. 
 
 Begins in Eagle County and runs parallel with the Park Range, the Arkansas River flowing 
 between them in the southern region. It traverses Lake and Chaffee Counties and ends in the 
 Cochetopa Hills, the central part of the Continental Divide. 
 
 ¥£$£ ™ am ?- r ti xj , r. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14.176 Mount of the Holv Cross Eagle Red Cliff 
 
 13,073 H omestake Eagle .'...'. Red Cliff' 
 
 H'ifi Mount Massive Lake Leadville. 
 
 14,436 Elbert Lake Leadville 
 
 14.302 La Plata Peak Chaffee ". Buena Vista. 
 
 lf,375 Harvard*? Chaffee Buena Vista. 
 
 14'JkZ Yale ...~*< Chaffee Buena Vista. 
 
 14,199 Prmcton.**. Chaffee Salida 
 
 14.245 Antero Chaffee "! Sal'da 
 
 14,239 Shavano Chaffee " Mavsv'ille 
 
 14,055 Ouray Chaffee ::::.'.'.'.'.';.'.'.';:.:.'.'.':.';;.'.'.'.':.' MarshallPass. 
 
 ELK MOUNTAINS, OR ASPEN GROUP. 
 This range is a great semicircle of mountains in Pitkin County, with Aspen iu the centre and 
 with spurs running into the adjoining county of Gunnison. *^ u 
 
 mSw" hSStak °S^ V - Nearest Point. 
 
 l-s.SJ.i hopnsl'eak Pitkin Carhondale 
 
 13.997 CapitolPeak Pitkin.... Asnen 
 
 13,978 Snow Mass Pitkin .'.'.'.'."".' As en 
 
 14,008 Maroon Peak Pitkin As en 
 
 13.8S5 Pyramid I'eak Pitfein .... AsDen 
 
 14.115 CastlePeak Pitkin........::... ASDen 
 
 1J.327 White Back Gunnison "' Crested Rnttp 
 
 13.113 Teocauipeak Gunnison :::::::::::::::::: SSSb^S: 
 
 ld.95h Gruzlj Pltkm IsDen 
 
 13.350 Italian Peak Gunnison .......".".' Crested Butte 
 
 13,357 White Rock Pitkin ""............ Aspen 
 
 WEST ELK MOUNTAINS. 
 
 fVlO*' West"Flk Peak g^"*' Nearest ?°™ 1 - 
 
 io,H)4 west.fc.lk I'eak Gunnison Gunnison. 
 
 SANGRE DE CRISTO RANGE. 
 fb e ;V n 1 1 ,i!f S , a , t «m UOrt ! 1Pr > npoin f twit l 1 J he Al ?ansas Hills, which run east and west, and with 
 the ContineiitaM hvi.le r " n southeast to the northwest, and which form a part of 
 
 N. B.— There are many unnamed peaks above 13,000 feet in this range. 
 33ft.... jfeeak gSSt p^^ 
 
 12.863 RitoAlto Custer.. Villi ;ime 
 
 13,600 Silesia Custer it V, , ,, ' 
 
 13.447 Horn Peak Custer \I ff.t g 
 
 14.233.... Crestone Custer Mofftt 
 
 14,041 Humboldt Custer Sler Cliff 
 
 14,48': Sierra Mm: i CrctilU J rl in I 
 
 14-176 OldBaldy Costilla \\.\\\".\\\\"\\\V:::.\:W^' 
 
 W,615 Grayback Costilla Blanco.
 
 272 OVER THE RANGE. 
 
 CULEHA RANGE. 
 
 Is a continuation or the Sangre de Cristo Range. 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14,079 Culeha Peak Las Animas Trinidad. 
 
 13, fill Trinchera Lus Animas Trinidad. 
 
 13,718 Spanish Peak Las Animas Trinidad. 
 
 THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS. 
 
 This range is the southern part of the Continental Divide. It has many lateral ranges, like 
 buttresses, and its general course is from southeast to northwest, where it joins with the 
 Uncompahgre Range and the Cochetopa Hills. It is very' little known, and contains many high 
 unnamed mountains. It is spread over Saguache County, Hinsdale County v southern part), 
 Archuleta County, Rio Grande County and Conejos County. 
 Htight. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14,032 Stewart's Peak Saguache Lake City. 
 
 14,100 San Luis Peak Saguache Lake City. 
 
 13,131 Mesa Peak Saguache Lake City. 
 
 12.840 Bristol Head Hinsdale — 
 
 14.092 Ked Cloud Hinsdale Lake City. 
 
 14,149 Handles Peak Hinsdale Lake City. 
 
 13,400 Pole Creek Peak Hinsdale Lake City. 
 
 12,506 SanJuauPeak Hinsdale 
 
 13.154 Macomb's Peak Mineral Wagon Wheel Gap. 
 
 12,673 Bellevue Peak Rio Grande Del Norte. 
 
 13.081 DelNortePeak Rio Grande Del Norte. 
 
 13.347 Conejos Rio Grande Pagosa Springs. 
 
 12,824 Banded Peak Archuleta Pagosa Springs. 
 
 14,065 Simpson's Peak Rio Grande DelNorte. 
 
 NEEDLE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 A series of short ranges on the west side of the Grand Divide, buttressing the San Juan 
 Mountains. It contains many high isolated peaks named and unnamed. 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 12,305 Sheridan Peak (No. 1) La Plata Durango. 
 
 14,054 ,-Eolus La Plata Durango. 
 
 14,051 Needle Peak La Plata Durango. 
 
 13.755 Mount Oso La Plata Durango. 
 
 1 3,928 Pigeon's Peak La Plata Durango. 
 
 14,055 Kio Grande Pyramid SanJuan Needleton. 
 
 13,542 Mount Kendall SanJuan Silverton. 
 
 13,356 Mount Cauby SanJuan Silverton. 
 
 13.550 King Solomon SanJuan Silverton. 
 
 13.501 Sultan San Juan Silverton. 
 
 13,357 The Hunchback SanJuan Durango. 
 
 OURAY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 A prolongation of the San Miguel Mountains to the north, uniting with the Uncompahgre 
 Chain, which runs from west to east. 
 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14,340 Mount Sneffels Ouray Ouray. 
 
 SAN MIGUEL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14,075 Unnamed San Miguel Telluride. 
 
 14,160 Lizard Head San Miguel Trout Lake. 
 
 14,309 Mount Wilson Dolores Ophir. 
 
 13502 Dolores Peak Dolores Ophir 
 
 12,703 Mount Dolores Dolores Rico. 
 
 13,890 Unnamed Dolores Rico. 
 
 12,703 Mount Freeman Dolores Rico. 
 
 12,516 Mount Elliott Dolores Rico. 
 
 12,542 Anchor Dolores Rico. 
 
 12,635 Lone Cone San Miguel Telluride. 
 
 LA PLATA MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Are a prolongation south of the San Miguel Range. 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 13,376 Hesperus Montezuma Dolores. 
 
 13,456 Babcock La Plata Durango. 
 
 UNCOMPAHGRE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 This range is short and runs from west to east. It contains some very high mountains, 
 usually at right angles to the chain. 
 Height. Name. County. Nearest Point. 
 
 14,419 Uncompahgre Hinsdale Ouray. 
 
 14,069 The Wetterhorn Hinsdale Ouray.
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE 
 
 273 
 
 MOUNTAIN PASSES. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Alpine Pass 13,550 
 
 Argentine Pass 13,100 
 
 Cochetopa Pass 10,032 
 
 Hayden Pass 10.780 
 
 Trout Creek Pass 9,346 
 
 Berthoud Pass 11,349 
 
 Marshall Pass 10.856 
 
 Veta Pass 9,39;* 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Poncha Pass 8,945 
 
 Tennessee Pass 10,433 
 
 Tarryall Pass 12,176 
 
 Breckenridge Pass 9,490 
 
 Cottonwood Pass 13,500 
 
 Fremont Pass 11,540 
 
 Mosquito Pass 1 3,7i 10 
 
 UtePass 11,200 
 
 ELEVATION OF LAKES. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Twin Lakes 9,357 
 
 Grand Lake 8,153 
 
 Green Lakes 10,000 
 
 Chicago Lakes 11,500 
 
 Evergreen Lakee 10,500 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Seven Lakes 1 1 ,806 
 
 Palmer Lake 7,238 
 
 Cottonwood Lake 7,700 
 
 TroutLake 9,800 
 
 ALTITUDES OF TOWNS AND CITIES. 
 
 EVISED SINCE FIRST EDITION FROM ENGINEER'S MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Alamosa 7.546 
 
 Animas City 6.554 
 
 Animas Forks 11,200 
 
 Antonito 7,888 
 
 Aspen 7,875 
 
 Buena Vista 7,970 
 
 Canon City 5,344 
 
 Castle Rock 6,220 
 
 Colorado Springs 5,992 
 
 Crested Butte 8,875 
 
 Creede 9,016 
 
 Conejos 7,880 
 
 Cottonwood Springs 8.950 
 
 Cuchara 5,943 
 
 Cumbres 10,015 
 
 Delta 4,983 
 
 Del Norte 7,880 
 
 Denver 5,i96 
 
 Durango 6,520 
 
 El Moro 5.879 
 
 Garland 7,936 
 
 Granite 8,945 
 
 Grand Junction 4,594 
 
 Gunnison 7.680 
 
 Glen wood Springs 5,758 
 
 Howardsville 9,700 
 
 Irwin 10.500 
 
 Kokomo 10,614 
 
 Lake City 8,686 
 
 Feet. 
 
 La Veta 7,024 
 
 Leadville 10 200 
 
 Los Pinos 9,637 
 
 Montrose 5 811 
 
 Malta 9,580 
 
 Mancos 7,008 
 
 Manitou 6,318 
 
 Ojo Caliente 7,324 
 
 Ouray. 7,721 
 
 Ogden, Utah 4,286 
 
 Pagosa Springs 7,108 
 
 Pinos, Chama .Summit 9,902 
 
 Poncha Springs 7,480 
 
 Palmer Lake 7,238 
 
 Pueblo 4,669 
 
 RedCliff 8,615 
 
 Ridgway 7,002 
 
 Roiiinson 10 86 1 
 
 Rosita 8,500 
 
 Ruby Camp 10,500 
 
 Saguache 7,723 
 
 Salt Lake City 4,228 
 
 Silver Cliff 7,816 
 
 Silverton 9,224 
 
 Salida 7,050 
 
 Telluride 8.756 
 
 Trimble Springs 6,575 
 
 Westcliffe 7,864 
 
 Wagon Wheel Gap. 8,449 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Acequia A-sa-kia 
 
 Crested Butte Crested Bute 
 
 Costillia Costea 
 
 Canon Can-yon 
 
 Cumbres Cum-breez 
 
 Cuchara Cu-cha-ra 
 
 Canejos Co-na-hos 
 
 Chihuahua Che-wa-wa 
 
 Huerfano Wa-far-no 
 
 La Junta La Hun-ta 
 
 La Jara La Hara 
 
 La Veta La Va-ta 
 
 M anitou M an-i- too 
 
 Monero Mo-na-ro 
 
 Navaj o Na-va-ho 
 
 Ojo Caliente O-ho Cal-1-en-te 
 
 Ojo o-ho 
 
 Pueble de Taos Pueblo-de-Tows 
 
 Pinon Pin- von 
 
 Saguache Si-watch 
 
 Sierra Mojeda Sierra Mo-ya-da 
 
 Santa Fe. San-ta Fay 
 
 San Juan San Wan 
 
 San Miguel San-me-gll 
 
 Sapiuero Sapi-na-ro 
 
 Tierra Amarilla Tier Ama-rea 
 
 Trlnchera Trln-chara 
 
 Vallejo Vall-a-hc 
 
 Wahatoya Wa-ha-toy-jx
 
 274 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 COMPLETE INDEX TO STATIONS ON THE SOUTHERN 
 PACIFIC RAILROAD. 
 
 Acampo 
 
 Acton 
 
 Aden 
 
 Adonde... 
 
 Afton 
 
 Ager 
 
 Agnews 
 
 Alameda 
 
 A I am it os 
 
 Albany 
 
 Alcalde 
 
 Alder Greek 
 
 Alexis 
 
 A III am lira 
 
 Allla 
 
 Allendale 
 
 Alma 
 
 Almaden 
 
 Almond 
 
 Alpine ... 
 
 Alta 
 
 Altamont 
 
 Alvarado 
 
 Alviso 
 
 Amaranth 
 
 Am. Rvr Bridg. 
 
 Amity 
 
 Anaheim 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Anita 
 
 Annadel 
 
 Antelope 
 
 Antioch 
 
 Applegate 
 
 Aptos 
 
 Araby 
 
 Arbuckle 
 
 Arcade 
 
 Arena 
 
 Argenta 
 
 Armona 
 
 Army Point 
 
 Ashland 
 
 Athena 
 
 Atlilone 
 
 Atwater 
 
 Auburn 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Aurant .... 
 
 Avon 
 
 Aztec 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bakersfield — 
 
 Bale 
 
 Balfour 
 
 Banning 
 
 Banta 
 
 Bardins 
 
 Barlaws 
 
 Barrett 
 
 Barro 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Battle Mount'n. 
 
 Bay Point 
 
 Bealville 
 
 Beaumont 
 
 Beaverton 
 
 Bello 
 
 Belmont 
 
 Benicia 
 
 Ben Lomond... 
 
 Bennett 
 
 Benson 
 
 Beowawe 
 
 Berenda 
 
 Bernal 
 
 Berryman 
 
 Bethany 
 
 Biggs 
 
 Big Trees 
 
 Bishops 
 
 Bituraa 
 
 Blacks 
 
 Bl'k Butte Suit. 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 N.M. 
 
 Ariz. 
 
 N.M. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal . . . 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Ariz . 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.. . 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal. . 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Ariz.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal. . 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Ariz.. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 120 
 150 
 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 7750 
 
 3000 
 
 700 
 35 
 
 170 
 
 1500 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 600 
 
 110 
 
 225 
 
 2000 
 
 750 
 
 urn 
 
 700 
 
 100 
 '3 JO 
 
 2000 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 1700 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 150 
 
 30 
 522 
 
 300 
 250 
 
 202 
 3200 
 
 2000 
 62 
 
 85 
 
 5606 
 103 
 
 1000 
 250 
 
 100 
 
 w 
 
 59 
 
 2670 
 
 4391 
 
 212 
 
 4207 
 
 2349 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 191 
 
 210 
 
 850 
 
 280 
 
 560 
 348 
 
 82 
 282 
 3607 
 740 
 
 15 
 
 133 
 
 432 
 160 
 
 162 
 
 46 
 
 2014 
 
 102 
 
 144 
 
 139 
 
 55 
 
 144 
 
 4547 
 
 233 
 
 11 
 
 1898 
 
 210 
 153 
 
 1 360 
 
 12 
 
 495 
 
 39 
 
 415 
 
 287 
 
 4239 
 
 2317 
 
 30 
 
 48 
 
 39 
 245 
 
 67 
 4511 
 
 10 
 1793 
 2560 
 
 204 
 31 
 10 
 
 3578 
 
 4695 
 
 256 
 
 186 
 
 10 
 
 40 
 
 98 
 
 270 
 
 5423 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 - o 
 »* a 
 
 107.21 
 427.1 
 1237.9 
 760.9 
 1250 
 387 
 
 41 
 
 11.13 
 
 58 
 692 
 301.34 
 109 
 558.2 
 490 
 273.51 
 
 71.22 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 505.3 
 417.3 
 159 
 
 55.97 
 
 24 
 
 38 
 105.17 
 
 93 
 890 
 508.9 
 249 
 195 
 
 67.91 
 104 
 
 51.54 
 136 
 112 
 736.6 
 114.47 
 
 98 
 140.09 
 486 
 257.43 
 
 34.86 
 431 
 164.57 
 161.64 
 144.28 
 126 
 745 
 485 
 
 39.15 
 806 3 
 
 12 
 314.04 
 
 68.53 
 801 
 569 
 
 74.82 
 115 
 747 
 
 16 
 
 66.35 
 
 65.15 
 474 
 
 42.24 
 341.6 
 562.8 
 
 62.32 
 
 25 
 
 33.25 
 
 77 
 
 134 
 
 1025.4 
 
 507 
 
 177.59 
 
 4 
 
 11.86 
 
 76.71 
 163 
 
 74 
 602 
 502.7 
 
 96.74 
 345 
 
 Blue Canon 
 
 Blue Creek 
 
 Boca 
 
 Bolsa 
 
 Bonneville 
 
 Boyce's 
 
 Borden 
 
 Bosque , 
 
 Boulder Creek 
 
 Bovine 
 
 Bowie 
 
 Bracks 
 
 Bradley 
 
 Brandon 
 
 Brentwood. ... 
 
 Brighton 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Brooks 
 
 Brookside 
 
 Browns 
 
 Bryant . 
 
 Buckeye 
 
 Buckliorn 
 
 Burbank 
 
 Burnetts 
 
 Burson 
 
 Butler 
 
 Byron 
 
 Cabazon 
 
 Cachise 
 
 Cactus 
 
 Cadanassa 
 
 Callente 
 
 Calistoga 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Cambray 
 
 Cameron 
 
 Camllos 
 
 Cana 
 
 Canby 
 
 Canemat , 
 
 Cannon , 
 
 Cantara 
 
 Capay 
 
 C. H. Mills .... 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Carlin 
 
 Carlton 
 
 Carmenita 
 
 Carnadero 
 
 Carplnteria 
 
 Casa Grande.. 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Cashmere 
 
 Castaic 
 
 Castle 
 
 Castle Crag 
 
 Castroville 
 
 Cemetery 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Centerville 
 
 Central Point. 
 
 Ceres 
 
 Cerritos 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 Chemawa 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 Chlttendens... 
 
 Chico 
 
 Cholone , 
 
 Chromlte 
 
 Chualar , 
 
 Cicero 
 
 Cienega 
 
 Cisco 
 
 Citronia 
 
 Clackamas 
 
 Clarks 
 
 Clawson 
 
 Clements 
 
 Cluro 
 
 Clyde 
 
 Coalinga 
 
 Copper Gap... 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 State 
 
 
 
 
 or 
 
 M 
 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oh 
 
 » 
 
 Cal 
 
 110 
 
 4695 
 
 Utah . . . 
 
 
 4272 
 
 Cal 
 
 400 
 
 5531 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 177 
 4260 
 
 Utah... 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 388 
 
 273 
 
 
 
 1080 
 470 
 
 Cal 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 4277 
 
 Ariz.. . 
 
 100 
 
 3759 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 539 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 200 
 
 80 
 
 Cal 
 
 500 
 
 54 
 
 Utah... 
 
 1800 
 
 4239 
 
 Or 
 
 35 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 3929 
 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 593 
 
 Cal 
 
 250 
 
 558 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 189 
 
 Cal 
 
 30 
 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 100 
 
 34 
 
 Cal 
 
 100 
 
 1779 
 
 
 
 4222 
 395 
 
 Cal.. .. 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 50 
 
 1290 
 
 Cal 
 
 850 
 
 363 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 95 
 
 N. M... 
 
 
 4224 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 3787 
 
 Cal 
 
 150 
 
 733 
 
 Cal 
 
 200 
 
 172 
 
 Or 
 
 100 
 
 
 Or.... 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 92 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 200 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 2676 
 221 
 
 Cal 
 
 75 
 
 Nev 
 
 394 
 
 4897 
 
 Or 
 
 125 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 74 
 168 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 300 
 
 8 
 
 Ariz ... 
 
 400 
 
 1396 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 28 
 
 6538 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 
 1004 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 37 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 1943 
 
 Cal 
 
 600 
 
 17 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 92 
 5974 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 300 
 
 
 Or 
 
 50 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 200 
 
 93 
 
 Cal... . 
 
 
 36 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 40 
 
 Or 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 6000 
 
 193 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 232 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 1561 
 103 
 
 Cal 
 
 75 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 90 
 119 
 
 Cal 
 
 100 
 
 Cal 
 
 25 
 
 5934 
 
 Cal... 
 
 
 
 Or 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 5263 
 2250 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 
 
 4785 
 153 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 Cal . . . 
 
 
 665 
 1759 
 
 
 50 
 
 as 
 
 168 
 792 
 218 
 
 89 
 823 
 108.29 
 187.81 
 859.5 
 
 81 
 699 
 1089 
 117.29 
 196 
 130 
 
 62.70 
 134.03 
 816 
 728 
 546.6 
 325 
 129 
 301 
 468.5 
 471.4 
 123.70 
 126.36 
 212.95 
 
 67.83 
 574.9 
 1054.5 
 712.8 
 
 97 47 
 336.3 
 
 72 79 
 
 51 
 1224.5 
 3 0.9 
 463.1 
 198 
 749 
 756 
 
 56.35 
 330 
 
 9337 
 149 
 133.22 
 535 
 875 
 501.1 
 
 83 
 517.3 
 913.7 
 190 
 108.77 
 4543 
 
 97.59 
 317 
 111) 
 
 11 
 620 
 
 32 
 450 
 118.65 
 498.5 
 
 98.20 
 724 
 322 
 
 91 
 186 
 152 
 309 
 129 
 121.45 
 490 
 182 
 
 64.34 
 762 
 264 
 426 
 115.30 
 516 
 119.20 
 296.34 
 133
 
 TO THE GOLDEN' GATE. 
 
 275 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Coburns 
 
 Coin 
 
 Coles 
 
 Colestln 
 
 Colfax 
 
 Coif red 
 
 Colma 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Colusa Junct... 
 
 Colton 
 
 Cometa 
 
 Corapton 
 
 Comstocks 
 
 Coopers 
 
 Copley 
 
 Cordelia 
 
 Corinne 
 
 Cornelius 
 
 Corning... 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Corrallis 
 
 Cosgrave 
 
 Cotbrin 
 
 Cottage Grove.. 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 Coyote 
 
 Cranor 
 
 Creston 
 
 Creswell 
 
 Crocketts 
 
 Cross Creek 
 
 crowleys 
 
 Cucamonga 
 
 Cummings 
 
 Curtis 
 
 IKUilton 
 
 Dathol 
 
 Davis 
 
 Decoto 
 
 Deeth 
 
 Delano 
 
 Delavan 
 
 Delhi 
 
 Delta 
 
 Del Monte 
 
 Deming 
 
 Derry 
 
 Desert 
 
 Dillard 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Dilleys 
 
 Dinuua 
 
 Divide 
 
 Dixon 
 
 Domingues 
 
 Dos PaTmas 
 
 Downey 
 
 Dragoon Sum'it 
 
 Drains 
 
 Drummond 
 
 Drylyn 
 
 Dugan 
 
 Duunigan 
 
 Dunsmuir 
 
 Durham 
 
 Dutch Flat.... 
 
 Dry Camp 
 
 East Oakland.. 
 East Portland. 
 E. San Gabriel. 
 
 Eden Vale 
 
 Edgewood 
 
 El Casco 
 
 El Dorado 
 
 ElkGrove 
 
 Elkhorn 
 
 Elko 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Elmira 
 
 El Modena 
 
 Elmore 
 
 El Paso 
 
 El Verano 
 
 El wood 
 
 Ely 
 
 Emerald 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal.... 
 Nev... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal. .. 
 Ariz .. 
 Cal.... 
 Cat.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cai.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Utah . . 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Nev... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal.,.. 
 Cal.. . 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Nev... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 N. M.. 
 
 Or 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Or .... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal... 
 Ariz.. 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal ... . 
 Cal.... 
 Cal ... 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cai.... 
 Cal.... 
 Nev... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal... 
 Cal.... 
 Texas. 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 5 
 2500 
 
 800 
 25 
 
 25 
 100 
 500 
 200 
 350 
 
 75 
 1800 
 
 300 
 450 
 
 20(1 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 500 
 150 
 100 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 150 
 
 1350 
 
 1000 
 
 4614 
 
 300 
 
 109 
 350 
 
 2(1(1 
 500 
 
 5300 
 
 8011(1 
 
 300 
 301 
 
 752 
 
 350 
 
 200 
 
 15 
 
 200 
 
 W 
 
 259 
 4506 
 2905 
 3730 
 2422 
 
 171 
 
 84 
 965 
 153 
 
 76 
 
 23 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 4231 
 
 277 
 30 
 
 4237 
 
 421 
 251 
 
 12 
 
 278 
 
 952 
 
 42 
 
 408 
 
 495 
 
 53 
 
 68 
 
 5340 
 
 313 
 
 95 
 
 121 
 
 1138 
 
 8 
 
 4334 
 
 4018 
 
 66 
 
 61 
 
 253 
 
 111 
 
 396 
 
 69 
 
 2285 
 
 161 
 
 3595 
 
 12 
 
 53 
 
 409 
 
 180 
 
 2955 
 1874 
 
 53 
 
 5065 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 242 
 
 805 
 
 3713 
 
 " 93 
 
 
 158 
 462 
 404 
 411 
 144 
 778.2 
 
 9 
 730.5 
 130.13 
 539.7 
 117.20 
 493.7 
 618 
 113 
 270 
 
 45.89 
 809 
 857 
 179.53 
 
 49.89 
 929 
 393 
 124 
 6211 
 212 
 
 63 
 698 
 
 41.97 
 635 
 
 30 
 234.79 
 899 
 524.5 
 141 
 
 91.03 
 189.17 
 287.94 
 
 76.56 
 
 27.42 
 594 
 281.84 
 139.28 
 133.19 
 298 
 124 
 1198.5 
 903 
 287 
 564 
 146 
 861 
 236 25 
 622 
 
 68. 50 
 496 
 642.4 
 494.9 
 1044.5 
 611 
 
 62.11 
 707.9 
 132 
 104.26 
 324 
 180 
 157 
 602.2 
 
 9.30 
 772 
 492 
 
 57 
 355 
 554.2 
 143 
 123.84 
 107 
 558 
 
 69.59 
 
 60.32 
 518.8 
 2 -(5 
 1286.7 
 
 54.81 
 541.3 
 
 81.19 
 108.35 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Emigrant Gap.. 
 
 Esperanza 
 
 Essex 
 
 Estrella 
 
 Eugene „ 
 
 Ewings 
 
 Exeter 
 
 Fair Grounds.. 
 
 Fair Oaks 
 
 Farmiugton 
 
 Felton 
 
 Felton(old).... 
 
 Fenelon 
 
 Fernando ...... 
 
 Filbert 
 
 Fillmore 
 
 Finnell 
 
 Florence 
 
 Florin 
 
 Florison 
 
 Flowing Well.. 
 
 Folsom 
 
 Fortuna 
 
 Forest Grove.. 
 
 Forest Lake 
 
 Fowler 
 
 Flosden 
 
 Fresno 
 
 Frinks 
 
 Froman 
 
 Frultvale 
 
 Fruto 
 
 Fry 
 
 Fulton Wells... 
 
 Gage 
 
 Gait 
 
 Gartney 
 
 Gaston 
 
 Gazelle 
 
 Geneora 
 
 Germantown... 
 
 Gervais 
 
 Gibson 
 
 Gill Bend 
 
 uiliCity 
 
 Gillespie 
 
 Gilroy 
 
 Girvan .... 
 
 Girard 
 
 Glamis 
 
 Glenburn 
 
 Glen Ellen 
 
 Gloster 
 
 Glendale 
 
 Glenwood 
 
 Golconda 
 
 Gold Hill 
 
 Gold Run 
 
 Goleta 
 
 Goltra 
 
 Goodyears 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Gonzales 
 
 Granite Point.. 
 
 Grants Pass 
 
 Green-wood 
 
 Greens 
 
 Gregory 
 
 Grenada 
 
 Greystone 
 
 Gridley 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 Guinda 
 
 Hafed 
 
 Haggin 
 
 Halconera 
 
 Halls 
 
 Halleck 
 
 Halsey 
 
 Hanford 
 
 Harrington 
 
 Harrisburg 
 
 Hartley 
 
 Hay wards 
 
 Heaton 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Ariz. 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal.. 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal..., 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal..., 
 
 N. M. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Utah. 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Ariz. 
 
 Ariz. 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cai... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev.. 
 
 Or ... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Nev . 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Or 
 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev. . 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 Or ... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or ... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Ariz.. 
 
 20 
 
 2200 
 24 
 
 350 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 200 
 
 45 
 
 75 
 
 '200 
 100 
 
 'iob'6 
 
 800 
 
 150 
 
 8000 
 
 250 
 
 100 
 
 25 
 
 700 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 200 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 2000 
 200 
 
 30 
 
 100 
 125 
 100 
 
 335 
 
 65 
 
 250 
 
 400 
 
 75 
 30 
 150 
 
 1000 
 
 1000 
 
 75 
 
 42 
 
 350 
 
 800 
 
 500 
 
 1500 
 
 5221 
 
 4936 
 
 1521 
 
 455 
 
 120 
 
 115 
 
 275 
 
 275 
 
 6154 
 
 1066 
 
 475 
 
 258 
 
 151 
 
 42 
 
 5353 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 308 
 
 293 
 260 
 
 33 
 
 124 
 
 4488 
 
 49 
 
 2760 
 
 99 
 
 170 
 
 1387 
 737 
 171 
 
 193 
 
 3301 
 
 965 
 
 890 
 
 4392 
 
 3222 
 19 
 
 11 
 286 
 
 127 
 3918 
 
 3462 
 
 267 
 97 
 
 52 
 
 5229 
 
 242 
 137 
 
 139 
 
 74 
 1186 
 
 00 CS 
 
 174 
 
 90.77 
 232 
 869 
 649 
 123 
 258.55 
 722 
 
 31 
 
 11.2 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 635 
 461 
 
 80 
 473.7 
 184.88 
 486.2 
 129.98 
 223 
 671 
 112 
 226.45 
 859 
 110.50 
 2 1 6.23 
 
 35 39 
 206.65 
 653.3 
 693 
 
 10.72 
 167.97 
 695 
 499.3 
 1179- 
 112.6 
 681 
 865 
 363 
 118.53 
 157.81 
 734 
 306 
 850.1 
 744.7 
 107.3 
 
 80 
 255 
 355.3 
 696.7 
 306.99 
 
 60.11 
 388.3 
 510 
 
 66 
 431 
 459 
 155 
 537.1 
 697 
 
 39.01 
 240.64 
 643 
 135 
 333 
 476 
 162.94 
 570 
 409 
 371 
 
 61 
 160 
 
 56 
 106.37 
 256 
 
 97 
 159.37 
 
 25 
 581 
 675 
 253.84 
 109.30 
 667 
 
 69.27 
 
 21.08 
 887.2
 
 276 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Henline 
 
 Herbert 
 
 Herndon 
 
 Highland 
 
 HiHtiirt 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 Hillsdale 
 
 Holborn 
 
 Holden 
 
 Holllster 
 
 Homestead 
 
 Honby 
 
 Hooker 
 
 Hopevale 
 
 Hornbrook 
 
 Hot Springs.. 
 
 Hubbard 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 Huron 
 
 Igerna 
 
 Independence.. 
 
 Indio 
 
 lone 
 
 Iron Point 
 
 Irving 
 
 Irvlnvllle 
 
 Irvington 
 
 Ivy 
 
 Jaynes 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Junction 
 
 Junction City.. 
 
 Kaweah 
 
 Keene 
 
 Kelton 
 
 Kennet 
 
 Keyes 
 
 Kimberlena... 
 
 Kingsburg 
 
 Kings City 
 
 Klrkwood 
 
 Knights Lndg.. 
 
 Kolmar 
 
 Kuraud 
 
 L,ake 
 
 Lake View 
 
 Lanark 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Lander 
 
 Lang 
 
 La Patera 
 
 Latham 
 
 Lathrop 
 
 Latrobe 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Laurel Creek... 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Lawton 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Le Francs 
 
 Leland 
 
 Lemon 
 
 Lerdo 
 
 Ligurta 
 
 Lemoore 
 
 Lillis 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 Livermore 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Lockford 
 
 Lodi 
 
 Logandale 
 
 Lomo 
 
 Loomis 
 
 Long Beach... 
 
 Lorenzo 
 
 Lordsburg 
 
 Loray 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Commerlal st 
 San Pedro st 
 Washingtn st 
 
 Los Gatos 
 
 Los Gulicos.... 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal. . 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 Nev 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev 
 
 Or 
 
 Nev.... 
 Cal..... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Or 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Ariz 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Utah... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Utah. . 
 
 Cal 
 
 Utah... 
 
 Cal 
 
 N. M... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.. .. 
 al.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal... . 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Ariz. .. 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal 
 
 N. M... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal. ... 
 N. M .. 
 
 Nev 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal. 
 
 Cal. 
 
 100 
 
 800 
 2300 
 
 100 
 42 
 
 250 
 32 
 
 150 
 
 800 
 
 'io'o'6 
 
 ""50 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 250 
 350 
 
 450 
 200 
 
 350 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 600 
 150 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 500 
 
 40 
 
 400 
 "600 
 
 200 
 250 
 50 
 300 
 700 
 
 400 
 750 
 125 
 300 
 
 2000 
 100 
 
 H 
 
 211 
 922 
 
 280 
 12 
 
 147 
 
 5978 
 
 82 
 
 284 
 
 1200 
 
 116 
 2154 
 4072 
 
 4236 
 
 367 
 
 3730 
 
 20 
 
 287 
 4375 
 
 75 
 2241 
 "163 
 
 2705 
 
 4222 
 
 669 
 
 97 
 
 300 
 
 332 
 
 226 
 
 45 
 
 4215 
 6245 
 4165 
 
 2351) 
 
 2225 
 
 1681 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 910 
 
 19 
 
 64 
 
 4043 
 
 414 
 
 220 
 214 
 167 
 4278 
 80 
 485 
 136 
 
 55 
 
 108 
 
 72 
 
 400 
 
 41 
 
 35 
 
 4245 
 
 5595 
 
 293 
 
 278 
 
 258 
 
 222 
 
 400 
 
 Sai 
 
 263.44 
 
 196.2 
 
 196.8 
 
 12 
 
 59.21 
 
 55 
 629 
 102.7 
 
 94 
 
 93 
 446.3 
 235 
 534 
 395 
 298 
 740 
 374 
 280.74 
 347 
 908 
 611.7 
 139.80 
 442 
 t ;.v, 
 699 
 
 33.75 
 493.4 
 971.8 
 791 
 108 
 662 
 254.25 
 349.9 
 741 
 277 
 121.98 
 296.97 
 226.7 
 163 
 174.35 
 
 95.13 
 789 
 156.77 
 763 
 198 
 1259.7 
 406.5 
 141 
 439.3 
 538.6 
 625 
 
 82.82 
 127 
 
 64 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 239 
 701 
 
 56 
 496 
 507.4 
 301.67 
 754.3 
 261.84 
 267.29 
 119 
 1149.6 
 153 
 
 47.88 
 137.49 
 111.31 
 104.29 
 145.30 
 149 
 115 
 506.8 
 
 18.43 
 1138.9 
 657 
 482.2 
 403 3 
 484 
 185.6 
 
 55 
 
 66.61 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Los Medanos... 
 Los Nietos... 
 Lovelocks... 
 Lwr SodaSprgs 
 
 Lucin 
 
 Luzena 
 
 Lynnly 
 
 Lyman 
 
 Lynnwood 
 
 Machine Shops 
 
 Macy , 
 
 Madera , 
 
 Madison 
 
 Madrone , 
 
 Mail Dock 
 
 Haitland 
 
 Malaga 
 
 Malton 
 
 Mammoth T'nk 
 
 Manlove 
 
 Maple 
 
 Marcus 
 
 Maricopa 
 
 Marion 
 
 Martins 
 
 Matlin 
 
 Martinez 
 
 Marysville.... 
 
 Maxwell 
 
 Mayfield 
 
 Mayhew 
 
 McAvoy 
 
 McCloud 
 
 McConnells ... 
 
 McCoy's 
 
 McMinnville.. 
 
 McPherson 
 
 Meilford 
 
 Melitta 
 
 Melrose 
 
 Menlo Park... 
 
 Merazo 
 
 Merced 
 
 Merlin 
 
 Merritts 
 
 Mescal 
 
 Mesquite 
 
 Middle Creek. 
 
 Midway 
 
 Millers 
 
 MillCity 
 
 Millbrae 
 
 Milpitas 
 
 Mills 
 
 Millsholm 
 
 Milton 
 
 Milwaukee ... 
 
 Minneola 
 
 Mi'Unrn 
 
 Miraflores .... 
 
 Mirage 
 
 Modesto 
 
 Moh'wk Sum'it 
 
 Mojave , 
 
 Moleen 
 
 Monson 
 
 Montague 
 
 Montalvo 
 
 Monte 
 
 Montecito.... 
 
 Montello 
 
 Monterey.... 
 Montezuma... 
 Monument.... 
 
 Moors 
 
 Morley 
 
 Morocojo 
 
 Morrano 
 
 Mott 
 
 Mound City.. 
 Mountain View 
 
 Mt. View 
 
 Mt. Eden... 
 
 Mowrys 
 
 Muddy 
 
 .Mullen 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Utah. 
 Ariz. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or. .. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Ariz. 
 Or... 
 Cal... 
 Utah. 
 Cal. . 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Or... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 Ariz.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal.... 
 Or.. . 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal..., 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or ... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Ariz. 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Ariz . 
 Utah. 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal . . . 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or ... 
 Cal... 
 
 500 
 100 
 
 700 
 200 
 
 96 
 300 
 
 1500 
 
 6000 
 
 450 
 
 900 
 
 100 
 100 
 1800 
 100 
 500 
 
 100 
 400 
 
 3000 
 
 150 
 35 
 
 20 
 100 
 100 
 500 
 
 200 
 125 
 
 2500 
 "lBO 
 
 200 
 102 
 
 2300 
 50 
 
 200 
 '400 
 350 
 
 W 
 
 38 
 156 
 397 
 
 2085 
 4496 
 
 94 
 
 278 
 
 342 
 11 
 
 258 
 257 
 
 319 
 
 173 
 
 1173 
 
 14 
 
 4597 
 10 
 66 
 94 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 3349 
 
 49 
 
 262 
 1399 
 
 171 
 
 56 
 
 4034 
 
 294 
 
 526 
 
 356 
 
 4226 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 381 
 
 242 
 
 138 
 
 4247 
 
 91 
 
 541 
 2751 
 4981 
 
 2542 
 
 89 
 
 286 
 
 15 
 
 4991 
 
 5 
 
 1330 
 
 4226 
 
 6167 
 
 722 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 3156 
 
 1055 
 
 73 
 
 65 
 
 oe A 
 is u 
 
 _ 52 
 500.4 
 341 
 320 
 688 
 1080.4 
 265.45 
 154.24 
 492.1 
 769 
 119.46 
 185.03 
 
 87.67 
 
 69 
 
 34.13 
 488.1 
 211.32 
 170.01 
 683.1 
 
 98 
 
 69.94 
 513.8 
 892.2 
 706 
 113 
 720 
 
 35.64 
 143 
 134.04 
 
 35 
 
 99 
 
 45.5 
 335 
 120.30 
 
 517.6 
 446 
 
 70.41 
 
 11.54 
 
 32 
 
 45.51 
 151.73 
 485 
 
 81.61 
 1016.8 
 694.1 
 263 
 
 63.93 
 698 
 386 
 
 17 
 
 41.72 
 102 
 160.57 
 121.7 
 766 
 215.65 
 168 
 510.9 
 313 
 114.34 
 787 
 381.7 
 546 
 240.75 
 377 
 495.3 
 495.3 
 525 
 667 
 125 
 878.1 
 756 
 623 
 282 
 112 
 
 99.84 
 333 
 543.1 
 
 39 
 
 20 
 32 
 670 
 84.12
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 277 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 a 
 
 2. 
 
 3 
 
 o. 
 
 o 
 
 Oh 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 - V 
 
 o -2 
 
 - CJ 
 
 *i c 
 
 8.2 
 
 s«i 
 
 42 
 
 198.69 
 
 552 
 
 227 
 
 491 
 46.47 
 38.31 
 
 590 
 
 108 
 
 173 
 
 61 
 
 29 
 139 
 752 
 452.3 
 121 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 Ph 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 -a 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 95 
 299 
 
 5164 
 
 150 
 
 20 
 
 79 
 
 5295 
 
 Railroad Pass.. 
 
 Ariz... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 Ariz. .. 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 "Too 
 
 3500 
 
 2500 
 
 50 
 
 1500 
 
 15 
 
 4394 
 287 
 938 
 307 
 551 
 
 1865 
 9 
 
 1073.6 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 220 
 
 Myrtle Creek.. 
 
 Or . 
 Cal 
 
 50 
 
 Raymond 
 
 Red Bluff 
 
 Redding 
 
 Red Rock 
 
 Redwood.. 
 
 198.59 
 225 
 
 Nadeau 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal 
 
 "6000 
 150 
 
 260 
 945.8 
 
 Napa Junction. 
 
 28 
 231.05 
 
 
 Cal .. 
 
 
 Reedville 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cat 
 Cal 
 
 1500 
 600 
 
 124 
 
 25 
 2280 
 
 1265 
 956 
 
 72 
 
 4497 
 
 487 
 
 276 
 
 2058 
 
 300 
 
 72 
 
 249 
 
 3728 
 
 2315 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 Nev 
 
 Or,. 
 Cal 
 
 Or. .:.. 
 
 4302 
 1500 
 
 ""30 
 
 244 
 
 (S.P.C. Ry).. 
 
 Rice Hill 
 
 Richfield 
 
 Riddles 
 
 574 
 182.80 
 
 N. E. Mills 
 
 546 
 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal ,. 
 Cal 
 
 300 
 125 
 350 
 
 Rillito 
 
 Rincon 
 
 961.3 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 N. M 
 Cal 
 
 200 
 800 
 
 104.56 
 
 
 Rogers 
 
 Rosamond 
 
 Roscoe Spurs... 
 
 Rose Creek 
 
 112 
 
 
 Cal.... 
 Or 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 882 
 533 
 
 30.2a 
 
 142.94 
 193 
 
 86.62 
 
 32.11 
 
 31.05 
 872 
 499 
 125.70 
 
 19 
 
 51.11 
 7.70 
 591 
 
 58.49 
 7 
 1035.1 
 833 
 715.2 
 730 
 1097.2 
 521 
 513.8 
 353 
 757 
 166.4 
 521.3 
 566 
 463 
 834.3 
 
 99 
 525 
 329 
 1007.1 
 993 
 759 
 914 
 216 
 578 
 118 
 734 
 
 97 
 
 66 
 106.70 
 640 
 439 
 931.9 
 721.5 
 
 24.02 
 4h6.3 
 297.92 
 468 
 149 
 
 41.80 
 
 12.77 
 515 
 109 29 
 
 32.17 
 275.95 
 722 
 293.70 
 217 
 780 
 216 
 501.5 
 1134.5 
 
 1282.2 
 
 
 
 
 395.5 
 
 
 Or 
 
 
 
 
 467 
 
 Niles 
 
 Cal 
 Cal... 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 150 
 
 30 
 
 200 
 
 5500 
 200 
 200 
 
 1000 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 153 
 
 58 
 
 ( 14 
 
 \ 12 
 
 92 
 
 155 
 17 
 
 114 
 12 
 
 160 
 
 293 
 
 4102 
 
 4286 
 
 355 
 
 4721 
 
 981 
 
 127 
 
 4181 
 
 95 
 
 259 
 
 77 
 
 5134 
 
 Or 
 
 1500 
 
 487 
 4320 
 
 574 
 
 
 403 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 346.4 
 
 North Vallejo ) 
 N. Val'jo Wlif \ 
 North Yamhill. 
 
 Ruckles 
 
 
 
 4588 
 
 772 
 557 
 
 
 
 
 111.37 
 19 
 
 
 Rutherford. .. 
 
 Rye Patch 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Sacramento — 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 Nev 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal , , 
 Or. ,., 
 Cal.., 
 Cal. 
 Cal 
 
 100 
 
 65 
 
 32000 
 
 32000 
 
 6000 
 
 50 
 
 3000 
 
 183 
 
 4257 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 190 
 
 72 
 
 44 
 
 263 
 
 4177 
 
 21 
 
 60.38 
 363 
 
 Oak Knoll 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 89.76 
 
 
 Cal.,,, 
 
 Or., 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Ariz. .. 
 
 Utah... 
 
 Cal 
 
 55000 
 
 400 
 
 25 
 
 75 
 
 65 
 
 15000 
 
 13967 
 720 
 
 
 
 107.58 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 636.7 
 
 Ogden 
 
 Ogilby 
 
 San Carlos 
 
 Sanger June. . 
 
 San Andros 
 
 San Ardo 
 
 San Buenaven - 
 
 Nev... 
 Cal 
 
 
 271 
 26 
 
 
 Utah... 
 
 
 22(1.85 
 
 Olga 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev 
 
 Or 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 1800 
 
 679 
 
 55 
 
 1400 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 3262 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 153 
 452 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 409 
 
 36 
 
 80 
 91 
 86 
 48 
 396 
 
 22 
 
 616 
 
 30 
 
 1074 
 
 3609 
 
 134 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 92 
 
 286 
 
 40 
 
 146 
 
 nsy 
 
 296 
 
 11 
 
 4223 
 
 12 
 
 311 
 
 106 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 182 
 
 Oregon City.... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 3000 
 50 
 
 40(10110 
 1000 
 
 500.2 
 
 
 San Bruno 
 
 San Francisco.. 
 
 San Gabriel 
 
 San Joaquin 
 
 San Jose 
 
 San Jose 
 
 San Jose 
 
 San Leandro 
 
 San Lucas 
 
 Salsbury 
 
 San Miguel 
 
 San Paolo 
 
 Sanswain 
 
 San Simon 
 
 Santa Barbara. 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Santa Cruz (S. 
 
 P.C. Ry.) 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 Beach 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 Beach (N.D.). 
 
 Santa Monica .. 
 
 Santa Paula 
 
 Sargents 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 491.4 
 
 
 
 
 726 
 
 23 
 
 4840 
 
 ' '3536 
 3010 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev 
 
 Cal.. .. 
 
 50 
 252 
 
 90 
 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal. ... 
 
 25000 
 
 25000 
 
 25000 
 
 1600 
 
 200 
 
 950 
 400 
 250 
 500 
 
 46 
 47.74 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 15.73 
 
 Paper Mill.. . . 
 
 Parkers 
 
 Paso Robles 
 
 Peko 
 
 Or 
 
 
 172 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 35 
 600 
 
 723 
 
 5204 
 
 626 
 
 299 
 
 100 
 
 6184 
 
 1616 
 
 285 
 
 10 
 
 106 
 21 
 
 207 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 Utah. , , 
 Cal 
 
 400 
 100 
 
 17.59 
 
 
 507.1 
 
 
 531.2 
 
 
 1104.7 
 
 Cal . , 
 
 Nev 
 
 Or.. ... 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 300 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal. , 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 5000 
 7500 
 3000 
 3000 
 
 7000 
 
 515.8 
 
 
 527.6 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 Pilot Knob. ... 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 250 
 
 80 
 
 Piru 
 
 
 
 Cal.... 
 Nev... 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 50 
 
 2000 
 600 
 
 262 
 4507 
 
 353 
 
 10 
 
 857 
 
 81 
 
 Piute 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 121 
 
 Placerville , 
 
 Cal 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal .... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 2000 
 
 7000 
 
 900 
 
 95 
 
 5IKI 4 
 
 Pomona. 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 4200 
 
 75 01 
 483.7 
 
 Port Costa 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Or , 
 Cal. . 
 
 125 
 
 250 
 
 50000 
 
 12 
 
 417 
 
 4905 
 
 5590 
 
 323 
 
 1 4301 
 
 87 
 490 8 
 
 
 
 449.8 
 
 
 Sauterne 
 
 Savanna 
 
 Seacliff 
 
 10707 
 
 Proberta 
 
 Promontory 
 
 Cal 
 
 Utah... 
 
 Cal 
 
 131 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 
 150 
 
 493 9 
 509.7 
 
 
 Utah... 
 
 
 748 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 500 
 
 Selby 
 
 Cal 
 
 300 
 2200 
 
 28.51 
 
 
 
 221.78
 
 278 
 
 OVER THE RANGE 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS— Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Seminary Park 
 
 Sentinel 
 
 Separ 
 
 Sepulvecla 
 
 Sesma 
 
 Sespe 
 
 Seven Palms.... 
 
 Shady Run 
 
 Shedds 
 
 Shell Mound... 
 
 Shellville 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Shingle Springs 
 
 Shoshone 
 
 Short 
 
 Si!sl>y 
 
 Sims 
 
 Siskiyou 
 
 Sisson 
 
 Siatonia 
 
 Smithson 
 
 Snowdon 
 
 Soto 
 
 Soda Springs... 
 
 Sobrante 
 
 Sobre Vista 
 
 Soledad 
 
 Soquel 
 
 South Side 
 
 South Vallejo... 
 South Los Uuil- 
 
 icos 
 
 Spadra 
 
 Spences 
 
 Springfield.. . 
 
 Stanwix 
 
 Stege 
 
 Steinman 
 
 Steins Pass... 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 St. Joseph 
 
 Stockton 
 
 Stockyards. . 
 Stone House.. 
 Strauss.. 
 Strongs Canon.. 
 
 Studebaker 
 
 Suisun 
 
 Summit 
 
 Sunol .. 
 
 Surrey 
 
 Surbon 
 
 Suver's 
 
 Sweet Water ... 
 
 Swingle 
 
 Tacna 
 
 Tagus 
 
 Talbot 
 
 Taison 
 
 Tancred 
 
 Tamarack 
 
 Tangent 
 
 Talent 
 
 Tartron 
 
 Taurusa 
 
 Teal 
 
 Tecoma 
 
 Tehachapi 
 
 Tehama 
 
 Tehama 
 
 Tejunga 
 
 Templeton 
 
 Tennent 
 
 Terrace 
 
 Texas Hill 
 
 Thenard 
 
 The Palms 
 
 Thermal 
 
 Thlsbe 
 
 Thompson.. 
 
 Tipton 
 
 Toano 
 
 Tokay., 
 
 Toltec 
 
 Tormey 
 
 Tor tut:a 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Oal 
 
 Ariz... 
 N. M.. 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cai 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal .... 
 Nev .. 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal. . . 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal .... 
 Cal. .. 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal ... . 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Ariz.. 
 Cal... 
 
 Or 
 
 N. M. 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev .. 
 N. M.. 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Utah . . 
 
 Or 
 
 Ariz. . 
 Cal.... 
 Ariz... 
 Cal... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal .... 
 
 Or 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal. .. 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Utah.. 
 
 Ariz... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal. 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Ariz. . 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 250 
 150 
 
 53 
 
 '250 
 
 200 
 500 
 
 250 
 '200 
 
 2500 
 206'00 
 
 1000 
 
 50 
 
 200 
 
 60 
 
 30)1 
 500 
 329 
 
 500 
 
 a 
 
 11 
 
 688 
 4503 
 461 
 227 
 450 
 584 
 4160 
 
 "l'O 
 
 116 
 
 100 
 
 300 
 123 
 
 4634 
 459 
 112 
 1387 
 '4130 
 3555 
 
 "975 
 
 2675 
 
 186 
 
 6749 
 
 23 
 
 182 
 
 53 
 
 2350 
 
 14 
 
 705 
 79 
 
 565 
 
 23 
 
 3035 
 
 4351 
 
 254 
 
 23 
 17 
 
 4422 
 4083 
 6312 
 
 102 
 
 11 
 
 7017 
 
 264 
 
 1296 
 
 325 
 292 
 314 
 
 6200 
 
 10 
 
 4812 
 
 3964 
 
 222 
 
 222 
 
 ■f. 
 
 773 
 327 
 4548 
 353 
 31 
 140 
 
 4170 
 
 267 
 5975 
 
 267 
 
 1507 
 
 12 
 
 183 
 
 12.25 
 820.5 
 1157.6 
 473.6 
 212 
 476.6 
 590.9 
 164 
 680 
 7.96 
 
 50.31 
 127 
 138 
 487 
 488.6 
 169 
 311 
 414 
 338 
 302 
 292 
 382 
 200 
 192 
 
 20.82 
 
 5721 
 143 
 115 
 431.9 
 
 31.01 
 
 64.51 
 511.5 
 125 
 
 646 
 815 9 
 
 13.92 
 421 
 1119.4 
 
 64.36 
 880 
 
 91.7 
 875 
 455 
 1272.2 
 203 
 497.2 
 
 49.5 
 195 
 
 36.60 
 104.1 
 786 
 916 
 902.1 
 
 80.64 
 770.8 
 246.55 
 183.48 
 111.89 
 101.6 
 186 
 685 
 437 
 113.25 
 247.55 
 
 44.19 
 674 
 36 1 . 
 187.34 
 213 
 4H6.5 
 222 
 
 72 
 709 
 793.2 
 503 
 594.6 
 618.8 
 283 
 
 42 06 
 261 52 
 650 
 256.75 
 922 8 
 
 27 
 677 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 Towles 
 
 Tracy 
 
 Traver 
 
 Tremont 
 
 TresPinos 
 
 Trigo 
 
 Tropico 
 
 Truckee 
 
 Tucson . 
 
 Tulare 
 
 Tulasco 
 
 Tule 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Tunnel 
 
 Turlock 
 
 Turner 
 
 Tustin 
 
 Two Miles Sta. 
 
 Tyler 
 
 Udell 
 
 Ullin 
 
 Upper Soda 
 
 Springs 
 
 Vacaville 
 
 Vail 
 
 Vallejo June... 
 Valley Spring.. 
 
 Vanarman 
 
 Vandeu 
 
 Vega 
 
 Verdi 
 
 Vervain 
 
 Vina 
 
 Violet 
 
 Vinvale 
 
 Vernalis 
 
 Vincent 
 
 Vista 
 
 Volcano Spr'gs. 
 
 Wade 
 
 Wadsworth 
 
 Walkers 
 
 Wallace 
 
 Walters 
 
 Walthall. 
 
 Wanda 
 
 Wapato 
 
 Warfield 
 
 Warm Springs 
 
 Warren 
 
 Watsonville ... 
 
 Waverly 
 
 Webster 
 
 Wells 
 
 Wells 
 
 West Berkeley. 
 West Fork.. 
 West Glenciale. 
 West Oakland.. 
 West San Lean 
 
 dro , 
 
 West San Lor 
 
 enzo 
 
 Westley 
 
 Wheatland 
 
 Whites 
 
 White Plains... 
 White Rock .... 
 White Water.. 
 
 Wliitneys 
 
 Whittier 
 
 Wild wood 
 
 Wilbur 
 
 Willcox 
 
 Williams 
 
 Willows 
 
 Willsburg 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Wilmox 
 
 Wilna 
 
 Winnemucca.. 
 
 Wi listed 
 
 Winthrop 
 
 Winters 
 
 Wolf Creek.... 
 Wood bridge... 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Ariz. , 
 Cal..., 
 Nev.., 
 Nev. .. 
 N. M. 
 Cal... 
 Cal..., 
 Or.... 
 Cal . . . 
 Nev.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Nev.. 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Terr'ty 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Ariz... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Ariz. . 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Nev... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 Nev... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 
 Or 
 
 Cal.... 
 Cal.... 
 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Nev.. 
 Cal . . . 
 Cal . . . 
 Cal... 
 Cal .. 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 
 Ariz.. 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 Ariz.. 
 N. M. 
 Nev . 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Cal... 
 Or.... 
 Cal... 
 
 200 
 600 
 
 1500 
 
 10000 
 
 4000 
 
 30 
 
 250 
 400 
 500 
 
 661 
 
 150 
 
 3000 
 
 243 
 
 20 
 
 67u 
 
 500 
 
 100 
 500 
 450 
 1600 
 250 
 950 
 
 2000 
 
 600 
 
 15 
 
 250 
 
 W 
 
 3704 
 64 
 
 292 
 61 
 
 514 
 
 428 
 5819 
 2390 
 
 282 
 5484 
 4313 
 4422 
 1401 
 
 107 
 
 "117 
 
 4156 
 244 
 
 5000 
 2360 
 
 ""l2 
 
 78 
 
 4895 
 165 
 213 
 
 104 
 
 3211 
 
 4103 
 
 225 
 
 567 
 
 4085 
 
 195 
 
 65 
 294 
 
 46 
 
 23 
 
 216 
 
 26 
 
 5628 
 
 ' ' " J4 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 ""90 
 
 '3894 
 
 1126 
 139 
 239 
 
 4164 
 
 84 
 
 136 
 
 2664 
 4557 
 4333 
 5723 
 201
 
 TO THE GOLDEN GATE. 
 
 279 
 
 INDEX TO STATIONS-Continued. 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 3 
 
 i5 
 a 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 Oh 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 eg 
 
 > 
 
 w 
 
 as 
 
 o2 
 £ S 
 
 U t- 
 
 - j- 
 
 74.85 
 741 
 465 
 348 
 
 STATIONS 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 Terr'ty 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 P. 
 O 
 
 0H 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 > 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 _ o 
 a u 
 o 2 
 
 si 
 
 g • 
 
 Wolfskill 
 
 Cal .... 
 
 
 
 Youstville 
 
 Yuba 
 
 Cal 
 Cal 
 Cal.... 
 
 Ariz 
 
 Cal 
 
 500 
 600 
 
 '"i2o'6 
 
 107 
 
 71 
 
 5500 
 
 140 
 
 55 05 
 
 
 Or 
 
 300 
 100 
 
 "4008 
 
 141 
 
 Woodville 
 
 
 178 
 730 9 
 
 Or 
 
 
 
 57 91 
 
 
 Cal 
 
 Cal.,,, 
 Cal.... 
 Or,. , 
 
 4500 
 
 150 
 
 300 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 990 
 
 79 
 
 85.95 
 62 
 
 90.86 
 606 
 
 
 Cal 
 Cal , , 
 N. M... 
 
 95 
 
 4187 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 399 
 
 Yolo 
 
 Zuni 
 
 1209.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 COMPLETE INDEX TO STATIONS ON THE "NORTHERN 
 DIVISION" OF THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC COMPANY. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 •tg 
 
 a 
 
 p. 
 o 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 W 
 
 _ 5 
 a. 2 
 o « 
 
 h a 
 
 ** eg 
 
 . Ui 
 
 3a 
 
 eg 
 30 
 
 Stations. 
 
 a 
 _o 
 
 a 
 p. 
 o 
 P4 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 © 
 _ 
 
 02 
 
 
 **eg 
 . u 
 
 5a 
 
 eg 
 
 
 200 
 300 
 
 250 
 
 100 
 600 
 100 
 100 
 225 
 
 2200 
 350 
 
 2000 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 
 900 
 500 
 200 
 
 191 
 
 348 
 
 102 
 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 31 
 
 186 
 
 177 
 
 539 
 
 168 
 
 7 
 
 232 
 
 103 
 
 259 
 
 171 
 
 23 
 
 251 
 
 180 
 
 48 
 
 193 
 
 127 
 
 267 
 
 147 
 
 284 
 
 332 
 
 64 
 
 320 
 
 342 
 
 14 
 
 28 
 
 64 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 63 
 
 112 
 
 12 
 
 115 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 M 
 
 196 
 
 183 
 
 110 
 
 152 
 
 129 
 
 158 
 
 9 
 
 113 
 
 63 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 135 
 
 61 
 
 55 
 
 94 
 
 163 
 
 44 
 
 116 
 
 69 
 
 113 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 
 2500 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 100 
 
 800 
 
 1800 
 2600 
 
 150 
 50 
 
 350000 
 
 25000 
 
 100 
 
 950 
 
 700 
 
 3000 
 
 7500 
 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 350 
 
 ■'"566 
 
 200 
 
 2500 
 
 5 
 
 740 
 
 13 
 
 73 
 
 95 
 
 17 
 
 293 
 
 23 
 
 723 
 
 299 
 
 9 
 
 44 
 
 153 
 
 452 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 86 
 
 396 
 
 22 
 
 616 
 
 72 
 
 18 
 
 135 
 
 182 
 
 53 
 
 79 
 
 327 
 
 773 
 
 514 
 
 23 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 182 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 Gilroy 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 207 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 222 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 

 
 INDEX 
 
 OF TOWNS AND POINTS OF INTEREST. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Acequia 17 
 
 /Vita 66 
 
 Alta Branch 66 
 
 Alamosa 99 
 
 Alcazar, The, S. F 173 
 
 Alcatraz and Angel Islands 175 
 
 Alhambra 215 
 
 Alviso 222 
 
 Albany 249 
 
 American Fork 65 
 
 Amargo 118 
 
 American River Bridge 163 
 
 Antelope Springs 105 
 
 Antonito 107 
 
 Antioch 179 
 
 Animas Canon 122 
 
 Anderson 243 
 
 Anthracite 44 
 
 Army Point 165 
 
 Arkansas Valley 34 
 
 Aspen 54 
 
 Aspen Branch 52 
 
 Ashland 247 
 
 Athlone 180 
 
 Auburn 161 
 
 Avalanche Creek 52 
 
 Aztec 122 
 
 Azusn 200 
 
 Barranca 108 
 
 Baldwin Theatre, S. F 173 
 
 Banks, S. F 175 
 
 Banta 179 
 
 Bakersfield ._ 183 
 
 Bathing Pool, The 52 
 
 Bathing, Accommodations for. 50 
 
 Battle Mountain 15T 
 
 Benicia 165 
 
 Bent wood 179 
 
 Bethany 179 
 
 Berenda 180 
 
 Bear Creek Falls 136 
 
 Beowawe 151 
 
 Bin« ham 66 
 
 Bingham Junction 66 
 
 Bingham Branch 66 
 
 Bijou Theatre, S. F 173 
 
 Big Tree, The 235 
 
 Black Canon of the Gunnison.. 86 
 
 Bloomfield 122 
 
 Book Cliffs, The 58 
 
 Broadmoor . 23 
 
 Brown's Canon 41 
 
 Brigham 146 
 
 Browns 153 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Bush Street Theatre, S. F 173 
 
 Buena Vista 41 
 
 Burnham 16 
 
 Byron 179 
 
 Byron Hot Springs 179 
 
 By Rail to Los Angeles 193 
 
 Castle Gate 59 
 
 California State Mining Bureau, 175 
 
 Cameron 185 
 
 Caliente 183 
 
 Carpentiria 193 
 
 Camulos 195 
 
 Calumet Branch 41 
 
 Canon of the Grand River 48 
 
 Carbondale 52 
 
 Carlin ... 150 
 
 Carquinez, Crossing Straits of 165 
 
 Carson Lake 154 
 
 Cascade 160 
 
 Cape Horn 161 
 
 Castle Rock 17 
 
 Castroville 227 
 
 Calaveras Grove, The 235 
 
 Carlisle Springs 31 
 
 Canon City 34 
 
 Cedar Divide 90 
 
 Cedar Pass 149 
 
 ChippetaFall 86 
 
 Chama 11S 
 
 Chinese Theatre, S. F 173 
 
 Chico 240 
 
 Chica Vecino 241 
 
 Cheyenne Mountain 23 
 
 Cimarron 88 
 
 Cimarron Canon 88 
 
 Cliff Dwellings 126 
 
 Cliff House 16S 
 
 Claremont 200 
 
 Climate, The 209 
 
 Cairo 151 
 
 Climate of Puget Sound, The__ 259 
 Climb'g Sierra Navada R'ge 155-159 
 
 Clark's Magnetic Spring 31 
 
 Coal Basin 54 
 
 Corinne 146 
 
 Colfax 161 
 
 Colorado Springs 21 
 
 Colorado City 23 
 
 Coal Creek. _. 34 
 
 Coal Creek Branch 33 
 
 Colorado Desert, The 57 
 
 Coal Branch 60 
 
 Comanche Canon 109 
 
 CoafMines 179 
 
 280
 
 INDEX. 
 
 281 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Compton 189 
 
 Colton --- 201 
 
 Coronado 207 
 
 Cucamonga. 209 
 
 Cottonwood Springs ._ 41 
 
 Crane's Park 46 
 
 Creede 105 
 
 Creede Branch 99 
 
 Crested Butte . 82 
 
 Crested Butte Branch 82 
 
 Crystal 54 
 
 Cnpple Creek 33 
 
 Currecanti Needle 88 
 
 Cuchara Junction 95 
 
 Cumbres. 118 
 
 Davis. 164 
 
 Dallas .-- 139 
 
 Denver 13-15 
 
 Delta 92 
 
 Del Norte 101 
 
 Descending to the Desert 185 
 
 Desert 154 
 
 Del Monte -_. 227 
 
 Dillon 144 
 
 Divide 249 
 
 Dolores 130 
 
 Dolores Canon 130 
 
 Doubling on our track 177 
 
 Donner Lake 159 
 
 Douglass . 17 
 
 Downward to Dillon 144 
 
 Durango 120 
 
 Duarte 200 
 
 Dutch Flat 160 
 
 Eastern Railway Lines, S. F_ . 175 
 
 East Riverside 201 
 
 Eagle River Canon 47 
 
 El Moro 93 
 
 Elmira 16^ 
 
 Elk Park 124 
 
 Elk Mountain Railway 52 
 
 Elko 150 
 
 Embudo in 
 
 Emigrant Gap 160 
 
 Espanola m 
 
 Espanola to Santa Fe 112 
 
 Eugene 249 
 
 Express Office, S. F 17s 
 
 Extension of D. & R. G. R. R._ 52 
 
 Farmington 122 
 
 Fair Oaks. 219 
 
 Fertile Valleys 194 
 
 Fertile Vallev, A.. 201 
 
 Florence & Cripple Creek R. R 32 
 
 Florence 32, 189 
 
 Fort Dushane 59 
 
 Fort Logan 17 
 
 Fountain 29 
 
 Fruita 56 
 
 Fresno 180 
 
 Fremont Pass 142 
 
 Garland 97 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Garfield Memorial 11S 
 
 Geological Features 145 
 
 Glenwood Springs 49 
 
 Glen Park 19 
 
 Golden Gate Park, S. F 168-173 
 
 Goose Creek, The 84 
 
 Goshen Division, The 182 
 
 Gosben 182 
 
 Golconda 151 
 
 Grape Creek Canon 36 
 
 Grand Junction 56 
 
 Grand Canon of the Colorado. . 59 
 
 Grand Valley 56 
 
 Great Salt Lake 70 
 
 Granite 43 
 
 Gravelly Ford 151 
 
 Green River 58 
 
 Gunnison 82 
 
 Hack Fare, S. F. 175 
 
 Harbor, A Magnificent 261 
 
 Helper 59 
 
 Historic Ground 160 
 
 Hot Spring 34, 78, 154 
 
 Hotel del Monte, The 229 
 
 Humboldt 153 
 
 Humboldt Lake 154 
 
 Tgnacio 120 
 
 Independence Lake 159 
 
 Irrigation in the Artesian Belt- 183 
 
 Jacksonville 247 
 
 Jordan River . 66 
 
 Junction 163 
 
 King's River 182 
 
 Kingsburg 182 
 
 Kelton 147 
 
 Kyune . 60 
 
 Lake City 86 
 
 Lake City Branch 84 
 
 Lake Fork Canon 84 
 
 La Veta 95 
 
 La Jara 106 
 
 Lathrop 179 
 
 Lamanda Park 198 
 
 Lake Elsinore 203 
 
 Lake Region, The 154 
 
 Lake Tahoe 157 
 
 Lehi 66 
 
 Leland Stanford Jr., University 222 
 
 Leadville 44 
 
 Lick Observatory, The 225 
 
 Lincoln 237 
 
 Littleton 17 
 
 Lizard Head Pass 130 
 
 Lower Crossing 59 
 
 Los Pinos Valley 114 
 
 Los Angeles 186 
 
 Los Angeles to Santa Barbara. 189 
 
 Los Angeles to San Diego 196 
 
 Lordsburg 200 
 
 Los Angeles, Returning to 209 
 
 Lost Canon 130 
 
 Long Beach 218
 
 282 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Los Gatos 225 
 
 Marshall Pass 80 
 
 Marshall Pass Station 80 
 
 Manassa 107 
 
 Martinez 177 
 
 Madera 180 
 
 Markets, S. F r 175 
 
 Magnificent Scenery 122 
 
 Marvsville 237 
 
 Manufacturing 254 
 
 Mancoe 128 
 
 Manitou 2 3" 2 7 
 
 Mears Junction 78 
 
 Merchants Exchange, S. F 175 
 
 Merced 180 
 
 Menlo Park 221 
 
 Mission Dolores, The, S. F 172 
 
 Milbrae 219 
 
 Minturn 47 
 
 Mirage 153 
 
 Monarch Branch 76 
 
 Montrose 92 
 
 Monte Vista 100 
 
 Modesto 180 
 
 Mojave Desert, The ,. 185 
 
 Mojave 185 
 
 Montalvo 194 
 
 Monrovia ... 200 
 
 Mount of the Holy Cross 46, 142 
 
 Moors 149 
 
 Monterey 231 
 
 Modern Improvements 253 
 
 Monument 19, 147 
 
 Monument Park 19 
 
 Murietta 203 
 
 Mud Lake 154 
 
 Muir's Peak 245 
 
 National Citv 206 
 
 Newhall .__. 186 
 
 Nevada Desert, The 153 
 
 Newcastle 56, 161 
 
 Oakland Pier 165 
 
 Oakland 177 
 
 Ocean Side 203 
 
 Ojo Caliente 109 
 
 Old Mission, The... 193 
 
 Ontario 209 
 
 Ophir Loop 132 
 
 "Orpheum" Opera House, S. F. 173 
 
 Ortega 193 
 
 Oreana 153 
 
 Oroville 239 
 
 Oregon City 250 
 
 Ouray 137 
 
 Ouray to Montrose 139 
 
 Overland Park 16 
 
 Palmer Lake 17 
 
 Parnassus Springs 31 
 
 Parkdale 39 
 
 Palmilla 107 
 
 Pagosa Springs 11S 
 
 Pacific Slope, The 120 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Panorama Building, S. F 173 
 
 Pasadena 196 
 
 Palisades of the Humboldt 150 
 
 Palisade 150 
 
 Pacific Grove 231 
 
 Penny's Hot Springs 54 
 
 Perry Park 17 
 
 Petersburg 16 
 
 Phantom Curve 114 
 
 Pinole 165 
 
 Picturesque Surroundings 254 
 
 Pike's Peak 27 
 
 Pleasant Valley Junction 60 
 
 Placer 97 
 
 Plains Region, The 163 
 
 Poncha 76 
 
 Poncha Pass 78 
 
 Poncha Springs 76 
 
 Port Costa 165 
 
 Port Los Angeles 217 
 
 Post Office, S. F 175 
 
 Point Fermin 190 
 
 Pomona 212 
 
 Portland 250 
 
 Price 59 
 
 Provo 64 
 
 Presidio Reservation, S. F 175 
 
 Prospect 54 
 
 Promontory 146 
 
 Pueblo of San Juan 1 1 1 
 
 Pueblo de Taos 112 
 
 Pueblo of Santa Clara 112 
 
 Pueblo 29 
 
 Pyramid Lake 154 
 
 Raymond 196 
 
 Red Narrows 60 
 
 Redwood 221 
 
 Red Cliff Canon 47 
 
 Red Cliff 47 
 
 Reno 15S 
 
 Red Bluff . 241 
 
 Redding 244 
 
 Rico 130 
 
 Ridgwav 132, i39 
 
 Rifle. ..I 5 6 
 
 Riverside 203 
 
 Royal Gorge 39 
 
 Roseville . 207 
 
 Robinson's Lake 54 
 
 Rocklin 161 
 
 Rogue River Valley - — 247 
 
 Roseburg 249 
 
 Rye Patch 153 
 
 Salida.. 40 
 
 San Luis Valley Branch 78 
 
 Sapinerp 84 
 
 Saltair 73 
 
 Salt Lake City 66 
 
 Salt Lake to Ogden 74 
 
 San Luis Park 97 
 
 Santa Cruz ill, 225 
 
 Santa Fe_. -- --- "3
 
 INDEX. 
 
 283 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Sacramento 163 
 
 San Francisco 167 
 
 San Francisco Bay 169 
 
 San Joaquin Valley, The ... 179 
 
 San Fernando Tunnel 186 
 
 San Fernando 186 
 
 San Pedro 189 
 
 Santa Barbara 190 
 
 San Pedro to Santa Barbara 190 
 
 San Clemeth Island 190 
 
 Santa Catalina Island 190 
 
 San Buenaventura 193 
 
 Santa Paula 195 
 
 Saticoy 195 
 
 Saugus 196 
 
 San Gabriel Valley, The 199 
 
 San Bernardino 200 
 
 San Diego 205 
 
 San Diego Bay 206 
 
 San Gabriel 215 
 
 Santa Monica 215 
 
 San Pete Valley Branch, The__ 60 
 
 San Mateo 219 
 
 San Bruno 219 
 
 San Francisco to Monterey 219 
 
 Santa Clara .____. 222 
 
 San Jose 222 
 
 Salem 249 
 
 Scenic Attraction 249 
 
 Seal Rocks 168 
 
 Selma 182 
 
 Seattle 263 
 
 Seattle, Advantages of 264 
 
 Seattle, Beauty of the City 266 
 
 Sedalia 17 
 
 Shasta 24s 
 
 Silver Cliff Branch 36 
 
 Sierra Blanca 97 
 
 Sierra Madre Villa 199 
 
 Silverton 124 
 
 Sierra Nevada Range, The. 155, 159 
 
 Siskiyou Station 247 
 
 Sixteenth Street, Oakland 165 
 
 Soldier Summit 60 
 
 Southward Bound 177 
 
 South Pasadena 196 
 
 South Riverside 201 
 
 Source of the Arkansas 142 
 
 Soda Springs 160, 227 
 
 Spanish Fork 62 
 
 Spanish Fork Canon 61 
 
 Springville 62 
 
 Spanish Peaks 93 
 
 Straits of Carquinez 165 
 
 Stock Exchange, S. F 175 
 
 Street Car Fares, S. F 175 
 
 Stage Ride, a Romantic 136 
 
 State Line, The 247 
 
 Sutro Heights, S. F 175 
 
 Summit 160 
 
 Sweetwater Dam, The 209 
 
 Tacoma 255 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Tehachapi Pass 185 
 
 Tehachapi Summit 185 
 
 Telluride 132 
 
 Tennessee Pass 44 
 
 Tehama 241 
 
 Terminal and Shipping Facil- 
 ities 261 
 
 Tea Trade with the Orient 263 
 
 Thistle Junction 60 
 
 Tintic Branch 62 
 
 Tivoli Opera House, S. F 173 
 
 Tipton 183 
 
 Tomichi Meadows 82 
 
 Toltec Gorge 116 
 
 Towns in the Desert 149 
 
 Toano 149 
 
 Trinidad ._ 93 
 
 Trinidad Branch 93 
 
 Trout Fishing in the Rio 
 
 Grande 105 
 
 Trout Lake 132 
 
 Tracy 179 
 
 Traver 182 
 
 Trimble Hot Springs 122 
 
 Truckee 155 
 
 Trade with S. America and 
 
 Mexico 259 
 
 Trade with the Middle West... 261 
 
 Tulare 183 
 
 Tulare County, Resources of.. 1S2 
 
 Twelve Mile Canon 150 
 
 Twin Lakes 43 
 
 Umpqua, Valley of the 249 
 
 United States Mint, S. F. 175 
 
 Utah Valley 61 
 
 Utah Lakel 65 
 
 Vallejo Junction 165 
 
 Valley of the Eagle 47 
 
 Vance Junction 132 
 
 Valley of the Humboldt 150 
 
 Valley Region, The 151 
 
 Veta Pass 95 
 
 Villa Grove 78 
 
 Waunita Hot Springs, The 82 
 
 Walsenburg 95 
 
 Wagon Wheel Gap 101 
 
 Wadsworth 154 
 
 Walker's Lake IS4 
 
 West Cliff 36 
 
 Wellsville Hot Springs 39 
 
 Webster 164 
 
 Wells 149 
 
 Webber Lake 159 
 
 Wheatland 237 
 
 Wilson's College 189 
 
 Wildomar 203 
 
 Winnemucca - 15 1 
 
 Winnemucca Lake 154 
 
 Wild Scenery 244 
 
 Wolhurst 17 
 
 Yosemite 233 
 
 Yuba River, The 237

 
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