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 THK I'NITEP STATKS MINT, PinT,AI)KI<PHIA.— Erfxted 1829-30.
 
 THE 
 
 COIN BOOK, 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 A History of Coinage; A Synopsis of the Mint Laws of the United States; 
 Statistics of the Coinage from 1792 to 1870; List of Current Gold 
 and Silver Coins, and their Custom House Values; A Diction- 
 ary OF all Coins known in Ancient and Modern Times, 
 WITH THEIR Values ; The Gold and Silver Product 
 of each State to 1870; List of Works on 
 Coinage; The Daily Price of Gold 
 FROM 1862 to 1 87 1. 
 
 WITH ENGRAVINGS OF THE PRINCIPAL COINS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1873.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSjl, 
 
 By I. SMITH HOMANS, Jr., 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
 tmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
 
 IS 
 
 THE BOOK OF COINS. 
 
 < 
 
 :;»• 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 I. A History of Coinage 1 
 
 II. The Acts of Congress relating to the Mint 54 
 
 III. A Dictionary of Coins, ancient and modern 80 
 
 IV. The Production of Gold and Silver in each State. . . 107 
 
 V. The Coinage of the United States, annually, 
 
 \ 1793-1870. 108 
 
 VI. The Daily premium on gold at New-York, 1862-1870. 110 
 
 VII. List of Works on Coins, Gems, and Madals 119 
 
 VIII. Official values of the Gold and Silver Coins of 
 
 foreign nations 122 
 
 IX. The Origin of Noted Coins 124 
 
 ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 Fac similes of the leading Gold and Silver Coins of 
 
 the United States, France, Great Britain, 
 
 Mexico, Prussia, Russia, 
 
 and Spain. 
 
 386428
 
 A HISTORY OF COINAGE. 
 
 A HI&TORY OF COINAGE IJST GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 With Preliminary Remarks on the Coins and Moneys of Account 
 in Ancient and Modern Times. 
 
 BY ROBERT MUSHET, 
 
 OF THE BOYAL MINT, LONDON. 
 
 (From the Encyclopedia Britanniea.) 
 
 Monet is a measure of value and medium of excliange : coinage 
 is the art of fabricating money. 
 
 So soun as nations emerge from a state of barbarism, when 
 simple barter no longer suffices to meet their wants, they will invent 
 some common or conventional measure of value by which to ex- 
 change their products and carry on their commerce. In the rude 
 ages of society, cattle are said to have been the common medium 
 of commerce; and among the patriarchs of old they were the meas- 
 ure of man's wealth and greatness. The armor of Diomede, says^ 
 Homer, cost only nine oxen ; but that of Glaucus cost a hundred 
 oxen. In some countries, in former times, salt was the measure of 
 value and instrument of exchange ; and in others shells formed the 
 circulating medium. But as tlie necessities of nations multiply, and 
 their commercial transactions extend, tliey soon discover the inad- 
 equacy of these means, and will search for something of a more
 
 2 A History of Coinage. 
 
 stead}' and durable (tharactor, which sliall serve both as a circulating 
 medium, as well as a medium of exchange Avith other countries 
 trading with them. From a very early period metals, as possessing 
 that cliaracter in a high degree, were chosen to perform these im- 
 portant functions. They are not only less perishable than other 
 articles, but they can, without loss, be divided into any number of 
 parts, and be united again by fusion : they can be hammered or 
 rolled into plates, and moulded into any shape: and occupying less 
 bulk than other articles, they are easily transported from place to 
 place. 
 
 "Different metals (says Adam Smith) have been made use of by 
 different nations for this purpose. Iron was the common instrument 
 of commerce among the ancient Spaktaxs, copper among the ancient 
 RoMAXS, and gold and silver among all rich and commercial nations. 
 Those metals seem originally to have been made use of for this pur- 
 pose in rude bars, without any stamp or coinage. Thus we are told 
 by Pliny, upon the authority of Tim^us, an ancient historian,, that, 
 till the time of Servius Tullius (550 b. c), the Romans had no 
 coined money, but n^ade use of unstamped bars of copper, to pur- 
 chase whatever they had occasion for. These rude bars, therefore, 
 performed at this time the function of money." 
 
 Before the invention of coined money, the precious metals were 
 exchanged by weight only ; but as many obvious inconveniences 
 attended that custom, as an initiatory step pieces of metal rudely 
 shaped were stamped with their weight ; and then by degrees the 
 art of coining money was introduced, intended not only to indicate 
 by the stamp of the sovereign authority the weight, but also the 
 fineness of the coin. So long as copper and iron performed the 
 functions of money and measure of value, probably the weight only 
 was the test of value ; but with regard to gold and silver, another 
 element enters into their appreciation of as much consequence as the 
 weight itself The quality or fineness of these metals, by which the 
 value is determined, can only be discovered by the laborious pro- 
 cess of assay; and therefore (as Adam Smith remarks), before the 
 institution of coined money, unless this tedious and difficult opera- 
 tion were undertaken, people must always have been liable to the 
 grossest frauds and impositions ; and instead of a pound weight of 
 pure silver, might receive, in exchange for their goods, an adul- 
 terated composition of the coarsest and cheapest materials. To 
 guard the public against such frauds, to facilitate exchanges, and 
 thereb}^ encourage industry and commerce, mints were established, 
 in which pieces of metal of determinate weight and fineness were 
 stamped by ))ublic authority, in order to declare the quantity and 
 uniform go-<dness of the money so stamped, that it should pass from 
 hand to hand without doubt or suspicion. 
 
 In early times these coins, or pieces of metal, constituted or 
 denoted weights of different denominations; oi", in other words, 
 they expressed the weight or quantity of metal contained in them, 
 as in the Koman as or pondo, which, when money was first coined
 
 A History of Coinage. 3 
 
 at Rome, signified a pound weight of good copper, consisting of 
 twelve ounces, as in our troy pound. So the English pound ster- 
 ling oi'iginally expressed not a coin exchangeable into 20 shillings, 
 hut simply a pound weight of silver of sterling fineness. The 
 French livre likewise contained, in the reign of Charlemagne, a 
 pound weight of silver of a determinate quality. And on the 
 authority of Adam Smith, the Scots' money-pound contained, from 
 the time of Alexander I, to that of Robert Bruce (1306), a 
 pound of silver of the same weight and fineness witli the English 
 pound sterling. English, French, and Scots pennies, too, con- 
 tained all of them originally a real pennyweight of silver, or 240th of 
 a pound. The shilling also seems originally to have been the denomi- 
 nation of a weight, and not of a coin of conventional value. 
 
 As the transition from mere barter (by which one product of 
 labor is exchanged for another), to the use of metals as instruments 
 of commerce, indicates an advance in civilization ; so the transition 
 from the latter to the fabrication of coined money, however rude 
 and inartificial at first, marks another progressive step in culture 
 and refinement ; while the various designs impressed on the coin, 
 and the mode of manufacture, testify in nice degrees the slow 
 advancement of society in art, taste, and ingenuity. 
 
 An inquiry, therefore, into the coinage of a country like Great 
 Britain, from the earliest times, possesses an interest apart from the 
 subject itself as a mere antiquarian research, because it throws an 
 indirect ray of light on the social condition of the people from age 
 to age, and enables us to note the progressive steps of their improve- 
 ment in taste, refinement, and mechanical invention, as well as to 
 ascertain their comparative wealth and social comfort, indicated by 
 the value of the necessary articles of life. The subject partakes 
 not, indeed, of the true dignity and importance of history ; but, in a 
 less ambitious channel of research, it is not without utility and 
 instruction. 
 
 In order to illustrate the necessary connection that exists 
 between the social and political condition of a nation and its coin- 
 age, we need only to refer to the rude ill-fashioned coins of our 
 semi-barbarous ancestors, and contrast them with the elegant and 
 highly-finished specimens of the present day. The forge and ham- 
 mer, and other manual appliances, are now superseded by mechan- 
 ical contrivances of the highest order, Avhich, with artistical design 
 and beauty, co-operate to embellish and impart elegance to the coin 
 of the realm. If this description be true of the external features of 
 our currency, it is equally true Avith respect to the uniformity of its 
 fineness ; of more importance than even taste and beaut}'. The 
 somewhat mysterious and alchemical ordeal of trying " by fire, by 
 water, by touch, by Aveight, or by all or any of them," has found a 
 less empirical and more certain substitute in the scientific art of 
 assaying the precious metals. 
 
 Another pre-eminent advantage we have acquired by means of 
 those mechanical contrivances referred to, is the vast rapidity with
 
 4 A Hist or]/ of Coinage. 
 
 which money can now be coined and issued to the public — an ele- 
 ment in the comparison of ancient and modern times of great signifi- 
 cance to a commercial country, like Great Britaix, in which the 
 currency is liable to be disturbed by external causes, and in wliich the 
 public exigencies are as uncertain as they are urgent and imperious. 
 
 It is not too ranch to assert, therefore, that in a view of the coin- 
 age of Great Britain we possess within certain limits a faithful 
 record of the progress of its civilization. Tlie view is of necessity a 
 contracted one, but not the less true and authentic. Like the his- 
 tory of the customs, habits, and modes of life of a nation, it tills 
 but a subordinate part, and aims no higher; nevertheless a knowl- 
 edge of it is not oidy useful but indispensable. The coinage of a 
 country speaks with unerring accuracy and truth; and so long as 
 coins are extant to bear witness to barbarity or refinement, rude- 
 ness or taste, ugliness or beauty, clumsiness or elegance, we cannot, 
 as in some other historical researches, be perverted by prejudice or 
 deceived by ignorance. It is truthful, because it bears the impress 
 of truth, and stands as a kind of living memorial of past genera- 
 tions. A rude, shapeless coin, with an efiigy resembling the un- 
 formed scrawl of a child, is as certain a proof of the low state of 
 civilization in art and mechanism as analogous imperfections Avould 
 be in painting or sculpture ; while a beautiful and elegant and well- 
 finished coin speaks convincingly of corresponding ideas and tastes 
 in the nation. And when such evidences of refinement prevail 
 among the people, the state and excellence of the coinage will al- 
 ways aflTord a subject of pleasure and congratulation. In Great 
 Britain' our coins have not certainly attained the highest degree of 
 excellence, though for some time thej^ appeared gradually approach- 
 ing it; and we would fain hope that in future tlie step may be pro- 
 gressive rather than retrograde ; though as a commercial nation we 
 are too apt to be inditiTerent to such claims on our admiration as 
 objects of taste call forth, however jealous we may be of the fine- 
 ness of the coinage. It is indeed too frequently the tendency of 
 modern ideas of economy, applied to public works, to give little 
 encouragement to whatever conceiTis art and enterprise. • 
 
 Though we ha^e in this cursory manner pointed out some of the 
 uses to which a history of the coinage may be made subservient, 
 our design is to give only a brief outline of the subject, accompanied 
 by a detailed description of the various operations and processes 
 concerned in the fabrication of money, as Avell as some account of 
 the recent changes introduced into the constitution and manage- 
 ment of the Royal Mint. 
 
 3foney in ancieiit times. 
 
 On the first landing of Julius C^sar (54 b. c.) on the shores of 
 Britaix, he describes the inhabitants as a race just emerging from 
 barbarism, and tlieir money could not therefore be of a high order. 
 Their use of money was circumscribed by their simple >vaiits and 
 limited commerce ; and, according to him, it consisted of rude pieces
 
 A History of Coinage. o 
 
 of brass and iron i-mgs, regulated to a certain weight, which prob- 
 ably wei"e in use strung together, as the Cliinese do at this day 
 with their interior nio!iey. He makes no allusion to coins or money 
 of gold 01" silvei', and it may be inferred none existed; for although 
 foreign coins at one period circulated freely in Britain, it is improb- 
 able amongst such a people as the ancient Britons that such should 
 have been the case. Both Stkabo and Tacitus, indeed, speak of 
 the gold and silver of BpaTAiN, as if indigenous to the soil; but as 
 gold has not been discovered in any considerable quantity since that 
 period, and as silver is not found except in combination with lead, 
 we may conclude these writers received their information from mere 
 hearsay or tradition. It is not probable that a people emerging 
 from barbarism, without art or science, should have imported gold 
 for the purpose of coinage; nor can we give them credit for that 
 degree of skill and ingenuity necessary to separate the silver from 
 the lead in their mines. So far from this being probable, we are 
 informed that even the brass of which their chief money consisted 
 was imported from abroad, though the soil was rich in eojjper ; and 
 that of iron they produced but a small quantity, being devoid of 
 skill and enterprise. 
 
 Tacitus says, '' Bkitaix produces gold, silver, and other metals 
 to reward its conquerors:" but in refutation of this. Dr. Henry, as 
 well as others, remark, that if the Britons had any gold or silver 
 amongst them, either coined or uncoined, when they were first in- 
 vaded by the Romans, it was certainly unknown to their invaders, 
 which it is not likely to have been if they^ came in quest of treasure, 
 as Suetonius avers, who says that not the gold but the jDearls of 
 Britain, famous then, were the chief incitement to Cesar's invasion. 
 Writers on such subjects often deal in hypei'bole, attributable to 
 want of accurate information with regard to the countries they de 
 scribed. Thus, according to Diodorus Siculus, even Gaul was 
 famous for the abundance of its gold, and the Gauls for their skill 
 and dexterity in discovering, refining, and working that metal. V^e 
 cannot believe the gold to have been the produce of their own mines, 
 though it may have been common among them. Their coins are 
 represented to be of pure gold, without any alloy of baser metals; 
 and not only their coins, but their rings, chains, and other trinkets, 
 were made of gold equally tine. 
 
 The first attempt of the ancient Britons to coin money, though 
 not accurately ascertained, may be referred to a period subsequent 
 to Caesar's second invasion (53 b. c.) ; and Ave may suppose the 
 appearance of Roman coins amongst them prompted them to imita- 
 tion, however rude and unlike. As their coins consisted of gold 
 and silver, as well as inferior metals, indicating, therefore, a rapid 
 stride in refinement and civilization, some have, not without plausi- 
 bility, conjectured thein to be of foreign origin, imported in the 
 way of commerce ; because the initial letters stamped on them ap- 
 pear to have some reference to the names of certain Gaulish princes, 
 mentioned by C^sar or Tacitus. Dr. PIenry observes on this cu-
 
 6 A History of Coinage. 
 
 rious subject — " It is not unreasonable to suppose that some of the 
 Gauls, retiring from their country to avoid the Roman yoke, and 
 settling in Britain, wliich was still free after the retreat of C^sae, 
 brought with them the art of coining money, in the same taste in 
 which it was practised in Gaul, immediately betbre the conquest of 
 that country by the Romans; when a new and more beautiful man- 
 ner was introduced. This conjecture is eoniirmed by the remark- 
 able resemblance of these coins to those of the ancient Gauls." 
 But RuDiNG, who is always a truthful and generally an accurate 
 guide in such curious researches, takes exception to this, and remarks, 
 that " if we proceed to examine the coins themselves, they furnish 
 no proofs to justify their appropriation to any country. Tlie far 
 greater part of them are without any legend ; and on the rest are 
 to be found only initial letters, or at most single syllables, which, by 
 the ingenuity of antiquarians, have been compelled to express any 
 meaning they have thouglit tit to adopt." It is singular, however, 
 that a nation Avithout any known mines of gold or silver, and with- 
 out any commerce worthy of the name, whose inhabitants were 
 exceedingly poor, and with whom the value of money was great, 
 shoi.ld have indulged in such a token of retinement as a gold cur- 
 rency. Yet certain it is, that a considerable number of the coins of 
 CuNOBELiNE havc been preserved, containing his name, sometimes 
 in full, sometimes abbreviated, with the name of the capital of his 
 kingdom — Camalodunum (Colchester), — and so far we cannot 
 question their appropriation to an ancient British king. The domlii- 
 ions of this petty monarch extended from the coasts of Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, and Essex, Avestward across the island to the banks of 
 the Severn; and he is supposed to have reigned during the times 
 of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula (26 b. c. to 40 a. d.). Pos- 
 Bessing the wisdom to appreciate the retinement and civility of the 
 Romans, this monarch seems to have introduced considerable im- 
 pi'ovement into his coins, forming them in a measure on the model 
 of the Roman money. " On some of these coins," says RuDiifG, 
 "the name of the monarch is given with a Latin lermination, and 
 the devices which are impressed upon others are evident imitations 
 of the coins of Augustus C^sar. All the lettei's are plainly Roman. 
 But it is in outward appearance alone that these coins agree with 
 the Roman money of that period in which Cunobelink is generally 
 supposed to have reigned, for in weight they are widely ditterent. 
 The cause of tliis variation from the prototype in so important a 
 point cannot now be ascertained ; but it seems to justify a susj)icion 
 that the weights were regulated in conformity with other British 
 money then current: and in confirmation of this suspicion, it may 
 be observed that some of the coins Avhicli bear Cunobeline and 
 Camalodunum resemble in type those which are usually attributed 
 to earlier British kings." 
 
 But the improvements introduced by tliis monarch were destined 
 to be of short duration ; because a ^aw years after his death, Britain 
 having again been subjected to the Roman dominion under Clau-
 
 A History of Coinage. *l 
 
 Dius (a. d. 43), and by his seventy reduced to a mere province of 
 the Roman empire, the native mints ceased to coin British money ; 
 and, agreeably to the Romax policy, an edict was issued to the etiect 
 that all money current should bear the imperial stamp. 
 
 Though the Roman money, which must have been abundant, 
 continued to circulate in Bkitaix after the inroad of the Saxoxs, 
 about the middle of the iifth century, mints were subsequently estab- 
 lished in vai'ious places, regulated by laws which the Saxox con- 
 querors brought from the Continent, and which differed in many 
 particulars from those of the Romans, Some have indeed doubted 
 whether these people, at their invasion of Britain, possessed any 
 knowledge of tlie art of coining money — supporting their opinions 
 on the authority of Tacitus ; but the best authorities on the history 
 of our coinage controvert this hypothesis by the better testimonv 
 of the coins themselves. " Sceattat?," says Ruding of the Saxon 
 coins so called, " are known of the early kings of Kent, some of 
 which must have been struck within the sixth century; and there 
 are others so similar to them in type, as to justify their appropria- 
 tion to the same people, but which, from their symbols, were evi- 
 dently coined before their conversion to Christianity, and were, 
 therefore, probably brought with them from the Continent," This 
 distinguishing mark — the cross — is also wanting on the sceattae of 
 Ethelbert I., king of Kent (a, d. 568), in whose reign the conver- 
 sion of the Saxons from paganism by the monk St. Augustin com- 
 menced. 
 
 Of the internal constitution of the heptarchic mints no records 
 remain; but if we may judge by specimens of coins extant, the 
 taste and mechanical skill of the Saxons were scarcely superior, if 
 at all, to those of the ancient Britons. Unlike these, they disdained 
 to follow the Roman models (of which many beautiful specimens 
 must have been preserved), but pursued a rude and barbarous me- 
 thod of their own ; and hence their coins are found to differ in form, 
 type, and weight, from those current amongst them at the same 
 time. They are of equal weight and fineness with the later Anglo- 
 Saxon pennies. The coiners, or moneyers, as they are called, stamp- 
 ed their names upon the money; but the custom of adding the 
 place of mintage was of rare occurrence, and almost solely confined 
 to the ecclesiastical coins of Canterbury, 
 
 AVhen the heptarchy was dissolved, and its different petty king- 
 doms united under one rule, the mints wei-e regulated by laws 
 Iramed in the Wiitenagemote, or great council of the nation ; and 
 besides the royal establishments, the mints of York and Canter- 
 bury enjoyed the pi-ivilege of coining money; but it is conjectured, 
 with much probability, that the dies were supplied by the crown, 
 and that the sovereign participated to a certain extent in the profit. 
 
 The most ancient coins known to have existed amongst the 
 Anglo-Saxons were the sceattse, supposed to be the fii-st coined by 
 them in Britain, They are of very rude and clumsy workmanship, 
 while their weights vary from VJ to 20 grains and" upwards. By
 
 8 A History of Coinage. 
 
 the laws of Athelstan (924-940), tlie value of this coin is stated to 
 Le such, that 30,000 of them equal L.120, and it was therefore less 
 /aluable than a penny by a 25th part. Besides these, there appears 
 to have been also another coin of inferior denomination, worth a 
 quarter of a penny, but of what metal it was composed we are 
 ignorant. 
 
 The penny was the next coin made of which we have any know- 
 ledge. The word appears, says Kuding, in the laws of Ina, king 
 of the West Saxons, ab(jut the year (388, and is in a manner, there- 
 fore, consecrated by its antiquit}'. Its probable origin is derived 
 from pendo^ to weigh ; and if that etymology be admitted, it will 
 appear probable, observes the same authority, that " the penny was 
 not known to the Saxons before their arrival in Britain, but was 
 adopted, together with its name, at the same time that mynet, fi-om 
 inoneta, was introduced." The penny may be considered, therefore, 
 the ancient unit of our currency. 
 
 Of that coin, 240 are supposed to have been fabricated out of a 
 pound weight of silver, giving thus 24 grains to each, and making 
 the pound consist of 5760 grains, as at present. Hence the origin 
 of our jyennyxceigld^ equal to 24 grains, and the 240th part of a 
 pound. Twenty pennies to the ounce seem to have been also the 
 weight of the Norman coins of that denomination. "The legal 
 weight of the penny," Clarke observes, " continued through the 
 whole period of the Saxon government. It was always the 240th 
 part of the pound. Their laws, from the first mention of it to the 
 last, give it this uniform valuation." Nevertheless, there is evidence 
 to show that, at different periods, if not during the same period, 
 there were two pound weights in use, one as above, and another con- 
 sisting of only 5400 grains troy, called the Tower pound. 
 
 There was likewise a halfpenny coined in silver, and probably a 
 fai-tiiiiig, or quarterpcnny of the same metal; wiiicli will not appear 
 sui'prising if we considei* the great value of money in those ages 
 and consequent low price of the necessaries of life. Besides these 
 subdivisions of the penny, there seems to have been also another 
 piece ecpiivalent to the third part of that coin, which continued in 
 use as late as the reign of Henry I. (a. d. 1100). "But," says 
 lIuDiNG, "even so small a coin as one-fourth of a penny could not 
 be sufficiently minute to answer the common purposes of exchange, 
 at a time when most of the necessary articles of life were to be pur- 
 chased at prices so far beneath what is now considered to be their 
 value; when, for instance, in the reign of Atiielstan, an ox was 
 sold for tiiirty pennies, and a sheep for one shilling." 
 
 Accordingly, the Anglo-Saxons coined inlerior money of brass, 
 called stijcas, two of which Avere equal to one farthing. Tliey had 
 also other moneys, or denominations of money, the exact nature of 
 which cannot now be determined ; but of the sceattai, the i)enny, 
 the halt'ijenny, the farthing, and styca (all undoubted coins) speci- 
 mens remain, except the farthing. The mancus, the mark, the 
 Ihrisma, the ora, and other denominations iu Saxon, Danish, and
 
 A History of Coinage, 9 
 
 NoEMAX times, Avere probably like talents and shekels, weights of 
 current money, and not coins. In truth, the origin of all coin 
 denominations in early times were weights ; for originally the pre- 
 cious metals passed by weight in commerce ; and when tor conve- 
 nience pieces of metal came to be stamped, these pieces were well 
 known weights of the country where they were coined. The smaller 
 coins were regular subdivisions of the greater, made into so many 
 for each pound. 
 
 The Saxon shilling differed from the Xokman hhilling of 12 pence 
 in value, six of them making only 30 Saxon pennies, or a mancus. 
 
 iWas a denomination of money only, and not a coin, 
 and signified as many coins as were made out of 
 a pound of metal = 5,4U0 grains troy. 
 
 mr, -w- V. j The same; an Anglo-Danish denomination, |ds of 
 
 ine Mart ^ ^ p^^^^^ = 8 oz. = 3,600 grs. 
 
 The Mancus \ '^^^ same; a weight equal to 30 pennies = 6 sliil- 
 
 ( lings. 
 m, ^ j The same ; Danish subdivision of the mark, -^th or 
 
 ( one ounce =; 450 grs". 
 The Thrisma Three Saxon pennies ; not a coin. 
 
 The Shilling Five pennies =112^ grs.; do. 
 
 The Sceattte, Penny, \ 
 
 Hafling, Feortliling, V'Real coins. 
 Styca ) 
 
 240 Pennies = 1 Pound 5 Pennies = 1 large Shilling. 
 160 . . =1 Mark 4 . . =1 lesser do. 
 
 30 . . =1 Mancus 3 . , =1 Thrisma. 
 20 . . =: 1 Ora 20 Sceattae = 1 Shilling = 5i grs. troy. 
 
 We can discover no satisfactory evidence of the Saxons having 
 coined money in gold ; and if coins of that metal circulated amongst 
 them (as appears to have been the case), the inference is, they 
 came from al)road ; as, for example, bezants, which sometimes occur 
 in Anglo-Saxon transactions, deriving their appellation from Byzan- 
 tium or Constantinople, and so of others. "During the existence 
 of tlie Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Danish government," says Ruding, 
 "there is reason to believe no other metals besides silver and brass 
 were coined in their mints." The use of the latter metal seems to 
 have been rejected by the Anglo-Norman monarchs, and silver 
 became the sole material of coinage for a long established period, 
 until gold was introduced by Heney III. 
 
 Ancient mode of coining. 
 
 Our knowledge of the mode of coining money in early times is 
 extremely imperfect; but all agree that it Avas rude and inartificial, 
 and so a[)pears to have continued for many centuries. Neither the 
 Anglo-Saxons nor Anglo-Normans were famous for their skill or 
 inventive powers. To both Ave are beholden for many excellent 
 laws, but not for those mechanical arts and conti'ivances Avhich so
 
 10 A History of Coinage, 
 
 mucli now contribute to the wealth and glory of England. And, 
 therefore, it cannot but be esteemed a remarkable fact, that a nation 
 Avhicli, above all others on the face of the earth, is distinguished for 
 mechanical invention, and pre-eminent for those arts which elevate 
 a kingdom in the scale of civilization — remarkable for its restless 
 activity, enterprise, and adaptation of natural laws to useful pur- 
 poses in almost every branch of science — should, in its infancy and 
 even for ages after, have displayed none of these national character- 
 istics. On the contrary, it seems to have been wholly indebted to 
 the Continent for those advantages. And when improved machines 
 were introduced into England for the coinage of money, the nation 
 was slow in adopting them. Like our hand-loom weavers, the people 
 opposed any invention that seemed to militate against the interests 
 of manual labor, while at the same time they had little aptitude to 
 turn the inventions of others to their own advantage. 
 
 The metal brought to the mints for coinage was, after being tried, 
 reduced to sterling or standard by alloy when too fine, and refined 
 if too low in quality; but by what means the latter operation was 
 peiformed we remain in ignorance. The metal so melted was cast 
 into small bars, and these were flattened by a hammer; and out of 
 these fillets or plates, square pieces were cut of nearly equal weight, 
 and then rounded at the forge. These were stamperl simply by 
 fixing a die in a block of wood, while another Avas used as a punch, 
 and repeatedly struck with a hammer till it received the required 
 impression. Money fabricated in this rude manner was necessarily 
 imperfect, from the difficulty of always placing the two dies exactly 
 over each other when the blank piece was between them, as well as 
 from the improbability of a man being able to strike a blow with 
 such force and precision as to make all parts of the impression 
 equally perfect. 
 
 Even in the reign of Edward I. (1272-1307), it is recorded in the 
 Red Book of the Exchequer, that the new money then coined was 
 made in the following manner : first, the metal was cast from the 
 metal-pot into long bars, which were cut with shears into square 
 pieces of as exact a weight as possible, and these were with the 
 tongs and hammer forged into a round shape; after which they 
 were blanched, that is, made white by annealing and boiling, and 
 afterwards stamped or impressed with a hammer to make them per- 
 fect money. 
 
 From this unskilful and imperfect process, scarcely any improve- 
 ment seems to have found its way into England until the introduc- 
 tion of the machines called the laUl and screw, applied first to the 
 coinage of Fuance about the middle of the sixteenth century. The 
 coining-press or mill was of French origin, the invention of which 
 is generally ascribed to one Antoine ]>kuchek, an engraver, who 
 in 1553 first tried it in the palace of IIexry II., for the stamping of 
 counters. It continued in use till 15S5, when it was laid aside on 
 account of its being found more expensive than the hammer coinage, 
 and so remained until the year 1023, when Briot, a French artist,
 
 A History of Coinage, 11 
 
 unable to persuade the government to adopt it again, came over to 
 England, where it was immediately put in practice at the mint, 
 under the direction of Briot himself, who was appointed chief en- 
 graver. It was, liowever, abandoned for the reason assigned, until 
 one Blondeau, forty years after, persuaded Charles II. to intro- 
 duce it again into the mint, with some other mechanical improve- 
 ments of his own invention ; and eventually it created a revolution 
 both in the manner of coining and in the appearance of the coins 
 themselves. For the great change which then took place in the 
 form and impression of the new money struck by this invention, 
 gave it a decided superiority over the old coinage. 
 
 The mill and screio are generally conceived to be synonj'mous 
 Avith the coining-pi'ess as one machine ; but il is not improbable 
 that two distinct machines were comprehended in that expression; 
 the screw or mechanical power employed in giving the impression 
 to the coins, and the mill or mechanism driven by horse-power, by 
 which the metal was rolled instead of being hammered into plates. 
 The introduction of a mere coining-machine would have been of 
 little use without a corresponding improvement in other processes, 
 and quite incompatible with the slow and clumsy mode of forging 
 the metal formerly in use. The inference is in some degree cori-obo- 
 j-ated by the reputed costliness of using the machine ; for a coining- 
 press will cost little more than the labor of working it. Before the 
 introduction of steam-power, human labor was employed in driving 
 the coining-presses; but probably animal labor was used in dri\ ing 
 the rolling-mill, and hence the expense must have been considerable, 
 if not comjDensated by the extent of the coinage. 
 
 Sterling^ etc. 
 
 In the fabrication of money from the precious metals, it is a fun- 
 damental law that some particular standard should be adopted as re- 
 gards the composition of the metal ; and this was called by our Saxon 
 ancestors sterling. The origin of the word, which has remained so 
 many ages in fiimiliar use, is involved in some obscurity ; but it is 
 generally understood to have expressed what we now call the stand- 
 ard of our silver currency, for it was never applied to coins made of 
 the more precious metal, gold. While by custom and habitude we 
 speak of pounds sterling, our Saxon and Norman ancestors signified 
 by these words pounds in weight of coin of sterling silver. On this 
 curious subject, it is remarked by IIuding, that in England, and all 
 over the continent of Europe, it designated tlie standard quality of 
 our silver money ; and it is a striking circumstance in the history of 
 our coinage, that the fineness of the silver coins, which was expressed 
 by that word, has preserved its integrity unbroken from the reign 
 of Henry II. (at the lowest calculation), down to the present time — 
 a ])eriod of more than 600 years. This standard consists of 11 
 ounces 2 pennyweights of fine silver and 18 peiniy weights alloy to 
 tlui pound troy, or 18-222 dwts. Dr. Henry, in his History of Great 
 Britain, says that the standard of Anglo-Saxon money consisted
 
 12 A History of Coinage. 
 
 at one time of 9 parts of silver and 1 of copper ; but that must apply 
 to a very early period, as there can be no doubt of the great anti- 
 quity of the sterling. If, to perfect the proposed decimal system of 
 coinage, the standard were altered or reduced to ^^^^ths as respects 
 silver, the coincidence would be singular. 
 
 Sterling silver remained in high repute all over the Continent, 
 because it was superior to any other currency ; and even in England 
 the words conveyed for centuries the ideas of goodness and purity. 
 And we may remark here that the gold coins of England, from the 
 reign of Henry III., when they were generally introduced, to the 
 reign of Henry VIII., who debased their purity, were made of fine 
 gold. This is a remarkable circumstance, because as gold in its 
 native state is rarely discovered so pure, the existence for a long 
 period of a coinage fabricated of that meta,l in a state of purity 
 necessarily implies the knowledge of the art of refining, which must 
 have been practised at a very early period. Pliny, indeed, says 
 that in his time gold was refined by mercury, which mingled with 
 it, but rejected all alloy, and the gold was freed from the mercury 
 by squeezing both in skins, in which operation the mercury ran 
 through and left the gold in a pure state. Some of the Greek gold 
 coins were also of great purity, as those of Philip of Macedon, and 
 his son Alexander the Great, rivalled by those of the other 
 princes and cities which immediately followed. Those of the suc- 
 cessors of Alexander in Egypt were 23 carats 3 grains fine, and 1 
 carat grain alloy, which we give on the authority of Jacob in his 
 book on the " Precious Metals." Pinkerton, on the authority of 
 a French writer, informs us that the goldsmiths of Paris, in assay- 
 ing some gold coins of Vespasian, found in them no more than a 
 VSSth part of alloy. But though the Greek and Roman coins 
 attained so high a standard, their silver coins were not so pure. 
 Those of the Greeks were inferior to ours; and also the Roman of 
 the earliest period, though slightly. 
 
 During the reign of Henry VIII., the currency of both gold and 
 silver was greatly debased and corrupted, as compared with that of 
 former reigns. He fabricated coins of wliat was called crown gold, 
 22 carats fine, which was eventually adopted as the standard of our 
 gold currency. Some of his silver money was so much depreciated 
 as to contain no more than a third part of fine silver. But notwith- 
 standing this nefarious and dishonorable proceeding on the part of 
 the crown, the true, ancient, and venerable standard or sterling was 
 always regarded by the people with a degree of affection and rever- 
 ence somewhat similar to that which on great occasions they 
 expressed in favor of their ancient laws and charters. So soon, there- 
 fore, as Queen Elizabeth was firmly fixed on her throne, she listened 
 to the reasonable demands and just representations of the country, 
 and restored the ancient standard of our silver coin, which happily 
 has remained untouched to this day. 
 
 The following table will show the variations of the standard from 
 Edward I. to the reign of Elizabeth. From the most authentic
 
 A History of Coinage. 
 
 13 
 
 documents, it appears the standard remained uniformly the same 
 through the long extended period from Edward I., and perhaps 
 before, to tlie 34th year of Henry VIII., wlien the proportion fell 
 to 10 ounces of fine silver, and 2 ounces of alloy to the pound 
 weight troy. 
 
 From Edward I. to Henry VIII. 
 34tli year Henry VIII 
 
 Fine 
 
 Silver, i 
 
 Alloy. 
 
 Fine Sil- 
 ver p lb. 
 
 Oz. 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 ]1 
 
 11 
 
 Dvfta. 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 Oz. 
 
 Dwts. 
 
 Dwts. 
 
 2 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 6 
 9 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 19 
 18 
 18 
 
 222 
 
 200 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 120 
 
 60 
 
 221 
 
 221 
 
 222 
 
 222 
 
 36t.h 
 
 37th 
 
 1st Edward VI 
 
 3d 
 
 4th 
 
 6th 
 
 Mary, and Philip and MaiJy. . . . 
 Elizabeth 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 In the earliest times, the silver coins were equal in weight and 
 in tale; that is, each penny was a pennyweight (.)f silver, or 24 
 grains. Such was, indeed, tlie theory ; for the coins in reality rarely 
 reached to the counterpoise' of a pennyweight. The intention was 
 frustrated either by the great imperfection of manufacture, or, as 
 RuDiNG maintains, from design — as the irregularity was too nearly 
 general to be attributable to accident. But niay this discrepancy 
 not in part be explained by supposing that at one period the pound 
 contained only 5400 grains, which would give only 22^ grains to 
 the penny instead of 24 grains? No doubt also the profit of the 
 s/iere, or remedy on the coin for errors of fabrication, sometimes 
 offered too strong a temptation to our monarchs who looked to the 
 coinage of money as a considerable source of revenue ; while, on the 
 other hand^ the dishonest propensities of the niuneyers, and the evil 
 habit of clipping the coin, increased the evil. In consequence of the 
 diminution of weight, arising from one or all of these sources, any 
 considerable payment in coin required to be made by weight, and 
 the deficiency made good. Exchanges were also instituted to change 
 light money for that of full weight ; and it was no uncommon arti- 
 fice of our kings of old to call in the coins, in order that they might 
 have the profit of the shere : and at such times the coins were taken 
 by weight and not by tale, inflicting, therefore, great loss on the 
 possessor. 
 
 It is observed by Ruding, that the professed standard weight of 
 24 grains continued for more than 200 years from the Norman con- 
 quest, that is, until the 28th year of Edward I. (a. d. 1300). From 
 that time until the 43d of Elizabeth, a period of full 300 years, 
 the legal weight of the coins was progressively diminished ; and 
 yet notwithstanding the variations in the price of bullion which
 
 14 A Hlstori/ of Coinage. 
 
 haA'e taken place since the conclnsion of her reign, the weight 
 continued stationary for more than 200 years — that is, until the 55th 
 year of the reign of George III. (1815). 
 
 We have already incidentally remarked, that anciently what Ave 
 now denominate a pound in currenc}'^ was in reality a pound weight 
 of sterling silver ; and if that assertion be correct, then it follows 
 that silver relatively to gold is three times cheaper than it Avas in 
 former times. A pound of silver was worth then 240 pennies, or 
 say 20 shillings : now the market value is about 60 shillings, or 720 
 pence, and the mint price 66 shillings. In researches of this nature 
 it is difficult, laborious, and often impossible to obtain full and 
 accurate information of such pai'ticulars from existing records; but 
 evidence of the interesting lact may be deduced from inferential or 
 collateral lestimony. For example, we have on record, so late as the 
 reign of Edward III. (1327), that the pound of silver was coined at 
 the i"ate of 25 shillings ; and a pound of gold at the rate of oidy 
 L.15; whereas in the reign of Charles II. (1660-1685) silver was 
 coined at 62 shillings, and gold at L.44, 10s. If we assume the 
 relative value of gold and silver to be as 15 to 1 ; then in the reign 
 of Henry I. (1100-1135) it was 9 to 1 only; and therefore nine 
 pounds of silver should be esteemed the equivalent in exchange for 
 one pound of gold. But in the calculation allowance ought to be 
 made for the diflference in the fineness of gold at the two periods. 
 
 Privilege of coining. 
 
 The privilege of coining money has always been claimed as a 
 prerogative of the executive power, which was guarded with extreme 
 jealousy. "The legitimation of money," says Sir Matthew Hai.e, 
 "and the giving it its denominated value, is justly reckoned in jura 
 majestatis, and in England it is one special part of the king's pre- 
 rogative." And RuDiNG observes, " As to the impression of the 
 coins, the stamping thereof is the unquestionable prerogative of the 
 crown, and it was in very few instances communicated to those 
 persons on whom the privilege was conferred ; for, in general, the 
 dies were sent either from the Exchequer, or from the master of the 
 mint in the Tower." The privilege implied that the authority of 
 the crown Avas necessary to give legal currency to the coin; and 
 although Blackstone thinks it did not extend to the debasement 
 of the coin to the injury of the people, no one can doubt that the 
 power AA'as not always legitimately exercised. In truth, it is only in 
 the case of a depreciated currency that the king's proclamation is 
 necessary to give legal circulation to the coin of the realm; and as 
 a protection to his subjects, the tender is limited within narrow 
 bounds. 
 
 In early Saxon and Norman times, royal establisliments existed 
 in almost every town of any importance for the coinage of tlie king's 
 money. During the reign of Ethelred, Avho died in 1017, it is said 
 that no less than 38 mints Avere in various places employed for this
 
 A History of Coinage. l6 
 
 purpose. The reason is not clifRcult to perceive. The communica- 
 tion between different parts of the country was extremely imperfect 
 and hazardous, and it became necessary to institute mints and ex- 
 changes in provincial towns for the purpose of supplying the neio-h- 
 boring districts with money to carry on their commerce ; but as 
 communication was rendered easier, these subordinate mints and 
 exchanges by degrees fell into disuse, till at length they all became 
 concentrated in the metropolis, Avhere one estahMshment has been 
 found adequate for the supply of the whole kingdom. 
 
 After the Noeman conquest, the number of mnirs was greatly 
 reduced, /SO that in the reign of Hexry VI., who died 14til, tiie only 
 mints in England were at Bristol, Canterbury, Coventry, Dur- 
 ham, London, Norwich, Oxford, and York ; but in the reign of 
 Henry VII. (1485-1509), they were further limited to Canterbury, 
 Durham, York, and London. It is supposed by some, that in the 
 time of Elizabeth, when the currency was purified and improved, 
 all the coins of the realm were struck in London only, as no traces 
 of other mints are to be found from that period ; but it remains on 
 record that in the reigri of William III. (1689-1702), when a great 
 recoinage of silver took place, several local mints were employed 
 along with the one in the metropolis in order speedily to complete 
 that vast undertaking. 
 
 Athelstan is said to have been the first monarch who enacted 
 any regulations for the government of the various mints. In his 
 laws, promulgated about the year 928, it is provided tliat one sort 
 of coin only should be current throughout the kingdom ; and he 
 granted to various towns by name a number of coiners or moneyers 
 proportionate to their size and consequence, and to all boroughs of 
 inferior ranks one moneyer each. The provincial mints were under 
 the control of that within the Tower of London, from which, as 
 paramount, the dies were issued, and for which the moneyers paid a 
 regular fee upon every alteration of the coins. They seem also to 
 liave paid an annual rent (we presume for the use of the premises), 
 which in the city of London amounted to L.75 — a very considerable 
 sum at that time. The rents of the other mints, however, were 
 much lower than this. 
 
 The chief use of the exchanges appointed in various places was 
 to increase the facility of distributing the coins made at the mints, 
 to change new money for old, to receive the coins when called in by 
 the monarch when light, clipped, or defective, and for the purpose 
 of purchasing bullion for the supply of the mints ; for it appears our 
 monarchs claimed the exclusive right of purchasing bullion, and 
 appointed olficers (to whom they delegated that branch of the pre- 
 rogative), called custodes cambii, and custodes monetce. It was the 
 duty of these functionaries not only to exchange the current coins, 
 but also to receive wrought plate and foreign coins according to 
 their fineness; and as the exportation of the coins of the realm was 
 prohibited, they furnished persons going out of the kingdom with 
 ioreigu money in exchange for English, and also supplied merchants
 
 16 A History of Coinage. 
 
 and stviingers coming into the kingdom with Exglish coins in ex- 
 cliange for foreign. 
 
 From these sources, and from the coinage of money, the crown 
 derived a considerable revenue, which from time to time it sought 
 to augment by means not the most scrupulous or honorable. 
 
 j.L^cient constitutioii of the mints. 
 
 The constitution of the mints in the eai-liest times of British 
 histo and tno regulations applied to the coinage, are questions of 
 antiquarian researcb, which will be deemed more curious than profit- 
 able. The materials for such an inquiry are extremely m' agre and 
 incomplete; for, according to Ruding, both the Anglo-Saxon laws 
 and Domesday-Book are silent on the subject. They frequently 
 mention the inoneyers, but make no allusion to any other officers of 
 the mint; though it is reasonable to suppose that the crown, whose 
 prerogative it was to coin money, must have had some jurisdiction 
 over those Avho were employed in the practical operations. It may 
 be inferred that each mint Avas supervised by a heid or mint-master, 
 Avhether of the mint-proper or the exchange, who, receiving a cer- 
 tain rate on the coinage, paid those under him ; while the moneyers, 
 on the other hand, out of their allowance, paid the laborei's under 
 them. This may not have been the case at the earliest period of our 
 history, but the custom may certainly be traced back to very remote 
 times. 
 
 On the early Saxotst coins are found, besides the names of the 
 monarchs, those of other persons who are with great probability 
 conjectured to be the moneyers, and not the mint-masters; because, 
 on the later Anglo-Saxox money the names of those otticers fre- 
 quently occur, with the addition of their title of office; and this fact, 
 cou])led with the silence of ancient records, has led Kudixg to con- 
 clude that they were the only persons employed in the Anglo-Saxon 
 and early Anglo-Norman mints. lie thinks, too, this opinion ia 
 corroborated by the circumstance, tliat in the reign ot Hexky 1. 
 (1100-1 135), Avhen the'money was so much con-.ipted as to call foi a 
 sentence of most exemplary severity on the oifen<lers, the punislunent 
 is said to have been iiillicted upon moneyers onlv, without the least 
 mention of any other officer. This was also the case on a similar 
 occasion in the reign of Henry II. (1154-1189). But if it be true 
 that the moneyers were required to stamp their names on the coins 
 as a token of their responsibility, and as an attestation of the integ- 
 rity of the coin, the punishment of any other persons might not have 
 been necessary. Kuding remarks on this subject, that "It should 
 seem that the reeve had in the Anglo-Saxon times some kind of con- 
 nection with the mint or jurisdiction over it ; for in the laws of 
 Cnut it is provided, that if any persou accused of false coinage 
 should plead that he did it by license of the reeve, tliat officer should 
 clear himself by the triple ordeal. If he failed to do this, he was to 
 suffer the same punishment as the falsifier himself; which, in tho
 
 A History of Coinage. 17 
 
 Batne chapter of the law, is said to be the loss of that hand by which 
 tlie crime was committed — without any redemption either by gold 
 or silver. As it would scarcely be possible for the reeve to prove 
 the falsity of such an accusation, it seems probable that his situation 
 with respect to the mint was such as to make it his duty to super- 
 intend the operations of it, and to prevent all clandestine practices." 
 The same authority further observes, that after the Norman con- 
 quest the officers of the mint appear to have been in some degree 
 under the jurisdiction of the court of exchequer, as they were ad- 
 mitted to their respective stations in that court, and took before the 
 barons the customary oath of office. 
 
 Mr. RuDiNG is unable to determine the exact period when it 
 became necessary to place some superintending authority in the mint 
 to prevent the bad practices of the moneyers; but adds, it is prob- 
 able such an officer, if the gtrefa or reeve were not a presiding func- 
 tionary, was appointed between the twenty-sixth year of Henry II. 
 (1180), when the moneyers alone were punished for the adulteration 
 of the money, and the third year of Richard I. (1192), when Henry 
 DE CoRNHiLL accouutcd for the profits of the cambium of all Eng- 
 land, except Winchester. This, however, appears to be con- 
 jectural ; for this the first warden of the mint was most probably 
 appointed to collect the revenue arising from the seignorage charged 
 upon the coinage of bullion, although the duties might also extend 
 to the fabrication of the coins, with the view of preventing the mas- 
 ter or the moneyers from taking any undue advantage of the crown 
 or the public by the debasement of the currency. 
 
 In the reign of Edward I., about 1279, it appears all the mintS' 
 in England became consolidated under one master, Tournemire of 
 Marseilles, who became personally responsible for the entire coin- 
 age. Between him and the king an agreement? somewhat analogous- 
 to the future mint indentures, was entered into, by which an allow- 
 ance was secured to him to co^er all the charges of coinage. In. 
 this we have the germ of that system of contracts or agreements by 
 which the mint was afterwards carried on. 
 
 But, according to Ruding and others, the mint did not attain its 
 full constitution of superior officers until the eighteenth year of 
 Edward II., i. e., at the beginning of the fourteenth century ; when 
 an officer under the title of comptroller first appears, who delivered 
 in his account distinct from those of the warden and master, as theirs 
 likewise were from each other. " Thus they operated as mutual 
 checks, and no fraud could be practised without the criminal con- 
 currence of all those three persons." One of the peculiar duties 
 required of the conijUroller was, annually to make out a roll, called 
 usually the comptrolment-roU, containing an account of all the gold 
 and silver coined, and to deliver it on oath before one of the barons 
 of the exchequer. It was always written on parchment, and formed 
 a permanent record of the coinages of the mint. 
 
 The office of king's assayer constituted another check of even 
 greater importance ; for to this officer was confided the assaying of 
 
 2 
 
 \
 
 18 A History of Coinage. 
 
 all the bullion, after it had been melted for coinage, as well as the 
 coin itself, and hence he became responsible to the king for the 
 purity of the whole coinage. Persons exercising those functions are 
 found on record in the reign of Henry III. (1216-1272), but it is 
 probable some such officer existed from the earliest period of the 
 fabrication of money, although we are unable to define the precise 
 date of liis appointment. In after times the office, by degrees, 
 acquired more consequence and authority, as no coin could be issued 
 to the public without the sanction of the king's assay-master; and 
 therefore, as Rudixg remarks, he became "the sole guardian of the 
 purity of many millions of money." And it may be added that, in 
 modern times at least, the responsible duty has always been dis- 
 charged Avith honor and fidelity, and to the great advantage of the 
 public. 
 
 This ancient and honorable office was swept away, with the old 
 constitution of the mint, in 1851. 
 
 Besides these, there was another officer of some importance in 
 ancient times, who bore the title of cimeator, or keeper of the dies ; 
 and Avhich still exists under the quaint name of " clerk of the irons." 
 This office is supposed to have been hereditary; and the person 
 executing its duties is said to have appointed the engravers of the 
 dies, who Avere thus under his immediate cognizance and authority. 
 He took charge of the dies as they were struck, accounted for them, 
 and supplied the various local mints with dies. By right of office 
 he claimed the broken dies as his perquisite. 
 
 Moneyers. 
 
 The monej'ers were persons strictly employed in the fabrication 
 of the coin ; but in what manner they were paid, and what degree 
 of rank they anciently held, are subjects open to dispute. It cannot 
 be doubted, however, that as regards the operative branches of the 
 mints, they were persons of some importance, though not necessarily 
 of high rank. In times when mechanical knowledge was rare, and 
 skill in any art deemed a mystery, such endowments were greatly 
 valued, and gave importance to the possessor. After a careful 
 analysis, Kuding is disposed neither to place them in the rank of 
 superior officers nor of common workmen. They were probably 
 employed under a superintending head, on the part of the crown; 
 enjoying, at the same time, peculiar rights and privileges of their 
 own. Without being exactly a corporate body, that is, having a 
 charter of incorporation from the crown, as a comi)any of mechanics 
 tiiey may have possessed some of that exclusive spirit wiiich char- 
 acterized the trades of Londox. Theirs was a craft and mystery, 
 which would naturally assume some of the consequence of other 
 crafts. On various occasions they appear to have acted as a recog- 
 nized body, and their petitions and remonstrances were listened to 
 by the monarch as if tliey had rank and power sepai'ate from the 
 general officers of the mint. This will appear quite natural and con-
 
 A History of Coinage. 19 
 
 sistent to those who are conversant with the cxistoms and usages in 
 ancient times, Nothinsc can be more absurd than to measure tliose 
 simple and primitive a^es by the standard of modern society ; and 
 to conchide that the moneyers were only common workmen because 
 they worked with their own hands, subjecting themselves to servile 
 duties unbecoming officers of the mint, must only betray ignorance 
 of history, and of the mode of life in former ages. 
 
 We have already observed, that they stamped their names on the 
 coins as a mark of responsibility — a custom Avhich prevailed at a 
 verv early period in this island ; for, according to Rudixg, they are 
 found upon the money of Egbert, king of Kent (827), which is the 
 second in point of antiquity in the Anglo-Saxon series, and must be 
 dated about the middle of the seventh century. They were usually 
 stamped on the reverse of the coin, but in some few instances they 
 are found on the obverse, whilst the name of the monarch is removed 
 to the other side. They amounted sometimes to 300 or 400 ; and it 
 appears seven or eight moneyers were attached to each mint, em- 
 ploying laborers under them, when the exigencies of the case required 
 it. " In ancient times, it is said, they were compelled to march Avith 
 the VicoMES when he went with the army, and were severely fined 
 on refusal ; and whenever the king came to a place where a mint 
 existed, they were obliged to coin as much money as he pleased out 
 of his silver. Hence they were sometimes called king's moneyers 
 and are so entitled in a writ of Henry HI. And when one of iheru 
 died, the king had a ceilain sum for a relief; and if he died intes- 
 tate, his property devolved to the king. They paid a certain annual 
 rent to the king, and also a kind of fine upon any renewal of the 
 money for the dies, Avhich were sent from the mint in the Tower. In 
 some cases they had houses allowed to them rent free. And amongst 
 their peculiar privileges, they appear to have been exempt from 
 local taxation ; for Henry HI., in the writ already alluded to, com- 
 mands the mayor of London not to disturb them by exacting tallages 
 contrary to their privileges. On the other hand, on pain of dis- 
 franchisement and imprisonment, they were required not to dis- 
 tribute any coin till delivered into the office of receipt and assayed; 
 they were enjoined to work whenever required; they were punished 
 for false coinage, etc. According to Sir Matthew Hale, it was 
 deemed treason if they made the coins too light, or not of the legal 
 fineness. 
 
 The moneyers of modern times arrogated corporate rights and 
 privileges, and a vested right therefore in the coinage of the country ; 
 but RuDiNG justly remarks, that they never were a corporate body 
 exclusive of the other officers of the mint ; for it seems in the reign 
 of Edward I. the privileges which belonged to the moneyers alone 
 extended to all the officers of the mint ; and after various confirma- 
 tions of succeeding monarchs they were afterwards granted and 
 secured to them as a corporate body in the first year of Queen Eliza- 
 beth. Nevertheless they were a very ancient body, as we have 
 shown, and they enjoyed not corporate but prescriptive rights of a
 
 20 A History of Coinage. 
 
 peculiar kind, whicli have now been abolished, along with other 
 rights and privileges, by an act of the legislature. 
 
 It has been contended that the names marked on the coins were 
 not those of the money ers, so called, but of the minter, monetarius, 
 or mint-master, who with his journeymen under him conducted the 
 whole operation ; but such a conclusion is contrary to the truth, and 
 directly opposed to the evidence of history as well as the authority 
 of the best writers. The number of such is sufficient of itself to dis- 
 prove the assumption. 
 
 Seignorage. 
 
 Connected with the subject of coinage is the seignorage, or 
 profits of coinage, which appear at one time to have formed no in- 
 considerable part of the I'evenues of the crown ; and which were often 
 levied without regard to principles of justice and equity, or the in- 
 terests of the people. The seignorage was not always a regular, much 
 less a moderate rate, but depended on the caprice, the avarice, or the 
 necessities of the sovereign. And according!)' , under one pretext or 
 another, the coin was frequently called in and renewed, merely to 
 augment this pecuniary advantage. "The profits of the seignorage," 
 says Lord Liverpool, in his Letter to the J^ing, " was so much con- 
 sidei'ed by our monarchs as a certain branch of their revenue, that 
 they were occasionally granted, whole or in part, either to cor- 
 porate bodies for their advantage, or for defniying certain charges 
 expressed in the grant itself. They were sometimes granted to indi- 
 viduals by way of pension," etc. 
 
 The seignorage was not propei'ly a money charge for coining, but 
 arose from a certain deduction made from the bullion coined, and 
 comprehended — 1st, the charge for defraying the expenses of coin- 
 age (included in a rate allowed to the master of the mint); and, 
 2dly, the sovereign's profit by virtue of his prerogative. RunixG 
 supposes the former of these to have been almost coeval with the in- 
 vention of coined money. But it is probable this deduction did not 
 long remain limited to that simple charge, as the monarch by in- 
 creasing it discovered a facile and profitable mode of enhancing his 
 revenue. Li the earliest mint account that is met with, says Kudixg, 
 namely, one of the 6th year of Henry IIL (1222), the profit on the 
 coinage is stated to have been 6d. in the pound. This appears from 
 the entries under that year of bullion coined in the mint at Canter- 
 bury, where the profit upon L.3S98 is stated to have been L.97,9s.2d., 
 wdiich is exactly sixpence in the })ouud. Of that sum the king had 
 L.60, 18s. 3|-d.,'and the archbishop L.36, 10s. 10|d. ; and the whole 
 sum of L.97, 9s. 2d. is stated to be the ^\nom\% o^ exitus /«/c/'/, that is, 
 we presume, the clear profit, after all the expenses were deducted. 
 And this agrees with the seignorage taken in the 28th year of Ed- 
 ward L, amounting to Is. 2^d. upon every pound, out of which the 
 master of the mint had o^d. for all expenses, and there remained 9d. 
 clear profiit to the king. But as this latter date is about 78 years
 
 A History of Coinage. 21 
 
 subseqixent to the former, it is not improbable that the seignorage 
 had been raised during that time in the proportion of nine to six. 
 
 The profit of the shere, or the remedy, as now it is called, was 
 also sometimes considerable. This was strictly an allowance made 
 for unavoidable imperfections in the fabrication of the coin, as re- 
 gards Aveight only, which from time to time was made instrumental 
 to the illegal gain of the king and wardens of the mint. But as there 
 is the same chance of an increase as of a decrease in the lawful 
 weight, it is manifest no considerable profit could be derived from 
 this source unless by a uniform and systematic coinage of the money 
 under the weight, though perhaps Avithin the remedy. Some idea of 
 the extent of such profits may be formed from the confession of Sir 
 William Sharingtox, who, in the reign of Edwaed VI. (1547-1553), 
 was vice-treasurer of the mint at Bristol. He says, "that in three 
 years he profited by the shere more than L.4000, answering to the 
 king for the say and sheare 12d., and taking the profit of the rest to 
 himself." 
 
 It is remarked, however, by Snellixg, in his Silver Coinage, that 
 "it does not appear that our princes made any considerable advan- 
 tage of this, until Queen Elizabeth, in her fourteenth year (1572), 
 allowed Lonison the master only eightpence, instead of fourteen- 
 pence farthing, in every pound, to bear all expenses ; which obliged 
 him to avail himself of the remedy, amounting to sixpence farthing 
 in the pound, as appeared by the report of the commissioners ap- 
 pointed to examine into this affair; after which the queen empow- 
 ered him, by commission, dated December 31st, in her twentj^-first 
 year (1579), to coin silver at 11 oz. 1 dwt. in fineness, and 60s. 3d. 
 in the pound weight, whicli were delivered by tale, taking thus half 
 the remedy, which amounted to about 6:jd. as before." It seems, 
 however, that Loxisox took a still further advantage, and shered the 
 silver at sixty shillings and fivcpenee or sixpence, and the gold at 
 L.36, 3s., and after at L.36, 3. 6d., while he paid to the queen's sub- 
 jects only 60s., or L.36, by tale, by Avhich means the public paid eleven 
 shillings instead of four shillings for gold ; and two shillings and six- 
 pence instead of one shilling and sixpence for silver. 
 
 Toward the latter end of her reign, and during the first seven- 
 teen years of James I. (1603-1620), the money was again paid out 
 by tale, and therefore the profit of the shere came to the crown, 
 which before belonged to the merchant. The latter monarch by a 
 proclamation made a reduction on the seignorage levied on the com. 
 
 At the great re-coinage of silver in the reign of William Ilf. 
 (1689-1702) the money is said to have been shorn at something more 
 than L.3, 2s. 3d. per lb., and made current at L.3, 2s. ; thus allowing 
 3d. per lb. weight for the profit of the shere, or rather more than 
 eight shillings in every hundred pounds of money. 
 
 With respect to times and usages more modern, Rudtng ob- 
 serves, that "in the present mode of conducting the coinage, very 
 nearly the whole advantage of the shere is given to him who brings 
 bullion to the mint ; for the coins are by the increased skill and atten-
 
 22 A Hist art/ of Coinage, 
 
 tion of the moneyers found greatly within the remedies allowed. 
 Thus It will appear, from a reference to the account of a trial of the 
 pyx in 1799, that when the remedy allowed has been 1 lb. 3 oz. 18 
 dwts., the actual deficiency has amounted to no more than 1 dwt. 
 15 grs. If the whole advantage of the shere had been taken, it would 
 have produced from the coinage of about five years, which was tlien 
 tried, nearly L.80,000." As silver is coined exclusively by the crown, 
 any profit of this kind goes to the benefit of the public ; but with 
 regard to gold, the importer receives the advantage, if any. For it 
 should be observed that the remark of Ruding, on the increased skill 
 and attention of the moneyers, is as applicable now as then to the 
 coinage of the realm, while at the same time the remedies have suf- 
 fered considerable diminution, so that the chances of gain and loss 
 must be esteemed nearly equal. 
 
 There is, however, another more certain source of profit to the 
 importer of gold into the mint for coinage, not alluded to by writers 
 on the subject, and that is the increment on the assay, or on the fine- 
 ness of the metal, which to that extent augments the standard weight, 
 and consequently the value of his bullion. The assay report which 
 accompanies the gold, and by which its market value is computed, 
 does not according to usage come closer than one-eighth of a carat 
 grain, or 7^ grains per lb. troy; but when the importer carries his 
 gold to be coined, anotlier assay is made at the mint, much finer and 
 more delicate than the trade-assay, in order to attain the exact stand- 
 ard, and he receives any benefit arising from fi-actional parts; in a 
 word, he has delivered to him a greater weight of coined money than 
 his bullion represented by the assay on which he purchased it. On 
 an average, this profit is supposed to be equivalent to about one six- 
 teenth of a carat grain = 3f troy grs., or nearly 8d. per lb. weight. 
 By a return made by the Bank of England, this gain, or increase of 
 bullion, is estimated to have amounted to tlie large sum of L.59,262, 
 16s. 6d. on L.48,659,648 coined between 1816 and 1837. 
 
 By an act of Charles II. (1678) the seignorage formerly levied on 
 the coin of the realm was entirely abolished ; and it M'as ordained 
 that Avhoever brought sterling silver, or crown or standard gold to 
 the mint, should receive in exchange an equal weight of the current 
 coin. And for the encouragement of coinage the king undertook to 
 bear all the expenses, so tliat the importer received standaid Aveight 
 for standard, and sterling for sterling in coin, "without any defalca- 
 tion, diminution, or charge for the assaying, coinage, or waste iu 
 coinage ; " and to defray these charges the monarch was authorized 
 to raise certain duties upon wines, spirits, etc., as, in the words of 
 the act, "it cannot be reasonably expected that the ex))ense, waste, 
 and charge of assaying, melting down, and coinage, be borne by your 
 Majesty. 
 
 1st James II., cap. 1. 
 
 This important act was revived and continued by James II. 
 (1685) as a great benefit to the country, lest "this kingdom be de-
 
 A History of Coinage. 23 
 
 prived for the future of so great a good as it liath thereby for those 
 years last past enjoyed;" and also by William III., in whose reign 
 (iG89-l702) several acts were passed to improve the coinage, and 
 punish those guilty of clipping the coin. In the reign of George 
 III., at the instance of Lord Liverpool, a seignorage was again put 
 upon silver, and so much of the act of Charles II. as related to coin- 
 ing silver brought to the mint without charge was repealed, as well 
 as a former act of George III., which required sixty-two shillings to 
 be coined out of every lb, troy of silver. 
 
 'iith George III., cap. 42. 
 
 I3y the act 5Gth George III. (1816), cap. 68, it was enacted that 
 the pound of silver should be coined into 66 shillings, " of which 62 
 shillings per lb. shall be delivered to the importer, and 4 shillings 
 retained for assaying, loss, and coinage ; " and any surplus, after de- 
 fraying these charges, was ordered to be carried to the consolidated 
 fund. It was further enacted that old silver coin of the realm 
 brought to the mint may be exchanged for its full nominal value in 
 new silver coin; but in effect this act destroyed all temptation on 
 the part of the public to coin silver, and consequently that branch 
 of the coinage now devolves on the crown. 
 
 At the same time that the silver currency was depreciated 
 (though coined of the legal standard of fineness), the legal tender was 
 reduced from L.25 to 4U shillings, and so remains to this day. For- 
 merly, gold and silver respectively were tenders to any amount; 
 but, as the act declares, "great inconvenience having arisen from 
 both these precious metals being concurrently the standard measure 
 of value, and equivalent of ])roperty," gold coin was declared to be 
 liereafter the only legal tender and measure of value. 
 
 1th William IV., cap. 9 (1837). 
 
 The amount realized by the seignorage was formerly retained bj'- 
 the master of the mint to defray the expenses of coinage, agreeably 
 to the act, and the surplus paid to the public account ; but by a sub- 
 sequent act of William IV. (1837), to i-eguiate the financial arrange- 
 ment of the mint, the seignorage was required to be paid into the 
 bank to the credit of the consolidated fund, and the charges of the 
 mint to be brought annually before parliament. 
 
 When the market price of silver is 5s, per ounce, the seignorage 
 is equivalent to precisely ten per cent, (the cost of coinage being 
 about 2 per cent.), and hence there is a very large apparent ])rotit to 
 the crown ; but as the governniL'nt is subject to the renewal of the 
 silver currency, and to the great loss accruing from the wear of the 
 coin, and consequent diminution of tlie weight, the gain from this 
 source eventually cannot be considerable. 
 
 The following table will succinctly afford a view of the seignorage 
 on gold and silver from as early a period as can be obtained :
 
 24 
 
 A History of Coinage. 
 
 Table to show the Seignobage on teie Coinage, from the Reign of Edward 
 JII. TO THE Reign of Victoria; and the Variations in the Value of Gold 
 
 AND Silver. 
 
 
 One lb. 
 
 of 
 
 Seignor 
 
 ige 
 
 Allowance 
 
 One lb. 
 
 of 
 
 Sei 
 
 rnorago 
 
 Allowance 
 
 REIGN. 
 
 
 Sold 
 
 
 of th 
 
 
 to Master 
 
 Silve 
 
 r 
 
 ( 
 
 f the 
 
 to Master 
 
 
 coir 
 
 ed into 
 
 Crown. 
 
 of Mint. 
 
 coined into 
 
 C 
 
 rown. 
 
 of Mint. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 £ 
 
 a. d. 
 
 £ «. d. 
 
 30th Kdwanl III.... 
 
 l.T 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 9} 
 
 6J 
 
 Henry VI 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 lU-niv Vlll... 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 84th Do. 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 4 
 
 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 86th Tio. 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 
 
 
 4 16 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 87th Do. 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Edward VI ... 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 7 "4' 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 '4" 
 
 
 6th Do 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 14 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 19th Elizabeth . . 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 7 
 
 
 
 "i" 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 2.5lh Do 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 27th Do 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 6 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 48i1 Do 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 "2' 
 
 
 
 
 
 2" 
 
 
 James I 
 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 G 5 
 
 3 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 10th Do 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nth Do 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohailes I 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 5 
 
 8 "2' 
 
 
 
 
 
 '2" 
 
 
 1650 Oominonweulth 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charles II . . . 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Nil. 
 
 
 2 5 
 
 3 "2' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George I 
 
 46 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 8 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 '4" 
 
 
 Victoria 
 
 46 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 As a collateral branch of the subject, it is of some interest to in- 
 quire how bullion was supplied to the mint to be coined into money. 
 
 Supply of bullion. 
 
 As we have seen, Strabo and Tacitus speak confidently of an- 
 cient BiiiTAiN having produced abundantly gold, silver, and other 
 precious metals, the reputation of which afforded an incitement to 
 conquest ; while Suetonius ascribes to the pearls of Bkitaix the 
 temptation as well as reward to Julius C^sar to visit the wild, 
 barbarous, and inhospitable regions of the north. Probably both 
 assertions are equally without foundation, originating in the fabulous 
 character given to distant and unknown countries. 
 
 So far from the Britons being skillful in mining (who could not 
 so much as clothe themselves with any art higlier than barbarians), 
 it is said that the brass or copper out of which their rude money 
 was fabricated came from abroad, and that of iron they produced an 
 inconsiderable quantity, though both iron and copper abound in 
 England and Wales. 
 
 It ai)pears that from an early ])eriod silver was found in Britain, 
 wliicli ])robably was extracted from tlie leatl mines ; for it is asserted 
 that the art or process of separating silver from lead was discovered 
 and practised in times very remote. But on this head our rt'searches 
 have not brought to light accurate intbrmation, and j)erhaps the 
 inquiiy would be deemed more curious than profitable. 
 
 In the reign of Edward I. (1272-1307), silver was discovered in 
 Devonsihiie, probably com\)ined with lead ; and as there existed 
 a great scarcity of bullion, the laws enacted with regard to mines
 
 A History of Coinage. 26 
 
 •were exceedingly strict in requiring the silver to be brought to the 
 mints for coinage ; and of the produce of the mines, the king claimed 
 I'd, while the other |ds wore granted to the owner of the soil. At 
 this period a considerable amount of foreign bullion aj^pears to have 
 been purchased for the mint, according to the account of William 
 DE Wtiionduaai, warden of the mint. The scarcity of the precious 
 metals seems to have induced all manner of fraud to be perpetrated 
 by those who worked in metals ; and accordingly an act of Edward 
 I. commands that all vessels of gold shall be assayed, touched, and 
 marked, and that " none shall from henceforth make or cause to be 
 made any manner of vessel, jewel, or any other thing of gold or sil- 
 ver, except it be of good and true alloy, that is to say, gold of a 
 certain touch, and silver of the sterling alloy, and that none work 
 Avorse silver than money. And that no manner of vessel of silver 
 depart out of the hands of the workers until it be assaied by the war- 
 dens of the craft ; and further that it be marked with the leopard'8 
 head. And that they work no worse gold than of the touch of 
 Paris." By the laws of Edward III. (1327-J377), goldsmiths are 
 forbidden to melt sterling farthings or halfpennies to make into ves- 
 sels ; none are permitted without the king's license to convey gold 
 or silver forth of the realm ; no false money or counterfeit sterling 
 is allowed to be brought into the kingdom to defraud the people ; 
 and to encourage coinage, " all people of what realm or dominion 
 they be, may safely bring to the exchanges, and to no place else, 
 bullion, silver in plate, vessel of silver, and all manner of money 
 of silver of what value soever it be, and there receive good and con- 
 venient exchange." By another act it is rendered unlawtul to ex- 
 change money, or derive any profit therefrom, except the king's ex- 
 changers ; and " it is accorded, that the money of gold and silver, 
 which now runneth, shall not be impaired in weight nor in alloy ; but 
 as soon as a good way may be found, the same be put in the ancient 
 state as in the sterling." And it is requii-ed, that the moneyers and 
 other wardens and ministers of the money shall receive plate of gold 
 and silver by the weight, and in the same manner shall deliver the 
 money when it shall be made. 
 
 In consequence of the great scarcity prevailing of halfpence and 
 farthings of silver, it is enacted by a law of Henry lY. (1399-1413), 
 that a third i)art of the silver " brought to the bullion " be coined 
 into tliese denominations, and goldsmiths and others are forbidden 
 to melt them. And it is ordained by the same monarch, " that none 
 from henceforth shall use to multiply gold or silver, nor use the craft 
 of multiplication ; and if any the same do, that he incur the pain of 
 felony in this case." 
 
 JSenry V. 
 
 A singular law of Henry V. (1413-1422), ordains that every 
 foreign merchant buying wool in England to carry it abroad, shall 
 biing to the master of the mint for every sack one ounce of bullion 
 of gold, and for every three pieces of tin an ounce of gold, or the
 
 26 A History of Coinage. 
 
 value in bullion of silver, upon pain of forfeiture. And that no 
 English gold shall be received in payment but by the king's weight ; 
 a great part of the gold current being of light weiglit, and of inferior 
 qmility ; and to remedy this great evil, the king offers pardon to all 
 his lief'es who shall brinsr the same to the mint to be made into new 
 money, 
 
 Henry VI. 
 
 In the reign of Henry VI. (1422-1461), it is enacted to the in- 
 tent that more bullion be brought to the mint and coined, that the 
 master of the mint "keep his alloy in the making of white money 
 according to the form of his indenture." And he is required to 
 strike, from time to time, half nobles, ,/arM.m^-s of gold, groats, half 
 groats, pence, halfpence, and fartliings, for the ease of the people, 
 according to the tenure of the indenture betwixt the king and him." 
 
 These and other laws up to the time of Elizabeth (1558), were 
 passed with the view of encouraging coinage, intimidating false 
 coiners and clippers of coin, and securing bullion for the mint ; but 
 their operation must, to a great extent, have been inefiectual ; for as 
 respects coining, the inducement was such that no merchant would 
 have taken his bullion to the mint except by compulsion, as he was 
 not only subjected to all the charges of coinage, but likewise had to 
 pay the king's seignorage — his gold or silver being returned to him 
 in coined money, less these onerous exactions. The profit must, 
 therefore, have been uncertain; but, probably from finding no ready 
 market for his precious ware, and the laws being stringent against 
 exportation of coin and bullion, he had no alternative but to take it 
 to the mint. As the population and wealth of the country increased, 
 there appears to have been difficulty in supplying the country with 
 monev, and hence the crown from time to time was induced to re- 
 mit or diminish both the seignorage and the mint charge. 
 
 James I. 
 
 In the reign of James I. (1603-1025), the lead mines of Wales 
 were discovered by Sir Hugh Middletox, and the silver from that 
 source was coined into money. 
 
 With regard to gold, of which probably very little existed in 
 England in former times, it is said that none was coined until the 
 reign of Edward HI. (1327), when the first entry of its being brought 
 for coinage remains on record. But we may more strictly date the 
 coinage of that metal from the reign of Henry HI. (1216). As we 
 previously observed, the gold of that period was coined at 24 carats 
 line, or pure gold, and so continued at that standard till the eight- 
 eenth year oi' Edward III. (1345), when it fell to 23 carats 'i\ grs. 
 and 1 carat grain of alloy; caused, no doubt, by the extreme diffi- 
 culty, if not impossibility, of obtaining gold, by refining or other- 
 wise, of a quality so superior; for it may be inferred that whatever 
 may have been the process of refining pursued in those times, by 
 fire or by water, there existed some method of purifying gold as
 
 A History of Coinage. 27 
 
 well as silver, though no authentic knowledge of it has descended 
 to us. 
 
 Tlie high standard referred to, not exceeded by any other coins 
 known, continued to prevail till the reign of IIexkt VIII. (1509), 
 who, to augment his revenue, corrupted the whole currency, and 
 reduced some of his gold coin as low as 20 carats fine. He likewise 
 coined crowns of gold of the standard of 22 carats fine, which sub- 
 sequently took the name of crown gold, and which, in the reign of 
 CiiAKLEs II. (1660-1685), was made by law the sole standard of 
 gold in England, and so continues to this day. We find that money 
 of both qualities circulated iu England till the reign of the latter 
 monarch. 
 
 The difficulty refeiTcd to in supplying the mint with bullion now 
 no longer exists, while the various expedients adopted to induce it 
 to come to the mint are no longer necessary. When silver coin is 
 required by the public, the master of the mint orders a supply of 
 bullion, in bars or foreign coin, to be purchased in the market, which 
 he pays for by a draft on the Bank of England. When gold coin 
 is called for, the bank, on the contrary, sends bullion to the mint for 
 coinage, and supplies the public exigencies ; for it may be remarked 
 that since the merchant was enabled by law to I'eceive at the bank 
 the fixed rate of L.3, 17s. 9d. an ounce standard for his bullion, the 
 temptation to employ the mint ceased ; because, as the mint price 
 for gold is L.3, 17s. 10|^d, an ounce, the difference was found scarcely 
 sufficient to cover the loss of interest on capital. 
 
 Premium on Gold and Silver. 
 
 In modern times the market value of gold and silver has remained 
 almost stationary for some years, and consequently the relative pro- 
 portion of oue metal to the other has scarcely varied. This fact 
 proves that the supply and demand have been uniform ; but now 
 we have some evidence of disturbing causes, in the i-eeent marvelous 
 discoveries of gold in California and Australia, which may event- 
 ually destroy the equilibrium; and as the discoveiy of America and 
 its treasures of silver gradually altered the relative proportions of 
 the precious metals, so may recent discoveries in course of time 
 effect a similar change. Remarkable, indeed, would it be, if the causes 
 referred to were eventually to reduce the jjroportion of 15 to 1, the 
 average of modern times, to 9 to 1, the proponion calculated by 
 good authorities to have existed in the reign of Henry I. The fol- 
 lowing table shows the approximate relative value from the reign 
 of that monarch to that of Victoria; and it may be deduced from 
 it, that the rise in the value of gold from the accession of James I. 
 to Chaiiles II. was equal to 32 per cent. ; and from Charles H. to 
 George III. — a period of 135 years — no less than 39|f*per cent.
 
 28 A History of Coinage. 
 
 Relative proportio7i of Silver to Gold, from the reign of Henry I. 
 (1100) to the reign of Victoria (1837). 
 
 REIGN. Years. Proportion of Silver to Gold. Standard of Gold. 
 
 Henry 1 1100-1135 ..9 to 1 24 carats. 
 
 Henry III 1216-1272 ..10 ..1 
 
 Edward III 1.327-1377 ..12 ..1 23 V,\ 
 
 Henry VI 1422-U61 ..10 ..1 
 
 Edward IV 1461-1483 .. 11151-955 ..1 
 
 Henry VIII 1509-1543 .. 1159-220 ..1 22 .. 
 
 34th Do 1543 .. 10 10-23 .. 1 ' 
 
 36th Do 1545 .. 6 9-11 ..1 
 
 37th Do 1546 ,.5 ..1 
 
 3d Edward VI 1550 . , 5 5-33 . . 1 
 
 4th Do 1551 .. 4 788-955 ..1 
 
 5th Do 1552 .. 2 394-955 ..1 
 
 f ..11 117-955 ..1 23 3^ 
 
 6thDo 1553 j __ \\\.\Q ..1 22 .. 
 
 Elizabeth 1558 ,.11 ..1 
 
 43d Do 1601 ..10 ..1 
 
 JamesI 1603-1625 .. 12 .. 1 
 
 CharlesII .1(60-1685 .. 14 331-682 ..1 
 
 William and Mary 1689-1702 ..15 ..1 
 
 George 1 1714-1727 .. 15 ..1 
 
 56th George III 1760-1820 .. 14 288-1000.. 1 
 
 Victoria 1837 ..15 ..1 
 
 Materials of Money. 
 
 Among the Anglo-Saxoxs, silver and brass formed the material 
 of money coined by them, though foreign gold circulated to a lim- 
 ited extent; but, says Ruding, "the use of the latter appears to 
 have been rejected by the Anglo-Norman monarchs, and silver be- 
 came the sole material of coinage for a long-extended period, until 
 the more precious metal, gold, was introduced into the mint by 
 Henry III. (1216). The penny was consequently the lowest coin 
 until the reigu of Edward I. (1272), and afterwards farthings were 
 coined in silver, and so continued as long as the increased value of 
 silver allowed, but at length their size of necessity so much dimin- 
 ished, that the making of them ceased in the reign of Edward VI. 
 (1547). Gold and silver, therefore, formed the only coins during 
 several centuries, to the great inconvenience of the people, who re- 
 quired for their ordinary purchases money of a lower denomination; 
 and it has been conjectured that some kind of metallic tokens circu- 
 lated, as a substitute ; for it is not possible a nation could carry on 
 the daily transactions of life without some medium of exchange pro- 
 portionate to the low value of all the necessaries of life. 
 
 We find that James I. (1G07-1625), to remedy this evil, caused 
 tokens of brass and copper to be struck as a substitute for the far-
 
 A History/ of Comage. 29 
 
 thing, but at a value so much inferior to the rate at which they were 
 issued, that they rapidly sunk into contempt. 
 
 Charles II. (1665-1 6*72), among other great improvements, has 
 the mei-it awarded to him of introducing a new coinage of copper, 
 which was issued under certain limitations. In the year 1684 it ap- 
 pears some coins were also fabricated of tin ; and James II. coined 
 others of gun-metal and pewter. 
 
 Mecoinage of Silver. 
 
 After the changes effected in the mint in the reign of Charles 
 II. (1660-1685), by the adoption of improved mechanical contri- 
 vances — which caused a revolution in the various processes of coin- 
 age, and a change in the duties of the moneyers and others engaged 
 in the mint, as well as a great reduction in the rate per pound paid 
 to the master of the mint, and to the moneyers, by reason of the 
 rapidity and economy resulting from the new machinery — we have 
 no great event to record till the reign of William III. (1689-1702), 
 Avhen a great recoinage of silver took place, and when some important 
 laws were enacted for the improvement and regulation of the cur- 
 rency. Notwithstanding the recoinage of the money of the common- 
 wealth under Charles II., and the act for the encouragement of 
 coinage, the silver money at that period appears to have been 
 greatly depreciated ; partly by base money circulating with the 
 silver, but chiefly by a great loss of weight caused by the dishonest 
 practice of clipping and defacing the coin of the realm. The extent 
 of the evil may be estimated by the fact, that no less a sum than 
 L. 7,000,000 sterling was coined in silver, the expenses of which were 
 defrayed out of certain duties levied for that purpose. This under- 
 taking being beyond the capacity of the mint in London, other 
 estabtishm.enls were instituted or revived, so that the coinage should 
 keep pace with the money brought in to be exchanged. " The king," 
 says Hume, " ordered mints to be erected in York, Bristol, Exe- 
 ter, and Chester, for the purpose of the recoinage, wliich was 
 executed Avith unexpected success ; so that in less than a year, the 
 currency of England, which had been the worst, became the best, 
 coin in Europe." 
 
 The state of the coin had previously become a national grievance, 
 so intolerable, that it could not escape the attention of parliament ; 
 and accordingly a committee of the commons' house was appointed 
 to deliberate on the state of the nation with respect to the currency. 
 A recoinage was strenuously recommended by Mr. Montague, Avho 
 acted on tbis occasion by tlie advice of Sir Isaac Newton (1700- 
 1710) ; but vehement opposition was made to that pi'oposal by a large 
 section of the house and of the people, "Another question arose," 
 says Hume, " whether the new coin in its different denominations 
 should retain the original weight and purity of the old, or the estab- 
 lished standard be raised in value. The famous Locke engaged in 
 this dispute, against Mr. Lowndes, who pxoposcd that the standard
 
 30 A History of Coinage. 
 
 should be raised. The arguments of Mr. Locke were so convincing, 
 tliat tlie committee resolved the estal)lished standard should be pre- 
 served with respect to weight and fineness. They likewise resolved, 
 that the loss accruing to the revenue from clipped money should be 
 borne by the public." To meet this, a tax on glass windows was 
 subsequently raised to the amount of L.l, 200,000. 
 
 In order to facilitate and hasten the exchange of coin, a reward 
 of 5 per cent, was ottered to all who should bring in either milled or 
 broad undipped money, to be applied in exchange of tlie clij^ped 
 money throughout the kingdom. A reward of 3d. an ounce was also 
 ottered to all persons who should bring wrought plate to the mint 
 to be coined. 
 
 A bill was likewise brought in for taking off" the obligation and 
 encouragement for coining guineas for a certain period. "Upon 
 which," says Hume, " the commons proceeded to lower the value of 
 this coin ; a task in which they met with great opposition from some 
 members, who alleged that it would foment the popular disturbances. 
 At length, however, the majority agreed that a guinea should be 
 lowered from 30s. to 28s., and afterwards to 26s. Eventually a clause 
 was inserted in the bill for encouraging people to bring plate to the 
 mint, settling the price of a guinea at 228. ; and it naturally sunk to 
 its original value of 20s. 6d." 
 
 In the great conti'oversy on the restoration of the currency at 
 that time, Mr. Lowndes, who diflTered from Mr. Locke, wished to 
 ex;ecute the coinage at a rate per ounce conformable to the market 
 price of silver, so that the new currency, we apprehend, should form 
 the standard of value ; overlooking the fact, that the market price 
 exceeding the mint j^rice arose from the deficiency in the weight of 
 those coins by which silver was bought and sold. "3Ir. Locke," 
 says a Avriter on the subject, " with that acuteness for which he was 
 so justly esteemed, contended that if 5s. 2d. of the coin weighed an 
 ounce, that would necessarily be the market price of silver ; and 
 that its high price arose from 6s. 4d. of the tlien currency containing 
 no more than an ounce of standard silver. Consequently, if the coin- 
 age were executed at a higher rate than the standard of the 46th of 
 Elizabeth, or 5s. 2d. an ounce, it would be done at the expense of 
 that justice and integrity between the government and the people 
 whicli no government would sanction that regarded the rights of 
 personal property. Mr. Locke's arguments were so decidedly just, 
 and so convincing, that the government carried the whole nation 
 with them in the measure, though it was heavily felt, owing to the 
 exhausted state of the country, after the long and expensive war it 
 had been involved in." 
 
 Despite Locke's arguments, and the policy founded upon them, 
 soon after the great coinage was completed the market price exceed- 
 M the mint price of silver; the consequence of which was the rapid 
 disappearance of the new coins, which found their way to the melting- 
 pot, and Avere sold in bars in the market. Hence before the year
 
 A History of Coinage. 31 
 
 1717 the greater portion of the recoinage had disappeared from cir- 
 culation, to the detriment of the reahn. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton, in September, 1717, delivered in his report 
 on the subject to the Lords of the Treasury, in which he gives it as 
 his opinion that gold was considerably overrated in the mint with 
 respect to silver ;"and in consequence of this report, the guinea was 
 by proclamation declared current at 21s. This reduction helped the 
 relative proportion of gold to silver to approximate nearer to those 
 of the market prices ; and as tlie avowed intention of Newtox's 
 report was to give that rise in value to the silver coin which would 
 protect it from being melted down, it appears to have answei-ed its 
 purpose, but only in degree. For "though the recommendation in 
 Sir Isaac Newton's report," says the above authority, " was carried 
 into effect by making the guinea current at 21s., yet it did not 
 restore silver to its function as the standard of our money, and this 
 because the current value was not made lower. Sir Isaac Newton" 
 seemed aware of this himself, and recommended that lOd. or 12d. 
 should be taken from the guinea, instead of 6d. This, however, was 
 not done ; and as the rate of 21s. to the guinea, the proportion of 
 standard gold to silver at the mint, w^as as 15'07 to 1, the proportion 
 of the market (as we find by the prices of gold and silver) was about 
 14-50 to 1 — which constitutes a difference of about 3 per cent., gold 
 being still thus much rated above its value to silver ; and consequent- 
 ly not only Avas no silver coined, but the good and heavy coins were 
 still melted for the higher price they brought in the state of bul- 
 lion." 
 
 No other legislative measure having been taken than the one re- 
 ferred to, and the market proportion of gold to silver having seldom 
 afforded any encouragement to the public to coin silver, we can have 
 no difficulty in assigning a satisfactory reason for the degraded state 
 of our silver currency during the last century, and up to 1815. 
 
 Recoinage of Gold, 1774. 
 
 In the year 1774 (George III.) and onwards, there was a general 
 recoinage of the gold currency, which forms another prominent fea- 
 ture in the history of the mint. The professed object of tliis under- 
 taking was the reformation of the currency, by withdrawing the light 
 and defective coins then in circulation ; but the real motive was to 
 prevent, if possible, the new and heavy coins issued from the mint 
 being melted down and sold as bullion. For, by reference to the prices 
 paid by the Baxk of England for gold, it appears that 80s. an ounce 
 was the market value, while, at the same time, L.4 of the gold coin then 
 circulating would not weigh more than one ounce. The holders of 
 bank-notes demanded in payment neu' and heavy coins, which were 
 immediately turned into bullion, and sold at the rate of SOs. an ounce ; 
 and this being done on an extensive scale, the bank was compelled 
 to have annually a large coinage of gold to meet the demand. To 
 remedy this inconvenience, the recoinage was undertaken and com-
 
 32 A History of Coinage. 
 
 pleled, and It had the cifcct anticipated; for the price of gold since 
 that period has rarely ever exceeded, but has generally been under 
 the mint price. In truth, as the price at which the bank purchases 
 gold is fixed by act of parliament, and as the bank is compelled to 
 buy all gold tendered to it at the price of 77s. 9d. an ounce standard, 
 some naturally enough question the fact that we have any market 
 price for gold bullion in England. There cannot be a doubt, however, 
 but for that law the price of gold would have fluctuated as other 
 things, according to the supply and demand; and it cannot but be 
 deemed a great benefit to commercial interests to have, by means so 
 simple, a ready and constant market for their bullion, at a price reg- 
 ular and certain. 
 
 Political economists disagree as to the cause of the liigh price of 
 gold previously to the recoinage refen-ed to. That eminent author- 
 ity, Adam Smith, offers the following solution : — " By issuing too 
 great a quantity of paper, of which the excess was continually return- 
 ing, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, the Bank of Eng- 
 land was for many years together obliged to coin gold to the extent 
 of between eight hundred thousand and a million a-year, or at an 
 average about eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds. For this 
 great coinage, the bank, in consequence of the worn and degraded 
 state into which the gold coin had fallen a few years ago, was obliged 
 frequently to purchase bullion at the high price of L.4 an ounce, 
 which it soon after issued in coin at L.3, 17s. lO^d. an ounce, losing 
 in this manner between 2^ and 3 per cent, upon the coinage of ^ very 
 large a sum. Though the bank, therefore, paid no seignorage, though 
 the government was properly at the expense of the coinage, this lib- 
 erality of government did not prevent altogether the expense of the 
 bank." Upon this passage Ricaedo justly remarks, "On the prin- 
 ciple above stated it appears most clear, that by not re-issuing the 
 paper thus brought in, the value of the whole currency, of the de- 
 graded as well as the new gold coin, woidd have been raised, when 
 all demands on the bank would have ceased,'" or in other words, the 
 price of gold would have fallen to its mint price. 
 
 During the period of these important transactions the constitution 
 of the mint remained unaltei'ed, Tiie various mints throughout the 
 country a])iK\ar to have fallen into disuse in the reign of Elizabeth, 
 but some of them were revived and reorganized by WiLLiA:sr III. in 
 order speedily to accomplish the great recoinage of silver during his 
 reign. Subsequently to that period the provincial mints were abol- 
 ished or consolidated with that in the Tower of London. 
 
 In the year of 1670; the Crown, while it continued his salary to 
 the master of the mint, restored to him further the contract for melt- 
 ing. On the other hand, an agreement was entered into between 
 the master and company of moneyers, according to ancient custom, 
 by which a rate per pound, graduated to each denomination of mon- 
 ey coined, was allowed to the latter. 
 
 In 1702 the public appear to have assumed the expense of melting 
 the bullion into bars in order to bring the metal to standard, provid-
 
 A History of Coinage. • 33 
 
 ed it Avas near to the standard -when imported into the mint; where- 
 as previously, it is thought, this preliminary expense was borne by 
 the individual merchant or importer. 
 
 In 1799 the government withdrew altogether from the master of 
 the mint the lucrative contract for melting, and wisely vested it in 
 a subordinate and responsible officer, who, assuming all risk and 
 waste, on consideration of certain j^^o rata allowances, relieved the 
 Crown, the master, and the public, from all responsibility whatsoever ; 
 an arrangement obviously founded on the dictates of experience, as 
 it is also consonant with the principles of common sense. 
 
 In the course of this century, the master, who had previously 
 been a permanent officer supervising the coinage, and possessing 
 therefore a practical knowledge of the business, gradually became a 
 ministerial officer, and quitted office on any change of government. 
 The duties of the office w^ere in this manner circumscribed, and more 
 nominal than real; the de facto government of the mint devolving 
 on a deputy whose office was permanent. 
 
 On the 7th February, 1798, his majesty Geo. III., by an order in 
 council, appointed a committee of his privy-council " to take into 
 consideration the state of the coins of this kingdom, and the present 
 establishment and constitution of his Majesty's mint;" and the re- 
 sult of their inquiries and deliberation was to advise the erection of 
 a new mint, with improved machinery. This was carried into etfect 
 in or about the year 1810. 
 
 The old mint, which had existed in the Tower for centuries, was 
 removed to a more spacious building on Tower Hill ; and the cele- 
 brated engineers, Messrs. Boultox and Watt, of Soho, furnished it 
 with engines and machinery of a character superior to any thing 
 known at that time in connection with the fabrication of money. 
 The steam-engine was substituted for horse-power, and most of the 
 operations carried on slowly by manual laV)or were with greater 
 speed and perfection effected by the agency of those ingenious con- 
 trivances, nice adaptations, and superior power, called forth by me- 
 chanical skill and invention. 
 
 Almost simultaneous with the erection of a new and more pow- 
 erful mint, a new coiistitution and indenture were given to it in 1815,, 
 founded on a report drawn up and presented to the committee of the 
 privy-council by Mr. W. Wellesley Pole (afterwards Lord Mary 
 borough), who had been appointed master of the mint in the pre- 
 ceding year. These changes were rendered in some degree neces- 
 sary \)y the circumstances of the case : by the enlarged establishment ;. 
 tlie increased duties of the officers; and the necessity of a recoinage 
 of the silver currency, as well as the introduction of new denomina- 
 tions of gjld coin. The new organization of the mint consisted prin- 
 cipally of an a(haptation and enlai'gement of the old constitution, 
 which, like that of the state, had grown up by degrees, and expand- 
 ed with the wants of the public ; and like the constitution of the state, 
 it exhibited, on minute examination, some anomalies and contradic- 
 tions incidental to its origin. To the same cause may be attributed.
 
 ■5J4 • A History of Coinage. 
 
 its npparent want of simplicity, and clear definition of duties; but 
 as It was found by e.\-i)erience adequate to encounter the greatest un- 
 dertaking-s, and fully sui)ply the public demands — in times, too, of 
 great difficulty and danger — we may justly infer that if it were found 
 wanting in latter times, the fault should ratlier be attributed to tlie 
 management than to the constitution. 
 
 During the fourteenth and fifteentli centuries, we have it on rec- 
 ord that a mint-board was constituted with legislative and executive 
 functions, composed of the tln-ee heads of offices, the warden, the 
 master, and comptroller. This governitig body Avas enlarged by 
 Lord Maryborough, and consisted of the master ex officio, his dep- 
 nty virtually the president, the comptroller, the king's assay-master, 
 the superintendent of machinery and clerk of the irons, and, finally, 
 the king's clerk and clerk of the papers, who acted as secretary to 
 the board. 
 
 In the operative departments, new agreements or contracts were 
 entered into between the master on the one part, and the moneyers, 
 and the melter and refiner, on the other; the latter office being judi- 
 ciously separated from that of the deputy-master and his duties, with 
 which it had been previously conjoined. These agreements, besides 
 specifying the performance of duties and other obligations, secured 
 certain fixed rates of payment to the moneyers and melter, for each 
 denomination of coin delivered into the office of receipt, and in which 
 rates were comprehended the repairs of machinery, the supply of 
 labor and materials, as well as the waste or loss accruing in the 
 various processes of coining and melting. And for the safety of the 
 Crown an<l master of the mint, large securities were required from 
 the persons holding those responsible offices. 
 
 The fundamental principles had in view by Lord Maryborougei, 
 in thus remodeling the constitution and management of the mint in 
 1815, were a system of checks so perfect and complete, as to render 
 fraud impossible ; an arrangement with the moneyers and melter, 
 which fully secured the public against all risk; responsibility in each 
 distinct office ; and greater efficiency and despatch as regards the 
 coinage. These important changes having been satisfactorily accom- 
 plished, the great recoinage of silver commenced in 1816. An act 
 was passed to call in the debased coin then in circulation ; and it 
 was enacted that the full nominal value in new money should be ex- 
 changed for the old silver brouglit to the mint, and the treasury 
 was authorized to appoint receivers at various places throughout the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The act of Ciiarlks IL as to coining silver brought to the mint 
 without charge— the 7th and 8th of Will. IIL (1696-1697) relative to 
 tlie weight and fineness of silver coin, under the mint indenture — 
 and so much of the 14th of Geo. IIL (1774), cap. 42, as requires 62 
 shillings to be made out of the pound troy of silver — were i'epeale<l ; 
 and it was enacted, that the ))()und troy of standard silver should 
 henceforth be coined into 66 shillings, of whicli 62 shillings shall be 
 delivered to the importer, and 4 shillings retained for assaying, loss,
 
 A History of Coinage. 35 
 
 and eharofos of coinage; the surplus, if any, to be carried to the con- 
 solidated fund. The act, making silver a tender to L,25, and after- 
 wards by weight, was also repealed, and the tender of this depreci- 
 ated currency was limited to 40s. 
 
 The effect of these acts was, first, to withdraw any inducement 
 to the public to coin silver ; and secondly, to circumscribe the circu- 
 lation of the currency in silver to the country, where it became a 
 mere token exchangeable for a limited amount of gold. Formerly, 
 gold and silver respectively were legal tenders to any amount ; but 
 by the 56th of Geo. III., cap. 68 (1816), gold coin is declared to be 
 hereafter the only legal tender; and so it continues. 
 
 In the year 1817 the first sovereigns were struck at the new 
 mint, and in process of time entirely superseded the old guinea coin- 
 age. The mint price of gold being L.3, 17s. 10-J-d. an ounce, sovei'« 
 eigns were coined at the rate' of L. 46, 14s. 6d. to the pound troy. 
 
 Concurrently with the erection of the new mint in Lo:NDO>r (1807- 
 1813),and the powerful machinery which enabled the government to 
 prosecute with rapidity and success large coinages of both silver and 
 gold, a refinery was established, as a necessary appendage tp sup]>ly the 
 mint with both metals in a fine state, to counterbalance the baseness 
 of the gold and silver then brought to the mint, so as to bring them 
 up to standard purity. This branch of business proved to be a great 
 undertaking of itself, and for some years was extensively carried on 
 at great cost to the public. Coarse silver was refined on the test by 
 means of lead, and gold by the agency of nitric acid. But circum- 
 stances of a peculiar character were secretly operating to destroy the 
 necessity for refining, for the special purpose referred to ; because 
 these tended to diminish the amount of coarse metal in the market, 
 or rather to supply steadily large amounts of fine gold and silver. 
 
 In France a new and far cheaper process had been discovered and 
 carried on clandestinely for many years, for refining both gold and 
 silver by means of sulphuric acid, in large vessels of platinum ; and 
 a lucrative return for capital was found in simply extracting small 
 portions of gold from silver, and silver from gold, which would not 
 have yielded any profit under the old and expensive system. In con- 
 sequence of this our sovereigns, alloyed partly with silver, were con- 
 veyed to Paris and refined for the sake of the silver they contained, 
 while all silver supposed to hold gold in combination Avas bought 
 up in the English market. To counteract in degree the exportation 
 of gold coin, a refinery on the French system was established in tlie 
 royal mint in 1829, as an experiment, in the first instance, at the sole 
 expense of Mr. G. ¥. Mathison, then melter and refiner; but subse- 
 quently he was indemnified for his outlay, and the refinery was 
 adopted by the government under certain conditions. Mr. Mathi- 
 son was induced to undertake this meritorious work by the urgent 
 persuasion of Mr. Herries, the then master of the mint, who proper- 
 ly conceived that no public establishment in this country should, on 
 mere economical grounds, be so incomplete as to be unable to meet 
 all requirements of a public nature, or lag behind in the general prog-
 
 36 A History of Coinage. 
 
 ress of science and art. By such undertakings, when liberally sup- 
 ported, enterprise is encouraged, skill called forth, and science pro- 
 moted. But the government, influenced by an injudicious economy, 
 Avhich tends to destroy all public spirit, have judged differently; 
 and the refinery, along with tlie engraving department in the mint. 
 Las been abolished as a public establishment. 
 
 In the year 1837, a committee of the House of Commoxs was ap- 
 pointed, at the instance of Mr. Joseph Hume, to inquire into the 
 management and expenses of the mint, with the view of reforming 
 the alleged abuses and cormption of that establishment ; but al- 
 though very voluminous evidence was taken, no report was presented, 
 in consequence of the abrupt termination of the sessions of parlia- 
 ment. The desire of reform was then most urgent ; the abuses of 
 the mint so fjreat as to demand instant remedy ; the expenses so ex- 
 travagant as to require immediate attention ; — yet so fitful was this 
 zeal for reform, that ten long years were allowed quietly to elapse 
 before the inquiry was resumed. 
 
 Hecoinage of UgJit Gold Coin. 
 
 In 1842 commenced a large recoinage of light gold coin, Avhich 
 fully employed the machinery of the mint for a considerable period 
 of time. This expensive undertaking Avas forced upon the govern- 
 ment in consequence of the complaints and representations of the 
 public, a great part of the gold currency having by wear fallen be- 
 low its legal current weight. As the standard of value, and medi- 
 um of exchange, the defective character of the gold coin influenced 
 the foreign exchanges to the extent of its depreciation, and to the 
 prejudice, therefore, of the foreign merchant. Moreover, the law 
 making coin under the current Aveight no lunger a legal tender, the 
 embarrassment of the public would have been great if a speedy rem- 
 edv had not been applied to meet the evil. The law of the case, 
 therefore, was proclaimed and put in force ; but the government on 
 this occasion, instead of throwing the onus or loss on the individual 
 holders of the light and defective coin, undertook to receive it from 
 the Bank of England within a definite ])enod, and recoin it at the 
 public expense, returning new sovereigns weight for weight. The 
 amount so withdrawn from circulation exceeded L.ll, 000,000 ; and 
 the treasury not only bore the ordinary charges of coinage on this 
 large amount, but the loss of weight, the waste in melting, the depre- 
 ciation of standard, and the cost of assays. Notwithstanding this 
 extensive purification of the currency, the evil was found to be only 
 mitigated, not remedied ; and the bank Avas authorized for the future 
 to receive all light gold coin tendered at a fixed price per ounce (in- 
 stead of sending it to the mint), which being thus withdrawn from 
 tirculation, is periodically melted down into bars, and treated sirnjtly 
 as bullion. Tl)is process going on from time to time, if strictly ad- 
 hered to, must eventually pui-ity the currency, maintain the standard 
 value of our coin, and therefore efl^iice the re])roach affixed to it here
 
 A History of Coinage. 37 
 
 and abroad. The renovation of the silver currency is also proceed- 
 ing, though by slow degrees ; but, as its circulation is limited to the 
 country, and the tender^ tixed by law to 40s,, the evil arising from 
 its depreciation is of secondary imj^ortance. 
 
 N'ew constitution of tJie Uritish Jlint, 
 
 We have now arrived at a period in the history of the mint and 
 of the coinage of considerable importance to the country, which com- 
 prehends a fundamental change in the constitution of the mint, and 
 a new organization of its management. The thirst for change, which 
 distinguishes this era, and marks all public measures, is not appeas- 
 ed by a simple reform ; a revolution, radical and complete, can alone 
 satisfy this restless, if not dangerous, desire. It is easy to destroy 
 what is ancient, reared by tbe wisdom and sagacity of our forefath- 
 ers ; but it needs wise men to construct and build up again. In the 
 zeal for change, conlbrmable to what are called progressive ideas, 
 and the haste and imperfection incidental to modern legislation, we 
 lose sight of those precautions and prudential checks deemed by our 
 ancestors necessary to such, an establisliment as a mint. What fate 
 was to the ancients, economy is to the moderns ; it overrules all by 
 an iron despotism, and subjects every principle to its sway. Before 
 it the appeal of reason is i;nheard, the dictates of judgment disre- 
 garded, and the teaching of experience despised. But it is not a 
 wise economy that is aimed at, or sought for, that implies security, 
 efficiency, and just principles; but cheapness, which is so little con- 
 sistent with true economy, that eventually it proves to be its great- 
 est enemy. The so-called principle of economy, now predominant in 
 public measures, before which every thing good, sound, and stable is 
 made to yield, will sometimes overreach itself; and experience may 
 teach us that if a saving be made in one direction, a loss tenfold 
 greater will accrue in another. It may be predicted safely, that with 
 regard to the new management of the mint, those principles will 
 hereafter be found peculiarlj^ applicable. 
 
 On the 15th February, 1848, a commission was appointed by the 
 QuEEX to inquire into the constitution and management of the mint ; 
 and, after collecting farther evidence of an unimportant character, 
 the royal commissioners presented their report to parliament in the 
 session of 1849. 
 
 A])pended to the report, they published seA'eral papers or disqui- 
 sitions on mints and mint atfairs of unequal merit : an admirable ana- 
 lysis of the constitution of the mint, by Sir Edward Pixe Coffix ; 
 a treatise by Colonel Forbes, of the Calcutta mint, more commend- 
 able for its theory than its practical utility ; and a very long, elab- 
 orate, and anti(piarian paper by the secretary, the principal object 
 and purpose of which was to disprove the claim of the company of 
 moneyers to the title and distinction of a corporation. The report 
 itself, brief, clear, and explicit, proposes a thorough reform of the 
 mint in all its branches ; recommends a revision of the constitution 
 
 386428
 
 38 A History of Coinage. 
 
 of the mint and government, and at the same time a termination to 
 the system of contracts, or more properly agreements, under which 
 tlie operative departments of coining and melting liad been carried 
 on safely and efficiently for centuries. The only substantial charge 
 brought against these departments was the great profits which had 
 from time to time been derived from the coinage; but instead of di- 
 minishing the rates of charge, it was deemed expedient to place these 
 departments on an entirely dilFerent footing. 
 
 The leading principles being laid down in the report of the com- 
 missioners, it was left to the treasury to devise the best means of 
 giving them eifect ; and as a preliminary step the deputy-master. Sir 
 James Morrison, who had served the public above half a centni-y, was 
 superseded by Captain Harness, of the engineers, on whose opinions 
 and recommendations it is supposed the reform of the mint was final- 
 ly accomplished. The responsibility, however, of the changes de- 
 volved on Sir John Herschel, who was subsequently appointed to 
 fill the office of first permanent master of the mint, on the retirement 
 of Mr. Shiel, president of the commission. 
 
 An order in council, dated the 7th March, 1851, empowered the 
 master of the mint, subject to the approval of the lords of the treas- 
 ury, to alter the constitution and establishment of the mint. 
 
 One of the first acts consequent on this was the dissolution of the 
 board, as constructed by Lord Maryborough in 1815 ; whicli seems 
 to have exercised its functions without much influence or authority, 
 and in a manner neither to inspire sentiments of dignity nor respect ; 
 and to the weakness and irresolution of its govermnent may be 
 attributed many of those abuses and anomalies which had by degrees 
 gi'own up in the establishment. 
 
 Under the above order in council, power was taken to give legal 
 notice, according to their agreements, foi" the termination of the con- 
 tracts of the company of moneyers and the inciter and refiner; and 
 ultimately these officers vacated their offices, having compensation 
 granted to them by the treasury for the loss of their privileges and 
 emoluments; but it appears to us not in a maimer to meet the jus- 
 tice of the case, as regards the company of moneyers, who had claims 
 superior to all others. 
 
 Their claim to be considered a body corporate, if illusory or erro- 
 neous, did not necessarily invalidate the vested right which they 
 had in their offices from time immenujrial ; and even assuming that an 
 order in council had authority to dissolve the company in the sunnnary 
 way in which it was effected (which may be doubted), it appears 
 somewhat unreasonable to regulate the retiring allowances of such 
 functionaries by the law applicable to the superannuation of govern- 
 ment clerks, tfec. 
 
 As we have said, the main charge made against the moneyers 
 and melter was the largeness of their emoluments; but no attemjtt 
 was made to reduce them, and the fault therefore, if any, must rest 
 with the government. jS'o man or body of men are expected voluu-
 
 A History of Coinage. 39 
 
 tarily to propose a reduction of emolument. And, moreover, as 
 economy was supposed to be the ruling principle in the reform, it is 
 a grave question Avhether the public interests would not have been 
 better served by retaining the services of these officers for life, who 
 had the advantage of long-tried experience, especially as by prema- 
 turely placing them on the pension list to the annual amount of 
 L.8000, they have involuntarily become, as all pensioners must be, 
 burdens to their country. 
 
 The office of the Qukex's assay-master, one of the most ancient 
 and most important in the mint, Avas also abolished, along with that 
 of the master's assay-niaster. The Queen's clerk and clerk of the 
 papers (formerly a board officer), and the weigher and teller, were 
 conveited into senior clerks. 
 
 Previously to Mr. Shiel's retirement from office lie was required 
 by the treasury to report as to what measures he Avould recommend 
 to carry out the reform ot the mint; and in this document it appears 
 he differed in opinion from the rest of the commissioners with regard 
 to tlie abolition of all contracts in carrying on the practical ojjera- 
 tions of coining ; and suggested that while the melter should be a 
 salaried officer, the coining department mi<iht advantageously be 
 farmed out, under certain conditions, to a respectable contractor, who 
 would be required to give sureties to the amount of L.30,000. One 
 of those conditions was that the government should supply the steam 
 power, and the contractor labor, materials, &c., taking upon himself 
 all risk and responsil)ility, and ]»aying over to the government the 
 Avaste of metal accruing in the various operations; and as an in- 
 demnity for this risk, loss and expenses of manufacture, it was stip- 
 tilated that certain rates should be allowed on each denomination of 
 money coined. 
 
 It was likewise suggested in the report, that a contract might 
 advantageously be made with persons out of the mint for the supply 
 of standard silver bars tit for coinage ; and that the scissell, broken 
 coin, and cuttings, arising from the manufacture, should be sold or 
 exchanged. 
 
 With regard to the assay department, which in every other mint 
 is deemed a necessary appendage, it is said, "It would be a better 
 arrangement if several competent persons were appointed to act as 
 assayers to the mint, on a fixed scale of fees, the master of the mint 
 being empowered to call upon any of them, to make, within separate 
 laboratories, such independent assays as he may require, and the 
 original reports of those assays being preserved as public records." 
 These assayers, without any recognized official connection with the 
 mint otherwise than their employment in that capacity, and, there- 
 fore, Avithout any responsibility whatever beyond their characters as 
 chemists, are in this manner intrusted with those important func- 
 tions formerly discharged by the Queen's assay-master; and conse- 
 quently the standard of the coin of the realm is in a great measure 
 if not altogether, made to depend on their fidelity. 
 
 The report referred to can)>ot but be deemed somewhat visionary
 
 40 A IHstoi'i/ of Coinage. 
 
 and inconsistent with all ideas of a well-managed and efficient estab- 
 lishment ; nevertheless it received the acquiescence of Sir Johx Her- 
 sciiEL, and the approval of the lords of the treasurj'. Its principal 
 feature is obviously one antagonistic to the very idea of perfection, 
 and the reverse of the practice prevalent in other well-regulated 
 mints, — namely, the dependence of the mint on operations per- 
 formed external to it. Formerly, the principle advocated by Lord 
 IMakyborough, and acted upon, was, that the mint should be capa- 
 ble of carrying on all the functions necessary to it : now, according 
 to tills report, it is made to rely on the skill and Ingenuity of per- 
 sons employed elsewhere. Economy, or rather saving of money, 
 seems to have been the actuating motive In these preliminary 
 arrangements; but time alone can prove whether the results of such 
 policy are consistent with true economical principles, as Avell as with 
 practical efficiency. 
 
 The project of a conditional contract for the coinage, as might 
 have been anticipated, proved a foilure ; not because enterprising 
 individuals were wanting to undertake such a business, but because 
 the rates were fixed at a price so Inadequate to the duties and re- 
 sponsibilities, that ruin to the contractor was a contingency f\ir from 
 improbable. In the report of Sir Johx Herschel, made to the treas- 
 ury, It Is said, " Before the contract with the moneyers had ceased, 
 a schedule for a contract for three years for the execution of the 
 principal ]iart of the work performed by them, was prepared, and 
 advertisements Issued to Invite competition." But though offin-s 
 were made by respectable llrms, the rates exceeded those hxed by 
 the government, except In one Instance; and the tenders were con- 
 sequently rejected, the latter firm being unable to provide the neces- 
 sary security. 
 
 The other proposed contract for the sup])ly of sliver bars was 
 abandoned, ah initio, probably because, on mature reflection, it was 
 found impracticable, If not extremely hazardous. 
 
 Viewing these measures In a pi-actlcal light, we have no doubt 
 whatcA'er that the operations of melting and coining should be car- 
 ried on by contract, as safer, more efficient, and economical ; and 
 the arguments employed by ]Mr. Siiiel in fovor of such a system as 
 regards the cdinlng are equally applicable to the o])eration of melt- 
 ing. The chief thing to be guarded against In the working of a 
 mint, is not so much the general expenses, such as labor, materials, 
 and sahiries, as the loss of the jtrecious metals; for wliatever saving 
 be made by cutting down salaries and wages, even to the point of 
 injustice, this will eventually be swallowed up by the waste of gold 
 and silver in the fabrication of the coin. Salaried officei's, unlike 
 contractors, have no personal interest In the conduct of llie l)usiness, 
 and when inadecjuately remunerated at the same time, It would bO 
 folly and weakness to look for that vigilance and carefulness prompted 
 by the dictates of self-Interest ; and without such cheeks patiently 
 and constantly a)>plied, we may reasonably infer that the waste of 
 the precious metals will increase from year to year. If in sucli mat- 
 
 I
 
 A History of Coinage. 41 
 
 ters as coining and other collateral operations, we act agreeably to 
 common sense, we should ajjply to them precisely the -same princi- 
 ples as we apply to manufactories. The sense of duty in public offi- 
 cers is no doubt an element in the calculation ; as also a conscientious 
 regard tor the public purse; but as these are not wholly or implicitly 
 relied on in private matters, neither should they be in public. To 
 the waste of gold and silver may also be added the increase of all 
 other expenses ; for it is contrary to all experience to suppose that 
 government, by means of subordinate agents, can carry on a busi- 
 ness like that of coining money with the economy of contractors, 
 whose ijrofits depend on studious attention to this principle. 
 
 These principles, however simple and obvious, have been disre- 
 garded in the retbrm of the mint; and we have reason to believe 
 that already the consequences are apparent, however disguised from 
 public inspection. 
 
 The system of contract best adapted to a mint appears to be that 
 which combines the public officer and contractor, and which there- 
 fore differs in some respects from the system pursued in the P^eench 
 and United States mints. In the former, one man contracts for the 
 whole coinage, at a specitied rate, and not oidy pays those under 
 him, but su})plies, out of his own capital, bullion for coinage. In 
 the latter, the coiners and melters are remunerated by fixed salaries, 
 and allowances are made for the waste of the precious metals, not 
 exceeding a fixed rate. 
 
 As an improvement upon these plans, we propose that officers 
 engaged in the operative departments should be paid moderate sala- 
 ries; that the government should supply the steam-power, machinery, 
 and every thing in the nature o^ plant, and keep the same in repair; 
 and that a rate should be allowed, determined by experience and 
 actual results, to the head of each department, out of which he 
 should defray the cost of labor, materials, &c., and make good all 
 Avaste arising from manufacture and other sources. By this simple 
 process the Crown, or master of tlie mint, would be relieved from 
 all risk and responsibility. Officers acting under authority, and 
 guarded by proper checks in the performance of their duties, are as 
 likely to give general satisfaction, and may be as mucli confided in, 
 as tiiose employed on fixed salaries, while they would have every 
 incitement to keep the waste and expenses within the limit allowed 
 by government. 
 
 This practical suggestion is founded on the impression that waste 
 of gold and silver is not only a very important element in the ex- 
 penses of a mint, but that it is an indefinite expense, varying accord- 
 ing to circumstances, yet coming on the average Avithin certain 
 limits. But the same circumstances which make it vary so as to 
 baffie nice calculations, and render control over it helpless, may, 
 and do actually, make it gradually increase; such, for example, as 
 ignorance, carelessness, and want of vigilance. For the question is 
 not about large amounts, obvious and tangil)le, arising from robbery 
 and such like causes, which may be traced — but to minute portions,
 
 42 A History of Coinage. 
 
 ■Nvhicli, however apparentl}' small and insignificant in ordinary inanu- 
 focture, swell like arithmetical progression to great value on exten- 
 sive coinages. For example, a loss of only 2 grains troy per pound 
 of gold, or l-28S0th of the whole weight, over and above what is 
 certified to be the usual waste, will, on the value of a million, 
 amount to about L.400. 
 
 The constitution of the mint being abolished on the 26th July, 
 1851, orders were issued for the new constitution and establislimcnt ; 
 amongst which it is said, "The peculiar distinction recognized by 
 the indentures of the mint between the check and executive branches 
 of the mint is abolished. All persons employed in the mint are 
 equally the servants of the sovereign, and all will perform their 
 duties under the immediate orders of the master of the mint." And 
 it is further added, that every person so employed is to consider 
 himself available for all its duties; an oixler quite inconsistent with 
 the regulations prevailing in other public offices. 
 
 The moneyers having vacated their lucrative offices, and the ten- 
 ders of indei)endent contractors being rejected, measures were im- 
 mediately taken to carry on the public service in the coining depart- 
 ment by the appointment of officers on fixed salaries. Ultimately 
 the office of clerk of the irons and superintendent of nuichinery was 
 consolidated with that of the chief coiner, who has under him several 
 assistants and clerks. 
 
 The melter and refiner having likewise retired on a pension, the 
 same provision was made for the service in the melting department 
 by the appointment of an officer called " senior clerk and melter," 
 with assistants. 
 
 The offices of Quee^t's assay-master, and master's assay-master, 
 having been abolished, a new office was created called the "^'esident 
 assayer's office," the principal duty of which is the assay of the 
 bullion imported for coinage. At the same time other parties carry- 
 ing on the art of assaying out of the mint were appointed " assayers 
 to the mint," pa'id by a fee on each assay, Avhose employment it is, 
 in connection with the mint, to try the assays of the gold and silver 
 bars melted for coinage, of the presumed standard, as well as the 
 coin itself when fabricated. 
 
 The die department is an exception to the rule, for it remains un- 
 reformed — the only change made in it being the amalgamation of 
 the head witli the coinage department, the duties being supervised 
 by a subordinate. 
 
 Circumstances of a peculiar kind for some time retarded the 
 change contemplated in the engraving department; but the death 
 of the chief engraver, suddenly and unexpectedly, ])recipitated the 
 reform. Love of art and modern economical ])rinciples being at 
 variance, the office of chief engraver was abolished, and a new one 
 created, called the " resident engraver," whose duty is of a very 
 circumscribed character. At the same time, the former assistant en- 
 graver and medalist, being dismissed from their offices, were ap-
 
 A History of Coinage. ' 43 
 
 pointed "non-resident engravers to the mint," with fixed salaries, 
 and payments conditional on actual work executed. 
 
 We shall now proceed to give a practical outline of the various 
 inofenious processes comprehended in the tei'm coinage of money. 
 For as it is said ten men are required to make a pin, so as many 
 different operations are concerned in the manufacture of a single 
 coin ; such as, for example, weighing, assaying, melting, rolling, 
 annealing, drawing, cutting-out, milling, blanching, and coining or 
 stamping. 
 
 Although any person has by law the right or privilege to coin 
 gold at the mint, the Baxk of England is now the only importer of 
 gold bullion ; for, as by a recent act the bank is compelled to purchase 
 all gold tendered to it at the fixed price of L.3, 17s. 9d. an ounce 
 standard, tlie merchant or dealer has ceased to obtain any profit or 
 advantage by taking his bullion to the mint. As before remarked, 
 the difierence between the mint and market price of gold, and any 
 contingent profit obtained by the advanced value given to the im- 
 porter's bullion by the assay, are neutralized by the loss of interest 
 on his capital ; while tlie bank, on the other hand, lessens the tempta- 
 tion to coin by making an immediate advance on the bullion tendered 
 for sale. The bank may, therefore, be said to have the entire mo- 
 nopoly of the gold coinage of Great Britain ; and, as coiners, they 
 liave virtually become the sole issuers of gold coin, being enabled 
 thereby (as is asserted) to control and regulate more efiectually the 
 whole currency. 
 
 England, with regard to its coinage, differs from other countries 
 in this, — that while they throw the burden of the coinage on the 
 public, and charge a rate to defray the expense, she (by an act 
 of Charles II., subsequently confirmed by one of George III.) 
 pays the whole expense of the gold coinage out of the public treasury, 
 charging nothing for the cost of manufacture. Consequently, gold 
 bullion is coined by the mint at the rate of L.3, 17s. 10 Jd. an ounce, 
 or l|d. an ounce above the bank price ; and the importerhas returned 
 to him in coin the exact equivalent of his bullion, standard weight 
 for standard, having credit given to him, at the same time, for the 
 enhanced value of his bullion computed by the mint assay, — arising 
 from the difference paid to the merchant and the increased fineness 
 allowed by the mint. 
 
 With regard to the silver and copper coinages, these are under- 
 taken l)y the Crown as its peculiar prerogatives; because, as a con- 
 siderable seignorage is charged on both, it is manifest the public 
 cannot be permitted to participate in this profit or advantage. Silver 
 is coined at the rate of 5s. 6d. an ounce, or 66s. per pound troy, 
 which would be a seignorage of precisely 10 per cent, when the 
 market price of bullion is 5s. an ounce. Copper is coined at the 
 rate of L.224 a ton weight— more than 100 per cent, profit on the 
 average price of copper. These coins, therefore, must be esteemed 
 in the light of tokens rather than money ; and by reason of their 
 depreciation they are restricted in circulation necessarily to the
 
 44 A History of Coinage. 
 
 country in which they are made, and are by law a legal tender only 
 to a limited amount. 
 
 As the Crown, or the govei-nment as representative of the 
 Crown, can alone coiir silver and receive the seignorage, the bullion 
 from which it is coined is purchased in the ordinary way in the 
 market, and paid for out of the public treasury ; and the Crown 
 becomes liable for the expense of recoining the silver currency when 
 worn out by wear and tear. Hence, when the bank "garbles" the 
 silver coin, as it is technically called, and sends it to the mint to be 
 melted and re-coined, the bank receives the value by tale, that is 
 piece for piece, the cost of wear falling wholly on the public. For- 
 merly the seignorage on the coinage was retained by the master of 
 the mint to defray the expenses of the establishment; but by a 
 recent act it is required to be paid in full to the consolidated fund, 
 and the whole expenses of the mint are now voted annually by 
 parliament. 
 
 Hoiitine of business. Gold. 
 
 TThen the Bank of England require a coinage of gold, due notice 
 is conveyed to the mint authorities, and the bullion is brought in by 
 the bank in parcels of 100 ingots or bars, weighing about 200 ounces 
 each, or in all about L. 70,000 sterling. These deliveries of bulliou 
 are officially denominated importations; and their frequency depends 
 entirely on the public exigencies. They ordinarily amount to four 
 each week; but in 1852-5:3, when the bank treasures were drained 
 by an unprecedented demand for gold coin consequent on the dis- 
 covery of auriferous deposits in Australia, the amount received by 
 the mint each week for several consecutive months was 900 ignots — 
 value about L.650,000; and about the same amount was returned in 
 coined sovereigns. This was by tar the largest coinage ever under- 
 taken by the mint as respects gold, and exhibits in one remarkable 
 instance the enormous resources and wealth of Great Britain. 
 
 The bullion sent by the bank is weighed at the scale the same 
 day, in presence of the bank clerk ; and assay-pieces being cut from 
 each bar of gold, they are sent to be tried by the mint assayer, 
 along with the assay reports on which the bank purchased the bul- 
 lion ; and thus he is enabled to verify the reports, or note any im- 
 portant errors or deviations. In the meantime the bullion is taken 
 charge of, and locked up under the keys of the master, deputy-mas- 
 ter, and one of the senior clerks of the mint ; the weight and num- 
 ber of each bar being first recorded in the official books. So soon 
 as the assayer has completed the assays, he sends his reports written 
 on a sheet of paper, side by side with the trade or bank reports, to 
 the master of the mint, who, after ins[)ection, refers them to the 
 comptroller; and upon these the bullion is rated for coinage. It 
 should, however, be remarked that the mint assayer, with th(! view 
 of reducing the bullion to tlie standard of our currency — namely, 22 
 carats line and 2 carats alloy — is required to report tlie whole con- 
 tents of fine gold, as far as so delicate an operation will allow;
 
 A History of Coinage. 45 
 
 wnile, on the other liaiul, the ti-ade assay talces no cognizance of 
 fractional parts lower than one-eighth of a carat grain = 7^ grains 
 troy. Thus, for example, a bar of gold reported by the trade assay 
 B. 1*2^, will, by the mint assayer, be called B. I-24 + 6 grs. ; that 
 is to say, he finds six troy grains more per pound of fine gold than 
 is indicated by the trade report; and it follows, if the bar were so 
 much worse than it is better than standard, or Wo. 1 "21, the 6 grains, 
 if discovered, would diminish the loorseness, as it is called, to that 
 extent. 
 
 Formerly, under the old system, these fractional differences were 
 treated in a somewhat different manner, though the result was ex- 
 actly the same. The masters' assay-master, whose province it was 
 to examine the bullion at this stage, while he gave the benefit to 
 the importer of the enhanced value of his bullion, carried ofiT these 
 fractions, in computing the standard, by combining the ingots or 
 bars together and ordering them so to be melted ; for example, two 
 grains per pound ^>^i<s would compensate for two grains minus. 
 
 The reports having been properly recorded in the journals against 
 the number and weiglit of the ingots to which they belong, the 
 computation is made of what is technically called the hetterness or 
 icorseness of each ingot, as indicated by the assay ; the former being 
 placed in a column on the left, and the latter on the right of the 
 journal, along with the excess grains or fractions beyond the ordi- 
 nary report. This arithmetical process is called rating, and is more 
 easily effected by constructing tables for the purpose, out of which 
 the parts are taken and added together. The tabUjs now in use are 
 calculated decimally, though the complex notation of carats and carat 
 grains is still retained in making the assay reports. If the importa- 
 tion of 100 ingots should consist of mixed gold, some of which arc 
 above, some under the standard, the columns are added separately, 
 the excess grains added to the fineness, and then the worseness de- 
 ducted from the betterness, or vice versa, and the difference either 
 added to or deducted from the gross weight, which gives the stand- 
 ard weight, to be computed at the mint price of L.3, 17s. lO^d. an 
 ounce. 
 
 A copy of this being sent to the bank and signed (called the 
 mint-bill) shows the amount of standard bullion standing to the 
 debit of the bank in the mint-books ; and it will appear that in the 
 total sum the value of the bullion is in excess of their own account 
 by the surplus grains on each pound, and by an increase of weight 
 gained at the mint-scale. 
 
 These preliminary processes completed in the manner described, 
 the ingots are then classed in pots for melting, in a book called the 
 pot-book, which affords an authenticated record of future proceed- 
 ings. The importation of 100 ingots is generally divided into 16 
 pots, containing six or seven ingots each; and each pot is numbered 
 accordingly. The pot-book, tliei'efore, is an exact transcript of the 
 journal broken up into 16 parts or sections; and the total of the 
 one should agree with that of the other. Each pot shows ilie nuin-
 
 46 A History of Coinage. 
 
 ber and mark of the ingots, the gross weight of each ; the better- 
 ness and worseness and excess grains ; and the quantity of alloy 
 authorized to be added to bring the whole to standard. 
 
 The pot-book having been verified and signed by the appointed 
 officers, and the weight debited to the melting department in the 
 books of the mint-office, the gold bullion is then delivered over to the 
 melter and arranged in trucks or boxes with square partitions, so 
 that each pot is kept separate, and placed in order of its number — 
 the marks and number of the ingots at the same time being com- 
 pared with the pot-book. 
 
 The bullion thus consigned to the melting department, if not 
 melted the same day, is locked up under tlie keys of the deputy- 
 master or comptroller, the meltei", and a junior clerk or assistant. 
 
 Gold-Melting. 
 
 Previously to the bullion being charged into the pots, the fur- 
 naces are lighted by the workmen at an early hour, and the pots 
 gradually annealed, as they are liable to crack by too sudden an 
 application of heat. This is done in the following manner : — black- 
 lead pots calculated to contain rather more than 100 lbs. weiglit of 
 gold, are placed in a series of furnaces 14 inches square, and 20 
 inches deep from the grate. On the grate, formed of six movable 
 iron bars, supported by cross-bars let into the brick-work, a stand 
 is placed for tlie pot, usually cut from the bottom of an old pot, and 
 the concavity being upwards it is filled with common coke-dust, to 
 prevent the adhesion of the pot to the stand. To give depth to the 
 pot in the furnace, and allow of as much fuel as the furnace will 
 hold, a muffle formed of baked clay is placed on the pot in such a 
 manner that the rim of each will exactly fit, and the mouth of the 
 muffle is covered with a flat cover made generally of black-lead. 
 The object of this contrivance is to give an additional depth of four 
 inches of fuel above the pot, by which a more equal degree of heat 
 is given to the melted gold (an object of great importance), other- 
 wise there might not be a uniform mixture of the alloy and tine 
 gold, which is easily effected at a proper degree of temperature. 
 
 The pot being thus placed upi-ight in the furnace, coke to the 
 depth of a few inches is sprinkled round the pot, and a layer of 
 ignited charcoal, previously prepared in another furnace, is thrown 
 upon the coke, and the furnace then filled up with fu(^l. To prevent 
 too rapid combustion the door of the furnace is left open, and the 
 damper communicating with the flue is nearly shut; but when the 
 pot ie supposed to be properly annealed the furnace door is then 
 closed, and the damper drawn out about half its length. When the 
 pot is heated to a bright red the gold may then be charged, which 
 is done simply by removing the cover fi-om the top of "the muffle, 
 and with a pair of tongs carefully placing the ingots on the bottom 
 of the pot. The gold being charged, the copper alloy, weighed by 
 the comptroller or his representative, and checked by the melter, is
 
 A History of Coinage. 47 
 
 added to it before beins; melted ; some pulverized charcoal is thrown 
 ill to neutralize oxidation ; and the furnace havinc^ more fuel applied 
 is then shivt up, and the damper drawn out. When the metal is 
 thoroughly melted and the temperature deemed adequate, it is Avell 
 mixed or stirred with a rod of black-lead, fixed iu tongs, heated to 
 a brig-ht-red before putting it into the metal. The pot is then with- 
 drawn from the furnace by first drawing a bar from the grate on 
 each side of the pot, and forcing all the fuel into the ash-pit; a pair 
 of tongs is then made to encircle the pot, to which is attached a 
 lever, by which the pot is lifted upon the top of the furnace. By 
 another pair of tongs, encircling the pot nearly round the middle, it 
 IS carried by a man balancing the weight in his hand, and the metal 
 cast into four moulds — a sliug from the roof running over a pulley 
 being attached to the side of the tongs, so as to relieve the man 
 who pours, and add a greater degree of steadiness to the o])eratioij. 
 The mau who holds the sling in one hand, with the other removes 
 the charcoal from the spout of the pot by means of a stick, so as to 
 give a clear stream to the metal. The pot, emptied of its contents, 
 is returned to the furnace, the bars that were withdrawn replaced, 
 and the ignited fuel taken from the ash-pit, thrown into the furnace 
 round the pot, which is again charged with more gold. Such a pot, 
 if carefully treated, may be safely used eight or ten times in tlie 
 course of the day. 
 
 The weight of each pot of gold is from 90 lbs. to 1 05 lbs. troy, 
 and in this manner it is melted properly in one hour, making four 
 long bars of about 25 lbs. each, measuring 27 inches in lengtli, 1;^ 
 inch in breadth, and nearly one inch in thickness. Formerly four 
 furnaces were found adequate to supply a large coinage of gold, 
 turning out 40 pots, or 4000 lbs. weight a-day, which was accom- 
 plished in 11 or 12 hours. More could have been done, by an addi- 
 tion of furnaces and men, but the material could not be supplied 
 beyond the power of the assay office ; it being a rule that all assays 
 concerning the coinage should be made within the mint, and on the 
 sole responsibility of one otficer. But, under the new system, that 
 restriction has been abolished, in degree at least ; and during the 
 late great pressure for coin, assays were sent to private parties 
 out of the mint, which enabled that establishment greatly to extend 
 the gold coinage beyond what was ever experienced ; and, conse- 
 quentlj^, additional furnaces became necessary to keep pace with it, 
 which augmented the amount of gold melted on each day to 5000 lbs., 
 or nearly one quarter of a million sterling. During several months 
 the amount of coined money delivered to the bank was L. 630, 000, 
 or 13,500 lbs. weight; and assuming that the bars melted produced 
 50 per cent, of coin, it would be necessary, to meet this extraor- 
 dinary demand, to melt at least 27,000 lbs. a-week, or 4500 lbs. 
 a-day ; but we believe it exceeded this considerably, as a change in 
 the remedy of the coin greatly increased the number of spoiled 
 pieces, while, on the other hand, the questionable alteration of the 
 assay department caused an immense increase of damaged work in
 
 48 A History of Coinage, 
 
 the molting department, from errors and irregularities in the 
 assays. 
 
 From each gold pot melted in the way described, two samples 
 are cut for the assay, one from the first and another from the fourth 
 bar cast. These are taken in the presence of an authorized officer, 
 weighed carefully, and put up in slips of paper marked with the 
 number of the ])ot, and then delivered to the master of the mint. 
 The bars of gold being trimmed and cleaned are marked with con- 
 secutive numbers and a distinguishing letter, so that if any error 
 should appear the pot can be identified and its composition traced. 
 They are then weighed, two at a time, and the weight is registered 
 in tlie day-book; and at the end of the day the assays and clippings 
 are added to the account, so as to shoAv the ap))arent waste that has 
 taken place. The bullion after this is locked up in the melting- 
 house stronghold, under three keys, and remains there till such time 
 as the assay trials have been made, and an order for delivery trans- 
 mitted by the master of the mint. This being done, the bars are 
 carried to the office of receipt, and weighed in presence of an officer 
 or clerk, who gives a receipt to the melter on the i)art of the coin- 
 ing department. On the other hand, when tlie melter receives what 
 is commonly called scissell, spoiled blanks, and other pieces of metal 
 which cannot be made into money, from the coining department, he 
 likewise gives in tlie same book a receipt for the amount, distin- 
 guishing what is scissell, ends, blanks, and brokages. This specifi- 
 cation of these returns was at one time a record of great importance, 
 and constituted a check on the proceedings of the moneyers, who 
 were required by the mint indenture to coin of good inoney seven 
 twelfths out of the bars delivered to them, minus the ends cut off", 
 and hollow, brittle, or badly-melted bars. Consequently the amount 
 of scissell returned to melt should not exceed five twelfths, and any 
 amount beyond that was obviously to the prejudice of the melter. 
 But now that the contract system no longer exists to cavil with 
 carelessness and indifl:erence, and no one's interest is aftected by 
 damaged work, the amount of scissell, by scrupulous nicety m the 
 uniformity of the coin, has greatly increased, and consequently 
 the expense of coinage, which is now defrayed out of the public 
 treasury. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 When silver bullion is imported into the mint for coinage, it 
 passes through the same preliminary stages as gold ; but as the 
 Crown actually purchases the silver, it also claims the right of the 
 importer of bullion to any benelit derived from the enhanced value 
 given by the mint assay; and this, along with the seignorage, is 
 carried to the public account. The average weight of silver ingots 
 is about 1000 oz. ti'oy ; and they are marked, numbered, assayed, 
 rated, and potted for melting, nearly in the same way as described 
 of gold bullion. The weight of a silver pot is as near 420 lbs. as 
 can practically be attained ; and, generally, five such ingots consti-
 
 A History of Coinage. 40 
 
 tute a pot, with the proper proportion of alloy. Silver ing^ots are 
 reported in ounces and pennyweights, with excess grains over the 
 half pennyweight, and the standard computed to that of 11 oz. 
 2 dwts. fine silver, and 18 dwts. alloy. And, when it is found the 
 silver ingots so imported are mixed of fine and coarse, in whatever 
 proportions, it is tlie practice to combine some of each together in 
 tlie same pot, adding the necessary alloy, so as to facilitate the 
 fusion of the metal, and diftuse the alloy more uniformly. 
 
 The silver hitherto has been melted in cast-iron pots of a strong 
 fabric, weighing about li cwt. eacli ; but these have recently been 
 superseded by wrought-iron pots of about the same sha))e and 
 dimensions, which possess some advantages over the others. The 
 cast-iron pots referred to, and lifting and pouring machinery were 
 introduced into the mint in 1811, and were deemed a prodigious 
 improvement on the old, clumsy, and wasteful process of melting 
 silver in small pots, Avhile at the same time they enabled the mint 
 with ease to cast 10,000 lbs. weight of silver daily into bars. At 
 the same time iron moulds were brought into use, instead of those 
 formerly used, which were made of sand. 
 
 The cast-iron pots, for many years after they were ado])ted, were 
 found perfectly successful, and by means of them a great amount of 
 bullion was melted safely, expeditiously, and economicall)^ the waste 
 of silver being much less than the usual allowance for loss by melt- 
 ing; but afterwards various circumstances, not originally foreseen, 
 conspired to detract from the merit if not from the utility of this 
 alteration. In the first place, the quality of iron seems everywhere 
 to have deteriorated, consequent, as some would infer, on the intro- 
 duction of the liot-blast in reducing the ore ; but more probably 
 from the haste and rapidity with which it is manufactured. Whether 
 from the original quality of the iron, the ignorance or carelessness 
 of the founder, or both combined, it is certain that in subsequent 
 years the cast-iron pots lost by degrees all the great advantages 
 ascribed to them. In tlie second i)lace, concurrent with the f;dling 
 ofl^in the castings themselves, the silver ingot, originally of 60 lbs. 
 Aveight, in process of time augmented to 80 lbs. and above; and 
 this, coupled with an excess of fine silver in tlie market, caused by 
 a cheap process of refinage, rendered the fusion far more difficult 
 and hazardous in cast-iron pots, because the degree of temperature 
 necessary to melt fine silver bars of 1000 ozs. each, is considerably 
 higher than can safely be used with such a material ; and in such 
 cases the pot was found disabled before it had done a fourth part 
 of the work required of it. Moreover, the iron melting and running 
 from the bottom of the pot left large interior fissures partly filled 
 with silver, difficult to extract, while, at the same time, the porous 
 character of the iron caused a great absorption of the precious 
 metal, which was recovered only in a small degree. The great care 
 and attention, too, during the operation of melting under such cir- 
 cumstances, caused an excessive consumption of fuel, and a great 
 loss of time. 
 
 4
 
 50 A History of Coinage. 
 
 In consequence of tlicse defects and disadvantages, the subject 
 was taken into consideration by Sir Johx IIerschel, master of the 
 mint; and, ultimately, forged iron pots, (manufactured by Messrs. 
 HoRTON of the works at Smithwick near Birmingliam), were tried 
 first experimentally, and then adopted ; having, by the severest trial, 
 proved eminently successful. The prime cost of such pots is of 
 course four or five times greater than those of cast-iron ; but it is 
 conceived that is amply repaid in the end by a considerable saving 
 of fuel, by greater safety, by economy of time and labor, and less 
 waste of silver by accidents and absorption — to which may be 
 added the greater amount of work of which they are capable. If we 
 suppose the melting-power of a cast-iron pot to be 10 x 400r=4000 lbs. 
 weight, which on tlie average is not much underrated; by actual 
 experiment, it has been found that the melting-power of a forged 
 or wrought-iron pot is, oi. a large average, 40 x 400 = 16,000 lbs., or 
 four times as great, which if maintained with regularity, would 
 nearly compensate for the superior prime cost. It may, therefore, 
 be assumed, that the latter pots will eventually supersede the for- 
 mer. The reason why they were not sooner introduced, or rather, 
 wh}'^ in former times they were tried and abandoned, is solely to be 
 attributed to modern improvements, to skill, and perhaps science, 
 applied to the manufacture of such articles. 
 
 In the silver melting-house there are eight melting furnaces, 
 two cranes, and two pouring machines. Each crane stands in the 
 centre of four furnaces, freely commanding the centre of each, and 
 conveys the pots to the pouring-machine. The eight furnaces may 
 be worked three or four times daily, with an adequate supply of 
 moulds and workmen ; but generally four are found ample to keep 
 pace with an ordinary coinage. If the eight furnaces were put in 
 Avork, and the pots charged only tliree times a-day, then about 
 10,000 lbs. weight of silver could easily be melted in eight or nine 
 hours, and with greater economy of labor and fuel, and far less 
 waste of silver, than by any other process. AVhen the operation is 
 performed skilfully, and the metal not retained too long in the fire, 
 it has been found that the oxidation of the alloy is less than it would 
 be if melted in a black-lead pot, or in a larger pot of iron, and the 
 silver dipped out, as in the Paris mint, where copper is added from 
 time to time to the fused metal in such proportions as shall com- 
 pensate for the destruction of the alloy. 
 
 When the melting dei)artment Avas carried on under a contract, 
 with fixed rates of payment, the melter bore all the waste arising 
 from the various operations, ami at the end of each year made up 
 his account with the master of the mint, and made good all defi- 
 ciency from that source. Ilis situation was, therefore, one of con- 
 siderable risk and responsibility; and as his profit or income 
 depended on the proceeds of his ofiice, deducting the various ex- 
 penses, as well as losses, it was obviously his interest to conduct 
 the business in the most economical manner. But the contract 
 system having terminated, at the instance of modern ideas of im-
 
 A History of Co mage. 61 
 
 provement, the whole charges and expenses of this department are 
 now borne by the government, and at the end of eacli qnarter the 
 account is made up and the loss of precious metal written off. 
 
 The assays of the gold and silver bars, referred to before, npon 
 which the standard coin is manufactured, were formerly made or 
 tried in the mint by the Queex's assay-master, who became respon- 
 sible for the quality of the whole coinage ; but under the new 
 system the assays are sent by the master of the mint to persons out 
 of the mint lor examination, who are nominally attached to the 
 establishment, but without any responsibility whatever. For this 
 work they are paid a fee of 2s. 6d. for each assay ; and when the 
 coinage is considerable, very large emoluments are paid to these 
 assayers, which has increased the expense of this branch beyond 
 what it formerly was. 
 
 The master of the mint, on receiving the reports of the assays, 
 orders the bullion which is represented by them to be delivered 
 over for coinage, condemning such pots or bars as he finds may 
 deviate from the standard beyond a ceitain amount; and these are 
 either remelted with some addition of alloy or fine gold, or simply 
 combined and mixed together. From some cause not ascertained, 
 the amount of work so condemned exceeds that under the old 
 system, and thereby enhances the cost of the coinage. 
 
 Operation of Rolling. 
 
 The first process to which the bars of gold and silver are sub- 
 jected is that of flatting, rolling, or laminating, in the rolling-mill. 
 Both descriptions are rolled cold ; but as the operation hardens the 
 metal, making it liable to crack at the edges, at a certain stage the 
 bars are cut into shorter pieces, and are annealed in a reverberatory 
 furnace, quenched suddenly in water, and cleaned with dilute acid. 
 They are then passed repeatedly through the rollers, and gradually 
 reduced to the thickness of the coin required. 
 
 Process of Pyxing. 
 
 By the process of pyxing, as it is technically called, the weight 
 and fineness of the coined money is determined before it is delivered 
 to the importer or to the public. It consists in taking from every 
 journey- weight of gold and silver a pound in tale promiscuously, which 
 is weighed in an accurate balance, the plus or minus over or under 
 the standard weight being declared by the weigher, and recorded by 
 the clerk. This determines within certain limits Avhether the money 
 has been made within the remedy allowed by law. From the same 
 pound weight of silver or gold, two pieces are taken, the one for the 
 master of the mint, to be assayed, in order to test the fineness of the 
 whole coin ; the other for subsequent examination at the general 
 trial of the pyx ; and the coins so taken, one from each journey or 
 bag, are sealed up in a packet, and put into a chest, called tlio pyx-
 
 52 A History of Coinage. 
 
 box, locked up under the separate keys of the master and comptroller, 
 there to reniahi until the general trial of the pyx referred to. When 
 the assay-trial of the piece lias been examined and proved to be of 
 \he legal standard, which, in this case, is taken as the average of 
 'Jie whole journey-weight, the master of the mint authorizes the 
 jioney to be delivered to the importers of the bullion, who give a 
 .M-oper receipt for the same. 
 
 The general trial of the pyx in London^ takes place at irregular 
 ^3riods before a jury selected by the lord chancellor, and compre- 
 hends an examination by weight and assay of all the money coined 
 ')nring a given time; and the verdict delivered by the foreman of 
 t/ie jury to the chancellor relieves the master of the mint from further 
 responsibility as regards the past. While the company of moneyers 
 were intrusted with the coinage of the money, the trial of the pyx 
 was uniformly favorable to their skill and accuracy, as well as to the 
 skill and vigilance of that important and responsible check officer, 
 the QuEEN^s assay-master ; but as no trial has yet (1854) tak<m place 
 under the new system, we are unable to draw any conclusion from 
 it, either in point of skill or accuracy. 
 
 The cornpany of moneyers, like the melter, carried on their busi 
 ness by a contract or agreement with the master of the mint for the 
 time being, by which they were bound to make good all waste ut 
 loss accruing in their department, as well as to supply labor and 
 materials. Now salaried officers conduct the various operations con- 
 nected with coinage, the government taking upon itself the general 
 expenses, the risk, and responsibility ; and all waste in manufacture 
 or loss from other causes is borne by the public, and defrayed out of 
 the treasury. Foi'merly, the moneyers and melter gave heavy bonds 
 of security to the master of the mint, as a guarantee against loss. 
 Now no security whatever is exacted from any officer acting under 
 the master, except from the person employed in superintending the 
 melting department. 
 
 Under these circumstances, it is a question which time alone can 
 solve, whether the government can manage an establishment like a 
 mint (which, after all, is only a manufactory), as safely and economic- 
 ally as if carried on by contracts or agreements at moderate rates 
 of payment. 
 
 Method of making the Dies. 
 
 An original die is engraven upon a piece of soft cast-steel of the 
 size of the money to be coined. The device or design is, of coiirse, 
 cut into the steel, and its depth is proportionate to the relief ulti- 
 mately wanted upon the coin. When the engraving is finished, the 
 die, or matrix, as it is called, is hardened ; a process requiring con- 
 siderable care and attention. It frequently happens, that in this* 
 process, either from the steel being faulty or heated to excess, the 
 die flies in pieces, and the whole labor of the artist is lost. When, 
 however, the matrix proves to be perfect, it is placed in the multi-
 
 A History of Coinage. 53 
 
 plying die press, which works in every respect like a coining; press, 
 but is moved by men. An impi'ession is taken from the matrix upon 
 a blank die of cast steel, similar to the mode of impressing the money. 
 The blank die is fixed as the lower die of the coining press, and by 
 working the screw of the press, which has very long and heavily 
 loaded arms, the matrix is made to strike the blank die with great 
 force, and bring its impression in relief \\^?t\\ the surfiice. The hard- 
 ness, by compression of the steel, is so great, that a perfect impres- 
 sion of the engraving cannot be obtained witliout annealing the die, 
 perhaps twice or thrice in an iron pot with animal charcoal, allowing 
 it to cool gradually. An impression taken in tliis way is called a 
 puncheon die. When the engraver has given all the delicate outlines 
 of the original to it, it is hardened in the same manner as its original, 
 and used to give the impression to blank dies by a similar process ; 
 but in this case the impression is sunk, instead of being in relief. 
 These are the dies employed to stamp the money. 
 
 The puncheon by which the die is stamped is therefore hard, and 
 the blank die soft steel. The process of hardening is effected by im- 
 mersing the puncheon in cold water after being heated ; that of soft- 
 ening, by placing the dies in a pot covered with animal charcoal in 
 a furnace, and then allowing tliem to cool slowly and gradually in 
 the pot. The blank dies are formed of cylindrical pieces of steel 
 nicely tui'ned and polished, having one end square and the other of 
 a conical shape. By the first blow given by the press the cone has 
 disappeared, and the impression becomes visible on the surface. 
 Several blows of the press are required to perfect a die ; and between 
 each the die is softened in the manner before described. After 
 the first blow, the die is taken to a turning-lathe to shave off the rim 
 of metal round the impression, so as to allow the second blow to 
 deepen the impression without spreading the steel. 
 
 The amount of work done by the dies varies exceedingly ; de- 
 pending, first, on the quality of the steel, and, secondly, on the char- 
 acter of the metal to be stamped, which differs in hardness or soft- 
 cess accoiding to the nature of the alloy contained in it. 
 
 By the ofticer presiding over the die department, an accurate 
 register is kept of all dies manufactured, and he accounts also 
 to the master of the mint for all matrixes, puncheons, and dies des- 
 troyed, as well as made, in the mint ; so that none be surreptitiously 
 used or carried away. A very large collection of the various dies 
 used in the coinage of money, from an early period, is kept in the 
 mint, affording to the connoisseur an interesting record of the pro- 
 gress of engraving in England. 
 
 As a record of the coinage of the mint we append the following 
 table, derived from authentic sources, which will be found useful : 
 
 By a return made by the company of moneyers to a committee 
 of the House of Commons in the year 1837, it appears that the 
 amount of gold coined from 1558 to 1830, was L.154,762,335, Is. lOd., 
 and of silver, L.39,139,581, Os. 8d.
 
 STE-QPSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ACTS OF CONGRESS 
 
 REGULATING THE MINT. 
 
 FROM BEIGHTLY'S "DIGEST OP THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES." 
 Published by Kat & Brother, Philadelphia. 
 
 THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. Officers op the Mixt. — 1, mint established ; 2, located at Philadelphia ; 3, ap- 
 pointment of officers ; 4, duties of the director ; 5, duties of the treasurer ; 6, 
 duties of the assayer; 7, duties of the melter and refiner; 8, duties of the chief 
 coiner; 9, duties of the engraver; 10, appointment of assistants and clerks, 
 their duties; 11, temporary appointments, workmen and servants; 12, oath 
 of officers, etc.; 13, bonds of officers; 14, salaries; 15, pay of clerks may be 
 increased; 16, director's annual report. 
 
 n. Assay and Coinage of Bullion. — 17, bullion, not intended for coinage, to be 
 assayed ; 18, bullion to be received for coinage ; 19, to be weighed and receipted 
 for; 20, to be assayed; 21, assayer to report; 22, charges for coinage; 23, cer- 
 tificate to be issued to depositor; 24, bullion to be formed into ingots; 25, ingots 
 to be assayed; 26, deviation from standard in ingots ; 27, treasurer's account 
 with melter and refiner, allowance for waste; 28, ingots to be delivered to 
 coiner; 29, deviation from standard weight in coining; 30, coin to be delivered 
 to treasurer, his duties; 31, coins to be set apart for anuual trial; 32, record 
 of clippings, etc. ; 33, treasurer's account with cliief coiner, allowance for waste ; 
 34, payment to depositors; 35, bullion fund, how applied ; 36, annual trial of 
 coinage, commissioners, their duties; 37, deviation allowed from standard 
 weight of gold coin ; 38, public moneys to be transferred to tlie mint for pay- 
 ment of depositors, no interest to be charged, bonds of treasurers, etc., may be 
 renewed or increased ; 30, silver bullion to be purchased for coinage, treasurer's 
 account; 40, how silver coin to be paid out; 41, no deposits of silver bullion to 
 be received for coinage; 42, bullion may be cast into ingots, charge therefor; 
 43, charge for casting into ingots; 44. amount of bullion received for refining 
 to bo gradually decreased; 45, profits to be paid into the treasury.
 
 The Mint of the United States. 55 
 
 III. Standard "Weights. — 46, standard troy pound ; 47, series of standard weights 
 to be produced, to be annually tested. 
 
 lY. Branches op the Mint. — 48, branch mints established; 49, officers to be ap- 
 pointed, clerks and workmen, salaries; 50, oath of office, bonds; 51, powers of 
 tlie directors of the mint; 52, laws regulating the mint, etc., to apply to the 
 branches; 53, officers at New Orleans, salaries; 54, repealing sectiou ; 55, du- 
 ties of melter and refiner transferred to coiner at Dahlouega and Charlotte; 56, 
 before whom oath of office may bo taken; 57, treasurers to appoint their own 
 clerks, subject to approval of secretary ; 58, branch in California ; 59, appoint- 
 ment of officers, salaries; 60, oath, bonds; 61, powers of the director of the 
 mint; 62, laws regulating the mint, etc., to apply to this branch; 63, to be the 
 depository of the public moneys, duties and liabilities of treasurer; 64, gold to 
 be refined and cast into ingots, charges ; 65, pay of clerks at Xew Orleans may 
 be increased. 
 
 V. Assay Office. — 66, assay office in New York, officers' compensation; 67, bullion 
 
 may be received and refined, certificate therefor to be issued, to be cast into in- 
 gots, when to be transferred to the mint for coiuage, secretary to prescribe 
 regulations; 68, powers of director of the mint; 69, laws regulatiug the mint, 
 etc., to apply to this office ; 70, charges for refiniug, etc. ; 71, buildings to be 
 procured, and machinery. 
 
 VI. Chapter II. Assay and Coinage of Buxlion. — 1, act limiting amount of 
 bullion to be received for refining extended to assay office; 2, contracts to 
 exchange crude bullion for refined bars suspended. 
 
 VII. Branches of the Mint. — 3, branch mint at Denver ; 4, officers, salaries ; 5, 
 to give bond ; 6, powers of directors of the mint; 7, to be a depository for pub- 
 lic moneys; 8, certificates of deposit may be issued; 9, general laws extended 
 to this branch; 10, branch mint at Carson City; 11, otticers, salaries; -12, oath 
 of office, bonds; 13, powers of director of the mint; 14, to be a public deposi- 
 tory; 15, drafts to be issued for gold-dust ; 16, laws regulating the mint extended 
 to this branch; 17, branch mint at Dalles City, Oregon ; 18, officers, salaries ; 19, 
 oath of office, bonds; 20, powers of director of the mint; 21, to be a public de- 
 pository; 22, drafts to be issued for gold-dust and bullion; 23, laws regulatiug 
 the mint extended to this branch. 
 
 "VIII. Assay Office. — 24, assay office at Boise City, in Idaho, officers' salaries; 25, 
 oath of office, bond; 26, to be subject to the control of the director of the mint; 
 27, to be a publie depository ; 28, certificates of deposit to be issued for bullion; 
 29, certain laws extended to this office. 
 
 I. OFFICER-S OF THE MINT 
 
 1. Tliat a mint for the purpose of a national coinage be and the 
 same is established ; to be situate and carried on at the seat of the 
 government of the United States, for the time beino-. — 2d Anril 
 1792. § 1. = / , 
 
 2. That the act, entitled "An act concerning the mint," approved 
 March the 3d, 1801,* be and the same is hereby revived and con- 
 
 * This act directed that the mint should remain in the city of Philadelphia until 
 4 March, 1803.
 
 56 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 tinned in force and operation, until otherwise provided by law. — 
 \^th May, 1828. § 1. 
 
 Appoi?itment of Officers. 
 
 3. The officers of the mint of the United States shall be a direc- 
 tor, a treasurer, an assayer, a melter and refiner, a chief coiner, and 
 an engraver, to be appointed by the president of the United States, 
 bv and with the advice and consent of the Senate. — I8th January, 
 
 1837. § 1. 
 
 4. The respective duties of the officers of the mint shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 Duties of the Director. 
 
 First. The director shall have the control and management of the 
 mint, the superintendence of the officers and persons employed 
 therein, and the general regulation and supervision of the business 
 of the several branches. And in the month of January of every 
 year he shall make report to the president of the United States of 
 the operations of the mint and its branches for the year preceding; 
 and also to the secretary of the treasiiry, from time to time, as said 
 secretary shall require, setting forth all the operations of the mint 
 subsequent to the last report made upon the subject. 
 
 Duties of the Treasurer. 
 
 5. Second. The treasurer shall receive and safely keep all mon- 
 eys which shall be for the use and support of the mint; shall keep 
 all the current accounts of the mint, and pay all moneys due by the 
 mint, on warrants from the director ; he shall receive all bullion 
 brouglit to the mint for coinage ; shall be the keeper of all bullion 
 and coin in the mint, except while the same is legally placed in the 
 hands of other officers ; and shall, on warrants from the director, 
 deliver all coins struck at tlie mint to the persons to whom they 
 shall be legally payable. And he shall keep regular and faithful 
 accounts of all the transactions of the mint, in bullion and coins, 
 both with the officers of the mint and the depositors ; and shall pre- 
 sent, quarter-yearly, to the treasury department of the United States, 
 according to such forms as shall be ])rescribed by that depaitment, 
 an account of the receipts and disbursements of the mint, for the 
 purpose of being adjusted and settled. 
 
 Duties of the Assayer, and the Melter and Refiner. 
 
 6. Third. The assayer shall carefully assay all metals used in 
 coinage, whenever such assays are required in the operations of the 
 mint ; and he shall also make assays of coins whenever instructed 
 to do so by the director. — 18 Jan. 1837. 
 
 7. Fourth. The melter and refiner shall execute all the operations 
 which are necessarv in order to form inijots of standard silver or
 
 The Mint of the United States. 57 
 
 gold, suitable for the chief coinei", from the metals legally delivered 
 to him for that purpose. — See Act 3 March, 1795. 
 
 Duties of Chief Coiner and Engraver. 
 
 8. Fifth, The chief coiner shall execute all tlie operations which 
 are necessary in order to form coins, comformable in all respects to 
 the law, from the standard silver and gold ingots, [and the copper 
 planchets,] legally delivered to him for this purpose. — Ibid. 
 
 9. Sixth. The engraver shall prepare and engrave, with the legal 
 devices and inscriptions, all the dies used in the coinage of the mint 
 and its branches. 
 
 Appointment of Assistants and Clerks. 
 
 10. The director shall appoint, with the approbation of the presi- 
 dent, assistants to the assayer, melter and retiner, chief coiner, and 
 engraver, and clerks for the director and treasurer, whenever, on 
 representation made by the director to the president, it shall be the 
 opinion of the president that such assistants or clerks are necessary. 
 And it shall be the duty of the assistants to aid their principals in 
 the execution of their respective offices, and of the clerks to perform 
 Buch duties as shall be prescribed for them by the director. — 1837. 
 
 11. Whenever any officer of the mint shall be temporarily absent, 
 on account of sickness, or any other sufficient cause, it sluvll be law- 
 ful for the director, with the assent of said officer, to appoint some 
 person attached to the mint, to act in the place of such officer during 
 his absence ; and the director shall employ such workmen and serv- 
 ants in the mint as he shall from time [to time] find necessary. — 
 1837. 
 
 Oath of Officers. 
 
 12. Every officer, assistant and clerk of the mint, shall, before he 
 enters upon the execution of his office, take an oath or affirmation 
 before some judge of the United States, or judge of the superior 
 court or any court of record of any state, faithfully and diligently 
 to perform the duties thereof — 1837. 
 
 Bonds of Officers. 
 
 13. The following officers of the mint, before entering upon the 
 execution of their respective offices,* shall become bound to the 
 United States, with one or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the 
 secrf^tary of the treasury, in tlie sums hereinafter mentioned, with 
 condition for the faithful and diligent performance of the duties of 
 their offices, viz. : the treasurer in the sum of ten thousand dollars ; 
 the assayer in the sum of five thousand dollars; the melter and 
 refiner in the sum of ten thousand dollars ; the chief coiner in the 
 
 * They cannot legally execute their offices, unless they have given bonds for 
 the faithful performance of their duties. 5 Opin. 687.
 
 58 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 sum of ten thousand dollars. And similar bonds may also l>e re- 
 quired of the assistants and clerks, in such sums as the director shall 
 determine, with the approbation of the secretary of the treasury.- — 
 See Sect. 38. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 14. There shall be allowed to the offic ers of the mint the follow- 
 ing salaries per annum: to the director for his services, including 
 travelling expenses incurred in visiting the ditferent branches, and 
 all other charges whatever, three thousand five hundred dollars; to 
 the treasurer, assayer, melter and refiner, chief coiner, and engraver, 
 each two thousand dollars; to the assistants and clerks such annual 
 salaries shall be allowed as the director may determine, with the 
 approbation of the president : Provided^ That an assistant shall not 
 receive more than fifteen hundred dollars; and that a clerk shall not 
 receive more than twelve hundred dollars. (See Sect. 15). To the 
 workmen and servants shall be allowed such wages, to be deter- 
 mined by the director, as may be customary and reasonable accord- 
 ing to their respective stations and o-'cupations ; and the salaries 
 provided for in this section shall be payable in quarterly instal- 
 ments. — 18 Jan. 1837. 
 
 Pay of Clerks may he Increased. 
 
 15. That the seventh section of the act of January 18th, 1837, 
 entitled "An act supplementary to the act entitled 'An act estab- 
 lishing a mint and regulating tlie coins of the United States,'" be 
 so amended as to extend the limit for the annual salary of clerks in 
 the mint of the United States to eighteen hundred dollars each, 
 from and after the first of July, 1851, at the discretion of the ofiicers 
 authorized by law to appoint, with the approbation of the president 
 of the United States, including also one clerk in the office of the 
 assistant treasurer at Philadelphia ; and the salary of the chief clerk 
 of the branch mint at New Orleans, shall be twenty-two hundred 
 dollars from and after the first of July, 1854. — 4 August, 1854. 
 
 Director'' s Annual Report. 
 
 16. The director of the mint shall make his annual report to the 
 secretary of the treasury, up to the thirtietli of June in each year, 
 so that the same may appear in his annual report to congress ou the 
 finances.— 21 Feb. 1857. 
 
 II. ASSAY AND COINAGE OF BULLION. 
 
 17. It shall be lawful for the director of the mint to receive, and 
 cause to be assayed, bullion not intended for coinage, and to cause- 
 certificates to be given of the fineness thereof by •a\\v\\ officer as he 
 shall designate for that purpose, at such rates of charge to be paid
 
 The Mint of tJie United States. 69 
 
 by the owner of said bullion, and under such regulations as the said 
 director may from time to time establish. — 19 May^ 1828. {See 
 No. 44.) 
 
 bullion to he Received for Coinage. 
 
 1"=<. Gold and silver bullion brought to the mint for coinage, 
 shall be received and coined by the proper officers, for the benefit of 
 the depositor (see 41) : Provided., That it shall be lawful to refuse 
 at the mint, any deposit of less value than one hundred dollars, 
 and any bullion so base as to be unsuitable for the operations of the 
 mint: And provided also .^ That when gold and silver are combined, 
 if either of these metals be in such small proportion that it cannot 
 be separated advantageously, no allowance shall be made to the 
 depositor for the value of such metal. — 18 Jan. 1837 
 
 To he Weighed and Receipted for. 
 
 19. "When bullion is brought to the mint for coinage, it shall be 
 weighed by the treasurer in the presence of the depositor, wlieu 
 practicable, andsa receipt given, which shall state the description 
 and weight of the bullion : Provided, That when bullion is in such 
 a state as to require melting before its value can be ascertained, the 
 weight after melting shall be considered as the true weight of the 
 bullion deposited. — Ibid. 
 
 To he Assayed. 
 
 20. From every parcel of bullion deposited for coinage, the treas- 
 urer shall deliver to the assayer a sufficient portion for the purpose 
 of being assayed; but all such' bullion remaining from the opera- 
 tions of the assay shall be returned to the treasurer by the assayer. 
 —Ibid. 
 
 Assayer to Report. 
 
 21. The assayer shall report to the treasurer the quality or stand- 
 ard of the bullion assayed by him ; and he shall also communicate 
 to the treasurer such information as will enable him to estimate the 
 amount of the charges hereinafter provided for, to be made to the 
 depositor, for the expenses of converting the bullion into standard 
 metal fit for coinage. — Ibid. 
 
 Charges for Coinage. 
 
 22. The only subjects of charge by the mint to the depositor 
 shall be the following {see Nos. 42, 43) : for refining when the bul- 
 lion is below standard ; for toughening when metals are contained 
 in it which render it unfit for coinage; for copper used for alloy 
 when the bullion is above standard ; for silver introduced into the
 
 60 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 alloy of gold ; and for separating the gold and silver -when these 
 metals exist together in the bullion. And the rate of these charges 
 shall be fixed from time to time by the director, with the concur- 
 rence of the secretary of the treasury, so as not to exceed, in their 
 judgment, the actual expense to the mint of the materials and hibor 
 employed in each of tlie cases aforementioned ; and the amount 
 received from these charges shall be accounted for and appropriated 
 for defraying the contingent expenses of the mint. — Ibid. 
 
 Certificate to be Issued to Depositor. 
 
 23. From the report of the assayer, and the weight of the bullion, 
 the treasurer shall estimate the whole value of each deposit, and 
 also the amount of the charges or deductions if any ; of all which he 
 shall give a detailed memorandum to the depositor; and he shall 
 also give, at the same time, under his hand, a certificate of the net 
 amount of the deposit, to be paid in coins of the same species of 
 bullion as that deposited. — Ibid. 
 
 Sidlion to be Formed i)ito Ingots. 
 
 24. Parcels of bullion shall be from time to time transferred by 
 the treasurer to the melter and refiner ; a careful record of these 
 transfers, noting the weight and character of the bullion, shall be 
 kept; and the bullion thus placed in the hands of the melter and 
 refiner shall be subjected to the several processes which may be 
 necessary to form it into ingots of the legal standard, and of a qual- 
 ity suitable for coinage. — Ibid. 
 
 Ingots to be Assayed. 
 
 25. The ingots thus prepared shall be assayed by the assayer, 
 and if they prove to be within the limits allowed for deviation from 
 the standard, they shall be transferred by the melter and refiner to 
 the treasurer, accompanied by the assayer's certificate of their fine- 
 ness ; and a careful record of the transfer shall be kept by the treas- 
 urer. — Ibid. 
 
 Deviation fronn Standard. 
 
 26. No ingots of gold shall be used for coinage of which the 
 quality differs more than two-thousandths from the legal standard ; 
 and no ingots of silver shall be used for coinage of Avhich the qual- 
 ity differs more than tliree-thousandths from the legal standard. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Treasure/ s Account with Melter and Refiner. — Allowance for Waste. 
 
 27. In the treasurer's account with the melter and refiner, the 
 melter and refiner shall be debited with the standard wciixht of all
 
 The Mint of the United States. 61 
 
 the bullion placed in his hands, that is to say, with the weight of 
 metal of legal standard fineness which it will make; and he shall be 
 credited by the standard weight of all the ingots delivered by him 
 to the treiisurer. And once at least in every year, at such time as 
 the director shall appoint, the melter and refiner shall deliver up to 
 the treasurer all the bullion in his possession, in order that his ac- 
 counts may be settled up to that time ; and, in this settlement, he 
 shall be entitled to a credit for the difierence between the whole 
 amount of bullion delivered to him, and received from him, since the 
 last settlement, as an allowance for necessary waste: Provided, 
 That this allowance shall not exceed two-thousandths of the whole 
 amount of gold and silver bullion, respectively, that had been deliv- 
 ered to him by the treasurer. — Ibid. 
 
 Ingots to be delivered to Coiner. 
 
 28. The treasurer shall, from time to time, deliver over to the 
 chief coiner, ingots for the purpose of coinage ; he shall keep a 
 careful record of these transfers, noting the weight and description 
 of the ingots; and the ingots thus placed in the hands of the chief 
 coiner shall be passed through the several processes necessary to 
 make from them coins in all respects conformable to law. — Ibid. 
 
 Deviations from Standard Weight in Coining. 
 
 29. In adjusting the weights of the coins, the following devia- 
 tions from the standard weight shall not be exceeded in any of the 
 single pieces — in the dollar and halfdollar, one grain and a half; 
 in the quarter dollar, one grain ; in the dime and half-dime, half a 
 grain ; in the gold coins, one quarter of a grain ; [in the copper 
 coins, one grain in the pennyweight.] And in weighing a large 
 number of pieces together, when delivered from the chief coiner to 
 the treasui-er, and from the treasurer to the depositors, the devia- 
 tions from the standard weight shall not exceed the following limits 
 — four pennyweights in one thousand dollars ; three pennyweights 
 in one thousand half-dollars ; two pennyweights in one thousand 
 quarter-dollars; one pennyweight in one thousand dimes; one 
 pennyweight in one thousand half-dimes ; two pennyweights in one 
 thousand eagles ; one and a half pennyweights in one thousand half- 
 eagles ; one pennyweight in one thousand quarter-eagles. — Ibid. 
 
 Coin to be delivered to Treasurer. — His duties. 
 
 30. The chief coiner shall, from time to time, as the coins are 
 prepared, deliver them over to the treasurer, who shall keep a 
 careful recoi'd of their kind, number and weight ; and, in receiving 
 the coins, it shall be the duty of the treasurer to see whether the 
 coins of that deliver}'' are within the legal limits of the standard 
 weight ; and if his trials for this purpose shall not prove satisfac- 
 tory, he shall cause all the coins of this delivery to be weighed
 
 62 The 311)11 of the United States. 
 
 separately, and such as are not of legal weight shall be delivered 
 to the melter and refiner, as standard bullion, to be again formed 
 into ingots and recoined. — Ibid. 
 
 Coins to he set apart for Annual Trial. 
 
 31. At every delivery of coins made by the chief coiner to the 
 treasurer, it shall be the duty of the treasurer, in the presence of the 
 assayer, to take indiscriminately, a certain number of pieces of each 
 variety for the annual trial of coins, (the number being prescribed 
 by the director) which shall be carefully labelled, and deposited in 
 a chest appropriated for the purpose, kept under the joint cai-e of 
 the treasurer and assayer, and so secured that neither can have 
 access to its contents without the presence of the other. — Ibid. 
 
 Hecord of Clippings^ etc. 
 
 32. The chief coiner shall, from time to time, deliver to the 
 treasurer the clippings and other portions of bullion remaining after 
 the process of coining; and the treasurer shall keep a careful record 
 of their amount. — Ibid. 
 
 Treasurer'' s account with Chief Coiner. — Allowance for Waste. 
 
 33. In the ti'easurer's account with the chief coiner, the chief 
 coiner shall be debited with the amount in weight of standard metal 
 of all the bullion placed in his hands, and credited with the amount, 
 also by weight, of all the coins, clippings and other bullion deliver- 
 ed by him to the treasurer. And once at least in every year, at such 
 time as the director shall appoint, the chief coiner shall deliver to 
 the treasurer all the coins and bullion in his possession, so that his 
 accounts may be settled up to that time ; and, in this settlement, he 
 shall be entitled to a credit for the difference between the whole 
 amount of the ingots delivered to him, and of the coins and bullion 
 received from him, since the last settlement, as an allowance for 
 necessary waste : Provided, That tliis allowance shall not exceed 
 two-thousandths of the whole amount of the silver, or one and one- 
 half thousandths of the whole amount of the gold, that had been 
 delivered to him by the treasurer. — Ibid. 
 
 Payment to Depositors. 
 
 34. When the coins which are the equivalent to any deposit of 
 bullion are ready for delivery, they shall be paid over to the deposi- 
 tor, or his order, by the treasurer, on a warrant from the dirwctor; 
 and the payment shall bo made, if demanded, in the order in which 
 the bullion shall have been brought to the mint, giving priority 
 according to priority of deposit only. And in the dtMiominations of 
 coin delivered, the treasurer shall comply with the wishes of the
 
 The Mint uf the United States. 63 
 
 depositor, unless when impracticable or inconvenient to do so; in 
 which case the denominations ot" coin shall be designated by the 
 director.* — Ibid. 
 
 JBidlion Fund. — Hoio Apjylied. 
 
 35, For the purpose of enabling the mint t® make returns to 
 depositors with as little delay as possible {see No. 38), it siiall be 
 the duty of the secretary of the treasury to keep in the said mint, 
 when the state of tlie treasury will admit thereof, a deposit of such 
 amount of public money, or of bullion procured for the purpose, 
 as he shall judge convenient and necessary, not exceeding one 
 million of dollars; out of which those who bring bullion to the 
 mint may be paid the value thereof, as soon as practicable, after this 
 valne has been ascertained. The bullion so deposited shall become 
 the property of the United States ; no discount or interest shall be 
 char<;ed on moneN^s so advanced ; and the secretary of the treasury 
 may at any time Avithdraw the saitl deposit, or any part thereof, or 
 may, at his discretion, allow the coins formed at the mint to be 
 given for their equivalent in other money. — Ibid. 
 
 Annual trial of Coinage. — Commissioners. — Their Duties. 
 
 36. To secure a due conformity in the gold and silver coins to 
 their respective standards and weights, an annual trial shall be 
 made of the pieces reserved for this purpose at the mint and its 
 branches, before the judge of the district court of the United States 
 for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, the attorney of the United 
 States for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, and the collector of 
 the port of Philadeli)hia, and such other persons as the pi'esident 
 shall, from time to time, <lesignate for that purpose; who sliall meet 
 as commissioners, for the perfoi'mance of this duty, on the second 
 Monday in February, annually, and may continue their meetings by 
 adjounmient, if necessary; and if a majority of the commissioners 
 shall fail to attend at any time appoint«ed for their meeting, then the 
 director of the mint shall call a meeting of the connnissioners at such 
 other time as he may deem convenient. And before these commis- 
 sioners, or a majority of them, and in the presence of the officers of the 
 mint, such examination shall be made of the reserved pieces as shall 
 be judged sufficient ; and if it shall appear that these pieces do not 
 differ from the standard fineness and weight by a greater quantity 
 than is allowed by law, the trial shall be considered and reported as 
 satisfactory ; but if any greater deviation from the legal standard or 
 weight shall appear, this fact shall be certified to the president of fhe 
 United States ; and if, on a view of the circumstances of the case, 
 he shall so decide, the officer or officers implicated in the error shall 
 
 * The act 2 April 1792, § 15, which is hereby supplied, provided further that 
 " if any preference shall be given contrary to the directions aforesaid, tlie officer by 
 whom any undue preference shall be given shall, in each case, forfeit and pay $10oO, 
 10 be recovered with costs of suit." 1 Stat. 249-50.
 
 64 71ie 3[htt of the United States. 
 
 be thenceforward disqualified from holding their respective oifices. •* 
 Ibid. 
 
 Deviation allowed from, Standard Weight of Gold Coin. 
 
 37. In adjusting the weights of gold coins henceforward, the fol- 
 lowing deviations from the standard weight shall not be exceeded 
 in any of the single pieces — namely, in the double-eagle, the eagle, 
 and the lialf-eagle, one-half of a grain, and in the quarter-eagle and 
 gold dollar, one-quarter of a grain. And in weigliing a large num- 
 ber of pieces together, Aviien delivered from the chief coiner to the 
 treasurer, and from the treasurer to the depositors, the deviation 
 from the standard weight shall not exceed three pennyweiglits m 
 one thousand double-eagles; two peimy weiglits in one tliousand 
 eagles ; one and one-half pennyweights in one thousand half-eagles ; 
 one pemiyweight in one thousand quarter-eagles; and one-half of a 
 pennyweight in one thousand gold dollars, — 2 March, 1849. 
 
 Public Moneys to be transferred to the Mint for payment of Deposit' 
 ors. — No Interest to be Charged. — Bonds of Treasurers, etc., 
 may be renewed or increased. 
 
 38. For the purpose of enabling the mint and branch mints of 
 the United States to make returns to depositors with as little delay 
 as possible, it shall be lawful for the president of the United States, 
 when the state of the treasury shall admit thereof, to direct trans- 
 fers to be made from time to time to the mint and branch mints for 
 such sums of public money as he shall judge convenient and neces- 
 sary ; out of which those who bring bullion to the mint may be 
 paid the value thereof, as soon as practicable after this value has 
 been ascertained. The bullion so deposited shall become the 
 property of the United States ; no discount or interest shall be 
 charged on money so advanced ; and the secretary of the treasury 
 may at any time withdraw the said deposit, or any part tliereof, 
 or may, at his discretion, allow the coins formed at the mint to be 
 given for their equivalent in other money : Provided, That the bonds 
 given by the United States' treasurers and superintendents of the 
 mint shall be renewed or increased at the discretion of the secretary 
 of the treasury, under the operation of this act. — 23 May, 1850. 
 
 Silver Bullion to be purchased for Coinage. — Treasurer'' s Account. 
 
 39. In order to procure bullion for the requisite coinage of the 
 subdivisions of the dollar authorized by this act, the treasurer of 
 the mint shall, with the approval of the director, purchase such 
 bullion with the bullion fund of the mint. lie sliall charge himself 
 witii the gain arising from tlie coinage of such bullion into coins of 
 a nominal value exceeding t.he intrinsic value thereof, and shall be 
 credited with the dilfereiice between such intrinsic value and the 
 price paid for said bullion, and with the expense of distributing said
 
 The Mint uftnt Cnited States. 65 
 
 coins as hereinafter provided. The balances to his credit, or the 
 profits of said coinage, shall be, from time to time, on a warrant of 
 the director of the mint, transferred to the account of the treasury 
 of the United States. — 21 February, 1853. 
 
 How Silver Coin to he paid out. 
 
 40. Such coins shall be paid out at the mint, in exchange for 
 Sfold coins at ])ar, in sums not less than one hundred dollars; and 
 it shall be lawful, also, to transmit parcels of the sanie_ from time to 
 time, to the assistant treasurers, depositaries and other officei's of 
 the United States, under general regulations, proposed by the direc- 
 tor of the mint, and approved by the secretary of the treasury : Pro- 
 vided., however, That the amount coined into quarter-dollars, dimes 
 and half-dimes, shall be regulated by the secretary of the treasury. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 JVb dejyosits of Silver Bullion to he received. 
 
 41. No deposits for coinage into the half-dollar, quarter-dollar, 
 dime and half dime, shall hereafter be received, other than those 
 made bj^ the treasurer of the mint, as herein authorized, and upon 
 account of the United States. — Ibid. 
 
 Bullion may he cast into Ingots. — Charge therefor. 
 
 42. At the option of the depositor, gold or silver may be cast 
 into bars or ingots of either pure metal or of standard fineness, as 
 the owner may prefer, with a stamp upon the same designating its 
 weight and fineness ; but no piece, of either gold or silver, shall be 
 cast into bars or ingots of a less weight than ten ounces, except 
 pieces of one ounce, of two ounces, of three ounces and of five ounces, 
 all of which pieces of less weight than ten ounces shnll be of the stand- 
 ard fineness, with their weight and fineness stamped upon them. 
 But, in cases, whether the gold and silver deposited be coined or 
 cast into bars or ingots, there shall be a charge to the depositor, in 
 addition to the charge now made for refining or parting the metals, 
 of one-half of one per centum {see 43) ; the money arising from this 
 charge of one-half per centum shall be charged to the treasurer of 
 the mint, and from time to time, on warrant of the director of the 
 mint, shall be tnmsferred into the treasury of the United St;ites: 
 Provided, however. That nothing contained iu this section shall be 
 considered as a])plying to the half-dollar, the quarter-dollar, the dime 
 and halfdime. — Ibid. 
 
 Charge for casting Ingots, etc. 
 
 43. When gold or silver shall be cast into ba>-s or ingots, or formed' 
 into disks at the mint of the United States, or any of the branches 
 thereof, or at any assay office (if the United States, the charge for re- 
 fining, casting or forming said bars, ingots or disks shall be equal to, 
 
 5
 
 66 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 but not exceed, the actual cost of the operation, including labor, 
 wastage, use of machinery, materials, etc., to be regulated from time 
 to time by the secretary of the treasury. — 3 3Iarch^ 1853 
 
 Arnotmt of Bullion received for Refining to be gradually decreased. 
 
 44. When private establishments shall be made to refine gold 
 bullion, the secretary of the treasury, if he shall deem them capable 
 of executing such work, ig hereby authorized and required to limit 
 the amount thereof, which shall be refined in the mint at Philadel- 
 phia, from qu.irter to quarter, and to reduce the same progressively 
 a** such establishments shall be extended or multiplied ; so as event- 
 ually, and as soon as maybe, to exclude refining from the mint, and 
 to require that every deposit of gold bullion made therein for coin- 
 age shall be adapteJ to said purpose, without need of refining : Pro- 
 vided, That no advances in coin shall be made upon bullion after this 
 regulation shall be civried into effect, except upon bullion refined as 
 herein prescribed. — Ibid. 
 
 Profits to be paid into the Treasury. 
 
 45. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of the mint to cause 
 to be paid annually into the treasury of the United States the profits 
 of the mint, and to present a quarterly account of the expenditures 
 of the mint to the secretary of the treasury. — Ibid. 
 
 III. STAXDARD WEIGHTS. 
 
 Troy pound. 
 
 46. For the purpose of securing a due conformity in weight of 
 the coins of the tlnited States, to the provisions of the ninth section 
 of the act, passed the 2d of April, 1792, entitled "An act establish- 
 ing a mint, and regulating the coins of the United States," the brass 
 troy pound weight procured by the minister of the United States at 
 London, in the year 1827, for the use of the mint, and now in tho 
 custody of the director thereof, shall be the standard troy pound of 
 the mint of the United States, conformably to which the coinage 
 thereof shall be regulated. — 19 May, 1828. 
 
 Series of Standard Weights to be procured. — To be annually tested. 
 
 47. It shall be the duty of the director of the mint to procure, 
 and safely to keep a series of standard weights, corresponding to the 
 aforesaid troy pound, consisting of a one pound weight, and the re- 
 quisite subdivisions and multiples thereof, from the hundredth part 
 of a grain to twenty-five pounds. And the troy weights, ordinarily 
 employed in the transactions of the mint, shall be regulated accord- 
 ing to the above standards, at least once in every year, under his 
 inspection ; and their accuracy tested annually in the presence of the 
 assay commissioners, on the day of the annual assay. — Ibid.
 
 The Mint of the VnHed States. 6!r 
 
 IV. BRANCHES OF THE MIXT. 
 
 48. Branches of the mint of the United States shall he established 
 as follows: one branch at the city of New Orleans for the coinage 
 of gold and silver; one branch at the town of Charlotte in Meck- 
 linburg county, in the state of North Carolina, for the coinage of 
 gold only ; and one branch at or near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, 
 in the state of Georgia, also for the coinage of gold only. — 3 March^ 
 1835. 
 
 Officers to he appointed. — Clerics and worhmen. — Salaries. 
 
 49. So soon as the necessary buildings are erected for the purpose 
 of well conductinar the business of each of the said branches, the fol- 
 lowing officers [see 53, 55) shall be appointed upon the nomination 
 of the president, and with the advice and consent of the Senate: one 
 superintendent, one treasurer, one assayer, one chief coiner, one 
 melter and one refiner ; and the superintendent of each mint shdl 
 engage and employ as many clerks [see 57) and as many subordinate 
 workmen and servants as shall be provided for by law. And the 
 salaries of the said officers and clerks shall be as follows : for the 
 branch at New Orleans, to the superintendent, the sum of two 
 thousand five hundred dollars; to ihe treasurer, the sum of two 
 thousand dollars; to the chief coiner, the sum of two thousand dol- 
 lars ; to the assayer, melter and refiner, the sum of two thousand 
 dollars each; to two clerks, the sum of twelve hundred dollars each; 
 (see 15 and 65) ; to the subordinate workmen and servants, not ex- 
 ceeding twenty in number, such wages and allowances as are custom- 
 ary and reasonable, according to their respective stations and oc- 
 cupations. For the branches at Charlotte and Dahlonega, to the 
 superintendents, each the sum of two thousand dollars, who shall re- 
 spectively discharge the duty of treasurers ; to the chief coiners, each 
 the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars ; to the assayeis, melters 
 and refiners, each the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars; to 
 the clerks, not exceeding one at each branch, the sum of one thousand 
 dollars ; and to the subordinate workmen and servants, not exceed- 
 ing the immber of five at each of the said branches, such wages and 
 allowances shall be paid as are customary and reasonable, according 
 to their respective stations and occupations. — Ibid. 
 
 Oath of Office. — Bonds. 
 
 50. The officers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering upon the duties thereof, shall take an oath or affirmation 
 before some judge of the United States {see 56), faithfully and dili- 
 gently to perform the duties thereof; and shall each become bound 
 to the United States of America, with one or more sureties, to the 
 satisfaction of the director of the mint and the secretary of the treas- 
 ury, with condition for the faithful and diligent performance of the 
 duties of their offices. — Ibid.
 
 68 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 Poioers of the Director of the Hint. 
 
 51. The general direction of the business of the said branches of 
 the mint of the United Stutes shall be under the control and regula- 
 tion of the director of the mint at Philadelphia, sul)ject to the ap- 
 probation of the secretary of the treasury ; and for that purpose, it 
 shall be tlie duty of tlie said dii-ector to prescribe such regulations, 
 and require such returns j^eriodically, and occasionally, as shall ap- 
 pear to him to be necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect 
 the intention of this act in establishing tlie said branches ; also for 
 the purpose of discriminating the coin which shall be stamped at 
 each branch, and at the mint itself; also for the purpose of preserv- 
 ing uniformity of weight, form and fineness in the coins stamped at 
 each place ; and for that purpose, to require the transmission and de- 
 livery to him at the mint, from time to time, such parcels of the coin- 
 age of each branch as he shall think proper to be subjected to such 
 assays and tests as he shall direct. — Ibid. 
 
 jOaivs regulatiyig the Mint, etc., to apply to the ^Branches. 
 
 52. All the laws and parts of laws made for the regulation of the 
 mint of the United States, and for the government of the officers and 
 persons employed therein, and for the punishment of all offences con- 
 nected Avith the mint or coinage of the United States, shall be and 
 the same are hereby declared to be in full force, in relation to each 
 of the branches of the mint by this act established, so far as the same 
 shall be applicable thereto. — Ibid. 
 
 Officers at N'ew Orleans. — Salaries. 
 
 53. The officers of the branch mint at New Orleans shall be 
 one superintendent, one treasurer, one assayer, one melter and re- 
 finer, and one coiner ; and the officers of the branch mints at Char- 
 lotte and Dahlonega severally, shall be one superintendent, who 
 shall also perform the duties of treasurer ; one assayer, who shall 
 also perform the duties of melter and refiner {see 55), and one coiner. 
 And the annual salaries of the said officers shall be as follows: for 
 the branch at New Orleans, to the superintendent, two thousand 
 five hundred dollars ; to the treasurer, the assayer, the melter and 
 refiner, and the coiner, each two thousand dollars: for the branches 
 at Charlotte and Dahlonega, to the superintendent, two thousand 
 dollars ; and to the assayer and the coiner, each fifteen hundi'ed 
 dollars.— 13 March, 1837. 
 
 Mepeal 
 
 54. That so much of the act entitled " An act to establish branche' 
 of the mint of the United States," approved the 3d day of March, 
 1835, as is inconsistent with the provisions of this act, be and the 
 same is hereby repealed. — Ibid.
 
 The Mint of the United States. 69 
 
 Duties of MeUer and Mefiner transferred to Coiner at Dahlonega and 
 
 Charlotte. 
 
 55. That an act passed the 13th day of February, 1837, to amend 
 an act entitled " An act to establish branches of the mint of the 
 United States," passed the 3d day of March, 1835, be and it is hereby 
 altered and amended so as to transfer the duties of melter and re- 
 finer from the assayer to the coiner at the branches of Dahlonega 
 in Georgia, and of Charlotte in North Carolina, respectively ; 
 and that all laws and parts of laws conflicting with this act be and 
 they are hereby repealed. — 27 February^ 1843. 
 
 Before whom Oath of Office may he taken. 
 
 56. The oath or affirmation required by the third section of an 
 act passed March 3d, 1835, entitled "An act to establish branches of 
 the mint of the United States," may be taken before any judge of 
 the superior court or of any court of record, in the state where the 
 branch of which the person taking said oath is an officer or clerk, is 
 situated. — 2 April, 1 844. 
 
 Treasurers to appoint their oicn Clerks. Subject to approval of 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 57. That so much of the second section of the act approved March 
 3d, 1835, entitled "An act to establish branches of the mint of the 
 United States," as vests the appointment of the clerks of the treasurer 
 in the superintendent of each mint, be and the same is hereby re- 
 pealed ; and that the several treasurers of the United States mint be 
 and they are hereby authorized to appoint tlieir own clerks, subject, 
 however, to the approval of the secretary of the treasury. — 3 J/arcA, 
 1851. 
 
 58. That a branch of the mint of the United States be established 
 in California, to be located by the secretary of the treasury, for 
 the coinage of gold and silver. — July, 1852. 
 
 59. Suitable buildings shall be procured or erected, for carrj'ino" 
 on the business of said branch mint; and the following oflicers shall 
 be appointed, so soon as the public interests may require their ser- 
 vices, upon the nomination of the president, [by] and with the ad- 
 vice and consent of the senate, to wit : one superintendent, one 
 treasurer, one assayer, one melter and refiner, and one coiner ; and 
 the said superintendent shall engage and employ as many clerks, 
 and as many subordinate workmen and servants, as shall be pro- 
 vided for by law. And until the 30th of June, 1855, the salaries of 
 said oflicers and clerks shall be as follows: to the superintendent 
 and to the treasurer, the sum of four thousand five hundred dollars 
 each ; to the assayer, to the melter and refiner, and to the coiner 
 the sum of three thousand dollars each ; to the clerks, the sum of two 
 thousand dollars each ; to the subordinate workmen, such wa<'-es 
 and allowances as are customary and reasonable, accordino- to their 
 respective stations and occupations. — 3 Jaly^ 1852.
 
 70 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 Oath. — Bonds. 
 
 60. The officers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering iipon the duties thereof, shall take an oath or affirmation 
 before some judge of the United States, or the supreme court of the 
 State of California, faithfully and diligently to perform the duties 
 thereof; and shall each become bound to the United States of 
 America, with one or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the direc- 
 tor of the mint and the secretary of the treasury, or the district 
 attorney of the United States for the state of California, witli con- 
 dition for the faithful and diligent performance of their offices. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Powers of the Director of the Mint. 
 
 61. The general direction of the business of said branch of the 
 mint of the United States shall be under the control and regulation 
 of the director of the mint at Philadelphia, subject to the approba- 
 tion of the secretary of the treasury; and, for that purpose, it shall 
 be the duty of the said director to prescribe such regulations, and 
 require such returns periodically and occasionally, as shall appear to 
 him to be necessary for the purpose of carrying into eftect the inten- 
 tion of this act in establishing the said branch ; also, for the purpose 
 of disci'iminating the coin which shall be stamped at snid branch 
 and at the mint itself; and also for the purpose of preserving uni- 
 formity of Aveight, form and fineness in the coins stamped at said 
 branch ; and for that purpose, to require the transmission and de- 
 livery to him at the mint, from time to time, of such parcels of the 
 coinage of said branch as he shall think proper, to be subjected to 
 such assays and tests as he shall direct. — Ihid. 
 
 Laws regulating the Mint^ etc., to apply to tJds Branch. 
 
 62. That all the laws and parts of laws now in force for the reg- 
 ulation of the mint of the United States, and for the government of 
 the officers and persons employed therein, and for the punishment 
 of all offences connected with the mint or coinage of the United 
 States, shall be and they are hereby declared to be in full force in 
 relation to the branch of the miut by this act established, so far as 
 the same may be applicable thereto. — Ibid. 
 
 To be the Depository of Public Moneys. — Duties and Liabilities of 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 63. The said branch mint shall be the place of deposit for the 
 public moneys collected in the custom-houses in the state of Califor- 
 nia, and for such other ptiblic moneys as the secretary of the treas- 
 ury may direct. And the treasurer of said branch mint shall 
 have the custody of the same, and shall perform tl>e duties of an 
 assistant treasurer, and for that purpose shall be subject to all the 
 provisions coutained in an act eutitled "An act to provide for the 
 better orgiinization of the treasury, and for the collection, safe-
 
 The Mint of the United States. 71 
 
 keeping, transfer and disbursement of the public revenue," approved 
 August the 6tli, 1846, wliich relates to the treasurer of the branch 
 mint at New Orleans. — Ibid. 
 
 Gold to he Refined and cast into Ingots. — Charges. 
 
 64. If required by the holder, gold in grain or lumps shall be 
 refined, assayed, cast into bars or ingots, and stamped in said branch 
 mint, or in the mint of the United States, or any of its branches, in 
 such manner as may indicate the value and fineness of the bar or in- 
 got ; which shall be paid for by the owner or holder of said bullion, 
 at such rates and charges, and under such regulations, as the direc- 
 tor of the mint, under the control of the secretary of the treasury,, 
 may from time to time establish. — Ihid. 
 
 Pay of Clerks at Neio Orleans may he Increased. 
 
 65. That the seventh section of the act of 18th January, 1S37, 
 entitled " An act supplementary to an act establishing tiie mint, and 
 regulating the coins of the United States," be so amended as to ex- 
 tend the allowance for the annual salary of the clerks in the branch 
 mint of the United States at New Orleans, to eighteen liundred dol- 
 lars each, from and after the first day of July, 1854, at the discretion 
 of the officers authorized by law to appoint, with the approbation 
 of the president of the United States. — 3 March^ 1855. 
 
 V. ASSAY OFFICE, NEW YORK. 
 
 66. The secretary of the treasury is hereby authorized and re- 
 quired to establish in the city of New York an office for the receipt 
 and for the melting, refining, parting, and assaying of gold and silver 
 bullion and foreign coin, and for casting the same into bars, ingots, 
 or disks. The assistant treasurer of the United States in New York 
 shall be treasurer of the said assay office ; and the secretary of the 
 treasury shall, with the approbation and consent of the president of 
 the United States, appoint such other officers and clerks, authorize 
 the employment of such assistants, Avorkmen, and servants as shall 
 be necessary for the proper conduct and management of the said 
 office, and of the business pertaining thereto, at such compensation 
 as shall be approved by the president: Provided, That the same 
 shall not exceed that allowed for corresponding services under 
 existing laws relating to the mint of the United States and its 
 branches. — 3 March, 1853. 
 
 Bullion. — Certificates. — Ingots, etc. 
 
 67. The owner or owners of any gold or silver bullion, in dust or 
 otherwise, or of any foreign coin, shall be entitled to dej)osit the 
 same in the said office, and the treasurer thereof sliall give a receipt, 
 stating the weight and description thereof, in the manner and under 
 the regulations that are or may be provided in like cases of deposits 
 at the mint of the United States with the treasurer thereof. And
 
 72 The Mint of Ihe United States. 
 
 such bullion shall, without delay, "be melted, parted, refined, and 
 assayed, and the net value thereof, and of all foreign coins deposited 
 in said office, shall be ascertained; and the treasurer shall thereupon 
 forthwith issue his certificate of the net value thereof, ])ayable in 
 coins of the same metal as that deposited, either at the office of the 
 assistant treasurer of the United States, in New York, or at the 
 mint of the United States, at the option of tlie depositor, to be ex- 
 pressed in the certificate; which certificates shall be receivable at 
 any time, within sixty days from the date thereof, in payment of all 
 debts due to the United States at the port of New York, for the full 
 sum therein certified. All gold or silver bullion and foreign coin 
 deposited, melted, parted, refined, or assayed as aforesaid, shall, at 
 the option of the depositor, be cast in the said office into bars, in- 
 gots, or disks, either of pure metal or of standard fineness (as tlie 
 owner may prefer), with a stamp thereon of such form and device 
 as shall be prescribed by the secretary of the treasury, accui-ately 
 designating its weight and fineness: Provided, That no ingot, bar, 
 or disk shall be cast of less weight than five ounces, unless the same 
 be of standard fineness, and of either one, two, or three ounces in 
 weight. And all gold or silver bullion and foreign coin intended by 
 the depositor to be converted into the coins oi' the United Slates, 
 shall, as soon as assayed and its net value certified as above pro- 
 vided, be transferred to the mint of the United States, under such 
 directions as shall be made by the secretary of the treasury, and at 
 the expense of the contingent fund of the mint, and shall there be 
 coined. And the secretary of the treasury is hereby authorized, 
 with the approval of the president of the United States, to make the 
 necessary regulations for the adjustment of the accounts between 
 the respective officers, upon the transfer of any bullion or coin be- 
 tween the assay office, the mint, and assistant treasurer in New 
 Yov\i.—Ibid. 
 
 Powers of Director of the 3Iint. 
 
 68. The operations of melting, parting, refining, and assaying in 
 the said office shall be under the general directions of the director 
 of the mint, in subordination to the secretary of the treasury; and 
 it shall be the duty of the said director to prescribe such regula- 
 tions, and to order such tests, as shall be requisite to insure faithful- 
 ness, accuracy, and uniformity m the operations of the said office. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Laics regulating the Mint, etc., to apply to this Office. 
 
 09. The laws of the United States for the government of the 
 mint and its officers in relation to the receipt, })ayment, custody of 
 dej)Osits and settlement of accounts, the duties and responsibilities 
 of officers and others employed therein, the oath to be taken and 
 the bond and sureties to be given by them (as far as the same may 
 be applicable), shall extend to the assay office hereby established, 
 and to its officers, assistants, clerks, workmen, and others employed 
 therein. — Ibid. 
 
 i
 
 ^he Mint of the United States. 73 
 
 Charges for Mefining, etc. 
 
 70. The same charges sl)aU be made and demanded at the said 
 assay office for refining, parting, casting into bars, ingots, or disks, 
 and for alloy, as are or shall be made and demanded at the mint 
 {see Sec. 43) ; and no other charges shall be made to depositors than 
 by law are authorized to be made at the mint. And the amount 
 received from the charges hereby authorized shall be accounted for 
 and appropriated for defraying the contingent expenses of the said 
 office. — Ibid. 
 
 buildings and Machinery. 
 
 71. The secretary of the treasury is authorized to procure, by 
 rent, lease, or otherwise, a building or apartments in the city of 
 New York, suitable for the operations of said office, unless he shall 
 be of opinion that suitable apartments in the custom-house in that 
 city may be assigned for this purpose. And he is also hereby au- 
 thorized and directed to procure the necessary machinery and im- 
 plements for carrying on the operations and business of the said 
 office. — Ibid. 
 
 CHAPTER SECOND. 
 
 VI. ASSAY AND COINAGE OF BULLION. 
 
 1. The provisions of the 5th section of chapter 97 of the act of 
 Congress approved March 3d, 1853 (see 44), requii'ing the secretary 
 of the treasury to limit the amount of refining at tlie mint, when- 
 ever private establishments shall be capable of refining bullion, shall 
 be extended to the several branches of the mint, and to the United 
 States assay office at New York, in all cases where deposits of bul- 
 lion are made for coins or fine bars. — 20 February, 1861. 
 
 2. The mint of the United States and branches shall continue to 
 refine gold and silver bullion, and no contract to exchange crude or 
 unparted bullion for refined bars shall be made until authorized by 
 law.— 20 July, 1868. 
 
 VII. BRANCHES OF THE MINT. 
 
 3. That a branch of the mint of the United States be located and 
 established at Denver, in the territory of Colorado, for the coinage 
 of gold. — 21 Ai^ril, 1862. 
 
 Officers of branch 3Iint at Denver. 
 
 4. For carrying on the business of said branch, the following 
 officers shall be appointed, as soon as the public interest shall re- 
 quire their service, upon the nomination of the president, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the senate, namely : one superin- 
 tendent, one assayer, one nielter and refiner, and one coiner; and 
 the said superintendent shall employ as many clerks, subordinate 
 workmen and laborers, under the direction of the secretary of the
 
 74 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 treasury, as may be required. The salaries of tlie said officers shall be 
 as follows : to the superintendent, the sum of two thousand dollars ; 
 to the assayer, the sum of eighteen hundred dollars; to the melter 
 and refiner, eighteen hundred dollars ; to the coiner, eighteen hun- 
 dred dollars ; to the clerks, subordinate Avorkmen and laborers, 
 such wages and allowances as are customary, according to their 
 respective stations and occupations. — Ibid. 
 
 To give Bond. 
 
 5. The officers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering upon the execution of their offices, shall take an oath or 
 affirmation, before some judge of the United States, or of the su- 
 preme court of said territory, faithfully and diligently to perform 
 the duties of their offices ; and shall each become bound to the 
 United States of America, with one or more sureties, to the satis- 
 faction of the director of the mint, or the secretary of the territory 
 of Colorado, and of the secretary of the treasury, with the condi- 
 tion of the faithful performance of the duties of their offices. — Ibid. 
 
 Powers of Director of the Mint. 
 
 6. The general direction of the business of said branch of the 
 mint of the United States shall be under the control and regulation 
 of the director of the mint at Philadelphia, subject to the approba- 
 tion of the secretary of the treasury; and for that purpose, it shall 
 be the duty of the said director to prescribe such regulations, and 
 require such returns periodically Snd occasionally, and to establish 
 such charges for parting, assaying, refining and coining, as shall 
 appear to him to be necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect 
 the intention of this act in establishing said branch ; also for the 
 purpose of preserving uniformity of weight, form and finish in the 
 coin stamjDed at said branch. — Ibid. 
 
 To he a Depository for Public Moneys, 
 
 7. Said branch mint shall be a place of deposit for such public 
 moneys as the secretary of the treasury may direct; and the super- 
 intendent of said branch muit, who shall perform the duties of 
 treasurer thereof, shall have the custody of the same, and also per- 
 form the duties of assistant treasurer; and for that purpose shall be 
 subject to all the provisions contained in an act entitled" An act to 
 provide for the better organization of the treasury, and for the collec- 
 tion, safe-keeping, transfer and disbursement of the jjublic revenue," 
 approved August Gth, 184(3 [see Sec. 43, 6-'), which relates to the 
 treasury of the branch mint at New Orleans. — Ibid. 
 
 Certificates of Deposit. 
 
 8. That the superintendent of said branch mint be authorized, 
 under the direction of the secretary of the treasury, and on terms to 
 be prescribed by him, to issue in payment of the gold dust and
 
 The Mint of the United States. 7S 
 
 bullion deposited for assay and coinage or bars, drafts or certificates 
 of deposit, payable at the treasury or any sub-treasury of the United 
 States, to any depositor electing to receive payment in that form. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 General Laws extended to this 13 ranch. 
 
 9. All the laws and parts of laws now in force for the regulation 
 of the mint of the United States, and for the government of the 
 officers and persons employed tiierein, and for tlie punishment of all 
 offences connected with tlie mint or coinage of the United States, 
 shall be and tliey are hereby declared to be in full force in relation 
 to the branch of the mint by this act established, as far as the same 
 may be applicable thereto. — Ibid. 
 
 JBranch Mint at Carson City. 
 
 10. That a branch of the mint of the United States be located 
 and established at Carson City, in the territory of Nevada, for the 
 coinage of gold and silver. — 3 JIarch, 1863. 
 
 Appointment of Officers. — Salaries. 
 
 11. For carrying on the business of said branch, the following 
 officers shall be appointed, as soon as the public interest shall re- 
 quire their service, upon tlie nomination of the president, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the senate, namely : one superintend- 
 ent, one assayer, one melter and refiner, and one coiner ; and the said 
 superintendent shall tMiiploy as many clerks, subordinate workmen 
 and laborers, under the direction of the secretary of the treasury, as 
 may be required. The salaries of the said officers shall be as fol- 
 lows : to the superintendent, the sum of two thousand dollars ; to 
 the assayer, the sura of eighteen hundred dollars ; to the melter and 
 refiner, eighteen hundred dollars ; to the clerks, subordinate work- 
 men, and laborers, such wages and allowances as are customary, 
 according to their respective stations and occupations. — Ibid. 
 
 Oath of Office. — Bonds. 
 
 1 2. The officers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering upon the execution of their offices, shall take an oath or 
 affirmation, before some judge of the United States, or of the su- 
 preme court of said territory, faithfully and diligently to perform 
 the duties of their offices ; and shall each become bound to the 
 United States of America, with one or more sureties, to the satisfac- 
 tion of the director of tlie mint, or the secretary of the territory tof 
 Nevada, and of the secretary of the treasury, with the condition of 
 the faithful performance of the duties of the offices. — Ibid. 
 
 Powers of Director of the Mint. 
 
 13. The general direction of the business of said branch of the 
 mint of the United States shall be under the control and rerjulation
 
 76 The Mint of the United States. 
 
 of the director of the mint at Philadelphia, subject to the approba- 
 tion of the secretary of the treasury ; and for that purpose, it shall 
 be the duty of the said director to prescribe such regulations and 
 require such returns peiiodically and occasionally, and to establish 
 such charges for parting, assaying, refining and coining as shall 
 appear to him to be necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect 
 the intention of this act in establishing said branch ; also for the 
 purpose of preserving uniformity of weight, form and finish in the 
 coin stamped at said branch. — Ibid. 
 
 To he a Public Depository. 
 
 14. Said branch mint shall be a place of deposit for such public 
 moneys as the secretary of the treasury may direct ; and the superin- 
 tendent of said branch mint, who sliall perform the duties of treasurer 
 thereof, siiall have the custody of the same, and also perform the 
 duties of assistant treasurer ; and foi- that purpose shall be subject 
 to all the provisions contained in an act entitled "An act to provide 
 for the better organization of the treasury, and for the collection, 
 safe-keeping, transfer and disbursement of the public revenue," ap- 
 proved August 6th, 1846, which relates to the treasury of the branch 
 mint at New Orleans, — Ibid. 
 
 Drafts to be issued for Gold Dust. 
 
 15. That the superintendent of said branch mint be authorized, 
 under the direction of the secretary of the treasury, and on terms 
 to be prescribed by him, to issue in payment of the gold dust and 
 bullion deposited for ass;iy and coinage or bars, drafts or certificates 
 of deposit, payable at the treasury or any sub-treasury of the United 
 States, to any depositor electing to receive payment in that form. — 
 Ibid. 
 
 Laws Hegulating the Mint extended to this Branch. 
 
 16. All the laws and parts of laws now in force for the regulation 
 of the mint of the United States, and for the government of the 
 officers and persons employed therein, and for the punishment of all 
 offences connected with the mint or coinage of the United States, 
 shall be and they are hereby declared to be in full force in relation 
 to the branch of the mint by this act established, as far as the same 
 may be applicable thereto. — Ibid. 
 
 Branch Mint at Dalles City. 
 
 17. That a branch of the mint of the United States be located 
 and established at Dalles City, in the state of Oregon, for the coinage 
 of gold and silver. — Ath July, 1864. 
 
 Salaries. 
 
 18. For carrying on the business of the said branch the following 
 officers shall be appointed, as soon as the public interest shall require 
 their service, upon the nomination of the president, by and with the
 
 The Mint of the United States. 77 
 
 advice and consent of the senate, namely: one superintendent, one 
 assayer and one raelter and refiner and one coiner ; and the super- 
 intendent shall employ as many clerks, subordinate workmen and 
 laborers, under the direction of the secretary of the treasury, as may 
 be required. The salaries of the said officers and clerks shall be as 
 follows : to the superintendent, the sum of two thousand dollaiis ; 
 to the assayer, the sum of eighteen hundred dollars ; to the melter 
 and refiner, eighteen hundred dollars; to the clerks, subordinate 
 workmen and laborers, such wages and allowances as are customary, 
 according to their respective stations and occupations. — Ibid. 
 
 Oath of Office. — Bonds. 
 
 19. The oflScers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering upon the execution of their offices, shall take an oath or 
 affirmation before some judge of the United States, or of the 
 supreme court of said state, faithfully and diligently to perform the 
 duties of their offices ; and shall each becouie bound to the United 
 States of America, with one or more sureties, to the satisf iction of 
 the director of the mint, or the district judge of the United States 
 for the district of Oregon, and of the secretary of the treasury, with 
 the condition of the faithful performance of the duties of their 
 offices. — Ibid. 
 
 Poioers of Director of the Mint. 
 
 20. The general direction of the business of said branch mint of 
 the United States shall be under the control and regulation of the 
 director of the mint, at Philadelphia, subject to the .-ipprobation of 
 the secretary of the treasury; and for that purpose, it shall be the 
 duty of the said director to prescribe such regulations, and to require 
 such returns, periodically and occasionally, and to establish such 
 charges for parting, assaying, refining, and coining, as shall appear 
 to hi HI to be necessary for the purpose of carrying into effijct the 
 intention of this act in establishing said branch ; also for the purpose 
 of preserving uniformity of weight, foi'ra, and finish in the coin 
 stamped at said branch. — Ibid. 
 
 To he a Public Depository. 
 
 21. Said branch mint sliall be a place of deposit for such public 
 moneys as the secretary of the treasury may direct ; and the super- 
 intendent of said branch mint, who shall perform the duties of 
 treasurer thereof, shall have the custody of the same, and also per- 
 form the duties of assistant treasurer ; and for that purpose shall be 
 subject to all the provisions contained in an act entitled " An act to 
 provide for the better organization of the treasury, and for the 
 collection, safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursement of the public 
 revenue," approved August 6, 1846, which relates to the treasury 
 of the branch mint at New Orleans. — Ibid.
 
 78 Tlie Mint of the United States. 
 
 Drafts to be issued for Gold dust and Bullion. 
 
 22. That the superintendent of said branch mint be authorized, 
 under the direction of tlie secretary of the tre:isury, and on terms to 
 be prescribed by liira, to issue in the payment of the gold dust and 
 bullion deposited for assay and coinage, or bars, drafts, or ceitificates 
 of deposit, payable at the treasury or any sub-treasury of the 
 United States, to any depositor electing to receive payment in that 
 form. — Ibid. 
 
 Laws regulating the Jlint extoided to this Branch. 
 
 23. All the laws and parts of laws now in force for the regulation 
 of the mint of the United States, and for the government of the 
 officers and persons employed therein, and for the punishment of :dl 
 offences connected with the mint or coinage of the United States, 
 shall be and they are hereby declared to be in full force in relat.on 
 to the branch of the mint by this act established, as far as the same 
 may be applicable thereto. — Ibid. 
 
 VIII. ASSAY OFFICE, BOISE CITY. 
 
 24. That a United States assay office be located and established 
 at Boise City, in the territory of Idaho, for the assaying of gold and 
 silver. For the carrying on of the business of said office the follow- 
 ing officers shall l)e appointed, as soon as the public interest shall 
 require their service, upon the nomination of the president, by and 
 with the advice and consent of the senate, namely : one superintend- 
 ent, one assayer, and one melter and refiner, and two clerks; and 
 the superintendent may employ as many subordinate workmen and 
 laborers, under the direction of the secretary of the treasury, as ms.^^ 
 be required. The salaries of the said officers and clerks shall be as 
 follows: to the superintendent, the sum of two thousand dollars; to 
 the assayer, the sum of eighteen hundred dollars; to the melter and 
 refiner, eighteen hundred dollars; to the clerks, one eighteen nun- 
 dred dollars and one sixteen hundred dollars ; to the subordinate 
 workmen and laborers such wages and allowances as are customary, 
 according to their respective stations and occupations. — 19^/i Feb. 
 1869. 
 
 Oath of Office. — Bond. 
 
 25. The officers and clerks to be appointed under this act, before 
 entering upon the execution of their offices, shall take an oath or 
 affirmation before some judge of the United States, or of the sup\*eme 
 court of said territory, as prescribed by the act of July 2, 1862, and 
 each become bound to the United States of America, with one or 
 more sureties, to the satisfaction of tlie director of the mint, or of 
 one of the judges of the supreme court of Idaho territory, and of the 
 secretary of the treasury, with the condition of the faithful perform- 
 *nce of the duties of their offices. — Ibid.
 
 The Mint of the United States. 79 
 
 To he Subject to the (Jontrol of the Director of the Mint. 
 
 26. The general direction of the business of said assay office of 
 the United States shall be under the control and regulation of the 
 director of the mint at Philadelphia, subject to ihe approbaticm of 
 the secretary; and for that purpose, it sliall be the duty of the said 
 director to prescribe such i-egulations, and to require such returns, 
 periodically and occasionally, and to establish such charijes for part- 
 ing, assaying, melting and refining, as shall appear to him to be 
 necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the intention of this 
 act in establishing said assay office. — Ibid. 
 
 To he a Public Depository. 
 
 27. Said assay office shall be a place of deposit for such public 
 moneys as the secretary of the treasury may direct ; and the super- 
 intendent of said assay office, who shall perform the duties of treas- 
 urer thereof, shall have the custody of the same, and also perform 
 the duties of assistant treasurer ; and for that purpose shall be sub- 
 ject to all the provisions contained in an act [entitled] "An act to 
 provide for the better organization of the treasury, and for the 
 collection, safe-keeping, transfer and disbursement of the public 
 revenue," approved August G, 1846, which relates to the treasury 
 of the branch mint of New Orleans. ( See Sec. 44). — Ibid. 
 
 Certificates of Deposit to he Issued for Bidlion. 
 
 28. That the superintendent of said assay office be authorized, 
 mider the direction of the secretary of the treasury, and on terms to 
 be prescribed by him, to issue in payment of the gold dust and 
 bullion deposited for assay and coinage or bars, drafts or certificates 
 of de]iosit, in sums of not less than one hundred dollars, payable at 
 the treasury, or any sub-treasury of the United States, to any 
 depositor electing to receive payment in that form. — Ibid. 
 
 Certain Laws extended to this Office. 
 
 29. All the laws and parts of laws now in force for the regula 
 tion of the United States assay office at New York, and for the 
 government of the officers and persons employed therein, and for the 
 punishment of all offences connected with said assay office, or 
 witli the mint of the United States, shall be and they are hereby 
 declared to be in full force in relation to the assay office by this act 
 located and established, so far as the same may be applicable 
 thereto. — Ibid.
 
 80 Numismatic Dictionary, 
 
 THE 
 
 2^511 MISMATIC DICTIONARY, 
 
 OR, 
 
 COLLECTIOX OF THE NAMES OP ALL THE COINS KNOWN, 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD UP TO THE PRESENT 
 
 DAY, WITH THEIR COUNTRIES, VALUES, 
 
 MULTIPLES, DIVISIONS, ETC. 
 
 Abacus, the Roman calculation Table. 
 
 Abassi, Persian, Silver, value 6d. Qu. Shahee. 
 
 Abbey Pieces, various countries, Brass, possibly current for small 
 
 sums, but chiefly used in computation as Jetons. 
 Abidi, Silver, half rupee of 3[ysore. 
 Abra, Polish, Silver, value Is. 
 
 Abuquelp, Egyptian, Silver, value 30 medini. Is. 6d. See Griscio. 
 AciiESON, Scots Billon, value 8d., named from Atkinson, mint 
 
 master. 
 AcHTZEHNER, Swedish, Silver. 
 AcKEY, colonial, Silver, coined in 1818. 
 AcKTE, Ashantee, Gold, value os. 4d. from Ackee, seed of Guinea, 
 
 Af 
 Adha, Silver of Nepaul, equal to a quarter Rupee. 
 Adlea, Trifjoli. A billon coin, issued in 1827, plated with Gold, 
 
 forced upon the people as the equivalent of a Dollar. 
 Aes, Roman, term for money in general, Brass. 
 
 Aefortiati, Roman, Senatorian coins of the 12th and 13th centu- 
 ries. 
 Aftaby, scallop shaped gold coin of the Mogul dynasty, said, to 
 
 have been coined in the reign of Akbar, a.d. 1014. 
 Ahmedi, Gold coin of Mysore (Uindustaii) about 31 to 32s. sterling. 
 Ahmulahs, Abyssinian salt money, various sizes, new, 20 to a 
 
 Dollar. 
 Aignel, Anglo-Gallic, Gold. Bearing the Agnus Dei. 
 Akhter, Copper, quarter of the Pice of Mysore. 
 Akcheh, Turkish silver, very small, value about \ of the Para. 
 Albert, Flemish, Gold. Also Dollars and Groschen.
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 81 
 
 Albcs, German, Copper, value 12 Hellers, at Cassel, Cologne, etc. 
 
 Alfazzat, Persian, Silver. 
 
 AiLEVURE, Swedish, Copper, the smallest value. 
 
 Almoxd, Hhulostan. The nut is current, 40 to a Pice. See Bad- 
 dam. 
 
 Altin, Russian, Silver. 
 
 Altmiciilic, Turkish, Silver, value 3s., 60 Paras. 
 
 AxGEL, English, Gold, value 6s. 8d., bearing St. Michael and 
 Dragon. 
 
 Angelet, English, Gold, the half x\ngel, value 3s. 4d. 
 
 AxGSTEK, Swiss, Copper, alsu Rapp, vahie half a Rapen. Zurich. 
 
 AxKOsEE, Chinsoree, a Rupee of Silver, cun-ent in the Deccan. 
 
 Anxa, or AxA, Hindostan, Silver, 16 to a Rupee. 
 
 ApERmAS, Maltese. 
 
 Archer, Persian, Gold, the Daric. 
 
 Ardite, Spanisli, Copper, ancient and of small value. Catalonia. 
 
 Argexteus Axtoxinianus, large Silver of Caracalla (Roman), 
 about 60 to the then Roman pound. 
 
 Armoodi, Turkish, Gold. 
 
 As, Roman, Brass, value varied, literally lib. of 12 oz., but reduced, 
 216 B.C., to one ounce. 
 
 AsHEREH, Modern Egypt, Silver, =10 Paras, 01|. 
 
 Ashrafi, Persian, Gold, value 9s. sterling currency. There is also 
 the treble Ashrafi, called '■'' Mahr-Ashraji.'''' 
 
 AsHRi'FFY, Hindostan, Gold, value 12s. 6d. Nepaul. 
 
 AsHREXEAH, Modern Egypt, Silver, =20 Paras, 02-^. 
 
 As LiBRALis, As Grave. Other names for the weighty As. 
 
 AspAR, AsPRE, or MiXA, Turkish, Silver. 120 to a Piastre. 
 
 AssARius, Small Roman Copper, appearing in the reign of Diocletian. 
 
 AssiGXATS, French notes, first issued April 19th, 1790. 
 
 AssARiox, Greek, Brass, rendered farthing. 
 
 Attine, Polish, Silver, value 5d. 
 
 August D'or, Saxony, Gold, value 16s. 3d. 
 
 Aureus, Roman, Gold, value 16s. 8d, The Bezant also. 
 
 Autonomous, Coins of Cities in Greece, enjoying their own laws. 
 
 Baat, Siamese, Sliver, value 2s. 6d., nut shaped. 
 
 Baboyeres, Silver, coin current in Lorraine about a.d. 1511. 
 
 Bache, Zurich, Billon, value Ifd. 
 
 Baddam, Hindostan, the almond of Persia, current on the Malabar 
 
 coast. 
 Bagattixo, Venetian, Copper, value half Soldi, ^d. 
 Bagoglee, Persian, Gold, a ducat. Bajoglee. 
 Baiocco, Papal, Copper, value W. 
 
 Baiochello, Papal, Billon, single value id., double value 2d. 
 Bahadry, Hindostan, Gold, the Star Pagoda, in the Mysore, so 
 
 called. 
 Bajoire, Genevese, Silver, value 4s. 6d. 
 
 6
 
 S2 Nximismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Bakri, Silver, quarter Rupee of Mysore. 
 
 Banco, Genoese, Bank money. The word Bank is derived from 
 
 the Lombards, the Bench for transacting business. 
 Banco-daler, Swedish, paper money issued by the National Bank, 
 
 equivalent to about 35 cents. 
 Band, African, weight for gold dust, 2 oz. 
 Bank Dollar, Hatnburg, Silver, 
 
 In England, the Spanish Dollar, re-stamped and issued, as a 
 ■ Token, by the Bank, in 1804. 
 Barbone, Luccese, Silver, value 6d. Qu. Bearded bead. 
 Bars, Siamese, Siver, current. 
 Bars, W. African, Iron, current. 
 Basarmo, Hindostan, Tin. 
 Basaruco, Hindostan, Tin, Malabar coast, value 10 to Id., see 
 
 Budgerook. 
 Batz, Swiss, Copper silvered, value l^d., 10 Rappen. 
 Bawbee, Scots, Copper, value ^d. Qu. Bas Piece. 
 Beard Coins, Russian, Copper. Receipt for being shaved. 
 Bedidlik, Modern Egypt, Gold, = 100 piastres, $4 97. 
 Beka, Jewish, Silver. The half Shekel. Baka, divided. 
 Bell Dollar, Brunswick, Silver, D. Augustus 1643, with and with- 
 out clapper. 
 Benda, Ashantee, Gold, value £10 13s. 4d. 
 Bendiky, Morocco, Gold, value 9s. 
 
 Bener-Penxy, Anglo-Saxon, Silver, given in charity. See Mserra. 
 Bes or Hessis, Roman, piece of 8 unciae. 
 Beshlik, Turkish, Silver, value 5 paras. 
 Bestic or Beslic, Turkisli, Silver, value 5 aspers, 3d. 
 Bezant. The Byzantine ducat. Gold. Also silver Bezantines, 
 
 Imperial coins from the 5th century after Christ, each value 28. 
 Bezzo, Venetian, Copper, value ^d. Bezzi money. 
 BiA, Sianiese, Copper, round and thick, value 200 cowries. 
 BiGATi, Roman, Silver, the denarius bearing a two-horsed car. 
 BiGOTA, Chili, Gold. Qu. Mustachio. 
 Billon, coins of mixed metal, silver and copper. Bas Billon the 
 
 worst. 
 BiSTi, Persian, Silver, value, 2d. 
 Bit, the Spanish Real, Silver, in Jamaica: also the Portuguese 
 
 Testone ; there are aUo Half Bits, silver cut from Dollars. 
 Black Dog, St. Christopher's, Billon. The Cut Dollar, also so 
 
 called. 
 Black Mail, Scots protection money. 
 
 Blanque Maille, French, bad Silver. 
 Black Money, English, the Bas Billon, denounced, temp. Edward I. 
 Black Peake, Indian. Hare shells strung, value 28. 6d. a cubit. 
 Blaffert, Cologne, a small coin. 
 Blamuser, Westphalia, money of account. 
 Blanc, French, a silver coin, value 4d. 
 
 The Ecu Blanc, the French crown piece. 
 Blanca, Spanish, money of account in Malaga
 
 N'umismatie Dictionary. 83 
 
 Blank, EnfjUsh Billon. The Gros Blanc, Anglo-Gallic, temp. 
 
 Henry VI. 
 Blanquille, Bavbary, Silver, value 21^. 
 
 BoDLE, Scots, Copper, the half Plack. "From Bothwell, mint master. 
 BoHMEN, or Bohemian, Prague, Silver, value 3 Kreutzers. 
 Boliviano, the new peso or dollar of Bolivia, equal to five francs. 
 BoLOGNiNO, Luccese, Billon, value Id. Also at Bologna. 
 Bon-Gros, Hesse-Cassel, Silver, value 2d. 
 Bonnet-Piece, Scots, Gold, temp. K. James I. from the Cap then 
 
 worn. 
 Borage Groat, Scots, Silver, 1467, value 12d. Qu, From Borax 
 
 used in it. 
 BoRBi, Egyptian, Copper, value 3 aspers. Qu, Burbi, see Bourbe. 
 Bordhalfpenny, paid for a stall in a market. 
 BoRJOOKES, Abyssinian, glass beads, current for small money. 
 Bos, the Greek Didrachm, Silver, bearing an ox. 
 Boutteteen, Tripoli, Silver = to 30 paras. 
 Bovella, Persian, Silver, value 16s. 
 BuNTAGUi, Morocco, gold, equal to about $2 00. 
 Bouges, African, cowries are so called. 
 BouHAMSTASH, Tripoli, =15 paras, 
 
 Bourbe, Barbary, money of account at Tunis, value half asper. 
 BousEBBATASH, Tripoli, ^=1\ paras. 
 Brabant, English, Base coin, temp. K. Edward I. 
 Brabant Krone, Austrian, Silver, value 4s. 6d., 2g. 15k. 
 Bractiate, Roman, and other coins, impressed on one side only, from 
 
 Bractia, a spangle. 
 Broad Piece, English, Gold, value 20s. The Unit, temp. K. 
 
 James I. 
 BtTDGERooK, Hindostau, money of account on the Malabar coast, 6 
 
 to a Pice. 
 Bugne, Silver Coin, current in Loraine about a. d. 1511. Struck in 
 
 Metz. 
 Buispernal, Silver Coin, current in Loraine about A. d. 1511, 
 Bushe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Copper, value 4 Hellers. 
 BussoRA, Crux, Turkish, Silver, value 16d. 
 
 Cabesquis, Persian, Silver, value Id. Casbesquis, Kasbequis. 
 
 Cacao, Mexico, Grains current, 100 to a Medio, 3id. 
 
 Cagliaresco, Sardinian, Copper, value 6 to Soldi. 
 
 Cahaun, Bengal, Silver, value V^d. Cahuse, a quarter Rupee. 
 
 Calderilla, Spanish, Copper, the Cuarto, value 4 Maravedis. 
 
 Candarine, Chinese, money of account. 100 to a Tael, value \di. 
 
 Canteroy, Hindostau, the Sultany Fanam, so called in the Mysore. 
 
 Capellone, Modena, Silver, value 3d. 
 
 Carat, Arabian, a small coin of very base silver at Mocha. 
 
 The carat weight for gold, named from the red bean of 
 Abyssinia, the fruit of the Kuara. 4 grains.
 
 84 Numismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Cakagronch, Mod. Greece, Silver, value 5s. 
 
 Cardecu, French, Silver, the quart D'Ecu, so called in England. 
 
 Carival, Bombay, valued 12 Pice. 
 
 Carl D'Or, Brunswick, Gold, value 16s. 4d. 
 
 Carlixo, Sardinian, Gold, value £1 18s. lOd. 
 
 Carlino, Italian, Silver, value 5d. Coined first in 1490, by King 
 Charles \T^II. of France. 
 
 Carlo, Lombardy, Silver, value 5s. 
 
 Caroba, Barbary. A coin of Tunis. 
 
 Carolix, new Gold coin of Sweden, equal to ten francs. 
 
 CAROLiiir D'Or, Bavarian, Gold, value £1 Os. 8d. 
 
 Caroline, Swedish, Silver, value Is. 6d. 
 
 Carolus, English, Gold, value 23s. The Laureat, temp. King 
 Charles II. Carube money of account in Algiers. 
 
 Cash, Chinese, Brass, coins for stringing, cast, 1000 Cash, 100 Can- 
 daiines, 10 Mace =1 Tael. See Tseen. 
 
 Castillon, Spanish, Gold, probably from bearing the arms of 
 Castile. 
 
 Castellano, Spanish, Gold, the ancient coin. 
 
 Cataa Hamsee, Modern Egypt, gold = 5 piastres. 25. 
 
 Cati, Chinese, value, 16 T.-iels, or £5 6s, 8d. Also Catty. 
 
 Cavalier, Swedish, Silver. 
 
 Cavallo, Sardinian, Billcon, Cavalli and Cavalluci, Naples. 
 
 Cayallotto, Genoese, Billon, value 2d. 
 
 Cateer, Arabian, money of account at Mocha. 40 to a Dollar. 
 Cabeer or Carear, value l|-d. 
 
 Cent, Dutch, Copper, 100 to a Guilder. 
 
 Cent, American, Copper, 100 to a Dollar. 
 
 Centime, French, Copper, 100 to a Franc; also in Belgium and 
 Ionian Islands. 
 
 Cententionalis, Roman, a silver coin issued by Constantino the 
 Great, weight about 50 grains. 
 
 Centesimo, Italian, Copper. Lombardy, value one-twelfth of a 
 penny, 100 to a Lira. 
 
 Centessimo, Copper, Uruguay. 
 
 Centussis, Roman, 100 As, value in account 40 Sesterces lODeniers, 
 or 6s. 3d, 
 
 Chaise, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp, K, Edward III. 
 
 The French Coin of Philip le Bel, the Royal Dur, hard coin. 
 
 CiiALCUS, Greek, Brass, The earliest of that metal, 431 b. o. 
 
 Challies, Ceylon, Copper, value 4 to a farthing. From Chally, Cop- 
 per. 
 
 Chappee, East Indies, Silver. The Rupee, when marked or chop- 
 ped. 
 
 Chate, Persian, Silver. The Shaki, value 6d. 
 • Cheda, Tartary, Tin. 
 
 Chego, Portuguese, a weight for gold, 4 carats. 
 
 CiiELON, Polish, Billon. 
 
 CiiEQUiN, Turkish, Gold, value 9s. 6d. 
 
 CiiERASis, Persian, Gold, various value. The Tela, a medaL
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 85 
 
 Chid A, Hindu, Tin, Avhen round, value id., but if octagonal, value 2d. 
 Chih Tsih, Chinese, a peculiar coin, struck by Woo Te of the HAif 
 
 dynasty. 
 Choustack, Polish, Billon, value 2d. 
 Christian-, Danish, Gold, value 16s. 5d. 
 Christine, Swedish, Silver, value Is. 2d. 
 Chrysus, Greek, Gold, equivalent to the Stater. 
 Cinq Francs, French, Silver, value nearly 4s. 
 CiNQuiNO, Neapolitan. 
 Cistophorus, Greek, Silver, bearing the Cista, or Chest, of Bacchus. 
 
 Ancient Cistophori, of cities in Asia. Tri-dracbms. 
 Claco, Mexican. Elaco. 
 Cloth, Abyssinia, Blue Surat cloth, a cubit in length, folded in a 
 
 three-cornered packet, value half a dollar. See Wadmal. 
 Coal Money, British, found at Kimmeridge, coast of Dorsetshire ; 
 
 it is not quite proven that this was money. 
 Cob, rough Silver pieces made in Mexico and South America, before 
 
 the introduction of machinery. ^ 
 
 CocKiEN, Japanese, value £10. 
 Coins, probably originally tokens given at Temples. The earliest 
 
 are of religious character in their devices. 
 Colonato, Spanish, Silver ; the Pillar Dollar is so called. 
 Colonial Coins, Greek money struck for the Roman Colonies ; also 
 
 English, struck for Canada, the Indies, etc. 
 Cologne, the Mark of. Weight, the Standard of Germany, 8 oz. Troy. 
 CoMMASSEE, Arabian, Copper, but contains a little silver. 60 to a 
 
 dollar at Mocha. 
 Condor, Chili, Gold, 10 Pesos, value £1 17s. 3d. 
 Condorin, Japanese, Copper, value f d. 
 Constitution Coins, Germany, about 1738. 
 
 Consular Coins, Roman, Silver, Denarii struck under the Govern- 
 ment of Consuls. Family Medals. 
 CoNTO, Portuguese, computation. 1000 Millreis. 
 Contorniati, Roman, Tickets, not current. 
 Convention Coins, German, about 1763, also 1848. 
 CoPFSTuCK, Austrian, Silver, value 9d., 20 Kreutzers. Copstick. 
 CoPANG, Japanese, Gold, value £2 4s. 2d. Also Silver, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Qu. Cubans. 
 Cornado, Spanish, Copper, value small. " No vale un Cornado," 
 
 is, " not worth a farthing." 
 Coronilla, Spanish, Gold. Vientin D'Oro, value 20 Reals. 
 CouRONNES Du SoLEiL, French, Gold, 1546, current in England, as 
 
 Crowns of the Sun, temp. K. Edward VI. 
 Cowries, Bengal and Africa, small shells from the Maldives. 
 Coz, Persian, Copper, value 10 to a Shaki. Coz Bagues. 
 Crazia, Tuscan, value fd. An old coin. 
 Creutzer, or Cruitzer. See Kreutzer. 
 
 Crimbal, W. Indies, Silver, value 7^d. The Isle du Vent. Bit. 
 Croat, Spanish, Silver. The Gros D'Argent of Arragon, origin of 
 
 Enojlish Groat.
 
 86 N^umismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Crocard, English, Base coin, temp. K. Edwai-d I. 
 
 Cbociato, Genoese, Silver, named from the arms. The Croisat, 
 
 value 4s. 4d. • 
 
 Croon, Plemish, Silver. 
 
 Crore, Bengal computation, 100 Lacs, or 10 million Rupees. 
 Cross, all money bearing a ci'oss. The Cross Dollar, of Spain, 
 
 bears the Burgundy cross. 
 Crown, English, "Gold, temp. K. Henry VIII. Crowns of the 
 
 double rose. Thistle Crowns. 
 Crown, English, Silver, temp. K. Edward VI., value 5s. 
 Cbuche, Swiss, Billon, value ^d. 
 Crusado, Portuguese, Gold and Silver, various value, the Crusado 
 
 Novo, Silver, value 2s. 2d. 
 Cu, thin Brass, bearing a shield ; the Ecu, half-farthing. 
 CuARTA, Spanish, Copper, value 4 Maravedis, the Calderilla. 
 CuFic Coins, Arabian, named from Kufa, on the Euphrates. 
 CuNETTi Coins, Anglo-Saxon, Silver. Pennies struck at Cunetium, 
 
 Marlborough. 
 Cut Money, Brazilian, Silver. Plata Macuquina. 
 CzARSONiTCH, Russiau, Gold, value 9s. 3d. 
 
 Daelder, Dutch, Silver, value 2s. 6d. 
 
 Daezajie, Persian, Silver, value 5s. 
 
 Dahab, Abyssinian, Silver. See Harf. 
 
 Dalek, Swedish, the Silver, in Silfermynt; the Copper, Koppar- 
 
 mynt. 
 Daler Rix, value 3s. 8d. See Dollar. 
 Dama, Hindu, Copper. Nepaul, 
 Danajo, Lombardy, Copper; or Danajnolo, the smallest mouey. 
 
 Danaro. 
 Dandy Prat, English, Silver, temp. K. Henry VII. dwarf coin. 
 Dane Money, Roman Coins found in Northamptonshire, so called. 
 Danim, Arabian, current at Bussora, value ^d. 
 Daric, Persian, Gold, named from Darius. Greek Darics. 
 Dkcadrachm, Attic, Silver, equivalent to the Demi-stater of Gold, 
 Decime, French, Copper, value Id., the tenth of a Franc. 
 Decimo, La Plata, Copper, value 4d., the ttnth of a Medio. 
 Dbcuplo, Sicilian, Gold. 
 
 Decussis, Roman, Silver, marked X. 10 Asses, same as Denarius. 
 Denaixg, Russian, Copper. Copecs or Pence. 
 Denar, Silesia, Copper, the Pfening of Breslau. 
 Denarius, Roman, Silver, marked X. Denos JEres, value 8d. ; it 
 
 was lowered both in weight and value. 
 Denarius, Anglo-Saxon, as Denarii S. Petri, the Peter Pence, a 
 
 golden Denarius, temp. K. Henry HI. 
 Denabo, Italian, money of account, value, one 24th of a penny. 
 Denga, Russian, Copper, the half Copec. Also Dengop and 
 
 Denushka.
 
 .Numismatic Dictionary. b7 
 
 Demy, Scots, Gold, like the English half noble. There are Demi- 
 Pistoles, Louis, and Sequins in Gold. 
 "^ Denier, French, Copper, the twelfth part of a Sou. Also Swiss, the 
 
 Deniers d' Argent, ancient coins; also the Deniers D'Or; the 
 
 Double Denier, Anglo-Gallic, both of Silver, and Billon. 
 Denier de Gros, Flemish, the Groote, or Penny. 
 DENUsHKA,>Russian, Copper, the half Copec. 
 Derhem Segar, Barbary, Copper. 
 Derlixgue, Venetian, Silver, half the Scudo. 
 
 Devil's Head Money, Chinese, Silver. Spanish Dollars, so called. 
 DicHALCos, Greek, Silver, the smallest coin. 
 Dickens, Swiss, Silver. 
 
 DiDRACHM, Attic Silver, the Stater Aureus, or Philippus. 
 DiKOLLYBON, Greek, Copper. 
 
 Dime, American, Silver, value, the tenth of a Dollar, 5d. 
 Dinar, Arabian, Gold, value, 8s. Denar. 
 DiNERO, Spanish, money of account. " Tener dinero," to be rich. 
 
 DixERAL and Dixerada, a large sum of money. 
 DlNERUELO, Spanish, Copper, current in Aragon. 
 DiOBOLUS, Attic Silver, division of the Pentobolus. 
 DiRfiEM, Arabian, Silver. 
 Ditto Bolo, Ionian Islands, Copper. 
 DiWANi, Abyssinian money. 
 
 DoBRAO, Portuguese, Gold, value, £6 14s., the Dobra. 
 DoBLON, or Doubloon, Spanish, Gold, value, 5 Dollars; theDoblona 
 
 de Acuatra, and De Ocho, are value, 8 and 16 Dollars. 
 DoBLON, Mexican, the gold onza, value, £3 4s. 
 DoDEE, Bengal, Copper, the half Pice. Doudou. Dudu. 
 DoDKiN, English, Copper, the small Duyt, once current. 
 DoDRANS, Roman, piece of nine unciae, copper. 
 Dog, W. Indies, Copper, value, 3d. The half Dog, value, Hd. 
 Doit, Ilindostan, Copper, 120 to a Rupee. 
 Dollar, Spanish, Silver, the Peso Duro, the Piastre, or Piece of 
 
 Eight, an ounce, value, 4s. 3d. 
 DoLLAii, American, Silver, value, 4s. l^d., 10 Dimes, 100 Cents, 
 
 1000 Mills. 
 Specie Doixar, Norwegian, value, 4s. 6d. 
 Dollar, Swedish, Copper. In 1679, square, the legend and date 
 
 in a circle, a crown in the corners. The Double Dollar is 9 
 
 inches square. 
 DooGANEY, Bombay, Copper, a Pice. 
 DoppiA, Papal, Gold, value, 13s. 
 DoppiETTA, Sardinian, Gold. 
 Doppio, MoDEA, Portuguese, Gold, value, £2 14s. The Double 
 
 Pistole. 
 DoREA, Bombay, Copper, value, a flirthing. 
 Dorm Pennies, Roman coins, found in Dorsetshire, so called. 
 Dos Reales, Mexican, Silver, value. Is. 2 Reals. 
 DouBLA, Barbary, value 4s. 6d. 80 aspers. 
 Double, French, Copper, value, 2 Deniers, the Double Denier.
 
 88 2^umismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Double, Guernsey, Copper, value, half farthing. 
 
 Double Crown, English, Gold, 1604, value, 10s. 
 
 Double Ducat, various. Gold, value, 1 8s. 8d. 
 
 DouzAix, French, Copper, value, 12 Deniers, the Sous. 
 
 Drachm, Greek, Silver, value, 8d., literally a handful, 6 oboles. 
 
 Drachm, Jewish, Silver, the half Shekel, so called by the Greeks. 
 
 Drachma, Modern Greek, value, 100 Lepta. 
 
 Dreyer, Silesian, Copper, the half Kreutzer of Breslau. 
 
 Dreyling, Danish, Copper, the quarter Skilling. 
 
 Drittel, MecklenburgJi, Silver, value, Is., one third of Rix Dollar. 
 
 DuBBEL, Batavia, money of account. 
 
 DuBBELTJE, Dutch, Coppcr, value, 2 Stivers. 
 
 Dubs, Hindu, Copper. See Dudee, or Dodee. 
 
 Ducat, various, the coin of a Dukedom, first coined at Venice, Gold, 
 
 value, 9s. 4d., Silver, 3s. 5d. 
 DucATELLo, Venetian, Silver. 
 
 DucATO Di Banco, Neapolitan, Silver, value, 5 Tarins, 3s. 6d. 
 DucATONE, Flemish, Silver, the crown ; value, 5s. 3d. also, in Parma, 
 
 the Scudo, value, 4s. 3d. 
 Duetto, Italian, Billon, 2 quattrini. 
 
 DuMAREE, Hindu, Copper, 12 to a Pice, on the Malabar coast. 
 DuPONDius, Roman, Brass, the double As. 
 DuTGEX, Dantzic, Silver, value, 3 Groschen. 
 DuRO, Spanish, Silver, the hard Dollar, the Cob. 
 DuYT, Dutch, Copper, the eighth of a stiver. Doit. 
 Dyng, Burraab, Silver as above. Worth about 5 per cent, more than 
 
 Huetnee. Exceedingly pure. 
 
 Eagle, English, Silver, base coin, temp. K. Edward I. 
 
 Eagle, American, Gold, value, 10 Dollars, £2 Is. 
 
 Ecu, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp. K. Edward HI. The chaise. 
 
 Ecu, French, Silver, the Crown, the Ecu Blanc, and Gros Ecu. 
 
 Ebboeer, Danish, Silver, value, 14 Skillings. The Justus Judex. 
 
 Effective, money in Spain and Portugal, so called. 
 
 Egistaler, Hungarian, Silver, the Dollar. 
 
 Electrum, coins in metal, pai-tly Silver and partly Gold. 
 
 EscA, a Gold coin, current in Lorraine about A. D. 1511. 
 
 EscALix, Netherlands, base silver ; and name for the Bit, in West 
 Indies. 
 
 EscALix, Liege, Silver, value, lOd. and money of account in Basle. 
 
 EscuDO, Spain, Gold, value, 8s. 
 
 EsTERLiNG, English, Silver, the Anglo-Norman penny, whence Ster- 
 ling. 
 
 Faloo, Madras, Copper, value, 5 Cash. 
 
 Family Coins, Roman, Silver. Denarii struck under Consuls.
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 89 
 
 Fanam, Hindu, Silver, value, l^d. Fanon and Fano. There is 
 .Fanam, Indian, Gold, with alloy, on the ]\Ialabar coast, value, 6d. 
 Fakdo, Indian, Silver, value, 2s. 9d. Qu. Pardo. 
 Farthing, English, Copper, 1672; some previously of pewter, 
 
 tokens, value, 960 to the £1. 
 Faruki, Hindu, Gold, the quarter Mohur. 
 
 Federal Money, American and Federation money, German, 1838. 
 Feldklippe, Netherlands, Silver, a siege piece of William, Duke of 
 
 Julich, 1543. 
 Felour, Barbary, Copper, value, a farthing. 
 Fels, a small Copper coin. Persian pul. Arabic /els, said to be 
 
 the same as the Turkish 3fangur. 
 Fexim, Swiss, money of account. 
 Fettmangen, Flemish, money of account at Cleves. 
 Feorthung, Anglo-Saxon, Silver, literally a fraction, the fourth 
 
 part of a penny, hence derived farthing. 
 Ferding, Russian, Silver. Money of account at Libau. 
 FiLLipo, Italian, Silver. Milan, value, 4s. lid. 
 
 FiORiNO, Tuscan, Gold, named from the Fleur-de-Lis, arms of Flor- 
 ence, value, Is. lid. 
 FiscA, Canary Isles, Silver. 
 
 Five Pound Piece, English, Gold, various I'eigns. 
 Flinderke, Hanoverian, money of account at Emden. 
 Flinrich, Bremen, money of account. 
 Flitter, Brunswick, Copper, small, literally, a spangle. 
 Floose, Arabian, value, one twentieth of a penny, money of account 
 
 at Bussorah, and in Barbary. 
 Fluce, Flouche. 
 Floren, Flemish, Silver, value, Is. 8d., the Guilder. 
 Florin, English, Gold, temp. K. Edward III. The gold florm, 
 
 struck by German States. 
 Florin, English, Silver, 1849, a tenth of the Pound. 
 Florin, Polish, Silver, value, 6d. The Zlot. 
 FoANG, Siamese, Silver. Fuang, Fouang. 
 Follis, Roman, Brass, weight, |^oz. 
 FoNDucLi, Turkish, Gold, value, 7s. 6d. 
 FoRLi, Egyptian, Copper. 
 
 Forty Pence. Ten groats was a fee for a Lawyer, or Priest. 
 Four Angel Piece, Scots, Gold, temp. K. James IV. 
 Franc, French, Silver, value, 9|-d. The unit also of Belgium, 
 
 Switzerland, and Sardinia. 
 Franciscone, Tuscan, Silver, value, 4s. 4d. 
 Frankbn, Swiss, old money of account, value, Is. 2:^d. 
 Frederick D'Or, Prussian, Gold, value, 16s. 6d. 
 FuDDAH, Egyptian, Silver. The Para. 
 Fuddea, Bombay, Copper. The double Pice, Id. 
 FuNDUK, Turkish, Gold, weight about 52 grs. 
 Fyrke, Danish, Copper.
 
 90 Numismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Gall, Cochin China, Silver, vahie, 4d. 
 
 Gassa, Persian, 20 to a Mamoodi. 
 
 Gaki, Hindu. About 4000 Rupees. 
 
 Gaz, Turkish, Silver. The Para. 
 
 Gazzetta, Venetian, Copper, value, |^d. 
 
 Genovixo, Genoese, Silver, value, 4s. 4d. The Scudo. 
 
 Genovino, Genoese, Gold, value, £3 2s. 8d., 96 Lire, Genovino. 
 
 Genevoise, Geneva, Silver. 
 
 George D'Or, Hanoverian, value, ]6s. 3d. 
 
 Georgino, Modena, Silver, value, 2|d. 
 
 Gerah, Jewish, Silver, the smallest money, 20th of a shekel. 
 
 Gherish, Turkish, Billon, also called Piastre. 
 
 GiGLiATO, Tuscan, Gold. The Zequin. 
 
 GiDLio, Papal, Silver, value, 6d., as the Paulo, and Leono. 
 
 GiusTiTSTA, Venetian. 
 
 GiusTiNiANO, Venetian, Silver. 
 
 GoESGEN, Hanoverian, money of account. 
 
 GoLCHUTS, Chinese, Gold, in canoe-shaped ingots. The Dutch 
 
 name. 
 Gold Dust, Africa, current in Tibbar, in the central part. 
 Gold Lumps, Ashantee, current. 
 Gold Penny, English, temp. K. Henry HL 
 Gourds, Spanish and American Dollars, are so called in the West 
 
 Indies. 
 Goz, Arabian. 
 Grain, Troy weight, the smallest, 24 to a pennyweight ; the fourth 
 
 of a Siliqua, or Carat. 
 Grano, Maltese, Copper. Also Neapolitan. Value, one third of a 
 
 penny. 
 Griscio, Egyptian, Silver, value, Is. 6d., 30 medini. 
 Griwna, Russian, Silver, value, 10 copecs, 3id. Grieve, Grieven. 
 Groat, English, Silver, from temp. K. Edward IH. Grossum, 
 
 Greater. Croat, Gros. 
 
 Broadfaced groats. Rex groats, Dominus groats, and Cross 
 
 Key groats, as well as White groats, so base that a shilling is 
 
 worth nine of them. 
 Groot, Dutch, Copper, value, |d. 
 Gros, Flemish, Silver. 
 
 Gros, Anglo-Gallic, Billon. Also Gros Blano. 
 Gros Ecu, Geneva, Silver, value, 4s. 8d. 
 Grosciien, Prussian, Billon, value, 30 to a Thaler, l|d. Also Rua 
 
 sian and Polish. 
 Grossetto, Venetian, money of account. 
 Grosso, Luccese, Billon, value, 3d. Mezzo-Grosso, l4-d. 
 Grote, Bremen, value, ^d., 96 Grotes to a Specie Rix Dollar, also- 
 
 Flemish, 12 to a sliilling.« 
 Grouch, Turkish, Silver, the Piastre. Guerche, Goorooch. 
 Groupe, Turkish, computation. A bag of money. 
 Grueso, Spanislt, money of account at Navarre. • 
 
 GuBBER, Bengal, Gold, the Dutch Ducat, so called. The Sequin
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 91 
 
 GuiENNOis, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp. K. Edward III. 
 
 Guinea, English, Gold, 1662, value, 20s., afterward 21s. First 
 
 struck in gold from the Guinea coast. 
 Guilder, Flemish, Silver, value. Is. 8d. The Gulden. 
 GuiLLOT, Brabant, Copper, one sixth of a Sou. 
 Gulden, Germany, Silver, value, Is. 8d. 60 Kreutzers, Austrian, 
 
 Silver Gulden, 2s., Florin. 
 GuNDA, Bengal, value, 4 cowries. 
 
 Gun Money, Irish, Brass, temp. K. James II. Made from cannon. 
 Gut Grosche, Prussian, Hanoverian, 24 to a Thaler. 
 
 Half-Penny, English, Silver, from temp. K. Edward I. Also Cop- 
 per, from temp. King Charles II. 
 
 Hard Head, Scots, Billon, value, 1|, the Hardie. 
 
 Hardi, French, Copper, 1270, the Liard of Philip le Hardi. 
 
 Hardie, English, Billon, temp. K. Edward III. 
 
 Hardit, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp. K. Richard II. Double and Half 
 Hardits. 
 
 Harf, African. Qu. HaraiF. The Dahal. 
 
 Harper, Irish, Silver, value, 9d. A familiar terra. 
 
 Haser Denarie, Persian, Silver. Huza Deenar. 
 
 Hasshahshah, African, Iron, anchor shaped. Hashia. 
 
 Hectae, or Hektale, Greek, Gold, \ of the Stater and divisions, 
 small as the -^^ of the Hectae. 
 
 Heideri, Silver, Double Rupee of Mysore. 
 
 Helfling, Anglo-Saxon, Silver. The Halfpenny. 
 
 Heller, German, Copper. 4 Hellers — 1 Kreutzer, 60 Kreutzers — 1 
 Gulden. 
 
 Hemiohrysus, Greek, Gold, equivalent to half Stater. 
 
 Hejii-drachm, Greek, Gold, value, 6 silver Drachmae, 3s. 9d. 
 
 Hemi-obolus, Attic, Silver, one-half of tlie Obolus. 
 
 Hemi-obolus, Greek, Silver, the half Obolus, one twelfth of a 
 Drachm. Hemi Drachm, or Triobolum. 
 
 Hemi-stater, Greek, Gold, one-half of the Stater. 
 
 Hog, Irish, Silver, the English Shilling, so called. 
 
 Hogs Pence, Roman coins, found in Leicestershire, so called as 
 turned up by swine. 
 
 HooN, Madras, Silver. The Pagoda. 
 
 Horse, Danisl), Silver, value. Is. 2d. 
 
 HuET-NEE, Burmah — or translated "flower silver" — paid out by 
 weight and quality, for trade purposes, and worth about 15 
 per cent more than the rupee silver of Hindustan. 
 
 HuiTiEAiE, Genoese, Gold, value, 8s. 4d. 
 
 HuNA, Plindu, money of account on the Malabar coast. Qu. Anna. 
 
 HuZAR Deenar, Persian, Gold. Haser Denarie. 
 
 Ikilik, Turkish, Silver, equal to two piastres. 
 Imani, small Silver coin of Mysore.
 
 92 ITumismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Imperial, Russian, Gold, 10 Rubles, value, £1 12s. 7d., also Flemish, 
 
 Gold, value, lis. 3d. 
 Independent Dollar, Chili, 1817, Silver. 
 Indermille, Hindu, Silver, value, lOd. Nepaul. 
 Infortiati, Roman, Senatorian coins of the 12th and 13th centuries. 
 Ingot, Japan and Burman Empire, current, unwrought, both of 
 
 Gold and Silver. 
 Ingot, a few were issued by the Bank of England on resuming cash 
 
 payments, in 1816. 
 Ingot, a thin bar of Gold or Silver, to be rolled and made into 
 
 coin ; sometimes applied to small commercial bars. 
 Iron, Angola, now current, in bars. Also Lacedamonian money. 
 Itagannes, Japan, Silver, in lumps. 
 
 Itzib, Japan, Gold, value, 8s. 9d. Bean shaped. Itjib, Itchebo. 
 Izelotte, German, Silver, value, 2s. 9d. 
 
 Jacobus, English, Gold, value, 25s. temp. K. James L 
 
 Jafari, small Silver coin of Mysore. 
 
 Jaghirb, Hindu. 
 
 Jaku, Jewish, Gold. 
 
 Jane, English, Billon. Coins brought from Genoa. ^ 
 
 J ETON, Flemish, Brass, counter, from Jeter, to cast. 
 
 Jettal, Hindu, Copper, on Malabar coast. Settle. Jetul. 
 
 JLlaleh, Silver coin, square form. Mogul dynasty, equal to the 
 
 Rupee in value. 
 JoANESE, Portuguese, Gold, value, £3 lis. 2d. Commonly termed 
 
 the Joe. 
 Julio, the Papal, and Justiniano, the Venetian, Silver coins. See G. 
 JusTiNiANO, Venetian, Silver, value, 4s. lid. 
 Jux, Turkish, 100,000 Aspers. Juck. 
 
 Kabean, Tavoy Hindostan, Copper, value, a farthing. 40 Kabeans 
 
 = 1 Rupee. 
 Kaieie Bashireh, Modern Egypt, Gold=10 piastres. 48. 
 Kairie Hashreen, Modern Egypt, Gold=20 piastres. 1.01, 
 Kaiser Grosche, Boliemian, Silver, value, \\d. 
 Kaltis, Lydian, Gold. 
 Kapang, Sumatra, Copper, small. 
 Katib, Copper, one-eightli of the Pice of Mysore. 
 Kasbekt, or Kasbegi, Persian, Copper coin. 
 Kazmi, small Silver coin of Mysore. 
 
 Kazneii, Egyptian, a Treasury of 1000 Purses, value £5,000. 
 Kees, Egyptian, a Purse of 500 Piastres, £5. 
 Kefer, Turkish. 
 Keeping, Sumatra. 
 Kesitah, Canaanite, Silver, bearing a lamb.
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 93 
 
 Khetreeteh, Egyptian, Gold, value. Is. 9d. 
 
 Khodabaxdi, Persian, Silver, value about 7d. stlg. 
 
 KiBEAR, Abyssinian. 
 
 KiN-TAO-TSiEN, Chinese, knife-money. 
 
 KiTZE, Turkish, Gold. A Bag-, value, 30,000 Piastres. 
 
 KizRi, very small Silver coin of Mysore. 
 
 Klippinge, Danish, Silver. 
 
 KoBANG, Japanese, Gold, value, 27s. 4d. ; it varies. 
 
 KoDAMA, Japanese, Silver, a globular lump bearing characters. 
 
 Kola, nut, Africa. Current on the Western Coast. 
 
 KoMPOw, Chinese, Linen, current in the Philipj^ine Isles. 
 
 KoLLYBOX, Greek, Copper. 
 
 Kopek, Russian, Copper, also Copeck and Kopaika, value, three 
 
 eighths of a penny. 
 KoPT, Bohemian, money of account. 
 KoPFSTucK, Austrian, Silver. 20 Kreutzers. 
 KoPFSTUCK, Bavarian, Silver, value about 16 cents. 
 KoROOMS, Persian, Silver. Keran. Kran. 
 KoRSHuiDE, Danish, Silver. 
 
 Kran, Arabian, also Karaun, 500 equal to 10,000 Piastres. 
 Kreutzer, Austrian, Copper, value, one third of a penny, from 
 
 Kreutz, Cross. See Heller. 
 Kronen Thaler, German, Silver. The Brabant Crown or Dollar, 
 
 value, 4s. 5d. 
 Kbumsterk, Hanoverian. At Emden. 
 
 Lac, Bengal computation, 100,000 Rupees, etc. Lakh. 
 
 Land Muntz, German, Billon, money circulating only in the State 
 
 where coined. 
 Large Brass, Roman. The Sestertius, value, about 2d. 
 Larin, Arabian, Silver, value, Is. Laree. Persian. 
 Laub Thaler, Prussian, Silver. The Dollar with a wreath. 
 Laureat, English, Gold. Temp. K. Jas. L Laurel, value, 20s. 
 Laxsan, Batavian, money of account. 
 Leaden Coins, Roman. Nummi plumbei, and current in the 
 
 Birman Empire, also Tokens English. 
 Leam, Chinese, Silver, in Ingots, each value, 6s. 8d. 
 Leather Coins, Roman. Ases Scorteos, and English Tokens. 
 Leonine, English, base foreign coin, temp. King Edward I., value, -Jd. 
 Leopard, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp. K. Edward III. 
 Leopold, Belgium, Gold, value, 19s. 4^d., when issued 25 Francs, 
 
 now 24:^ Francs. 
 Leopoldino, Tuscan, Silver, value, 4s. 5d. 
 
 Lepton, Greek, Copper, ancient; modern Lepta, 100 to a Drachma. 
 Liard, French, Copper, value, 3 Deniers. 
 Libella, Roman, Brass. The As of diminished weight. 
 Libra Jaquesa, Spanish, value, 3s. Id., money of account in Arra- 
 
 gon, and Balearic Isles.
 
 94 Ii^umis?natic Dictionary/. 
 
 Lion, Scots, Gold. Le Lion, an early French coin, and Anglo-Gallic 
 
 in Billon. Lion Dollak is Dutch. 
 Lira, Italian, Silver. Lira Nouva, value, 9|d., Lira Austriaca, 
 
 value, 8d. 
 LiRAZZA, Venetian, Silver, base, value. Is. 3d., 30 Soldi. 
 LisBOxiNE, Portuguese, Gold, value, 25s. 
 LivoxixA, Russian, old coin. 
 LivoRxiNo, Tuscan, Silver, value, 4s. 4d., also Lantern, or Tower 
 
 Dollar. 
 LrvRE, Old French computation, value, lOd., 20 sous. Livre Tour- 
 
 nois. a coin of Tours. 
 Louis D'Or, French, Gold, value, 18s. 8d. 
 Louis D'Argent, French, Silver, value, 60 sous. 
 LuBs, the money of Lubeck. 
 LucuLLEA, Roman. Money struck in Greece by Lucullus, by order 
 
 of Sylla. 
 LuNGA, the currency of Leghorn, as distinguished from that of 
 
 Floi-ence. 
 LusBURGER, Luxemburg, Silver penny, temp. K. Edward L ; for- 
 bidden in England, temp. Edward IIL 
 Ltang, Chinese, monev of account. 
 
 Maambe, Egyptian, Silver, value, 2 Piastres, 8d. 
 
 Mace, Sumatra, Batavia, and China, value, 8d. 
 
 Macuquina, Brazilian, Silver, the cut money, quinaof arms 5 shields 
 
 Portugal. 
 Macuta, JPortuguese, Africa, Silver, value, 2fd., 2000 zimbis or 
 
 cowries. 
 Madonina, Genoese, Silver, value, Is. 6fd. The double Lira. 
 M^RRA, Anglo-Saxon, Silver. The Bener penny. 
 Mahbub, Tripoli, Gold, value. Is. ^d., also Mahboob. 
 Mahhboul, African, value, 4s. 2d. 
 
 Maile, English, Silver, the Half Sterling, temp. Henry IV. 
 Maille, French, Billon, base coin of smallest value. 
 Majorina Pecunia, Roman, Brass. Lower Empire. 
 IVLvLLA, Spanish, Copper, 2 Mallas — 1 Denier. The smallest coin at 
 
 Barcelona. 
 Maltier, German, Billon, value, half a Marien Groschen. 
 Mamouda, Arabian, Silver, value, 5^d., 10 Floose — 1 Etenira, 10 
 
 Danims — 1 Mamouda. Also Mamoodi. 
 Mancaxza, Neapolitan, Gold, value, 15s., 4 Ducati. 
 Mamcousch, Arabian, Gold. 
 Mancus, Anglo-Saxon, Gold, value, 30 pence. From the Arabian 
 
 Mancush. 
 Maneh, Jewish, equal to 50 or 60 Shekels. 
 Mangur, Greek, 4 to an Asper. 
 Manilla, African, Copper, current on Western Coast, also of Iron 
 
 and of Tin. 
 
 I
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. ' 95 
 
 Maijabotin, Spanish, Silver. Arabic Dirhem. 
 
 Maradoe, Chinese, Silver, value, 600 Cash. 
 
 Maravedi, Spanish, Copper, 34 Maravedis— 1 Real, 20 Reals — 1 
 
 Dollar. 
 Marc, Danish, Silver, Marc of Currency, value, 4|d., specie Marc, 
 
 value, Is. 6d., Marc of Hambro and Lubeck, Is. 6d. Also Marc. 
 Marc, Norwegian, Silver, specie Marc, value, lO^d., 24 Skillings. 
 Marchetto, Venetian, Billon, value, ^d. Marcucci, the St. Mark. 
 Marengo, Lombardy, Gold, value, 14s. 7d. Eridania 1801. 
 Marien GROsciiEy,' German, Billon, value, f d., 36 to a Thaler, 
 
 Marien Gulden, at Brunswick. 
 Mark, English Computation, 13s. 4d. Mearc, Anglo-Saxon, also 
 
 Danish and Swedish. 
 Mark, Scots, Silver, 1581. 
 
 Mark or Cologne, German weight, 8 oz. Troy. 
 Marque, Mauritius, Copper. 
 Mas. Qu. Mace, Chinese and Indian Silver, value, 100 Cash. The 
 
 Masse, 14 Rupees. 
 Masse, French, Gold, 1314. The Chaise. From the Mace or 
 
 Scepter. 
 Math, Hindoo. Money of account at Rangoon. 
 Mattapan, Venetian, Silver, value, 3d. Coined at Cape Mattapan, 
 
 1203. 
 Mattier, Hanov( rian, Silver. Matthier, Copper. 
 Maundy Money, English, Silver. The Silver Id., 2d., 3d., and 4d., 
 
 coined for Royal Charity on Maundy Thursday. 
 Max D'Or, Bavarian, Gold, value, 13s. 7d., Maximilian, 1-^ Du- 
 cats. 
 Mayon, Siamese, Silver, the 4th of the tical. 
 Medal, a term for a coin, not struck for currency. 
 Media Onzo, Mexican, Gold, value, £1 12s. Also Media quartade 
 
 Onza. 
 Median, Barbary, Gold. 
 Medino, Egyptian, Silver, the Para. The Turkish Medin or Mei- 
 
 dein. 
 Medio Pesa, Mexican, Silver, value, 2s. l^d. The half Dollar. 
 Medjedeer, Turkish, Silver, value, 3s. 5d., 20 Piastres. 
 Mehrabi, an oblong gold coin or medal of the Mogul Dynasty of 
 
 Hindustan, about 6dwt. 22grs. Aveight. 
 Meissner Gulden, Saxony. Money of account at Leipsic. 
 Menian, garbary. Silver, value, 2s. Vd., 50 Aspers. 
 Merau, French, Lead. A Token at Religious festivals. 
 Merigal, Barbary, Gold, value, IBs. 
 Merk, Scots, Silver, value. Is. Id. 
 Mess Valuta, Tyrol, money of account at Bolsano. 
 Metical, Barbary, Gold, value various. 
 Metalline, Roman, Copper washed with Silver, so called. 
 Mezzo Scudo, Lucca, Silver, half Scudo. 
 Middle Brass, Roman. Size of Semis. 
 Mil, proposed name for the thousandth part of the Pound.
 
 90 Numismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Mill, United States, money of account. 1000 to a Dollar. 
 
 MiLLiAREXSis, Silver of Constantine the Great, equal to 2\ follis. 
 
 MiLREA, Portuguese, Gold, value, 4s. 5d. 
 
 MiLREi, Portuguese, Silver, value, 4s. 5d. 1000 Peis. 
 
 MiLREi, Brazil, Silver, value, formerly 4s. 5d., now 2s. Id. 
 
 MiiroEDA, Portuguese, Gold, value, 13s. 6d. The half-moidore. 
 
 MixA, Greek, Greek money of accouut, or 100 drachmae. 
 
 MixuTA, Anglo-Saxon, Copper. The Styca. 
 
 MiOBOLO, Ionian Islands, Copper. 
 
 MiRLiTOF, French, Gold. 
 
 MiscAL, Arabian, Gold. 
 
 MissiLiA, Roman. Coins scattered at the Games. 
 
 Mite, English, Copper, value, one third of a flirthing. 
 
 MiTKUL, Barhary, Gold, value, 9s., 24 Fluces — 1 Blankeel, 4 Blan- 
 keels — 1 Ounce, 10 Ounces — 1 Mitkul. Bendiky, Miscal, or Du- 
 cat. 
 
 MiTRE, English, base silver, temp. K. Edward I. 
 
 MoBOGS, Hindu, seeds used for weighing gold. 
 
 Moco, West Indies, Silver, value. Is. l|d. A piece cut from a 
 Dollar. 
 
 MoHUR, Hindu, Gold, value, £1 9s. Id., the Mohnr Sicca, 32s. Mohr, 
 Mohar, and Moore. 
 
 MoiDORE, Portuguese, Gold, value, 27s. The Moeda D'Oro. 
 
 MoxACO, Italian, Silver, value, 4s. 4d. The Monk. 
 
 Mo>rzoN:xAH, Barbary, Silver, value, Id. 
 
 MoRELOs Dollars, Mexican, Silver Dollar, coined in 1812 or '13 by 
 the Rep. Gen. Morelos. 
 
 MosTOSKA, Russian, Copper, 4 to a Kopek. 
 
 Morxox, Anglo-Gallic, Gold. Bearing Agnus Dei. 
 
 Musket Balls, American, value, a farthing, current in Massachu- 
 setts, 1656. 
 
 MuRAGLiOLi, Modena, Copper, value, Id. 
 
 MvxET, Anglo-Saxon, whence mint. 
 
 MuEAjoLA, Bologna. 
 
 Mu>rTZE, German. The small coins. 
 
 NAXPTOGrsrs, Japanese, Silver. A lump. 
 
 Napoleox, French, Gold, 1803, value, 15s. lOd., 20 Francs. 
 
 Nasara, Tunis, Silver, value, 24d. 
 
 Naulum, Greek, money put into mouths of deceased persons. The 
 
 freight. 
 Newemeen-, Ashantee, Gold, value, £4 5s. 4d. an ounce. 
 Xisfiah, Turkish, Gold, weight al)out 20 grains. 
 Noble, English, Gold, 1344, value, 6s. 8d ; there are George, Rose 
 
 Nobles, etc. 
 NouMiA, Roman, small Copper, only 10 grains weight, later days of 
 
 the Empire. 
 NusfMUS, Roman, the Sestertius, also the Generic name for money
 
 N'umismatic Dictionary. 97 
 
 NusF, Modern Egypt, Silver=10 Piastres, 48cts. 
 
 NTusFLTK, Modern Egypt, Gold=50 Picastres, $2.49. 
 
 N^oiR, French West Indies, Billon, l^d., the black dog, so called. 
 
 Obax, Japan, Gold. Ouban. 
 
 Obolus, Greek, Brass, also Anglo-Saxon, and English, temp. K. 
 
 Henry III., base. 
 Obolus, Rhenish, Gold. Also Silver, value, Is. 2d. 
 Obolo, Ionian Islands, Copper. 
 Obsidioxal, money struck during a siege. 
 OcHAVA, Mexican, Copper, value, |d., 8 Ochavas — 1 Rial, 8 Rials — 1 
 
 Dollar. 
 OcHAVO, Spanish, Copper, value, M. The Chavo and Chovy. 
 OcHELLO, Venetian, Gold, value, £1 17s. 8d., 4 Zeechine. 
 OcHOSEN', Spanish. The smallest old coin. 
 OcTAGOX, California. See Slug. 
 Oertogs, Swedish, Silver. 
 Ox-BESHLiK, Turkish, Silver=15 Paras. 
 Oncetta, Neapolitan, Gold, value, 10s. 3d., Onza. 
 OxciA, Italian, Gold, value, 10s. 3d. in Sicily. 
 Onikilik, Turkish, Gold, value, about 90 cents. 
 OxLiK, Turkish, Silver=10 Paras. 
 
 Onza de Org, Mexican, Gold, value, £3 4s. The Doblon. 
 OxzARO, Papal, Gold, value, 9s. 4d., the Ducat. Ongaro. 
 Or, Persian, Silver, value, 6s. 8d. 
 Ora, Anglo-Saxon, computation, an ounce, 20 pennies. Also 
 
 Danish. 
 Or, or Ore, Swedish, Copper, and Silver, value, id. Koppar Ore, 
 
 the Rundstyck. Silver, the Styfcr. 
 Oet, Danish, the fourth ; as Ort Groschen, fourth of a Groat. 
 Ortje, Flemish, Copper. 
 OsELLA, Venetian, Gold. Oselle, Venetian, Silver, value, 3s. 2d. 
 
 Osell. 
 OsTic, Greek, value, 6d. 
 
 OusTAVA, Portuguese. A division of the Mark. 
 Owl, Greek, Silver. The Tetrad rachm. 
 
 Padexs, Hindoo, nuts from Persia, current at Surat. The Bad- 
 dams. 
 
 Pagoda, Hindoo,Gold, and also Silver, Star Pagoda, value, 7s. 4d, 
 Arcot Pagoda, value, 4s. lid. 
 
 pAJf, a Chinese Medal, ^ 
 
 Paisah, Hindoo, Copper. Nepaul. 
 
 Paolo, Papal, Silver, value, 5d., 10 Pauli — 1 Scudo. 
 
 Pai'arina, Roman, coins of 12th and 13th centuries, also called- 
 Provif.ini. 
 
 7
 
 5)8 JVuinismatic Z>lctionary. 
 
 Papeito, Papal, Silver, value, 10|^d. 
 
 Papieolo, Sartliuian, Billon. 
 
 Para, Turkish, Billon, 40 Paras to a Piastre. Parat. 
 
 Pardo, Barbary, Silver, value, Is. 3d. Pardao. Also Indian. 
 
 Pargo, Portuguese India, Silver, value, 2s. 5d., 4 Tangas. 
 
 Parisis D'Ok, French, 1350. And Parisis d'Argent, 1350. 
 
 Pakpajolo, Loinbardy, Billon, value, Id., 8 to a Lira. 
 
 Pasteboard, Dutch. Siege money at Leyden, 1574. 
 
 Pataque, another name for the Turkish Silver, Yuzllk. 
 
 Pataca, Portuguese and Brazdian, Silver, value, Is. 5d., Patacao or 
 
 Sei:o. 
 
 Patack, Batavian. 
 
 1'atacon, Spanish, Silver, value, 4s. 3d. 
 
 Patagox, Dutch, Silver, value, 4s. Id., 50 Stuyver Piece, or Leg 
 
 Dollar. Swiss, value, 3s. lOd. 
 Pataud, Flemish, Copper, value, Id. Patar, the Stiver. 
 Patpy, Hindoo, inferior coin of Trangania. 
 Paunchea, Bombay, money of account, value, 5 Rupees. 
 Pavillon, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, temp. K. Edward III. 
 Pegco, Java. Money of account. 
 Pecha, Tartary, Copper. Pessa, Pice. 
 Pecukia, Roman money, from Pecus, cattle. 
 Penebad, Silver of Persia, present weight about 41 grains. 
 Penge, Danish, Pence, money. 
 Penguin, Ashantee, Gold, value, £11 16s. 4d. 
 Pening, Dutch, Copper, tlie halt-farthing, coin in general in many 
 
 countries. 
 Penny, Anglo-Saxon, Silver ; English, Gold, temp. K. Henry III., 
 
 also Copper, from temp. K. George III., 240 to a Pound. 
 Penny of St. Paul, Westphalia, Silver, 1260. Munster. 
 Penxyyard, Penny, Silver, English coins in heraldry so called. 
 
 Spence, arms. v 
 
 Pentadraciim, Greek, Silver, value, 3s. 6d. Drachmae. 
 Pe.mvchalkon, Attic, Silver, f of the Obolus. 
 Pextobolus, Attic, Silver, piece of 5 Oboles. 
 Peupero, IJagusa, Silver. Perpera, Greek, Gold, value, 10s. 
 Peseta, Spanish, Silver, value, Is. O^d., 5 Reals; the Mexican 
 
 quarter dollar. 
 Peso Duro, Spanish, Silver, value, 4s. 3d. The Hard Dollar. 
 Pessa, Hindoo, Copper, value, ^d. Pecha, Pice. 
 Petermengen, Germany Triers, Billon, value, fd. 
 Petit Florix, Tuscan. Gold, 1340; 
 Petit Ryal, French, Gold, 1314. 
 Pezza, Tuscan, Silver, value, 3s. 8d. Pezza, Leghorn, Gold, value, 
 
 4s., Pezzi Solid i. Piasters. 
 Pfennig, German, Copper, 12 Pfennings — 1 Groschen, 30 Groschen 
 
 —1 Tiialer. 
 P'iiai'nung, Siamese, weight for gold. 
 
 PfiiLiP, Flemish, Gold. The Ryder. Phillipo, Lorabardy, Silver. 
 Piicenix, Mod. Greek, Silver, value, 8d.
 
 I^uinistnatic Dictionary. 91^ 
 
 Piaster, Spanish, Silver, the Dollar, value, 4s. 3d. 
 
 PiASTRA, a la Rose, Tuscan, Silver. The Neapolitan Dollar. 
 
 Piastre, Turkish, Silver, value, 3d. 
 
 PiATAK, Russian, Copper, value, 5 Kopeks. 
 
 Pic, Chinese, value, 100 Catties. 
 
 Pice, Hindoo, Coppei-, 12 Pice — 1 Anna, 16 Annas — 1 Rupee. 
 
 PiccHALEON, Sardinian, Copper. The Centisimo. 
 
 PiccOLA, Maltese, Copper, 6 to a Grano, the smallest coin. 
 
 Piece of Eight, Spanish Silver, value, 4s. 3d., the Dollar, or Piaster, 
 formerly 8 Reals, now 20 Reals. 
 
 Pied-fort, French, a standard coin, or Pattern. 
 
 PiGNATELLO, Papal, Billon, temp. P. Innocent XII. 
 
 Pillar Dollar, Spanish, Silver, The Dollar with the Pillars, 
 value, 4s, 3d. 
 
 Pina, Peruvian, Silver Bullion. 
 
 PiSTAREEN, Spanish, Silver, value, lOd., the fifth of the Dollar, 4 
 Reals, 
 
 Pistole, Spanish, Gold, value^ 16s., formerly 32 Reals, now 80, 
 
 Pistole, German, various States, Gold, value, 16s, 3d. 
 
 Pistole, Scots, Gold, 1701, 
 
 PiTE, or BouBGEOisE, Freucli, Billon, temp, St. Louis of France, \ 
 of the Denier, 
 
 Pities, Batavian, leaden coins. 
 
 Plack, Scots, Billon, one third of a penny, 
 
 Platixum, Russian, 3 Rouble piece, current value, 8s. lOd., intrinsic 
 value, 6s, 
 
 Plappart, Swiss, Copper, a Bernese coin, 1458, 
 
 Plappert, German, liillon, value, 2d., 4 Albus. 
 
 Plaquette, Flemish, Billon. 
 
 Plata, Mexican, Silver money, Plata Macuquina, Brazilian strips. 
 
 Plates, Swedish, Copper. The large coins. 
 
 Plott, Swedish, Silver, value, Is, 6d, Plat. 
 
 Plumbei Nummi, Roman, leaden coins. Temp, Saturnalia. 
 
 Pollard, English. A Poll head, clipped coin. 
 
 Polonaise, Polish, Gold, 
 
 PoLTix, Russian, Silver, value. Is, 6d., the half Ruble. Polpoltin, 
 the quarter Rouble. 
 
 PoLTUBAT, Hungarian, Copper. 
 
 PoLusKA, Russian, Copper. The quarter Kopek. 
 
 PoxDO, Roman, Brass. The As. 
 
 Pone, Tartary, Copper, value, ^d. 
 
 PoNTE, Sicilian. Money of account. 
 
 PoOT, Junk, Ceylon, Tin money. 
 
 Porcelain, a shell, current in W, Indies, 
 
 Portcullis, English, Silver, at Bombay ; Crown, Half-crown, Shil- 
 ling, and Sixpence, temp. Q. Elizabeth, 
 
 PoRTUGALESE, Lubcc, Gold, 
 
 PoTiN, Egyptian, coins of a mixture of lead, co])per, and tin. 
 
 Pou, or Pag, ancient Chinese coins. The word signifying to dis- 
 tribute.
 
 100 Numismatic Dictionary. 
 
 PoiTL, Tartary, Copper. Ponl e Siaho, Persian, Copper. 
 
 Pound, Anolo-Saxou and English, computation, value, 20s. 
 
 PjiovisiNi, Roman, Senatorian coins of the 12th and 13th centuries. 
 
 Publico, Neapolitan, Copper, 
 
 PuL, Persian, Copper. The general name for coins of that metal. 
 
 Pui-ZLATY, Hungarian, Silver, the half Florin. 
 
 PuNN, Bengal, value, 20 cowries. 
 
 Puon-Leang, ancient Chinese coins of the Tsix dynasty. 
 
 Purse, Turkish, 500 Piastres, 
 
 Pysa, Asiatic, Copper, value, 50th of Mamoud. Qu. Pice. 
 
 QuADRAisrs, Brass, Roman 4th of the As. Small brass. 
 
 QuADRiGATi, Roman, Silver, denarii with four-horse car. 
 
 Quadruple, Spanish, Gold, 4 Pistoles, value, £3 4s. 
 
 Quadruple, Sardinian, Gold, 80 Lire, value, £3 3s. 4d. 
 
 QuADRUssis, Roman, Brass, vahie, 4 Asses. The As Grave. 
 
 QuAN, Cochin China, Silver, value, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Quart Crown, Bavarian, Silver, value, Is. Id. 
 
 QuARTA Onza, Mexican, Gold, value, 16s. Quarto de Peso, Peru- 
 vian, Coppei*. 
 
 QuARENTiNo, Modcua, Silver, value. Is, 8d. 
 
 Quarter Guinea, English, Gold, value, 5s. 3d. K. George L and 
 III. 
 
 QuARTiLLO, Mexican, Silver. Quarter Real. 
 
 QuARTiNHO, Portuguese, Gold. 
 
 Quarto, Gibraltar, Copper, value, fjirthing, 16 Quartos — 1 Rial, 12 
 Rials — 1 Dollar, from the Spanish Cuarta. 
 
 QuATTRiNi, Venetian, Silver, very small. 
 
 Quattrino, Italian, Copper, value, farthing. Quattrinello. 
 
 QuiLATE, Spanish. The Carat. 
 
 QuiNARius, Roman, Silver. The half Denai'ius, marked V. Also 
 of Gold. 
 
 Quincunx, Roman, Brass, piece of five Unciae. 
 
 QuiNcussis, piece of 5 Asses. 
 
 QuiNTO Di ScuDO, Lucca, Silver, value, lO^d. 
 
 Quintuple, Neapolitan, Gold, 5 Ducati, value, iVs. Id., 5 Scudi, 
 value, 19s. 2d. 
 
 Rader Florin, Gennan. Money of account at Cologne. 
 
 Ragusina, Ragusa, Silver. 
 
 Rapp, Swiss, Copper, 10 Rappen — 1 Batz. Angster. 
 
 Rathspr^esentger, German, Silver, value, 8d, Aix la Chapelle. 
 
 ]Iatisbonina, Ratisbon. Money of account. 
 
 Ratiti, Roman, Silver. The Denarius bearing a Ratis. Raft. 
 
 Real, Spanish, Silver, the Rial, value, 2^d. 20 Reals — 1 Dollar. 
 
 Real, Persian, Silver. The Rupee. 
 
 4
 
 Numismatic Dictionary. 101 
 
 Reale, Sardinian, Silver, va,lue, 4^(1. The Florentine. 
 
 Rebia, Turkish, Gold, Aveight about 13^ grains. 
 
 Red Wood, An^la, now current. 
 
 Regensburger, Ratisbon. Money of account. 
 
 Rei, Portuguese, Copper, value, one-tifth of a farthing. Rez, Reis, 
 
 computation, 1000 Reis — I Milh-eL 
 Reichs Gulden, Saxony, Silver, value. Is. 8d. Two-thirds of Rix 
 
 Dollar. 
 Reichs Thalee, Prussian, Silver, value, 2s. lid. 
 Besellado. Spanish. Money re-coined. 
 
 Rial, English, Gold. The Rose Noble, temp. K. Edward IV". 
 Rial, Mexico, Silver, valu-e, Q\(\., 8 Rials — 1 Dollar. 
 RiDDY, Ceylon. Silver, bent wire, value, 7d. Rheedy. 
 Rider, Scots, Gold. Temp. K. James IV. Ryder. 
 RiKS Daler, Danish, Silver, specie value, 4b. 7d. The Rigsbank 
 
 Dollar, value, 2s. 3d. 
 RiKSGALD-DALER, Swedisli, paper money, equal to about 25 cents. 
 Ring Money, Gold, Silver, Iron, and Tin, Celtic. Now in Africa. 
 Rix Dollar, Hanse Towns, Silver, specie value, 3s. lO^d., and 
 
 current value, 2s. lid. 
 Rix Dollar, Sweden, Silver, specie value, 4s. 6d., Rix Dollar Banco, 
 
 value. Is. 8d. 
 Roanoke, Indian shells strung, value, 6d. a cubit, or 18 inches. 
 Rookie, Turkish, Silver, value, Is. 8d. Qu. Gold. 
 RosARiE. A base coin, perhaps Abbey piece. 
 Rose Noble, English, Gold, value, 6«. 8d.,and in temp. K. James L, 
 
 Rose Royal, value, 30s. 
 RosiNA, Tuscan, Gold, value, 18s. 3d. Mezza Rosina. 
 Roup, Polish, Silver, value, 5d.. 
 Ruba, Modern Egypt, Silver, = 5 piastres, 24. 
 RuBic, Turkish, Gold, value. Is. 9d. 35 Aspers. Rubich. 
 Ruble, Russian, Silver, value, 3s., 100 Copecks. Rouble. 
 RuNSTYCK, Swedish, Copper, value, one sixth of a farthing. Koppar 
 
 Ore. 
 Rupee, Hindostan, value. Is. lid., 16 Annas. Inscription in Orien- 
 tal characters ; the oldest are square. 
 RuspoNE, Tuscan, Gold, value, £\ 8s. 6d., from Ruspo, newly coined. 
 Ryal, P^rench, Gold. See Rial. 
 Ryder, Flemish, Gold, value, £1 4s. 9d. Also Silver, value, 5s. 4d. 
 
 The Ducatooii. See Rider. 
 Ryksort, Danish, Silver. 
 
 Saadeeyeh, Egyptian, Gold, value. Is. 
 
 Sadiki, Gold of Mysore, weight about 4 dwt. 10 grs. 
 
 Sahib-Koran, or Real of Silver, Persia, weight about 143 to 15S 
 
 grains, value. Is. 2d. 
 Saime, Barbary. Money of account at Algiers 
 Saint Andrew^ Scots, Gold. 
 Saint John the Baptist, Genoese, Silver.
 
 102 N^icmismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Saint Mark, Venetian, Silver. The Orociato, or Scudo. 
 
 Saint Thomas, Portuguese, Gold, value, 9s. At Goa, in India. 
 
 Saint Stephen, Portuguese, Gold, value, 30s. The Milrea. 
 
 Saldixg, English. Base coin, temp. K, Edward I. Scalding. 
 
 Salung, Siamese, value, 2 Foangs. 
 
 Salut, Anglo-Gallic, Gold, value, 13s. 4d. 
 
 Sannar, Persian. 
 
 Santa, Chinese computation, 9d. 200 Cash. 
 
 Sattalie, Bencoolen, also Sattellee, money of account, 3 Sattalies — 
 
 1 Succos, 4 Suceos — 1 Dollar. 
 ScARABEi, Egyptian, clay-l)aked, beetle-shaped, probably current 
 
 money ; also Greek, Gold, and Silver. 
 Sceatta, or Skeatta, Anglo-Saxon, Billon or Silver. 
 ScHAFF, Hanoverian. Money of account at Emden. 
 ScHALiN, Dutch, Silver, value, 7d. 
 ScHELLiNG, Flemish, Billon. 
 ScHERFFE, Brunswick, Money of account. 
 Schilling, Hanse Towns, Billon, value Id. 
 ScHLANTE, Swedish, Copper, value, ^d. Slantar or Los penningar, 
 
 Copper. 
 ScHLECH Thaler, German. Money of account at Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 ScHOCK, Saxony, money of account. 
 ScHOT, early Prussian Silver. 
 
 ScHuiTE, Japanese, Silver, boat-shaped, value, 25s. 3d, 
 ScHWAKE, Bremen, Copper, 5 to the Grote. 
 Schwartz, Hanse Towns, 5 Schwartzen — 1 Grote. 
 ScoRTEOS AsES, Roman, Leather coins. 
 ScuDiNO, Modena, Gold. 
 
 Scudo, Italian, Silver, value, 4s. 2d., 10 Paoli 
 Scudo D'Oro, Genoese, value, 4s. 
 Scute, English, temp. Q. Elizabeth. 
 Scyllinga, Anglo-Saxon. Computation. 
 
 Seaou, Pwang Leang. Ancient Chinese coin. '■'■Little half Leangs.^^ 
 Sechser, German, Copper, value, 2d., literally a sixer, or Ki'eutzer 
 
 piece. 
 Sechsling, Hamburg, Copper. 
 
 Sechstels, Saxony, Silver, value, r)d., 4 good Groschen. 
 Segros, Polish, Billon, value, 4d. 
 Selah, Jewish, Silver. 2 Shekels. 
 Sello, Brazil, Silver, value, 2s. 9d. See Pataca. 
 Sembrella, Roman, Brass. Sclibra, Semi Libella. 
 Semis, Roman, Brass. The Semi As or Semiuncia, and Semi Aureus, 
 
 Gold. 
 Semisis, Gold. Half of the Byzantine 8<jlidut>. 
 Seni, Japanese, Copper, The Cas. 600 to a Taek 
 Sepeck, Anam Emp. Brass. 
 Sequin, Turkish, Gold, value, 9s. 3d., Chequin or Sultany. Also 
 
 Italian, Zequin, or Zi'chiiio. 
 Serrata, Roman. Coins with the edges notched. 
 Sessino, Parma, Copper. Sosino.
 
 N'umismatic Dictionary. 1J3 
 
 SKSTERTiinr, 1000 Sestertii (IIS), Roman money of account. 
 
 Sestertius, Roman, Silver, 4th of Denarius, also Large Brass. 
 
 Sesthalf, Dutch, Silver, value, 5d. 
 
 Sevex Shillings, English, Gold, temp. K. George III. 
 
 Sextans, Roman, Brass. 6th of the As. 
 
 Sextula, Roman, Rrass. 
 
 Shahee, Persian, Silver, value, |d., 4 Shaliis — 1 Piastre, 5 Piastres — 
 
 1 Karaun, 10 Karauns — 1 Tamaun. Shahi. 
 Shahee, Copper, of Persia, 10 of them equal to one Penebad. 
 Shakee, Turkish, Silver, value, 3^d. 
 Shatree, Persian, Silver. 
 Shaei, Kabul, Silver, value, 5d. 
 Shekel, Jewish, Silver, value, 3s. Also in Gold. Also called 
 
 Kesitah in Book of Job. 
 Shilling, English, Silver, 20 to a Pound. 
 Shoe, Chinese, Gold and Silver Ingots, value various, from one half 
 
 to 100 Taels. Dutch name, Schuit. 
 Shostack, German, money of account in Prussia, Poland, etc. 
 
 Shustack. 
 SiANi, Syria. Money of account at Aleppo, 24 Siani — 1 Asper. 
 Sicca, Persian, Gold, at Delhi : means a Die, a coin. 
 Sicca Rupee, Bengal, Silver, value, 2s. Id.; Sicca, a weight. 
 SiCLE, Jewish, Silver. The Shekel. 
 
 SiGiLL^, Roman, Brass ; also leaden counters at the Satui'nalia. 
 SiLBER Groschen, PiHissian, base metal, value, 1;^., 30 to a Thaler. 
 SlLiC2UA, the Carob Bean. The Carat weight. 
 Silver Sovereign, Spanish. The Dollar, so called. 
 SiNGPNAi, Siamese, value, 2 P'hainnngs. 
 Slet Dollar, Danish. Schlecht, a 4 Mark Piece. 
 Slips, English, Base money, temp. K, Edward YI., value l^d. 
 Slug, California, Gold, value, £10 5s. 2d. ; 50 Dollars, Octagon. 
 Small Brass, Roman. The size of the Sextans. 
 Snaphane, Brabant, Silver, 1489. 
 Sol, old French Copper. The Sou. 
 Soldo, Italian, Coppei'. 
 
 SoLiDus, Roman, Gold, value 12s. Solidus, the Anglo-Saxon shilling. 
 Solota, Greek, value Is. 
 SoMPAYE, Siamese, Silver. 
 
 SoNG-PAYE, Siamese, Silver, weighs about 15 grains. 
 Sovereign, English, Gold, 1485, value, £\ b^.; 1816, value, £1. 
 Sovereign, Austrian, Gold, value, £l 7s. lOd., 3 Ducats. 
 Spintri.e, Roman, Brass, ol>scene tickets, not current. 
 Spur Royal, English, Gold, value, los. The Spurred Groat, Scots. 
 
 Silver, value 16d. 
 Stambul, name given to the Turkish Gold, Zer-mahilb, coined in 
 
 Constantinople, as the name 3Iisr is given to those coined at 
 
 Cairo. 
 Stater, Greek, Gold, value, about £1 3s,, Greek for standard. Early 
 
 name, Clirysus ; also Hemistater (or Half Stater), the Distater 
 
 (or Double Stater.)
 
 104 N'umismatlc Dictionary. 
 
 Steping, Eiiglisli, Base coin, temp. K. Edward I. 
 
 Sterling, Anglo-Norman, Silver, Steore, Standard. 
 
 Stiver, Plemisli, Copper. Stuyver, Dutch, Billon, value Id. 
 
 Stuber, German, Copper. The Stiver. Styfer, Swedish, Billon. 
 
 Styca, small Copper coin of the Northumbrian (Anglo-Saxon) kings. 
 
 Stykker, Danish. 
 
 Succo, Bencoolen, money of account, quarter Dollar. 
 
 SuADO, Austrian, Silver, value, 4s. 8d. 
 
 SuELDO, Catalonia and Majorca, money of account, 12 Dineros — 1 
 
 Sueldo, 12 Sueldos — 1 Libra, value 2d. 
 SuKA, Silver of Nepaul, weighing 22 grains. 
 SuSKix, English. The diminutive of the French Sou. 
 Swine Pennies, Roman coins found in Lincolnshire, so called. 
 Sycke, Chinese, Silver Ingots, can^e-shaped, Chinese standard silver. 
 Syfert, Hanoverian, Copper, current at Embden. 
 
 Tael, Chinese, Silver, value, 6s. 8d., 1000 Cash. Thail, Japan, Tell. 
 
 Taija, Spanish, Co])per, value, the 4th of a Real. 
 
 Talaro, Tuscan, Silver, the Dollar; the Thalaro of the Levant, 16 
 
 Piastres. Turkey. 
 Talent, Hebrew, computation, 60 Shekels. 
 Talent, Greek, weight 60 Minw, the value of the Attic Mina was 
 
 £4 Is. 3d. 
 Tanga, Lidian, Gold, value, 'Z^d., 4 Tangas — 1 Pargo. 
 Taou, Chinese, Knife coins, early brass, cast. 
 Ta-pou, ancient, Chinese coin, gVQUt pou. 
 
 Tar, Silver, Hindoo, value i, current on the coast of Malabar Tare. 
 Tartemorion, Attic Silver, \ of the Obolus. 
 Tarin, Sicilian, Maltese, Silver, value, 20 Grani, 5th of a Ducat. 
 Taro, Sicilian, Silver, value, S^d., 5 Tari — 1 Ducat; and Malta 
 
 value, l-id. 
 TciiAO, Chinese paper money. 
 Tela, Persian. Various value. The Tilla. 
 Temasha, small uneven Silver coin of Sinagur, in the northern 
 
 range of the Hindustan mountains. 
 Teruncius, Roman, Brass, 3 oz. 4th of Libella. 
 Tessehes, tokens or tickets used for admission to the ancient games 
 
 and theatres. 
 Tester, English, Silver. Coin -with a head upon it. 
 Teston, Italian, Silver, value, Is. 6d. 
 Testone, Portuguese, Silver, value, 5^d., lOO Reis. 
 Tetra Drachm, Greek. Silver, value, 4 Drachma3 ; the Stater 
 
 Argenteus, value, 3s. 3d. 
 Tetrobolus, Greek, Silver, value, 4 Oboli, 6d. 
 Thaler, German, Silver, value, 2s. lid. First coined in Joachim's 
 
 Thai, a valley in IJoheinia. 
 ""I'liiKD OF A Guinea, P^nglish, Gold, value Vs. 
 TuRi.MSA, Anglo-Saxon. Three-tiflhs of a shilling. 
 
 i 
 I
 
 ITamismatic Dictionary. 105 
 
 TiCAL, Siamese, Silver, nut-shaped. The Baat. 
 
 TiLLA, Persian, Gold, value, 13s. 4d. The Tela and Tila. 
 
 TiNFE, Polish, Silver, value. Is. 3d. Timpfe. 
 
 Ti-POiT, ancient Chinese coin. 
 
 ToGHRATj, name given such Turkish pieces as are distinguished by 
 
 the toghra^ or royal cypher. 
 Tokens, English, Copper, issued by tradesmen in the l6th and 18th 
 
 centuries ; also Silver, English, temp. K. George III. 
 ToKOO, Ashantee, Silver, value 8d. 
 Toman, Persian, Gold, value, lOs. 3d., 50 Abassis or Piastres. Tou 
 
 man and Tomaun. 
 ToMPONG, Malacca. 
 Tonga, Persian, Silver, value, Ys. 6d. 
 ToRNESE, Neapolitan, Copper. 2 to the Grano. 
 Tough Pieces, English, Silver. Given to persons touched for 
 
 King's evil. Also Gold. 
 TouRNAY Groat, Aiiglo-(jtallic, Silver, temp. K. Henry VIII. 
 Town Pieces, English, Copper, tokens issued by towns. 
 Traro, Venetian, Billon, value 2d., 4 to the Lira Austriaca. 
 Tremissis, Roman, Gold, value, one-third of the Solidus, 48. 
 Tridrachim, Greek, Silver, value, 3 Drachmae. 
 Triens, Roman. Value, one-third of the As. 
 Trientes, Gold coins of the Gothic kings of Spain. 
 Trihemitartemorion, Attic Silver, ^ of the Obolus. 
 Trikollybon, Greek Copper. 
 Trigross, Polish. Value, 2d. 
 
 Triobolus, Greek, Silver. The Hemidrachm, value, 4|^d. 
 Triquetra, a type of coins, bearing three joined legs, originating 
 
 in Sicily. 
 Tripondius, Roman, Brass, value, 3 Ases. 
 
 Tritemorion, or TRITARTE^^0RI0N, Attic Silver, | of the Obolus. 
 TsEEN, Chinese, Brass. The Cash. 
 
 Turner, Scots, Copper. A base coin. Qu. Tournois, coined at Tours. 
 TsE-pou, ancient Chinese coin, later ^:>o«/. 
 TuRNOSE, German Silver. 
 
 Twenty Shilling Piece, TCnglish, Silver, temp. K. Chai-les I. 
 Two Guinea Piece, English, Gold, from temp. K. Chai'les IL 
 Two Penny Piece, Englisli, Copper, temp. K. George III. 
 TuNKA, Hindoo, Silver, value 2s. 
 Tymfe, Prussia, Silver, value, 8^d., 18 Old Gross. 
 
 UcHu, Peruvian, species of Capsicum. The Pod, used as a coin. 
 
 Udli, Hindoo, Silver. 
 
 Uncia, Roman, Brass. Ounce, 12th of As. 
 
 Unicorn, Scots, Gold, temp. K. .James III. 
 
 Unit, English, Gold, value 20s., temp. K. James I. Laureled pieces. 
 
 Urdek, Bombay, Copper. 
 
 Uta, Batavian. At Java.
 
 106 N'umismatic Dictionary. 
 
 Varaha, Gold, coin of IMysore, value, about 8s. 
 
 Vargas, Dollars. Mexican Silver Dollars, coined in 1811 and 
 
 1812 by tlie Republican General, Varoos. 
 Yeintex, or Coronilla, a Spanish gold Dollar. 
 Vellon, Spanish, Cojiper. Or IJillon. 
 ViCTORiATi s, Roman, Silver, value 4d. The Quinarius, with": fiure 
 
 of Victory. 
 ViNTEM, Portuguese, Copper, value. Id., 50 to the Milreis, 20 Reis. 
 
 Vintin, at Goa ; Vintem, Spanish, Gold coin. 
 Viz, Bengal, Copper. 
 
 Wampam, Peage, American, shells strung, current in Pennsylvania, 
 
 lOs. a fathom 
 Wadmal, African, wjDolen cloth made in Iceland, and current. 
 White Peake, Indian, shells strung, Is. a cubit, 18 inches. 
 William, Dutch, Gold, value, 16s. 5d., formerly 10 Guilders. 
 WiiTEX, Hanoverian, Silver, 10 Wittens — 1 Stiver, current at 
 
 Embden. Witten Penning, Danish, Silver. 
 WissE MuxTZEN, Bavarian, Billon, inferior to current coin. 
 Wood, Angola, a red kind from ]Malemba, current. 
 Woo TszE TsEEX, Chinese money, without inscription ; of the Ciiow 
 
 dynasty. 
 
 Xeraphix, Hindoo, Silver, value, 2s. Id. 
 Xeriph, Greece, value, 10s. 
 
 Yermeebesiilek, Turkish, Gold, value, 12s. 6d. 
 YuzLiK, Turkish, Silver, value, 2| Piastres, or 100 Paras, value, 
 about 63 cents. 
 
 Zahl Pfexxig, German, Brass, the Jeton, or reckoning penny. 
 
 Zarimlik, Turkish, Silver, =20 Pai-as. 
 
 Zarmahhub, Greece, Gold, value, 6s. Zermahub, Turkish, Gold, 
 
 the Sequin. 
 Zehxer, Austrian, Silver, = 10 Kreutzers, value, 8 cents. 
 Zecchixo, Venetian, Gold, value, 9s. 5d., from Zecca, the mint, the 
 
 Sequin of Turkey. 
 Zexzerli, Turkish. Current in Egypt. 
 ZiAM, Barl)ary, Gold, value, 5s. 2d. 
 Znini, Angola, Shell. The Cowrie. 
 Zlaty, Hungaria)!, Silver. The Florin. 
 Zlot, Polish, Silver, value 6<1., 30 Groschen, 15 Kopecs. 
 Zodiac Rupees, Hindoo, value. Is. ll^d., bear the different signs 
 
 of the Zodiac; there are also Zodiac Mohurs. 
 Zolotah, Turkish, Silver, equal to oO Paras. 
 ZuzA, Jewish, Silver. 4th of a Shekel. 
 ZwANZiGER, Austrian, Silver, value Hd., 20 Kreutzers. 
 Zweydrittel, Mecklenburg, Silver, value, 2s. Two-thirds of Rix 
 
 Dollar. Danish, value, 2s. lOd.
 
 Gold and Silver Deposits for Coinage. 107 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER DEPOSITS FOR COINAGE. 
 
 Statement of Domestic Gold and Silver Deposited at the United 
 States Mint and Branches^ for Coinage^ to June 30, 1870. 
 
 California 
 
 Montana 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Idaho 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Virjiinia 
 
 Soiitb Carolina 
 
 Nev.v.la 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Washington Territory. . . 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Other Sources 
 
 Parted from Silver 
 
 Lake Superior 
 
 New Mexico and Sonora. 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Wyoming Territory 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Fine Bars 
 
 Parted from Gold 
 
 Gold. 
 
 630,575,066 05 
 
 24,075,557 98 
 
 17,6G6,8G7 21 
 
 15,424,4.'54 90 
 
 9.G54,G22 33 
 
 10,738,133 87 
 
 7.151,235 56 
 
 1,015,73G 38 
 
 1,371,383 76 
 
 306,724 58 
 
 206,040 57 
 
 506,107 12 
 
 523,133 29 
 
 98,987 86 
 
 81,529 G9 
 
 61,711 71 
 
 5,760 00 
 
 14,748 31 
 
 5,459 88 
 
 43,676,058 14 
 
 4,045,251 39 
 
 397 64 
 
 3,543 21 
 
 89 15 
 
 846 36 
 
 Total to June 30, 1870 $768,015,026 94 
 
 Silver. 
 
 $ 33,053 93 
 
 70,714 51 
 
 482,211 94 
 
 284,986 40 
 
 4:5,763 86 
 
 1,764 19 
 
 403 83 
 
 4,969,761 35 
 38,107 93 
 
 251,471 70 
 6.193 93 
 
 74 25 
 
 4G8 00 
 
 767,447 GG 
 
 5,607,820 70 
 
 $12,558,244 18 
 
 Gold and Silver. 
 
 $ 630,008,719 98 
 
 24,140,272 49 
 
 18.149,079 15 
 
 15,709,421 30 
 
 9,G98,3S6 19 
 
 10,739,898 06 
 
 7,151,639 39 
 
 1,615,736 38 
 
 1,371,383 76 
 
 5,336,485 93 
 
 206,040 57 
 
 604,215 05 
 
 523,133 29 
 
 98,987 86 
 
 81,529 69 
 
 61,711 71 
 
 5,760 00 
 
 14,748 31 
 
 5,459 88 
 
 43,G7G,058 14 
 
 4,045,251 39 
 
 251,471 70 
 
 6,193 93 
 
 397 64 
 
 88,617 46 
 
 89 15 
 
 1,314 36 
 
 767,447 66 
 
 5,607,820 70 
 
 ,7S0,573,-J71 12 
 
 Coinage of the Mint and Branches to the Close of the Year, 
 ENDING June 30, 1870. 
 
 Mints. 
 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Copper. 
 
 Piecei. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Philadelphia.. 
 
 1703 
 1S54 
 1S3S 
 1833 
 1838 
 1S54 
 1S63 
 1870 
 li-09 
 
 % 448,047,892 41 
 
 288,440,-06 81 
 
 40,381,615 00 
 
 5,048,641 50 
 
 6,121.919 00 
 
 179,780.145 58 
 
 3,5:32,306 53 
 
 110,576 05 
 
 19,269 OC 
 
 $101,382,781 86 
 
 7,684.457 17 
 
 29,890,037 13 
 
 $11,019,008 55 
 
 1,089,841,949 
 
 30.726,649 
 
 94,890,695 
 
 1,206,954 
 
 \,3S1,780 
 
 $ 560,449.182 68 
 290,125,163 93 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 
 70,271,652 13 
 
 
 
 5,048,641 50 
 
 Duhlonepa 
 
 4.580,015 17 
 
 
 6,121,919 00 
 l£4,3(;o,160 75 
 
 
 
 'i.532,306 53 
 
 Cnrson City. . . 
 Charlotte 
 
 19,793 00 
 322 61 
 
 
 88,666 
 
 '«2,869 05 
 
 
 19.661 61 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $971,432,571 88 
 
 $ 143.557,406 94 
 
 $11,019,008 65 
 
 1,218,087,593 
 
 $ 1,120,058,987 37
 
 10c 
 
 Coinage of the United States. 
 
 COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Coinage of the Mint of the United States^ from the year 1V92, in- 
 cluding the Coinage of the Branch Mints from the commenccr 
 ment of their operations^ and of the Assay Office. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Coinagb. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Gold, Valuf 
 
 Silver, Value. 
 
 Copper, Value. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ko. of Pieces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1793-5 
 
 $ 71,485 
 
 00 
 
 $370,683 80 
 
 $ 11.373 00 
 
 1,8.34,420 
 
 $453,541 80 
 
 1796 
 
 102,727 
 
 50 
 
 79,077 50 
 
 10,324 40 
 
 1,219,370 
 
 192,129 40 
 
 1797 
 
 103,422 
 
 50 
 
 12,591 45 
 
 9,510 34 
 
 1.095,165 
 
 125.524 29 
 
 1798 
 
 205,610 
 
 00 
 
 330,291 00 
 
 9,797 00 
 
 1^368,241 
 
 545,698 00 
 
 1799 
 
 213,285 
 
 00 
 
 423,515 00 
 
 9,106 68 
 
 1,365,081 
 
 645,906 68 
 
 ISOO 
 
 317.700 
 
 00 
 
 224.296 00 
 
 29,279 40 
 
 3,337,972 
 
 571.335 40 
 
 1801 
 
 422.570 
 
 00 
 
 74,758 00 
 
 13,628 37 
 
 1,571.390 
 
 510,956 37 
 
 1802 
 
 423,310 
 
 00 
 
 58.34^, 00 
 
 34,422 83 
 
 3,015,809 
 
 510,075 83 
 
 1803 
 
 258,377 
 
 50 
 
 87,118 00 
 
 25,203 03 
 
 2.780,830 
 
 370,698 53 
 
 1804 
 
 258,042 
 
 50 
 
 100,340 50 
 
 12,844 94 
 
 2,040,839 
 
 371.827 94 
 
 1805 
 
 170,367 
 
 50 
 
 149,388 50 
 
 13,483 48 
 
 2,200,361 
 
 333.239 48 
 
 1806 
 
 324,505 
 
 00 
 
 471,319 00 
 
 5,200 00 
 
 1,815,409 
 
 801,084 00 
 
 1807 
 
 437,495 
 
 00 
 
 597,448 75 
 
 9,652 21 
 
 2,731,345 
 
 1,044,595 96 
 
 1808 
 
 284,605 
 
 00 
 
 684,300 00 
 
 13,090 00 
 
 2,935,888 
 
 982,055 00 
 
 1809 
 
 169,375 
 
 00 
 
 707,370 00 
 
 8,001 53 
 
 2,861,834 
 
 884,752 53 
 
 1810 
 
 501,435 
 
 00 
 
 038,773 50 
 
 15,000 00 
 
 3,056.418 
 
 1,155,868 50 
 
 1811 
 
 497,905 
 
 00 
 
 608,340 00 
 
 2,495 95 
 
 1,649.570 
 
 1,1 08,7-10 95 
 
 1812 
 
 290,435 
 
 00 
 
 814,029 50 
 
 10,755 CO 
 
 2,761,646 
 
 1,115,219 50 
 
 1813 
 
 477,140 
 
 00 
 
 620,951 50 
 
 4,180 00 
 
 1,755,331 
 
 1,102,275 50 
 
 1814 
 
 77,270 
 
 00 
 
 561,087 50 
 
 3,578 30 
 
 1,833,859 
 
 642.5:5 80 
 
 1815 
 
 3,175 
 
 00 
 
 17,:-t08 00 
 
 
 69,867 
 
 20.483 00 
 
 1816 
 
 
 
 28,575 75 
 
 28,209 82 
 
 2,888,135 
 
 56,785 57 
 
 1817 
 
 
 
 007,783 50 
 
 39,484 00 
 
 5,163,907 
 
 647,267 50 
 
 1818 
 
 242,940 
 
 00 
 
 1,070,454 50 
 
 31,070 00 
 
 5,537,084 
 
 1,345.064 50 
 
 1819 
 
 258,615 
 
 00 
 
 1,140,000 00 
 
 26,710 00 
 
 6,074,723 
 
 1,425,325 00 
 
 1820 
 
 1,319,030 
 
 00 
 
 501.680 70 
 
 44,075 50 
 
 6,492,509 
 
 1, 864,786 20 
 
 1821 
 
 189,325 
 
 00 
 
 825,762 45 
 
 3,890 00 
 
 3,139,249 
 
 1,018,977 45 
 
 1822 
 
 88.980 
 
 00 
 
 8O5,C00 50 
 
 20,723 39 
 
 3,81.3,788 
 
 915,509 89 
 
 1823 
 
 72,425 
 
 00 
 
 895,550 00 
 
 
 2,106,485 
 
 967.975 00 
 
 1824 
 
 93,200 
 
 00 
 
 1,752,477 00 
 
 ' V2,620 00 
 
 4,786,894 
 
 1,858.297 00 
 
 1825 
 
 150,385 
 
 00 
 
 1,564.583 00 
 
 14,920 00 
 
 5,178.700 
 
 1,7;;.5,894 00 
 
 182(> 
 
 92,245 
 
 00 
 
 2,002.090 00 
 
 16,344 25 
 
 5,774.434 
 
 2.110,679 25 
 
 1827 
 
 131.505 
 
 00 
 
 '2.809,200 00 
 
 2;{,557 32 
 
 9.097,845 
 
 3,024,342 32 
 
 1828 
 
 140,145 
 
 00 
 
 1,575,000 00 
 
 25,636 24 
 
 6,196,853 
 
 1,741,381 24 
 
 1829 
 
 295,717 
 
 50 
 
 1,994,578 00 
 
 16,580 00 
 
 7,674,501 
 
 2,300,875 50 
 
 1830 
 
 64.3,105 
 
 00 
 
 2,495,400 00 
 
 17,115 00 
 
 8,357,191 
 
 .3,155,020 00 
 
 1831 
 
 714,270 
 
 00 
 
 3,175,000 00 
 
 33,603 60 
 
 11,792,281 
 
 3,923,473 60 
 
 1832 
 
 798,435 
 
 00 
 
 2,579,000 00 
 
 23,620 00 
 
 9,128,387 
 
 3,401,055 00
 
 Coinage oj the United States. lO") 
 
 COINAGE OF THE UNITED ^TATY.^.— Continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole Coinagb. 
 
 Tear*. 
 
 Gold, Value. 
 
 Silver, Value. 
 
 Copper, Value. 
 
 
 
 No. of Pieces. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1833 
 
 $978,550 00 
 
 $ 2,759,000 00 
 
 $28,160 00 
 
 10,307,790 
 
 $ 3.765,710 00 
 
 1831 
 
 3.954,270 00 
 
 3,415,002 00 
 
 19,151 00 
 
 11,637,643 
 
 7,388,423 00 
 
 1835 
 
 2,186,175 00 
 
 3,443,003 00 
 
 39,489 00 
 
 15,996,342 
 
 5,008,067 00 
 
 1836 
 
 4,135,700 CO 
 
 3,606,100 00 
 
 23,100 00 
 
 13,719,333 
 
 7,704,900 00 
 
 1837 
 
 .1,148,305 00 
 
 2,096,010 00 
 
 55,583 00 
 
 13,010,721 
 
 3,209,898 00 
 
 1838 
 
 1,809,595 00 
 
 2,315,250 00 
 
 53,702 00 
 
 15,780,311 
 
 4,178,547 00 
 
 1839 
 
 1,375,760 00 
 
 2,098,636 00 
 
 31,286 61 
 
 11,811,594 
 
 3,505,682 61 
 
 1840 
 
 1,690,802 00 
 
 1,712,178 00 
 
 24.627 00 
 
 10.558,240 
 
 3,427,607 50 
 
 1841 
 
 1,102,197 50 
 
 1,115,875 00 
 
 15,973 07 
 
 8^811,968 
 
 2,233,046 17 
 
 1842 
 
 1,833,170 50 
 
 2,325,750 00 
 
 23,833 90 
 
 11,743,153 
 
 4,182,^54 40 
 
 1843 
 
 8,302,787 50 
 
 3,722,250 00 
 
 24,283 20 
 
 4,640.582 
 
 11,967,830 70 
 
 1844 
 
 5.428,230 00 
 
 2,235,550 00 
 
 23,987 52 
 
 9.051,834 
 
 7,087,767 52 
 
 1845 
 
 3,756,447 50 
 
 1,873,200 00 
 
 38,948 04 
 
 1,806,196 
 
 5,068,595 54 
 
 1846 
 
 4,034,177 50 
 
 2,558,550 00 
 
 41,208 00 
 
 10,133,515 
 
 6,633,965 50 
 
 1847 
 
 20,221,385 00 
 
 2,374,450 00 
 
 61,830 69 
 
 15,302,344 
 
 22,657,671 69 
 
 1848 
 
 3,775,512 50 
 
 2,040,050 00 
 
 64,157 90 
 
 12,649,790 
 
 5,879,720 49 
 
 1849 
 
 9,007,761 50 
 
 2,114,950 00 
 
 41,984 32 
 
 12,606,659 
 
 11,164,695 82 
 
 1850. 
 
 31,981,738 50 
 
 1,866,100 00 
 
 44,467 50 
 
 14,588.220 
 
 33,892,306 00 
 
 1851 
 
 62,614.492 50 
 
 774,397 00 
 
 99,635 43 
 
 28,701.958 
 
 03,488,524 93 
 
 1852 
 
 56,846,187 50 
 
 999,410 00 
 
 50,630 94 
 
 32,964,019 
 
 57,896,228 44 
 
 1853 
 
 55,213.906 94 
 
 9,077,571 00 
 
 67,059 78 
 
 76,484.002 
 
 64,358,537 78 
 
 1654 
 
 52,094,595 47 
 
 8,619.270 00 
 
 42,638 35 
 
 44,645,011 
 
 60,756,503 82 
 
 1855 
 
 52,795,457 20 
 
 3,501.245 00 
 
 16,0,';0 79 
 
 16,997,807 
 
 50,312,732 99 
 
 1856 
 
 59.343,365 35 
 
 5,196,670 17 
 
 27.106 78 
 
 33,870,960 
 
 64,567,142 30 
 
 1857** 
 
 25,188,138 68 
 
 1,601,644 46 
 
 63,510 46 
 
 19,440,547 
 
 26,848,293 60 
 
 1858* 
 
 52,889.800 29 
 
 8,233,287 77 
 
 234.000 00 
 
 56,491,655 
 
 61,o57,088 06 
 
 1850* 
 
 30,409,953 70 
 
 6,833,631 47 
 
 307,000 00 
 
 53,550,522 
 
 37,550,585 17 
 
 1860* 
 
 23,447,283 35 
 
 3,250,635 26 
 
 342,000 00 
 
 27.101,598 
 
 27,039,918 61 
 
 1861* 
 
 80,708,400 64 
 
 2,883,706 94 
 
 101,660 00 
 
 23,724,713 
 
 83,093,767 58 
 
 179.3 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S61 
 
 $6fi9, 116,406 62 
 
 $128,159,481 97 
 
 $2,647,478 55 
 
 800, 662, 475 
 
 $799,923,362 14 
 
 1862* 
 
 61,676,576 55 
 
 3,231,081 51 
 
 116,000 00 
 
 28,296.899 
 
 65,023,658 06 
 
 1863* 
 
 22,645,729 90 
 
 1,564,297 22 
 
 478,450 00 
 
 51,980,575 
 
 24,688,477 12 
 
 1 864* 
 
 2:!,982.748 31 
 
 850,086 99 
 
 463.800 00 
 
 46,983,396 
 
 25,206,635 30 
 
 1865* 
 
 30,685,699 95 
 
 9.)0,218 69 
 
 1,183,330 00 
 
 87,323.851 
 
 32,819,248 64 
 
 1866* 
 
 37,429,430 46 
 
 1,596,646 58 
 
 646.570 00 
 
 38,427,923 
 
 39,672,647 04 
 
 1867* 
 
 39,838,878 82 
 
 1,562,094 18 
 
 1,879,540 00 
 
 54,110,384 
 
 43,281,113 00 
 
 1868* 
 
 24,141,235 06 
 
 1,502,986 48 
 
 1,71.3,385 00 
 
 40,735,840 
 
 27,447,606 54 
 
 1869* 
 
 32,027,906 03 
 
 1,574.937 17 
 
 1,270,055 00 
 
 36,606,668 
 
 14,881,958 20 
 
 (870* 
 
 30,103,304 75 
 
 2,670,054 16 
 
 611,445 00 
 
 23,961,29- 
 
 33,384,863 91 
 
 1862 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 $802,531,629 88 
 
 $15,598,002 98 
 
 $8,371,575 00 
 
 417,486.828 
 
 $826,496,207 81 
 
 1798 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1670 
 
 $971,648,036 45 
 
 $143,752,484 95 
 
 $11,019,048 55 
 
 1,218,149,803 
 
 11,126,419.569 96 
 
 ' Six months to June 80, 185T. ♦ For the fiscal year ending June 80.
 
 110 
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Year 1862. 
 
 . Hc»-'hH»H';«l^ 
 
 i|>»«-|oD m^}«l-«Hx . >ota>-l'~-te , 
 
 >— — O ■* 3^ !?) S>-i— CO C>4 IM — S») >-.W '>l n Oi :^l •>* >-,Oi C) O* >^S>I S>4 >.7I CC CO 
 
 cotocc^ccco c5Mcc«foc:co csrjcococceocc c;ccc;co 'Sj^o: ::r:ccco 
 
 Of) -H rt CO — O -/- — ^ (M !M — — rr — 5^ 1^' <^< ^< <?' r/-. <>< <?* '^' ta — — -7 — <?' CO 
 iEjC0COCOCOCO"'''COCOCOCOCOC0^-'eOCOC0COCOe'3-'C0C0CO'^COCO"''C0C0CO 
 
 — >>— — ri C^ C>l (N >-.{i5 (M IN (N CO a^ >-.(M <N — C O C >.C C c: 
 
 CO CO « CO CO CO «'2 CO CO CO CO CO s'co CO CO CO CO CO n'co CO (ri .E (>) ci s 
 
 -/-, o c~- — — — «^ ^ J"! — — — <>) — ,7 (M — c c' o c .7 o C-. c:'r (T. ar'r7 
 
 "''' CO (M CO CO CO CO CO C^ CO CO CO CO ■*' CO CO CO CO CO CO "'- Ct (M CI r" !M JR ''-' 
 
 9» 
 
 *oto Hx . Hcc--I'^»fl»x 
 
 n 
 
 *| C) ?) CI rri CO CO ■* to t^ 00 f/- •* CI S>) C-. r7 t^ OCi CO C O r/- O — — C C5 
 i| CI C» CI -'-' CI CI CI CI CI ^-' Ct CO CO CO CO CI *'' <M CI CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o 
 
 Hod — l-t^loo . —i-'^xcc't nix . Hxrt'-frtj-r^l^trti-H'M . H*?* n'-*H'^>-♦^^ . H^j 
 
 t^ t^ O 00 r> O >^CS C5 00 C~. C. ff5 t».l~ t^ t^ t~ I^ t^ >.t- 00 O: O C — >-.C0 aM 
 
 _ ^' .« _ ^ r>i 01 r>l (v rvi ^J 
 
 CI CI CI :: CI , 
 
 (C^^^^^cc»./^O5XQ000O"-x^/^^~ — sct^ta^-r— '-00OC— -7 — — ' 
 
 ^„,-^„r«-^^„_„«^„-»-'_-«^_^ — -''^^^IMCICl'^'CICI 
 
 rtl-a—i-- . ni-sr-liHx-lt^i- . H'm H"!— 'I')' . -!•?— Ir-i'M -!-?«!•» . nlr«i-*-*>«*i>-l'M 
 
 »n in >^»n ■^ -^ 'f CO CI ^i-^ Tj* Tt CO ic irt >,m ic ic to cA 10 >-.in in »/^ in co to t>» 
 
 „rH cs-. — — — — — -J„„,^,— ^„ s„__^^„ ,;„„_„,_,„ sj 
 
 „ -c rz 'O ^ TZ -3 
 
 c c c c s 
 
 Hoc 3 ifltao— ('>ro(x— I-Mrti-q^tci — HocHoi c:i-?r;lx — Hx ^4vt H-m — H'?-^l'!^)«tHo) intac 3 
 
 inio.y2^'*-''i'^'5^a2';w-*>n-*-*(^in'*ininininj^in>ninintoinj^ 
 
 -•l-lM'N--)« • • —I't^^i-'I'M--!^ -HfN . H^ -4n CO!-* . — l'r«lx-'1'r»-4'?J-"l'* • »c(x— l-rMoitO 
 
 0505O >»o >-.o— tot^tO'* >,to • t^ o» ci as >. c a ^- 1^ t^ 00 >-.t^ to ^^ ^ 
 
 S -3 -S "C 
 
 ■ ^' " ' « ' 
 
 rtl"»'-'l*-itaD o rtlf 3 t-l•^H'^»ft^x«l'!t^x 3 -il« n|* -"l^r 3 «!•«■ 
 
 . ^ . .. 
 
 to m 't ift 
 
 . .olx • 'nto H-jHx . nlxr:la>-l'M— l'i--hr:!'C . «!•.;— ■Iri-l^wjxr-|x-4ffi • • nl-rrtlcc— If— I'm-Hx • Hx 
 
 >»co • CO •>* •* •* >-.'* Tf -^ in m »n >.to tototototc >. •ooxojftCi >.ai 
 cs „ ci SS rt •* :: 
 
 -38 r: "O ^s TS 
 
 c c c c: c 
 
 3 — 10)— I'jjHrrJi^ 3 — l"a~l')«!xrtlfl~"lf««lx 3 — (« «l-!H'»sIocnlx — nl««['<!H'!t-lxnlx 3 Hx 
 
 jy2{,j?ococo-*'*j^'*-*'^''j<inin^totointototOr^«i:^oooooJOSj^QO 
 
 Hxift*»rtl-^ . H'M?:l»!Cf'j' -^j^c'iix • in(xrtlx^lf<?;IcoHxHx • -'tf<'tlxH'?»rttac»'*JV*r - -4x Hx ■ iflho 
 
 CI CI CI >% CO CO CI CO CO CO >~iCO CO CO CO CO CO >-.C0 CO CO CO CO CO ■* >-.■<}• ■* CO -co 
 S3 cs cs ^ c3 
 
 s '3 Ts ra Ts 
 
 sec c 
 
 Hx— lot-J^ 3 Hcc^nlxrilQex^I'jHxt^lx 3 rtlxr-l-s— 'If*—!^ 3 -<lf«lo&Ho>H?)Ho>-*N 3 Hxiotao • Hn 
 
 gi|CICI^COCICICICOCO(/jC0COCOCOCOCOjy;;COCOCOC0COCO'*j2'*COeO -co 
 
 HocHxHx . — j^fHxHxt-lxt-jx . Hxt^|a&«lQC>«(aoH'^>Hc^ . »i5tx^xrtI'?«:lx>-lo*fll® . rtl^jf^tx 
 
 W d M -. CI >-.•» CI ^ ^ -1 CI :^.PH — ^ ^ ^ ^ >-._- ^ „ „ „ r^ >-.,™ ^ d 
 
 a ■•' OS c; a 
 
 Q TS 'O '3 '3 
 
 B S B C 
 
 HoJ nl^cl^Hx 3 Hoc wItiwi^HocmI'J' 3 m'««l'!«*cHejHTmlx — >nkr«olx>nlaoHw-*N«lx — mbcnl* 
 
 „c^^^-cy^c^c^--r-.-.^^2--^,- — -_y2-,---p,-j^-,-ci 
 
 nw . nloo HaHoo . Hoool<iHff»olaH<N • m>»«*c«*xnloM'^«lx • nIxnlO!^<l"!mlocnlxHM • n\-^ 
 
 «| >.CI CI d d CI CI >,d ^ ^ — p^ — >»— ^ ^ „ ,« ,«■ >,„ ^ ^ „ „ ,- t.._ 
 * X rt * * ^ 
 
 Q "3 -5 "O 'a ^3 
 
 nto 3 fix into 5 <»x>/*oHr«H«<!ta5 3 H-«laty*>H-~l'»Ha 3 -l-HxH-r-i-— IfH-M - six 
 deed — dCld— j^CI- — — -— cc . '-WX'"'"'"'"''""^'" 
 
 nlTf . ■flfcDJ«j>-i'>»<*x>-ixra'r . Htr:ixHo«i'«Hx . H-r:!-— if— l-rr:-»-3 • H'^■c:!xrtl•-' Hoj . • 
 
 CO >-»C0 CO CO CO CO CO >.■* •* 'S' t -"t ^ >.ff CO CO CO CO j; S^.CO CO CO CO d • • 
 
 B -3 -3 '3 £ -3 
 
 B "" B Ch B 
 
 Hn 3 wloMoCTltonloof^l 1' 'If 3 .iWiHx nlx-rto - r:i-ml« nix s -If HiHorHx • • 
 
 eO;;2cocococococOj^:oco'*'*-T'S"c/2CococoeoeoOar;Coeocici5| • • 
 
 .... — i-j -vn . . -i«c:i.f-,|-M . — h»H% m— intenlx . H"sHo«lxHw*o 
 
 t»d d • >-. • • •* lA t • >-.-t CO CI d CI d :>.d CI CO CO CO CO >,co co co eo co 
 
 w c; *^ c3 c3 c; 
 
 ^ Q "3 "O "3 "C 
 
 "o _*M • § • • -^jHn • a H'Nni* H'flHocnl'* 3 Hf iakic«l«H<B 3 _ «loMf— l-mjto 
 
 KpT*' 'M ' •«•*•* -ccddddp-— jQdddcoeocoQ^eoeoeocoeo 
 
 »Hd«-*iO<Cl^ooo>0-.drO'tintot^ooer.O — dco;j;ntot;-aociO-- 
 
 ,.Hr-ti-Nf-4i— ^ri^M^Np-^p^ddddddddCldCOCO
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Year 1863. 
 
 11] 
 
 00 00 C^ <M (N >»-.I>l m 00 CTj — O ^.O • O! C <M (M >-.'M (M '» — >.— >.(M m CI 'M 
 
 ^ TS rr "C t; "3 ifl 
 
 ^ C c p :^ — 
 
 »« 00 — CI — ro -" 00 00 00 — ■ O r/1 C3 O 35 O — — -/ Oi (M 5>l — '— — -y- — oi — — 
 
 V, 'ji o in in ^■' o -^ -* ^ »n o "-^ -^ o ■* in u-t m ■*■■ >c in m in "^ >n ■'- o m in o 
 
 .t^ 00 O CI ro ^ >-.-f tN cr. •* 
 
 '^. :c> :£3 w 1^ o^ l^ s^.;ij ir; 117 1^ 1^ r- i^.r^ uo ^wJ 
 
 -S « -3 -3 
 
 s ^ S c: _ 
 
 r/^ in ID o iO 00 -J -/-, -o in in ;o t^ « -/-, t^ i~ o — ' CI rr rr, cc O 00 1-5 
 ■'■^•*'^'^'*-*-*'*'^-!f"*'i<Tf-!j''a"ininin-'-'inin-*'^ 
 
 
 M2x 
 
 nlco-i'sHx . rtlf-l-r-l^ 
 
 -I'M . — |-rrt|fl«|'»t-|ac— 1^ 
 
 eO CO >-. -f t^ -J -o t^ 00 >.o It 0? {ft in o >.— 02 eD -t tc t^ >.c: 
 ■^■^■^ cs-rtTfrf-^-*^-^ ctininin'Tinin c^in-^-^-^-^'^gc-^t 
 
 , .c. 1^ tc 00 tc o 
 C! -q- Tf rj- ■* •* If 
 
 ©M CO -? 
 . -* -* -'-^ 
 
 -t o — -^ -^ » -r ~ CO CI ;o -^ Ci '/5 — cv CO CI m o r/- ~ 
 't't-*'j--i"T'tininmin-*-'in-t"*-*'<t-* 
 
 nix 
 c; !^ in r^ CO in 
 
 nix -I'fl'-I'M^I-t . -l-rHx>^x:^lxslt . tnlaHx-'l-f-b«lf • -Ic^l-)' Hx-"lf ^. --tx-'i'* 
 t^ 00 — -* — >.C0 CI CI — C5 05 >i— CI CI CI CO -f t>->0 00 00 t^ 00 05 >.C0 {A CI 
 
 cicicococo "cococococici cscococococoeo cstcococococo ciTf-r-^ 
 ^ '3 ^ 'O ^3 ~ 
 
 ^ c c c 
 
 t-lx-l'N-bi-l-.)"!'?! 3 nl«-|xnlxf-lx — t-lx nlx-'lf rtl-» s —l-r-h 
 
 Cfl t^ 55 CO — -r CO ci CI — d » -/■ ^ -" — <?' ^ " -r. ^- *^ 
 
 C1'CICOCO~'-'COCOCOCOCIC|-''COCOCOCOCOW' 
 
 il-Mnl* 3 -bi— l'>«-i|* 
 
 ^ tC X' Cs ,-/-, CI CI — 
 C0C0C005C0C0 ■*■*■* 
 
 3 - 
 
 nlT'^JxHx >,r:l-r . r:lt- l-r:lx -l-r-ln • nif nix nlott-lx . -l-jHx-b«-lxrtl'«-lx - ■^ 
 1^ 00 1^ -: I- >~,\s cc -^ r- «5 in >.in to m in m ■^ >-,■* co co rf rf -t >-.oo 
 CI CI CI /-s CI s CI CI CI CI CI CI c: CI CI CI CI CI CI c; ci ci ci ci ci ci c: ci 
 
 CI 
 
 -Ic-i-l*?:!^ 
 t^ X l~ 
 CI CI CI ps^ CI CI 
 
 —If s Hoc-'lx-'|.)«ntao-l'Nn|x s -ctonlx Hx-l-jttl-r s — bi-bi-hi-fcinl-? s 
 * -/^ ;o CO -.s ;o in m -/-- in m in -t in rf ./^, Tf ci (51 -^ -r -t r/: OO 
 
 •'■^ f^i 'ri ^1 r\\ r\\ fw ^-^ ir^ r^\ n^\ rst rst r^t -'-' cl rv| ^' CI CI CI CI 
 
 ot 
 
 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI 
 
 W9- 
 
 . -Ifl^lnrJI-j^mx -I'M . >cIxHm-I-jHx •A'H ■ nlocnlxf^l-jHxHrt-lx . -I'M^il-KOl'^mi')' 
 >^C5 X — — CO CI >^— ^ — cs CO CO in >.in t^ »n co co in >»t^ t-* 1^ t^ Oi 
 
 SCOCOCOCOCOCO "COCOCICICICI CSCICICICICICI 7: CI CI CI CI CI 
 
 -I'M dx-l— -k 
 
 •W 3 -I-* -IX 
 
 -l-Mnl-^Hani-r ~ -\-r-<pi~>i-»Na>-*n* 
 
 1^ -*-*-»■* ■* -''t ■<t'<t'^-<t'* sS-*Tj<r)'Tt^'d<Tf' 'S''^ ■* ■* rf ■* "t JZ'"* ■* 
 
 ni'vnw Hx 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO in • 
 ■^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ 
 
 Hco-brtt-l-f-li' s -fcrM-^nloonlx -I- — nlooMlx--lc«l>»«l-i 
 ! CI a — — CI ./-,-* I- in CO CO CO r/-. CO CO CO ■* -t 
 
 • «44 ^r v^ *^ v4* -^-^ v4i v4i v44 v4« v4i v^ -''' 
 
 tJ* ^ ^ ^ 't ■^ 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ; ^I'M-lx 
 
 -»- CO CO 
 
 J^ ^ ^ 
 
 . —i-q* lOteo-lxHx— If 
 
 >.co in -t CO m in : 
 
 -ImHx • -10 nlx-l-M-l-r • -I•r^cl1-1x . -I-n m--l'N 
 
 — o >-.o 1" 1^ -f c >>ri C5 r; o o o >.o o 05 o c-. ct> 
 
 in in c5 in in in i in m s -r -^ ■* m m o :; in •<t ^ in tj- "* 
 
 ■3 «? "3 -3 "= "J 
 
 = S C C C 
 
 rtif i-lx 3 -if-ln-lf -IfuSx 3 -I■^l^c>:^:l■*^:l■1«l1«l•!• - r:l-»Hoi^«)xrtl-— I-n-Im 3 n|•f-b»o^rI^I'^>-ltt-lx 3 
 
 O C5 VD 20 * ^> -f ^1 ~ -/-J X X Ci C-. C5 crs .7, C. X X X X X rr- -f CO CO 5* -J -t yj 
 
 in-*-^"''t-*ininin-j<-'''-*-<f-*'*Tt-*^-''t-t-*-*T)'Ti-^"''*-*-*i£"*^ 
 
 nif 
 
 Cl^ —loi-lf • Hx-lTi — Ix . ■<■Jx^tw rtl-»r;lf^lx . nlf — 
 
 «* t^ CO in >->ci CI t^ X 05 CI >.r- in -f co co ci >~,o t^ t^ o ci •* >.co o o -j 
 
 »(5ininin_rtinin't-r^in :;inininininin_«in-T>-*ininin^inininQ 
 
 s "3 "S "c c ^ 
 
 nlx-l-j' rtiT 3 -l^-bi-'l'>>-l'N 3 -If-lf 3 c^lf nl-fflla>-l'M 3 _ ■"»_ to 
 
 CO CO CO -t -/-, — o 1* CO CO :: ./- t^ in CI CI CO — ./- X cc in X — CI ,-r, O o o c3 
 
 in in in o -'-' in in ~i ^ Tt in -'^ in in in o in in ''^ -^ -^ -^ — ■" "^ ■'~ -* -^ "^ 
 
 ' in ■* in ^ 
 
 Hx Hx • iclx 
 „ „ ., ^. ^>.- ... „ w -. ~ - .-. -. -J i.n in •* >%co i- -- -V -I r, 
 -.1-.^ coininin csincoin-ocoin ccinininininin C3in'**^*n'*n''n' 
 
 -3 4* -3 -3 "S •-> 
 
 3 nix nl-» 3 rti- Hx-l'NHxnj-- 3 -lwd3t>-lo«-lx-l'Nt-|x 3 -liM-lf _ ■:J?' = it'Tj?' 
 
 '''-'r^t^coinininin-.oini-ninin"'-'inininininmin'^'tJ.-r'T ■^■^ 
 
 . -I'N -wHx-I'M-lf . n!fr:if --l'^^t-l««l■«• . 1*0 -I'M nl-jnl-* . Hx-liWCIXMl-s- 
 
 >-,i- in I- I- t^ I- >iin CO CO -t in m >.t- cs — ■^ co ci >.■* — Si r' r* i2 
 cjinoinoinin ciinuninminin cSinmcccooco cscor-«rr-r-i— 
 
 "S 3 — "2 "3 *^ 
 
 3 nlTi—lc» nl'«— Ix-nto - -If-l'fl^bi-lQC-b^-l'N 3 ■mx-"!')' -I«-Ix-i'n 3 ftif -bi-Jji-flte-lM 
 r/^co■^^-cot^co-?ln<il^Cl-1>l.nlnr/-,lnx— .--coci./--r(»-- cnoj-- 
 "-' in in in in in in ■'' in ■V i-n in in m ''-' i-n m CO CO CO CO -"- CO CO t^ CO CO i~ 
 
 •mm-* . -l<N into-lf . -w-if -If •-lf„-H' 1"' >• -'"^t^'i^Ti'A 
 
 ^•co -r >»in 't in CO X a> >-.ci tc 1^ x t^ t^ >.x «xxxo» ';•— 't'J^v;© 
 5* »co acocococococo cj"*'>t'<t-t-*'t r: 't -^ -^ -r -t t cJinini-ni-nm^ 
 
 O *A '^X — -cto 
 *^ c^ -i^ t* -^ 
 
 '— ' M CO -'- CO CO 
 
 -lf"*Dnl^(Hx 3 nil — 1« — |iNt-lx 3 r-|o!>-'l'Nnlf-b»-*?'nlf 3 Hx 
 
 ,-. 00 CO CO CO CO o» 
 
 ^-' -^ in in in in in 
 
 «(Nco-f««.-<»«o;^222i22i:*2§5;Ss5Si*iSc5c5?i««
 
 112 
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Tear 1864. 
 
 Oi whf . rtl'.xcl-f *| MiotMlf . -<|»»-'l<>M<NMI'<!«liWiloo . «!♦ H««l-* 2 ^' Hac-liM-loo 
 
 <M « -^ >~>o> rc « i! (M Ci t-,t^ in >c i^ -^ c >-.t^ t^. to ■* ■?! -M S ^fC -♦• m c: t^ 
 
 -'lr~l"»"lt s H'N -'lc>-loi -; —loi-l'jmlaH'Nm-j— 1x - rtl-t— I'M-!-* —iTWlK'n "c O -1^ -.|«i 
 
 ''^OOOr/^^-OOQ<?>C3-t,/^'MCO^;-tC^O-/-3'IC'^l — OO — ■—^•^(M^DtJ- 
 C'I CC ^1 ^■' (M rD W C^ CC CC ^^ t? r? CC or C? CM "'-' ~ CI !ri CI -M !M U "~ ^ — :>l (M !M 
 
 — o ;o 00 -^ >,ir! Cj X w "t 'n >,-o ■^ C tc CT-. in >-. -- -. ,-._.„ 
 
 W (M 
 
 -l-Mjr rtl--hl - -|r- 
 
 — tc ' 
 
 (M r? 
 
 'If 
 
 5*1 
 
 3 -"I")— If nit s nl<»-ltt-lx -<l-f s -'lr—'i-*-b>-lrmloi>-l'M — -•i-?«l~mosr-lx— tn 
 
 ^ ,-A ft O CT! CI 00 to '/^ «0 00 CI « 00 C5 ,'/-) 00 O t^ iD t~ ff~. -/^ CI -»• CI -1- i-O 
 
 'z^- 
 
 
 -■lOlplI -'I'M . "■!« rtit —I'N 
 
 CC "2 ^ >-"« CI CI — SC 00 . _ _ _. _ _._..___ . _ . _ _ 
 
 •^vi'f c5 "* -*• -t -t CO CI r; CI CI CI CI CI CI ;; CI CI CI CI — — c: c» w o 
 
 « c e c C 
 
 ^ —I'M 3 — l'^^t-lxrt-»^lx 3 — I'N-'fri—I'M-'l-— 'teHx — t-lx 3 —I-!' -'It, 
 
 « 00 --o r/N in o o ir; -f 00 -7^ CO t^ ft « -r c ./^ tc fo C <o — o [/) >n CI xi -I- , 
 
 ■* t1> CO ■'"' CO ■* -f CO CO — ■'-' — — CI CI CI CI -'-' CI CI CI — >- O O C-. Ci C: < 
 
 — I'^^-<I■M ^ -It^ • -bj-l'N— br^lt-hi-lt • Hxrtlt HocHct . —It-'lt n't • O 
 
 C5 X 00 s*— ' !7 >,ci m in co t^ to >-,--o to t^ 00 t^ t^ >-.i^ « r^ m to co ^.m co co 
 m in in ^ to >P ci in in in in in in c: in in in in in in c; in m m in m in c: -t — "i* 
 
 " —I'M 2 -<'>^lt 3 nit-4'M-'b»-lxHx Ix 3 nif-'^ixnit —I'M 3 Hx-4cicHx-H'>«l» H -4tW 
 
 — to to ,-- t^ C5 ,-/-, to CI -)■ CO m -* ,r/-, in 10 in i^ r^ o r/^ o t^ rc •* CO in ,/-, in jA -^^ 
 m in in H^ in in '^-' in m in in in in ^' in in in in in in ''-' in in m in in r* -'- CO •• CO 
 
 ® . • -"!») —I'M . . - —It • — I'Mni-nit nit . nlt-<^<-lt —I'm 
 
 "^ o t», t>%o) — CO to in >-,>(? CI CO 00 to •— '--..— X' CO o t^ to t».x o-. t^ cj co » >. 
 
 ^^in c5 ri-+cot^t^t-- c3n#)Xi^tointo cttotototoinin — inininininin c3 
 
 »»c— c^ 3 3 d 
 
 T« 3 3 nit 3 nit —I'm 3 — liH^) — I'M— I'MnIt — cilomlt 3 
 
 ^Or/^i—iinoocitoOrT^to — xcOT*<xr/5-tx— ■tocc0r/-.'nr---)'''*ocorr) 
 '^ CO ■'■' "^ CO ■^ to to to '''-^ t-- I- to in -^ ■* in m to in in in ''-' m in in Tf in in ^-^ 
 
 -It -I'M . -|5) -ll"lt«lt . -I'M mt-ltr-IX-I'M . -It ^* _ _ ft _ • 
 
 Oi — . CI — >-,•■* -r)! n 00 00 CO :>-.to X t^ r^ to in >-.ao x o co r^ o >-.0 C ?T O • 
 
 xcsOJffj oscsoicsascsoi Koc-.csasoso crciococi — ci c^-^'-tiTin • 
 
 « 3 3 3 3 ^ 
 
 — l'Mr^lX>-ltnlt 3 —I'M — I^M-M 3 nlt^?lxnlt lOlQ^-'lt 3 3 • 
 
 *» 05 o o -r, CO CI CO in X -f -r m to to t^ to in r/- X ev o >n CO 'f r/; -- •<* m in • 
 
 ■Z X en Cl '''-' Oi 135 O en ~. C> -'' S". 05 C-. C5 C 05 '''- O C-. — O — f -^ CI CO CO -t • 
 
 . nloKiit-h'Wlxinltt-lx . -I'M-lt-ltr-lx-lt • rtit -lt«*c-l'M-lt • -nix Hx-kM-lt . f;!QCH?i 
 
 >.t^ O. 05 t^ to CI >->— • X to -* CO CI >-,C0 X — — — CO >.CI to Tj- CO to X >.M O 
 
 cst^t--. t^t^ t^ ct^wt^i^i^t^ e3i^i^xxxx c: 00 CD X <x> CD (c r: Soi 
 
 ■3 -> -3 '3 rs TS W> 
 3 ^ 3 C 3 C 
 3 nit-lt nit - n^t -It 3 -1^ -^'M -I'm 3 -I'MnIt 3 _ _ 
 r;,tor^xt^-tcir/-c5nf)-<troOiMr/icot^ — — — — r/^clc^■^cototOr/^oog 
 '^t^t^t^t-r-.r-.^oSt-.i-.Si-^r-i^XXXX^-XXXXXX^-'xoO 
 ■ 50 , 
 
 -I'Wilt ■ ■ntxnlt>*D 'Tin . -if nit-l-n't-lt • -It -I'm-I'M -I'm . Hr^ -I'm-wHx • 
 
 X to ^-.to t^ o — I s — >->ci in m i~ CO CO >->— x t- t^ -t t- >.*» tJ " S — ; O • 
 
 too tstotot-i^t^r- est— t^t^t^t— i~ c;t-.tO!Otor~t— cSilooxxxx • 
 ^ rs rs 'g "g* 
 
 -I'M-I'M 3 -Iturtxnlf'-JTM'M-I'M 3 nltinkD -I'm S -I'm Hx-^'mt-Ix - -It Hx --bi • 
 
 eftto•/^tot^xoo5 0■. ./^— icointoco— rcot^t^oco-tv;^ — :^L~"*? ' 
 X to -'-' to to to t- o to -'' t- t- t- I- 1- I- ^■' r- to to to t- t- ^'' t- X 00 t~- r- t- • 
 
 J5 . 
 
 •Htc -+mHx . nlt-l-«ltnltnit . m-nlt -I'M --Iim • -i-»-Ix-I'm-I'm^ nit . -4m -It 
 00-" — — >»— CO 1- ■^ -^ CI >-.c CI CI — CO CI >.co w in to t- ft >.to <o t »ft 
 
 tOtOtOtOtO cStOtOOtOtOtO cttOtOtOtOtOtO oStOtOtOtOti^Sk c3tOtOCOlO 
 „ rs "3 TJ '^ ?P-3 
 
 ^3 3 3 1-^ C 
 
 •nl(i>-l'M-1i-nx 3 nit>*o nitJ*^-i'M 3 -^jiHtwIaHas "nice s '-I'C';^^-!- £ -^J" 3 "^^ 'jJ^'Hi 
 
 *^intototototototDtotootbtototbtototototo^KtotocDto;o 
 
 nitnto -H~lt ■ -l-«it— I'm-I'm-i-«»x . r'x -Ix-moo-it . -itrtt-I'Mt^iTnloc-jji • • • • 
 
 I- t- X X X 05 >%05 o: C5 cr. — . 05 !>-.0 ^ O O X 05 >,05 t^ 12 «o * * ^* ■ * ■ 
 inminininincainoininmin-torrotooincsininininininrt • • • 
 
 -h»-ltnlt«ltmltHx 3 nit<rix r^!x -I'M 3 Hx-l-t-lxi-lx -lac 3 -l-j—lt-ltHt-I'M-ta - . . . 
 
 *» l~ I~ I- 1- (■- r/^ X O) 05 O; 05 ,-/■ 01 — 05 O! X 05 -/^ X t^ I- X) I--- I- QO • • • 
 
 r in in in in in ''-' in in in m in m o to in in in in -*' in in in in in in ~- • • • 
 >ra 
 
 . Hx • Hxr-lxr-lx-it—lorHx . -I'M-ltr-lTHx-bM'M '■wriQoHx mlxuite • Hx--l--jer-ltHc»Hoc • 
 
 t-^c.) t^,_ CI CI CI >>ci -+ CO -c m to >->. ft X r- r- -^ >.r- ««•-';; fr S* 
 
 cs 1'^ r: in in m in in un :: in m o in in in cs m tT in ift in in c: in in m in in in «s 
 
 :h s-x "2 -2 >* £ ^ 
 
 "o Hx = -l'>n5ix>-l'Mr-|xnitt-lx 5 c-.lxn'-ni-tilx-lt-i'M 3 -lx-lt-l-—ltnlt 3 "*o„ Hanitnit 3 
 HH— .7^^ — •— — — — r/^cico?7-tininr/-c5oxtotot0'/jt^xr-r2too>; 
 i-H in -'-' ^ in in in in in '''•' m m m in in in ^' in in m in in in in m in »o m m 
 
 Ira ^ _„ _ 
 
 >^(Ne3Tj<«r5«o»-.0005O — cicoM"intot->xoiO — cico-tintDt--goo5C-;
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Year 1865. 
 
 113 
 
 r- t^ (-/) i^ 00 to "— I in 't -/-, ■■ f -t m _ -. 
 
 Ix s -l^mlx rt-ft-tx-li' S '' — IccHanloo 
 ^ -/-, O O O ».'^ o irt -/- -C o »^ it: irr T 
 ^-^ ,* .^ -*-*-*■-* "'-' rj ■'^ ^ T^ T^ -I* 
 
 '-*-*-(•-*-(■-»•'■ 
 
 
 m\Tf — !■<• . H'NnlotCTlooMH'mi^lx • HxHocnloo-'l')' 
 o to r* r^ >^r^ t^ t- ^ tr* «I5 >-it~^ ^ t! " 
 ■^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ "^ ^ ■'^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Hx 
 r^ t— >-,t- t^ r^ 1^ t^ i^ 
 
 
 
 >^-^ -t to r^ ^ ! 
 
 f^ .,44 '«« -*44 «« »* ■ 
 
 
 *"»tD 'C iC »0 'O "^ 
 
 ^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 rn •* ■^ ■** '-^ '-O '-0 '/^ m -^ _ 
 
 I -^ '^ -:^ -t 
 
 inla>rj|oo 3 n]^ c^lco Hoc 2 Hx rtlT.rtl-^^l'M-'lr' :: — I'mHx 
 -+ "f ,-/^ »0 iC O CO CD irt .'A ii^ CO i-'^ "^ lO »C ^/- O iO 
 
 •4a *4a '''^ ~4* «A •Ai «« .«• ^ '-' v4a — 4i «4< v4( v4> ^4* '^■^ ■v4* ^4« 
 
 "^ ^ ^ ^ "J* ^ 
 
 '^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 '^ .s 
 
 _u ^ ^-.j' •, ..- . . . -> . , ... .. , cc -t e? CO >.-)• "t •* t ^ T*. 
 
 tA .nloo . -Iti<«Ix t-lx^:lfrl[-)' . ■nx-'rc?l.»r:l*-|.l— IT 
 "^ -« >.,Tf. ^ im -t •* -f >.-f -t CO ^ ro 71 - 
 
 -It-It 3 «l-1'^3>-<^^ -I'N-I'M-I'M 5 -'■>«''»HX-Ix":lxr^l- _ ,- - . _ ^ „ 
 
 -*-t-;^co^-*-*-1■-*-/^-tcoco^:■J»-^l,-/5COco?ocococo^/^cocococo'tc2 
 
 '^ ■'^ ^ "^ "^ "^ 
 
 ■^ ^ "^ '^ , 
 
 nlxr;!xHx'nlx-l- s «!-«l-t-|x Hx 
 
 HX:ClOO«!t-<l-«*^IX . — (QCrtlX'^la) 
 
 "f »ft ■* -f f' ^-^ m ^^ CO -N ?! ^ 
 
 Hocrtla>Hx»otxinlx-'lt • inlxHxHaHx tr;lx * —ltr,1x«lcocto 
 - .CO — ' C'l 71 CO ^ ^,'+ CO 00 CO -t •* -:-^ -t ^ ■* 
 3->t't-*-t-*-* cr^^t-*-*'*-*-*^'*'*"*"* 
 
 « "■ S C "c 'c ' 
 
 -4xr!l«^!lw 3 -ter:lxr:itr:l-f-lit-lx 3 -ItnloMxnIx-lt-'I'N 3 Ha-lt-lowMx-Jji 3 ■*'>^?"rL'^"i'' 
 Tl<lnT^^.co^r,co-(•co'^^a=>^o7lO "^"c/on^S^SEiES^CCSSSiSt 
 
 ' —It-Hoptlt-'lx • —I'N-'IX — 10*-loo-lfM 
 
 MlXOlxril'-'ClXt-IX 
 
 6.,-IC^ !>>0 02 CJ5 O >>0 O (N (M CO 71 >%C0 CO CO 71 71 71 i>-.co CO CO -T en 
 
 .* "tS 
 
 li^coco-* cSTf'f't 
 
 iCIXt-IX • — ltWI-rt!X«!X — iTI • 'TIX 
 
 7) 71 >-.co CO CO -t eft >n > co 
 
 ■nix - ,^ O -I'Mnlt-IX''*!) 3 -It-'I'N'-lxr.locmlx-lx 3 mlxHoc-'I'N 3 ■«o HxHxnIt—re 
 
 Ci .;; QB >T^ 05 00 05 CJ rTi 0> CT> O — 71 — • ./^ 71 CO 71 71 71 71 r^ 71 CO 71 CO -i -t 
 eo-C5(j3Hcocococo-'-'cocOTr-fTfTi<-'^-<t-*TfiTf't't''^-*T»"TfTi'Tj.T«- 
 
 a: 2 •§ 
 
 -"I-?!— IQO-'I^ rcit . t'loKCItrilx?:!!©— I'N-'lt • nlt^lxt^jxHxHxrtlt * 
 
 00 00 1 ~ S-, p 71 71 J» lO m >-. CO en — CO 71 71 ^ 
 
 CJ Tt Tf .* 
 
 O ?5lQor:ix 3 Ho^.'l.i'^lxrcl'.^x-'lt — —It^iH 
 M t^ -.o r/i 1^ to '.o r^ t^ '^ ■ " ~ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO ' 
 
 •t-* cJtJ-co-*-*-*-* 
 
 -Irirtlt .fl]xHx»otao 
 C r~ O — O — , 
 -J- CO -*■*■* "* 
 
 rtl^— <lx"5lx Ho 
 ,— 71 — OS — 
 
 ^ ■^ ^ CO "^ 
 
 ' —lowIxBlaoHit 
 
 Cl — CJ5 OD C5 
 
 CO "* CO CO CO 
 
 MIX 
 
 |A -.|tc-lx-'l'W-lx>nlx . -■ltJ*cr:l--f:lxr:lx-'l-' . r:l-rMtnlt^rtx-'lt-lt . 
 
 "2711-icococo >,cor-o— ?0O >-,0— 'SO— '— >. 
 
 ^■<*-*r)i.*Tt cs^-^cococococo cicocococococo CS 
 
 , . :lxt-lx- 
 — 71 -t 
 CO CO CO 
 
 00 y; >..t^ oc 1^ ^ 
 
 : CO CO c: CO CO CO O 
 
 -I'NHQC-ilt 
 
 71 — — 71 71 
 
 ■^ "^ ^ ^ "tj* .^ 
 
 «l*~lx 3 r:i-r:lt-<x-plxr;lx-tx 3 -it-1x«i.i— I'M^nlx-I'M 3 
 "'- CO CO CO 71 CO 2, ' 71 rO 71 71 CO CO ^' 
 
 -N 
 
 ecltrttx— l-MT 
 C — 71 I . . ,, - 
 
 cococococococococo » 
 
 ?t-lxHx 3 -■|.)»nte' «> 
 IC in rf^: CD t.- cc 
 
 . ^.* r^ f^\ r^ 
 
 Hx • c^lt-lt f^lx —It^H • "^Ix r:lt-lt • >~lx-3 
 
 71 >iOO 00 •* 71 — 1 O t>-,if5 t^ to •-£> lO * >^co r- u. 
 
 HxHx . . • • -bmlx • 
 
 CD O t», >• 2>71 Ci t- to >> 
 
 — "TT TS TS 
 
 3 r:lt:^lx 
 
 -'I'Mrilx 3 HoMoHocnlx 3 mlowl 
 
 .1,.^ -I, 
 
 -t .7^ o to 00 O r^ X -^ ■* to ir: -o o * j/3 « to O , t^ S re S K 9 ll !£ 2 ':/3 
 
 -t T)< -t irt -^ Tj« ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 -Irj-lt nit 
 
 'ofTo 5:^ >.a> eT> r-"to' — — " >^-- mow od'to >-.t^" db 06 1^ co t^ >-.'2 "^ ^2 '7 "^ 
 
 loio ^ c:c>cncj5S505C5 cjo>oooot-.-toco cstooicinvnm csmmininm 
 
 -"It— l'^)>«lX'ntao — r-lao — IX'Otao-'bMc^ 3 "Olxc^lt -'l'^^-'l'?^lt 3 
 C |-~ to CO t- Oi r^; >0 00 -* 71 71 ?? r/5 71 1!^ to — (» CO r/3 
 
 O 35 31 CTS 00 00 
 
 to iC iC m 
 
 CO CO — 31 -^ 
 
 irt in o Tt in 
 
 to nll—lc^HOD ■ sa -I'M-it-I'M • ccl•'^-l'^)-•ltt~lxcclt ■ —Itwlx-lt -•I'm--Ix . >i*Kilt • 
 
 o "O 35 -t" >^.-<* ^ rr CO — 35 >r''^ 00 to lO -f m >-.7i 35 — 73 o ^ >^— co • 
 
 ^OOpw :;—•*— I ^0_rtOOOOOOc303:00035_200 • 
 
 -I'WrtxnIx 3 -Hl-.«ifolx-'loc*t>-'lt 5 -itHoHocr.'lt-I'M 3 -•lt>nloo-lc«cltnlt-'lt 3 nit— 1^ • 
 
 71 CO m 35 .^ 71 71 o — ' O if^ -/s ir^ r^ in CO CO ■* V5 ^ {fi ® •* * ** tZ5 S? — ' 
 
 0000 -'-'-Hf-H — —I — O'^-' 000000 -'^O55:03>053!''-'050 • 
 
 c — 
 
 >->^ -t< 35 00 r~ >-.t f -r O 71 O >>— t- r^ rf t^ to ^.^l tj r- ^ ir; ij k;..^ ^ 
 
 '3Wc0 717171 ■73717171717171 CSTI — — ■-"OO cSOOOO — 71_rt — r-( 
 
 ccn: 
 
 .nlOO-lt*'tXcn|X 3 rtl^*>-^'^^lt 
 
 — 1^ to to ./\ to 71 35 r~ 00 t 
 CO 7J 71 71 ''^ 
 
 nixnit 3 — I'NrtltH'N nit—lt 3 H'>>.'lt 
 
 35|-~OOt^rr)t^-tinOC— '35r/5nf)l 
 
 OI71 — — — -h''-' — — — OO05''-'^35OOO-- 
 
 rtlX 
 
 — 71 
 
 — O 
 
 — <7ICO-^lft«Or>-00050 — 71C0'<tint0r..Q035O— "71CO-#intOr^003)
 
 lU 
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Year 1866. 
 
 . m^)wla>'*»nlt 
 
 -ilo) - rtl-«Hoc—l'MHocrH|.)«H« . -'te«loc>nteuifcc<--|iinl'* • — Im ^ HccmtotHot 
 
 "*0 3 -'I'M?;lQ0«l0[«|-fl-i|-'JCOto 3 
 
 O r/1 O O 00 00 00 t^ r/-, I 
 
 "* " " " " ■ ,'/-, t~ t^ ^ ■* « <^^ r/) TO ^ irt f— I CO CO r/- « 
 i''-'cocococoo5co''-^courjWcoco'''co 
 
 iCtofllocHx . *olacv:(ao-'l'3«-t|conio&-<|(N • «l<r»o|fX) Hac-'lc^— lr» 
 
 to ;0 I ~ fyj t^ (^ t^ :D O 't -/I '^ '^ ■* to -H rri o C 05 >_ 00 00 •/■ 00 O C 
 
 t ^-^ *« v« 'v* '.^t «44 ^^ ^-^ ^4< -^ -*»*■.* ^4< ^-^ ,* -^ CO /^^ »-.^ ■'-' ^v^ — ta ^. 
 
 ■^ ^ ■^ ■^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^ '^ ■^ '^ "^ ^ 
 
 .— . i-r> >^ or, n<-, ., 00 O O l-T" O • 
 CO -^ •* ►^ -^ • 
 
 C£> 00 00 00 Ol ai >->J» OV — CO CO »■( >-,C0 OCfcOOCTio t*^DI^OO0O0OCCi >-.tD tD CO 
 '^T^-^^+iT+i^* p^-rf^Ktriirtif^^ rt»^»rt'^T*«-^-4* ^-T^*-**^*^*^*^* (r;**-**»4* 
 W5 ^3 
 
 r)<Tji'*'*Tt<-* cS-^-^oino, 
 
 c3 in in rfi ■* ■>* .^ cj'-* ■'t'^^'*'^ oiTjiTt-* 
 
 ■olQO-'I'S-to-ilcentoHx 3 -nto-il-*— to --(o«to 3 nlotwlcc-lo) Hx — -^tomloo —I* >olx 3 ^5|■»' Hoc 
 
 GOcooo,-/3CO»CTi— '0'Mr/-)Ot~i^oot^in-/-,ifti*t-cDr^inr/-, >n;Cin 
 
 •<t -* •* o m in 
 
 in -^ -^ T}^ -^ Tt 
 
 •*■*■>*•* 
 
 -loo • «l'*«l'*-ta)-i|i' Hoo . nl'JHx-l-jHoH'N . -'bHx-l'^HQO Hx . Hx-Qtac-il-jvHa-^IcMiN . • 
 
 t^ >-,in to t^ to o *• >>50 t£> to «£> in ift >-.in in m in rj< co >-.in ■>!• in m in «o >^ 
 
 ^* (?3^^t<^H^*^*'.. -*^*l^*T*»44-*4<^rH ffr--*,**^*^*^*** (ri^*^*^*-**^4<^f*« (Si 
 
 ■* CS ■* Tf Tt" Tf ■* 
 
 ^-5 
 
 J ^ ^ "^ ^ "^ ^ CI ■^ T^ ^ ^ ^ ^ c3 ^ ^ ^ tJ* ^ ^ ^ 
 
 -4ei 3 rtl^Jw*DHccr5l^«fltao-'l'j* 3 — l^jHoo-tjcr^l'^^^lxr-l-^ 3 rtl^t-thi Ho>-*?»-<l^ 3 -Hh*H|,j*-.iT.c3|-f*t-|x»olaD 3 
 o r/-, •* in o in in to -/-) o in in in -t" -f< r/1 "* "* "^ ■* W *S rA) W •* •* -* -r in r/) 
 
 'I' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 'I* ^ "^ ■'^ 
 
 ■^ "^ "^ ^ ^ , 
 
 ■^ ^ ■^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 -taml^Hoo • Hx Hx-*o 
 
 0» X' » 00 >-iOO 1^ Cft 00 00 05 . _ _ 
 
 'Cloo^lx«l'}Hx 3 -loo'ito —bi-ilQC— l-N 3 -iloc-iltMoOTlaHaOTlx 
 
 ■^ T* T* •^ "-' 
 
 "-I'W-l-r-'I'i^lxril'j" . P!l-«— 'lt«to «!■« . — l-nlxHxHoc 
 
 ci O Ai 01 — c — ■ >,oo 00 02 — O 00 t^,oo (T. 00 oc 00 
 
 -* ir> ^' I 
 
 ininm cSTji-^-^inOTtc;-*-^'*'*-* 
 
 _ HocMccc^lQw^lQcHaHx 3 -•I'MrtlxHac^lcrpiIoo 
 
 t- r^ 00 00 00 00 r/1 n C5 o — O CO rP, 00 »^ i^ ci 00 CO r/~, cfl 00 00 I-- I - 
 
 ^5I■<^■ 
 . lA -.!■* • c^Ico^l^i'-'loi . --<Io:rtl'f''3tor:H-i|r^:^|-j. . e^)-K*:|TjM'Mcol''tf)aio|aD . H-t»flIxHx eolxcoloo • ^\^ 
 >~>^i CO >-.co-f-* >-.co050— icool >-,cs — 0000 >.— 0000 c >.oo o» 
 rtVTin cSininin csin-^inminin cs-^minminin osinioinininin c-^Tfi 
 
 c ^ S a c c c 
 
 3 CIIOO ClX) O HlNMl'JMlOO 3 cllQO-'l'j«l*tH«-^l'* 3 i^Xl Hxttl* r; e^ICO -<|lM-i|'>!t~lx 3 CJlOC 
 
 r/5 CO ■>) -rt -M CO CO r/3 — 00 Oi 0-. W 'M r/^ CC C5 05 O O S> rr O O 05 C2 O C f/- »» «:■ 
 
 ^-'inin'^inininin''*-<jiTj<in»n'-'''-*-*-*in-*->t^'inin-*'*rj'in^'iaTj. 
 
 ^ inix • voloDHx-'l'Mr:!'* 
 
 -— . >i-fcoinin — o 
 
 W -a* Ti „M -mM «41 «4« .^ i.^ 
 
 
 ,»« -r CO o C; CO >-.co r- CO -t m -f 
 c:cO"*-*-*'*co c;J^inininTj<in crminmininio 
 
 r^ 
 
 pq 5 
 
 o O -r) O CO •* ■M » 01 r/^ i^ — ■>< in I )> r/-| m 05 — 00 00 — >•/-) (T) -t -t — CO 
 
 H»--*i-'-'-l--ii-*--4*r.^^^^-« *7 -.4, .^44 ,4, .,44 lr^ '-'-' »r^ -4. irv -*. .-* .^ ^-^ I 
 
 (4 
 
 J2;^- 
 
 -^ -^ -^ Tji CO CO 
 
 ■^ ^ '^ tJ* O 
 
 m Tf lO ^ Tf o 
 
 lf5 O If; O irt »A 
 
 p:lQOHQO"^|ar^l-<j« • j-Iqo ccl-^r)lx-'('N-<i')« - Hxrilx-'l-^j«-<I(iHcc-^x • -^l-'j^i'«*r-tQc?)Iot>-'['Nrt!-j' * HccHcv-Ioc 
 t>- GO 00 r^ !>- >-»Q0 O a> 0:1 Oi ^ t*%C 00000 >^0 '^ 00 cri ^ O >-.r- CX) 00 O 
 
 oi(MC^(NCN 73:^^c^^t^^{^^{^^'^^ c^cocococococo cscocococo^co cscococo-* 
 
 ^ ti 
 
 kjk -X) 1^ t-- r^ -/5 I- 00 00 00 00 00 rr) O cs O C5 Oi O rri O O CO t- Ci 00 r/~, r^ t^ 00 00 
 "i* -TM 01 -^1 (TM ''•^ 01 rM rvi rM (-M CM ^-^ (TO rvj <?ri (?vi fM eo '-'■^ ^opocricoeoco^-"* 
 
 ■M C^l ::^) (M ''-' CI G^ C^ C*J G^ C^ ''"' CO CN CO C^ 17^ CO ^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 • Of) Hco-Itjc-Ix-'IcoHco • HfN-'l-'t^l'Nr-loo HiN . «!xi:'3lar5|aD-'l'»j' • HxHocHoo nlct—cN . mloo • 
 
 >^^ 00 00 t^ CO t^ >-,t^ !X) 1^ 1^ r- ^ >-*co to t- (^ t'- r^ >>«5 ?D r^ go c. ft >.t-- • 
 CiTlc^OltNCIG^ ^GSCICM<MG^C^ c3G^(M<MCJ(NG^ c;(N(NG^(M<Ni!^ ':i o\ • 
 
 i -'I'J*:o|00Hi?*'T|Q0-'IO1 
 
 *» 
 
 9J -o 
 
 -•IoHqo Hocrtl-^ 3 Mlcr>-l'MP:Iflaol'j^l(M-'lci 3 --IcitntaceclaHxe^loc-'I'j' 3 Hx 
 
 -- - ._._._._._._ CO CO CO t^ 00 00 , - ■" 
 
 (M (N 0>J <M CI (N 
 
 -clcmlxt-l^iolx nto • -•l-«l'»-'lf • Hf 
 „ >.,- -r ,-.-T. ..' ..i .-. — — . l-^^... ^ w -.C^ X 00 CC 00 CO t».CD X » QO >.£» 
 
 Wcoco escococococooj ojeowcocoeoco ejois^ciiNs^s*) c;c4(mc^(M^(M 
 
 in in 00 -/-, -M -M CO — I o CJ5 r/^ O 05 O O O era rri 
 
 CO CO CO ■''' CO CO CO CO CO ■?! ■' CO C>1 CO CO CO (M 
 
 i^i-oct^r- Ar/^incoi^t^T^i^ 
 ■ n CO g>, 5., J,, j^ OH 5^ 
 
 (M <M (M (M C>k 
 
 Mri ^loi-ito . -tloot-lxnl'ji-^'M'Oix-I'M , T-|x'dx«Hxr:|QD-'l'j« . 
 ^1 o o >%o a> 05 o o a> >>o 00 00 1^ t^ i^ i- 
 ^-t-f •s-tcocO't'tco cjcocococococo ci 
 
 ■i ^ -g 
 
 ■oloo-lx-;!")' 3 -i'M^!l-.i"l'j«l^-l*-bi 3 -^i-rrlxi'Hx-'I'N-'ltHx 3 
 
 p»^ -<^ -^ '^.^ ry^ ^r^ rw^ rr^ n^ (V^ .'.' -^ r^^ r^ r^ ^^ n« ^-^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO ■ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 1^ 1^ I~ ir~ t^ t-.l^ [; t-; 
 
 cocoeo'SWW cscococo 
 
 Hx^ci'fi^lx O HxHx 3 cil-tf-lxni't 
 
 O CO CO "r! CO 1^ rr co o co 
 cococo'^coiicococo 
 
 o 
 
 •ClOD-'t'N-'l^tOl't . -<l'tMx?^lx-"IX-'l-*— Vn . C^I'JHQO^I'*' c^'-1— ^X • n'OtM'Nr^X-'I^I Hx 
 
 '»* -f CO (M CO ^— 0> 35 OT OT 33 >-.a> 05 O O 50 33 — .CTJ 33 C5 :?! O 0> I 
 
 -*-*•*■* "•I'cococococo c:coco-*-*coco^cocococo'tco ( 
 
 HfHx— It 
 
 -t CO '^^ c-i — -/5 ^ as » * •» 3^ '1 
 
 -4« »* -41 .,4. ** ^-^ en ^r CO CT 
 
 "J* ^ "1* ■^ ^ 
 
 3 e^lx •olxrt('5*-la^-bi 3 yr'-'KCI^ftqlQP-'l - j ' ^^wlx 3 
 -/^ 00 33 33 CO 1^ -Tj VI X '»"' 33 33 33 33 r/^ 
 .'.^ /"^ m r^ «^ w^ en "*.• pn en en m en m ^.^ 
 
 eocococococococococococo 
 
 nliwlxwlx 
 33 C 33 
 
 CO •* CO
 
 Daily Price of Gold, Tear 1867. 
 
 115 
 
 fc>-.t- t- *, t- I- t~ >^r- -JS u^ -f -C t >^t >n Tj. -f -*■ CO >.cc W = 2; 3J « St- 2; J2 
 
 «Mco„««co cjcocococo«w Kcocococococo oaeoco Ccococoescjco 
 
 c c c c •-• c 
 
 ^-'eocoww«M^-'wMco2wco-'-'o««coww^^«c:o««co'^^cc« 
 
 ■o ~ "o 's "^ r^ 
 
 -*M«lf" 3 m■«'-^'^^nla>-^lc^^:l*-•l'^^ 3 nl-r -^■mHoc-hImcK 3 nla>^'^^K*I>-^ccH3C-'l■»• s «l-»— l^;— 'I* O t-lot-lx 
 
 O o -/i 35 CT> cx/ x< <» Of) -T) 00 C5 C5 Ji C 02 ,yj C-. 35 a; C-. 00 c; rr c~. Ci CT-. -r 00 r-^ 
 
 ■vM *« -*-» ro «^ n^ r*^ rr^ ^ "-^ iv^ ^»-^ /^^ ^^ .^ r^ '^ rf\ rr\ f^\ f^\ fr^ i-r\ ^-^ fi<' e^ ly^ "^ 
 
 w 
 
 CO CO CO CO CC ' 
 
 cocococo-*cococococococo 
 
 -^|^)^co'*o-•l* 
 
 ' " . -- . . - ^^ CO CO cc c-i iM >-.(M CI — O 
 
 ^|-^H(M-4<M-0l-*Ola) ; 
 
 CO CO ^ ■ - j^ - 
 
 ^ "^ ^ ^ "^ "^ "^ ^ ^ ^ "^ 
 
 
 Ml'* 3 inteHcmlcr>clai>n|QcmlM 3 H-xmlacH* 
 „ ^. - CI — C O 
 
 ■^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ , 
 
 >-,_ -H Ol CI -M -M >-,-t rf in 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 rtlQD 
 
 "-'■'-< '^ '« CO >-i-* Tt in vft CO CO >.co CO Tf CO CO CO >iCO 
 
 Tf-t'r?^-*'* cJ->tTt"TC-*->t-* C!-* ■* •* -i" rf Tti 
 
 a —bl -'l'f<-'l")i 3 rll-J-'l'NHD?ol»'5lxHx 3 Hcr:-4« «!■<— 'I'M 3 Her— l'<*-'l-f -'I'!' 3 
 
 ,/-, _j -- -H <>i CI CI -r, c) CO ■* lo ■»• -t r/) ■*-*''•••* <^' <^' CO <^' <^' ^ ^ ?2 ?2 02 52 
 
 
 
 
 ■>*■*■* ^ •* ■* 
 
 — far:lQO-*N . -♦r«lQorto-<'N-l'*-.|* . c-hf intaoclxm-it-lx • nl'tnl-jHx-'I't— I-* 
 
 rAt 
 
 -1Q0-2IX-W4 . -40)^Ix*1«-n'N-'l'*-'l'j' . «hf »nlac>nlxr:1it-lx . ecl-^rrsl-'JHxH-'t— w .^a— I'^^'.ix — i-fr:iT 
 
 •*■*-* StI'-^tI'-*-^-* STl'TtlTj'Tj'Tl"'* CJ'*'^Tj<Tjl-!f-* CC-t'tJgTJ'-t'-^ 
 
 Hoo-^lx-Ix 3 Mco 3 -4oc»^3D?:lx^:!cD-<l'>nflbo 3 
 
 ft C35 O ./- O O O O O O r/5 ^ ^ — ' ■— • ^ ^ — 
 
 '•_ CO -^ -'-' •»* -^ -H" Tt< -* -^ '^-' 
 
 M 
 
 •<t^'1"^-*'t^-'-*-*'*^^--* 
 
 1* 
 
 CCri^— — CC'OOr/-, O— '■— — — — 
 
 -I'W-l-^ril^ . nloo-ilx . --ixt-lxnIiiHii-l-jmlijo . •nla>-l^»olx -ilcrrtt • Htt nl^»«l-f«Mnto ^. mknlxHoo 
 00 00 CO i'-.OJ 00 >->3! 00 Tj c: C3 C5 >.0-. O C O C C! >.C O C5 C5 Oi C: >.^ C O 
 cococo cScoco C3C0COC0COC0CO cico-*'t-*"*cO' cSTt-i-cococo-* cr^'*'* 
 
 KlQo3 nlTfrtl-* 3 -lojrito.oloM'N tanl'>M*i>-iI'M.nlac>-i|f 3 >nlx«l•»nloo-'l•«-l'^«l•J• 3 _ _ 'IL* 
 
 nf|00«)-HX>00-/-)aO«)'3000<3>a»r/lCSCr. 0-. O)O5i35r/-33 0". C-. cr. OiOif/jOC^ 
 
 TrcOM'^cocococococococo''^cocooocococo-''Cocococococo-*^co 
 M 
 
 . »ntQO ^olx -^'tHoc 
 
 -•krtl-'r:i^t-l--.|<!-.|^ 
 
 ___ Qooooooooo t'loc (Tj rg\ aa Oj 00 >-> 
 
 CO s'cocococococo cj'co cocococoeo cicocococococo cscocorjcococo^ 
 
 tfl -r, ■■£> X> -^ -^ --O --O -/-, to t^ t--. t^ t^ r- rr, 
 
 COCOCOC0COCO"^-'C0COCOCOCOC0 
 
 t^ 1^ 1^ 1^ 1^ 00 !•»- 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 00 oc 00 1^ 1^ 00 r/) 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 ■xi >n --o -X) 
 
 t."" '.- '.- '- •- t it: Li 2£ ac £ ^ bl:; !:;; S '^ ?:; 
 
 ■aj uj -u -u .^(^ 00 00 00 r^ -X) i-.iT) t^ (- t~ 1^ r^ >.t^ '^ °o Qf) -s '^ "••_; ■_; :::x "^ — 
 
 COCOCOCO cScOCOCOCOCOCO CJCOCOCOCOCOCO ^COCOCOii^^ KCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 i-l»-i|<xr3l'*^tao 3 nlT(-i|*rtI.*-;|.,jf-|oi>-i|'N 3 -h|^j«oIo[>-i|!m >clx«lt 3 '^x HkHx-hI^nHx 3 -*r:lt -I- celt 
 ■ii lO .r; in ./^ in 1^ 1^ '^ to in r/^ »n >n to t^ to to r/-, to t^ t^ 00 t^ -^ ,/^ tc to r~ r; ^D 
 
 )2wcoco-'-'cocococococo''-'cocococococo'''cocoeocococo'^-'cococococo 
 
 -||t"*xi-^'N-lx-elx-'Ix • ■ota^-'te< . nIx«olxi-lx«~lxHx-^x . Hxtcl-tHx.nlxrtl'tHx • 
 
 Th-*-l'CO:Oco >->;OtDooi^r^tD >-.m-»finr^'*05 >-.oooOp|if— osi^ >^ 
 cocococococo scoco^cocoeo ■seococoeococo cicoco^-^coco_2 
 e "2 f "c "c 
 
 mloo-^artl-*-'!'*-;!'* f*o 3 ->faHxt-lx-l«ela>-'l'M 3 -I'M •na>^]f KH 3 -<'' „ •d?*j? „ "J? = 
 
 co-*cococici. /-iCO'l'-ftoto in-/- ■*■*'*'"«* f^cclrSSSSScc 
 
 - - - - -'-'-'mtncocococA-'-'cocococoii'^'^WCocococo^' 
 
 cocococococo'-'-'cocococococococococo 
 
 ,tc to 
 
 CO CO 
 
 •* in 
 
 CO CO 
 
 nix 
 
 I 00 --o in ^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 ■^'co cocococoeo CICOCOCOCOCOCO cscocococo 
 
 M-«Hx 
 
 CO n '■ 
 
 -te)-<9) 3 Mxnlt-'io'rilx-'I'N 
 oooo^/^ootomco**- 
 
 - nl-»>olxiinlxr;lao~lx 3 cclrHomla>-'l'!Hx 3 nl*-lxHx-'l-~ 
 '/^-|'coco-^co-fr?^'*co-^>-^-t-tr/^coco-f-t 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO « CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 HxrilM . nl-trjlx)f-lx -It-I'N . rtl-*r!lxHiN-'l'>)r-lx . olt -lonix • nH ■ ■grnioc-^c-Mt 
 
 in to >»r^ 00 t^ CT5 00 t^ >.to r^ r^ t^ to 1^ Xto t^ t^ 00 2'* >.oo 3: © 3 
 
 coco cicowcocococo rtcocococococo scocococoJjC^ r:coco^i-T 
 „ -3 r3 TS ^ ^3 ^ 
 
 H'Jfr-lx 3 e^to --t-rwlx— l-Nt-lx 3 '-I'Nnlxrtl'jrtlTWlco-'l'N 3 wlce— f^^inlQcH^ C -«l^ 3 i^lx— I 
 1* in -/^ to r~ to i^ i~~ to -/I to to to to to to r/^ to to to r^ "^ 00 r/- - " 
 
 ''*' rn '-'■^ ^y^ ^o ri^ ro f^o (?o ^•* en i-A m n^ ro fv^ ^-^ ^^ ^o ^^ n* ■■■ ^^ ^-' 
 
 cocococococo-'cocococococo 
 
 i|*r»nlx 
 
 r~- 00 35 Ci 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 -^OMlto-tai . mto-l'Nt-lxrMij-ltM^ . -l-f Hx • nit— l-««HocHxrtl-* ^- >c»»olxHxrtt 
 
 S>-»co in -t >n s>-,in f ^ n -f ~f t-^m m t^ 1^ »• 1^ >%»^ to m -♦ -i- -f >,-+ -t to in 
 
 -■---- — -- ^ -- — — — r«^ nn 'T* r<^ (^^ fo eo "r r<^ 53 ffo (r^ en cr^ CO 
 
 C9 
 
 cScOCOCOCO CJCOCOCOCOCOW C5C0C0C0C0 
 
 COCOCOCOCOCO — COCOCOCO 
 
 O rtlx -^^^^x 3 — b«l-»moo«lt-'li*nlx 3 -l"!«l^^-l•^— ^'^>Hx 3 — I'Mnloo-loHooHoctrlx 3 coix -rfxtclt 
 
 aci^cicOr<^"^cococic»eO/-/i"*'*»-'5'«totOr/itoin-*-*co-*rr)tf-*-*'f 
 co2«W'-'cocococococo^-'cococococoeo''-'cocococococo''-'cocococo 
 
 OT 
 
 '-oieO'*ifttot>-oossO — (Neo-*k«tot~-aoo»o — dcoTjiinto
 
 116 
 
 JDaily Price of Gold, Year 1868. 
 
 ^ H 
 
 » 
 
 -^■>i^l-«*-l-«l'W5l'* . -l^-l-tcol-jHa-ltcsIf . >c■oc«|ocu5|^Jx-|ac-^'^«l-r . nlot>-l»i • . Hoe 
 
 '•O 
 
 i2 ;2 ^ "" O ^"^ y; o o ^ m >>if; .q o rf ^ m >,i-- m m lO >-.io >-.ift in ■* lo 
 
 cocococo^ «cowcocococo CJC0C0C3C0C0C0 C3C0C0C0C0 Kco =cococoeo 
 
 P ff c '"■ P 
 
 s 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 k! •-l'^'■*1^5l■«^:l-J• -^I'N . • niTni-*t-|.x-.|o) . u^inj-lx cj^ . .-ii-nHa-ilci • t^lcrnloj . nl-t • 
 
 1 
 
 «COCOCOCOCOCO KTOCOWSOWW ci**cc.cOWM« ci w ^ ?5 "^ ^ 5'« 1 
 a ^ c 'OCT rz 73. "^ 
 
 > 
 
 S -It nlco-loonlt s HQOTlQcn1tu*£t-loc-<lt = -loj-.l-t-i.x-1-r-ltrelx n -Ioi-I-n'o mit 5 -to • 
 
 o 
 
 12; 
 
 00 
 
 -to-to-l'N ■ .--;lx-lt-'lt-l'>»-l->»-|x . -1^ r-te-l'M«ltnl» • -Itnlajt-^ar-Vx - «fcc,~|anlcfy:hc-|fM 
 
 ■^■*i c3'*-J''*COCOW oSOOCOMMWCO OSCOWMCOCOCO KCJCOCOCOCOCC- 
 
 Q ^"^ ■§ "g -5 
 
 -KN-lt *o ;3 <~fx«l-*r-l»Hwo|i)Hcc - nlac-'l'Mr:l-v-|a>-|~I'M "- .nhct-laualx-I'M nix - nl-MotHcc-lt ni-r 
 
 00 
 
 '"' 
 
 ;> 
 
 o 
 
 2 ^ 35 yi ^ <?2 a> oo 00 00 r/-) t^ t~ CD i^ t- -J -/-, cr to o >r: i-r: -t //- « -!■ w -»• -^ M, 
 
 00 
 
 -tooto-^lt^lif • -<l«-i|e»oloo-i-»«lco • -lt-tat-liH(x«lt«!lx ■ c'5lo>-lcHan!x-l'N-l'N • -Itnl-nlco . 
 
 o 
 
 lO lA ■* -t -^ >->in -"t Tj- T*- Tt ■* V.Tt -IT -* -t ■* >* >-,co « c; C^ <M IM >^.Oi ri ^ 
 
 e^ -g -% 2 -g 
 
 >ofcoy:|f-|xr:|^-|^ a "^loo-loHocnlcrr-jx - "ilxnlt^J-— lar-Jx-'b: - r:|t>n|ccrtlt-i|x-l'N - -hwraHoo - 
 
 2 
 
 Q. 
 
 o 
 
 
 02 
 
 00 
 
 Mloo . -|iN-l«-lx -lo«-loo . «tamlaa-lxm!t Hx . -|Tj«olx-l'wHxnlt-'l») • -*» -l-!-'lt 
 
 "O 
 
 in >-,in to 00 fi 00 t^ >.r~ ;o o i^ oo -^ >.t^ o m -* •* t >.in o m r: •« kn t-.u\, 
 
 a s = c c 
 
 nit ^ U5I00 -l'>j:*mlt a t-lxinloirilx-tccrt'-mlx - Htt-liHx-l'»-laa-!x - wtaMi?" njocwIxCTlt -- Ha 
 
 25 
 
 
 si 
 
 Tt<,^ln^n^^oot^«5r/^^«ocot-co^c^/^co^n■*«coco,-/5^•*^■»'*■*r/5■* 
 
 00 
 
 nto^'^^^»^ .• .nit Hx-lt . t-hc-tamloot-lxnlx . nlx-ltnlconIoi>Vi>n{cc • -It-l-M-loi-l.?— Iv 
 
 o 
 
 « 31 -g 1 -g ^ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 -Ix-^lx-lt O 3 -l'>^-l'N«to^oD./:taot-|x ^lt«lxt-lx-lTtT-lx-lt - HxJ^tx Mx -IxHx s -l7«lt ■olx^nlx 
 
 3 
 
 
 -3 
 
 » 
 
 Hx-lQO-'tt-lao nit . nltt-lxt^lx Hx • — It'olx-l—nlxnltc^x rt!x«^x*fllQo-l'M^;la«^tx . — 1— nix • 
 
 s 
 
 0500SOOT >>C5JiC-. OCO >.CO«*COC t-,C O C O C; c >.c o • 
 
 ^ c see 
 
 ^ 
 
 a> 
 
 ^ 
 
 n|X''*oHx nit-lt 3 -bCTfoonltr-lxHxHx - nlxnla>Hx-lt~tx — -te -ItHx s -It • 
 
 3 
 
 flK^s 31 OCT331 ./^ ciC5C5C3 <r. CT-. r/^ccsooc-^/^oocooo r/1 00 • 
 
 -5 
 
 CO 
 
 — iMoIx - — I'M-olx-I'MnltHx-Jt • — lomltT-lx-ltc^ixHx . — IfMOl'tt-lxHx Hx • Hx— Ixt-lx— Ic-inlt • 
 
 
 Oi oi >-,a a> 01 CTJ oi >.o Oi a> A Oi a^ >.a en at a> ci Oi >-,o c o cs C5 cs >-» 
 coco ^ScocoMcoco-* a -r <n n^ n CO csrocococo-*co esTt-t-^cococo oi 
 
 ^ a c :. c c 
 
 -itilx 3 -Ix-lx-lx-l'N-I'M'nlx - nltnioTMitaonltnlxnlx 3 -Itnlxr-jixnlxni-mlx - Hxt-te'dx-nlx-tar-I'M 3 
 
 2 
 
 r-i 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 35 '/^ ft 35 O^ 3s OT Ci ,'/-j 3i * 3; O^ 'O ^ 3^ "3^ '31 C* 35 r/^ 05 3: en * Ci Ci rr) 
 
 cocoTicococococo-'cocococococo"*cocococococo-'cocococoo?co 
 
 3,5 
 
 nItHxHxH'N • — lt-;lxr:lanltrS —I'M • r~rx»oix-«,-'W5lxmt • — I'r*— lanloct-lx— Ix • — It-'ioj^ntac— 'Ici • 
 
 2 
 
 00 » 00 X) >-.0O CO 00 CO t, CO t».C5 00 00 00 'X 00 1».(35 CJ5 C ft 35 Cft >.C-. C. 05 05 • 
 
 eocoMco3cocococopt|COrtco«coeococo'::coco-*2^'^"'^'^'^'^ * 
 
 ^ 
 
 :3 
 
 ;-• 
 
 -tai-:ltnlt-IOD 3 nltnlt-la^l« X -Ix — — ix-l'^^•«<^ Mx-I'm - ■i^xni-mlxHxHynlt - nit 
 ooi-j»oo:r)i~t^oooo 5oOf/5a)oooooooox.«-ooccas05cnoo,/-a.0505CTi • 
 
 WCOilcOCOCOCOCO-hCO-^COeOC^iOCOCO'COC^COCOCOCO^'COCOCOCO • 
 
 f:^ 
 
 < 
 
 S 
 
 nloo 
 • md nix-lt -Itnlx-to • Hxnlxrtit-lx t,x • Ha>i5lo»-linl-nl--t<!lx . -l^-nlxnlt^bi-nlxTix . Haolt 
 
 >,"; _ _i _ _ -H >,o 35 c o >.CTJ a; 00 00 00 05 >,a5 oo oo k co oo >.ai oo 
 
 cJ^Tf-t^-^Tf cSt)<t1<C0-*-*C0 cIcOCOCOCOCOCO rtCOCOCOCOCOCO ^COCO 
 
 X) 
 
 *"* 
 
 "O «, "3 "^ t; "B 
 fl "^ c c c c 
 3 Hx-lx-^it -lx«to 3 "Clxnlt-lt-lowinct-lx 3 -It -1a-l>M-lt>n|x - •mxt-lxHx-lt-lcrnlx - nitnix 
 
 
 a 
 
 r/-, o — 1 — -D cr. 35 C5 en aj rr 35 Ci 00 » 00 00 -/-, 00 j» 00 00 00 00 a-, 00 00 
 ■*-*-*-t-*^-'''cococoecc. cococococoeocc'-'^eoITcocccoco''^coco 
 
 vS 
 
 •2 
 
 Hx . -I'j«lt-I's -l'>*-l'M . mlx-l'^l,■^-l'^CTlGI>-lx . 'Ok»-|.^lx-lc«-|x .■ . -I'm>oIx-I'm-I'm • • . 
 
 e-g -g** -g :^'g 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 -liN 3 ^-l»-koHx-l•^r5lt - nit«(_-<ltnlx">jinlx 3 t-loootec— It -Ki C 3 -It u*r-te • • • 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 CrrvO — O — — !^^.#^-M CftOr/iOOCOCarrSMC^r'Sr: ■ • • 
 
 
 .. .15100 -I'M . -l'M-l'Mnlx"5l'Xt-lx-..-i . -Ix -Itnlx-iflxnlt . nlx>-l'7)-i'>i-l'Mnlt— I'M . -dH^'nlt nit 
 
 CO 
 
 >»« -f -t> >.in t- 1^ %D t^ rjj :,,o *| O 35 >» >-.35 35 35 '-'.— -- — ^ O 
 escococo rtcocococococo rt-t£J-f l-coco tJcococo-*-'^'-* ^Tf-'t-*-*'* 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 "o -It-I'Mi-lx 3 nIt-I'M-I'Mnit Jti - -l.l«-lx-l-^^-^x-lt-lt 3 r-jxnlt nix nit 3 nix >n|x-t'^Hx 
 
 c9 
 
 p-ri»*coco-r)-fin-^i:^r^i--/-,ooc:cc35oooOr/^i~oo3505035r/5 0— ' — 00 
 ^2«W ^"'cOCOCOCOCOCO-'^CO-tCOCOCOCO"'^ CO' cococo-^co "-'•*•■'*•*'*■* 
 CT 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 i-H©lcOT*mwt>-ooo>o>-'(NcO''<"m;£>i^ooo50--c^co-'*|>n«or^ooo5C — 
 
 . 
 
 _lrtr-)F-<i-l>-li-l^r1>->C4C^(NC<IS<T(N<M(MC^C^C0C0
 
 Daily Price 0/ Gold, Year 1869. 
 
 117 
 
 9H 
 
 nlODr-locHx Hx 
 
 -l-j— 'l-^ojl-ji Ml-* i; . «lxmx Hanlcc 
 
 ~ C C c .- C 
 
 !^^(^^l^llM''-'c^!^^l^^(^^(^^(M~'-'c^<^^(^^(^^(^^(^^^^(^^*"'c>^(^^(^^^''-'(^^c^^_^^ 
 
 iho-lx t~lx ^. -'|x-l>!»^x ix:"l''^x • -•l--w-|x>cfcr«|i«cl'* 
 
 ^^ v*^ »- «- »' »- i^i*^ i~- I^ t^ tc I^ i--^<^ I* 1-* " O CD t*.0 C^ !X if^ -^ O >-. 
 
 00 1^ 1^ t^ t^ 
 
 -<lcio-l')Hanloo-'l-)"lc^ s .n|xnHHQcHc^-^'^'m■* s >nlc<HxHx K -ii-mix — rclo^-loi Hxnixnix — 
 00 I-- 1^ -J ^D o -/"j t^ ^ t^ ^ y^ ^ rrj '-^ '^ ^ — ^ yD rr '^ o o T Tf -t ,/■, 
 C^ C^ (M C^ (M (M -' C>4 (M (>) C-) OJ (M ^-' CM (M C^ ^ (M (M ''^ C-l C>) O) CM (^^ -M ''-' 
 
 
 >oloo-'I(N . Hxrol-trit-t mJgoHx . 
 O O >.05 00^—0 " 
 
 ■lx:^<»-l-3"lxHxHx • nlQt>-'la-<(xMxr^l-?mx . —l-i— 'l-Hxnlxt-lx-'Irf . 
 
 .c o o o a o >^c: o c I — >.— ' c o C-. ot o-. >> 
 
 COW scococOMcow Bcoeowwcoco ncowcoc^oi?) n 
 
 Hx 3 t-|xt-lxHx>ol3>-l?» :: -I-*hIx-h|x Hx s HxHxt-lx n t-lx-4x «i— -•te'dx — 
 
 O O r/1 35 00 C5 — O S rr) — '^ O C '^ O r/: O O O C' C C r/- C C C OC ,», OC r/5 
 en rrs ■'■^ rvi -M f^a r'^ n-. m ^-^ cncncricnrMfe^''-'ene^^nm(?f-ipr\^-^mmm^ T: 04 
 
 S>) 7-1 O) TO CO CO ■ 
 
 cocococo(Mcococ^cococococococo<n; 
 
 »okx?5!x nix ■ c^[-r '-lxc'lx-'H«-lx • Hx-hI'm—I- 
 co ■* o r- >-ii^ r- o >^ o o >~.m -^ o 
 
 COCOCOCO "COCOSOCOCOCO CICOCOCO 
 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 cococo c:eoco-*'S'250 ^ " ©coco 
 
 H"!*-"I-i— ^-N ^ "*x-'l'^^r:Ix — s ^ ^ -"i^jvnlx 
 
 ' to cc o ,/- o I- t- — CO ^ r/- r_° 1.^ a =^ 
 iCOCOCO'^-COCOCOrl-COZ^^SCjScO 
 
 ■nWo 
 . tfi -<Ix -HlwHoinlx . n!xHx-'lc*-'lQwrl-t?^1x • 
 >->~ tr> to o to -^ >-,-j in m in -t -!)• > 
 :sMcococococo cicocococococo ~ 
 
 C C C 
 
 3 Hx^x»«1co(-lx Hx 3 H^Mco Hcct'lx 2 
 
 r/1 CO m in in :d '.o r/^ "^ 'f' '■'^ ■* •+ CO r/- 
 
 '^^cocococococo''-'eocococoeoco~'-'cococococO' 
 
 Hx'^xctIx-'It}* Hx . H'MT-lxf^l'f ^I'J^I'M . HxHx 
 . ■* CO CO CO CO 5") >.TI (M CO ■* -t Tf >.-f CO 
 cocococococo SCOCOCOCOCOCO cicoco 
 
 •ohcHxc^l-trtl-t^ctac^lf s H'Mn!xr~lx H'rnolx — •«!a>-<l'M 
 — "1 CI fM iM ^ -/- — CM fM CO CI CO r/- CO CO 
 
 ^ ^-' (-r\ ^^ rr\ rr\ r^ r^ ^-^ 
 
 M 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 toj-'t^iloo-'l'^ • ^' H-I'^lx^l')* • t^lxf^lxnlx^lxc-lxt^tx . -'Irrft^o^-I'M-'I'Mf^l'^H^ • H-Mtfllxccl-^wlonr^l-ft^lx 
 t^ t^ r^ K^ '•*^r-. in in '-0 to >-.^ 2^ 1^ i- co in >,*o in in in in to ->.t^ i^ to to ^ to 
 
 cococo*J;COcocococooSCOi.i^'"'^'" 
 
 cccococc ^cocococococo ^cocococococo 
 
 
 cocococococo^-^cocococococococococococo 
 
 -'|■^^H'N-'[':^-'l'^^^-|x 
 
 e^!QO--|(M eOl'^^lX — 
 
 cc CO 00 i^ 00 -r 
 CO CO CO CO CO -'-' 
 
 -"!■•»— 'I ■•j*olOD--l':^ • rjrcot'lxHx-'l'^ 
 
 -l'?t-'|-^--i|T4-«i3:-'IC'-po!x • 'ClxHoi-'lt^ 
 
 H'^r^ixt-lx^l'^^HQcHx s Hx-'l-twIocnlQCnlxcoIx — HciwlxHx'Olx 
 „„„„„_ — ~ I- I- t^ ^ ,/■ to 1^ to to r 
 
 ^^coco^^-cococococ 
 TO 
 
 X 2 H-j^l'j^-lx 
 
 : cc '~ !5 "^ 
 
 ^l-;*-lxnlx-l'r«l'f • f Ixcci't^^xMslxt-lxt-ix . HwiolxHx-'l-fc^i't ■ H'M-'I'n-IX'Oixcchj-'l'j' - Hx 
 in !>^co to in to ^. Oi >->t^ 00 OD oc x c-. >%<>) (M co •* co — t-.-M — c c c. c t'-orj 
 CO rtcocococococo cicOCOCOCOCOCO K-^-*-1-2,-*->t 7: ^ -« •* m m ^ 
 
 „ T3 TS "O ^ "3 
 
 ~ e rt c cr 
 
 '^'*'*C0CO-* SCO 
 
 »c1x 3 rti-^-I^«-lxc^(x»fttx 2 nixrHl'i^lx--lciHx 3 HxwIxcclTj^cix'ftlx-'l'M '- Mtx«l^ 
 ■« r/TO '-': LO .n to ■- r/^ t- t- GO t- CO <^ a-, o — — CO - C rr. — = 
 
 -Ml 
 
 coeoo'.'Cococo^cocococococo 
 
 ■*'*•* -t -* ^ 
 
 •* -^ CO CO CO CO 
 
 m-* Hii • rtlti-lx'-lx-l-r^lx«i'* 
 ^- CI ^H >,^^ ^— ^- CI 0? CO J 
 COCOCO scocococococo t 
 
 inlxt-fxHxccl'tnIx— I'M - Hx'-<I't>cilxeoI-?r:ln-'lcg . iclx t-lxnloo-^t'M 
 iCCtMCOOlCOCO >iCO'*'*»l(COCO ^-CO-tCO-t-^" 
 COCOCOCOCOCO CJCOCOCO^COCO KCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 Mloo-<l'Tq-<l'j* zz rt[XK:lx>^x":lx-'lxinlx — Hxcoloaclco-'loiioix — HC'if-lx-'H' -^I'i*-'!'? — nlx-'l^i--|'M»j^x 
 
 _. — — «._._._.•« „ „ _, — , „ J, j^ ^ j^ ^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 HaM'M-i'>> nl'i'-'l^ ■ HiN Hxnlconlx . 'i|ooni-«-ixH-m{aHx • s^Ix-I-H'm-Ii'.x -'I'* - H'N.olxwttx 
 (71 (M *1 CI — — >->CI — (Mth — — . >, ______ >._- _-___:,_ >-.— — — 
 
 W?. ^.COCOCO CJCO'COCOeOCOCO CtcOCOCOCOCOCO CJCOCOCOCOttlCO CJCOCOCO 
 
 cci'^'Olx-'li* —l-f 3 mlxMl'j— 'lo«Ix Hx E t-!xccJx?:loor:l'*HotfCj-' ^ Hf q s Hx«!a>-<l^ 
 
 roc<-,e^rnr<~J'-'-'cOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO'^COCOCOCO,HW^"'COCOCO 
 C9 ^^^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 a^.^i-1- • H-^x-il-tHx rtli- ■ ^ HxHxHxHcH'N • 
 .. ... ^. ^. ^^ ^^ ^.^w ^. «- -. .n in >->in in o >!< -f co >> i'CO ci co o ci >-. 
 
 MCOCOCOCOCO C3C0C0C0C0C0C0 CSCOCOCOCOCOCO cl^eOCOCOCOCO OS 
 
 "^x.-cloo-IOiHx 
 
 in ic in in in in . 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 ; HocHxni-«Hx 
 
 ,.n.ft-*-t'Oc^a;nc;c)C}-OM2 
 
 CO CO CO CO , 
 
 >-.in > 
 03 CO ci 
 
 'o^l-rs 
 
 ,»0 iO »ri in tr: iO i^ir: in lO '-c o <X> ^-.tD o m » O ^ 
 cocococococo c^cocococococo c;cocococ^"^co ?tco 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 if:fxHac«^ac>n|x*o|x«Ix • 
 >.'X> ca :^ O cC CO >^ 
 
 ! " M ' ^ 
 
 icIi«^IxHcc«oI-jHx 2 -^x—l'j'-'bMx-^l-tHx — Hx^lQO-'l-?-*f:icD-'l'>jt'|x 5 Hoc-^t-t^-'l-'t^loxolx 3 
 ! ■(( -t »o --t »o ri^ »f^ ^ ^"^ '-0 ^ ^ rri ^ 'i^ *f^ "^ »^ ^"^ r/^ '^ ^ "^ *^ "^ '^ rn 
 sricocococo-'-'cocococococo^-'cocococococo^^cocococococo^''
 
 11. 
 
 o 
 
 
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 C5 
 
 ■5 
 
 <l 
 
 
 
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 M I 
 
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 ^ I 
 
 Eh ® 
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 §1 
 
 O « 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 il 
 
 
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 >^ 
 
 D 
 
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 (T) 
 
 < 
 
 s 
 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 
 h- 1 
 
 
 1— ( 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 X>at7!/ Price o/' Gold, Year 1870. 
 
 t*»-(xrt» . _(-rtJxHscrf-fi~|x . ^:,T^*x_(xH■TH»^-l» . nl*M(-Tn(t-l-felx.ri» . ,.'» rt~f-Xh~x 
 
 O — B^ ^i-c O O O O Ti ^O O r-i ^ O O >>0 00000 t>^ ;Ao T-i O O O 
 
 '"''"'■■JS'"''"''"''"''^'"'-??'"''"'"''^'^'"-^'"''"''^'^'"''"' «S C3i-'t-it-.t--i-H 
 
 e 'O -S Tl rsrs 
 
 — ii^rt^^ _ ■-(xj:ixo;x^xc:l-.-:-r = Hn-teijrlx j- x -4?. ^ <-: >: ..- :r ^.ix -iM -t;i ,*) ^ ■-; ^irt-ru-n-'x -'-i. 
 
 Hn~^-*»-'x H?) --fci . nx^:^-trf;xrS-f-^x^:^x . rt-r-to^ -*=i H^ — r^^T . :-s-f _x _jx r-iri-tx 
 
 1-1 T-i O O O >>0 O O O 1-1 ^ >tf>i »-i d j; ?S CQ t^,i-i Oi O} >- ^> CJ >,-- 'i^ ^ . 
 
 rti-li-ii-lrHar-iT-l.-lT-n-li-.RT-lr-ii-ii-.T-l crHi-Irn (-"„ ^-l « r-l t-i tH • 
 
 e ^ ^ '5 '^ 'c 
 
 S a C *— e 
 
 r-iOOSo^OOOOOr-|j£_.OT-o:»0>0>^rt— i^^i_i_^T-<i-<o . 
 
 -!*< ^10 ?3 ?o CO ooco i^io ci'io mm'i'i'vi >-.~?5jS} cooler t^.o^^oj Sj ^ ^ t^^" 
 
 w '"O "^ ^ "^ r^ '^ 
 
 — c s c c 
 
 cN-f 3 ^50 H» --IX — -fe>-lrf— V^'X-J-T — -^>5^'-|--'X-tM^IX S ^-•X -+) rt-T .^X -.- ^.'X 3 -'» 
 
 CO ^io n vi csi vi 00 -^m ci z'i <yi CQ CO ^v:' 1^ oi o'i oi oi ^-r- -^ -^ •-' --^ T-t ^w^ 
 ;a o ih >.-* lO ^ ^ -* -^ >-.io -^ -^ ^'-^ -* t"^-^ ?■> 00 ?? M Tc >»W3 io Tt< ■<* fc. • 
 
 _rHr-< C5i— li-HT-li— ir-irH cji— (i— ii— It-h^^-^^ jJ-r-lr-iT^T-ii— It-i cSi-Hi— ir-ii— t 5 • 
 
 s a a ^ . c W 
 
 «x — ^T-4x-(xudxicix-l-f — c^;xL-x ^Jx fjx ,j t-;'x:~-«::xrf.f "-f Ji _Jx_l-f«il«:'x _ . 
 
 oo-*jjQco^^coso«j^coco'>*co-<*iCj2?oioccOTw9|j^ecsocrtecO • 
 
 iclx ir X — ti-Sx . ir'Xir'M e-Jx t-oo . c^rf— J-rr'^r -^-i-r?'-* .K'— -^7l^^J rJxr-x .»rx-*MHw 
 
 — 01 — 4J — —I t-.OS GO GO t- 00 £^ >. t- t^ t^ t> i= O i^.lC ST I> 00 O « t^ 42 «5 t- 
 C}CQO}«i0^tW ;Si— irHi-iTHi— 11— I cJTHi— 11— ii-Hr-(r^ 5ji-^i-lr-ir-lr-irH t3r-li-lr-l 
 
 a "i^ '^ -3 -3 T3 
 
 .-iv-|x^-t.r;x-xr>-f — -tNHx«'-ri-4x-x-fci 3 -bir-'T-J-?-- =^-^ S -Jxr-'^j-rSxclx -*ij:'x 3 -Jx _ix) 
 OiOQOJ«03<:^''-''-rT-r-ll-H.rHTH'*^r-ir-T-lrH — ,^-C^_^^^t-''*'t- — t-i 
 
 -J-t— -f . ■ r-xKl-f Jx— '-!t:i'.i- . — 'x— 'xr?'.?tJx -itif:^-? . ->— Hiictr (^x_'x rr^x . •^-rtf:(x tri-f 
 
 c<j 01 >> 2*—' — c:> CJ o} >-,i--5 ^ CT eti LO o [>-.« ci C5 r- o O >»— r^ ■?? o? r- i-i >, 
 
 rti-i :3_2r-irHrti— 1-1 c3r-iT-iT-i-rti-iT-i rtiJOJiMiNCieJ c:fflC}CQ(?iOC!C>} ti 
 
 flrti. C C C C 
 
 — xr^Tf — 3 rrix—i-^— l-t— '-f pw — ^x h-'r^ — x r- ^^r^x..-: r -^ikJx— 'x — ^-r^rJx ^xic'x-*;i r-t 
 
 o} " r/i — ^ " '- ^ '^■> r/i io ?ti c? c-j -* o ,7; i ~ o — o 00 c; T-;; o o — rt o o T-;; 
 
 r- -H '-'-' r- 1 -TH p^ rt r-l tH -^-^ — rH rt — T-l — ^-^ — CJ C": W — — ''-' <M 07 (N 03 C>7 OJ '" 
 
 ^ ■■ -* '*< >.-# ^ CO Vo c'ti 0-5 tAro eo fti cr cci ro >-.!M ci c7 t-i ^ r-i js^rn ^-i ^ th • 
 
 •— "1— IrH cJT^T-lT-lT-lrHi-l cSr-lT-iT-ii— lT-11— 1 cSr-^i-MT-irHT^T-l ojrli-HT-lTH . 
 
 d fl C C . 
 
 -'^^-ir:(x-l-T 3 r-'x-lD-lxrfx.r'x—'.T 5 r:l-?r^-?r:'il'-'xfr'.t-(-. 3 c: x^Tl-^.c|I rtx_(-» S Hx^jx-^-fc. • 
 
 "Tfi -Tti -^ ^ ^ CO TO 10 ■:■? ?o c? j^ o'> C7 iM CO « c<} j^ c> c} cj — 1 T- 1— j^ ^ o rH r- . 
 
 rti-lT-lT-lrHT-lT-1 03i-Ii-1tH^t-(t-i rfr-li-li— 11— ii-Hr-l eSi-Hi-ii-li-li— ri A T* T-* 
 S fl S C! _, C 
 
 2 Hx-(i'^'»f^»:'Ci''«'^ 3 ^rllcxi-jx c-lTK.-ix S c^x r-Te-i-f -fci-fr<e::x ^ Hx nl-T_(.T_lxo:x -♦?! ^ rfx-l^f 
 
 ^ -, "^ "^ "^ T^ T^ "^ ^y\ ^^ "^ ^f i^ "^ "^ rr\ "^ ^^ "^ "^ ■^ "^ Tfj -O 09 ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ r/j "^ ^^ 
 
 Kf-TKl-f , Hx — X— !x — xrrlx— 'X . — xrr'xrt-r ii "'-^ . «I-t??'-*..-'x -^)— '— -fei . r-hcecJ-fW-^-tritdx-V-f • 
 
 rt —I t-vrt CI oj cj (0> 00 ;►.'* CO 07 CO S 00 t>-.co CO oo co co eo >.©o so "* jo »* lo - 
 
 l-lT-( OJi-HtHtHi— ll-Hl-H CJrHi-Hi-HT-lt,i-H cSt-HtHtHi-ItHt-I CSrHrHr-lT— i^tH • 
 ~^'-+3> 3 -t:ir-;x?:<-rHx— xrx — tf;:x.c'x— I^r^-x C— -r ^ w^t— f^r— '-T e:*.t — X r^ -^-JtfJxyrlx p:J-f -♦;» . 
 
 »* — j]gr-iT-i-HrH(Mejj^coc!o>cQ ocOj^cocoeocoojcCj^ooccoo^TtiTji • 
 
 «C :a L-O -* tJI >^C0 OJ r- rt CO C) XCO 07 CJ CJ « Oi fr-.W ■« CJ « « -- >-.r-i OJ w co 
 
 1—1^1— li-Hl-H CJt^i-HtHi— ll— IrH :3^tT-lT-iT— li— 11— 1 CJtHtHt— Ir-li— 11— 1 eSr-lrHi— li-H 
 
 i.ououococOj^<MO©ocj — ^— '— iT-ioiTHO'}j^ojoj'r»(0>T-ir-ij^r-irHi-ir-i 
 
 i-lrHrHrHT-l r-lr-l-p^rHr-lTH i-HrtrtT-_rt rHi-iTlT-T-li-l t-t-I^-i-H 
 
 r- ^ — o — 1 t^rt"— I o 000 t^.Ss o o C5 o C5 tA,r; 5^30 j~ i> i^ t^iO • • • 
 
 CJ 17 OI C* OJ :3 0( OJ CJ CJ CJ C-l ci — ' 0> OJ th rt -- rt -- _:= — rH 1-. rH eS th . . . 
 
 rt ^Oo'oV^ O OOOO Ot2 C5 «J>''s?0 O 00,S 30^ j~oo lb j^ »ft • • • 
 
 CO Ot O} OJ OQ ''-' OJ OT O' ">■?—• rH ''-' tH T— .-■ iH -H T-l -'- -H ■—■ ^. — ^ .^ ... f-i ^^ . . . 
 
 '^ ._J— kTX •j;-*r'^ . -J.T-47) -*T)t-^t"X>.-ix , irix rJX ir'x -*i rJx , ir*x -4?» — Xf^'f-^ . r*'--; 
 
 ^ t>-^0 S5 O O r-l CO t»^«* (M CO — ' — 1 rH >-,-- _. _l — I _ O t^.— 1 — <» CI r- rH >.rt 
 
 S cS Ol r- so <N O* CO 33 ii OJ « W C>? CJ ej C>J CO « C^J C>J CO «J C? CO CO CJ C*} CT ci CJ 
 
 -S-0« 'n" "3 "" '« 
 
 W c ~ 3 c c c 
 
 i; i-ixt-IXcWx-lx-lxt-lx 2 H-* -ix-fci-J-r rtWxf^K-*! Jm-i- ^ f-iu -«;>-tn-(x-Jx ,- -*» 
 
 ^rS-^5S05O — — T?'^>'-^■» ^_^^,-_ r-ir-<oo,;;orH— . — — i_-rt 
 
 ^ M r- J^ rt c^n CI cj ^ -M oi CO C7 w -yj -''' CO c<i N c? *> «■> ■'•^ oj c^ « o> eo « "J-^ c« 
 
 T-tcaM-^iocot-oocsO— (cir^-^ifotsf— QOss-s— ico^r-fiossf^oosiO— 1 
 
 tH— '1— i-Hi-iT-lr-li-lr-lr-OJCOCOCOCJCOeiCOOiCOCOCO
 
 Works on Gems, Coins, Medals^ Sc. 119 
 
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 BiLLiiiG (A). The Science of Gems, Jewels, Coins, and Medals, 
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 PIumpiirey's Coin Collector's Manual ; a Popidar Introduction 
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 King (C. W.). The Natural History of Precious Stones, and of 
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 Madden (F. W.). History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in 
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 PixKEETON (J.). Essay on Coins and Medals, especially those 
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 Mineralogy^ Aletallurgy^ and Mining. 
 
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 IIuxT (R.). ]Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great 
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 Ward (IL G.). Mexico in 1827. 2 vols. Svo, (the fullest work 
 on the Mines of Mexico), and a folio Atlas of Engravings, beautiful 
 copy, uncut, half red morocco, very scarce, $21. 
 
 WiLKiE (G.). The Manufacture of Iron in Great Britain ; with 
 Remarks on the Employment of Capital in Iron- Works and Col- 
 lieries. 1 vol. Svo, $5.
 
 122 
 
 Foreign Gold Coins. 
 
 FOREIGN GOLD COINS. 
 
 Statement of the loeight, fineness, and value of Foreign Gold Coins 
 at the Uiilted States Mint. 
 
 Countt-y. 
 
 A-UStralia . 
 
 it 
 
 Austria . . 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Central Aiuerica 
 
 Chili 
 
 Denmark , 
 Equador . 
 Euglaud , 
 
 France 
 
 Germany, North 
 
 South 
 
 Greece . . . , 
 Hindostan 
 
 Italy , 
 
 Japan .... 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Naples 
 
 Netherlands . . 
 New Grenada. 
 
 Peru . 
 
 Portugal 
 Prussia . 
 Rome .. . 
 Russia . . 
 Spain . . . 
 
 Sweden . 
 
 Tunis . . . 
 Turkey'.. 
 Tuscany . 
 
 Denom inations. 
 
 Pound of ]85'2 
 
 Sovereign of 185J-G0. . 
 
 Ducat 
 
 Sovereign 
 
 New Union Coin (as'md) 
 
 25 Francs 
 
 Doubloon 
 
 Twenty Milreis 
 
 Two Escudos 
 
 Four Reals 
 
 Old Doubloon 
 
 Ten Pesos 
 
 Ten Thalers 
 
 Four Fscudos 
 
 Pound or Sovereign, new 
 
 " " average 
 
 Twenty Francs, new. . . 
 
 " average 
 
 Ten Thalers 
 
 " Prussian . . . 
 
 Krone (Crown) 
 
 Ducat 
 
 Twenty Draclims 
 
 Mohur 
 
 Twenty Lire 
 
 Old Cobang 
 
 Doubloon, average 
 
 " new 
 
 Twenty Pesos (Max.).. . 
 " (Repub.). 
 
 Six Ducacii, new 
 
 Ten Guilders 
 
 Old Doubloon, Bogata. . 
 •' Popayan. 
 
 Ten Pesos 
 
 Old Doubloon 
 
 Twenty Sols 
 
 Gold Crown 
 
 New Crown (assumed). 
 
 2^ Sctidi (new) 
 
 Five Rubles 
 
 100 Reals 
 
 80 " 
 
 Ducat 
 
 Carolin, 1 frs 
 
 25 Piastres 
 
 100 " 
 
 Soguin 
 
 Weight 
 
 Finenens. 
 
 Oz. Dec. 
 
 Til OUH. 
 
 0.231 
 
 9 1(5 . 5 
 
 0.256.5 
 
 91G 
 
 0.112 
 
 9SG 
 
 0.3G3 
 
 900 
 
 0.357 
 
 900 
 
 0.254 
 
 899 
 
 0.8C7 
 
 870 
 
 0.575 
 
 917.5 
 
 0.209 
 
 853.5 
 
 0.027 
 
 875 
 
 0.SG7 
 
 870 
 
 492 
 
 900 
 
 0.427 
 
 895 
 
 0.433 
 
 844 
 
 0.25G.7 
 
 916.5 
 
 0.2."iG.2 
 
 916 
 
 0.207.5 
 
 899 
 
 0.207 
 
 899 
 
 0.427 
 
 895 
 
 0.427 
 
 90.3 
 
 0.357 
 
 900 
 
 0.112 
 
 986 
 
 0.1S5 
 
 900 
 
 0.374 
 
 916 
 
 0.207 
 
 898 
 
 0.3G2 
 
 568 
 
 0.289 
 
 572 
 
 0.8G7.5 
 
 866 
 
 0.8G7.5 
 
 870.5 
 
 1 08G 
 
 875 
 
 1 .090 
 
 875 
 
 1.245 
 
 996 
 
 0.215 
 
 8;>9 
 
 0.868 
 
 870 
 
 0.807 
 
 858 
 
 0.525 
 
 891.5 
 
 0.8G7 
 
 868 
 
 1 .055 
 
 898 
 
 308 
 
 912 
 
 357 
 
 900 
 
 0.140 
 
 900 
 
 0.210 
 
 916 
 
 0.2G8 
 
 896 
 
 0.215 
 
 809.5 
 
 0.1 11 
 
 875 
 
 104 
 
 900 
 
 0.1 Gl 
 
 900 
 
 0.231 
 
 915 
 
 0.112 
 
 999 
 
 Value. 
 
 $5.32.4 
 
 4.85.7 
 
 2.28.3 
 
 6.7 ..4 
 
 6.64.2 
 
 4.72 
 
 15.59.3 
 
 10.90.6 
 
 3.68.8 
 
 0.48.8 
 
 15.59.3 
 
 9.15.4 
 
 90 
 
 55.5 
 
 86. 3 
 
 ,85.1 
 
 ,85.8 
 
 3.84.7 
 
 7.90 
 
 7.97.1 
 
 6.64.2 
 
 2.28.2 
 
 3.44.2 
 
 7.08.2 
 
 3 . 84 . 3 
 
 4.44 
 
 3.57.6 
 
 15.53 
 
 15.61.1 
 
 19.64.3 
 
 19.72.0 
 
 5.04.4 
 
 3 . 99 . 7 
 
 15.G1.1 
 
 15.37.8 
 
 9.67.5 
 
 15.55.7 
 
 19.21.3 
 
 5.80.7 
 
 6 . 64 . 2 
 
 2.60.5 
 
 3.97.6 
 
 96.4 
 86.4 
 23-7 
 93.5 
 99.5 
 36.9 
 2.31-3
 
 Forevji Silver Coins. 
 FOREIGN SILVER COINS. 
 
 123 
 
 Statement of the weif/ht^p'neness, and value of Foreign Silver Coins 
 at the United States Mint. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Denominations. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Finents-t. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Austria 
 
 Old Rix Dollar 
 
 Old Scudo 
 
 P'lorin before 1 858 
 
 03. Dec. 
 
 0.902 
 
 0.836 
 
 0.451 
 
 0.397 
 
 0.506 
 
 0.895 
 
 . 803 
 
 0.801 
 
 0.820 
 
 . 1 50 
 
 0.187.5 
 
 0.866 
 
 0.864 
 
 0.801 
 
 0.866 
 
 0.087 
 
 0.927 
 
 0.182.5 
 
 0.178 
 
 0.800 
 
 320 
 
 0.712 
 
 0.595 
 
 0.340 
 
 . 340 
 
 0.719 
 
 0.374 
 
 0.279 
 
 0.279 
 
 0.867.5 
 
 0.866 
 
 0.861 
 
 0,844 
 
 0.804 
 
 0.927 
 
 803 
 
 0.866 
 
 0.766 
 
 0.4:!3 
 
 0.802 
 
 0.712 
 
 . 595 
 
 0.86^ 
 
 0.6i'.7 
 
 0.800 
 
 0.166 
 
 1.092 
 
 0.323 
 
 0.511 
 
 0.770 
 
 0.220 
 
 T/ioiis. 
 833 
 902 
 833 
 900 
 900 
 838 
 897 
 900 
 918.5 
 925 
 925 
 850 
 908 
 900.5 
 901 
 901 
 877 
 924.5 
 925 
 900 
 835 
 750 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 900 
 916 
 991 
 890 
 903 
 9(il 
 902.5 
 830 
 944 
 877 
 896 
 901 
 909 
 650 
 900 
 750 
 900 
 900 
 875 
 900 
 899 
 750 
 899 
 89S.5 
 8::0 
 925 
 
 SI 02.3 
 
 11 
 
 1.02.6 
 
 it 
 
 51.1 
 
 <i 
 
 New Florin 
 
 48.6 
 
 u 
 
 New Union Dollar 
 
 73.1 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Maria Theresa Dollar 1780 
 
 Five Francs 
 
 1 . 02 . 1 
 93 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 New Dollar 
 
 98.1 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Double Wiireis 
 
 1.02.5 
 
 
 Twenty Cents 
 
 18.9 
 
 li 
 
 
 23.6 
 
 Central America. 
 
 Dollar 
 
 1 00 . 2 
 
 Chili 
 
 Old Dollar 
 
 1.06.8 
 
 
 New D,.i!ar 
 
 Dollar (Fiiglish), assumed 
 
 Ten Cents 
 
 98.2 
 
 China 
 
 1.06.2 
 
 
 10.6 
 
 DeniTiark 
 
 Two Rigsdaler 
 
 1 10.7 
 
 
 Shillin"', new 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 " average 
 
 22.4 
 
 France . . . . 
 
 Five Francs average 
 
 98 
 
 
 Two Francs 
 
 36.4 
 
 Germany, North . . 
 
 a 1. 
 
 Thaler before 1 857 
 
 72.7 
 
 New Thaler 
 
 72.9 
 
 " Soulli.. 
 
 Florin before 1857 
 
 41.7 
 
 
 \ew florin (assumed) 
 
 41 .7 
 
 Greece 
 
 Five Drachms. 
 
 88 1 
 
 llindostan 
 
 Rupee 
 
 46 6 
 
 Japan 
 
 Itzbu 
 
 37.6 
 
 
 New Itzbu 
 
 3;! . 8 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Dollar, new 
 
 1 .06 6 
 
 
 Dollar, average 
 
 1 .06.2 
 
 11 
 
 
 1.05.5 
 
 Naples 
 
 Scudo 
 
 95.3 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 24 Guilders 
 
 1 . 03 . 3 
 
 Norway 
 
 Specie Daler 
 
 1.10.7 
 
 Dollar of 1857 
 
 98 
 
 Peru 
 
 Old Dollar 
 
 1.06.2 
 
 
 Dol'nr of 1858 
 
 94 8 
 
 ,( 
 
 Half Dollar 1835 and 1838 
 
 Sol 
 
 38.3 
 98 2 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Thaler before 1857 
 
 72.7 
 
 
 New Thaler 
 
 72.9 
 
 Rome 
 
 Scudo 
 
 1 05 8 
 
 
 Ruble 
 
 70 4 
 
 S:irdinia 
 
 Five Lire 
 
 98 
 
 
 New Pistarcen 
 
 Rix Dollar 
 
 20.3 
 
 Sweden 
 
 1.11.5 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Two Francs 
 
 Five Piastres 
 
 39.5 
 62.5 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Tyscany 
 
 Twenty Piastres 
 
 87 
 
 Florin ... 
 
 27.6
 
 124 The Or'tQin of Xotcd Coins. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF NOTED COINS. 
 
 Quotations from the Encyclopedia Britannica are denoted E B. T/iosr from the 
 Numismntic Chronicle are from a recent periodical issued in the City of Lon- 
 don. Those from Chambers' Cyclopedia are denoted C. C. 
 
 An'GEL. a gold coin, fir.st used ia Fraxce, and introduced into 
 England iu the reign of Edward IV., (14GI-148.'>). It varied in 
 value from that period till the time of Charles I., from 6s. 8d. to 10 
 shillings. It was impressed with St. Michael and the Dragon ; 
 whence the name. — E. B. 
 
 The Angel was discontinued in the seventeenth century. The Angel 
 was well known in the days of Shakspeake, Avho uses the term in 
 various plays, viz. : 
 
 " He hath a legion of angels." M. Wives. I. 3. 
 
 " I had myself twenty angels giren 7ne this morning." " '' H. 2. 
 
 " Rich she shall be, that's certain ; liable, or not [for an angel."' .yivcil Ado. II. 3. 
 " They have in England a coin that hears the figure of an angel .^tamped in 
 
 gold." M. Vkxice. II. 7. 
 
 "Here are the angels that you sent for to deliver you." C. OF Errors. IV. 3. 
 
 In the year 1548 (Henry VI.) the value of the Angel was fixed by 
 proclamation at Vs. 8d. ; the Riall, 14s. 6d. ; ihenew Sovereign, 20s. ; 
 the Ci'own, 5s. In the time of Mary, ( 15.33-1558), the Angel Avas 
 ordered to be current at 10s. The pound of gold was, in 15S2-'3, 
 coined into seventy-two Angels at 10s. each, with halves and quarters 
 in proportion. In the year 1617— IGl 8 (James I.) the Angel was coin- 
 ed of the value of 15.S., having a lion crowned. The Angel of 10s. 
 had a stam^ of an angel striking a serpent. 
 
 As. A Roman coin of different weight and material in different 
 ages of the Commonwealth. Under Numa Pompilius, according to 
 Eusebius, the Roman money was either of wood, leather or shells. 
 In the tiine of TuLLUS HoSTILirs it Avas of brass, and called Ax 
 Libra, Lihclla or PonJo. because actually weighing a pound or twelve 
 ounces. The first PuNic war, 420 years later, having exhausted tlie 
 treasury, the As was reduced to two ounces. In the second Punic 
 war, it Avas again, to half its Aveight, amz. : to one ounce. And, lastly, 
 by the Papirian law, it Avas reduced to half an ounce, and continued 
 so even to the reign of Vespasian. Its original stamp Avas that of a
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. ]25 
 
 sheep, ox or sow, but from tlie time of the Emperors it had on one 
 side a Janus with two faces, and ou the reverse the rostrum or prow 
 of a ship. — E. B. 
 
 AssiGNAT. The name given to a peculiar species of paper money 
 issued during the first French revolution. — E. B. 
 
 AuKEUS, or Aureus Xummus. The first gold coin of Rome, struck 
 B.C. 207, value in American gold ahont 85.10, knoAvu in later 
 times as Solidus. — Prime on Coins. 
 
 Baal, or Melkart. A copper coin of Cosstra, (PncEisnciAif), 
 about the size of a cent or halfpenny. — C. C. Vol. i, 594. 
 
 Balahat. a gold coin struck during the reign of Balan in Kash- 
 mir, about the year 400 A. J). — Numis. Chron. 
 
 Beard Tokejt. A copper coin struck by Peter the Great, of 
 Russia, in 1724, to ba given to those who had paid the tax of fifty 
 roubles every year for the privilege of wearing their beards. — Nu- 
 mis. Chron. 
 
 Besants, or Bezants. Circular pieces of bullion, generally gold 
 without any impression, supposed tc represent the old coinage of By- 
 zantium, brought home by the Crusaders, and hence of freq[uent 
 occurrence as Heraldic Charges. — C. G. YuL 2, 62. 
 
 Bonnet Piece. A gold coin of James the Fifth, of Scotland, 
 so called from the King's head being decorated with a bonnet instead 
 ofaci'own; coined i i J 539. Weight, 72 grains. From their beauty 
 and elegance of appearance they are among the most valued curiosi- 
 ties of the antiquary.— C. C. Vol. 2, 220. 
 
 Britannia. The first example of this personification is on a Ro- 
 man coin of Antoninus Pius, (died IGl A.D). The figure of Brit- 
 annia next reappears on the copper coinage of Charles II. (1665). 
 The celebrated beauty, Miss Stewart, afterward Duchess of Rich- 
 mond, is said to have served as model to the engraver, Philip 
 Rceter. The Britannia that appears on the reverse of British cop- 
 per coins since 1852, was the design of Mv. Wyon. — C. C. Vol. 2, 354. 
 
 Byzantine, is the term applied to coins of the Byzantine em- 
 pire. They are of gold, silver and bi'onzc ; bear distinctions of impres- 
 sion from those of the e -rlier Roman coins. -The commercial rela- 
 tions of the Eastern Empire served to distribute its coinage over all 
 the then known world. It was current in India, as well as in the 
 North of Europe. The standard of the Byzantine coins were 
 copied ii several countries. — C. C. Vol. 2, p. 473. 
 
 Black ^Fonet. This was copj)er coin, struck at Tours, and made 
 current in Britain in the reigns of Edward II. ana Edward III. In 
 the year 1335, reign of Edward 1 1 [ , t !ie use of tins money was pi-o- 
 hibited. Another species of Black Money called TuRNEYS, was made 
 at private mints in Ireland in the latter reign.
 
 126 The Origin of Noted Corns. 
 
 Carolus. Ah old English hroid piece of gold, stvuc'c iu the times 
 of Charles I., and Avorth twenty shillings sterling. Also a email 
 cop])er coin, mixed Avith a little silver, struck iinder Charles VIII. 
 of France, and worth twelve deuiers. 
 
 Caroline. A silver coin current at Naples, Avorth about four- 
 pence sterling. 
 
 Cent. The name of a copper coin of the United States of America, 
 equal to the hundredth part of a dollar. 'IMie Cent was author- 
 ized by Act of Congress, 2d April, 1792, to contain eleven penny- 
 weigb's of copper, and half cents in pi'uportion. The Cent was, by 
 Act of 1S57, altered to 72 grains, eighty-eight per cent, of copper, and 
 twelve per cent, of nickel ; the coinage of the half cent to cease from 
 that time. 
 
 By the Act of 18G4, April 22d, the weight of the cent was re- 
 duced to 48 grains, or one-tenth of an ounce troy, consisting of 95 per 
 cent, copper and five i)er c;.'nt. of tin or zinc. The two cent coins 
 were at the same time authorized, weight 9G grains. Th(; foimer be- 
 came a k'gal tender to the amount of ten cents; the Litter to the 
 amount of twenty cents. By the Act of 1865, the coinage of three- 
 cent pieces was first authorized, thirty grains in weight, composed of 
 copper and nickel ; a legal tender to the extent of sixty cents; and 
 the one and two-cint coins became each a legal tender by the same 
 Act, to the amount of fmr cents only. By the Act of May, 18G6, a 
 five-cent piece Avas authorized, Aveight S3venty-seve;i and 16-100 
 grains, composed of copper and nickel. This coin Avas made a legal 
 tender to the amoxmt of one dollar. 
 
 Challies. a copper coin of Ceylon, sixty-four being equal to one 
 RJiccdy. — Numis. C/iron-, K. Y. 
 
 Cowrie. A small shell found at the Maldive Islands, used in some 
 parts of India, and the coast of Africa, as a coin ; 3,200 are about the 
 value of one rupee. — E. B. 
 
 Crown. The Crown was in use iu England for several centuries ; 
 generally of the A'alue of five shillings. In the time of James T. 
 (1604), the Double Crown Avas ordered, value 10s. ; the Thistle Crown, 
 4s.; Half Crown, 23. 6d. The CroAvn Avas frequently quoted by 
 Shakspeare. Among these are the following : 
 
 "Ay, and more. A French Crown more." M. for M. I. C. 
 
 " The paymrnt cf a hundred thousand Crowns.'" L. L. LoST. II. 1 . 
 
 " Bequeathed mc lij willhul a poor thousand Crowns." As Y. LiKE IT. I. !• 
 
 ^* I have fice hundred Crowns, the thrifty hire I saved"' " " " " II. 3. 
 
 " Til add three thousand Crowns to what is past already" Ali.'s Well. III. 7. 
 
 " Crowns in my purse I have, and goods at home." T. SllREW. I. 2. 
 
 " And in possession twenty thousand Crotcns." '• TI. 1. 
 
 " Hath cost mc one hundred Crowns since supper time.'" " Y. 2. 
 
 The first Crowns issued in the reign of George III. were In the yeax' 
 1817. The early Crowns coined in England Avere in the year 1552,
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 127 
 
 (Edward VI. ), when the pound weight of Crown gohl was made 
 into 132 CrownSi A pound weight of silver was mide into 12 Crowns 
 or 24 Half Crowns. In the reign of Hexky VIII., (1526), a gold 
 Crown of the Sun was oi-dered, to be current at 4s. 6d. Also the 
 Crown of the Donble Rose, value 5?., and half Crown, 2s. 6d. In the 
 time of James Second, (1689), Crown pieces of brass were coined, but 
 were soon after withdrawn. A few Crowns, of the white metal, were 
 made about the same time, year of the battle of the Boyne. 
 
 Crusade. A coin of Portugal, current in England in the reign of 
 Mary. This coin, with a long cross, was ■'-alued at 6s. 8d. ; the Pistolet, 
 6s. 2d. ; the single Crusade, witi a short cross, 6s. 8d. Philip of 
 Spain, married to Mart in 1554, brought with him a vast number of 
 Portuguese and Spanish coin. 
 
 Dime or Disme. A silver coin of the United States op Ameri- 
 ca, value ten cents; iiist coined in the year 1796. The weight by law 
 was 41.3-5 grains, and made 900-1000 fine. The half dime was 
 authorized by the same act, 2d April, 1792. My the Act of 18o3, the 
 weight of the dime was reduced to one-fifth of the new half dollar, 
 or 38.4-10 grains, and the half dime reduced accordingly ; and the 
 new silver coins were legal tender to the amount of five dollars only. 
 The three-cent silver coin was authorized by Act of March, 1851 ; a 
 legal tender to the amount of thirty cents only. 
 
 Doit. A small copper coin current in Scotland during the reign 
 of the Stuarts. It was a Dutch coin, (Duit), and in value 160th part 
 of a guilder, which, estimated at 20d. sterling, would make the doit 
 equal in value to one-eighth of a penny or half of a farthing. This 
 Cilia is said to have been common in the early part of the reign of 
 James the Sixth of Scotland — C. C. Vol. 3, 618. 
 
 Doles. Sums of money or provisions given at funerals, a custom 
 formerly carried out in ENGLAND, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 
 supposed to be traced to the sin offerings of the Hebrews — C. G. 
 Vol 3, 619. 
 
 DoBRA. The half dobra of Brazil, coined of gold by Petrus 
 Second; date, 18:^2; value, c£l 15s. lOJ^d. sterling. 
 
 Dollar. A silver coin, the unit of the United States, taken from 
 the old Spanish dollar or piastre, and is only slightly less. In 1849, 
 when there was a great influx of gold from California, gold dollars 
 were largely i-^sued. The origin of the word dillar is from the Ger- 
 man Thaler, Low German Dahler, Danish Daler. — C. C. Vol. 3, 
 620. 
 
 Dollar is also the nam > of a silver coin cf Spain and of the United 
 States, worth 100 cents, or about 43. 2d. sterling; first struck in the 
 United States in 179fj. The Dollar, ( Thaler), appears to have been 
 originally a German coin, and in vadous parrs of Germany there 
 are coins of diff^reut values, so called. The dollar issued by the mint 
 of the United States weighs 412.5 grains, and is a legal tender for any 
 sum.
 
 128 ^'^' Origin i^ Noted Cuins. 
 
 The dollar seems to have been a coin k"OT7n to the scholars of the 
 sixteenth century. It is mentioned in ShaKspeaee's " Tempest;" 
 also in " Measure Jor Measure," and ^^ Macbeth." 
 
 " To vhrec thousand dollars a year.''* M. FOR M. I. 2. 
 
 " Till he dishiir^id, at '■^aint Colmes' Inch, 
 
 Ten thousand dollars to our general use.'" MACBETH. I. 2. 
 
 Dollars of 412 grains were coined in the reign of Ci'ARLEs II. for 
 Scotch circuLition. 
 
 The silver dollar was first authorized by Act of Congress 2d April, 
 1792, to contain 416 grains of standard silver; the half dollar to con- 
 tain 20S grains, and tlie quarter doHar to contain 104 grains. By the 
 Act of 1837, January ISth, the weight of the silver dollar was fixed 
 at 412^ grains; the half dollar, 206| grains ; the quarter dollar, 103^ 
 grains; and legal tender for any sum. The gold dollar was author- 
 ized by act of Congress in March, 1849, the same year in which Cali- 
 fornia gold was first coined at the mint. The gold dollar was not 
 found a convenient coin f )r circulation, and is now used for specimens 
 only. Three dollar gold pieces were authonzed in the year J ^'53. 
 
 By the Act of Congress of 21 February, 1853, the weight of the 
 half dollar was reduced to 192 grains, (instead of 20(3i), and became 
 a legal tender f.i sums of five dollars or less. The weight of the 
 quarter dollar, dimj and half dime, was reduced in the same pro- 
 portion. By the Act of 3J March, 18G5, was authorized the legend, 
 "In God We Trust," upon all coins issued thereafter. 
 
 Daric. a very pure gold piece; value about c£l Is. lOd.; sup- 
 posed to have been first coined by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, 
 during his stay at Babylon. Soecimens of this coin, in the British 
 Museum, weigh 12.':<.4 grains, and 128.6 grains. They are stamped 
 on the one side with the figure of a kneiding archer, clothed in a long 
 robe, with a spiked crown on his head, holding a bow in his left 
 hand, ?ud an arrow in his right ; and on the other side with a sort cf 
 quadrata incusa, or deep cleft. In those parts of the Scripture 
 written after the Babylonish captivity, they are called AJarkoni??'., 
 and by the Talmuuists, Dar/conot/i. There were also silver darics. 
 —E. B. 
 
 Denarius. Chief silver coin amongst the ancient Romans, worth 
 about 7:^(1. sterling. It was originally of 62 grain,-* weight, and was 
 consid('r(;d equivalent to the Attic Drachma, which, however, weighed 
 67 grains. — E B. 
 
 Denier. A small French copper coin, of which there were 
 twelve to a .So/ or S)/i'<. Bhuic D.'iiiers (sometimes called grosses) 
 were current in the reign of Henry V. Deaers d'or, called also 
 Salutes, were current in .\orm indy in the time of Henry V. at 25 
 sols each ; also Deiui-S ilutes, Diiuers-Blnncs, called Doubles, and 
 Petit Deners Blancs. 
 
 "By critics considered a quibble upon dolours.
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 120 
 
 Double This was solely an Irish silver ci)in, of tlic reign of 
 Ednvaru IV. (1467), made of silver, havine; the print of a crown on 
 one side, and a su:i witli a rose on the other; ten pieces to the ounce 
 of silver, and value eqiiil to oii;-ht Dcniers. 
 
 DouBLOo:^. A gold coin of Spain, Mexico, and many of the 
 South American States; value from §14.66 to $16. — Eckfeldtj 
 Manual of Gold and Silver Coin. 
 
 DoYTS. This was a copper coin of France and Holland, the im- 
 portation of which was in Englaiul ])rohibited in the year 1685. All 
 coins of this order might be seized and confiscated. 
 
 Drachma, an ancient Greek silver coin, in value about 9^d., or 
 equivalent to the French franc. The weight of the Attic drachma 
 was about 66 grains; and the Eginetan was 1 2-3 of the Attic. An 
 Alexandrian drachma wrigliing l:;6 grains has also been found. The 
 weight called drachm, used by the modern apothecary, is equivalent 
 to the eighth part of an ounce, or GO grains, or 3 scruples — E. B. 
 
 Ducat. A foreign coin either of gold or silver struck in the 
 domains of a Duke. The first ducat was coined by LoKGiNUS, 
 Governor of Italy, who revolted against the Emperor Justin the 
 Younger, and made himself Duke of Ravenna. His ducat was of 
 very pure gold, with his own stamp, and as Procopius relates were 
 c/Iled Ducati {Ducats). According to Du Cange, ducat;s were coined 
 by Roger, King of Sicily, in the year 1240. The Venetian ducat 
 was first struck by John Dandolo in the year 1280, and inscribed 
 with this legend: ^^ Sit Tibi, Christr', datus, quern tu regisiste 
 Duratusy — E. B. 
 
 The ducat was the prevaling gold coin of Italy for several cen- 
 turies. It is frequently mentioned by Shakspkare, and in ten of 
 his plays. 
 
 ' ' He has three thousand ducats a year.'^ 12X11 NiGHT. I. 3.- 
 
 " Be cun: Ing in the working this, and thy foe is a 
 
 thousand ducats^^ MuCH Aoo. II. 2. 
 
 " Three thousand ducats for three months, and Antonio hound''' M. V. I. 3. 
 
 " Two thousand ducats by the year of fruitful land" T. SuREW. II. 1. 
 
 " For forty ducats is too much to lose'^ C. ERRORS. IV. .3. 
 
 " My ten thousand ducats are yours'^ Cym. I, 5. 
 
 " Hidd, there is forty ducats, let me have a dram of poison" E. AND J. V. I. . 
 
 " Two thousand souls and twenty thousand ducats, 
 
 will not debate the question of this straw." HamleT. IV. 4. . 
 
 DccATEN. A gold coin of Francis Joseph I, of Austria, dated 
 l8/)5, worth c£[. 17s, 7:|d. sterling; the two Ducaten piece, a gold 
 coin of the reign of Joseph II. of Austria, 1774, worth ] Js. 9§d. ster- 
 ling. The Hungarian Ducat, or Ducat of Kremnitz, a gold coin of 
 Ferdinand of Austria, dated 1843, worth 9s. 5^d. sterling. 
 
 DuCATOON. A silver coin struck chiefly in Italy, particularly at 
 Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lucca. Mantua, and Parma; though 
 there are also Ditch cuid Flemish Ducatoons, 
 
 y
 
 130 The Origin of Koted Coins. 
 
 DUDU-MASF, ?. e. Hook money. A pure silver coin of the reign 
 of Parakraaia Ba HI', who governed an ancient city called Palla- 
 naiuowa, in the Island of Ceylon, about the ye.T UKO. The king 
 of Kandy, (Ceylon,) allowed his subjects to fabricate a kind of 
 money, from pure silver wire, in the sliape of a fish hook ; about 
 the same period, the value was about 8d. sterling. 
 
 Eagle. Originally a sort of base coin which was current in ICE- 
 LAND in the early part of the reign Edward ], that is, about the year 
 1272. There were also Lionincs, Pol/ards, Crocards, ScaldingSj 
 Rosades, and mmy other coins of the same sort, named according to 
 the tigures with which they were impressed. The current coin of the 
 kingdom at that time was a composition of copper and silver in deter- 
 minate proportions ; but these were so much infeiior to the standard 
 of that tim?, that they were not intrinsically m orth half so much as 
 tho others. They were imported from Fraxce and other countries. 
 When Edward had been a few years established on the throne, he 
 set up mints i i Ireland for coining good money, and then prohiliited 
 the use of Et/gh^s and other kinds of hase coin, making the penalty 
 for violation death and confiscation of effects, or to import any more 
 of them into the kingdom. Eagle is the designation of the princijial 
 gold coin of the United States; weight 258 grains; 900-1000 
 fine. Tills gold coin was first authorized by Act of Congress, 2d 
 April, 1792. The half-eagle was authorized at the same time, and the 
 quarter eagle. 
 
 Earnest, or Aries, as it is called in Scotland, from the civil law 
 word "Arrhoe " A small sum of money, which is given in proof of an 
 existence of a bargain. — C. C. YoLo, 734. 
 
 Eight Piece, or Piece of Eight. A name once popularly given 
 to the Spanish dollar, as being divided into eight reals. These coins 
 were for a long time current in the United States at their nominal 
 value, ; Itliongh reduced by wear and tear ten or twenty per cent. By 
 the Act of Congress of 1S57, they were receivable at par and were 
 melted at the mint, and were thus taken out of circulation. — C. C. 
 Vol. 3, 797. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Coins. These were issued during the reign of 
 Stephen, ( 1135-1 154), and bore the name of the monarch, and of 
 the Archbishop of Cantkkbury, of the value of a penny. (Ruding's 
 An\als.) The grants from the king to individuals to coin money, 
 were confined to ecclesiastics ; to archbishops and bishops, and also 
 to some abbots of the higher order. 
 
 Farthing. A smill English copper coin amounting to one- 
 fourth of a penny. It was anciently called /?>«/•//! I'/i^', as being the 
 fourth of the integer, or penny. A farthing of guld, equal in value to 
 the f )urth part of a nohle^ or 20d. iu silver, is mentioned in statute Olh. 
 Henry V. ffirthings were coined in the reign of Eeward III, and 
 were also known to the Saxons. The first farthings legally coined
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 131 
 
 were? in the time of Jambs I., as farthing tokens of brass and copper, 
 who granted the right of coinage of farthing-tokens to Lady Har- 
 RrNTGTOJr in ]6I4. 8imil;ir ])ower-i were granted to other ladies sub- 
 sequently The silver farthings totally ceased in the time of Ed- 
 ward YI. 
 
 Florix. Was the name of a goid coin first struck in Florence in 
 the thirteentii century. It was the size of a ducat, and Imd, on one 
 side a hly, and on the other the head of JoHX the Baptist. Some 
 derive the name from the city, and others from the llowt^r. These coins 
 were soon imitate I all over Europe Florins were coined in England 
 as early as the reign of Edward IIL (1327-1377). — C. C. The 
 Florin of Germany" and Austria is a silver coin, (sometimes called 
 Gulden), of various values. Of Leipsic rate 16.90, the value was for 
 specie Florin 54 cents ; convention rate 17.53, for specie Florin 48 6-10 
 cents. Convention rate, 1837-1838, for Florins 39.7-10 cents. 
 The Florin or Guilder of the Netherlands, a silver coin of the 
 government of William V. is valued at 39.^ cents ; of the Batavian 
 Reptblic, 38 2-10 cents. The Florin coined at the royal Mint, 
 British value, one-tenth of a pound sterling. — EcJifeldfs Mcmual. 
 
 Franc. A French silver coin. This term was first introduced 
 by Henry III. in 1575, who ordered a coinage of francs, of the 
 value of 20 sols or sous each. This coin was afterwards disused, 
 but by the law of 1 803 it was re-coined. The name was long employ- 
 ed in common parlance as a synonym for livrc. Its present value is 
 about 18§^ cents. — Echfel fs Manual of Coins. 
 
 The franc which (since 1795, Avhen it supplanted the Livre Tur- 
 raoi.y), forms the unit of tlie French monetary system, has also been 
 adopted by Bklgifm and Switzerland, value about 9^,d. sterling or 
 ISa cents.— C. Vol. 4, 469. 
 
 Fredericks D'Or, and Christians D'Oi-. A Danish g)ld coin, 
 value 16s. 3d. sterling. — Martin and Trid/ner's Manual. 
 
 Fwang, of Siam. A silver coin worth about 3^d. sterling. 
 
 Gazette. A Venetian coin, worth something less than ^d. sterling. 
 The name was afterwards applied to a small newspaper, that was sold 
 in Venice for that sum. — C. C. Vol. 4, 653. 
 
 Groat An Old English silver coin, equal to four pence. Other 
 nations, as the Dutch, Poles, Saxons, Bohemians, and French, 
 have likewise their groats, groots, groschen, gros, and the like. In 
 England, in the Saxon times, no silver coin larger than a penny was 
 struck, nor after the conquest till the reign of Edward the Third, 
 who, a'lout the year 1351, i^o\\\(n\. grosses, ov great fieces, which were 
 current for four pence each ; and so the matter stor d till the reign of 
 Henry VIIL, who in 1504 first coined shillings. — E. B. 
 
 In the year 1227, (Henry III.), the coinage of tho English groat 
 was ordered ; also, in the year 1249 the groat of silver was ordered. 
 The groat was a common coin in early English days. It is mentioned 
 nine times in Shakspeare :
 
 132 The Origin of Noted Coins. 
 
 " Seven groats in mill- sir pe.nccs."' M. Wives. I. I. 
 
 '• Asjit as ten groats is for the hand of an attorney." ALL'S Weli,. II. 2. 
 
 " A half faced groat fite hundri d pound a year .'" K. JOHN. I. 1. 
 
 " Tlic che^-.pest of us is ten groats too dear." RiCH. 11. V. 5. 
 
 " What money is in my purse? Seven groats and twopence." — 2 Hen. IV. I. 2. 
 
 " Hold yon, there is a groat to heal your pate." Henr\' V. V. 1. 
 
 '' I talce thy groat, in earnest of revenge." " " V. 1. 
 
 " Or any groat I hoarded to my tise " Hen. VI. III. 1. 
 
 *' Things created to buy and sell with groats." Cou. III. 2. 
 
 Half groats were coiued in the reign of Edward I,, about the year 
 1279. In his time the sterHng was ordained to be equal to thirty -two 
 grains of wheat in Aveight. Leathern money, stamped, was in use at 
 the same period, Tiie groats, half groats, penny and halfpenny, 
 coined in Scotlajs"D, were in the reign of Richard II. (1390), de- 
 clared to be current at only one-half their former values. 
 
 Among the treasonable charges against Cardinal "Wolset, year 
 1529, was that of placing the Cardinal's hat on the coin of groats, 
 '' which like deed hath not yet been seen to have been done bv any 
 subjec'i within your realm before this ^ime.*' The coin of Three 
 Groats were struck at Tournat, France, in the same reign. At 
 this time the harp first appeared upon the Irish money. 
 
 Guoss. In the reign of Edward III. (1327-I.'!77), the Gross was 
 coined of the value of four sterlings, and the Half Gross of the value 
 of two sterlings. The Gross, Half Gross, Quarter Gross, and 
 Petit Deniers, were in use in ihe fifteenth century. 
 
 Guilder or Gulden. See ilorin. 
 
 Guinea. A gold coin formerly struck and current in Britaln", 
 and so denomiaated because the gold of which the first specimens 
 were struck, (Temp. Carolus II.), was brought from the coast of 
 Guinea ; and for a like reason it originally bore the impression of en 
 ek'phaut. The viluo o'l the gaiue i varied greatly at diff3rent periods, 
 but latterly it was worth twenty-one shillings. Its weight was five 
 pennyweights, 9.4125 grains. Oa the introduction of the sovereign — 
 again coined in 1817 — the old guinea coinage was gradually super- 
 seded in Great Britain. — E. B. 
 
 In the year 17 IS, (George I.), a new coin called a quarter guinea 
 was made, but they attained a small circulation only. In the year 
 1649, in Cromwell's time, the parliainent had under consideration a 
 coinage made from the gold from GuiNr. 
 
 Hearth Monet. An old tax in Engt,and, abolished during the 
 reigu of William and Marv. — C. C Vol. 5, 279. 
 
 IIlrring Silver. A composition in money in lieu of supplying a 
 religious house with a certain number of lierring.s. — C. C. Vol. 347. 
 
 loHlBA, of Japan. A silver coin ; value i.bout Is. 5:|d. sterling.
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 133 
 
 Itzabone. a silver coin of Japak; value two or three to a 
 dollar.— C. C. Vol. 5, 687. 
 
 Indian Money. Au Englis^h coinage, was made about the year 
 1601, (Elizabeth), known as Indian money, or Portcullis money, 
 for use by the East India Company, equal to the Spanish piastre, and 
 the half, quarter, and half quarter. 
 
 Krone, of Francis Joseph I. of Austria. A gold coin dated 
 1859 ; value c£I 7s. 3fd. sterling; also half krones, date 1858 ; value 
 13s. 7|d. sterling. 
 
 KuFic Coins The earliest of the Mahomed an coins, first struck 
 in the year 638 A. D. (gold and silver). — C. C. Vol. 5, 823. 
 
 Lamb. An Egyptian weight, of the form of a lamb, used for the 
 weighing of gold and silver many centuries before the coinage of 
 money. It is supposed in the early pastoral ages that the value of 
 cattle was the earliest mode of fixing the value of money ; the word 
 " pecuniary" is derived from the Latin word pecunia, money, and this 
 was derived from 2^(cus (a flock of sheep or cattle). 
 
 LiSBONiNE. A former name for the Moidore. — C. C. Vol. 6, 511 
 
 Lusshebournes, These were base coins brought into England 
 
 from the continent in the reign of Edward III., and were prohibited 
 
 by various acts of Parliament. The death penalty awaited those 
 
 detected in circulating them. 
 
 Mancus. a name given to an ancient Arabic coin in gold and 
 silver. 
 
 Mark. The Mark was a Scottish silver piece in the times of 
 James I. (1603-16-20) ; value thirteen halfpence. The mark was a 
 Danish mode of computation, and was introduced among the Saxons 
 in the reign of Aelfred. The silver Mark was, early in the tenth 
 century, estimated at one hundred pennies, and in the year 1194 at 
 one hundred and sixty pennies. This valuation was continued to the 
 present century. 
 
 Mohur. a gold coin of Hindustan. Those dated 1818 of the 
 Bengal Presidency were worth SS.08; of the Madras Presi- 
 dency, $7.10; of the Bombay Presidency, $7.09. Tliose dated 
 1835, during the reign of WiLLiAM IV., the value is S7.10. — 
 Eckfeldfs Manual. 
 
 Moeda D'Ouro, of Brazil, a gold coin of Petrus I. ; date, 1824 ; 
 value, 661 Os. Id. sterling. 
 
 Moidore. A Portugese gold coin, first struck in 1688 ; in the 
 year 1689, under the reign of Peter IL, its value was 86.45 ; under 
 the snme reign those struck in 1705 the value was $6.59 ; during the 
 reign of John V. those dating from 1714 to 1726 were valued $6,48. 
 Tliia com coutiuued to be struck until the year 1732.
 
 234 The Origin of 'Noted Coins. 
 
 Mtjssawwa, Kliaraz, or Glass Beads. The currency of Abts- 
 SDflA, about thirty strings being worth one dollar'. — Numis. Chron.j 
 A Y. 
 
 Nandio-GUIN. a silver coin of Japat^, weighs 160 grains, and 
 Worth about Ibrty cents United States currency. 
 
 Nr Shoo. Japanese Coin, partly gold and silver ; value 9d. 
 sterling. 
 
 Nobles. These were coined in the reign of Edward III. 
 (1327 — 1377); with others termed^maille nobles and ferling nobles. 
 At that time the pound weigbt of gold was coined into 39i nobles, at 
 six shillings and eight pence each — equal to dfilS 3s. 4d. In the year 
 1345, the noble was in value half a mark, six shillings, six pence half 
 penny. 
 
 The new nobles coined in the reign of Edward IV., coined in the 
 year 1465, were also called Rials, a name given to a French coin be- 
 cause it bore the figure of the King in his royal robes. The George 
 Noble and <he Crown of the Double Rose, were first ordained about 
 the year 1526, by Henry VIII. 
 
 Obang of Jatan. Gold used only for imperial presents ; value 
 ^£15 Os. 7^d. sterling. 
 
 Para. A coin of copper, silver or mixed metal, though most 
 generally of copper, in use in Turkey and Egypt ; it is the fortieth 
 part of a Piastre; value about 1-18 of a penny sterling. — C. C. 
 Vol. 7, 254. 
 
 Peso, or Piastre of eight Reals. Silver, of Central America ; 
 value 4s. 3jd. sterling; date 1S24. The Peso of gold of Central 
 America, date ISOO, value 3s. 9§d. sterling. 
 
 Peters Pence. A name given to a tribute which was collected for 
 the Roman Pontiff, in reverence of the memory of St. Peter ; the 
 first idea, however, of an annual tribute appears to have come from 
 England (A. D. 721). An effort was made since the Roman Reto- 
 LTJTioN of 1848 to revive this tribute, and with some success.— C. C 
 Vol. 7, 446. 
 
 Penny. This coin was known to the Ancients B C. It is fre- 
 quently mentioned in the Scriptures. It was known as an English 
 coin in the seventh century, and appears in the laws of Ina, King of 
 the West Saxons, about the year 688. Its probable origin is from 
 the word pendo, to weigh, and is considered the original unit of the 
 English currency. Two hundred and forty pennies, it is supposed, 
 were fabricated out of a pound weight of silver, giving thus 24 grains 
 to each, and making the pound consist of 5,760 grains. Hence the 
 term " pennyweight," equal to 24 grains, air;l th(> two hundred and 
 fortieth part of a pound. (See Historij of thS Coinage, ante, p. 8 ) 
 The first coinage of gold in England was in the year 1257, in the
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 135 
 
 reign of Henry III. This was the gold penu}'. whicli weighed two 
 sterlings, and was curreut for twenty pence. The gold penny was 
 coined during the next ten years, and was raised in value from 20 to 
 24 pence. 
 
 The Galley Halfpence wei-e imported into England in large quan- 
 tities about the year 1414, by orders of the '^merchants of Venice," 
 and were treated as fraudulent coin. The Rose Pen'CE were coined 
 in England, for circulation in Ireland, tima of Philip and Mart 
 (lo54), but were withdrawn from use, except in Ireland, two years 
 afterwards. The first Irish mint was authorized in the time of 
 Charles II. (I'')G2), with the penny^ two penny, and three penny 
 pieces. The halfpenny to have a crown on one side and the harp on 
 the other. The Scotch mint was at the same time authorized to coin 
 the twenty Mark piece; of gold ; the four and five Mark pieces. No 
 gold was coined in Scotland in that reign. Tin pence and half pence 
 were coined in the reign of William and Mart. Shakespeare 
 brought the penny into line, in various of his plays. He is led to 
 say : 
 
 " / icill not lend thee a penny.'^ M. WiVKS. II. 2. 
 
 " A penny. JVo, Fll give yoii a remuneration." L. L. LoST. III. 1. 
 
 " Methinks, I have given him a penny." As You Like It. II. 5. 
 
 " You hcg a single penny more ; come, you shall ha't All's Well. V. 2. 
 
 " Jfliat penny hath Rome bjrnc, ichat men provided ?"' K. JOH\. V. 2. 
 
 '' A friend i' the court is hetler than a penny in thy purse." 2 Hen. IV. V. 1. 
 
 " Nor ever had one penny bribe from France." 2 Hex. VI. III. 1. 
 
 " There, take an inventory of all I have, to the last penny.''' ..liEyRY YIII. III. 2. 
 "■ No, truly, sir ; not a penny." R. & Jlfliet. II. 4. 
 
 Pennt-Poise. This was a coin in the reign of JoHX (1199-1216), 
 wanting one-eighth of a penny, used as a means of detecting light 
 weight or clipping in other pennies. Those coins detected to be of 
 light weight or clipped were, by law, to be bored through, and the 
 owner or possessor was liable to be attached as a thief. — Rwding's 
 Anvals. 
 
 Pistole. The Pistole was in use in various countries in the 
 seventeenth century. A gold coinage of pistoles was made in Scot- 
 land in the reign of William III. Also, half-pistoles, both with the 
 king's head, but not with the numeral III attached. The Scotch 
 deciding that although he was the third William of England, and the 
 second of Sc itland, he was the first William of Great Britain. 
 
 QuiNARius. A small Roman coin, equal to half the denarius, and 
 consequently worth about three pence, three farthings of English mo- 
 ney. It was called quinarius, because equal in value to five asses, 
 just as the denarius was named because containing ten. — E. B. 
 
 Rappen. a small Swiss coin, made of an alloy of copper and 
 tin, value 1-100 of a modern Franc. — C. C. Vol. S, 115.
 
 136 Tlie Origin cf Xotc d Coins. 
 
 * 
 
 Real. A Spanish coin of two sorts ; first the real of plate, value 
 about 4 3-4d sterling ; and tlic real of Yellon, -\vortli about 2 l-2d. 
 sterling. 
 
 RiDEK. The Rider was a gold coin of the reign of Henrt YT, 
 1422, &c. ; valued at 4s. At the same time the following coins were 
 in use : the Ducat, 4s. 2d. ; the Joan, 4s. 2d.; the Salute, 4s. 2d.; 
 the Crown, 3s. 4d. ; the Burgoinge Nf:blo, Gs. 8d. In Ireland the 
 Rider was valued at five shillings, and foreign coins became in general 
 use — the Ducat, Leo, Crown, Crusado. A Rose-Real Avas coined 
 by Henry VII, while in France, having the arms of France in the 
 centre of the double rose. 
 
 Rix Dollar of Ceylox, silver, worth Is. Gd. sterling, dated 1821, 
 
 Ring Money. The precious metals, gold and silver, have been 
 used from the times of ancient Egypt as ornaments, and as occasion 
 may require they have been used as a circulating medium. Thus, on 
 some ancient tombs in Egypt carvings have been found, of its being 
 weighed, and in the 11th veise of the 42d chapter of Job, it is 
 mentioned that each of Job's friends brought him an earing or 
 lamb, (see Lamb). At the present time in Eastern countries where 
 there is no method of investment, the surplus coin is made up into 
 ornaments, and when necessity requires it, there is no difficulty in or 
 trouble of disposing of them, as the merchant takes them as readily as 
 coin. CiESAR describes Ring Money as having been used in Eng- 
 land and other parts of Europe. — P/7'we on Coins and Medals. 
 
 Rheedy. a silver coin of Ceylon, value 7d. sterling. 
 
 Rouble. A Russian coin. A gold Rouble of date of 1 779 is worth 
 74 9-10 cents; a silver Rouble of 1837-38, is worth 75 4-10 cents.— 
 EckfddVs Manual. 
 
 Rupee. A silver coin of Hindostan, first struck by native ju-inces, 
 and called the Sicca Rupee; was worth about 47 cents. The rupee 
 now coined by the British government in India is worth 44 5-10 
 cents. — Erhfeldfs Manual. 
 
 Salung, or MiAM. A silver coin of Siam, worth about 7^d. ster- 
 ling. 
 
 Salute. A new coin entitled the Salute was coined by Henry V. 
 in the year 1422, by virtue of his j)ower as Regent of France by the 
 treaty of Troyes. On this coin the arms of England and France were 
 stamped. 
 
 Shilling. The name of a money in use throughout many 
 European States, partly as a coin, and partly as a money of account. 
 In all probability the name as well as the thing itself is derived from 
 the Roman Solidus, which, with the other remains of Roman institu- 
 tions, was adopted by the Francs and other German nations. Others 
 give more fanciful derivations, as from vf/e/lm to ring, on account of 
 the particular ring of the coin, and from St. Killinn, whose effigy was 
 Stamped on the shilling of Wurzburg. The Solidus shilling of the
 
 Tlie Origin of Noted Coins. 137 
 
 middle ages has suffered various degrees of diminution in the different 
 countries. Thus the English shilling (silver) is one-twentieth of a 
 pound sterling. The Danish copper shilling is one ninety -sixth (1-96) 
 of a Ryks-daler, and equal to one-fourth of one j)enny sterling ; and 
 the Swedish shilling is cue forty-eighth of a Ryks-daler, equal to one 
 half penny sterling. 
 
 In Mecklenburg, Slesvig Holstein, Hamburg, and Lubeck, the 
 shilling is used as a fractional money of account, the one-tenth part of 
 a mark, and one forty-eighth of a thaleir, and as small silver change, 
 each coin being a shade less than one penny sterling. — C. C. 
 
 A shilling coinage was ordered in the time of Elizabeth (1568) 
 for the use of the Irish, equal to 9d. English, but to circulate in Ire- 
 land at 12d. This was soon withdrawn as a base coin. The Harp 
 shilling in the times of James I. was valued at 16d. Irish, or 12d. 
 English. The Pine tree shilling, coined " by a parcel of honest 
 dogs " [according to Chakles II.], in the colony of Massachusetts, in 
 the time of Cromwell. The hve shilling pieces, or crowns, were 
 ordered by Henry VIII. in the year 1526. 
 
 The Shilling was in numerous instances introduced in Shaks- 
 peare's plays ; among others were the following : 
 
 " Two shovel boards that cost me two shilling and two pence'' M. Wives I. 1. 
 
 '^ I had rather than forty shillings I had my hook of songs." " I. 1. 
 
 " I had rather than forty shillings I had such a leg." 12TH NiGHT. II. 3. 
 
 '' Five shillings to one on't, with any man." MucH Add. III. 3. 
 
 " Every tod yields — pound and odd shillings.'" W. Tale. IV. 2. 
 
 " Thoucam'st not of the blood royal, if thou darest not stand for ten 
 
 shillings." I. Hen. IV. I. 2. 
 
 '' Eight shillings and sixpence." " II. 4. 
 
 " Now, as I am a true woman, holland of eight shillings an ell.. .. " III. 3. 
 
 *' And did'st thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty 
 
 shillings?" 2 Hen. IV. II. 1. 
 
 " Q^uoit him down, Bardolph, like a shove-groat shilling." * " II. 4. 
 
 " And here is four Harry ten shillings in French crowns for you." " III. 2. 
 
 " You will pay me the eight shillings I icon of you at betting." — Henry V. II. 1. 
 
 " And one shilling to the pound, the last subsidy." 2 Hen. VI. IV. 7. 
 
 " ril undertake, may see away their shilling richly in two short 
 
 hours" Henry VIII. 
 
 Such was the debasement of the Shilling in the times of Stephen, 
 (A.D. 1135-1154', that in ten or more shillings the value of ten 
 pence could scarcely be found. At that period, each castle had its 
 own mint — Rudi?ig's Annals. 
 
 Sous Marques. — Foreign copper coins known as Tempes, and 
 Sous Marques, and gold and silver Johannes and Dollars, were 
 counterfeited in England for circulation in the British West Indies, 
 but the coinage was quite limited. 
 
 * Shove-groat in the 33d year of Henry VIII was a new game — the term 
 Shove-groat shilling was applied to smooth coins of shillings.
 
 1 38 The Origin of Noted Coins. 
 
 ScuDo. An Italian coin ; gold sciidi wore coined in Rome in 1799, 
 value 832. 6 i 0-10. ^^ilvei- coins of this denomination AvereaIt?o coined 
 in Rome, in the years 1799, lSOC-02 and 1815, value from 98 8-10 
 cents, to Sl.Ol 8-10. Scndo of six lire, a silver coin, of the reign of 
 Maria Thekesa, dated Milan, 1778, value 85 1-10 cents. Scndo of 
 the Cisalpine Republic, dated 1798, value 85 6-10 cents. — Eckfeldfs 
 Manual. 
 
 Shekel. The name of a coin current among the ancient Jews. 
 The value of the silver shekel was 2s. 3|d. sterling; tlie golden 
 shekel was supposed to be worth XI 16 6d. sterling. — E. B. 
 
 SoLIDUS. (See Aureus.) 
 
 Sequin or Zecchino. A Roman gold coin of the reign of Plus 
 VI, date 1775-83, value S2.25 2-10. Also a Tuscan and Venetian 
 gold coin, value S2.27 6-10 to $2.30 1-10, sometimes called Zecchino 
 Gigliato, dates 1765-79 and 1824-39. There are also Turkish gold 
 coins, denominated Sequin Founilook, value Si. SO 9-10, and Siquin 
 Zotnahboub, value 81.24, the dates of which are 1789. — EckJcldVs 
 Manual. 
 
 Skeattae, (or Scata). A silver coin introduced by the Saxons 
 to England after the departure of the Roman legions; it was probably 
 an imitation of some Byzantine coin, value one twenty-fifth part less 
 than one penny sterling. — Humphrey' s Manual. 
 
 Souverains D'Or. a gold coin of Joseph Second of Austria, 
 issued for the former Austrian Netheidands, value JiX 7s. 94d. sterling, 
 The English Sovereign came into use in the fifteenth century ( 1 489), in 
 the time of Henry VII ; the half Sovereign was coined also in the reign 
 of Henry Vlf, (1504). The words Dei Gratia (by the Grace of God) 
 wei-e first placed upon the English coins about the year 1377, (Ed- 
 ward III). lathe days of Henry VIII, the Sovereign was valued 
 at 22s., the Riall, at lis., the Noble, at 7s. 4d. A new Sovereign was 
 coined in July, 1817, with the image of St. George and the Dragon, 
 and the motto, ^'honi soit qui mal y pense,'' value 20s. The silver tokens 
 previously issued were now called in and new coin given in exchange. 
 The first gold brought to the royal Mint for coinage was in the 18th 
 year of Edward III, consisting probably of foreign coins or bul- 
 lion imported by merchants. The first gold coinage of the realm is 
 stated to have been in the year 1257, or 41st year of Henry III. 
 {^Ruding's Annals.) 
 
 Styca. An Anglo Saxon coin of Ethelred, Avho began to reign 
 946 A. D. — Xumis. Chron. 
 
 Tao and Poo Money, silver, of China, struck 2205, B. C The 
 Tao money was shaped like a knife ; the Poo money was of a form 
 rather difficult to describe. — Numis. Chron. 
 
 Thaler. The Kronenthaler is silver, of Francis Second of 
 Austria, issued for the Austrian Netherlands ; date 1797 ; value 
 4s. 7^d. sterling. The Maria Theresa Thaler, or so-called Levant
 
 The Origin of Noted Coins. 139 
 
 Thaler, silver ; date 1780 ; still issued for tlie Levant trad'- ; value 
 4s. 2§d. sterling. The Convention's T/i^/Zer (Austria) silver, of Francis 
 first ; date 1815 ; value 4s. 2d. Also of Ferdinand first ; date 1848; 
 same value. 
 
 Testooxs. These were in use in the reign of Henry VIII. (1544), 
 when the pound of gold was coined into 48 shillings ; in Testoons 
 Groats, Pence, Half-Pence, and Farthings. In April, 1548, all 
 Testoons, (or Testons), or Twelve Pence, were called in, because 
 grossly counterfeited. 
 
 Sir William Sharington and other officers of the Mint were about 
 this time convicted of counterfeiting extensively. The Testoons and 
 Groats were also entirely Avithdrawn from circulation, by proclama- 
 tion, in the year 1561, (Elizabeth). At this tii-e the Mill and 
 Screw were used for the coinage, which succeeded the hammered 
 coins. 
 
 TiCAL, of Siam. Silver; worth about 2s. 6d. sterling; date 1861. 
 
 Tokens. These were used largely in the fourteenth and fifteenth 
 centuries by individuals to supply the need of small coins. In the 
 time of Elizabeth (1574) these were become very common, and com- 
 plained of loudly — made of lead, tin, latten, and leather. A license 
 Avas granted to the city of Bristol to coin tokens of copper. The 
 leaden tokens {Vlumhocs Anglice), current in the times of He.ii'y 
 VII. and VIII., were still in use. Early in the seventeenth century 
 lead tokens of a farthing were used ; but all these were abolished by 
 proclamation in May, 1813. 
 
 In the years 17:::; 8-9, (George II.), the scarcity of small silver coins 
 induced traders and others in the North of England to coin copper 
 tokens of two pence, and silver tokens of three pence. In the time of 
 George III., immediately after the suspension of the Bank of Eng- 
 land, the government authorized the coinage of ^' Bank of Ireland 
 tokens, (of silver), six shillings;" also a large quantity of silver dol- 
 lars. Also, for Ireland, the silver token of five jience and ten pence ; 
 also the Bank Dollar token, 5s. each. And in 1811 (the Bank being 
 yet under suspension), pieces of 3s. and Is. 6d. 
 
 Touch Piece. A gold coin struck during the reigns of Charle.s 
 Second and Queen Anne. They were given to those whom the 
 Sovereign had touched for King's evil. — 'Booli of Days. Vol. 1,84. 
 
 Triens. a gold coin of the seventh century, coined at Canter- 
 burv, (then called Dorovernis), Kent, England. — Numis. Chron., 
 1840-41. 
 
 The Unit was a coin in the times of James I, (1603- ) ; valued at 
 20s., and in 1611 at 22s. 
 
 YlH Shoo, of Japan, silver ; value 3^d. sterling — Martin S^- Truh- 
 ner Manual. 
 
 ZwANZiGER (of 20 Kreutzers), Austria and Tyrol silver ; value 
 8|d. sterling.
 
 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 
 
 TO SUBJECTS CONTAINED IN 
 
 THE BOOK OF COINS 
 
 Alabama, gold product of, 107. 
 Alexander the Great, coins of, 12, 
 Ancient constitutions of the mint, 16. 
 
 coins, dictionary of, 80. 
 
 Ancient mode of coinage, 9. 
 Anglo-Saxon coins, early, 7, 9, 11, 28. 
 
 Danish coins, 9. 
 
 Alloy, 10, 13. 
 Anjrel, The, 124. 
 
 Annual report of mint U. S., 107. 
 
 trial of coinage, 51, 6:5. 
 
 Arizotic, gold product of, 107. 
 As, The, 124. 
 
 Assay Master. 18, 39. 
 
 Assay Office, N. Y., created 1853, 71. 
 
 Boise City, 78. 
 
 and coinage, 73. 
 
 of manufactures, 25. 
 
 Ass t Treas. U. S. made Treas., 71. 
 
 Process of, 48. 
 
 Assayer U. S. Mint, 50. 
 
 report of, 59. 
 
 Assiguat, The, 125. 
 Athelstane, coinage of, 8, 15. 
 Aureus, 125. 
 
 Australia, cinns of, 122. 
 Austria, coins of, 122. 
 
 Baal, 125. 
 
 Balahat, 125 
 
 Bank of England, 32, 43, 44. 
 
 Bars of copper, 2. 
 
 Beard tokens, 125. 
 
 Belgium, coins of, 122. 
 Besant, 122. 
 Black money, 125. 
 Blondeau, inventor, 11. 
 Boise City, assay office, 78. 
 Bolivia, coins of, 123. 
 Bonds of officers U. S. Mint, 57, 64. 
 Boulton & Watt, new machinery by, 33. 
 Bounet Piece, 125. 
 
 Branch Mint of Denver, &c., 67,71,73, 
 75, 78. 
 
 English, 15. 
 
 Brass, coinage of, 8, 28. 
 bnzii, ct)ins of, 122. 
 Briot, inventor, 11. 
 Bristol, branch mint, 15, 29. 
 Britain, silver discovered in, 24. 
 
 first coinage in, 3, 5, 26. 
 
 Britannia, 125. 
 
 BruL-her, inventor of coining press, 10. 
 Bullion, assay of, 58. 
 
 certificates, 71. 
 
 fuud, how applied, 63. 
 
 for refining, 66. 
 
 to be received for coinage, 58, 
 
 to be made into ingots, 60, 65. 
 
 Byzantines, 125 
 
 California, gold product, 107. 
 Canada, coins of, J 23. 
 Cajsar, Julius, coinage in the reign of, 4. 
 Carson City, branch mint, 75. 
 , coinage at, 107.
 
 Index to the Boole of Coins. 
 
 Canterbury and York, mints of, 7, 15. 
 
 Carolus, J 26. 
 
 Caroline, 126. 
 
 Central America, coins of, 122. 
 
 Cent, 125. 
 
 Challies, 126. 
 
 Charges for coinajjfe, 59. 
 
 for refiuingf, 73. 
 
 Charlemngiie. coinage of, 3. 
 Charles I, coinage, 24. 
 
 II, coinage of, 11, 24,27, 28, 29. 
 
 II, standard, 27, 34. 
 
 Chester, branch mint, 29. 
 China, coins of, 122. 
 Chief Coiner Mint U.S., 57 
 Chili, coins of, 122. 
 Clarke on coins, quoted, 8. 
 Clippings at the mint, 62. 
 Coinage, ancient mode of. 9. 
 
 application of steam, 33. 
 
 charg s for, 59. 
 
 early, 3, 9. 
 
 of ligljt gold, 36, 
 
 history of, 1. 
 
 of brass, 8, 28. 
 
 of bullion, 65. 
 
 of copper, 229, 43, 107. 
 
 of gold, 26. 
 
 of pewter, 29. 
 
 of silver, 26. 
 
 of tin. 29. 
 
 privilege of, 14. 
 
 prerogative of the Crovrn, 43. 
 
 reforms in the, 29, 31. 
 
 standard of, 27. 
 
 social and political effects, 3. 
 
 Coining Press, invention af the, 10, 
 Coins, annual trial of, (>2. 
 
 and Medals, list of works on, 119. 
 
 dictionary of, 80. 
 
 Colorado, gold product, 109. 
 
 branch mint in, 73. 
 
 Commonwealth coins of the, 24. 
 Consular coins 80. 
 
 Copper, coinage of, 2, 29, 43, 107 
 Coventry, mint at, 15. 
 Cowries, 126, 
 Crown gold, 12. 
 
 coining privilege of the, 15. 
 
 Crown, 126. 
 
 Crusade, J 27. 
 
 Dacotnli, gold product of, 107. 
 l^alilonega, coinage at, 67, 107. 
 Dalies City branch mint, 76. 
 Darie, The, 128. 
 Denmark, early coins of, 9. 
 
 modern coins, — 122. 
 
 Denver Branch mint, 73. 
 
 coinage at, 107. 
 
 Denarius, The, J28. 
 
 Depository of public money, 70, 74, 76. 
 Denier, The, ]28. 
 
 Deviations from the standard, 60, 61, 64. 
 Dies, method of making, 52. 
 
 keeper of th(% 18. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, quoted, 5. 
 
 Dime, coinage of authorized, 61, 65, 127. 
 
 — - half, 65. 
 
 Director of the Mint, 56, &S, 70, 72, 74, 
 
 75. 77. 
 Doit, The, 12-. 
 Doles, ]27. 
 Dollar, coinage authorized, 61, 127. 
 
 half, " 61. 
 
 qniiter, " 61. 
 
 Dobra, 127. 
 
 Doubloou, 129. 
 Double, The, 129. 
 Drachma, 129. 
 Ducat, The, 129. 
 Ducaten, The, 129. 
 Dudu inasu, 129. 
 Durham, mint at, 15. 
 
 Eagflc, coinage of authorized, 64. 
 
 Double " " 64. 
 
 origin of, 130. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Coins, 130. 
 
 Edward I., coinage of, 10, 13, 17, 19. 
 
 II., " 17,21. 
 
 III., " 13,14,24,25,28. 
 
 IV., " 13,28. 
 
 -; — VI., " 13,26,28. 
 
 Egbert, coinage of, 19. 
 
 Egypt, coins of, 80. 
 
 Eight Piece, 130. 
 
 Elizabeth, coinage of, 12,19,21,24,26,28. 
 
 Engraver, work of the, 53, 56. 
 
 Equador, coins of, 123. 
 
 Etiielbert I., coins of, 5. 
 
 Ethelred, ' 14. 
 
 Exeter branch mint, 29. 
 
 Fartliiii;;$, in gold, 26, 130. 
 
 in silver, 28. 
 
 Fine silver and alloy, 13. 
 
 Florin, The, 131. 
 
 Foreign Coins, values of, 122, 
 
 Forged-iron measures, 50. 
 
 Franc, The, 131. 
 
 France, coinage of, 10. 
 
 coins of, 122. 
 
 mint of, 35. 
 
 new processes for coinage, 35. 
 
 Frederic d Or, J31. 
 
 Fuaug, a coin, 128. 
 
 Ool<l iiiid Silver, relative propor- 
 tions, 28. 
 
 coins of Europe, 
 
 Asia, &c., 122.
 
 Index to tJie Book of Coins. 
 
 Gold and Silver, export prohibited 
 
 by Britain, 24. 
 Gold Coins, foreio:n, values of, 122. 
 Gold, first coinac^e in Britain, 26. 
 
 mint price of, 26. 
 
 only legal tender in England, 35. 
 
 melting process, 46. 
 
 premium on, 27. 
 
 re-coinag'e of, J 774 — 31,36. 
 
 standard of, 28. 
 
 purchased by Bank of England, 32. 
 
 Gazette, coin, 131. 
 
 Gaul, early coins of, 3. 
 George I., coins of, 24, 28. 
 
 III., " 23, 28,31,33. 
 
 Georgia, gold product of, 107. 
 Germany, coins of, 122. 
 
 Great Britain, history of coinage in, 1. 
 
 early mints of, J 5. 
 
 coins, values of in U. S., 122. 
 
 gold of, 5. 
 
 legal tender in, 35. 
 
 Greece, coins of, 123. 
 Greek and Roman coins, 12. 
 Guilder, The, 128. 
 Groats, coinage of, 26, 131. 
 Guinea, coinage of, 30, 132. 
 
 depreciation of, 30, 31. 
 
 superseded, 35. 
 
 Hale, Matthew, quoted, 14, 19. 
 Half-penny, vrigin of, 8, 134. 
 Hearth Money, 128, 
 Henry I., coinage of, 8, 14, 16,28. 
 
 II., " 11,16. 
 
 III., " 12, 19, 20,26, 28. 
 
 IV., " 25. 
 
 v., coinage of, 25. 
 
 VI., " 24, 26, 28. 
 
 VIII., " 12, 24, 26. 
 
 VIII., debasement of coinage by, 
 
 12, 27. 
 
 Herring b^ilver, 132. 
 
 Herries, master of the mint, 35. 
 
 Herschel, Sir John, master of the mint, 
 
 38, 4(1, .^)U. 
 Hindostan, coins of, 122. 
 Hume, Joseph, 36. 
 
 David, 30. 
 
 Ichiba, The, 132. 
 Idaho, branch mint in, 78. 
 
 gold product of, 107. 
 
 Ingots, authorized, 6(1, 71. 
 
 charge for, 65. 
 
 of one ounce, «&c., 65, 
 
 of silver, 49. 
 
 Indian money, 133. 
 lua, coins of, 8. 
 
 Iron, use of as money, 2. 
 Italy, coins of, 122. 
 
 James I., coinage of, 21, 24, 26, 28. 
 
 II., " 22. 
 
 Japan, coins of, 122. 
 
 KiAiisas, gold product, 107. 
 King's Assayer, The, 17. 
 Krone, The, J 33. 
 Kufic coins, 133. 
 
 Lake Superior silver product, 107. 
 Lead, discovery of in England, 26. 
 Lamb, The, a coin, 133. 
 Legal tender, 23, 35. 
 
 of silver abolished, 23. 
 
 Light gold coins called in, 36. 
 Liverpiiol, Lord, on .Seignorage, 20, 23. 
 Livre, ori-in of the, 3. 
 
 Locke, John, on coinage, 29, 30. 
 London Mmieyers, tax paid by, 15. 
 
 new mint, 33, 35. 
 
 old mint, 15. 
 
 Tower of, 15. 
 
 Lusshebournes, 133. 
 
 IVIaiieiis, 133. 
 
 Mark (the) origin of, 8, 133. 
 
 Maryland, gold product of, 109. 
 
 Maryborough, Lord, 34. 
 
 Melier and Kefiner, 56, 60, 69. 
 
 Mixico, coins of, 122. 
 
 Mill and Screw, origin of, 10. 
 
 Mints, ancient constitutions of, 16. 
 
 early, 15. 
 
 Saxon, 7. 
 
 Saxon and Norman, 14. 
 
 Board, established, 34. 
 
 English, 15, 35. 
 
 new coinage of, 35. 
 
 refinery created, 35. 
 
 new constitution of, 37, 42. 
 
 proposed reforms, 40. 
 
 routine of business, 44. 
 
 cuneator of the, 18. 
 
 shere of the, 21. 
 
 steam engines first used, 33. 
 
 Warden of the, 17. 
 
 Tower Hill, 33. 
 
 Mint, U. S. Assayer, 56. 
 
 annual report, 58, 107. 
 
 annual tiial of coinage, 63. 
 
 bullion to be purchased, 64. 
 
 bullion fund of, 63. 
 
 bonds of officers, .57, 64. 
 
 branches authorized, 67, 68, 73, 
 
 75, 78. 
 
 certificates, 74. 
 
 charges for refining, 73. 
 
 chief coiner and engraver, 57. 
 
 Clerks and assistants, 57. 
 
 commissioners, appointment of, 63.
 
 4 
 
 Index to the Booh of Coins. 
 
 Mint, director of the, 56, 68, 70. 
 
 depository of public money, 70, 
 
 74,76 
 
 drafts for gold dust, 76. 
 
 melter and refiner, 56, 60, Q^. 
 
 oaths of officers, 67, 75, 77. 
 
 profits of the, 66. 
 
 salaries of officers, 58. 
 
 silver to be purchased for, 64. 
 
 standard at, 61. 
 
 treasurer of the, 56, 60, 62, 69, 70. 
 
 Moidore, a coin, 133. 
 
 Mohur, a coin, 133. 
 Moeda, a coin, 133. 
 Money, materials of, 28, 
 Moneyers, abolished 42. 
 
 coinage by, 16, 18, 52. 
 
 King's (the) 19. 
 
 Montana, gold product of, 107. 
 Mushet, K., history of coinage, 1. 
 
 Naples, coins of, 122. 
 Nebraska, gold product of, 107. 
 Netherlands, coins of, 122. 
 Nevada, gold product of, 107. 
 New Grenada, " 123. 
 New Mexico, gold product of, 107. 
 New Orleans, branch mint, 67, 68. 
 
 coinage at, 109. 
 
 Newton, Sir I., master of the mint, 
 
 29, 31. 
 New York Assay office, 71 . 
 
 branch mint in, 75. 
 
 coinage at, 107. 
 
 Nobles, coinage of, 26, 134. 
 
 North Carolina, gold product of, 107. 
 Norway, coins of, 122. 
 Norman coins, 8. 
 Numismatics, dictionary of, 80. 
 
 Oaths of Officers, 67, 70. 
 
 Obang, a coin, 134. 
 
 Oregon, gold product of, 107. 
 
 branch mint in, 76. 
 
 Parn, a coin, 134. 
 Penny -Poise, a coin, 135. 
 Penny, Anglo Saxon, 7, 134. 
 Persia, names of coins in, 80. 
 Peso, a coin, 134. 
 
 origin of, 8, 9. 
 
 Pennyweight, origin of, 8, 13. 
 Peru, coins of, 122. 
 Pewter, coinage of, 29. 
 Philadelphia, coinage 76 years, 109. 
 Philip of Macedon, coins of, 12. 
 Pistole, a coin, 135. 
 
 Pliny, quoted, 2, 12. 
 
 Pole, W. W., master of the mint, 33. 
 
 Portugal, coins of, 122, 
 
 Pound sterling, 3, 9, 11, 13, 14. 
 
 Troy, 34. 
 
 of silver, 14, 23. 
 
 Prussia, coins of, 122. 
 Pyxing process, described, 51. 
 
 trial, London, 52. 
 
 i^tiinarins, a coin, 135. 
 
 Kappen, a coin, 135. 
 
 Real, a coin, 136. 
 
 Kecoinage of light coins, 36. 
 
 Rhi edy, a coin, 136. 
 
 Ricardo, 32. 
 
 Richard I., coinage of, 17. 
 
 Rider, a coin, 136. 
 
 Ring money, 136. 
 
 Rix dollar, 136. 
 
 liolling process, described, 51. 
 
 Roman money, early, 2, 5. 
 
 Rome, modern coins of, 122. 
 
 ancient coins of, 80. 
 
 Rouble, a coin, 136. 
 
 Ruding, on coins, 4, 6, 11, 16. 
 
 Rupee, a coiu, 136. 
 
 Russia, ancient coins of, 80. 
 Russia, modern coins of, 122. 
 
 San FraJicisco, coinage at, 69. 
 
 Sardinia, coins of, 123. 
 
 S ilute, a coin, 136. 
 
 Saxons, coii.s of the, 5, 14, 16. 
 
 Scots money pound, 3. 
 
 pennies, 3. 
 
 Seignorage, 20, 21, 23, 43. 
 
 abolished, 22. 
 
 Sceatt£e, 7, 9, 133. 
 Scudi, 138. 
 
 Servius TuUius, money of, 2. 
 Sequin, a coin, 138. 
 Shekel, a coin, 136. 
 Shere, of the mint, 21. 
 Shilling, Saxon, 9, 136. 
 Silver, assay process, 49. 
 
 as legal tender, 23, 35. 
 
 bullion ti) be j)urchased, 64. 
 
 export prohibited, 25. 
 
 Silver coinage early, 21. 
 
 in Briton, 24. 
 
 new standard, 29. 
 
 ingots of, 49. 
 
 melting of, 48. 
 
 pound (if, 14. 
 
 Skeattjc, J 38. 
 
 Sitka, gold product of, 107. 
 Smith, Adam, on early coinage, 232. 
 Suclliiig, on silver coinage, 21. 
 Sovereigns, coinage of, 35, 138. 
 South Carolina, gold of, 107. 
 Sous marques, 137. 
 Spain, coins of, 122.
 
 Index to the Booh of Coins. 
 
 Standard at the mint, 28, 61. 
 
 deviations from, 60, 64. 
 
 or sterling, 10. 
 
 weig-hts, 66. 
 
 of gold, 28. 
 
 Steam engine in coinage, 33. 
 Sterling, origin of, 11. 
 
 pound, 1 1. 
 
 Sterling, silver, 12. 
 Strabo, quoted, 5. , 
 
 Stycas, origin of, 8. 
 Suetonius, quoted, 5. 
 Sweden, coins of, 122. 
 Switzerland " 122. 
 
 Tacitus, on British coinage, 3, 5, 24. 
 
 Tao money, i38. 
 
 Testoon, a coin, 139. 
 
 Tennessee, gold product, 107. 
 
 Thaler, a coin, 138. 
 
 Tower Hill, Mint removed to, 33. 
 
 Tokens, 139. 
 
 Tower of London, Mint in, 15, 33. 
 
 Touch Piece, 139. 
 
 Treasurer of Mint U. S., 61, 64, 
 
 Triens, a coin, 139. 
 
 Troy pound a coin, 66. 
 
 Tunis, coins of, 122. 
 Turkey, coins of, 122. 
 
 old coins of, 80. 
 
 Tuscany, coins of, 1 10. 
 
 United States, coinage of, 107. 
 
 coins of, 59. 
 
 gold in, 107. 
 
 Mint laws of, 54. 
 
 Vermont, gold product, 107. 
 Victoria, coinage of, 13, 24, 28. 
 
 standard of gold, 28. 
 
 revision of Mint laws, 37. 
 
 Virginia, gold product of, 107. 
 
 Warden, of the Mint, 17. 
 Washington territory, gold of, 107. 
 Waste, allowance for, 60. 
 William III, coinage of 15, 21, 23, 28, 29. 
 
 IV, coinage of, 23. 
 
 Wool, export duty on (1413,) 25. 
 Wyoming, gold product of, 107. 
 
 York and Canterbury, mints of, 7, 2.
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 GOLD COINS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 I. The Eagle— Ten Dollars. 1870. 
 
 II. Double Eagle— Twenty Dollars. 1870. 
 
 III. Half-Eagle— Five Dollars. 1870. 
 
 IV. Three Dollars. 1870. 
 
 
 %t 
 
 V. Quarter-Eagle— $2 50. 1870. 
 
 VI. One Dollar. 1870. 
 
 Engraved for the "Merchants and Bankers'' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 i GOLD COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 I 
 
 I. THE EAGLE— TEN DOLLARS. 
 
 Weight, 258 Grains. 
 
 i^inmm— 900-1000. 
 
 II. DOUBLE EAGLE— TWENTY DOLLARS. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1849. 
 Weight, 516 Grains, 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 
 III. HALF-EAGLE--FIVE DOLLARS. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Cougress, 1837. 
 Weight, 129 Grains. 
 Fineness~900-1000. 
 
 IV. THREE DOLLARS. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 18.53. 
 
 Weight, 774 Grains. 
 Fineness— 200-1000. 
 
 V. QUARTER-EAGLE. 1870.— $2 50. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, January 1837. 
 Weight, 64t} Grains. 
 i^Miewess— 900-1000. 
 
 VI. ONE DOLLAR. 1870.— $1. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1849. 
 
 Weight, 25.8 Grains, 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 
 Engraved far the '■'■Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871.
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 I Half-Dollar— Fifty Cents. 
 
 II. One Dollar. 1870. 
 
 III. Twenty-Five Cents. 1870. 
 
 IV. One Dime. 1870. 
 
 V. Half-Dime. VI. Three Cents. 
 
 Engraved for the " MerctianU and Bankers' Almanac for 1871^
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 I. HALF-DOLLAR. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 1853. 
 
 "Weight, 192 Grrains. 
 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 Legal tender not exceeding Jive dollars. 
 
 W. ONE DOLLAR. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 1837. 
 
 WEiaHT, 412.5 Grains. 
 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 
 111. TWENTY-FIVE CENTS—QUARTER-DOLLAR. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 1853. 
 
 Wkight, 96 Grains. 
 
 i^i«eness— 900-1000. 
 
 Legal tender not e,cceeding five dollars. 
 
 IV. ONE DIME— TEN CENTS. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 1853. 
 Weight, 38.4 Grains. 
 i^ine?zm— 900-1000. 
 
 HALF-DIME— FIVE CENTS. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, 1853. 
 
 Weight, 19.2 Grains, 
 i^inf/im— 900-1000. 
 
 Legal tender not exceeding one dollar. 
 
 VI. THREE CENTS. 1870. 
 
 Authorized by Act of Congress, Marcli 3, 1853. 
 
 Weight, 11.52 Grains. 
 
 i^ine?im— 900-1000. 
 
 Engraved for (M ^'' Merchants and Bankers'' Almanac for 1871.
 
 I
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 THE GOLD COINS OF FRANCE, 
 
 I. 50 Francs. Napoleon III.— Value £ I 19s. 7id.— $ 9 58. 
 
 II. 100 Francs. Napoleon III.— £ 3 19s. 3id.— $ 19 16. 
 
 40 Francs. Napoleon I.— £ I lis. 8gd.— $ 7 66. 
 
 IV. 20 Francs. Napoleon 111.— 15s. lOjd.— $ 3 83. 
 
 V. 10 Francs. Napoleon III. 
 78. Mid.— $ I 92. 
 
 VI. 5 Francs. Napoleon 111. 
 3s. Hid.- 96 cents.
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 THE GOLD COINS OF FRANCE 
 
 I. 50 FRANCS.-NAPOLEON 111. 1857. 
 Weight, 248.908 Grains Troy-( 16.129 Grammes 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 Value, £ 1 19s. 7|f/.-| 9 58. 
 
 II. 100 FRANCS OF NAPOLEON III. 1859. 
 Weight, 497.816 Grams Troy— ( 32.258 Grammes 
 i^ineness— 900-1000. 
 Value, £ 3 19s. SUl—$ 19 16. 
 
 III. 40 FRANCS.-NAPOLEON I. 1812. 
 
 Weight, 199.1235 Grains Troy-( 12.903 Grammes). 
 
 Fineness— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, £1 Us. 8|</.-$7 66. 
 
 IV. 20 FRANCS.-NAPOLEON III. 1861. 
 
 Weight, 99.561 Grains Troy— ( 6.451 Grammes). 
 
 i^ineness— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, 15s. 10^^?.-$ 3 83. 
 
 V. 10 FRANCS.-NAPOLEON ill. 1859. 
 Weight, 49.769 Grains Troy— ( 3.225 Grammes ). 
 i^ineness— 900-1000. 
 Value, 7s. 111^.-$ 1 92. 
 
 VI. 5 FRANCS.-NAPOLEON III. 1858. 
 
 Weight, 24.876 Grains Troy— ( 1.612 Gramme ). 
 
 ii'tneaess— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, 3s. lli(7.— 96 cents.
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 THE SILVER COINS OF FRANCE. 
 
 5 Francs. Napoleon I. — Value, 4s. Oid. — 98 cents. 
 
 il. 5 Francs. Napoleon III.— 4s. 0|d.— 98 cents. 
 
 III. 2 Francs. Napoleon III.— Is, 7?d.— 36.4 cents. 
 
 IV. I Franc. Napoleon III. 
 9fd.— 18.2 cents. 
 
 V. 50 Centimes. Napoleon 
 4id.— 9.1 cents. 
 
 III. 
 
 VI. 25 Centimes. Louis Philippe. 
 2id.— 4i cents. 
 
 VII. 20 Centimes. Napoleon 
 2d 
 
 ill.
 
 I PLATE IV. 
 
 THE SILVER COINS OF FRANCE 
 
 I. 5 FRANCS.— NAPOLEON t. 1812. 
 Weight, 385.808 Grains Troy — ( 25 Grammes 
 i^me^ess— 900-1000. 
 Value, 4s-. Ok/.— 98 cents. 
 
 II. 5 FRANCS.— NAPOLEON III. 1856. 
 Weight, 385.808 Grains Troy— (25 Grammes 
 i^in^ness— 900-1000. 
 Value, 4s. OW.— 98 cents. 
 
 III. 2 FRANCS.— NAPOLEON III. 1853. 
 
 Weight, 154.323 Grains Troy — ( 10 Grammes ). 
 
 i^i„e»ess_900-1000. 
 
 Value, l.v. 7k/.— 36.4 cents. 
 
 IV. 1 FRANC— NAPOLEON 111. i860. 
 
 Weight, 77.161 Grains Troy — ( 5 Grammes ). 
 
 i^i»e;ies.s— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, 9|(Z.— 18.2 cents. 
 
 V. 50 CENTIMES.— NAPOLEON III. 1858. 
 Weight, 38.580 Grains Troy — ( 2.50 Grammes ). 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 Value, 4|rf. — 9.1 cents. 
 
 VI. 25 CENTIMES.— LOUIS PHILIPPE. 1847. 
 
 Weight, 19.29 Grains Troy— ( 1.25 Gramme ). 
 
 Mneness— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, 2.W.— 4^ cents. 
 
 VII. 20 CENTIMES.— NAPOLEON III. i860. 
 
 Weight, 15.432 Grains Troy — ( 1 Gramme ). 
 
 i^infijjess- 900-1000. 
 
 Value, 2f/.
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 ENGLISH GOLD COINS, 
 
 I. 5 Guineas. George II.— $ 25 50. 
 
 II, Guinea. George II!.— $ 5 12. 
 
 III. 1-2 Guinea. George 111.—$ 2 56. 
 IV. 1-3 Guinea. Geo. 111.—$! 71. V. 1-4 Guinea. Geo. III.— $£ 28. 
 
 VI. 2 Guineas. Charles 11.— $ 10 25.
 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 ENGLISH GOLD COINS. 
 
 1. 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 III. 
 Weight, 
 
 IV. 
 Weight 
 
 V. 
 Weight, 
 
 VI, 
 
 Weight, 
 
 FIVE GUINEAS.— GEC 
 
 G47.191 Grains Troy- 
 
 Fuieness- -22 Carats — 
 
 Value, £ 5 5*-. 
 
 )RGE II 1729. 
 
 -( 41.937 Grammes ). 
 
 916.66-1000. 
 
 Od. 
 
 E III. 1798. 
 -( 8.3874 Grammes ). 
 Od. 
 
 )RGE III. 1810. 
 -( 4.1937 Grammes ). 
 . 6d. 
 
 RGE III. 1810. 
 
 -( 2.7958 Grammes ). 
 
 ?GE III. 1762. 
 
 -( 2.0968 Grammes ). 
 3d. 
 
 ARLES II. 1684. 
 -( 16.7748 Grammes ). 
 •. Od. 
 
 1. GUINEA.— GEORG 
 129.4382 Grains Troy- 
 Value, £1 l.s. 
 
 HALF GUINEA— GEC 
 
 6-4.7191 Grains Troy - 
 
 Value, £0 10.. 
 
 1-3 GUINEA.-GEO 
 , 43.146 Grains Troy- 
 Value, £0 Is. 
 
 1-4 GUINEA.— GEOF 
 32.3595 Grains Troy- 
 Value, £ ks 
 
 TWO GUINEAS.— CH 
 
 258.876 Grains Troy— 
 
 Value, ^£2 26
 
 PliATE VI. 
 
 COINS OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 I. Two Sovereigns.— William IV. 1831.— Value, £2 $9 72. 
 
 il. Five Sovereigns. — Queen Victoria. 1839. — Value, £5 — $24 30. 
 
 III. Two Sovereigns.- George IV.— Value, £ 2— $ 9 72. 
 
 IV. Sovereign.— Victoria. 1861.— Value, £ I— $ 4 86. 
 
 V. Half Sovereign.— Victoria. 1850.— Value, lOs.— $ 2 43. 
 
 Engraved for the ''Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 COINS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 1. TWO SOVEREIGNS.— WILLIAM IV. 1831. 
 Weight, 246.548 Grains Troy— (15.97G Grammes 
 i^Mieness— 916.G6-1000. 
 Value, £2.— $9 72. 
 
 II. FIVE SOVEREIGNS.— VICTORIA. 
 
 Weight, G1G.372 Grains Troy— ( 39.9401 Grammes). 
 
 Fineness, 916.66-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 5—$ 24 10. 
 
 111. TWO SOVEREIGNS.— GEORGE IV. 1823. 
 
 Weight, 246.548 Grains Troy— ( 15.976 Grammes). 
 
 Fineness, 916.66-1000. 
 
 Value, iE2— $9 72. 
 
 IV. SOVEREIGN.— VICTORIA. 1861. 
 Weight, 123.274 Grains Troy— ( 7.988 Grammes ). 
 i^mene.ss— 916.66-1000. 
 Value, £1— $4 86. 
 
 V. HALF SOVEREIGN.— VICTORIA. 
 Weight, 61.6372 Grains Troy— ( 3.994 Grammes ). 
 Fineness— ^\(\M-1(}QQ. 
 Value, 108.— $2 43.
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 8. Four Pence. — Victoria. 1848. 
 
 II. Tliree Pence.— Victoria. 1861. 
 
 111. Crown.— Victoria. 1857. 5s. 
 
 IV. Two Pence.— George III. 1818. 
 
 '^.r'ft^- 
 
 
 
 V. Three Half-Pence.— Victoria. 1845. VI. Penny.— Victoria. I85(. 
 
 Engraved far the " Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for ISTl."
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 COINS OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 I. FOUR PENCE.— VICTORIA. 
 Weight, 29.0909 Grains Troy— ( 1.88505 Gramme 
 
 Fineness— 925-1000. 
 
 II. THREE PENCE.— VICTORIA. 
 
 Weight, 21.8181 Grains Troy— ( 1.4138 Gramme ). 
 
 i^i/ieness— 925-1000. 
 
 III. CROWN.— VICTORIA. 1857. 
 
 Weight, 436.3636 Grains Troy— ( 28.276 Grammes ). 
 
 i^tne«ess— 925-1000. 
 
 Value, 5s. 
 
 IV. TWO PENCE.— GEO. III. 1818. 
 
 Weight, 14.545 Grains Troy — ( 0.9425 Gramme ). 
 
 i^ine?iess— 925-1000. 
 
 V. THREE HALF-PENCE.— VICTORIA. 1845. 
 
 So called MAUNDY MONEY. 
 Weight, 10.909 Grains Troy— (0.707 Gramme ). 
 
 VI. PENNY MAUNDY MONEY.— VICTORIA. 1851 
 Weight, 7.2725 Grains Troy — ( 0.47125 Gramme ). 
 
 Engraved for the ^'■Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 I. Half-Crown.— Victoria. 1845, 
 
 Value, 2s. 6d. 
 
 II. Florin.— Victoria. 1852. 
 
 Value, 2s, 
 
 Shilling. — Victoria. 1856. 
 Value, Is. 
 
 IV. Sixpence.— Victoria. 1859. 
 Va'ue, 6d. 
 
 Engraved for the -Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 18T1.'
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 SILVER COINS OF GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN. 
 
 1. 
 
 Weight, 
 
 HALF-CROWN.— VICTORIA 
 218.1818 Grains Troy— ( 14.] 
 i^iweness— 925-1000. 
 Value, 2s. M. 
 
 1845. 
 .38 Grammes ). 
 
 1852. 
 
 103 Grammes ). 
 
 1856. 
 )5 Grammes ). 
 
 1859. 
 3 Grammes.) 
 
 ilmanacfoi' 1871." 
 
 Weight, 
 
 II. FLORIN.-VICTORIA. 
 174.5454 Grains Troy— ( 11.3 
 i^meness— 925-1000. 
 Value, 2s. 
 
 Weighi 
 
 II. SHILLING.— VICTORIA. 
 
 , 87.2727 Grains Troy— ( 5.6£ 
 i^mewess— 925-1000. 
 Value, Is. 
 
 IV. SIXPENCE.— VICTORIA. 
 Weight, 43.6363 Grains Troy— ( 2.82 
 FmenesH— 925-1000. 
 Value, Gd. 
 
 Engraved for the "■Merchants and BanJcers' i
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 MEXICAN GOLD COINS 
 
 I. Doblon or Doubloon.— Value $ 15 53. 
 
 II. 1-4 Doubloon.— $ 3 88. 
 
 III. l-8th Doubloon.— $ I 94. 
 
 IV. I-I6th Doubloon.— 97 cents. 
 
 V. 1-2 Doubloon.— $ 7 76. 
 
 Engraved for the '■'■Merchants and Bankers'' Almanac for 1871.
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 MEXICAN GOLD COINS 
 
 DOBLOON or DOUBLOON— Onza De Oro, 1850. 
 Weight, 417.707 Grains Troy— ( 27.067 Grammes ). 
 Fineness, 875-1000. 
 Value, £3 4*'. 8]^.— $15 53 to $15 61. 
 
 QUARTER DOBLON.— 1-4 Onza de Oro of 2 Escudos. 
 Year 1825. 
 
 Weight, 104.430 Grains Troy— ( 6.767 Grammes ). 
 Value, £ 16s. 2fZ.— $ 3 88 to $ 3 90. 
 
 Ml EIGHTH DOBLON.— 1-8 Onza de Oro 
 or Escudo of two Pesos. 1850. 
 
 Weight, 52.207 Grains Troy— ( 3.382 Grammes ). 
 Value, £ 8.S. 1^/.—$ 1 94 to $ 1 95. 
 
 IV. ONE-SIXTEENTH ONZA DE ORO. 1834. 
 
 Weight, 26.111 Grains Troy— ( 1.692 Gramme ). 
 
 Value, £0 4.^. 01^.-97 to 98 cts. 
 
 V. HALF DOBLON.— 1-2 Onza de Oro of 4 Escudos. 
 
 Weight, 208.845 Grains Troy— ( 13.533 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness, 875-1000. 
 
 Value, £\ 12s. ^d.—%l 76 to 1^7 80.
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 THE COINS OF MEXICO 
 
 I 4 Reales de Plata— Half-Dollar, 1842.— Value, £0 2s. 2id. 
 
 II. Piaster of 8 Reales. 1856.— Value. £0 4s. 45d. 
 
 III. 2 Reales de Plata— 1 Dollar. 1861.- Value, £0 Is, lid. 
 
 IV. Real de Plata— ^ Dollar. 1832.— Value, 6|.d. 
 
 V. |. Real de Plata.— Augustin. 1822.— Value, 3ld. 
 
 Engraved for the " Merchants and Banlcfrs' Almanac for 1871/'
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 THE SILVER COINS OF MEXICO. 
 
 I. 4 REALES DE PLATA— 1-2 Dollar. 1842. 
 Weight, 208.845 Grains Troy— ( 13.533 Grammes). 
 i^menes.s— 902.778-1000. 
 Value, £0 2.s. 2^^.-53 cts. 
 
 II. PESO, or PIASTER of 8 REALES DE PLATA. 1856. 
 Weight, 417.707 Grains Troy— ( 27.067 Grammes ). 
 
 i^'mmess— 902,778-1000. 
 Value, £ 4s. 4§rf.— $ 1 06. 
 
 111. 2 REALES DE PLATA— 1-4 Dollar. 1861. 
 Weight, 104.430 Grains Troy— (6.767 Grammes). 
 Fineness— 902. 778-1000. 
 Value, £ Is. Ud.—$ 26 cts. 
 
 IV. REAL DE PLATA— 1-8 Dollar. 1832. 
 Weight, 52.207 Grains Troy— ( 3.383 Grammes). 
 i^^me^^ess— 902.778-1000. 
 Value, 6id— 13 cts. 
 
 V. 1-2 REAL DE PLATA.— AUG USTIN. 1822. 
 
 Weight, 26.111 Grains Troy— ( 1.692 Gramme). 
 
 /Vwe?iess— 902.778-1000. 
 
 Value, 3i^.— 64:cts. 
 
 Engraved for the " Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871.'
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 THE GOLD COINS OF PRUSSIA 
 
 I. Krone (Crown).— Friedrich Wm. IV. 1859.— Value, £ I 78. 3id. 
 
 II. 2 Friedrichs d'or.— Friedrich Wm. IV. 1848.— Value, £1 12s. Il^d. 
 
 III. Friedrichs d'or.— Friedrich Wilhelm III. 1831.— Value, £0 i6s. 5jd. 
 
 IV. 1-2 Krone.— Friedrich Wm. IV. 1858. Value. £ 13s. 73d. 
 
 
 ^& IT/' 
 
 V. 1-2 Friedrichs d'or.— Friedrich Wm. III. 1839.— Value, £ 8s. 2id. 
 
 Engraved fw the '•Merchants and Banken- Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 GOLD COINS OF PRUSSIA 
 
 KRONE (CROWN) OF FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV. 1859. 
 Weight, 171.467 Grains Troy— (11.111 Grammes.) 
 Fineness^— dOO-1000. 
 Value, £ 1 Is. 3|f/. 
 
 2 FRIEDRICHS D'OR. -FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV 
 Weight, 206.221 Grains Troy- -( 13.363 Grammes 
 Fineness— 202.118-1000. 
 Value, £ 1 12s. lUd. 
 
 FRIEDRICHS DOR.— FRIEDRICH WILHELM III. 1831 
 Weight, 103.110 Grains Tro}^— ( 6.682 Grammes ). 
 i^i?ie?iess— 902.778-1000. 
 Value, £ 16.^. 5|f/. 
 
 IV. 1-2 KRONE, OF FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV 1858. 
 
 Weight, 85.733 Grains Troy— (5.556 Grammes). 
 
 i^inewess— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, £0 13s. l^d. 
 
 \ V. 1-2 FRIEDRICHS D'OR— FRIEDRICH WILHELM III 1839. 
 Weight, 51.55 Grains Troy— ( 3.341 Grammes ). 
 ir;„,.„r.s.s— 902.778-1000. 
 Value, £ 8s. 2ld. 
 
 Engraced for the ''Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XII. 
 THE COINS OF PRUSSIA 
 
 I. Vereins-Thaler of Wilhelm. 1859— Value, £0 2s. Hid. 
 
 ill. Vereins-Thaler of Friedrich Wilhelm IV. 1857.- Value, £0 2s. Iljd. 
 
 IV. 1-6 Thaler.-Value, 6d. 
 
 V. 2!. Silbergroschen.— Value, 2:id. 
 
 VI. Silbergroschen.— Value, Id. 
 
 VII. Half Silbergroschen.— id.
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 SILVER COINS OF PRUSSIA 
 
 I. VEREINS-THALER OF WILHELM. 1859. 
 Weight, 285.784 Grains Troy— ( 18.5185 Grammes), 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 Value, £ 2s. 11|^. 
 
 II. 2 VEREINS-THALER OF WILHELM. 1861. 
 
 Weight, 571.568 Grains Troy— ( 37.0370 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness— dOO-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 6s. Od. 
 
 VEREINS-THALER OF FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV. 1857. 
 Weight, 285.784 Grains Troy— ( 18.5185 Grammes). 
 Fineness— dOO-1000. 
 Value, £ 2s. ll|c?. 
 
 IV. 1-6TH THALER OF WILHELM. 1862. 
 Weight, 82.438 Grains Troy— ( 5.342 Grammes 
 Fineness— 520-1000. 
 Value, £ Os. Gd. 
 
 V, 2 1-2 SILBERGROSCHEN— WILHELM. 1862. 
 
 Weight, 49.708 Grains Troy — ( 3.221 Grammes). 
 
 i^wewess— 375-1000. 
 
 Value, £ Os. 2M. 
 
 VI. I SILBERGROSCHEN.-WILHELM. 1861. 
 
 Weight, 33.873 Grains Troy— ( 2.195 Grammes). 
 
 i^ineness— 220-1000. 
 
 Value, £ Os. Id. 
 
 VII. 1-2 SILBERGROSCHEN OF FRIEDRICH WILHELM IV. 1856. 
 Weight, 16.913 Grains Troy— ( 1.096 Gramme ). 
 i^mpnes.s— 222.222-1000. 
 Value, £ Os. ^d. 
 
 Engraved for the " Merchants and Bankers'' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 THE COINS OF RUSSIA. 
 
 I. 1-2 Imperial— 5 Rubles Gold. 
 
 There is only one otlier Eussian gold coin, the Ducat. 
 
 Value, £0 16s. 4|d. 
 
 PLATINA COINS. 
 
 II. Six Rubles— Platina. 
 Value, £0 19s. 4id. 
 
 III. Ducat of Platina. 
 Value, £0 9s. 8id. 
 
 Engraved for the "Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871.
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 THE COINS OF RUSSIA 
 
 I. HALF-IMPERIAL— 5 RUBLES, i860. 
 
 Weight, 101 Grains Troy — (6.544 Grammes ). 
 
 i^'ineness— Standard— 916.667-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 16s. 4|d. 
 
 II. 6 RUBLES, or DOUBLE PLATINA DUCAT. 1838. 
 
 Weight, 319.551 Grains Troy- -(20.7066 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness — without alloy. 
 
 Value, about £ 19s. 4ic?. 
 
 III. 3 RUBLES, or PLATINA DUCAT 1842. 
 
 Weight, 159.775 Grains Troy— ( 10.3533 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness — no alloy. 
 
 Value, about £ ds. S^d. 
 
 Engraved for the '■'■Merchants and Bankers' Almanac fo7- 1871.
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 THE COINS OF RUSSIA 
 
 I, Ruble of 1849— Value, £0 3s. 2^d. 
 
 II. Poitina, or 50 Copecks.— Value. £0 Is. 7id. 
 
 III. 25 Copecks. I860.- Value, £0 Os. 93d. 
 
 IV. 20 Copecks. I860.— Value, 7;!d. 
 
 V. 15 Copecks.— Value, 5id. 
 
 VI. 10 Copecks. -^Value, 3'd. VII. 5 Copecks. 1849.— Value, 2d 
 
 Engraved for the "Merchants and Bankers^ Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 THE COINS OF RUSSIA. 
 
 I. RUBLE OF 1849. 
 Weight, 319.928 Grains Troy— ( 20.731 Grammes 
 Fineness~868.056-1000. 
 Value, £0 Ss. 2|f/. 
 
 II. POLTINA, or 50 COPECKS 1859. 
 
 Weight, 159.972 Grains Troy— ( 10.366 Grammes ). 
 
 Finen>^ss— 868.056-1000. 
 
 Value, £0 Is. lUl 
 
 III. 25 COPECKS, i860. 
 
 Weight, 79.986 Grains Troy— ( 5.183 Grammes). 
 
 Fineness — same. 
 
 Value, £ Os. did. 
 
 IV. 20 COPECKS, i860. 
 Weight, 63.983 Grains Troy— ( 4.146 Grammes 
 Fineness — same. 
 Value, £ Os. lUl 
 
 V, 15 COPECKS, i860. 
 Weight, 48 Grains Troy — ( 3.110 Grammes ). 
 Fineness — sam e. 
 Value, £ Os. 5M. 
 
 VI. GRIWNA, or 10 COPECKS. 1861. 
 
 Weight, 31.992 Grains Troy— ( 2.073 Grammes). 
 
 Fineness — same. 
 
 Value, £ Os. 3|rf. 
 
 VII. 5 COPECKS. 1849. 
 Weight, 15.991 Grains Troy— ( 1.036 Gramme ). 
 Fineness — same. 
 Value, £ Os. 2d. 
 
 Engraved for the '• Merchants and Bankers' Almanac far 1871."
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 THE GOLD COINS OF SPAIN 
 
 
 
 Si S\ilP^ 
 
 „, - , , ,., , s¥^ 
 
 I. Half-Onza d'Oro— 4 Escudos or 8 Piasters.— Value, £ I 12s. 4id. 
 
 
 
 ^>^: 
 
 
 J77_g,. 
 
 Onza de Oro— Doubloon. Carolus IV. 1794.— Value, £3 4s. 8id. 
 
 III. 
 
 1-4 Onza de Oro.— Carolus IV. 1801.— Value, £0 16s. 2d. 
 
 ^IS^ 
 
 
 3fr(l4.^ 
 
 ^g-l/ 
 
 IV. 1-8 Onza de Oro— Escudo. 
 Carolus III. 1788.- £0 8s. id. 
 
 V. Four Piasters.— Isabella II. 1861. 
 Value, £ 16s. 6d. 
 
 VI. 1-2 Escudo or Piaster.— Ferdinand VII. 1817.— Value, £0 4s. id. 
 
 Eiuiraved for (lie "Merchants and Bankers'' Almanac for 1871. ""
 
 PLATE XV. 
 THE GOLD COINS OF SPAIN. 
 
 I. 1-2 ONZA D'ORO— 4 ESCUDOS OR 8 PIASTERS. 
 
 CAROLUS III. 1787. 
 
 Weight, 208.845 Grains Troy— (13.533 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness— 815-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 1 12.^. 4^^/. 
 
 II. ONZA DE ORO, OR CUADRUPLO (DOUBLOON) OF 
 
 CAROLUS IV. 1794. 
 
 Weight, 417.707 Grains Troy --(27.067 Grammes ). 
 
 i^inenm— 875-1000. 
 
 Value, £S 4.s. 8i^. 
 
 III. 1-4 ONZA DE ORO OF CAROLUS IV. 1801. 
 
 Weight, 104.430 Grains Troy— ( 0.767 Grammes ). 
 
 i^meness— 875-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 16s. 2d. 
 
 IV. 1-8 ONZA DE ORO, or ESCUDO— CAROLUS III. 1788. 
 Weight, 52.207 Grains Troy— ( 3.383 Grammes ). 
 Fineness— 815-1000. 
 Value, £ 8s. Id. 
 
 V FOUR PIASTERS.— ISABELLA II. 1861 
 
 Issued for the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Weight, 103.535 Grains Troy— ( 6.709 Grammes). 
 i^Mienm— 900-1000. 
 Value, £0 16s. Gd. 
 
 VI 1-2 ESCUDO, or PIASTER OF FERDINAND VI!. 1817. 
 Weight, 26.111 Grains Troy— ( 1.692 Gramme ). 
 i^meness— 875-1000. 
 Value, £ 4.?. OUl 
 
 Engraved for the "'Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 THE GOLD COINS OF SPAIN. 
 
 100 Reales.—Doblon.— Isabella II. I860.— Value, £ I Os. 7ld. 
 
 <VTT^I^innTQ^ 
 
 fj^! 
 
 
 II. 1-2 Onza de Oro— 160 Reales.— Ferdinand VII. 1822.— £ I 12s. 4id. 
 
 III. 80 Reales— Isabella II. 1835.- Value, £0 16s. 2d. 
 
 IV. 40 Reales.— Isabella II. 1861.— Value, £ 8s. 3d. 
 
 V. 2 Piasters.— Isabella II. 1861.— Value, £ 8s. 3d. 
 
 VI. Piaster.— Carolus III. 1786.— Value, £0 48. O^d. 
 
 fjngraved for the ''Merchant and Bankers' Almanac for 1871."
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 THE GOLD COINS OF SPAIN 
 
 I. loo REALES— DOBLON or CENTEN. ISABELLA IL i860. 
 
 Weight, 129.430 Grains Troy— ( 8.387 Grammes ). 
 
 i^meness— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 1 Os. Ihd. 
 
 1-2 ONZA DE ORO (160 REALES).— FERDINAND VII. 1822. 
 Weight, 208.845 Grains Troy— ( 13.533 Grammes ). 
 Fineness— SI ^-imO. 
 Value, £ 1 12s. 4^rf. 
 
 III. 80 REALES.— ISABELLA II. 1835. 
 
 Weight, 104.430 Grains Troy— ( 6.767 Grammes ). 
 
 Fineness— Sl^-l(im. 
 
 Value, £ 16s. Id. 
 
 IV. 40 REALES— ISABELLA II. 1861 
 Weight, 51.76 Grains Troy — ( 3.354 Grammes), 
 i^me/im— 900-1000. 
 Value, £ 8s. M. 
 
 V, 2 PIASTERS— ISABELLA II. 1861. 
 
 Issued for the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Weight, 51.76 Grains Troy — ( 3.354 Grammes ). 
 
 i^mewess— 900-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 8s. M. 
 
 VI. PIASTER.— CAROLUS III. 1786. 
 
 Weight, 26.111 Grains Troy — ( 1.692 Gramme) 
 
 i^znettess— 875-1000. 
 
 Value, £ 4s. ()U1. 
 
 Engraved for the ^' Merchants and Bankers' Almanac for 1871.'
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 I. The Sovereign— 1872. 
 
 Weight, .256.6. Fineness, 916.5. Value, $4.86. 
 
 II. The St. George Sovereign. 
 
 Weight, .256.6. Fineness, 916.5. Value. $4.86. 
 
 — - '—^•>^- — 
 
 III. CANADA. Fifty Cents. 
 
 Weight, .375. Fineness, 925. Value. $0.47.2. 
 
 SWEDEN. Four Riksdaler, 
 
 or Specie Daler of Sweden. 
 Weight, 1.092. Fineness, 750. Value, $1.11.5.
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 I. Ten Marks. William, Kaiser. Gold, 1871. 
 
 Weight, .128. Fineness, 900. Value. $2.38. 
 
 — ' «•» 
 
 II. Twenty Marks. William. Gold. 1872. 
 
 Weight. .256. Fineness, 900. Value, $4.76. 
 WURTEMBERG. Double Thaler of Karl, Koenig.* Silver, 1869. 
 
 Weight, 1.190, Fineness, 900. Value, $1.46. 
 MEXICO. Peso (or Dollan of the Republic, Silver, 1869. 
 
 Weight, .867.5. Fineness, 903. Value. $1.06.5. 
 
 * This KiiiKdoiii and others liaving been liitely absorbed into the Empire of Geimnnv, their 
 distinctive coina(;e lias ceased. This piece is inserted for its rare beauty, and as a memento of 
 the pa.st condition of those States.
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 I. Two Francs of the Republic, Silver, 1872. 
 
 Weight, .320. Fineness, 835. Value, $0.36.4. 
 
 II. Five Francs of the Republic, Silver, 1871. 
 
 Weight. .800. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.98. 
 III. Franc of the Republic, Silver, 1872. 
 
 Weight, .160. Fineness, 835. Value. $0.18.2. 
 
 IV. Half Franc, Silver, 1871. 
 
 Weight, .80. Fineness, 835. Value, $0.9.1.
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 Four Ducats of Austria. Francis Joseph. Gold, 1871. 
 
 Weight. .448. Fineness, 986. Value, $9.13. 
 II. Union-Thaler of Austria. Francis Joseph. Silver, 1871. 
 
 Weight, .596. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.73. 
 HI. Florin of Austria (Hungary), Silver, 1869. 
 
 Weight, .397. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.48.5. 
 RUSSIA. Twenty Copecks, Silver, 1870. 
 
 ■> m ^m 
 
 Weight, .11.2. Fineness, 875. Value, $0.13.3.
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 I. Five Pesetas of Amadeo I. Silver, 1871. 
 
 Weight, .800. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.98. 
 II. Five Pesetas of the Republic of Spain. 
 
 Weight, .800. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.98. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 I. Gold Coroa or 5000 Reis. 1871. 
 
 Weight, .308. Fineness, 912. Value, $5.80.5. 
 II. 500 Reis of Portugal. Silver, 1871. 
 
 Weight, .400. Fineness, 912. Value, $0.49.6.
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 KINGDOM OF ITALY. Five Lire. Victor Emmanuel. Silver. !869. 
 
 Weight, .800. Fineness, 900. $0.98. 
 
 Two Lire of Pope Pius IX. Silver. 1869. 
 
 Weight, .320. Fineness, 835. Value, $0.36.4. 
 
 (The Papal Coinage ceased in the year ISfiO. i 
 
 DENMARK. Two Rigsdaler of Christian IX. Silver. 1868. 
 
 Weight, .927. Fineness, 877. Value, $1.10.7. 
 NETHERLANDS. Two and a half Guilders. William III. Silver, 1869. 
 
 Weight, .804. Fineness, 944. Value, $1.03.
 
 •>
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 NEW COINS OF THE WORLD. 
 
 V, Five Sen, 1872. 
 
 Weight, 40.2. Fineness, 800. Value, $0.05, 
 
 JAPAN. GOLD COINS. 
 
 I. Twenty Yen. 
 
 Weight, 1.072. Fineness, 900. Value, $19.94. 
 II. Five Yen, 1872. 
 
 Weight, 268. Fineness, 900. Value. $4.98^. 
 
 — - < «» — 
 
 III. Two Yen, 1872. 
 
 Weight, 107. Fineness, 900. Value. $1.99.4. 
 IV. One Yen. 1872. 
 
 Weight, 53.5. Fineness, 900. Value, $0.99.5. 
 
 ^
 
 MH 2 195^ 
 OCT 1 1 1951 
 
 m 2 6 1956 
 
 OEC 2 I96U 
 
 2 19gf 
 
 AU61 1 19 
 
 MAR I 
 
 Form L9-50m-7,'54(5990) 
 
 IXK ^Vngeles ' 
 
 This book Is DUE on the last date st^m>e I jMhaw. -f Q 1Q0|^
 
 iM 3 1158 00324 0198 
 
 
 i!iii>''?:.'a^i 
 
 AA 001 045 636 6
 
 
 University of California Library 
 Los Angeles 
 
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