GIFT OF 
 John H. Mee 
 
>$yit>& 
 
/ 
 
A GREEK GRAMMAR 
 
 FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 BY WILLIAM HENRY WADDELL, 
 
 // 
 
 PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 FRANKLIN SQUARE. 
 
 1873. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Southern District of New York. 
 
PRE FAC E. 
 
 Tins book is an attempt to be precisely what its 
 name imports nothing more, and nothing less. It is 
 &"Gree7c Grammar for Beginners" The author has 
 studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not 
 absolutely essential. Such a book has been, for many 
 years, a great desideratum a book which shall contain 
 no notes, remarks, observations, "fine print" in short, to 
 be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential 
 and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to 
 be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any ex- 
 ception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be 
 committed to memory, from cover to cover, the first 
 time the pupil goes over it. It is not, therefore, a 
 Grammar of reference the world is full of such. It 
 is a schoolboy's book, and intended for a schoolboy's 
 use. Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting 
 his wishes, and in giving expression to his many years' 
 experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to 
 decide, 
 
 796411 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY Page 9 
 
 The Greek Alphabet 9 
 
 Euphonic Changes * 11 
 
 Accents Punctuation ,. 15 
 
 PART IT. ETYMOLOGY 1C 
 
 Some general Rules of Declension 16 
 
 First Declension 17 
 
 Contracts of the First Declension 18 
 
 Second Declension 19 
 
 Contracts of the Second Declension 20 
 
 Third Declension 20 
 
 Contracts of the Third Declension 22 
 
 Adjectives 27 
 
 Numerals Comparison of Adjectives 34: 
 
 Article Pronouns 36 
 
 The Verb 39 
 
 Synoptical Table of the Verb ruTrrw, I strike 42 
 
 Table of the Inflections 43 
 
 Formation of Tenses 53 
 
 Augment Reduplication 53 
 
 Compound Verbs 54 
 
 The Root 54 
 
 Secondary Root 55 
 
 Special Rules for Formation of the Tenses 55 
 
 Special Rules for Pure Verbs , 59 
 
 Examples of Pure Contract Verbs 60 
 
 Table of Inflections 64 
 
 Liquid Verbs 68 
 
 Verbs in /zi 70 
 
 Synoptical Table 72 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 Table of Inflections Page 73 
 
 Exercises in Formation 77 
 
 Tables of the Synopses and Inflections of certain Irregular arid 
 
 Defective Verbs 78 
 
 Deponent Verbs 84 
 
 Synopsis of the Deponent Verb !%o^ai, / receive 85 
 
 Adverbs Prepositions 85 
 
 PART III. SYNTAX 8G 
 
 Syntax of the Cases 89 
 
 Syntax of the Verb 96 
 
 Negatives Accents 99 
 
 General Rules for Writing the Accents 101 
 
> 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE GREEK ALPHABET. 
 
 1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, 
 viz.: 
 
 Figure. 
 
 Representative. 
 
 Name. Power. 
 
 Aa 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 *AX0a Alpha A in Father. 
 
 B/3S 
 
 B 
 
 b 
 
 B/)ra Beta B in Beet. 
 
 ryF 
 
 G 
 
 g 
 
 Tappa Gamma G in Got. 
 
 Ad 
 
 *D 
 
 d 
 
 Ai\Ta Delta D in Dot. 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 *E\l/l\6v Epsilon E in Let. 
 
 Z 
 
 Z 
 
 z 
 
 Z/)ra Zeta Dz in Adze. 
 
 H TJ 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 ''Hra Eta Ey in They. 
 
 e & 9 
 
 Th 
 
 th 
 
 Qfjra Theta Th in Thin. 
 
 i i 
 
 I 
 
 *i 
 
 'I&ra Iota (I in Sin (if short) ; 
 (I in Machine (if long). 
 
 KK 
 
 K 
 
 k 
 
 KaTTTra Kappa K in King. 
 
 AX 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 AanfiSa Lambda L in Lay. 
 
 M/z 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 Mi) Mu or My M in Mast. 
 
 Nv 
 
 N 
 
 n 
 
 Nu Nu or Ny N in New. 
 
 S 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 SI Xi X in Box. 
 
 O o 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 "Opicpov Omicron O in Rock. 
 
 HTT 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 Ill Pi P in Peck. 
 
 Ppp 
 
 R 
 
 r 
 
 'Pw Rho R in Run. 
 
 2 (r (c final) 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 2ty/ua Sigma S in Sad. 
 
 Tr 
 
 T 
 
 t 
 
 Tau Tau T in Tin. 
 
 Yu 
 
 UorY 
 
 u or y 
 
 v-\' TT M (U in Butcher (if short) : 
 Tu/tAov Upsilon K_ 
 (Ew m .Few (if long). 
 
 4>0 
 
 PH 
 
 ph 
 
 <t Phi Ph in Philosophy. 
 
 X% 
 
 CH 
 
 ch 
 
 XI Chi Chin Chasm. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 PS 
 
 ps 
 
 ^1 Psi Ps in Lips. 
 
 Oft* 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 "Q/^ya Omega O in Bone. 
 
 These letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 
 A 2 
 
10 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 2. The Vowels are seven in number, viz. : 
 
 e and o, Short. 
 
 7? and w, Long. 
 
 a, t, and v, Doubtful. 
 
 The last three are so called because they are sometimes 
 short and sometimes long. 
 
 3. A combination of two vowels is called a Diphthong. 
 These are twelve in number, viz. : 
 
 tit, ft, Oi. 
 
 au, v, oi>. 
 at, ?;(, wt. 
 
 The last three are usually written with the Iota sub- 
 scribed, thus : 
 
 They are pronounced as follows, viz. : 
 
 at like ai in aisle ; e. g. aipw. 
 
 ti el height ; e. g. etc. 
 
 01 oi coin ; e. g. rot*/. 
 
 av ou house ; e. g. 
 
 v and 7/u eu in neuter; e. g. 
 
 ou oo noon; e. g. 
 
 vt we in pronoun we / e. g. /zvta. 
 
 The improper diphthongs, 9, 77, and w, are pronounced 
 precisely like a, ry, and w. 
 
 4. The Consonants are seventeen in number, viz., Nine 
 Mutes, subdivided as follows : 
 
 Smooth. Medial. Rough. 
 
 Palatals, K y x Kappa-mutes. 
 
 Linguals, r d 3- Tau-mutes. 
 
 Labials, IT ft <j> Pi-mutes. 
 
 One Sibilant letter, <r, so called from its hissing sound ; 
 Four Liquids, X, yu, v, and p, so called from their flowing 
 sound ; and 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 1 
 
 Three Double Consonants, v//, , , so called because 
 formed respectively by the composition of the Smooth, 
 Medial, and Bough Mutes with the letter Sigma, thus : 
 
 for 2<r- 
 
 for KOT, y<r, x<r* 
 
 \JJ for 7T<7, /3<7, 0(7. 
 
 5. The Breathings are two in number, viz. : 
 
 Smooth ('). 
 
 Rough ('). 
 
 One of these must be written over every vowel or diph- 
 thong which commences a word. The Smooth Breathing 
 produces no change in the pronunciation of a word. The 
 Rough Breathing has the same effect as if the letter H 
 were written before the first vowel or diphthong ; thus : 
 
 is pronounced Hekaton ; 
 
 evpev 
 
 Heuren. 
 
 EUPHONIC CHANGES. 
 
 6. The following rules of Euphony are to be carefully 
 observed in the formation and derivation of Greek words, 
 viz. : 
 
 RULE 1. A Labial or a Palatal occurring before a Lin- 
 gual is changed into its corresponding Smooth, Medial, or 
 Rough, according as the Lingual is Smooth, Medial, or 
 Rough. E.g., 
 
 rfVpt/3rat is written reYjOiTmu. 
 RULE 2. A Labial before /z is changed into p. E. g., 
 
 TETpiTTfjiat is written rtrpi/i/xac. 
 RULE 3. A Palatal before p, is changed into y. E. g., 
 
 TTw%iJiai IS written rtrEvy^icu. 
 RULE 4. A Lingual before /x is changed into a. E. g., 
 
 is written 7reVei<7//cu. 
 
12 GREEK GRAMMAR TOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 RULE 5. A Labial before a unites with it and forms $. 
 E. g., Tpififfw is written rptya). 
 
 RULE 6. A Palatal before a unites with it and forms . 
 
 E.g., 
 
 irXtKffu) is written TrXt'4'w. 
 
 RULE 7. A Lingual before a is rejected. E. g., 
 TrXaOffw is written TrXaffw. 
 
 RULE 8. A Lingual before another Lingual is changed 
 into ff. E. g., 
 
 ireTrXadrai is written TrfVXaorcu. 
 RULE 9. A Lingual before a Palatal is rejected. E. g., 
 
 7T7rt0m is written TreVam. 
 
 RULE 10. The letter o- occurring between two Conso- 
 nants is rejected. E. g., 
 
 yeypa(f)(Tdat is written yeypatydai. 
 
 RULE 11. The letter v before a Labial is changed into 
 P . E.g., 
 
 fy/3aXXw is written 
 
 RULE 12. The letter v before a Palatal is changed into 
 7- E.g., 
 
 trvvKuXetx) is written <riy/caXew. 
 
 RULE 13. The letter v before another Liquid is changed 
 into that same Liquid. E. g., 
 
 (TvvpiTTTd) IS written (rvppirrTd). 
 RULE 14. The letter v before a- or is dropped. E. g., 
 
 ^alpovfft is written (Haifiom. 
 
 RULE 15. When v and a Lingual are rejected before o-, 
 the preceding short vowel is lengthened, and e becomes 
 ft ; o becomes ov ; d, , v become respectively d, I, and v, 
 E. g., yipovrai is written yepovvt. 
 
 RULE 16. A Smooth Mute ending a word is changed 
 into its corresponding Rough before an aspirated vowel 
 beginning the next word. E. g., 
 
 CITTO ov is first written TT' e>v, and then a$ ov. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 3 
 
 RULE 1 7. If two successive syllables begin with a Rough 
 Mute, the first is changed into its own smooth. E. g., 
 
 (j)(j)iXrjKa is written TrefytXrjxa. 
 
 RULE 18. The letter p in tne beginning of a word is 
 doubled when a short vowel is prefixed to it. E. g., 
 tpevtca is written tppevKa. 
 
 RULE 19. Words ending in o-t, and verbs of the third 
 person ending in c or i, annex v to these terminations 
 when the next word begins with a vowel, or before a 
 pause. E. g., /\ AJI* 
 
 iffri is written iariv. 
 
 7. The following words violate the preceding rules. 
 Let the pupil correct them, repeating the rule by which 
 the correction is made : 
 
 tXnre ov eSrjK 6 &$fj.ai XsiTrffU) Xrificra) ^ 
 
 (bdffi t/j <j)(J)a.Kct crvvTrXtKbJ ffvvyovoQ 7rpay&r)v 
 
 tXsye OVQ SlSsiKa- tvfiaivu) ey^eu) ivfiaXXit) 
 
 tine ayati avvtyepu (rvv^lu) Tvirrovrffi 
 
 a.<j)(Tai ivKXivit) crvv^iv^ 7reV^<Toyuat 
 
 arv vpltt) Xeo VTGL 
 
 8. A vowel preceded by another vowel, with which it 
 does not unite and form a diphthong, is said to be pure. 
 A pure vowel often combines with the one immediately 
 preceding it, and forms one long syllable. This is called 
 contraction, and commonly takes place according to the 
 following rules, viz. : 
 aa are contracted into a, as fivda arj are contracted into a, as TifJLarjre 
 
 ay , as [iva 
 
 aai at, as fjivdai nval. cii ^t, as diacrtt) ^'or 
 
 a a, as r//ia rt'/ia. ao a>, as n^ao^v 
 
 aei p, as Tipdti ripy. aot y, as Tifidoifjiev 
 
14 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 aov are contracted into w, as n- oa are contracted into w or a, as 
 liaovai rt/iuJ(7t. fix * 1 TO*** aTrXoa aTrXa. 
 
 au) uj, as rijjidd) Tijjiat. oai* at, as $t7rX6at dtTrXal. 
 
 rj, as 7a 777. Sometimes of , as drjXoere drjXovre. 
 
 into a, as xpv fffa XP vff ^y vytsa' oei ou, as drjXoeiv deXovv. Verbs 
 f ym. in oo> contract the endings oa and 
 
 y> as Xpvoty XP Vff $' ofi i n ^o ot and ot^, as tfyXoa 
 
 at y or at, as TVTrreai TVTTTiy, c^?Xot, drjXoeig drjXolQ. 
 
 Xpvaeai \pvgai. ot] w, as drfXorjre drjX&re. Some- 
 
 t, as 0i'Xff 0t\t. Some- tinies into j;, as o^tTrXo?; dnrXrj. 
 
 times into rj, as rpirjpee rprijpr]. oy ot, as drjXoyg drjXolg. This 
 
 fft t, as (j)iXttig 0tXftc. contraction occurs only in verbs 
 
 * n *7> as (piXerjre QiXrJTE. in oat. Verbs in wjut contract oy 
 
 ey y, as tyiXeyg <f>iXyg. into ^>. 
 
 t ft, as TroXft TrdXft. ot ot, as v)\oi /x ** 
 
 o ~ of. as (biXsoutv <bi\.ovu,Vt oo ou. as dnXoo 
 
 01 ot, as QiXsoifitv 0iXot/iv. oot ot, as < 
 
 ov of, as QiXeovffi <biXov<7t. oov ov , as dqXoouffi drjXovai. 
 
 o> w, as 0iXw 0tXui. oo> w, as drjXou) ^Xw. 
 
 tye 7j, as rifJLrjeffaa rtfjirjaffa. o^j ^j, as 7rX6<^ 7rX<p. 
 
 ?t ^, as Qpfjiffffa Qpyaaa. vi vi, as TrXrj&vi TrXrj&vl. 
 
 u t, as TroXtt TroXi. 
 
 The following words violate the preceding rules. Let 
 the pupil correct them, referring in each instance to the 
 concurring vowels in the list above by which the correc- 
 tion is made : 
 
 Arj/zoeScVec Ar)-6og p,\iTOV 
 
 tap Arjjj.o(T$Va Arjroa 
 
 lIpaK\Tjg 
 
 %r]\6ov ^rjXorj 
 
 TtfjLacj \aag rip-ae 
 
 TljJLO.OV(Tt TlfJLaCl TILLCLT] TlfJLaig 
 
 Kfpag -aTog ocj>ig ofyu 
 
 TiSfiai Tip,f]v Ktpaa 
 
 Kpaoiv p,pog fjitpti pepe 
 
 fJLpOLV flpa fJLpOJV TToXtt 
 
 TroXeec < 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY. 15 
 
 KepctTi Kpara /iar/ 
 
 KEpaTwv SrjXorj 17X001 
 
 ffite (TCLOQ 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 9. The accents are three : 
 The acute ( ' ) ; as, w?/, life. 
 
 The grave ( v ) ; as, rat, and / rig, some one. 
 
 The circumflex (~ ), composed of the acute and grave; 
 as, yrj, land. 
 
 When words are accented on the last syllable, they are 
 called oxytones ; when not, barytones. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 10. The Greek has the following punctuation marks: 
 
 Comma 
 
 [ , 1 
 
 
 Colon 
 
 [ * 1 
 
 
 Period ......... 
 
 F 1 
 
 
 Interrogation .... . 
 
 [ ; I 
 
 
 Apostrophe e 
 
 L 9 J 
 
 [ ' 1 
 
 
 Coronis 
 
 L J 
 
 [ ' 1 
 
 
 Marks of quantity .... 
 Marks of parenthesis . . . 
 Mark of diaeresis , . . . . 
 Mark of admiration . , . . 
 
 [ - ] and [ 
 LOT 
 ["I 
 [ !] 
 
 '] 
 
16 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 PAET II. ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 11. The Greek Language has Nine Parts of Speech, 
 viz. : 
 
 Noun, Adjective, Article, Participle, Pronoun, and Verb 
 which are declined ; and Adverb, Preposition, and Con- 
 junction which are not declined. 
 
 12. There are Three Persons : First, Second, and Third. 
 1 3. There are Three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 14. There are Three Numbers: the Singular, denoting 
 one ; the Dual, denoting two ; and the Plural, denoting 
 more than one. 
 
 15. There are Five Cases: the Nominative, Genitive, 
 Dative, Accusative, Vocative. 
 
 16. There are Three Declensions: First, Second, and 
 Third. 
 
 The First Declension has four terminations, viz. : a, 77, 
 
 ? ? 
 
 The Second Declension has two terminations, viz. : oc, ov. 
 The Third Declension has nine terminations, viz. : a, , v, 
 
 SOME GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. 
 
 1 7. (a) The Nominative and Vocative are usually alike 
 in the Singular, and always alike in the Dual and Plural. 
 
 (b) The Dative Singular always ends in t, annexed or 
 subscribed. 
 
 (c) The Genitive Plural always ends in wr. 
 
 (d) The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neu- 
 ters are the same in all three Numbers, and these Cases in 
 the Plural end always in a. 
 
 (e) In the Dual Number, the Nominative, Accusative, 
 and Vocative are alike, as also are the Genitive and Dative. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 18. The following Table exhibits a comparative view 
 of the terminations of the Three Declensions. 
 
 I. Declen. II. Declen. III. Declen. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. a, rj ag, qg 
 
 og Neut. ov 
 
 
 
 G. dg qg \ ov 
 
 ou 
 
 og 
 
 D. q, -y 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 
 A. av r\v 
 
 ov 
 
 a v Neut. like the Nom. 
 
 V. a r] 
 
 c Neut. ov 
 
 
 
 Dual 
 
 N.A.V. a 
 
 W 
 
 6 
 
 G.D. aiv 
 
 ov 
 
 0(1> 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 ot Neut. a 
 
 Neut. a 
 Neut. a 
 
 tC Neut. a 
 
 wv 
 
 at 
 
 ag Neut. a 
 
 eg Neut. a 
 
 19. The Stem of a Noun is found by striking off the 
 termination of the Genitive Singular. The above termi- 
 nations, added to the remainder, will give the Cases of 
 any Noun. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 20. Nouns ending in a and rj are Feminine ; those ending 
 in ag and rjg are Masculine. They are declined as follows, 
 viz. : 
 
 D. (two honors) 
 
 S. r) (honor) 
 N. rt/iTj 
 
 G. TIJJLTJZ 
 
 D. Tifjiy 
 A. TifJLriv 
 V. TtfJirj 
 
 . } (muse) 
 N. /iouffa 
 G. fiovarjg 
 D. jiovffy 
 A. fjiovaav 
 V. fjiovara 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 D. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 TlfJUUV 
 
 Tifialv 
 
 muses) 
 
 fiovaaiv 
 
 P. (honors) 
 N. ri/ittt 
 
 G. TlfiWV 
 
 D. Tifj.ai 
 A. rt/iac 
 V. rt/iat 
 
 7-*. (muses) 
 
 N. fiovffai 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 V. 
 
18 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 S.o 
 
 (publican) 
 
 D. (two publicans) 
 
 P. (publicans] 
 
 N. 
 
 TeXk)Vr} 
 
 N. TtXwva 
 
 N. rcXuivae 
 
 G. 
 
 TtXwvov 
 
 G. TtX&vaiv 
 
 G. rAwvwv 
 
 D. 
 
 TtXwvy 
 
 D. reXwvatv 
 
 D. reXwvaig 
 
 A. 
 
 rtXwvrjv 
 
 A. rtXibva 
 
 A. rtXuvag 
 
 V. 
 
 rtXwvrj 
 
 V. TtXuva 
 
 V. rcXwrai 
 
 S.o 
 
 (steward) 
 
 D. (two stewards) 
 
 P. (stewards) 
 
 N. 
 
 Tctniag 
 
 N. TCtfJLia 
 
 N. racial 
 
 G. 
 
 TCtfJLlOV 
 
 G. Tctfiiatv 
 
 G. rafu&v 
 
 D. 
 
 ra^iiq. 
 
 D. rafJLiatv 
 
 D. rafiiais 
 
 A. 
 
 rctfjiiav 
 
 A. ra/-u'a 
 
 A. ra/u'a 
 
 V. 
 
 ra/iia 
 
 V. rapid 
 
 V. Tafiiai 
 
 D. (two houses) 
 
 P. (houses) 
 
 N. oiicla 
 
 N. oiKiai 
 
 G. oiiciaiv 
 
 G. OIKIUV 
 
 T>. oiKiaiv 
 
 D. oUiaic 
 
 A. oiKia 
 
 A niif'nn 
 
 V. oiKia 
 
 V. oc'/ctat 
 
 Nouns in a pure, pa, and some others, retain the a 
 throughout the Singular. E. g., o-o^ta, o-o^/ac, o-o^/a, o-o^ta^; 
 
 /S. ^ (house) 
 N. ot/a'a 
 G. oiKiag 
 D. ot'KTt^ 
 A. oiKiav 
 V. oi/aa 
 
 CONTRACTS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 21. Some Nouns of the first declension are contracted 
 by dropping the vowels preceding the terminations a, 77, 
 ac, *7c ; except ea not preceded by a vowel or p, which is 
 contracted into ^, thus : 
 
 Hvaa, , mina. tptfl? ^f> woo/. 7^ a > 7>/ earth. yaXer], ?}> weasel. 
 
 Sing. Sing. Sing. Sing. 
 
 N. nv-aa, a N. tp-sa, a N. y-e^, rj N. ya\-?/, ; 
 
 G. [iv-dac., ag G. tp-ea^, a? G. y-C ^C G. ya\-7;f , ^c 
 
 D. nv-cia, $ D. fcp-, D. y-ert, y D. ya\-ey, ^ 
 
 A. nv-dav, av A. tp-kav, av A. y-tar, ^j/ A. yaX-krjV) rjv 
 
 V. {JLV-aa, a, &c. V. tp-ea, a, &c. V. y-, ^, &C. V. yaX-srj, ij, &C. 
 
 airXorj, ij, simplicity. 'Ep/igac, T?C, Mercury. 'A7reXXerig,r](;,Apelles> 
 
 Sing. Sing. Sing. 
 
 N. a7rX-o?7, / -N. 'Ep/^-ga^, ?/ N. 'ATTfXX-tT/c? >7C 
 
 G. a7rX-o'?7 ?Je . G. 'Ep/i-eou, ou G. 'ATTfXX-tov, ou 
 
 D. a7rX-oy, y D. 'Epju-^t, ^ D. 'ATrsXX-fy, ^ 
 
 A. aTrX-o^v, rjv A. 'Epfi-tav, rjv A. 'ATTfXX-t?^, ^v 
 
 V. cnrX-or), rj, &c. V. 'Ep/Lt-ea, ;, &c. V. 'A7reXX-erj, fj, &c. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 19 
 
 \ fftXrjvr], the moon. 
 { <ro0iOTJ7, a sophist. 
 I TrtXetajU dove. 
 
 ystyvpa, a bridge. 
 \va(jctj frenzy. 
 K&apiffrrjc., a harper. 
 'AvaZayopac,, Anax- 
 agoras. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 yXw<7<ra, the tongue. 
 dyopd t the forum. 
 TrxyirriG) an artist, 
 tjdovfj, pleasure, 
 ywvia, an angle, 
 flia, force, 
 avpctj a breeze, 
 dy'ict, sadness. 
 
 , a ivrestler. 
 
 peace. 
 
 00$ ia, wisdom. 
 fjitXaiva, black. 
 rdXaiva, miserable. 
 diKrj, justice, 
 ri, counsel. 
 , a sword. 
 
 ., high-mind- 
 ed. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 22. Nouns ending in oc are Masculine, and rarely Fem- 
 inine. Those ending in ov are Neuter. They are declined 
 as follows, viz. : 
 
 S. o (word) D. (two words) P. (words) 
 
 N. Xdyo N. Xdyw N. Xdyot 
 
 G. Xdyou G. Xoyoiv G. Xoywv 
 
 D. X6y(p D. Xoyoiv D. Xdyot 
 
 A. Xoyov A. Xdyw A. Xdyov 
 
 V. Xdye V. Xdyw V. Xdyot 
 
 D. (two Jigs) P. (Jigs) 
 
 N. (Tvica 
 
 G. GVKWV 
 D. OVKQIQ 
 
 P. (temples) 
 
 N. vey 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 V. VH# 
 
 P. (halls) 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 V. dvwye w 
 
 are irregular, 
 
 N. GVKOV 
 
 N. OVKit) 
 
 G. avKov 
 
 G. 0VKOIV 
 
 D. GVK(jJ 
 
 1). (TVKOIV 
 
 A. OVKOV 
 
 A. avK<*> 
 
 V. GVKOV 
 
 V. VVKU) 
 
 S. o (temple) 
 
 D. (two temples) 
 
 N. VtWQ 
 
 N. vtw 
 
 G. vew 
 
 G. vt&v 
 
 D. vey 
 
 D. V(fv 
 
 A. vewv 
 
 At VCO 
 
 V. Vt(JJ 
 
 V. vw 
 
 S. rb (hall) 
 
 D. (two halls) 
 
 N. dvwytuv 
 
 N. dvwyew 
 
 G. dvwyew 
 
 G. dvwyeqtv 
 
 D. dvwyetp 
 
 D. dvwyt^v 
 
 A. dvwytwv 
 
 A. dvwyeu) 
 
 V. dvwyeuv 
 
 V. dvvyew 
 
 The last two 
 
 Nouns, vewQ and d; 
 
20 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 belonging to the Attic Dialect, and are inserted as exam- 
 ples. 
 
 CONTRACTS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 23. Nouns which 
 
 end in OOQ and 
 
 oov are 
 
 contracted, and 
 
 declined as follows, viz. : 
 
 /S. o (mind) 
 
 
 D. (two minds) 
 
 
 P. (minds) 
 
 
 N. voog vovg 
 
 N. vow vw 
 
 N. voot vot 
 
 G. voov vov 
 
 
 f* ' ~ 
 
 G. VOd)V VW1> 
 
 D. vow vf 
 
 
 D. vboiv voiv 
 
 
 D. vooi i 
 
 solg 
 
 A. voov vovv 
 
 A. vow vw 
 
 A. vooy^ vovg 
 
 V. VO VOU 
 
 
 V. vow vw 
 
 V. vooi vot 
 
 S. TO (bone) 
 
 
 D. (two bones) 
 
 
 P. (bones) 
 
 
 N. OffTBOV OffTOVV 
 
 N. 60TW Off Tilt 
 
 N. OffTBCt 
 
 OffTO. 
 
 G. offTBov oarov 
 
 G. OffTBOlV OffTOlv 
 
 G. 60T6WV 
 
 OffTCiJV 
 
 D. OffTBtf) OC 
 
 T<f 
 
 D. OffTBOlV OffTt 
 
 nv 
 
 D. OOTOl 
 
 offTolg 
 
 A. OffTBOV OffTOVV 
 
 A. OffTBW 60TW 
 
 A. otrrea 
 
 OffTCL 
 
 V. OffTBOV OffTOVV 
 
 V. 6(rrfcw OOTW 
 
 V. offra a 
 
 OffTOL 
 
 WORDS FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 yy*\o, a messenger. 
 
 dpyvptov, silver. 
 
 /od^ov, a rose. 
 
 Ero, an eagle. 
 
 
 tpyov, work. 
 
 ffldnpog. iron. 
 
 dOXog, a combat. 
 dOXov, a prize. 
 
 fiijXoVy an apple. 
 VOTOQ, the south wind. 
 
 ffTparog, an army. 
 00/ortov, a burden. 
 
 dfjnrtXog, a vine. 
 
 
 oticoc, a house. 
 
 \aXic6g, copper. 
 
 dpyvpog, silver. 
 
 
 Traidiov, a child. 
 
 Xpvffog, f^old. 
 
 7rXoo, a voyage. 
 
 pooQj a stream. 
 
 
 \voog, down. 
 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 24. . Nouns of the 
 
 Third Declension ending in 
 
 fvg 
 
 
 ag adog 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 ag avTog 
 
 
 TT jg T rjTog 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 avg 
 
 P 
 
 V 
 
 
 ovg ovTog 
 
 S 
 
 W 
 
 s 
 
 ag aTog 
 
 p 
 
 <-t 
 
 tig evTog 
 
 g 
 
 w ooc 
 
 hrj 
 
 og 
 
 o 
 
 av 
 
 o 
 
 and verbals in 
 
 <T> 
 ^ g. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 vv 
 
 ^ 
 
 ic 
 
 5* 
 5* 
 
 
 1 
 
 we wro 
 
 p 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 wp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 They are declined as follows, viz. : 
 
 21 
 
 
 o ffWTijp, savior. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. GOJT-rjp 
 
 
 N. ffWT-rjpts 
 
 G. ff(UT-TJpO 
 
 N. A. V. vwT-fjpe 
 
 . G. dwr-^pwj/ 
 
 D. (TbJT-fjpl 
 
 
 D. ffWT-fipai 
 
 A. auT-rjpa 
 
 G. D. ffujT-ijpoiv 
 
 A. a<x)T-ijpa 
 
 V. a&T-fp 
 
 
 V. ffWT-fjptQ 
 
 
 TO crw/^a, foefy. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. ffw/i-a 
 
 
 N. (rwju-ara 
 
 G. (Tu>/j-aro 
 
 N. A. V. (TO)fjL-are 
 
 P* rr ' 
 
 D. ffufjL-aTi 
 
 
 D. aatfji-afft 
 
 A. ou>fj,-a 
 
 G. D. ff(jjv-a.TOiv 
 
 A. <ra>/i-ara 
 
 V. awfjL-a 
 
 
 "V irt'tn riTfi 
 
 
 o iraidv, pcean. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. Trai-dv 
 
 
 N. Trai-avtQ 
 
 G. Trai-&voQ 
 
 N. A. V. irai-avt 
 
 G. 7rai-aj/wv 
 
 D. Trai-avt 
 
 
 D. Trai-aai 
 
 A ' rt 
 
 G. D. irai-avoiv 
 
 A. Trai-avag 
 
 "V ' 
 
 
 ~\T ~ 
 
 
 tj XaTXatp, storm. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. XaiXa-^/ 
 
 
 N. \aiXa-7reg 
 
 G. Xat'Xa-7TO 
 
 N. A. V. Xai'Xa-TTE 
 
 G. XaiXa-TTwi/ 
 
 D. Xai'Xa-TTt 
 
 
 D. Xa/Xa-^t 
 
 A. KaiXa-7ra 
 
 G. D. \ai\a.~7rotv 
 
 A. Xai'Xa-7ra 
 
 V. XaiXa-^ 
 
 
 V. XaiXa-TrtQ 
 
 
 O ^(jJQ^JCLCKClll. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. S-we 
 
 
 N. S-W6 
 
 G. ^w^c 
 
 N. A. V. S-w 
 
 G. &-MCJV 
 
 D. ^-wt 
 
 
 D. 3--OXTI 
 
 A. 3--wa 
 
 G. D. S-woiv 
 
 A. S-wag 
 
 V. ^-wg 
 
 
 V. ^-aifc 
 
 o, vulture, o, ^4.ra6. 
 
 6, raven. 0,11, goat. 
 
 r), hair, r}, woman. 
 
 S. N. yvity "Apaty 
 
 Kopa% ai% 
 
 3"pt^ ywij 
 
 G. yu^ro^ *Apa(3o 
 
 KopaKog alyoq 
 
 TpivoQ ywaiKOQ 
 
 D. yuTri *Apa/3i 
 
 KopaKi aiy'i 
 
 Tpi\L yvvaiKi 
 
 A. yuTra *Apa/3a 
 
 Kopaica alya 
 
 Tpixa yvvaiKa 
 
 V. 
 
 
 yvvai 
 
22 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 o, vulture. 
 D.N.yuTre 
 G. yv-jToiv 
 
 b 9 Arab. 
 "Apafie 
 'Apafioiv 
 
 o, raven. 
 KopaKe 
 
 KOpCLKOtV 
 
 b,ri,goat. ijjhair. 7}, woman. 
 alys rpix f yvvaiics 
 alyoiv rpixolv yvvaiKoiv 
 
 P. N. yVTTig 
 
 "Apaj3eg 
 
 KOpCtKtg 
 
 alysg rpixtg yvvaiKtg 
 
 G. yvTtwv 
 
 'Apdficjv 
 
 Kopaiauv 
 
 aiywv Tpi^v yvvaucwv 
 
 D. ywfyl 
 
 "Apa-^i 
 
 Kopai 
 
 ai%i &pt%i yvvai^i 
 
 A. yvTrag 
 
 "Apafiag 
 
 KopaKag 
 
 alyag rpixag yvvaiKag 
 
 by }, child. b,foot. 
 
 V, key. 
 
 o, r/, bird. 
 
 S. N. TTOlg 
 
 Trovg 
 
 K\ig 
 
 opmg 
 
 G. Traidog 
 
 Trodog 
 
 K\id6g 
 
 opvlSog 
 
 D. Traidt 
 
 irodi 
 
 K\uci 
 
 opv&i 
 
 A. Tralda 
 
 Troda 
 
 K\il3a, * 
 
 :\tlv opv&a, vpi'iv 
 
 V. Trat 
 
 
 
 
 D. N. Tratfo 
 
 irode 
 
 K\tUe 
 
 vpv&t 
 
 G. TTCtldoiV 
 
 Trodolv 
 
 K\tidolv 
 
 bpv'&oiv 
 
 P. N. Traifof 
 
 irodeg 
 
 K\titg, 
 
 K\tlg opv&eg, bpveig 
 
 G. TTCllCdJV 
 
 irod&v 
 
 K\ti3wv 
 
 bpv'&wv, upvtwv 
 
 -r\ ' 
 
 TTOCTt 
 
 /CX(TI 
 
 upvivt 
 
 A. Traidag 
 
 TTO^af 
 
 K \(l3ag, 
 
 K\ug vpv&ag, opviig, upvlg 
 
 o, cfezfy. 
 
 o, shepherd. 
 
 /, nose. 
 
 by beast. by orator, r/, hand. 
 
 S. N. at>wv 
 
 TTOlfATJV 
 
 pig 
 
 Srjp fn'jTup x f ip 
 
 G. daifiovog 
 
 TroijJikvog 
 
 pivog 
 
 Srjpog pfjropog X fl P 
 
 D. daiuovi 
 
 TTOlfJiSm 
 
 ptvi 
 
 &j]pi prjTopi X 8l pi 
 
 A. daifjiova. 
 
 TTOlfJltva 
 
 plva 
 
 Srjpa prjTopa X^P a 
 
 V. daljuiov 
 
 TTOl/iTJV 
 
 piv 
 
 prjrop 
 
 D. N. Saifiove 
 
 TTOlfJLEVE 
 
 pips 
 
 Sfjpe prjrops X*tp e 
 
 G. ^aifJLovoiv 
 
 TTOlfJill'OlV 
 
 pivolv 
 
 Sepolv prjropoiv x*P^v 
 
 P. N. daifj.oveg 
 
 TTot^veg 
 
 ptvtg 
 
 Srjpeg pfjroptg x&pig 
 
 G. daifjiovuv 
 
 TTOll/LtVblV 
 
 pivwv 
 
 &rjpwv prjropduv X H P& V 
 
 D. caifjLOfft, 
 
 TTOlUf&Gl 
 
 ptffi 
 
 Srrjpcri prjropai X i^ 
 
 A. daifjiovag 
 
 TTOtfJievag 
 
 pivag 
 
 Srjpag prjropag x^P a S 
 
 CONTRACTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 25. Nouns of the Third Declension, whose Genitive Sin- 
 gular ends in og pure, are contracted. 
 Let the pupil remember that 
 
 and o are Short Vowels ; 
 
 rj and w are their corresponding Long Vowels ; 
 
 ei and ov are their corresponding Diphthongs. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 23 
 
 The following rules are for the contractions of the Third 
 Declension, and for Verbs also : 
 
 1. A short vowel followed by itself becomes its own 
 diphthong ; as, /3a<nXee, flafftXeig. 
 
 2. Two consecutive short vowels become ou ; as, 
 
 3. A short vowel before t becomes its own diphthong ; 
 
 4. A short vowel before a unites with it and becomes 
 its own long ; as, tap, ?]p. 
 
 5. E before a long vowel or a diphthong is rejected ; as, 
 
 6. O before a long vowel becomes w ; before a diphthong 
 it combines with the second vowel of the diphthong ; as, 
 ?7Xow, 77X0) ; c)/?Xoot, 77X01. 
 
 7. A before o or w becomes w ; before the other vowels 
 it becomes d ; as, o-aoc, <7a>e ; r//xaf, r//za. 
 
 8. If the first of two vowels is , v, or a long vowel, the 
 last is rejected ; 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 S. i] (galley} S. TO (wall) 
 
 N. rpirjprjQ N. Ti1xS 
 
 G. Tpirjpeog TpirjpovQ G. rft^o^ 
 
 D. Tpirjpti Tpirjpti "D. 
 
 A. rpirjpea rptrjprj A. rtt^og 
 
 V. Tpiqptg V. Telxog- 
 
 /) O^o galleys) D. (two walls) 
 
 N.A.V. rpujpEe rpifiprj N.A.V. rt'x 
 
 G. D. rpiripkoiv Tptrjpolv G. D. 
 
 P. (galleys) t P. (walls) 
 
 N. Tpifipet rpirjpeig N. ra'xftf 
 
 G. rptrjpiwv Tpirjp&v G. TEIX&UV 
 
 D. Tpif)pai(v) D. 
 
 A. Tpirfpeac rpiripfiQ A. 
 
 V. TpiripteQ Tpujpeiz V. 
 
24 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 S. TO (prize) S. rj (echo) 
 
 N. yepag N. r/xw 
 
 G. yspaog yepwg G. riXQ 
 
 D. yipa'i ytpy D. jfaoi 77x01 
 
 A. ye/oac A. i]\QCL r/xw 
 
 V. y|oa V. J?x*- 
 
 Z). (wo prizes) D. (two echoes) 
 
 N. A.V. ye/oat ylpa N. A. V. jfow 
 
 G. D. jpdoiv ytp<fv G. D. ^xocy 
 
 P. (prizes) P. (echoes) 
 
 N. ykpaa y*'|o5 N. 3?%oi 
 
 G. yepdajv ytp&v G. 
 
 D. ykpaai(v) D. 
 
 A. ykpaa ykpa A. 
 
 V. yipaa ytpa V. 
 
 Proper names in tfX^V, contracted K-X?7c 5 undergo a 
 double contraction in the dative singular ', and sometimes 
 
 in the accusative singular. E. g., 
 5. 6 (Pericles) 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. HEpucXeti HepucXeei HepiK\tZ 
 
 A. HtpiK\8ea HeptKXta HtpucXij 
 
 V. IljOtKX HeptK\eig 
 
 Nouns in ec, vg, gen. ioc, voc, are contracted in the dative 
 singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative 
 plural. E. g., 
 
 S. o (serpent) S. 6 (fish) 
 
 N. o0t N. i'x-^ 
 
 G. 0010 G. IX&VOC, 
 
 D. 50u o0I D. ix&vi ix$vl 
 
 A. 6<piv A. IX^TVV 
 
 V. o0t * V. tx-^v 
 
 Z). (<zro serpents) D. (<wo fishes) 
 
 N. A. V. 50tc N. A.V. t'x^e 
 
 G. D. oQioiv G. D. ix$voiv 
 
 P. (serpents) P. (fishes) 
 
 N. o0c o0iC N. 
 
 G. 6<j)iMv G. 
 
 D. o0i<ri(i>) D. 
 
 A. 001GT 00TC A. 
 
 V. c0i o0I^ V. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 25 
 
 TO Kptag, flesh. TO icepag, a horn. 
 
 Sing. Sing. 
 
 N. A.V. Kpk-ag N. A.V. Kkp-ag 
 
 G. Kps-arog -aog -a>g G. icsp-arog -aog -wg 
 
 D. Kpi-ari -at -^ D. Ksp-art, -at - 
 
 Dual. Dual. 
 
 N. A.V. Kpk-aT -as -a N. A.V. Ktp-are -as -a 
 G. D. Kpe-droiv -doiv -yv G. D. Ktp-dT*iv -doiv -(7>v 
 
 Plur. Plur. 
 
 N. A.V. Kpk-aTa -aa -a N. A.V. Kip-ara -aa -a 
 G. Kpe-aTuv -dwv -utv G. Kfp-drcov -duv -&v 
 
 
 D. |0-a<Ti 
 
 D. 
 
 Kep-am 
 
 
 
 
 ?} Srvydrrjp, a daughter. 
 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N.Sv 
 
 yar-?7p 
 
 
 K.< 
 
 toyar-|G 
 
 G.^ 
 
 yaT-spog, pog 
 
 N. A.V. SayaT-tpt , p 
 
 G. $ 
 
 ^vyaT-kf. 
 
 D. ^ 
 
 yar-spt, pi 
 
 
 D. 5 
 
 ^vyaT-pc 
 
 A. 3u 
 
 yaT-ipctj pci 
 
 G. D. Svyar-'tpoiv, pclv 
 
 A. 5 
 
 f vyar-t(: 
 
 V. i) 
 
 yaT-tp 
 
 
 V. 3 
 
 
 
 
 b dvfjp, a man. 
 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 V. dv-epeg, 
 
 b Trarrjp, a father. 
 
 
 Dual. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 N. Trar-spec 
 
 A.V. Trar-lpe, pe 
 
 G. Trar-gpcJ 
 
 
 D' 
 . TTaT-pCtG 
 
 G. D. Trar-fpotr, poiv 
 
 A. Trar-epa 
 
 
 V. Trar-epec 
 
 G. dv-spog, dpog N. A.V. dv-ipe, cpe G. dv-epwv, Fpuv 
 
 D. dv-epi, dpi D. dv-dpdvi 
 
 A. dv-epa, Spa G. D. dv-epoiv, c^pct// A. av-kpag, 
 
 V. dv-ep 
 
 Sing. 
 N. 7rar-//p 
 
 D. irar-kpt, pi 
 A. TraT-kpa 
 V. Trdr-fp 
 
 rairr?/p has yaor>/p07, as well as ya0rpci07, in the dative 
 plural. 
 
 Nouns in eve are contracted in the dative singular, and 
 in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural. They 
 generally have we in the genitive singular. E. g., 
 
 B 
 
26 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 D. (two kings) 
 
 P. (kings) 
 
 N. A. V. (BaviXee G. t 
 D./ 
 
 G. D. paffiXsoiv A. i 
 V./ 
 
 S. o (king) 
 
 I). paaLXei fiaoiXtl 
 V. (3aaiXtv 
 
 Most Nouns in t, t, vc, v, change i and v into e in all the 
 cases except the nominative, accusative, and vocative sin- 
 gular. Substantives in ig and VQ generally change oc into 
 
 CJQ. xL. 2f. 9 
 
 *s r . 
 
 r) (state) 
 
 D. (two states) 
 
 P. (states) 
 
 
 N. 
 
 7ToXt 
 
 
 N. TToXff^ 
 
 TTdXftJ; 
 
 G. 
 
 7TOXW 
 
 N.A.V. TroXee 
 
 G. TToXewv 
 
 
 D. 
 
 TToXct TToXft 
 
 
 D. 7rd\(T/(v) 
 
 
 A. 
 
 TToXtV 
 
 G. D. TroXeoiv 
 
 A. TroXfaff 
 
 TrdXftg 
 
 V. 
 
 TToXt 
 
 
 V. 7TOX 
 
 7ToXt 
 
 . 
 
 TO (mustard) 
 
 D. 
 
 ft 
 
 
 N. 
 
 crivrjTTi 
 
 
 N. trivfjirea 
 
 GlVY]7ni 
 
 G. 
 
 mvfjTKoc, 
 
 N. A.V. mvfime 
 
 G. (TLPJ]7T80JP 
 
 
 I). 
 
 aivfjirei (nvfjirei 
 
 
 D. ffivfj7Tffi(: 
 
 v ) 
 
 A. 
 
 ClVYlTn 
 
 G. D. (JLVTf]TrkoiV 
 
 A. atvfjTrea 
 
 (mn}irrj 
 
 V. 
 
 civrjTri 
 
 
 V. mvfjTrta 
 
 Givr}tri] 
 
 S. 
 
 o (cubit) 
 
 D. (two cubits) 
 
 P. (cubits) 
 
 
 N. 
 
 7rrjx v 
 
 
 N. 7n?x 
 
 7r//xftC 
 
 G. 
 
 7TW W C 
 
 N. A.V. 7T>yx 
 
 r^ ' 
 
 
 1). 
 
 TTJJX" 1fflX U 
 
 
 D. trtixtai(y) 
 
 
 A. 
 
 7rrjx vv 
 
 G. D. tnfxjionf 
 
 A. 7T^C 
 
 7T//X' 
 
 V. 
 
 TTtJXV 
 
 
 V. 7rixS 
 
 irrjX"S 
 
 S. 
 
 TO (city) 
 
 D. (two cities) 
 
 P. (czft'es) 
 
 
 N. 
 
 dffTU 
 
 
 N. darea 
 
 d(7TT] 
 
 G. 
 
 dureog 
 
 N. A.V. a0T 
 
 G. atrrlcov 
 
 
 I). 
 
 aGTt'i dffTti 
 
 
 D. d(7TE<Tl(v) 
 
 
 A. 
 
 dffTV 
 
 G. D. acnoiv 
 
 A. aorta 
 
 dcTrj 
 
 V. 
 
 dvrv 
 
 
 V. aorta 
 
 dart) 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 27 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 26. Adjectives in Greek have three terminations, two 
 terminations, and one termination. The first termination 
 is masculine, the second feminine, the third neuter. They 
 are of the First and Second Declensions, and of the Third 
 Declension. They are declined as follows, viz. : 
 
 S. o (wise) rj (wise) TO (wise) 
 
 N. GO(j)OQ G0(j)f] GOfyoV 
 
 G. GO^OV GotyrJQ Gotyov 
 
 JL). GO(f)({J (700$ (TCfpty 
 
 A. crcxpuv Gofa'jv Gotyov 
 
 V. GOfyk GO^i] GO(j)OV 
 
 1}. 
 
 N. A. V. (T00W G0(f)d G0(f)(i> 
 
 G. I). (70001^ aotyalv Gofyoiv 
 
 p. 
 
 N. GOtyo'l GO(j)Cli G0(pd 
 
 G. GOfpUJV CT00WV GO(f)UJV 
 
 D. Gofyoiq Gotyalg Gotyolg 
 
 A. GO<pOV GO<pCLQ G0(j)d 
 
 V. GO<pOl GO<f)Cli G0(f>d 
 
 27. Adjectives in OQ pure and pog make their Feminine 
 in a j as : 
 
 fiaicpoG, long. 
 
 Sing. Dual. Plur. 
 
 N. ftaicp-og, d, 6v N. /zaK-p-ot, ai, a 
 
 G. fiaicp-ov, acj ou N. A.V. /uaKp-w, a, w G. fiaKp-uv, a>v, &v 
 
 I). juiciKp-y, ^t, ^7 I), jita/cp-ot^, att;, 01^ 
 
 A. fjiaicp-ov, dv, 6v G. D. /j.aKp-o1Vj aiv, oiv A. /ajcp-ov, c> 
 
 V. fictKp-E, d, 6v V. paKp-oi, at, a 
 
 /S. o (worthy} } (worthy) rb (worthy) 
 
 N. ci^ioQ d%ia a^iov 
 
 G. d%iov d^'iaq dt,iov 
 
 D. di(jj a^cot a^tV/j 
 
 A. atoj> a^tav a^iov 
 
 V. ft a^/a d^iov 
 
 J), 
 
 N. A.V. i'w ^/a d^/aj 
 
 G. D. d^ioiv d^icav ct%ioiv 
 
28 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 P. b (worthy) r} (worthy) TO (worthy) 
 
 N. d^ioi d^icti d%ia 
 
 28. Compound and Derivative Adjectives of more than 
 two syllables have usually but two terminations : one for 
 the Masculine and Feminine, and one for the Neuter ; as : 
 
 S. b, r} (quiet) TO (quiet) 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 A. 
 
 V. }o 
 
 D. 
 
 KA.V. rye 
 G.D. 
 
 P. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 Adjectives in we are declined thus: 
 
 S. b, if (fertile) TO (fertile) 
 
 G. evytto fuytw 
 
 D. tvyup tvytip 
 
 A. tvytojv tvyewv 
 
 D. 
 
 N. A.V. #yfw fi>yw 
 
 G.D. 
 
 P. 
 
 G. 
 1). 
 A. 
 V. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 29 
 
 29. Adjectives of the Third Declension have the Mascu- 
 line and Neuter of the Third Declension, and the Feminine 
 of the First. They are declined as follows : 
 
 S. o (sweet) 
 
 t} (sweet) 
 
 TO (sweet) 
 
 N. 
 
 yXvicvg 
 
 yXvKita 
 
 yXvicv 
 
 G. 
 
 yXvictoc 
 
 yXvMiaz 
 
 yXvidog 
 
 IX 
 
 yXvKii yXuicu 
 
 yXvKiiy 
 
 yXvKti yXvKtl 
 
 A. 
 
 yXvKvv 
 
 yXuictlav 
 
 yXvicv 
 
 V. 
 
 yXuKu 
 
 yXvKtla 
 
 yXvicu 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 
 N.A.V 
 
 . yXvK&s 
 
 y\VKf. ict 
 
 yXvKte 
 
 G.D. 
 
 t\V K ioi V 
 
 yXvKLiciiv 
 
 yXvicioiv 
 
 N. 
 
 yXf/cB yXvKiiQ 
 
 r X M T< 
 
 yXvicta 
 
 G. 
 
 yXvtdiov 
 
 yXvMiwv 
 
 yXvKtuv 
 
 I). 
 
 yXvictGi(v) 
 
 yXvKtiaig 
 
 yXvKtGi(i>) 
 
 A. 
 
 yXvKdQ yXvKt?Q 
 
 yXvxdag 
 
 yXvicta 
 
 V. 
 
 yXvKtec; yXvKtlg 
 
 yXvKtlai 
 
 yXvKea 
 
 S. 
 
 o (all) 
 
 r) (all) 
 
 TO (all) 
 
 N. 
 
 7TOLQ 
 
 Travel 
 
 TTOLV 
 
 G. 
 
 TTCIVTOQ 
 
 Trdvrjg 
 
 TTCtVTOg 
 
 D. 
 
 iravr'i 
 
 Tracy 
 
 TTCtVTl 
 
 A. 
 
 irdvTO. 
 
 Traaav 
 
 TTUV 
 
 V. 
 
 nag 
 
 iraGa 
 
 Ttdv 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 A.Y. 7CCIVTS 
 
 TTClGa 
 
 Trdvrs 
 
 G. 
 
 D. TrdvToiv 
 
 TTClGCtlV 
 
 Tcavroiv 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 TTCLVTtQ 
 
 TTCLGCll 
 
 TravTCL 
 
 G. 
 
 TCLIVTMV 
 
 TTaG&V 
 
 TrdvTwv 
 
 D. 
 
 vaai(v) 
 
 vacate 
 
 7rd(Ti(v) 
 
 A. 
 
 TTCIVTCIQ 
 
 Trdaag 
 
 TrdvTCt 
 
 V. 
 
 7TCLVTEQ 
 
 TTCLGai 
 
 TTClVTCt 
 
 Participles ending 
 
 in ag are declined 
 
 like ?rdc. 
 
 S. 
 
 o (giving) 
 
 ry (giving) 
 
 TO (giving} 
 
 N. 
 
 SlSoVQ 
 
 didovea 
 
 didov 
 
 G. 
 
 SiBovros 
 
 didovGrjg 
 
 MOVTOQ 
 
 D. 
 
 ClCOVTl 
 
 SiSovGy 
 
 SlSoVTl 
 
 A. 
 
 SldoVTCl 
 
 SlSoVGClV 
 
 diSov 
 
 Y. 
 
 dtdovc 
 
 fotiowra 
 
 ?i36v 
 
30 
 
 D. o (giving) 
 
 N. A.V. diSoVTE 
 
 G. D. SidovToiv 
 P. 
 
 N. didovTes 
 
 G. ClOOVT(Jf)V 
 
 D\ X ' f * 
 . ClOOUffli V 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 ?} (giving) 
 
 'l (ripe) 
 
 TTtTTOVOg 
 TTtTTOVL 
 
 S. 
 N. 
 G. 
 IX 
 A. 
 
 V. TTtTTOV 
 
 D. 
 
 N. A.V. Tr'tTTQVE 
 
 G. D. TreTrovoiv 
 
 diooiicraig 
 didovaag 
 Sidovaai 
 
 TO (giving) 
 dtdovTE 
 cidovTOiv 
 
 TO (ripe) 
 
 TTITTOV 
 TTtTTOVL 
 
 irkirov 
 
 S. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 I). 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 TTSTTOPfQ 
 
 TT&TTOVa 
 TTtTTOVdJV 
 
 TT&TTOVa 
 TTZTTOVa 
 
 TO 
 
 TiTVtpOTOQ 
 
 N.A.V. 
 G.D. 
 
 P. 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 TTV(j)viaiV 
 
 TcTVtpOTOlV 
 
 TTV(j)6T(t)V 
 
 TtTVfpOTa 
 
 Participles ending in ug are declined like -E-vfywQ. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 31 
 
 S. o, r) (true) TO (true) 
 
 D. d\rid& " 
 
 A. dXrj^sa 
 
 V. ciXriStQ 
 
 D. 
 
 N. A.V. aXrjSie 
 
 G. D. aXqSioiv dXrjSolv dXrjStoiv dXifiolv 
 
 P. 
 
 N. dXifiiec; dXi]3rti dXtfiia d\rj$)i 
 
 G. d\Ti$kii)v dXi]S<jJV dXTjSsbJV dXtj&uJv 
 
 A. 
 V. 
 
 S. o (placing) >} (placing) TO (placing) 
 
 G. T&kvTQQ T&llOffc T&'t.VTOq 
 
 D. r&tVTi r&tiay T&IVTI 
 
 A. T&tVTCt TlStlffdV TlStV 
 
 D. 
 
 N. A.V. rt^lrre r&tiaa 
 
 P. 
 
 N. ft&V7^C ft^tMWfl T&SVTtt 
 
 G. TiS&VTwv TiSrtiauiv T&ZVTWV 
 
 A. T&'tVTCtQ T&tiffdG T&tvTCl 
 
 V. rt^s^rfff TiStivai 
 
 Participles ending in f ic are declined like rt0cc. 
 
 >Si. o (showing) >} (showing) TO (showing) 
 N. SUKVVQ 
 
 G. StlKVVVTOQ 
 
 D. StiKvvvTi dtiRvvffy SeucvvvTi 
 
 A. StiKvvvTa StiKvveav SEIKVVV 
 
 V. StlKVVQ StlKVVffCi dflKVVV 
 
 D. 
 
 N. A.V. SEIKVVVTS deLKvvcra deiKvuvTe 
 
 G. D. felKvtivTofy dElKVVffdtV CtlKVVVTOtV 
 
32 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 P. o (showing*) ij (showing) TO (showing) 
 
 N. StlKVVVTtQ dtlKVVffCtt $ElKVVVTCt 
 
 G. CtlKVVVTWV CtlKVVG&V StlKVVVTUJV 
 
 1). diicvvai(v) dtiKvvaaic; ()IK.VV(TI(V) 
 
 A. VtlKVVVTClQ SllKVVGaQ deiKVVVTCt 
 
 V. StlKVVVTtQ CtlKVVGCtl tl\VVVTCt 
 
 Adjectives in wv, genitive o^roc, have three endings : o^, 
 , or. E. 
 
 s. 
 
 o (w ill 'ing) 
 
 ) (icilling) 
 
 TO (willing) 
 
 N. 
 
 IKWV 
 
 tKOVGCt 
 
 tKOV 
 
 G. 
 
 tKOVTOQ 
 
 tKOVGYIQ 
 
 tKOVTOG 
 
 D. 
 
 tKOVTl 
 
 tKOVGy 
 
 tKOVTL 
 
 A. 
 
 IKOVTO. 
 
 tKOVGCtV 
 
 tKOV 
 
 V. 
 
 tKWV 
 
 tKOUGO. 
 
 IKOV 
 
 I). 
 
 
 
 
 N.A. 
 
 ,V. tKOVTE 
 
 tKOVGCt 
 
 tKOVTS 
 
 G.D 
 
 tKOVTClV 
 
 tKOUGaiV 
 
 tKOVTOlV 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 tKUVTEQ 
 
 tKovcrat 
 
 IKOVTCt 
 
 G. 
 
 tKOVTWV 
 
 IKOVGWV 
 
 tKOVTWV 
 
 I). 
 
 iKOVOl(l') 
 
 tKOVGCllQ 
 
 *KOVGl(v) 
 
 A. 
 
 tKOVTdC; 
 
 IKOVGCIQ 
 
 tKOVTO. 
 
 V. 
 
 tKovrtg 
 
 tKOVGCtl 
 
 tKOVTCt 
 
 Participles ending in wv are declined like Ixuv. 
 
 S. o (much) } (much) TO (much) 
 
 N. TroXvg TroXXrj iroXv 
 
 G. TroXXoD TToXXfjQ TroXXou 
 
 A. TTOXVV "TToXXrjV TToXv 
 
 P. (many) (many) (many) 
 
 N. TroXXot TroXXar TroXXd 
 
 D. TroXXoig TroXXalg TroXXot^ 
 
 A. 7roXXou TroXXaQ TroXXa 
 
 S. o (great) tj (great) TO (great) 
 
 N. fJLEyciQ ntyd\rj ukyci 
 
 G. jJLtyaXov fj.ydXi] fjityaXov 
 
 1). /<fyaX^> fieydXy yufyaX^ 
 
 A. {.ityav f-ieydXyv fj.sya 
 
 V. )ueya fteydXrj /.tsya 
 
/). o (great) 
 N. A.V. jutydXw 
 G. D. ^ityaXoLv 
 P. 
 
 D. jUfydXotg 
 
 A. ntyaXovQ 
 
 /S. o, } (pleasanter) 
 
 1\ T . IjOLMV 
 
 Do }&OM 
 
 A. ifiiova /ciu, 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 ?} (great) 
 
 lUyaXat 
 
 ro (great) 
 
 [.irydXa 
 
 ro (pleasantcr) 
 
 TI^IQV 
 
 ifiiOVOQ 
 
 ttfiovt 
 
 N. A. /flfW 
 
 G. D. /^(Ji/cti/ 
 
 P. 
 
 N. fidiovtg i^cicvQ 
 
 G. t'rfwvwv 
 
 A. ifiiovaQ t'loiovg 
 
 r'l|07/i', tender. 
 
 Sing. 
 rsp-rji', tivct, ii> 
 
 TfjO-CVOC, 0'J7ff, ^0< 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 A. Tp-EVCtj UVCtV, (V 
 
 V. rlp-2', ai'tf, tv 
 
 Dual. 
 
 N.A.V. re'p-f^s W, fw N.A.V. 
 
 G. D. rtp-tvoiv, tivaiv, tvoiv G. D. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 ~\T ' c r fi//^ 
 
 O n c fiit^t/ LIU 
 
 D. Ttp-LVl, eiVCllC;, t(Tl 
 
 V. T&p-evc, eivai, tva 
 
 jova 
 
 , honored. 
 Sing. 
 
 G. r/ju-f/iroc, '';cr^C> 
 
 T") _ "" ' 
 
 V. Ttp-iiv, faffa, 
 
 Dual. 
 
 rfTCTff, 
 
 rjvrt 
 
 II V 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. rt^i-JivrtQ^ ijcrfjcti, ijrra 
 
 /^< . ' ~ / 
 
 T ^ ~ ' ' * 
 
 A. TifA-ijvrctQ, TiaaaQ, i\vra 
 
 V. Tiu-ijvrt, ijffffai, iji>ra 
 
 The syncopated Perf. Part, of <Vr>/p, ^o s^c7, is declined 
 as follows, viz. : 
 
 B2 
 
34 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 iffTr)jj.i, to stand. /ufiXac, blade. 
 
 Sing. Sing. 
 
 N. loT-Wfi o)cra, (-JQ N. jusX-ac, aiva, av 
 
 G. CT-u>ro, a><7?7, WTOQ G. fj.i\-avoc, aivqc, UVQQ 
 
 D. for-wn, (7j7, wri D. /Lt\-ai/<, aiV#, an 
 
 A. tar-ujTa, dJaav, WQ A. n'tX-ava, aivav, av 
 
 \. f'0r-it>, a!(7(7, tuj; V. n'tX-aV) aiva, av 
 
 Dual. Dual. 
 
 N. A.V. tor-wrf, wcrfr, wre N. A. V. [ii\-ave , aiva, are. 
 
 G. D. iar-uroiv, wvcav, WTOLV G. D. ptX-avoiv, aivaiv, dvoiv 
 
 Plur. Plur. 
 
 N. iar-MTeg, waai, tira N. yulX-avfc, aivai, ava 
 
 G. tar-MTtov, WG&V, WTCOV G. niX-avw, atv&v, avwv 
 
 D. dr-w(Tt, waaiQ, OJGI D. jusX-atrt, aivaiQ, acrt 
 
 A. tVr-wraCi W(TCJ wra A. ptX-avctQ, aivac, ava 
 
 V. tcrr-wrfc, w(Trti, aira V. /tt'X-ni-'fC) aivai, ava 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 30. The Cardinal Numbers ac, c^o, rpelcj and TtffffapE^ 
 are declined below. The remainder, as far as a hundred, 
 are indeclinable. The numbers above one hundred are 
 again declinable like the plural of Adjectives of the First 
 and Second Declensions; as, ciauo'enoi at a ? 
 
 
 elc, one, sing. 
 
 o^o, ^ - o, dual 
 
 T^o, two, pli 
 
 N. 
 
 ae, fua, 'iv 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 ivuQ, juiag, ivug 
 
 N. A. Ivo or c<;a> 
 
 G. c^^i^ 
 
 D. 
 
 tvi, jwi^r, ivl 
 
 
 D. Svci 
 
 A. 
 
 Eva, fiiav, 'iv 
 
 G. D. fivotv or cvuv 
 
 
 
 Tptlg, three, plur. 
 
 7k<7(jaf 
 
 >-iQ,four, plur. 
 
 
 N. TjOttC) Tp' ia 
 
 N. T 
 
 ffaap-ec, a 
 
 
 G., rpiuv 
 
 G. 
 
 tfaop-(av 
 
 
 D. rpwt 
 
 D. ra 
 
 aaap-GL 
 
 
 A. 7-pHC, rp/a 
 
 A. rl 
 
 ffffap-aQj a 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 31, The degrees of Comparison are regularly formed by 
 adding repog for the Comparative and retro? for the Super- 
 lative to the Positive ; as : 
 
 g a/rX ovrrTtpor airXovfrraroQ ; 
 p p.a'*:af)Tooc, uaKapraroc. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 06 
 
 Adjectives in OQ drop c, and, if the penult is short, length* 
 en it ; as : 
 
 Adjectives in ac, ^c, and vc annex repoQ and raroe to the 
 Neuter ; as : 
 
 peXag (Neuter pfXav) jmeXavrepOQ ^fXuv 
 acrQevrjz (Neuter aa'diveg) acr'dfvtcrrepOQ 
 
 Adjectives in w*/ and r?v annex rfjooe and raroc to the 
 Nominative Plural ; as : 
 
 (Plural (Tu^poveo) ff 
 epEveg) repevtarrepOQ T 
 
 Adjectives in ae drop the , and those in 5 change t of 
 the Nominative Plural into larepoQ icrraroc ; as : 
 
 /3\d| (Plural /3\ac) (3Xxu&<rrpO jSXaoraroc 
 
 Some Adjectives, ending in vc and poc, change the ter- 
 minations into iwj/ for the Comparative, and into co-roc for 
 the Superlative ; as : 
 
 The following Adjectives are compared irregularly, 
 viz. : 
 
 [ cifjiEivajv, aya3 
 
 , wa ., 7 
 
 aya.joc, aooa, 
 
 KptlTTCJV, 
 
 iKwrepog. ) 
 
 KClKLffTOC. 
 KLWV, \ 
 
 .I/C,. IXU,L*. 
 
36 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Ka\oQ,fair, KaXXiwv, KciXXic 
 
 uaicpug, long, < , 
 
 (fia 
 
 jikyaQ, great, jjif. 
 
 liuepoQ, small, 
 
 7roXv, many, 
 
 , 7 , ( TtOTTVOTeOOC, TtQTTVOTaTOQ. 
 
 TtpjrvoQ, agreeable, 
 
 . ,x /. . 77 ( 0tXrfpo, rit'Xraroc. 
 
 <j,i\oc,jricnd/y, \ , \' A'\ 
 
 ARTICLE. 
 
 32. The Article o, ?7iC, is declined as follows: 
 
 S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N. 
 
 N. 6 if TO N. 7"W TCI Tit) N, Ot Ol TCI 
 
 G. rou r/yc TOV G. rcl^ rat^ roir G, r&v T&V T&y 
 
 I). T(fi Ty T<<> 3). roii^ TCLIV TOIV IX rott,- rt^ TO!Q 
 
 A. rov r/p-' ro A. ra> ra rw A. **?& TC\Q TO. 
 
 PROXOUNS. 
 PERSONAL PRONOUN. 
 
 33. The Personal Pronouns are eyw. o-^'L The Nomina- 
 tive 'I is obsolete. 
 
 S. (I) S. (thov) S. (he, she, it) 
 
 N. fcyw N. GU N. 'I 
 
 G. t/uLOV, jjiov G. croi) G. o<; 
 
 1). t/io/, /^oi D. crot I). ol 
 
 A. tJA, fJLS. A. Gt A. 
 
 D. (we two) D. (you two) D. (they two) 
 
 N.A. vwi, v<t) N. A. G(J)Oj'i, G(j)<{j N. A. tr^we 
 
 G.D. V(jj(V, ViOV G.D. G(b(iilV, G(b('JV G.D- G(h(t}LV 
 
 P. (we) P. (ye, you) P. (they) 
 
 N. >//tftC N. VJJLEIQ N. <r0at; n. Gtyka 
 
 G. Tt'lfjlOJV G. VflOJV G. (70WV 
 
 I). //n)' D. ?''//tv D. G(j)iffi(i>) 
 
 A. ?/^u A. ?'^oc A. Ttfrlc n. *T0f 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 37 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Possessive Pronouns signify possession. They are 
 formed from the Personal Pronouns. They are t/zoc, <c, 
 #, etc., and are declined like o-o^oc. 
 
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 These are tpavTov, creavrov, iavrov. They have no Nom- 
 inative, They are declined as in the oblique cases of 
 CLVTOQ. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Interrogative Pronoun TIC, who? which? what? is 
 declined in the following manner : 
 
 S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N. 
 
 N. TIQ r'i N. rive N. rive.Q rivet 
 
 G. TIVOC, TOV TIVOC, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TIVWV Tivtov 
 
 I). Tivi t T(} rim, T<$ D. TIVOIV D. r/(Tt(i') rim(v) 
 
 A. riva ri A. rive A. Tivag Tiva 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Indefinite Pronoun rig (grave accent), any, certain, 
 some, is declined as follows : 
 
 S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N, P. M. F. N. 
 
 N. riff ri N. rive N. nvic, riva 
 
 G. TIVOQ, TOV riVOff, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TlvCoV TLV&V 
 
 1^. TlVl t 7V<7 TLVlj Tip D. TIVOIV 1). TWI^f) 7"t(T/(l/) 
 
 A, rn-'ii ri A. rti^t * A. TIV&Q Tivd, 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Demonstrative Pronouns are 6'de, ovrog, and EKZLV 
 "Ode is simply the Article with the inseparable particle 
 . Thus, o^e, ?;'^, ro^e, G. rouoe, r^rSe. 
 is declined as follows : 
 
 S. M. (tins') F. (this) N. (this) 
 
 N. owroff avTtj TOVTO 
 
 TCVTOV Taini]Q TQVTOV 
 
 Tovftft ravry rovr^ 
 
 TOV TOV ravTr,v TOVTO 
 
GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 
 D. 
 
 (these two) (these two) (these two) 
 
 
 N. 
 
 A. TOVTU) 
 
 TCtVTa 
 
 TOVTW 
 
 
 G. 
 
 D. TOVTOIV 
 
 TClVTaiV 
 
 TOVTOLV 
 
 
 P. 
 
 (these) 
 
 (these) 
 
 (these) 
 
 
 N. 
 
 OVTOl 
 
 CLUTCH 
 
 TCtVTa 
 
 
 G. 
 
 TOVTCJV 
 
 TOVTCUV 
 
 TOVTWV 
 
 
 D. 
 
 TOUTOig 
 
 TauTCtig 
 
 TOVTOLQ 
 
 
 A. 
 
 TOVTOVg 
 
 TavTag 
 
 TCLUTa 
 
 M. (this) F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. (this) F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 0(5 
 
 s ijce 
 
 Tode N. 
 
 o'ide aide Tddt 
 
 G. 
 
 TO 
 
 vfit rijffde 
 
 Tovde. G. 
 
 Tu>vSe ToJvde TUJV< 
 
 J). 
 
 Ttf. 
 
 >$ T y^ 
 
 T(^ D. 
 
 Tolcrde Tcuade TOIG 
 
 A. 
 
 TO 
 
 vde TY}V$t 
 
 TOGS A. 
 
 Tovace TUGce. rafii 
 
 N. A. rw^f Taoe rw^f 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 1. The Relative Pronoun 6'c, who, which, that, is declined 
 as follows : 
 
 S. M. F. N. 
 
 N. O ) O 
 
 G. ou ?/c; ou 
 1). $ y $ 
 
 A. OV TjV O 
 
 D. M. F. N. 
 N. & a to 
 G. olv alv olv 
 I) olv alv olv 
 A. at li w 
 
 P. M. F. N. 
 
 N. o'i a'i a 
 
 G. ti)V ii)V OJV 
 
 D. OLQ OLQ olg 
 A. ou^ ug a 
 
 2. The Relative 6'orec, whoever, who, is compounded of og 
 and the Indefinite Pronoun rig, which are separately de- 
 clined. Thus : 
 
 F. 
 
 S. M. 
 N. oGTig 
 
 G. OVTLVQQ) OTOV 
 D. (pTlVl, OTtp 
 
 A. ovTiva 
 P. 
 
 N. OlTlViQ 
 
 G. djVTLVWV, OTO)V 
 
 I). ol(mff((v), orof(T/(^) 
 
 A. OVGTLVaQ 
 
 7JGTIVOQ 
 
 7JTIVL 
 
 TJVTLVa 
 
 N. 
 
 O TL 
 
 OVTLVOQ, OTOV 
 
 O TL 
 
 UTlVCt, UTTO. 
 COVTIVWV, OTbJP 
 
 OLGTLGL(V)J OTOL<JI(V) 
 
 UTIVU. UTTCt 
 
 INTENSIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 The Intensive Pronoun <Wog has three different mean- 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 39 
 
 1. In the Nominative Case always, and in the Oblique 
 Cases when it stands first in the sentence, UVTOQ has the 
 force of the English self j ,as, 'Eyw cWoc, I myself. 
 
 2. In the Oblique Cases, when not the first word in the 
 clause, it means him, her, it, etc. 
 
 3. With the Article before it, it always means the same ; 
 as, 6 avroQ c)ovXoc, the same slave. It is declined as follows : 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 N. aur-oQ -i] -6 N. A. N. avT-o'i -ai -d 
 
 G. avT-ov -i]Q -ov CWT-IO -d -w G. auT-CJv -wv -&v 
 
 D. avr-( -y -cf G. D. D. avr-otc; -CL"IQ -tj 
 
 A. O.VT-OV -i]V -6 avT-olv -alv -civ A. aur-ovq -ct -d 
 
 In the same manner are declined : 
 
 dXXoQ dXXrj dXXo another 
 
 CQ i] o who, which 
 
 tKU.VOQ tKlLVtf LKLLIO that 
 
 RECIPROCAL PRONOUN. 
 
 The Reciprocal Pronoun aXX/yXw^, of one another, is thus 
 declined : 
 
 D. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 a\\rj\oiv 
 
 ciXXriXatv 
 
 ciXXt'iXciv 
 
 D. 
 
 Cl\\7}\OLV 
 
 dXXijXaiv 
 
 dXX)]Xoiv 
 
 A. 
 
 ft/\\?;Xa> 
 
 dXXr]\a 
 
 dXXrjXio 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 G. 
 
 aXXtjXwv 
 
 dXXijXajv 
 
 dXXijXujv 
 
 I). 
 
 dXXryXott; 
 
 dXXi'iXaiQ 
 
 dXXrjXoi^ 
 
 A. 
 
 ctXXtjXovc; 
 
 d\Xi]\a 
 
 dXXrjXa 
 
 THE VEEB. 
 
 34. Greek Verbs are either Transitive or Intransitive. 
 A Transitive Verb denotes something done by an agent 
 upon an object; as, eypa\f;a iri!TTo\r)i>, I wrote a letter. An 
 Intransitive Verb denotes an action or state not necessa- 
 rily requiring an object ; as, </>euyw, Ijlee. 
 
40 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 VOICES. 
 I. 
 
 There are three Voices : the Active, the Passive, and the 
 Middle. 
 
 The Active Voice represents the' agent as acting upon 
 an object ; as, TVTTTIO ere, I strike you. 
 
 The Passive Voice represents the subject as being acted 
 upon by some person or tiling; as, rti/rro/^cn, lam struck. 
 
 The Middle Voice represents the agent (l) as acting 
 upon itself; as, Active, Xouw, I wash; Middle, Xouopai, I 
 wash myself, i. e., / bathe (2) as acting for its own ad- 
 vantage ; as, Active, Trapaoram^w, I provide ; Middle, ?ra- 
 pairxEvaopat, I provide for my own use (8) as causing 
 something to be done for its own advantage, j as, Active, 
 Traparidrjpi rr\v rpaTrtZav, I set forth the table / Middle, Trapa- 
 TidEfjLai rrjv rpaTTE^ar^T cause the table to be set forth before 
 me. 
 
 II. 
 
 There are five Moods : the Indicative, the Subjunctive, 
 the Optative, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 
 
 The Indicative represents that which actually is or oc- 
 curs ; as, Tvirrei, he strikes. 
 
 The Subjunctive represents a possibility or conception 
 of the mind ; as, fiovXevrj. he may advise. 
 
 The Optative represents a wish, and is also used as the 
 Subjunctive of the Past Tenses ; as, TVTTTOI, let him strike, 
 or, he might strike. 
 
 The Imperative represents a command, exhortation, or 
 entreaty ; as, TVTT-E, strike thou. 
 
 The Infinitive represents simply the meaning of the 
 Verb, without limitation of person or number; as, 
 to strike. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 41 
 
 TENSES. 
 III. 
 
 There are six Tenses : the Present, the Imperfect, the 
 Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Aorist 
 
 The Present, Perfect, and Future are called Primary 
 Tenses. The Imperfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist are called 
 Historical Tenses. 
 
 The Present Tense represents an action as now taking 
 place; as, TVTTTW^ I strike. 
 
 The Future Tense represents an action which will take 
 place ; as, TU^E t, lie will strike. In the Passive Voice two 
 forms occur : the First Future and the Second Future. 
 
 The Imperfect Tense represents an action which was 
 taking place and was not completed in some past time / 
 as, eVuTrroj', I was striking. 
 
 The Aorist Tense (ao/>joroe, indefinite) represents a past 
 action as simply done, without reference to the time of its 
 completion ; as, tVv^a, I struck. This tense has two forms, 
 known as the First and Second Aorist, which do not differ 
 in meaning, and are not both found in the same Verb. 
 
 The Perfect Tense represents an action as complete at 
 the present time ; as, render, I have struck. Of this tense 
 also, as well as of the Pluperfect, two forms, the First and 
 the Second, exist. 
 
 The Pluperfect Tense represents an action as complete 
 at some past time ; as, i-eru^Eu^ I had struck. 
 
 PERSONS. 
 
 IV. 
 
 There are three Persons, First, Second, and Third. 
 There is no separate form for the First Person Dual in 
 the Active Voice. _ It is expressed by the form of the First 
 Person Plural. 
 
GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 2 a 
 
 sg 
 
 "* k 
 
 Pi v 
 
 - 
 
 -lsM 
 
 lt-l-1 
 
 fills 
 
 f-Hf'l 
 
 s> a s> a 
 
 .5 5 S 
 
 ' 
 
 
 re 
 
 
 W o 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 -S" 
 
 (-H 
 O 
 
 fcS" 
 
 
 ag 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 "w 
 
 ?k O 
 
 10 
 
 
 H > t 
 
 
 
 (> j^ 
 
 e? 
 
 " R" ff ^ J^ 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 So 
 
 & H % x, 
 S > g o 
 
 Si^l 
 
 Lj <1 - 
 
 TtTlHpOlfAl 
 TETVTTOLIU 
 
 
 till if 
 
 1 
 
 If 111 3l 
 
 Q E" a ^ 2 8 fc 
 
 - b: g . fc P N 
 
 ! 
 
 llll 
 
 o 5 S o 
 
 t-st-s 
 
 o 
 
 fylt) 
 TTU) 
 
 3 '3 
 
 I 
 
 ^s> 
 
 I- 
 
 II 
 
 ire 
 
 ,.!. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ i a - 
 
 ;* 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 -lllaJ^g 
 u b E-^-fe T s 
 
 S 1" 
 
 rt 
 
 N S 
 
 - R. 5S. S e 
 
 S.III3-&* 
 
 ^s v^"^-^? ^ 
 
 ill 
 
 fc ^ 
 
 N S u 
 
 sr ^, ; 
 
 -:. 
 
 V S o -< 
 
 ^ 4s -fc v u ^ *fc *fc 
 
 
 |5.el iSS 
 
 v p f- '* 
 
 ^S v u \ 
 
 M w ^ 
 
 -. 
 
 ||| |J 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 43 
 
 3G. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS, 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. / strike. 
 
 S. TV7TTW, TVTTTtig, 
 
 I strike. thou strikest. 
 
 IX TVTrTETOV, 
 
 you two strike. 
 
 P. TUTTTOJUV, TUTTTtTf, 
 
 ive strike. you strike. 
 
 Imperfect. I was striking. 
 
 S. kTVTTTOV kTVTTTtC; 
 
 IX kTVTTTfTOV 
 
 P. IT 
 
 S. 
 IX 
 
 p. 
 
 kTVTTTcTE 
 
 Perfect 1 . / have struck. 
 > TSTvtiaTe 
 
 Perfect 2. / have struck. 
 
 S. TkTVTTa TiTVTTaQ 
 
 D. TiTVTTaTOV 
 
 P. TTV7raUV TiTVirOLTf. 
 
 Pluperfect 1 . / had struck. 
 
 D. kTtTV(f)tlTOV 
 
 Pluperfect 2. I had struck. 
 
 S. iTtTVTTUV kTcTVTTtlQ 
 
 D. kTtTVTTeiTOV 
 
 P. kTE.TVTrf.lfJLtV kTtTVTTcLTS. 
 
 Future 1. I shall strike. 
 
 Future 2. I shall strike.^ 
 
 TVTTilQ 
 
 TV7TTEI, 
 
 he strikes. 
 
 TVTTTETOV, 
 
 they two strike. 
 
 TVTTTOVGl, 
 
 they strike. 
 
 TcTVTTE 
 
 Tt-vrraTOV 
 
 irtrvtyti 
 
 irf.TV7rf.Laav 
 
 TV'^tTOV 
 TV'^OVffl 
 
 p. 
 
44 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Aorist 1. I struck. . 
 
 S. trv^a trv^ag trvifse 
 
 I). trv^arov trv^aT^v 
 
 P. kTU'ipctf-lfV cTVl^CtTS tTV$/CtV 
 
 Aorist 2. I struck. 
 
 S. tTUTrOls tTVTTEC tTVTTS 
 
 I). iruTTcTOV tTUTrtrrjv 
 
 P. kTUTToptv i-uxEre iTVirov 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. I may strike. 
 
 S. TUTTTiiJ TVTTTyQ TUTTTy 
 
 1). TVTTTl]TOV TV7TT1JTOI 
 
 P. T^TTrW/ZfJ/ TVTTTIJTk TUTTTWGl 
 
 Perfect 1. I may have struck. 
 
 D. TTV(f)r]TOV TcTV^tJTO 
 
 Perfect 2. / may have struck. 
 
 S. TiTVTTW TcTVTTyQ 
 
 ~D. TTV7TJ]TOV 
 
 Aorist 1. I may strike. 
 
 J). TV^TJTOV TV^TjTOV 
 
 Aorist 2. I may strike. 
 
 S. TU7TU) TVTTyQ TVTty 
 
 I). rVTTf]TOV TUTTtfTOV 
 
 P. TV7ra)[,iLV rvTrrjre TVTTWGI 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. I might, could, icould, or should strike. 
 
 S. TUTTTOlfM rVTCTOlQ TVTTTOt 
 
 D. TU7TTOITOV TVTTTOirTJV 
 
 P. TVTTTOlUtV TVTTTOlTt TVTTTQltV 
 
 Perfect 1. Imiyht, could, would, or should have struck. 
 
 S. TtTV^Olfll TETV(j)OlQ TBTlHbOl 
 
 Y). TfTV([)OirOV TETV(j)OlT1]V 
 
 P. TTV(j)Ol[JltV TtrV$OlT6 T(TV$OltV 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 45 
 
 Perfect 2. I might, could, would, or should have struck. 
 
 S. T&TV7TOIUI TITV7TOIQ TETV7TOL 
 
 D. TETV7TOITOV TtTUTTOlTIJV 
 
 P. Tf.TVTTOlp.LV TtTVTTOlTe. TeTVTTOtiV 
 
 Future 1. I should or would strike. 
 
 S. TV^Olfjil TV^Oig TV^/Ol 
 
 I). TUTpoiTOV TV^QITK]V 
 
 P. TVtpotfjttv Ti\^oire TV\poitv 
 
 Future 2. I might, could, would, or should hereof ter strike.'f 
 
 S. TVTTollJLl TVTCOIQ TV7TOI 
 
 i' TVTrorrjv 
 
 P. TV7TolfJ,EV TVTTOlTS TUTToltV 
 
 Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should strike. 
 S. Tv\pai[.u 
 
 P. 
 
 Aorist 2. I might, could, would, or should strike. 
 
 S. TVTTOlftl TV7TOIQ TVTCOL 
 
 D. ru'/rotrov TVTTOITTJV 
 
 P. TVTroipev TVTTOITS 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present, ASVn'/je. 
 S. rvTrre ri>7T7fcra> 
 
 D. TVTTTtTOV TVTTTSrdJV 
 
 P. TV7TTLT8 . TVTTTtTUJGaV 
 
 Perfect 1. Have struck. 
 
 S. T'cTlHpB. TtTV<j)T(i) 
 
 ~D. TETV^ETOV TtTV(j)tT(t)V 
 
 P. TETVfpere TeTv&erwcrav 
 
 Perfect 2. //are struck. 
 
 S. T&TVTTE TfTVTTtTlt) 
 
 D. TtTVTTETOV TtTVTf'iTMV 
 
 P. TtTVTTtTc TtTVTc'tTUaCtV 
 
 Aorist 1. Strike. 
 
 S. rv<l/ov Tv^drw 
 
 3). Tvyarou TV\^CITOJV 
 
 P. Tv^are TVaTuaav 
 
46 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Aorist 2. Strike. 
 
 S. TV7TE TV7TETW 
 
 % D. TVTTtTOV TVTTSTWV 
 
 P. TV KITE TVTTtTbMJaV 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. TVTTTEIV, to strike, to be striking. 
 
 Perfect 1. rtrvtitvai, to have struck. 
 
 Perfect 2. rervTrsvai, to have struck. 
 
 Future 1 . TV^EIV, to be about to strike, 
 
 Future 2. rvTrtiv, to be about to strike.^ 
 
 Aorist 1. TV^CII, to strike. 
 
 Aorist 2. ru/rn^, to strike. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. Striking. 
 
 N. TV7TTUJV TVTTTOVffCt 
 
 G. TVTTTOVTOQ TVTTTOVarjg 
 
 Perfect 1. Having struck. 
 
 N. TtTlHpiOQ TETV<pvla 
 
 G. 
 
 Perfect 2. Having struck. 
 
 rervTTwa 
 
 OZ TtTVTTViaQ 
 
 Future 1. Going to strike. 
 
 N. TtTV7r<jj rervTTwa TZTVTTOQ 
 
 G. TETVTTOTOZ TtTVTTViaQ TtTUTTOTO 
 
 N. TVIJJWV 
 G. TV^OVTt 
 
 Future 2. Going to strike.^ 
 
 N. TV7TWV TUTTUUGCt TVTTOiJV 
 
 G. TVXOVVTOZ TVTrovcrrjc; TVTruvvTog 
 
 Aorist 1. Having struck. 
 
 N. Tv-(jja Tvijjacra rv^av 
 
 G. TV^CIVTOQ TV\jJClG1ig TV\JJC(PTO 
 
 Aorist 2. Having struck. 
 
 N. TVTTOtV TVTTOVffa TV7TUV 
 
 G. TV7TOPTO TVTTOVVrjQ TUTTGVTQQ 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 I). 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD, 
 
 Present. / am struck. 
 
 TVTTTOfJLaC TVTTTy OT -7TTU 
 
 TVTTTOfJL^OV 
 
 Imperfect. I was struck. 
 
 irVTTTOV 
 
 Perfect. I have been struck. 
 
 Pluperfect. / had been struck. 
 
 irirv^e 
 
 Future 1. I shall or will be struck. 
 or -era 
 
 TVTTTOVrai 
 
 rvrrreTO 
 
 tTVTTTOVTO 
 
 kvoi ijaav 
 
 Future 2. I shall be struck. 
 TVTrfjGOfJiai TV7TY]<ry TVTrfjvtrat 
 
 Future 3. I shall be struck. 
 
 MTTIJV 
 
 Aorist 1. I was struck. 
 
 irvfi&rjTov 
 inxf&rjre 
 
 Aorist 2. / was struck. 
 
 kTWTJje 
 
 trvTrrjrov 
 
 tTVTT)] 
 
 tTVTrfjTrjf 
 
48 GEEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. I am struck. I may or can le struck. 
 
 S. TVTTTUfJlCtl TVTTTy TVliTT]Tai 
 
 I). TVTTTWfjltSoi' TVTTTrjGSrOV TUTTTtjaSrOV 
 
 P. TVTrTion&a TVTTrrjaSe rvirr^vrai 
 
 Perfect. / have been struck, I may have been struck. 
 S. TETVfifjiirog (y, ov), w, yq, y- 
 D. rfri>ju/zro> (a, w), (Oytttv, IJTOV, ijrov. 
 P. TtTV^fjiepoi (at, a), <u/jj/, jyrf, wfft(v). 
 
 Aorist 1. /<m struck, I may or caw ie struck. 
 
 S. TvtySuj 
 
 J). 
 
 P. Tvtyz&niv 
 
 Aorist 2. I may be struck. 
 S. rfTrJ; Tviryz 
 
 D. - TVTTtJTOV TVTriJTOV 
 
 P. TU7TU>fJ.V TVTTiJTE TVK&Gl 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. / mir/ht, could, would, or should be struck. 
 
 S. TVTTToifJIJV TV7TTOIO TV7TTOLTO 
 
 D. TVTTTOIH&OV TVTTTOiaSrov TVTTToi(j3rr] 
 
 P. TWKToifjie&a. TVTTTOKJ^E TVTTTOIVTO 
 
 Perfect. I might, etc., Ai*c teerc struck. 
 
 S. TervpjjL^vo^ (j], oi/), ('?yv, f'^Cj ' ? 7' 
 
 D. TtTV^kvit) (, w), eh]Liev,tirjTOV, eu'iTTjv. 
 
 P. 
 
 Future 1. I should or would be struck. 
 S. rvtySrnGoifirjv rv^rjuoto TV<p3rrj<joiTO 
 
 T). TV(j)^rr](7oipt^ov rv(^3rr]ffoi<7^ov nMJ&ijffoiff&l 
 
 P. Tv^rjaoifJLf^ra TU(p$i]aoivS8 
 
 Future 2. I might, etc., hereafter be struck. 
 S. TVTrnaoi/Jirjv rvTn'jffoio Tvirr 
 
 D. TvirrjcroiiJitSov T 
 
 P, rvwqaoipe&a r 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 49 
 
 Future 3. I should or would remain struck. 
 S. rtrv^oifjujv rerv^oio 
 
 D. TtTV^OljJl&OV TtTV^OUjStOV TtTV^o'ltJ^f 
 
 P. reTVifjoifji&a TTU\}JOI<T$ TSTV^OIVT 
 
 Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should be struck. 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 fifv rwj&ttijTt or -are 
 Aorist 2. I might, etc., be struck. 
 
 TV(pllT)Tr]V 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 TVTrenjv 
 
 TVTTtitJlJtEV 
 
 rvvfrjg 
 rv7ri'ir]Tov 
 
 TVTTtlTJTe 
 
 S, 
 D. 
 
 p. 
 
 a 
 
 D. 
 
 p. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. Be thou struck. 
 TVTTTOV TVTrr 
 
 Perfect. Be thou struck. 
 
 Aorist 1. Be thou struck. 
 
 Aorist 2. Be struck. 
 
 S. TVTTTjdt 
 D. TVTTrfTOV 
 
 P. TVTrrjre TVTrrjTOjaav or -evrwv 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. rvTrrtaSai, to be struck. 
 
 Perfect, rfrt/03-at, to have been struck. 
 
 Future 1. rv03-7<Teoai, to be about to be struck.' 
 
 Future 2. rvirriGtaSai, to be about to be struck. 
 
 Future 3. rfru'^eaS-ai, to remain struck. 
 
 Aorist 1. rv<f)$rivat, to be struck. 
 
 Aorist 2. rvTrijvat, to be struck. 
 
 c 
 
50 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR REGLXXERS. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. rvTrTofjitvoc., ij, ov, being struck. 
 
 Perfect. TITV^^'WOC, rj, ov, struck, having been struck. 
 
 Future 1 . ru03^<7o/ji>o, 77, or, about to be struck. 
 
 Future 2. Tvirrjcofjitvoc., rj, ov, about to be struck. 
 
 Future 3. Terv^ofjiEvog, about to remain struck. 
 
 Aorist 1. TvfyStic., tlffa, &v, being struck. 
 
 Aorist 2. TVTTiig, etera, er, being struck. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. / strike myself. 
 S. rvTTTOfjiai rvrcry rvimrai 
 
 I). TVTTTOfJl&OV TVTTTtaSoV TV7TTt(T$OV 
 
 P. TVTTTUIJl&a TVTTTtGSf TVTTTOVTCLl 
 
 Imperfect. / was striking myself. 
 S. irvTrrofjiTjv ITVTTTOV iTvirnro 
 
 P. iTVTTTOfji&a irvrrTtaSe irvTrrovro 
 
 Perfect. / have struck myself. 
 
 S. rt'rv/u/iat rkrvtyai riruTfrai 
 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 Pluperfect. I had struck myself . 
 
 S. ireTvfifJLrjv irtrv^o IrtTVTrro 
 
 D. treTvfjin&ov trkrvfySov trtTvQSrtjv 
 
 Future 1. I shall strike myself. 
 
 S. rv^o/iae rv^y TV^ETUI 
 
 P. TV'il/OUtOa TVlLfffOt TVll/OVTat 
 
 Future 2. I shall strike my self *.f 
 
 S. rvTrovfJiai TVTTTJ rvTritrai 
 
 D. TVTTOVfJt&OV TVTTtiaSoV TVirtla&OV 
 
 P. rvTrovfJif^a TviriiaSt rvirovvrai 
 
 Aorist 1 . / struck myself. 
 
 S. rwpa/uj;i> trvx//o> irv^dro 
 
 P. irv^afie^a eTV\l/aa$6 tTv^avro 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 51 
 
 Aorist 2. I struck myself. 
 
 S. tTvirofjirjv krvirov 
 
 D. irvTTOfJieOov ervTreoOov 
 P. irvTrofttOa 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. I strike, I may or can strike, myself. 
 
 S. rurrruj/iat Tvirry 
 
 D. TVTrrdjfJie^ov rvTrrrjaSov 
 
 P. TVtrTWH&a TV7TT7](T& T 
 
 Perfect. / may have struck myself. 
 S. TtTVfjLfjitvoG S), yg, y, 
 
 D. TiTVjJLfJlBVd}, TJTOV, ffTOV, 
 
 P. TtTVJJlfJlivOl WfJieV, iJT, tbffl. 
 
 Aorist 1. I may strike myself. 
 S. TvipufJiai Tv-fyy T 
 
 "D. TV^fJltOoV TV^TJffOoV T 
 
 P. Tv^w/jitQa rv^rjaOe 
 
 Aorist 2. I struck myself. 
 
 S. ruTraJfJiai rviry 
 
 D. TVTTWfJltOoV TVTTTjaOoV TV7T1]ff9oV 
 
 P. ru7ro>/ic9a TvirrjaOe 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. / might strike myself. 
 
 S. TVTTToiflTJV TV7TTOIO TVTTTOLTO 
 
 D. TVTTTOlfJieSoV TVTTTOlffSoV TVTTToiaSrrjV 
 
 P. TVTrroifji&a TvirroiffSre TVTTTOIVTO 
 
 Perfect. I might have struck myself. 
 S. Ttrvfjifjitvoc; tirjv, tirig, tlij, 
 
 * D. TtTVUfJlBVto), tlrjTOV, tlTJTTJV, 
 
 P. TeTvpfJiEvoi elrjfjiev, tlrjTe, tlrjaav. 
 
 Future 1. I should strike myself. 
 
 S. TV^OlprjV TV\I/010 TV^OITO 
 
 D. TVlfjOtfJltQoV TV^OHjQoV TV^OiaQlJ 
 
 P. Tv\j/6ifjieQa 
 
2 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Future 2. I should strike myself.^ 
 
 S. TVTTOlfJiyjV TVTTOIO TV1TOITO 
 
 D. TVTToijjllOoV TVTTOtaOov TVTTOlffOrjV 
 
 P. TViroifJitQa rvTrourOe TVTTOIVTO 
 
 Aorist 1. / mighty etc., strike myself. 
 
 S. 
 D. 
 P. 
 
 Aorist 2. / mighty etc. , strike myself. 
 S. TVTToijjirjv TVTTOIO TVTTOITO 
 
 D. TVTToifjitOov TviroiaQov TVTroiaOrjv 
 
 P. TVTTOlfJLeOa TVTTOHtOe TV7TOIVTO 
 
 S. TV7TTOV 
 
 D. T 
 P. 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 IMPERATITE MOOD. 
 
 Present. Strike thyself. 
 
 Perfect. Have been struck. 
 
 T6TV$$<Ji> 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 S. Tinfsai 
 
 D. TvifjaaSrov 
 
 P. TvipaoSre 
 
 S. TVTTOV 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 Aorist 2. Strike. 
 
 TVTTBffSijj 
 TfTTfVS'WV 
 
 Present. 
 Perfect. 
 Future 1. 
 Future 2. 
 Aorist 1. 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 , #o strike one's se//*. 
 to have struck one's self. 
 ai, to 6e a&owZ <o strike one's se//*. 
 
 , contracted rvTTfi^at, to 6e a6o/ to strike one's seT/If 
 t, to strike one's se^. 
 , to strike one's self. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 53 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. TVTTTO^VO^ r\, ov, striking himself. 
 
 Perfect. TtrvfijJievoQ, rj, ov, having struck himself. 
 
 Future 1. rv^6/ifi>o, rj, ov, about to strike himself. 
 
 Future 2. rvireo^tvoQ, contr. TVTroviJ.(vog,rj, ov, about to strike one's self.^ 
 
 Aorist 1 . Tv^dfievo^j rj, ov, striking or having struck himself. 
 
 Aorist 2. rvTrofjievoc,, TJ, ov, striking or having struck himself. 
 
 [NOTE. Grammarians have assumed a second future in the Active as well as in 
 the Passive and Middle Voices. We have given these in the paradigms, marking 
 them with an obelisk (t). But no such forms actually exist in this voice.] 
 
 37. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 I. 
 
 AUGMENT. 
 
 The Imperfect and Aorists of the Indicative Mood, and 
 the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Third Future of all of the 
 Moods, receive an increase at the beginning, whichfris 
 called Augment. 
 
 Of this Augment there are two species, known as the 
 Syllabic Augment and as the Temporal Augment. The 
 Syballic Augment consists of a syllable or syllables pre- 
 fixed to the Verb. The Temporal Augment is formed by 
 lengthening the first syllable of the Verb. In most Verbs 
 which begin with a Consonant, the Syllabic Augment is 
 used in the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses, and it is formed 
 by prefixing e to the Root ; as, TVTTTW Imperfect, ITVKTOV. 
 
 In Verbs which begin with a Vowel, the Temporal Aug- 
 ment is used in all of the Past Tenses, and it is formed by 
 lengthening the initial Vowel if it be short, or by leaving 
 it unchanged if it be long. The Temporal Augment 
 lengthens a and e into 77, and o into w ; as, $w Imperfect, 
 rjcW. 
 
 REDUPLICATION. 
 
 In the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Third Future, 
 Verbs which begin with a Consonant repeat this Conso- 
 nant before the Syllabic Augment, and such repetition is 
 
54 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 called Reduplication. In the Pluperfect the Syllabic Aug- 
 ment is repeated before the Reduplication ; as, 
 
 TUTTTW Perfect, T-e-rvtya Pluperfect, 
 
 COMPOUND VERBS. 
 
 Verbs compounded with a Preposition take their Aug- 
 ment between the Preposition and the Verb ; as, 
 t) Imperfect, 
 
 II. 
 THE ROOT. 
 
 The Root of a Verb is composed of those letters which 
 undergo no change in inflection throughout every part of 
 the Verb. 
 
 The Characteristic of a Verb is the last letter of the 
 Root. 
 
 In regular Verbs, the Characteristic is the letter which 
 immediately precedes the termination of the Present 
 Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice ; as, y in Ae'yoj. In 
 many instances, however, the Root is modified by the in- 
 terposition of a letter or letters before the termination ; 
 as, r in Tirnrit)) where the Root is TVTT. 
 
 Commonly the Root may be found by striking off from 
 the Present Indicative Active the letters which follow the 
 Characteristic. The remainder will be the Root, either 
 unchanged or as modified by the rules of Euphony; as, 
 
 Xe'yw Characteristic, y Root, Xey. 
 TVTTTW Characteristic, TT Root, TVTT. 
 
 Verbs are Pure, Mute, or Liquid, according as the Char- 
 acteristic is a Vowel, a Mute, or a Liquid ; as, 
 
 rtw Characteristic, t is a Pure Verb ; 
 XC/TTW Characteristic, TT is a Mute Verb ; 
 (nrelpu Characteristic, p is a Liquid Verb. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 55 
 
 SECONDARY ROOT. 
 
 In the Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorist, and Future Tenses, 
 the Root is found to be, in some Verbs, a shortened form. 
 These Tenses, when formed from this shortened Root, are 
 called the 
 
 Second Perfect, 
 
 Second Pluperfect, 
 
 Second Aorist, 
 
 Second Future. 
 
 These are not distinct Tenses, but merely different forms 
 of the same Tense. The shortened root is found in the 
 Lexicon, and the Tenses are formed by adding their re- 
 spective terminations to it, as exhibited in the Second 
 Aorist Active and in the /Second Perfect Active. 
 
 III. 
 SPECIAL RULES FOR FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Present. Add -w to the strengthened Root if it be 
 strengthened ; as, X'TT-W. 
 
 Imperfect. Augment and add -or to the Root ; as, Xtnr- 
 
 1st Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the 
 Root if the Characteristic is a Labial or a Palatal ; add 
 -ra in all other cases ; as, XaV-w ; \e-\eur-a =\Xei(j)a (6, R. 
 16). 
 
 2d Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the 
 modified Root, as found in the Lexicon ; as, XEITT-CJ ; XOITT ; 
 \ XOITT a. 
 
 1st Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
 ment, and -iw to the Root, if the Characteristic is a Labial 
 or a Palatal ; add -KEIV in all other cases ; as, XaV 
 (6,R, 16). 
 
56 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 2d Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
 ment, and add -v to the modified Root as found in the 
 2d Perfect; as, Xenr-w; Xot?r; eXeXotVeu/. 
 
 1st future. Add o-w to the Root ; as, XftTr w; XetTr-o-w^ 
 XV/ (6, R. 5). 
 
 2 d Future. Add -tw, contracted w, to the shortened Root 
 as found in the Second Aorist ; as, Xenr-w ; XITT ; Xnrw.f 
 
 IstAorist. Augment and add -o-a to the Root ; as, XC/TT- 
 w ; eXetTT era = eXen^/a (6, R. 5). 
 
 2d Aorist. Augment and add -ov to the shortened Root 
 as found in the Lexicon ; as, XaV-w ; XITT ; t\urov. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Present. Add -o/itu to the strengthened Root, if it be 
 strengthened ; as, XW'TT-W ; \eiir-op.cu. 
 Imperfect. Augment and add -o^v to the Root; as, 
 
 XCITT it) ; I XetTT ofirjv. 
 
 Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -/zcu to the 
 Root ; as, Xenr w ; Ac XCITT fj.aiz=:\\eip,fjiai (6, R. 2). 
 
 Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Augment, 
 and add -p.rjv to the Root; as, XetV-w; c-Xe-Xc/Tr-^y^cXe- 
 \EiHfiriv (6, R. 2). 
 
 ls Future. Add -drjcrofiai to the Root ; as, XV-w ; XetTr- 
 Oti(Top,a.L = \i(t)dfiffop,at (6, R. l). 
 
 2(7 Future. Add -qo-o/mi to the shortened Root as found 
 in the 2 d Aorist Active ; as, XEITT-W; XITT; \urfi ffop,ai. 
 
 3d Future. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -o-o/zcu to 
 the Root ; as, XC/TT-W; XfXe/7r-o-o/iatrr:XeX/i^o/zai (6, R. 5). 
 
 1st Aorist. Augment and add -617 v to the Root; as, 
 X'TT-W; eXetyOriv (6, R. 1). 
 
 2c7 Aorist. Augment and add -rjv to the shortened 
 Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active ; as, XC/TT-W ; XCTT ; 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 57 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 Present. Add -o/zai to the strengthened Root, if it be 
 strengthened ; as, Xenr w ; XctTro^icu. 
 
 Imperfect. Augment and add -ofirjv to the Root; as, 
 Xe/7r u) ; iXftTrofjiriv. 
 
 Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -/zcu to the 
 Root ; as, Xfnr-w ; XcXet/x/xcu (6, R. 2). 
 
 Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug- 
 ment, and add pjr to the Root ; as, XaV w ; eXfXaWrp'. 
 
 1st Future. Add -tro/icu to the Root; as, XetV-w; XeA//o- 
 /i<u (6, R. 5). 
 
 2df Future. Add -co/icu, contracted -ov/zat, to the short- 
 ened Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active ; as, XEITT-W ; 
 XITT; XtTToi/^cu.f 
 
 1st Aorist. Augment and add -o-a/iijv to the Root; as, 
 Xcnr-w; fXei^afJLYiv (6, R. 5). 
 
 2d Aorist. Augment and add -o/z??j> to the shortened 
 Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active ; as, XCITT-W ; Xt?r ; 
 
 XtTT OfJUJV. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 38. Let the pupil form each Tense in the following 
 Verbs, giving Rules for all of the Euphonic Changes as 
 laid down in 6. 
 
 1. T/oi, I honor. 
 
 
 Active. 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 Present. 
 
 ri'-o* 
 
 Tl- OjJLCtt 
 
 Ti-opai 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 e-Ti-ov 
 
 l-riconrjv 
 
 t-Tl-OfJlTJV 
 
 Future 1. 
 
 Ti-a-bt 
 
 Tt-cr-ofiat 
 
 Ti-Srja-onai 
 
 Future 2. 
 
 Tl-W 
 
 Ti-ov-f.iai 
 
 Tt-rjff- opal 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 t-n-ff-a 
 
 i-Tt-ff-ctftrjv 
 
 t-ri-S-tjv 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 t-Tl-OV 
 
 i-n-ofjirjv 
 
 l-ri-rjv 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Tt-Tt-K-Ct 
 
 TS-TL'fiat 
 
 TS-Tl-fjiai 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 e-re-Ti-K-eiv 
 
 l-Tt-ri-firjv 
 
 i-T-Ti-fiT)V 
 
 Perfect 2. 
 
 TB-n-a 
 
 
 
 Pluperfect 2. 
 
 l-Tt-ri-eiv 
 
 
 
 Future 3. 
 
 
 
 Te-Ti-ff-oua 
 
 C2 
 
58 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Present. 
 Imperfect. 
 Future. 
 Aorist 1. 
 Aorist 2. 
 Perfect. 
 Pluperfect. 
 Perfect 2. 
 Pluperfect 2. 
 
 \Aw, I fold. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 Parts divided. 
 
 t-irXiK-ov 
 
 t-TrXtK-a-a 
 t-7rXaic-ov 
 
 7T-7rXo/c-a 
 
 Parts combined. 
 tTrXeicov 
 
 tir\a.Kov 
 
 Present. 
 Imperfect. 
 Future 1. 
 Future 2.f 
 Aorist 1. 
 Aorist 2. 
 Perfect. 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 irXtK-ojjia.1 
 i-TrXtK-Ofirjv 
 
 i-7T\6K-(T-dfJiT]V 
 
 TrXa 
 
 Present. 
 Imperfect. 
 Future 1. 
 Future 2. 
 Aorist 1. 
 Aorist 2. 
 Perfect. 
 Pluperfect. 
 Future 3. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 TrXsKOfiat 
 
 iriTrXeyfiat 
 
 Present. 
 Imperfect. 
 Future 1. 
 Future 2. 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 w, I persuade. 
 Active. Middle. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 7T-<7-U) 
 t-TTEl-ff-d 
 
 t-TTfl-ff-dfJUJV 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 59 
 
 Aorist 2. t-iri3r-ov 
 
 Perfect. irk-Trti-K-a Trk-TTtia~iiai ire-ire iff- \LOLI 
 
 Pluperfect. i-Trt-irri-K-tiv s-Tre-Trtiff-fjujv i-TTt-Trdff-iJLfjv 
 
 Perfect 2. Tri~Troi$-a 
 
 Pluperfect 2. i-ire-noiSr-iiv 
 
 Future 3. Tre-nti-a-opai 
 
 SPECIAL RULES FOR PURE VERBS. 
 
 I. 
 
 39. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a or e or o, are 
 contracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses. 
 
 II. 
 
 The Tenses are formed according to the Rules given 
 above ; but, (a) when a short vowel occurs before a con- 
 sonant, it is changed into its own long ; as, 0tXcw ; 0tXc ; 
 QiXriffu) ; (b) when e or a short doubtful vowel occurs before 
 a Consonant in the Active and Middle Voice, the Verb in- 
 serts <r before a Consonant in the Passive Voice ; as, 
 
 ctXecj 5 ciXiffit) y 
 
60 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 til 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ft^o, 
 
 
 IT? 
 
 
 : 
 
 t e -3 
 
 r? -1'? 
 
 
 3 C-3 
 
 r! 
 
 AH 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 S ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r?-r 
 
 TT I'r 
 
 
 ft ^ 
 
 i *T 
 
 J- ,5 
 
 T i 
 
 PQ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tf * 3 
 a 111 
 
 
 
 2 
 |S 
 ,g-fc 
 
 ^2- & 
 
 
 R- 
 
 II 
 
 HI 
 
 B . ? -" 
 
 
 PS 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 
 ; fl 3 
 
 aers !i-i 
 
 P 1 1 ^sA 
 
 
 |.i-5 
 
 o o & 
 
 441 
 
 3L=Lfc 
 
 || Uf 
 
 
 ||| 
 
 N 
 
 /< /< 
 
 P-iog uC CCC CE1 -- e---t5 : -- 
 
 w .^ 
 
 
 ^ 2 "o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P-l g 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r.t 
 
 3 .1-3 
 
 
 ? ? 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 S 5 
 
 . jjill 
 
 I.lf l*iifl 
 
 ?-3- c .<3 J 3 J J *-* "-< ' 3 
 
 8 - 
 
 g +- * *- 
 
 ^J QJ ' ' rf, <* ~ 3 r rf " 
 
 $ I 1 III |l I | lllllll 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 61 
 
 .2 5 <JI 
 
 Ss 
 ^^SL 
 
 IT! 
 
 .. 
 
 r? 
 
 %u S> 
 
 -f ? 
 
 s 5 " 
 T i 'T 
 
 T 
 
 O " O " O 
 
 rTrTr 
 
 8 C 
 
 1-1 
 
 A 
 > X 
 
 n 
 
 Z to ^ v o 
 
 3-3-3-3- 
 t- ^ K K 
 
 33 - 
 
 a =J. G 
 
 ft?- 
 
 <n 
 
 I till! 
 
62 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 w 
 
 144- 
 |r ? 
 
 ?? 
 
 Tff 
 
 g 
 
 I 
 
 JJ-S-e. 
 
 ci s- ; 
 I ^.3-1 
 
 .2 2 
 
 * 
 
 *^ s^ 
 
 i- -i-.t 
 
 fc 
 
 i. 
 
 tl 
 
 o o 
 
 1^ 
 ? J" 
 
 |i 
 
 11 
 
 ll s 
 
 Iff 
 
 H 
 
 trllt 
 
 l 
 
 <2 
 
 
 
 
 \ P to 6 -a E b 3 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 63 
 
 tl| fti! 
 
 |lt T.TT! 
 
 c> .j 
 
 o| ^^l 1 Is 
 
 H |ltl M 
 r? ^'? S T? ?? 
 
 ajjitvo 
 
 111 lill 
 
 IT? ?H1 
 
 'T T ? T^T T *? T 
 
 11 
 
 1. 
 
 a s*3 & ' 
 
 j'l 1 -1 Ii 
 
 1 
 
 ace T c" 
 
 .-. "^ - ^ S 
 
 S 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ft * 
 
 Lit! !i. 
 
 S 1 ft? ?" &? ? 
 a ii His 
 
 g l~ U KKUU 
 
 fe& fr* 
 
 | g. .3-.a- g. & ^ ; 
 . fl |T1* ,. |f 
 
 8 jj J-J-^J i I g 
 
 Xpvffijjff-aifirj 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 O > 
 
 
 
 1 Irf f f 
 
 la 5 5 2 S 
 
 1.1- I- ! 1-i- 
 
 II II II 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 J^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 |. |. 5 
 
 illiilili 
 
 3|||,|1|.| || 
 
 V o V o 1 j 
 
 .S:2 ,|- V 3 c- tov- is 
 
 illllllll 
 
 tilll-tli II 
 
 s g s ^ 
 Jfjt Ji 1 
 
 4- 
 
 - 
 
 O _, r- 
 
 
 
 -O) T ~ l 
 
 1 ^lill 
 
 & &,''& ^ 
 
 ^2 ^ ? 
 
 s. -a! 
 
 pt; s *4&< 
 
 fl <^<<^ 
 
 A % 
 
64 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 
 fft . ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 OlSOiS oftgsoS) 
 .2 o-oo C32ooo 
 
 
 111 ill 
 
 1 
 
 I.III4I 1,11411 a* 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 E t c c c ? 
 liJ^4l 
 
 
 Sft^www S^ft^^Si 
 
 U-llfl'l 
 
 o3 -v ^ ^ a, 
 
 K 
 
 |,; .4 
 
 O o5 
 
 w o 8 1 
 
 3 1 3 3 3 g 
 
 r hiiM HH&& d ** 
 
 IJJ'ili g ^il-l^t | , 
 
 S S *i 
 
 H S 1 - 
 
 k H H J 
 
 S 
 
 111 I? 
 
 3^1* 
 
 1 I Is |||! 
 
 O^ . CS JuUfcjtJ' 
 
 IMIII a 1 Hill S '' = 
 
 C ^ fc ,b fc s> M a E C s S *d s 
 
 L -B iy *% s * o *c a -Z 'S -o o S 
 
 PQ 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 
 *Se*Sa^ l S SeSsSl SggggJ 
 
 .i*i!vi 
 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 s ^ s ,^ s f ^ o y 01 y ^ s 
 
 a 
 
 V S I S^M ui-oo Q O <w M. O o cs*UI2oo 
 
 I 
 
 V^^V-v-^S-v^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 "" v v^* v ' - v ' > v^^-,^ . ^ ^ 
 
 3 t ^ 1 i ^ 4 
 
 c ^ & S -'3""-5 
 
ETY^IOLOGY. 
 
 65 
 
 S ^ ft a, S r, 
 
 I 41 III 
 
 ^* Hi K * I- ** 
 
 s o ^ s ,b v o b 
 
 C '3 -S '3 *S f 3 
 
 Itlili I'Jilili 
 
 11-4.14 .1 1 S -'3-2=-= = 
 
 '3 ^ '3 
 
 G 
 o 
 o ~ 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 R"0 '3 
 
 w P 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 OPTATIY 
 
 M 
 
 IOITOV 
 
 olrov 
 
 QOITOV 
 OITOV 
 
 SUBJUNCT 
 
 drjTOV 
 
 O.TOV 
 ITJTOV 
 
 OTJTOV 
 
 WTOV 
 
 
 r ^ l 3* 
 
 O 
 
 '3*1 '3 
 
 ^ *> 
 
 5t^'S 
 
 1L 
 
 3-3.3-3.3-3. 
 -'!.!'!- 'S 
 
 -1.3- 
 
 t-i-l 
 
 i x^ 
 
 1 a 
 
66 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 e e e e g 
 i 1 II 11 
 
 -0 '3 -2 o -o o 
 
 fifiii iittfi 
 
 <<<< 
 
 vu ^ ^ 1*1 wu uu 
 
 fH-Ht 
 
 g 
 
 P H S 
 
 g 3 g 
 
 a! 
 
 P 
 
 
 M 
 
 gl 
 
 A S 
 
 g|| || Jlllil 
 
 ^ .. ^ ^ A a 
 
 S" R. B- e- R- 
 
 NMH 
 
 i 4 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 67 
 
 to<S b^ to<S 
 
 -I-U-l-i'l 
 
 
 
 Q 3- u o o o 
 
 iH4HM 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 " ST ST- 
 
 e 
 
 _. 
 
 w p 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 2. * 
 
 c" |. R 1 |. R" a 
 t> Oi t> ^> to ^> 
 
 *S t> v s to *s to 
 ^3-2*3 i^S 
 
 1| l I 
 
 * C w CD * <I> 
 
 ^3, vu ^_ "*> 3_ ** 
 
 * * % 
 
 ^3 |A|- ^3 . 
 
 a V 3 V 3 o V 3 
 
 li ii 
 
 -Itl'l-l-l 
 
 C N 3 * o o o 
 
 \ 
 
 .5 la 
 
 4 
 
68 GKEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 LIQUID VERBS. 
 
 42. Liquid Verbs are those whose characteristic is a Liq- 
 uid. In the formation of their Tenses, they differ from 
 the Mute Verbs in the following particulars, viz. : 
 
 I. 
 
 If the strengthened Root of the Present is long, all of 
 the Tenses excepting the Present and Imperfect are form- 
 ed from the modified Root as found in the 2d Aorist and 
 2d Perfect. 
 
 II. 
 
 The Future Active and Middle, instead of <rw and o-oftcu, 
 add eo) and tojucu, contracted into & and oi^cu, to the short- 
 ened Root; as, rtwu; Root reiv, shortened Root nv^ 
 Future Active TE.V& ; Future Middle rtvoupai. 
 
 III. 
 
 The First Aorist Active and Middle lengthen the short- 
 ened Root, and instead of aa and o-ayuqr, add a and apriv ; 
 as, TSIVU ; Root TEW ; shortened Root rev ; re-lengthened 
 Root reiv'y 1st A. Active iretra ; 1st A. Middle 
 
 IV. 
 
 Verbs of two syllables in eivw, u'w and wu drop v before 
 a Consonant; as, ravw; Root TW, modified Root rav; 
 Perfect reraica. 
 
 43. EXAMPLES OF LIQUID VERBS. 
 
 Srf'XXw, I send. 
 
 Active. Middle. Passive. 
 
 Present. crreXX-w errt'XX-o/zat (TTtXX-ofjLai 
 
 Imperfect. f-errtXX-ov 
 
 Future 1. <mX--a>, w 
 
 Future 2. 
 
 Aorist 1. t-araX-a 
 
 Aorigt 2. 1-oraX-ov 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 69 
 
 Perfect. t-araX-K-a 
 
 t-ffTaX-fiat 
 
 t-ffraX-fiai 
 
 Pluperfect. i-vrdX-K-tiv 
 
 i-ffTdX-firjv 
 
 -<rraX-/i/v 
 
 
 
 
 Pluperfect 2. i-vToX-eiv 
 
 
 
 
 
 <bai 
 
 'vii), I sJlOlb. 
 
 
 Active. 
 
 Middle. , 
 
 Passive. 
 
 Present. $aiv-w 
 
 0aiV-o)uat 
 
 Qaiv-ojj.ai 
 
 Imperfect. t-Qatv-ov 
 
 i-<j)aiv-6fjirjv 
 
 t-<f>aiv-6[JTjv 
 
 Futurel. 0ai>--w, w 
 
 <j>av-E-ofJiai, ovfi(n\ 
 
 <j>av-Srj<r-ofjia 
 
 Ti*ntnrp 9 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Aorist 1 . t-tyav-a. 
 
 i-fav-dfjrjv 
 
 T$av-$ -nv L 
 
 Aorist 2. t-fyav-ov 
 
 i-$av-6fjiTjv 
 
 i-<j)dv-rjv 
 
 Perfect. Trt-Qay-K-a 
 
 7T-0a(T-/*at 
 
 TTs-Qaa-fiai 
 
 Pluperfect. i-7re-(f>dy-K-tiv 
 
 i-TTt-Qdff-ntjv 
 
 i-7re-<f)dff-iJ.Tjv 
 
 
 
 
 JL enect A. Trs-tprjv-a 
 Pluperfect 2. i-irt-fo'jv-tiv 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tt/vw, I stretch. 
 
 Active. 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Passive. 
 
 Present. raV-w 
 
 Ttiv-ofiai 
 
 Ttiv-ofjiai 
 
 Imperfect. i-Teiv-ov 
 
 i-reiv-ofJLTjv 
 
 i-rtiv-ofjtjv 
 
 Future 1. Ttv-e-it>, w 
 
 rtv-t-ofj.at, ovfjai 
 
 ra-^f)ff-0fj.at 
 
 T-Tiitiirn 9 
 
 
 
 Aorist 1. t-riiv-a 
 
 i-TCtV-dfJTJV 
 
 i-Td-$-T)V 
 
 Aorist 2. t-rav-ov 
 
 i-rav-ofjirjv 
 
 i-Tav-tjv 
 
 Perfect. re-ru-K-a 
 
 r!-ra-/xai 
 
 rs-Ta-fiai 
 
 Pluperfect. i-rf-rd-K-tiv 
 
 i-Te-rd-firjv 
 
 i-Tf-Td-fJLTJV 
 
 Perfect 2. rk-rov-a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluperfect 2. t-rc-ror-ftr 
 
 
 
 
 
 N/IW 
 
 , I distribute. 
 
 
 Active. 
 
 Middle. 
 
 Passive, 
 
 Present. vt/i-w v 
 
 v^-ofiat 
 
 rsfi-ofjiai 
 
 Imperfect. t-ve^-ov 
 
 i-vfu-6utjv 
 
 i-vtfj.-6fjrjv 
 
 Futurel. vep-e-u, w 
 
 VEfJL-B-OU,aij OVUCtl 
 
 rtfj,-t]-&i)ff-of. 
 
 T7 1 O 
 
 
 vafji-rjff-ofj,ai 
 
 
 
 Aorist 1. t-veifJL-a 
 
 i-veifJt-dfirjv 
 
 i-VtfJL-TJ-S-TJV 
 
 Aorist 2. t-vap-ov 
 
 i-vajj.-6fj.rjv 
 
 i-vdfj,-rjv 
 
 Perfect. vt-vsfi-tj-K-a 
 
 vt-Vip-tj-fjiat 
 
 vt-VEfj,-t]-iJiai 
 
 Pluperfect. i-ve-vejJi-rj-K-t 
 
 iv i-ve-vf.i-f]-fj.rjv 
 
 i-Vt-V(fJ,-T]-p 
 
 Perfect 2. ve-vofi-a 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pluperfect 2. t-vt~von-tiv 
 
 
 
70 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 VERBS IN fu. 
 
 44. Verbs in fit are formed from Pure Verbs in 
 
 aw, w, ow, and vw, 
 
 and are consequently of four forms, ending respectively in 
 rjpty T/JUI, w/a, and vfjit. 
 
 The following steps are taken in the formation of a reg- 
 ular Verb in /a : 
 
 I. 
 
 Change w into /a ; as, 
 
 /3aw; /3a/a. 
 
 II. 
 Lengthen the Penult ima ; as, 
 
 flaw 5 /3a/a 5 /3rjfj.i. 
 
 III. 
 
 Prefix the Reduplication. 
 
 This consists of i with the initial Consonant when the 
 Verb begins with a Consonant ; as, 
 
 or of simply an aspirated t when the Verb begins with 
 a Vowel or with the letters or or TTT -, as, 
 fw; If/a ; ^f/a; tiy/a. 
 
 oraoi 5 trrapt ', ffrrj/Jii 5 itmifju. 
 
 / / / 
 
 Trraw 5 7rra/a 5 TTT^IJLI ; t7rr7/a. 
 
 45. Verbs in /a have but three Tenses of this peculiar 
 form, viz. : the Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist. The 
 remaining Tenses are formed regularly from the Pure 
 Verbs upon which they are built. The Present is formed 
 above. The other two Tenses are formed as follows ; 
 viz. : 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 71 
 
 IMPERFECT ACTIVE. 
 
 Change p of the Present into v, and prefix the Aug- 
 ment, unless the Verb begins with t, which remains un- 
 changed ; as, 
 
 L y Imp. efi& 
 
 t ; Imp. 
 
 SECOND AORIST ACTIVE. 
 
 Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb 
 begins with a Vowel, TTT-, or or, when the aspirated i is 
 changed into the Augment ; as, 
 
 c; Imp. i$i$w, 2d A. cwy. 
 
 i; Imp. icmiv} 2d A. 
 
 PRESENT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 
 
 Change pi of the Present Active into pai and shorten 
 the Penultima ; as, 
 
 t ; Pres. Pass. Sft 
 
 IMPERFECT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 
 
 Change pat of the Present into /xiyi/, and prefix the Aug- 
 ment, unless the Verb begins with t, which remains un- 
 changed; as, 
 
 Sidopcu ; Imp. i$i$6/jir)v. 
 
 Icrrapai ; Imp. tVra/zry v. 
 
 SECOND AORIST MIDDLE. 
 
 Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb 
 begins with a Vowel, with TIT, or with or, when the aspi- 
 rated t is changed into the Augment ; as, 
 
 t y e$i()6fj,r]v 5 
 
72 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 P ^ 
 
 b I- 
 
 ^ -I 
 
 P ^ 
 
 b t- 
 
 Bi 
 
 11 
 
 3 < 
 
 $ 3 
 
 s? 
 sJ 
 
 ^ fe 
 
 ? ^ 
 
 b t- 
 
 b b 
 
 .3- 
 
 E * 
 
 it 
 
 ^ S 
 
 t 
 
 <^a3'- 
 ^ 0,'C 
 ECO 
 
 III III 111 ill 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 73 
 
 47. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 I place I put I give 
 
 I show 
 
 ti8< 
 
 wc; 
 
 IffTCLTOV 
 IffTOTOV 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 T&iTOV Ci^GTOV Ci'lKVVTQV 
 
 T&tTOV dlOOTOV StlKVVTOV 
 
 ri&ffitv cido[Jin> dtiicwfltv 
 
 T&tTt didoTe dtiKwre 
 
 Ti^icun^v) c?t^oacr/(j') deiKvv(i0i(i>) 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 tTi&ijv idiSwv tdtiKvvv 
 
 tdtlKVV 
 
 idtlKVVTIJV 
 
 P. 
 
 Vcrrarf 
 
 kriSiTt tSidore tdtiicvvi 
 
 
 'iffTavai' 
 
 ir'&tGav tido(rav ifitiKWt 
 
 S. 
 
 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 t^TjV tddJV tdiJV 
 
 
 tarrjQ 
 tffrrj 
 
 i$rrj tdaj tdv 
 
 D. 
 
 tffrrjrov 
 
 tdu^ev 
 tSerov tdorov 
 IStrijv idoTqv tdvrrjv 
 
 P. 
 
 tffTTjre 
 
 t^rsfiev tdofAfv tdvjiisv 
 tSrtre. to ore tovre 
 tSevav tdoaav tdvaay 
 
 D 
 
GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 iffrys 
 
 IGTIJ 
 
 lGTt]TOV 
 IGT^TOV 
 
 SU15JUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 T&i]TOV 
 T&tJTOV 
 
 P. 
 
 VtlKVVWJJLtV 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 OTW inflect- && inflect- da> inflect- dun) inflect- 
 ed like the ed like the ed like the ed like the 
 Present. Present. Present. Present. 
 
 tffraiijc 
 
 term?/ 
 
 D. 
 
 larairjTt 
 larairjaav 
 
 D. iffTalrov 
 iffraiTfjv 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 citiotrj 
 didoirjTov 
 
 Ti$rfii](Tav ^ 
 
 Or thus : 
 
 tlKVVOlTOV 
 
 CtlKVVOlTE 
 StlKVVOltV 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 GTair]v inflect- Sttrjv inflect- coirjp inflect- 
 ed like the ed like the ed like the 
 Present. Present. Present. 
 
S'.' _~ci., 
 toTu.ji 
 
 or i oTty 
 
 ioToroo 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 or St'iKvv 
 
 T&'tTU dlCUTU) StlKVVTd) 
 
 T&fTOV difioTOV StlKVVTOV 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 3-ari or 3-6 c^o3( or < 
 
 GT)]TUJV 
 P. OT^7 
 
 or crravrwv or Sivnov or < 
 
 Pres. forayac 
 Aor. 2. (7rm/ai 
 
 Pres. i(rrc 
 Aor. 2. orf 
 
 INTFIXITIVE MOOD. 
 Stivai covvai 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 3-it't; dove 
 
 PASSIVE! AND MIDDLE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 CVTt 
 
 durcoaav 
 or SUVTWV 
 
 duvai 
 
 dug 
 
 or riSy 
 'iGrarai ri&Tat StdoTftt otiKWrai 
 
 'izTClVTCU T&tVTCU FiCOVTCU Ct'lKVVVTa 
 
70 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 S. 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 iGru/uHiv 
 
 'iGTUGO 
 
 or 'IGTCO 
 'iGraro 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 or ir& 
 
 1 7/3*6 TO 
 
 idiooao 
 
 or ididov 
 tcidoTO 
 
 iriSevro 
 
 tdt'lKVVTO 
 
 tllKWVTO 
 
 Aorist 2 Middle. 
 
 iffranqv t^rsfjirjv tdopjv i^L<jj.i]i' 
 
 inflected inflected inflected inflected 
 
 like the like the like the like 
 
 Imperfect. Imperfect. Imperfect, t 
 
 t(TT : 
 
 IffTtJTCtl 
 
 D. 
 
 P. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 TlStJTCtl 
 
 Ti3riJG&ov 
 
 TiSruvTCii cidisJVTai 
 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 Aorist 2 Middle. 
 
 like the like the 
 
 Present. Present. 
 
 like 
 
 S. 
 
 (TTCllfJlT]V 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 dtdolo 
 
 T&tLTO 
 
 SeiKvvoto 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 D. Iffraiu&o 
 
 lilKVVOLG^OV 
 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 S. \GTCKJQ 
 
 or Y0TW 
 
 P. VcTTrtl 
 
 or i 
 
 GTUGO 
 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 T&llVTO Cld( 
 
 Aorist 2 Middle. 
 
 dKl'VClVTO 
 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present, 
 or riSov or ciccv 
 
 or T&wSuv or &, 
 Aorist 2 Middle. 
 
 ^t'cTO or 3oi; 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 dcffo or ov 
 like the 
 Present. 
 
 Or ()tlKVVG$WV 
 
 like 
 
 CL(KVVGO. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Pres. ; 
 A. 2 M. 
 
 Pres. 'iGTUfuvoQ 
 
 A. 2M. GTClUtVOZ 
 
 EXERCISES IN FORMATION. 
 
 Let the pupil form all of the Tenses of the following 
 Verbs according to the foregoing Rules. 
 
 Verb. Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root. 
 
 cepK capK 
 
78 
 
 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root. 
 Xey Xey Xoy 
 
 (TTJ7T ffaTT (T)J7C 
 
 Oa\ 
 a yap 
 
 /3a 
 
 Oa\ 
 ay(> 
 
 OrjX 
 ayop 
 
 48. TABLES OF THE SYNOPSES AND INFLECTIONS OF CER- 
 TAIN IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 Efp, to be. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 f //.', t or a, iffTi terror, earov tcr/^6^, tare, dai 
 
 Singular. 
 Singular. 
 
 F/lifl') 1l<fO, I'lTO 
 
 Singular. 
 aofiaij tag, tvtrai 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Dual. 
 
 Imperfect Middle. 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Future Middle. 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular, 
 i or tdo, torw 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 tcrrov, tGTiov 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 t'irjroi', tifinjv 
 
 Future. 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 tTrf, torajcr 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Plural. 
 
Singular. 
 
 <^> yc, y 
 
 Present. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 
 IjTGV, fjTCV 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Participle. 
 
 WV, OlHJCl, VV 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Indie, efyii tit; or ti HGI 
 Suly. i'w o?c n; 
 Opt. foijui rote; i'ot 
 
 Imper. i'S't irw 
 
 Infin. livat Part, iwi/ 
 
 Sing, foiv or ya 
 
 Dual 
 
 Plur. fietufv or y 
 
 Present t'-fjut 
 Imperfect L-E^V 
 
 E7^it, to go. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Dual. 
 
 tro^ 'irov 
 \r\rov trjrov 
 'ioirov ioirrfv 
 'irov "iTWV 
 
 Plural. 
 
 'ITS lei or lam 
 
 'h]TE 'ihJffl 
 
 wire 'ioitv 
 ITS 'iTwaav 
 
 lovaa iov Gen. iuv-oq iovcrjc, etc. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 ytig or r/ffffS-a ?jti 
 
 foiTov or ?JTOV ytiTrjv or IJTTJV 
 
 yiT or ?JTE r^eaar, Ion. yicav 
 
 "lEfjiai, to hasten. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 -TCll 
 -(TO 
 
 j etc. 
 , etc. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 irjv, "irjc, 
 
 ;t, to send. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Future 1. 
 
 tTOV. (TOV 
 
 Plural. 
 v, t-f, hlt 
 
 0/jKV, (T(, OVfTL 
 
80 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 Aorist 1. Perfect. Pluperfect. 
 
 TJKCl HKrt tlKtLV 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 or tijJLtV) art, tiaav 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 'i&ij Uraj 'itTOV, ikruv 'itrs, ikrwcav 
 
 Aorist 1. Perfect. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 iti-ijv, rjc, r\ r\TOV y rjrTjv "n^Wi ?1 T t) tfffav 
 
 Future 1. Perfect. 
 
 fycroi/y.i f'/K:otjUi 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 iw, ly, \y itjrov, I^TOV iwptv, irjre, iwcrs 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 tlK-UJ) %C, y 1JTOV, r\TOV (il/MV, 7}TE, COffl 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 , <i>, y, y ijrov, i]rov w//fi>, ?)rf, wat 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. Future 1. 
 
 Perfect. Aorist 2. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. Future 1. 
 
 itic, iuGa, ikv ?;(T(0 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 81 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 tiQ 9 dea, 'iv 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 H&ov, <?Sov, aSi}v 
 
 Perfect. 
 v, a$ov, c$ov 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 and t&nv 
 
 Plural. 
 
 H&a, (7.9-f, VTO.I 
 
 Future 1. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 t'f-jUrtt, GCtl, TCIL 
 
 ie-f,i?]v, (TO, TO 
 
 tl-p]V, (TO, TO 
 
 Future 3. 
 
 tVfTOjltat 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 Present and Imperfect like the Passive. 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 Singular. t .Dnal. , . Plural. 
 
 Future ]. 
 fjo--o/irtt, y, f.Tai op&ov, ecSrov, taSov 6/u$a, fo-3'c, ovTai 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 tij.ii]v, zero, tro tfji&or, ea&ov, tad)]!' t/j.&a, taSe, 'ivro 
 
 Singular. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 Dual. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Ol-pllV, 0, TO 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future 1. 
 
 Dual. 
 &ov, G$OV, oSrrjv 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 &ov, crSov, aSrrjv 
 
 D2 
 
 Plural. 
 
82 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 Future 1. Aorist 2. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Future 1. Aorist 2. 
 
 Tr'jGufjitv-o(;, rj, ov tfitv-og, rj, ov 
 
 a^at, to lie down. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 -fjiai) trat, rat /utS'oi/, (73*02^, <J$QV p&a, <r3f, i'rai 
 
 Imperfect. 
 i-fjLrjv, (TO, ro iu2rov, c$ov, v$r,v f.i&a, (73-6, j/ro 
 
 Future 1 . 
 o/uSrov, taSov, taSov c/if3a, fa^f, ovrai 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD, 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 KH(TO, KtiaSrio Kcladov, KeiaSwv KuaSe, KtivSua 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. rinral. 
 
 toi-fjiijv, o, TO fji&ov, (ToS-oi/, a$r,v ji&a, (r3-f, vro 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. Aorist 1. 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Present. Present. 
 
 KU.O'ZCU Kcifiiv-oCi ^7) ov 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 83 
 
 
 3>77/xt, to say. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. Plural. 
 
 tynv, w, n 
 
 Imperfect. 
 arov 9 arj\v cifttv, are, aaav, and av 
 
 
 Future 1. 
 
 0//<7-W, H, tl 
 
 trov, trov Ojuti/, tr, overt 
 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 t(j)T]<7-a, aCj t 
 
 arov, arj]v a\itv^ are, av 
 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 ty-jji;, f,g, n 
 
 IJTOV, i}TT]v tlHiv, r]re, r}Gav 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 $ai-r]v, r]j r\ 
 
 d>fj(T-aifiij cti, at 
 
 Singular. 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Dual. Plural. 
 
 TJTOV, IJTIJV "nutVi / n rf j "nffav, 
 
 or f-ttv, Tfj (v 
 Aorist 1. 
 airov, airrjv aijj.ci>, atrf, anv 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. 
 Dual. 
 
 (ptJTOV, tyrJTOV 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 Tf]TOVj TJTOV 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 <bu>[j.tv, 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 Future 1. 
 tyrjaujv 
 
 Aorist 1. 
 
 </>/; cr/c 
 
84 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Perfect Trkfyarai TritydaSu 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
 
 v-oc, ?;. cv 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 ^d-fjirji'y (TO, TO n&ov, c$ov, (jdrjv p&a, (7.3-f, VTO 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Aorist 2. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Pliirr.!. 
 
 (pdcr-o, 3"w S'o)^, &d)v 3", S'uxrav 
 
 INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. 
 
 Aorist 2. Aorist 2. 
 
 ic:ilv-Q, ?/, cv 
 
 Ol^a, I know. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural. 
 
 Ind. olSa oiaSa oZ^f (^) 'IGTOV 'iarov \G^V 'ivrt 'ia 
 
 Subj. eidw tidys *' ( ti\h e ^' - 
 Opt. etde'irjv tidtirjQ eiddrj, etc. 
 
 Imp. - ia$ri ifffu "KJTOV 'ivrcov - ('ors 'LG 
 
 Inf. eidtvai Part. iow^ -tia -o^- 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing, ydctv ydtiQ (jfaur&a, Att. ydtya&a) ?/^6i, Att. ^y 
 
 Dual - ydeirov y&ftnjv 
 
 Plur. -; ! !- ydeire (or ^ort) ijdeiaav (or yvavj 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS. 
 
 49. A Deponent Verb is that which under a Middle 
 or Passive form has an Active or Middle meaning. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 85 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE DEPONENT VERB 
 ) I receive. 
 
 Present 
 Imperfect 
 Perfect 
 Pluperfect 
 Future M. 
 or. 1 M. 
 Fut. 1 P. 
 Aor. 1 P. 
 Future 3 
 
 Indicative. | Subjunctive. Optative. | Imper. | lufiu. I Part. 
 
 wanting 
 -w/itti 
 
 wanting 
 x&'M 
 
 wanting 
 
 -OlfJLfJV 
 
 -erjv 
 
 wanting 
 
 -at 
 
 wanting 
 
 -J]TL 
 
 wanting 
 
 -ctcr3*at 
 
 -OLfJitVOQ 
 
 -ofjit 
 
 -lie 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 50. Adverbs are words joined to Verbs, Adjectives, and 
 sometimes to other Adverbs, for the sake of modifying or 
 : their meaning;. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 51. Prepositions are words 'used to express the relations 
 between Nouns and other words which precede them. 
 Properly speaking, the Greek language has eighteen Prep- 
 ositions. They are : 
 
 ajjityl, around. Kara, down. 
 
 am, on. /if-a, after. 
 
 avr'i, instead of. Trapa, along. 
 
 air6,from. Trep/, around. 
 
 2ia, through. Trpo, before. 
 
 as, to. Trpoe, towards, 
 
 ex or e, out of. GUV, with. 
 
 ev, in. i/TTtp, over. 
 
 sir/3 upon. VTTO, under. 
 
80 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 PAET III. SYNTAX. 
 
 52. Syntax teaches the way in which words are ar- 
 ranged in Sentences, and in which Sentences are com- 
 bined together. Sentences are either Simple or Com- 
 pound. A Simple Sentence is one which contains only 
 one Subject and one Predicate. A Compound Sentence 
 is a combination of two 01 more Simple Sentences. 
 
 Every Sentence contains a Subject and a Predicate. 
 The Subject is that of which something is affirmed. 
 The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the Subject ; 
 as, 
 
 'ASravcLTOQ ianv ij ^v%ir}, The soul is immortal. 
 
 In this Sentence, // i/w^) is the Subject and aQavaros ka- 
 TIV is the Predicate. 
 
 The Subject of a Sentence is always either a Noun in 
 the Nominative Case, or some word or words represent- 
 ing a Noun in the Nominative Case. 
 
 The Predicate is cither a Verb alone, or a Verb in con- 
 nection with other words which are dependent upon it. 
 
 The relations of the words in a Sentence to each other 
 are regulated by the following Rules, viz. : 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 53. A Noun modifying the meaning of another Noun, 
 and denoting the same thing, is put in the same case ; as, 
 
 'S.wKpdrrjQ o ^i\o'(7o0oc, Socrates the Philosopher. 
 
 Ill the example given, (ptXcvofog modifies the meaning 
 of Sw.vpun;?, denoting the same person, and is therefore 
 put by Apposition in the same case. 
 
 When the modifying Noun denotes a different person 
 or thing, it is put in a different case. 
 
RULE II. 
 
 54. Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, Participles, and 
 the Article agree with their Nouns in gender, number, 
 and case ; as, 
 
 Avijp (7o0oc, or 2o0o ctvt'ip, A wise man. 
 '\\ tfjLtij Trarpi, To my father. 
 TLapwv o KvpoCj Cyrus being present. 
 Eyu> aroXjiioe f'A"? I am timid. 
 
 (a) If the Adjective refers to two or more Nouns, it is 
 put in the plural number, and in gender prefers the Mas- 
 culine before the Feminine, and the Feminine before lac 
 Neuter. 
 
 (b) A Collective Noun in the singular commonly has 
 its Adjective in the plural. 
 
 (o) (l) The Article 6, //, TO is originally a Demonstrative 
 Pronoun, and in Homer occurs only as such. In later 
 Greek it generally corresponds to the English definite 
 article " the" and is used either to specify a single object 
 or a class. 
 
 (2) When employed to designate a single object above 
 others of the same kind, it is called the Individualizing 
 Article. When employed to designate a v/hole class of 
 objects, it is called the Generic Article. 
 
 (3) The Article is not used when a substantive express- 
 es an idea in general; e. g., Oeug. the divinity; o Oec'c, a 
 particular god. 
 
 (4) The Predicate generally has no Article ; e. g., 
 
 Kf>po tyiveTO [3aai\tvQ rwv Tlepcwv, Cyrus became king of the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 KCLE III. 
 
 55. The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in 
 gender, number, and person ; the case is determined by 
 the construction of the clause to which it belongs: as, 
 
 O 7 "7 
 
 Ot (T-pciTL(u-ai MV iif>x*i The soldiers whom he commanded. 
 
 In this example, the Relative wi> agrees with its ante- 
 
88 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 cedent orpartiDrai in gender, number, and person, but its 
 case is determined by ?lp^e, which is construed with the 
 Genitive. 
 
 (a) Very often the Relative agrees with its antecedent 
 in case also; it is then said to be attracted into the case 
 of the antecedent ; as, 
 
 ^Ivv rcuQ vavalv CIIQ %, With the ships which, lie had. 
 
 Here UIQ would regularly be in the Accusative Case as 
 the object of el^E, but is attracted into the Dative by its 
 antecedent vavv\v. 
 
 (b) On the other hand, the antecedent is often attracted 
 into the case of the Relative ; as, 
 
 OVK olaSa fjioipaQ ?;c rvxiiv avrijv xpaOj/ ; Knowcst thou not the fate 
 which she must meet? 
 
 KULE IV. 
 
 56. A Verb agrees with its subject nominative in num- 
 ber and person ; as, 
 
 Eyw Ae'ycu, I say. , 
 
 (a) Two or more nominatives singular take the Verb 
 in the plural, the First Person being preferred to the Sec- 
 ond, and the Second to the Third. 
 
 (b) Sometimes a Verb, with two or more nominatives 
 of different numbers and persons, agrees with one of them, 
 and is understood with the rest. 
 
 (c) The nominative of the neuter plural takes a Verb in 
 the singular number. 
 
 (d) A Collective Noun in the singular may take a Verb 
 in the plural. 
 
 (e) A dual nominative may take a Verb in the plural. 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 57. Any Verb may have the same case after it as before 
 it, ivhen both words refer to the same thiny ; as, 
 
 'Eyw cr'/u didd(7Ka\oc, / am a teacher. 
 
SYNTAX. 80 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE CASES. 
 THE GENITIVE. 
 
 58. The Greek Genitive performs some of the functions 
 of the Latin Ablative as well as those of the Latin Geni- 
 tive. 
 
 It properly, therefore, has two general significations, 
 viz., (1) Possession, wherein it corresponds to the English 
 Possessive Case and Latin Genitive ; and (2) Separation, 
 wherein it corresponds to the Latin Ablative. 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 59. A Noun limiting the meaning of another Noun, and 
 denoting a different person or thing, is put in the Geni- 
 tive ; as, 
 
 To T&ntvoQ TCV Seov, The temple of the god. 
 
 In the example given, Qzov limits the meaning of rfpevoc, 
 and confines its application to this word. It is the " tem- 
 ple" not of man nor of any other creature, but specifical- 
 ly of God. 
 
 60. A Noun, limiting the meaning of an Adjective for 
 the purpose of farther specifying its meaning, is put in 
 the Genitive ; as, 
 
 Tpificuv \~TTIK~IQ, Skilled in horsemanship. 
 
 RULE VIII. 
 
 01. Nouns, Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Ad- 
 verbs denoting a part, are followed by a Genitive deno- 
 ting the whole ; as, 
 
 'Efcaor?; TUV TroXewr, Each of the states. 
 Oufittg r&v ndpaiciwv, No one of the young men. 
 Ilov y// ; Where on earth f 
 
 The words thus limited are usually Partitives and 
 words used Partitively, Comparatives, Superlatives, In- 
 terrogatives, and some Numerals. 
 
90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 RULE IX. 
 
 62. Adjectives of plenty or want arc followed by the 
 Genitive ; as, 
 
 MfOTt> GopujSov, Full of confusion. 
 
 RULE X. 
 
 G3. The Comparative Degree, without a conjunction, 
 is followed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 KpaVrwv TOVTOV, Superior to this man. 
 
 RULE XI. 
 
 64. Verbs signifying an operation of the senses, except- 
 ing that of sight, are followed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 K\v8i uov, Hear me. 
 
 Verbs of hearing govern the Accusative of the tliirg 
 heard, but the Genitive of the person or thing making 
 the sound. 
 
 RULE XII. 
 
 65. Verbs denoting an operation of the mind are fol- 
 lowed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 KoMpov avvin[jn, I understand the dumb man. 
 
 RULE XIII. 
 
 66. All Verbs denoting origin or possession are follow- 
 ed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 "E<m rov TraiSbz, It belongs to the boy. 
 
 RULE XIV. 
 
 67. All Verbs are followed by the Genitive when their 
 action does not refer to the whole object, but to a part 
 only ; as, 
 
 Memx " T nQ *jO/, They shared in the festival. 
 
 RULE xv. 
 GS. Verbs signifying to abound and to be dentitnto, to 
 
SYNTAX. 91 
 
 fill, to deprive, tc separate, to cease, and to depart from, 
 are followed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 dXAr/X(uv, They separated from each other. 
 
 RULE XVI. 
 
 CO. Verbs of Ruling, and the contrary, are followed by 
 the Genitive ; as, 
 
 Ap%tiv rfJQ orpartttC) To rule the army. 
 
 Verbs fall under this rule which signify to rule, to reign, 
 to lead, to preside over, to survive, to surpass, to begin, 
 and their contraries. 
 
 RULE XVII. 
 
 70. The price of a thing, the crime and the punishment, 
 arc expressed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 'Qvijffaprjv Trivre dpaxfji&v, I bought it fo? five drachmcc. 
 
 RULE XVIII. 
 
 71. Certain Adverbs denoting time, place, and quantity, 
 aro followed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 IToi) yTiQ fifii ; Where on earth cm I? 
 
 RULE XIX. 
 
 72. The Genitive is used to denote the material of which 
 any thing is made ; as, 
 
 Xa\/coD TTotlorrat, They are made of brass. 
 RULE xx. 
 
 73. Time when and the place where are sometimes ex- 
 pressed by the Genitive ; as, 
 
 Oi>x "ApytoQ ?iev ; Was he not at Arrjos ? 
 Ttjs VVKTOQ v'ifjiovTai, They feed at night. 
 
 RULE XXI. 
 
 74. A Noun and a Participle, whose case depends upon 
 no other word in a Sentence, is said to bo in the Genitive 
 Absolute; as, 
 
 Trrf'r' ivfMX&Ti, Koj/fe*f>o uTfjar^yoii rcc, These things were done when 
 Conon was general. 
 
92 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 THE DATIVE. 
 
 75. The Greek Dative, like the Genitive, discharges 
 some of the functions of the Latin Ablative. 
 
 It is the case of the Indirect Object, being thus distin- 
 guished from the Accusative, which is the case of the Di- 
 rect Object. 
 
 It is used to denote the end towards which any thing 
 tends, or the thing for which any thing is done. 
 
 RULE XXII. 
 
 76. Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs are follow- 
 ed by the Dative denoting the object or end to or for 
 which a thing is, or is done ; as, 
 
 'Boifitiv ry Trdrpa, To aid the country. 
 HoSreivbc; TOIQ tAci, Dear to his friends. 
 
 RULE XXIII. 
 
 77. Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness, friendliness, 
 fitness, equality, and nearness, are followed by the Da- 
 tive; as, 
 
 "\Kt\oQ An, Resembling Jvpiter. 
 
 RULE XXIV. 
 
 78. Verbals in roc and rlog are followed by the Dative; 
 
 as, 
 
 Touro ov pr]rov tcri JJLOI, This is not to le spoken by me. 
 
 RULE XXV. 
 
 79. 'Etp, IVy vo/zcu, and f Y7rapx w are followed by the Da- 
 tive denoting the possessor, the thing possessed being the 
 subject of the Verb ; as, 
 
 TptiQ ds juot tial SvyarptCj I have three daughters. 
 
 RULE XXVI. 
 
 80. Verbs signifying to favor, to please, to trust, and 
 their contraries ; also to assist, command, obey, servo, re- 
 
SYNTAX. 93 
 
 sist, threaten, and bo angry, are followed by tlio Dative ; 
 
 as, 
 
 'E(3ofj&t)ff roi "EXX?;<7i, lie assisted the Greeks. 
 
 RULE XXVII. 
 
 81. Impersonal Verbs are followed by the Dative; as, 
 
 "Edo&v avnfy It seemed best to Id in. 
 
 RULE XXVIII. 
 
 82. A Noun denoting the cause, manner, means, and in- 
 strument, is put in the Dative ; as, 
 
 JLuvoia TOVT tTTOirjfft, He did this from good will. 
 Tourip r< rpoTTtf) fi\$ov, They came in this manner. 
 T< ('0ti t7raraf, He struck with his sword. 
 
 RULE XXIX. 
 
 83. The Dative is sometimes used to denote the place 
 where and the time when any thing occurs ; as, 
 
 'AtyiKovro nj 7T.c:?rry I'l^spa, They arrived the fifth day. > 
 
 RULE XXX. 
 
 84. The Interjections ot, w, fw, and oval arc followed by 
 the Dative ; as, 
 
 O? juoz, Woe is me! 
 THE ACCUSATIVE. 
 
 85. The Greek Accusative is the English Objective. ]jt 
 is the case of the Direct Object. It designates the per- 
 son or thing actually reached and affected by the action 
 of the Verb. 
 
 RULE XXXI. 
 
 83. The Direct Object of an Active Verb is put in tho 
 Accusative Case ; as, 
 
 Tbv 'Ax/XXsa r//4J?<ray, They honored Achilles. 
 
 RULE XXXII. 
 
 8 7. An Intransitive Verb may be followed by an Ac- 
 cusative of kindred signification to its own ; as, 
 
 MdxtvOat fJLaxnv, To fight a battle. 
 
94 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 RULE XXXIII. 
 
 88. The particular part or circumstance referred to aft- 
 er a general affirmation is put in the Accusative for t!u 
 sake of specifying or more fully explaining the word 
 which it follows ; as, 
 
 To (Tw/^a iikyciQ iiv,IIe was large in person. 
 
 Tbv daKTvXov a\yu,He is distressed in hisjinycr. 
 
 QovKvdldrjQ rovvoua, Thucydides by name. 
 
 2<;po ri]v Trarplcja, A Syrian as to his country. 
 
 Haiei ue TO VOJTOV, He strikes me on the back. 
 
 AlaQtQovai TI dXAgXara', They differ somewhat from each other 
 
 This is called the Synecdochical Accusative. It is of 
 frequent occurrence in the Latin Poets, and is there de- 
 nominated the Greek Accusative ; as, Nudus membra, 
 with bare limbs. The same principle sometimes applies 
 to the Genitive and to the Dative. 
 
 RULE XXXIV. 
 
 89. Tha Particles pa and vi'j are followed by the Accu- 
 sative; as, 
 
 N/} rev IIo(7ac)w i\w <7, Ey Poseidon, I love thee! 
 
 RULE XXXV. 
 
 90. After Verbs expressing or implying motion, the 
 name of a town or other place in which the motion ter- 
 minates is put in the Accusative ; as, 
 
 *E/3acr 6/;/3af , Thou earnest to Thebes. 
 
 RULE XXXVI. 
 
 91. Nouns denoting duration of time or extent of space 
 are put in the Accusative ; as, 
 
 Af/ca trrj Koi^vrai, They sleep tc years. 
 
 RULE XXXVII. 
 
 92. Any Transitive Verb, together with the Accusative, 
 may take a Genitive, or a Dative, or another Accusative 
 for the purpose of further explaining its meaning ; as, 
 
 ' Yfuv ijyfftovcq; c^wtrw, I will give you guides. 
 
SYNTAX. 05 
 
 () Verbs of accusing and the like take the Accusative 
 of the person and the Genitive of the crime. (Rule 
 XVII.) 
 
 (b) Verbs of hearing and the like take the Accusative 
 of the thing heard and the Genitive of the person making 
 the sound. (Rule XL) 
 
 (c) Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking 
 away, take the Accusative of the Direct with the Dative 
 of the Indirect Object. (Rule XXII.) 
 
 (d) Verbs signifying to ask, teach, take away, clothe, 
 conceal, and some others, take two Accusatives, the first 
 of a person and the last of a thing ; as (illustrating the 
 last four rules), 
 
 *E/it dfft(3tiag kypctyaro, He accused me of impiety. 
 'HKOVCTS TOV ayykXov ravra^ lie heard these things from the messenger. 
 'T7ri(T%vOjUot ffoi dtica TaXavTa, I promise you ten talents. 
 Qt](3aioug xpriftctTa ?jTrjcrav, They sought money from the Thebans. 
 AifidffKOVGi TOVQ TTouSaQ <7(n>(f)oo(jvvr]v, They teach their youths probity. 
 Tt Troifjvoj avrov; What shall I do to him? 
 
 RULE XXXVIII. 
 
 93. When a Verb in the Active Voice is followed by 
 two cases, the Passive Voice takes after it the latter of 
 the two ; as, 
 
 jMrti i:\G7Ti], I am accused of theft. 
 
 RULE XXXIX, 
 
 04. Some Derivative Adverbs arc followed by the same 
 case as their primitives ; as, 
 
 'A%io)g iavrov t*prjKe,He has spoken worthily of himself . 
 
 RULE XL. 
 
 05. Conjunctions commonly connect similar Moods and 
 Cases; as, 
 
 'Av&ff-ri Kcd tlTTcv MO,He rose up and spoke as follows. 
 96. Prepositions in Greek are followed by the Genitive, 
 Dative, and Accusative Cases. 
 
90 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 The Accusative, in connection with the Prepositions 
 preceding it, designates the Object upon which, over 
 which, towards which an action extends, as well as the 
 termination of the action itself. 
 
 The Genitive, with its Prepositions, designates the 
 source of an action as regards place, time, and cause. 
 
 The Dative designates a connection of a more exter- 
 nal character, generally answering the questions where ? 
 when ? 
 
 RULE XLI. 
 
 (a) The following Prepositions can have only one case 
 after them, viz. : 
 
 ac and we, the Accusative. 
 
 avri, a?, EK (e), and Trpo, the Genitive. 
 
 tv and GVV (fuj'), the Dative. 
 
 (b) The following Prepositions can have two cases after 
 them, viz. : 
 
 &a. icara, and {/Tre'p, the Genitive and Accusative, 
 dm, the Dative and Accusative. 
 
 (c) The following Prepositions have all three of the ob- 
 lique cases after them, viz. : 
 
 Cl/Z^t, 7T/, fJLETU, TTttpCf, TTEp/, TT^OC, aild V7TO, tllC Genitive, tllC 
 
 Dative, and the Accusative. 
 
 (d) A Preposition in composition is often followed by 
 the same case as when it stands by itself. E. g., 
 
 'YTTEptveyKovrtQ rag VCIVQ rbv 'ivS/nov, Carrying the ships across the 
 Isthmus. 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 
 THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 97. The Indicative is used to affirm or to deny in both 
 dependent and independent Sentences. It is the Mood 
 employed to represent realities or facts; as, }J.yW)I say ; 
 ol Xeyw, I do not say. 
 
SYNTAX. 97 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 98. The Subjunctive Mood expresses a conception of 
 the mind, and is used, therefore, to denote that which may 
 or can take place always referring to the present. It is 
 employed : 
 
 (1) As a challenge in the first person ; as, 
 
 "lajfjievj Let us go. 
 
 (2) With the negative ^n in prohibitions ; as, 
 
 MJ) TOVTO TrotrjarjG, You ought not to do this. 
 
 (3) In questions implying doubt ; as, 
 
 i Ti 0w, What am I to say ? 
 
 (4) In dependent Sentences, to denote that which may 
 or can take place, when the preceding Verb is in the 
 Present Tense ; as, 
 
 Ayo> 'iv tidy G, I speak in order that you may know it. 
 THE OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 99. The Optative Mood alone (i.e., without the Parti- 
 cle av) is employed to express a wish that something may 
 take place ; as, 
 
 T O Tral yivoio 7rarpo evrvxtarepoQ, O boy, may you be happier than your 
 father ! 
 
 (1) With cu', the Optative is used to express that which 
 might occur ; as, 
 
 TOJJTO ykvoir dv, That might be. 
 
 (2) In dependent Sentences, the Optative is used to de- 
 note that which might, could, would, or should take place, 
 when the preceding Verb is in a Past Tense. It is the 
 Subjunctive of the Past Tenses. 
 
 (3) In indirect discourse, the Optative (without av) is 
 used to express something not as the opinion of the speak- 
 er, but of another person ; as, 
 
 'Ot 'AQqvalot IIspiKXea iKciiciZov, on ffrpartiyog &v OVK t7rtdyoi tTTt TOVQ 
 7ro\/ztovc, 2 'he Athenians reproached Pericles because, being a gen- 
 eral, he did not lead them out against the enemy. 
 
 E 
 
98 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 (4) The Optative is used to denote what happened oft- 
 en^ when the time spoken of is past ; as, 
 
 'TTTEO^OV lixiv OTTOT tv dffTSt diaroi(3oij He had an upper chamber when- 
 ever he staid in town. 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 100. The Imperative Mood is used to give utterance to 
 a command or a prohibition ; as, ypa^e, write ; prj. Trparre, 
 do it not. 
 
 When a prohibition is to be expressed in the Second 
 Person, either the Present Imperative or the Aorist Sub- 
 junctive may be employed the former to express con- 
 tinued 'and general action, the latter to express momentary 
 and specific action ; as, p/ n-XeVrt, steal not, forbids steal- 
 ing generally, like a command in the Decalogue: /JLTJ /cXe- 
 1//77C, do not steal, forbids stealing, specifically, some desig- 
 nated object. 
 
 THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 101. The Infinitive is used merely to state the meaning 
 of the Verb, without limitation of person or number. It 
 is regulated by the following Rules, viz. : 
 
 RULE XLII. 
 
 102. The Subject of the Infinitive Mood is put in the 
 Accusative; as, 
 
 AH e/i \kytiVj It is necessary that I should speak. 
 
 RULE XLIII. 
 
 103. The Infinitive, either with or without the Neuter 
 Article, may be used as a Verbal Noun, and hence become 
 the subject or the object of another Verb ; as, 
 
 <&tvytiv avToiQ aaQaXtartpov t'<my, To fly is safer for them. . 
 *Hparo Xt yt iv, He began to say. 
 
SYNTAX. 99 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 104. A Participle is a part of the Verb which expresses 
 its meaning considered as a quality. It differs frohi an 
 Adjective in conveying the additional idea of time. 
 
 RULE XLIV. 
 
 105. Participles govern the case of their own Verbs ; as, 
 
 Ot TroXsfjiioL TO \oyiov eidortc;. The enemies knowing the oracle. 
 TOVTWV ifiov dfOfjLivov, I being in want of these things, 
 
 NEGATIVES. 
 
 106. The Negative Particles in Greek are ov and /-t^, 
 with their various compounds ovre^ ovdeig, ov^apwQ pyre, 
 nrfeis, pjc)ajuw. Ov is used to deny, p; to decline. Ov is 
 used in all direct statements, and in all direct questions 
 when the answer expected is yes. M>) is used when the 
 answer expected is no. 
 
 Two Negatives in Greek generally strengthen the ne- 
 gation. 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 107. (1) The word accent has very different meanings 
 in English and m Greek. In the former, accent means 
 emphasis / in the latter, tone. In English, the accented 
 syllable is pronounced with more force and stress ; in 
 Greek, the sound of the same is uttered in a higher or a 
 lower key. In English, the accented syllable is long ; in 
 
 Greek, either long or short. English accent has reference 
 to strength or feebleness / Greek accent, to the rising or 
 falling of the voice. 
 
 (2) The purpose of the accents was to fix the pronunci- 
 ation of the language, and to -assist foreigners in the ac- 
 quisition of the same. Hence the ancient Greeks, though, 
 of course, regarding them in oral intercourse, made no use 
 of them in writing, as is shown in the works of Aristotle,, 
 in ancient inscriptions, and in antique medals. It is. not 
 
100 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 precisely known when they were first employed in writ- 
 ten Greek. Some authorities attribute the introduction 
 of the present mode of accentuation to Aristophanes of 
 Byzantium, about two hundred years before Christ. 
 
 (3) Besides their importance in aiding us to pronounce 
 Greek with euphony and rhythmical propriety, a knowl- 
 edge of the accents is practically useful in enabling us to 
 distinguish between words which are spelled alike, but 
 have different significations. Of these, four hundred 
 might be named ; e. g. : 
 
 Noyuoc, a pasture, and No/ioc, a law. 
 
 Tie, any one, and Tig, who ? which ? what ? 
 
 "Opoe, a mountain; 'Opoe, whey ; and"Opoc, a boundary \ 
 
 (4) The Accents are threes in number, viz. : 
 The Acute (de7a 7rpoe<k'a):=('), as, T/e. 
 The Grave (/3ape7a Trpoo-wS/a) Q, as, Tu/ee. 
 
 The Circumflex (Trepto-TrwyueV?? 7rpo<Twc)/a) =:("), as, 2kiae. 
 
 The Acute Accent (') shows that the syllable thus 
 marked must be pronounced with a sharp or raised tone, 
 i. e., one slightly elevated above that used upon the other 
 syllables. 
 
 The Grave Accent Q shows that the syllable thus 
 marked must be pronounced with a low tone. It, how- 
 ever, simply denotes a negation of accent, and is not writ- 
 ten at all unless it stands in place of an acute, which oc- 
 curs in every Oxy tone not immediately followed by a * 
 pause. 
 
 The Circumflex Accent (~), from Trepi-crTrwpevog, twisted 
 around, alluding to its form, shows that the syllable thus 
 marked must be pronounced with a tone commencing 
 upon a higher key, but terminating upon a lower. This 
 accent is made up by a combination of the other two, thus 
 (6o)r=w, and denotes a winding ana. prolonged tone. 
 
 (5) Every Greek word must have one, and can n ever 
 
SYNTAX. ' , 101 
 
 have more than one principal accent. Itfdne but one of 
 the last three syllables admit any accent at all. Of these 
 three, the Acute may stand oh any one of the three, the 
 Circumflex only.on one of the last two, the Grave on the 
 last only. 
 
 (6) A word having the Acute Accent upon the last syl- 
 lable is called Oxytone ; as, Trapd, dni, fiafftXevs. 
 
 A word having the Acute Accent upon the Penult is 
 called Paroxytone ; as, Xe'yw, Qaivw. 
 
 A word having the Acute Accent upon the Antepe- 
 nult is called Proparoxytone ; as, \eyerat, eiirere. 
 
 (7) A word having the Grave Accent over the last syl- 
 lable is called Barytone. This being unwritten, the term 
 is applied to all words which have no accent on the final 
 syllable. 
 
 (8) A word which has the Circumflex Accent upon the 
 last syllable is called Perispomenon / as, a-yaSov^ <r/aae. 
 
 A word having the Circumflex Accent upon the Penult 
 is called Proper ispomenon ; as, 0eye, j3fjre . 
 
 (9) In the Diphthongs, the Accent, like the Breathing, 
 is placed over the last vowel. When the Circumflex and 
 the Breathing meet upon the same word, the Circumflex 
 is written over the Breathing. When the Acute and the 
 Breathing meet, the Acute is placed to the right of the 
 Breathing ; as, ovroc, this ; aye, come. 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING THE ACCENTS. 
 
 108. (1) The Acute stands on long and short syllables 
 alike, the Circumflex only on such syllables as are long by 
 nature ; i. &, upon such syllables as have either a long 
 vowel, a, I, v, ?/, w, or a Diphthong. 
 
 (2) If the last syllable is long by nature, the Acute Ac- 
 cent can not stand on the Antepenult nor the Circumfh x 
 on the Penult. 
 
102 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 (3) A word ending with a short syllable has : 
 
 (a) The Acute on the Antepenult ; as, Xvwpeda. 
 
 (b) The Acute on a short Penult ; as, \E\VKOTOQ. 
 
 (c) The Acute on the last syllable ; a^, \e\vKog. 
 
 (d) The Circumflex on a long Penult ; as, \e\vKv~tav. 
 
 (4) A word ending with a long syllable has : 
 
 (a) The Acute on the Penult ; as, XeXvKorwr. 
 
 (b) Either the Acute or the Circumflex upon the last 
 syllable ; as, \e\vKujg ; \e\vKviwv. 
 
 (5) The last syllable is, if accented at all, generally ac- 
 cented with the Acute, except : 
 
 (a) Contracted syllables ; (b) the Genitive Plural of the 
 First Declension ; (c) the Genitive and Dative of the Ar- 
 ticle, and of all Nouns of the First and Second Declensions 
 which are Oxytone in the Nominative ; (d) the Vocative 
 of Nouns in cue; (e) and many naturally long monosylla- 
 bles all of which take the Circumflex Accent upon the 
 last syllable. 
 
 (6) Compound words have the Accent on the Penult, 
 as far as is consistent with preceding rules. 
 
 (7) The Accent is variously modified by changes in the 
 word itself, as well as by its connection with the other 
 words in the sentence ; e. g., every Oxytone becomes Bar- 
 ytone when followed by another word, so that the Grave 
 takes the place of the Acute. 
 
 (8) In Contracted words : (a) if the contraction occurs 
 in the middle of the word, the syllable formed by con- 
 traction takes no accent if none of the contracting sylla- 
 bles had it. If either of the syllables contracted had an 
 accent, the contracted syllable in the Penult and Antepe- 
 nult is accented by (3) and (4). The contract ultima 
 takes the Acute if the ultima had it before contraction ; 
 otherwise it take^the Circumflex, (b) With Elision, Ox- 
 ytone Prepositions and Conjunctions entirely lose the ac- 
 cent; all other kinds of words throw it upon the previous 
 
SYNTAX. 103 
 
 syllable as Acutes. (c) With Crasis, the accent of the 
 first word is lost ; as, ra ayaQa=TayaQa ; but when Parox- 
 ytones change the first syllable by Crasis into one long 
 by nature, this takes the Circumflex; as, kirra ^aavtitT 
 flaw, there were seven. 
 
 (9) Prepositions consisting of two syllables, excepting 
 ap^i, <W/, ava, &<*, when placed after the Noun or Verb to 
 which they belong, throw their accent on to the first syl- 
 lable ; as, Trepi TovTwv becomes by Anastrophe TOUTUV irept. 
 
 (10) Enclitics are words of one or of two syllables 
 which are so closely connected with the preceding word 
 that they throw their accent on to it. The following 
 words are Enclitics : (a) the Indefinite Pronoun TLQ , 
 some one, something, through all of its cases ; (b) the Per- 
 sonal Pronouns in the forms, 
 
 fJLOV pol fJLE 
 
 (70V (TGI ff 
 
 OV O 
 
 ffwiv and 
 
 (c) The Indicative Present of e/p, I am, and of 
 say, excepting Second Person Singular el and y^g. 
 
 (d) The Indefinite Adverbs TTOV or iroQi, TH/, trot 
 
 TTOTt, 7TWQ, and 7TOJ. 
 
 (e) The Particles ye, re, rot, vv or vvv, KE or KEV,^CL or apa, 
 Qi]v, KEp and $1 (as a demonstrative appendage, meaning 
 towards). 
 
 (11) In these words the accent is thrown back accord- 
 ing to the following principles, viz. : 
 
 (a) A preceding Oxytone before an Enclitic retains the 
 Acute, which serves also for the Enclitic ; as, ayafloV n, 
 something good ; O.VTOQ $K\<JIV, lie himself says. 
 
 (b) If the last syllable has the Circumflex, the accent 
 of the Enclitic is entirely lost ; as, 6pti TWO.Q, I see some. 
 
 (c) If the Acute accent is upon the Penult, the Enclitic, 
 
104 GEEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 if of one syllable, loses its accent ; if of two syllables, re- 
 tains that upon the last; as, </\o /zov; Xoyot nvig. 
 
 (d) Proparoxytones and Paroxytones retain their ac- 
 cent, but receive also from the following Enclitic another 
 Acute accent on the last syllable. 
 
 (12) When several Enclitics follow one another, each 
 throws its accent back upon the preceding ; as, 
 
 Ei rig fioi <j>rjoi iron, If any one ever says to me. 
 
 (13) Enclitics retain their accent: (a) when standing 
 first in the sentence ; (b) when made emphatic ; (c) after 
 Elision. 
 
 (14) Atonies, sometimes called Prolitics, are words 
 without accent, their own having combined with the fol- 
 lowing word. The following are Atonies, viz. : 
 
 (a) 6, ^f, 01, cu, cases of the Article. 
 
 (b) eV, eg or etc, K or t, w, Prepositions. 
 
 (c) co, we. Conjunctions. 
 
 (d) The Negative ov or GI/X. 
 
 (15) Atonies are accented: (a) when ending the sen- 
 tence ; (b) when followed by an Enclitic, which throws 
 back its accent. 
 
 (1 6) The place of the Accent in the Nominative Case 
 of Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives can only be ascertain- 
 ed from practice and use of the Grammar and Lexicon. 
 The accent as varied in the Oblique Cases may be deter- 
 mined by the preceding rules. 
 
 (1 7) As a general principle, Verbs throw back their ac- 
 cent as far as possible, with exception of dpi and ^pi It 
 is hence termed recessive, because it is placed as far from 
 the ultimate syllable as the quantity of that syllable will 
 allow. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
w// 
 
 ' . 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 QEC 20 
 
 LD 21-95m-7,'37 
 
T b UU I 
 
 796411 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY