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World's Columbian Exposition 
 
 AT CHICAGO. 
 
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 THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA 
 
 IN 
 
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 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF TIIH 
 
 G V E R N M E N T E VENEZUELA. 
 
 New YoiiK. 
 
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 s^Sirx, 
 
 t^e taxfon (pre&& 
 
 171, 173 Macdougal Street, New York 
 
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 
 
 United States op Venezuela, Ministry of J 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foreign Public Law, v 
 
 Caracas, November, 7, 1892. ) 
 
 Resolved : 
 
 As the day is approaching on which the great international 
 Contest to which the North American Union has convened all 
 other nations of the globe, will be opened in the city of Chicago; 
 and whereas this notable celebration, ilie purpose of which is to 
 glorify the Discovery of America, cannot be a subject of indifference 
 to Venezuela, the nation of the continent which first received the 
 civilizing benefits of that great event; and whereas also the period 
 of war through which the Republic has been passing does not allow 
 it to bring forward the elements which would make it appear as a 
 productive soil amongst the other competing States, the Chief of the 
 Executive Power has resolved to name a Commission composed of 
 Doctor Manuel Vicente Toledo and Senor J. M. Larralde in order 
 to represent the country in the said universal Contest. 
 
 At the solemn inauguration of the Exhibition the Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic in 
 Washington will preside ad honoreni the representatives of Vene- 
 zuela. And in order that this Resolution may procure practical 
 results for the country, the two persons designated as representa- 
 tives aforesaid will transmit periodically to the Government 
 detailed reports concerning everything they may observe in the 
 Exhibition which may be worthy of ])eing utilized to the advantage 
 of the Republic from a scientific, artistic, or industrial point of 
 view. 
 
 During the period which will elapse before the inauguration 
 of the great Contest, the Commissioners are to study tlie miuuier 
 of giving to the duties entrusted to them all required importance. 
 
4 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 for wliicli purpose they will forward in due course to this office the 
 plan of action which examination of the subject will suggest to 
 them. 
 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the Xational Executive, 
 
 P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of ) 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of roREK4N Public Law, ^- 
 
 Caracas, December 12, 1892. ) 
 
 Resolyed : 
 
 By order of the Cliief of the National Executive Power, Sefior 
 Jacinto Lopez is named a member of the Commission which is to 
 represent Venezuela at tlie Universal Exhibition of Chicago, and 
 wliicli was created by a Resolution of this same Dejiartment on the 
 7th day of Xovember last. 
 
 Let this be communicated and jniblished. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foreign Public Law, 
 
 Caracas, December 17, 1892. 
 Ri':soLVEi): 
 
 By order of the Chief of the National Executive Power, Sefior 
 Jose Antonio Sanchez N., is named an honorary member of the 
 Commission which is to represent Venezuela at the Universal 
 Exhibition of Chicago, and which was created by a Resolution of 
 tbis same Department on the 7tli day of November last 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of \ 
 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foijeign Public Law, v 
 
 Caracas, December 24, 1892. ) 
 
 Resolved : 
 
 By order of tlie C*hief of the National Executive Pomci-. Sefior 
 A. S. Baker is named an honorary member of the Commission which 
 
WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 5 
 
 is to represeut Venezuela at the Universal Exhibition of Chicago, 
 and which was created by a Resolution of this same Department 
 on the 7th day of November last. 
 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the National Executive^ 
 
 ■ P. EZEQUJ] 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry op\^.:^ -i*. 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of FoREUiN Purlic Law, V 
 
 Caracas, December 20, 1892. ) 
 
 Resolved : 
 
 Taking into account the exceptional advantages wdiicli the 
 Universal Exhibition of Chicago oilers for the good reputation and 
 credit of the countries which will takcpart in it; and whereas the 
 absence of Venezuela as a producing center in this great Com^^e- 
 tition would be in all respects to be lamented, the more so that its 
 soil, called by the conquerors Costa Firmc, -was the first of the Con- 
 tinent where was felt the beneficial influence of the glorious dis- 
 covery the commemoration of which constitutes the primary object 
 of this extraordinary Competition ; the Chief of the Executive Power, 
 notwithstanding the unfavorable conditions in which the Republic 
 finds itself for taking part in it, on account of the late painful 
 occurrences, has decided on enlarging the object of the Resolution 
 edicted by this same Office on the 7th day of November last, and to 
 enable Venezuela to appear in that tournament of civilization in 
 the manner most suitable to the position it occujnes among the 
 modern States of America. 
 
 To that effect, and so that the work indispensable for the real- 
 ization of this end may immediately receive the impulse which the 
 short time available necessitates, it is resolved : 
 
 1. To name a Commission which will take measures concern- 
 ing everything relative to the collection and forwarding of samples 
 or objects which will make the licpublic known in its distinct 
 aspects, and will result, above all, in fixing general attention on 
 the peculiar nature of its workable wealth. 
 
 2. To request through this Office from the other Departments 
 of the Executive Power that they may contrilmte within their 
 respective jurisdictions and by all means in their power to facili- 
 
6 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 tate the labors of the Commission created by this same Reso- 
 lution. 
 
 3. To urge scientific and literary Associations throughout the 
 Rei)ublic to prepare for the Contest special works, which will give 
 an idea of the intellectual movement of Venezuela; and 
 
 4. To contract in the United States for the construction of a 
 building where will be exhibited everything connected with the 
 Kepublic. This building is to be erected under the immediate 
 control of the Commission representing Venezuela at the Interna- 
 tional Exhibition, and it must fulfill such conditions that when the 
 Exhibition has been closed, it may be transferred to Caracas and 
 placed in a suitable position, as a work of ornament as well as of 
 usefulness.* 
 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 P. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foreign Public Law, 
 
 Caracas, December 26, 1892. 
 Resolved: 
 
 In accordance with the Executive Resolution of this same date 
 in wliich is determined the part the Republic is to take in the 
 Universal Exliibition of Chicago, are named members of the Com- 
 mission which is to collect and forward the samples or objects 
 whicli Venezuela is to exhibit: Doctor Aristidcs Rojas, who will 
 assume the Presidency of the Commission, Doctor Agustin Avo- 
 ledo, Doctor Adolfo Ernst, Sefior Francisco Davegno, Senor Jose 
 Antonio Mosquerahijo, Senor Emilio J. Mauri, and Sefior Francisco 
 de Paula Alamo. 
 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 P. EzEQUiEL Rojas. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of ) 
 Foreign Affairs, Diukction of FouKKiN PruLic Law, No. 227, V 
 
 Caracas. December 26, 1892. ) 
 
 Se5^ou Doctor Aristidks Rojas: 
 
 As you will see by the Resolution, of which I have the honor 
 
world's rOLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 7 
 
 of enclosing- an nutliorized coi)y, tlio Executive Power lias decided 
 that Venezuela is to take part in the Universal Exhibition of 
 Chicago and on naming a Special Committee which is to take meas- 
 ures concerning everything relative to the collection and pi-oper 
 forwarding of the samples or objects which are to be exhibited. 
 
 The Committee named to that eifect is composed of yourself, 
 with the character of President, of Doctor Agustin Aveledo, 
 Doctor Adolfo Ernst, Francisco Davegno, Jose Antonio Mosquera 
 hijo, Emilio J. Mauri, and Francisco de Paula Alamo, to whom the 
 approjiriate information has already been sent. 
 
 If, as is to be expected from your patriotism, you accept the 
 important charge which the Government entrusts to your well- 
 known capabilities, please install the Commission as soon as possible 
 and begin immediately the preparatory work, keeping in accordance 
 on every point with the S2)irit of the above-mentioned Resolution. 
 
 Kindly acknowledge this letter. 
 
 I remain, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 P. EZEO.UIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of 1 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foreign PuiiLic Law, v 
 
 Caracas, January 4, 1893. ) 
 Resolved : 
 
 By order of the Chief of the National Executive Power, Doc- 
 tor Lucas Ramella and Senor Juan Mau'daleno are named members 
 of the Commission which is to collect Venezuelan articles for the 
 Universal Exhibition of Chicago, and which was created by Resolu- 
 tion of the 2Gth of December, 1892. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 P. Ezequiel Rojas. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of \ 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction of Foreign Public Law, v 
 
 Caracas, February 18, 1893. ) 
 Resolved : 
 
 The Chief of the Executive Power being desirous of commem- 
 orating worthily the part which Veneznela will take in the Uni- 
 versal Exhibition of Chicago, has dccitlcd on creating, for that 
 object, a medal, which will be of white metal, will have a circular 
 
8 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 form, and will measure six centimeters in diameter. On tiie 
 obverse of this medal will be engraved the bust of Christopher 
 Columbus above two anchors inclined in opposite directions and 
 attaclied in the lower part by a ril)bon in the center of which will 
 appear the name of the Discoverer. At the edge of the field of that 
 part of the semicircle occu^ned by the bust, the medal Avill bear 
 this legend: "IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de America." 
 (Fourth (;)entenary of the Discovery of America.) On the reverse 
 will be the different attributes of the National Escutcheon, sepa- 
 rated so as to leave a central space, below the stars which symbolize 
 the Federation, for the following inscription: "Venezuela en la 
 Exposicion Universal Colombina de Chicago, 1893.'^ (Venezuela 
 at the Universal Columbian Exhibition of Chicago, 1893.) On the 
 right will appear the flags and swords Avliich constitute the quar- 
 ter! ngs of the shield; on the left, the bundle of spikes of corn; 
 and in the lower part above the motto " Libertad '' and inside of a 
 field formed by two horns of plenty, joined in an angle at the nar- 
 row end, the heraldic horse of the Republic in the usual attitude 
 and of the proper dimensions. 
 
 Let this be communicated and published. 
 
 For the National Executive, 
 
 r. EZEQUIEL ROJAS. 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry op 
 FoiiEiGN Affairs, Direction of Forekjn Public Law, No. 174. 
 
 Caracas, February 21, 1893. 
 
 To THE MiNISTEIl OF PUBLTC INSTRUCTION: 
 
 AVhereas this Department has originally been entrusted with the 
 arrangements for the representation of Venezuela at the Universal 
 Exhibition of Chicago, it has ordered in due time the design which 
 is to serve as a model for engraving a new postage-stamp, which 
 the Cliief of the Executive Power has preseril)ed to create for the 
 purpose of commemorating the Fourth Centenary of the l^iscovery 
 of America and Venezuela's partici})ation in the said Exhibition. 
 And whereas the carrying-out of this decree belongs to your Office, 
 especially in what concerns the eiigi-Mvinu-, iiiii)ortali()n, and sale of 
 said postage-stamp, I have the honor of transmitting to you the 
 
world's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION. 9 
 
 said design for tliat purpose, together with corresponding descrip- 
 tion and a sample of the stamp created a short time ago by the 
 Government of the United States with an object analogous to that 
 
 of Venezuela. 
 
 I am, sir, your oljcdicnt servant, 
 
 v. EZEQUIEL EOJAS. 
 
 Description of the new postage-stamp, created by order of the 
 Chief of the National Executive Power, in order to vom- 
 memorate the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of America 
 and Venezi:ela's participation in the Universal Exiiirition of 
 Chicago. 
 
 The stamp, wliich will be of the value of twenty-five hundredths 
 of a bolivar, will be of oblong shape, will measure thirty-six milli- 
 meters in length by twenty-five in width, and on a light vioh^t 
 ground will represent the landing of the officers of Columbus on 
 the coast of A^enezuela in the year 1498. The upper part Avill bear 
 the numbers indicating the price of the stamp, the year of the Dis- 
 covery of America and that of the Fourth Centenary and the 
 inscription: "Correos de Venezuela'' (Venezuelan Post-Office). 
 The lower part will bear the inscription: ''Discovery of the Costa 
 Firme, 1498." 
 
 United States of Venezuela, Ministry of 
 Foreign Affairs, Direction op Foreign Public Law, No. IT.") 
 
 Caracas, February 21, 1893. 
 
 To THE MiNiSTEii OK THE Post-Office A XI) I'elegrapiis : 
 
 On this same date the Office under my charge is addressing 
 that of Public Instruction in the terms which I noAv have the 
 honor of inserting: 
 
 (Here comes communication Number \1 A, concerning the creation of a new 
 vostage-stamp, intended to commemorate the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of 
 America and Venezuela's participation in the Universal Exhibition of Chicago.) 
 
 And I have the honor of transcribing for you what precedes, 
 and of remitting to you, in a se])arate envelope, tlie description to 
 which reference is made therein, because tlie carryiuif-out of this 
 
10 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 decision concerns your Ministry in tli£it wliicli relates to tlie circula- 
 tion of the new stamp througliout the National Post-Office, and 
 also the j)roper forwarding of sample copies and consequent infor- 
 mation to the International Office, of Berne. 
 
 Im am, sir, your ohedient servant, 
 
 P. EZEQUIEL EOJAS. 
 


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GENERAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 GeograpJiical Position — Limits — Extent — Population — Rivers and Brooks — 
 Lakes — Lands— 3Iountains— Islands — Coasts— Gidfs — Seasons — Tem- 
 perature — Mines — Thermal Waters — Agricidture — Live Stock — Other 
 Productions — Public Instruction — Public Works — Public Debt — 
 Public Revenue — National Expenses — Imports — Exports — Mail Serv- 
 ice — Telegraphs — Telephones — Navigation — Roads and Railways — 
 Immigration — Immigration Laics — Vacant Lands — Weights and 
 Measures — Monetary System — Banks — Press — Public Libraries — Na- 
 tional Museum — Astronomical Observatory — Government and Civil 
 Institutions— Historical Brief — Controvei^sy of Limits icith England 
 — Regular Steamship Lines betiveen Venezuela, Europe, and the 
 United States. 
 
 GeOgraptlicai Tlie lxci:)ublic of the United States of Venezuelii 
 
 Position. lies at tlie iiortlieru end of South America. It is in- 
 
 chided within the limits of the Torrid Zone 1^ 40' Lat. 
 
 S. and 12° 26 N. Its Long., following the parallel of 
 
 Cardcas, is 10° 20' E. and 6*^ 25' W. 
 
 Limits. It^ limits are, on the North, the Caribbean Sea; on 
 
 the South, the United States of Brazil and 2)art of the 
 Colombian Republic; on the East, British Guiana 
 and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the AVest the above 
 Republic of Colombia. 
 
 ExtOnt. Within its borders tlie teri'itory of Venezuela em- 
 
 braces an area of 50T,9GO square miles, which sur- 
 
12 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 passes in extent that of France, Germany, and the 
 Low Countries together, or the combined States of 
 Texas, Colorado, Idaho, and California. 
 
 Population. The total popuLation of Venezuela, as per census of 
 
 1891, reaches the number of 3,323,527 souls. 
 
 Rivers and The soil of Venezuela is watered b}^ 1,047 rivers and 
 
 Brooks. brooks, and of these 430 are Orinoco affluents; 230 
 
 discharge into the Caribbean Sea, 12-1 into the Gulf 
 of Paria, 120 into the Lake of Maracaibo, and 22 into 
 the Lake of Valencia. Tlie principal rivers, which 
 allow large ships to enter their waters, are the Orinoco, 
 Apure, Meta, Caura, Negro, and Guarico. The Ori- 
 noco river is navigable to the place called Los Atures, 
 850 miles distant from the Ocean. By means of the 
 Orinoco branches running froui the AVest the rich 
 products from the interior of the Colombian Republic 
 are transported to the European and American 
 markets. Other navigable tributaries to the Orinoco 
 run South and join the Amazon river or its affluents, 
 opening additional communications with the Ocean. 
 
 Lakes. The two largest lakes are Maracaibo and Valencia. 
 
 The first, at the level of the sea, has 2,100 square 
 miles, and the second, Avliich is 1,G92 feet above the 
 Ocean, has GG square miles. 
 
 Lands. The soil is divided into three different sections, 
 
 which are called agricultural, grazing, and wooded 
 lands. To the first division correspond the farms for 
 coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, grains, etc. The cultivation 
 of these lands does not amount to 300 square miles, 
 and there yet remain for clearing and ploughing 
 13,350 square miles which could increase seventy 
 times at least the actual production. 
 
 The grazing section is covered with rich gramine- 
 ous; cattle and herds thrive plentifully and fatten 
 
world'?; COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 13 
 
 with little attention on the part of the owners. In 
 this belt exist the large stock-yards supplying the 
 farmers and markets with oxen for plough and 
 nutriment. 
 
 The third section, or woods, yields the productions 
 naturally obtained from the soil, as rubber, vanilla, 
 sarrapia, co2>aiba, sarsaparilla, timber, and precious 
 woods which are excellent for building, tanning, 
 textiles of several Ivinds, resins, balms, and many 
 medicinal plants, affording a vast field for business 
 with little effort to industrious people. 
 
 Mountains. There are three systems of moj.intains in Venezuela: 
 
 the Andes, the Coast, and the Parima Ranges. 
 
 The Andes, trending from Pamplona, in the Repub- 
 lic of Colombia, towards the northeast, one branch 
 of which extends to the Peninsula Goajira, and the 
 other entering the State of Los Andes, mingles with 
 the Coast Range. 
 
 Th^ Coast Range runs 2)arallel with the coast of 
 the Caribbean Sea and extends its branches to the 
 interior of the sections Bolivar, Miranda, Carabobo, 
 Cojedes, Yaracuy, Barquisimeto, and Falcon. 
 
 The third, or Parima Range, begins in the interior 
 of the State of Bolivar, traversing the country east 
 and west, and forming the southern limit of the 
 agricultural zone. 
 
 Islands. The islands belonging to Venezuela number about 
 
 seventy, and all of them are of small size, excepting 
 the ]\Iargarita island, which has 441 square miles. 
 
 Coasts. Tlie coast extends 1,87G miles and is washed by the 
 
 Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. There are 
 distributed along it thirty-two harbors, fifty bays, and 
 numerous inlets. The lakes of Maracaibo and Valencia 
 have several interior ports, and near the outfalls of 
 the large rivers safe anchorages are found. 
 
 Gulfs. Five gulfs are formed by the coast. Tlie largest is 
 
 known as the Gulf of Maracaibo and contains 1,G20 
 
14 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 square miles. It is followed by the Paria, or Triste 
 Grlf, 900 square miles. The Coro Gulf contains 180 
 square miles, and the Santa Fe Gulf, which is the 
 smallest, contains only GG~ square miles. 
 
 S62S0nS. Properly speaking, there are but the rainy and the 
 
 dry seasons m Venezuela, which are distinguished as 
 winter and summer in the country. The arrival of 
 the 8im at the Tropic of Capricorn marks the first 
 season, and when it enters the Tropic of Cancer, the 
 second begins. The rains fall from April to October, 
 and at the same time the temperature rises. The 
 rest of the year the weather is cool and pleasant. 
 
 During tlie dry season, or summer, the northeast 
 winds are frequent, and they also blow from the north 
 and northwest, being more common in November and 
 December than in February or March. Rains fall 
 during the same months, though not so copiously as 
 in winter, and they are called *' Northers." 
 
 TeinpBrallirfi. Following the heights on the sea-level, the Vene- 
 zuela territory is divided into three sections: cold, 
 temperate, and warm. The snowy peaks are found 
 between 14*^ and IC-^ The temperate lands begin at 
 the height of 7,032 feet, and descend till 1,928 feet 
 above the sea-level. Within this belt all suitable 
 climates are found. Tlie hot countries lie from 1,928 
 feet above down to the sea-level. 
 
 Here follows a table with the temperatures of 
 several places in Venezuela : 
 
 Average Feet Above 
 
 Temperature. Sea-Level. 
 
 Caracas F. 71 3,018 
 
 Porto CabcUo 80 7 
 
 LaGuuira 84 26 
 
 La Victoria 74 1,494 
 
 Valencia 77 1,824 
 
 Maracaibo 83 28 
 
 Mcrida 01 5,303 
 
 Moutulbuu 73 237 
 
wuhld's colltmbian exposition. 15 
 
 Average Feet Above 
 
 Temperature. Sea-LeveL 
 
 Nirgua F. 71 " 2,504 
 
 Barcelona 82 42 
 
 Caiupano 81 24 
 
 Maturin 82 23 
 
 Barquisimcto 77 1,711 
 
 Ciiulad Bolivar 83 187 
 
 Kio Caribc 84 15 
 
 The varijition of temperature in the warmest locali- 
 ties is very small, from IS"-' to 19^ F. The tempera- 
 ture of La Guaira, during the entire year, as shown 
 by five daily observations of the thermometer, ranges 
 from 70^ to 04^ F. y^ssses^ 
 
 The Northern extremes either of cold or lt^t"^are 
 unknown to these regions. L - _,-,. > 
 
 ■'0-' 
 
 l^jllQ^^ There are mines of different ores in several sections 
 
 of the country, though the more valuable deposits are 
 found in the Yuruari region. There is located the 
 Callao mine, its gold output in the last ten years 
 having made it renowned throughout the world. 
 Gold is also found in the mountainous region watered 
 by the Yaracui River, and in the cities of San Felipe 
 and Nirgua. Rich mines of the same metal, near 
 Carupano, are worked with New York capital, and 
 they have produced seven ounces per ton. Silver, 
 copper, and lead mines are found in the same 
 country. 
 
 The valuable copper mines of Aroa are located 70 
 miles to the east of Porto Cabello, and are worked by 
 an English company. The red copper extracted 
 therefrom is preferred in the European markets to 
 Swedish and Chilian copper. 
 
 Red hematite and excellent iron are found in 
 the Cordillera. The same ores exist at Coro, Barinas, 
 Barcelona, Cumana, and Parima; but the largest 
 
16 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 deposits of these ores are near the Imataca River, aD 
 affluent of the lower Orinoco. 
 
 From the neighborliood of Tocuyo specimens of 
 lead have been obtained which promise a rich ore. 
 This mine is not yet worked. 
 
 The Pedernales asphalt, by its vitreous aspect and 
 hardness, seems identical with the Egyptian refined, 
 or " Epure.'' 
 
 Coal deposits exist 12 miles distant from Barce- 
 lona, and there have been explored in a short area over 
 one hundred beds, varying from 4 to 7 inches in 
 thickness. This coal is of the bituminous kind, burns 
 easily, emits combustible gas, leaves a small part of 
 clayish ashes, and very little of sulphur. 
 
 The rich salt beds discovered by Xifio, in 1499, at 
 the Araya loeninsula are constantly worked. They 
 have produced for the government, since 1873, a 
 revenue of 12,753,761.44. Salt is taken out easily, 
 and with little expense. 
 
 In Lagunillas, near Merida, the bottom of a lake is 
 covered with '* urao '' {i. o., sesqui curl)onate of soda). 
 
 In Cumana, Barcelona, and Coro are found large 
 deposits of sulphur, which have not yet been worked. 
 The granite in the Silla Mountain, near Caracas, is 
 inexhaustilde, and slate, marble, granite, and chalk 
 abouiul on the coast and in the Parima Mountains. 
 
 Tlie gold exports from the Yuruari mines from 
 1886 to 1890 were: 
 
 Companies. Kilos. Orams. 
 
 Callao 6,983 87 
 
 Chili 731 273 
 
 The Union 583 749 
 
 CalkoBis. 58 138 
 
 Cic}ii)m - 893 
 
 Choco 155 
 
 Venezuela Austin. Ld ..1,108 959 
 
 Gold from sevenil Companies 225 231 
 
 NewPotosi --- 202 686 
 
 Tlicsc fiirures amount to a little over 9 tons of gold 
 
 illlivjo <iim/niiu tw IV i.i.v\ji.\j %j J vjt. sj xj^,.i.vj ^j. ^, 
 
 weight. 
 
WORLD'S COLUMBTAX EXPOSITION. 17 
 
 Thermal Waters. TluTmal jukI minenil waters are of common ocoiir- 
 remto in the sevorul se(;tions of the couiitrv. 'J'he hot 
 waters of Las Triiieheras, by the Porto CabeHo aiul 
 Valencia KK. are already renowned, and their temper- 
 ature is 114*^. Excepting the Urijino S])rings of 
 Japan, which reach 117^, Las Trincheras waters are 
 considered the hottest in tlie world. Some remarkaljle 
 springs are found in Coro, at La Quiva near the 
 Ped regal road, where forty streams run through beds 
 which are as white as porcelain. 
 
 Agriculture. "^'lie raising of coffee, cocoa, and sugar-cane forms 
 
 the main agricultural industry in Venezuela. The 
 two first-named 2)roducts are exported at all times, 
 but coffee is the basis of the commercial exchange 
 with foreign nations. In any of the agricultural sec- 
 tions of the Kepublic the staple grains in all their 
 varieties are easily raised, as well as all kinds of pot- 
 herbs, cotton, tobacco, and all tropical productions. 
 One-fifth of the population is devoted to agricultural 
 pursuits. 
 
 Live Stock. stock-raising has considerably increased in Vene- 
 
 zuela during the recent years. In 1888 the figures 
 comprising the preceding fifteen years of raising were 
 
 as follows : 
 
 Increase. 
 Heads Per Gent 
 
 Cattle -. 8,470,291 900 
 
 Goats and sheep 5,727,517 4()0 
 
 Hogs 1,929,693 500 
 
 Horses 887,046 400 
 
 Mules... 800.556 600 
 
 Donkeys... 858,963 300 
 
 Other The above-mentioned are not ilie only productions 
 
 Productions, of the country. It also produces hides, greases, wax, 
 honey, etc. Sericultui-e has been successfully 
 attempted. The tortoise-shell is plentiful on the 
 Western coast of the Falcon section, and there are 
 deposits of mother-of-pearl in Nueva Esparta. 
 
18 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Public The public schools are divided into two classes — 
 
 Instruction popular instruction and the scientific schools, and 
 both classes are regulated separately. 
 
 The popular or common instruction is gratuitous 
 and compulsory. The 1st of January, 1889, the 
 schools were attended by 100,026 children of both 
 sexes. The Federal popular schools numbered 1,415 
 in 1891. Their cost to the National Government 
 amounts yearly to 1500,759. There are also many 
 private schools. 
 
 The scientific schools comjn-ise 2 universities, 8 
 Federal colleges of the first order, 1-1 of the second ; 
 14 National colleges for females; 1 normal school for 
 females ; 1 academy of Fine Arts ; 1 school for sing- 
 ing and elocution ; 1 polytechnic school; 2G private 
 colleges ; 1 naval school, and 1 school of telegraphy. 
 The Government has lately decreed 1 agricultural 
 institute. The attendance at all these institutions is 
 5,000 students, who are under the tuition of 4;>(j 
 teachers. During the year 1890 the cost of these 
 branches of instruction was 1168,380.11. 
 
 Public Works. Large sums of money have been spent in Venezuela 
 in public works, such as churches, hospitals, schools, 
 parks, monuments, canalization, roads, etc. The sum 
 disbursed on this jiccount from December 1st, 1888, to 
 November 30th, 1890, was |;3,5 10,435.56. 
 
 Public Debt. The public debt in existence is now classed under 
 
 four heads, as follows : Interior Debt, Foreign Del)t, 
 Debt by the Diplomatic Agreements, and One Ter 
 Cent Titles, tlie amounts of which are : 
 
 Interior Debt ---- $7,354,543.96 
 
 Foreign Debt 12,958,801.34 
 
 Diplomatic Debt .- 828,915.38 
 
 One Per Cent. Titles 647,201.79 
 
 Total $21,789,531.47 
 
 In order to meet its obligations, Venezuela has only 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 19 
 
 Piiblic 
 Revenue. 
 
 to set aside 10 per cent, of its revenue as it appears in 
 the Treasury tahles for 1SS9-00, a fact which, viewed 
 from an economic standpoint, shows a favorable pros- 
 pect and the forethought of its financiers. 
 
 The public revenue in Venezuela is derived prin- 
 cipally from the import duties. Other sources are the 
 lease of salt mines, the postage-stamps, mineral taxes, 
 etc. 
 
 National '^Che following tables show the amounts of the Gov- 
 
 Expenses. ernment branches sharing in the puljlic expenses in 
 
 the mentioned years : 
 
 1888-89. 
 Departments. Bolivars. 
 
 Interior 8,187,003.66 
 
 Foreign Affairs 1,399,122.17 
 
 Finances 6,000,318.16 
 
 Public Advancement 1,877,024.43 
 
 Public Credit 4,256,306.41 
 
 Public Works 5,379,760.24 
 
 War and Navy 6, 536, 832. 21 
 
 Public Instruction ... 3, 786, 303. 20 
 
 1889-90. 
 
 Bolivars. 
 
 7,502,514.24 
 
 1,290,985.36 
 
 10,844,732.89 
 2,251,530.55 
 3,806,716.65 
 
 11,166,589.49 
 5,489,842.86 
 3,217,954.50 
 
 Totals B. 37, 423, 390 .48 B. 45, 630, 866. 54 
 
 Increase during 1889-90 B. 8.207,476.06 
 
 Here is a table showing the distribution of public 
 
 revenue among the Federal States in 1S8S-S9 and 
 
 1889-90 : 
 
 Total receipts for the two years $7,466,666.64 
 
 Deductfid for collection and manage- 
 ment expenses 355,852.00 
 
 $7,110,814.64 
 
 The total for the year 1889-90 was distributed as follows: 
 
 Name of 
 
 Census Pop- 
 
 Pi'o rata of 
 
 
 State. 
 
 ulation. 
 
 percentage. 
 
 Bolivars. 
 
 Miranda 
 
 . 494.002 
 
 25.78 
 
 916,580.15 
 
 Carabol)o . . . 
 
 . 158,851 
 
 8.34 
 
 296,519.72 
 
 Lara 
 
 . 233,752 
 
 12.20 
 
 433,757.86 
 
20 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Name of Census Pop- Pro rata of 
 
 State ulation. percentage. 
 
 Falcon 187,051 
 
 Zumora 23r),;i71 
 
 Bolivar 54,422 
 
 Bcrmudez... 257.807 
 
 Los Andes.. 293,108 
 
 Bolivars. 
 
 9.76 
 
 347,006.29 
 
 12.33 
 
 438,379.87 
 
 2.84 
 
 100,973.14 
 
 13.46 
 
 478,555.81 
 
 15.29 
 
 543,619.48 
 
 
 B. 3, 555, 392. 32 
 
 Imports. The increase of the import values effected through 
 
 the Custom-IIoiises in the hist seventeen years has 
 heen considerable in comparison with the figures pre- 
 ceding 187a : 
 
 Values Imxtoricd. 
 Tears. Bolivars. 
 
 1830 to 1831 8,188,105.65 
 
 1834 to 1835 13,999,167.80 
 
 1839 to 1840 24,865,431.25 
 
 1844 to 1845 19,846,907.70 
 
 1849 to 1850 16,593,246.50 
 
 1854 to 1855.... 24,971,218.00 
 
 1859 to 1860 27,230,577.70 
 
 1864 to 1865 38,135,265.70 
 
 1873 to 1874... 61,717,183.45 
 
 Tlie values iui])ortcd from the different foreign 
 ports ill the fiscal years 1888-89 and 1889-90, were: 
 
 1888-89. 
 
 Bolivars. 
 ITamburg . .25,490,94S.()0 
 
 Havre 5,985,107.00 
 
 St. Nuzaire. 3,411,807.15 
 
 Marseille's .. 
 Barcc'lonnc. 
 
 Mala!z:a 
 
 London 
 
 1,043,824.10 
 
 1,443, 06 LOO 
 
 825,659.50 
 
 558,686.00 
 
 Bolivars. 
 Tlahana.... 47,764.05 
 San Jose de 
 
 CiRuta... 3,944,456.00 
 Port Spain.- 724,462.55 
 New York -.19,861, 432.20 
 Liverpool ... 16,230,840.00 
 Bordeaux... 1,804,209.00 
 
 Total-.-. B. 81,372,256.55. 
 
»»c. 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITIO?^. 
 
 jv 1. 
 
 1889-90. 
 
 Bolivars. 
 Liverpool . .20,580,425.00 
 
 Iljiniburg . .19,580,550.00 
 
 Iljivre 0,708,075.00 
 
 St. Nazaire. 8,184,079.:^7 
 
 Bordeaux.. 3,814,741.00 
 
 Barceloime. 1,896,134.00 
 
 New York .23,460,390.01 
 
 London 867,026.00 
 
 Total 
 
 Bolivars. 
 Port Spain.. 1,637, 40 1.00 
 
 Malaga 927,493.00 
 
 Genoa 499,482.00 
 
 Leghorn ... 
 Swansea ... 
 Glasgow ... 
 
 CardilT 
 
 Teueriff e . . 
 
 33,870.00 
 
 48,583.51 
 
 57,000.00 
 
 136.480.00 
 
 122,081.00 
 
 B. 83,614,411.49. 
 
 Experts The increase of exports from Venezuela from the 
 
 year 1873 to 1890 is in proportion to the imports in 
 the same period. 
 
 To give an idea of sucli increase some figures are 
 submitted referring to previous years : 
 
 Tears. Bolivars. 
 
 1830 to 1831 8,676,829.45 
 
 1834 to 1835 13,308,357.10 
 
 1839 to 1840.... 23,755,510.30 
 
 1844 to 1845. 22,368,635.05 
 
 1849 to 1850. 23,957,205.35 
 
 1854 to 1855 27,467,451.95 
 
 1859 to 1860 34,514,595.40 
 
 1864 to 1865.... 33,398,358.90 
 
 1873 to 1874 73,918,122.05 
 
 The articles exported for foreign countries and 
 their values during tlie years 1888-89 and 1889-90, 
 are given in the folloving list. 
 
 Coiree 
 
 Cocoa 
 
 Hides 
 
 Deer-skins 
 
 Goat-skins 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Indigo 
 
 Quina 
 
 Dividive pods 
 
 Tobacco, leaf and /naiiiifactur'd 
 
 Starch I 
 
 Panela & papel on (brrwn sugar) 
 
 Tinctorial woods. . ./ 
 
 "Woods, different kilids 
 
 1888-1889. 
 
 B. 
 
 70,293,410 
 
 9,757,427 
 
 2,500,572 
 
 298,536 
 
 2,132,501 
 
 150,211 
 
 12,268 
 
 163,687 
 
 331 ,437 
 
 107.687 
 
 26,088 
 
 131,812 
 
 309,020 
 
 162.821 
 
 1889-1890. 
 
 B. 71,167,850 
 
 9,329,396 
 
 2,432,267 
 
 333,740 
 
 1,962,067 
 
 71,181 
 
 7,774 
 
 126,323 
 
 489,826 
 
 243,872 
 
 11,648 
 
 125,665 
 
 426,526 
 
 136,713 
 
22 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Rushes, differeut kinds 
 
 Rubber 
 
 Horns 
 
 Fish-glue 
 
 Bait 
 
 Cocoanut 
 
 Bananas 
 
 Fruits 
 
 Spirits and alcohol 
 
 Living' ])lants 
 
 St\iffed birds 
 
 Salt 13sh 
 
 Beans 
 
 Live cattle 
 
 Goats and sheep 
 
 Horses 
 
 Donkeys 
 
 Mules 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Gold and silver coin 
 
 Gold ore and melted 
 
 Clay gold 
 
 Sarrapia (Tonka beans) 
 
 Sabadil 
 
 Siniaruba l)ark y 
 
 Copper oi-es android copper 
 Tiger-skins . 
 
 Candies of sevei^l classes 
 Chocolate ... 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Asphalt 
 
 Bricks 
 
 Onoto (arnatto see(ip) 
 
 Aloes 
 
 Wool 
 
 Sole leather. 
 Balsam of copaiba. 
 
 Cocoanut oil 
 
 Sarsa pari 11a 
 
 Feathers 
 
 Sea shells. -- 
 
 Resins of several kinds 
 
 Bones 
 
 Corn 
 
 Cogollo (bleached ]>alni or\rrass 
 leaves for hat-plait iim). 
 
 Chalk [.. 
 
 Pot-herbs 
 
 EartluMiware 
 
 Turtles 
 
 (iuartz 
 
 Orangc-iieels 
 
 Different produce 
 
 1 888-1889. 
 
 B. 4,823 
 
 326,844 
 
 26,356 
 
 57,680 
 
 11,616 
 
 81,618 
 
 31,500 
 
 6,487 
 
 2.493 
 
 14,057 
 
 13,600 
 
 11,600 
 
 2,856 
 
 1,213,480 
 
 210 
 
 49,900 
 
 46,900 
 
 26,270 
 
 8,532 
 
 1,806,301 
 
 2,522,485 
 
 149,242 
 
 189,087 
 
 5,041 
 
 9,359 
 
 8,806,418 
 
 1,010 
 
 976 
 
 24,731 
 
 2,289 
 
 2,035 
 
 3,274 
 
 7,668 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,560 
 
 4,564 
 
 196,536 
 
 176 
 
 1,040 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,425 
 
 2,781 
 
 840 
 
 4,780 
 
 8,800 
 
 8.452 
 
 829 
 
 600 
 
 880 
 
 1,330 
 
 1,151 
 
 181,745 
 
 B. 97,262,254 B. 100,917,302 
 
 1889-1890. 
 
 B. 1,776 
 
 274,716 
 
 13,468 
 
 47,986 
 
 8,760 
 
 48,426 
 
 43,416 
 
 5,227 
 
 3,184 
 
 15,726 
 
 11,900 
 
 5,160 
 
 13,652 
 
 1,176,000 
 
 680 
 
 80,600 
 
 82,528 
 
 6^886 
 
 589,599 
 
 8,888,428 
 
 183.154 
 
 442.721 
 
 7,840 
 
 4,715 
 
 1,971,939 
 
 1,504 
 
 1,330 
 
 18,172 
 
 100 
 
 559 
 
 1,880 
 
 4,750 
 
 500 
 
 490 
 
 7,569 
 
 120,199 
 
 45 
 
 400 
 
 17,828 
 
 8,761 
 
 6,588 
 
 6,488 
 
 7,782 
 
 4.659 
 
 8. 070 
 
 4(56 
 
 :{t;o 
 
 920 
 
 140 
 
 678 
 
 18,740 
 
WOIvI.d's COLUMHIAN EXrOSITION". 23 
 
 Mail Service. ^^l ^^^^ sections of the country are communicated 
 with through roguhir mails, and the periodicity of 
 these is dependent on tlie hmd roads or the naviga- 
 tion of the sea and rivers which open them to travel- 
 ing. All inland points distant from seas and rivers 
 are communicated with by foot or horse posts with 
 the nearest stations opened to steamers or railroads. 
 
 Telegraphs. The extent of the telegraphic web is 6,378 kilometers 
 
 and 144 meters (3,900 miles) and the number of the 
 telegraph-oflfices is 11;2. The capital city is connected 
 with all the States of the Repuljlic and with Europe 
 and the United States by a sea cable laid from 
 La Guaira via the West Indies. 
 
 Telephones. There are two telephone companies with offices in 
 
 Caracas, La Guaira, Yaler.cia and Porto Cabello/Anti- 
 mano, Maracaibo, El Valle, and Sabana Grand^. It is 
 also proposed to have them established a* Ciudad 
 Bolivar, San Cristobal and Rubio, State of ^os Andes, 
 and Secciou Tiichira. 
 
 Navigation. Five steamship lines ply along the Veirt^znelan coasts 
 
 and through the risers. The steams/iips Maracaibo 
 and Mcrida run to Joro, Maracaibo,/nd Curazao, con- 
 necting in this ishuid with the An/rican steamers of 
 the Ked D Line. 
 
 One line run? between Po/o Cabello, La Guaira, 
 Trinidad, and iutermediat/ points, and another 
 between Carenco and Pio^iico. 
 
 The Company navigating between Ciudad Bolivar 
 and Port Spaii makesij/so trips to San Fernando, El 
 Baul, Camagu'in, anclAntrias, when the Apure River 
 is navigable," (hiaJre aiul Socorro arc two steam- 
 ships makini the sfiie trips and also to Arauca. 
 
 El Pro'ircHo iiUilEJ Frilxinfc run between Mara- 
 caibo. Lii Ceiba, Cf3u, and Eucontrados. 
 
24 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Porto Cabello and Tucacas are connected by a 
 steamboat line. 
 
 Two tow-boats and a sailing sliip are employed by 
 pilots in Maracaibo. 
 
 Roads and The country is crossed by wagon-roads in all direc- 
 
 RailwayS. tions. The railways already finished have an exten- 
 sion of 234 miles and connect the following points: 
 Caracas and La Giiaira; Caracas and El Valle; Porto 
 Cabello and Valencia; Maiquetia and Macuto ; Guanta 
 and Barcelona; La Lnz El llacha and Barquisimeto; 
 Carenero and San Jose, and Ceiba and Sabana de 
 Mendoza. 
 
 Other important roads in course of construction 
 are: The Central Railwa}^, which has a concession to 
 build a road from Caracas to Valencia, via Santa 
 Lucia and Cua. 
 
 The Grand E^ilroad of Venezuela is constructing a 
 road from Caracas to Valencia and San Carlos, State 
 of Zamora, whichVill pass through the fertile Aragua 
 valleys, called thc\Venezuela garden. 
 
 Other companiW have been incorjoorated, and 
 H is expected tliaf they will soon commence to 
 biild. 
 
 Immigration. I^^ order to promo\c immigration the Venezuelan 
 Govcimnent has established abroad four Information 
 Bureau; in the followmg cities: Bordeaux, France; 
 Antwerp, Belgium ; Saytander, Spain; Las Palmas, 
 Canary K'nnds. TwoWricultural colonies were 
 founded in 1-^74; one culVd Indopcndencia, is located 
 south of the '1 ly Kiver, in tlie middle of the Guarico 
 and Bolivar districts, in Wio State of Miranda; the 
 other called Boli ar colon\ is situated near Guatire, 
 aiul owns lands watred by tli^ Araira river of extraor- 
 dinary fertility in tie lowlands as well as the high- 
 lands. Both colonic li.ive succeeded well and thrive 
 uninterruptedly. \ 
 
world's columrian exposition. 25 
 
 Immigration Laws. By the imniigrution liiws of Veiieziielu, the trans- 
 portation expenses of immigrants are paid by tlie 
 Government from the time they leave their country 
 till their final location. A lot of vacant land is 
 allowed to each immigrant, and the right to purchase 
 at lialf the price established by law any puljlic lands 
 which he may wish to buy. A 2)eriod of two years is 
 granted for the payment of said lands. All immigra- 
 tion contracts made by the Venezuelan Consuls abroad 
 are submitted to the Government for approval. 
 
 Vacant Lands. By official statistics the vacant lands in the agri- 
 cultural section of Venezuela are estimated at 140,471) 
 square miles, while the grazing lands contain 93,213 
 square miles. 
 
 All applicants for vacant lands engage to have 
 ploughed and under cultivation three years after their 
 purchase at least half of their extent. In the case of 
 grazing lands for stock-raising they ought to be occu- 
 pied one year after the grant. The sale is made fol- 
 lowing the legal appraisement and the price is paid 
 at the office of Public Credit. 
 
 Weights and I'lie metrical system for weights and measures has 
 
 Measures, l^een established by law. 
 
 Monetary System. 'J-'lie monetary unit of Venezuela is the bolivar, 
 corresponding to the Spanish peseta or F^snch franc, 
 and is equal to 0.1923 of the American dollar. The 
 gold pieces are 100, 25, and 20 bolivars, and the silver 
 pieces of 5, 2^, 2, 1, ^, and ^ bolivars. The circulation 
 of foreign moneys as legal tender is prohibited, and 
 they are considered only as merchandise without fixed 
 value. The American 20-dollar gold piece is quoted 
 at 104 bolivars and its fractions proportionately. 
 
 Banks. The two l)anks which issue bills in Venezuela are 
 
 private institutions, and their notes circulate at par 
 value. 
 
26 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 PreSSo Newspapers are published in all the principal cen- 
 
 ters of 23opulation. Most of them are of a political 
 character. There are some scientific, literary, mer- 
 cantile, illustrated, and religious periodicals. The 
 total number of publications is 250. 
 
 Public Libraries. The National Library has 32,000 volumes. The 
 Medical Library of the Central University owns 2,400 
 volumes. The library of the Venezuelan Academy 
 has collected 2,000 volumes on Languages, History, 
 and General Literature. All these libraries are located 
 in the city of Caracas. 
 
 In other sections of the Republic as Valencia, 
 Maracaibo, Bolivar City, Miranda, and Falcon, the 
 public libraries are well provided. 
 
 National T^^<^ National Museum is divided into three 
 
 Museum, branches. The Bolivar branch preserves all objects, 
 mementoes, and documents relating to the Liberator, 
 Simon Bolivar. The second branch is devoted to 
 National History; and the third is a Museum of Natu- 
 ral History, 
 
 iStfOnomicaJ The Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory 
 Observatory. ^^ provided with all instruments pertaining to this 
 kind of institutions, and is in correspondence with 
 the European and American Observatories. Its serv- 
 ices have been appreciated abroad on account of the 
 geographical and climatologic conditions of its loca- 
 tion. 
 
 GoVarnrnent and The Government of Venezuela is Republican and 
 Civil InstitU- Federal. The Nation is divided into nine large States, 
 tions. ^'^^ Federal District, and live Territories. I'he 
 national institutions insure to all the inhabitants, 
 natives as well as foreigners, the safety of their lives; 
 respect for tlieir pro]ierty, with all its safeguards; 
 privacy for their correspondence; security for their 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 27 
 
 homes, which caniiot be transgressed except to pre- 
 vent a crime; personal freedom for their thoughts or 
 writings; religious and traveling liberties; rights of 
 petition, association, industry, and suffrage. 
 
 The nopuhir instruction is compulsory and free of 
 
 charge. 
 
 The Legislative power is represented by the Con- 
 gress, which is divided into a Senate and a Chamber 
 of Deputies. The Senate is formed by three Seiuitors 
 from each State, who are cliosen for four years. One 
 Deputy is apportioned to every 35,000 inhabitants, 
 or to any fraction exceeding 15,000, and they are also 
 chosen for four years. 
 
 The Congress comprises twenty-seven Senators and 
 fifty-three Deputies. They convene in Caracas every 
 year on the 20th of February, and to each legislative 
 period are assigned seventy days, which may be 
 extended for twenty additional days. 
 
 The Executive poAver is vested in the President of 
 the Republic and his Ministers. The President 
 attends to the enforcement of the laws. The Presi- 
 dential term was two years by the last Constitution. 
 
 At present, while the National Assembly is revising 
 the national institutions, the Presidency is temporarily 
 committed to the Executive Chief, Gen. Joaquin 
 Crespo, the leader of the last movement, which was 
 sustained by the whole Republic, and overthrew the 
 rule of a faithless President. The Executive Gov- 
 ernment of Venezuela is now composed of the follow- 
 ing personnel: 
 
 Chief of the National Executive.— 
 
 Gen. Joaquin Crespo. 
 Mmisters : Interior.— Gt.^. Leon Colina. 
 Foreifjn Affairs.— VvAnw Ezequiel Rojas. 
 Finances.'— (jE^. Jose Antonio Velutini. 
 Fuhlic Advancement.— IjEOVOhm Baptista. 
 Public Instruction.— Ges. Ignacio Andrade. 
 War and Navy.—G^^. Manuel Guzman Alvarez, 
 
38 THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 Public Warier. — Jesus Munoz Tebar. 
 
 Governor of the Federal District. — Antonio Ra- 
 
 MELLA. 
 
 The Judiciary Branch is composed of the High 
 Federal Courts and the Corte of Casacion, or Court 
 of Appeals, which is the Court of the States. Justice 
 is also administered in all the States of the Union by 
 other Courts and the municipal judges. 
 
 HiStOriCHi Brief. Venezuela was the country first discovered on the 
 South American Continent by Christopher Columbus 
 on August 1, 1498, during his third voyage. The 
 war waged by the Spaniards to subjugate the natives 
 lasted forty years. When they were overpowered and 
 the City of Caracas founded, the Captaincy-General 
 of Venezuela continued for two hundred and forty 
 years under the Spanish Crown, and the country was 
 governed by Captain- Generals appointed by the 
 Spanish kings. 
 
 In 180G, General Francisco Miranda, at the head of 
 a patriotic group, landed in Coro and raised the flag 
 of Indeiiendence. After several bloody encounters 
 the independent followers were vanquished, but their 
 failing did not choke down the national aspirations 
 for independence. 
 
 On April 10, 1810, the City of Caracas witnessed a 
 daring movement for national freedom. On July 5, 
 1811, the Act, or Declaration, of Independence was 
 signed in the same city, and by it the United Pro- 
 vinces of Venezuela erected themselves into an inde- 
 pendent Republic. Diii'ing the next ten years a 
 bloody and incessant war existed until in 1821 the 
 Liberator, Simon IJolivar, the genius of South Ameri- 
 can Independence, crowned his preceding triumjjhs 
 with the Carabobo battle, which was fought in the 
 plains bearing the last name. Tlie royalist army was 
 completely routed and the independence of the 
 Republic sealed. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 29 
 
 The reniiKiiit of the Spaiiisli aniiics in Veneziiehi 
 were coiujiiered in 18'^3 tit Porto Oabello, and obliged 
 to leave tlie country by General Jose Antonio Paez. 
 By the treaty of peace, signed at Madrid in 18-45, the 
 Government of S^iain formally acknowledged the 
 independence of the Republic. 
 
 Controversy of it is not out of place to state here that for a long 
 Limits with time there has existed between Great Britain and 
 England. Venezuela a dispute about territorial limits. Venezuela 
 has not ceased to ask for the arbitration of friendly 
 Powers to settle satisfactorily for both nations this 
 protracted controversy. Though no solution has so 
 far been arrived at, it is certainly to be hoped that it 
 will come with honor and justice to both parties, 
 because their recij^rocal rights repose on historical 
 facts which may be easily verified. 
 
 Regular Steam- The Royal Mail steamshij^s from Southampton visit 
 ship Lines the port of La Guaira fortnightly, and return thence 
 
 between to Trinidad. 
 
 Venezuela, The British Harrison Line and West India and 
 
 Europe, and Piicific Line jointly dispatch one steamship per week 
 
 the United from Liverpool for the West Indies, touching at La 
 
 States. Guaira and Puerto Cabello, and returning to England 
 
 via New Orleans. 
 
 The Hamburg- American Line dispatches a steam- 
 ship semi-monthly from Hamburg for the West 
 Indies, touching at La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, 
 and usually returning to Europe via Sabanilla, 
 Colombia. 
 
 The Spanish Transatlantic Company dispatches one 
 steamship per month from Xew York, touching at 
 La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, and returning to Xew 
 York via Colon and Havana. Another ship is dis- 
 patched monthly from Spain for Colon that, going 
 and returning, touches at La Guaira and Puerto 
 Cabello. 
 
30 THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 The Xctberlands Eoyal Mail Company dispatches 
 one steamer monthly from Amsterdam via Dutch 
 Guiana, touching at Carupano, Cumana, La Guaira, 
 and Puerto Cabello, and returning to Europe via 
 XcAV York. Another steamer is dispatched monthly 
 via New York, touching at La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, 
 Cumana, Carupano, and returning thence via Dutch 
 Guiana to Amsterdam. 
 
 The French Transatlantic Company dispatches 
 two steamslii2:)s per month from St. Nazaire, France, 
 via Martinique, touching at La Guaira and Puerto 
 Cabello on the voyage to Colon, whence the ship 
 returns and calls at the same ports on the home 
 voyage. This line also dispatches one steamship per 
 month from Marseilles, touching at Carupano, La 
 Guaira, and Puerto Cabello, on the voyage to and 
 from Colon. 
 
 The Thebaud Line of New York dispatches one 
 steamship monthly from New York, touching at 
 Carupano and Ciudad Bolivar, and returning thence 
 to New York. 
 
 One steamship per month leaves Havre, touching at 
 La Guaira and Puerto Cabello en route to Curazao, 
 and calling at the same i)orts on the return voyage. 
 
 The xVmerican steamships of the Red D Line leave 
 New York every ten days and touch at the ports of 
 Curazao, Puerto Cabello, and La Guaira, both going 
 and returning. Branch steamers of this line make 
 semi-weekly trips between Curazao and Maracaibo, 
 and between Curazao and C/oro, transferring pas- 
 sengers and cargo to and from the ships of the main 
 line. 
 
 9l^«i^ 
 
Medal coined by order of the ( lovernment of Venezuela to commemorate the 
 
 four hundredth anniversary of the Discovery of America, and the 
 
 concurrence of the Republic to the NVorld's 
 
 C'ohnnbian l-".\hil)ilion. 
 
A 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue 
 
 OF THE OBJECTS SENT BY THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA 
 
 TO THE 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition 
 
 AND EXHIIJITEL) IN THE 
 
 VENEZUELAN BUILDING 
 
 Jackson Park, (1iica<^o. 
 
Descriptive Catalogue. 
 
 DEPAUTMENT A. 
 Agriculture, Forest Products, and Forestry. 
 
 group 1 — class 2. ixdtax corn. 
 
 to 4. MAIZE OR INDIAN CORN. Tlie exhibit shows only four varie- 
 ties: Maiz vdllero, 3Iaiz toigiieragua, Maiz cariaco, Maiz ainarillo ; 
 but there are about lialf a dozen more in eullivation in tlie country, 
 samples of Avliii-li, however, could not be obtained in time. Tiie Maiz 
 tengueragna XvA^i'^ iowv mim\\\)^ to get ripe, but it gives the best crop, 
 and can l')e kept longer. The Muizvallero is rii)e wilhin three mouths, 
 however the grain is not very compact and does not keep well. The 
 Maiz carmco, finally, ripens likewise in three months, and is generally, 
 though without good reason, believed to be more nourisliing than the 
 other varieties. 
 
 From otiicial returns, there are about 20,000 liectares of land (about 
 50,000 acres) given over to the ciUtivation of corn, and the total amount 
 of produce is believed to be 120,000,000 kilogr. There are two crops 
 every year, one in summer (dr\' season), the other in winter (rainy sea- 
 son), this latter l)eing the more abundant of the two. 
 
 Mai/e may Ix; grown in every kind of soil from the level of the .sea 
 upwards to*2,S00 metres, though it grows best between 500 and 1,000 
 metres. Its cultivation is very easy; but occasionally the seed is lost 
 several times, us a conse(iuence of unfavourable weather. Tlie plant suf- 
 fers comi>aratively little from enemies: the smut {urecJo maydis) is rare, 
 but several species of birds do some damage to the ripe ears. The 
 writer has had au opportunity to examine a sample of Venezuelan maize, 
 weighing as nmch as SO kilogr. ju-r hectoliter, which is more, I believe, 
 than the average weight of Pennsylvania corn. 
 
 Maize is to a verv large extent the true l)read -plant of Venezuela, 
 especially in the interior of the countiy. Tt is scarcely, if at all, used 
 for making corn-meal; but the grains, after having been soaked in water 
 and pounded in a wooden mortar (called piJiiU), so that the hard shell 
 comes off, are used for preparing little round loaves, called arejxts, 
 which are eaten warm. 
 
 The maize plant is also cultivated as green fodder (called malojo) for 
 horses and nudes, and is cut as soon as the terminal male iutloresceucc 
 has appeared.' 
 
 ' T'iiles8 stnfi'd otliorwisi-. tin- ;iiii<lis iii<nii<.iM(l in this cataloyiie were exhiJ)iU'(I by tiie 
 Goverumcut of Veuezueia 
 
34 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 GROUP 2 — CLASS 16. STAKCir AND ITS MANrFACTURE FROM ALL SOURCES. 
 
 5. MAIZE-STARCH {Zea Mays). Prepared from the variety called Maiz 
 
 cariaco, Avliich yields about 60 per cent, of starch. 
 
 6. APIO-STARCH (ArracacJia esciilenta). The plant -which goes in Vene- 
 
 zuela by the name of Apio, l)ek)ngs to the family of imibelliferfe, and 
 looks very much like celery, which accounts for the name {Ajyio in 
 Spanish n'leans celery). It is a native of the South American Andes, 
 and ui-o\vs only in heiuhts from 1,500 meters upwards. It is a biennial 
 plant; in the tirst year the large fleshy root only develops a number of 
 radical leaves, whilst in the second year a tall stem grows up, bearing 
 the tlowers. As in this growth, however, the mealy substance of the 
 root is used vip, the latter is dug out l)efore the stem appears. The 
 fleshy root is of a yellow^ color, and, when boiled, very palatable. It 
 contains from 20 to 22 per cent, of starch, besides a sweetish juice, 
 which yields good alcohol. 
 
 7 CHIGA-STARCH {Campsiandra comosa). Upper Apure, Aranca, Meta, 
 Orinoco. The starch is extracted from the seeds and used as bread- 
 stulf. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 8. LAIREN-STARCH. The tuberculous roots of Galathea allouya, look- 
 
 ing very much like small potatoes, are eaten after having been boiled, 
 and contain about 23 per cent, of a most beautiful starch. 
 
 9. MANDIOCA-STARCH {Mdnihot utilissima, called Yuca in Venezuela). 
 
 Tliei-e arc two varieties: Yuca duke and Yuca amarga. The latter 
 contains a very poisonous juice, which nuist be got rid of by pressure 
 after the root is ground. It contains about 15 per cent, of starch, which 
 is sold at $6 to %1 the hundredweight. 
 
 ID. MANDIOCA-STARCH. Exhib. Govt, of the State of Bermudez. 
 
 11. MAPUEI-STARCH (Dioscorea trifida). There are two varieties: Ma- 
 
 pnei hhitivo and Mnpuei morado, according to the interior of the roots, 
 which is white in the former, and of a nmrrey color in llie latter. The 
 boiled roots are much used instead of potatoes, and are, indeed, of a 
 very good taste. 
 
 12. OCUMO-STARCH {Colocaaia eacidenta). The tubercles of (lie rhi/om 
 
 contain about :?() percent, of starch, and wiien boiled taste like some 
 inferior kinds of potatoes. 
 
 13. POTATO-STARCH. Potatoes grow well in most parts of Venezuela, 
 
 farmers using generally German or French seed. They suiTer. however, 
 occasionally from blight, and the amount grown is by far not sutticient 
 for consuniptlon, so that every year a considerable quantity of potatoes 
 is imported, especially from Germany and France. 
 
 14. PLANTAIN-FLOUR {Musa paradisiaca), 
 
 15. YAMS-STARCH {Dioscorea alata). The roots contain 18 per cent, of 
 
 starch, together with a large amount of mucilage. 
 
 16. SWEET POTATO STARCH {Batata cdulis). Tiie sweet potato is 
 
 extensively cultivated; il contains from 15 to 20 per cent, of starch, and 
 5 to 7 per cent, of glucose. 
 
 17. YURUMA-STARCH iUom M((in'iti(( fle,vuosa). Exhib. by the Governor 
 
 ol the Territory " Delta del Orinoco." 
 
world's rOLUMBTAX EXPOSTTIOX. 35 
 
 cJHour ;5—sr(JAi{s— CLASS 18. cane-sugar. 
 
 i8. REFINED CANE-SUGAR. The cultivation of sugar-cane is one of 
 the most iinpDilanl braiulies of i-iiral iiiduslry in Venezuchi, especial!}'' 
 in the warmer parts of the country, up to about ],()()() ni. above sea- 
 level. The variety cultivated is the so-called Otahiti cane, wliich needs 
 from 1() to IS months before iti>,ets fully ripe. The juice is pressed from 
 the canes between iron rollers, nutved either b}^ water-power or by 
 steam, hut at the most no more than 70 to 75 percent, of the total (pian- 
 tity is obtained, the rest remaining in the refuse (bagazo), which is 
 dried and used as fuel. The; juice is either allowed to ferment, and thus 
 to be changed into a kind of ordinary hrandy, called aguardiente, or 
 boiled down to a certain lliickness, and then thrown into wooden or 
 earthen moulds, in which it hardens and becomes what is called pajie- 
 lou, a kind of hrown sugar used all over the country. Loaves like those 
 to be seen in our exhibit are likewise mjide by i)ouring the well-defe- 
 cated juice into large conical moulds, and })hicing on the upper side, as 
 soon as the sugar hardens, a layer of a certain clayish earth, well mixed 
 with some water. This humidity sinks gradually through the whole loaf, 
 taking along with it a great deal of the impurities contained in the 
 sugar. One hectare of good land gives about 15,000 canes, weighing 
 some 00,000 kilogr., and these should yield 8,000 kilogr. of lu'own sugar 
 and 2,000 liters of aguardiente, worth together nearly $1,000. The 
 importation of foreign sugar is prohibited by the Venezuelan custom 
 laws. 
 
 19. SUGAR. Exib. Carlos Sanchez G., Valencia. 
 
 20. BROWN SUGAR {papelon), from the plantation Paya in the State of 
 
 Carabobo. 
 
 21. MOULD FOR MAKING PAPELON or common raw sugar, Yaracuy, 
 
 State of Lara. 
 
 CLASS 26. nONEY, 
 
 22. HONEY. The bee kept in Venezuela belongs to the variety known as 
 
 Api^ ligurica. It was introduced in 1850 from the Canary Islands by 
 Dr. Fernando Bolet, who thus l)ecanie the father of bee-keeping in the 
 whole country. There are, besides, several wild species of bees that 
 make honey. 
 
 23. HONEY, from Cumanii. 
 
 GROUP 5 — VEGETABLE PRODUCTS OF TITE FARM NOT OTHERWISE CLASSED. — 
 
 CLASS 82. IJEANS. 
 
 24. CARAOTAS BLANCAS (white ])eans). 
 
 25. " PINTADAS DE AMARILLO (yellow-spotted beans). 
 
 26. " NEGRAS (black beans). 
 
 27. " PONCHAS (soft beans). 
 
 28. " PINTADAS (colored beans). 
 
 29. GUARACAROS PINTADOS (colored flat beans). 
 
 30. " BLANCOS (white Hat beans). 
 
 31. FRIJOLES BAYOS (bay-colored beans). 
 
3G THE UXITED STATES OF VENEZUELA, 
 
 32. FRIJOLITOS BLANCOS (small white beans). 
 33- " AMARILLOS (small yellow beans). 
 
 34. TAPIRAMOS BLANCOS. 
 
 Most of these beans come from varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris, and 
 the Caraotas negras especially are one of the staple articles of food all 
 about the country. They were certainly not introduced by the Spaniards, 
 save one or two varieties. 
 
 35. BEANS, white and colored. Exhib. Government of the State of 
 
 Hernuidez. 
 
 36. LENTEJAS. This name means literally lentils, but it is quite a different 
 
 grain. They are indeed the seeds of Phaseolus mungo, but not much 
 in use. 
 
 GROUP 38— EXTRACT OP BEEF. 
 
 37. EXTRACT OF BEEF (Suciilenta Americana), prepared and exhibited 
 
 by Dr. D. Cespedes, Caracas. 
 
 GROUP 8 — TEA, COFFEE, SPICES, HOPS, AND AROMATIC AND OLEAGINOUS 
 VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES — CLASS 45. COFFEE, COCOA, CHOCOLATE. 
 
 COFFEE. The bent coffee is grown in the tierra templada and the lower 
 l)art of the tierra fria, where the vegetation is refreshed throughout the 
 wlu^lc year by dense and cool morning togs. Experience lias iiroved 
 that the coffee-tree thrives best under the shade of other large trees. 
 For this purpose, in the warmer parts, the "sainan" {Pitliecolobinm 
 saman) and the "orore " {Pitliecolobinm hymeuaefoliuni) are used; in 
 the temperate belt the princii)al shade-tiee is the " bucare " {Erytluina 
 corallodendron and E. mitis), and in tlie colder region the coffee tree 
 is sheltered by various species of "guamo" (Tnga fastuosa, I. vera, 
 etc.). Of all tliese shade-trees the bucare is the best, as it n\akes a high 
 clear trunk with a ratlier light crown, and sheds its leaves in I)eceml)er 
 and January, so that the coffee-trees get an abundance of air and light 
 precisely in the time just before flowering. 
 
 The cotTee-tree gives a first crop when four to tive years old, (-lop- 
 time beginning generally in September or October. On well-nianaged 
 estates there are no more than 1,000 trees per fanegada of land (a 
 fanegada equal to 10,000 scpiare varas, or 1.78 acres). It may be 
 assumed that every tree yields -'^ almiides (7.5 liters or 7 quarts) of " ber- 
 ries, whicli makes 750 ahnudes \Mn- fanegada. 'M ahnudesoi fresh ber- 
 ries make one (piintal of merchantable coffee; a fanegada produces 
 therefon; about 20 ((uiiitals of the latter, \vhi(!h, at the actual price of 
 $17 per (luintal, are worth iji^'-HO, one-half at least of this amount being- 
 net profit. 
 
 Tlie ripe coffee-berries look very much like small cherries, and grow 
 in clustci's clos(^ to tht; bases of the leafstalks. After being picked, they 
 are thrown into the de.srerazttdor or coffee-pulpei". in order to take otf the 
 tlesliy outer part. This is done by pushing the fruits througli a wedge 
 shaped slit against a rotary (ylinder sheathed with a plate of coi>p<r 
 AvMiich has a great number of little blunt bosses. After this manipula 
 tion the fruits are left for about twenty-four hours in a tank of brick 
 work with water, where the beginning fermentation helps to wash them 
 more perfectly, and then they are spread out to dry on a large court. 
 cither puved ^vith bricks or made very smooth with mortar. Wlwu 
 
world's columbtax kxpostttox. 37 
 
 perfectly dry, they arc taken to the irilla, wliich consists of a heavy 
 wood or stone wheel, moved either by water-power or by animal force, 
 and running in a circidar bed or channel, wherein the parchment-like 
 shell-covering of the grains is crushed and broken, sothat theclcan grains 
 can afterward l)e separated from the chalf, b}' means of the venteador or 
 fanning-machine. 
 
 C'otTee prepared in the manner described is called cafe descerezado 
 (wasjied colfee), whilst cafe tn'ilddo, which is of an inferior (juality, is 
 made by drying the l)erries without their tleshy pulp being taken off 
 tirst, and then crushing the husk in the irilla. 
 
 In tirst-class coffee the grains ought to be of eqnal size, light-greenish 
 color, and liave a special and pleasant aroma ; they should, moreover, 
 be all of the same color after being roasted. All these properties are 
 combined in coffee from Venezuela, which, therefore, unquestionably 
 belongs to the very best kinils of this article known in commerce. 
 
 Coffee is to-day the most important product of Venezuelan agricul- 
 ture, and will certainly continue to hold its prominent rank, so much 
 the more so as the culture of the tree is comparativel}' easy, and not 
 exposed to any great hazards from the attacks of injurious animals and 
 parasitic diseases. Of the latter there are two, though neither frequent 
 nor ver}"^ damaging ; one is called mancha de hierro (i. e. iron rust), due 
 to the ravages of the larva of a microlepidopterous insQCt (Cemiofstoma 
 coffeellum ; the other is known under the name of candelillo {i. e. little 
 fire), and is produced by the growth of a fungus {Pellicularia Koleroga) 
 on the under side of the leaves, which die in consequence and look as if 
 they had been scorched by fire. 
 
 Venezuela owes the introduction of coffee culture to D. Jose Antonio 
 ]\[ohedano, 1784, at that time parish priest of Chacao(near Caracas), and 
 afterwards Bishop of Guiana. The first shipments were made in 1789 
 from La Guaira, and amoimted to 283 (juintals. To-day the exportation 
 is of 1,000,000 quintals, and the total produce is calculated to be at least 
 1,800,000 quintals. Prices have fluctuated very much : in May, 
 1874, they reached in Caracas their maximum ($2o per quintal of 100 
 Spanish pounds of washed coffee) ; in 1S88 they went down to %1 for 
 the same ; actually they are in Caracas .^^17 for washed coffee and about 
 two dollars less for triWidos. Most of the coffee from Venezuela is 
 shipped to Germany (H;;mburg) and France (Bordeaux and Havre). 
 Not long ago a considerable quantit}' was also sent to the United States, 
 and it is to be hoped that the circumstances which for the moment are 
 interrupting this branch of connnerce may soon disappear for the benefit 
 and in the true interests of both countries. 
 
 A List of the Samples of Coffee exhibited, with short notes on the plantations where 
 
 grown. 
 
 {Tierrn cnliente is the zone or belt from sea-level up to 000 meters, with a 
 mean temperature of 25-' C. (77^ F.) ; the iiervd iempldda extends from 000 to 
 1,500 meters, and has at its upper limit a mean temperature of 18° C. (04" 5 F.) ; 
 whilst the tierrafria is situated above this limit.) 
 
 38. Coffee exhib. by Santiago Becerra. 
 
 39. " " " Carlos Rodriguez. 
 
 40. Carlos Alberto Urbaneja, Plant. Sabaneta dc Aguaneg^ra. Federal Dis- 
 
 trict ; ii<rr<(fi'i(i. 200,000 trees, annua! produce 1,000 quintals. 
 
 41. Tomas Bueno, Plant. C;irMbol)o. in Turgua. State of Miranda; iierra 
 
 templada, 200,000 trees, annual produce 800 quintals, 
 
38 THE UNITED STATES OF TEXEZUELA. 
 
 42. Juan Gimenez, Plant. La Concepcion, St. Carabobo, 20 miles from 
 
 Valencia ; annual produce 700 quintals. 
 
 43. Hijos de Ramon Francia, Plant. Santo Cristo, St. Miranda, Distr. Sucre; 
 
 tierrd temjyladd, 200,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
 44. Anfiloquio Level, Plant, of tlie same name, St. ]\Iiranda, Sect. Bolivar 
 
 (Los Mariclies) ; tierrafria, 400,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
 45. Cirilo Matos e hijo, Plant. Santa Rita, St. Miranda (Aragua) ; tierrafrin, 
 
 40,000 trees, GOO quintals. 
 
 46. Rodulfo Requena, Plant. Cliimborazo, St. Miranda (Aragua) ; iierra tem- 
 
 pldda, 200,000 trees, 1,000 quintals. 
 
 47. Carlos Sanchez, G. Plant. Tarapio. 
 
 48. Julian de Santamaria, Chirgua. 
 
 49. Justo Gasteburena, Plant. Vijrrimia, Ch.rgua. 
 
 50. M. G. Simanca, Chirgua. 
 
 51. Eduardo Granadillo, Plant. La Helvecia. 
 
 52. Gomez Hermanos, Plant. Turumo, St. Miranda ; Uerrafna, 400, 000 trees, 
 
 GOO quintals. 
 
 53. A. Garcia Barrios, coffee caracolilloii'om the plantations Jesus, Pasajeras, 
 
 and Naranjos, in the valleys of Aragua. The name cuntcolillo means 
 " little shell," and alludes to the round shape of the grain, which is due 
 to the circumstance that only one of the seeds develops in the fruit. It 
 is often erroneously called Mocka Coffee, 
 
 54. Juan M. Rodriguez, Plant. La Mata, St. Miranda (Hatillo); iierra fria, 
 
 400,000 trees, 800 quintals. 
 
 55. Gabriel Medialdea, Plant. Santa Ana de jVIarare, St. ]\[iranda. Sect. 
 
 Jiolivar ; tierra atliente, 400,000 trees, 2,000 quintals. 
 
 56. A. Garcia Barrios, large-grained coffee from the plantations mentioned 
 
 under Ko. 53. 
 
 57. N. G. Linares, Plant. La IJrbina, St. Miranda. (Aragua) ; iierra iemplada, 
 
 100,000 trees, bOO quintals. 
 
 58. Hidalgo & Guerra, Plant. Los Cedros, St. IMiranda (Aragua) ; iierra iem- 
 
 plada, 120,000 trees, 1,000 quintals. 
 
 59. G. VoUmer, Plant. El Avila, washed coffee. 
 
 59a. " Plant. San Bernardino, Coffee in perfjaviino. 
 
 60. Juan Parra, Plant. El Carmen, St. Miranda ; iierra iemplada, 35.000 trees, 
 
 ;>50 quintals. 
 
 61. Ramon Guerra, TMant. Casa Grande, St. iMiranda (Aragua) ; tierra iem- 
 
 plada, <JO,000 trees, 800 quintals. 
 
 62. Jos6 A. Valero Lara, Plant. San Jose de Figueroa, St. Miranda, Sect. 
 
 Bolivar ; tierra fria, 80,000 trees, 250 to 300 quintals. 
 
 63. L E. Linares, Plant. Constancia, St. IMiranda, Sect. Bolivar ; iierra fria, 
 
 200,000 trees, 1,000 (juintals. 
 
 64. Ramon Muro & Co. Plant. La Maria, St. IMiranda, Dist. Suarez ; tierra 
 
 fria, 100,000 trees, 500 (quintals. 
 
 65. Eraso Hermanos & Co., Plant. Las Palomas, St. Miranda; tierrafria, 
 
 1,000,000 trees, 4,000 to 5,000 quintals. 
 
 66. Luis A. Ibarra, Plant. El Cedral, St. IMiranda (Turgua) ; tierra fria, 
 
 :?00,000 trees, SOO (piintals. 
 
 67. Silvestre Pacheco, Plant. La Concepcion. 
 
"VVOELD's rOLinrBTAX EXPORITTOX. 39 
 
 68. Ulpiano Aleman, riant. Las Mercedes. 
 
 69. Bernardino M. Ruiz, I'laiil. Loiiua Espana (Nai,i::uata), St. Miranda, Sect. 
 
 Bolivar, (ii rid t</iijU<u/<i (iiu-an temp. 72" F.), l."")0,()UO fruiting trees and 
 lOO.OOO of 3 years age, l.KK) quintals in 1S})2. 
 
 70. Pablo Ramirez, Plant. Valle ]\I()rin, St. ]\Iiranda (CaniataL''ua) ; tifrra 
 
 calu'iih. all, 000 trees, 200 quintals. 
 
 71. J. E. Linares, Plant. Curuciiti, St.lMiranda, Sect. Bolivar; iierra iemj>lmhi, 
 
 400,0(10 trres, 2,000 to ;],000 quintals. 
 
 72. Feo Hernandez, CofTee tnWido, Valle Morin. 
 
 73. Gualterio Chitty, Plant. San Jose de la Kncantada, St. Miranda, Dist. 
 
 Varuas (Caravaca) ; lierrn fri/t (max. temp. ()0'-\ min. 40^". mean .")<)'-•), 
 100,000 trees, 'from 100 to 800 (piinlals. 
 
 74. Otto Becker & Co., Sues., Plant. La Mata, St. Miranda, Dist. Picaurte ; 
 
 tk'rra ieniphuhi, 100,000 trees, 500 quintals. 
 
 75. Luis Rivero, Plant. El Guanabano, Fed. District ; tierrd caliente, 100,000 
 
 trees, 500 quintals. 
 
 76. Gualterio Chitty, Plant. La Julia, St. ^Miranda, Di.str. Vargas (Carayaca); 
 
 iierra templadd, 95,000 trees, from 100 to GOO quintals. 
 
 77. Victor Rodriguez, Plant. La Providencia, St. Miranda, Dist. Guaicaipuro; 
 
 iierra frki, 80,000 trees, 800 to 900 (piintals. 
 
 78. Manuel Castillo, Plant. Santa Ana, St. Miranda (Aragua) ; iierra ieinplada, 
 
 80,000 trees, 800 quintals. 
 
 79. Rodriguez Castillo Hermanos, Plant. La Esperanza, St. Miranda 
 
 (Aragua) ; iierra icmplada, 150.000 trees, 1,000 quintals. 
 
 80. Carlos M. Madriz, Plant. Hineonada de Coclie, Fed. District ; iierra iem- 
 
 piada, 250,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
 81. Alejo T. Lozada. , 
 
 82. Manuel Felipe Garcia, Plant. El Carmen, St. Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; 
 
 iierra fria, ()0,000 trees, 200 to 300 (pu'ntals. 
 
 83. Carlos Alberto Urbaneja and Luis Alberto Sucre, Plant. El Parnaso, 
 
 St. .Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; iierra fria, 100,001) trees, 8(M) quintals. 
 
 84. J. A. Mosquera, Plant. La Guia, Fed. District; iierr(( iemjilada, 100,000 
 
 trees, 1,000 quintals. 
 
 85. G. de Laloubie, Plant. El PoMe, St. ]\Iiranda, Dist. Sucre; iierrit iem- 
 
 plada, 200,000 trees, GOO quintals. 
 
 86. Perfecto Gamez, Plant. Sucuta, St. Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; iierra fria, 
 
 50,000 trees, 200 (piintals. 
 
 87. Juan Diaz Chaves, Plant. Caiicuao Adentro, Fed. District; iierra fria, 
 
 800,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
 88. Manuel F. Acevedo, Plant. Tovar, St. 3Iiranda, Sect. Bolivar; iitrnt 
 
 temjylada, 100,000 trees, 500 quintals. 
 
 89. Gualterio Chitty, Plant. La Lola, St. Miranda, Dist. Vargas (Carayaca); 
 
 iierra iei/ij>(ada, 12,000 trees, from 30 to 100 (pnntals (this is a very 3'oung 
 plantation). 
 
 90. Jose Houtman, Plant. El Po.sario, St. ^Miranda, Scci. Bolivar: iierra 
 
 calienie, 80,000 trees, 300 quintals. 
 
 91. Vicente A. Betancourt Aramburu, Plant. La Elvira, St. INIiranda, Dist. 
 
 Pvicaurte; iirrra iemplada, 25(;.0OO trees. 800 to 1,000 (luintals. 
 
 92. Juan B. Mosquera, Plant. El Socorro, St, IMiranda, Dist. Sucre; iierra 
 
 fria, 500,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
40 THE UNITED STATES OF VEXEZUELA. 
 
 93. M, Bartolucci, Plant. La Florentina, St. Bcrmiulcz, Sect. Cumana; tierra 
 
 teinpladd, 40,000 trees, 400 quintals. 
 
 94. Rafael Gabalddn, Plant. La Paz, St. Los Andes, (Merida); tierra caliente, 
 
 20,000 trees, 19,000 kilogr. 
 
 95. Pedro Villaroel, Plant. Santa Ines, St. Bermudez, Sect. Cumana; turra 
 
 iemplada, 12,000 trees, 120 quintals. 
 
 96. Avelino Briceno, Plant. San Jose, Merida; tierra caliente, 50,000 trees, 
 
 1,000 quintals. 
 
 97. R. Quesada, Plant. El Norte, St. Miranda, Dist. Sucre; tier)'a iemplada, 
 
 250,000 trees, 1,500 quintals. 
 
 98. Jose M. Santaella, Plant. La Concepcion, St. Miranda (Aragua); tierra 
 
 fria, 100,000 fruiting trees and 120,000 young ones, 600 to 700 quintals. 
 
 99. Pedro A. Garcia, Plant. La Trinidad, St. ]\Iiranda (Aragua); tierra fria, 
 
 100,000 fruiting trees and 50,000 young ones, 500 quintals. 
 
 100. Carlos Alberto Urbaneja, Plant. Sagiiino (Aguanegra), Fed. District; 
 
 tierra fria, 200.000 trees, 1,000 quintals. 
 loi. Luis Ustariz, Plant. Santa Ilosa, St. Miranda, Pao de Zarate; tierra 
 tvmpltidd, 150,000 trees, 800 quintals. 
 
 102. Juan Pablo Perez, Plant. Jesiis, St. Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; tierra fria, 
 
 i;}0,000 trees, 500 (luintals. 
 
 103. Antonio Rios, Plant. Monte Carmelo, Carabobo (Montalbriu); tierra ter- 
 
 plada, 800,000 trees, 8,000 quintals. 
 
 104. Utalis La Roche, Plant. Riucon, St. Carabobo, Dist. Puerto Cabello; 
 
 iieri a caliente, 130,000 trees. 
 
 105. Leon Santella, Plant. Agua Clara, St. Bermudez, Sect. Cumana; tierra 
 
 tcmpladii, 80,000 trees, 800 quintals. 
 
 106. Prisco Lare?, Plant. San Antonio, Merida, tierra iemplada {temp, from 
 
 04° to 70-), 50,000 trees, 750 quintals. 
 
 107. Federico Salas, Plant. La Florida, jMerida; tierra teinplada, 52,000 trees, 
 
 700 (]uinlals. 
 
 108. Blohm & Co., Coffee in " pcrgamino," Plant. Tiara, St. Miranda 
 
 (Aiagua); tierrti tetiqilada, 300,000 trees, 1,200 quintals. 
 
 COCOA. — Cocoa (or cacao, as the name more properly ought to be spelled), 
 from Avhich the chocolate of commerce is nuide, is the seed of a tree 
 {T/n'ohronia CV^r*^/*^) indigenous to several countries in tropical America. 
 It grows to an average height of 18 feet Avith a trunk from 5 to 8 ineh(s 
 in diameter, The tree re(|uires for its full development a mean tempei- 
 ature of 25*=" to 20^ C. (SO^ F.), a moist soil, and a humid atmosphere, and 
 so the lands along the Caribbean coast, bedewed by (he vai)ors rising 
 from Ihe sea and iri'igated by the mimerous rivulets that eoursedown 
 the mountain-valleys, are fouiul to be in all resi)ects well adapted to the 
 prolitable c;ultivation of cocoa. 
 
 A cocoa i)lantation is laid out in quite the same manner as an apple 
 orchard. No particular prepaiation of the soil is necessary and no 
 manures are applied. One acre of land will accomodate about 150 trees, 
 Avhieh nuist be protected from the sun by shade-trees. Whilst they are 
 young, the banana is used for this puri)ose, and afterwards a species of 
 biic<ire {Kri/lhrlna ui/ihrona). Seven or eight years alter i)lanting the 
 cocoa trees begin to bear two crops ]H'r year, ripening in June and 
 December. The average age of the tree is about 85 years, during which 
 time the crop will yield GOO to 700 pounds of merchantable cocoa 
 annually per acre. 
 
WORLD^S rOLrMRIAN EXPOSTTTON". 41 
 
 The fruits are oval-sliaiud with longitudinal ribs and similar in 
 apiH'arance to muskniclons. Sonic are of a yollowish color, but gener- 
 ally they assume a dark-rcddlsh hue on ripening. Each fruit contains 
 some sixt}' or eighty seeds imbedded in a slimy pulp. After being taken 
 out they are either cleaned and gradually dVied, or previously spread 
 out on large court-yards covered with a kind of red earth or brick-dust, 
 which adheres to the seeds and gives them their red color. It is genei- 
 ally believed that cocoa treateil in this manner keeps longer and is nuich 
 less e\i)osed to the al lacks of insects. 
 
 In properly prej^ared cocoa the parchment-like seed-coat will burst 
 easily when the grain is broken, and the interior, consisting of the 
 cotyledons or seed-leaves, is of a uniform, (hirk-brown color without any 
 whitish spots. 
 
 There are several varieties of cocoa in cultivation, the two principal 
 ones being the cacao trinitario and the cacao criollo. The former is more 
 vigorous, yields larger crops, and resists l)etter any unfavorable weather 
 as well as the idtacks of insects. But the grains are smaller, harder, 
 and more flattened than those of the cacao criollo and have, more- 
 over, a more bitter taste. The best and finest cacao criollo comes 
 especially fn)m the coast east and west of Puerto C'abello, though 
 it goes in commerce generally under the name of " Caracas ('ocoa " It 
 is undoul)tedly superior to most other kinds of cocoa, and so much 
 esteemed that seeds have been solicited repeatedly for the government 
 plantations of cocoa in Ceylon, Java, and other East Indian islands. 
 
 Venezuela exports annually from 18 to 20 million pounds of cocoa of 
 an approximate value of $2,000,000. Most of the exportation goes to 
 Spain, France, and Germany; in the United States the demand is steadily 
 increasing, in si)ite of the heavy duty to be paid. The use of cocoa is 
 indeed becoming everywhere so extensive that it must soon be as uni- 
 versally a staple article of consumption as coffee and tea. 
 
 A List of SamiUes of Cocoa exhibited, trit/i short remarks on the 'plantations 
 
 mentioned. 
 
 109. Pablo M. Aurrecoechea, Plant. Ibarra, State of Carabobo, Sect. Puerto 
 Cabello; 1S,000 trees, annual produce 130 fanegas {ix fanega is equal to 
 l.G bushels), 
 
 no. Pio Acevedo, Plant. Acevedo, State of Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; 40,000 
 trees, oOO fanegas. 
 
 111. Baldomero Sosa, Plant. Santa Clara, State of Miranda (Aragua); 30,000 
 
 trees, 300 fanegas. 
 
 112. Juan Pablo Perez, Plant. Santa Ana, State of ^liranda, Sect. Bolivar; 
 
 40,000 trees, 300 fanegas. 
 
 113. Domingo Luciani, Pio Caribe, Plantations Santa Kosa, Caralal, and 
 
 Catuaio. The owner gives the following description of the diirei'cnt 
 classes of cocoa exjiorted by him: DooE, Cocoa Santa Kosa, in its natural 
 red color, annual [iroduce 0,000 to 10,000 kils., price jx-r 50 kils. !t;2s 
 Venez. currency (the kilogr. is equal to 2.2 pounds, the Venez. peso has 
 4 bolivars, each ec^ual to .1023 in L'. S. currency); — DoL, Cocoa Santa 
 Rosa, colored with red earth from Choroni, 18,000 to 24,000 kils., price 
 the same; — D,L, Cocoa Caratal, in its natural red color, 48.000 to 00,000 
 kils., price $23; — DjL, Cocoa Caralal, sliuhtlv colored with red earth 
 from Choroni, 30,000 to 4S.000 kils., price $23;-I)3L, Cocoa Catuaro, 
 colored with red earth, 4S,000 ic 72,000 kils.. price $22;— D4L. Cocoa 
 "residuo," in its natural color, 4,800 to 7,200 kils., price $18;— D5L, the 
 
42 THE UNITED STATES OF A'ENEZUELA. 
 
 same colored witli red earth, 4,800 to 7,200 kils., price $18. Prices to be 
 understood free of all charges on board iu Kio Caribe. 
 
 114. Manuel Pimentel Otero, Plant. Payare, State of Miranda (Choroni); 
 
 10,000 trees, 00 fanegas. 
 
 115. C. Hellmund & Co., Plant. Los Caracas, State of Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; 
 
 25,000 trees, 200 fanegas. 
 
 116. Cocoa from the plantation La Vega. 
 
 117. L Orsini & Sons, Plantations Tunapuy, Pilar, Chaguaramas, Rincon, 
 
 etc., State of Bermiidez (Cardpano); 80,000 trees, 30,000 pounds per year. 
 
 118. Raimundo Fonseca, Plant. Los Monjes, El Deleite, La Fundacion, Casa 
 
 Grjiude, in the State of Carabobo (Ocuniare); 200,000 full-grown and 
 120,000 young trees, 1,700 fanegas (at 110 pounds each). 
 
 119. Guillermo Roo, Plant. San Esteban (Puerto Cabello); 30,000 trees, 200 to 
 
 250 fanegas. 
 
 120. Victorio Palacio, Plant. La Ascension, State of Miranda, Sect, Bolivar; 
 
 32,000 trees, 250 fanegas. 
 
 121. Jose A. Hernandez, Plant. Playa Grande, State of Miranda (Choroni); 
 
 50,000 trees, 400 fanegas. 
 
 122. Trinidad Constantino Arroyo, Plant. Mateo, State of Miranda (Cau- 
 
 cagua); 15,000 to 20,000 trees, 60 fanegas. 
 
 123. Cocoa from Capiricual, State of Bermudez, Sect. Barcelona. 
 
 124. Bernardino M. Ruiz, Plant. Longa Espana, State of Miranda, Sect. 
 
 Bolivar (Naiguata); 37,000 full-grown and 15, 000 young trees, 250 fanegas. 
 
 125. Bernardino M. Ruiz, Plant. Uritapo, State of Miranda, Sect. Bolivar; 
 
 30, (KH) trees, 200 fanegas. 
 
 126. Federico Roo, Plant. Solorzano, State of Carabobo (Puerto Cabello); 
 
 20,000 trees. 200 fanegas. , 
 
 127. Cocoa of Santa Fe (Cuniaua). 
 
 128. " " San Filipe, exhib. R. Ricart. 
 
 129. " *' Buria, R. liicart. 
 
 130. " " Carupano. 
 
 131. " •' RioChico. 
 
 132. ** ** Higuerote. 
 
 133. " •' Capaya. 
 
 134. '* " Caucagua. 
 
 135. CHOCOLATE. Exhil). Luis Rus, "Al Indio," Caracas. 
 
 136. " Exliib, Fullie tt ('().," La India."' Caraeas. Wholesale 
 ])rices per Spanish i^ound (400 gramnu's): Extra Vainilla, Bol. 3.50; Prima 
 Vainilla, Bol. 2.25; Pnre Cocoa (unsweeteneil clioeolate), Bol. 2.25 (cme 
 bolinir e(pial to one franc); packing, shipping, and freight to be paid by 
 the l)uyer. 
 
 137. CHOCOLATE. Exhib. B. Grcgorio Perez, "La Tropical," Caracas. 
 
 CLASS 48. TOBACCO IN THE LEAF. 
 
 138. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Capadure. 
 
 139- 
 
 <( 
 
 CJuanape, od class. 
 
 140. 
 
 t( 
 
 2d " 
 
 141. 
 
 (( 
 
 Cordillera " aplanchado. 
 
WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 43 
 
 142. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Cordillci'.'i guan.-ipc', 2(1 cluss 
 
 143. 
 
 
 1st " 
 
 144. 
 
 
 Capadare, 3(1 class. 
 
 145. 
 
 
 1st " 
 
 146. 
 
 
 Maturiii, 1st class 
 
 147. 
 
 
 Cocoroto. 
 
 It is reckoned that about 7,000 hectares of land arc given np to the cul- 
 tivation of tobacco in Venezuela, each contaiiiini;- 10,000 plants and 
 yieldin,i»" an annual i)r<>ducc of 750 kil()<;r., value i^KIO, which gives a total 
 jn-oduce of 5,250,000 kilogr., value $1,120,000. About 12 per cent, of 
 tills quantity are exported, chielly to Germany, the remainder is con- 
 sumed in the country. Capadare tobacco is considered the best class 
 (price about $40 per 100 lbs.); it has its name from a place situated 
 between Puerto Cabello and Coro. Guanape is a little town in the 
 eastern part of the Slate of Bolivar. 
 
 CLASS 50. CHEWING TOBACCO. 
 
 148. Martinez & Correa, Valencia; chewing tobacco. 
 
 149. Hermanos Romero Garcia, Valencia; chewing tobacco. 
 
 150. Leonardo Garcia, Valencia; chewing tobacco. 
 
 151. Chewing tobacco from San Felipe, Yaracuy. 
 
 CLASS 51. CIGARS AND SNUFF. 
 
 152. J. M. Zerpa, Cuniana; cigars. 
 
 153. Jose L. Aristeguieta, Valencia; cigars. 
 
 154. J. Ant. Barela, Valencia; cigars. 
 
 155. Isaac Chapman, Coro; snuff. 
 
 CLASS 58. FIBERS. 
 
 156. PITA-HEMP, called cocuizti in Venezuela, is prepared from the long and 
 
 thick leaves of several species of Fonrcnvn {F. (ji(j(inie<(, F. cahennis, and 
 F. viiHpdrn). These plants grow in dry and waste places, without any 
 care anil help of man. The tibres are sometimes over 4 feet in length, 
 they are thickest in the middle (0.15 to 0.40 millim.). Under ordinary 
 circumstances they contain about 12 per cent, of water, and 3(5 i>er cent, 
 when fully saturated. Their ash amounts to 2 per cent, of the weight 
 burnt; it is white, and contains many cr^'stals of oxalate of lime. The 
 fibre is light, so that cordage made of it swiins on the w^ater. Unfortu- 
 nately its llexibility is not very great, and still less .so is the resistance 
 against torsion. ^luch cocuiza, is. j^n^pared in the Barquisimeto, Coro, 
 and the Andes, where it is called //V///^;. It is used es[)eeial]y for making 
 l)agging, hauunocks, halters, corthige, etc., samples of which may be 
 seen in the exhibit. 
 
 157. MAJAGUA, the fibrous inner bark of PariUum tiliaceum, of which a 
 
 kind of oidinary cordage is made. 
 
 158. MORICHE-FIBER, from the leaves of a palm, Mnuritia flcvHosa, whu;h 
 
 grows aJ)undantly in the Delta of the Orinoco and similar places. They 
 are used for making reins and cordage. 
 
 159. PALM-LEAVES (mostly from several species of Carladovica), used for 
 
 plaiting hats. 
 
44 THE UXITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 i6o. COTTON, from Barcelona. Cotton is little cultivated, aud only for 
 domestic use. 
 
 i6i. YELLOW COTTON, Island of Margarita. 
 
 162. WOOL OF THE SPINY SILK-COTTON TREE {Eriodendron 
 
 (infraciuoHaia). Used like the other kinds of silk cotton. (Exhib. Nat. 
 Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 163. FRUITS AND SILK OF THE SILK-COTTON TREE {Ochroma 
 
 l(tgoj)us). The silk is only for the stuffing of pillows, as it does not 
 allow of 1)cing sjiun. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 164. SIBUCARA WOOL {Bomhax). Used like the other kinds of vegetable 
 
 wool. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas). 
 
 165. LANA DEL TAMBOR, the silky wool which envelops the seeds of 
 
 Boitihiix ci/hninensis. It can not be spun, but is used forinaking pillows. 
 (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 166. LANA DE ENEA, the exceedingly soft wool wdiich wholly envelops 
 
 the llowers of a s])eciesof flag- tail {Tyjjhu anfjiusUfolui, var. dom i nice n sis); 
 it is used for tiie stuffing of pillows. The rhizoma of the plant contains 
 a considerable quantity of starch. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 167. FRAILEJON (different species of Espeletid, growing on the pdi'ainos in 
 
 tlie highest i)aris of the Cordillera of Merida, 8,500 to 4,500 meters over 
 sea-level). The leaves of these curious plants are densely covered l)y 
 very soft wool, which, being a bad conductor of heat, protects the i)laiit 
 against the excessive cold to which it is exposetl. (Exhib. Nal. 
 Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 168. SILK-COTTON, the beautiful gloss}' seed-hairs of Cidotrojyis gigantea, 
 
 ;.ii iiast Indian asclcpiad, and perfectly naturalized in Venezuela, ll 
 has been tried to use them for a kind of woven fabric; they are, however, 
 too brittle and do not give a good thread. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 169. SILK-WOOL OF OROZUZ {Ihaiia muricatd). An asclepiadaceous 
 
 climber, which yields a milky juice, said to be a good pectoral. The 
 seed-hairs are too brittle and can notbespim. (Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas.) 
 
 170. VEGETABLE HORSEHAIR {Tillandsia usneoides). A well-known 
 
 stulllng material, common to all tropical and sub-tro})ical climates. 
 
 171. ESTROPAJO. The inner part of the fruit of Luffa cilindrica. When 
 
 bleac-hed, they are known as Vegetable Sponge and used for washing. 
 (Exhil). Gov't of Venezuela.) 
 
 172. Chiquechique : this is tlie piassava fiber, obtained from a palm-tree 
 
 {Attdli'ii fimiferd). Brooms are made of it, and also cables and other 
 cordage, which are much used on board the vessels navigating the 
 Orinoco. 
 
 GIIOUP 10 — MINERAL WATERS. — CLASS C4. 
 
 173. ALCALINE WATER from Baibacoa (Coro). 
 
 174. " '• from Caujaro (Coro). 
 
 175. " ♦♦ from Guadelupe (Coro). This water contains 
 chloride of sodium 0.344; sulph of soda 0.(>!MJ; bicarbonate of soda 0. 7TI; 
 carbonate of iron 0.318; carb. of lime 0.148; silicon 0.371 (total 2.(542 
 grammes per liter). Exhib. Isaac Chapman, Coro. 
 
WOULTVS COLUMIUAX KXPOSITION. 45 
 
 176. MINERAL WATER (iMcarbonate of soda), from Cumami. 
 
 177. *' " (sulpli. of soda), from Cumami. 
 
 (SKOl'P 11 — WIIISKIF>, CIDEll, LUiUKUUS, AND ALCOHOL. — CLASS G7. RUM. 
 
 178. David E. Montiel, Puerto Cabcllo; rum and rum "Cristal." 
 
 179. F. Olivares, Barquisimeto; rum "Cocui" and " Kccuelo de Cocui " 
 
 (made from the juice of the Af/ave Americana). 
 
 180. Isaac Chapman, Coro; old rum. 
 
 181. " " brandy. 
 
 182. Jose Ant. Ramos, Cumana; rum Cumami. 
 
 183. Victor Diaz, Puerto Cabcllo; rum. 
 
 184. J. Orsini e Hijos, Cariipano; rum Giamarchi. 
 
 185. Manuel G. Planchart, Barcelona; rum. 
 
 186. M. M. Gonzalez & Co., Carupauo; rum. 
 
 187. Sucesion Marcano, Barcelona; rum. 
 
 188. Eduardo Ramirez, O., Maracaibo; five classes of rum. 
 
 189. Marturet & Mosquera, Caracas; rum Malioma. 
 
 190. " " ** brandy. 
 
 191. Manuel E. Mirabal, San Fernando de Atabapo; rum "Guanayana." 
 
 CLASS 68. ALCOHOL. 
 
 192. Marturet & Mosquera, Caracas; alcohol neutro. 
 
 193. Bernardo Perez, Cumana; alcohol 3(3°. 
 
 194. " " " •• 40°. 
 
 195. R. Soucy & Co., Caracas; ordinary su«2:ar brandy. 
 
 196. •* " *• rectilied alcohol. 
 
 CLASS 69. COKDIALS AND LIQUEURS. 
 
 197. Ed. Ramirez, O., INIaracaibo; Anisado. 
 
 198. Marturet & Mosquera, Caracas; gin, 
 
 199. I. Chapman, Coro; Auisete. 
 
 200. " " Crema vaiuilla. 
 
 201. ** " Curazao. 
 
 202. " " Crema cafe. 
 
 203. ** " Crema cacao. 
 
 CLASS 70. BITTERS. 
 
 204. Miguel M. Herrera, Caracas; ron bitters. 
 
 205. Luis Carrera Mayz, Canlpano; aromatic bitters. 
 
 206. I. Chapman, Coro; aromatic bitters. 
 
 207. Juan E. Falangon, ; aromatic l)ittcrs. 
 
 208. Guill. E. Monch, Ciudad Bolivar; Amargo de Ciudad Bolivar. 
 
 209. P. Elias Marcano, ; aromatic bitters. 
 
 210. F. Varguillas, Sau Felipe; aromatic bitters. 
 
 211. Andres E. Meano, Cumana; aromatic bitters. 
 
46 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 212. Miguel M. Herrera, Caracas; aromatic bitters "Bolivar." 
 
 213. *' " ** cocktail Americano. 
 
 GROUP 17 — :SIISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS, — CLASS 91. HIDES AKD 
 
 SKINS, ETC. 
 
 214. SKIN OF JAGUAR {Fells onza). 
 
 215. ♦« CUNUGUARO {Felis macrura). 
 
 216. '* FOX {Od/iis az(ir(f). 
 
 217. *' WEASEL {{GaUctis macrura). 
 
 218. " SQUIRREL (Sciurus (estuans). 
 
 219. " AGUTI {Dasi/procta aguti). 
 
 220. " OPOSSUM {Dkl€lj)hys cancrivora). 
 
 221. ** SLOTH {Bvddypus torquatus). 
 
 222. " BOA CONSTRICTOR, 20 feet 3 inches long. 
 
 223. COCHINEAL {Coccus cacti). The dried bodies of the females of a homop- 
 
 terous insect, which lives on several specie'^ of prickly pear, principally 
 Opuntiacoccinellifer and 0. tuna. It is used for making carmine. 
 
 224. GROUND-PEARLS, known in the country by the name of " huevos 
 
 de buchaco," /. e., ants' eggs. They are, however, the larval cai)sules of 
 PorpJn/ropJiora mar(j<(rodes, an insect belonging to the (toccidre, order of 
 homoptcne. The animal lives in sandy and marly soil, feeding on the 
 roots of certain grasses. (Exhib. Nat. Mus,, Caracas.) 
 
 GROIP 18. — FATS, OILS, SOAPS, ETC. — CLASS 95. ANIMAL OILS. 
 
 225. TURTLE OIL from the eggs of Peliocejjhalus tracaxa and Podocnemis 
 
 exjxinsa ; both are abundant in the Orinoco river, and known in the 
 country under the names of terecai and urrau. 
 
 CLASS 96. VEGETABLE OILS, WITH THE SEEDS. 
 
 226. OIL OF Fll^OH {Yatropha Curcas), exhib. Charles Boi-ssellier, Cariipano. 
 
 227. COCOA-NUT OIL {Coros nucifera). A well-known oil obtained by 
 
 pressure from the endosperm of the seed. Large quantities of it arc 
 made in Cumana for soap-manufactures. 
 
 228. COCO-NUT OIL. Exhib. F. Serrano, Cumana. 
 
 229. COCO-NUTS in the husk, and without it. 
 
 230. AJONJOLI {(finfjilie). The seeds of Sena imini indie urn ; they yield an 
 
 oil .similar to olive oil, and are also roasted and jiounded in cold water 
 for making a beverage which has the pro[)ert3' of increasing the secre- 
 tion of milk in nursing women. The plant is cultivated in some parts of 
 Venezuela. 
 
 231. OIL of the same. 
 
 232. CASTOR-OIL SEEDS {Ricinus communis). From these seeds the 
 
 well known castor-oil is extracted by pressure. 
 
 233. SECUA {FeuilUva scandens, a cucurbitaceous climber). The seeds con- 
 
 tain a considerable quanfil}' of colorless oil, said to be very excellent for 
 protecting polished steel and iron implements from rusting. 
 
WORLDS rOLUMHIAN EXPOSITION". 47 
 
 234. MANI (Earlli Peas, or (Jnmiid Nuts); llic pods of Ar(tchis liypof/ad, 
 
 wbicli have the curious peculiarity to ripen under iiround. Tlie seeds 
 arc eatenyifter beinii" sliuhlly roasted; they also yield a sweet oil, largely 
 used in Kuro[)e Tor adulterating olive-oil. 
 
 235. CRAB-OIL {Cardjm guianenm). The seeds of this meliaceous tree 
 
 which is very abundant in Guayara contain about TO per cent, of an 
 excellent oil for soap-niauufacture. 
 
 236. SEJE-OIL, from the seeds of a palm {Oenoairpus bat(iaa), which <^rows 
 
 in the Delia of the Orinoco and in the Territory Amazouas. It is said 
 to be an infallible remedy against consumption. (Exhib. Dr. Frauc. de 
 P. Keyes, ex-Governor of the Territory Delta). 
 
 237. SEJE-OIL. Exhib. Blanco Zerpa, Cumana. 
 
 238. SASSAFRAS OIL. {Acroclidimn chrysophyllum) from Barquisimcto. 
 
 239. CUAJO {Myrifiticd punctata). The bark is somewhat aromatic and 
 
 used as an anti-rheumatic; the fruits contain a fat, of which caudles are 
 made. 
 
 CLASS 97. SOAPS. 
 
 240. F. Serrano, Gumana; common soap. 
 
 241. Ch. Boisseilier, ("ariipauo; Coco-nut oil soap. 
 
 242. R. Soucy & Co., Carara; toilet soap. 
 
 CLASS 98. W^AX. 
 
 243. 244, 245. BEES'- WAX. The yellow and white wax is the produce of 
 
 Apix liguririi, introduced in the country since 1850, and now com- 
 pletely acclimatized. The l)lack wax is made by a species of Melipoiui, 
 which is indigenous. Prices, white wax 80 cents, yellow w^ax 70, black 
 wax ^1 a pound. Foreign white wax pays 25 cents duty per kilogr. , and 
 yellow wax about 15 cents. 
 
 246. BLACK WAX from the Territory "Delta del Orinoco." (Exliib. the 
 
 Governor of the Territory.) 
 
 GROUP 19 — FOllEST PRODUCTS. — CLASS 101. ORNAMENTAL "WOODS. 
 
 247. ACAPRO [Tecoma spec.) A tree of from 20 to 25 meters high, trunk 6 
 
 to 8 meters, girth 0.80 to 1.20 meters. Specitic weight of dry'wood 1.25. 
 It is almo.st indestructible but dilticult to work. 
 
 248. ACEITE {Copaifcra officinalis). Height of tree 10 to 15 meters, trunk 4 to 
 
 5, girth 0.60 to 0.75 meters. Wood of a yellowish red color; spec, weight 
 0.75. 
 
 249. ACEITUNO (botanical name unknown). Barquisimcto, 
 
 250. ACHIVARE {Fie Ks dend roc ida). The tree is also called "matapalo," 
 
 i. ('., "tree-killer," on account of its growing on and around other trees 
 which it slowly strangles to death in proportion as its aerial roots develop 
 round the supixn'ting stem. The wood is of little value. 
 
 251. ACQ {Lonchocarpus punctatus). Height of tree 10 to 15 meters, trunk 4 
 
 to 5, girth 0.00 to 0.75; sj)ecitic weight of wood 0.75. The wood is 
 Strong and tough, of a darkish color with some lighter veins; it keeps 
 wull under water. 
 
48 THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 252. AGUACATE {Persea gratissima). A fine-grained wood of reddish coloi; 
 
 sometimes ^vith some darker veins, not very liard, specific weight 0.65. 
 The tree is cultivated lor its fruit, and attains a height of from 12 to 15 
 meters, trunk 4 to 5, circumference 0.75 to 1.20. 
 
 253. AGUACATILLO (Persea spec). The wood is used in boat-building 
 
 and for making furniture. Logs of IG inches square are not uncommon. 
 
 254. AJICITO {Capparis pachaca). A small tree with a light-colored wood of 
 
 not much hardness, used for cabinet work. 
 
 245. ALBARICOQUE (botanical name not known). A fine-grained wood, 
 not very hard, used for cabinet work. 
 
 256. ALCORNOQUE (BoicdicMa mrgilioides). The tree is low and has gen- 
 
 erally a somewhat stunted appearance. Its wood is very hard and dur- 
 able; the sap-wood is whitish, the heart-wood is almost black, showing 
 grayish spots on the cross-section. Specific weight 1.08. Very common 
 in the Llanos or Plains of the interior. 
 
 257. ALGARROBO {Hymencea courbaril). A very hard and heavy wood 
 
 (specific weigiit 0.05), of dark yellowish color with some greenish veins; 
 it has straight fibers and is free of knots, so that it can be easily worked. 
 It is especially used for crushing wheels and similar things in cotfee 
 estates. Height of tree 20 to 25 meters, of trunk 7 to 8, girth 0.75 to 
 1.20 
 
 258. AMARGO (botanical name not known). Barquisimeto. 
 
 259. ANDA-ARRIBA (botanical name not known). Coro, Maracaibo. 
 
 260. ANGEl^lNO (IIo7?ialiu7n racemosu?n). The wood is of olive color, not 
 
 very hard, has straight fibers and a specific weight of 0.85. Height of 
 tree 20 to 25 meters, of trunk 6 to 8, circumference 0.90 to 1.20. 
 
 261. APAMATE {Tabebuya spec). A tolerably good wood for building, 
 
 however not very durable. Height of tree 15 to 20 meters, of trunk 5 to 
 8, circumference 0.90 to 1.10. 
 
 262. AKAGUA'H'EY {Tecoma spectabilis). The heart-wood is of great hard- 
 
 ness, of a (lark olive color, and has a specific weight of 1.25, Height of 
 tree 20 to 25 meters, of trunk 6 to 8, circumference 0.75 to 1.20. The 
 flowers are precocious, that is to say appear before the leaves. 
 
 263. ASPAI {MyrodUi iurbinata). A fine-grained and light-colored wood, 
 
 easy to work and used by cabinetmakers. The tree grows in the eastern 
 States (Camaiia, IVIaturin, Guyana). 
 
 264. AZAHARITO {Taherimmontana sp.). A strong and hard wood, of a 
 
 yellowdsh red color, slightly veined with grayish green. The fibers are 
 somewhat interwoven, so that it splits Avith great difficulty. Specif, 
 weight 0.92. Barquisimeto. 
 
 265. BALAUSTRE {Centrolobium robnstum). Wood red-colored with dark 
 
 vein.s; it is easily worked and takes a good polish. Much u.sed for 
 cabinet-work, also for hou.se and ship-building. Height of tree 25 m., of 
 trunk 8 to 10, girth 8 to 4; specif, weight of wood 0.75. The tree is 
 also known by the name of cortan. 
 
 266. BEJUCO DE CADENA {SchneWi splendc/hs). liemarkable for its 
 
 fialtencd stems, whicli when young are exceedingly flexible and used as 
 thongs. The Spanish name signifies "chain-vine," in allusion to this 
 property. 
 
'world's columrtax expositiox. 49 
 
 267. BERRACO (lulwrna'moniuna pftyt'lioirupfolui). The wood is fibrous, 
 
 not very liiird, and of an olive color, soinctiiiies wilh darker veins; 
 specif, weight O.GU; it is easily worked and takes a good polish. Height 
 of tree 8 to 10 m., of trunk 3 to 4, girth 0.75 to 1.00. 
 
 268. BIROTE (botanical name not known, but probably a hujnoniticea). 
 
 Wood very hard and durable, and much used for under-ground work. 
 Specif, weight (M)."). 
 
 269. BORRACHO {Piscidia Erytliriiui). A light wood which, however, 
 
 resists the attacks of insects, on account of a poisonous substance con- 
 tained in the sap. It is used for ordinary cabinet-work. 
 
 270. BOSUA (Z((nilio.vi/lum ochroxyliim). "Wood yellow and not very hard, 
 
 with many pores and narrow medullary rays. The tree is of medium 
 size and grows everywhere. 
 
 271. BUJURITO (botanical name not known). Not very abundant, l)ut of a 
 
 good size and yielding useful timber. 
 
 272. CABIMBO {Protium insif/ne). A light and somewhat resinous wood, 
 
 suitable for all kind of work not exposed to dampness. The tree attains 
 very large dimensions. 
 
 273. CACHICAMO (botanical name not known). A large tree, which gives 
 
 1)oar(ls of from 12 to 24 inches broad. The wood is useful for ship- 
 building, being almost indestructible under water. 
 
 274. CACHIMBO (l)otanical name not known). A small tree, or large shrub, 
 
 with a wood hard like bone, formerly used by the Indians for making 
 their short tobacco-pipes. 
 
 275. CAIMITO {Chri/fiophyllnm cainito). The wood is of dark brown color 
 
 and rather hard, l)ut rarely used. Barcelona. 
 
 276. CANALI (botanical name unknown). Barquisimeto. 
 
 277. CANALETE {Aspidof<perma excelsum). The tree grows to a height of 
 
 from 25 to 30 meters, with a trunk of 8 to 10 meters, and is sometimes one 
 meter thick. The lower part of the trunk is generally surrounded by 
 large buttresses. It is abundant in the forests of 3Iaracaibo and Guiana. 
 The wood is yellowish-gray, easy to work when fresh, but getting harder 
 when it dries. The fibers run ver}' straight, so that it splits easily. It 
 is much used for making oars and paddles. 
 
 278. CANDELERO {Oreopanax capitatum). Wood whitish, rather soft and 
 
 light. l>arcelona. 
 
 279. CANOITO (botanical name not known). A tree that grows rather abun- 
 
 dantly in the States of Coro and Barquisimeto, and furnishes good 
 beams and rafters. 
 
 280. CANADA (botanical name not known). A very large tree. The wood 
 
 is esi)ecially used in shi|)-building ; it is yellowish with many darker 
 veins, very strong and compact, and deserves to be better known, as it 
 is certainly one of the finest cabinet woods. Maracaibo. 
 
 281. CANAFISTOLA MACHO (Cassia hrfmlienm). Wood somewliat red- 
 
 dish, of medium liardness and weigiit, l)ut not much used. The tree is 
 a glorious siulit wIhmi covered by thousands of its golden yellow llowers. 
 
 283. CANAGUATO (botanical name unknown). Barquisimeto. 
 
50 THE UXITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 283. CAOBA iSwieie?iia Mdhagojii). The well-known maliagony-wood. The 
 
 tree attains a height of from 20 to 25 meters, whilst its trunk measures 
 sometimes 8 to 10 meters, with a girth of from 1.50 to 2.50. Specific 
 weight of wood 0.82. 
 
 284. CAOBANO {Brunella comocladifoUa). Wood somewhat similar to 
 
 mahagony, though of inferior quality ; it is principally used for boards 
 and sheathing. 
 
 285. CAOBANO BLANCO {Guarea Ruagea). Wood yellowish white, rather 
 
 light and of little hardness ; used especially for boxes. 
 
 286. CARACOLI {Anacardium rhinocarpus). A very large tree, the wood, 
 
 however, is not very valuable, and used especially for making boats and 
 canoes, also for boxes. 
 
 287. CARITIVANO (a species of RutacecE). The tree is rather abundant in 
 
 the forests of jNIaracaibo, and attains large dimensions. The wood is 
 fine grained, white as ivory, but getting a yellowish hue after long 
 exposure to air. 
 
 288. CARANGANO (botanical name not known). Maracaibo. 
 
 289. CARTAN. (See Balaustre). 
 
 290. CARNE ASADA (Eltojxda complanata). Wood reddish, fibers somewhat 
 
 wavy and ratlier thick ; specific weight 0.93. Used for cabinet-work, 
 but not very easily worked. 
 
 291. CAT ATI (botanical name not known). From the forests of Cumana. 
 
 292. CAUDERO (botanical name not known). Maracaibo. 
 
 293. CAUJARO {Cordia alba). A tolerably good wood for building purposes, 
 
 which, however, docs not stand well humidity. The tree attains a 
 lieinht of from 12 to 15 meters, its trunk 4 to 5, with a girth of from 0.75 
 to 1.00. 
 
 294. CEDRO AMARGO {Cedrela odorata). The bitter cedar wood is perhaps 
 
 the one which is more frequently used for ordinary cabinet-work than 
 any other, owing to its being so very easily worked and proof against the 
 attacks of all kinds of insects. 
 
 295. CEDRO DULCE {Bursera altissimn). Wood somewhat resinous, light 
 
 and rather spongy; it is used for boards, sheathing, etc. The tree is of 
 very large dimensions. 
 
 296. CEIBO (several species of Bomhax and Enodendron). All are very large 
 
 tices, glowing very fast; the wood is soft and light, and used especially 
 lor making large dug-out canoes. 
 
 297. CENICERO {Pcra iomeniosa). Wood of a grayish red color with 
 
 darker veins, rather hard, of a fibrous texture, but fine grained; specific 
 weight O.SO. It is a very handsome cabinet wood. Height of tree 10 
 to 12 meters, of trunk 3 to 5, girth 0.75 to 1.20. 
 
 298. CHIPORORO (botanical name unknown). Barquisimeto. 
 
 299. CHI RIP A (botanical name not known). From the forests of Cumana. 
 
 300. CLAVELLINO {Ca'salpinia elavellino). From Ranpiisimeto. 
 
 301. CLAVITO {Kt'jf1]iro.vylon, spec). Used especially for making walking- 
 
 sticks. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 51 
 
 302. CLEMON (T/wftpcsid jwpulnett). A small tree yii'ldiniz; a handsome 
 
 wood which is cnsily worked and takes a good polish. Rather uncommon. 
 
 303. COCO DE MONO (several species of Len/t/if.s). High trees with a red- 
 
 dish yellow wood, which is rather hard and heavy, and used as well for 
 building purjioses. as for cahinct-work. 
 
 304. CONGRINA (botanical name not known). Abundant and very suitable 
 
 for building jiurpo.ses especially under ground. It gives square logs of 
 20 inches each side. 
 
 305. COPAIBA (See Aceite). 
 
 306. COPEY {Clusia rosea). Wood of a reddish color, rather heavy (specific 
 
 weight 0.80), but little used. 
 
 307. CRUCETA REAL {Thevetia neriifoUa). Wood soft, l)ut rather durable. 
 
 Barcelona. 
 
 308. CUCHARO (See Paraguatan). 
 
 309. CURARIRE (ajiiiears to belong to the hir/noniacea'). Color gray with 
 
 dark veins; it splits easily and is rather hard and very durable. Mara- 
 caibo, Barquisimeto. 
 
 310. CUSPA {Galipea cusparia). Of whitish yellow color, rather heavy and 
 
 strong; specific weight 0.90. 
 
 311. DUROTE (Bocoa provacensis). A high tree with a very hard and fine- 
 
 grained wood of a beautiful reddish color, which takes a splendid polish. 
 It is one of the finest cabinet woods. 
 
 312. DAGUARO {Ca>s(dpinia spec.) Wood reddish, similar to Balaustre; 
 
 excellent for building purposes and cabinet work. The tree reaches a 
 height of about 15 meters and grows especially in the forests of ]\Iara- 
 caibo. 
 
 313. DIVIDIVE {Ccesalpinia coriaria). A large tree reaching sometimes a 
 
 height of 80 meters, whilst its trunk measures about 10 meters, with a 
 girth of from 1.50 to 2.50. It grows in the hot lowlands and yields a 
 fruit used for tanning leather. The wood is very heavy (specific weight 
 1.80), strong and fine grained; the sap-wood is whitish yellow, the heart- 
 wood })lack and almost as hard as iron. It is used for wheels in mills 
 and turnery-ware. 
 
 314. EBANO {Ca^saljnnia ebano and C. punctata). Wood black with some 
 
 veins of other colors, very strong and fine grained. Specific weight 1.15. 
 It is common in Maracaibo, although not much used. Height of tree 20 
 to 25 meters, trunk 8 to 10, girth 1.00 to 3.00. 
 
 315. ECHAHUMO (See Araguaney). 
 
 316. ESTORAQUE {Mj/ro.^permum spec). A large tree with an aromatic 
 
 wood, wliicli is very elastic and generally of dark brown color. It is 
 used for staves. 
 
 317. FLOR AMARILLA {T. chrysantha). The wood is very much like 
 
 Araguaney. 
 
 318. GATEADO {Afitroniiim firareolens). The tree is also known by the 
 
 names of diotnatc and tihifiaro, esjiecially in the western part of Vene- 
 zuela. The wood is dark colored, veiy strong and hard, and takes a 
 fine i)olish, so that it ranks among the best cabinet woods. Specific 
 weight 1.30. 
 
52 THE u:n'ited states of ye:s^ezuela. 
 
 319. GRANADILLO {Brya Ebenus). Very hard; the sap-wood is yellowish, 
 
 the heart-wood brownish. Specific weight 1,32. Barcelona. 
 
 320. GUACIMO (6r'«rt2wwrt ulmifolia). Of a white grayish color with a some- 
 
 what reddish hue and occasionally some dark veins; it is fibrous, not 
 very fine grained, and comparatively light. (Specific weight 0.56). Not 
 much used. 
 
 321. GUAIMARO (botanical name not known). A large tree groAving abun- 
 
 dantly in the forests of IVIaracaibo, where it is also known under the 
 name oicluiro. The heart-wood is of a reddish color with delicate veins 
 of other shades; the sai)-wood is yellowish white with dark markings, 
 both beings of a fine-grained texture and taking a beautiful polish, so that 
 they are very desirable for fine cabinet-work. The fruit contains an 
 ediljle seed, said to be of good taste. 
 
 322. GUARATARO ( Vitex spec). Wood yellowish white, fine-grained, hard 
 
 and strong. The tree is of a good size, but not very common. 
 
 323. GUATACARE {Chytroma IdnUmon). A good-sized tree with a hard 
 
 and rather heavy wood (specific weight 0.90), which is very elastic, of a 
 dark-brown color, but not very strong. It is suitable for ordinary 
 cabinet-work ; however, does not stand well humidity. 
 
 324. GUAYACAN {Guayacum officinale). Wood exceedingly hard and tough, 
 
 the fibers crossing each other, so that it does not split. The sap-wood is 
 of a yellowish color ; the heart-wood is brown with dark greenish veins 
 and markings. Specific weight when perfectly dry 1.12 (in the fresh 
 state 1.30 to 1.3G). It is used for tuinery-work, cart-axles, teeth of 
 indented wheels, etc. 
 
 325. GU AY ABITO {Elf r/eiiia pumcffolia). A fine-grained and very strong 
 
 wood of a colfee-with-milk color, and some paler veins. Specific weight 
 0.90. 
 
 326. GUAYABO DE MONTANA {Eitgenia morltziana). A good-sized tree 
 
 growing frequently in mountain forests. The wood is hard and heavv, 
 of a yellowish color, highly elastic and very durable. It is especially 
 used for rafters, on account of its great traverse resistance. 
 
 327. HUESITO {Proekia Grucis). Wood whitish, not very hard, but close- 
 
 grained and pretty strong. Caracas, Carabobo, Barquisimeto. 
 
 328. LAGUNERO {Pterocurjms Draco). A middle-sized tree which yields a 
 
 somewhat reddish wood suitable for every kind of cabinet-work. 
 
 329. LAUREL {Nectandra laurel). 
 
 330. LAUREL BLANCO {Oreodajuline lenco.rylon). 
 
 331. LAUREL CAPUCHINO {Aydendron laurel). 
 
 332. LAUREL NEGRO {Nectandra turbacemis). 
 
 The wood of all these trees is strong, though not very heavy (specific 
 weight 0.()5 to 0.75), fine-grained and more or less aromatic. The color 
 is variable. It is very durable and easily worked, and much used for 
 cabinet -work, also for boats and larger river vessels. 
 
 333. LECHERO {Etiphorhia caracasana and Sapium aucnparium). Wood 
 
 whitish, soft, and light ; it is little used, though it gives boards and 
 slientliing which are not attacked by insects. 
 
 334. LIMONCILLO (Braraisia floribunda). Wood yellow and very fine 
 
 grained, specific weight 0.65. Used for light cabinet-work. 
 
WORLD G COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION". 53 
 
 335. MAHOMO {Lonchocarpus sp.). Wry luud and clastic ; it is much used 
 
 for inakini;- jaunts of wheels. The white variety is said to be belter than 
 the darlv one. whicli is less durabk'and resistant. Barceiouu. 
 
 
 
 336. MAMON {Mdicocca hijn(ja\ AVood hard and heavy (specific weii^ht 
 
 O.IJO), coininict and close-grained, color yellowish with very narrow 
 somewhat darker veins. It being a fruit tree, the wood is seldom made 
 use of. 
 
 337. MAMON CHUSCO (botanical name not known). Maracaibo. 
 
 338. MANGLE COLORADO {Ilhizophora Mangle). Wood red, strong, and 
 
 heavy (specific weight 1.10). Much used for rafters, large quantities 
 being shipi^ed from :Maracaibo to other parts of the coast. 
 
 339. MANTECA (birtanical name not known). Rather uncommon; the w^ood 
 
 is suitable for building purposes and cabinet-work. 
 
 340. MANZANILLA DE MONTANA (Bhysjur/landifolixm). Wood yel- 
 
 lowish red and tolerably hard; specific w^eight 0.75. Of little use. 
 
 341. MAPURITE [Zdnthoxylon spec ). A yellowish wood which, v^hen fresh, 
 
 lias a smell like that of the skunk. 
 
 342. MARA BLANCA {Bursera Karsteniana). Wood resinous and light, of 
 
 whitish color, and not very durable. Barcelona. 
 
 343. MARA ROSADA {Bursera Iteterojoliylla). Very much like the last 
 
 species. 
 
 344. MARFIL (See CariUvano). 
 
 345. MARIA {Calopliyllum Calaha). A close-grained, yellowish wood, suscep- 
 
 tible of a good polish. Maracaibo. 
 
 346. MECOQUE (botanical name unknown). Maracaibo. 
 
 347. MONTANAYARE (botanical name not known). Uncommon; but 
 
 suitable for building purposes; gives square logs of 15 to 18 inches 
 broad. 
 
 348. MORA {DimorpJtandra excelsa). One of the loftiest trees in the forests 
 
 of Guayana; the wood is heavier than water, dark red, close-grained and 
 rather hard. It is used in boat-building. 
 
 349. MUCURUTU {Conroupita guianensis). A close-grained and hard wood 
 
 of a handsome yellowish color; the tree grows to a very large size. 
 Guiana, Maracaibo. 
 
 350. NABURUCONE (botanical name not know^n). Can only be got during 
 
 the rainy season; logs of 24 inches square are not uncommon. 
 
 351. NARANJILLO (See Limoncillo). 
 
 352. NISPERO {Achvds Sapotd). Wood very strong, hard, and heavy (spec- 
 
 ific w^eiglit 1.05), of a reddish color and taking a Ijcautilul polish. It is 
 excellent for making staves, but little used, as the tree is much valued 
 for its fruit. 
 
 353. NAURE (botanical name unknown). Barcelona. 
 
 354. OLIVO {Jacquinia armill(iris). A yellowish, fine-grained wood, only 
 
 used for small caljinet- work, the tree never growing to a considerable 
 size. 
 
54 THE UI^ITED STATES OF VENEZUELA, 
 
 355. PALO DE ARCO {Tecoma spec). Avery strong and elastic wood from 
 
 the Upper Orinoco, of a dark red color ; specific weight 0.95. 
 
 356. PALO DE ROSA {Physocalymna jiorida). A very beautiful wood from 
 
 the Territory Yuruary, suitable for tlie most elegant pieces of cabinet- 
 work. The tree is of a very large size, 
 
 357. PALO SANO {Guayacum sanctum). Exceedingly hard, especially when 
 
 perfectly dry. Specific weight 1.30. Barcelona. 
 
 358. PAN DE ACURE (botanical name not known), Rather uncommon ; 
 
 wood used for building purposes. 
 
 359. PAN DE TRIGO (botanical name not known). Barcelona. 
 
 360. PARAGUATAN {Condaminea tinctorea). A rose-colored wood, which, 
 
 however, loses its color by exposure to air and light. It is not very hard 
 and easily worked, takes also a fine polish. Height of tree 20 to 25 
 meters, trunk 8 to 12, girth 1.50 to 3.00. 
 
 361. PARDILLO {Gordia gerascanthus). 
 
 362. PARDILLO BLANCO {C. alba), 
 
 363. PARDILLO DE MONTE {C. gerascantlioides). 
 
 364. PARDILLO BOBO {Gordia spec.) 
 
 The dilferent species of Gordia yield handsome woods, which are easily 
 worked and take a good polish, and are therefore much used by 
 cabinet-makers. 
 
 365. PARATURE. 
 
 366. PARATURE DE REBALSO. 
 
 367. PARATURE DE TIERRA FIRME. 
 
 Three precious woods from the Territory Amazonas, the botanical 
 origin of which is not known. 
 
 368. PERFANO (botanical name unknown). Barcelona. 
 
 369. PILON {Andira racemosa). Common and suitable for building pur- 
 
 poses and cabinet-work. 
 
 370. PUY {Teco?na serratifolia). Very hard and almost indestructible, spec- 
 
 ific weight 1.30. It is of a grayish color with almost black veins. It 
 contains an acid substance, for it turns reddish-yellow when touched by 
 an alcalinc body. It is highly esteemed for l)uilding purposes, as well 
 as for cabinet-work and turnery-ware. 
 
 371. QUIEBRAHACHA {Gmalpinia punctata). Wood very hard, but the 
 
 tree does not grow to a large size. Barcelona. 
 
 372. ROBLE BLANCO {Platymiscium polystacJiyum). The wood is of an 
 
 iiil'crior quality and seldom used. Caracns, Barquisimeto, etc. 
 
 373. ROBLE COLORADO {Tecoma pentaphylla). Very hard and heavy, of 
 
 a (huk red color. It is excellent for building purposes and also for 
 cabinet-work. The tree is of large size. 
 
 374. ROSA DE MONTANA {Brownea grandi'ccpK). Dark red with black 
 
 veins and niarkings. very hard and tine grained, specific weight 1.05. 
 The tree is ol very large size. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 55 
 
 375. SAMAN {Pithecolubium Sdman). A very large tree which yields a wood 
 
 of rather middling qualities. 
 
 376. SASAFRAS {ArrorluJiiim cliri/sopht/llum, and NccUuidi-d rymharum). 
 
 Vcrv lar^c trees with a scented wood of exeellent properties' for ])uihi- 
 ing purposes; from the second species very large dugout boats are made 
 for navigating the Orinoco and the other rivers of tlie interior. 
 
 377. SAY ( Weinmannid B<ilbm<in<i). Wood reddish, hard, and very fine- 
 
 grained; but the tree is not common enough for its being used more fre- 
 quently. 
 
 378. SEREIPO {See Estoragne). 
 
 379. SUSPIRO (l)()tanical name unknown). Coro, Barquisimeto. 
 
 380. TACAMAHACA (ProtinmheptajjJiyllum). A resinous soft wood, which 
 
 is soinelinies used for boards. 
 
 381. TAGUAPIRE (botanical name unknown). Barcelona. 
 
 382. TAPARO {Crescentia cujeie). Wood yellowish white, close-grained and 
 
 rather hard and strong. The tree is of medium size, and growls all over 
 the country. 
 
 383. TOCO (Craicpva gynandra). Very light and soft, generally of a whitish 
 
 color, though some samples show reddish veins. Sawn into boards for 
 boxes. 
 
 384. TOTUMILLO (botanical name not known) Said to be a large tree, 
 
 wdiich grows rather abundantly in the State of Carabobo. It is a good 
 wood for building purposes. 
 
 385. TREE-FERNS. There are many species of tree-ferns in the flora of 
 
 Venezuela, and the ligneous part of their stems is occasionally used for 
 inlaid work in line cabinet making. 
 
 386. TRIBUNAL (botanical name not known). Barquisimeto. 
 
 387. TROMPILLO {T^tin hirtella). A good-sized tree whi \ls an 
 
 excellent wood for ordinary cabinet-work. 
 
 388. TRUE NO (botanical name not known). Barquisimeto. 
 
 389. URAPE {Bdiiliiniti multinerriu). A fine wood of reddish color, which 
 
 takes a handsome polish; the tree, however, grows seldom toagood size. 
 
 390. VEYiA {Gnayacum arboreum). A large-sized tree yielding a wood sim- 
 
 ilar to Gudyardn. 
 
 391. YAQUE NEGRO (Prosopis mmanensis). Very tough and elastic, but 
 
 not of large size. Barcelona. 
 
 392. ZAPATERO {Pi'Uofjyne Jioribiuida). Color yellowish to black, very 
 
 strong and rather heavy (specific weight 1.0^). It is excellent for build- 
 ing purposes and cabinet-work, 
 
 CLASS 103. DYEING AND TANNING WOODS AND BARKS. 
 
 393. FUSTIC ( -l^/'Vv/v/ tincioreii^. Yields a well kjiown yellow dye, and is 
 
 exported from Ciudad IJolivar, (':irupano. Barcelona, Puerto Cabello, 
 and Maracailx). The Barcelona wood is considered the best ; it sells in 
 France at 1") to IG frs. per 100 kilogrs., whilst the .Maracnibo wood is 
 about 4 frs. cheaper. This latter port, however, makes the largest ship- 
 ments amounting to nearly 7,000,000 kilogrs. annually, 
 
56 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 394. BRAZIL-WOOD {ILmiatoxylon Brasiletto). Exported principally from 
 
 Maraciiibo, but getting scarce. 
 
 395. AMARILLO {Aspidosperma Vargasii). A large tree belonging to the 
 
 family of dogbanes. The bark yields a yellow dye and contains also 
 some tannin. 
 
 396. ONOTILLO {Vismiaferruginea, of the St. John's wort family). The 
 
 bark yields a reddish yellow, somewhat resinous substance which can be 
 used like gamboge. 
 
 397. RASURA DE CUCHARO. Shavings of the wood of Condaminea 
 
 tinctorea, used for dyeing yellowish red. 
 
 398. BOSUA-BARK {Zanthoxylum ocliroxylum). Contains berberidine and 
 
 is therefore used for dyeing yellow. 
 
 399. ONOTO. The arnatto seeds {Bixa orellana) are covered with a deep red 
 
 pulp, which hardens when dr}^ and being separated from the seeds forms 
 the arnatto of commerce, used by dj'ers and varnish-makers, also for 
 coloring cheese and butter. The South-American Indians paint their 
 bodies with it. 
 
 400. INDIGO, though one of the staple productions of Venezuela before the 
 
 cultivation of coffee became generalized, is now of very little importance, 
 only a few thousand pounds being exported annually from Puerto 
 Cabello. The indigo plants {Indig<^'eTa anil and /. tinctorea) aiv grow- 
 ing as weeds almost everywhere; it is nevertheless not probable that the 
 manufacture of this commodity will come again to the front. 
 
 401. RED MANGROVE-BARK {Wdzopliora Mangle, or IMangle Colorado). 
 
 It contains from 22 to 38 per cent, of tannin, according to^lie age of the 
 tree, but likewise a red pigment which colors the leather. Price at La 
 Guaira 16 to 24 dollars a ton. 
 (Exhib. Bocardo& Co., Caracas.) 
 
 402. DIVIDIVE. The pods of Ccasaljnnia coriaria contain from 30 to 40 per 
 
 cent, of tannin, and form an important article of exi)ortatiou from several 
 ports of the Republic (about 5,000,000 kilogr. annually), especially from 
 Maiv'icaibo. Nearly one-half of the exportation goes to France, where 
 100 kilogr. fetch more or less 25 francs, the cost price in Venezuela being 
 about half as much. 
 
 403. GATEADO {Astronium graveolens, fam. Therebinthaceae). The bark 
 
 contains from 25 to 30 per cent, of tannin. 
 
 404. CURTIDOR ( Weinmannia glabra). A tree belonging to the Saxifrage 
 
 family, which grows rather abundantly on all the higher mountains of 
 the country; its bark contains about 16 per cent of tannin. 
 
 405. CURTIDOR DE SABANA {Byrsonima spicata, fam. of ]\Ialpighiacea^). 
 
 'i'lu! bark yiclils from 20 to 25 per cent, of tannin; however is very rarely 
 \ise(l. 
 
 406. SAY-BARK (Weininannia B((lhiftiana). The bark of a small saxifra- 
 
 gaccous tice growing on the higher mountains. It contains much tan- 
 nin, and is occasionally used for tanning leather. 
 
 407. SORTIJERO {Calypthr antes clusio'folia). A myrtaci'ous tree of rather 
 
 sniiill size, growing in the western part of the Republic (Tachira, Merida, 
 Trujilio); its bark is rich in tannin. 
 
WORLD^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 57 
 
 408. URAPE [Bdultiiiid innilincrrid, ;i c-jcsalijiiiiaccouslrcc). The bark yields 
 
 a considerahle (luanlity oftaimin. 
 
 409. YAGRUMO ((Wropia, peltatd, an iirticaccous tree with laruc fan-shai)e(l 
 
 k'a^■t's and a hollow .stem). The bark may be used lor laniiing. 
 
 410. AGUACATE {Persea gratissima). The bark of this Iruit-tree might be 
 
 used for taiuiiug leather, 
 
 411. CUJI {Acdcin macracantha and other species). It is well known that the 
 
 bark and fruits of many acacias are rich in tannin, 
 
 412. GUAYABO {Psidima gnara). The bark of this well-known myrtaceous 
 
 fruit-tree is very astringent and rich in tannin. 
 
 CLASS 106. GUMS, RESINS, CAOUTCHOUC, 
 
 413. ALGARROBO-RESIN {llymenmi courharil). The rcsm exudes from 
 
 the stem and roots of the tree and is often found in a semi-fossil state in 
 the soil. It may be used for making varnish, like copal. Exhib. T. 
 Chapman, Coro. 
 
 414. YABO-RESIN {Cercidium viride). The resin exudes from the bark of the 
 
 stem and branches, covering it in a continuous layer, as may be seen 
 from the pieces of branches exhibited. It is used by soap manufactur- 
 ers. The wood of the tree yields an ash containing a high peiceutage of 
 potash, so that the same tree furnishes the necessary material for making 
 an ordinary soap of good detergent properties. In some parts the tree is 
 called Quica. Exhib. T. Chapman, Coro. 
 
 415. COROBORE-RESIN (also called Algnrroho, llymerma courbaril). May 
 
 be used for making varnish, like copal. 
 
 416. PERAMAN. A black resin obtained from Moronoh(ga coccinea, a rubia- 
 
 ceous tree growing in the Tenitory of L'pper Orinoco and Amazonas ; 
 it is principally used for the calking of river boats. 
 
 417. TACAMAHACA. A resin exuding in considerable quantities from the 
 
 wood of Protiam he-ptaphyllnm, a fast-growing tree belonging to the 
 family of Burseracea3. It is used in medicine as an exciting topic 
 remedy. 
 
 418. CAR AN A. A resin very much like tacnmaliaca, and obtained from 
 
 Protimii riivdnnd. Same u.se as tacdmahaca. 
 
 419. GUAMACHO-GUM {Peiveskia gnamaclw). A leaf -bearing species of the 
 
 cactus family ; the gum is exuded by the woody stem and yields a 
 refreshing nuicilage. Exhib. The Quanta Railway, llarbor it Coal Trust 
 Company, Limited. 
 
 420. SANTAL-BARK. Under the name of sdndalo, the firm of Polly c^: 
 
 Co., of Puerto Cabello, has ex[)orted the wood and bark of what ai)pear> 
 to be a rutaceous tree, which, however, is not botanically well known. 
 
 421. RUBBER. Some objects of rubber made by the Indians of the Orinoco. 
 
 Large (piantities are extracted in Guiana and the Territ. Upper Orinoco 
 and Amazonas, and shipped either via Ciudad Bolivar, or sent down the 
 Rio Negro to Para in Brazil, 
 
 422. PEJUA (Gaultheria Lindeniana). A small shrub with highly aromatic 
 
 leaves which grows abundantly in the mountains of Cumana. 
 
58 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 423. TONKA BEANS {Bi'pterydc odoraia). A larjrc tree which grows gener- 
 
 ally gregariously in certain parts of tlie forests of Guiaua ; it is also 
 coniniou iu l>razil ; liowever, the tonlia beans from Para are considered 
 inferior to tiiose from Ciudad Bolivar. In IHUO the exportation from 
 tliis latter i)ort was 79,810 kilogrs., valued Bol. 442,721 (aljout $85,000). 
 The amount of beans collected varies much in dillerent years on accoimt 
 of the W' cather. 
 
 CLASS 110. BROOMS. 
 
 424. Hermanos Romero Garcia, Valencia : brooms made of broom corn, 
 
 called millo in the country. 
 
 CLASS 111. BASKET INDUSTRY, 
 
 425 to 430. The flora of Venezuela has a large number of species with very- 
 flexible stems of considerable length, which furnisli good material for 
 basket-work of every description, although the articles manufactured 
 are generally far from being elegant, and only destined for ordinary use 
 in the rural liousehold. We refer to the oval-shaped and round baskets 
 de cdviciUo, made of the high-climbing stems of a bambusaceous grass 
 {C/tusqnea scandens), the large peiacas and smaller baskets made of the 
 split stems of another arborescent grass {Arundo sdccJiaroides), and the 
 hand-baskets and macutos of the same material. Of other plants used 
 for the same purpose we only mention the bejaco de piragua (a species of 
 the aroid genus PJtUodendron), the stems of whicli grow to an amazing 
 length, being throughout of no more than one-eighth of an inch in thick- 
 ness, so that they look like long pieces of twine. See samples in the 
 Exhibit. 
 
 DEPARTMENT B. 
 
 Horticulture. 
 
 group 21 — pomology and manufactured products. — class 141. jellies, 
 
 jams, marmalades. 
 
 431. PRESERVED BANANAS. 
 
 431a. QUINCE-JAM. The quince is not indigenous in Venezuela, but grows 
 very well m the liigher parts of the country. The fruit is much used 
 for preparing this excellent kind of jam. 
 
 432. GUAVA-JAM. Prepared with the fruits of Psidium Oiiava, and highly 
 
 esteemed on account of its delicate taste. 
 
 433. " BOCADILLOS." A kind of jam prepared with guava-fruits, from 
 
 ]Meri(la and other places of the Western Cordillera. Each piece is 
 wrapped in a fragment of banana-leaf, l^rice, about 40 cents the pound. 
 
 DEPAKT^IENT E. 
 
 Mines, Minincj, and Metallurgy. 
 
 group 42 — minerals. — class 290. 
 
 434. OPAL. Tinaquillo. 
 
 435. ROCK-CRYSTALS from Assures in the gneissic mountains, neighbor- 
 
 hood of Caracas. Ex bib. by Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
world's columbiax exposition. 59 
 
 436. CHRYSOTILE IN SERPENTINE. Baniuisimcto. 
 
 437. ASBESTOS IN GNEISS, (\iiacas. 
 
 438. DOUBLE-REFRACTING CALCIC SPAR, ficm the ncigliborliood 
 
 of iSaula Lucia and Santa Teresa, on the River Tiiy. 
 
 439. TALCUM, Ironi the neighborhood of Caracas. 
 
 440. URAO (sos(iuicnrl)onatc of "tmlft, from the bottom of the small lake of 
 
 Lammillas near Merida. The tinest quality is called espejueto, and sells 
 about 80 cents a pound ;' it is used for i)rei)arin,uw7/////o, a hi<.'hlv coii- 
 tlensed extract of tobacco, Avhich is almost indispensable to the inhabi- 
 tants of the Cordillera. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 441. GAYLUSSITE, sescpiicarbonate of soda and lime, from the bottom of 
 
 the lake of Lagunillas near ^laracaibo. It is known in the country under 
 the name of clavoa {i. e., nails), in allusion to the shape of the crystals. 
 
 ORES. 
 
 
 
 CLASS 291 
 
 442. 
 
 GALENA. 
 
 Barquisimeto. 
 
 443. 
 
 <( 
 
 Caracas. 
 
 444. 
 
 (( 
 
 Carabobo. 
 
 445. 
 
 <( 
 
 Cumana, 
 
 446. AURIFEROUS QUARTZ and VEIN-ROCK, from the mine El Callao, 
 
 Territ. Yuriiary, Guiana. The samples are exhibited in a show-case 
 made of some of the most precious woods of Guiana. The district of 
 Yuruary has realized to a certain degree the old fable of the J'amous 
 Dorado, the amount of gold exported from ISGG to 1890 beini"; of 70,1U2,- 
 400 kilogrs., valued ,$4(5,630,197, the larger i)art of which has been pro- 
 duced by the Callao mine. Exhib. the Callao Company. 
 
 447. COPPER ORE AND OTHER ORES (iron, .silver, gold), from the 
 
 mines of Chacao, near Ciudad de Guru, in IheiStale of .Miranda. Exhib. 
 the Company. 
 
 Copper and antimony with gold and silver. Bar- 
 quisimeto. 
 
 Siliceous and argillaceus limestone, with some glucina, 
 oxide of chrome, and small fibres of asbestos. Bar- 
 quisimeto. 
 
 Siliceous limestone with galena. Barquisimeto. 
 
 Sulphuret of iron and copper, with anlimonv, silver, 
 
 and .some traces of gold. I?arquisimeto. " 
 452. ** ** Sulphuret of iron and copper, wilh antinion}-, gold and 
 
 silver. Bar(pnsimeto. 
 
 453' " ** Sulphuret of iron and arsenicum. Barquisimeto. 
 
 454. ** *' Siliceous limestone wilh lead and traces of silver. Bar- 
 
 quisimeto. 
 
 455. ** *' Suli>huret of coi)per and iron with antimony, silver 
 
 and gold in small (juantities. Barquisimeto. 
 
 456. *' *' Sulphuret of iron, with copper, antimony, gold, and 
 
 silver, from the mines of Buria. Barquisimeto. 
 
 448. 
 
 Rafael 
 
 Ricart. 
 
 449- 
 
 i( 
 
 (< 
 
 450. 
 
 u 
 
 t( 
 
 451. 
 
 t( 
 
 (( 
 
60 • THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 457. MINERALS. Copper, gold, silver, aiitiniony, argentiferous galena, tin, 
 
 sulphur, guano, niter ; from different localities in the section Yaracuy 
 of the State of Barquisimeto. Exhib. R. Ricart. 
 
 GROUP 43 — MINERAL COMBUSTIBLES — CLASS 292. MINERAL COAL. 
 
 458. MINERAL COAL, Mines of Naricual, near Barcelona. Composition : 
 ' water, (KO ; volatile substances, 4o.O ; carbon, 45.0 ; leaves, 0.0 of ashes 
 
 (containing about 8.3 i)er 100 of iron oxide) and yields a very compact 
 coke. Exhib. "The Guanta Railway, Harbor it Coal Trust Company, 
 Limited." 
 
 459. MINERAL COAL, from the same locality. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 360. MINERAL COAL, from San Fernando, near Cumanacoa, at a distance 
 of about 35 miles from Cumaua. For further information see the printed 
 notice which accompanies the samples exhibited. 
 
 461. MINERAL COAL, from Villa de Cura. 
 
 462. MINERAL COAL, from Cocollar, Cumana. 
 
 463. MINERAL COAL, from Valle de la Pascua, Guarico. A rather indif- 
 
 ferent kind of lignite. 
 
 464. LIGNITE, from Nirgua, in the State of Carabobo. Shows still much of 
 
 the structure of wood which ajipears to be that of conifer, perhaps a 
 species of Podocarpus. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 465. MINERAL COAL, from Cumarebo (Coro). A very good lignite, that 
 
 burns freely with a white blaze and leaves but 3. 34 per cent. ash. From 
 an analysis made some years ago by Dr. Fleck in Leipzig it contains : 
 carbon, 01.49 ; hydrogen, 5.30 ; oxygen, 29.81. Its calorific effect is, 
 therefore, equal to 548,155 calorics, whilst Cardiff coal gives 721,215, so 
 that 100 tons of this latter are ecpial to 132.8 tons of Cumarebo coal. 
 
 466. AZABACHE fa kind of jet), from Tocuyo. Formerly used for making 
 
 mourning ornaments, 
 
 CLASS 293. ASPIIALTUM. 
 
 467 ASPHALTUM (chapapote), from Cumana. 
 
 46P. SOLID ASPHALTUM, from :\raracaibo. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 469. LIQUID ASPHALTUM, from Pedernales, Delta of Orinoco. Exhib. 
 Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 47G. PETROLEUM, from Pedernales, Delia of the Orinoco. Exhib. of Nat. 
 !Mus., Caracas. 
 
 471. MINERAL PRODUCTS, from the .isphaltum mines and petroleum 
 
 wells of Pedernales, Delta of the Orinoco. Peder/udes is the name of 
 the most norlhern channel by which the Orinoco flows into the sea. A 
 chartered comj)any is actually working in a certain localit}' on its 
 banks what a])pears to be a very ])r()inising deposit of asphaltum and 
 pelrolcuni, tlic outcome being highly satisfactory. 
 
 472. PETROLEUM, from Cumana, near i\ranicuare. 
 
 473. PETROLEUM, from Betijoque, Mountains of Trujillo. 
 
WORLDS COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITTO?^. Gl 
 
 onorp 44 — iu'ilding stones, makijlks, etc.— class 296. 
 
 474. MARBLE ; two samples, one from the " Morro,"of Valencia, tlic otlier 
 
 from Puerto C'abellcj. 
 
 475. MARBLE, from Giianango near IJorlxirata, at a short distance from 
 
 I'lUTiD L'abello. A rough block from the surface and several polished 
 ones. 
 
 476. MARBLE, from Carupano. 
 
 477. STALACTITES, Cumana. 
 
 478. PIEDRA-SILLAR, a large-grained somewhat calcareous sandstone from 
 
 the younger crelaeeous formation in the mountains of Cumana. It is 
 used as a building stone and also for making drip-stones or water-tilters. 
 
 479. SAMPLES OF STONES used now for street pavement in Caracas. 
 
 It is a metamorphic limestone of great hardness, which is to be found 
 rather abundantly in the ueighborliood of the city. 
 
 GROUP 46— CLAYS AND OTHER FICTILE MATERIALS.— CLASS 304. 
 
 480. KAOLINE, or pure alumina. Island of Margarita. Exhib. Nat. Mus., 
 
 Caracas. 
 
 481. KAOLINE, from Cumanacoa. 
 
 482. COMPACT KAOLINE, from Barquisimeto, 
 
 483. PIPE-CLAY, with traces of lignite and petroleum, from Cumana. 
 
 GROUP 47— LIMESTONE, CEMENTS, AND ARTIFICIAL STONE.— CLASS 309 AND 311. 
 
 484. MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, somewhat siliceous, and containing 
 
 besides clay and oxide of iron. Barquisimeto, Exhib. liaf. liicart. 
 
 485. Latorre Chelini & Co., Caracas. Samples of mosaic of artificial stouc. 
 
 486. J. M. Herrera, Samples of terra-cotta. 
 
 487. J. Lameda, Cements. 
 
 GROUP 48— SALTS, SULPHUR, FERTILIZERS. 
 
 488. NITRE, Bermudez. 
 
 489. NATIVE FEATHER-ALUM, from Yaracuy, State of Lara. 
 
 490. SULPHUR, from the " a/.uf rales," near Carupano. 
 
 491. TIERRA DE CARACOLILLO, I c, shell-earth, from lands which 
 
 formerly were covered l)y the waters of the lake of Valencia. It is a 
 kind of clay full of small shells of molluscs (especially Ancylufi Mori- 
 candi, Ilijdrobui coronnUi, II. siagnalis, II. Ernesti, PlanorbiH pronus) and 
 a large number of sponge-spicuhe and diatomaceous shells. It is exceed- 
 ingly fertile. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 492. PHOSPHATE OF LIME, from Los Roques, a small group of islands, 
 
 due north of La Guaiia. Exhib. Nat. ]Mus., Caracas. 
 
 493. SAMPLES OF GREEN, GRAY, AND BLACK PHOSPHATIC 
 
 EARTH, from the island El Gran Koque. E.xhib. l)y the Governor 
 of ilic Territory Colon. 
 
 494. PHOSPHATIC GUANO, from Avcs Island. Exhib, Polly & Co.. 
 
 Puerto Cubello. 
 
62 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 495. GUANO, from Santa Fe (Cumana). 
 
 496. ** from Aguas Blancas, Dist. Araure, State of Zamora. Exhib. 
 Jose F. Koldan. 
 
 497. " from San Juan de los Morros. Exhib. Cirilo Matos. 
 
 498. MINERAL WATER, from "Las Triucheras." The springs are 
 
 located on the northern slope of the mountain chain between Puerto 
 Cabello and Valencia, and have a temperature of over 194 degrees, the 
 temperature of the air being about 76 degrees. The chemical composi- 
 tion was investigated by Boussingault with the result that the water is 
 sulphurous andsodic. There exists a comfortable establishment near 
 the spring for the use of visitors, under the management of Dr. Fran- 
 cisco Padron. 
 
 499. SAMPLES OF SEDIMENT left by the water of the spring of "Las 
 
 Triucheras," in the basin from which it issues. 
 
 (The other Mineral Waters from Venezuela are mentioned under Nos. 
 178 to 177 of this Catalogue.) 
 
 GROUP 49— IRON.— CLASS 323. IRON-ORES. 
 
 500. IRON ORE FROM IMATACA. The iron mine of Imataca is the 
 
 propert}^ of ]Mr. Geo. Turnl)ull, a North American citizen. It is situated 
 54 miles from the "Boca Grande" of the Orinoco, in the Federal Terri- 
 tory " Delta," on the cano Corosimo, in 8'^ 29' L. N. and 61° 18' L. W. 
 Grw. By analysis it w^as found that the ore contains from 67 to 70 per 
 cent, of pure iron, and is to be chissitied as magnetic-specular iron ore 
 (oligiste). It can be reduced without dilliculty and yields a lirst-class 
 steel. The mine is distant about 500 meters from the cano Corosimo, 
 which is deep enough for vessels of from 2,000 to 8,000 tons burden. 
 The veins have been laid open for a distance of more than 6 miles, and 
 can be work(!d easily; there are besides'about 200,000 tons of surface ore. 
 As the mine is only 2,000 miles from Baltimore or New York, it offers 
 more ad vantages for transport than the mines of Bilboa in Spain, or those 
 of Sweden, which are from 4,000 to 5,000 miles distant from said ports. 
 In addition it nuist be observed that the Imataca iron is only equaled by 
 the very best Swedish produce. 
 
 501. BOG-IRON ORE. Caracas. 
 
 502. IRON ORE (iron pyrites). Exhib. the Government of the State of 
 
 Bcrmudez. 
 
 503. IRON ORE (Oligiste), from Manoa, Territory of the Orinoco. Exhib. 
 
 by the Governor of the Delta. 
 
 (JllOUP 51 — COPPER. — CLASS 840. COPPER ORES. 
 
 504. COPPER-ORE (mostly carbonate), from El Carrizal. Exhib. J A. 
 
 M()S(piera. 
 
 505. GREEN AND BLUE COPPER CARBONATE, from the mines of 
 
 Giiaicaii)ur(j, State ol" Miranda. 
 
 506. Rafael Ricart. Sulpluiret of copper with silver and gold. Barquisimeto. 
 
 507. " Copper-ore, containing some silver and gold. Bar- 
 quisimeto. 
 
 508. Rafael Ricart. Copper ore, with some antimony, gold, and traces of 
 
 silver. Barquisimeto. 
 
W()i;i,I)'s COLrMIJIAN HXPOSITIOX. Go 
 
 509. COPPER ORE (pyrites and carbonate) and rf'nulus. Exhil). l)y "The 
 (,)ucl)ra(la Jiailway.'Jiand A: Copper ('oni[")any, Linuted," in Aroa 
 (\ araeuy). 
 
 The Aroa mines are located in tiio section Yaraciiy of tiic State Lara, 
 on the banks of the river Aroa, which Hows into the Caribbean Sea' 
 Their distance from the port of Tncacas is about 89 nules, and their 
 beiuht over sea-level 1165 feet. They were discovered 1005 by ,,„(. 
 Alonso de Oviedo ; but during- the whole epoch of Spanish rul<! thei)r(;d- 
 uce was very insigniticant. In our century they became, by inheritance, 
 the i>roiK'rty of the Liberator Simon Lolivar, and \ver(! afterwards sold 
 by his family to an En-lishman called Hol;crl Dent. To-day they belony 
 to "The (^uebrada Kailway, Land & Copper Company, Limited," in 
 Loudon, whose cai)ital is formed by ^00,447 shares of £3 each. The ore 
 is found in a kind of slaty limestone and is principally chalcopvritc, 
 called ye low ore by the miners, contaiuin<; 9 to 12 per cent, of mc^tallic 
 copper. This ore underijoes several transformati(jus, being changed 
 iiito red oxide {ruby ore) and carbonate of copper {laahiquUe and aznrfu'). 
 Kearly all the output is shipped to Swansea in England ; only the i)oor 
 carbonate is reduced first to regulus containing from 25 to 30 per cent 
 ofc()pi)er. From 1878 to 181)1 there were shipped 329,218 tons of ore 
 (averag-iug 11.25 per cent, of copper) and 53,053 tons of regulus (averag- 
 ing 2«.7.) per cent.). These quantities represent, therefore, 51,759 tons 
 of metal, which, at the average price of £54 per ton, make a total of 
 £2,794,98(5, or nearly $14,000,000 Amer. gold. The copper from \'ene- 
 zuela goes in Swansea under the name of " Quebrada " ore and holds in 
 that market the second place after Chile. 
 
 GROUP 67— HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF MININO.— CLASS 410. MAPS. 
 
 510. MAP OF VENEZUELA, showing the location of the most important 
 
 mines hitherto known. 
 
 511. MAP OF THE MINING TERRITORY IN THE DISTRICT OF 
 
 GUAICAIPUCO, State of Miranda. 
 
 512. MAP OF THE COAL MINES OF NARICUAL, Barcelona. 
 
 (A great many maps and drawings referring to the mines in Venezuela, 
 are to be found in the Boletin de lilqiiezaPkhlica, whi(-h will be mentioned 
 hereafter among the publications of the Government. (Group 150 
 Class 803. ) ' 
 
 depart:\ient g. 
 
 Transportation. 
 
 group 80 —railroads. 
 
 513. RELIEF PLAN OF RAILROAD FROM LA GUAIRA TO CARA- 
 
 CAS. Lxec4Ue(l under the direelinn of Dr. 1. :Mufioz Tebar, Mini.ster 
 of Public Works, and exhibited by the Government of Venezuela 
 Although it is only 5 miles (as the crow^ flies) from La (Juaira to Caracas 
 communication between the two places presents considerable dilticultie.s 
 on account of the great (h'lTerence in height over sea-level (2 984 f(>et) 
 and the irregular configuration of the coa.st-chain which separates the 
 capital trom its sea-port. During all the time of S[)anish rule there was 
 only a mule track over the mountains; and about 50 years a"() a cart- 
 road was built, which both are still in use. The great progress of com- 
 
64 THE UlSriTED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 niercial movement made it, liowever, necessary to provide for l)etter 
 means of transportation, and led to the consh-uction of a railroad, which 
 was carried out by an English company and opened to traflBc in 1883 
 after two years of work. This line is 22;'4 miles long ; the shortest 
 radius of the curves is 140 feet and the maximum gradient 3! 75 per cent. 
 The gauge is 3 feet, the rails weighing 50 pounds a yard. The ties are 
 madc'of Hie very best heart-wood from the coimtry, measuring 6 feet by 
 G inclu's by 8 inches, and are placed at two feet distance from each 
 other. The highest point of the line is at its entrance into the valley of 
 Caracas (3120 feet). There are five bridges (the longest measuring 406 
 feet) and 8 tunnels (the longest of 314 feet in length, having the follow- 
 ing section : radius 6 feet 6 inches, base 11 feet, width in center 13 feet, 
 height 13 feet 6 inches. In Caracas as well as in La Guaiia there are 
 stations with spacious buildings for passengers and freight traffic, besides 
 workshops and other structures for the rolling stock, which (1892) con- 
 sisted of IG locomotives, IG passenger-cars, and 97 freight-cars. Every 
 day 22 trains are run, viz., 4 passenger-trains, IG freight-trains, and 3 
 mixed trains ; but on Sundays there are only passenger-trains. During 
 the first half-year of 1891 the receipts were as follows : Passengers (44,- 
 825), Bol. 371,971.75; ba engage, Bol. 18,140.24; down-freight (10,000 
 tons), I3ol.201,724.2G ; up-freight (45,G13 tons). Bol. 1,4G7, 822.53; storage 
 and sundries, Bol. 14,510.87; total, Bol. 2,075,211,15. 
 
 514-515. "GROSSE VENEZUELA EISENBAHN-GESELLSCHAFT." 
 
 A series of photogra])hic views of the most interesting points. This line 
 is being constructed by a German company, under the direction of the 
 " Norddeutsche Bank" in Berlin. When concluded it will connect 
 Caracas with Valencia, running through the valleys of Aragua, one of 
 the most important centers of agricidture in the country. As yet only 
 25 kiloms. are open to traffic ; but soon the work in the extremely diffi- 
 cult part, between kilom. 30 and 50, will be terminated, and witliin one 
 year trains will run as far as La Victoria, a distance of 94 kilom. from 
 Caracas. Tlie gauge of the line is 1.07 meters, the shortest radius of 
 curves 90 meters, the maximum gradient 2 per cent. There are 95 
 tunnels of a total length of 4,079 meters (the longest 2G7 meters), 46 
 viaducts, and 29 bridges. The station at Caracas is 911. G4 meters above 
 sea-level ; at a distance of 30 kiloms. the highest point is reached (Stat. 
 El Corozal, 1,226.93 meters); thence to Las Tejerias (38 kiloms.) there is 
 a descent of 726 meters, and finally follows a nearly horizontal aection 
 until La Victoria (537.32 meters) is reached, 
 
 CLASS 523. SADDLERY. 
 
 516. J. Boccardo & Co., Caracas. Saddles, called sillas vaqueras, richly 
 
 embroidered. 
 
 517. RAW COWHIDE CORDS, generally used by cartmen for fastening 
 
 the cargo on the cMrts. 
 
 518-522. STRAPS, HALTERS, AND CORDAGE, made of horse-hair. 
 
 DEPARTMENT H. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 group 87— chemical and tilalim acei'tk al products, — class 547. drugs. 
 
 523. ANGELON {Angelonia snlicnricvfolin). A ])owerful sudorific. The 
 plant grows abundantly in moist places nearly everywhere. 
 
world's rOLUMTUAX EXPOSITION. 05 
 
 524. BEJUCO MORENO {Seijania diversifolia). Anli-sypliilitic. 
 
 525. PALO AMARGO (hotaiiical origin not known). The burk is said to he 
 
 a g(»t)(I tonic and iVbiiliigo. 
 
 526. GUACO. Stems and leaves of a {■linil)ing-plant {Mikania gonorlada) 
 
 winch have the repntation of being- an excellent blood-iMiriher and a 
 remedy agamst snake-poison. 
 
 527. GUACHAMACAN {M<ilouetia nitida, fam. of Apocymicece). The milky 
 
 sap ot the wood contains a poisonous substance of liigidv narcotic prop- 
 erties The plant giws abundantly on the banks of" Middle Orinoco 
 and Apure. Kxhib. Nat. Miis,, Caracas. 
 
 528. PALO MATIAS {Croton Malnmho). The bark is arom.itic and used 
 
 as a stimulant. Exhib. Xat. :\Ius., Caracas. 
 
 529. PICA MALVA. A plant of the composite family, and belon^rino- prob- 
 
 ably to tiie genus Calea. All its parts are of an intensely bittcT taste- 
 the eaves macerated in water, rum. or wine are recommended as an 
 excellent stomachic, and it is said that they dve good results also in the 
 tTcatment of scrofula and paludic fever. ^Exhib. Dr. B. Bermudez 
 Carupano. ' 
 
 530. SANTA MARIA {ArisiolocJiia spec). Used as a tonic. 
 
 53-1. ARRAYAN-ROOT. The very astringent root of a myrtaceous iilant a 
 decoc'tion of which is recommended in the treatment of dysentery 
 Exhib. >,at. Mus., Caracas. ^' 
 
 532. RAIZ DE MATO {Aristoloclda harhata). An excellent tonic which 
 
 deserves the attention of ph3'sicians. 
 
 533. POLYPODE. The rhizome of Polypodium auratum, used in medicine 
 
 as a l)lood-puriher and auti- venereal remedy. 
 
 534. SARSAPARILLA. Caracas sarsaparilla comes from a species of 
 
 Smilax, which, botanically, is not yet perfectly known, as plants with 
 male flowers hitherto have not been found. It is not exported but only 
 used by the druggists of the country, who pay the collectors $10 to .*24 
 for the quintal of dry root. The import of foreign sarsaparilla is pro- 
 hibited by the custom laws. * 
 
 535. SALOMON BARK {Iledyosmum Bourgoini). Asmalltreebelono-inn-to 
 
 the lanuly of chloranthacete, growing in the hioher parts of the inoun- 
 tains of Merida). It is aromatic, of a somewhat bitter and Dunoent 
 taste, and used for making bitters. * 
 
 536. CUSPA-BARK. This is the true Angostura Bark of dru<i-oists derived 
 
 from Galipea (Cusparia) officinalis. It is sometimes called' "(luina 
 amarilla," /.e. yellow quinquina, and used as an excellent tonic and 
 febrifuge. Exhib. Nat. Mus., Caracas. 
 
 537. CINCHONA-BARK FROM TOC\JYO (CincJiona Tucvjenm) Thoucrh 
 
 not containing much quinine, it is exported chiefly from Puerto Cabeiro. 
 
 538. CINCHONA-BARK, from CincJiona cordifolia, var. rotnndifolia It is 
 
 exported from La Guaira, whilst from Puerto Cabcllo and Alaracaibo 
 C Tncujensus is shipped. The fever barks of Venezuela arc poor in 
 fJcaloids, and cannot be used advantageously for their extraction- but 
 they are mostly employed for making dentifrice. A considerable quan- 
 tity goes to New ^ ork. ^ 
 
GO THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 539. SIMARUBA. Tho somewliat hitter and tonic inner bark of Simaruha 
 
 offiriuiilis, u tree which i.s rather common in Guayana. 
 
 540. CUPIS. The pungent and very aromatic h&xk oi Drimys granaiensis, 
 
 used especially in veterinary medicine. The tree grows on the moun- 
 tains in the western part of the Republic. 
 
 541. TORCO BARK. Ts somewlmt aromatic, and appears to come from 
 
 some ti"ee of tlie laurel family. It is occasionally used in medicine as an 
 aromatic and stimulatinii; remedy. 
 
 542. ALCORNOQUE BARK {BowdicMa mrgiUoides). Astringent, and 
 
 recommended by some as giving good results in treating the initial 
 symptoms of consumj^tion. 
 
 543. CRYi.'EYPO {Myrofipermumfruiescens). Both the l)ark and fruit of this 
 
 tree contain an aromatic resin, which has anti-rheumatic properties. 
 
 544. COLA-NUTS. The seeds of Cola acuminata, a tree introduced into the 
 
 country, but now jierfectly naturalized in various parts. The seeds 
 have lately been talked of a great deal on account of the large percent- 
 age of caffein they contain. 
 
 545. COCA. (Leaves and pharmaceutical preparations.) Samples of leaves 
 
 of a species of Eryiliro.ryhim, Ix^lieved to be the true E. coca of botan- 
 ists, Tluy' were analyzed in the pharmaceutical laboratory of E. M. 
 Genevoix & Go., in Paris, and yielded L17 granune of cocaine per 
 kilogr. of leaves. I'he i)lant ai)pears to grow rather abundantly in the 
 country between Cuinana and ^^laturia (eastein i)ait of Venezuela), and 
 is known to the iidiabitants under the name of hayo, which, however, 
 is common to all the species of Evythro.vyhnn. Dr. E. Bermudez, of 
 Cariipano, discovered the plant in 18y(), and uses the leaves for making 
 two preparations: Coca Wine and Cocti Tincture, both of which were 
 awarded a gold medal in the Paris Exposition, 1889. die first is sold 
 at 00 cents a bottle, the second at 40 cents an ounce. Exhib. Dr. B. Ber- 
 mudez, Ganipano. 
 
 546. ALGALIA (Musk Seed). Tho f^cedii of AhelDioschits moscliaius, a strong 
 
 p?'r(!nnial of the mallow fanuly, wliich is cultivated in certain parts, for 
 instance, in the valley of the River Tuy. The whole plant smells of 
 musk; the seeds are used for scenting hair-pow'der and pomatum. 
 
 547. OJO DE ZAMURO {Mucuna pruriens). Said to be an efficient remedy 
 
 for curing hemorrhoids, as well as asthmatic affections. R. Ricart. 
 
 543. SABADILLA. Tho. f^opdf^ of Schoenocau Ion ojficinale. They contain a 
 jjoisonous alcaloid, called veratrine, used especially in veterinary medi- 
 cine. For many years Venezuela was the only country whence sabadilla 
 was exporled, after the Mexican article had disapjieared in commerce. 
 The quantity exi)orte(l is variable, but ranges from .'{.OOO to 5,000 (juintals 
 annually. Lately, it appears, that in Gliile they make attempts to culti- 
 vate the plant for connnercial pur[)()ses. 
 
 549. MUSTARD {Bramca nigra). Exhib. T. Ghapman, Goro. 
 
 550. PUCHERI (Ocoiea Pichurim), from Ganipano. Somewhat bitter and 
 
 aromnlic. 
 
 551. TAMARINDS and PULP OF TAMARINDS. The fruits of 7Wm- 
 
 ///•///f/'/.s r>fv/V/r//^///.sconlain a slightly :ici(l pulp, which is used for jire- 
 paring refreshing beverages. 
 
AVOKI.d's ("OLFMIUAN kxpositiox. 67 
 
 552. COPAIBA {('o)utit\i-ii cjliri/iiil/.s). Exported in-iiicipally from Ciudad 
 
 l»(>li\ar and jNlaracaibo, the latter ouc being considered o! superior 
 quality. 
 
 553. CARICARITO (from a l)ur.scraccous tree, i)rol)al)ly a species oi Iledwigui). 
 
 I'scd tor iiiakinu unguents. I. Chapman, Coro. 
 
 554. TACAMAHACA {Protium liepiaphyllum). 
 
 555. C ARAN A (Protium Canttut). Kno^'-n in medicine as species of elemi, 
 
 and used for making unguents. 
 
 556. ALOES (Aloe hKrlxidcnsis). Exhib. I. Chapman, Coro. Used very 
 much in mcdii-ine. '^Fhe plant grows veiy a])undantly in the States of 
 Falcon and Jiarquisimelo, being known under the name of Zdbila. 
 
 557. Dr. M. M. Ponte, Caracas; elixir tropical. 
 
 558. " " fever-pills. 
 
 559. Braun & Co., Caracas; Oberto's pills. 
 
 560. " " surgical \valer. 
 
 561. " " indispensable remedy. 
 
 562. Felipe Ortega, Valencia; prodigious elixir. 
 
 563. G. Sanchez, ^Maracaibo; extract of sarsaparilla. 
 
 564. Blanco Zerpa, Cumana; l)alm of Manzanares. 
 
 565. Victor Manuel Anselmi, Yaracuy; " Salvavida " (life-preserver). 
 
 566. Pedro P. Lucero, Barc-[uisimeto; depurating pills. 
 
 567. J. J. Ponce; depurating syrup. 
 
 568. " sulphur-soap. 
 
 569. Isaac Chapman, Coro; depurating anti-syphilitic syrup. 
 
 570. " " anti-alcoholic potion. 
 
 571. " " dentifric elixir. 
 
 572. " " anti-rheumatic tincture. 
 
 573. " " vermifuge pastilles. 
 
 574. Romulo Farias, Coro; regenerating syrup. 
 
 575. J, M. Escobar, Barquisimeto; depurating syrup. 
 
 576. J. A. Olivares, Barquisimeto; regenerating drops. 
 5'7y. " " sympathetic balm. 
 5-78. " " cariformina. 
 
 579. Dr. Bernardo Bermudez, Cariipano; coca-wine. 
 
 580. " " coca-tincture. 
 
 581. Malvina Alguilera de Tinoco ; Parian balm, 
 
 582. Victor Ramon Feo, Caracas; Venezuelan panacea. 
 ^83. " " efficient ointment. 
 ^84. ** " universal injection. 
 C85. '* " powerful drops. 
 
 CLASS 550. ESSENTIAL OILS, TOILET SOAPS, PERFUMERY AND COSMETICS. 
 
 586. SASSAFRAS OIL. 
 
 587. F. Serrano, Cumana; .soap. 
 
G8 THE UXITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 588. R. Soucy & Co., Caracas; Portuguese water. 
 
 589. " " quinine water. 
 
 590. " " Cologne water. 
 
 591. ** " extract Marie Antoinette. 
 
 592. ** ** extract violets of Parma. 
 
 593. " ** triple concentrated heliotrope extract. 
 
 594. " " oil for preserving the hair. 
 
 595. Jose de la Paz Guevara, Caracas; hair-preserver. 
 
 596. I. Chapman, Coro; cascarilla (finely ground egg-shell). 
 
 GROUP 89 — STATIONERY. — CLASS 561. BLANK BOOKS AND BOOKBINDING. 
 
 597-598. J. M. Herrera Irigoyen&Co. ("El Cojo "), Caracas : Blank books. 
 
 599-602. " " ■ Samples of bookbinding in different 
 
 styles, 
 
 GROUP 101 — FABRICS OP VEGETABLE FIBERS. 
 
 603. COCUIZA FABRIC for coffee bags. 
 
 GROUP 103 — FABRICS OF COTTON, ETC. 
 
 604-607. HAMMOCKS of cotton cloth, with rich trimmings, made in the 
 Island of .Margarita. 
 
 608. "CHINCHORROS," from Barquisimeto. 
 
 609. " of (Us2)02')o fibre (a kind of Agave), from Barquisimeto. 
 610-613. SAMPLES OF COTTON CLOTH from Quibor (Barquisimeto). 
 614. Franc, de S. Perez & Co. Common cotton cloth. Factory in Valencia. 
 
 GROUP 103 — WOVEN GOODS OF WOOL. 
 
 615-616. BLANKETS FROM QUIBOR. Barquisimeto. 
 
 GROUP 104 — CLOTHING. — CLASS 654. HATS. 
 
 617-620. HATS MADE OF VEGETABLE MATTER. The loaves of 
 .some arborcsccnl grasses and palms, after lacing torn into narrow strips, 
 bleached or dyed/are much used for making the ordinary hats worn 
 by the country people. Such are the "sombreros de cogollo," miide of 
 the younger leaves of Arundo saccJiaroides, whilst those from Mar- 
 garita are made of palm leaves, and the so-called "sombreros de Mara- 
 cail)o," of the leaves of certnin species of CaHudovicn. There is in 
 the Exhibit a sample of bleached "cogollo." such as is used for making 
 the hats. 
 
 CLASS 656. BOOTS AND SHOES. 
 
 621. SHOES AND BOOTS manufMctiired Mud cxliibited by J. Boccardo & 
 
 Co., Caracas: Eight pairs of shoes and boots for ladies; ten pairs of 
 shoes and boots for men ; sandals. 
 
 622. SHOES. E.xliil). Francisco Rodriguez Cabrera, Caracas. 
 
 623. SANDALS. Exhib. IT. IT. Tlomcro Garcia, Valencia. 
 
 624. SANDALS from Quibor (Barquisimeto). 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". G9 
 
 CLASS 658. SHIRTS. 
 
 625. M. F. Perez, Caracas, shirts. 
 
 626. Carlos Casals {Los Espaholes), Valencia : shirts. 
 
 GRorr 108— travp:ling equipmp:nts.— class G81. canes. 
 
 627. POLISHED AND RUSTIC CANES made of different kinds of wood. 
 
 GKOrr 111— T.EATirEIl. — class 01)7. TANNED LEATHER. 
 
 628-657. TANNED LEATHERS, exhibited hy J. Boccardo & Co., Caracas. 
 Tliirty varieties : Bhick .sole leather for harness; white and red for shoes 
 and sandals; calf, colored and uncolored; goat, iniitalinii; morocco black; 
 smooth, chagreen, dead, colored ; sheej), imitating morocco, chagreen, 
 dead, colored, cordovan, with the wool, imitating parchment, etc. 
 
 658. SOLE-LEATHER (black and red). Exhib. H. H. Romero Garcia, 
 
 Valencia. 
 
 659. SOLE-LEATHER. Exhib. Marcano successors, Carupano. 
 
 DEPARTMENT K. 
 
 Fine Arts. 
 
 group 140. paintings in oil. 
 
 660. Arturo Michelena. The Death of Penthenlea, or. The Comhat of the 
 
 Amazons. The artist represents the moment in which one of the amazons 
 has seized the body of their queen, slain in the tight, in order to bring it 
 away from the field of battle. (Obtained a prize at the Salon in Paris.) 
 
 661. Arturo Michelena. Portrait of the Liberator Simon Bolivar, on horse- 
 
 back. (From the principal hall of the Legislative Palace of the State 
 of Carabobo in Valencia.) 
 
 662. Arturo Michelena. Charity. A wealthy lady accompanied by her little 
 
 tlaughter l)i-ings some alms to a poor sick woman, whose daughter plays 
 with an old basket. 
 
 663. Arturo Michelena. The Broken Lance. A picador, whose lance gf t 
 
 broken, is closely pursued by the infuriated bull which has gored already 
 the hor.se, whilst the man, assisted by his companions, tries to climb 
 over the enclosure of the arena. 
 
 664. Arturo Michelena. The Hailstorm. A mother with two children and 
 
 an old man, stare frightened at tlie window shattered by the hailstones, 
 whilst a cat looks terrified at the scene from under a cupboard in a 
 corner. 
 
 665. Arturo Michelena. Charlotte Corday cjoinrj to the Scaffold, accompanied 
 
 by two guards, whilst the jailer quietly lights his pipe. On the right 
 stands the painter who made her portrait. 
 
 666. Arturo Michelena. Portrait of Gen. Joaquin Crespo, in campaign, sur- 
 
 rounded l)y his officers and aide-de-camps. 
 
 667. Arturo Michelena. Venezuela Doing Homage to Christopher Columbus. 
 
 An allegorical paintiiur ; round the pedestal of the great Discoverer's 
 statue .'il-e .scattered l)eautiful tlowers, amongst them the " Flor de 
 ^Idijo" (Catth' !/ a Moss ia^), own of the most splendid orchids of the rich 
 Venezuelan flora. 
 
70 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 668. Arturo Michelena. A71 Aniiqnarian in His Cabinet. Portrait of Dr. 
 
 Aristidc's Jvojas, a distiuguislied historian and man of letters in Caracas. 
 
 669. Cristobal Rojas. The Purgatory. An angel descending through the 
 
 glare of the flames announces the pardon of God to a group of figures, 
 in which stands out most prominently that of a tall man with the com- 
 bined expression of despair and penitence on his face. (From the church 
 of " La Diviua Pastora" in Caracas.) 
 
 670. Cristobal Rojas. A French Tavern. Several men and a girl of the 
 
 laboring class are sitting at a table and listen to the waiting-woman of 
 the place. 
 
 671. Cristobal Rojas. T'he First and Last Communion. A priest brings the 
 
 sacrament to a dying girl sitting in the lap of her mother. 
 
 672. Cristobal Rojas. A Girl Reading. A girl sitting at a window is reading 
 
 a l)0()k. 
 
 673. Cristobal Rojas. An Old Beggar. 
 
 674. Cristobal Rojas. An Eviction. A poor widow with two children, wiio 
 
 has not been able to pay her rent, is driven out by the sheriff from the 
 miserable garret she occupies. 
 
 675. Christobal Rojas. A Christening. 
 
 676. A. Herrera Toro. Charity. In a room wdiere everything bespeaks 
 
 poverty a mother is dying, a priest gives her the last blessing ; whilst 
 Charity, personified as a fair lady sitting at the bedside, opens her 
 arms, tendering protection to the abandoned orphans. 
 
 677. A. Herrera Tore. A Drop of Water. A little child, holding under her 
 
 right ai'm an antique water-vessel, is seated on the large leaf of an aroid. 
 
 678. A. Herrera Toro. In the Sun. Two children are standing lu the sun to 
 
 dry tlicnisclves after their bath. 
 
 679. Emilio Mauri. Marguerite Coming from Church. 
 
 680. " Portrait of a Lady. 
 
 681. I. Inciarte, Buffaloes grazing in the Roman Pontines. 
 
 GKOUP 140 — CRAYONS AND OTHER DR A WRINGS. 
 
 682. A. Herrera Toro. Tico Children Sitting in a Basket. 
 
 683. " Copy of the artist's painting C7mn7y. (See No. 676.) 
 
 684-685. M. M. Ravelo. Pell-mell. Two drawings done with pen and ink 
 (Property of .Mr. F. Vollmer, Hamburg.) 
 
 686. Portraits of General Joaquin Grespo, President of the United States of 
 
 Venezuela. 
 
 DEPARTMENT L. 
 
 Liberal Arts. 
 
 group 147. — class 839. 
 
 687. WATER-FILTER ("' tinajoro"), used all over the country in Venezuela. 
 
 Tli(! water is poured into tlu! porous dripstone, from which it falls by 
 droi)s into a large earthen vessel called Ijerncgal. As this is not glazed 
 and therefore very porous, evaporation takes place and keeps the water 
 (piite cool, even on v(!ry hot days, (tenerally a tin scoop is used for the 
 purpose of taking it out and tilling the likewise porous water bottles 
 {pimpinas, miicuras); but in some cases the ladle is made of a more or 
 
WORl.D S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOX. 71 
 
 less i'l;il)()ratc'ly carved cocos-uut shell, iiiouiited in silver on a Avoodcu 
 IimihUc. 
 
 688. FILTERING-STONE, from Cumauu. 
 
 GROUP l.-)!) — LITERATURE AND IJOOKS. — CLASS 854. 
 
 Books luiiiti'd and bound in the eslahlislinicnt of J. M. ITerrora, 
 Triiioycn tV: Co. ("El Cojo "), Caracas, and exhibited by the same, the 
 most important being the following: 
 
 689. Julio Calcano, El Parna.so Venezolano. 
 
 690. Anibal Dominici, Comentario del Codi,i;o de Comercio Venczolano. 
 
 691. Tomas Michelena, Resumeu de la vida militar y politiea del General 
 
 J. A. Paez. 
 
 692. M. V. Toledo, La Exposicion Colombina de 1893. 
 
 693. Vicente Mestre, Cuestionario del Derecho de la Guerra. 
 
 694. ** Dictados del Derecho de la Guerra. 
 
 695. El Cojo Ilustrado. 
 
 696. SAMPLE-BOOK OF STYLES OF PRINTING. 
 
 697. SEVERAL MINOR PUBLICATIONS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. 
 
 698. E. Lopez Rivas, "Imprenta Americana," ]\Iaracaibo; Sam])le-books, 
 
 catalogues, and several publications made by the establishment, as for 
 instance, El Zulid Ilustrado, An nuario e.stad'/stico de la Seccion Zulia, Obrds 
 jioeiicds de Ildefonso Vazquez, pamphlets, etc. 
 
 699. Testa Garcia, Leyendas de la Conquista. 
 
 700. Pedro Monasterios, Arbol sinoptico de las Composiciones litcrarias. 
 
 CLASS 8G3. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 701. Memoria de la Alta Corte Federal, 1892. 
 
 702. Memoria de Correos y Telegrafos, 1892. 
 
 703. Dictamenes del Consejo Federal, 1892. 
 
 704. Tercer Censo de la Republica, 4 tomos and " Kcsumen." 
 
 705. Boletin de la Riqueza Piiblica. 3 vols. 
 
 706. Titulos de Venezuela en sus Limites de Colombia. 3 vols. 
 
 707. R. F. Seijas, Limites con la Guayana Inglesa. 
 
 708. Anuario Estadistico de los Est. Unidos de Venezuela. 1891. 
 
 709. Arist. Rojas, Origenes Venezolanos. 
 
 710. *' Miranda en la Revolucion francesa. 
 
 711. '* Objetos Histdricos de Venezuela en la Exposicion de 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 712. Recopilacidn de Leyes de Venezuela. 15 vols. 
 
 CLASS 804. MAPS. 
 
 713. MAP OF VENEZUELA, showing the extension of agriculture. 
 
 714. " " showing railroads and other means of com- 
 
 munication. 
 
 715. " ** showing location of nu'nes. 
 
 716. " CUMANA. 
 
 717. MAP OF CITY OF CARACAS ((Jen. Vicente Mestre). 
 
72 THE UNITED STATES OF VEXEZUELA. 
 
 CLASS 871. PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 
 718. A SERIES OF 80 PHOTOGRAPHS, mostly by F. Lessmann (Cara- 
 
 cas), showing views from the neigli])orhoo(l of Caracas. 
 
 719. ANOTHER SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS, showing views on the 
 
 Guanta-Barcelona Railroad. (Taken by , Barcelona. 
 
 CLASS 928. 
 
 720. GUITARS. These small 4 stringed guitars are the favorite instruments 
 
 all over the country for the accompaniment of dancmg-music and song. 
 
 DEPARTMENT M. 
 
 Ethnography. 
 
 group igo. tools and implements of the aboriginal races. 
 
 721-732. TOOLS, ARMS, ETC., of the Guagiro Indians, who inhabit the 
 
 peninsula Guagiro, west of Maracaibo : bridle made of horse-hair, 
 w'oman's hat, spindles, reel, poporo (used by those who chew hayo or 
 coca-leaves), flute, bow and arrows, sandals, bags, woven fabrics of dif- 
 ferent colors. 
 
 733. INDIAN HUT (Tribe of Warraus), from the Delta of the Orinoco. 
 Exhib. the Governor of the Territory). 
 
 734-737. TOOLS AND ARMS OF THE INDIANS inhabiting the Delta of 
 the Orinoco : lance, arrows, llutes, spinning implement, etc. 
 
 (Numbers 721 to 737 are exhibited in the Anthropological Building.) 
 
 738. EARTHENWARE made by the Indians of Manicuare. 
 
 739. TAPARAS. The emptied shells of the calabash fruit {Crescentia cnjete), 
 
 for carrying water. 
 
 740. TAPARI FAS. Small drinking-bowls made of the shell either of some 
 
 cucurl)it;ic('()us fruits, or of those of Crescentid cucarhituKi, a congener 
 of the calabash tree. Thej^ are only used by the poorest country people. 
 
 741. RATTLES. They are called maracas in the country and made of the 
 
 emptied shell of the calabash fruit, fixed on a short handle, and con- 
 taining some small pieces of stone or grains of Indian corn. When 
 rhythmically shaken a rattling noise is thus jiroduced, which helps to 
 accomi>any any other kind of popular music or song. 
 
 742. YESCA DE HORMIGAS, L e., ants' tinder. This substance, used as 
 
 tinder by the inhabitants of the Ujiper Orinoco, consists of tlie soft hairs 
 of certain melastomaceous plants, which are collected b}' a species of ant 
 {Polyrhachis spinieollis) for its nest. 
 
 743. VERADAS. The long and slender axis of the inflorescence which 
 
 springs from the top of the "cana amarga" or An(udoti<(cch<u'oi(U's. Every 
 inllorescence consists of hundreds of tiny branches and l)ranehlets, bear- 
 ing thousands of minute (lowers (nearly all sterile), the whole forming 
 a huge conical plume of extreme subtleness, (piivering gracefully with 
 the sliglitest breath of air. The " veradas " are jierfectly straight and 
 very light, although comjiaratively strong and solid ; therefore they are 
 used by the Indiansasshafts for their arrows, and bythe civilized people 
 as rocket ^sticks, which are always much iu demand, 
 
WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 73 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORICAL OBJECTS. 
 
 744. COAT-OF-ARMS OF VENEZUELA, wood-carving by Malauseua in 
 
 Caracas. 
 
 745. TWO GONFALONS of the City of Caracas, such as were used in the 
 
 last criitury. Tliey are made of red damask and sliow iu rich embroid- 
 Qry the anus of Spaiu and of the city. They beiou«i; to the National 
 Museum, and are exhibited by order of the Government of Venezuela. 
 
 746. STANDARD OF PIZARRO. Gonfalon carried by the Spaniards, 
 
 under Francisco I^izarro, when they made their triumphal entry into 
 Cuzeo, the old cajntal of the empire of the Ineas, November 16, 1533. 
 It was deposited in the Temple of the Sun, which had been (converted 
 • into a Christian cathedral and there it remained until 1824, when it was 
 
 presented by the cit}' authorities to General Sucre, after the victory of 
 Aycucho. Sucre sent the banner to the Lil)erat()r Simon Bolivar, as 
 one of the most interesting- trophies, and Bolivar gave it afterwards to 
 his native city Caracas, where this precious relic is preserved in the large 
 meeting-hall of the 3Iunicipal Council. The original stutl" was red 
 damask, of which, however, only scanty fragments remain, so that it 
 was necessary to sew the embroidered arabesques on another stuff. On 
 one side were worked the arms of Charles V., and ou the other was 
 painted the Apostle James in the attitude of a warrior mounted on a 
 white horse. When the banner was inclosed into the frame which con- 
 tains it now, this tigure was carefully cut out, and placed on the other 
 visible side. Further information ou this interesting relic may be found 
 in an article written by Dr. Aristides Rojas, of Caracas, and published 
 in a pamphlet, "Historical Objects from Venezuela in the Exposition 
 of Chicago." (See annex to this Catalogue.) 
 
 747. MEDALLION OF WASHINGTON. This precious relic shows on its 
 
 face a miniature portrait of AV'ashington, beautifully done by Stewart 
 after Field's great painting, whilst the rear is of deei) blue enamel, inclos- 
 ing a small glass-covered oval with simie hair of the North American 
 Cincinnatus. This oval is surrounded by a gold plate, on which the 
 following inscription is engraved: Auctoris Libertdtis America mt' in 
 Sepienirione hnnc Imafjinem (hit Filins ejus (idopt<(tns illi qui (jlorium 
 similem in Austro adeptus est (Tlufi likeness of the author of lil)erty in 
 North America is given by his adopted son to the one who achieved a 
 similar glory in South America). The medallion was sent to Bolivar 
 by George Washington P. Custis, through the intervention of (Jeneral 
 Lafayette, in 1825. After Bolivar's death it was jjreserved by his heirs, 
 until one of his nephews presented it to General Guzman Blanco, some 
 time President of Venezuela, who ordered it to be placed in the National 
 Museum in Caracas. For further details see an article written by Dr. 
 Aristides Rojos, and published in "Historical 0])jeets from Venezuela 
 in the C-'hicago Exposition." (See annex to this Catalogue.) 
 
 748. EL SOL DEL PERU. A jewel in the shape of a sun, thickly set with 
 
 diamonds, which was jjresented to the Liberator Simon Bolivar in 1825 
 l)y the grateful Peruvians, after his having accomplished the emancipa- 
 tion of their country from Si)anish rule. It belongs actually to the 
 National .Museum at Caracas, and is exhibited by order of the Govern- 
 ment of Venezuela. 
 
74 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 749. SWORD presented to Simon Bolivar in Lima by Peru, in 1825, when the 
 
 ijnal defeat of the Spanish forces had secured the liberty and independ- 
 ence of the country. The blade is of the tinest steel and richly orna- 
 mented with arabesques and damask-work inclosing on one side the 
 inscriptions • Simon Bolivar — Union 1/ Lihcrtnd — Afio de 1825, and on the 
 other, LiheH((do)' de Colombia y del Peru — Chungajwnia me fecit en Lima. 
 The scabbard is sheathed in gold and likewise covered by rich orna- 
 ments, and the golden hilt is set with quite a profusion of diamonds. 
 Besides being a relic of great historical interest, it is a splendid specimen 
 of workmanship, and this the much the more so as the artificer was a 
 man of Indian origin, to judge from liis queer name. Tlie sword was 
 kept for many years by Bolivar's descendants living in Caracas, until, in 
 1888, the Government of Venezuela bought it, paying them about 
 $24,000 for it, for the purpose of placing it in the Bolivar Plall of the 
 National ^Museum. A full description may be found in an article 
 Avritten by Dr. Aristides Rojas, and p\d)lished in "Historical Objecls 
 from Venezuela in the Chicago Exposition" (Caracas, 1893), a transla- 
 tion of which is annexed to this catalogue. 
 
 750. GOLD-EMBROIDERED SADDLE-CLOTH presented 1825 in Lima 
 
 to the Liberator Simon Bolivar. It was bought afterwards from 
 Bolivar's heirs by the ]Municii)al Council of Caracas and offered to Gen. 
 Guzman Blanco, who ordered it to be placed into the National Museum 
 of said city. 
 
 751. AUTOGRAPH SIGNATURE of the Liberator Simon Bolivar, on the 
 
 commission of ^Marcos Otero, as second lieutenant of the militia, 1827. 
 
 752. SIX OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS, carefully wiitteu on large vellum 
 
 pai)er, referring to the translation of the remains of Gen. ,1. A. Paez 
 fi-om tlu; CMty of New York to the capital of Venezuela. Exhib. Nat. 
 Museum, Caracas. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 753. COFFEE ^ washed, trillado, pea-berry, in parchment). Exhib. by V.iu 
 
 Dissel ic Co., Maracaibo. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
Historical Objects of Venezuela 
 
 AT THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 KSSAYS 
 
 BY 
 
 ARISTIDES ROJAS. 
 
 (Translated from the Spanish.) 
 
Historical Objects of Venezuela. 
 
 A SANGUINART and destructive civil war had desolated all 
 parts of Venezuela during the lirst eight months of the year 1892, 
 and when at length towards the end of the year the Government 
 which issued from the struggle was finally established in Caracas, 
 its financial resources were curtailed to the utmost. Although the 
 establishment of a peace beneath which the commerce and industry 
 of the country were to have a fresh lease of life and vigor, gave 
 encouragement to all, the triumphant Revolution could pay but 
 little attention to preparations for a festival in which all the civil- 
 ized nations of the world were fraternally to participate, and in 
 which they were exerting all the means in tlieir power to take an 
 honorable i:)lace. Influenced, however, by a feeling of American 
 solidarity, the Venezuelan Government designated two commis- 
 sioners, so that the country might not remain entirely unrepre- 
 sented in the great tournament of modern civilization which was to 
 take place at Chicago. This first stej), however, although only of a 
 private character, and simply intended to show friendly feeling- 
 restricted by the necessities of the moment, was inspired by con- 
 formity with the American spirit of ideal progress and it led the 
 Executive of the Nation to give more serious attention to the 
 Columbian Exhibition in spite of the penury of the Treasuiy and 
 the ruin and desolation which had spread over hundreds of cities. 
 Fully alive to the difficulties caused by the sad condition in wliich 
 the civil war had left the country, the promoters of the Exhibi- 
 tion only requested that the name of Venezuela should not be miss- 
 ing in the roll-call of nations: all that was wanted was that on the 
 site to be chosen the tricolor flag should be hoisted — the emblem 
 of our glories at the time of the great war, of our tnide, industr}', 
 and agricultural wealth, of our intellectual and social development, 
 and generally of this whole i)eriod of our history. 
 
 77 
 
78 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Siicli was the situation in the first days of 1893. The Govern- 
 ment had to vanquisli the obstacles which confronted it, to reestab- 
 lish peace, inspire confidence, wipe out painful memories, and 
 acquire the good will of its fellow-citizens. As a means to that end, 
 and obeying the noble inspirations of American fraternity, it 
 decided on taking an effective part in the celebration of tlie Fourth 
 Centenary of Columbus. There is an occult force Avhich in nations, 
 like individuals, operates at a given moment, producing will-power 
 and patriotic enthusiasm, and giving a direction to the great ideas 
 which guide generations in the conquests of the future. 
 
 We were entrusted by the Venezuelan Government with the 
 Presidency of the Commission which was to exhibit to the world 
 our national wealth, our arts, and industries; we were saddened by 
 the panorama of ruins, misery, and solitude which surrounded us, 
 but we did not hesitate to accept the charge: a sense of duty sus- 
 tained us, and in such momentous, rarely occurring circumstances, 
 duty is like the kindly rays which light up the desolated fields and 
 vivify the seed entrusted to the earth by the hand of labor. 
 
 AVe have met and conquered many and varied obstacles and 
 shall be able to produce in the great Columbian contest numerous 
 samples of our territorial wealth, of the various products of our 
 fertile zone, of our industries, of our progress. To the tokens of 
 our natural and industrial wealth we have joined artistic treasures, 
 tlie works of celebrated painters who have won for themselves 
 prizes of honor beyond the Atlantic and a place amongst tlie mas- 
 ters of the art of Apelles. We could not withhold at least some 
 contributions of Venezuelan genius from that tourney of universal 
 progress which is but a tribute to the genius of America and of its 
 immortal Discoverer. When the great Republic, the daughter of 
 Washington, strong in her advanced civilization, opens her ports to 
 receive the ships and wealth of all nations, the monuments of 
 science and art since the origin of the human race, we cannot 
 refrain from appearing before that Areopagus where the august 
 shades of Washington, Franklin, and Bolivar will be present with 
 that of the great Discoverer, of the masters of art and the apostles 
 of science since the earliest ages. 
 
 It was the wish of the Government that some of the historical 
 souvenirs lovingly guarded in our museums, and which up to the 
 
world's columbtax exposttiox. 79 
 
 present luivo never lel't our coiinirv, should lig-ure in the great 
 tourney, and arrangements have been made to exhibit them at 
 Chicago in the Venezuehm section. Two relics ul' the ])eriod of 
 tlie conquest and two others of the epoch of our independence have 
 been selected for the purpose. The two first are the coat-of-arms 
 of Charles V., which in 1527 was on the door of the Municipal 
 Building of New Cadiz, in the island of Cubagua, and the war fiag 
 with which the conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, entered the city of 
 Cuzco in 1533. The modern relics are tlie sword of Bolivar, pre- 
 sented to him by the city of Lima in 1825, and a medallion of 
 Washington, a valuable gift which the Liberator received from the 
 family of AVashington, in 1S2G, through the intermediary of Gen- 
 eral Lafayette. 
 
 The coat-of-arms of Charles V. marks our geographical filia- 
 tion in the days when the drama of Castilian conquest opened on 
 the eastern coasts of Venezuela. Our existence dates from the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century, when Columbus had ceased to 
 be, and filibusters of all nationalities took possession of the oyster 
 beds of Cubagua. This first Spanish settlement, the cradle of that 
 city of New Cadiz Avitli which so many sad memories are connected, 
 was prior in date to any of the cities of the continental mainland.' 
 This geographical point is the first in the historical hierarchy of 
 the New World. 
 
 The standard of Pizarro is a lasting record of the venturesome 
 conquest of the Andes by the lion-hearted men of Castile. At the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century these mountains became the 
 domain of the Castilian: in 1819 they returned to the hands of the 
 American; now conquerors and liberators fraternally join to cele- 
 brate common glories before the august shade of Columbus. The 
 standard of Pizarro is the most brilliant jewel of the Castilian con- 
 quest, when our ancestors founded a civilization which lasted for 
 three centuries. Conquerors or conquered, they Avere always high- 
 minded, and on their departure left us a rich legacy: their lan- 
 guage, their religion, and their family virtues. 
 
 Amongst the valuable historical souvenirs of the Exhibition 
 
 •• As it was feared lli.-il llie coal -of arms of Charles V. ini<jlit i^et daiii.-ii^cd, 
 we have only forwarded n fac-siiidle to Chicago. 
 
80 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 the sword of Bolivar does not represent war, but peace — the olive- 
 branch — that concord which the great soldier so strenuously 
 recommended at the hour of his death. 
 
 Finally, the medallion of Washington and the tokens from 
 Mount Vernon constitute a tie which binds together two American 
 nations. ]5olivar, the victorious (leneral, bore the effigy of Wash- 
 ington on his heart. The two Washingtons are joined in history, 
 and unite to celebrate Columbus in the prairie by the shores of the 
 Nortli American lakes. 
 
 These essays which accompany the historical souvenirs sent by 
 tbe Venezuelan Government to the Exhibition of Chicao-o do not 
 constitute a book, not even a homage to the memory of the Dis- 
 coverer. — They are simply quiet echoes, salutations from Venezuela 
 in the great festival of modern times. They are the outcome of 
 tbe love of country — pure, simple, and spontaneous — nothing 
 more. 
 
 Aristides Rojas. 
 
 Caracas, May 1, 1893. 
 
WOIILD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 81 
 
 THE FIRST COLONY IN VENEZUELAN WATERS. 
 
 1498-L550. 
 
 I. 
 
 Columbus in tlie Gulf of P aria — Discovery of Pearls — Courtesy of 
 the Caciques of Paria — The Oyster-Beds of Cubayua — Tlie 
 Guay query Indians — The First Castilian Dish on tlie 
 Shores of the Continent — Description of Cuhagua — The 
 Early Days of New Cadiz — First Colony — Prosjjerity and 
 Ruin of Cuhagua, 
 
 We read in Castilian chronicles that when from the western 
 shores of the Gulf of Paria the natives first descried in 1498 the 
 caravels of Columbus, the lithe and graceful forms of the Indian 
 maidens a^^peared before the discoverers with chaj)lets of pearls 
 twined around their arms and necks. Columbus inquired from the 
 first Indians who came on board where the pearls were to be found, 
 and they informed him they came from an island situated to the 
 north of Paria, where there were extensive oyster-beds. 
 
 The Admiral, believing that the pearls lay more to the west, 
 followed that direction with his caravels and anchored opposite the 
 mouth of the Paria river which falls into the Gulf. The cacique of 
 the district and his son entertained the officers of Columbus who 
 landed on that picturesque coast. This courtesy need not excite 
 our surprise, for in hospital)le lands it has always been an unwritten 
 law to treat with friendship the stranger disembarking for the first 
 time on an unknown shore. After having tasted the tropical fruiis 
 and the palm wine laid before them by their hosts, each of tlie 
 officers received on a dish of luitive earthenware some oysters full 
 of pearls. They bore them to the Admiral as a token of their 
 reception in tliat hospital)le region, whicli the Admiral designated as 
 Tierra de Gracia (Laud of Grace). A strait about two leagues in 
 breadth here breaks the line of coast and leads to a gulf into which 
 
82 THE UNITED STATES OP VENEZUELA. 
 
 four rivers discharge their waters. The Admiral distinguished it 
 Avith the name of Golfo de las Perlas (Gulf of Pearls). The 
 presents of the caciques had intensified his desire to find the 
 precious shells, but it was not there they lay. 
 
 Columbus was under the impression he could not find an out- 
 let on the western side, and turned towards the north. He met 
 with much difficulty in passing through the entrance of the Gulf 
 of Paria and o-ave tlie name of Drao'ou to these straits on account 
 of the anxiety he had felt whilst sailing through them. He breathed 
 more freely when he entered the comparatively oj^en waters of the 
 Caribbean, within that group of islands which iiow constitute the 
 eastern portion of the territory of Colon. He was seeking in a 
 northern direction the oyster-beds which the Parian Indians had 
 described to him, and he was approaching from the southeast an 
 island to which he gave the name of Margarita, when he descried 
 on the eastern shore of another island native divers plunging into 
 the water, and returning to the surface laden with oysters. 
 Columbus had at length discovered the oyster-beds of Cubagua, 
 situated between Margarita and Coche. The surface of this island 
 Avas arid, without either water or woodland, and the Guayquery 
 fishermen were its only visitors. Yet it was there that opposite 
 the Parian coast a city was to rise — that -New Cadiz which boasted 
 of its wealth, its buildings, and its trade, and which, in the course 
 of time, was to disappear in the midst of the convulsions of nature, 
 when both Indians and pearls had vanished, and the inhabitants, 
 who during fifty years had lived on its produce, abandoned it as if 
 its soil were accursed. 
 
 Anxious to establish relations with tlie natives who had 
 gatlicrcd on the coast and were contemplating the Castilian vessels, 
 C()luml)us sent off a boat Avith a sailor bearing a dish of Valencian 
 earthenware. As soon as the sailor reached land, an Indian woman 
 who stood preeminent in the group attracted the sailor's attention 
 on account of the pearl chaplets she bore on her neck, and he 
 turned toward her, making signs and offering her the dish. Tlie 
 woman understands him and moves nearer: the sailor breaks the 
 dish in two, throws her the pieces, and she places before him in 
 return (he collar of ])carls which had adorned her throat. 
 
 The boat then returns to the caravels and Colnmbus, full of 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 83 
 
 joy, coutoinplates a land which presents to him so many marvelous 
 aspects. Another boat witli oHicers, all provided with Valencian 
 dislies and toys, then goes ashore. The Indian women dispute 
 with each other for the possession of the dishes, giving up their 
 bracelets and chaplets in exchange for what seemed to them more 
 desirable— the earthenware adorned with colored figures whose 
 ellect was heightened by the enamel, and which they now saw for 
 the first time. 
 
 Thus the first Castilian earthenware ever seen on the northern 
 coasts of South America excited the simple admiration of the 
 Guayquery tribes, wiio, with delirious delight, offered the rich 
 pearls they had obtained from the bosom of the Caribbean, in order 
 to procure these specimens of European ceramic art. From hut to 
 hut and from tribe to tribe the Valencian dishes were admired like 
 gifts that had come doAvn from heaven. Two civilizations were 
 thus meeting: one beautified by art, poAverful, intelligent, clothed; 
 the other possessing only the art of nature, hospitable, ignorant, 
 and naked. Surprise, joy, and desire Avere reciprocal ; both Indians 
 and Castilians rejoiced. Columbus alone was sad at heart, for he 
 felt he had discovered that first opening through which, like an 
 impetuous avalanche, insatiable cupidity was to overwhelm the 
 land, and that no human power could close the breach. Anxious 
 and fearful for the future, and disregarding the requests of his 
 officers who wished to make a longer stay, the Admiral weighed 
 anchor and, passing between the mainland and the island of Mar- 
 garita, sailed toward Ilispaniola. 
 
 The first hour of a sanguinary drama had struck in which all 
 participants, animate and inanimate, were finally to disappear : 
 oyster-beds, buildings, victims, and murderers, Indians and con- 
 quistadores, after fifty years of rivalry aiul oppression. 
 
 What is Cubagua, aiuI where is it situated ? When, in the geo- 
 logical ages of America, a line_ of submarine hills rose parallel to 
 the Cordillera of the Venezuelan coast, their summits appeared 
 above water and constituted tlie chain of islands running east and 
 west and which now form the territory of Colon. Cubagua, placed 
 between Margarita and Coche, is one of these islands. It was an 
 arid plateau, waterless and treeless, bearing only briars and 
 brambles, and entirely uninhabited. Since prehistoric ages its 
 
84 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 only visitors were the Indian fisherman who came to draw from 
 the deej) waters around it the pearls which were to adorn the necks 
 and arms of the Parian maidens. But from the day when the con- 
 quistador, thirsting for adventure, glor}^ and gold, discovered the 
 hidden wealth of the island it was reduced to slavery. Water was 
 o])tained from the Cumana river, wood and fodder from the neigh- 
 l)oi'ing island of Margarita, food and articles for domestic use from 
 Castile. The natives befriended the adventurers ; exchange of 
 products led to commerce and everything seemed smiling and pros- 
 perous until cupidity made its appearance in war harness and a 
 struggle ensued in which the strong subdued the weak. 
 
 It was written that once the peninsular invader had found the 
 pearl, slavery and death for the Indian were to follow as a necessary 
 consecpience. 
 
 Shortly after the departure of Columbus the first ranch was 
 erected on the eastern coast of Cubagua ; then came sheds and 
 temporary stores — the first caravel anchored off the coast and with 
 it the first pearl dealers. The Guayquer}^ divers set to work with 
 enthusiasm and plunged into the Avaves to obtain the oysters which 
 were the first object of traffic between Venezuela and the Eurojiean 
 market. Little by little arose the city which was to bear the name 
 of New Cadiz, and gradually, too, arose a tide of cupidity until it 
 broke through all bounds and the unfortunate Indians had to cower 
 under the lash, aiul the hot iron, the ignominious sign of slavery, 
 marked their foreheads and arms. 
 
 Cubagua is the first point where wealth was wrung from the 
 native ; the first colony from which the conquistador' was to 
 despoil Venezuela ; the great slave market which opens the history 
 of Spanish conquest in the southern portion of the continent. It 
 was the trystin'i-point where gathered the filibusters who hunted 
 down the native families, and of all those evil-doers who, like 
 monsters from the a])yss, destroyed in fifty years all that Providence 
 had granted to those regions : the pearl beneath the waters aiul 
 
 (') In Mcconbinco with the practice of some writers we liave left in the 
 English text the Spanish word " Concpiistiulor " ; its literal nu'aninuj is con- 
 (picror, but Sp.'inish writers apply it to all the e.'irly Caslilian residents in 
 America, even if the}"^ took no direct part in warfare. — Translator's note. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 85 
 
 the Indian, free, lK)8i)ital)le, lover of his home, but who was (hjomed 
 tosiiccumb InMiealh hunger and sulfering. 
 
 Cubagua was the cradle of Spanish colonization, a fair, a 
 colony, an execution ground, a prison, and a tomb. Thither were 
 l)r()uglitl)y kidna[)pers from all points of the coast native families 
 to be sold into slavery. 1'here is some doubt as to the meaning of 
 that scarlet C which furrowed amidst screams of pain the foreheads 
 of the mothers, the youths, the children, torn from their homes to 
 be conducted as slaves to Hispaniola. It may have meant Castile, 
 Carib, Cubagua ; this matters little, but it left on the body of the 
 freeman the stamp of opprobrium and death. 
 
 The day dawned, and with it sounded the crack of the lash on 
 the shoulders of the Guayquery diver. But few minutes were 
 granted to him to breathe, and his only reward for so much fatigue 
 was a small amount of food and a perhaps limited water supply to 
 quench his devouring thirst. Then when night arrived the prison 
 chamber and chains were his lot, until another day of labor and 
 pain came round. 
 
 In 1527, New Cadiz, the ancient city which in the Venezuelan 
 isles was antecedent to that of Cumana, obtained a corporation and 
 the coat-of-arnis of the Spain of Charles V. appeared on the doors 
 of the municipal building. There were then in the city fine 
 houses, churches, and stores; numerous dealers in pearls, water, 
 comestibles, and all necessaries of life, frequented the city, thus 
 encouraging industry and trade. 
 
 New Cadiz throve on this infamous slave traffic, but it was to 
 have but a short lease of life: this Sodom of cupidity was to dis- 
 a[)pear amidst the convulsions of the earth and by the breath of 
 the hurricane. One day in 1543 the edifices of Cubagua tottered 
 and fell; the winds blew fiercely and New Cadiz ceased to exist. 
 'A few years later the oyster-beds became exhausted and the few 
 remaining inhabitants, deprived of the necessaries of life, fied to 
 other parts. Fifty years after its discovery by Columbus, Cubagua 
 became again what it had been in prehistoric times — a desert with- 
 out water or vegetation. The city, the oyster-beds, and the Indians 
 had disappeared and the island is now oidy the tomb of a race 
 sacrificed on the altars of avarice and cu[)idity. 
 
 When the European traveler sails along the coast where New 
 
86 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Cadiz once existed, it is with difficulty he can bring before his mind 
 the events which there took place in the first half of the sixteenth 
 century; he may, perhaps, not even inquire what is the origin of 
 those ruins washed by the waves of the Caribbean, perhaps to hide 
 them from our gaze. If the dead could arise from the tomb, we 
 would hear some, now free from the persecution of man, tell their 
 misfortunes, their martyrdom; others would relate the infamy they 
 had perpetrated in life and perhaps regret they cannot continue 
 their course of crime in the abyss of Death. 
 
\\()i:i>l)'.S COLUMillAX EXI'OSITIOX. 87 
 
 II. 
 
 Jh'j)((rh(rc of C'olunibiis fur Jlis/xnu'dla — I/i.s Silence ConrprniiKf 
 the Discover n of Pearls — Ex])e(litions which Folio ired IJuit oj 
 CohjDihus — First Settlements of Adrentnrers in Cnbayua — 
 Origin (f its Inhabitants and Trade — r>((d Treatments 
 Inflicted on the Indians — Dicers from the liahamas — 
 Berjinnimjs of Lawlessness — Sales of Slaves — Tlie King's 
 Fifth — Cnbayua /m1509 — Formal Decrees for the Settlement 
 of the Island — Situation (f the Colonij in 151;] — Intentions 
 of the Royal Audience of Ilispaniola — System Followed for 
 the Foundation of the Capital — First Expedition of Caribs 
 Against Cubagua — Victory of the Spa?iiards — Laiclessness 
 in the Gulf of Cariaco — First Fortress on the Banks of the 
 Cumand River — Siibstanticd Buildings Erected in Xew 
 Cadiz — Another Indian Invasion — Flight of the Inhabitants 
 of Cubagua — Revels of the Invaders — Return of the Span- 
 iards with an Aimed Expedition — Reconstruction of the 
 Church of Xew Cadiz — Privileges Granted by the King — 
 First Filibusters in Margarita and Cubagua — Details of 
 these Events — Complete Triumph of the Spaniards. 
 
 Fifty years of 02)pressioii, horror, and crime were to follow the 
 departure of Columbus from the waters of Cubagua and Margarita.' 
 Perhaps in the Admiral's mind there loomed a presentiment of the 
 period of devastation which was to follow the discovery of thejiearl 
 fisheries. Thus only are we able to ex})lain the silence he observed 
 concerning the unexpected richness of the oyster-beds in his cele- 
 
 ' The line wliicli sliows the route of Columbus after leaving the Gulf of 
 Paria, according to Coda/.zi, passes eastward of the islands of Margarita, 
 Cubagua and Cochc, and at a considernbh' distance from them. Fiom this 
 we might infer that Cohunbus did not visit these islands; but the tracin'^^ of 
 Navarrete passes through the Canal which separates Cubagua from Margarita, 
 and from there trends towards TlisjiMniola, thus indicating that the Admiral 
 stopped between the islands of Margarita and Cubagua. 
 
8S THE uxiTKi) stath:s of yexezuela. 
 
 brated letter to the Catholic sovereigns, which is a remarkable sum- 
 mary of the third voyage of the Discoverer of America. This 
 studied silence and his noncompliance with the wishes of his officers 
 who had requested him to remain a few days more in this favored 
 region show clearly that Columbus Avas anxious to keep this dis- 
 covery secret. This, liowe¥er, was impossible. Iveports exaggerated 
 by the cupidity of the bearers soon reached the ncighboriiig AVest 
 India islands, and somewhat later were spread on the other side of 
 tlie Atlantic. Alluriiig visions of untold wealth tempted seekers 
 and adventurers of every kind. 
 
 Hardly, therefore, had Columbus left the waters of the New 
 Andalusia of the future, when adventurers from llispaniola began 
 to visit Cubagua in search of wealth. The first expedition which 
 followed the route of Columbus, is that of Ojeda, which took jilace 
 in 1499. This companion of the Admiral traded Avith the fisher- 
 men of Cubagua, coasted westward, discovered the gulf of Coqui- 
 vacoa, extended the discoveries of Columbus, and then returned to 
 Spain. A little later, tlie expedition of Kino and Guerra took 
 place. They remained some time in Margarita and Cubagua, and 
 collected a large quantity of pearls and other articles of trade. 
 This exi)edition, which added much to the geographical knowledge 
 of the Continent, had some unfortunate consequences for the 
 explorers. Although- they handed over to the authorities a con- 
 siderable number of pearls, as the king's fifth, tliey w^ere accused of 
 not having given in the proper amount, and ])rosecuted. No proofs, 
 however, were found against tliem, and they came triumphaiitl}^ 
 out of the ordeal, with the envialde re^nitation, according to Navar- 
 rete, of having achieved the most profitable voyage which u]) to 
 that tiuie had taken place in the New World.' 
 
 The next ex})edition after that of Nino and Guerra Avas that of 
 Vicente Yanez Pinzon, brother of Pedro Alonzo, which sailed from 
 Spain in the latter part of the same year, 1499. This conquistador, 
 a former companion of Colum))U8, discovered the Amazon in 1500. 
 After overcoming many ol)stacles in the waters of the great river, 
 he managed to return to the gulf of Paria and sailed afterwards 
 for llispaniola. The voyage of Nino and Guerra had been produc- 
 
 ' Navarrcte. — " Colcccion dc viajt-s y (Icscubiimieiitos." 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION-. 89 
 
 tivo of wealth, but that of Piiizoii was disastrous and fruitful in 
 advcniures only; he was suedby his creditors, and nothing remained 
 to him but tlie glory and i-emembrance of his discovery. 
 
 In that year, 1500, about fifty adventurers from Ilispaniola had 
 already settled in the islaiul of Cubagua, built ranclios, raised 
 tents and huts, and introduced the apparatus required for oyster 
 fishing. The fame of Nino's journey, the new pearls acquired 
 from the Indians aiul the acquisitions the sailors had made in the 
 different expeditions, caused the luime of Cubagua to excite the 
 greed iu)t only of the Spaniards, but also of adventurers from all 
 countries. The po})ulation soon began to increase, and each settler 
 traded according to his aptitudes or fancy. Some brought wood 
 from Margarita, others transported water from the Cumana river, 
 seven leagues distant; the larger number worked the oyster fish- 
 eries, as likely to be most profitable. At first the Indians were won 
 over with trifies, brought over from Spain, and deceptive promises, 
 the common language of all deceivers; but within a short time 
 cupidity caused force to be employed against the unfortunate 
 native and compelled liim to work for the sole profit of the specu- 
 lators. As the fishermen of the immediate neio-hborhood were not 
 sutticiently numerous to work the fisheries to their full extent, a 
 large number of Indian slaves were brougirt over from the Bahanuis. 
 Being good swimmers and divers, they gave a great impulse to the 
 pearl trade. These new laborers were employed as if tliey were 
 only machines; after working all day beneath a burning sun, badly 
 fed and worse treated, they were chained up at night so as to foil 
 all attempts at escaj^e. The slave-trade in Guayquery and Bahama 
 natives became yearly more important, and there were times when a 
 good diver was Avorth 150 ducats, a sum wliich may be considered 
 as exorbitant for that period. 
 
 As it was required that the King's fifth slunild be set apart, 
 fraud was practised to a large extent, for in this rabble of settlers 
 there was neither order nor method of government. The only law 
 was that of the strongest, and the weak authority of the officials 
 sent to the island by the Royal Audience of Ilispaniola was set at 
 naught. Notwithstanding the frauds practised the King's fifth 
 rose at first to 15,000 ducats per year, and it may reasonably be 
 supposed that the Grown was defrauded of at least as much. 
 
90 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 It may be said that Cubagua was fully settled about 1509 aud 
 contained all that was necessary for the wants of an infant com- 
 munity. The product of the fifth had given satisfaction to the 
 King, and in that year he ordered a regular settlement to be estab- 
 lished on the island. Don Diego Columbus, Governor of His2:>an- 
 iola, received instructions to see to the execution of the regula- 
 tions made by the Home Governnient, as it was notorious that the 
 settlers were defrauding the Crown of its dues, oppressing beyond 
 measure the Bahama Indians, and thereby inciting the natives to 
 insurrection.' The prosperity of Cubagua continued to increase, 
 and in 1513 the insolence of the settlers reached its acme. Infatu- 
 ated with the wealth they had acquired through slave-labor, they 
 disobeyed the orders of the Royal Audience of Hispaniola and 
 eluded its instructions in a thousand ways. The produce of the 
 oyster-beds was already waning, and the adventurers resolved to 
 02:)en up a new field of Avealth. They determined, therefore, to 
 send out hunting parties in the neighboring districts, in search of 
 inoffensive Indians, who were kiduapped by deceit or force, trans- 
 ported to Hispaniola and sold there into slavery. Thus began this 
 iniquitous trade, which was followed later by the introduction of 
 the African negro on the American continent. 
 
 In order to remedy this evil, the Eoyal Audience sent several 
 times to Cubagua inspectors whose duty it was to preserve order 
 and correct abuses, but its well-meant endeavors were always foiled. 
 The judges were corrupted, and joined the ring of adventurers, 
 which for years had known how to evade both the instructions of 
 the Governor of Hispaniola and the decrees of the king. The only 
 result obtained by these inspectors was that of introducing some 
 order and method in the establishment of the city. They super- 
 vised the construction of houses and determined the sites where 
 the Custom House, Government buildings, otfices, and warehouses 
 were to ])g erected. 
 
 In 1515, when the city boasted of all the environments of a 
 civilized community, the islaiul was attacked by Carib pirates. 
 They wanted to get a share of the wealth tlie Spaniards had col- 
 lected, and had fixed in advance the day on which they assembled 
 
 ' llcncrii. — " Illstoriu dc las Indias occidentales." 
 
WORLl/8 COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 91 
 
 for the expedition. Fortunately a vessel arrived at the very 
 inoiiu'nt of tlie attack and encouraged l)y this seasonable aid, the 
 Spaniards completely defeated the invaders. 
 
 Tlie i)ossihility of native expeditions against the island was not 
 the only source of anxiety for its inhabitants. All the water for 
 the needs of the community had to be brought from a distance 
 and this necessity was the cause of constant trouble on the coast 
 of the Gulf of Cariaco. The crafty Guayqueris frequently attacked 
 the crews of the tank-boats and hand to hand engagements ensued 
 between the Spaniards and the natives. In 1532 the construction 
 of the first fort of Cumana put an end to these skirmishes and 
 Cubagua continued to progress with surprising rapidity. Stone 
 buildings arose on every side as the wealth of the inhabitants 
 increased. According to the statement of one of the conquistadores 
 of Venezuela who witnessed the development of the colony, the 
 finest houses in Cubagua belonged to Barrio Nuevo, Barrera, 
 Ilerrera, Castellanos, Beltran, Diego Caballero, and other magnates, 
 who were notable citizens in those early days of Venezuela. J]ut 
 good fortune is transitory, and so much prosperity Avas not to be 
 unmixed with bitterness.' In consequence of the destruction of 
 the monasteries in 1520 on the coasts of the Continent, through 
 causes we shall mention later, the Indians, victorious in Maraca})ana 
 ami Cumana, again assailed the shores of Cubagua. At the news of 
 their arrival the princi2)al Alcalde, Antonio Flores, lost heart and his 
 cowardice became contagious. Nearly all resolved to fly to 
 Hispaniola, although they had three hundred valid men, two 
 caravels, and arms and ammunition in abundance. Embarking on 
 the caravels and other smaller vessels they abandoned the ca})ilal, 
 leaving in the hands of the invaders large quantities of wine, 
 victuals, aiul valuable goods. From the sea, whence they wei'e 
 watching their opportunity, the Indians witnessed this cowardly 
 flipfht, and rushing on the abandoned city, put it to sack. The vic- 
 tors, drunk with wine, celebrated their victory with wild revelry, 
 plundered and destroyed everything they could reach, and then 
 
 ' The first historian of Venezuela, Fray Simon, tells us nothing concerning 
 the settlement of Cul)agua, and the development and trade of this island 
 during the first thirty years of the sixteenth century. 
 
92 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 withdrew. This unfortunate event was the cause of the massacres 
 of Ocampo and Castellon, when the Cubaguan fugitives returned. 
 It was also the occasion of the erection of the first fort of Cumana 
 
 in 1522. 
 
 The time had come when the first Venezuelan settlement, the 
 first commercial colony of the continent, was to receive a name. By 
 order of the Emperor the city was designated as New Cadiz.' We 
 do not know exactly what its population then was, but we may 
 reasonably suppose that the place contained over 1,500 inhabitants, 
 for the solidity and number of the houses were signs of rapid devel- 
 opment. Later, in the year 1527, the Emperor authorized the citi- 
 zens to select every year from amongst themselves an ordinary 
 Alcalde, who was to judge civil and criminal causes; none of the 
 royal officers, however, were eligible. Eight Regidors were also 
 designated. Their names were: Giraldo de Viernes, Andres^ Fer- 
 nando, Vicente Davila, Francisco de Portillo, Alonso de Kojas, 
 Pedro de Alegria, Martin de Ochandiano (who was also made treas- 
 urer of the islaiul), and Juan Lopez de Archuleta who was 
 also named inspector (veedor). According to the orders of the 
 sovereign, one-fifth of the produce of the pearls was to be set aside, 
 in whatever point of the continent they might be discovered, aiul 
 under severe penalties it was forbidden to hoard them, lie also 
 sent Pedro de los Rios to put the Treasury in possession of the 
 pearl islands. At the same date the Emperor contributed five hun- 
 dred dollars for the reconstruction of the church of New Cadiz, 
 which had ])cen l)urnt down. The city received a regiment under 
 the orders of Pedro Ruiz de Matienza, and the Emperor granted to 
 Capt. Jacome Castellon a coat-of-arms representing the fort which 
 he had erected on the Cumana coast, and which had contributed 
 so much to the development of Cubagua. 
 
 At the time tliese royal favors were causing general satisfac- 
 tion throughout the colony, the Carib pirates in great numbers 
 again invaded the island. The attack was fiercely conducted, but 
 the defense was obstinate and valorous. After a severe engage- 
 ment victory remained with the Spaniards, who only lost a small 
 number of men, whilst many natives were killed. One hundred of 
 
 ^ Nueva Cadiz, c;ii)ital do hi i.slu do Cubagua, etc., etc. 
 
world's C0LUMI3IAK EXPOSITION. Do 
 
 tlie jissailants, however, made good their retreat, and, embarking 
 ill their canoes, attacked Puerto Rico a few days later. In conse- 
 quence of these events, it was allowed by royal decree to reduce all 
 Caribs to slavery, as being unworthy of better treatment. 
 
 About the same time, a citizen of Milan, Luis Lampugnano by 
 name, submitted to the Emperor an apparatus of his invention for 
 the oyster fisheries in Cubagua: no divers were required to work it. 
 The Emperor granted him a patent for six years, under the condi- 
 tion of the crown receiving one-third of the produce. The inhab- 
 itants of Cubagua were informed of the concession obtained by 
 Lampugnano, and on his arrival in the island went out to met^t 
 him, saying: "Return to the Emperor and tell him that, if he is so 
 liberal in disposing of what does not belong to him, he does not 
 hold the right to dispose of the oysters which live at the bottom of 
 the sea." ' Charles V. thought it best to cancel the concession, stating 
 it had been made on the condition it should not encroach on the 
 territory of the proprietors of Cubagua. On account of this deci- 
 sion Lampugnano was unable to pay the enormous expenses of the 
 expedition. lie remained five years in Cubagua, and then died 
 insane. 
 
 Up to that time Cubagua had been the object of the rapacity 
 of the Spaniards only, but strangers were now to follow the ])ath 
 opened by the conquistadores. These were the days in which first 
 appeared the celebrated filibusters, whose only law was force and 
 only object rapine. Towards the middle of October, 1528, an 
 expedition of French filibusters arrived off the island of Margarita. 
 Their squadron consisted of a large ship, a caravel wrested from 
 the Portuguese on the high seas, and a tender. One hundred and 
 seventy well-armed men, with the requisite war material, were on 
 board. The pilot of this small squadron was a Spaniard, a native 
 of Cartaya, Pedro Ingenio by name, who had joined the French 
 against his countrymen. The autljorities of Cubagua, aware of the 
 arrival of the French at Margarita, called the people to arms, and 
 stood on their guard. 
 
 As soon as the filibustering squadron arrived off Cubagua, the 
 port officials went out in a boat to find out who the strangers were. 
 
 * Benzoni. — "Historia del Nuevo Muudo." 
 
94 THE UNITED STATES OF TENEZUELA. 
 
 To the first questions of the Spaniards, the French answered that 
 their ship was the Sarco from Seville ; this answer immediately 
 betrayed their real purpose, because the Scdxo had arrived some 
 time previously. With honeyed words the French invited the 
 Spaniards to come on board, hoping thus to be able to capture 
 them ; but the latter were acquainted with this artifice, which they 
 often used against the Indians, and made good their retreat to the 
 city, where they warned their fellow citizens of their danger. The 
 filibusters made a feint of withdrawing, but on the following day 
 they again entered the waters of the harbor and endeavored to 
 effect a landing. This, however, they were unable to do, being 
 bravely met and repulsed by the Cubaguans. The check irritated 
 the French commander: he began to bombard the city; the 
 Cubaguans returned the fire with spirit. The authorities of the 
 town ordered the brigantines and caravels, of which there were 
 more than thirty then in the harbor, to be armed at once. The 
 greater part of the military force and a large number of Indians, 
 provided with poisoned arrows, were embarked on the Cubaguau 
 fleet. They impetuously attacked the enemy, and boarded the 
 caravel, which received them with balls of burning pitch and a 
 severe musketry fire. In the struggle which ensued two Spaniards 
 were put liors de combat, and thirteen Frenchmen were wounded 
 by poisoned arrows, and died in frightful agony. After this attack 
 hostilities ceased, and the French endeavored to offer for sale the 
 merchandize they had on board. An unexpected incident, how- 
 ever, foiled their purpose. Some Biscayans and Kavarrcse, who 
 were prisoners of the invaders, managed to escape to land and 
 revealed to the authorities that the Frenchmen were simply free- 
 booters, and that their real object was to take the island. The 
 whole population then rose like one man, and swore to die or sink 
 the hostile ships. The brigantines made afresh sally, and attacki'd 
 the tender in which they seized arms and more than fifteen 
 hundred ducats' worth of clothing. Thirty-five men of the enemy 
 were killed or captured. The French were compelled to wiili- 
 draw, and the dismantled scpiadron sailed for the coasts of Puerto 
 Kico and Mona. The filibusters there set free the Portuguese 
 caravel they had captured ; it made its way to Ilispaniola, where 
 it reported the events which had occurred. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 95 
 
 A powerful squadron imniedijitely sailed from San Domingo to 
 give oliase. It came up willi tliu Frenchmen, and an engagement 
 ensued wliicli lasted for two days. The tender was so severely 
 danuiged, that, although it made good its escape during the niglit, 
 it foundered at sea. Thus ended the first expedition of foreign 
 filihusters against Venezuela.^ 
 
 Chroniclers disagree concerning the incidents of this expedi- 
 tion. According to llerrera, the inhabitants of New Cadiz entered 
 into friendly relations with tlie Frenchmen after the first attack in 
 which the latter were repulsed. They wanted the filibusters to sell 
 their goods and sent them two Spaniards who were to remain on 
 board as hostages, whilst the French landed their goods and sold 
 them. The foreigners, however, wanted to im])ose on the city a 
 ransom of one thousand marks - of pearls, Init the Cubaguans 
 refused to submit to this extortionate demand. Herrera does not 
 mention any Spaniard who served as pilot on board the filibuster- 
 ing squadron, or any who escaped ami took refuge in Cubagua. 
 According to the latter author, when the Frenchmen began to land 
 their goods, an Indian escaped from the cit}? and informed their 
 chief that the Cubaguans had imprisoned those of his men who 
 Avere in Cubagua, and were planning a night attack on the squadron 
 with the intention of sinking it. This news caused the Frenchmen 
 to weigh anchor immediately, carrying away the hostages and 
 abandoning their companions on shore. After having burnt down 
 San German, in the island of Puerto Rico, and pillaging the island 
 of Mona, the chief of the filibusters wrote to the Governor of 
 Ilispaniola, complaining of the conduct of the Cubaguans. He 
 further threatened to return and execute ten Spaniards for one 
 Frenchnum, in case ill treatments were inflicted on liis countrymen 
 detained in the island. The only answer of the Governor of 
 Hispaniola was to give chase to the filibusters and render them 
 powerless to carry out their threats. 
 
 ' Fornnndcz Oviodo y Valdcz. — " ITistoria ironoml v natural de las Tndias." 
 ^ The mark was equivalcut to eight ouuees. — TrunsLator's note. 
 
96 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 III. 
 
 Slave-Hunters in Macarajmna — Infamous Trafflc — Development of 
 Ne20 Cadiz — Royal Oi'dinances — Eartliquake of 1530 — 
 Disasters on the Gulf of Cariaco — The Licentiate Prado 
 Endeavors to Check the Outrages of the Cuhaguans — Meas- 
 ures Adopted bi/ the Audience of Hispaniola — New Oijster- 
 Beds at Coche and Margarita — TJie Carib Indians are 
 Marked by Royal Ordinance — Fresh Outrages — Decay of 
 Cubagua — Sad Fate of the Natives — Marking and Sale of 
 Slaves — Opinions of the Chroniclers Benzoni arid Las Casas 
 — Descrijotions More Horrible Tlian Those of Dante — Disas- 
 trous End of New Cadiz — Hii7'ricane and Earthquake of 
 1543 — The Chronicler Castellanos — Reflexions — The Coat-of 
 Arms of Charles V. 
 
 The triumph of the Spaniards emboldened the inhabitants of 
 New Cadiz, and they did all in their power to develop the settlement 
 they had begun a few years before in Maracapana. Under pre- 
 tence of protecting the island against invasion on the part of the 
 natives, the men-at-arms who occupied this post, made forays in 
 the surrounding country, and kidnapped all the Indians they could 
 find. They at once conducted the captives to Cubagua where they 
 were sold as slaves. Tlie settlers of Maracapana were simply slave- 
 hunters. Amongst their leaders there figured a certain Ojeda, who, 
 acMMU'ding to Las Casas, was the father of the conqueror of Coqui- 
 bacoa. 
 
 These cruel abuses necessarily led to the diminution and 
 destruction of the natives; harassed by the Spaniards they had to 
 light or die, or fly to the forest solitudes. The King of Spain, 
 informed of this traffic, as illegal as it was immoral, forbade 
 reducing the Indians to slavery and decreed severe penalties against 
 those who would continue to molest them. The Cuhaguans under- 
 stood immediately that one of the most important branches of their 
 ])r()sperous commerce was going to disa])pear and tliat the colony 
 would soou begin to decay. To the vicissitudes through which it 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 97 
 
 had passed were to succeed the convulsions of nature — the earth- 
 quake and the liurricane. The strong fort on the banks of the 
 Cuniana river had just been completed, when, on the morning of 
 September 1, 1530, the waves of the gulf of Cariaco suddeidy arose, 
 invaded the coast, covered even the tops of the trees and lost them- 
 selves in the distance. The mainland and islands were shaken, 
 fissures yawned in tlie plains, a portion of the hills sunk down, and 
 the cataclysm continued during several days. Sulphurous waters 
 arose from the fissures, one of which was transformed into an arm 
 of the sea. The Cordillei'a tottered under the shocks, many Indian 
 huts were swallowed up, aiul the alarm was general amongst the 
 inhabitants of Cubagua and the znainliiiid : 
 
 '" There was now no war, but the earth trembled and moved ; 
 many of the hills sank down and spread destruction amongst the 
 barbarous inhabitants of the land who were in the neighborhood 
 of the cataclysm. The roar of the waves was such that it caused 
 death-like fear. 
 
 '^ Many perished through fear and left life in anguish. Those 
 who remained alive confessed the cause of the evil they had suf- 
 fered — it was the iniquity they had committed against those who 
 deserved not evil. The quake and turmoil caused a great part of 
 the fortress to fall.' " 
 
 ' Pues en esta sazon faltaiido giierra 
 Hiibo tan grau tc'inl)lor y movimiento, 
 Que derribo de la veciria sierra 
 Gran parte con mortal asolaniieuto: 
 Del biirbaro veeino desta tierra 
 Cercano del liorrendo ronipimiento 
 Bramidos de las oudas fueron tantos 
 Qu(! causaron niortiferos espantos. 
 
 De cuyo niiedo niiicbos perecieron, 
 Y con tenior la vida despedian; 
 Los que vivos quedaron 3a dijeron 
 La eausa desde nial que padecian: 
 Que fue por las maldades que hicieron 
 En aquellos que mal no nierecian; 
 Tani])ien del terrenioto y aspercza 
 Cayd grau parte desta fortaleza. 
 — Castellanoa. — Elegias de varones ilustres de Indias, 1 Vol, 
 
93 THE UNITED STATES OP VENEZUELA. 
 
 Little by little, when the phenomenon had passed away, the 
 implacable Castilians who were systematically devastating those 
 regions, recovered their audacity, and continued satisfying on the 
 unfortunate natives the worst appetites of avarice, luxuriousness, 
 and cruelty. 
 
 In 1532 there came to Cubagua the famous Ordaz, who was 
 returning from liis celebrated expedition, the first effected in the 
 waters of the Oriiioco. It was written that the island of Cubagua 
 should be the last landing-place of that bold young adventurer; 
 he was arrested by the sergeant-at-arms of New Cadiz and shipped 
 to Hispaniola. One of his countrymen poisoned him during the 
 voyage. The Home Government was continually urging the Royal 
 Audience of Hispaniola to maintain order in Cubagua and clieck 
 the misconduct of the settlers. In 1533 the Licentiate Prado was 
 ordered to meet the Alcaldes and Regidors of New Cadiz and of 
 the town of La Asuncion in the island of Margarita. According 
 to the instructions of the Royal Audience, these officials were to 
 constitute themselves into a commission and visit the neighboring 
 districts in company of monks and sworn interpreters; tlie cus- 
 tomary injunctions were to be made to the Indians in presence of 
 a notary public. The Royal Audience wished by this means to 
 acquire correct information concerning the war with the natives. 
 In case hostilities were decided, the commissioners were to sign a 
 report to that effect, which was to be forwarded to the sovereign, 
 who woukl then give orders to pursue the Indians as rebels. It 
 would have been impossible to edict a measure more favorable to 
 the slave-dealers, for the result would infallibly be war. 
 
 No regular war declaration, however, was required to hunt 
 down the Indians. The produce of the oyster lisheries liad fallen 
 off so much in 1531 that the dealers had to seek some other branch 
 of trade in order to obtain the same profit as formerly. On tlie 
 other side, the disorder and outrages, which the authorities of the 
 colony could not repress, caused many of the new adventurers, on 
 their arrival in the islaiul, to take to that line of business in which 
 there was least competition. There is nothing more horrible than 
 the conflict which takes place on a vacillating raft during a night 
 of shipwreck, when all the victims, following only the instinct of 
 st'lt'-preservation, become like wild beasts struggling over their 
 
WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOX. 00 
 
 prey. Thus the Cubaguaiis, whilst the pearl banks were disap- 
 pearing, fought furiously with each other to obtain possession of 
 the last remnants of vanislTTng wealth. There was another cause 
 which tended to diminish the celebrity of the oyster-beds of 
 Cubagua: in 1529 similar fisheries had been discovered and worked 
 in the waters of the neighboring island of Coche. The produce of 
 one month only had amounted to more than 1,500 marks of pearls, 
 and a minimum average of 1:2,000 marks per year was, therefore, 
 to be expected. The King had granted the island of Coche, in 
 152C, to the former inspector of Cubagua, Juan Lopez do 
 Archuleta, who, to show his gratitude, forwarded to the sovereign 
 the first pearls found in the new workings. 
 
 The existence of the two fisheries caused between the islands of 
 Cubagua and Margarita a certain amount of rivalry, which 
 increased with time. Enmity and conflicts ensued until, by royal 
 decree, Margarita was placed in the jurisdiction of Cubagua, and 
 orders were given to complete the fort which had been in con- 
 struction on the shore of the former island. In 1534, a certain 
 Jeronimo de Ortal seized and marked Indians on the coast of the 
 Venezuelan mainland. Not to be behindhand, the Cubaguans 
 joined this slave-hunter, and incredible cruelties were committed. 
 Fortunately there is a Providence which watches over the destinies 
 of mankind, and punishes evil-doers in its own good time. Ojeda 
 Ortal, Cedeno, and all the promoters of the infamous slave-trade, 
 came shortly to a miserable end : all were killed by the natives on 
 the shores or rivers of Venezuela. 
 
 This revenge of populations suffering from pillage, devasta- 
 tion, and the reduction to slavery of parents and children, was but 
 just and logical; yet it induced the Government to take measures 
 which only increased the evil. In consequence of an act of piratry 
 committed by Carib Indians on the coast of Margarita, in 1535, the 
 King again decreed that the Caribs should be reduced to bondao-e; 
 they were to be considered as slaves, used as such, and marked, if 
 a marking-iron was available; an annual report of the number of 
 slaves marked was to be forwarded to the Home Government.' 
 
 In 1539 new oyster deposits were discovered in Margarita, the 
 
 ' Herrera. — Work previously quoted. 
 
100 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 Testigos, and Cape de la Vela. The zone of the pearl fisheries was 
 extending, and fresh Spanish and Italian adventurers were to prey 
 on the wealth extracted from the moUuscse, which during centuries 
 liad quietly rested beneath tlie waters.' Cubagua wason the wane; 
 its pearl deposits were disappearing, because the Indians, urged, by 
 tlie insatiable cupidity of the conquistadores, had ended by extir- 
 pating them, but there were still natives remaining; on their 
 atldetic shoulders, on the tender arms of their children, the burn- 
 iiig-iron inscribed the deed of property, according to the sentence 
 passed by legal cupidity. This was the state of things in Cubagua 
 when Benzoni visited the island in 1542, in company with some 
 slave-dealers who traded in Paria, the coasts of Cumaiui, Cubagua, 
 ami other places. The Italian sailor thus speaks of this horrible 
 traffic of the first Venezuelan colonists: 
 
 ^' During our stay in Cubagua, Captain Pedro de Calice arrived 
 with more than four hundred slaves he had collected. All these 
 unfortunate beings were almost fainting either from Avant of 
 nourishment, excessive labor and fatigue, or from the anguish 
 entailed by separation from country, parents, and children. If 
 some of them, overwhelmed with suffering, were unable to follow 
 the others, the Spaniards, not wishing to leave any behind for fear 
 of some conspiracy, urged them forward with the whip till some 
 would expire under the blows. It was really pitiful to look upon 
 these wretched creatures, naked, worn-out, maimed, hungry, 
 infirm, or crippled. Sorrowing mothers, mourning their misfor- 
 tunes, were accompanied by two or three children; all were bound 
 with ropes or chains round the neck and arms. There was no 
 maiden amongst them who had not been dishonored. . . . All 
 the slaves collected by the Spaniards were conducted to Cubagua, 
 where the officials collected the King^s fifth in pearls, native gold, 
 or money. The letter C was inscribed with a hot iron on the fore- 
 head and arms of all, and then their owners did with them what 
 
 ' According to Ilcrrcra, the pearl fisheries produced two millions of duros 
 (lurini;- the years of abundance. At first the royal fifth amounted to fifteen 
 thousand ducats per year. According to Humboldt this was remarkabk% if 
 the vahie of money at that time and the shameless amount of fraud is taken 
 into account. In the first v^'ars of the fisheries the ishind of Coche produced 
 1,500 marks of pearls per mouth. 
 
WOULD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION". 101 
 
 llii'v liked, distributing them amongst the soldiers, or tossing dice 
 for them." ' 
 
 This horrible description does not sttind alone. Here is the 
 heartrending narrative of Bartolome de Las Casas: 
 
 ** Hardly liad the Indian pearl lishermen issued from the 
 water with a supply of oysters, when their mastei-s forced tbcni 
 to dive again without allowing them time to recruit their strength 
 and draw breath. If through sheer necessity, the Indian remained 
 above water a few minutes, the master's whip obliged him to dive 
 again. Nearly all the slaves thus employed died in a short 
 time. They were fed on the remains of oysters; occasionally they 
 got some cassave bread, but they never received any wine or 
 strengthening liquor to restore their weakened, boilies, which liad 
 become covered wdth scales through the continual contact of salt 
 water. At night these poor creatures were confined in stocks and 
 loaded with chains so as to preclude any possibility of escape. At 
 dawn their dreary round of w^ork again began; many disappeared 
 devoured by sharks; others would faint away or vomit blood; most 
 of them died of hunger, cruel treatment, and despair." '^ 
 
 This is a picture unequaled by any of Dante's " Inferno " — 
 human beings like unto s])ectres, covered with scales, with shoul- 
 ders furrowed by the whip, ulcerated, dying of hunger, alternately 
 plunging into and rising from the waters, bearing to their implac- 
 able tormentors the prizes they had wrested from the bosom of the 
 seas. 
 
 This rising wave of iniquity, this infamous and never-eiuling 
 traffic, this continual assassination of defenseless populations which 
 were to disappear like the inhabitants of Ilispaniola and Puerto 
 Rico, this holocaust of victims of the lash, slavery, hunger, and 
 want of sleep did not satisfy the greed of the conquistadores. The 
 oyster-beds and the inhabitants of the Venezuelan shores and 
 islands liad ceased to exist; the last of the natives had -witnessed 
 his sisters dishonored and his family ruthlessly sacrificed. But one 
 thing was wanting to complete this picture of desolation: the 
 earthquake and the hurricane came, overturned the buildings 
 
 ' Benzoni. — " Ilistoria del Nncvo ^Vruiulo." 
 "^ Las Casas. — " Ilistoria de las ludias." 
 
102 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 erected by the sweat and blood of the slave, and wiped out tliis 
 infamous civilization. 
 
 One morning of 1543, New Cadiz was destroyed, not by the 
 action of man, but by the dread forces of Xature. Castellano thus 
 describes in quaint Spanish verse the last hours of the doomed city: ' 
 
 " The rain poured from the skies in such quantities and with 
 such violence that the stoutest courage was shaken and terror filled 
 the most valiant soul ; a dreadful roar arose from earth and sea; 
 darkness and gloom supervened. 
 
 " No living thing felt its life secure ; the streets overflowed with 
 raging torrents; none could stay in abodes threatened witli disrup- 
 tion; the most secure asylum was replete with danger and deatli. 
 
 '' Sometimes men stealthily follow the track of a criminal ; their 
 arms and foresight cut off all escape; lances and swords are placed 
 against his breast and surrounded by enemies he knows not where 
 to turn in his anguish. 
 
 " Thus dangers enclosed us on every side; peril was met l)y leav- 
 ing our abodes, life was risked by remaining within them; the 
 whole island tremljled to its center under the action of the hurri- 
 cane; those were most happy who had already tasted death. 
 
 " In CJod alone could we trust, for there was no help in anything 
 of earth. As time passed the disaster increased; our habitations 
 
 ' El agiia dc los ciclos era tanta, 
 
 Y cou tan graiules inipctiis vonia, 
 Que el nuis enteio brio se quehianta, 
 
 Y el aiiimo mas fuerte m:is tcmia: 
 Riiido temoroso se levanta 
 
 Que (le la mar y tierra procedia, 
 R(;l)reviii() la noclie muy escura, 
 
 Y eon ella uraiulisima tristnra. 
 
 No se ballabu ya eosa viviente 
 Que tuviese seguro de sii vida, 
 Porque la ealle va eomo creeieute 
 l)e rios eon fnror de la venida; 
 En las casas no puede parar gente 
 Por los amena/ar con su eaida. 
 
 Y lo fjiie mas sei^uro pareeia 
 Peligro, mal y muerte prometia. 
 
world's columuiax exposition. lo:] 
 
 were in continued motion and ull lied from tlieni; tojivuid tlio wiills 
 and ramparts seemed to Ix' the most sure remedy. 
 
 ******* 
 
 *' Noise and uproar res(junded ; tliis wasno(li'(;ej)tive8iren\ssong. 
 Buildings, lofty roofs, and turrets, tlie Abode of the Holy Sacrifice, 
 residences which I have seen rich and fair, fell on every side; tlie 
 cry of fear, the wail of affliction was heard. 
 
 "The tem^iest thi-ew down tlie l)cst and strongest edifices: tlie 
 
 Bicn ansi como cuanlo por accchos 
 Sigucii del (lelincucntc las pisadas, 
 Que con bastantes armas y pertreclios 
 Le tienen las salidas ocupadas; 
 
 Y aqiii le poneii lanzas li los peclios, 
 
 Y alii iii nuis ni menos las espadas, 
 ■El dial siendo de taiitos rodeado 
 
 No sabe que haccrse de turbado; 
 
 Saliannos ansi desta nianera 
 Aqui y alii peligros al cncucntro, 
 Plies era grande riesgo salir fuera, 
 Peligro de la vida quedar denlro: 
 Tiembla la isla toda donde quiera 
 Por aire coumovida desde el eentro; 
 Aquel que poseia niejor sucrte 
 Estaba ya gustando de la muerte. 
 
 Solo de Dios se tiene coufiauza, 
 Que tie la tierra ya nadie se fia 
 Pues cuanto mayor era la tardanzii 
 Tanto mas el rigor invalecia: 
 Las moradas hacian gran mudanza 
 
 Y dellas cada cual se retraia 
 Iluir de las pared es y del muro 
 Parecia remedio mas seguro. 
 ***** 
 Oiamos nnirmurios y bullicios, 
 No con falaces cantos de sirenas; 
 Aqui y alii caian cdificios, 
 
 Las altas azoteas, las alnienas, 
 La casa de los santos sacrificios, 
 INIoradas que yo vi ricas y buenas; 
 Aqui sonaban voces y alii gritos, 
 Aquellas con temor, estos aflitos. 
 
104 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 framework of the strongest roofs was riveii asunder by the earth- 
 quake: terrible was the uproar: the crash of those buildings of 
 stone, the rending asunder of their beams and bars, caused men to 
 
 stand aghast. 
 
 ******* 
 
 " Here was heard the painful wail of the child separated from 
 its mother: there the mother mourned for her child as lost; some 
 
 Lo mejor y lo mas fortalecido 
 
 Cou la gran temi)estad vicue caj^endo, 
 
 La trabazoii del teclio mas asido 
 
 Con fuerza del temblor se va rompieudo: 
 
 Caiisaba gran tenior aqiiel niido 
 
 As(mibraba la furia del e.strucudo 
 
 De aquellas derrumljadas canterias 
 
 Y quiebras dc las vigas y alfajias. 
 4«- * * * * 
 Aqui sonaba doloroso llanto 
 
 Del nino de su madre divertido, 
 Alii las mad res haccn otro tan to 
 Lamcntando su bijo por perdido; 
 Otnis por uculhi con gran espanto 
 Colgadas de los hombros del marido, 
 llacen mayores ser los terremotos 
 Confusisimas voces y alborotos. 
 
 Fueron durables estos detrimentos 
 Mas no con una misma destemi)lanza; 
 Al fin ceso la fuerza de los vientos 
 
 Y llegaron las boras de bonanza: 
 Ningunos muertos, pcro dcscontentos 
 Detenninados a luicer mudanza, 
 
 Por no teuer rccurso de vivienda, 
 Eso me da soltcro (pie con i)renda. 
 
 Olros de nuovas loyes ignorantes 
 Permanecian en sus desvarios, 
 
 Y algunos liombres viejos contratantes 
 (^ue tcnian sus barcos y navios, 
 
 Que iban y veniau como antes 
 A contratar por otros senorios 
 Angosta vida, seca, miseral)le, 
 
 Y tal que no podia ser durable. 
 
 ■ — Castellanos. — "Work quoted. 
 
world's COLUMBIA X EXPOSITION. 105 
 
 women wore l)orne forth on tlie slioulder.s of ihiiir liusbaiids; tlie 
 eartli([uake increases the confusion and clamor. 
 
 '' Lasting but unequal was the destruction. At length the force 
 of the winds was si)ent and the liours of calm arrived; many who 
 were not killed were dissatisfied and determined to cliange their 
 ]ial)itation because of the failure of resources for the maintenance 
 of life; it was then better to l)e single than to possess a family. 
 
 "Others unwilling to know new laws remained in their former 
 courses; also, old sailors, the owners of barks and l)oats, came and 
 went as before to obtain from other domains a narrow, sordid, 
 miseral)le life, such as could not be lasting." 
 
 Thus disap})eared New Cadiz. 
 
 The earthquake of 1543 was only one of the agencies which 
 contributed to the decay and final ruin of Cubagua. During thirty 
 years the oyster-beds had been worked to exhaustion, the natives 
 had been sold and tortured, the inhabitants of the mainland 
 exterminated from its shores^, filibnsters had come and gone like a 
 living tide with constant rise and fall; all these causes jointly 
 effected the destruction of a settlement which was not based on 
 the progressive wealth of nature and the civilizing action of man. 
 Notwithstanding the decay of the settlement, the infamous slave 
 traffic continued actively from 1530 to 1550. It was the last 
 struggle of cupidity and greed, feeding on these remains, like hye- 
 nas on a' putrefying carcass. Fifty years had passed away and the 
 principal conquistadores of the continent had gone to their account; 
 they did not, therefore, witness the complete destruction of the first 
 colony of the eastern coast of Venezuela. What now remained of~ 
 Cubagua? The oyster-beds, exhausted and incapable of reproduc- 
 tion ; a town, whose ruins were to become the haunts of poisonous 
 re})tiles; a few living mummies, worn out by hunger and fatigue, 
 with skins furrowed by the lash. Fathers and children — two com- 
 plete generations — had disapi)eared: the grandchildren still 
 remained to bear the last bundles of wood, the last casks of water. 
 T'nder the waves the corpses of their jirogenitors mingled Avith the 
 remains of the oyster, had fed the sharks who had sated their 
 hunger with the flesh of the native divers. ^ 
 
 ' lu the main court of the buikliug Avhicli was expressly erected for the 
 
lOG THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 According to Laet,^ the natural sources of wealth of Cubagua 
 liad disappeared in 1533; but as the slave-trade still continued, 
 the colony lingered till 1550, when it was gradually deserted. It 
 became again what it had been — what it now is — a depopulated 
 region, without vegetation, without water, without resources of any 
 kind — a desert island. 
 
 Tlius ended the first Spanish colony in Venezuelan waters. 
 Spain had then just regained its comj^lete independence by expelling 
 its oppressors of eight centuries; but the conquest of the Kew 
 World, so glorious in many ways, presents sinister aspects. 
 Cupidity overpowered nobler instincts; cupidity made man like 
 unto tlie beast of the field. A race was exterminated, because it 
 was declared to consist of savages and cannibals, and, in reality, it 
 was the invaders who were the savages and the cannibals. The 
 native trusted to Castilian generosity, but this generosity was only 
 a decoy: he believed in the stranger's promises, but these promises 
 were but a lie. Deceit and self-interest were veiled under the 
 appearance of j^rotection; there was no virtue in this — only mean- 
 ness. The crimes and infamy of the colonists were not, however, 
 so much the fault of Spain as of the intervening ocean. Distance 
 
 Exhibition of the Centenary of Bolivar, there lies a coat-of-arms cut out in 
 calcareous Cuniaua stone. This is the coat-of-arnis of CUiarles V. It remained 
 on the do(n- of the Corporation Building- of New Cadiz, the capital of the 
 island of Cubagua, from 1527 up to 1550, at which date tlie causes mentioned 
 in this historical sketch caused the island to be abandoned. During centuries 
 it survived the destruction of New Cadiz, and was tinally covered up by the 
 sea, as the coast seems to have sunk down through volcanic action. After 
 having long remained on the soil and been for many years submerged, it was 
 accidentally discovered and raised from under water on the eve of the Bolivar 
 Centenary in 1883. This relic of the first Venezuelan colony, the only one of 
 that period of extermination, is all that remains to us of the Cubagua of the 
 conciuist adores. The drawing which accompanies these pages is the work of 
 the well-known artist and writer Don Francisco Davegno, who published it in 
 tlie columns of the Cojo Ilusirado in 1892. In comparing it with the orig- 
 inal design of the coat-of-arms of Charles V., a difference can be noted. This 
 })i()l)ably (monies from the sculptor having oidy had at his disi)osal the ordinary 
 limestone of the locality. AVhat the artist was obliged to omit can easily, 
 however, be sui)plied in imagination. 
 
 ' Laet. — Nobus orbis. 
 
world's rOLU.MBTAX EXPOSITION. 107 
 
 always constitutes an obstacle to truth; it renders the horizon dk- 
 tant, and leaves crimes in the shade. 
 
 On the other side, neitlier time nor the progress of historv 
 have been able to modify, much less to destroy, the action of 
 human cupidity, the sister of egotism. Now, like in earlier times, 
 the lowest passions of the human breast have always formed tlie 
 first stepping-stone to conquest. What is taking place at present 
 is a picture of what has happened at all times and at all epochs. 
 English civilization in India was begun in pools of blood, and inter- 
 national-like civil wars have always had for their motto greed, 
 pillage, persecution, and death. Fortunately the Spain of the con- 
 quest knew how to oppose to brute force, always destructive, the 
 force of reason and conviction, always civilizing. Behind the 
 frightful devastation Avhich the sword left in its path, came the 
 civilization which arose in presence of the apostles of the Gospel. 
 These two epochs supplement each other, and will always speak in 
 favor of the great nation which, in the New World, founded 
 modern society on the ruins of the ancient; thus, without depart- 
 ing from their anthropological origin, many races were transformed 
 by the education derived from the Gospel. The native inhabitant 
 did not dioappear entirely, but underwent a complete metamorphosis. 
 If it is the duty of the philosophical historian to retrace the 
 acts of human societies without hiding their evil side, he should 
 also penetrate the depths of each epoch, so as to bring to light the 
 different causes which have influenced these societies since their 
 origin. 
 
 It Yt.^y be considered that the Venezuelan colony which fol- 
 lows Cubagua in date, was the city of New Cordoba, now Santa 
 Ines de Cumanfi, which was begun in 1521; also La Asuncion, 
 capital of the island of Margarita, settled in 1525. As will be seen, 
 the New Cordova of Castellon was to folloAV the New Toledo of 
 Ocampo, origin of the modern city of Cunuinil, whilst La Asuncion 
 was to CDutinue under the pacific government of ViHaloljos. As 
 to New Cadiz, its tomb bears no inscription; it is an ossuary of 
 victims sacrificed by the knife, hunger, thirst, heat, and the lash; 
 the remains of human bones and the del)ris of the oysier forma* 
 sterile ai.d petrified layer which covers like a shroud the soil of that 
 forsakeij region. 
 
108 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 THE STANDARD OF PIZARRO. 
 
 To the north of the phiteau which contains lake Titicaca, the 
 highest slieet of water on the surface of the globe, and at the foot 
 of the rocky mass in which the Bolivian Andes unite their various 
 branches to form the gigantic knot of Cuzco, lies, like a queen of 
 the mountains, the sacred city of the Incas, the Rome of the New 
 AVorld, Cuzco the graceful. The action of time destroyed every- 
 thing great and wonderful in the primitive liistory of America: 
 palaces and temples of gold, cyclopean roads and fortresses, idols 
 and objects of every kind, made out of the precious metal by the 
 labor of the slave. A whirlwind of cupidity passed over the land; 
 then came death, and nothing remained of. the past but shapeless 
 ruins, desolate cities and fields, in the midst of smiling and pro- 
 ductive nature, the cradle and sepulchre of two mighty races which 
 have disappeared in the night of time. Both are extinct, but they 
 have left the traces of their wonderful deeds; the one shows its 
 august ruins, the remains of titanic achievement, when the cyclops 
 of the New World bore on their shoulders the ponderous rocks 
 which were used for constructing the Mecca of tlie Andes; tlie 
 other can point to its modern cities, a civilization dating back 
 three centuries, its glorious banners, symbols of Spanish greatness, 
 when, not satisfied with filling the Old World with the noise of its 
 name, the sons of the Peninsula conquered one-half of the globe, 
 in order to plant on the snowy peaks of the Andes, and on the most 
 elevated cities of the world, the glorious standard of Castile.^ 
 
 ' We have read witli great interest tlie remarkable historical notice con- 
 cerning the standard of Pizarro in the possession of the .Municipal Council of 
 Caracas, which was published in No. 5 of the Gojo Iluatrado and which was 
 signed by a writer who hides his name under the pseudonym of El Cojo rugil. 
 The documents which it contains and the engravings which illustrate it, 
 brought back tons the memory of the civic festival held in 18T2 in honor of 
 the Liberator. On that auspicious occasion we bore the standard of Pizarro in 
 company with two of our colleagues of the Managing C^ommittee. The iKTUsal 
 of the article of the Cojo ILustmdo also caused us to remember the collabora- 
 
mould's (OLIMIMAX KXPOSTTION. 109 
 
 Till' luinii' of this city, biitlicd in ilu' mists of the AiuU's, wliicli 
 seem to envelop it both us a nuptial veil and as a shroud, calls to 
 mind nniny a record of sublime Ijarbarity, haughty nuignanimity, and 
 insane perfidiousness. In those districts were seen the most inter- 
 esting episodes of the conquest of America: single combats, fabu- 
 lous battles, prodigies of bravery and abnegation, unending devas- 
 tation, insatiable cupidity, and also sublime virtues and sacrifices, 
 when those wild regions witnessed for the first time the presence 
 of the Christian missionaries, who watered the Indian meadows 
 with their blood, and mingled their religious canticles with the 
 sough of the winds in the primaeval forests. 
 
 On the evening of the 15th of November, 1533, the great 
 golden temple, erected by the Incas in honor of the god of day was 
 reflecting the last rays of the luminary to which it had been conse- 
 crated, when the inhabitants of Cuzco saw in the distance an army 
 composed of men mounted on animals to them unknown. In 
 advance of the rapidly approaching strangers was borne a scarlet 
 standard on which were embroidered the arms of the mighty 
 monarch of Spain and Germany. The awestruck Indians awaited 
 
 lion of our distinguished friend Don Francisco Davegno, who took part in our 
 studies concerning the celebrated standard of Pizarro in a historical and artistic 
 point of view. These researches interested us both and we believe our joint 
 efforts have contributed to a better knowledge of this valuable relic of the 
 Spanish conquest. The artist presented us with a colored sketch similar to that 
 published in the Cojo Eusirado and on our side we inserted in the columns of 
 the Opinion Nacional of that date an article entitled The Standard of Pizarro, 
 which we reproduced later in a work entitled A Bmk in Prose. 
 
 "We are now placing before the public a second edition of these researches, 
 enriched with all the additional information we have been able to gel from 
 South American writers within the last twenty years and we are grateful to our 
 friend and colleague for having afforded us the opportunity of treating again 
 and for the last time such a congenial sul)ject. 
 
 To conclude, it only remains for us to reveal to our readers that Rugil is no 
 other than Don Francisco Davegno, an Italian citizen, cultured and straight- 
 forward, kind and liberal in disposition. He is highly appreciated by the 
 Italian colony in Venezuela, which considers him as one of the most persevering- 
 workers of modem progress. \Ye, Venezuelans, join in applause wMlh the 
 Cojo Ilusirado and salute him as one of the most distinguished guests of our 
 country. We trust he will continue those historical labors he has begun so 
 well. 
 
110 THE UNITED STxVTES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 in su2)erstitious fear the dawn of the coming day, in order to receive 
 within their walls these men who seemed to them demi-gods 
 descended from Heaven; yet these same fancied deities had just 
 murdered in the most cowardly manner the Inca Atahualpa. At 
 length the gates are opened and Pizarro, to the sound of trumpets, 
 and in presence of an innumerable multitude of natives, enters the 
 city constructed two centuries before by Manco-Capac, the august 
 founder of the Peruvian monarchy. 
 
 Who were these men, already lords of America and insatial)le 
 despoilers of the wealth of the country ? They were the heralds of 
 a new civilization which was to destroy that of the Incas; they 
 were the Spain of the Catholic sovereigns and of Charles V., sent 
 by the Almighty to overthrow the idols of ^Vmerican heathenism 
 and at the foot of the Cross to lay the foundations of future gen- 
 erations. 
 
 Before these men huts, 2)alaces, and temples disappeared. The 
 lust of gold, characteristic of the epoch, was tlie ruling motive of 
 all their actions, and in the name of the Cross and the Sword they 
 l^erformed heroic deeds and committed unheard-of crimes. The 
 mountains trembled when the two civilizations met; the rivers and 
 meadows ran with blood; the unfortunate natives succumbed at 
 length in this disproportionate struggle with the twin forces of 
 nature and their invaders, which enveloped them like the boa 
 encircles his victim in his deadly coils. 
 
 They fell on the sca(fold and the funeral pile, in the iields, and 
 in the tem])les; every rocky summit became a battlotield; every 
 valley a charnel-house, every city a fortress. Citizens and soldiers, 
 caciques and Incas, cottages and hamlets disappeared, and the new 
 civilization soaring over pools of blood and heaps of ashes, laid the 
 foundation of the cities of modern Peru. ... In these horrible 
 butcheries Almagro and the Pizarros were to meet the fate of 
 Iluascar and Atahualpa; in this universal anarchy a violent death 
 was the doom of all the actors of the drama of blood and glory. 
 
 Of its native monuments of the past, the actual city of Cuzco 
 only contains mutilated remains. Churches and other buildings 
 erected during the fifteenth century rise on the site of the ancient 
 sanctuary of the sun and over tlie precinct where once dwelt the 
 Andine virLaus. But that civilization which had conquered the 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Ill 
 
 ocMuitrv in the iijiiiio ol' Progress, and whicli during centuries was 
 to remain in undisturbed and legitimate possession, was also one 
 day to disa})pear in the name of the same Progress. The time was 
 to come when fanatical, superstitious, limited in its ideas, full of 
 mistaken economical theories, it closed its ears to friendly warnings, 
 and entered into a hand-to-hand conllict not with the defenceless 
 natives, but with fresh conquerors, who in the history of the Con- 
 tinent were to represent the second act of the American dranui. 
 
 Who were these new conquerors of Peru ? AVere they, like in 
 former times, strangers {irrived from beyond the seas in quest of 
 adventure and wealtii ? No; they were the sons of American 
 Spain, the heirs of its glories, its constancy, its errors and virtues 
 — ready for emancipation — the heralds of a new idea which was to 
 change the destinies of the New World. 
 
 Throughout Spanish-American countries the Kevolution began 
 in one and the same year, 1810. AVhen, in 1821, Colombia had 
 already reached independence, Peru wjis in prey to anarchy, and the 
 cause of the Revolution might have been considered as lost; but 
 the arrival of the victorious legions of Colombia under the orders 
 of Bolivar, gave fresh confidence to the patriots, moralized the war, 
 and the final triumph speedily followed. On the Gth of August, 
 182-4, Bolivar won the battle of Junin. In the first days of 
 October, Laserna, the last of the Viceroys of Peru, departed from 
 Cuzco, the sacred city, never to return. On the 9th of December 
 rose the sun of Ayacucho, and the whole Spanish army with the 
 Viceroy at its head surrendered as prisoners of war. 
 
 By a singular coincidence, on the very day of the battle in 
 which the military power of the Viceroy of Perii was definitively 
 crushed, he received the title of Count of the Andes, which the 
 King of Spain had conferred upon him. 
 
 When the first fugitives brought to Cuzco the news of the dis- 
 aster of Ayacucho, a committee of chiefs and the Koyal Audience 
 recognized as Viceroy Field-Marshal Tristan, the senior military 
 commander at Arequipa. But an overwhelming number of victori- 
 ous troops were marching on the sacred city. Tristan opened com- 
 munications with Bolivar and Sucre, and accepted the capitulation 
 of Ayacucho. In consequence. General Alvarez, resigning himself 
 to the inevitable, opened the gates of Cuzco to the liberating legions. 
 
112 THE UXITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 The vanguard of the Colombian and Peruvian army entered 
 the sacred city on the 24th of December, 182-i. It consisted of 
 Gamarra's and Miller's commands. Sucre, the commander-in-chief 
 of tlie victorious army, intended arriving somewhat later without 
 making himself known; but the population having been in- 
 formed of his coming came out to meet him, and conducted him 
 in triumph in the midst of acclamations of gratitude and enthusi- 
 asm. 
 
 Three hundred years after Pizarro had entered the caj^ital of 
 the Incas as representative of the great monarch, Charles V., Sucre, 
 the trusted lieutenant of the great Bolivar, made his entry to ren- 
 der to Providence the homage of his gratitude in the temple of 
 the Sun, now despoiled of its former wealth and transformed into 
 a Christian church. It was in the sacred city that the victor of 
 Ayacucho found amongst the ancient banners of Castile, the stand- 
 ard which Pizarro bore when he first entered Cuzco in 1533. 
 
 The mutilated standard which figured by the side of the his- 
 torical objects which had belonged to the Liberator, in the Exhibi- 
 tion of October 28, 1872, and which the managing committee of 
 the festival bore in the civic procession, is one of the most cele- 
 brated historical relics in the possession of the City of Caracas. In 
 this standard we are reminded of the history of three generations, 
 three glorious epochs — the past under native rule, the conquest of 
 America, and the glorious emancipation of the American family of 
 nations. This historical relic relates the vicissitudes of three cen- 
 turies filled with grandeur and misery, loyalty, bravery, sul)lime 
 a])negation. There was during that lengtliy period mucli littleness 
 and absurdity, but there were also many instances of warlike ardor 
 and patriotic pride, for these qualities have always been held in 
 high esteem both amongst the Spaniards and their descendants. 
 
 '^^riie public buildings, the archives, the material of war, the 
 l)anners and antique standards, everything that belonged to the 
 Government of the colony was given up in Cuzco to General Sucre. 
 
 It was on tlie !)Mi (•!' DcccmlxM- tliat the celebrated battle of 
 Ayacucho was fought; on the following day the general in com- 
 mand of the victorious army took part in the triumph of the Libe- 
 rator and continued his conquering progress. On the 12th, IGth, 
 
WORLD^S COLUMBIAX EXPOSITIOX. 113 
 
 18th, and 20th, he writes to Bolivar from Huamanga; on the 23cl 
 from Andahuayhis; on the 25th from .\l)a(;My, and on the :]Oth 
 from Cuzco. lie had then arrived in the sacred city of the Incas 
 whicli received him with rejoicings and presented to liim tlie stand- 
 ard of Pizarro. This standard had remained on one of tlie altars 
 of the Cathedral of the city, Christian since 1533. The victorious 
 general, believing that no present could be more worthy of Bolivar 
 than this historical relic of the Castilian conquest, formally pre- 
 sented it to him. In a letter of December 30 he writes as follows: 
 " At length I am writing to you from Cuzco in the year 1824 
 and at the date inscribed on this letter there are no longer any 
 hostile troops in Peru. You promised the people that you would 
 bring the war to a close in the course of this year, and it is one of 
 my greatest satisfactions that you have fulfilled your pledge. 
 
 '•'I present to you the standard which Pizarro bore to Cuzco 
 300 years ago: a portion of the material is in shreds, but it posses- 
 ses the merit of having led the conquerors of Peru. I believe you 
 will fully appreciate this trophy. I am not forwarding it at present 
 for fear it may get lost: the first trustworthy official I send you 
 will bear it. A. J. be Sucre." ' 
 
 On the 24tli of February, 1825, Sucre, writing from La Paz, 
 again mentions to his chief the standard of Pizarro, and says : " I 
 am forwarding to you to-day under open cover the dispatches and 
 documents whicli are going in duplicate to the Colombian Govern- 
 ment; the most important wull be sent via Arequipa; I have 
 entrusted them to an officer who will also take charge of the ban- 
 ners I have offered the Vice-President. General Lara has at present 
 the flag of Pizarro in his possession, and I have ordered him to 
 place it in your hands when he arrives at Arequipa, because it is 
 my wish that this trophy which will be an honor to your sons 
 should be ]nTsented to you when you reach the first Colombian 
 troops. The honor proceeds from the liberation of Peru.' 
 
 » 2 
 
 It was quite natural for General Sucre to entrust fo one of the 
 most distinguished Colombian commanders the pleasing ludii of 
 
 ' C)'F,c;ny. — " CorrosixnidciiciM dc Sucre." 
 ■■' O Ltury. — ISame work. 
 
114 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 presenting to the Liberator, in presence of tlie first body they met 
 of the troops victorious at Ayacucho, the intended guerdon. The 
 presentation took phice with imposing ceremonies when Bolivar 
 entered the city of Arequipa. 
 
 On the 23d of April, in a letter dated from Potosi, Sucre again 
 speaks of the royal banners he had sent, and thus writes to Bolivar 
 0)1 the subject : " Elizalde is going to Bogota to present to the 
 Government the congratulations of the army; I am thus fulfilling 
 the instructions you gave me to send a general officer, to give an 
 account of the battle of Ayacucho and with the official report of 
 the action. As I did not do it at the time, I determined to forward 
 it at the termination of the campaign. I am sending sufficient 
 details to the Minister; I am writing at length to the Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and am forwarding to him the royal banners of these pro- 
 vinces. These trophies are of no small importance, and it is desir- 
 able they should be deposited in Bogota.'^ ^ 
 
 At length the officer bearing the banners intended for the 
 museum of Bogota and the banner of Pizarro, which was already 
 the property of the Liberator, takes his departure. Under date 
 of April 19, Sucre writes to the War Secretary of Colombia as 
 follows : 
 
 " Brevet - Colonel Antonio Elizalde, adjutant -general, and 
 deputed by the Army for the purpose of congratulating IL E. the 
 Vice-President for tlie hapi^y determination of tlie campaign of 
 Colombian troops in Peru, which has ended tlie War of Independ- 
 ence, will have the honor of presenting to you tlie royal standard 
 of Castile. This was the banner borne by the Spaniards when they 
 entered this wealthy country three hundred years ago. 
 
 " This trophy, which the Army presents to Your Excellency as 
 a mark of respect and esteem, will one day remind the children of 
 the liberators that their forefathers, filled wiih a patriotic sense of 
 duty and the sublime love of glory, boi-e in triuinj)li the arms of 
 Colombia to the frigid and lofty summits of Potosi. 
 
 " Tie will also place at the feet of Your Kxccllonoy the four 
 Spanish fiags of the provinces of upper Peru. They were the 
 
 ' O'Leary. — Same work. 
 
world's COLUMI'.IAN KXPOSTTTON". 115 
 
 cMiiblems of the vussaliigc and slavery in wliicli tliese regions were 
 kept by tlie descendunts of Ferniindo VI. These provinces have 
 now recovered their independence througli the bravery, constancy, 
 and lioroism of the k^gions of the Kepul)lic. 
 
 '• The Army presents these tropliies as a fruit of its labors to 
 tlie Government of its country. It is also with noble jn'ide tiiat 
 our troops inform you that the enemies that oppressed the land of 
 Manco-Capac have disappeared. From Ayacucho to Tu j)iza twenty- 
 five Spanish generals have surrendered^ eleven hundred commanders 
 and otlicers, and eighteen thousand soldiers have laid down their 
 arms in the battlefields and garrisons. We have redeemed from 
 the power of tyranny a surface of four hundred leagues and two 
 millions of inhabitants, who are now thanking Colombia for the 
 blessings of peace, liberty, and victory which you have bestowed on 
 them.'^' 
 
 Thi.^ despatch was accompanied by another, forwarded by 
 Sucre from Cuzco to General Santander, Vice-President of Colom- 
 bia, and from which Yanes publishes the following extract: 
 
 " I have the honor of presenting to II. E. the Vice-President, 
 in the name of the i^rmy, five battle-flags of the veteran Spanish 
 regiments which enslaved Peru by fourteen years of triumphs. 
 The Army offers them to you as emblems of its obedience and 
 esteem, and requests you will deign to accept them. I am sending 
 to 11. E, the Liberator, the standard with which Pizzaro made his 
 entry, three hundred years ago, into this illustrious caiiital of the 
 Incas ; this trophy belongs by right to the warrior who showed to 
 the Colombian Army the road of glory and of the liberty of Peru.'' ^ 
 
 General Soublette, Minister of War, forwarded to Caracas the 
 standard of Pizarro, as a record presented by the Liberator to his 
 native city. To this historical gift he wished to add the sanction 
 of tlie Colombian Government, and he sent the following com- 
 munication to the Municipality of Canicas: 
 
 " I have the honor of presenting to the Municipality of Caracas 
 in the name of the Government the royal Standard of Castile which 
 
 ' O'Leary. — Work (luotcd. 
 
 - Yanes. — " Coleccion cle Dociiineiitos," etc., Vol. IV. 
 
116 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 the Colombian army has overthrown in Peru under the leadership 
 of H. E. the President-Liberator. The city of Caracas, as birth- 
 place of the Liberator and an inexjougnable bulwark of liberty, is 
 entitled to preserve within its walls this symbol of the outrages 
 committed by the Spanish Government in the land of the Incas, 
 which at tlie end of three centuries has been conquered by the 
 illustrious American whom Caracas brought forth for the happiness 
 of mankind. The Executive believes that the Municipality of 
 Caracas will fully appreciate this remarkable relic which other 
 cities would give much to possess. The Executive further hopes 
 that in this proceeding the inhabitants of Caracas will perceive a 
 new proof of the esteem and consideration in which they are held 
 by this Government. It gives me much pleasure to participate in 
 the satisfaction wliich the inhabitants of Caracas must feel under 
 the circumstances, and to express to you my sentiments of con- 
 sideration. — May God, etc. — Government Palace at Bogota, January 
 9, 1S2G.— 10." ' 
 
 The President of the Municipal Council of Caracas, Don 
 Domingo N. Spinola, under date of February 20, 1S2G, ans- 
 wered in tlie following terms the flattering letter of General 
 Soublette: 
 
 '^The Municipality I preside over appreciates most liighly the 
 gift it has received f rOm the Government through the hands of Your 
 Excellency, of the royal standard of Castile, overthrown in Peru by 
 tlie Colombian army, under the leadership of Ilis Excellency the 
 President-Liberator. The Members of the Municipality congratu- 
 late themselves and the inhabitants of tlie city they represent on 
 coming into possession of this record which will remind them both 
 of Spanish tyranny and of the fresh glory acquired by the Liberator 
 in the ancient empire of the Incas. 1 have been entrusted with the 
 honorable duty of anirming through Your Excellency our feelings 
 of gratitude towards the Government, and of announcing the inten- 
 tion of the Municipality to use these insignia in the celebration of 
 our happy li>tli of April. 
 
 ''The Municipal ('ouncil also fully appreciates the special sug- 
 gestions of Your Excellency, conl.-iinctl in your communication of 
 
 ' Yaues. — Work (jiiotcd. Vol. V. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 117 
 
 9tli of January lust, and I have been instructed so to inform you. 
 May God protect Your Excellency." ' 
 
 As these documents show, the Council received the standard of 
 Pizarro on the 20th of February, 182(5, and in its session of that 
 date, whilst formulating an answer to the dispatch announcing tlie 
 gift of a record so suggestive of glorious remembrances, decreed 
 tliat it sliould be publicly exhibited at Caracas, on the next anni- 
 versary of the lOtli of April. This arrangement was carried out 
 and since that date it was preserved until the 5th of July, 1841. It 
 was then carried in j)rocession in the solemn civic festival of the 
 day. 
 
 In order to describe the standard of Pizarro such as it now is, 
 we must go back to the days when it was fully intact in Cuzco. 
 We shall thus better be able to appreciate its actual condition 
 when it has been destroyed partly by the action of time, partly by 
 that of man. 
 
 What is generally called the standard of Pizarro is, strictly 
 speaking, sim2)ly a banner or fan ion, such as was generally used in 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the days of the Florentine 
 Republic these fan ions were borne on important holidays by the 
 President of the Republic, or some other personage of eminent dig- 
 nity; hence, the name of fanion-carriers (gonfaloneros) which was 
 given to those who had carried these banners. Later on, their use 
 was confined to Christian churches and religious celebrations; 
 indeed, since the first times of Christianity they had been hoisted 
 in the churches, whenever it was considered necessary to raise 
 troops and to summon the vassals for the defense of the buildings 
 and of ecclesiastical possessions generally. 
 
 The primitive field of the standard of Pizarro consisted in rich 
 damask of a scarlet color; of this first tissue only small fragments 
 remain; two large designs made in araljcsques of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, appear on each face of the banner. Each of them was one 
 liundred and twenty-seven centimeters in height by one hundred 
 and fifteen in width; the material was yellow and white satin fin- 
 ished in blue with borders in gold tliread. One of these arabesques 
 
 ' Yaues. — "Work quoted. 
 
118 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 still exists almost in its entirety, whilst of the other there are only 
 some remnants. In the center of one of these arabesques there 
 was a circle eighty centimeters in diameter, on which were embroid- 
 ered the arms of Charles V., that is, those he bore at that date, 1533 : 
 the shield of Castile (two lions, two castles, and the imperial dia- 
 dem) ending in two eagle heads bearing separate crowns. Of this 
 shield there only remain two lions and one of the castles. The 
 two eagle heads still exist but the crown of the left one has dis- 
 appeared. If there were columns on the sides of the shield, or 
 some of the cordons which appeared later in the arms of Charles V., 
 there is nothing to be seen of them at present ; an attentive exami- 
 nation shows that the escutcheon is a simple one compared with 
 the later coat-of-arms of the great monarch. 
 
 When the banner arrived at Caracas, only one of the faces was 
 complete, that of the shield; the other had been lined with white 
 satin, now in a very deteriorated condition. In that year, 1826, 
 there were already wanting one of the castles, the crown of one of 
 the eagle heads and a few small fragments. The Council, therefore, 
 gave orders to place on the banner a new field of red damask, on 
 which the two arabesques were attached. This historical relic 
 remained in that state for many years, but it was then finally deter- 
 mined to place it in a frame in order to protect it against the van- 
 dalism both of natives and foreigners, many of whom, on seeing it, 
 wanted to carry away some souvenir of their visit 
 
 We do not know whether any picture was discovered on the 
 standard of Pizarro when arrangements were made for placing it 
 in a frame; what is certain is that when we took it out for the fes- 
 tival of 1872 we found the most interesting portion of the adorn- 
 ment of the celebrated banner. We are referring to the warrior 
 made in painting and embroidery which figured at the time of 
 Pizarro on one of the faces of the banner in the center of one of 
 tlie arabesques; it appeared as if it had been concealed and attached 
 on the reverse of the royal escutcheon. 
 
 This painting of eighty centimeters in diameter represents a 
 warrior mounted on a handsome white horse. The steed bears rich 
 harness and is going at full gallo]). The rider has on his head a 
 helmet adorned witli })hunos,his mantle is floating in the wind, the 
 red cross of Santiago stands out in relief on the coat-of-mail which 
 
world's COLUMBIAN" EXPOSITION. 119 
 
 protects his chest, and in liis right hand he bears a sword, of wliich 
 only the liilt now remains. The fiekl represents a wide plain with 
 trees and plants in relief, helmets, and warlike weapons. 
 
 Although the action of time has unraveled the silk tissue in 
 some parts of the picture, the design, as a whole, has lost none of 
 its merit. On examining this antique piece of work, it will he 
 seen that the artist sketched and painted the whole scenery of the 
 background on Avliite satin, and then completed it so as to o-ive 
 reality and perspective to the figure which was to be placed in the 
 center of the banner. 
 
 The discovery of this portion of the standard of Pizarro gives 
 to this antique relic an extraordinary historical value. The pro- 
 ficiency of the artist who executed the work is shown by the fact 
 that after having been subjected, during three centuries, to the 
 deteriorating action of the American climate, nearly all its details 
 are still apparent. 
 
 We may, therefore, affirm that in this record of Pizarro, now 
 in the possession of the city of Caracas, there are two distinct 
 epochs: the first, belonging to the fifteenth century, represented by 
 the two arabesques, the coat-of-arms of Castile and the warrior; the 
 second, of more modern date, which at present serves as a background 
 for the primitive work, and which may have belonged to the 
 vesture of some statue or altar of the cathedral of Cuzco. It is 
 really remarkable that a work of embroidery which was damao-ed 
 so long ago, and was removed from Cuzco, after having renniined 
 in that city during three centuries, should now be in such a satis- 
 factory state of preservation, when it is a well-known fact that the 
 banners of Gonzalo Pizarro, placed on the tomb of President Gasca, 
 in Vallalolid, in 15G7, as a trophy of Gasca's remarkable work of 
 pacification in Peru, have long since fidlen into dust. 
 
 Our distinguished friend, the celebrated Peruvian academician, 
 Don Ricardo Palma, so well known for his accuracy in everythino- 
 connected with tlie history of his country, solves three questions 
 concerning the Conquistador Pizarro at the beginning of the fourth 
 series of his remarkable Tradicioncs. One of them refers to the 
 description and existence of the war-flag which the conqueror bore 
 to Peru. " After the execution of Atahual})a," says the historian, 
 " Dou Francisco Pizarro moved ou Cuzco, and it is our belief that 
 
120 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 his triumphal entry into the venerable capital of the Incas took 
 place on the 16th of November, 1533. 
 
 "' The standard borne on that occasion by liis ensign, Jeronimo 
 de Aliaga, was of the kind which is called by some a banner 
 (gonfalon). On one of its faces of scarlet-colored damask were 
 embroidered the arms of Charles V.; on the other, of yellow 
 damask tissue, was represented the Apostle Saint James (Santiago), 
 in an attitude of combat, mounted on a white horse, bearing a 
 shield, a cuirass, and a helmet adorned with plumes or feathers, a 
 red cross apparent on his chest, and with a sword in his right 
 hand." ■ 
 
 This description agrees with that we have given in the pre- 
 ceding pages of our monograph. 
 
 " When Pizarro left Cuzco to j^ass througli the valley of Jauja 
 and lay the foundations of tlio cily of Lima," adds Palma, "he did 
 ]iot do so in war equipment and he left liis banner or fanion to 
 adorn the former temple of the sun, already transformed into a 
 Christian cathedral. During the civil strife between ihe conquis- 
 tadores, neitlier Almagrists nor Gonzali^ts, Gironists nor Royalists, 
 ventured on bringing it out to tlie fray and it remained on the 
 altar as a sacred record." 
 
 Our reason for going at some length into these details is that 
 we shall have to quote them at the end of this monograph. 
 
 Who is the personage represented by the warrior delineated on 
 the standard of Pizarro ? Is this picture an effigy of the Apostle 
 Saint James (Santiago), the inseparable companion of the Spanish 
 armies, or is it simply an onuimental fiction of the artist ? 
 
 Ilerrera relates in his Decadas that in one of the many sangiii- 
 luiry struggles between Aztecs and Spaniards in the days of llernau 
 Cortes, the Iiulians, according to their own testimony, were put to 
 rout by a knight of gigantic size,- clothed in white, and mounted on 
 a white horse. The rider attacked them sword in hand and 
 remained invulnerable, whilst with his mouth and feet the steed 
 inllieted on them as much injury as the rider with his sword. The 
 Castilians told them that this knight was the a2)0stle of Jesus 
 
 ' Palma. — "Tradicioncs.'* 
 
AVOKLI) S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 121 
 
 Christ, Saint James (Santiago), whose lielp they invoked in battle, 
 and whom they always found ready to come to their assistance. 
 
 Ai^ain, wo are told l)y (Jarcilaso, that wlien, after the occu])a- 
 tion of C'uzeo, Prince Manco-lnca attacked the troops of Pizarro 
 tlie S])aniar(ls, both men and horses, were worn out with fatio-ue 
 and were on the j)oint of l)eing annihilated by the numerous hosts 
 of the Inca. Then there appeared in front of the Castilians and in 
 full view of both armies the Apostle Saint James, mounted on a 
 white horse, bearing on his arm a shield with the insignia of the 
 military order, lie was armed with a sword which shone like 
 lightning, and when he waved it the Indians became terror-struck 
 and exclaimed : " Who is that figure bearing in his hand the 
 ylJttpa,^' the last word meaning lightning, thunder, or flash of lio-ht. 
 Wherever the Saint led the attack, the infidels fled, and at leno-th 
 the arms of Castile remained victorious in the fray. 
 
 The same apostle appeared to the Spaniards blockaded within 
 the walls of Cuzco, when their position was endangered by the 
 incendiary balls which the Indians were throwing on the edifices 
 of the sacred city. During the conquest of Cundinamarca, Fran- 
 cisco Cesar's command was attacked on all sides by an army of 
 Indians in the valleys of Popayan and Cali. The enemy was press- 
 ing hard the little group of Spartans, when their chief called for 
 help on the apostle, who immediately ajopeared on his white horse 
 and spread disorder and death in the ranks of the enemy. 
 
 There is an explanation for these superstitious traditions and 
 for the war-cry of Santiago which electrified the Spanish armies. 
 History relates that once, Avlien King Don Kamiro I., in 843, was 
 battling against the Moorish King Abderraman, in the field of 
 Albelda, the army of the Castilian monarch was nearly destroyed 
 when night put an end to the conflict. Don Ramiro had souirht 
 shelter at the foot of the neighboring hill of Clavijo, when the 
 Apostle Saint James, who was watching while all slept, ordered him 
 to resume the conflict on the morrow, and i^romised him the vic- 
 tory. A simple narrative of the apparition was the only exhorta- 
 tion the King required to encourage his men. They all redoubled 
 their efforts, and being already secure of heaven, considered them- 
 selves certain of earthly success. In place of the drums sounds the 
 clarion-blast of the invincible name of Santiago; the apostle invoked 
 
122 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 places himself at the head of the army; the Spaniards behold him 
 mounted on a white horse, bearing a sword in one hand, with the 
 other carrying a standard, showing a red cross on a white field, and 
 charging the barbarians at full s^^eed. Re2")eating the battle-cry 
 of Santiago and r^ ellos (at them), with the ^''' son of lightning" 
 leading them against the Crescent, they charge with irresistible 
 might, massacre seventy thousand Moors, and take Albelda, Clavijo, 
 and Calahorra. Records of the victory remain on the field up to 
 this day. From that time forward the Cortes of the kingdom 
 decided that a portion of the military spoils should be reserved for 
 the Saint, holding him as 2:)resent on the battlefield not only as a 
 Saint, but also as a combatant." 
 
 But what ex2)lanation can we give for the origin of this super- 
 stitious belief amongst the Indians ? To render possible the hal- 
 lucination which produced such terror among them, it is necessary 
 they should have seen j^reviously tlio effigy of the Apostle; other- 
 wise we could not account for such a phenomenon. The delineation 
 we discovered on the standard of Pizarro solves the enigma, and 
 shows that the fancied apparition of a warrior mounted on a white 
 horse originated in the banner borne by the troops of Pizarro. It 
 is higlily probable that on the standards and flags of Cortes and 
 others of the many invaders of America, there was also a represen- 
 tation of the Apostle* This figure, visible to the Indians in the 
 midst of the fight, probably contributed with the prowess of the 
 Castilians to produce the illusion amongst the crowded hosts of 
 natives. The Inca Garcilaso, a witness of all these events, bears 
 out our explanation. This chronicler relates that, being present as 
 a child at a religious festival in Cuzco, he saw on one of the walls 
 of the church a picture of the Apostle Saint James. He was 
 mounted on a white horse, bearing a flaming sword in his right 
 hand, and a multitude of corpses were lying on the grouiul beneath 
 him. On seeing him the Indians exclaimed, *' It was a figure like 
 tliis which overcame us in this 2)laee," and tlicy were doubtless 
 alluding to the effigy represented on the standard of Pizarro. 
 
 All this goes to show that the standard actually in the posses- 
 sion of the City of Caracas is the one which Pizarro bore at the 
 occui)ation of Cuzco, and that the effigy of the Apostle which 
 appears on one of its faces, is the same which struck terroi- and 
 
WOinJ>\s COLIMIUAN KXl'OSITIOX. 123 
 
 death amongst tlic Peruvian Indians in 1533. As it has remained 
 down to our own times, wo may conchide it was not used in tlie 
 civil wars wliich followed the capture of Cuzco, and in which both 
 sides when victorious took possession of the standards and flags of 
 their opponents. 
 
 Tluis it "was to he. It was written that the glorious standard 
 of the first conqueror of America was to fall as a historical trojdiy 
 into the hands of the first of American liberators, and that from 
 the sacred city of the Incas, where it had been preserved during 
 three centuries, it was to be transported to the birthi)lace of 
 Bolivar. The City of Caracas will know how to jn-cserve it with 
 the just pride inspired by deeds of prowess and bloodstained sacri- 
 fices. Besides, it must not be forgotten that the former name of 
 the capital of Venezuela was Santiago de Leon de Caracas. 
 
 AVhen the standard of Pizarro arrived at Caracas in 182G, the 
 political hatreds against Spain had not yet had time to cool down ; 
 thus it happened that in the first civic festival celebrated in the 
 capital after the reception of this valuable guerdon, it was dragged 
 through the streets of the city, in order to display the hatred then 
 existing against the former masters of the country. 
 
 Eighteen years later, in 1842, when the mortal remains of 
 Bolivar arrived on their native soil, the standard of PizaiTo was 
 placed with respect at the base of the mausoleum where rest the 
 aslies of the x\merican hero. 
 
 After a new jieriod of thirty years, this historic record of the 
 Castilian conquest was borne during the festival of October the 
 28th, in the center of a group representing both official and 
 unofficial Spain and surronnded by the descendants of the libera- 
 tors. Iji this grou]) were nnited the flags of Spain and Venezuela. 
 
 AVhat a contrast I In the first of these epochs everything was 
 subordinated to im])ulsive passion ; the second commemoration 
 was a homage offered by the descendants to the glory of their 
 progenitors ; the last was a family reconciliation, a historical 
 record of all the epochs, synthetizing one same glorious origin, 
 drowning all resentments and uniting all glories in a fraternal 
 embrace. ' 
 
 The standard of Pizarro is not a war trophy ; it is a family 
 record, a proud guerdon of our race, a relic of an immortal ejioch; it 
 
124 THE UIs^ITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 is a symbol of union between two great nations issued from the 
 same stock, and whose glories are common to botli. 
 
 After having gone tlirough these particulars concerning the 
 standard of Pizarro — this relic of the Castilian conquest — presented 
 to Bolivar by the victor of Ayacucho, and by Bolivar to his native 
 city, where it is at present, it now remains for us to examine a point 
 of historical criticism connected with the sul)ject. SoutJi American 
 chronicles and traditions mention several flags or banners which 
 received seventy years ago the name of Standard of Pizarro. 
 There is the one presented to General San Martin by the Municipal 
 Council of Lima, then the one given to the Liberator by General 
 Sucre, and lastly, those which are at present in the museum of 
 Bogota, and which the Colombian Government received from the 
 victor of Ayacucho. Which of these banners is the real standard 
 of Pizarro ? Were there several or is there only one ? If the 
 second alternative is correct, where is it to be found ? These are 
 the questions we are going to investigate. Eighteen years have 
 elapsed since we published our 2-)am2ihlet entitled, llic Standard of 
 Pizarro, and the documents we have been enabled to consult since 
 then will be of considerable assistance to us. 
 
 For centuries it never occurred to any one to remove the stand- 
 ard of Pizarro, deposited in 1533 on an altar of the cathedral of 
 Cuzco, after the occupation of the city by tlie conqueror of Peru. 
 There it rested, untouched by the conquistadores, who did not ven- 
 ture k) bring it fortli in their internecine wars, until General San 
 Martin, liljerator of the South, arrived in 1821 in the capital of 
 Peru. Spaniards and natives, monuments, wealth, standards and 
 flags, representative of past grandeur, all were affected by the new 
 heralds of liberation, who, from the north and south, were con- 
 verging on the land of the sun for the jnirpose of establisliing a 
 new domination and overthrowing the power of Spain. 
 
 The standard of Pizarro is mentioned for the first time in the 
 farewell proclamation of San Martin to the Peruvians in 18'J2. 
 The following passage appears in it : "I was present at the Declar- 
 ation of Independence of the States of Chili and Peru. I have in 
 my possession the standard which Pizarro bore to enstave the 
 emfirc of the Incas. I liave ceased to be a public man but by this 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 125 
 
 aloiio I am rewai'ded witli usury for ten years of revolution and 
 war." 
 
 A historian, unfriendly to San Martin, thus relates how this 
 valuable guordon came into his possession : ** Althougli not a 
 robbery of money, still it was a robbery San Martin committed in 
 obtaining from tlie Municipality the standard of the conquest. It 
 had been kept in the city because the importance of this record 
 rendered it worthy of preservation. He asked for it under the ])re- 
 text of examining it, and as soon as it was in his power, he appro- 
 priated it as if it were a trophy ca2itured from the enemy. lie 
 then required of the Municipality to present it to him as a 
 gift. . . ."* 
 
 Leaving on one side the ojoprobrious words of the historian, 
 the gift solicited by San Martin was as legitimately obtained as if 
 the Municipality had oifered it to him spontaneously. Besides, the 
 fame of San Martin and the services he rendered to the Peruvian 
 fatherland, place him above all these petty accusations, which orig- 
 inate in political hatreds. We may leave the general in possession 
 of a gift he held until his death, when he bequeathed it to the 
 Peruvian Republic. 
 
 Shortly after the departure of San Martin for Eurojie, the 
 cannon of Ayacucho shattered the remnants of S2)anish power and 
 tlie flag of Colombia waved on the turrets of the ancient cities of 
 the Incas. Modern America was taking the place of the past. As 
 to the standard of Pizarro found in Cuzco and })resented by Sucre 
 to Bolivar, all we have to say about it is consigned in the preceding 
 pages. 
 
 There were, therefore, at that time two banners, each desig- 
 nated as the standard of Pizarro : the one given in 1821 to Gen- 
 eral San Martin l)y the Municipality of Lima and that presented to 
 General Sucre by the ^Municipality of Cuzco in 1824. Again, when 
 the gifts sent by the victor of Ayacucho to the Liberator and the 
 Colombian Government arrived at Bogot'i towards the end of 1825, 
 the collection of flags and banners had received the general denom- 
 
 ' Pnivoiu'iia. — " Mcinorijis y Docuinciitos para la Ilistoria dc la Inde- 
 penrk-ncia del Pcni, etc."; Paris, 1858, 2 vols. Tliis work is attributed to 
 Riva Asrnero. 
 
126 THE UXITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 illation of Flags of rizarro. The following sonnet of the well- 
 known and distingnished Jose Fernandez Madrid, celebrating these 
 valuable historical guerdons, further tends to sujiport this assertion: 
 
 " These are the banners which one day waved in the hands of 
 Pizarro : These are the banners which once witnessed in Caja- 
 marca the most abominable treason. 
 
 " Records of oppression and tyranny, for three centuries they 
 insulted Peru, and the liberators found them dyed with innocent 
 blood. 
 
 " Souvenirs of an insolent despot, bloodstained banners of 
 Pizarro, which victory gave into the hands of Bolivar, 
 
 Now for ever overthrown and humiliated at the feet of inde- 
 pendent Colombia, once the opprobrium of Peru, you will now be 
 its glory." ' 
 
 Thus the poet speaks of the collection of flags, banners, and 
 pennons which the Government of Colombia exhibited simulta- 
 neously with the standard of Pizarro, before the latter was forwarded 
 to Caracas, in February, 182G. 
 
 We now come to what liapi)eiied in tlie year 1844, when Gen- 
 eral San Martin died in France. In a codicil of his testament, 
 made at Paris, on January 2;'>, 1S44, the following clause appears: 
 *^ It is mv will tliat the standard which the Spanish bandit Pizarro 
 
 • Esta.s .son lus bamlcras ({ue algiiii dia 
 En iiianos do Pi/.arro treinolaroii, 
 Esta.s en Cajaiiiarca prcseiiciaron 
 La mas al)oiniiia]il(' alcvosia. 
 
 RcciK'idos (1(! opresioii y tiiania 
 Al I'cni ires cciilurias iiisullaron, 
 Y los lilx'itadorrs las liallaron 
 Tiutas en pura sangir lodavia. 
 
 Mominicnlos de un dcspota iusolentc, 
 Baiidcras dc Pizarro cn.sanurcnladas, 
 Quo rindi() ante Bolivaila victoria, 
 
 A los ]>ies dc Colombia indcpcndicnte, 
 Para sicmpre al)atidas y liumilladas 
 Oprobrio del Pcni, serc'is su gloria ! 
 
 Yant's — Collect' ivn dc Bocumcntos — 1826. 
 
world's COLUMUIAN EXPOSITIOX. 127 
 
 waved in the conquest of Peru, be returned to the said Republic." 
 Shortly afterwards, ]h\ (Jalves, representative of the Peruvian 
 Kepuldic in France, surrendered the guerdon to the OovernnieTit 
 of General Pezet, at Lima.' Tliis legacy sliows that San ]\rartin 
 died in the belief that the standard he had possessed was really that 
 of the conquistador Pizarro. 
 
 We have already descril^ed the standard of Pizarro which is in 
 the hands of the ^runici})ality of Caracas, and our description 
 agrees with that of the historian Palma, in the fourth series of his 
 Tradiciones. Now, it is quite certain, that amongst the different 
 objects forwarded to the Government of Bogota by General Sucre, 
 some of the banners in the possession of various Peruvian munici- 
 l^alities in the days of Fernando VI., were war-flags of recognized 
 historical value. An article published in the Gaceta de Coloinhia, 
 of September 4, 18:35, speaks of them as follows: "The Government 
 has seen with satisfaction in its llall of Despatches, the standard of 
 Castile and the royal banners of the province of the upper Apure. 
 They will remind us in the future of the calamitous ej^och of the 
 subjugation of South America, and they will simultaneously be for 
 whoever sees them a record of the glory of the Emancipation and 
 of the heroic prowess of the sons of Colombia in the land of the 
 Incas. These trophies are accompanied by others no less worthy 
 of the Army which forwarded them, /. c, the flag of the colonel of 
 the regiment of Burgos, bearing the arms of that province and 
 those of Cuzco, which are a Sun with the inscription : Civil as solis 
 vocahitur una. The flag of the battalion of Huamanga, magnifi- 
 cently embroidered in gold and silver. Another belonging to the 
 Cruz de Borgofia, with these inscriptions in the corners: The battle 
 of Ajiohuma recovered the iwovinres of Potoxi and Cliarcas on the 
 \4th of November, 1813 .• // washed out the affront oj Tucuman, and 
 appears on the plains of Vicapupio : first of October, 1813. -J'he Hags 
 of battalions Nos. 1 and 2, of the regiment of Chasseurs of Extrema- 
 dura, as richly adorned as that of the battalion of Huamanga: and 
 the royal seals, large and small, of the Royal Audience and Chan- 
 cellerv of Cuzco." * 
 
 ' Herrera. — "El Album de Ayaciicho." 
 
 - Groot. — "Ilistoria eclesiastica y civil de Nueva Granada." Vol. III. 
 
128 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 As can be seen, none of these banners or pennons is in any 
 way similar to the standard in the possession of the city of 0;n'.'!cas. 
 All that now remains is to investigate the origin of the standard 
 which Ijelonged to San Martin, i. e., the one which Avas in the city 
 of Lima, and compare it with the one which was at Cuzco, and which 
 is now the property of the city of Caracas. Tliis investigation will 
 show the date of each and what coat-of-arms appears on them 
 respectively. 
 
 We shall now go into the question. 
 
 A little more than two years ago (in April, 1891), the remains 
 of Francnsco Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, were exhumed from 
 the vaults of the Cathedral of Lima, and deposited in one of the 
 chapels of that church. This change was made in accordance with 
 the orders of the Government. In the Bolctin Municipal, No. 001, 
 bearing the date of July 2, of the same year, are inserted some 
 ancient documents referring to the foundation and settk'- 
 ment of Lima, on the loth of January, 1535, and also to 
 the escutcheon granted to the city by Charles V., etc.. on 
 the 7th of December, 1537. We have been able to inspect 
 these documents through the courtesy of our old friend Don 
 Ricardo Palma. The decree of concession of the seal is as 
 follows : 
 
 " It is our will and pleasure that now and for ever in perpetuity, 
 the said City of the Kings have and hold for its known arms an 
 escutcheon on a blue field with three royal crowns of gold, forming 
 a triangle, and above them a star of gold, each one of the three 
 points of said star touctliing one of the crowns, and on the fringe 
 in letters of gold the inscription Hoc siynum vcrc regum est ; on a 
 red field and as a stamp and device, two black eagles respoctant, 
 each with a royal crown of gold, and holding an I and a K, which 
 are the -first letters of our proper name, and above said letters a 
 star of gold, all as herein figured and delineated: We give said arms 
 to the said City of the Kings for its own, and to be known and 
 designated as its own at present and for ever in the future as has 
 been said. We give to said city license and faculty to bear them 
 and i)lacc them on its pennons, seal, and coat-of-arms, buildings, 
 and other parts ;md ))laces at will, and as may be found suitable, 
 and in the way, form, and manner they are borne and placed in the 
 
WOltLD's C'OLUMiJIAN KXI'OSITIOX. 129 
 
 cities of our kingdoms of C'listile, to which \vu liiive given arms and 
 device, etc' 
 
 Tliis is tlie coat-of-arins which fiiinres in the standard pre- 
 sented to General San Martin hy tiie City of Ijima. This standard 
 IS the one whicli, after \^)?u, the (hite of tlie foundation of I^inia, was 
 home in tlie solemn festivals, civil and religions, of the City of the 
 Kings. Don Kieardo Pahua, who examined itnndei'the Atlministra- 
 tion of Pezet, gives a description of it which agrees perfectly with 
 the foregoing extract of the degree of concession : "The people 
 of Lima," says the illustrious academician, " improperly named this 
 banner the standard of Pizarro, and without due examination 
 accepted it as the war-ilag borne l)y the Spaniards during the con- 
 quest. The error was transmitted from generation to generation 
 without being let'uted, and finally became traditional and his- 
 torical." • 
 
 So remarkable is the power of tradition when supported by 
 length of time, that one of the writers in the above-mentioned 
 Bold in, whilst recommending the acquisition of certain historical 
 relics of the conqueror of Peru, refers amongst them to the coveted 
 standard and says : " The standard of Pizarro was left to the Peru- 
 vian Kepublic by General San Martin in a clanse of his will, made 
 iit Bologna in the year 1850 (sic) ; it was transmitted to the 
 Government of General Pezet and taken from the Ministry of 
 Foreign Affairs in one of the many political riots of the time. 
 This standard is, in all probability, either in liima or m Spain, and 
 it would be easy to get it back by paying a suitable price for it." 
 
 We have, ourselves, come in contact with this struggle between 
 truth and erroneous tradition in Canicas. We have proved cate- 
 gorically that it was not the famous corsair, Francis Drake, who 
 pillaged the capital of Losada in 1595^ that the French did not 
 sack the same ca[)ital in 1G79, and lastly, that on the 5tli of July, 
 1811, no Act of Independence was ever signed. Yet there are per- 
 sons who continue asserting the truth of these statements, although 
 emphatically contradicted by critical and philosophical examina- 
 tion based on real documents and not on adventurous conjectures. 
 
 ' Boletin Mnnirtjyd, minicro 001 , Liniji *2.") i](- Julio de 1891. 
 ■ l*;iinia. — " 'ruidicioucs Peruanas." 
 
130 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 The previous pages show conchisively that tlie standard willed 
 by San Martin to the Peruvian nation was that which belonged to the 
 City of the Kings after its foundation in 1537; that the flags and 
 banners sent by General Sucre to the Colombian Government, and 
 which are actually in the Museum of Bogota, belong, some to the 
 last century and others to various Spanish regiments which took 
 part in the Peruvian campaigns, and, lastly, that the standard pre- 
 sented to Bolivar by General Sucre, which during centuries had 
 been preserved with veneration in the cathedral of Cuzco and on 
 whose faces figure the effigy of Saint James and the escutcheon of 
 Charles V., is the real standard of Pizarro. The municijiality of 
 Caracas is in possession of this record of Castilian conquest in Peru.' 
 
 ' 111 the plate wliicli accompanies our monograph the engraver has sought 
 to recall two epochs: The first is that in wliicli the primitive ground of red silk- 
 damask existed; of this there only remain Glaments on the borders of the muti- 
 lated yellow and l)lue arabesques. The second is that of the actual state of the 
 medallions, in -which the fragments of the effigy of Saint James and of the 
 escutcheon of Charles V. are visible. The mutilation of this work of art 
 began a long time ago: Bolivar himself sent to Mr. Canning one of the castles 
 of the escutcheon of Charles V. Otlier fragments of the standard of Pizarro 
 are to be found iu various European museums. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 131 
 
 THE SWOPvD OF BOLIVAR. 
 
 The glorious sword whicli Peru presented to tlie Liberator in 
 1825, after the victory of Jiinin, is certjiinly the most remarkable 
 amono^st the many historical records of that <n-eat man, existinsr in 
 South America. 
 
 This souvenir has been preserved during forty-two years, and 
 it is to be exhibited for the first time to the jieople of Caracas in 
 the sumptuous festival which the birtliplace of Bolivar is preparing 
 in honor of the American hero. The family of the Liberator have 
 kept this sword with great care and without allowing it to become 
 visible to the public. On this single and solemn occasion they are 
 willing to entrust it to other hands for a few hours. They will 
 thus contribute their share to this great patriotic celebration of 
 October 28, 1872, when the rising sun will be saluted with hymns 
 of rejoicing and enthusiasm. 
 
 Our colleagues of the Commission have entrusted us with the 
 preparation of the historical catalogue of the diilerent objects which 
 belonged to the Liberator and which are to be publicly exhibited 
 on the tomb of the national hero and in the hall of the Chamber 
 of Deputies. We wish, however, to anticipate the auspicious day 
 and give at once to the inhabitants of Caracas an idea of the mag- 
 nificent gift by which grateful Peru desired in past days to express 
 its thanks to the father of Colombia. This glorious sword Avill be 
 borne in the midst of those remains of the liberating army which 
 have survived the martyr of Santa Marta. Caracas, on witnessing 
 it in its streets, will see in it a symbol of glory, of the gratitude of 
 populations, and of the justice of history illustrating the memory 
 of its beloved sons. 
 
 The sword was made in Lima in 1825 by Chungapoina, under 
 the direction of Seilor C. Freyre. When, some years ago, a brother 
 of Sefior Freyre was Minister of Peru in Venezuela, he informed 
 the family of Bolivar that his brother had spent a hirge sum on the 
 jewels he had bought for the purpose of adorning the hilt of tlie 
 sword. This is an explanation of the fact that all the sets of bril- 
 liants which appear in tliis work of art are of the same size and 
 
132 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 of equal value. The scabbard is made in its entirety of massive 
 gold of eighteen carats ; one of its sides is embossed with varied 
 and graceful designs. On its upper j^art, on the borders of the 
 opening tlirough Avhich 2)asses the blade, figures the following 
 inscription G. Freyre — Comisio^iado — Am de 1825 ; round the 
 lower part is entwined a snake, nine inches in length and with eyes 
 made of rubies. The weight of the scabbard is about seventy-four 
 ounces. 
 
 The blade of damascened steel bears on the reverse the following 
 inscription: Swwu Bolivar — Union y Libertad — Aiio de 1825; and 
 on the obverse : Lihcrtador de Colonihia y del Peril — Ohunyapoma 
 me fecit en Lima. These different inscriptions are separated by 
 allegorical devices, such as trophies of arms, laurels, genii, etc., etc. 
 
 The guard of the sword is of surpassing artistic merit. A 
 handsome bust of massive gold, representing the genius of liberty, 
 and wearing the Phrygian cap, forms the pommel. On examining 
 this bust, the observer will be struck by the beauty of the cap -made 
 of brilliants gracefully put together ; specially remarkable is tlie 
 up[)er bi'illiant of ',\h carats, which is surrounded by a crown of 
 laurel composed of diamonds. The cap contains one hundred and 
 lifty-iive stones. 
 
 The liilt is formed by two pyramids of massive gold, truncated, 
 and united at the base. Each of the pyramids lias four sides, and 
 on ;tl! a})pear various artistic designs. On one of the sides of the 
 iiplK'r pyramid a[)2)ears the escutcheon of Peru, in relief ; above it 
 is a crown of laurel garnished with thirty brilliants. On the 
 reverse side is designed a trophy of arms supported by two horns of 
 ul)undan(H', in relief, which pour out a cascade of brilliants. On 
 tlu! oilier two sides two clusters of palms hang from each extremity 
 and join in the middle simulating a rain of falling stars. 
 
 On the obverse of the lower pyramid is the following dedica- 
 tory inscriptioji : El Peru a sn Lihcrtador, on an unpolislied 
 ground and with letters in relief ; tlie whole surrounded by a 
 ribbon made of thirty brilliants. On the reverse figure a laurel and 
 olive in relief, on an unpolished ground and surrounded by a ribbon 
 made of thirty brilliants ; on the other two sides are festooned 
 clusters of stones. 
 
 The juiKttion of ilu' (wo pyramids at Ihe ])ase is covered by a 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 133 
 
 ril)boii of eighteen brillijinis of tlio Hrst order, on which the light 
 phiys in a way which excites iidniiration ; at the extremities there 
 are also two ril)bons of l)rilliants as remarkable as those of the cen- 
 tral ])arl. The light effects produced by tlie whole are suri)risiiig. 
 
 One of the bars of the cross has on each side a brilliant of the 
 first order ; on the opposite bar which ends in a volute, there 
 shines on each side a constellation of brilliants. 
 
 The shell, a work of exceeding richness, is constituted by a 
 mass of solid gold, in the form of a shield, which attracts the eye 
 not only by the brilliants it contains but also by the handsome 
 sculpture which appears in its center. A group in relief of two 
 Indians of unburnished gold support with two of their hands a 
 lance bearing the cap of Liberty, whilst with the other two hands 
 tliey carry two banners, also in relief. The plumes which adoni the 
 heads of the Indians and the cap are of grouped brilliants, whi(^h 
 shine like three constellations on the duller background of gold. 
 To the right and to the left of this group there are tAvo laui-cl 
 l)ranches garnished with brilliants, and more to the outside; and 
 starting from the base of the branches and from the lower part of 
 the shell, there emerge two fine horns of abundance, both enchased 
 with brilliants ; at their extremities are two fine large brilliants of 
 two carats each. 
 
 At the junction of the cross with the shell there is a small 
 ri])ljon which contains thirty-four brilliants. 
 
 Tlie pommel, the pyramids, the edge of the dedicatory inscrip- 
 tion, the branches, the laurels, the rings, and the shell form a mass 
 (»f more than eight hundred shining brilliants, disposed with con- 
 summate art in graceful and symmetrical designs. 
 
 From the lower part of the pommel there emerges a dragon of 
 gold with two brilliants on the twisted tail, two rubies as eyes, aiul 
 a crown of sixteen brilliants on his head ; in his mouth he bears a 
 wreath of (*()rn spikes mounted in brilliants and connected with 
 another attached to one of the bars of the cross. Where the two 
 wreathes unite to form the arch of the hilt, there ai)[)ears a medal- 
 lion l)()rdered with brilliants on both sides and bearing in its center 
 the initials 8. B. superposed; both the initials are formed of grouped 
 brilliants. 
 
 The hasp of the ])elt which acconip:inies the sword consists in 
 
134 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 a clasp of solid gold in the form of a rectangle, four and a half 
 inches long and three and a half inches broad. In the center of 
 the clasp there is a large sun in relief with thirteen rays, each of 
 which ends in a brilliant. In the center of the sun are the initials 
 S. B. formed by thirty-two diamonds and bordered by a garland of 
 seventy-three brilliants. The clasp has further adornments. 
 Almost touching the extremities of the rays of the sun there appear 
 two festoons of laurels and palms, formed of brilliants, which start 
 from the lower central portion of the clasp, and are joined at their 
 further ends by a bow of rubies. Lastly the exterior outline is 
 enveloped by a ribbon containing eighty-four brilliants. The clasp 
 alone contains four hundred and ninety-six brilliants. 
 
 The belt consists of three fringes of scarlet bordered in gold, 
 with three plates and three buckles of gold. 
 
 The total number of brilliants inlaid into this celebrated sword 
 is thirteen hundred and eighty, and if we include the stones of the 
 belt we reach a total of 07ie thousand four hundred and thirty- 
 three brilliants. 
 
 After making a full examination of this work of art Seiior G. 
 Vogler, of the well-known and respected jewelry firm of Amme 
 lirothers, considers it as one of the most remarkable swords exist- 
 ing throughout the world, on account of the richness and quality 
 of the stones, the sculptures and the whole of the artistic work. 
 Its exquisite design is an honor to the je'weler who made it, to the 
 country whicli presented it, and to the epoch in wliicli it was executed. 
 
 Tiie sword of Bolivar now belongs to Sefiora Benigna Paliicios, 
 niece of the Liberator. In mentioning her name we take the 
 opportunity of expressing to her our sincere thanks for the courtesy 
 with which she kindly allowed us to inspect on a number of occa- 
 sions this glorious record of the ilhistrious head of her family. 
 These marks of attention are all the more gracious on her 2)art that 
 up to the present time only a very limited number of persons have 
 been allowed to view the rich guerdon which will one day be pos- 
 sessed by Venezuela or Peru.' 
 
 ' The Government of Venezuela now owns this vahiable historical relic. 
 It is now going for the first time to be on view abroad in that Exhibition in 
 which all the nations of the civilized world will celebrate Columbus, the Dis- 
 coverer of America. 
 
world's C0LU31B1AX EXrOSITIOX. 135 
 
 WASHINGTON AT THE CENTENARY OF BOLIVAR. 
 
 It may be iiKjuired wliy, in I lie ('(.'k'hi-atiou of Lhc Centenary uf 
 Bolivar, a statue of Washington has heeii erected in tlie city wlienee 
 issued the first sound of tlie South Amei-ican revolution. In the 
 days dedicated to national gratitude, when hundreds of cities are 
 i-aising tlieir voices in praise of the warrior who emancipated 
 Colombian soil, what idea does the patriarch of North America 
 symbolize amongst us ? 
 
 For the first time in a city of Castilian origin the effigy of the 
 modern Cincinnatus comes to be a bond of union between two 
 nations of different race, customs, and language. This statue is a 
 symbol of alliance, because Washington is not a stranger amongst 
 us: he is the father of the whole American fatherland, the creator 
 of the Republic in the New World. Botli Americas, united by 
 common glories on the altar of gratitude, celebrate Washington in 
 the city which was the birthplace of Bolivar. 
 
 In seeing this festival in which the two portions of the Conti- 
 nent are taking part, we seem to witness two epochs and to espy 
 the great men of old coming from the North and from the South 
 to join hands and acclaiming Washington whilst celebrating 
 Bolivar at the foot of our Andes washed by the waters of the 
 Caribbean. We hear in imagination the last cannon shots of York- 
 town echoed in the fields of Junin and Ayacucho. We see the 
 generous conduct of Washington, rendering homage at the close of 
 the contest to brave but unfortunate foes, and we remember that 
 also on the field of Ayacucho victory was crowned with generosity. 
 Similar courage and virtues characterize each of the two epochs; 
 ])e:!])les sejKirated by distance are united by the bonds of their 
 common American nationality, of their love for those Re2)ublican 
 institutions first established by Washington on the continent of 
 Cabot and Columbus, first started in the South by Miranda and the 
 forerunners of the Revolution of ISIO, and finally estal)lished 
 there by Bolivar and San Martin. 
 
 The erection of a statue of Washington during the celebration 
 of the Centenary of Bolivar is not only a tribute to the glory of the 
 
136 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 illustrious creator of Republican institutions: it is also a just 
 homage to the great nation which adorns the world with its 
 name, its industry, and the conquests of civil power. \^"hen Wash- 
 ington founded the Republic in the New World, he bequeathed his 
 virtues as a citizen and a magistrate not only to the country where 
 he was born and which was the theatre of his triumphs: he left 
 them also to the human race, which proclaimed him honest and 
 just and the equal of the greatest. For this have his fellow 
 citizens summarized his worth in this eloquent sentence : ^' First in 
 the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 There are coincidences which bring nations nearer to each 
 other in history. Bolivar comes into the world in 1783, the year 
 in which the work accomplished by AVashington is recognized by 
 the great European Powers. He is born at the time when Spain, 
 which had contributed on the battlefield to the triumph of the 
 Republic, recognized it officially. She thus unwittingly pointed 
 out the way to her colonists of the New World, who some years 
 later, in their turn, founded American nationalities. Thus, one 
 hundred years after the first triumph had received the seal of inter- 
 national treaties, Ave are celebrating Washington in the birthplace 
 of Bolivar. 
 
 It was on the very fields where Washington won his laurels 
 tliat Miranda, the friend of Hamilton, Fox, and Lafayette began 
 the work of South American emancipation. It was the same 
 banner, planted by Miranda in 180G on the Corian coast, where, for 
 the first time, the name of Colombia Avas heard— it was that same 
 l)anner whi('h Bolivar bore on the fields of Boyaca and Carabobo, 
 and with wliich he finally reached the heights of Cuzco and Potosi. 
 
 There is heru a righteous historical compensation. Many cities 
 of North Anurica have celebrated the name of Bolivar. To express 
 her gratitude, Venezuela has awaited the day of the centenary 
 festival of the Liberator to erect in the city which was the birth- 
 place of Bolivar the statue of AVashington, so that it might be 
 lianded down from generation to generation, and that we might 
 become familiar with the name of the patriarch and founder of the 
 Republic in the New World. 
 
 (Jratitude is thus added to the sentiments of international 
 con f I'M tern ity. 
 
AVORLD's C0Lr:srnTAX kxposition. 137 
 
 When the Venezuelan revolution begun in ISIO, it was rrum 
 tlie United States of America we received the first war material. 
 If the successors of Washini^ton were unable at tliat time to recoir- 
 nize our indepeiulence, their sympathy accompanied us and enthu- 
 siastic citizens helped us as years Ijcfore they had assisted 
 Miranda. Two years later a great catrastroplie, the earthquake of 
 181*3, overthrew the larger number of the cities of Venezuela, and 
 to tlie misfortunes of Avar were added misery, hunger, and death. 
 When the news of tliis disaster arrived in the country of Washing- 
 ton, the Congress of the Iiepublic unanimously decreed that fiv(! 
 ships loaded with flour should be sent to Venezuela, so that it 
 might be distributed amongst the most needy of the sufferers. A 
 celebrated traveller, Humboldt, on relating this deed, characterizes 
 it with the following eloquent words : "Such generous help was 
 received with the liveliest gratitude ; and this solemn act of a 
 free people, this sign of national interest, of which the civilization 
 of our old Europe shows few recent exami)les, seemed a precious 
 pledge of the mutual good feeling which is always to unite the 
 populations of the two Americas." 
 
 After many days of trials and sacrifices the Revolution fails 
 twice, but ultimately conquers; from victory to victory Bolivar bears 
 the banner of Colombia to the snowy peaks, to the liighest inhab- 
 ited regions of the Andes. An unexpected and fortunate incident 
 then created a fresh bond of union between the two Americas and 
 their inhabitants. One of the founders of the great Republic was 
 then on the soil of the United States. In 1824 a unanimous vote 
 of Congress had autliorized President Monroe to invite in tlie name 
 of the nation General Lafayette to visit the country. Lafayette, 
 then in France, did not hesitate to acce})t this honorable and spon- 
 taneous invitation. The Government of the United States offered 
 him a man-of-war to convey him across the Atlantic, but he pre- 
 ferred a merchant vessel in which he would And greater comfort, 
 and left in the middle of July of the same year. On the 15th of 
 August after lengthy years of absence Lafayette landed in New 
 York on the soil of his former glory. Is there a pen which can 
 describe the ovation which received hini ? The hearts of millions 
 of men were beating in unison ; thousands of cities were echoing 
 one sentiment. The object of their enthusiasm was one man, and 
 
138 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 tlie glory he represented, great and imperishable. There was a 
 delirium of universal gratitude; two generations united in presence 
 of one of the athletes of liberty and the effigy of Washington. Few 
 celebrations in the history of the human race can equal this ovation ; 
 none can excel it. Lafayette was to visit all the States of the Union, 
 and in all he was to be received with enthusiasm. From tlie 
 moment he touched American soil until that of his departure his 
 journey was to Ije one long triumphal procession. 
 
 In Deceml)er, 1824, Congress presented to its illustrious guest 
 $200,000 in gold and 2,000 acres of land, as a small offering from 
 the country of Washington in remembrance of his services. In 
 every one of the twenty-four States Lafayette was the hero of pop- 
 ularity; everywhere festivities, popular ovations, and the thousand 
 voices of the Press made his name famous throughout the world. 
 
 Was the name of Bolivar pronounced during these festivities ? 
 Was there anything which showed that the deeds just consummated 
 in South America were known and appreciated ? The history of 
 the first years of Colombia, the sanguinary character of the struggle, 
 the sensation which the emancipation of a great continent was to 
 cause in the civilized world, all this had reached the people of the 
 United States. The Americans of the North had followed from 
 afar all the vicissitudes of the drama, and during the triumphal 
 tour of Lafayette, 1824-1825, they heard of its last and 
 glorious act — the victory of Junin, the decisive battle of Ayacucho, 
 and the surrender of Callao. At that date the name of Holivar was 
 already celebrated in history, and the people of North America gave 
 liim without hesitation the honorable title of " The Washington of 
 South America." 
 
 More significant events were to follow. At the splendid ban- 
 quet offered by Congress to General Lafayette in Washingt()i\ 
 Henry (May, the eminent citizen whose death in 1852 was to cause 
 l)ublic mourning throughout the I'^nited States, s})oke of Bolivar in 
 presence of his colleagues, and we may consider his utterances as 
 bearing an official stamp. \n the midst of the enthusiasm of that 
 magnificent reception, of which Lafayette was the sole hero, Henry 
 Clay rose to iiis feet and s})oke as follows: ^'Whilst we are peace- 
 fully enjoying in the midst of abundance and security, the benefits 
 of the free institutions founded by the bravery and patriotism of 
 
WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 139 
 
 our forefatliors and of their valiant companions lierc present, whilst 
 calling to mind with freedom and satisfaction tlie memory of our 
 lievolution, can we forget that our neighl)ors and friends on this 
 same continent are now struggling to ohtain that same freedom and 
 independence which amongst ourselves has been so fortunately 
 secured ? No nation, no generous and disinterested Lafayette, has 
 come to their assistance; alone and without help they have sus- 
 tained their glorious cause, trusting to its Justice, and with the 
 assistance only of their bravery, their deserts, and their Andes. 
 . . ." Clay followed by speaking in rather strong terms of > 
 Spain and its King at that time, and in conclusion proposed the fol- 
 lowing toast: " To General BoJivar, the Wash i)igton of South A)ncr- 
 ica and to tlie RepuhUc of Colombia!^ And more than six hundred 
 representatives of the Anglo-American race, rose to their feet in 
 that night of festivity and, lifting their glasses, exclaimed like one 
 man in the presence of Lafayette: " To Bolivar, the Washington of 
 South America and to the Republic of Colombia.'' It was with these 
 cordial and eloquent words that the great Republic sent its greeting 
 to the young nationalities of South America which Bolivar had just 
 created. 
 
 Before taking his departure for Europe, Lafayette visited the 
 tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon. lie wished to see with his 
 own eyes the place where the American Cincinnatus spent the last 
 years of his life, and where his mortal remains are now resting, hi 
 presence of the glorious ashes of Washington, Lafayette received 
 from the great man's family, amongst other presents, the ribbon of 
 the order of Cincinnato which the Liberator of North America 
 had used. lie further agreed with heartfelt pride to serve as an 
 intermediary for presenting to Bolivar the gift which Washington's 
 family also wished to make to the Liberator of South America. 
 This gift consisted in a medal of gold which on one of the anniver- 
 saries of Independence the American people had presented to the 
 Father of their country and in a medallion containing a portrait of 
 Washington and a lock of his hair. Tliis medallion now belongs to 
 the Republic through a donation of General Guzman I^lanco. Pres- 
 ident of Venezuela, who had received it from the nephew of l^ulivar, 
 Sefior Pablo S. Clemente. The medallion is of oval form, with a 
 maximum diameter of seven centimeters by a minimum diameter of 
 
140 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 five centimeters. On the obverse side appears a miniature portrait 
 of Washington, artistically executed by Steward according to the 
 large picture painted by the celebrated Field. On the reverse is 
 blue enamel in the center of which appears under a small oval cover 
 of crystal the hair of the modern Cincinnatus. Around the enamel 
 the following inscription is engraved on a gold plate : 
 
 Auctoris Libertatis Americanae in Septentrione hanc 
 
 Imaginem dat films ejus 
 
 {Pater patriae) 
 
 Adoptatus iUi qui gloriam similem in Austro adeptus est. 
 
 " This portrait of the founder of liberty in North America is 
 presented by his adoj^tive son to him who acquired equal glory in 
 South America." 
 
 Thus it was that the family of Washington in the name of 
 North America and evoking the names and the glory of its illus- 
 trious chief, the Father of his country, manifested its admiration 
 for the Washington of South America. But that which gives a 
 special character to this American gift is that it was that Lafayette, 
 so celebrated in the annals of modern liberty, who was entrusted 
 with the pleasing duty of transmitting to Bolivar the precious 
 guerdon. The Liberator received from Lafayette the following 
 letter through the intermediary of the Colombian legation in Wash- 
 ington : 
 
 GENERAL LAFAYETTE TO GENERAL BOLIVAR, PRESIDENT-LIBERATOR. 
 
 Washington City, September 1, 1825. 
 
 To the President-Liberator : 
 
 Sir— The family of General Washington could not have shown 
 in a better way their appreciation of my filial and religious afl'ec- 
 tiou for his memory. To-day a most honorable duty has been 
 entrusted to me. It was with tlio utmost pleasure 1 recognized the 
 exact resemblance of the portrait, for I would rather offer this 
 record of my fatherly friend to General Bolivar than to any nan 
 living or to any of tlioso who are fametl in history. What more 
 can I say to the great citizen whom America has saluted with the 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 141 
 
 title of Lil)or;it()r, ;i name confirmed bv the Old and the New AVorld, 
 and wIk), whilst endowed with a power ef[ual to his disinterested- 
 ness, yet bears in his lieart tlie unreserved love of liljerty and a sin- 
 cere affection for the Kei)ul)li(*. However, the public testimonials 
 of your kindness and esteem authorize me to present you witli tiie 
 personal congratuhitions of a veteran of our common cause. 1 am 
 soon to take my departure for another hemisphere, but I sliall 
 follow with my sym})atliy the glorious termination of your ]al)ors 
 and the course of tiiat solemn assembly of Panama, in which will 
 be consolidated and completed all the principles and all the inter- 
 ests of the inde})endence, liberty, and policy of America. 
 
 Keceive, Mr. President-Liberator, the homage of my profound 
 and respectful attachment. 
 
 Lafayette. 
 
 Together with this courteous letter, the Liberator received the 
 following despatch from the Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia 
 in "Washington: 
 
 jose maria salazar to h. e. the president of colombia, 
 
 general simon bolivar. 
 
 New York, 1825. 
 
 Sir — The family of the illustrious Washiiigton offers Your 
 Excellency a gift worthy both of Your Excellency and of itself. 
 General Lafayette has been chosen as the respected intermediary 
 for forwarding it and has placed it in my hands together with the 
 annexed letters which I have the honor of enclosing, 
 
 I do not know what is to be most highly valued in this mani- 
 festation of esteem for the person of Your Excellency, the act of 
 courtesy itself or the delicacy shown in the way of performing it. 
 A medal of gold, received l;y the Father of the Lulependence of 
 North America after the surrender of Yorktown, which ]nit an 
 end to the Revolutionary War, jind presented to Your Excellency 
 after tlie day of Ayacucho, which must have closed our own con- 
 test — a portrait containing a portion of the hair which covered the 
 head of the hero of the North — are objects of inestimable worth. 
 And the value of the homage is doubled if we consider tluit you 
 are receiving these gifts from the very family of Washington, and 
 through the hands of a friend and comi)anion of Washington, now 
 the object of the veneration and love of this hap])y nation which 
 he helped to create with his valor and his sword. 
 
 General Tjayafctte writes to you that '' he would rather offer 
 this record of his fatherly friend as a token of esteem to General 
 Bolivar, than to any man living or to any of those Avho are famed 
 
143 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 in history. " Both hy their own meaning and the quality of the 
 person who enunciates them, these words are more than equal to a 
 lengtliy panegyric. The expressions of Mr. George Washington P. 
 Oustis are no less flattering, v/hen, in the name of the illustrious 
 family he rejoresents, he suggests to Your Excellency " that his 
 family has preserved these guerdons until tliere came a second 
 Washington who was to be their owiier.'^ This idea of Mr. Custis 
 identifies, as it were, the copy with the model and its expression 
 constitutes a sentiment full of force and moral beauty. The two 
 letters addressed to Your Excellency and containing these ideas, 
 have been pu])lished in the United States. They have been 
 received with applause by this nation which is both great and just, 
 which on every fitting occasion manifests its esteem for you and 
 designates you as the Washington of the South, a title which com- 
 prises the highest praise with which it can honor you. 
 
 May Your Excellency, therefore, accept these tokens and may 
 they be preserved in your family as a precious guerdon, to be 
 alienated only for a motive like the present one, in favor of some 
 future hero-Liberator of his country, and who will have made 
 military glory promote civil order. AYhen peace will crown the 
 work of justice, and when Your Excelleucy will have received tlie 
 reward it has requested from its country as a compensation for its 
 sacrifices, the repose of honorable retirement, thus assimilating tlie 
 valleys of Aragua to Mount Vernon, may Your Excellency phice 
 these valuable guerdons in the most distinguished place of your 
 country residence and engrave below them the following inscription : 
 
 " They belonged to the most virtuous of lieroes : they were 
 gifts of his family and were received through Lafayette." 
 
 I am, with distinguished consideration, Your Excellency's 
 obedient servant, Jose Maria Salazar. 
 
 These letters only reached the Liberator on the 2Cth of March, 
 1826, six days after his having answered a first letter of Lafayette, 
 in which the latter had recommended to him one of his country- 
 men. Bolivar, however, luid already heard through the newspapers 
 of the gift which the family of AVashiugton was forwarding to liim 
 tlirough the intermediary of the illustrious French General. He 
 did not hesitate, therefore, in liis answer to refer as follows to the 
 present he had not yet received : 
 
 BOLIVAR TO GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 
 
 Lima, March 20, 182G. 
 General — I have had the honor of seeing, for the first time, 
 
WOULD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 143 
 
 the cluiriicters traced l)y that liiiml whicli has conferred such 
 henefits on tlie New Worhl. I owe this honor to Colonel Mercier, 
 who has handed nie your nuicli appreciated letter of October ir)t]i 
 of last year, 'rhroiiiih the pul)lic news})apers I have learnt with 
 the greatest pleasure that you have had the kindness to honor me 
 with a gift of i)recious guerdons from j\Iount Vernon. Through 
 your hands 1 am to receive tlie portrait of AVashington, a relic of 
 his person, and one of the tokens of his glory, in the name of 
 the family of the great citizen, of the first-born son of the New 
 World. No words can express the full value which my heart 
 attaches to this present, and to the motives for whicli it was made, 
 and which are so glorious for me. The honor conferred on me by 
 the family of AVashington is greater than any I could have hoped 
 for, even in imagination, because W^ashington, presented by 
 Lafayette, is the crown of all human rewards. He was the noble 
 promoter of social reform, and you are the citizen hero, the athlete 
 of libertv, with one hand serving America and with the other the 
 Old AVoi-ld. 
 
 What mortal could really be worthy of the honors which you 
 and Mount Vernon have conferred on me. My confusion is equal 
 to the immensity of the gratitude which I offer you, joined with 
 the respect and veneration which every man owes to the Nestor of 
 Liberty. 
 
 AVith the utmost consideration I am your respectful admirer, 
 
 Bolivar. 
 
 Simultaneously with the interesting letter of Lafayette, Boli- 
 var received one from George Washington P. Custis, in which the 
 latter forwarded to him the medal whicli the city of Williamsburg, 
 the former capital of Virginia, had presented to Washington. We 
 do not know where the guerdon is at present. On the obverse is 
 engraved the genius of American liberty, represented by Wisdom 
 and Bravery, with the following legend: Vuiiite et lahorc florent 
 Ile>(pHhJicar. Cindad dc WiUiaiushnrfj, On the reverse side 
 appears an armed warrior, wdio, after putting aside his shield, is in 
 tlie act of })iercing with a lance a crowned lion which is attacking 
 him. Above the warrior shines the American constellation of the 
 thirteen States, with the legend : In lioc s'ujno riuccs and the fol- 
 lowing inscription: En daf Viryinia prininui. 
 
 The gift of this medal had more of a national than of a private 
 character, because it assimilated so closely the two illustrious repre- 
 sentatives of the Kepublicau cause on the American continent. We 
 
144 THE UKITED STATES OF VEN^EZUELA. 
 
 here insert this letter, which is remarkable both by the elevation of 
 the sentiments expressed and the noble ideas it contains. 
 
 GEORGEv WASHINGTON" P. CUSTIS TO THE HOXORABLE GENERAL 
 BOLIVAR, PRESIDENT-LIBERATOR. 
 
 August 26, 1825. 
 To THE Liberator: 
 
 Sir — An American belonging to the family of Mount Vernon 
 presents to you through the honorable hands of tiie brave Lafayette, 
 the last surviving general of the army which founded the Indepen- 
 dence of North America, a medal commemorative of the merit and 
 fame of the man who was most truly great and glorious. lie 
 received it from the ancient capital of his native State and it has 
 been preserved in his family since the war of emancipation. This 
 token of our esteem is accompanied by a portrait of the great leader, 
 enclosing a lock of his hair. 
 
 Deign to accept, sir, these offerings as a tribute to your virtues 
 and to the illiistrious services you have rendered to your country 
 and to the cause of the human race. May they be preserved in the 
 archives of liberty in South America, an object of veneration for 
 future centuries. May they, together with the records of South 
 American leaders, receive tlie homage of all Americans who with 
 sincere and triumphant acclamations salute you as Boliv((r flie Lib- 
 erator ^ the Washing ton of tlie South. 
 
 George Washington P. Custis. 
 
 •Two months after sending his answer to Lafayette, Bolivar 
 wrote from Lima to AVashington P. Custis the following courteous 
 letter on the 2r>th of May, the day on which he had received the 
 noble gift forwarded to him by Washington's family : 
 
 BOLIVAR to WASHINGTON P. CUSTIS. 
 
 Lima, 3fag 25, 1826. 
 
 Sir — Although the public papers had informed me of the glor- 
 ious gift Avith which the son of the great Washington had wislied 
 to honor me, I luid not u}) to this day received eitlier the venerated 
 record of the Man of Liberty or the flattering letter of his worthy 
 (1es(KMulant. To-day this estimable present has been ])lace(l in my 
 hands. The portrait of the [)i-iii('ipal benefactor of the continent 
 of Columbus, presented by the wortiiy descendant of his illustrious 
 family through the intermediary of the citizen hero. General Lafay- 
 
■world's COLrMBTA"N" EXPOSITION". 145 
 
 cttc, is a giK'rdoii suflicieiit to reward the iiiurit of tlie first man in 
 the rniverso. Am I worthy of siicli lioma<i^e ? No; but I acce})t 
 the iiift witli a i)k'asurc' and a gratitude wliieli, to^etlier witli tlie 
 veuerable renuiius of the father of America, will pass down to the 
 most remote generations of my country; they should Ije the last 
 existing in the New World. 
 
 Please to accept, sir, the most sincere and most respectful testi- 
 mony of my perfect consideration. 
 
 BOLIVAK. 
 
 To express the admiration awakened in the family of Washing- 
 ton by the glory and virtues of Bolivar, they had presented him 
 with the portniit of the modern Oincinnatns, with a lock of his hair 
 and with a medal which had been borne on the breast of the Father 
 of his country. This, however, was not all. Through General 
 D'Evereux, Mrs. Eliza Parke Custis sent to Bolivar under date of 
 November 8, 1828, an autograph of Washinofton. It was the letter 
 in which he bade good-bye to his wife befoi-e leaving for the seat of 
 war in 1775. This was a delicate gift, a record of intimate love, a 
 crown of myrtle with which the family of Washington, whilst ren- 
 dering homage to Bolivar, also showed their appreciation of the 
 home virtues of the illustrious founder of the Republic on American 
 soil. 
 
 ELIZA PARKE CUSTIS TO GENERAL BOLIVAR, LIBERATOR OF 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 New York, Xovemhcr 8, 1828. 
 
 The fame of Washington is spread throughout the entire world. 
 Wherever his name is pronounced, it is with praise and blessings. 
 He was the first in war, the first in peace, and will always be the first 
 in the hearts of his countrymen. 
 
 As a public man he is spotless. His conduct in private life is 
 a model of perfection as a husband, as a father, and as a friend. 
 
 Unequaled hero, he possessed a wife and loving friend to whom 
 he confided the secrets of his soul. She was worthy of his love and 
 confidence. Her virtues were the ])ride and admii-ation of all who 
 came in contact with her. Up to the last she knew how to preserve 
 the affection of her husband. xVccording to the very words of 
 Washington : Xriflwr finir )inr disffnirp could alter Jn's lore. 
 
 During the painful disease which bore him to the tomb she did 
 
146 THE UNITED STATES OF VENEZUELA. 
 
 not for an instant leave his side, and remained by him up to the last 
 moment. 
 
 In this hard trial she raised her prayers to heaven from the 
 utmost depths of her soul, but silently, so as not to cause anxiety 
 to the idol of her heart. Whilst suffering that intense pain, she 
 desired nothing more ardently than to follow him. On closing- tlie 
 journey of life, she showed at the moment of death the heroic forti- 
 tude of the companion of her existence. 
 
 The luime and tlie virtues of Wasliington are the property of 
 his country. He exposed his life for it, but he always preferred 
 home and the society of his family to the pomp and splendor of 
 public positions. The American people, to whom he was an affec- 
 tionate father, knew this, and, therefore, loved him much. 
 
 lie sent the enclosed letter to his Avife at the time the Federal 
 Congress had named him commander-in-chief of the army. She 
 kept^it carefully during the whole of her life and after her death it 
 was found amongst her papers. The letter as here given corre- 
 sponds exactly with the original, and has been collated by Eliza 
 Parke Custis, daughter-in-law of Washington. 
 
 I entrust to the hands of General D'Evereux these sad records 
 of my beloved parents. AVhen he arrived in the United States the 
 Father of his country was already no more; but I introduced him 
 to Mrs. Washington and she received him at Blount Vernon as a 
 distinguished guest. 
 
 I have considered him as an adoptive brother. T believe that 
 the valiant cliief and ardent friend of liberty is wortby of receiving 
 these precious relics so as to transmit them to Bolivar, the Liberator 
 of Colombia. 
 
 These gifts are presented to the Liberator of the Republic of 
 Colombia by the grancUlaughter of Mrs. Washington as a token of 
 
 her esteem. 
 
 Eliza Parke Custis. 
 
 WASHINGTON TO HIS WIFE.' 
 
 Philadelphia, June 23, 1775. 
 
 My Dear Love — I am going to leave this city within a few 
 moments, but T cannot make up my mind to take my departure 
 witliout sending you a line, especially as 1 am not certain of having 
 anotlier oj^portunity of doing so before my arrival at the camp 
 l)efore lioston. Jn going, 1 commit myself entirely to the hands of 
 Divine Providence, which has always so visibly deigned to protect 
 
 ' Uetrauslatcil fn)iu the Spanish.— Translators note. 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 147 
 
 nic, even be3'ond my deserts. 1 vciiliire toe.\i)resa my trust that we 
 s :ill have the pleasure of being again together at least next fall. 1 
 h ive no time to Avrite more, for I am actually overwhelmed with 
 farewell visits. I preserve for you the most sincere aH'cction which 
 neither time nor distance can ever change. With my dearest love 
 to Jack and Nelly and remembrances to the rest of the family, 1 
 remain most sincerely 
 
 Ever yours, 
 
 G. Washington. 
 
 Two years after receiving this gift, Bolivar went to his rest in 
 the midst of the struggles of political i^arties. The last remains of 
 accumulated hatred slowly disappeared on his tomb. But a day 
 came when the justice of men began the work of apotheosis and 
 the first manifestation of art acted as an encouragement to the 
 muse of History. To the noble Jose Ignacio Paris, a victim who 
 survived the horrors of the " war unto death " (guerra a muerfe), 
 belongs the honor of having erected on the Andes the first statue 
 of the Liberator in 1846. This admirer and friend of Bolivar bore 
 the entire expense of the Avork of Tenerani which adorns the 
 square of Bogota, as a homage of gratitude to the great citizen. 
 He presented it to the Congress of his country, New Granada, and 
 this offering of love and duty thus became national. 
 
 It is noteworthy that when Ignacio Paris gave the models to 
 the artist, he ordered that on the breast of Bolivar one medal only 
 was to appear — that which contains the portrait of Washington 
 and which his family presented to the Liberator." 
 
 What was the motive of these instructions, of this exclusion of 
 ally other medal ? It was because the effigy of Washington on the 
 breast of Bolivar, illustrated by art, is to be eternal like Washing- 
 ton — like the memory of the great benefactors of the human race 
 is eternal. 
 
 The statue of Washington on one of the squares of Caracas, 
 the birthplace of Bolivar, unveiled during the celebration of the 
 Centenary of Bolivar in 1SS3, had not yet received an official salute 
 from the flag of the great American Kepublic. Then occurred one 
 
 ' Since that date all statues, l)iists, and portraits of Bolivar bear the effigy 
 of Washiuiitou. 
 
148 THE UNITED STATES OF YEXEZUELA. 
 
 of those incidents which bring two nations nearer together and 
 leave in the lieart of each imperishable records. The country of 
 Washington celebrated with official solemnity and with the cordial 
 assent of the North American people, the funeral of Paez, the 
 leader who acquired such celebrity in the great war of Venezuela. 
 
 The courtesies which Colombia had received from the great 
 Repuljlic in 182G, during the lifetime of Bolivar, were to be repeated 
 in the days when the mortal remains of Pi'iez were transferred to 
 Venezuela, to be deposited in the Pantheon of his country. In 
 1888 it became known in New York that the Venezuelan Govern- 
 ment was sending to the great Metropolis a commission of citizens 
 who were to conduct to Venezuela the mortal remains of the 
 founder of civil power in that country. A numerous body of 
 American citizens gathered spontaneously and constituted a com- 
 .mittee under the presidency of the celebrated veteran, General 
 Sherman. The initiative of these citizens found an echo in the 
 nation. Widely spread by the Press, the idea was transmitted 
 from the original committee to the Municipality of New York, 
 from the Municipality to the Government of the State, and from 
 there to the Central Government and Congress. Following the 
 wishes of the nation, as expressed by President Cleveland, Congress 
 authorized tlie Secretary of the Navy to place at the disposal of the 
 Venezuelan Commissioners a vessel of the national navy in order 
 to bear the mortal remains of Paez to the shores of the country of 
 Bolivar. Not satisfied with rendering this homage to Venezuela 
 in the person of one of its most distinguished men. Congress also 
 decreed that three Senators and five Representatives should repre- 
 sent it in the public funeral. 
 
 Thus it happened that before the remains of Ptiez reached his 
 native shores of Venezuela, they were conducted with honor by the 
 great American nation to the pier where the sailors of the Poisa- 
 .ola received them as if they had been those of one of their own 
 great countrymen. 
 
 " To receive when dead, from the first nation of the present 
 time, such free and conspicuous homage, is to have deserved a high 
 place amongst the great men of history, and uiuler the shelter of 
 Washington to have acquired his riglit to immortality as a soldier 
 of Liberty. This is a tribute of esteem for our young mother- 
 
world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 140 
 
 country, which can point proudly to her Liber<ator, to whom all 
 nations render homage, and to this son of hers, who has received 
 from the Republicans of North America the honors reserved to men 
 illustrious for their services to their country and to the hrnian 
 race.' 
 
 When in Caracas the festival took a purely Venezuelan charac- 
 ter and social intercourse succeeded the sumptuous funeral cere- 
 mony, it seemed as if two free and progressive nations were becom- 
 ing one. During the ceremonies the officers of the Pensacola took 
 part in the enthusiasm witli which the population of Caracas were 
 saluting the effigy of Washington before rendering homage to the 
 remains of Paez. In commemoration of common American glories, 
 Washington was saluted by the Venezuelan flag and Bolivar by the 
 star-spangled banner and then both by the united flags. A writer 
 of that date says: "To show reverence to Washington is to honor 
 American virtue, which flourishes in those souls alone fed on the 
 love of the people and of liberty. To reverence Bolivar is to glorify 
 American patriotism, the creator of the democratic nations of the 
 New World.^' "^ 
 
 Thus was the funeral of Paez presided over by the Government 
 of the United States far away from our shores and his mortal remains 
 were brought to us under the shelter of the star-spangled banner of 
 the Republic founded by the immortal Washington. This is one of 
 the most remarkable facts of modern times and is an honor for the 
 country of Bolivar. Tims the great men of history united in life 
 by prolific ideas and immortal deeds, still remain united in death. 
 Their memory is eternal in time and space. 
 
 ' Villanueva. — " Apotcosis dc Paoz." I Vol. en 8vo., 1888. 
 - Villauueva. —Work quoted. 
 
 m/»^^ 
 
INDBX. 
 
 Page. 
 Official Documents, ....... 3 
 
 General Description of the United States of Venezuela. . 1 1 
 
 Descriptive Catalogue of the objects sent by Venezuela to 
 
 the World's Columbian Exposition, . . . -33 
 
 Appendix : Historical objects of Venezuela at the World's 
 
 Columbian Exposition, by Aristides Rojas, . . 77 
 
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