THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE ^YOOJ:>^vJ^:Rlo>'s ARCHITECTURE LANDSCAPE GARDEXIXG, AXD RURAL ART. Xo. I. 1867. i^^' BT 0' GEO. eV & F. W. WOODWAPvD, EDITOBfl OF TUB " U0BTICULTUKI8T ;" AUTHORS OP "WOODWARD'S COUNTRT HOMES," "WOODWABD'S GIIAPERIES," ETC. -♦♦♦- NEW YORK: GEO. E. i^ F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW, OFFICE OF TIIE " IIORTICXJLTURIST." 1867. Enterkd, according to Act of Congress, in the Year 1806, bt GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, IN THE Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District OF New York. Davies & Kent, Electrotyi)ers and Stereotypers, 183 William St., N. Y. PREFACE. Tins is tlie first number of a permanent Annual Publi- cation, to be issued from the Office of tlie "Horticul- turist," and intended to supply a demand for plans and information in all departments of Rural Art. Each num- ber will be thoroughly illustrated with original and ])ractical designs, adapted to the requirements of men of moderate means. CONTENTS. Desigx No. 1. PAGE Design fob an Ice-House 11 Desigx No. 2. Cottage, with Plans 13 Desigx No. 3. A Compact Cottage, with Plans 15 Design No. 4. An Octagoxai; Cottage, with Plans 17 Design No. 5. A Fabm Cottage 19 Designs Nos. 6 and 7. ICE-HousES, wrni Plans 21 Designs Nos. 8 and 9. Ornaments in Landscape Gardening 23 Well-Housb 25 Design No. 10. Cottage and Plans 27 Design No. 11. Cottage and Plans 29 Design No. 12. Dbying-IIousb for FBurre 30 Design No. 13. PwN FOR Laying Out a KgnARE Acre Lot 31 Oknamkntal Roads 32 Design No. 14. A Farm Hocsf. 39 Design No. 15. A SorTiiERN HotME 40 vi contents. Design No. 16. page A Cottage Stable 42 A BiiiD-HocsE 45 Design No. 17. Plan for Latino Out a Three-Acre Lot 4C> Chicken-Coops 47 Design No. 18. A Small Stable 49 Design No. 19. Plan for Improving Lot of Four Acres 51 " " " Five " 51 Design No. 20. Cottage, with Plans 53 Design No. 21. Porter's Lodge 55 Well-House 56 Design No. 22. A Barn, with Plans 57 Design No. 23. A Parsonage HorsE 59 Design No. 24. Cottage, with Tower 61 Design No. 25. Cottage and Plans 63 Design No. 26. Cottage and Plans 65 Design No. 27. Cottage and Plans 67 Designs Nos. 28 and 29. Canopied Seat 68 A Rustic Seat 68 Design No. 30. Small Cottage, with Designs and Plans for Future Additions 69 DBbiGN for a Fountain 73 CONTENTS. • Vll Design No, 31. page A SmsuRBAN Cottage 75 Hitching Post ajxd Steps 77 Design No. 32. Plan for Laying Oirr a Lot One Huxdred by Two Hcxdred Feet. . . 78 Design No. 33. TooL-HocsE, ETC. , "WITH Plan 79 Design No. 34. A Piggery asd Plajj 80 Design No. 35. SMOKE-HonSES 81 Design No. 36. Plan for Laying Out Five Acres 82 Design No. 37. Plan for Laying Oct a Lot Seventy-five by One Hundred and Fifty Feet 83 Design No. 38. A Square Cottage 85 Design No. 39. A Doctor's Residescb 87 Design for a Well-House 89 Design No. 40. IcE-HousE, Cooling-Room, Tool- House, and Workshop combined.. 90 Designs Nos. 41 and 42. Plan for L.\ying Out a Iayt Fifty by One Hundred and Fifty Feet 91 " '♦ " ax Irregular Plot 91 Design No. 43. Cottage and Plans 93 Design No. 44. A Chicken-House 94 Design No. 45. Plan for Latino Out a IjOT One Hunuueu and Fiffy by Two IIun- dkeu 1''ect 9'' via CONTENTS. Design No. 46. page A Barn, with Plan &6 Design No. 47. Plan for Laying Out a Plot of about Two Acres 97 Design No. 48. How to Remodel an Old House 98 The Old House Remodeled 100 Design No. 49. Plan for Laying Out a Lot of One Acre 102 Design No. 50. Plan for Laying Out a Lot of Two Acres 103 CoAtPUTiNG Cost of Building 104 Design for Gateway 105 Design No. 51. Timber Cottage ,. 106 Design No. 52. Plan for Laying Out a Lot Two Hundred and Fifty by Three Hundred and Twenty-five Feet 109 Design No. 53. Design for a Barn 110 Design No. 54. A Farm Cottage Ill Design No. 55. A Farm House 113 Design No. 56. Plan for Laying Out a Ten- Acre Lot 115 Design No. 57. A Country School-House 117 Design for Entrance Gate 119 Design No. 58. Design for Grape Arbor 120 tion, sivc HOSE who have watched iz^ the progress of Rural Arch- itecture for some years past, have noticed a mark- ed advance in arcliitcc- tural design and projior- tion and convenient and economical interior arrangement ; yet, compared with the large nunihcr of structures yearly put up, the really attractive and tasteful buildings form the cxcep- and not the rule. IJuilding, at best, is an expen- undertakintf, atnl lliosc wlio enscaf'e in it without 1* " V 10 woodwakd's aechitecture, availing themselves of the progressive improvements of the day, make investments from which it is difficult to realize first cost; while he who embraces the principles of beauty, harmony, good taste, etc., rarely fails to com- mand his customer, and a handsome profit when ready to sell. The fact we desire to impress most thoroughly is, that it costs no more to build correctly and beautifully than to ignore all rules of taste, and that every one in this broad land who means to have a home of his own, should have a home woith owninsr. The, designs shown arc mostly of a low-priced descrip- tion, and the prevailing style chosen is the rural Gothic, the best that is known for cottage structures, beins; the most economical and useful. Nearly all the designs ad- mit of shingle roofs, which places the workmanship under the owner's control. In new countries, slate and tin roofers, and their materials, are not always available. Handy farm-laborers can shave shingles and make their own roofs; and the pioneer, the well-to-do farmer, the laborer, and the mechanic usually expect to aid in erect- ing their own buildings. It is proposed, however, to introduce all the varied styles of architecture in future numbers, and they may be looked for with interest as supplying from year to year the latest and best models in the progress of Rural Art. A moderate number of plans for laying out small tracts of land are given ; and as our descriptions must neces- sarily be brief, the illustrations have been so manao-cd as to tell their own story. Many designs for necessary out- buildings are introduced, as the plan of this book covers AND EUKAL AET» 11 all departments of Rural Art. No pains or expense have been spared in making this work reliable. All designs are of a practical character, can be enlarged and worked from ; many of them are fi-om actual construction, and all are worth study and attention from any one who contem- plates building. We mean that it shall supply a want loner felt for desigrns for convenient and attractive homes for the million. "We are largely indebted for assistance in preparing the designs to Mr. E. C. Hussey. Most of the engravings are by Mr. Chas. Spiegle, both of whom have executed their work in a thoroughly artistic and satisfic- tory manner Fia. 2.— Design Fon an Ice-Uousb. 12 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUEE. Fig. 3.— Cottage. IIbcd r Fig. 4.— Cellar Plan. Fio. 5.— First Floor. Fig. C— Second Floor. AXD KUKAL AET. 13 DESIGX Xo. 2. A LOW -PRICED COTTAGE. Tins desio'ii of two rooms on eacli floor aives a 2;ood •leal of available space with independent entrances to each room. To those Avho must have houses at the low- est possible sum, the bay-window, porch, and fiuials may be omitted at first, and added at a future day ; but by all means preseiwe the broad projecting roof and the general outline as shown. Let the first-floor ceiling be 8 feet, and use studding of the usual length of 13 feet; this will give a breast of about 3^ feet in second story. Make the height in center 8 feet, and the roof about one third to one half pitch ; that is, the height of the roof should be one third or one half the width of the building. Additions can be made at any time Avhen Avanted, and will rather add to than detract from the geneival api)earance, Tlie cost of this cottage will range all the way from §G00 to $1,200; and this difference exists in nearly all classes of buildings, according to the section of country in which they are built, the facility of getting materials, and the business management of the owner. As prices are constantly changing, it is useless to make statements that are only calculated to mislead ; indeed, at no former period could prices be furnished without creating much mischief. The best way is to show the nearest good mcclianic the de- sign, tell him, as near as possible, your wislies, and he can give the most reliable figures. 14 WOODWAKD S ARCHITECTTJKE, Fig. 7.— a Compact Cottage. Fig. 8.— Cellar Plan. Fig. 9.— First Floor. Fig. 10.— Second Floor. AND ETJKAL AKT. 15 DESIGN No. 3. A COMPACT COTTAGE. We show lioi-c a design for a very pretty, compact cottage, that may be erected either with wood, stone, or brick. Itock-fuced i-nhhle masonry, over which vines may he trained, would, we tliink, he very suitable. Those who buikl houses hke this can easily find purchasers for them; indeed, acre-lots in the suburbs of our cities and larger villages, with tastv cottages and a moderate amount of land- scape embellishment, would not remain uncalled-for many days. Tliere is a certain steady demand for cosy, com- fortable homes adapted to the purses of the great masses tliat should attract more attention from capitalists. Any convenient locality, where the niicleus, composed of a store, a church, a school-house, and a first-rate hotel, can be established, could be made very attractive, and induce many to leave the crowded and unhealthy tenements of the city for a liomc in the country, be it ever so small. The complete cost of such an establishment in the conn- try, at a less distance in point of time from the City Hall f)f New York city than Thirl y-fi ft li Street, would not ex- ceeil the yeai'Iy rental of u' not much' more commodious house in the city, while its animal increasing value amounts to more than the lerjal r.atc of interest. ' 16 WOODWAKD S ARCHITECTUKE, Fig. 11.— An Octagonal Cottage. ni CELLAR n I llllllllil I r TS k T J XT s W ■ iix/a p*l 10X13 y Fig. 12.— Cellar Plan. Fig. 13.— First Floor. Fig. 14.— Second Floor. AND RURAL ART. 17 DESIGN No, 4. A:^ OCTAGOKAIi COTTAGE. For the sake of a little variety in form, we here intro- duce a cottage having octagonal ends, and the principal rooms on the first floor of octagonal form. These rooms, furnished with a fair degree of taste, will present a cosy appearance. The roof covers the building in the same man- ner as if it had square corners, and is supported by a neat bracket of timber-work. Those Avho do not fancj'^ this suggestion, can adopt a similar plan with square angles at the comers, and omit tlie brackets under the roof The arrangement of the windows in the octagon ends gives better facilities for ventilation than if both windows were on the same line of wall, which they would have to be to preserve the symmetry of a square room. Tn the construc- tion of this house use the " balloon frame," because it is stronger and forty per cent, cheaper than any other — for a full illustrated description of which see "Woodward's Country Homes." Instead of filling in with brick, sheath the outside of the studding horizontally with rough boards, and over this put the siding ; a layer of tarred paper placed between would be serviceable. This will make a strong, warm house. 18 WOODWAED S AECHITECTUKE, Fig. 15. — A Fakm-Cottage. Fig. 10.— Cellab Plan. J .SHED. 14 I r-brL. 12X15 \ KITCHEN »L L ± J BCD ROOM II X 13.6'" T^ Fig. 17.— First Floor. Fig. is.— Second Floor. AND BUKAL AKT. VJ DESIGN No. 5. A FAKJI COTTAGE. This design will answer well '/or a flirra-cottage, pre- sents a good variety, and would be considered an attract- ive home. We liave had in view a moderate expenditure, and of course the builder must be satisfied with a moderate amount of room. Prices we might give, if we were satis- fied they would be any guide ; but a book like this, having a national circulation, can not be of any value whatever as to cost of construction. "We have seen the time when, in the immediate vicinity of New York, this cottage could be built for §500, or even less. It might possibly be built now for %1,200; yet in some sections of the country, labor and materials can be had for half the prices they comninnd here. There arc many portions of the West where, at the present time (fall of IHOG), this cottage could be fully completed for §400 to §500. An ingenious farmer, wlio can supply from his farm a considerable portion of the materials, do his own hauling, and Avitli the aid of a skill- ful mechanic aiul one oi- two handy laborers, if the work be not pushed on too last, could execute this anorches, verandas, bay-windows, etc., increase the effect of cottage-houses to a veiy consider- able degree, add much to interior convenience and beauty, and, if put on at tlie time wlien the building is con- structed, do not materially augment the expense. We think they are always worth their full cost, and i-arely fail to make an impression upon the eye of a purchaser. The interior wood-work of this cottage, or any other, should be selected with some little care, and all stained — either satin-wood or light black-walnut. These stains, which can be easily procured, are better if laid on in oil, and then, if covered with two coats of varnish, make the •nearest apjtroach possible to the appearance of the above- named natural woods. Ko grainer's art can do as well. Handsomely stained and varnished wood-work is, we think, the most superior mode of treating interiors. It adds much to tlie warmth and cosiness of tlie rooms, has the effect of furnishing, and, so far as cleanliness is con- cerned, is iA' groat help to the housekeeper. Tliis style of finish, wlietlKi- for tlic humble cottage or costly mansion, is better and more attractive, if done with good taste, than the most costly auil elaborately painted tints. 28 woodward's arcuitectdre, -■?^ Fig. 30. Fig. 31 —Cellar Plan. i==i Fig. 32.— First Floor. I iHXIO S — I 8.6'> lb:: Fio. 38.— Second Floor. AND KUEAL AKT. 29 DESIGN No. 11. Tins design can, for the amount of room afforded, be constructed very clieaiily. The kitchen is shown in the basement plan, but can be put on the first floor, or in a rear addition, if deemed more convenient. If built in an exposed situation, some filling-in between the studding will be necessary. There are several modes of doing this, all of which add to the stiffness and solidity of the frame, and ward off the searching winds. An air chamber for confined or dead air adds much to winter warmth and summer coolness, and tliis is usually provided for. The most common mode of iillint'-in is with soft brick laid on edge in mortar; grout is also made use of Back plas- tering, or lathing between studs — nailing common laths or rougli pieces against strips fastened to each side of the studs and covered with coarse mortar — is serviceable. Where lunibcr is ])l('nly, cover the frame with rough boards, and put the wcallicr-boarding on tlu' outside of the rough boarding; this we have found answers an ex- cellent ])Ui'|i<)S('. A laycf <(!' coninioii jiwrcd roofing-jiajicr lictwctti tlic two courses of bonrdiiiLj will ri'iulcr lln' house iiMpenetrable to wind or niiM, :ind allbrds omc o|' the best nie:iri< o(" puilcct iun. 3U WOODWAKD S AKCHITECTUEE, DESIGN No. 12. A HOUSE FOK DRYING FRUITS. The following sketch, received from J. C. Ilobson, Esq., Cardington, Ohio, is of a building of moderate dimensions, 4 by 12 feet, and 5 feet in height, set upon a Avail of brick or stone 20 inches high ; and to obviate the necessity of going inside when heated up for drying, it is constructed with two tiers of drawers on either side, 23 inches by 5 feet, with slat or wire bottoms, each one made to slide in and out independent of the rest, and each tier inclosed with double doors. The building is lieated by means of furnaces cxtendino; from either end, and communicatinrc with the flue in the center. Fig. .S4.— Drying-House. By reason of the drawers meeting over the furnajces in ihe middle, the heat in rising is compelled to pass through them, thus the fruit is dried faster than by the usual mode of placing it on shelves against the wall of the house. The number of drawers may be increased to double the amoimt i-eprescnted in the drawing, if necessary, which would make them hold a considerable (piantity of fruit, SUV from twenty to thiity bushels. AJfD KUBAL AKT. 31 DESIGN Xo. 13. PLAX FOK LAYING OUT A SQUAKE ACRE LOT. BT E FEEEAXD, DETROIT, MICH. o*»'0'°'>-&-\xl J?!^S 34 woodward's architectube, road, gravel, coal ashes, oyster shells, or similar materials, may be jjlaccd to good advantage, and will make good roads through all the dry seasons. The making of an earth road similar to this is in all cases necessary where the road bed is to be stoned, except that it is taken out to a greater depth. The most common mode of making a stone road is after the manner shown in fig. 37. Stones of unequal size are laid in, or usually thrown in, to a depth varying according to the builder's notion, gener- ally one foot and over, and covered with 4 to 6 inches of gravel. The chief objection to it is, that it requires a larger amount of excavation : if the stones are not care- fully hand-packed and rolled, they are liable to work out on the surface; heavy loads, as coal, hay, manure, etc., will cut them up, and weeds Avill grow thickly -and rap- idly. In a park, on properly constructed roads in constant use by light carriages, these objections Avould have no weight. Still, by a greater expenditure of labor in kee})- ing them in order, such roads, when Avell made, answer a very good purpose ; but as an investment they are not so good as other kinds that do not require so much care. The first cost is less than l^roken stone roads. They should not, under ordinary circumstances, exceed 10 inches of thickness of stone and gravel. Fig. 38 illustrates the manner of constructing the Tel- ford road, a valual)le and well-tested plan, good in all localities where stone can be had, and admits of a softer and inferior quality of stone being used in the pavement. Telford a})proved of a level cross grade instead of a con- vex surface. Hughes, a later author, declares the convex AND KUBAL AKT. 35 tC^ 2" I •ei c V H o o c O 5 c K O H »-" O a o > t^ a c W o >• o c o a c ■a > > •fj- '.S^ #4 36 woodwaiid's akchitectuke, line to 1)0 llio host, which it undoubtedly is. This road is iiKuh; by lirst setting a rough pavement of stone, as shown in fig. 37. The ]»i'ojections of the upper part are broken off witli a hammer, and the interstices are packed with stone chips or spawls. On this jiavement are placed two layers of road metal, and the Avhole is covered with gravel or some other good binding material. The whole thick- ness for an ornamental road need not be over 10 to 12 inches. Fig. 39 shows the manner of making the McAdam road. Tliis consists entii-ely of road metal; that is, stone broken to a cubical form of 2J inches, and put on in three layers, each of which is worked together by carriage wheels, and tlic hiial snrfice made smooth l)y constant use. It becomes in time a solid, compact, impenetrable body, the stone uniting l)y its own angles, aided by the dust ground from them Ijy constant use. This class of road-making is not adapted for private estates, in consequence of the time and Use required to make the surface smoo-th ; and the fine dust is objectionable. Fig. 40 is a cross section of what is known as the Bayl- don system, and is, we thiidc, the most superior manner known of constructing either public highways or private ornamental roads. It consists of a layer of road metal G inches in thickness placed on in one solid body, thoroughly rolled, and covered with about li inches of blending ma- terial, good gravel being the best. We have, however, in an extensive practice, built these roads with a layer of road metal of 4 to 5 inches thick, and with just gravel enough to finish the surface even, one of which, after AND EUEAL AET. 37 eight years of constant use, does not appear to have failed in the slightest particular. It has, through all seasons, presented a hard, smooth, handsome surface. This system of road-making requires the least quantity of excavation, and can he made ready for \ise at once. Its construction is the simplest of all modes, and its durability and effi- ciency have stood the test of thirty years. The prevailing impression is, that the stone and gravel road, fig. 37, is the cheapest to construct ; a very doubtful matter, avc think, compared with the Bayldon plan. One thing is certain, hoAvever, that to keep the stone and gravel road in polished order, in private estates, requires at least four times the care ; and if a little is saved in first cost, it is soon balanced by additional expense. Wlu re economy in building a good road is to be considered, the stone might be broken at leisure intervals througli tlio winter, and by those tmfitted by age or misfortune from doing the work of able-bodied nun. Tlie stone is broken Avitli a steel linnniu'r weighing about 1^ lbs. (see fig. 4 1). Tlie stone-breaker sits at his work, and soon becomes very expert. Some use long-liandled liniuiners, and stand up, but '-an not accomplisli much. "Where it becomes necessary to form gutters, we think it best to do so willi I> c WOODWAKD S AKCIIITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 15. A SOUTHERN HOUSE. Fig. 47.— Perspective View. I KITCHEN B I I 1 Uj.lt l-iXli I] — ^ *« r KN _J L=»i J I .J U„„rr -in R. R ^— — f Dia U X' 1 6 — HS J p> -^ "• n il 1 E. R 1 9X7 1 Fig, 48.— First Floor. Fig. 4!).— Second Floor. AND KUKAL ART. 41 doubtless benefit many others no less than myself. I may add that economy in building is a very important consid- eration with me, and I am fully aware that a second story is the cheapest way of getting the same amount of addi- tional room to what we must have iu the first story, two rooms, besides wood-shed, etc., as you advise in a late number of the Tribune. My situation is on one acre, three miles N.N.AV. of the Post-ofiice Department.' " SoLOX RoBixsox — Let us look at a few simple fiicts, which may, perliaps, upset the writer's prejudice about the unhealthiness of lodfjino; in lower rooms. Nearly all of the ancient farm-houses of New England had one, and fi'cqucntly three oi* four beds upon the lower floor. The people in those days certainly were no more unhealthy tlian they were after it became fasliionable to build two or three story houses. About the crudest Avrong of all tliat a man of ample grounds can inflict upon his family is to build a house which compels them often to traverse long fliglits of stairs. I am well satisfied, from personal expe- rience and observation, that a propei'ly constructed one- story house u])OU a di-y soil is just as healthy for lodgings ujion its lower floor as a higher house would be upon its upper ones. Mr. Bond speaks of the economy of space gained in making two-story houses instead of one. Should tlie health, comfort, and life of the occupants be sacrificed to economy? Besides, it is only economy in the first cost of building material ; in all after-years it is a seiious loss of labor to all llic fiiinily wIik ;ii"(! compelled 1o asccml lo an njijicr story (l:iily, ami ric<|n( iillv liourly, to ]m ironii llicir nccessarv lioiisclioM s (lev atud. AND RURAL ART. 45 " Dr. SxoDGRASs — Tliis may be so in that locality, but there are others where the case is reversed. Those living imuicdiately ujion the banks of the Potomac, and other Soutliern rivers, have often escaped malarious diseases, while the houses situated upon the adjoining hills or blufis were so sickly some seasons as scarcely to be habitable. " Hexry Ward Beecher — A few miles south of Indian- apolis, upon a high bluff of White River, one of the high- est in that locality, in the early settlement of the country, there was a town built. Upqn the opposite side of the river there was a small settlement, but slightly elevated, upon the water leveL According to the usual theory about malaria, these houses should have been sickly, and those in the town healthy; the reverse was the fact to such a degree that the town was entirely abandoned, and the houses left to decay and waste. The laAvs of health are not always to be measured by high or low situations, nor by high or low sleeping-rooms, if they are properly vcutilated." •■TV ,-•■' f Pro. 02.— A Bird-House. 46 WOODWARD S AKCIIITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 17. ri.AN FOK LAYING OIJT A TIIKEE-ACRE LOT. BY E FERRAND, DETROIT, MICH. PUB. ROAD Fig. 53. A, Dwelling-Hoaso. B, Stable, Barn, etc. C, Barn-yard, Avith three openings. D, Grapery. E, Greenhouse. F, Water. H, Kitchen Garden. I, Grapevine Arbor. K, Place for small fruits. L, Strawberries. N, Flower-beds. 0, Places for rustic seats. P, Principal E itrance. R, Entrance to the Barn. S. Gardener's House. V, Dwarf fruit trees. AND ETJRAL AKT. 47 This garden lias the appearance of a much larger place than it really is ; in fact, the plan could be applied to a place of ten or more acres just as well as to the limited space of three. The roads are numerous. It is intended for a lot in the proximate vicinity of the city, and to be occupied by a man who has means to keep it in order. All these gardens are intended for the same purpose, and laid out according to the same principle ; that is to say, the most is done to conceal their narrow limits, and leave one to guess how far one may be from the end of it wluii one is no more than ten feet from the well-concealed fence ; at the same time, all the secondary buildings, such as barns, stables, etc., are very close to the main house, though they are entirely out of sight. In the plan, smoothly-curved walks are drawn in the thickets of large trees ; there is also a vine arbor, which is a handsome ornament. Tlie kitchen garden occupies about one acre and a quarter, and is in proportion to the whole extent of the place. FlO. &t.— CUICKBN-COOl'. 48 WOODWARD 8 ARCHITECTUEE, JTiG. 55.— A Small Stable. Valverde, New Mexico 44 Fia. 50.— Ground Plan. AND KUKAL AKT. 49 DESIGN No. 18. A SMALL STABLE. BY G. E. IIARXEY, AECHITECT, COLD SPRING, PUTNAM CO., N. Y. Tins design for a small stable has accommodation for two liorses and a cow, besides a separate apartment for carriages, and another smaller room for harnesses, etc. The caiTiage-room measures 13 feet by 22. Each horse- stall is 5^ feet wide, and 9^ feet long to the rear of the stall i>artition, or 17 feet to the partition of the carriage- room. The stalls are jirovided with cast-iron mangers and iron hay-racks, each secured to opposite corners of the stall. We consider these iron fixtures the best in use, but care should be taken to keep them always coated with some kind of paint, to prevent injury to the horses' mouths in winter, when they are liable to become frosted. The cow-stall is 4J feet wide, and is provided witli a manger and some suitable fastening apparatus ; for the latter, we prefer the ring and chain, though the old-fash- ioned stanchion is recommended by many. Tlie floors of the stalls should be laid with smoothly- planed locust joists, slanted toward the gutter just enougli to take away the water — say 2 iuclics in ll)e 9J feet. The lianicss-room is provided with hooks for harness ; a closet to kee[» brushes, soap, oils, medicines, etc., etc., and a small sto\<- {d heat wa1< r lor washintj harness, etc. 50 woodward's aechitectuee, There is a rain-water cistern, built with brick and cement, in the yard, near the rear of the stable, and this, taking Avater from the roof, by means of tin conductors, supplies all the water required. Rain water is much better for stock than spring Avater. The pump is inside the stable, as will be seen in the plan, and empties into a troitgh, convenient to which are chests lined with tin, for holding oats and meal, etc. A ventilatinor shaft rises from the stable-room to the ventilator shown in the sketch, and this, with the small windows in the head of each stall, provides sufficient cir- culation of air. In the summer, the doors may be taken off their hinges, and gates with locks substituted in their place. The little windows spoken of are placed above the heads of the horses — say 7 feet from the floor, and are opened by means of a pulley and rope. At the rear of tlie building, a door opens into a yard inclosed by a high fence ; and if there be a desire to make the establishment quite complete, there may be built around this yard a range of buildings for poultry, pigs, etc., and open sheds for wagons and carts. This stable is built of wood, and covered with Aertical boarding and battens ; the roof is covered with slate; the doors all have simple hoods as well as the windows; and the glass for the latter we would have set in diamond- shaped panes, wliich, at a little or no extra expense, heightens wonderfully the artistic effect of such a building as this. Paint the building a warm cream-color, the eaves, and window-trimmings, and doors considerably darker. AND RUKAL AET. 51 DESIGX Xo. 19. PLANS FOR IMPEOTEMENT OF GROUNDS, BY E. A. BAUlLtNN, EAHWAT, N. J. Fio. 57.— Plan of Four Aches. i.;.'1 — . 1 J J J J J J ^ ^ ■* ', t J -» J J .» .TABU. YARU' —^^ t'j » i i .« J 'J i J J « 'n>. ; I r'c * N n e A > iu ^ ir-'' maim' law ti jj^ />. ^....^^s;^^;Afe;v ^:ate ito^«BL») Fio. 68.— Plan of Five Ached. 52 woodward's ARCIIITECTUKF., Fig, 59.— Perspective View. IP^W^ Fig. 01.— First Floor. Fig. 62. — Second Floor. AND KURAL AET. 53 DESIG:N^ No. 20. We show hero a compact, convenient cottage, having a conservatory attached for tliose who love to gratify their taste for flowers. Each room lias a cross draft, and can be abundantly ventilated in warm weather. A passage between the kitchen and dining-room cuts oif the smell of cooking, and the doors from the kitchen are double, with spring-hinges, and without locks or other fastenings f they are opened "with the foot, and close immediately after passing. The servant can pass in the kitchen through one door and out through the other with a large tray of dishes, and thus avoid meeting any one, while flies and the aroma of cooking liave little chance of getting into the main part of tlie house. "We think during the summer months it adds much to the comfort of all country houses to j^ut in tlie windows the neat, modern wire-gauze window-guard, which does not ol)struct air or sight, and does keep out eflc'ctually flies, milU-rs, gnats, beetles, spiders, mosquitoes, bats, cats, and the whole list of nuisances against whicli we make our rooms close and dismal, and mope in siiiii- nier evening darkness to avoid. The safety, eleanrnu'ss, and comfort of an open country house, night and day, can thus be enjoyed ; light, sunshine, nnd fresh air can be had in abundance, and a feeling of eoinCoit insured which those who have once tried it would never be without. 54 WOODWAKd's AKCHITECTrKE, Fig. 63.— Porter's Lodge. Fig. 64.— Ground Plak. AND KUKAL ART. 50 DESIGN No. 21. porter's lodge. BY GEO. E. nARNET, COLD SPRING, N. T. This design represents a porter's lodge, built nbout a year ago by Mr. F. P. James, and situated near the gates at the entrance to his country place in Cold Spring. It is constructed of rough stone, quarried in the imme- diate vicinity, laid in its natural bed, and pointed vip after- ward with light-colored mortar, and — though we object to the use of this light mortar, preferring the softer tint of the dark — the eflfect of the whole is very good, the bright green foliage of the trees, by which it is nearly hidden, contrasting well with the dark gray tone of the stone. Its walls are low, and its roof projecting boldly, covered Avith slates cut in an oi-namental pattern. The tower, which is the principal feature of the exterior, rises from the angle of the front nearest the public road, and con- tains the stairways to the chamber and cellar. The plan shows four apartments on the principal lloor, us follows: The hall is approached by two or three steps, leading lo a wide porch, covered with a broadly jnojecting hood, suj)port<'d oil licavv brackets. 'J'liis hood is, in liict, a continuati<;n of the roof of the main liouse beyond the 56 woodward's architecture caves, as is also the roof of the hay wmcTow on the adjoin- ing side. The staircase in the tower is on the right of the front door, and is separated by an archway from the hall. The room on the left, containing the bay window, is the living-room, and measures 11 feet 6 inches by 13 feet. It oj^ens into a room 1 5 feet by 1 1 feet 6 inches, and is used as a kitchen. The other room is a bedroom, and measures 8 feet by 9 feet. The kitchen has a door communicatmg with the yard in the rear. The chimney is in the center of the house, and one stack of three flues answers for ail the rooms. There are ventilators on the roof, and a dormer window to lio-ht the attic, which has one room finished off for a sleeping-room. All the principal windows are glazed Avith diamond-shaped panes of glass. There is a cellar under the whole house, containing bins for coal, store-closets, etc., etc. Fig. Co.— Well-House. AND KUKAL AKT. 57 DESIGN No. 22. A B A K X . Fig. 66.— A Barn. HCSrSCQV* YOi 32X20 , £••.■ 4_ COACH viAcor -I -r-V KKJ. 67. -(iHOUNI) I'l.AN. 58 woodward's arciiitectueb, Fig. 68. — A Parsonage. Fig. 69.— Cellar Plan. I J J. 4 • * 15X1 8.1 1 D. ROOM f • I 2 LIBRARY! ^^^ ■ L^4 ^SA Fig. 70.— First Floor, Fig. 71.— Second Floor. AND KUKAL AKT. 59 DESIGN No. 23. A P A R S O X A G E HOUSE. This design Avas made for a i^arsonage house, to be erected in one of tlie immediate suburbs of New York, and is more commodious tlian any plan we have thus far shown. The frame to be of the balloon style, sheathed with rough hemlock boards, and covered with narrow siding ; roof to be slate, laid in alternate bands of difler- cnt colors, the lower baud to have square ends, the next hexagonal, then square, and soon alternately to the ridge; or shingles may be cut and laid in the same mannei'. To the top of the first-floor beams the frame should be filled in with brick, to keep out the rats ; and if the Avhole lower floor be grouted between the beams, it would be better and Avarmer. This is often done to prevent the foul air risinir from the cellar tlirouLih the liouse. No cellar, how- ever, ought to be foul; A'entilate and purify it always; do not liaA'e any decaying vegetation in it; grout the floor of tlie cellar, Avhitewash the Avails and coiling, and let one open shaft of the chimney start from the cellar. It can be, and should be, at all times sweet and clean. Flooring one inch wi 29. Fig. 88.— Canopied Seat. Fig. 89.— a Eustic Seat. jlnd kukal akt, 69 DESIGN No. 30. M.ocY persons desire to build to meet present wants, and add at future periods such rooms and accommodations as sliall be needed for a growing fomily or are better adapted to the prosperity to which they look forward. Beginning with very small quarters in this Avay, one has a liome early in life and a savings-bank at the same time, with a double hicentive to take care of his surplus earn- ings, lie M'ho begins in this Avay, and is determined to succeed, will succeed, and gradually become the possessor of a neat and comfortable home, witliout any greater ex- penditure than that yearly made by a city tenant for accommodations not any more convenient. It has been well said, " We can not all live out of cities (though it were better for all that many more did so) ; but even the young merchant, lawyer, doctor, mechanic, or clerk, who feels constraiiietl to live on a paved street, might advan- tageously own a bit of land, though miles away. Travel is rapid and cheap; a day in the C(iuntry is health ami happiness; and we nearly all hope to live in tlii' count ry by-and-by. With an ai-ic or mure of good land well fenced, the liabitual plodder over pavements may i)lant in youtli or early ])riiiic ihc; trees that are to solace his old age; may have his plants, shrubs, vines, and fiiiils grow- ing, tlioULjh iiii;il»h' ;is yet to build a lioiisc may ]\:i\v an occasional foretaste of the caliii joys of living his own ro WOODWAJiD S AECHITECTUKE master in liis OAvn home. No one can realize all the blessedness which centers in home xtntil he comes to have a spot that is tnily his own. " Thousands live and die tenants and hirelings who might for better employ and house themselves. The city hireling makes more money than his country cousin ; but strikes and panics, sickness and frolics, with the necessity of giving half he cams for shelter, generally keep him poor ; and an increasing family soon drives him to close calculations and shabby shifts to keep afloat. Happy for him and his, for those he takes with him and those he leaves behind, the day that sees him settled in his ow^n cottage, the owner and occupant of a genuine home !" Fig. 90. In fig. 90 we show about the simplest form of a house, containing two rooms, as shown in plans figs. 91, 92. Fig. 01.— riP.ST Floor. Fig. 92.— Second Floor. AND EUKAIi AKT. 71 In fif. 9.3 a simple lean-to addition has l)oen made, and this answers for a kitchen, the plan of "which is shown in fig. 94. Fig. 93. Fig. 94 In fig. 95 we show the next change, Avhich increases the acconnnodation and adds to the exterior elfect. The plan is shown in fig. 9G. Fig. 95. Fk;. Of,. 72 woodward's akchitectuee, Fig. 97. Fiu. 98.— Cellak Tlan. CHAMOER pM CHAMBER i5XI6 15X15 Fig. 99.— First Flooe. Fig. 100.— Second Floor. AND EUEAL AKT. 73 Fig. 97 shows the final arrangement, with pleasant, well- located, and convenient rooms, and an attractive and pleasing exterior. Figs. 98, 99, and 100 show the plans as finished — a comfortable home, representing, we will sa,y, what during ten years past might otherwise have gone into a landlord's pocket ; and independent of this saving, there has been an annual increase in value, noAV double the entire ex- penditure. Time, in its many changes, adds beauty and value to a country home that is taken care of, whose occu- pants enjoy and are interested in every tree and shrub, and every improvement that is made. Fruits, flowers, and ornamental foliage develop new attractions ; and a little done to-day, and a little to-moiTow, while being but healthful recreation, amounts to a good deal at the end of a year. Fio. 101.— Design eon \ Fountain. 4 74 •WOODWARD S AECniTECTUEE, Fig. 103.— Sctbukban Cottage. Fig. 10.3.— Fiest Flooe. Fig. 104.— Second Floor, A^I) EUKAL AET. 75 DESIGN No. 31. A SUBURBAN COTTAGE. BY GEO. E. nARNEY, ARCHITECT, COLD SPRING, N. T. We show here a design for a small cottage, such as one might build on a village lot of sixty or a hundred feet in width. It is of frame, filled in with brick — soft brick, laid on edge in mortar — and covered with vertical board- ing and battens, or with narrow horizontal siding ; the roof covered with shingles cut in patterns ; the cellar of rubble-stone ; the wall 20 inches thick, laid in mortar. The frame is of spruce or liendock (the former is the best, but the latter is the most generally used in this part of the country), and the outside finish of white pine — the details few and simjilo, but bold and strong — everything meaning something, and t<']ling its own story. The roof is quite steep, and the projection of the eaves broad, to shield the sides, and tlic windows are all wide and airy. The accommodation of the liouse is as follows : A veranda, 6 feet wide, sliiehling the front entrance. The liall, containing the staircases to the cliambers and cellar, and opening into the several rooms on this floor. Parlor, 14 feet by 10, comnnmicating by French casement win- dows with tlie veranda on one side, and witli :iu open gallery on tlic other side, and havuig, besides, a large hooded nmllioncd wnidow in tlie front. This room lias, 76 WOODWARD'S AKCHITECTURE, also, what Ave consider indispensable in a country house, be it lai'ge or small — an old fashioned open fire-place, for burning Avood on the hearth, if wood can be had, or, if not, coal in the grate, and, besides, for purposes of ventila- tion. We think, for practical reasons, the old poetic sen- timent of the family fireside and the blazing log should not be lost sight of, and there should be at least one room in every house — the room that is the most used by the family as a sitting-room — made attractive and healthy by this means. The living-room, measuring 13 feet by 15, is provided with tAvo good closets, and opens into a little pantry, Avhich is fitted up Avith a sink and pump, and other pantry conA'eniences. This opens out upon a stoop to the yard. There is also on this floor a room 8 feet square, which may be used either as a bed-room or as a store-room ; it has no chimney, though if one Avere added, as easily might be, it could be used as an outer kitchen or scullery. There is a cellar under the Avhole house, reached by stairs under the main flight. It is provided with a rain- Avater cistern, bins for coal, and the other usual cellar con- A'eniences of lock-up — cold cellar, hanging sheWes, etc. It has a separate entrance of stone steps from the yard, and is 7 feet hio;h in the clear. In the second story are chambers corresponding scA'erally Avith the rooms bcloAV, and each supplied Avith a closet. There is no attic, but an opening in the ceiling of the hall communicates Avith the A^acant space above the rooms, and into it ventilates the house, this space having A^entilators under the peaks of the gables. AND KUEAL AET. 77 The front chamber has some impoilance given to it by the addition of an oriel window, after tlie fashion of some old English cottages — a feature which adds greatly to the brightness of the room, as well as giving some extra space. It is fitted up with a seat, and has glass Aviudows on its three sides. The interior of this cottage should be fitted up in sim- ple manner with pine; the closets all supplied with shelves, and hooks, and drawers ; and the j^antry with sink and other fixtures. The walls may have a hard-finished sur- face, unless it be contemplated to paper them, in a\ Inch case a cheaper covering can be used. The inside wood-work may be stained in two shades with umber and oil ; and to add to the efiect, the finish for the best rooms may be of selected stock, so that the finest and best grained wood may be there used. Tlie outside should be painted tln-ee coats of some neu- tral colors of oil paint — say light browns, or drabs, or grays. The heights of the stories are 9 feet each. The posts are 14 feet long between sill and plate. I''lO. 105.— IIlTCUlNO I'OHT. 78 woodwakd's akchitectuke, DESIGN No. 32. PLAN FOR LAYING OUT A LOT ONE HUISTDRED FEET BY TWO HUNDRED FEET. loo.xsoo: Fig. 106. A, House. B, Stable. T, Turn in Yard. D, Hot-beds. H, Grape Arbor. F, Dwarf and standard fruit-trees. G, Entrance Gate. Small fruits in outside border of "Vegetable Garden. AND BUKAL AKT. 79 DESIGN No. 33. A TOOL- HOUSE, ETC. Fig. 107. .'COMPOST *• \ TANK /• \B X 6 J n TOCl.S I 7X9 ^^m Fio. 108.— Platt. 80 woodwakd's architecture, DESIGN No. 34. A PIGGEBY. Fig. 109. ISLEEP 1 C X 6 ROOT. iCCMPOiT " ■ 6X6 EAT ' 6xe -^l M v^ fsouf .c ^6».12 Fig. 110. -Plan. This is divided lengthwise througli the center, so as to divide different breeds, or young pigs from older ones. AND KUKAL AKT. 81 DESIGN No. 35. SMOKE-HOUSES. I'l,,. 11^. Fio. 113. -Skctiom. In fig. 112 tlic fire is dosignod to 1)C built in tlu' rear l)iiilfD 42. PLAX FOE LAYING OUT A LOT FIFTY FEET BY ONE HUN- DEED AND FIFTY FEET. H, House. E, Entrance. 0, Hot-beds. iiG. i-M. D, Dwarf fruit-trees. G, Grape trellis. Vegetable Garden in four square plots. PLAN FOE LAYING OUT AN lEEEGULAE PLOT. Fio. 127. A, House. S, Stable, etc , at one end of which is Hot-bod. 0, Orchard. 92 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, Fig. 128. Fig. 129.— Cellar Plan. Fig. 130.— Fikst Flooh. Fig. 1.31.— Second Floob- AND KUKAIi ART. 93 DESIGN No. 43. A DiFFEKENCE of Opinion has, and pi'obably always will exist about the materials of which a house should be con- structed. We use in this country three leading varieties, wood, brick, and stone, and, to a limited extent, grout and iron. Wood is the cheapest, and if very nice points arc considered, is probably the healthiest, certainly the driest. Frame houses have also superior qualities for ventilation, a subject very little understood by those who advocate impenetrable walls and double windows. So little pro- gress has been made in understanding the subject of ven- tilation, that the commissioners, in advertising for plans for the new Capitol building for the State of New York, mention the necessity of open fire-places for this purpose. Our stone and brick houses, with slate and metal roofs, furnace-heated and air-tight, lack essential qualities for health ; while a frame-house, which admits the air more freely, even if it take an extra cord or two of Avood, or an extra supply of coal, has a more healthy atmosphere. Frame houses are good houses, and will outlast the life- time of the builder; and no matter how strong and sub- stantial a house may be l>uill, it usually passes into stran- gers' hands at the owner's death. .94 woodward's akchitectuke. DESIGN No. 44. A CHICKEN HOUSE. Fig. 132. Fig. 133. Fig. l.U Fig. 135. FiBST Floor. Second Floor. Section. The perches to he hxid hack against the walls when cleaning out. AND EDKAL AKT. 95 DESIGN No. 45. PLAX FOR LATIXa OUT A LOT ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY FEET BY TWO HUNDRED FEET. A, House. B, Ktul.le. D, Hencry. C, Manure Pit. SY, Htiible Yard. II, Ilot-bcds. G, Dwarf fruit. N, Drying-yard. F, Rnspbcrrifs, along one side of whicli is a grapo arbor covering tlio walk. LL, Entrances. Currant and other small fniils around outside Ixmlor. « 96 WOODWARDS AKCHITECTUEE, DESIGN No. 46. A BARN. Fig. 137. WAUONS CARTG TO0LS8.C. 16 X4I '-... '.cows.s • !5 TANKI ■. ■ S I'o UX8/;. ■•-. - ;■= MANURE YARD I :"*" UNDE(\_COVER F, > ''* 2R'. ;l ^ Fig. 138.— Plan. AND RURAL AKT. 97 DESIGN No. 47. PLAX FOR LAYING OUT A PLOT OF ABOUT TWO ACRES. 250! Fig. 139. H, House. S, Stable, etc. C, Hen Yard. O, 8tanflanl Fruits. D, Dwarf Fruits. Blackberries all around the garden. Currants, etc., around fruit jjlots. 98 WOODWARD S AKCHITECTURE, DESIGN No. 48. HOW TO REMODEL AN OLD HOUSE. Fig. 140.— The Olu House. Fig. 141.— Cellah Plan. Tig. 142.— First Floor. AJ^D KUKAL ART. 99 RHOr BEr R. 1 BED R. , IS XI3 1 mm^ n- IZT^p ' BCD R, 1 i5X .S RCD P.. 7c xa HOOF DED R. BED R ,12 X 14- FiG. 143.— Second Floob. Fig. 144.— Gabret. We show here what can be done with an old house — one built by a retiring citizen, and modeled after his city residence, under the inijiression, 2)erhaps, it was equally well adapted for the broad open country. We know of many a one Avho has saved in this manner architect's fees; but such houses sooner or later become subjects for the architect's skill, and not unfrequently a good thing can be made out of them. Fig. 140 shows the appearance of the old house and the four plans of basement, first floor, second floor, and gaiTct, as they were originally laid out. It is the same thing a thousand times repeated, in almost every densely populated street; every discomfort of a city house, with the interminable stairways, has been transported to the country. In fig. 1 to we show the new design for modernizing, in a tasteful maiiner, this clumsy exterior. Uy an addition we give more room upon llic two pi iii.i|);il floors, so lli;i( even a moderate-sized fiiiiiily may abandon, lor Uic'ii own 100 woodward's architecture, Fig. 145.— The Old House Remodeled. r DININC ( Ilivincrqom \r ^t— t > I lii X IS f 1- -f ^ % ^ ^ PARLOR I h} Fig. 146. — Cellar Plan. Fiu. 147.— First Floor. AJS^D KUKAL ART. 101 Fig. 148.— Second Floor. Fig. 149.— Garret. use, both basement and gairet. A broad and spacious veranda, -with porte cochere at one end, adds greatly to the outside enjoyment and appearance, and the exterior outline and shadow so managed as to make a pleasing impression. The grounds and other surroundings have also been differently planned; a handsomely curved line of roadway takes the place of the straight-line communica- tion witli the highway. The orchard of apple-trees which surrounds the house Avill be thinned out and planted up with ornamental trees, thus breaking up the parallel lines. The lawn in front is to be kept smooth, clean, and hand- some, and all the awkward stiffness of house, grounds, and shrubbery changed to the graceful ease of an inviting country house with a neat and spacious foreground. All this is accomplished with a small expciiilituic of money, which, however, might have been saved on tlie start by one wise enough to (iiijtloy the ])ropcr talent to aid him in the dcsicrn. 102 WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 49. PL.VN rOR LAYING OUT A LOT OF ONE ACRE. CARD E'N ': iWP I YASD ^ i QNE ACKe PUE.ROftO ** Fig. 150. P, Stable and Barn. A, Greenhouse and Grapery. 0, Double Henery. H, Hen Yard, set with fruit-trees. D, Grape Arbor, between which and Greenhouse is a row of dwarf fruit-trees. 1, Dwarf and Standard fruit-trees and currants. F, Fountain. J, Flowers. 0, Water-closet and Gar(^en Tool- house in rear. E, Dwarf fruit-trees. AND EUEAL ART, 103 DESIGN Xo. 50. PLAX FOE LATTNG OUT A LOT OF TWO ACEES. 1 '3.1 itnoc VEC. r.AB.n ■,":;ll|i;i|;;ii:!ll;,li' Fig. 151. A, House. E, f^ntrancc. B, Stahlcs and Carriage-house. D, Greenhouse and (Jrapcry. I, Henery, with double yard, C C, containing a few fruit-trees. S r>, Strawberries. II 1?, Rasi)berrics. V, Dwarf Orcliard. 0, Standard Orchard. firajx^s l)ctweeu (irecnhoiise and Stalilcs. Surroundin;; border of (iardiii set witli lilackbrrrie.^. 104: woodward's architectuke, COMPUTING COST. A SIMPLE and rapid plan for estimating the cost of any- building is by comparison. If carefully done, it will give figu]-es that may be relied on. We have said before that it would be productive of much mischief to name j^rices in a book like this. The only prices we could give would be local ones, and these are changing here every day. We were of this opinion when we prepared " Woodward's Country Homes," a book that has met Avith extraordinary success, and has been ordered from every quarter of the globe ; and experience thus far confirms us in the belief that the opinion then formed was correct. The best substitute for prices, on which confidence may be placed, is the following, a plan much used by builders to test the accuracy of their detail estimates : We will suppose that a party desires to erect a building in the vicinity of Madison, Wis., Avhere prices of mate- rials and labor diftcr largely from "New York prices. Let him select such a house already built in that vicinity as shall represent, in style of architecture and character of finish, about what he desires to construct, and of which the cost of building is known ; then compute the area or number of square feet covered by the building ; divide the number of dollars of cost by the number of square feet thus found, and the price jjer square foot is ascertained. A^B KUKAJ. AET. 105 Thus a house 40 feet by 40 feet covers an area of 1,600 square feet ; it costs $8,000; and dividing $8,000 by 1,600, shows 85 per square foot. Now -what will be the cost of a similar house covering 1,400 square feet? 1,400 X $5 = 87,000. This plan will do very well to approximate roughly to cost. A better and closer one is to ascertain the cost per cubic foot. Thus, a liouse 40 feet by 40 feet, and an average height of 30 feet. 40 x 40 x 30 = 48,000 cubic feet, cost 87,200, or fifteen cents per cubic feet. Then a house containing 57,000 cubic feet, at fifteen cents, would cost 88,550. Where all conditions of comparison are equal, such as equal facilities for buying, equal advantages in capital, credit, good management, etc., one can very closely by, this last method, ascertain about tlie cost of such a building as he j)roposes to erect. Fio. 1.52.— Dehion roil Oatkway. lOf) ^'a WOODWARD S ARCHITECTUEE, Fiu. 153. - O09 I BCD R "■"^l, .1 9X9 ^ UlTCIIErj. ^ Fig. 154.— Cellar Plan, u Fig. 155.— First Floor. RO BED RODMl I5X1T UF CED R lUX 17 ^ Fig. 1.56.— Second Floor. AND KUKAL ART. 107 DESIGX Xo. 51. This cottage shows a somewhat diftevcnt construction outside from those ah-eady given, and although it adds somewliat to the expense, gives more variety. Such a plan as this can be added to advantageously whenever desirable to do so. Indeed, most of the plans given admit of additions ; and one advantage of the Rural Gothic style is, that every wing put on increases the ex- terior effect. Add almost anything in keeping with the original structure, let the roofs be on different levels, and the building will assume the appearance of a pile of build- inirs, irregular in outline and prolific in beauties of light and shadow. Finish the walls with two coats of mortar and one coat of hard finish; on tlie lower floor put in a simple cor- nice, and omit all jilaster ornaments. Stain and oil or varnisli all interior wood-woik ; do not paint any room but the kitchen. . In this manner y<'u can get a warm and pleasing effect, and liavc tlic wixid-work always I'ree from dirt. Good effects can be i)ro(luccd by staining moldings an«l panels to resemble different varieties of wood; or our native hard woods can be used with fine effect, il' expense is not considered. It may not generally be known (hat all mahogany and rosewood furniture is staine(l, tlie natti- r:d woftd being \(i'y mucli light er in color. 108 WOODWAED S AKCHITECTDEE, A, House. C, Conservatory, side of house. B, Stable, Carriage-house, etc. D, Henery, with double yard, S S, set in plants. D Y, Drying-yard. G, Grapery and Greenhouse. F, Fountain. E E, Entrance Gates. T, Grape Trellis. 0, Orchard. Fruit around garden. AND EURAL AET. 109 DESIGX No. 52. PLAN" FOR LAYIXG OUT A LOT TWO IIUXDKED AXD FIFTY FEET BY THREE HUNDRED ^VND TAVENTY-FITE FEET. The lot for wliicli tliis design -was ]u;ide liad one .side irregular, as shown, but the planting has been so managed tliat no one would suspect that such an abruptness ex- isted. Two separate lawns are shown, diAided by tlic carriage drive. The lawns are planted on their outer edges, but are better open and clear from all shrubbery in the interior. Tliey should, throughout the growing sea- son, be closely mown at least every two weeks. Tlie drive from street to house should be 10 feet Avide, and finislied with a hard, smootli, and evenly graded sui'face, and kept free from weeds; edges of laMii to 1)0 trimnKMl neatly as often as required. Whatever is done in tlio way of ornamental grounds should be well done. Xothing looks so shabby as neglected walks anil overgrown lawns; better not make any attempt to lay out the grounds taste- fully, unless tlier<' is a disposition 1o kei'p tliem neat and well ordered. The stable is jtlanted out in such a man- ner as not U) be seen from the house, and tlie general arrangement of the tjrounds is ^ uch :is -will make tliem attractive and convenient. M'lic lot contains alxmt two acres, abundantly large lor one whose l)usines8 is else- where. No one need ever be in want of occupation Cor his leisure hours when he lias two aires to cmbellisli and see to its neat ki^eping. 110 WOODWAilD S ARCHITECTUKE, DESIGN No. 53. A B AR:Nr. Fig. 158. 1 PEED ^ CARRIACE&C. TcnLS. 20X24- I) E p ^2 Pig. 159.— FrasT Flooe. Fig. 160.— Second Floob. AKD KUEAL ART. Ill DESIGX Xo. 54. A FAR 51 COTTAGE, Fig. 161. Fio. 102. Cblxar Plan. Fio. 163. FiiwT Fi.oon. BEDROOM' 12X15 I DCO R ' WH ceo It. 10x1:1 J| I II K lb RC.OC J _LJ Fid. Ifi-l. Second Floor. ll!> WOODWARD S AECHITECTUKE, Fig. 1U5.— a Fabm-House. Fig. ICfi.— Cellar Plan. KITCHEN j^l ■ I 14X 14 r=| 10X14 IJ tt _J ^ r I LIVING R ^ BED R* 12 X 15 li j 10.12^ ii Ives. I L j Fig. 107.— First Floor. I ^ ;it ji J BED Fi BED R 12 XI2 fc3 Fig. 108. — Second Floor, Airo EUKAL AKT. 113 DESiaX Xo. 55. F A R sr-ii o r s E . This design shows a neat and compact farm-house, covered by a phiin roof, without hips or valleys, with a number of conveniently arranged, btit not very large, bed- rooms. It must be understood that these designs, in all cases, admit of many changes ; that is, rooms may be made larger or smaller, and increased or decreased in number ; ths exterior in one desio-n may T)e used for the ground-plan of another, or the good points of several plans may be collected and an entirely new plan re-ar- ranged from thcni, and an exterior adapted to it. In all designs shown, the perspective view is adapted to the plans connected with it ; and in making changes there are many points to be thoroughly considered. In some instances it Avould be necessary to reverse the plan ; that is, change the location of rooms from one side to the other, in order to take advantage of the exposure. That we should succeed in meeting in all respects the wishes of any one person, wo