mm M wVfi'W^V.(i<- I. Sjio Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN %A^kJiciYrt:nd,acJm^[ijj: vwo 2)^3. Vandcr Stncflt Tapari:hj=^ iQirice ,Je Camt!^!iem/.ULJ^tolAt/tpoJl, iiiSiyniJ' ae pcraiih^ucrCccl^^ IColl ^'J^ermclirJiot/macL >m ¥' >>^( mi ^ m ^1 ^ ^M v( m Q( m\ w ^^( o $ m^ V >^'^ ¥, >>^ ^ #^ ^ "ms* j^ m^ ^ >» t^ V ■ ^>^ u ^ » v^ >^ y ¥^ ^ >>^ j^ >r^ i!^' x\j^ ^) ^^fC^ ^x m m m n m ^ m M m^ ^5 CHRONOGRAMS 5000 and more in number excerpted out of various authors and collected at many places By JAMES HILTON, F.S.A. •!■ •!• •!• J» if* Jt >1* atf it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* il* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* it* at* il* iS* it* iS* nVgas non oMnIno InerVDItas qVas In hoC LIbro InVenerIs NE SPERNAS LeCtOR BENEVoLe. T/ic' same done into English. iHE qVaInt hVt not altogether VnsChoLarLy ConCeIts whICh thIs LIttLe book ContaIneth DespIse not o CoVrteoVs reaDer. tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, Paternoster Row. 1882. 'i^< 4*^ 4^ AN eXCeLLent neA'X' book OF Chronograms gathered together & NOA^^^ SET FORTH BY I. hILton, f.s.a. >5^ i HE word Chronogram, derived from the Greek ■)(p6vo<; time, and '^pafifia a zvriting, lias been defined as an inscription in which a certain date or epoch is expressed by numerical letters, as in the motto of a medal to Gustavus Adolphus — ChrIstVs DVX ergo trIVMphVs.^ The total sum of the figures represented by the large capital letters gives the date 1632. The words Chronograph, Chronicon, Chrono- stichon, Eteostichon, Eteomenehemerodistichon, and some other kindred words, are synonymous, and are used indiscriminately by early writers. The word Chronogram is said to have been first used in some verses addressed to the King of Poland in 1575. I cannot find that there exists any essa)' on this subject beyond what may be found in brief articles in English cyclopaedias, and in ' See page 187. ICSO-iOl vi PREFACE. German and French ' conversations-lexicons ;' and it maybe asserted that no general collection of chronograms has ever been published, if indeed such has ever been made. The present work is put forth to fill a void in this field of literature, and to present to observant readers a very curious subject ; also to preserve the result of many years' work in collecting, and of special research in attempting to elucidate the subject. The words composing a chronogram ought to convey a pertinent allusion to the event which it commemorates, the sentence should be concise, and should contain no more numerical letters than are necessary to form the date. A more extended application of the chronogram writing will be noticed ; for instance a long poem, or even a whole book, has been so composed, repre- senting continuously one particular date. Chronograms, although generally composed in Latin, are not confined to that language ; they are to be met with in most parts of Europe, in Germany, Holland, Belgium, Hungary; rarely in England and France, and scarcely at all in Italy.' They occur also in some Oriental countries, and especially where the Arabic language is or has been in use. They were written in the Hebrew language as early as the year 1208 ; we find them in Arabic (see p. 537 of this volume) representing the year 1318 ; they were used in Europe some- what later in the same century,- and were much in fashion in the sixteenth and seventeenth, and part of the eighteenth centuries. There is no satisfactory evidence of their use or composition in Europe, at least in any of the Western languages, earlier than about the middle of the fourteenth century, and although some chrono- grams express earlier dates, it is almost certain that such were made in times when the fashion prevailed, in fact that they were composed retrospectively.' It has been said that the Romans used chronograms in their later works, but after extensive research I have not met with any, and writers who have given currency to the affirmation have not ' I have not met vvitli chronograms belonging to countries not mentioned in sub- sequent pages. - See page 12, infra. ' Some are particularly referred to in the Appendix, p.ige 547. PREFACE. vii supported it by examples. Many instances of retrospective chro- nograms are pointed out in the pages of this vokime, and where any reason exists for supposing that others are the work of more modern writers, the reader's attention is accordingly directed to the probability. Chronograms may be seen (very rarely, however, in England) inscribed on buildings and monuments to record the date of con- struction or restoration, on tombs, and in other situations ; and when once the observer is familiar with their appearance and the mixed array of short and tall letters,^ they are easily recognised, though it is difficult sometimes to read them in consequence of local obstructions, decay, or insufficient light. They occur also as inscriptions on modern medals ; epochs of European history are illustrated by thousands of these works of art, struck to com- memorate the birth, coronation, career, or death of princes and potentates ; battles, sieges, and wars which their subjects have fought and endured for them, as well as the treaties made and alliances formed on the establishment of peace ; social and local events, the founding of universities and the like, — all have been illus- trated by medals bearing chronogrammatic inscriptions, by which alone the date of the event commemorated by the medal is indicated. Current coins of a country, however, are seldom chrono- graphic; those of the free city of Nuremberg are a prominent though rare example of that mode of dating coins, which has now entirel)- passed out of use, at least in Europe. Books, which, however, it is no easy matter to find out, contain a great many chronograms. Some books require a most careful inspection in order to detect and regain the treasures which at one time delighted their readers, but which are now hardly within the • This feature is alluded to in the mock epic of the ' Scribleriad,' Book 2, line 157, written in 1742 by Richard O. Cambridge, and published in 175 1 — Not thus the looser chronograms prepare, Careless their troops, undisciplined to war ; With rank irregular confus'd they stand, The chieftains mingling with the vulgar band. viii PREFACE. knowledge of the modern student or ' bookworm.' Many books bear a chronogram on the title-page, or even on the back of it, in the place of figures, to tell the date of the publication ; occasionally the title as well as the date is jointly expressed in that manner ; some books again are full of chronograms from beginning to end, expressing the date over and over again, repeating it many hundreds of times in continual variety of words ; entire odes and poems are thus composed, thoroughly fulfilling the strict rules of Latin versification, while cramped by the employment of words containing the needful date-letters. This is but an outline of the formerly extensive application of chronograms. As the purpose of a chronogram is to express a date correctly, it is obvious that it should contain the requisite numerical letters and no more : no such letters may be passed over to suit the con- venience of the composer ; surplus letters would assert too much and carry the date beyond its limits. It is essential to a good chrono- gram that every numerical letter in the sentence must be counted. There is, however, a deviation from this principle, which seems to have originated, or at least to have been followed as a rule, in the Netherlands or Flanders. It consists in the neglect of the letter D ( = 500) as a numeral, and the reason for this is the alleged usage of the Romans in not representing the number 500 by that letter, but using instead thereof the symbol I^ in their inscriptions. It is further maintained that the numeral D was a corruption of I^, and therefore it had no place amongst the Roman numerals.^ Whatever may have been the old Roman use, that symbol was extensively ' As to the use of the numeral D, I find in Gruter's ' Inscriptiones antiquse ' (Monu- menta Christianorum) the following dates to short epitaphs — Litoris . famvlvs . dei . vixit , annos . plus . minus . Lxxv . reqvievit . in . pace l.x . l;-ilend . ivl . era . D..XLvni . A . xp. cj. Another — mortvvs . est . era . D.CXIIII. Another — reqvievit . in , pace , D.ni . ID. martias . ev.-i . D.I.X.XXII. Another — reqvievit . in . pace . domini . IX . kal . novembris . era . DCXXII. Another — consumatum . oc . opvs . era . DCCXX. Another — rec . in . pace . kal . decb , era . Dcmi. In these instances the last letter D, unless it is to be read ' era Domini,' must mean the numeral D = 500. PREFACE. ix employed on the title-pages of books and otherwise, when time had so far advanced as to require the notation of 500 in a date of 1500 years, or beyond. The Flemish chronogram-makers treated the letter D as nil, and thus gained the advantage of more freedom in the use of words in a sentence without making too high a number. The occasional use by them of the numeral D shows that the method was arbitrary at the pleasure of the writer, and it is obvious that chronograms so written are not to be taken as models of correctness. It is otherwise with the letter M=iooo, and the other numerical letters ; they are always to be counted at their value, and any excep- tion is a manifest error. The numerical letters in a chronogram are usually capitals made taller or larger than the others, or distinguished by being marked with gilding, or differing in colour, red for instance, though I have sometimes met with chronograms printed entirely in small letters without any distinguishing mark for the numerals. These must have been either a puzzle designed by the author or a blunder committed by the printer. The inequality of the letters, whether in inscriptions or in print, has often been regarded by persons not knowing their purport as a piece of carelessness or eccentricity. Much real careless- ness is met with in foreign-printed chronograms, as in the omission to use large capitals for numerals, or in the insertion of other large capitals which have no numerical meaning. The invention of chronograms cannot yet be clearly traced to any source, either as to date or country. The Romans, as before observed, are said but not shown to have made them. It has been suggested that mediaeval scholars, or ' monks' (for they were the scholars), were their originators, and used them as a sort oi memoria technica, but all are too complex ever to have served for any purpose of artificial memory. As I have said above, I have found none in the Western languages that can be regarded as authentic, earlier than the 14th century. On turning to the Oriental languages we find that literature was much cultivated in Persia from the ninth to the thirteenth cen- turies. Persian chronograms in the Arabic language of equal or greater antiquity than European examples, and still earlier ones in X PREFACE. the Hebrew language, are given in the last chapter (p. 537) of this book, and I there venture to suggest that it is among the early writings of the people using one or other of these languages that the origin of chronograms will be found. It is highly probable that European scholars derived the art from their Oriental, or their Hebrew predecessors. Chronogram.s, after having enjoyed great popularity in Ger- many and the Netherlands for at least two centuries, among men of classical learning and high academical position,^ and having received much Court patronage and perhaps reward also, began to lose favour, and towards the conclusion of the eighteenth cen- tury or a trifle later men ceased to cut them on stone, print them on paper, engrave them on copper, or stamp them on medals ; and even the books rich in chronograms stored on the shelves of valued libraries were gradually forgotten, or at least were dis- regarded by all except a few students and others, whom we may call friends of literary curiosities. Whilst they were still held in high estimation some deprecatory voices were raised, and among them was heard that of a well-known contributor to the Spectator of 170 years ago, Joseph Addison. He wrote his ' Dialogues on Medals ' whilst residing at Vienna in 1702; and from the particular' point of view taken by him as an admirer of the Roman and other ancient medals, he thus speaks (after giving some examples of con- cise inscriptions on Roman coins), ' Before we quit the legends of medals, I cannot but take notice of a kind of wit that flourishes very much on many of the modern medals, especially those of Germany, when we represent in the inscription the year in which they were coined. The laborious German wits will turn over a whole dictionary for one of those ingenious devices ; you would fancy, perhaps, that they were searching after an apt classical term, but instead of that they are looking out for a word with an M or a D in it. When, therefore, you see any of these inscriptions, you are not so much to look in them for the thought as for the year of our Lord. There are ' The members of several of the Jesuit colleges were prominent as chronogram-makers. PREFACE. xi foreign universities where this kind of wit is so much in vogue, that as you praise a man in England for being an excellent philosopher or poet, it is an ordinary character among them to be a great chrono- grammatist.' Again, in the Spectator, No. 60, for 9th May 171 1, Addison wrote concerning chronograms ; he calls them ' false wit ' — ' A near relation to anagrams and acrostics — the results of monkish ignorance — tricks in writing requiring much time and little capacity .'^ These are hard words to apply to matters of historic interest ; perhaps Addison, being a little fastidious, was worried with the fuss made about the subject by the men with whom he associated during his sojourn in Germany, and probably he never saw a collection of chrono- grams, at least such as is presented in the pages of this volume. His comparison was between the inscription consisting of but three or four words, and the chronogram which was sometimes a whole sentence of history, and perhaps composed in hexameter verse. Addison did not, and indeed it is hardly possible for any one to estimate the amount of time well used or misused, and ingenuity expended on these compositions by the old writers, though we may regret that they were occasionally constrained, by chronographic necessity, to use inelegant Latin, and a conventional or trivial manner of expression. The translations offered in the following pages will hardly im- prove the originals (which sometimes need some improvement) ; they are intended to help the general reader, and to enliven a somewhat dull subject. In this part of the work I have had the assistance of a learned friend.^ The result of our joint endeavours, it must be con- fessed, is not altogether satisfactory, and perhaps a less close render- ing of the original would have been preferable, at all events more agreeable to read. In some cases translations are not given, either because the originals are too easy or too obscure ; and, it may be ' A few more deprecatory remarks may be seen in a small bock of eighty-eight pages, a Critical Essay on Medals, ascribed to J. Coningham, published in 1704 ; but they are unimportant. The writer complains that so much trouble was taken to indicate a date which could be accomplished more clearly by figures. Perhaps Addison was of the same opinion. So far both would be right. ' The Rev. Thomas Prescott, M..^. xii PREFACE. added, some are too long. Indeed the discovery of new and interest- ing material in large quantity during the progress of this work, rendered it necessary to abandon the original intention of translating all chronograms, in order to keep the book within the limits of reasonable thickness. The arrangement or classification of chronograms according to any one method would seem to be impossible, their extremely varied character forbidding the chronological or an alphabetical order ; and it is clear that neither a territorial nor a dynastic method could be strictly followed, considering the changeable and ever changing nature of the landmarks and boundaries of governments, which history and the chronograms themselves tell us have occurred in the last two centuries. It must be remembered also that chronographic history is not continuous, and that a large amount of material not within the limits of national history also belongs to the subject. The general ^ra«/j of chronograms in the subsequent pages are thus by necessity of a mi.xed character, but they seem to be the best that could be adopted. Some of the books which I have brought to the reader's notice are replete with chronograms from beginning to end, and so remarkable that I was almost induced to reprint them in full ; but as this could not be accomplished within the space of this one volume, I decided to give extracts only, enough to show the character of the books, while the references mentioned will tell the student where he may find the originals. It is curious to observe how ingeniously the chronogram writers have made the very words of ancient authors to serve their purpose. Passages from Ovid, Virgil, Horace, or Statins, from mediaeval hymns, and even from the Bible, are made to give out the dates of modern events in a manner almost prophetic, and in some instances quite so, if all that has been said on the subject is to be taken seriously.' Chronograms are not mere puzzles, and although they have been classed as such, and have been associated with anagrams, acrostics, ' See page 221. rREFACE. xiii palindromes,' etc., they deserve a more important position. I desire to constitute them into a separate class, and to assert for the best examples, an equality with epigram compositions which have always been held in high estimation, and with which they have been exten- sively associated ; and I hope that this collection may gain for them that distinction. A special high position may be taken for them if viewed in relation to the service they can render to history ; they are to some extent a memento of history written in its own locality, when found engraved on buildings, monuments, and medals, or inscribed in local archives ; the date of an inscription may be obliterated, but a chronogram as an inscription has an equal if not a better chance of remaining legible than a date expressed by four figures, and thus it certainly has a value peculiar to itself. This collection is very far from being complete ; a great many more chronograms are yet to be collected from books latent on the shelves of great libraries, and from inscriptions in and about the churches and other public buildings, especially on the elaborately ornamented public fountains of small towns and villages on the con- tinent of Europe, where the restorer or decorator is every year carrying on his work to destroy, and where decay also is slowly but surely at work to obliterate chronograms. The tourist may, if he will take the trouble (for it is a trouble), derive much enter- tainment and occupation by observing carefully, and copying in his note-book, everything of the sort he sees, before the destroyer's hand intervenes. C= loo How to use or prove a chronogram. For example take ^— ' that from the beginning of this introductory essay, ChrIstVs j^Z ,qq DVX ERGO TrIVMphVs ; arrange the numeral letters V= 5 in a column with the equivalent figures and ascertain the "^^ '° total ; or shorten the process by writing the figures only and v= c save the trouble of writing the letters; or use the still M= 1000 shorter process of mental addition. ~ 2 1632 ' Many of these conceits may be traced by consulting the index. xiv PREFACE. The reader is reminded here (in the margin) of the I = i Roman numerals and their equivalent figures, used in the -^ ~ ^ formation of chronograms. In the Latin language the letter l = 50 W has no existence; when a chronogram in that Ian- C = 100 guage requires the use of the letter, as for instance in a i^Zj^qq name, it is usually printed as VV, and counted as=io. German and Dutch chronograms mostly have the same application of the letter, and so in English chronograms when the date requires such a use of it. The letter U is also usually printed as V=5. The letter Y in Flemish and Dutch chronograms is generally read as II, and counted as = 2, in conformity with the use of those languages. An Appendix of Bibliography is given, mentioning the titles of books from which chronograms have been extracted and dispersed through the pages of this volume, and they are referred to by the italic letters which accompany the dates placed in the margin of the text ; the mark >|< indicates the chronograms collected by myself at the places mentioned ; a list is also given of references to other similar books, the titles of which are more particularly mentioned in the text. These constitute the authority for all that are printed in this collection. No one can tell even approximately the number of chronograms in existence. The following pages comprise more than 5100; this number might be increased to 10,760 by making full extracts from ' Some remarkable books ' noticed at and after page 434 in this volume. The reader is referred to the conclusion of the Appendix, where it will be seen that a further addition of some hundreds might be made from books printed at the city of Ghent alone. I may say with truth that we shall never find out all that have been written. Great care has been taken to test and prove each chronogram, to see that it makes the date placed against it in the margin ; many an error in original print has by this means been corrected. The same attention has been devoted to other matters and to verify the dates quoted or referred to, in humble endeavour to avoid inaccuracies. The short prefaces to each g7-oup will further elucidate the subject, and afford the reader occasional information which I myself was so much in want of on commencing my researches. PRE FACE. XV The illustrations are selected to show some of the methods of using chronograms in printed pages and book engravings ; they are facsimile copies the exact size of the originals, except the three at page 471, which are reduced by one-third. The medals are also represented of the actual size, and are mostly taken from originals in the British Museum. The head and tail pieces are selected in con- siderable variety, from good seventeenth century examples, and the 'flourish' ornaments used from page 433 to the end of the volume are woodcuts prepared expressly for this work from German seven- teenth century originals, copied from books more or less connected with chronograms ; they are quaint and I believe uncommon. I thank my friends for all help rendered during my researches, and for assistance experienced at the British Museum, the Bodleian, and the Lambeth Palace Libraries, and at the Imperial Library at Vienna ; and if my readers feel inclined to promote the subject, and to contribute chronograms or remarks thereon, I hope that they will not refrain from communicating them to me direct, or through the publisher. ^ tt 60 Montagu Square, London, June 1882. CONTENTS. Chronograms in and concerning England, . The Duke of Marlborough's Campaigns, Holland — Local Chronograms, Belgium — Local Chronograms, Germany — Rhine Country — Local Chronograms, Germany— Bavaria, Saxony, Austria, Hungary, etc. — Local Chronograms, Holland and the Netherlands — Historical and other Chronograms, Germany, Hungary, Charles vi. and Maria Theresa, Prague and St. John Nepomucen, ...... Poland, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia— Historical and other Chronograms, France— Historical, Local, and other Chronograms, Miscellaneous Chronograms, German, Belgian — Arithmetical — The Last Day — The Augsburg Confession — Predictions — Sermons — Proverbs — Spanish Armada — Don Carlos, etc., . German Monasteries, .... Brabant and Flanders Monasteries, . The Sacrament Robbery and Miracle, at Brussels, . Books with Chronograms Dates, Titles, and Dedications, Books by Jesuit Authors, with Chronogram dates, Poemata Varia, by German writers, . Panegyric on a Duke of Brunswick, and other Chronogrammatic Poetry, by German writers, ...... The Reformers — Huss, Zwingli, Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, and others. Distinguished Men, ....... Applause and Lamentations concerning some German .Sovereigns and other persons, .... Netherlands Pageants and Panegyrics, I 38 43 49 59 67 89 120 170 183 194 212 235 250 263 284 298 309 325 333 349 382 409 CONTENTS. xvii Some Remarkable Books — De Spiritali Imitatione Christi — Decas Mariani Marianorum — Ziickwolfius, Chronographia Sacra — Zodiacus Ecclesiffi — Confusio Disposita — Conceptus Chronographicus — Annus Sexagesimus — Porta Pacis — Genius Belgicus Consolatur — Funebris Memoria — Conflagration at Antwerp, . Franconia Plaudens, the Bishops of Wurzburg and Bamberg, Franconia Lugens, the Bishops of Wiirzburg and Bamberg, Fulda Plaudens et Plangens, the Abbots and Bishops of Fulda Oriental Chronograms, Arabic and Persian, Hebrew Chronograms, ..... 473 497 505 537 542 APPENDIX. A Synopsis of Early and Retrospective Chronograms, Bibhography of Chronograms, General Index, Index of some Distinguished Men, . Index of some Chronograms, 547 551 559 567 568 ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait, with Chronogram, ..... Frontispiece Headpiece representing Time writing Chronograms, . Preface Medals with Chronograms. Plate r, . . . . to face page 103 Do. Plate 2, . . . . „ 155 Medal of a siege of Breisach, with Chronograms, • „ 130 Cross on Prague Bridge — woodcut, . . ... 170 Statue of St. John Nepomucen at Prague, . . • to face page \^o Portrait of Neander, with Chronogram, .... 319 Medal, with Chronogram of Zwingli — woodcut, . . - 334 The engraved Frontispiece and printed Title-page of De Spiritali Imitatione Christi, ...... 43^ Ziickwolfius' Bible History, facsimile of a page, . . . 450 Conceptus Chronographicus, facsimile of the engraved Fronti- spiece, ........ to face page 4.SS Funebris Memoria of Maria Amaha. Facsimile of Plates, with Chronogram Inscriptions — three plates, . . . to face page d,T\ Head and Tail Pieces, woodcuts from German seventeenth century originals, ...... 434 to end The other Headpieces, etc., are chiefly from seventeenth century originals ; and exhibit much variety of design, . passim My Printer contributes this- — IaCobVs hILtonVs feCIt, ANNO VICtorIae qVaDragesIMo qVInto anno domini 1882. ERRATA. EMENDATIONS AND NOTES. IN times gone by authors were accustomed to address their readers in pleasant words, craving pardon for all errors in the book before pro- ceeding to specify them. The following are characteristic and quaint examples ; they express in effect what I would say to my readers for my own shortcomings, and for the printer in accomplishing an unusual and difficult piece of typography. The first is taken, verbatim et literatim, from a single page of a book ' Imprinted at London,' probably early in the seventeenth century, which I found in the ' Bagford Collection' (Printers, etc. 8°) in the British Museum ; the other is from ' Ludus Fortunce,' a book by Joannes Sturmius, printed at Louvain in 1633, and mentioned at page 323 of this volume : — Bejtevole Lector, hie etiam e7n'ores sunt, qiios sic emendare dignaberis : Quod si forte alios incurid nostra omissos repereris, diligentia; tuce cor- rizendos committimtis. Vale. Gentle Reader, I shall most hartely desire thee that if in the reading of this work other fajilts you finde then heer is noted, not rashly to condemne the Author, for assure your self that by his wil none should haue escaped, and thottgh the Printer be 7ieuer so careful, yet in the printing some wil escape. Vale. Page 13, line 20, read authentic one appertaining to England. It is by no means conclusive that the manuscript is not of the fourteenth century. Page 45, line 22, for 1254 read 1245. Page 52, line i6,/(5/-Skipton read Skippon ; same at p. 82. Page 53, line 28, for Rumboldus read Rumoldus. Page 61, line 16, for Kreuzburg read Kreuzberg. Page 93, line ^,for when ;v(Z(/ where. (The meaning is obscure.) Page 95, line 24, chiron. See note at p. 414. Page 109, line 4 from bottom, delete the letter .\ over the date. Page 118, last line, add {i.e. in heaven or the heavenly regionsl XX ERRATA.— EMENDATIONS AND NOTES. Page 121, second chronogram, after the translation, rtvrrfPR.ESEPES, a constella- tion in the sign Cancer. Page 124, line 10, deh-te the word Emperor. Page 142, line 12, for imperial family read Empire. Page 165. The third chronogram may be explained by reference to the remarks on Jewish chronology at page 545 infra. The year 3761 accordingly is the Jewish equivalent of the customary mundane year 4004. Add the date of the preceding chronogram, a.d. 1744, and we obtain the Jewish year 5521, then add 244, the difference between the Jewish and the customary reckoning, we get (for the sake of comparison) the mundane year of the latter, 5749 = 1744. This will hft seen by the following figures : — The Jewish a.m. . 3761 = 4004, the customary A.M. year. The date of the event, A.D. 1744 = 1744 The difference, . . 244 5749 5748 The discrepancy consists of the accumulated fractions of days in either case. Page 168, line 9. Possibly heI beLgraDI is an original misprint for heV beLgraDII, which would make the chrongram correct for 1689. Page 175, lines 10 and 11 from bottom. This chronogram probably alludes to S. Bonaventure, and the translation should be 'O seraphic patriarch,' etc. He has been designated as the great light and ornament of the Order of St. Francis, for his extraordinary devotion and eminent skill in sacred learning, and he was known as the ' seraphic Doctor.' He was born in 1221, and died 1274. Canonized in 1482. He acquired the name Bonaventure in his childhood after a dangerous illness, from an exclamation of St. Francis of Assisi ' uttered in prophetic rapture,' ' O buona ventura,' i.e. Good luck to the child in his future career ! His parents were John of Fidenza and Mary Ritelli. He was christened John. Page 175, line 4 from bottom, after order read (of Saint Francis). Page 177, line 6 from bottom, after Coeligalenus read {i.e. the heavenly Galen ; they were both physicians ; St. Damian was also a martyr about the year 310). Page 223, line 27, /cr third 7-ead stconA. In the last chronogram but one, the word aVgVsto should be in a line by itself, to correspond with the last word PERPETVo. The second line will then be an hexameter, commencing with aVgVsTjB, as on the medal which represents the ceremony of presenting the Augsburg confession to the Emperor. Omit the full stop after sVa. Page 268, line 21. Legends say that the words were spoken to the saint by our Lord himself. Page 272, line 1 1 from bottom. This chronogram was intended to be read as 1635 ; the initial letter J, although a large capital, was not to be counted as a numeral. Page 321, headline, readVAmA. Page 323, line A, for Struniio ;-<:' mundane year 4004. Add the date of the preceding chronogram, a.d. 1744, and we obtain the Jewish year 5521, then add 244, the difference between the Jewish and the customary reckoning, we get (for the sake of comparison) the mundane year of the latter, 5749 = 1744. This will be seen by the following figures : — The Jewish a.ji. . 3761 = 4004, the customary A.M. year. The date of the event, A.D. 1744 = 1744 The difference, . . 244 5749 5748 The discrepancy consists of the accumulated fractions of days in either case. Page 168, line 9. Possibly heI beLgraDI is an original misprint for heV beLgraDII, which would make the chrongram correct for i6Sg. Page 175, lines 10 and 11 from bottom. This chronogram probably alludes to S. Bonaventure, and the translation should be ' O seraphic patriarch,' etc. He has been designated as the great light and ornament of the Order of St. Francis, for his extraordinary devotion and eminent skill in sacred learning, and he was known as the ' seraphic Doctor.' He was born in 1221, and died 1274. Canonized in 1482. He acquired the name Bonaventure in his childhood after a dangerous illness, from an exclamation of St. Francis of Assisi ' uttered in prophetic rapture,' ' O buona ventura,' i.e. Good luck to the child in his future career ! His parents were John of Fidenza and Mary Ritelli. He was christened John. Page 175, line 4 from bottom, ti//er order read (of Saint Francis). Page 177, line 6 from bottom, a//er Coeligalenus read{i.e. the heavenly Galen ; they were both physicians ; St. Damian was also a martyr about the year 310). Page 223, line 27, /cr third rtvrrf second. In the last chronogram but one, the word aVgVsto should be in a line by itself, to correspond with the last word perpetVo. The second line will then be an hexameter, commencing with aVgVsT/E, as on the medal which represents the ceremony of presenting the Augsburg confession to the Emperor. Omit the full stop after sVa. Page 268, line 21. Legends say that the words were spoken to the saint by our Lord hiinself. Page 272, line 11 from bottom. This chronogram was intended to be read as 163s ; the initial letter J, although a large capital, was not to be counted as a . ERRATA. Page 271, line 11 from top, read ■a\^Q. e saCrarIo a perfIDo jUDa- read the date as 1 735, and dele the footnote. Page 272, line 12 from bottom, commences with a small j. „ line 10 from bottom, read reconCILIata. „ line 8 from bottom,/^r 1635 read 1735. Page 273, line 18 from top,/(?/- qUe read glJ^. Page 275, line n, after t:\5, insert es. „ line 5 from \^o\.\.om, for h^resIs read hebr^Is. „ line 3 from bottom, >r CaLVInarIo read CaLVInIano. ENGLAND. HRONOGRAMS are not to be met with in England inscribed on public buildings so frequently as they are seen in many parts of the continent of Europe ; they were, however, occasionally used in epitaphs ; some of which no doubt have disappeared through decay or destruction, and notwithstanding extensive inquiry and much research, but few have come under my notice. Old books and manuscripts have supplied a fair quantity, but they seem to be suggestions derived from foreign examples, imitations rather than originals ; indeed some particularly relating to England are the work of a foreigner. Historic medals, so productive in some countries, scarcely afford any, and although some of the Brunswick and Dutch medals, bearing chronograms, relate to the Kings of England who were personally of foreign family and birth, they do not belong so strictly to English as to Continental history. A comparison of this group with those contained in subsequent pages will show that a large field is open in England for the employ- ment of native chronographic talent. Suggestions will also be found for what might be done in the way of commemorating historic and local events, and some of the examples will serve as good models for that purpose. The simple chronogram, combined with the quaint epitaph prevalent in the seventeenth century, is exemplified in the three or four pages next following. Sir John Doddridge, Chief Justice of the Court of King's-bench for seventeen years, died in 162S, aged 73, and was buried in Exeter Cathedral. A 2 ENGLAND. It is related in Prince's Worthies of Devon, written in 1701, that within the library of the cathedral tliere is a very sumptuous monument to him and his lady ; the epitaph is written in letters of gold, " which time hath well-nigh washed away." The following chronograms form part of the inscription : — nVnC obIIt DoDerIgVs jVDeX. i.e. At this time Judge Doderige died. = 1628 Learning aDIeU for DoDerIge Is gone TO fIXe hIs earthIe to the heaVenLIe throne. = 1628 The epitaph concludes thus, expressing his age and the date — Quoto setatis ? Quoto salutis decessit ? EN ! Ipse Letho eXtIngVItVr. = 73 DoDerIgIVs IVDeX CarVs. = 1628 i.e. Behold, he is extinguished by death. The dear judge Doderige. V rom Fuller's IVorthies of England. loHANNES prIDeaVXVs epIsCopVs VVIgornI/E MortVVs est. = 1650 i.e. John Pridcaux bishop of Worcester is dead. This prelate was one of the most eminent of his period. He died of fever on 20th July 1650. The chronogram occurs in some Latin verses made on the occasion of his funeral. In St. Mary's Church, Taunton. (On the authority of the History of Taunton^ by J. Toulmin, ed. 1S22, p. 144.) Epitaph on Elizabeth and Hannah, daughters of John Gardner, interred together August 18th 1665. Here lie two plants twisted by death in one. When that was dead could this survive alone ? They were heav'n ripe, and therefore gone, we find Ripe fruit fall off while raw doth stick behind. They are not lost, but in those joys remain, Where friends may see and joy in them again. Their age. 1. here Learn to DIe betIMes Least happILIe,' = 1654 2. ere yee begIn to LIVe ve CoMe to Dye. = 1657 These lines give the dates of their birth, and make their respec- tive ages to be eleven and eight years. i he following is communicated by the Rev. Augustus Orlebar, Vicar of Willington, near Bedford. In the parish church, and attached to the chancel, is the mortuary chapel of Sir John Gostwick, master- of-the-horse to Henry viii., and on the north wall is a mural monu- ment, bearing on the upper part the date 1541, probably that of the building of the chapel. The inscriptions on the monument are so quaint and singular that I give them entire, the chronograms forming but a small portion. These are the inscriptions : — ' This word, in the authority quoted, is spelt ' happillie ' (a manifest error somewhere). It would make the chronogram 1707, a date at variance with the epitaph. During a recent visit to Taunton I was unable to find the epitaph. ENGLAND. 3 ' To the memories of Sir Edward Gostwykc, Kn*. and Baronet, ' and Dame Anna his wife, eldest ilaughter of John Wentworth of ' Gosfield in Essex, Esq^, by whom he had issue 3 sonnes & 5 ' daughters. (They hved vertuously & died religiously.) Shee in ' her widowhood like a true Turtle never joying after his departure ' till her dyinge Day.' Beneath the kneeling figures of Sir Edward and liis Lady and their children, is the following inscription — In obitum D"' Edwardi Gostwyk Equitis et Baronetti. Chronogramma. eDVarDVs gostVVyk DefVnCtVs est. = 1630 20° Die Septembris, Ann. Dom. mdcxxx. ^tat. 42. In obitum selectissimae D""^. Chronooramma. aDproperatcjVe VIro ConTVngIer VXor aMato. ^ 1633 6° Die Julii Ann: Dom. mdcxxxiii. ^Etat. 42, Epitaphium. ' Eximium fidei exemplum et socialis anion's Gostw7ki inscriptum nomine marmor habet, Vixerunt pietate pares nuUisque secundi Alter in alterius totus amore fuit. Ille prior fato cessit, ne cederet ilia Nee tamen ilia suo cessit amore viro. Ille ubi sex annos numerarat terque quaterque Anna, meos vixi dixit et occubuit. Ilia ubi complerat dilecti conjugis annos, Vixi Edvarde meos dixit et occubuit. Sic animis vixere pares cum conjuge conjux Sic vita atijue animis occubuere pares.' Transl.\tion of the foregoing Inscription. On the death of Sir Edward Gostwyk, Knight and Baronet. Chronogram. — Edward Gostwyk died, 20th September 1630. Aged 42. On the death of the most select Lady. Chronogram. — And the wife hastens to join her beloved husband, 6th July 1633. Aged 42. As a bright example of fidelity and social love, this marble is inscribed with the name of Gostwyk. They lived equal in piety and second to none. The one was quite wrapt up in the love of the other. He first yielded to fate, that she might not yield. She, however, was not a whit behind her husband in love. He, when he had numbered both thrice and four times six years (42), said, 'O Anna, I have lived out my days,' and fell asleep. She, when she had completed the years of her beloved husband, said, ' O, Edward, I have lived out mine,' and fell asleep. Thus they lived alike in mind, husband with wife ; thus in life and in years alilvc they died. 4 ENGLAND. In Westminster Abbey. — 'A very rich and stately monument' stands in the southern side of the central aisle of Henry vii.'s Chapel, to the memory of Ludovic Stuart, Duke of Richmond and Lennox, cousin to King James i. He died at the age of 49. The inscription con- tains this chronogram to mark the date : — 2 Sam. 3. 38. AN IgnoratIs qVIa prInCeps et VIr MagnVs obHt hoDIe. — . 1623 i.e. Are ye ignorant that a pri}ice and a great man has died to-day ? The verse above alluded to is, 'And the king said unto his servants. Know ye not that there is a prince and a great man fallen this day in Israel?' This monument and inscription is described in Stow's Survey of London, etc., and in Dean Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey, p. 233. It is a remarkable instance of the adaptation of the words of Scripture (in the Latin language) to express the date of a modern event. At Sherborne. — In Hutchings's History of the County of Dorset, it is mentioned (in vol. iv. p. 138), that the Free Grammar School house was erected in the reign of Charles 11., and that over the outer door, below the king's arms, is this verse — TECTA Draco gustos Leo vinDeX fLos Decus auctor reX PIUS H^c servat, protegit, ornat, aLit. = 1670 i.e. A guardian Dragon, an avenging Lion, a beauteous flower, a pious king as auilior, protects, adorns, supports this roof. The words allude to the armorial bearings. The chronogram is very faulty, because 1 6 numeral letters, making the further quantity of 634, are not counted. In Winchester Cathedral, inscribed in the centre of the tower ceiling, indicating the date of its construction. The tower was originally intended to serve as a lantern, but it was ceiled over in the reign of Charles i., whose portrait and that of Henrietta Maria accompany the inscription — • pII reges nVtrItII regIn^ nVtrICes pI^ sInt DoMVs ^ hVIVs. = 1635 i.e. May pious kings be tlie nursing fathers, and pious queens the nursing mothers of this Jiouse (or cathedral). An adaptation of Isaiah xlix. v. 23 : 'And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and queens thy nursing mothers.' 1 his is from Green's Tourists Guide to Wells. In Wells Cathedral, on the tomb of Bishop Berkeley, who died in 1581, is this verse — spIrItVs erVpto saLVVs gILberte noVeMbre CarCere prInCIpIo en ^there barkLe Crepat. = 1581 Annum dant ista salutis. Translation by 'Mr. Parker, junr., of Oxford.' Behold thy soul, Gilbert Barkley, 710W safe, having broken its prison bonds in the beginning of November, speaks from the sky above. These words give the year of his deliverance. ENGLAND. The centre inscription runs thus, but it has been damaged- VI XI VIDETE (s) PR^MIVM. LV XI REDVX QVIESCASCIBVS (?) PRO CAPTVAGENDO PR.^SVLIS (?) SEPTEM PER ANNOS TRIPLICES. The words VIXI Lvxi give the years of his age, if placed thus and added together — VI= 6 XI = u LV=5S XI=:II 83 The first and last line may be translated ; but the remainder is hardly intelligible. The most probable meaning is — • I have lived, see my reniard, I have shone, returning to my rest, (?) Having held the office of Bishop, (?) For thrice seven years. In the disused and dilapidated parish church of Albury, near Guildford, on the monument of Geoi^e Duncumb, who died 21st March 1646. >^ resVrgent eX Isto pVLVere qVI IbI sepVLtI DorMIVnt. = 1646 ' My Body pawn'd to Earth doth here remaine, As surety for the soule's returne againe.' i.e. Tliey shall rise again from this dust, who sleep buried here. At Clifton-on-Teme, Worcestershire, to indicate the re-casting of the great bell in 1668, probably inscribed on the bell itself. henrICVs Jeffreyes keneLMo DeVoVJt. = 1668 i.e. Henry Jeffreyes dedicates to Kenelm. Saint Kenelm, king and martyr (in the Calendar, 17th July), was King of Mercia, was murdered, and secretly buried in a wood in the year 820, at Clent in Worcestershire ; many churches were dedicated to him. The Jeffreys family had possessions at Clifton in 166S. On the title-page of a sermon on the funeral of Lady Mary Farewell, at High Bishops, near Taunton, printed in the year i66r, are these hexameter and pentameter verses expressing the date of her death and her age. D : fareweLL obIIt MarIa saLVtIs In anno. = 1660 Hos ANNOS posItos VIXIt et Ipsa VaLe. = 74 i.e. The Lady Mary Farewell died in the year of salvation 1660. She lived these years appointed, and Farewell to her. i liese are from Notes and Queries, Series 5, vol. ix. — An epitaph (the locality not mentioned) to the memory of Thomas Chafe, gentleman, who died 25 th November 1648. Y eXUVIas sVas eXUIt MeDICUs. = 1648 i.e. The physician puts off his ^ mortal coil.' 6 ENGLAND. Epitaph at Tawstock in Devonshire, to the Earl of Bath, 1623 (a careless mixture of Latin and old French). Y eXIIt en BON teMps nVnCq' VIenDra patet. — 1623 Epitaph at Ilsington, Devonshire, to Thomas Ford, 1658. Y DorMIo et ut spero CIneres sIne Labe resVrgent. = 1658 i.e. I sleep, and as I hope, my remains will rise again without blemish. Epitaph at Widdecombe-in-the-Moor, Devonshire, in memory of Mary Elford, who died at the age of 25, which is thus expressed together with the date — A° ^TAT : VIXIt obIIt sVperIs. — 25 MarIa gaLe IohannIs eLforD VXor tertIa heV oBIIt Y pVerperIo. = 1632 i.e. In this {2<,th) year of her age, she lived, she went above. Mary Gale, the third wife of John Elford, alas ! died in childbirth. IN Stow's Survey of London there are preserved many curious epitaphs in the old churches, some of which were destroyed by the great fire in 1666. Among them are the following chronograms : — In St. Lawrence-Jewry Church, to the memory of Richard Pyott, alderman, and Margery, his 'most faithful and religious' wife, their respective deaths are thus marked — ' Christ! quibus obierunt Anni isthinc numerantur.' Apocalyps: Cap. 14, v. 13. beatI qVI In DoMIno qVIesCVnt. = 1620 Prima ad Corinth: Cap. 14, v. 27. Deo sIt gratIa qVI trIbVIt nobIs (fatI) VICtorIaM. == 1624 This is the Bible translation of the above-quoted texts — ' Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth.^ ' But thanks be to God, 7vhich givcth us the victory.' In old St. Paul's Cathedral, John King, bishop of London, was buried, and this simple epitaph was placed over him according to his will, viz., the word ' resurgam.' A further inscription was also on a tablet placed near the tomb : — ' Johannis King episcopi Londinensis, quicquid mortale est in hoc pulvere componitur.' [Then follow about ninety Latin lines, concluding with the following anagram and chronogram : — Anagram : nominis et chronog : setatis 62 currentis. JOANNES KiNGUS PR^LATUS {i.e. John King, bishop). en apertVs Jonas angLIkVs {i.e. Behold an evident English Jonas'). = 62 Chronogramma Anno Domini 162 1. eCCe CVpIo DIssoLVI, aC ChrIsto aDgLVtInarI. — 162 1 Philip. I, v. 23. ENGLAND. 7 The translation is given by the words of the English version, ' Having a desire to depart, and to he with Christ.' Then come six more Latin lines, and this chronogram — seqVentVr qVI nonDVM preCessere. — 1621 i.e. They will follow who have not yet gone before. The letters of the first line of the anagram will transpose to make the second. The original inscription was probably destroyed by the great fire in 1666. In Allhallows Church, Bread Street, London. — Part of the epitaph of ' That worthy and faithful minister of Christ, Master Richard Stocke,' who died April 20, 1626 — Hie situs exanimis Stocki sub pulvere Truncus, Quern quondam agnovit pastorem ecclesia fidum : Ista suum nunc Sancta tenent Habitacula sanctum, QUO MagnVs pan DVCit oVes oViVm()UE magIstros.' — 1626 i.e. Here is placed under the earth the dead trunk of Stock, whom once the Church ackyiowledged as a faithful shepherd ; those sacred habitations 71070 hold him sacred, whither the Great Pan leads the sheep and the shepherds of sheep. The first line is a pun on the Stock or trunk of a tree ; last line is explained in the note. The chronogram is very faulty ; si.x numeral letters, equal to 2012, are not counted. THE seven following have been contributed by Mr. C. W. Wilshere of the Frythe, Welwyn, Hertfordshire, who composed them. On a new church-clock put up by Lady Waldegrave at Chewton Mendip, Somersetshire. SONAT HORA sonabIt tVba ILLaM sIC agas Vt hanC LaetVs aVDIas. = 1874 i.e. The hour sounds, the trumpet zaill soutid, so spend the former that you may hear the latter gladly. On an Oratory at Welwyn, Hertfordshire. serVos sVos beneDICat DeVs beneDICtIone CoeLesti. — 1869 i.e. May God bless his servants with a heavenly benediction. Over a doorway to a large balcony, commanding a view of the garden. paraDIsVM aspICIens respICe eXVL prospICe haeres. = 1875 i.e. Beholding this Paradise {garden), look back, thou exile (from the paradise of Eden), look forivard, thou heir (to the paradise of the blessed). • The words of this chronogram are quoted, with but slight alteration, from Virgil, Eel. iii. V. 33, and are thus translated by Dryden : ' Pan loves the shepherds, and their flocks he feeds.' 8 ENGLAND. At Welwyn, Hertfordshire, within a large hall which was built in 1878 by Mr. Wilshere near his residence, under the circumstances indicated by the chronogram. sChoL^ . eCCLesIve . ^DIs . VsV . eCCLesI^ . DefensorIbVs . NEGATO . spatIosIor . h^-eC . neCnon . ornatIor . sVrgIt. = 1878 i.e. The use of the Church school-house having been denied to the defenders of the Church, this one both more ornatnental and 9!wre roomy arises. This inscription has been put up by Mr. Wilshere on some farm cottages built by him. terrae . frVCtVs . LargIat . peCora . protegat . et . Nos . In . VIa . paCIs . serVet . DoMInVs . praepotens. = 1880 i.e. May the mighty God bestotv bountifully the fruits of the earth, protect our flocks, and keep us in the paths of peace. Two more inscriptions : the first composed for a convent ; the second (which alludes to the parable of the husbandman who would pull down his barns, and build greater) for a farmhouse near S. Alban's. tVa . DeLICta . pLoea . ora . et . Labora. qVIa . tVa . noVIssIMa . CIto . VenIt . hora. = 1881 DoMVs . Vestra . terrestrIs . perItVra . noLIte . Vobis . hIC . thesaVros . CoLLIgere . = 188 1 i.e. Bewail your faults, pray and work, because your last hour quickly cometh. Your earthly house shall perish, lay not up for yourselves treasures here. The following was not sent to me by Mr. Wilshere. It is carved on the two gables of the ' Frythe Chapel,' built as a south aisle to the choir of Welwyn Church, when the church was restored in 1868-70. sIbI et paroChIanIs haeC ChorI aLa De sVo jK CVra CaroLI wILLes wILshere ConDIta est. — 1869 i.e. This aisle of the choir 7uas built through the care and at the expense of Charles Willes Wilshere, for himself and for the parishioners. THE following has been written by the architect, who has restored the ancient cross in front of St. Nicholas Church at Brighton, and inscribed on the octagonal shaft, a word on each face thereof ^ PER ^Va Longa rVInata CrVX eCCe tanDeM renoVata. = 1881 And thus quaintly translated by him for the benefit of my readers, FOR Many a Long year rVInate oVr Cross Was set Vp fresh of Late Look here & yoV Can see the Date. = 1881 And I venture to add, Y? architect . j . t . micklethwaite. ' Owing to unexpected opposition, the intended restoration has not yet (Nov. 1881) been carried out. ENGLAND. 9 Some critics have objected to the word nn'nafa, tliat it is not classical Latin, a fact nevertheless well known to the writer of the chronogram. The original cross having been erected in the ' mediEeval' period, it was thought that its restoration would be aptly expressed in quaint contemporary Latin. The verb riiinare is familiar to readers of medieval chronicles, and it is well illustrated in Du Gauge's Glossarium ?nedlce et infi/ncB Latiriitaiis, by the elegant (?) quotation : ' Flumen Lambri per pluviam subito creverat et pontem ruinaverat,' enough to satisfy the most exacting critic. The word ruinati also occurs on a Hungarian historical medal of 1701. 1 he following has often been quoted as an example of a clever chronogram on the death of Queen Elizabeth. It really is a very bad one, for although it gives the year 1603, it can also be made to give a variety of dates up to 4204, by using the superfluous numeral letters which represent the extra quantity 2601 — JMy Day Closed Is In Immortality. = 1603 The pretext it has for appearing as a chronogram is that only the initial letters of the words are counted, and they come in natural sequence to form the date 1603, expressed by the Roman numerals MDCin. A book published at London, Hii^o Grotius, his Somplwpaneas, or Joseph a Tragedy, with annotations by franCIs goLDsMIth. = 1652 has no date on the title-page beyond that which is thus chronographi- cally expressed. The subject is a drama about Joseph and his brethren; the title means Joseph =:Saphenath Paneah, 'a man to whom secrets are revealed.' In the same volume (the British Museum copy) is bound up a short tract, '■Hugo Grotius his consolatory oration to his father,' translated by F. G. ; with some irrelevant epitaphs at the end. One of them is to 'Mr. Thomas Walters, late schoolmaster of Christ-Church,' consisting of eight lines, and ending thus — ' His life he ^\^th the yeere did end, 'A loving husband, master, friend. 'THE Last nIght of DeCeMber = 1651 'he rested froM aLL hIs Labors. = 1651 This is particularly curious. The first chronogram line expresses the day of the month and marks the year; the second quaintly exjjresses his death and marks also the year. A volume in the Lambeth Palace Library (and also in the British Museum) of various ' Fast Sermons,' one being that by George Gipps, published in 1695, and having on its title-page this printed chronogram, of the date at which it was preached before the members of the House of Commons. B lo ENGLAND. ' At a publicke Fast Novemb. 27, in the yeare goD Is oVr refVge, oVr strength ; A heLpe In troVbLes, VerIe abVnDant We fInDe.' = 1644 J ames Howel, the historian, has used the following chronogram in his books, The Parly of Beasts and Ho-eliana, slightly modified to suit the dates of the various editions ; this one will suffice — GLORIA LAUS DeO S.'eCVLoRuM IN S^CULA SUNTO. = 1 65 5 ' A Doxological Chronogram, including this present year mdclv., ' and hath numeral letters enough to extend to the year 1927, if it ' please God the world should last so long.' A very poor excuse for a very bad chronogram. 1 he Ge7ifleiiian's Magazine for 1735, P- 43 ^i ^^'^ some poetical compositions, in response to an offer of a ;^5o prize, on the subject of Life, Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell ; among them are these hexameters by an English author living at Hildesheim in Germany — arbIter eX faCtIs In VIta et Morte peraCtIs Hos pcen^, hos VIt^ DabIt Iste perIte VenIte. = 1735 Christophorus Caroll . Hildesii fecit . 1735 I offer this translation. — The arbiter of our deeds done in life and death, 7Liill assign these to punishment and those to life., to these he will say perish, to those he will say come. At page 673 the following is an answer to a supposed corre- spondent, on the same subject. ' To satisfy Eliza let kit caroll see, There are as laborious fools in England as in Saxony.' Then some verses follow, which conclude thus — thVs sIngeth ygVr ChrIstopher a ChrIstMas CaroLL In hopes of yoVr aCtIons that then yoV'LL beVVare aLL. — 1735 The following is from another competitor for the prize above mentioned — 12 3 as peopLe LIVe and Dye, In CoMe and go, 5 XsT gIVes these joy, and sInks those Into Woe. = 1735 Two letters d are not counted. Explanation. 1. Life. 4. Heaven. 2. Death. 5. Hell. 3. Judgment. CADDINGTON Churcli in Bedfordshire was restored in 1876 from subscriptions obtained for the purpose. The event is thus recorded on the sills of the three windows of the south aisle. ANO: o . CaDDIngtonIenses . pII . eCCLesIa . Vestra . VobIs . restaVrata . est . gaVDete. = 1876 i.e. In this year, O pious people of Caddington, your church is restored for you, rejoice. ENGLAND— AMUSING CHRONOGRAMS. ii At the middle window is this verse, to connect the chronograms — h/ec . ^.des . si . vis . qvo . restaurata . sit . anno . discere; quicunque . es; disce . chronographice, 1876. i.e. If you wish to learn in what year this church icas restored, whoever thou art, learn it chronographically . At the third window — h.^CCe . eCCLesIa . restaVrata . est . tho . presCotto . VICarIo : — Dno . Deo . gLorIa . In . eXCeLsIs. = 1876 i.e. This church was restored, Thomas Prescott being the vicar. Glory to the Lord God in the highest. The following were composed to commemorate the same circum- stance, by a young aspirant to the art of chronography, whilst in the pursuit of learning at Marlborough College — ANNO Vno et qVInqVe MensIbVs H/eC eCCLesIa perennI nItore reDIntegrata est. =1876 H.^C TnsCrIptIo DICet VodIs qVo anno h.eC ^Des restItVta sIt sI sCrIpta ChronocraphICa poterItIs reCte Legere. — 1S77 i.e. In one year and five months this church 7C'as restored with enduring sph'fidour. This inscription will tell you in what year this hiilding was restored, if you are able to 7-ead aright chronographic loritings. On a naughty dog named 'Floss' that was punished for its conduct somewhere in Bedfordshire — In this vear CaCoCanIne fLoss Met a Watery enD, ah ! grIeVoVs eVent. heIgho ! = 18S0 Notes and Queries bears on its title-pages, as a motto, the favourite expression of Captain Cuttle — ' when found make a note of,' (see Dickens's novel oi Dombey and Son). The fourth series of this publication was commenced in 1S68, and this chronogram was offered by the Rev. William Sparrow Simpson, D.D., as a happy omen. It is in vol. 6. when foVnD Make a note of . CaptaIn CVttLe . Long LIVE It. = 1S68 i he spring and summer of 1879 was remarkable for bad weather, some ladies at a pleasant country house in Essex made this chronogram on 25th August of that year. thIs year We haVe a LIVIng reCoLLeCtIon of MVD ! = 1S79 1 he following jocose correspondence took place on the election of some one into a Learned Society. NoW YoV May sIgn \'VIth f.s.a. When e're that Is yoVr WILL ; bVt Dont forget oVr fees to pay, I KnoW YoV'LL get the cILL = iS8i ENGLAND— EARLIEST CHRONOGRAM. Reply. THE FEES I'LL PAY, LIkE AN F.S.A. WILLING THE PROPER TO DO, THE honor's GREAT ! — FOR A LOFTY STATE I aM thankfVL qVIte to yoV. Earliest Chronogram. THE following is substantially derived from a book Documents illustrating the history of S. Paul's Cathedral. Edited by W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., etc. Printed for the Camden Society, 1880. The manuscript in the British Museum, No. 22142, is a small Svo of ten leaves, on vellum ; it is a chronicle of certain events (partly relating to St. Paul's Cathedral in London) down to the year 1399. On folio 9 the following lines are written in small letters : — A. Post Donstanum post sompnum meridianum. C. Cuculum vixi terrfe motum sic tibi dixi. The second line has been judged to contain a chronogram ; the whole may be thus literally translated — A. After St. Dunstan's day, after the mid-day sleep. C. I lived in a hood thus have I told you the earthquake. We read in Stow's Annals that in 1382 a great earthquake happened in England, on the 21st May at 9 o'clock in the morning, doing much damage especially in the county of Kent. In that year the Dominical letter was E ; then the letter F would belong to St. Dunstan's day the 19th of May, and the letter A would belong to the 2ist May, the date of the eartliquake. The ' sompnum meridianum' is the hour of rest allowed to the monks after their earlier hours of prayer ; it might not have been the mid-day or noon, and it is an open question what is the exact meaning of the words ' nona hora,' in the chronicle from which Stow derives his information leading him to specify the hour of 9 o'clock ; the criticisni is interesting and is fully set forth in the work quoted. The particular point which concerns my 'collection' is the chrono- gram, because it has been regarded as the earliest known example, and therefore it would be satisfactory if the date of its composition could be fixed. The translation above offered may be thus paraphrased — ' After ' St. Dunstan's day (the 19th May), and in the year when A was the ' letter of a day, when I was, living in a hood, or as a monk, there was ' an earthquake — there now !. I have told you its date, find out my riddle.' The Latin words at best are mere nonsense, and the translation scarcely advances them a degree higher. The particular words, C.CVCVLVMi VIXI, are the chronogram, and make the date ' The word ' cuculum ' really means cuckoo. It must be taken as an intentional mis- spelling of ' cucullum,' a l\ood, for the sake of the nuinerical result.. ENGLAND— JAMES FIRST. 13 13S2, the precise date mentioned by Stow; the letter C is simply alliterative, without any meaning further than to give the needful quantity of 100. Let us consider the riddle as answered, and try to find out when it was made. I have inspected the manuscript. The writing of the chronicle is faded and somewhat damaged ; it appears to be the work of one hand, and to have been written all at one time. The lines in ques- tion are written at the foot of folio 9 in a different hand, where a blank space had been left, and rather as a memorandum to preserve a good joke, or an amusing riddle, than as an integral part of the chronicle. A very competent judge of mediaeval manuscripts says that the writing of the document belongs to the period 1420 to 1450, and not earlier. It is possible that the lines were compftsed prior to the time of writing the manuscript, or of the last date mentioned therein, viz. 1399. It is more reasonable to assume that the chrono- gram was made at or soon after the event, when its effect was vividly impressed on men's memory, rather than even ten years later ; and it is quite reasonable, having regard to the foregoing brief remarks, to treat it as contemporary with the event in 13S2) and as a very early example, if not the earliest authentic one.' A SMALL but curious book, of thirty-eight leaves and no pagination, bears this title — ' Anagrammata et Chron-anagrammata Regia, ' nunc primum in hac forma in lucem emissa. XAAEHA TA KAAA. Londini. Excudebat Gulielmus Stansby. Anno 16 13.' The author's name afterwards appears to be William Cheeke. The contents of the book are chronograms and anagrams, chiefly concern- ing Prince Henry Frederick Stuart, son of James l of England, mixed with other quaint conceits, in the Latin language, with the same in Greek, on O])posite pages. The allusions are far-fetched, and the exigency of tiie chron-anagrams has led the author into such obscurity of expression that translation is well-nigh impossible ; and even those in English do not commend themselves to our acceptance on any other grounds than the rarity of chronogram in our own language. The first is on 'James i. of England, vl of Scotland, Ann: 1602' — Jacobus ex Dei gratia rex Angliae, Franciae, Hiberniae primus, Scotiae sextus. ' The work above quoted contains, at page 59, and in the Appendix, page 219, much curious discussion of this subject, as well as some various readings of the particular words, which do not seeai however to disturb that which its author has adopted. 14 ENGLAND— PRINCE HENRY. The same letters compose exactly the following hexameter and pentameter chronogram — aXe sVb aLgentI, reX hTC IaCobVs In aXe est IMPERII, eIa saCra fortIa regna DeVs.i i.e. Under the cold sky this King James is on t/ie summit of J>owcr, O God ma/ie his Kingdom strong. The next is a chron-anagram on the death of Prince Henry Frederick, son of James i., each making the amount of the date of his death — 1612, his age — 18, the day of November — 6, and the hour — 6, total 1642 — heInrICVs frIeDerICVs steVarDe sCotIae-VVaLLIae prInCeps, totIVs regnI brItannICI haeres. — 1642 _ . ,.., . Salut: ) 1612') DieNovemb:") 6. Qui obut anms ^^^^^ j ^g j- ^^^. ^j^j ]- ^ The same letters compose also the following lines — strenVVs, hInC ferrI DeCVs, Is tIbI, ChrIste parantIs DeLICIae, heV ! patrIae ens, gLorIa, CVra IoVae. = 1642 Another anagram-chronograni; — Henricvs Walliae princeps obit sex Die No: aetatis Dec-octo. Incarnationis christi. (161 2.) Echo inclusive. oCCIDIt . ANNE DeCVs . phoenIX . spes . VIta . brItannIs. sCILICet . LaVro . ( ) en honor artIs . aI . aI. = 1636 The date of his death, 161 2 The day of November, 6 His age, . . . 18 1636 The chronogram is not an exact anagram of the words which precede it, there is a variation of about six letters. The meaning of the parenthesis is obscure. Anne is the queen, — Anne of Denmark. ' A chronogram in anagram ' on ' T/t' vntitttely death of that thriee great-good prince henrIe freDDerIC steVVarDe, =^ 161 2 Carm: \ Deere frIenDe, Wars CreDIt, ^ 1612 Heroic; / rICh VertVcs, reaDI DefenDer. = 1612 Ah ! gone Sleepe, sweetest Prince, on softest Earth, Whose Gem thou wert, whilom thy Breath. Blest Soule ! from Earth to Heaven who Parts 1 This chronogram is correct with the original print, but wrong in date (making all allowance for the printer's errors) ; it gives 1904. It is an example of an impossible date arising from surplus numerical letters. ENGLAND— PRINCE HENR V. IS Deere frIenDe, Wars Cv.%DIt, just spender.^ = 1612 rICh VertVes reaDI DefenDer. = 1612 DEERE FRIENDE OF ALL-BEST-PARTS, HARTS, ARTS. Ec/l. Ech. The next is called anagram-chronogram. The portion which now immediately follows is an exact anagram of the succeeding words ; we need not stop to analyse the meaning of the allusions to England, etc., with the symbols and scriptural references. The lines which sub- sequently follow are but little more than an eclio of the words ' trina corona defertur.' Hennerico Friderico Stvavrto. (Anagram) OHE ! Ang. "^ cvi FERTVR, I Pei. 5. 4 '^ Glor. Scot. '^ TRINA CORONA 2 Tim. '^ Jlist. Hib. '^ DEIS. Jac. I. 12 '^ r/ta. TRlNA CORONA Uni Divis DEFERTVR utrisq : TRINA parata Patre, trina relata Patre. Chronog. fertVr trIna (oh)e DoMInante Corona ter Vno, = 1612 DebIta trIna soLo, Vera resVMta poLo. :== 1 6 1 2 We now come to the following : — henricus. Chron : Is PRiOR DVCVM. - 161 2 Ante — ChrIstVs DeMorItVr. = 161 2 Epigram. Vera (heu) sanguinea; pra;dixit flammifer ^Ethrx Vultus, Fata Ducum : hinc Ilias orta Mali : Sors mala nos miseri 6 ! irate sidere, sidus Occidit, heu ! peccant membra, luitque caput. Anne inamoene peri, Lupe, Faux, Crux, Festa nefasta, qVo Magnas, prInCeps, enDVperator obIt. = 161 2 HENRICVS FREDERICVS. Chron : VICtorIaM aDeptVs. — 161 2 Then follow six lines of epigram ; and afterwards these chrono- grams addressed to the jmnce, each also with six lines of epigram (omitted here). (■ DVlCIssIMVs, (the letter L is not counted). = 16 12 \MeLLeVs VerIs aDonIs. = 1612 MaCte VerIor fortItVDo. = 161 2 • The words ' just spender ' must be taken to mean the man who disburses your house- hold expenses,— 'just steward,' i.e. Stuart. The earliest member of this regal family whom we find on record is said to be Walter, son of Alan, who \v.i3 Steward or Uapifer of Scot- land in the reign of David i. and Malcolm iv., in the first half of the 12th century. 1 6 ENGLAND—JAMES FIRST. sangVIne, CorDe, Mente VIr. = 1612 EN ChorIs DIVVM. = 1612 tItVs IMperator DeCorVs. = 161 2 VIVIt CanDor — aMor. =1612 eCCe CLara LaVs, fLos LILIoLVM. — 16 12 Then this Epigram follows : — DeLI spLenDIDUs pVer. = 161 2 Tyro Clari mira coelebs virtute serenus CursLi dum medio candidus urget equos : Sorde licet res, spes radiorum Pulvis obumbret, Laus superat vivax funere major erit : Inscribetque Pius pario breve marmore carmen, heroVM, Cor, harIC-arChI-CoroLLa, CapVt. = 1612 Then follow six pages of Latin anagram, acrostic, and other muta- tions of the words, some arranged in squares, relating to the same prince, accompanied by a Greek version of the same, all very intricate, evolving his name, the date, day, and hour of his death, his age, and other allusions in both languages. This chronogram is at the com- mencement — heV MortV^ DeLItIoL^. = 16 12 and after some acrostic lines, this obscure chronogram concludes the direct allusions to the prince — ■ j paMphILo - BONO - sVaVIs Leo = 1612 ' '^jj 1 ^^San - aMor - CharIs graDIVVs, &c. = 1612 Then follow the names of the daughter of James i. and her hus- band, used chronographically, and arranged as ' Paralleli.' Here they are in simple arrangement. CassIMIrVs steVarDaea. = 1612 CasIMIrr steVVarD. = 1612 DVke FREDERik ) ,baVeer {i.e. Bavaria). \ LaDy eL-sabeth J ° Briten {i.e. Britain). J CarIssIMVs ) (Caesar sIM, / 7 z.- \ r DeaaretVsaI IvIrtVsDea. (fach mahns) = 16 12 sIr DVKe mi trV SARA, {/or K read C = 100.) = 1612 braVe kIrke — Defender. ") _ bLIth, bLest avDer — eVa J ~ And so the first portion of the book terminates. Then follows a fresh title-page to a set of epigrams on the death of the Kings of England from the union of the 'Roses' down to the then reigning King James i., in Latin, and the same in Greek, each preceded by one of these chronograms. The first of the following lines 1612 1612 ENGLAND— VARIOUS KINGS. 17 gives the date of the death of the above-mentioned son of James i., the second the date of the book now being quoted. IaM faVstIter DeCVrso, = O PROTEGAT ChrIstVs DoMInVs iETERNlTER. = i.e. Having now favourably run his course, may Christ the Lord protect him for ei = 1605 pro taLI aVspICIo est soLennIs gLorIa ChrIsto. ) i.e. The fifth of November was dangerous with gunpozvder, by ivhich the King and the leading men of the kingdom perished not ; for such an. auspice there is solemn {or religious) glory to Christ. [The chronogram has this appendage] — LiETO, fIt LA'rk sIt aVspICIo est taLI soLennIs gLorIa ChrIsto. a Nativitate vero Dominica hujus seculi supra millesimum sexcentesimum quinto. The addition to the chronogram is explained on referring to a similar one at page 25 infra. A VOLUME of tracts in the British Museum (C. 28, g. 2-3), Poems in honour of Charles i., etc. The third tract has this title, dated only by chronograms : ' Anagrammata regia in honorem maximi mansuetissimi regis Carol i conscripta,' etc. (and dated thus) — LonDInI regIo prIVILegIo eXaratVM. = 1626 and on the last page is this chronogram (the publisher's name) — eXtant Ista In .-eDIbVs gVLIeLMI stansbIe. = 1626 i.e. At London, produced under royal privilege. These are at the house of William Stansbie. In the same volume, the fifth tract — ' Euphemia vota et soteria Carolo principi,' etc., per M. C.ulielmi, In M"" D'"". ... At page 67, 20 ENGLAND— CHARLES FLRST. an epigrammatic poem is preceded by ' Chronogramma duplex, disticho conclusum, in annum serenissimo regi Carolo salutiferum mdcxxxii.' bVLL^ Vt sVbsIDVnt natvE eX antheMate regIs. = 1632 eMergVnt, et VIX VIsa repent^ CaDVnt. = 1632 i.e. As bubbles subside arising from the anathemas of tlie King. They arise, and scarcely are they seen jchen tJiey suddenly fall. ON George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham, the most intimate friend of Charles the First, murdered at Portsmouth by Felton, 23d August 1628 — georgIVs DVX bVCkInghaMI^. = 1628 A CURIOUS and rare tract, of only twenty-two pages (Brit. Mus., C. 39, e.), is best explained by giving its title-page in full, together with some extracts, to show the purpose of the chronograms, and if possible to explain their meaning. The allusions are to King James i. of England and Prince Charles his son, afterwards Charles the First, who married the Infanta of Spain — ' Pax Vobis, or wit's changes turned in a Latine hexameter of ' Peace. Whereof the numeral letters present the yeare of our ' Lord ; and the verse itself (consisting only of nine words) ad- ' mitteth 1623 several changes or transpositions, remaining still a ' true verse ; to the great wonder of common understanding. ' With a congratulatorie poem thereupon, and some other chronograms expressing both the yeare of our Lord and the yeare of the king's reigne. ' Composed in celebration of this yeare's entrance of his Majestie into the xxi yeare of his blessed reigne. ' By Ro: Tisdale of Graies Inn Gent. — London 1623.' [Page I.] ' Greatest of Cresars, peace-maker of kings, ' James of Great Britaine, whom all muses sings, ■ make^r'^'^ ' ^''' Stately panegyricks, styling thee 'Sabbath.' ' The prince of peace that now with sabbaths' three ' Of Halcyon yeares,' etc. ' Thy trine of sabbaths,'^ etc. [Page 3.] ' behold, and see ' One thousand and six hundred twenty three, ' In this nine-worded line ; a salutation, ' Or Ave Caesar, at his coronation.' paX tIbI, reX saLeM,- per te gens fLorIDa regnat. = 1623 ' Reade and observe it well ! There shall you finde. ' The yeare of Christ,' ' Alluding to the Sabbatical year, or three times 7 := 21 years of the king's reign. ' ' Our Jerusalem' is expressed elsewhere in the poem. ENGLAND— CHARLES FLRST. 21 [Page 4.] — Then follow 66 lines of changes (or transpositions) on the words of the chronogram, with a marginal note, ' The changes after this order are above 1623.' (Each line of course making that date.) [Page 8.] — ' This yeare the one and twentieth of our peace. And tliy third Sabbath since all warres did cease To cloud the day, or thunder, like to feare, With sword, and fire, our royall hemisphere.' IaMes by the graCe of goD, Is a kIng noW neVer Vnhappy.= 1623 Whose three seaV'ns of yeres, Is a reIgn, In a trInItIe SABBATH. = 21 ' By thee great Csesar have we now attain'd The flowrie times of peace ; ' — [Page 18.] — 'Our royall prince has cut a passage through the sea.' The poet eulogises the prince Charles on his going to Spain to woo the Infanta, and the prince is supposed to say, — VVIDVM V\C\, i.e. I have overcome the sea. = 1623 (All the letters being numerals.) This is followed by some verses, each line commencing w-ith these letters in succession. The prince arrives in Spain. He meets the King of Spain, who entertains him nobly. The poet prays that he may return, having accomplished a marriage between love and peace ! ' That love and peace, still shining in his glory. To make this journall an eternall story To after-ages, of his princely cariage, And the felicity of a royall mariage ! And so take to him two attributes of state, MICVI, DVXI, and both fortunate. i The yeare of our") ^ ^ ' ' (_ Lord m two words. ) •' ' Whereof receive this chronogram — shIne honors herds. Make thy brIDe thy sphere ! for We In her eXpeCt a happy yeare. — 1623 [Conclusion.] ' And so I rest, faithfull, and still the same ; Wishing I could my service fitly frame To all occasions, as this verse doth raise His changes forty thousand sev'rall wayes. Lex mihi Lu.x ; sic rex, ceu Sol, dans lumina. Jus sit. obseqVIo, non fIDe MVLtIpLeX. Ro. Tisdale.' = 1623 [This match was broken off, and Charles on his way home met with Henrietta Maria at Paris, daughter of Henry iv. of France, whom he afterwards married, as we are told in the epithalamium next following.] A volume in the Brit. Mus. 837, h. 16. — ' Epithalamia Oxoniensia,' addressed to Charles First on his marriage with Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry iv. of France. — Oxonias 1625. By various members of the university. There are among them a few chronograms. Multiplex and semper idem 40020, wayes. 2 2 ENGLAND— CHARLES FLRST. The following is adapted from Ovid, i. Metamorph. It is necessary to quote the whole, that the right effect may be given to the chrono- gram. Carolus est Phcebus, radios diffundit Amoris, Unus et in nostro Sol velut orbe micat. Tu Maria es Daphne, viridi dignissima lauro, Quoquo respectu conspiciaris, eris. PHCEbVs aMat, VIs^qVe (InIIt) ConnVbIa Daphnes; = 1625 Qualia vult sperat, qualia sperat habet. i.e. Charles is Phcebus, he pours forth the rays of love, and as one sun he shines in our sphere. Thou Maria art Daphne, thou wilt be most worthy of the green laurel, and wilt be regarded with respect. Phosbus loves and he has concluded the desired ^vedlock of Daphne, — the things he desires he hopes for, and those which he hopes for he possesses. The lines are No. 490 in the original, and run thus — • Phcebus amat ; visjeque cupit connubia Daphnes ; QuDeque cupit, sperat : suaque ilium oracula fallunt. Another from the same tract, ' Chronogram.' gaLLICa nIMpha feret CaLathIs tIbI LILIa pLenIs reX InVICte = 1625 Lilia mixta Rosis ; Regales Lilia flores Regalesq; RosK : CaLathIs en LILIa pLenIs gaLLICa nIMpha feret tIbI (reX InVICte) rosasq; — 1625 mi tute dabis ; sic florura jungere Reges ; Sic Regum flores decuit ; Caroloque Mariam. Floreat Kternlim Caroli Rosa, pulchra Marias In casto Dominje seruent se Lilia, vultu, Mixta Rosis ; et Lili-Rosas hsec mixtio donet. i.e. O unconquered king, the French nynph shall bring to thee lilies in loaded baskets. Lilies mixed with Roses, Royal Lily flowers and Royal Roses ; Behold, O unconquered king, the French maiden shall bring to thee baskets full of Lilies and Roses, etc. etc. in the same volume is a tract, ' Voces votiv;e. Ab Academicis Cantabrigiensibus.' Cambridge, 1640. Verses on the birth of a son to Charles i. and Henrietta Maria. The subject of one poem is thus expressed — ' Ad eundem regium infantem. ' Natales decorent cum multi Annosque Diesque, eCCe hInC eXIMIVs tVVs hIC CognosCItVr annVs. = 1640 i.e. Whilst many birthdays may adorn the years and days. Behold ! henceforth this thy distinguished year is recognised. A manuscript in the British Museum, 12. a. lx., consisting of about forty pages of Latin and Greek verses presented to King Charles the First on his visit to Winchester in 1636, composed by the scholars of the college there. Its title is ' Musse tripudiantes, in ENGLAND— CHARLES FIRST. 23 optatissimo adventu Illustrissirai Regis Caroli, ad Wintoniam.' Among the contents are these anagrams and chronograms — ( Caroliis Stewarte Aneliae Rex. (\v=uu). Anagramma. s t^ ^ /-^ 1 * ■ \ ' " \^ i.\i ter Lcesar ave lux regni sola. Chronograma — ET qVe VVIntonIaM fVIt 6 tIbI CaVsa tVenDI. = 1636 i.e. And 'ivhat cause was there to thee for protecting Winchester. ( Carolus Britanire Rex. Anagramma. -J , 1 • ^ " ( Lux orbis seterna can. f Carolus Stevartvs. Anagramma. -I t- 1 " I i u solvs artes cvra. Chronograms addressed to him — • MorIbVs, aVt VIrtVte IpsI Is pIetate seCVnDVs. = 1636 i.e. He is second only to himself in manners, virtue, and piety. VItIs VtI arborIbVs tV DeCVs oMne VIrIs. = 1636 i.e. As the vine is the glory to trees, so thou art all glory to mankind. WRITTEN on the fly-leaf of a copy of the Eikon Basilike, dated 1648, and probably contemporary with the event ; the ink has faded to a pale yellow colour. The volume is in the British Museum. Chronostichon anni 1648. reX pIVs atqVe eonVs greX ConDeMnantVr InIqVe. = 1648 and followed by this translation written in pencil, ' A pious king and a good people are condemned unjustly! On the same page is this line — reX pIVs et greX VerVs ConDeMnantVr InIqVe. — 1648 On another fly-leaf of the same volume the following chronogram is written in pale faded ink — ■ Chronostichon decollationis Caroli Regis etc: tricessimo die Jan : Anno a creatione mundi ut inter nos computatur 5684. trIstL-v perCharI DepLoro fVnera regIs. = 659 Inferna Ingrata Detestor MVnera pLebIs. ' = 1558 reX DeCoLLatVr serVIs ; qVIs taLIa VerbIs = 784 eXpLICet, aVt possIt LaChrvMIs v1;qVare Labores ; = 1373 hIC, pIetatIs hongs? sIC regeM In sCeptra reponVnt. = 1310 5684 i.e. A Chronostichon of the beheading of Charles, King, etc., oti the ^oth day of January, in the year from the creatio?t of the 7vorld, as it is calculated by us, 5684. I deplore tke sad death of our very dear king, I detest the infernal acts of the ungrateful multitude. The king is beheaded by his sen'ants ; ivho could explain such things by 7('ords, or 24 ENGLAND— CHARLES FLRST. rvJio could equal these sorrows by tears. Is this the duty of affection, thus they restore a king to his throne ? THE next is from Notes and Queries. At Brockthorp, Gloucestershire, carved roughly on an oak timber in the church porch. It is also in a Collection of Poems and Songs, 1639 to 1661, and in a Collection of Loyal Songs printed in 1731. ' Chronostichon Decollationis Caroli regis tricessimo die Januarii, secunda hora pomeridiana Anno Dom. mdcxlviii.'' See Aubrey's Miscellanies. Ed. 1857, page 7. TER Deno JanI : Labens reX soLe CaDente. Y CaroLVs eXVtVs soLIo sCeptroqVe seCVre. = 1648 i.e. ' Ere thirtieth January's setting sun, ' The axe on Royal Charles its work had done, ' His throne and sceptre lost, his short race run.' ' Sole cadente ' is allusive to Charles as England's sun, and may be translated ' in the afternoon.' I find in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, among the Ashmolean manuscripts, two other versions of the foregoing chronogram. The extracts are from the MS. Ashmole. 36, fol. 279. ' Epigramma de Termino Hilarii in Anglia Juridico, Anno Domini 1649.'^ (Then follow eight hexameter and pentameter Latin verses on the execution of Charles i., and continuing thus) — ' Eteostichon executionis Regalis, Anno Dn : 1649, die 30 Januarii.' TER Dena IanI reX LVCe, aC soLe CaDente, eXVtVs soLIo CaroLVs ense rVIt. = 1649 Then follow eight more verses, with this conclusion— TER Deno IanI Labens reX soLe CaDente, CaroLVs EXVtVs soLIo sCeptroqVe seCVrI. = 1649 A remarkable anagram on Charles I. is in a book in the British Museum, Lusus Anagranunatico-poeticus, by J. H. Zernik, 1706. Press mark 837, h. 45. It does not appear that it was written before his execution ; the anagram is perfect, the letters of the first line exactly compose the words of the second. Carolus Stuartus, Angliae, Scotiae, et Hiberniae Rex : Aula, Statu, Regno exueris, ac hostili arte necaberis. ' There is here an apparent confusion of dates. The execution of Charles I. is represented by these three chronograms to have taken place in 1648 and 1649, or, as it is sometimes expressed, 164^. When double dates are given, the first denotes the English legal year ending 24th March, the second denotes the Julian year ending 31st December. The 30th of January might thus be put into either year. ENGLAND— CIVIL WAR, ETC. 25 i.e. Charles Stuart, King of England, Scollatid and Ireland, thou shalt he deprived of palace, state, and kingdom, and shalt be killed through hostile cunning. A TRACT in Lambeth Palace Library, 11 L D. 3, Niincius propheticus sive syllabus selectoruDt vaiiciiiaturum, etc. London 1642, (? by William Burton, or by Seth Ward, or by T. B.) Opposite the title-page is a summary of vaticinations of misfortune to England, with this chronogram at the foot of the page ; all the numeral letters are printed red. paX nobIs faXIt DeVs AT beLLVM eXeat orbe. = 1642 i.e. May God make peace for us, and may war yet depart from the world. AVERY rare tract of 12 pages 410, lent to me by Rev. W. Begley. Chronomctra memorabilium rerum, etc., relating to the civil wars in England, printed at Cambridge, 1646. The following ' Tetrastichon chronologicon, uni cum voto Chris- tiano pro auspicio anni 1646,' is on the title-page, and dates the publication of the book. nVnC agItVr qVartVs beLLIs CIVILIbVs annVs, sVIsqVe VIrIbVs rVIt brItannTa : ChrIste, saLVtares Da paCe resVrgere soLes, eCCLesL'e tV^ VIgebIt CLarItas. = 1646 i.e. Now the fourth year of the civil 7var is passing, and Britain is falling by its own force : O Christ, grant that the days may arise again in peace, and the beauty of thy church 'will flourish. On the destruction of the Spanish fleet in the English Channel, 25th July {the Spanish Armada). VICeno aC qVIno IVLI, regIna VIrago hesperII regIs CLasseM pIa VICIt eLIza. = 1588 i.e. On the 2^th day of July our pious maiden Queen Elizabeth conquered the fleet of the western king. On the providential discovery of ' Gunpowder Plot ' on 5th November in the third year of King James the First. qVInta noVeMbrIs erat fataLIs pVLVere nItrI, reX, proCeres regnI qVa non perI£:re brItannI : PRO taLI aVspICIo L.A.Tk sIt gLorIa ChrIsto. = 1605 i.e. The fifth day of November was dangerous with gunpowder, on which day the king and the nobles of Britain did not perish: for such a favour may Christ be glorified far and ivide. The last line of this chronogram differs from a similar one at page 19, supra. D 25 ENGLAND— CIVIL WAR. On the solemn covenant between England, Scotland, and Ireland, for the uniformity of orthodox religion. 25th September. VICena qVInta septeMbrIs LVCe, IehoV^ PRO reCto CVLtV saCra Vota InIere brItannI. = 1643 i.e. On the 2^th day of September the Britons formed a sacred resoli'e for the right worship of Jehovah. This chronogram is signed ' Joh. Sictor Rokytsanus exul Bohemus.' This Bohemian exile, John Sictor, was the author of the book ; no author's name is otherwise mentioned therein. Then follows ' Chronologicon generaliorum praeliorum et pretipu- ' arum expugnationum, civili et intestine bello Anglican©, inter regem ' et summum regni senatum, in quartum annum productum.' On the battle of Kineton (Edge-hill), in Warwickshire, on 23d October — VICeno terno oCtober DeferbVIt ortV, CLaDe CrVentarVnt CIVILI rVra brItannI. = 1642 i.e. Tlie twenty-third sun of October arose when the Britons made the fields red with civil slaughter. On the battle of Devizes, in Wiltshire, in which the king's forces were victorious, 5th July — qVIntILIs qVInto, phcebo rVtILante CaLore, robore reX poLLens paLMa VICtrICe potItVs. = 1643 i.e. On the fifth of July, the sun shining brightly, the king being the more powerful gained the victoiy. On the first battle of Newbury, in Berkshire, 20th September — soLe qVater qVIno septeMbrIs In orbe CorVsCo, CoNFLIXfeRE aCIe, patrIoqVe CrVore brItannI. = 1643 i.e. The tiventieth sun of September shining in the world, the Britons contended in battle, with slaughter of their kinsmen. On the battle of Nantwich, in Cheshire, when the royalists were defeated on 2Sth February — VICeno aC qVInto febrVVs respLenDVIt Igne, regIa CLaDe Cohors rVIt In CestrensIbVs agrIs. = 1644 i.e. The twenty-fifth sun of F.'bruary arose when the forces of the king are defeated in the plains of Cheshire. On the battle of Marston-Moor, in Yorkshire, in which the parlia- mentary army was victorious, on 2d July — regaLes fVsI qVIntILIs LVCe seCVnDa, VIrIbVs attrItIs, eboraCo CLaDe propInqVa. = 1644 i.e. On the second day of July the royalists were scattered, the forces being broken in the defeat near York. ENGLAND— CIVIL WAR. 27 The first battle in Cornwall, all the supplies of the enemy being intercepted, they were compelled to surrender, and the royalists took possession of nearly all the western portion of the kingdom — InCIpIente poLo VIIbrIs LVCe sVb Vna CornVbIa In bIMarI CessIt VICtorIa regI. = 1644 i.e. The first day of September having daivned, the victory in Cornwall between the two seas, fell to the king. On the taking by storm of Newcastle by the Scotch army — aXe noVenDeno oCtobrIs, phceboqVe CaDente, VI sVnt CasteLLI Castra sVbaCta noVI. = 1644 i.e. On the ninetee7ith day of October, at the set of sun, the camp of Newcastle is subdued by force. On the second battle of Newbury, which was interrupted by the dArkness of night, 27th October — oCtobrIs noVIes terna faCe pVgna reVIXIt : noCte seD obsCVra regaLes CLaDe fVgantVr. = 1644 i.e. On the thrice ninth day of October the battle luas renewed, but, nig/it intervening, the royal forces are put to flight with slaughter. On the occupation of Shrewsbury by stratagem, 22d February — aXe bIs VnDeno febrVIqVe, saLopIa, CLaVo, Carta fVIt CAVxk noCte sILente DoLo. = 1645 i.e. On the twice eleventh day of February, Shrercsbuty was taken by a night stratagem. On the battle of Naseby, in Northamptonshire, by which the king's forces were totally defeated, 14th June — bIs septena DIes JVnI LVX ConsCIa CLaDIs, InfaVsta wjeC regI, regnI VICtore senatV. = 1645 i.e. The twice seventh day of June was witness to an overthrow, the day was fatal to the king, the parliament was victorious. On the battle of Langport, in Somersetshire, at which the parlia- mentary army was victorious, loth July — Dena DIes JVLI noVa protVLIt Vrbe troph.ea, orDInIbVs regnI, patrIbVs patrI^qVe probatIs. = 1645 i.e. The tenth day of July broiight neiv trophies from the city, for the estates of the realm and for the senators of their country. On the battle of Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, 22d July — ORBE bIs VnDeno qVIntILIs, Mense sereno, eXpVgnatVs erat pons refLVentIs aqV/E. = 1645 i.e. On tlie twice eleventh day of July, a serene month, the Bridge-of- refluent-water was overcome. (Bridgewater). On the capture of Sherborne Castle, in Dorsetshire, 15 th August — aVgVstI DeCIMo qVInto tItane reVerso, ARX FERA SHERnORN/-E 1>ER sVa FATA rVIt. = 1645 i.e. On the fifteenth of August, in the afternoon, the wild stronghold of Sherborne falls through its o'wn destiny. 28 ENGLAND— CIVIL WAR. On the taking by storm, and the surrender, of Bristol to the parlia- mentary forces — brIstoLIa VnDeno VIIbrIs soLe nItente, eXpVgnata fVIt DeDItIone breVI. = 1645 i.e. Bristol was taken by storm on the eleventh day of September, the surrender being short. On the defeat inflicted on Montrose, the leader in Scodand, i3tli September — SEPTENA ET seXta VIIbrIs LVCe CorVsCa, MoNTROsIVs CeLebrI per sCotos strage fVgatVs. = 1645 i.e. On the thirteenth day of September, Afontrose was put to flight by the Scots with decisive slaughter. On the slaughter inflicted on the royal forces in Cheshire on 24th September — ■ soLe qVater seno VIIbrIs, CLaDe CrVenta, regIa VICta Cohors IntensIs eXCIDIt aVsIs. = 1645 i.e. On the four times sixth day of September, i?i a bloody defeat, the royal forces, being conquered, desisted from their excessive daring. On the occupation of Winchester castle by surrender — oCtobrIs seXta qVoqVe VIntonense troph/Eon. arthVrI regIs Mensa rotVnDa fVIt. = 1645 i.e. On the sixth also of October, the round table of Arthur 7aas a trophy at Winchester. [Cromwell's soldiers used ' King Arthur's round table' as a target for their bullets.] On the taking of Basing-house, in Hampsliire, 14th October — oCtober qVatVorDeno respLenDVIt arCV, oCCVbVIt VItIo CeLsa basInga sVo. = 1645 i.e. The fourteenth of October shotie when proud Basing fell, through its own fault. On the battle of Sherburn, in Yorkshire, when the royalists were defeated — qVInDena oCtobrIs reVoLVta LVCe sVpernIs, regaLes fVerVnt VICtores CLaDe repressI. = 1645 i.e. On the fifteenth of October the victorious royal forces were driven back with slaughter. On the taking of the city of Hereford by stratagem in the time of intense frost, on iSth December — bIs nono LVCente hereforDIa, soLe XbrIs, Capta DoLo eX strICto ContInVoqVe geLV. = 1645 i.e. On the t7tnce ninth day of December, Hereford was taken by a clever stratagem, and thrvugh a long time of frost. EA'GLANB— CIVIL IV A R. 39 Another concerning the same, the new Troy of Britain — troIa DoLo et VVLtV est herekorDIa faCta brItannIs, CIVILI In beLLo, bIs nona LVCe XbrIs. = 1645 i.e. As Troy was taken by stratagem., so Hereford was taken by Britons in civil war, on the twice ninth day of December. On the taking of Dartmouth in Devonshire, on the iSth and igth of January^ DartMoVthI portVs, IanI bIs In orbe noVeno, atqVe seqVente ortV, robore VICtVs erat. = 1646 i.e. Dartmouth port, on the twice ninth day of January and the day fol- lowing, teas subdued by force. On the surrender of Chester on certain conditions — fVLget Vt k CceLo terno febrVarIVs arCV, obsIDIone graVI aC DIVtVrna CestrIa Capta. = 1646 i.e. When the third day of February shone in the sky, Chester was taken after a stubborn and continuous siege. On the night battle and taking of Torrington in Devonshire — LVCe bIs oCtaVa feerVI, LVnaqVe rVbentI, regaLes fVerVnt DIspersI CLaDe reCentI. = 1646 i.e. On the twice eighth day of February and at full moon the royal forces were scattered with fresh slaughter. Abingdon taken by stratagem and afterwards recovered by force — MartIVs ILLVXIt trVCVLentVs et aLter ab ortV, fortIs abIxgton erat Capta reCepta CIto. = 1646 i.e. The second day of fierce March month arose, and brave Abingdon was taken and quickly recovered. The second affair of Cornwall about the sj>ring equinox in the month of March, the royal forces reduced to the utmost straits, surrendered to parliament on fair conditions — LVCe sVb /EqVaLI Verna, fIt Marte reCepta CornVbIa In CornV regnI, VInCente senatV. = 1646 i.e. At the spring equinox Cornwall, the horn of the kingdom, is recovered by war, parliament being victorious. Defeat inflicted on the royal forces on the confines of Gloucester- shire — VICena aC Vna fVLsIt faCe MartIVs aLta,. regIa Castra noV^ fVerant sVbIeCta rVIn^. = 1646 i.e. March shone with its one and twentieth torch on high, the royal camp was subjected to a fresh defeat. The surrender of Exeter on mutual fair conditions — VnDeno et bIno DefLante aprILe proCeLLIs, eXonIa eX fLVVIo CLara reCepta fVIt. = 1646 i.e. The eleven and second {i^^h) of April weeping with storms, noble Exeter on the river Exe was retaken. 30 ENGLAND^CIVIL WAR, ETC. Concerning the clandestine departure of the king from Oxford when the siege was imminent, early in May — reX Inter sCotos oCCVLTk In Castra reCessIt, oXonIo, rVrI MaIo fLoraqVe faVente. = 1646 i.e. The king secretly returned to the camp of the Scots from O.xford, ■when May and Flora wet e favouring the country. The surrender of Newark, the best fortified town in Nottingham- shire, when the king was there present and consenting — CoNSENsV eX regIs, MaII sVb LVCe noVena, InCLyta erant operIs Castra sVbaCta noVI. = 1646 i.e. With consent of the king on the gth of May the famous castle of JVeicark was reduced to submission. The surrender of the city and University of Oxford where the king had his Court during the civil war for three years and a half — ter IVnI oCtaVa, CIVILIs teMpore beLLI, oXonIa Vrbs reLIqVIs regnI est aCCensa troph^Is. = 1646 i.e. On the thrice eighth (24///) day of June Oxford city was reckoned among the rest of the trophies of the kingdom. The surrender of Worcester on 23d of July — VICeno aC terno IVLI, CanIs arDet In aXe, OBsIDIoNE soLVta VIgornIa paCe qVIesCIt. = 1646 i.e. On the three and ttventieth of July, the dog-star mling, Worcester, delivered from its siege, rests in peace. Two epigrams in Latin, but not chronographic, terminate this curious tract. I FIND in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, in the Ashmolean manu- script, No. 180, fol. 121, the following lines — CaroLVs seCVnDVs^ reDVX, angLI^, sCotI.e, franCI^ et hIbernI/e reX, etC: VIgeat, VIVat. — 1662 i.e. Charles the Second, who has beefi brought back. King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, etc., may he flourish, may he live. 'I much rejoice that my dread Soueraigne King Charles the Second is restor'd againe. Long may hee live, Secundous^ be his raigne, And let all plots against him be in vaine, His birth day and his blest returne Let not, Or his Amnesty ever be forgott,- May all his yeares be happy ten tymes ten. Let all Create Brittaine say Amen, Amen.' T HE next is again from Notes and Queries. At Nantwich in Cheshire. On the upper border of a sun-dial, ' Ob-crvc tl'e pur, ' SeTinh^s' ir Lntin, means fecond, ard [Topi'ir is. ' l;eforring (o the A<' of free general pardon, indemnity, and oblivion for a'.l treasons, etc, which was pa-.=ed in ii'Co.. ENGLAND— CHARLES LI., ETC. 31 formerly at the west end of the church, and removed about the year 1800. 'iec Plotl's LListory of N'anlwich. Y HONOR DoMIno pro i'aCe popVLo sVo parta. = 1 66 1 i.e. Honour be to the Lord for the peace procured for his people. (Remark) — 'Now, seeing that Nantwich was, during the civil dissensions which culminated in the murder of Charles i., a rampant hot-bed of anarchy and rebellion, we should hardly be prepared for such a complete repudiation of those principles, as is conveyed m this line, did we not know that the same anxiety to get rid of the " Bare- bones " incubus universally prevailed.' The date 1661, the year of the coronation of Charles 11., is probably the year in which the dial was erected. A MEDAL to General Monk commemorating his bringing back King Charles 11. from Breda in Holland. The king entered London on his birthday, 29th May 1660. GEORGiVs MonCe DVx de aumarLe. = 1660 EGO REGEiM REDUXI, An9. SA : MDCLVV. i.e. George Monk, Duke of Albemarle ; L brought back the king in the year of salvation 1660. The chronogram line is also an anagram; tiie same letters compose the line which follows it. The chronogram, however, is a very bad one, because five letters, making the further amount of 15 16, are not counted, and the necessity of the date and the anagram require the substitution of the letters Ce for k. GEORGE WITHERS the poet wrote this, on the expected engagement between the English and Dutch fleets, commanded respectively by the Duke of Albemarle and Admiral De Ruyter — Y LorD haVe MerCIe Vpon Vs. = 1666 The fight lasted four days, and ended in favour of the English, both fleets returning to their harbours. Both admirals were dis- satisfied with this result ; the Dutch fleet renewed the attack at the mouth of the Thames, and was defeated there on the 9th July 1666. A volume of tracts in the Lambeth Palace Library (111. D. 12) contains an ode, ' Ad Jacobum, Caroli secundi fratrem — et Manam Beatricem Mutinensum Duels sororem.' London 1673. ^^ the end is this ' chronicon ' — o LeX aMorIs ! DVo estIs In Carne Vna. = 1673 i.e. O Law of love / ye tzco are in one flesh. The ode is in honour of the (second) marriage of James, Duke of York (afterwards King James ir.) with Mary of Modena, w'hose family name was Este. The word ' estis ' in the chronogram may be under- stood as a pun on that name. 32 ENGLAND. IN Warner's Modern History of Bath, it is related that in the year 1687, Mary the Queen of James 11. having heard of tlie wonder- working power of the Bath waters in cases of barrenness, tried their effects. In commemoration of this, the Earl of Melfort erected an ornamental structure composed of three Corinthian columns, in the centre of the bath. It was taken down in 1783, having become insecure through the action of the water. It bore the following inscription — ' In perpetuam Marije Reginas memoriam, quam, coelo in Batho- nienses thermas irradiente, spiritus Domini, qui fertur super aquas, trium regnorum hseredis genetricem effecit. Utrique parenti, natoque principi absit gloriari, nisi in Cruce Domini nostri Jesus Christi ; ut plenius hauriant aqVas CVM gaVDIo eX fontIbVs saLVatorIs. = 1688 Deo trino et uni, tribus digitis orbem appendenti, ac per crucem redimenti, hoc tricolumnare trophasum vovet dicatque Johannes Comes de Melfort.' [This reminds us of the Trinity columns and fountains to be seen in many German towns, erected by the several reigning emperors ; indeed it is almost in imitation of them.] i.e. That they may drink more fully with joy the ivateis from the foun- tains of salvation, etc. The prince who was born after this circumstance was the ' Pre- tender' who was acknowledged by France as King James the Third.' The words of the chronogram are irrelevant to the particular event, and might be applied to any person, but for the long inscription of which they form a part. A tract in the British Museum, 837. h. 4-11. ' Epigrammata in honorem — Georgii Ludovici magnse Britannia — regis, etc., devotissime conscripta A. Casp. Abelo.' Halberstadii, 17 14. . f Georgius Ludovicus. Anagram. | ^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^ oculus. (Page 4) Prognosticon regni. Ex Ovid : Lib: XL Metamorph : v. 270. hIC regnVM sIne VI, sIne CaeDe tenebat. = 1714 i.e. He possessed his kingdom 7c = 1623 NONO noVeMbrIs eXIIt. ) i.e. Behold the sunshine and the distinguished light of ancietit history, Clarencieux, old in life. He died on the qth of November. Another ' chronogramma ' in the same tract — CaMDenVs pIVs seneX oeIIt. = 1623 and another, CaMDenVs eXIIt ij VIta. = 1623 ^ The word in the original is ' Britannse,' a manifest error, as it would make the date 1614. I have adopted the word 'Vetustse' from another version of the same chronogram in the book lastly above quoted ; the word makes the right date. ENGLAND— LORD MA YOK OF LONDON. 35 Camden founded the professorship of ancient history at the Uni- versity of Oxford in the year 1622; the foregoing chronograms are repeated in the prefate to a book published in 1691 — Camdeni et illustriiint virorinn epistoLc, where the following is also to be found, marking the circumstance — ANNO hIstorI-e VItaM sI qVIs Don'aVerIt hIC est. = 1622 i.e. In this year, if any one shall have given life to history, it is he. He died at the age of seventy-two. The prebend of Ilfracombe, belonging to the Cathedral of Salisbury, was given to him though a layman. He was head-mister of Westminster School in 1592, and Clarencieux king-at-arms in 1597. Printed broadsides in British Museum (C. 20. f.). FUNERAL elegy on the death of that worthy Mayor [of London] Edward Grey. A set of Latin verses ending thus — strenVVs et eXpertVs MaIor grey CaDIt et eXpIraVIt. = 1644 i.e. The active and experienced Mayor Grey falls, and has breathed his last. Ohronicum Ejiitaphium (British Museum, C. 20. f.) on Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who died 14th September 1646, commences thus — VIIbrIs qVatVorDexa faCe soLe CaDente, oCCVbVIt CeLebrIs, pr^stans esseXIVs herds. = 1646 (Signed) Joh: Sictor. i.e. On 1 4th September, in the afternoon, the illustrious hero Essex died. Jipitaphium Honorabilis et prudentissimi viri, Domini Johannis Warneri, etc.. Lord Mayor of London, who died 27th October 1648. This chronogram follows after ten Latin verses— MortWs hoC anno VVarnerVs ConsVL In Vrbe, LVCe qVater septena oCtobrIs noCte prIore. = 1648 .^vieterni monumenti loco mcerens posuit Joh: Sictor, Exul Bohemus. i.e. Warner, the Lord Mayor, died this year in the city on the night before the 2?>th day of October. J. Sictor, a Bohemian exile, puts this with grief, in the place of an eternal monument. This is followed, on the next sheet, by 'An elegy on the timely death of John Warner, late Lord ALiyor of the citie of London.' It consists of about 170 lines of low abuse against him, and is signed John Warner, junior, Nov. 17, 164S. The funeral seems to have been on the previous day. T HE following I obtained from the Bodleian Library, Ashmole MS. 36, fol. 278 — ' Chronogramma generosi et egregii infantis, 36 ENGLAND— LILLY THE ASTROLOGER. Robert! Wallope Armigeri, nati Farlea; in agro Southantoniensi, Anno Dn. 1652, die 20 Februarii, hora 10 ante meridiem. VICeno febrVI natVs VVaLLope robebtVs » eXCeLLens patrI^ fLore CoLVMna sV/E. = 1653 i.e. Robert Wallope, born on the 20th of February, a pillar of his country, distinguished by the ornainmt of its capital. The date should be \vritten i6s|. See note to the Charles i. chronograms, page 24, supra. THE following was sent to me from the Bodleian Library ; it occurs in MS. Bodl. 73, fol. 189 b, in an epitaph on Jacobus Hoorwer, Carmelite prior — nVnC IaCIo hIC CherMeL dVX ego qVI VIgVI. = 1491 John Bale adds: ' Iste versus comprehendit annum mortis ejus.' \scil. 1480.] The epitaph was doubtless contemporary. There is some discrepancy here : the chronogram does indeed comprise the date of his death 1480, but it gives a further dace of eleven years. The letter d is not counted. 1650 1650 I FIND the following in the Bodleian, Ms. Ashmole 240. fol. 211, a volume of astrological calculations and letters relating to William Lilly the astrologer — ■ Chronogrammata in annum Sesquimillesimum sesquicentesimum Astronomo peritissimo GULIELMO Z/ZZ Famico meo intimo. Utitur his sapiens, sanctus dominabitur astris, Pronus et intentus sensibus, his patitur. The wise make use of starrs, Saintes over-ruel, Tis sensuall fooles that feeles just influence cruell. Me Do CeL6. Aliud. Mens Deo CfETERA Letho. \ ~ Chronogramma purum. VI VIVI ILLIMI VIXI, DIXL = 1650 Aliud. VI VIVI VIDI, VICI, MI VIXI. = 1650 Then follow three lines in the Hebrew language which are desig- nated Xpovoypa/j/xara 6eia. The first is from I'roverbs xxvi. 17 ; the second from Job xxxviii. 31; the third i Chron. xxix. i. With a further ' Rabbinica,' having somewhat this meaning : ' For it is no praise that they call thee wise, the work is not thine, saith God.' The MS. concludes with the writer's name thus — D.^NTE CaroLo geDDeo. = 1650 Done by CharLes cEDDk = 1650 It is to be remarked that the 'Chronogramma purum' is so designated because all the letters are counted; it is a jingling allitera- tion of words, an evident sacrifice of sense to chronographic require- ment. It may, however, be thus translated : By the unadulterated power of the living {God) I have lived, I have spoken. By tlmt living poiver I have conquered, I have lived to myself. ENGLAND. 37 N.B. — My learned translator has evidently been severely exer- cised by his task, and he affects to know of more in the manuscript than any one else has seen ; for he adds — HAS NOT CharLes geDDe Done? = 1650 HOPE CharLes CEDDk has Done! = 1650 HAS CharLes GEDDk Done? = 1650 MY friend, Rev. Walter Begley, found the following in a volume of various laudatory verses on the accession of King James the First — regeM Dat sCotIa brItannIs. = i.e. Scotlatid gives a king to Britain, 1603 I conclude this group of English chronograms with one involving the date of this present year. It was sent to me by Mr. C. \y. Wilshere, having been composed by him for a hunting-lodge in process of erection in one of tlie shires. aVete . aMICI . eDIte . bIbIte . hILares . VIVIte . \- — 1882 In . paCe . VenIte . In . paCe . abIte . i.e. Welcome friends, eat, drink, live merrily. Come in peace, and in peace depart. MARLBOROUGH'S CAMPAIGNS. HE early career of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, is marked by some historians as one of insincerity and treachery towards his employers James II. and William of Orange. The latter especially held him in suspicion, and treated him with determination and caution ; he nevertheless recommended Marlborough as the most capable man to lead the arms and direct the councils of his successor Queen Anne, who appointed him to the command of the allied forces in the war of the Spanish Succession. The military operations conducted by Marlborough compelled the French to retreat from the Dutch territory and frontier. He afterwards, in 1704, boldly marched into Germany at the head of the English troops, and formed a junction with the Imperialists on the Danube, where, with Prince Eugene of Savoy, he gained the battle of Blenheim. In 1706 he gained the battle of Ramilies, and set free the whole of Spanish Flanders. In 1708 the enemy attempted to regain that territory, which led to the complete defeat of the French forces at Oudenarde. Campaigns were carried on during the next three years with final success against the French. The events of the period were commemorated by numerous medals, from which a few chronograms are gathered, and a few more are obtained from other sources, indicating the victories gained by him and Prince Eugene in the Netherlands and Germany. A medal on the capitulation of Bonn, besieged by the Duke of Marlborough and the allied forces, bears this chronogram date : — sic Igne DoMata feroCI. = 1703 AIARLBOROUGH'S CAMPAIGNS. 39 And this hexameter and pentameter verse — UT TONUS EVERTIT TUBARUM MOENIA QUONDAM SICQ : TONANS COEHORN, MOENIA BONNA TUA. i.e. Thus is the town tamed by fierce fire. As the sound of trumpets once threio do7vn 7C'a//s \i.e. Jertcho'\ thus also the thundering coeliorn overtlireiv thy 7oalls, O Bonn. General Coehorn commanded the Dutch troops, and the expres- sion ' tonans coehorn ' alludes to a piece of artillery invented by him, and named after him. A medal on the victory of ' Hochstet ' (or Blenheim) on 13th August, gained by Marlborough, Eugene, and Lewis William of Baden; Tillard, the Marshal of France, with many officers and 10,000 soldiers, was taken prisoner — the French and Bavarians were totally defeated. Defensa fortIter Contra gaLLos et boIoarIos gerManIa. — 1704 i.e. Germany valiantly defended against the Fretich and Bavarians. Anotlier medal on the same victory — ■ Der sItzet an Der hoChsten statt, hats feInDes LIst GEtILgET. 16. AUG. = 1704 i.e. He who is seated in the highest place has frustrated the stratagem of the etiemy. Another on the battle of ' Hochstadt ' — FERREA ferre feroX taLLarD ! nVnC VInCVLa DIsCas; VInCant VLtores angLVs et eVgenIVs! = 1704 i.e. O Tallard, fierce to icneld iceapons ! now mayest thou experience t/ie fetters ; ?nay England and Eugene the avengers conquer thee. The portrait of Prince Eugene, engraved by Peter Schenck, has around it these legends — • eVgenIVs sabaVDIVs tVrInVM eX gaLLIae serVItVte LIberat . MDccvi. = 1706 InsVLaM fLanDrI.'e CapIt . mdccviii. = 1708 i.e. Eugene of Savoy liberates Turin from the dominion of France. He takes Lille in Flanders. Portrait of Marlborough, also engraved by Schenck, has around it this inscription — gaLLosqVe tIMIDos repeLLIt . mdccviii. = 1708 i.e. He also drives back the titnid Frenchmen. A medal bearing on obverse the bust of Queen Anne, on the victory over the French at Oudenarde, gained by Marlborough, Eugene, and Overkirk. The latter commanded the Dutch troops, and died of hardships and old age during this campaign — A H^C feCerVnt hI tres arMIpotentes DeI. 2 . sam : 23 . = 1708 i.e. T/iese things did these three mighty men of God. — 2 Samuel, chapter 23 {see verses 8 to 16). 40 MARLBOROUGH'S CAMPAIGNS. Verses composed to the Duke of Marlborough at Nuremberg, on his way to Vienna in 1705, are thus dated — Ra. DUX De MarLLborVCh. = 1705 victoria venit a soLo Deo et MarLborVCho. — 1705 i.e. The Duke of Marlborough. Victory cotnes by God alone, and Marlborough. A medal on the victory of Oudenarde and capture of Lille, and the defeat of the French. The citadel did not surrender until the gth of December — A In gaLLos VarIas DabIt aDenarDa Coronas. = 1708 FUaiENTIBVS ex VATICINIO GALLIS VICTORIA PARTA . ii . JVL . 1708. i.e. Oudenarde ivill give various crowns {jvreat/is or garlands) against the French. According to a prophecy a victory gained by tliefliglit of the French, 2d July 1708. On tlie reverse is a representation of the citadel of Lille (Ryssel in the Flemish language), and this inscription — In oDenarDer sIeg besteht, Dass rvsseL fort noCh VIeL A T^ I1708 9 Dec. ) ' i.e. Tlie victory of Oudenarde brings with it the capture of Lille. And on the edge of the same medal is — A eVgenIe et MarLbro ! DeLetIs foenora gaLLL = 1708 i.e. Eugene and Marlborough, you deprive France of her conquests. 2 ■J Oct weggeht. r, f>' l'i7°8 = ^7°' A medal bearing the portrait of Louis xiv. of France seems to have been struck more in satire than compliment to him, represents a lily plant, the emblem of France being struck on the other side by lightning. It alludes to the battle of Tasniers in Flanders, in which the French were completely defeated on nth September 1709. It bears this chronogram, a remarkable one because every letter is a numeral — A LILICIDIVM.i = 1709 i.e. The slaughter of the lily. A further inscription follows, meaning, ' The French fled at Tasniers in the year above named, on i ith September.' On the taking of Lille, alluding to the armorial badge of the city ; attributed to the Marshal de Villars — Sc. LILIVM CaDIt. i.e. Lille falls. ' =1708 On the taking of Tournay (the y counts as n)— Sc. toUrnaY CaDeDIs est DonC prIs. = 1708 ' Lilicidium [see Index]. This word is also the title of an epic poem mentioned at a subsequent page. MARLBOROUGH'S CAMPAIGNS. 4> A German medal referring to Queen Anne of England, and the war against Louis xiv. of France. — 24th March — G ANNA terIt peLago phVI granDeM CLasse brItanna = 1708 i.e. See how Anne thrashes the gredt \Louis le grand?] by the British navy at sea. A medal {see Plate i) on the alliance of Queen Anne of England with Germany, in the war with France. The reverse bears a harp, and this inscription to give the date — DVLCe MeLos VnIta sonat. = 171 1 A book, Histoire ties Midailles (relating to the campaigns of 1708 and 1709), by Nicolas Chevalier, Utrecht 171 1. A small 4to. vol. pp. 115. At the end of the volume is the following — Chaos votivum quod serenissimse et potentissimse principi Annce Magnse Britannite, Franciae et Hibernian Rej^ince, Inter tot millium applausus sacrum esse gestit Regire majestatis sute humillissimus servus Christoporus Augustus Lcemmermann, Noric : Anno quo perDoMItVs beLLo LILIger hostIs erat. = 1709 i.e. The lily bearing enemy {France) was vanquished by war. Cabbala. Da Themis ac mundi dominans vigor Anna rotundi. ABCDEFGHIK 1334567 89 10 Clavis naturalis est. lmnopqr s ao 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 T V W X V Z. 100 200 300 400 500 600. Demonstratio. D 4 T 100 A I 1 M 30 D 4 V 200 A I R 80 A I H 8 c 3 i V 200 50 I 9 N 40 50 E 5 N 40 M 30 G 7 n 40 T 100 M 3° D 4 I 9 50 A I V 200 I 9 I 9 n 40 R 80 n 40 S 90 A I n 40 s 90 D 4 I 9 Summa 5 242 4 283 264 346 82 483 5 242 4 Ex additis hisce 283 264 346 82 nur neris conficitur 483 An 1709 nus. 42 MARLBOROUGH'S CAMPAIGNS. theMIDI atqVe beLLon^ erItannI^. saCer. = 1709 i.e. Sacred to the statesman a?td ^carn'or of Britain. Exegesis. AUrea nunc Mundo rursus se Secula produnt, Ex Pax Europe sfepe petita redit ! Nam quibus emicuit Galli, mox occidit, Undis Sol, Radiosque minus spargit in Orbe suos, Ac, Debellatio cum strage pericla minatus, Impositum reliquis jam subit ipse Jugum Jungere qu£e Regnis sine Cfede et Sanguine Regna Noverat, et placidis nectere Sceptra modis ; ANNA simul didicit Gentes frenaie superbas, Et Sociis tandem reddere rapta suis. Hsec EADEM SEMPER Communia Jura tuetur ; Bellona est, Themis est, miile Trophjea locat. Maturate fugam Galli, concedite Laurum, In Vos ne Cceli Poena luenda ruat : Sit Ludo Victus Ludovicus ; fortiter Ipsum Lux'^ domet Anglorum, Gloria, Robiir, Idem ! atqVe Ita Verb, DeMpta IpsI VfJqVe fInI, VI Vat, VIgeat, Vegetet, VInCat, VaLeat. = 1709 Almum Numinis Naturseque Artificium ! ' Anagi'amma illustrissimi Tituli. DUX ET MYLORD MARLEBOROUG. typIs traJectI DesCrIptVM. = 1709 The above verses are printed as in the original; the capital letters are certainly not Roman numerals, nor do they seem to have any numerical value with reference to the cabbala. The words in italics will not work as an anagram with those of 'Dux et mylord Marleboroug.' The whole is indeed a ' chaos.' HOLLAND. OCAL circumstances have been but sparingly commem- orated by chronograms inscribed on public buildings in the territory of Holland, as it is now represented on the map of Europe. The few which I have collected in that country, and some others of a miscellaneous character, are comprised in the following group. The historical chronograms relating to Holland are so much associated with those of the Netherlands generally, that I have placed them in another group, comprising a more extended recognition of an eventful period both in local and European historj', on which chronogram-makers have exercised their ingenuity. Taking first the chief city, Amsterdam, I find on the front of a well-known book-shop, MuUer's 'Bibliopolium,' No. lo Kalverstraat— * DVM terItVr Cos LIteratIs VsVI et LIterIs prosIt bonIs.= 1728 i.e. Whilst the whetstone is wearing away, it may be of use to learned men and good learning. Perhaps an allusion to Horace, De arte poetica, verse 304 : — ' There- fore I will serve instead of a whetstone, which, though not able of itself to cut, can make steel sharp.' The Aihenaiim for 15th January 18S1, announces — 'Antiquaries and students of Dutch history will regret to learn that NFr. Frederick Muller of Amsterdam, publisher, bookseller, and author of a large and elaborate catalogue of Dutch historical engravings, to illustrate the history of his country by means of the prints which are contemporary with the events they describe, died on the 4th instant at Amsterdam, aged 63. Mr. Muller was well known in London, Paris, Brussels, Bedin.and at home. He had a great knowledge of the literature of geographical discovery.' 44 HOLLAND— LEYDEN. Epitaph on the Dutch poet Vondel, in the New Church at Amsterdam. ^ VIr rHOEBO ET MVsIs gratVs VonDeLIVs hIC est. = 1679 i.e. Here lies Vondel, a man dear to Apollo and the Muses. J ohn Hudde, mathematician, and magistrate of Amsterdam. Ra. CoNsVL aqVIs pVrIs ornaVIt hVDenIVs VrbeM. = 16S9 i.e. The magistrate Hudde has provided the city with pure water. Medal to Nicolas Tulp. A n.tVLp aMsterD: Cos: IIII. senator annIs qVInqVagInta. = 1672 i.e. Nicolas Tulp, four times burgomaster of Amsterdam, and senator fifty years. jVledal to another burgomaster of Amsterdarn. A konraDVs beVnIngIVs seXtVM ConsVL. = 1687 ie. Conrad van Beuningen, burgomaster for the sixth time. 1 he following hexameter verse was copied by Mr. Henry Camp- kin a few years ago from the front of a church at Amsterdam : — qUae fUIt a saeCLIs sUb sIgno MoYsIs et aaron stat saLVatorI renoVata ILLUstrIor aeDes. = 183S i.e. The house which was for a long period laider the standard of Moses and Aaron, now stands more illustrious, restored to the service of the Saviour. The y counts as 11 = 2. i he following is over the entrance door of the Town PJall at Leyden. NA 'zVVarte hVngersnoot gebraCht had tot de doot bInaest zes d'VIzent MensChen, aLs 't god den heer Verdroot oaf hI Vns VVeder broot, >j< zo VeeL VVICVnsten VVensChen. == 1574 i.e. When the black famine had brought to death nearly six thousand persons^ then God the Lord repented of it, and gave us bread again as much as we could wish. This inscription refers to the siege of Leyden by the Spaniards in 1574. It consists of 131 letters indicating the number of days the siege lasted. All the letters d, seven in number, are not counted in the date. In the great church, Haarlem, may be seen this concluding part of an epitaph to the memory of the wife of Mr. . HOLLA ND-INUNDA TIONS. 45 qVa ferVs InnoCVos IVgVLarat LVCe pVeLLos ^ reX, heV fataLIs LVXIt et Ipsa Mini. = 15^2 i.e. On what day the savage king hMi slauglitered innocent babes, alas also that very day daivned fatal to me. Alluding to the murder of the Innocents on the 28th of December, in the Calendar. The inscription contains no date in figures. In the great church at Haarlem is the following: — SOOD MONGER sLe ChSGEEN SHIIdaEN BOOD, ;Jt LIChttspaens ChgeVVeLd Van haerLeM VLood. = 1573 This is painted on the back of a screen containing the ten com- mandments, an,d put up in the place originally occupied by the high altar. I am told that it is ditKcult to translate. Observe the date 1573 is that of the revolt against Spain. The chronogram is faulty, because all the letters d, five in number, are not counted. in the great church at Gouda, part of the inscription on a large mural monument — if. anno: bInsVeLtInVs eqVes beVorVM fILIa ConIVX = 1245 beverningiadv.m nomen et arma dabant. The meaning of these lines is obscure ; it would seem that the deceased knight derived his name and arms through his wife, dating from 1245. A further inscription in Dutch contains also the date 1590, the probable date of the monument. At Delft, on the front of the town-hall — sf; DeLphensIVM CVrIa reparata. = 1662 i.e. The house of assembly of the people of Delft was repaired. At Moerdyk over the door of a recently erected church — 5|< sVb patroCInIo s: stephanI Deo aLtIssIMo ConseCror. = i860 i.e. Under the patronage of St. Stephen, to the most high God I am consecrated. A terrible inundation in Holland towards the end of the year 1570, has been commemorated by the following chronogram taken from Bizot's ' Hisloire,' etc., edition 1690. trIstIa proii ! serI LVgebVnt fata nepotes. Aa TERRA FERk MeDIo VIsA N.\TARE FRETO. = I57O Likewise the following : — Nos neVeVX, Ie CroI, pLeVreront, LorsqV'Vn IoVr on 1-Ira nos trsItes DestIni^es. NOS terres seront InonDees, Aa VoILa qUeLs bIens, heLas! aLors ILs troUVeront. = 1570 i.e. Alas, our remote posterity zaill bewail the sad fate. The land is seen almost to float in the middle of the ocean. Our posterity, I think, will weep when some day tfuy will read of our sad history ; our lands zvill be flooded, 'what possessions, alas I will they then find I 46 HOLLAND— INUNDATIONS. This very destructive inundation is described in Motley's 'History of the Rise of the Dutch Republic,' part 3, chapter 3, with these conclud- ing words, ' It was estimated that at least twenty thousand persons were destroyed in the province of Friesland alone. Throughout the Netherlands one hundred thousand persons perished. The damage done to property, the number of animals engulphed in the sea, were almost incalculable.' Disaster, through decay and flood, is recorded in a book, 'Theatrum sive Hollandiffi comitatus et urbium nova descriptio.' By Marcus Zuerius Boxhornius. Amsterdam, 1632, 4°. At page 15, the town of Verona (Latin) vulgo Vroonen, in Friesland, is mentioned as having been the principal locality for trade, but ' now in its tomb,' — ' scarcely a mound exists of that which was the mother of Friesland.' The event was noted by this chronogram of the date, probably made many years subsequently thereto. eCCe CadIt Mater frIsL^. — 1303 i.e. Behold the metropolis of Friesland falls. The D is not counted. The old map shows the position of the town on a lake eastward of Alcmar. In the first half of the 13th century great inundations took place, and the Zuider Zee came into existence ; the fall or destruction of Vroonen may be attributed to some natural causes consequent on that event. It is further related, at page 108 of the same book, that a terrible inundation happened in 142 1, on the day of St. Elizabeth, in the locality of Dordrecht, by which seventy-two villages with most of their inhabitants were destroyed. ' The cause of the disaster seems to have been — that a diploma or licence was granted for the formation of a ' canal,' and through neglect of needful precaution about the works, and the occurrence of a severe storm, the sea broke through the barriers and deluged the country, which, like most parts of Holland, was below the sea level. In memory and execration of the ' Diploma ' these verses were afterwards made : — • ' Perdidit hoc diploma homines, armenta, gregesque, Septuaginta duos pagos et florida rura.' Also this chronostichon (the d is not counted) — VVIeLdreCht MaCh Water beCLagen. = 142 1 The historian finds also this verse in the vernacular — • tVVee entseVentICh dorpen synderMet sneLder spoet ONTRENT DORDReChT ONDER GHEGAEN DOOR DE HOOChTE DES VLoet. — 1 42 1 There is also this Latin chronogram verse — dVrdreChto InCVbVIt VIs atroX InCIta VentIs Vrbs qVa dIssILVIt protInVs haVsta MarI. = 142 1 i.e. Fierce force impelled by the i-.'inds fell on Dordrecht, by which the city burst asunder straightway engulphed in the sea. In neither of the foregoing chronograms are the letters d counted. 1 The names of all the villages are afterwards given, with a statement that more than one hundred thousand persons perished. HOLLAND— INVENTION OF PRINTING. 47 At page 155 of the same book is an ode in praise of Haarlem, and on the invention of printing by Lawrence Coster, containing these lines towards the end — Harlemense Nemus doceat, doceantque Napseae, Et Fagutali numina sacra Jovi, hIC fago eXsCVLptas LaVrentI CVspIde forMas. = 1428 Et primiim natos hie simul esse typos. i.e. Let tin grove of Hcmrlem teach, let the dell-nymphs teach, and the deities sacred to Jupiter Fagii talis, that here letters were first engraved on beech-wood by the tool of Lawrence, and that this was the birthplace of printing. Then follow some verses and remarks on the invention of printing, concluding with this: ' chronostichon anni mccccxx, circa quem artem Typographicam primum excogitatuni fuisse, vero nobis fit simile.' ARS tvpographICa A LaVrentIo Costero = 1420 CIVe harLeMensI InVenta EST. i.e. Tlie typographic art was discovered by Lawrence Coster, a citizen of Haarlem. It is to be gathered from the narrati\e in the book quoted, that Coster discovereii the method of printing from letters and figures made of wood blocks thus : — While reposing one day in a wood near Haarlem, he, in the mere idleness of the moment, cut some letters backwards on a bit of beech-wood, when it occurred to him to take off the impression in some way as from a seal, for the amusement of his daughter's children. Improving on the idea, he afterwards, with the help of Thomas Peterson, their father, succeeded in forming a thick glutinous kind of ink, and with these materials was accustomed to make them little books containing pictures and their explanations. Thus he seems to have carried the invention as far as the making of block-books. There has been, and ever will be, much dispute about the invention ; it has been fairly attributed to Coster. In the appendix is the epitaph of Peter Hogerbetius, in a monas- tery at Alcmar, containing this verse to mark the date — CondItor aLte MIChI da LatI prospera CceLI. = 1455 i.e. O Almighty Maker ! give me favourable hope in the wide-spread heavens. A BOOK, by L. van der Bosch, ' Tooneel des Oorlogs — in de Nederlandcn,' ' Amsterdam 1675, mentions the following chronograms among the public decorations of the city of Utrecht, on the conclusion of a peace in 1673, at a time when the fortune of ■ The Theatre of War in the Netherlands. 48 HOLLAND— UTRECHT. war was favourable to the French, and to Romish influences ; a suc- cess, however, of but short duration. The first was on the front of a wine-merchant's house, in St. James Kerk-hof, combined with the arms of France and gilded eagles : — lo LVDoVICVs trIVMphat. = 1673 i.e. Hurrah ! Louis XIV. triumphs. The next were on the front of a hotel called Walvisch, in the Lynniarkt, with a representation of Christ on the cross. In MysterIo InsangVIneo hoDIe reCoLItVr passIo. — 1667 i.e. In the bloodless mystery to-day is rene^ved the Passion. It was accompanied by these verses — O Salutaris Hostia i.e. O saving Victim, in whom France In qua confidit Francia trusts, the only hope of the faithful, Spes unica fidelium give us thy power, preserve the Lily Da Robur, serva Lilium. [France]. No reason is given for the date made by the chronogram. It is possibly an error, but so in the original. VotIVa soLeMnItas InVIDIa obstInatos frangIt h^retICos. = 1673 InVItI pLaVDIte nVMInI h.eretICI. = 1673 The meaning is obscure, beyond an expression of bitter feeling towards certain heretics. BELGIUM. HIS group consists of chronograms collected at the several places, or derived from printed authority, and partaking more of the local than the historical character. They belong to the country now known as Belgium, or at an earlier period the Netherlands. The marks over the marginal dates are explained by reference to the ' Bibliography ' in another part of this volume. In the Grande Place at Brussels, on the fronts of two of the guild-houses which had been rebuilt after a conflagration. The inscription is partly damaged. qVas fUror hostILIs sUbVerterat IgnIbUs ^Des sartor ... >fc restaUrat PRiEsIDlBUs qUe DICat. = 1697 i.e. The house which hostile rage destroyed by fire, the tailor [name obliterated^ restores and dedicates to the presidents \of the guild]. On the other house, at its summit — CoIVIbUsta InsIgnIor resUrreXI eXpensIs . U . Ian.-e >fc GUILDS. = 1697 i.e. Being burnt I have arisen more distinguished, at the expense of t/ie . . . guild. The house is surmounted by a phceni.x. The inscription is difficult to read. 1 he IMaison du Roi in the Grande Place was restored, and a statue of the Virgin was put u]) by the Infanta Isabella, with the following inscription, which, however, has disappeared through the present rebuilding of the house : — 50 BELGIUM— ANTWERP. A peste fame et bello libera nos Maria pacis. hIC VotVM paCIs pVbLICae eLIsabeth ConseCraVIt. = 1625 i.e. From pestilence, famine and war, O Mary of Peace, deliver lis. Here Elisabeth {Isabella) has consecrated a vow of public peace. Over the door of a modern chapel, in the Boulevard de Waterloo — >|< eXCeLso DeVoVeor ConseCratUM. = 1875 i.e. Consecrated, I am dedicated to the Most High. On some damask napkins, mentioned in ' Notes and Queries ' as liaving been procured at Brussels, this inscription is interwoven with the pattern — Y sIgnUM paCIs DatUr LoRlCiE. = 1763 i.e. The signal of peace is given to the 7Ciarrior. It relates to the peace proclaimed between England and France in 1763. The napkins were probably a gift on the occasion to some public functionary. (church of St. Carlo Borromeo at Antwerp. On the woodwork over the west door : the church had been partly destroyed by fire — >|< MarI^ DICata eX CInere restItVor. — 171 9 i.e. Dedicated to Mary : I am restored from the ashes. Under a statue, on the right side of the west portal — >|< sanCtI CaroLI prIstInVs DeCor reDDItVs. = 1865 i.e. The pristine elegance of Saint Charles restored. Under a statue, on the left side of same portal — ^ sanCte CaroLe borroM/ee tIbI fIDeLes. = 1803 i.e. O Saint Charles Borromeo, to thee, faithful. On a stone tablet in the centre of the west front — ChrIsto Deo VIrgInI DeIpar/e beato IgnatIo LoIoL^b soCIet.\tIs aVthorI senatVs popVLVsqVe antVerpIensIs H< pVbLICo et prIVato .ere ponere VoLVIt. 1621 i.e. To Christ God, to the God-bearing virgin, to the blessed Ignatius of the Society of Loyola the author, the senate and people of Antwerp, by public and private money, has decreed this to be put up. At the corner of a street at Antwerp, inscribed under a figure of the Virgin affixed to a house — >tc MarIe La gLoIre De Cette nobLe CIt^. = 1S53 i.e. Alary, the glory of this noble city. At the bottom of a large stained glass window in the nave of Antwerp Cathedral, put up by a brewer whose name, etc., is inscribed on the glass, together with this chronogram — BELGIUM— ANTWERP. 5/ ^ D. O. M. regIna: Ccf.LI CceLIs gaVDentIbVs regIo sVo * soLIo IMposIt^. = 1873 i.e. To the (jiieen of heaven, the heavens themselves rejoicing, placed upon her royal throne. The date 1873 is also added. In the Church of St. Andrew, on the pedestal of a statue of St. Peter— D. O. M. et Beato Petro Apostolo. -^ reCorD.\ntI VerbI et aMare fLentI = 1658 ac piae memoriee Petri Suboth [&c.] obiit 7 Julii anno predicto, &c. &c. i.e. To the omnipotent great God, and the blessed Peter the apostle recollect- ing the word and weeping bitterly, and to the pious memory of Peter Suboth, etc., who died "jth July in the year aforesaid, etc. Meaning the year expressed by the chronogram. In the same church, over an altar in the north aisle — DIVa sir nobIs perpetVa VIrgo MarIa patroCInIo et i^ VICtorI^. — 1729 i.e. May the divine perpetual Virgin Mary be to us protection ami victory. In St. Jacques Church, Antwerp, part of the inscription on a tombstone, in the floor of the north aisle of choir — ^ geLeIt Voor De saLIge geDaChtensIs Der zIeLen. = 1759 i.e. Put for the blessed memory of the souls of, etc. etc. J ean Ferdinand de Beuchem, bishop of Antwerp, died 1699, and was buried in the cathedral, where his epitaph was put up containing these words — ' Gregi suo et omnibus charus, ut verus pastor, cura DUXiT, charitate juviT, opera luxit, qui vivcns dc se humiliter tacuit, loquatur mortuus Bb CVM DVXI IVVI LVXL' = 1699 i.e. Dear to his own flock and to all, as a true pastor, by care he led, by charity he helped, by work he shone ; wlw 7vhilst living was humbly silent about himself, no'w being dead he says. When I led, I helped, I shone. Observe that all the letters of the clironogram are numerals. John Mira^us, fourth Bishop of Antwerp, died 161 1, and was buried in the cathedral ; his epitaph is said to contain these chrono- grams — NGN ConfVnDar In yEXERNVM. Psalm 30. = 161 1 sic abeVnDVJM. = 161 1 DoMInVs VoCat. = 1 61 1 Be 52 BELGIUM— INUNDATIONS. Inundation at Antwerp on St. Elizabeth's day 1320 — Be eLIsabeth SveVIt, Mare CreVIt hoLLandIa fLeVIt.' = 1320 i.e. Elizabeth toas angry, the water increased, Holland ivept. The letter d is not counted. Another in 1462 — Be sChaLda CresCIt, ager et rVs oMne paVesCIt.i = 1462 i.e. The Scheld increases, the land and all the country becomes alarmed. The letter d is not counted. The damage suffered by the people of Antwerp in 1532 is dated by this hexameter and pentameter verse — • qVot CLades peCorI, VICIs, MortaLIbVs atro Be soLa parat peLago vis, parIt Vna dIes.^ = 1532 i.e. Hoiii much destruction to cattle, villages, and mortals, the sole poiver of dark water produces, and one day britigs forth. The two letters d are not counted. i he traveller Philip Skipton saw at Antwerp in 1663 the usual annual procession of the bishop, clergy, monks, all the trades, etc. etc. Many emblematical decorations were carried by them, the first a great ship, on one side whereof was inscribed this verse — VInCVLa qV^ IMposVIt sCaLDI beLLona reLaXat paX, IgItVr prorIs CVrrIte, et Ite rates. And on the other side — [■ = 3218 rVrsVs eX oCCasV eX ortV properate CarIn^e | sCaLDIs et aqVatICc portVs apertVs erIt, J i.e. Peace relaxes the chains which the 'war had imposed on the Scheld, therefore run 'with your proivs, O ye ships. Hasten again ye ships from the west and from the east ; the port of the watery Scheld will be opened. ' The chronograms make 3218, which is guessed to be the year of the world when the giant was killed that infested this place.' This was followed by other strange devices, and then by the giant himself on a chariot drawn by four horses, and then by eight young giants, four men, and four women. - The traveller visited ' the village of Lausdun, near the Hague, famous for the burial of a Countess of Holland and her 365 children, born at one birth ; in the church were preserved the two brass basons ^ These might be regarded as chronograms composed at early dates, were it not that J. B. Grammage, the learned author of Aiitiquitates Bclgiat (where I find them),, says that they are his own compositions. He was an ecclesiastic of high rank, and his book was published in 1708. ^ In one of the Belgian Museums [at Bruges?] is preserved an immense stuffed figure of a giant, formerly used in a similar annual procession. BELGIUM— MALINES. 53 they were baptized in, and under tliem a Dutch and Latin inscription printed in Hegemtius his itinerary,' and some verses commencing — Femina adulterii rea dicta a principe partu, And concluding — Henricus Mirouteus pharmacopjeus Frankenthalensis hsec cecinit et scripsit, Magne DeVs peLLe hostes -^^ 0'i\uilieref ore this date 1\ = 16 10 i.e. Great Got/, drive oat thine enemies. IN the Cathedral at Malines, over an altar in the south transept containing the Vandyke picture — • DIV^ ANN/E VIrgInIs genItrICI VIgesIMa Xl^ lULII ara H< posIta fUIt. = 1699 i.e. To the sacred Anna, the mother of the Virgin, this altar was erected the loth July 1699. Over the same altar are cherubs holding these date inscriptions — saxCta anna genItrIX DeIpaR/E, sis aVXILIatrIX nobIs H< oMnIbVs. = 1699 i.e. Saint Anna, mother of the God-bearer, mayest thou be the heifer to us all. In the same cathedral over an altar in the north transept, are these date verses — frenDet VIpra fVrens c;enItrIX sIne Labe trIVMphat >|< In cenIto VIta est gLorIa Vera saLVs. = 1699 i.e. The raging serpent will gnash its teeth, the mother without a stain triumphs. In the born one there is life, true }:,lory, and salvation. In the same cathedral is the simple inscription over the high altar, the name of the saint to whom the cathedral is dedicated — >i< sanCtUs rUMboLDUs. = 1665 In the same cathedral (according to a folio volume of history in 1734), Archbishop Andrew Creusen constructed the high altar in 1665, and the statue of St. Rombaud, with these inscriptions on the pedestal — sanCtVs rVMoLDVs. = 1665 rVMoLDo CrVsenVs. = 1665 i.e. Creuse?i dedicates to Rumold. Below this is a dedication to St. Rumold, bishop, apostle, and martyr, patron of the church and city ; he was buried in the cathedral. Also in the cathedral, on a scroll on the summit of the monument of the Comte do Soye, brother to tlie Archbishop — Be InsIgxIs ConCorDIa fratrVM. = 1709 i.e. The renowned concord of the brothers. 54 BELGIUM—GHENT. in the Church of the Jesuits, which, according to the same history, was built by Archbishop Creusen — Be anDre^ pr.'esVLIs MVnIfICentIa. = 1664 i.e. By the generosity af Archbishop Andrew. In the Parish Church of Notre Dame, the same history mentions the monument of Peter Scheppers, thus inscribed — breVIs VIt^ DIes MortaLIbVs ConstItVtVs qVI pr^terIrI Be neqVIt. = 1694 i.e. The short day of life is appointed to mortals which cannot be exceeded. In the same church, on the front of a carved oak pulpit — >l< fILIUs MeUs DILeCtUs. = 17 18 VoCeM ILLIUs aUDIte. = 1718 i.e. He is my beloved Son, hear ye his voice. J ean Huachin, the second archbishop of Mechlin, died 1589, and was interred in the cathedral. His epitaph concludes with Latin verses, intituled, ' Nemo sacrum turbet cinerem.' Lower down is this chronogram — PRvEsVL loANNES IaCet haC haVChInVs In Vrna Bb Cetera sCIre qVeVnt IpsI etIaM antIpodes. — 1589 i.e. The bishop John Huachin lies in this to?nb, even the mitipodes can know the rest. The letter d is not counted. iViathias Hovius, the third archbishop of Mechhn, died at the Abbey of Affligem, and was interred in the Cathedral at Mechlin, where his epitaph was put up, containing this chronogram — Bb VIrtVte fVLgens, DesIIt affLIgeML — 1620 i.e. Eminent in virtue he died at Affligem. His heart was buried in the chapel of St. Croix at Affligem. IN the Church of St. Nicholas, at Ghent, over the large picture at the high altar, the subject of which is the Call of St. Nicholas to the Episcopate — UnItatIs fontI Deo Vero VIrgInI MarI^ et b. nICoLao -^ offertUr. = 167J i.e. This is presented to the true God the fountain of unity, to the blessed Virgin Mary, and to the blessed Nicolas. In the Cathedral, Ghent, this inscription and hexameter chrono- gram is on the frame of a picture, The Adoration of the Immaculate Lamb, a work of great celebrity, by John and Hubert Van Eyck — Pictor Hubertus ab Eyck, major quo nemo repetus BEL GIUM— GHENT— BR UGES. 55 incepit : pondusque Johannes arte secundus frater per- fecit laetus, Judoci Vyd prece fretus. VersU seXta MaI Vos CoLLoCat aCta tUerI. = 1432 i.e. Hubert van Eyck, a painter, than 7vJwm a greater 7vas fiever found, began this picture, and his brother, John, next to him in art, joyfully finished the heavy 7vork of it, relying on the request of Judocus Vyd. In this verse the sixth of May places you to behold the luork done. The picture was painted in 1432. The portraits of Judocus Vyd and his wife are on the outside of the folding panels of this celebrated picture. L^oncerning Ghent. On the cutting of a canal to the sea in 1562, when the dike was dug through, the fresh water flowed out above the sea water, which remained for a time underneath, in consequence of its greater specific gravity, whence this chronogram ' from the Vulgate.' Re dVLCIa ConCVLCant saLsedIneM. = 1562 i.e. The sweet water overpoicers the salt. The letters d are not counted. The text alluded to is James iii. ver. 1 1 and 12:' Doth a fountain send forlli at the same place sweet water and bitter? — so can no fountain both yield salt water and fresh.' AT Bruges, over the door of the old building used by the Academy of Art- ^ Ut phcenIX eX CInere sUo brUgensIUM Dono reVIVIsCo. = 1755 i.e. As the Phcenix from its ashes, I live again through the liberality of the people of Bruges. The building is of tlie 14th century, it was restored after a fire in 1755, and then devoted to the use of the Academy. 1 he Emperor Maximilian I., notwithstanding his title to the sovereignty of the Netherlands, was made a prisoner on 5th February 148S, at Bruges, by the citizens, together with several of the councillors, in a house on the market-place. He had been recognised as governor during the minority of his son, Flanders alone objecting. A treaty was at length made, granting certain privileges, and he was liberated after sixteen weeks' confinement. Political intrigue and treachery was tiie rule in those days, and he afterwards paid but little attention to the terms he had agreed to. This chronogram, adapted from St. Mark xvi. 6, was placed on the prison door. F reX non est hIC: eCCe LoCVs VbI posVerVnt IpsVM. — 1488 i.e. The king is not here : behold the place where they put him. S6 BELGIUM— LOUVAIN— LIEGE. IN the Church of St. Peter, Louvain, in allusion to the death in 1606 of the celebrated antiquary, Juste Lipse, also to the destruc- tion by fire in 1458 of the towers of the church, and by storm in 1604 of the wooden structure which replaced them. Y oMnIa CaDVnt. — 1606 i.e. All things fall. In the same church at an altar in the nave — DebIte VenererIs InsIgnes reLLIqUIas aLbertI MartyrIs ^ In oCtobrI transLatas. = 1820 i.e. May est thou duly worship the illustrious remains of Albert the Martyr, translated iti October 1820. In the same church, over an altar — :^< sanCt^ DeI genItrICIs MatrI saCra. = 1S05 i.e. Sacred to the holy mother of the mother of God.^ In the same church, on the railing before a beautiful tabernacle or sacrament-house of carved stone — ^ IesU Deo-hoMInI sUb speCIe panIs hIC reaLIter LatentI. = 1818 i.e. To Jesus the God-man here really hidden under the appearance of bread. In the same church at an altar under the statuette of a saint — ~^ proteCtorI sanCto JULIano DICatUM. = 1864 i.e. Dedicated to the protector Saint Julian. In the same church over an altar — '^ aLtare DIVo sebastIano perpetUo saCrUM. = 1617 i.e. The altar for ever sacred to the holy Sebastian. In the Church of St. Gertrude, Louvain, on the front of the organ gallery — 5^ beneDICtUs sIt DeUs In ChorDIs et organo. = 1714 i.e. Blessed be God upon strings and upon the organ. On the front of a house in the Grande Place, Louvain — >|< qUIbUsDaM InVItIs gLorIosIor eX CInere ConsUrgo. — 1787 i.e. Certain persons being umoilling, 1 7-ise more glorious from the ashes. The house had been burnt, and rebuilt in 1787, probably against the will of certain persons. CHURCH of St. Bartholomew, Lifege, at the west end of the nave, south side — sIt paX UVVens DatorI pIo, et ConstrUCtorI paVIMentI >tc naVIs = 1747 i.e. May peace be to Uiiiens, the pious donor and builder of the pavement of the nave. At the west end of the nave, north side — ^ eX MUnIfICentIa DeCanI UVVens fIt stratUra In naVI. = 1747 i.e. By the munificence of Dean Uwens the floor in the nave is made. ' Meaning Saint Ann.n, the motlier of tlie blessed Virgin Mary. BELGIUM~Lli:GE. 57 In the same church — MarL^e sIne Labe Concepts hoCCe LeVe pIetatIs pIgnUs ereXIt basILICa faUste prorsUs InstaUrata Joannes gloVens >K paroChUs. = 1805 i.e. To Mary conceived icithout a stain, John Glovens, church7varden\}\, has erected this slight token of piety, upon the occasion of the church being happily and thoroughly restored. The initial letters of the name Glovens in the original are com- bined as a monogram so as to exclude the letter L from the chrono- gram ; it would otherwise make the date 1855, the real date being probably 1805, though no date is given in figures. oaint Lambert's Cathedral, Liege. This church no longer exists ; it was utterly destroyed by the French revolutionists at the end of the iSth century. Some of the epitaphs are to be found in books of histor}' ; the following are from Vita: et res gesta Pontificum Roman- orum, by Alphonse Ciaconi. Rome 1667. On the tomb of Cardinal-bishop Herardus de la Mark, who 'having death before his eyes caused it to be built whilst living.' si neget InfLeCtI LaChesIs VeL honore, VeL aVro LegI IMVs testIs pr^sVL herardVs erIt. = 1538 qVod neC honos neC opes, neC gLorIa Vertere CVrsVs astrorVM possIt, pr.esVL herarde VIdes. = 1538 I.e. If Lachesis refuses to be moved by honour or to be chosen [?] by wealth, Herardus the bishop tvill be the eminent witness. Because neither honour nor riches nor glory can change the course of the stars, O bishop Herardus, thou seest. These lines are mere fragments of a long eulogistic epitaph. The letters d are not counted. On the tomb of Cardinal-bishop Gerardus Grousbroeck — LegIa CVr CeLebrIs sIC LVges noMen erardI hIC TIbI GERARD Vs NONNE, ET ERARdVs ErIt ? = 1578 i.e. JFhy, O celebrated Zi^ge, dost thou bewail this name of Erard here, 7Ciill not Gerard also be to thee Erard? '' Alluding to his renowned predecessor in the foregoing epitaph. The letters d are not counted. On the tomb of Cardinal de Givry, Episcopus Metensis — LaVs pIa pVrpVreI Of.tVs CLaVstrIqVe CoLVMna ANNO hIC eXpresso gIVrIVs ASTRA pf.tIt. = 16 1 2 i.e. Givrius, tlie affectionate praise of the illustrious assembly, and the pillar of the cloister (or monastery) in the year, here expressed, seeks the heavens. On the tomb of Bishop George (from Koehler's Muntz-belustigung, vol. 17, p. 63). II 58 BELGIUM— LIUGE. MaII qVInta aderat LVX, soLe Cadente sVb Vndas F oCCIdIt, at deVs hVIC det frVIer reqVIe. = 1558 i.e. Tlie fifth day of May was present, when the sun was setting beneath the waters, lie died, and may God grant him to enjoy rest. The letters d are not counted. In the present cathedral at Lifege, on a pillar at the west end of the nave about 4-^ feet above the level of the floor, to mark, the depth of the water of the river Meuse in the cathedral when inundating the town. "^ 1643 . aLtIVs . eXpanso . fLVMIne DVXIt aqVas = 1643 i.e. The river overflowing led its 7vaters to this height. On the same pillar, about 4 feet above the floor, et . 1 740 . , the thick line indicating the depth of water. And lower down, about 3 feet above the floor — "^ 1571. aLto Mosa LoCo CresCens hVC appVLIt VsqVe = 1 5 7 1 i.e. The Meuse increasing in depth came thus far. And on the same water-line is this further inscription — AQV/E . 1856. These chronograms are cut in the stone pillar, and being disfigured by paint are somewhat difficult to make out. GERMANY-RHINE COUNTRY. ERE chronograms become more abundant ; they may- be looked for at every church and ecclesiastical build- ing in towns and villages, and even at the wayside, with fair expectation of success ; disappointment, how- ever, may have to be endured where decay, or, what is quite as bad, the restorer and whitewasher have had their own way. Occasionally in testing a chronogram the letter D is not to be counted, as explained in the preface. In the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle, on a monumental tablet in the chapel adjoining the octagon, to the memory of Canon Schrick, the inscrip- tion proceeds thus— ' Anima ejus Deum Divosque precare, ad chronographiciim adverte et vale.' CosVInVs sChrICk b. MarI.-e VIrgInIs aqVIsgranI CanonICVs, ARCHIPRESBITER CaNTOR. = [And lower down on the tablet] — PRO FESTO . s . paVLInI . FESTO B . aLoysI, tertIa poMf.rI DIana, pIe pr.'eparatVs eXpIraVIt. = anno . cid . id . cxxxiiiiiix. = i.e. Cosuinus Schrick, canon, archipresbiter, singer {or precetitor) of this church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at Aix-la-Chapelle, on the festival of St. Paul. And the third afternoon of that of St. Aloys he died fully prepared. The word archipresbiter is not counted in the chronogram. * '634 1634 1634 6o GERMANY— A IX-LA- CHAPELLE. On the pedestal of a crucifix against a wall in a street — o IesV kreVz, o eInzIg heIL, hILf Vnser kreVz Vns tragen VVIrD Vns DIe bahn gar hart gar steIL Lass Vns DoCh ^ nTe Verzagen. = 1859 CRUX MISSIONIS . A.0 . I 792.^ i.e. O Jesiis Cross, O only salvation, assist us in bearing our Cross. If the way becomes for us too hard, too steep, never let us be disheartened. Mission Cross, 1792. On a stone slab over the door of the Baptistery ; the inscription is damaged, and the building has been suffered to fall into decay. 5^ saCrVM paroChIaLe DIVI johannIs baptIst^. = 1765 i.e. The sacred parish (font) of St. John the Baptist. The inscription continues so far as it can be read — Regalis Basilicae Ecclesiae . . . B . M . Virginis Baptisterium — anno renovat . . . — . . 42. In the church of St. Michael, Aix-la-Chapelle, in front of the west gallery. >|< sVM pIa CIVItatIs LIberaLItate renoVata DeCorata. = 1821 i.e. I am restored and decorated by the pious liberality of the State. y eCCe MIChaeLIs aeDes. = 1852 i.e. Behold the house of Michael. On the pedestal of a crucifix against the church of St. Peter. gLorIa In eXCeLsIs Deo et In terra paX hoMInIbVs BONit >)< VoLVntatIs. = 1792 i.e. Glory to God in the highest, and on earth the peaee of good-will to men. AT Bonn on the Rhine ; inscribed over the doorway leading down to the chapel beneath the choir in the minster church. >fc CapItVLVM patronIs pIe DICaVIt. = 1770 i.e. The Chapter has piously dedicated to the patron saints. On the base of a crucifix outside the minster, on the north side. gLorIfICate et portate DeVM In Corpore Vestro. i Cor. >fc 6.20. = 1763 i.e. Glorify and hear God in your body. ' The cross was probably put up in 1792, and repaired in 1859. GERMANY—BONN, ETC. 6i At Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, inscribed on the front of a small >|<: church. paroChIaLIs teMpLI rVInIs .^DIfICabar. = 1812 i.e. 1 was built out of the ruins of the parish church, A-t Schwarz-Rheindorf, nearly opposite to Bonn ; in the curious double church, is a tombstone slab much footworn and slightly damaged, inscribed thus — ARNoLDo antIstItI et eLeCtorI CoLonIensIs CapItVLI nostrI fVnDatorI ter gratIoso In IbI sepVLto LapIs hIC '^ NoVVs posItVs. = 1747 LapIs aVgVsta gratIa CLeMentIs aVgVstI patronI nostrI -Jf. perpetVo DonatVr. = 1736 i.e. To Arnold, Bishop and Elector of Cologne, the founder of our chapter, thrice gracious, here buried, this stone is placed. A stone, by the august grace of the august Clement our patron, is given for ei'er. At Kreuzburg, near Bonn, on the front of the church — saCra IesV pro nobIs passI a CLeMente aVgVsto eLeCtore ET antIstIte CoLonIensI pIe aVgte pretIose eXstrVCta et >(c fInIta. = 1696 i.e. This church of Jesus, who suffered for tis, was raised and finished by Cle?nent our august Elector and Archbishop of Cologne, piously, tnagnifi- cently and preciously. On a votive structure at the road-side about half a mile from the church, carved on a sculptured representation of the Crucifixion ; the whole has been shamefully damaged and neglected — sf; propItIVs VenIaM Da pIe ChrIste reIs. = 161 6 i.e. Be propitious. Grant pardon to the accused, O righteous Christ. IN Cologne Cathedral, on a beam in a chapel south of the choir. [From Notes arid Queries] — V pIa VIrgInIs MarI.*; soDaLItas anno s^CVLarI renoVat. = 1722 i.e. In the secular year the pious brotherhood of the Virgin Mary rene7ved it. JV'ledal on the ordination of Clement, Elector of Cologne. He had been elected Bishop of Frcisingen and Ratisbon at the age of 14, Elector of Cologne three years after, and eventually Bishop of Lit;ge. He had deferred taking holy orders till 1706; on Christmas day of that year, at Lille, there was a magnificent ceremony, when the priest- hood was conferred on him, and he administered the communion for 62 GERMANY— COLOGNE. the first time in the presence of his brother the Elector of Bavaiia, who received it from his hand. Medals were scattered on the occasion, representing a chalice beneath two joined hands, to signify the union of the two brothers, and these chronograms — A pIa ConCorDIa fratrVM. = 1707 i.e. The pious coicord of the brothers. A IosephVs CLeMens Deo LItans, = 1707 Insulis, calend : Januar : in eccl : p.p.s. Jesu. i.e. Joseph — Clement sacrificing to God at Lille on \st January in the church of the Fathers of the Jesuits. Another medal bearing this chronogram, the words are from a hymn chanted on the occasion — ConseCratIo CLeMentIs A arChIepIsCopI CoLonIensIs. = 1707 i.e. The consecration of Clement, Archbishop of Cologne. On the reverse is ' Veni dator munerum.' On a house near the west end of the Cathedral, is affixed a tablet to indicate the position of one of the old Roman gates of the city, the arch known as the Pfaffenthor, which was removed in 1826 to a spot near the museum where it now stands ; the tablet is thus inscribed — porta hIC stabat roMana DICta agrIppInensIbVs hVC :+s VsqVe pafhIA. = 1826 i.e. Here stood a gate called the Roman, and by the people of Cologne the Paphian gate. In the church of St. Andrew against a pillar of the choir, is the monument of Mathseus Hohenousien, rector, with no other date but this Hexameter and Pentameter verse : the meaning is somewhat equivocal — fataLIs Mather tIbI noX aLtera aprILIs :^c fLVXerat, at CLerI LVX fVIt eCCe nItens. = 1653 i.e. The second night of April was the fatal night to thee, O Matthew, but lo it was a bright day to the clergy. In the same church a picture hangs in a chapel in the north aisle, with an inscription on the frame that Peter Quentel placed it there whilst living, in the year 1 551, and beneath it is an old wooden tablet, having painted thereon ten quaint Latin verses indicating the burial of John Drolshagen, with no date but this chronogram — CondIt Joannes drosLshagIVs ossa sepVLChro >1c HoC aVgVstI qVarto Mens CoLIt astrIgenas. = 1581 i.e. John Drolshagen lays his bones in this tomb, on the ^th of August his soul greets the inhabitants of heaven. The letters d are not counted. COLOGNE. 63 1 he church dedicated to St. Gereon and the Theban legion of 6000 martyrs (slain on the spot during the persecution of Diocletian) was founded by the Empress Helena, and built at various periods from 1066 to 1 2 12. In the vestibule, over a doorway, is this modern- looking inscription — Deo teMpLIqVe patronIs heLena annonI ChrIstophoro, ^ gereonI eIVsqVe soCIIs. = 1823 i..e. Helen dedicates it to God and the patrons of the church., Anni- anus {?), Christopher, Gereon and his companions. I find a small book in the Lambeth Palace Library [72. K. 10], with this title : ' An Historical Dissertation upon the Theban Legion, plainly proving it to be fabulous. By M. A., Chaplain to the Duke of Schomberg and Leinster, and one of the ministers of the French church in the Savoy. London 1696.' Some information, on the other hand, is given in the periodical ' The Monthly Packet ' for November 1880, No. 179, vol. 30, page 434. In the vestibule of the same church (St. Gereon) is a handsome mural monument of black marble, to the memory of Johannes de Verdugo, who died 6th April 1658 ; the epitaph begins with Hexameter and Pentameter verse — FORTE feroX arIes phcebo fVIt hospes ab aXe >K faX tVa VerDVgo Morte neCante rVIt. = 1658 i.e. By chance it 7vas that the fierce Aries was guest to the sun, thy torch, O Verdugo, fails, death slayirig thee. Meaning, about the 19th March, when the sun enters the Zodiac sign Aries. In the same church are two other chronographic inscriptions to St. Gereon, but sadly damaged, and to that extent illegible. In the church of St. Cunibert at Cologne. A monumental tablet affixed to a column in the nave, to the memory of Johannes Holtze- nius, commences with a chronogram in the form of ' Siste Viator,' but so covered by some gasfittings as to be otherwise illegible. The epitaph then proceeds — ^ Et ex eis luculenta dote illustravit aVror.b DILVCVLVM = 1721 abi viator et pro eo preces ac ei laudes offer, etc. CapItVLVM grata VoLVntate aDornabat. r.i.p. — 1721 In the same church are various chests and cases containing bones of saints and martyrs, which were repaired by a pious individual who has inscribed on them one or other of these chronograms, and his name. reLIqVIarIVM In Deo sanCtIs sIC restaVraVIt IVbILarIVs. * HORN PC. = 1840 pVLVIs ILLorVM VeneranDVs : spIrItVs In CoeLo beatVs. * vvekner hornpc. = '84° i.e. This reliquary to the saints in God, Hornpc has thus restored joy- fully. Their dust is venerable, their blessed spirit is in heaven. 64 RHINE. L^hurch of St. Severin, Cologne. An epitaph without date, in the south aisle, concludes thus — ;|< Is VIXIt aC MortVVs est Deo. = 1628 i.e. He lived and died in God. V_^hurch of the Holy Apostles, Cologne, on the pulpit canopy. ESTOTE faCtores VerbI et NGN aVDItores tantVM Ita In ^ epIstoLa sVa InqVIt s. IaCobVs. — 1788 i.e. Be ye doers of the word and not hearers only, as saith St. James in his epistle. And on the front of a confessional. fIDeLIs est et IVstVs Vt reMIttat VobIs peCCata Vestra. ^ I Joann : i . v. 9. =1 780 i.e. He is faithful and just to forgive you your siiis. AT Konigswinter on the Rhine, incised on one stone over the prin- cipal door of the church. ES 1st keInes MensChen WohnUng sonDern eIn herrLIChes Y haVs Vnseres gottes = 1779 VnI sanCtIssIMo Deo patrI atqVe fILIo spIrItVIqVe Y sanCto. = 1779 erIgor sVb MaX : frIDerICo konIgsegg antIstIte CoLonIensI Y pIe gVbernante. = 1779 i.e. This is no dwelling of man, hut the glorious house of our God. To the most holy one God the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. 1 am erected under Afax : Frederic Konigsegg Bishop of Cologne, governing piously. At the base of a crucifix at the north end of the village. Y In VnIVs VerI aC InCarnatI DeI honoreM posVere. = 1726 Joannes Petrus Mlimrer et Maria Gengers, conjuges 2 . da. Septembris. i.e. John Peter Mumrer and Maria Gengers, the married pair, on the 2d September have placed this in honour of one trite and incarnate God. At Niederbachen, Rhine, from ' Sketches of Continental Ecclesio- logy,' by Rev. B. Webb, over the door of the church of St. Gereon, are these hexameter lines — sVpreMo saCrata Deo sto Lapsa resVrgo Vis pVgna sathan gereon enI ense tVetVr — 16S2 I have not seen this obscure inscription, it admits of this interpretation : / stand consecrated to the supreme God, having fallen I arise. Afay the power of Satan be defeated, and may the sword of Saint Gereon defend me. GERMANY— FRANKFORT. 65 And this inscription at Burgau, in the church — MarLe et LeonarDI honorIbVs patronI et pLebIs eXpensIs sVrgg . basILIa bVrgoVIensIs. {Sic.) = 1690 It may be thus interpreted : This chapel of Burgau has risen at the expense of patron and people in honour of Alary and Saint Leonard. iVt Coblenz, round the arch of the west door of the church of St. Castor. DIro MarIa IVngfraV reIn Y Las CobLenz anbefohLen seIn. = 1765 To Mary the Virgin, the pure. Let Coblenz he reconmierided. A.t the cathedral of Frankfort-on-the-Main, within the north door ; epitaph on a mural tablet to a prince of Thurn and Taxis. It is chronographic throughout ; I have inserted the bars to mark the set of words which give the date 1708, eleven times repeated. sIste VIator et ILLaChryManDo parenta || :+c Philippo Lamoraldo serenissimorum principum Alex- andri Eugenii principis de la Tour et Tassis et Augustse Hohaenloheianae DVLCIssIM^ proLI || heV ! fato pr/eCoCe ante DIeM obIIt II SPES tassIC^e stIrpIs LaMoraLDVs || natVM CaLenDIs aprILIs || eX fonte saLVtIs aD sVpern/E VoLVp- tatIs torrenteM LeVaVIt aVgVstVs || DeCIMa ncna annI CVrrentIs II I VIator ! seD L/etIor absterge LaChryMas || ASTRA Inter non hIC Me qVere D^InCzps || IbI qVos In terra parC/E aDeo parCe DeDere || MVLtIpLICaeo DIes. || Job 29, v. 18. Another epitaph to a prince of the same family repeats the date, 171 1, seventeen times (except in the fifth set of words, which by some error in the original, makes 1703). "^ aD pIos MagnI phcenICIs CIneres stas VIator : || VIDe InsIgnIa H^C tIbI hohenLoheanos Monstrant Leones II NON phcenICeM qVID hoC? aeIIt oeIIt, || nIDo In CceLIs gLorIosIVs fIrMato 1| perennat sVb hoC phcenICe aDVMbrata est || Anna Augusta. Ex illm'^ comitib'', Ludovico Gustavo de Hohenlohe ex Barbara de Schonborn nata 1675 11 gbris a ggj.ssmo g_i; IP, Eugenio Alexandre de Latour et Tassis, In thorI ConsorteM aDsCIta || 21 gbris tres proLes CceLo genVIt DeVota Mater || InnoCVa DefVnCtas oMnes /ETate, || aVgVstaM VIrtVtes pr^eDICarVnt qVIbVs VnasoLIs VIXIt, || Constante erga DeVM sanCtosqVe pIetate, || fIDe In ConIVgeM, LIberaLItate In egenos, || Verbo De CceLo soLoqVe bene MerIta, || MerItIs sVIs CoronanDa a ChrIsto obIIt. II I VIator! seD hInC sI abIs reDI aD Cor, || hoC VnVM S.EPE reCogItanDo, || et nos sVCCeDIMVs || neC tarDo peDe In Vno pVnCto aD /Eterna. I 66 GERMANY— FRANKFORT. Several other tablets are at the same spot. One in bad condition is placed too high to allow of more than the concluding lines to be read ; it contains the date 17 14 in figures, and the chronogram, which shows that date twice. >l< VIta breVIs seD proba, pIa Mors CoronIs et Corona. = 17 14 DICIte qVonIaM hVIC bene . Isaice 3, v. 10. =1714 i.e. A short but honest life, O pious death, crown him with croivns, say ye tliat it shall be ivell with him. Another, also placed too high ; it concludes thus — >l< Is hIC In DoMIno rik reqVIesCat. = 171 1 i.e. Let him rest here piously in tJie Lord. Another, to PhiUppa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis — I nunc viator et quidem in lacrymis quia vixi ante diem ;|c oCCVMbenDo. ~ 1705 i.e. Go 71010, traveller, and indeed in tears, because I have lived by dying before my time. Another, to a prince of Thurn and Taxis, concludes with the date thus expressed — ;j< InsIgne DeCVs prInCIpVM. — 1714 i.e. Lie was the distinguished ornament of princes. Another tablet placed too high, in bad condition, and partly illegible ; this is all I could make out — Anno nativitatis suae nonagesimo a tertia Julii inchoato, aVgVstI pLaCIDo DVoDena fVnCtVs agone — [The next line is illegible, then towards the end it proceeds]— natUS MDCLXXXVIII, celeberrimoconductufunebriDiexivAugustiMDCCLXxvii. sepultus proXIMe ante CLathrasar^ DeIpar^ VtI petIIt ^ qVIesCIt . R . I . s . p. — i-^ii i.e. In the 90/// year of his birth that began from the T,d of July, on the 12th of August he e7ided his placid life. Born 16S8, buried by a spl(?tdidly conducted funeral, he rests, as he had requested, in front of the ' Clathrasara ' of the Virgin Mary. LOCAL CHRONOGRAMS. GERMANY, BAVARIA, SAXONY, AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, ETC. HE central part of Europe is rich in chronograms; locally they are plentiful as inscriptions, monumental and other- wise. A large number of those in the following group were collected by myself at the places named, and may still be seen if destructive agencies have not already commenced work among them. Another group in this volume comprises those inscribed on historical medals, and many which were used on the occasion of religious festivals and processions. A further group will give an insight into a class of literature relating to some of the localities herein mentioned, in which the chronogrammatic feature is especially prominent.^ The general character of the chronograms calls for no special remark, further than the recognition of the numerical value of the letter D ( = 500) as distinguished from some of the foregoing groups. In Munich Cathedral, in a recess on the south side, a memorial inscrip- tion to several members of one family concludes thus — LVX perpetVa LVCeat eIs DoMIne, 1727. = i.e. May eternal light shine on them, O Lord. Outside the cathedral, over a fountain against the north wall, are these hexameter and pentameter verses — • o SPES ET spLenDor, terr^e proteCtor haberIs") _ BENNOPOTENS NeCnON VrbIs ET ORBIS aMOR. j ~ eCCe bIbIte aD fonteM saLVtIs. = i.e. O Ben no the poicafid, our hope and sflendour, thou a>i regarded as the protector of our land, also the love 0/ our city and of tJie luorld. Behold, drink ye at the fountain of salvation. This must be the fountain of Saint Bcnno (Bishop in Bavaria, 1 106), as a sepulchral stone on the wall close by records the burial of an ecclesiastic ' ad fontem Bcnno.' * 1727 * 1758 1758 ' See the groups headed ' Franconia plaudens,' etc. etc. 68 MUNICH, SALZBURG, AUGSBURG. A mural tablet outside the east end of the cathedral is thus dated— VIta breVIs qVID nIsI aVra LeVIs; * rerVM qVoqVe fInIs pVLVIs et CInIs. = 1761 i.e. What is a short life bid a light breath ; tlie end also 0/ things is dust and ashes. On the front of Trinity Church, over the door — -if Deo trIno ConDIDere Voto tres boICIstatVs . mdccxiv. = 1714 i.e. The three estates of Bavaria built this to the triune God by a vow. In the Munich Museum, on a tablet of pottery-ware, hanging by a window in a top-floor room ; some lines of old German, with much ornamental flourish, ending with this chronogram — >(< VIVe In ChrIsto eXI e MVnDo. = 1629 i.e. Live in Christ, escape from the uwrld. Also in the museum, on a stone tablet formerly on a building to commemorate its foundation ; alluding to a time of famine — ;|< DIebVs faMIs preVaLes CentIs In CIVItate. = 1771 Also in the museum, on a stone tablet — Iohannes henrICVs DaCk natVs oestInghVsII CoLonIensIs: hVIVs eCCLesI^ CoLLegIat/e sanCtI IohannIs baptIst^ CanonICVs, atqVe senIor.annIs septVagenIs senIs pIe pro- ^ VeCtVs, pIe qVoqVe obIIt qVarta XbrIs. — 1799 i.e. J. H. Dack, born at Oesfinghusium Coloniense, Canon of this Col- legiate Church of St.Johu the Baptist, and Senior ; having lived piously for id years, he died also piously on the ^th of December. i he following chronogram was composed by Mr. C. W. Wilshere, and is placed in the new telegraph office at Munich— LVDoVICo seCVnDo boIarIae rege regnante ConDIta. [scilicet aedes.] = 1866 i.e. This house was built, Louis t/te second, King of Bavaria reigning. PART of the inscription over the tunnel road beneath the Monchs- burg, at Salzburg — ;^ sIgIsMVnDI arChIepIsCopI saLzbVrgIensIs. = 1768 i.e. The work of Sigismund, Archbishop of Salzburg. Over a fountain in the Cathedral Platz at Salzburg — >|< LeopoLDVs prInCeps Me eXtrVXIt. — 1732 i.e. Leopold the prince built me. IN Augsburg Cathedral, the epitaph of Anna Eleonora, daughter of George Count Konigseck, and great-niece of St. Charles Borro- meo, is thus dated — >(c In paCe Vt IstI DorMIas et reqVIesCas. = 1715 i.e. Mayest thou sleep in peace as do those (alluding to those persons named in the preceding portion of the inscription). Another, a small red marble tablet on the south wall of the nave, to the memory of a bishop, has this date and melancholy reminiscence at the tenth line — AUGSBURG. 69 OBlIt beLLo DepressVs, paCeM sperans quam mundus >t= dare non potuit Deus dedit. 2 7 Sep. anno aetatis lvii. = 1707 i.e. He died depressed by luar, hoping for the peace which the world could not give, God gave it. In Holy-Cross Church, under a painting of the Crucifixion, on the ceiling — 4^ CrVCIfIXo reDeMptorI. = 17 18 On the front of a charitable institution, formerly a convent, on the Kesselmarkt at Augsburg (communicated by F. H. Amedroz) — VIrgIneVs tenVIt ChorVs h^C VbI teCta saCrata | _ MartIno prosVnt nVnC ea paVperIbVs. \ ~ '"' nVMIne propItIo strVCtVras fVnDItVs Istas j _ ^ ET PATRliE PATRES hVC POSVeRE NoVaS. j ~ '''*' i.e. When the virgin choir held the sacred buildings, tiiey were good for St. Martin, no7V tliey are good for t lie poor. By the blessing of the Deity the fat Iters of the country have taken the foundations of t/iat structure, and liave erected ?ie7V ones. i\ thaler, or medal, representing the last prince-bishop of Augs- burg and other important persons, made of the silver from church plate, bears this inscription — eX VasIs argenteIs In VsVM patrLe sIne CensIbVs DatIs a £a CLero et prIVatIs. = 1794 i.e. Made of t/ie silver vessels given to the use of their country witJiout reckoning the cost, by the clergy and private persons. A book, ' Epitaphia Augustana Vindelica,' &c., labore Danielis Fraschii, 1624. — Brit. Mus. press-mark, 1330, d. 7. being a large col- lection of Epitaphs at Augsburg existing at the time of the date. The preface contains many epigrams addressed to the author, and this ' Eteostichon operis editi annum complectens' — rIte reCorDerIs qVo LethI (6 res bona) LeCtor, eCCe InsIgne tIbI prasChIVs eDIt opVs. = 1624 i.e. O reader, that thou may est rigidly remember death {'luhich is a good thing), Lo I Praschius publishes this remarkable work. There are, however, but two chronograms in the whole collection of epitaphs. The first commences thus — In DoMIno IesV sIta spes est Vera saLVtIs. = 1570 i.e. In the Lord Jesus is placed the true hope of salvation. On the tomb of the Hainzelius family, patricians of Augsburg. The other is on the tomb of Huldric Lingk. It is part of the epitaph concerning the deceased — hVnC ChrIstVs prIMa VoLfgangI noCte VoCaVIt natVs Vt est annos seX trIa LVstra qVater. = 151 1 i.e. Christ called this man, in the beginning of the night of Saint Wolfgang (31st October), when he 7vas 66 years old. 70 DIOCESE OF AUGSBURG. ' T~X AS Bisthum Augsburg,' a periodical by Anton Stichele, com- [ } niencing in 1861 (Brit. Mus. press-mark 10260. dd.), supplies a good collection of chronograms, scattered through a large extent of historical and statistical information concerning the churches and benefices of the diocese. I take the places in succession as mentioned. Ochlipsheim, on a cross put up in 1787 — L ChrIstVM aspICIte, erIt VobIs fortItVDo, VIrtVs, saLVs. = 1787 i.e. Look to Christ., it null he your stre7igth, virtue, and salvation. K-obel, over an entrance to the Loreto Chapel — Z VerI refVgII LoCVs DoMVs LaVretana. = 1728 i.e. TJie house of Loreto is a place of true refuge ; alluding to the Santa Casa at Loreto in Italy, which was imitated in some of the German monasteries. On the Rath-haus — naCh IesV ChrIstI gebVrt IM Iahr L Vnser rathaVs hIer VVIeDer erbaVet War. = 1752 i.e. 1)1 this year after the birth of Jesus Clirist our town-hall was here rebuilt. l^echsgemiind, at the church of St. Vitus, inscribed under a picture of Christ driving out the dealers from the temple ; the church was rebuilt in the year thus indicated — MeIn haVs soLL heIssen eIn betthaVs, nIt aeer seIn eIn Z kaVff oDer eIn sChWatzhaVs. = 1737 i.e. My house shall be called a house of prayer, but it shall not be a place of merchandise or gossip. oiglohe, chapel of St. Sebastian, under a picture of the monastery and Virgin of Einsiedeln in Switzerland — o pIa VIrgo VIrgInVM, InVIoLata DeI genItrIX, esto PATRONA praenobILIs et InsIgnIs aLoIsII arCo eIVsqVe Z possessIonIs sIgLoe. = 1861 i.e. O pious Virgin of Virgins, the inviolate mother of God, be thou the very able and very distinguished patroness of Aloysius ' Arco' and of his possession Siglohe. Worscheim parish church, on one of the bells — sIt Deo LaVs et gLorIa sVa In CIIMbaLIs bene tIbVs. fVsa fVI sVb D. CaroLo heMerLe pLebano hVIate. i.e. Be praise and glory to God in tlie ivell-sounditig cymbals. I was cast under Air. Charles Hemcrle, an inhabitant of this place. SONAN- z = 1772 = 1772 DIOCESE OF AUGSBURG. 71 Ochefstall parish church, inscribed on a bell — sanCtVs aLeXanDer papa et MartIIr patronVs noster serVet L Nos In pIetate. = 1679 i.e. St. Alexander, pope and martyr, our patron, preserve tis in piety. Jxenhartshofen parish church, on two of the bells — • I St. Et verbum caro factum est i.n.r.i. anDreas L BraVn paroChVs rennertzho VII reCtor teMpLI. = 1768 2d. A fulgure et tempestate libera nos Domine Jesu Christe. hasCe nos oMnes IosephVs arnoLDt eXIstere feCIt. — 1768 i.e. And the Word teas made flesh, i.n.r.i. Andrew Braiin, ' parochus of Rennertzho,' the seventh rector of the church. From light- ning and tempest deliver tcs, O Lord Jesus Christ. Joseph Arnold lias made us all {the bells) to exist. Otettberg parish church, on a bell, a representation of the cruci- fixion, with these inscriptions — Et verbum caro factum est. Mater DeI aVXILIare peC- L CatorIbVs. Durch hitz des feurs bin ich geflossen. = 177.1 Franz Antoni Weingarten in Lauingen hat mich durch Gottes hilf gossen. CaroLVs phILIppVs L . b . a serVI DoMInVs steppergae. = 1774 i.e. And t/ie JVord 7C'as made flesh. O mother of God, help the sinners. Through the heat of tlie fire am I come. F. A. Weingarten in Lauingen, by God's help, cast me. Charles Philip, etc. etc. On the second bell, a representation of Saints Michael and Francis Xavier inscribed — L s.s.MIChaeL et XaVerIVs DebeLLatores InfernI. = 1774 A fulgure et tempestate Hbera nos domine Jesu Christe. Z antonIVs WIrth paroChVs et DIreCtor teMpLI. = 1774 i.e. Saints Michael and Xavier, com/uerors of hell. From lightning and tempest, O Lord Jesu Christ, deliver us. A. Werth, ^ parochus' and director of the church. On the third bell, a representation of St. Anthony inscribed — L s.antonI paDVane a CVnCtIs MaLIs erIpe serVos tVos = 1774 antonIVs VVeIng.\rten De LaVIngen nos oMnes Con- Z feCIt. — in A i.e. O Saint Anthony of Padua, rescue tity sen'ants from all evils. Anthony Weingarten of Lauingen made us all (the bells). Also at Stettberg, Rudensheim, on the exterior of the church tower, under a representation of the saint — sanCte stephane ora pro nobIs et sis nobIs tVrrIs fortIs L proteCtIonIs In rIeDeLsheIM. = 1765 i.e. Saint Stephen pray for us, and may est thou be to us a strong tower of protection in Rudcnslieim. 72 DIOCESE OF AUGSBURG. Otrass parish church, over a door — soLI Deo aC sIne Labe beatIss. V. MarI^ honorI et L gLorI^. = 1 761 i.e. To the only God, and to the most blessed Virgin Mary, witliout spot, to their honour and glory. U bersfeld parish church of St. GalUis, over a door — L eIVs sVb DIVI seCVre qVIesCItIs VMbra. = 1736 qVIs VerVM hIC DIVVs nonnIsI gaLLVs erIt ? = 1736 i.e. You rest securely under the shadow of that sai'nt. Truly wlio will this saint be but Gallus ? And on one of the bells in the Bride-tower — s. MarIa ConsoLatrIX gLorIa VbersfeLDae. = 1768 i.e. Saint Mary, the consoler, the glory of Ubersfeld. Altheim and Schreizheim, the parish church of St. Vitus, inscrip- tion over the door to indicate its rebuilding in the year thus expressed — L aDoLesCentI MartIrI saCra. = 1753 i.e. Sacred to the youthful martyr. The ' Pfarrliche ' of Schreizheim, on the middle bell — sVb gLorIoso regIMIne regIs nostrI LVDoVICI pIIqVe L antIstItIs nostrI petrI rICharzII. = 1837 i.e. Under t/ie gloriotis rule of our king Lewis and of our pious bisJiop Peter Richarz. Uilingen Castle ; the date of the adaptation of a portion of the building to contain the archives of the bishopric was indicated by this inscription — arChIVI arCana In arCe DILIngana aLIbI LatentIa hVC transferrI IVssIt IosephVs epIsCopVs aVgVstanVs LanD- L graVIVs hassI^. = 1765 i.e. Tlie archives and private papers elsewhere lying in t/ie citadel of Dilingen, Joseph the bishop of Augsburg, the Landgrave of Hesse, ordered to be transferred hither. Ochabringen, the building of the parish church of Saint ^gidius in 1778, is marked thus over a door — gLorI^ saLVatorIs DeI atqVe beatI aegIDII LaVDIbVs L saCra. = 1778 i.e. Sacred to tlie glory of God the Saviour, and to the praises of St. .rEgidius. JJinkelshiibel parish church, on the sixth, the tolling bell — PRO BEATA agonIa LegaVI Ioannes franCIsCVs bozenharDt L paroChVs aC DeCanVs LoCI. = 1725 i.e. For the blessed agony (of Christ), I, John Francis Bozenardt, ^ paroc/ius' and dean of the place, Jiave beqiteatlied this. DTOCESE OF AUGSBURG. 73 Over the door of the chapel of the three kings — saCeLLVM hoC sanCtIs regIbVs sVb benefICIato sChVrer L pLVres restaVraVerVnt benefaCtores. = 1 794 i.e. This chapel, io the (tliree) holy kings, many benefactors have restored under the incutnbent Schurer. -Uonauworth Holy Cross Church. Here is the tomb of Maria, Duchess of Bavaria, daughter of the Duke of Brabant, who died in 1256. This inscription was placed on the adjoining pillar when the chapel was repaired in 1829 by Prince von Oettingen-Wallerstein. (Without this explanation it would seem to be an instance of a very early chronogram) — /, IsthIC gLorIose IaCet MarIa eraeantIna. = 1256 i.e. Here lies gloriously Mary of Brabant. -Keimlingen parish church of St. George, above a door where a black cross is seen on the wall — /, sanCta CrVX Mea DVX. = 1730 i.e. The sacred cross is my guide. r ussen parish church, over the door of the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, built in 1735 — eXorto noV^ aetatIs phosphoro resVrgentI, gLorIose L saLVatorI nostro DICatVM. = 1735 i.e. Dedicated to our gloriously-risen Saviour, the light of our new age again appearing. And over another door — sVrgentI nostrae saLVtIs aVrorae neo-xato In terrIs L DIVInI patrIs fILIo saCrVM. — 1735 i.e. Consecrated to the Son of the divine Father, the neii'ly-7iscn light of our salvation in the earth. Oeeg parish church of St. Udalrich, over the high altar — Z DIVo VDaLrICo a paroChIanIs pIe renoVata seDes. = 1770 i.e. A throne for the divine Udalric, piously restored by the parishioners. The chapel of St. Anna, over the door — Z CVM proLe tVa o sanCta anna Da prospera. = 1760 i.e. With thy offspring, O Saint Anna, give prosperity. Z,e\\, over the triumphal arch — A pHs benefaCtorIbVs renoVata seDes AIarI.i: aVXILIa- Z trICIs. = 1783 i.e. The throne of Mary, our helper, restored by pious benefactors. A narrative of the ruin of a monastery of St. Udalrich at Augsburg contains this line, giving the date of the event — Z petrVs VdaLrICI CoxCVssIt CasIbVs edeM. = 1474 The letters d are not counted. 74 BAMBERG— WURZBURG. ST. MICHAEL Church at Bamberg ' contauis ten or twelve rather stately monuments of Bishops of Bamberg, removed from the Cathedral at its restoration in 1838. The circumstance is indicated by this inscription on the wall, where the monuments now stand — sIsTE VIator, epItaphIa hIC reposIta sVnt : Corpora Vero -^ In sVMX ^De qVIesCVnt. = 1S38 i.e. Stop, traveller, the monuments are placed here, but the bodies rest in the cathedral. Over the door of a small house in the little dilapidated quadrangle of St. James's Church at Bamberg, formerly inhabited by the clergy of the church, but now by poor people, with a weedy little garden in the centre, is an inscription much decayed, originally done in paint. Some of the letters are nearly obliterated, or appear only in a faint trace. I was able to make out that Bishop Carolus Sigismundus repaired the building at the date indicated by the concluding chrono- graphic line. The building is now sadly in ^yant of repair, and is likely to be ' improved away' along with the chronogram — >fc veDes CapItVLI Laeentes prIMVs restaVrat. — 17 18 i.e. The bishop restores the falling houses of the chapter. Over the door of the slaughter-house by the river, beneath the figure of a full-sized recumbent ox, are these quaint verses and chrono- gram — Omnia habent ortus suaque incrementa sed ecce, Quern cernis nunquam bos fuit hie vitulus. -^ sVb hVIatIs fabrIC/E EXxRA-ORDlNARliE IMpensIs eXstrVCta. = 1742 The same verse is over the slaughter-house at Nuremberg, but without the chronogram. A FOUNTAIN in the main street at Wiirzburg,' having an obelisk surmounted by a statue, has this painted on it — • LabefaCtatVs InIVrIa beLLI pr/EsIDe hpoLiCI sVperiorIs senatVs l.b. ab heVsLeIn st. CanonICo Cap & cantore neCnon raC C. p. n. Cons. Int. restaVrat Vr. — Renov. 1868. As the inscription stands it makes 1695, but if the three letters i, i, c, which are small, are counted, the date would be 1797. All the chronogram capital letters in the original are painted red. On the opposite side is this further inscription — aMpLIfICanDo CIVItatIs ornatVI. sub P.R. PeriLL : ac pergm crat: dlio. phiL ant christoph Ern l.b. de GUtten- berg EccLrm imp. etc. etc. (various titles) lisec pyramis surrexit. — Renov. 1868. The first three words make 1766. The rest is a mixture of capital letters having the appearance of chronogram, but really of no such use. Both inscriptions are unsatisfactory and disappointing, and are pro- minent examples of misleading chronography. ^ It is surprising now to find so few chronograms in these places, when so many have emanated from them. See Index ' Franconia, plaudens,' etc. WURZBURG— NUREMBERG. 75 St. Colonatus, St. Kilianus a bishop of Wiirzburg, and St. Tolanus, whose martyrdoms are celebrated at Wiirzburg on Sth July. A medal thereon has this chronogram date — G haC Magna trIaDe patroCInante. = 1702 i.e. This great triad being otir patron. AN old engraving representing the Rathstube, or sessions- chamber in the Rath-haus at Nuremberg, bears this chrono- gram date — Wen DIe gereChten DIe oberhanD haeen so gehets gereCht zV. — Prov. 28. V. 12. =1717 i.e. IVJien tlie righteous have the upper hand then things go right. \Jn the Carls-bridge at Nuremberg are two obelisks, memorials of the visit of the Emperor Charles vi. ; one is thus inscribed — CaroLo seXto aVgVsto pIo aC feLICI ponteM hVnC Con- :^ seCrabat. s . p. Q. n. = 1728 i.e. The senate and people of Nuremberg consecrated this bridge to the Emperor Charles tlie Sixth, the pious and happy. In the museum at Nuremberg is a commemoration medal repre- senting the bridge, with the same inscription, also a larger medal representing a bridge and imperial devices, with this inscription — >tc gLorIa Deo eXCeLso paX hoMInIbVs. — 1728 Also a medal to Charles vi. representing a display of fireworks — L-ETA norIs CaroLo fIDeI DeDIt IgnIbVs Ignes. Die ^■. homagii xvi. Januarii. = 1712 Also a square silver medal, probably a charm or ornament, having this inscription, with an armorial shield — >fc EST VbI DVX IesVs P.A.X VICto Marte gVbernat. =: 1648 And a medal with a device of justice and plenty — :+: Des frIeDen Lobs geDenCken. = 165 1 i.e. A memorial of the praise of Peace. All these medals being shut up in a glass case and in bad light, only one side can be seen. 1 he Church of St. ^gidius was burnt down in 1696, and rebuilt 1711-1718. The altar picture is by Van Dyck, the dead Christ in the arms of the Virgin Mary. Beneath it are these lines — seIn LeIb VnD bLVt ^ MeIn hoeChstes gVt. = 1718 i.e. His body and blood my highest good. Over the chancel arch is this date — "^ gLorIa Deo eXCeLso In /EternVM. = 17 17 There is also a dedication chronogram on the principal front of the church, but only partially legible. 76 NUREMBERG COINS. MONEY of the free state of Nuremberg. A florin of Ferdinand having the date of 1615, believed to be made for new year's gifts, bears this liexameter clironogram — VIVat aVIs, rota CresCat, oVet Leo, pIsCe-LeoqVe Ea. fLoreat, aC MaVrVs, tVrrIs qVoqVe faXIt 16 Va. = 1621 i.e. May the bird live, may the wheel increase, may the lion 7-ejoice, and may the fish-lion flourish, likewise the Moor, and may Jehovah also become the tower. Tliis sounds hke a riddle ; the allusions are probably to the armorial bearings of one of the citizens. 1 he new issue of coinage at Nuremberg (thalers and ducats) in the year 1628 and afterwards, bear chronogram mottoes, mostly in hexameter verse, to mark their date — F Candida paX reDeat paX regnet In orbe et In Vrbe. = 1628 i.e. May beautiful peace return, tnay peace reign in the world and in the city. E VenI aVt sVbVenI tVIs o ChrIste reDeMptor. = 1629 I.e. Come to, or aid thine own, O Christ, Redeemer. E paX bona nVnC reDeat Mars pereatqVe feroX. = 1630 i.e. May good peace no7u return and may fierce Mars perish. E nVrInberga DIV ChrIstI sIt tVta sVb VMbra. = 1630 i.e. Alay Nuremburg long be safe under the shadoic of Christ. E VIVIDa paX ChrIstI serVet nos teMpore trIstI. — 1631 i.e. May the lively peace of Christ help us in the time of sorrow. E six paX In terrIs tanDeM et patIentIa VICtrIX. = 1632 i.e. May peace and victorious forbearance be at length in the land. E paX aDsIt beLLVM fVgIat pestIsqVe seVera. = 1633 i.e. May peace be present, may war flee away, and horrible pestilence. E sVbVenIat fInIs IVDICIVMqVe pIIs. = 1633 i.e. May the end and judgment be a help to the pious. E restaVret paCeM IesVs DVX orbIs In Vrbe. = 1633 i.e. Af ay Jesus the guide of the 70orld restore peace in the city. E arX esto hVIC VrbI DeVs et fortIssIMa tVrrIs. = 1635 i.e. O God, be thou a citadel and a very strong tower to this city. E paX noVa nVnC reDeat Mars pereatqVe feroX. = 1635 i.e. Alay 7iew peace now return and may fierce Mars perish. E sIt DeVs aVXILIVM tVta sIt Ipse saLVs. = 1640 i.e. May God be our help and may he be our sure salvation. E VIVat paX ChrIstI sIt DVX sVb teMpore trIstI. = 1646 i.e. May the peace of Christ live, may it be our guide in time of sorrow. E qVI reX IVstItIa IVDICIVMqVe VenI. =: 1648 i.e. Come thou, who art the king, justice and judgment. Ea Magnas ferte Deo grates pro paCe reLata. = 1650 i.e. Render great thanks to God for peace restored. E eXpeCtata reDI paX paX sVperVM aVrea proLes. = 1696 i.e. Return expected peace, peace the golden offspring of heaven. NUREMBERG— RATISBOM. 77 F eXoptata DIV paX CoeLI eX MVnere VenIt. = 1698 i.e. The loiig-wished-for peace of heaven comes out from our service; or, The long-desired peace has come from the gift of heaven. teMpora nostra pater Donata paCe Corona. — 1700 i.e. Crown our times, O Father, by giving peace. Inscription on the reverse translates, ' The republic of Nur- emberg celebrates the new century.' This is taken from Kelly's Universal Cambist, vol. ii. p. 214. F aVgVsto DoMIno tVta aC seCVra parente est. = 1721 i.e. She is safe and secure, tlie Emperor being her lord and parent. A coin of Charles vi. for Nuremberg. Fa gLorIa In eXCeLsIs Deo atqVe In terra paX hoMInIbVs. — 1 736 i.e. Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to man. Inscription on a medal — ■ ConserVetVr a Deo norIberga Vt C/esarI et IMperIo porro proVt antea InserVIre possIt. — 1732 i.e. May Nuremberg be preserved, that it may be able to serve the empire and emperor henceforth as before. THREE chronograms made on the death of Hieronymus William Ebner, privy councillor, keeper of the crown-jewels' in Nurem- berg. Vt reCtIs sVbnIXa qVaDrIs sIC fIrMIter aeqVo F sIstIt se VIrtVs ebnerIana sIbI. = 1752 i.e. As resting upon four upright pillars, so firmly does the virtue of Ebner stand in justice. Ita VIrtVs ebnerIana fIrMIter aeqVo ConstabIt eXaLta- F bItqVe In VIa reCtItVDInIs. = 1752 i.e. Thus the virtue of Ebner tvill consist firmly of justice, and will show itself in the way of righteousness. EN eVge VIrtVs, IVstItIa et fIDes ebnerIanI peCtorIs In VIa reCtI et probI tenorIs aeqVo fIrMIter egregIeqVe F stabIt. = 1752 i.e. Lo virtue, justice, and fidelity of the heart of Ebner will stand firmly and illustriously in equity, in the zvay of right, and of an even course. AT Regensburg (Ratisbon), on a tablet in the cathedral cloisters — sIste VIator DeposIta hIC est rar^e SAPlENTliE eXaCt/E :+; IVstItLe, InsIgnIs pIetatIs et IntegrItatIs norMa. [Joseph=i737 Franc: de Paula Badcr, prince bishop of Ratisbon.] DeVotIs tVIs oratIonIkVs anIM^ eIVs sVCCVrre et abI. = 1737 i.e. Stop, traveller, here is deposited the tnodel of rare wisdom, perfect justice, marvellous piety and integrity, {name) by thy devout prayers succour his soul, and depart. 78 RATISBON. In the cathedral cloisters, by an entrance door in an obscure corner close to the ground, a tablet to the memory of a Rev. Vicar of the cathedral; the pious request expressed in the chronogram which dates the epitaph is much obscured by dust and dirt; thousands of devotees who pass to the smartly-painted chapel adjoining are in ignorance of its existence, and no requiem is uttered — sIsTE VIator qVICVnqVe transIs, DICqVe, qV^so, H< reqVIeM. = 1 741 i.e. Stop, traveller, whoever thou art that passest by, and say, I pray you, a requiem. In the Nieder-miinster church, over an altar — >|< MarIa sIne Labe ConCepta InterCeDe pro nobIs. = 1854 i.e. Mary, conceived without stain, intercede for us. At the Ober-miinster church, an epitaph in the vestibule is dated thus — Tu VIator reCorDatVs qVIa Caro sVnt : spIrItVs VaDens et -if NON reDIens. Psalm Ixxvii. v. 39. = 1735 (This quotation must be incorrect.) 1 n St. James's Church, Ratisbon, formerly called the Scotch Church, the epitaph of Peter Montmedy, of Luxemburg, concludes with this hexameter and pentameter chronogram — • LVX bIs qVInta fVIt, fVIt et septena DeCeMbrIs -^ qV^ petro fIt noX et sIne fIne qVIes. = 1709 i.e. It zvas the i^th day of December which was night to Peter, and may it be also rest without end. An epitaph to a lady contains this date ; the quotation, however, must be wrong — . '^ fLens sVspeXIt aD CceLVM. Daniel 13, v. 35. = 1721 i.e. Weeping, she looked up to heaven. In St. Emraeram Church, in the vestibule, there are many epitaphs. These are the last lines of one of them — Hoc ergo illi gratulare apprecare ac De parI gLorIA H< tIbI MatVre ConsVLe. = 17 14 Another ends thus — Tu viator precare : LVX perpetVa LVCeat eIs DoMIne In >tc VIsIone perpetVa ! = 1740 i.e. Do thou, O traveller, pray that perpetual light may shine on them in the Lord, in perpetual vision / The adjoining epitaph to an eminent lawyer and judge ends thus — Tu viator ! qui spectator accessisti, orator recede, et pre- care ut pIVs et IVstVs IVDeX trIno CapItI tres IVstItLe ^ Coronas IMponat. = 1745 i.e. Do thou, O traveller, who hast approached as a spectator, go a7vay as one 7cho prays, that the pious and just judge jnay place upon his three- fold head the three cro7vns of justice {?). RA TISBON—PASSA U. 79 The next epitaph is dated by these words — if. Et sic i:X,\Cte DIsCe A[orI. = 171 2 i.e. And thus learn to die perfectly. A long epitaph in the church (St. Emmeram) containing a date 1725 ends thus — abI VIator trIstIs LexIetVr DoLor, sI patrI pIo preCaberIs sjc reqVIeM. ^ 1725 i.e. Depart, O sorrcnof id traveller, thy grief shall be asstmged if thou pray for rest for my pious father. Another long epitaph to a bishop is thus dated — if. VnVs CoMpenDIo VIrtVtIs eXpLet VnIVersa. = 1694 Another long epitaph, without other date, concludes thus — if eCCe sVIs Deest et MorItVr die 27 Oct: £Etatis 81. =1712 i.e. Behold, he is wanting to his friends, and he died on 2-jth day of October, aged 81. The final words are — ;^c DefVnCto preCare reqVIeM et abI. — 1712 i.e. Pray for rest for the dead, and depart. iVledals on the cessation of the plague at Ratisbon— Deo opItVLante ContagIone fInIta ItInerIs LIbertas >fc reDDIta. = 1 7 14 i.e. God helping us, tlie plague being ended, liberty of travelling was restored. if aDIVtore aLtIssIMo a peste LIberta seCVra. = 1714 i.e. The Most High helping, the city was rendered secure from the plague. AT Passau, in Bavaria, on the outside wall of the Cathedra!, north side, are many mural tablets. Some of them are beautiful works in low relief on a fine-grained cream-coloured limestone. I gathered three chronograms there. Epitaph to one Schwarzhuhcr, who died 22d May 1768, aged 78, ends thus — ornaVer.vf hIs parentis eX VIVIs gratVs et DeVotVs fILIVs if aVgVstInVs CarMeLIta. = 1768 Another tablet in a corner, placed high up, partly concealed by a water-pipe and obscured by whitewash. It contains an epitaph addressed by parents to their deceased children, and is thus dated — qVIesCIte ergo proLes MortV.e VIVatIs Deo atqVe oretIs if PRO parentIbVs. = 17S6 i.e. Rest, therefore, our dead children, and may ye live to God and pray for your parents. Another gives the date thus — if oCtobrIs DIe VICesIMa qVarta; decessit. = 1714 i.e. On the 2i,th day of October he died. 8o LINZ. AT Linz, on the Danube. In the Ursuline Church, over the prin- cipal door — sVb eXCeLso aC VICtorIoso trIVMphantIs angeLICI prIn- ^ CIpatVs patroCInIo. = 1740 i.e. Under the illustrious a?id victorious patronage of the triutnphant and a?igelic poTcers. in the Carmelite Church, over the chancel arch — IesV MarIa Ioseph Vos feratIs lis aVXILIa A qVIbVs >|c eCCLesIa obtInVIt sVbsIDIa. = 1859 i.e. Jesus, Maria, Joseph, may ye bear help to those from rohom this church has obtained help. In the vestibule of the same church/ inscribed over the chapel of St. John Nepomucene. The date is given twice by dividing the chronogram as marked by the bars — • CapeLLa Coronate VIrtVtIs thronIqVe honorIs sanCto >|< IoannI nepoMVCeno ConseCrata, II hIC est InsIgnIs faM.e = 1726 patronVs qVI sIbI pIos non sInIt ConfVnDI. = 1726 i.e. The chapel of crowned virtue and throne of honour, has been consecrated to Saint Jo/m Nepomucene. He {God) is tJie patron of illustrious fame wlio does not suffer /lis pious ones to be confounded. In Linz parish church, over an altar of St. John Nepomucene — beatVs Ioannes nepoMVCenVs InVoCantI In angVstIIs :4c aDIVtor. = 1737 i.e. The blessed John Nepomucene, the helper of tJwse 7vho invoke /dm in t/icir difficulties. Outside the same church, at the east end, a tablet to commemorate certain public benefits conferred by Abbot Alexander is thus dated — :4= CVI gratIas DICIMVs InfInItas. = 17 17 -i.e. To w/iom we accord infinite thanks. Over the gateway of a building opposite the north side of the same church, beneath the statue of the Virgin Mary — :4^ HAS jeDes DeCanaLes gLorIosa VIrgo tVerI DIgnetVr. = 1719 i.e. May t/ie glorious Virgin condescend to protect this decanal house. In the building adjoining the Minorite Church, ^ formerly the monastery, now the municipal offices, over a doorway adjoining the great hall — >tc CiESARl ET statIeVs In DeCoreM = 1708 Charve Vero posterItatI reCorDatIoneM. = 1708 i.e. In /lonour of t/ie Emperor and t/ie States, a?td as a memorial to our dear posterity. ' There is another chapel in Ihe vestibule with a long chronographic inscription, which I was unable to copy for want of sufficient light. ' There are some chronograms in the Minorite Church which I was prevented from copying. Also one over the altar picture in the Capucin Church, which I could not copy on account of the bad light, although I went three times fur the purpose. LINZ— VIENNA. 8 1 j\. statue stands on a pedestal outside a church, supported by two children, naked and chubby, one of whom holds a cross, and looks up to the principal figure, the other points to a page of an open book, on which are inscribed these words — >tc VsqVe In S/eCVLVM non DeLedItVr. KccI: 39. v. 12. — T727 i.e. He shall not be destroyed for ever. At the Pilgrimage Church of Postlingberg, on the hill overlook- ing Linz ; on the chancel arch — >|< ARA BEAT/E LVgentIs neCeM fILII qVotIDIe prIVILegIata. = 1774 i.e. The privileged altar of the blessed one mourning the death of her son daily. IN the Cathedral of Vienna (St. Stephen's Church), on a tablet against a column in the nave — ^ obIIt IDIbVs MensIs IVLII CieLebs et pIVs. .^tatis lxiii. = 1724 i.e. He died on i^thjuly unmarried and pious. A tablet against another column is thus dated — >|< cui precare viator bonI sVperI ConCeDant reqVIeM. = 1713 i.e. For whom O traveller pray, may the poioers above grant rest. Over an altar against the same column — >|< CoraM Deo qVIs hIC erIt. — 1708 i.e. Who will be here before God 1 In St. Peter's Church, on a red marble tablet in an obscure place, part of a long inscription has this date — '^ a regIo C^sare LeopoLDo. I. et Magno. = 1702 The inscription concludes thus — cui se, et sua cum suis hunc lapidcm ponendo, Integro * CorDe DeDICaVIt et anno post septima idus Junias — 1708 In sanCta paCe pIe oeDorMIVIt. = 1709 On the Trinity-column in the Graben, the inscription records the intention of the emperor Leopold i. to protect the religion he pro- fessed, and concludes thus — ^ Ita VoVI anno DoMInI saLVatorIs nostrI IesV ChrIstI. = 1679 i.e. So I vowed in the year of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. On the St. Mar)- column, which is surmounted by a statue of the Virgin — In perpetuam rci memoriam statVaM hanC eX Voto ponIt :+: fernanDVs III aVgVstVs.die. 17 mail = 1644 i.e. In perpetual tnemory of the event Ferdinand ni. the august, placed this statue in pursuance of a vow. At Schonbrunn, near Vienna, on the pedestal of a column to the Virgin Mary, opposite the church — 82 VIENNA— DRESDEN— PRESSBURG. honorIbVs steLLIs Coronate DeIpar^ VIrgInTs pyraMIs if. ISTA restItVta fVIt. = 1730 i.e. This column of the Virgin mother, crowned -with Jwnours and stars, was restored. 1 he traveller Philip Skipton, in 1663, relates that the 'discalceat Augustins steeple at Vienna hath these inscriptions on it ' — 1. testaMento aperto CLangenD^e pIetatIs. — 1652 2. ornaMento LIbero aDept^ paCIs. = 1652 3. osTENTO APTO CoMpLenD^ annosItatIs. = 1652 i.e. As an open testimony of clanging, or far-sounding piety (alluding probably to the church bells). As a free ornament of peace obtained. As an apt sign of length of days to be fulfilled. SAXONY has the repute of having been the land of chronogram- makers, and I expected to find some good evidence of their work in public places or buildings in the capital city ; my search, however, was fruitless, except as to this one example now in the ' Green Vaults ' museum. A curious wood-carving, about 5 by 3 inches, represents a sheet of paper creased by folding at right angles, having on it, in raised letters, twelve rhyming lines in German, a sort of begging-letter addressed to the Elector John George of Saxony in 1665, by a certain sculptor. It is dated only by this chrongram at its conclusion — :4< patrI patrI^ CeLsIssIMo offert sUbDItUs. — 1665 Tobi . Vopael?. Zittaw. i.e. The undermentioned offers this to the ?nost high father of the country. Tobias Vopcl of Zittau. ON the front of a large building facing the Danube, at Press- burg— HAS /eDes popVLVs strVXIt CVrante senatV VsIbVs Vt >|< patrI/e MILItIs esse qVeant. — 1761 i.e. The people built this house under the care of the senate, that it might be for the use of the soldiery of the country. \Jn the front of a large dilapidated, desolate-looking palatial building in ' Batthyanyi Plaz ' at Pressburg — CVrIa arChIepIsCopaLIs peCVLIo CarDInaLIs IosephI De >tc batthIan eXCItata. = 1781 i.e. This archiepiscopal palace was built at the private expense of Cardi7ial Joseph de Batthian. Outside the Rathhaus at Pressburg, on a red marble tablet, is this hexameter and pentameter verse ; the building, however, is much older than the date thus indicated — Vrbs strVXIt teXIt reX Ipse at IWIt IoVa. >fc protegIt Vt CaroLVs fert DeVs VrbIs opeM. = 1733 i.e. The city built it, the king roofed it in, Jehovah himself helped it. Charles protects, and God brings help to the city. HUNGAR Y—PRESSB VRG~B UDA-FES2VL 83 Outside a house, painted on a small tablet attached to the wall ; the letters are very slender, and the words all run together, and are difficult to make out — ^eDes has VItIatas franCIsCVs IosephVs reX apostoLICVs aVItIs LIberaLItatIs VestIgIIs InsIstens InsIgnI hoCCe :4; spLenDore nItere feCIt. = i860 i.e. Francis Joseph, the apostolical king, treading in the steps 0/ his ances- tors' generosity, has made this decayed building to shine loith this remark- able splendour. (He in fact restored an old historical house.) On the four sides of the pedestal of a monumental pillar near the Kohl Market, in honour of the Virgin Mary, are the following inscrij)- tions, of which the first only is chronographic — Apoc: Cap. 12. v. i. aMICta soLe et LVna sVb peDIbVs ^ eIVs. = 1723 i.e. Clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet. Apoc: 12. V. I. Signum magnum apparuit in ccelo. Luc: I. V. 48. Respexit humilitatem ancilla; sua;. Apoc: 12. V. I. In capite ejus corona stellarum duo- decim. On the summit of the pillar is a statue of the Virgin crowned with stars. OVER the doorway of a building at the Royal Chateau at Buda — >fc CaroLVs seXtVs Me fVnDo eLeVabat. = 1730 i.e. Charles VI. raised me from the foundation. Over the chancel arch of a church at Pesth — ^ In LoCo Isto DIMItte peCCata serVIs. — i860 i.e. In this place forgive the sins of thy servants. ot. Anna Church at Buda, over the principal door — -Jf^ hanC /eDeM pII CLIentes anne posVere. = 1758 St.. Elizabeth (of Hungary) Church at Buda, over the door. Copied with diflkulty, the words are much run together and crowded ; the inscription makes two hexameter lines, and gives two different dates, which I am unable to verify — ^ His CapVt eXorDIs {sic) fVIt VnICa gratIa MatrIs, = 1731 traXIt In eXCVrsVs sanCtI Mens proVIDa patrIs. = 1740 On a tablet over the door of an old house within the fortress at Buda— j¥.\o nobIs . CasV tIbI bVDa nefanDo LVX eXtInCta * reDIt. = 1795 i e. In our day, O Buda, the light which was extinguished by wicked chance, has come to thee. 84 TIROL, INNSBRUCK. The meaning of this is obscure ; another modern tablet is affixed to the house stating in the Hungarian language the names and dates of many celebrated persons who have occupied it. IN the centre of the principal street at Innsbruck, stands a white marble column, the monument of St. Anna, to commemorate the defeat of the French and Bavarians on St. Anna's day, the 26th July, 1703. The pedestal exhibits much sculptured ornament, with inscrip- tions on its four sides ; those which are chronograms have the date letters marked with gilding, and there are also many Bible quotations which are applicable to the subject, though not needful to elucidate it. The first inscription, not a chronogram, is as follows — Marine virginis matri immaculatse filiae Divae Annse, ob >|c hostes tarn Bavarium quam Galium anno mdcciii Tyro- Ham invadentes, utrinque tamen et CEnioponto quidem in festo S : Annee Tridento autem in nativitate B . m . v . depulsos Tyrolensis provincia in perpetuam debitae grati- tudinis tesseram praesens monumentum ex voto posuit. i.e. To the Divine A?uia, mother of the Virgin Mary, her immaculate daughter, the province of the Tyrol has erected this monument by a decree, as a perpetual mark of merited gratitude, on account of the enemies both Bavarian and French invading the Tyrol in the year 1703, but 7-epelled on both sides at Innsbruck on the feast of St. Anna, and at Trent on the nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The second inscription — hVC VsqVe perVenerat hostIs ; at non pLVs VLtra. qVare? qVIa In CassVM Laborat LVpVs VbI eXCVbat brIXIensIs if PASTOR be.\tVs CassIanVs. = 1703 i.e. So far has ike enemy come, but no further. Why ? Because the wolf strives in vain where watches the blessed shepherd Cassianus, bishop of Brixen. The third inscription — VenIt Leo, VIDIt gaLLVs, non VICIt fVgIt Vero, erVpIt, eVasIt VterqVe. CVr Ita. VnVs eXterrVIt fVgaVItqVe eqVes nobILIs CappaDoX hVIVs patrI^e p.\tronVs sIngVLarIs >f£ georgIVs. = 1703 i.e. The lion came, the cock (the Garil) saw, he did not conquer but fled, he ran away, he escaped both of them. Why so ? One noble knight, the Cappadocian (? Saint) George, the illustrious patron of this country, terrified and routed them. The fourth inscription — qVIet^: DorMIs fILIa athesIs Inter nepas ; qVIa pro te sfc VIgILat tWs pIVs pater VIgILIVs. = 1703 i.e. Thou steepest quietly, my daughter Athesis \tlie river Adige'\ among scorpions ; because thy careful father (Saint) Vigilius watches for thee. [See Ezekiel 2. v. 6.] TIROL, INNSBRUCK, BOTZEN, ETC. 85 On the front of an old house at Innsbruck — restaVror post horrenDos ContInVo and VLtra perpessos ^ TERR^ MotVs— ANNO 1 500 — Rcstauratum tertio 1782. = 1671 i.e. I am restored after dreadful earthquakes endured for more than a year. The house was probably built in 1500. Restored after the earth- quakes in 1671 ; and again restored in 1782. In the little church of St. John Nepomuc at Innsbruck, over an altar in the nave — honorI DIVI ChrIstI MartvrIs fLorICInI IgnIs noXII pro- ■:^ pVLsorIs. = 1834 i.e. To the honour of the martyr for Christ, the holy Floricinus, the averter of noxious fire. In the little cloistered cemetery of St. Nicholas Church at Inns- bruck, on a marble tablet against the church wall — DoLete -f pLorate hIC pIe IaCet IaCobVs antonInVs porrogger eCCLesLe sanCtI nIChoLaI epIsCopI benefICIatVs >i< CVratVs. = 1 738 i.e. Grieve, lament. Here lies James Antoni?te Porrogger, tlie beneficed curate of this church of Saint Niclwlas, bisJiop. The inscription contains also the date 1738 in figures. ON a marble tablet outside the Kaiser Krone Inn at Botzen — -^ haeC DoMVs pLaCeisat aVgVsto. 1765 i.e. Tilts house 7i'as satisfactory to the emperor. Probably Joseph 11., son of the Emperor of Germany Francis i. and of Maria Theresa. He succeeded to the throne in 1765. Over the entrance-door of the same inn (communicated by Dr. Brushfield, who copied it in 1876) — franCIsCVs I Caesar et LoDoVICa ConIVX In iiIs aeDIbVs pernoCtarant. XXVII oCtobrIs. = 1815 i.e. The emperor Francis I., and Lodovica his wife, passed the night in this house. 27 October. This alludes to another Emperor, Francis I. of Austria. He became Francis 11. of Germany in 1792, and Emperor of Austria only in 1804. He died in 1835. Inscribed under a figure of the saint inside a small chapel at Botzen, near a bridge — >K DIVo IoannI nepoMVCeno proteCtorI. = 17 14 i.e. To the holy John of Nepomuk, the protector. For particulars concerning this saint, see index, ' Nepomuk.' 86 TIROL. In the church of Atzwang, a village about ten miles from Botzen, on scrolls, among the carved wood ornament of the pulpit. VoX CLaMantIs agIte Veros DIgnos qVe frVCtVs pcenI- :+: tentI^. = 1790 i.e. The voice of one crying out, bring (or perform) fruits true and worthy of repentance. See Matt. 3. v. 3. On the west front of the church at Gries, near Botzen — In honoreM sanCtI patrIs aVgVstInI CLarI eCCLesI^ >|c Catholic^ propVgnatorIs. = 1774 i.e. In hotiour of the holy father, the renowned Augustinus, defender of the Catholic Church. On the upper part of the church tower at the village of Tasens, Tirol— >K regI s^CVLorVM Ita DIVo LaVrentIo LaVs et gLorIa. = 1830 i.e. to the king of ages, so to the holy Laurence, be praise and glory. On the front of a chapel at Ried, Tirol, is a fresco painting ; the Madonna is represented descending from the clouds bearing the model of a building ; and this inscription — >|< prIMI s^CVLI rIeDensIs Corona. — 1760 The meaning is obscure, but it will bear this simple translation — Of the first age, or century, the crown of Ried. At Toblach in Tirol, on the ceiling of the parish church, which is ornamented with good fresco painting, is this inscription — DIVI loAtJIs atqVe sebastIanI honorIbVs pIa ferVensqVe >|< ComVnItas eXstrVXIt hoC opVs. — 1770 i.e. A pious and earnest community has raised this work to the honour of Saint John and Saint Sebastian. Observe the mark of contraction in order to avoid the extra letter M in the word ' communitas,' which would have added 1000 years to the date. At Innichen in Tirol, over the door of Saint Michael's church — :^<: sanCte MIChaeL ! tIbI DeVotIs assIste. = 1760 i.e. Holy Michael ! assist those devoted to thee. And inside, over the chancel arch — reparatIo LVCIferI, VICtorI DsIPARiE DefensorI, eCCLesI^ >|< hVIatIs tItYLarI, sIngVLa eX .eqVo trVtInantI, saCrata. = 1760 i.e. T/ie restoration 7i'ork of ' Lucifer,^ consecrated to the victorious defender of the Virgin, the titular saint of this church, who tueighs all tilings Justly. This interpretation is perhaps questionable. JN iederdorf church, on a monumental slab in the graveyard, is an epitaph to various members of a family, concluding thus — TIROL— CONSTANCE. 87 SIE RUHEN IN FRIDEN . ZU EINER CHRISTLICHEN GEDECHTNUS . 1st DIse gegenVVertIge DenCkhshrIfft sfc aVfgesteLLet VVorDen. = 1729 i.e. They rest fit peace. As a Christian memorial this present monumetit has been erected. In the parish church of Gossnass, on the Brenner road, Tirol, under a fresco painting on the ceiling, representing Christ driving the dealers out of the temple. Probably it marks the date of all the ceiling decoration — >ts CcepIt peLLere De teMpLo. = 1751 i.e. He began to drive them out of the temple. 1 he following were procured from a rural parish by Doctor Oskar Frankfurter. Chronograms are abundant in the Tirol to mark local events ; the appointment of a new pastor, and even his age, or a village festival, are circumstances worthy to be so commemorated. Their composition, however, is frequently careless, little regard being paid to the necessity of avoiding superfluous letters. These, full of such faults, are inscribed on a rifle target at . . . sCharf avf die sCheIb in deM tIrolerLand sCharf AVF dIe feInd am Donaustrand. = 1854 i.e. Hit on the target in Tirol, hit on the enemy at the Danube. Die feLsenbvrg die gott Vns gab bewaChen Vnsere waffen Vnd will der feInd eIn kvhLes grab tIroL wirds ihM versChaffen. = 1868 i.e. Our arms guard the rocky fortress that God gave us, and if the enemy desires a silent tomb, Tirol unll procure it for him. DOCH NIMMER TR^GT DER FREIe MaNN zVm bLossen spiel die wehre eIn tropf der sIe niCht bravChen kann fVr freIheit, reCht, Vnd ehre. = 1869 i.e. Never does the free 7nan wear the weapon for mere play ; he is a duffer who cannot use it for freedotn, justice, and hotwur. IN St. Stephen's Church, Constance, over the vestry door— * VoLVntarIe saCrIfICabo tIbI DoMIne IesV. = 1772 I.e. I Ji'ill sacrifice to thee willingly, O Lord Jesus. And over another door — ^ fIat s.\CrIkICIVM LaVDIs et IVstItI.e. = i773 i.e. Let the sacrifice of praise and justice be done. Very few chronograms are to be met with in Italy. During several tours, extending generally all over the land, and observing carefully some thousands of inscriptions, I have collected only these two. 88 ITAL V. in the church of S. Maria degli Angeli at Rome, there is inserted among the marble of the inlaid floor, close to the wall, in the dextral section of the church, a small slab of coloured marble, with a border oval in shape, and about i6 by lo inches in size, containing an inscrip- tion thus — >\i IaCobVs . Ill . D . g . Magnae . brItannIae . et . C . reX . = 1 7 2 t The word rex is on the front of a crown which surmounts the oval ; and inside the oval is felix temporvm reparatio (not a chrono- gram). i.e. James the Third, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, etc., king. The happy 7-eparation of the times. This alludes to some event in the career of the ' Pretender,' the son of James the Second of England. He led a dissipated life at Rome. He was acknowledged by Louis xiv. as King James the Third in 1701. He married Princess Maria Clementina of Poland in 1719 ; his first son was born 31st December 1720, his second son in 1725. Separation from his wife afterwards took place. He died in 1765, and was buried at Rome, but not in this church. The chronogram date, 1 72 1, probably alludes to the birth of his son, the young Pretender. The inscription ' Felix temporum reparatio ' (translated ' L'heureux renouvellement des temps ') occurs on a Dutcli medal to commemo- rate the peace of 1697. And ' Felicium temporum reparatio' is on medals of Constantine and his sons Constantius and Constans. An- other form of the inscription is on a German medal of 1705. J\.t Siena, in Italy, over one of the gates of the city, the Porta Caniollia, this inscription was put in 1604 to commemorate the visit of the Grand Duke of Tuscany — Cor MagIs tIbI sena panDIt. = iifc4 i.e. Siena ope?is her heart more completely to thee. CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF HOLLAND AND THE NETHERLANDS. VENTS in the history of these countries have been marked by chronograms, from the time when the dominion of Spain over them was becoming weak, and Holland had commenced the revolt which resulted in the establishment of its independence ; and when also the Netherlands Provinces were a mixed possession of Spain and the Imperial house of Austria. Foreign influences, Spanish, German, French, English, were exercised with varying success and failure in this extensive field of political and social change ; hard times and cruel wars were endured by the inhabitants while the events were in progress. The historian gives us the consecutive narration of them, and the chronogram-maker goes over the ground, marking those suit- able for his purpose to use as illustrations. The following is a group of chronograms arising out of such history; there are however others, which for convenience' sake I have placed elsewhere in this volume, such as the allusions to Flemish monasteries, and the pageants held on the arrival of some of the Spanish and Austrian governors. A special feature in this group of Flemish chronograms is the prevalence of the hexameter and pentameter verse and the epigram- matic style of composition. It is needful also to observe that the letter D (= 500) is seldom counted. To the later ones, where the D is counted, German authorship may be attributed. 1 he destruction committed by the iconoclasts in the churches of Flanders, especially at Valenciennes, is thus dated by Opmeerus — adVersVs regeM qVod frVstra eXtoLLerIs aVdaX, Bi VaLLenCena doCet dVra rVIna, CaVe. = 1567 i.e. Because thou, O bold one, raisest up thyself against the King, Valen- ciennes a stern ruin teaches thee, beware I M 90 NETHERLANDS HISTOR Y. The Spaniards carried on the war in Holland with great cruelty ; a certain poet and theologian, Cornelius Musius, was ' martyred ' barbarously at Delft on ' 4 Idus ' (loth) December 1572 ; the following lines were written thereon by Arnoldus Sasbourius, formerly the president of the secret council of the King of Spain — ' Martyris egregii meruit qui sanguine nomen, Unus tu, Musi, dicier ille potes.' Moreover Joannes Bollius, a priest of Louvain, made this ' pleasant ' chronogram on the circumstance — MVsIVs EST FATO heV fVnCtVs : SED NON sIne fato Bi qVI In ChrIsto hIC VIXIt, nVnC VIVIt non sIne ChrIsto. — 1572 i.e. One who by his b/ood has deserved the name of a distinguished martyr, thou, O Musius, art able to be called thai one. Alas 1 Musius has been disposed of by fate, and yet not without a fate, for he who has lived here in Christ, tiotu lives with Christ. IVledal to Antony dc Strale, ' Dominus de Merxem et Dam- brugge,' II Aug. 1568. Executed, having been first tortured, by order of the Spanish governor, the Duke of Alva — antonIVs a straLe ConsVL antVVerpIensIs InIVsta aLbanI gVbernatorIs sententIa pro IVre patrI^ VILVorDLe A DeCoLLatVs fVIt. =1568 i.e. Antoine de Strale, Burgomaster of Antwerp, 7vas beheaded at Vilvorde for the liberties of his coiaitry, by the unjust scnte?ice of Alva the governor. Vilvorde, in Brabant, was also the scene of the martyrdom of William Tyndale, the English reformer, and translator of the Bible. At Alcmar, in North Holland, the following hexameter line is inscribed in the great church, near the roof in the south transept. It alludes to the defeat of the Spaniards, who besieged the town in 1573, the general insurrection in Holland against Spain having commenced the year before — >|< CLareat oCtobrIs LVX oCtaVa aLCMarIanIs. — 1573 i.e. Let the eighth day of October be illustrious to the people of Alcmar. A medal of Westfriesland, on the victory of the Dutch over the Spanish navy commanded by the Count of Bossu, on nth October 1573— DOOR LoVter gheVVeLt, Van MenICh heLt DER VrIIe VVestVrIesChe natIe Werd bossoV geVeLt: dIt hIer geseLt, F tot Lofteken Van gots gratIe. = 1573 i.e. By the mere force of 7nany a hero of the Westfrisian nation, was Bossu conquered ; this is represented here as a sign of praise for God's mercy. The letters d are not counted. The treaty for the surrender of Groningen in 1594, by Spain, when it became a member of the United Provinces under William the Silent, of Nassau, is described in a book, ' Historia Belgica nostri, etc.,' by A. E. Metcranus, 1598, and this chronogram marks the date — NETHERLANDS HISTORY. 91 qVIntILI In patrIVM foeDVs gronInga reVersa est, ET noVa nassoVIs parta troph.^a VIrIs. 23. ivlii. = 1594 i.e. Groningeti returned into the national confederation, and nac trophies were gained for the men of Nassau on ■zid July. Antwerp was besieged by the Spaniards under the Duke of Alva and taken in 1576. Dreadful slaughter, witli the perpetration of shocking cruelties, ensued. The events are described in Motley's history. He says — ' The Spaniards seemed to cast off even the vizard of humanity. Hell seemed emptied of its fiends, etc. etc' — qVarta heV ! LVCe rVIt antVerpIa VICta noVeMbrIs Sc CIVe orbata, eXVta Lare, aC eXVta nItore. — 1576 i.e. Antwerp falls, conquered oti the fourth of November, deprived of citizens, of household gods, and splendour. The Emperor of Germany sent a live elephant to the Netherlands for the entertainment of his subjects. A gigantic model of it formed a part of the decorations of the city of Antwerp on the occasion of the arrival of the Archduke Ernest as governor in 1594, and it is described by Bochius^ somewhat in these words, accompanied with a large en- graving of it : — ' Presently in proceeding to the old fish-market an elephant of vast size presented itself in the way of the Archduke, which sort of animal, because it was so seldom seen by the Belgians or by the rest of Europeans, the people of Antwerp produce in their annual pageant ; one had been sent by Emanuel, King of Portugal, to the Emperor Ferdinand, in the year indicated by these words ' — brabantInI VIDerVnt eLephantf.M. — 1563 i.e. The people of Brabant have seen the elephant. On the same occasion, the arrival of Archduke Ernest, the fol- lowing was inscribed on a triumphal arch (the letters d are not counted) — saLVe, dVX anIMI prjEStans, CVI dIVIte CornV \ affVndVnt sVa VIrtVtes pr^LVstrIa dona : ( _ _ aspICe fronte hILarI, terra, 6 optate poLoqVe, C ~ '^'^'^ GENS hIspana tVo dIgnJ; qV^ ponIt honorI. / On a severe winter, when horses and carriages traversed the Scheld (stated to be) from 14th November 1564 to iSth February 1564-5. There must be something wrong in the original, the chrono- gram makes 1477. The letters d are not counted — ConCVrrVnt Modo sChaLda geLV ad nataLIa XrI (sic). On the prevention of hostilities between the people of Louvain and Mechlin. The letters d are not counted — Vt sIt Charta DEO pIetas LaVs CLara LoVanII B tertIa septeMbrIs CondoCet orta dIes. = 1572 ^ Descriptio publica; gratulationis in adventu principis Emcsti, omnia a Joanne Bocliio conscripta. Antverpia;, 1695. 1577 92 NETHERLANDS HISTOR Y. The following is taken from ' Historia Belgicorum tumultuum,' by E. Eremundus : Amsterdam, 1641. 12°. The Duke of Alva closely besieged the city of Mechlin, and as there was no prospect of relief from without, the defenders made a sally and were defeated. The town was taken and sacked, the wretched inhabitants were slaughtered without distinction of persons or sex, and with great cruelty. ' In perpetual memory of the event this chronographic verse was made ' — hIspanIs, beLgIs, MeChLInIa beLLa seCVndo B heV doLor, oCtobrIs aspera pr^da fVIt. — 1572 i.e. Alas grief ! beautiful MecJilin %vas ou tJie second of October a bitter prey to tlie Spaniards and to tlie Belgians. The letters d are not counted. The following indicates the complaint of the oppression of the Belgians by their Spanish rulers. Observe the pun on the word ' abiit '— betICa gens abIIt, CVr pLoras beLgICa ? dICaM, \ Respondent \ B A qVod In O non est LIttera Versa qVeror. ) = i.e. Tlic Betic race (tlie Spaniards) is gone, wliy dost tlioii lament, O Belgian 2 I ivill say. I complain because tlie letter A is not clianged into O. {That is to say abiit into obiit, gone but not dead.) This pro- bably alludes to the evacuation of Antwerp by the foreign troops. On the establishment of peaceful government by the Austrians in Brabant — paCe bona beat aVstrIades te beLga sed Ipse B faC tIbI CVM ChrIsto paX sIt et ICte safe. = 1577 i.e. The Austrian blesses thee, O Belgium, until happy peace, but do tliou maize peace for thyself, let there be peace ivith Christ, and having been smitten do thou be loise. On the arrival of the Austrian governor at Brussels and the estab- lishment of peace. te beat aVstrIades MaII brVXeLLa CaLendIs \ Bi Cedant beLLa togIs, pIgnora paCIs habes. ) = 1577 i.e. Brussels blesses tliee, fiiou son of Austria, o?i tlie calends of May. Let 7var give place to the robe, thou hast tlie pledges of peace. beLgICa paX redIIt VIrIdI CIngaMVr oLIVa ") Bi aVstrIaCVs VI Vat, VI Vat et aVrIaCVs. J = 1577 i.e. The Belgian peace has returned, let us be bound with the green olive branch, long live tiie Austrian, and long live Orange. On the death of Vigilius, President of the Council of Holland, on 8th May 1577 — VIgILIVs oCtaVa (fLet trIstIs frIsIa) MaI^ B asCendIt L^tI spLendIda teCta poLI. = 1577 i.e. Friesland tueeps, Vigilius on tlie Zth May ascends to the splendid diuelliui's above. The letters d are not counted. NETHERLANDS HISTOR Y. 93 On the inauguration of Ernest Bauer as Bishop of Lifege — EN VbI iMarCeLLI soLennIs CIrCVLVs Instat, B PASTOR oVeS L^TANS TENT AT ADIrE sVaS. = 1581 i.e. Behold ! taken the solemn ' Circultis Marcelli' is at hand the joyful shepherd strives to approach hisjlock. On the surrender of Bonn. ' Charles was captured by his own soldiers, Ernest the prince-bishop giving him up. Hence Bonn, it is said, was taken on the day sacred to Charles the Great, unde carmen hoc chronicum accipe ' — Magne tIbI CVnCtI gratantVr CaroLe, bonna, B pontIfICI preCIbVs, serVIt aperta tVIs. = 1584 i.e. O great Charles, all people congratulate thee, Bonn (the rest is obscure). The city of Bedberg being besieged, the garrison surrendered, and were allowed to depart without arms, promising not to fight against Ernest the prince-bishop for six months. The narrative proceeds — Atque hora quarta post meridiem beDbergI fVrIas sVperaVIt NONA MartI, et hesperIas nono MartI fVgIente sVb VnDas ) B soLe fVrens baVaro eebber aperta fVIt. ) — 1584 ie. On the ()th March at 4 p.m. he overcame the fury of Bedberg, and On the Cjth March, the sun setting below the tvestern u= 1625 frVstra ConIVrantIbVs breDa VICtor potItVr. j i.e. Invaded first by skill, thou wert then subdued by force. In the sacred year the Spanish king unites Breda to himself. Isabella Clara Eugenia the Infanta being regent, Spinola besieging, four kings combining in vain, Philip the king of Spain gains Breda as conqueror. The destruction of tiie town of Balliolum by fire in 12 13 has been thus marked — (■^"'■) C baLLIoLVM InCendItVr. = 1263 i.e. Balliolum [Berchem? or Baillcul? or Belle 1^ is burnt. This chronogram was probably made four centuries later. NETHERLANDS HISTOR V. 99 'I'eruana sive Morinum (the jirovince of Boulogne); the destruction of a town and cathedral by the soldiers of Charles v. was thus marked — C DeLetI MorInI. = 1553 I.e. The tlmigs of Morinum are destroyed. On the building of the town of Bois-le-duc in 1 184, this chronogram was probably made by J. B. Grammaye, circa 1700, about 680 years after the event — Be godefrIdVs dVX e sII.Va feCIt oppIdVM. = 1184 i.e. Duke Godfrey out of a wood made a town. At Dendermonde, the epitaph on the wfe of Jacobus Sexagius commences with this double chronogram and anagram. The same letters compose each line — Be MarIa De sestICh = 1602 aCh.' M'Ita DeserIs. = 1602 Quo properas mea Vita ? Nimis properasse dolebis, Hue ubi sollicitos ventilat urna reos. Cur M'Ita DeserIs ? aCh ! Quis te malus abstulit error. i.e. Why dost thou desert me i Ah ! what unfortunate error has taken Be thee away 2 = 1602 A medal struck in Holland by order of the Senate to commemo- rate the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (which endangered James i. of England and the Parliament then assembled). The obverse repre- sents a snake gliding amongst lilies and roses, inscribed detectvs Qvi latvit. s. c. On the reverse is the radiate name of Jehovah within crown of thorns, inscribed — Aa NON DorMItastI antIstes IaCobI. = 1605 i.e. Thou hast not slept, thou protector of James. Medal relating to the peace between Holland and Spain by the treaty of Westphalia, when the independence of Holland was recog- nised by Europe — A g.\VDIa brVXeLLaM paX eXortata reVIsIt. = 1648 i.e. Joy, the wishedf or peace has returned to Brussels. Another medal on the same treaty, signed by the Emperor of Germany and the kings of France and Sweden — Aa C/ESArIs et regVM IVnXIt paX aVrea DeXtras. 24. sbris. = 1648 i.e. Golden peace has joined the right hands of the emperor and the kings. 24th September. Medal to Albert and Isabella of Austria and Spain. The obverse is inscribed, Vigiliis faustoque labore. i.e. By vigilance and happy labour. The reverse has A fIDeLIs reVoLVtIonVM eXItVs. — 1634 i.e. The sure end of ra'olutions. Epitaph of Prince Frederic Henry of Orange, Count of Nassau. He was Stadtholder from 1625 to 1647 — 100 NETHERLANDS HISTORY. hIer rVst prIns freDerIk De eataVIer en heLt, | Aa DIe spanIe tIIt en Wet Van Vree en VrIIhIIt steLt. f = 1647 hIer rVst oranIes prIns, VVIen DeLft sIIn VIIeg en graf. ( Aa en krIIgs-eer, een LaVrIer, en goD zIIn VreDe gaf. J = 1647 i.e. Here lies Prince Frederic of Holland, i/iis brave man, this hero, has given to Spain a period of love, peace, and liberty. Here lies the Prince of Orange, who lias at Delft /lis cradle and his tomb. He has for the honour of war a laurel, and God gives him His peace. Medal on the relief of the garrison of Schenk in the Netherlands, represents the prophet Elijah being fed by ravens — A Vt paVIt eDaX VateM CorVVs. = 1636 i.e. As the devouring raven fed the prophet. A fortVna reDVX VersVra VICeM. = 1636 i.e. The turn of fortune causes a favourable change. Medal on a peace between France and Holland — A DabIt popVLIs paCeM .anno . mdclvii. =- 1657 i.e. It will give peace to the people. Medal to John of Austria, son of Philip iv. of Spain, governor of the Netherlands, represents a military tent surmounted by three coronets, and containing ' La chasse,' that is, a shrine or reliquary chest, and this chronogram — A MIraCVLoso festo aDora. = 1656 i.e. Obserue this miraculous festival. The medal alludes to his defeat of the French. His success was commemorated in the next year by another medal struck at Antwerp, having the portrait of the King of Spain and this inscription — Valen- cianam liberasti, Condatumque recuperasti ; i.e. You have saved Valenciennes and recovered Condee. On the reverse is a view of Valenciennes and this inscription — MIraCVLoso Deo. hostem fugasti. 1657. i.e. To God the author of miracles. Thou hast put the enemy to flight. 1657. (The chronogram makes 1656.) Medal to Leopold, Archduke of Austria, Viceroy of the Nether- lands, by the Magistrates of Brussels — A LeopoLDo proregI beLgarVM. = 1656 i.e. To Leopold, Viceroy of Flanders. Mars De Voto e Lare paCIs, = 1656 fIDeLI MILItIa et LegatIone. = 1656 i.e. May Mars be far from our household of peace, through the fidelity of our army and our embassy. The words Mars and Lare compose in the motto of the family of William Frederic de Marslaer, a magistrate of Brussels. (■*''''•) Medal to that same magistrate — A Mars, ferrI DeCVs, e Lare. = 1656 i.e. May Mars, the glory of arms, be far from our house. The chrono- gram is also an anagram on his name, Frederic Marselare {sic). NETHERLANDS HISTORY. loi A medal relating to a bloody battle of the period, in Dutch histoi)-, has the single word — A haCeLDaMa. = 1650 i.e. The field of blood. On a medal relating to the deliverance of the town of Cambra}' by the Prince Conde on 3otJi May — ConDeo VrbeM LIherantI. = 1657 i.e. To Condi, delivering the towti. A British Museum manuscript, No. 32,953, page 219, contains Latin verses by J. Westerbaen, addressed to Prince William Henry of Holland, concluding thus — prIns VVILheM henrHks soon begon Van eersten steen Van Iaeren Ioxgh, Van harte groot. Van hanDen kLeen. = 1636 i.e. The son of Prince William Henry began from the first stone, young of years, great of heart, small of hands. Also verses, ' Ad celsitudinem suam [the Prince of Orange] novi anni auspicium chronographicum,' consisting of six lines. The second, a pentameter, is this — EN DoMVI FF.LIX annVs araVsIaOe. = 1678 i.e. Behold a happy year to the house of Orange. In the same \-olume is a large printed sheet of verses on the birth of Joseph, afterwards the Emperor Joseph, comparing him to the two Josephs of the Old and the New Testaments, himself being the third in celebrity. The verses are both in Latin and Dutch, and this chronogram indicates the date — o partVs feLIX aVstrIaC^ DoMVI ! = 1678 i.e. O happy birth to the house of Austria 1 British Museum manuscript, No. 22,953. ^ volume of letters of eminent Dutchmen has some verses in Latin by Conrad Schenck, addressed to Peter Moutz on his marriage, ' cum lectissima et castis- sima virgine Anna Van Lom Segeri filia, at Venloo, 4 Non: Febr: 163 1.' This is the last line — foeDere ConIVgII IVnXIt se MoetzIVs, ann^. = 1631 i.e. Moetz has joined himself to Anna by the compact of wedlock. Other verses on the death of the same Peter Moutz in the following year, 7 Kalend; Febr: 1632, conclude with this verse — postrIDIe paVLI petkVs MoVtz raptVs ab orbe VercIt In .ethereI regna beata poLI. = 1632 i.e. The day after St. Paul, Peter Moutz, taken from the world, moves to the blessed kingdoms of the heavenly skies. In the same volume, at page 267, is a long Latin elegy to Philip iv. of Spain, King of the Netiierlands, on the death of his son Prince Balthasar Carolus, dated 1646 ; the 33d and 34th verses are these — LVX NONA oCtobrIs LVX DIra est: oCCVb.\t H/ERES, SPES DeCor, heVs! soLII baLthasar hesperII. — 1646 i.e. The ninth day of October is a terrible day ; the heir dies, alas Balthasar the life and glory of the western throne. 102 NETHERLANDS HISTORY. The last two lines, after several pages of verse, are these — heV ! SPES regnI, IDVs oCtobrIs septIMo, IberI pVbes qVI VotIs VIVeret orbIs, obIt. = 1646 i.e. Alas, the hope of the Iberia7i kingdom dies on the seventh day before the ides of October, the youth who would true by the prayers of the whole world. A BOOK, ' De Historie van Belgisoft chronycke der Nederlandsche ondtheyt.' By Marcus van Vaernewyck, Antwerp, 1665, 4°. published by Reynier Sleghers, and dedicated by him to Servantius Vaes, an ecclesiastic of high position in the Prasmonstratensian order, and bishop of Everbode. These chronograms follow after the title- page— Dobbel Jaer-schrlft. De opDraCht aen heer serVaes Vaes preLaet tot eVerboDe. = 1665 loNT MInneLIICk Vvven VrIenDt. = 1665 Noch een enckel. MInt goDts Last: VerbLIIt, en bLIIft stant Vast. = 1665 The second chronogram is faulty because two letters V=ioare not counted. At page 439 are some verses in old Flemish language, with occasional letters printed large, making the dates 1537 and 1540, and another at page 448, all very faulty indeed ; every line contains many numerical letters which are not counted. They are intended as chronograms, but cannot be accepted as such. MEDAL (see Plate IL) to Philip iv. of Spain and Netherlands, on peace with France after war in the Netherlands — phILIppo qVarto Magno pIo paCIs DatorL = 1660 i.e. To Philip the Fourth, the great, the pious giver of peace. The sentiment implied by this inscri])tion is scarcely supported by history. He was unfortunate in war with the Dutch and French ; he lost Portugal through insurrection in 1640, he was obliged to recognise the independence of the Provinces by the peace of Westphalia, in 1648; the long war with France was terminated by the peace of the Pyrenees in 1659, and the loss of territory. He died in 1665, and was succeeded by his son Charles 11., then only three years old. Medals on the marriage of Charles n. of Spain and Netherlands, the last of the Austrian line — A CaroLVs reX hIspanI^ DVXIt annaM neobVrgI^. = 1689 i.e. Charles., king of Spain, has married Aime of Neuburg. Another medal represents his portrait — A MagnVs reX CaroLVs eVrop^ VInDeX. = 1691 Also her portrait inscribed — orLuVr eX te Infans aVgVstVs DeLICI^e generIs hVManL = 1 69 1 i.e. King Charles, the great defender of Europe. — May there proceed from thee an august infant the delight of the human race. MEDALS WITH CHRONOGRAMS. PI I. NETHERLANDS HISTORY. 103 Another with this hexameter and pentameter verse — faVsta DIes regI qVa IVngItVr anna MarIa, A qVIppe feret soLes H/eC tIisI Ibere noVos. = 1689 i.e. Happy day, in tuhich Anna Maria is married to the king, indeed may it bring new sunshine to thee, O Spaniard. Another with this hexameter — A DIV VIVIte InCoLVMes reX' atqVe regIna. = 1690 i.e. May ye live long in safety, O king and queen. Charles reigned from 1665 to 1700, during which time Spain was reduced to the most miserable condition at home by bad administra- tion, and abroad by reverses sustained by her arras. Three successive wars with France ended only in the treaties of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, 1668, Nimeguen, 1679, and Ryswick, 1697, all of which were extremely humiliating to Spain. On his death without issue, the thirteen years' war of the succession took place. These inscriptions were placed over a throne on the inauguration of Charles 11. of Spain as Count of Flanders at Ghent, on 2d May — Bb regIs CVM popVLo foeDVs. = 1666 popVLI CVM REGE foeDVs. = 1666 i.e. The compact of the king 'with the people. The compact of the people ■with the king. Medal to him represents a plan of the new fortress of Charleroi, inscribed — A propVgnaCVLVM patrLe Dat nobIs. = 1667 i.e. He gives us this defence to our country. The name of the place was Charnoy, a mere village ; it was changed in honour of the king, who raised it into importance. ^Iedal to him representing the fortifications of Ostende, is inscribed — A neptVno id frenVM CaroLVs apposVIt. = 1672 , i.e. Charles has placed this bridle on Neptune. A large medal (see Plate I.) represents a fleet of warships, and a fierce lion with cannon and weapons on the foreground shore, and this hexameter inscription — Aa sIC fInes nostros Leges tVtaMVr et VnDas. = 1667 i.e. Thus we protect our territory, our lazas, and our waters. Tlie medal was decreed by the senate of Amsterdam after peace esta- blished with Spain and England. A jetton struck at Brussels bears an allegorical representation of St. Michael, the tutelar saint of the city — A DlVVs MIChaeL In peste patron Vs. = 1668 i.e. Saint Michael, our protector in the plague. Medal on the occasion of some military and religious demonstra- tions ; the obverse is thus described : — ' La chasse dans laquelle on I04 NETHERLANDS HISTORY. garde encore a Bruxelles trois de ces Hosties,^ entourde de ce chrono- graphe tir^ du Psalmiste 76. v. 14.' A tV es UeVs qVI faCIs MIrabILIa. = 1670 i.e. Thou art the God that doest loonders. The reverse bears the same chasse, which is described as con- taining a cross of gold and the three hosts in its centre, under a canopy richly embroidered with pearls and precious stones, valued at 6000 golden ducats, presented by the Archduchess Isabella, and this hexameter chronogram — A PERFOSsVs DoMInVs treCentIs IVbILat annIs. = 1670 Another medal on the same occasion, bearing a similar device, is thus inscribed — A Deo sVo IVbILantI MVnIfICa. = 1670 i.e. Liberal towards her God on the occasion of the Jubilee. A jetton for the use of the treasury of Brussels at the time of the siege is inscribed — A DeproMens In propVgnaCVLa thesaVros serVo. = 1671 i.e. I preserve my treasures by spending them in my defence. A jetton of Brussels represents a sailing vessel — A Vrbs fLoret brVXeLLa per VnDaM. = 1675 i.e. The city of Brussels flourishes by its navigation. A jetton represents a ship tossed by a storm, meaning the vessel of the State in danger, the Netherlands at war with France, with this legend, domine salva nos. The reverse bears this chronogram — A goDt VVIL DIt sChIp beVVarren Van Der noot. = 1678 i.e. God will guard this skip from danger. Another jetton with a similar device is thus inscribed — A DoMIne saLVa serVos tVos qVI InVoCant te. — 1678 O Lord, save thy servants who call upon thee. A medal representing the populace in the form of wild beasts, savagely tearing to pieces the brothers Cornelius and John de Witt, who were falsely accused of conspiring against the Stadtholder, William iii., at the Hague, 20th August 1672, bears this hexameter verse — Aa nobILe par fratrVM S/kVo fVrore trVCIDat. xx. avgvsti. = 1672 i.e. A noble pair of brothers by cruel rage it jnassacres. A medal of William Prince of Orange and Stadtholder, struck at Amsterdam in memory of peace with England, representing a dove flying over the waters with an olive branch, bears this verse — Aa A DoMIno VenIt paX et VICtorIa L/Eta. = 1674 i.e. From the Lord has come peace and joyful victory. A medal in memory of peace with France, has this verse — Aa A DoMIno VenIens popVLIs paX L^eta refVLget. = 1678 i.e. Joyful peace coming from the Lord shines on the people. ' These probably allude to the circumstance of the theft and recovery of the Sacred Hosts at Brussels, described at a subsequent page of this volume. NETHERLANDS HISTORY. 105 Medal on the peace between Holland and France, represents the town of Cambray, which was taken and annexed by the French in 1677. A DVLCIVs VIVeMVs cambray. = 1677 i.e. We shall live more pleasantly in Cambray. A Dutch medal to William of Holland, as King William iii. of England. gVILIeLM : prInCeps aVrIaCVs angLL«, sCotI^e, franCI.e Aa ET hIbernI/E reX CoronatVr. = 1689 i.e. William, Prince of Orange, is crowned King of Etigland, Scotland, France and Ireland. A Dutch medal represents the bust of William in., his gorget inscribed with the name Jehovah in Hebrew letters, and this legend — A V\aLHELMVs tertIVs angLI^e VInDeX. ^ 16S9 And on the reverse dec judice. i.e. William the Third, liberator of England. God being the judge. This medal is an expression of the feeling of the Whig party, that William delivered the country from the tliralJom of the rule of the Stuarts. Medal to William iii. of England on the assembly of the princes of the chief States of Germany, held at the Hague, William presiding, to arrange plans for resisting France. On the edge is this he.xameter verse — reX regVM ConsVLta DeV.s fortVnet VbIqVe. = 1691 i.e. May God the King of kings prosper all their designs. Medal to William in. on the complete victory over the French, 29th May 1692 — ConCastIgatVs gaLLorVM fastVs et astVs fLVCtIbVs et pVgna fraCtVs atroCe fragor. = 1692 i.e. The pride and artifice of the French punished and pulled doivn by a bloody naval fight. Another Dutch medal intended to extol William ; it commemo- rates the surrender of Casale in Italy to the Duke of Savoy, in Sep- tember 1695, whose army, in addition to his own forces, consisted of some Imperial, Dutch, and Spanish troops. The demolition of the fortifications was one of the conditions of the capitulation, and luly was set free from the military domination of the French. ItaLI.e CVra gaLLVs prohIbetVr aVarVs ; A CLarIVs et nVnC est forte CasaLe MInVs. = 1695 i.e. The protection of Italy is forbidden to the covetous Frenchman, and Casale increases her renown by losing her defences. Medal on the restoration of tiie Province of Namur to Spanish Flanders by William in. — erIpItVr gaLLIs Vrbs aC CasteLLa naMVrCI A HoC reX angL/E-potens tV qVoqVe boIepotens. = 1695 i.e. The city and citadel of Namur is taken from the French by the valiant King of England and the valiant Elector of Bavaria. o io6 NETHERLANDS HISTORY. Another medal on the same subject, to WiUiam in. and Maxi- milian Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, designating them as ' Propug- natores orbis,' i.e. Protectors of the world. And as if to show that this is no court-flattery, these words are added, 'Testantur facta triumphi,' i.e. Their triumphs are proofs of their deeds. On the rim is this hexameter line — A reX angLVs fVso gaVDent baVarVsqVe naMVrCo. = 1695 i.e. The King of England and tlic Elector of Bavaria rejoice, Namur being subdued. The siege of Namur was the subject of many other medals which do not bear chronograms. One of them has this pun, — conamur, i.e. We endeavour. MEDAL to Maximilian Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, perpetual governor of the Spanish Netherlands — A eManVeL baVarI^ DVX beLgII LVX. _ = 1693 On the reverse is this flattering allusion, Tu Marcellus eris.^ i.e. E?nan!iel, Duke of Bavaria, tlie light of Flanders, thou shall be our Marcellus. There were several distinguished Romans of that name. Another medal to him — A DVX eManVeL VIVat VIgeat VInCat. = 1693 i.e. May the Duke Emanuel live, flourish, and conquer. Another medal to him and his wife on their marriage — aVreVs e tantIs proCeDe parentIbVs Infans A ET tVta eVrop^ paX orIare sIMVL. — 1695 i.e. Golden offspring come forth from such illustrious parents, and at the same time arise O sure peace for Europe. Medal to Philip v., King of Spain, grandson of Louis xiv., who, by his claim to the sovereignty of the Netherlands, occasioned the war of the Spanish succession, which was not terminated until the Treaty of Utrecht in 17 13. The medal is thus inscribed — • A ganDa regIs CeLebrat thaLaMos. = 1701 i.e. The city of Ghent celebrates the marriage. Also the portrait of his wife Maria Ludovica Gabriela, inscribed — stIrpeM ConCeDe. = 1701 i.e. Grant an offspring. Medal of square shape, on the siege of Tournay, represents the temple of peace, surrounded with palm-trees, on the summit of a ' These words are from Virgil, Mn. vi. 882 : — Heu, miserande puer 1 si qua Fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris. And thus translated by Dryden : — Ah, couldst thou break through fate's secure decree, A new Marcellus shall arise to thee. Alluding probably to M. Claudius Marcellus, who was five times Consul during the Com- monwealth of Rome. NETHERLANDS HISTORY. 107 mountain, the base of which is covered with thorn-trees, and this legend. Die bahn zum sieg und fried ist Dornich ; i.e. The road which leads to victory and peace is thorny. This is a play on the Flemish name of the place ' Doornick,' which means thorns. The reverse represents thorn-trees bearing grapes, and this chrono- gram — hILfft gott, so KAN Man Iezt beI Dornen frIsChe traVben a Leesen. — lyot, i.e. If God gives us His help, we can now gather fresh grapes from thorns. A siege-piece, struck by M. de Surville and the leading citizens — A Moneta In obsIDIone tornaenCI CVsa. = 1709 i.e. Money struck at Tournay during tlie siege. Charles vi.. Emperor of Germany, born in 1685. A medal, struck at Courtray, indicates the joining of the imperial crown to that of the monarchy of Spain, and his title to tiie territory of the Netherlands. A The obverse is inscribed — DeVs MVLtIpLICat. = 1712 i.e. God multiplies, or augments. The reverse exhibits the arms of the empire, Spain, Flanders, and Courtray, inscribed — CaroLo aVgVsto, prInCIpI fLanDrL^; qVInto, hIspanI/E regI tertIo, CvEsarI seXto, pIa Vota Don.\t senatVs popVLVsqVe A CortraCenCIs. = 1712 i.e. T/ie senate and people of Courtray present their loyal vows to the august Charles, the fifth Count of Flanders, tlie third king of Spain, and the sixth emperor of that name. Another medal to him on his coronation as Count of Flanders, and the relief of the siege of Cordona (Courtray) by General Staremburg — A Vno DIe Corona D.\ta et CorDona serVata. = 1711 i.e. On the satne day a crown is given, and Cordona preserved. A beautifully designed key, 14 inches in length, made of gold, was presented to the city of Louvain by the States-general at Brussels, by order of Charles in. of Spain (Charles vi. of Germany), on the occasion indicated by this chronographic inscription engraved thereon — A a CaroLo tertIo s.p.q.L. In sIgnVM fIDeI. = 1710 i.e. From Charles the Third, to the senate and people of Louvain, in testimony of their fidelity. Medal (see Plate I.) struck in Germany represents the city of Utrecht under a rainbow, the symbol of peace, with this verse — A si IV^BET anna nIMIs, non fIDIt beLga CoLorI 12. jan. = 1712 i.e. If Queen Anne of England persists, the Hollanders toill not trust to the deceptive colours. Alluding to the evanescent rainbow, and the refusal of Charles vi., who was then in the possession of the Netherlands, to concur in the treaty of Utrecht. The reverse has a satirical device against France, inscribed — io8 NETHERLANDS HISTORY. A IMbeLLes frVstra sVaDent beLLa = 171 1 rIgIDVs non MItIs paCIfICator. = i?" i.e. In vain the cowards exhort to war ; The inflexible not the tneek is the peacemaker. Medal to Charles vi., on the capture of Quesnoy in Flanders, represents a town, with a shattered oak tree in the foreground, and inscribed — ^ DoMat fortIs ConstantIa qVerCVs. =1712 i.e. Strong perseverance overcomes the oak trees. querceto occupato. i.e. Quesnoy taken, — an allusion to the Latin ' quercetum,' an oak forest, and the Latin form of the name of the town. A medal (see Plate L) represents on the obverse the shields of the imperial and civic arms, supported by figures of Justice and Peace, inscribed — CortraCense terrItorIUM gaUDet. = 1712 arCes DoMUs aUstrIaC^. = 1711 i.e. The territory of Courtrai rejoices. The fortresses of the house of Austria. On the reverse is seen a man receiving the crown and sword brought to him from the gods above by an eagle. The inscription means, This honour of virtue is sent from the high heaven. THE chronograms which follow concerning Charles vi. of Germany and his Netherlands dominions are taken from ' Dis- sertation sur les chronogranimes etc' ^ The object of that brochure was to point out how vague in style and meaning were most of the chronograms made on the events of 17 17, when compared with a few which the author puts in contrast with them — ■ CaroLVs seXtVs seMper aVgVstVs InaVgVratVs DVX Sc brabantI^. = 17 1 7 i.e. Charles VI. always august inaugurated as Duke of Brabant. There is something wrong in the following which I transcribe as I find it; the chronogram should make 17 17, or double that date; it does neither. It was inscribed on some public decoration^ CaroLo aVstrIaCo, C^sarI seXto, regI hIspanI^ tertIo DVCI erabantI^ qVarto soLeMnIter InaVgVrato, patrI Sc patrI^, brabantI^ orDInes posVere. = i.e. To Charles, Austrian emperor the sixth," king of Spain the third^ duke of Brabant the fourth^- solemnly inaugurated, the father of his country, the people of Brabant have put up this. CaroLo, C^sarI, regI, sVo brabantI/E DVCI reCens InaVg- Sc Vrato appLaVDIt senatVs popVLVsqVe brVXeLLensIs. = 17 17 i.e. The senate and people of Brussels applaud Charles the emperor, the king, its own duke of Brabant recently inaugurated. ' See Appendix, Bibliography, reference Sc. ^ Meaning the sixlh, third, fourth of that name. NETHERLANDS HISTORY. 109 The author of the ' Dissertation ' condemns many of the chrono- grams which svere applied to Charles vi., because they neither contain anything to connect him with the sentiment they express, nor any allusion that is especially applicable to him, but on the contrary, they are intelligible equally whether applied to him, or to other persons, or to no one. However just the criticism may be, we are able now to recognise the ingenuity displayed in the selection of the quotations from ancient writers which conveyed to him many a flattering com- pliment. The same writer further objects to this class of chrono- grams, that the writers of some passages quoted, — David, St. John, Horace, for instance, — could not have intended to express the future date of 17 17, an assertion we need not stop to controvert — ^ In hoC sIgno VInCes, fIDeI eCCLesI.eqVe CathoLIC^ Sc Defensor. = 1717 i.e. In this sign thou shall conquer, O defender of the faith and of the Catholic Church. Sc ConfregIt DeVs potentIas arCVVM. Psalm 76. 3. — lyij abIerVnt retrorsVM et CeCIDerVnt. John 18. 6. = 1717 i.e. God has broken the poiuer of their bows ; they went backward and fell. Alluding to the Turks and other belligerents against Germany. Sc CVnCta DoMat VIrtVs obstantIa. — 1717 i.e. Valour overcomes all obstacles. Sc InDVIt sIbI C/Esar pro thoraCe IVstItIaM. = 171 7 i.e. The emperor has put on justice for a breastplate. Sc reLLIgIo pIetasqVe tIbI sVper oMnIa CorDI. = 171 7 i.e. Religion and piety in thy heart above all things. Sc TOxVs H^LabatVr orbIs, CoeptVM non Deseret. = 17 17 i.e. Let the ivhole world fall, he loill not give up 7C'hat he has begun. This is adapted from Horace, Book m. Ode 3 : ' Si fractus illabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinse.' If a crushed world should fall upon him (the 'justum et tenacem propositi virum'), the ruins would strike him undismayed. Sc IntonVI, MoDo CVnCta paVent. = 1717 i.e. I have thundered, }i07u all things tremble. Sc patrI teLa LVbenter CVDINlX's. — 17 17 i.e. We have loillingly forged iceaponsfor our father. Sc eDaX CLaM rIngere LIVor. — 17 17 i.e. Consuming envy, thou grindest thy teeth in secret. IN a folio volume describing the inauguration of Charles vi. at Ghent on 18th October 1717, the emblematical frontispiece is thus inscribed — A patrIa IUre IUranDo CoMItI CitSARl regI. = 1717 CaroLo sUg fIDeLItateM VoVet. = 1717 i.e. The country by its oath vows allegiance to the Court, the Emperor, tlu King, (and) vows fidelity to its ozvn Charles. ' Sec also Index, ' Dissertation,' etc. no NETHERLANDS HISTORY. At page 1 8 the display of fireworks is described, one device show- ing the name of his Majesty, and this inscription — A InaUgUratIonI fLanDro-beLgII CoMItIs. — I'jiy i.e. To the inauguration of the Count of Flanders. Prince Leopold, son of Charles vi., born 13th April 1716 — A naMVra nasCentI LeopoLDo VoVet. = 1716 i.e. The town of Namur promises solemnly to the nascent Leopold. CaroLo regI appLaVDVnt naMVranI. = 171 7 i.e. The people of Namur applaud Charles the King. Another medal giving his titles, Emperor, Duke of Brabant, Count of Flanders, etc. etc — A L^tanter InaVgVratVr CoMes fLanDrI^e. = 17 17 i.e. The Count of Flajuiers is inaugurated with joy. A DeDICat VoVetqVe ganDa C^sarI. =; 17 17 i.e. The town of Ghent dedicates and promises solemnly to the Emperor. A eX te DeLICIVM beLgII. = 1719 i.e. Fro7n thee is the delight of Flanders. Medal to William Charles Henry, Prince of Nassau, etc. etc. — A PAC.'iTi en pIgnVs teMporIs VsqVe DeCVs ! = 1723 i.e. Behold the pledge of peaceful time, even to glory ! Medal of Charles vi., on a treaty of peace with Spain, inscribed — A paX ConCorDat UtrUMqUe. = 1725 i.e. Peace harmonises both sides. A medal represents the device of the United Provinces, a rampant lion within a hedge, and this hexameter line — A ah! non Mars seD ConCors paX qVoqVe VIget In orbI. = 1728 i.e. Ah I not Mars, but soothing peace flourishes also in the world. Among the numerous medals to Elizabeth Maria of Austria, governess of the Netherlands, are the following which bear chrono- grams without any other indication of date : — A gVbernatrIX beLgII DeLICIVM. = 1725 i.e. The governess, the delight of the Netherlands. A gVbernatrIX beLgII nostrI DeLICIVM. — 1726 i.e. The governess, the delii^ht of our Netherlands. A eLIsabetha a° seCVnDo beLgarVM gVbernatrIX. = 1727 i.e. Elizabeth in the second year, governess of the Netherlands. eLIsabeth/E gVbern.\trICI erVDItIoneM sVa LargItate A nVtrIentI. = 1728 i.e. To Elizabeth the governess encouraging learning by her bounty. A MarIa eLIsabetha arChIDVX aVstrI^ beLgas gVbernans. = 1729 i.e. Maria Elizabeth, Archduchess of Austria governing the Netherlands. A eLIsabetha gUbernatrIX patrI.« fIDeIqUe CoLUMen. = 1730 i.e. Elizabeth the governess, the support of our country and our faith. A eLIsabetha seXto beLgII aUstrIaCI MoDeratrIX. — 1731 i.e. Elizabeth in the sixth year the governess of the Austrian Nether- lands. NETHERLANDS HISTOR Y. 1 1 1 A eLIsabf.tha gUbernatrIX In perICULIs IMpaVIDa. = 1732 i.e. Elizabeth the governess fearless in dangers. A serenIssIM;E gUbernatrICI noXIa UbIqUe eraDICantI. = 1733 i.e. To the most serene governess, everywhere abolishing hurtful things. A brUXeLLarUM tranqUILLItatIs stUDIosa. = 1734 i.e. She is careful of the peace of Brussels. A Vero aVIt.-k pIetatIs eXeMpLo sUbDItIs pr,€;LUCen.s. = 1735 i.e. Shining as a true example of ancestral piety to her subjects. eLIsabetha beLgarUM In beLLo qUIetIs stUDIosa A gUbernatrIX. = 1736 i.e. Elizabeth, governess of the Netherlands, studious of rest even in the time of war. A MarIa eLIsabetha arChIDUX benIgna beLgII gUbernatrIX = 1737 i.e. ATaria Elizabeth, Archduchess, the benevolent governess of the Netherlands. A eLIsabetha arChIDUX beLgarUM gUbernatrIX. = 1738 i.e. Elizabeth, Archduchess, the governess of the N^etherlands. A beLgarUM gUbernatrIX parthenII CULtUs stUDIosa. = 1739 i.e. The governess of the Netherlands fond of literary pursuits. A eLIsabetha InDefessa CharItate paUperUM aUX1LIatrIX.= 1741 i.e. Elizabeth, the helper untiring in charity to the poor. eLIsabetha beLgarUM gUbernatrIX saCrata aUgUstae A VIrgInIs aeDe. = 1740 i.e. Elizabeth, governess of the Netherlands, when the church of the august Virgin was consecrated. This Maria Elizabeth presented a silver lamp, 670 ounces in weight, to a statue of the Virgin Mary in the Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame de Montaigu at Sichem in the Netherlands, with this inscription — , VIrgInI asprICoLLensI MarIa eLIsabetha LVCIa eeLgII aVstrIaCI gVbernatrIX seqVe sVaqVe eX sIngVLarI A pIetatIs Voto obtVLIt. = 1738 i.e. ATaria Elizabeth Lucia, governess of the Austrian Netherlands, to the Virgin of Alontaigu, offered herself and her properly, according to her particular vow of piety. ivlaria Theresa, Empress of Germany and Queen of Hungary, wife of Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Tuscany, Duchess of Brabant This double chronogram gives 3482, or twice 1741, the year of her inauguration — MarIa theresIa, boheMLe et hVngarI^ regIna, DVCIs etrVrI^ ConIVX, brVXeLLIs Vt brabantI.e DVCIssa Sc InaVgVr.\tVr. = 3482 i.e. Afaria Theresa, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary, wife of the Duke of Tuscany, is inaugurated at Brussels as Duchess of Brabant. MarIa theresIa brabantI^ DVCIssa brVXeLLIs InaVgV- Sc r.\tVr. = 1741 i.e. Afaria Theresa is inaugurated Ducluss of Brabant at Brussels. 112 NE THERLANDS HIS TORY. A medal to her is inscribed — regInae hVngarIae faVeant sVperI sVbDItIqVe VoVent A beLgae feLICItateM. = 1742 i.e. May the powers above favour the Queen of Hungary, and her Belgian subjects wish her happiness. Medal relating to ecclesiastical events, represents a pair of scales suspended from the clouds, weighing various emblems, the word tekel appearing in the cloud ; and this chronogram — neCesse ConsIDerare tIbI qVae sInt, qVae fVerInt, qVae A MoX VentVra. = 1745 With the device of the Dutch Lion protecting an object placed on an altar. i.e. It is necessary for thee to consider the things which are, the things which have been, the things which shortly shall come to pass. A Netherlands war medal contains this chronogram, and the date 1746— beLLo nVLLa saLVs aCIes Cessare CrVentae A aVrea paX peDIbVs DIsIICe teLa tVIs. = 1746 i.e. There is no safety in war, bloody armies have ceased, O golden peace, scatter the weapons with thy feet. A medal on the birth of a Prince of Orange has this bilingual chronogram — feLICI genIo fIs CoMpos araVsIo VotI A eXVLtes prInCeps nasCItVr eCCe tVVs. = 1748 oranIe ! 's heMeLs gUnst VerVULt U bee In zeegen, nU gij ter goeDer UUr een erf-prIns hebt VerCreegen. = 1748 i.e. Orange I the favour of heai ' i.e. Maximilian Vrient (or Vricntius) of Ghent. It contains 230 pages. - The meaning of this word is obscure. " The letter D is seUom counted in this group of chronograms, according to the Flemish method. * See page 119, infra. P 114 EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FIANDERS, ETC. On the death of Archduke Ernest, Governor of Flanders — VenIt, reXIt, obIt DVX aVstrIVs, IngeMe beLga. — 1595 i.e. The Austrian Duke came, reigned, and died ; groan, O Netherlands. On the death of Alexander Famese, Duke of Parma, General and Governor of Flanders — eheV, V^, beLgIs, parM^e DVX eXspIraVIt. = 1593 i.e. Alas, woe to the Netherlands, the Duke of Parma has breathed his last. On the death of the Marquis Robert de Melun — Mars beLga, heV, CadIt, heV, faCe, gVrgIte, ponte CarIna CaVssa sVbest tant/E non satIs Vna neCI. — 1585 i.e. The Belgian Mars alas falls, alas with torch, joith whirlpool, with bridge, with ship, there is not sufficient cause for so great a death. This probably alludes to the destruction of the bridge made across the Scheld for the siege of Antwerp by the Duke of Parma, by fire-ships and explosions. The city capitulated on 17th August 1585. On the marriage of Archduke Albert of Austria and Isabella * of Spain, he was made governor of Flanders — aVstrIaCa aVstrIaCo, gerMano nVbIt Ibera, j regIa progenies C^sareo generI, f _ ..„o aLberto Isabella, datVr dos beLgIa : feLIX I — 59 HESPERliE ET NObIs DONET Id ESSE DeVs. / i.e. A Spaniard of Austria is married to a man of Germany, a royal progeny to an imperial race, Isabella a Belgian dowry is given to Albert: may God grant that this be fortunate for the West and for us. On the capture of Calais from the French by the Archduke Albert— aVstrIaCa VIrtVte IaCent Vrbs arXqVe CaLetI, angLe treMIs, pLoras gaLLe, bataVe perIs. = 1596 i.e. The city and citadel of Calais lie loia by Austrian valour, O Englishman thou dost tremble, O Frenchman thou dost tueep, O Hol- lander thou dost perish. VIrtVte aVstrIaCa LVget prostrata CaLetIs: LaVs sVperIs, regI LaVrea, paLMa dVCI. = 1596 i.e. Through Austrian valour prostrate Calais mourns ; praise be to the powers above, a laurel to the king, a palm to the leader. On the capture of Ardres - — aVspICIIs dVCIs aVstrIaCI doMIta ardrea sVppLeX tradIdIt hesperIo CoLLa terenda IVgo. = 1596 i.e. Through the auspices of the Austrian leader suppliant Ardres being subdued, offered her neck to be galled by the Spanish yoke. ' See Index, Albert ami Isabella. Pax vobis. * A contemporary author, Opmeerus, remarks on this epigram, ' Igitur mense Maio, ut breviter et eleganter chronicos cecinit idem Max. Vrientius. ' EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FLANDERS, ETC. 115 eXpVgnata ardra est, CVr pLoras gaLLe? reseCtIs testIbVs InCIpIaM qV6d noVVs Ire Capo. = 1596 i.e. Ardres is vanquished, wherefore do you weep, O Frenchman ? {and some obscure allusion to a capoti). On the capture of ' Bichium ' and Hulst — aLisertVs sVperat, CVstodIt bIChIVs hVLstVM : fLandrIa seCVrIs oCIa rebVs agat. = 1596 i.e. Albert overcomes, Bichius guards Hulst : May Flanders live at ease, her affairs being safe. On the taking of Cambray {sic) — VIrtVtI aVstrIaC/E ConCessIt saMarobrIana : baLaIgnIe, fVrens nVnC VbI CrIsta tV^a est? = 1594 i.e. Amiens has yielded to Austrian valour; Balagnie, mad, now where is thy crest ? On the capture of Amiens — SPARGE nVCes pVerIs LeVIs et sIne pondere gaLLe; eXCIdIs aMbIano; stVLte, reLInqVe nVCes. = 1597 i.e. Scatter nuts to the boys thou Frenchman, fickle and without weight ; thou fallest from Amiens ; fool, relinquish thy nuts. On the peace between Philip 11. of Spain and Henry iv. of France ; the three following chronograms — septIMa LVX IVnI, eXoptata fLorIda paCe, aVstrIaCas aqVILas, LILIa gaLLa beat. = 1598 i.e. The seventh day of June is bright with the tvishedfor peace, it blesses the Austrian eagles and the French lilies. paX CoIt henrICo regI aVstrIaCoqVe phILIppo, hInC aVres eataV^ MattIaC/EqVe paVent. = 1598 i.e. Peace is agreed upon by Henry the king and Philip of Austria, hence the ears of Holland and of N'assau tremble. aVrea paX gaLLos regI ConIVngIt Iberos : angLe proCaX CaVdIs dIsCe tIMere tVIs. = 1598 i.e. Golden peace joins the Spaniards to the French king, O fonvard Englishman learn to fear for thy tails. On the death of Philip 11. of Spain and Netherlands ^ — oCCIdIt aC sVperest nato doMInante phILIppVs : sic CVbat atqVe orItVr phoebVs In orbe noWs. = 1598 i.e. Philip dies, and survives in his son 7iow reigning. Thus he sets, and rises as a 7iew sun in the sky. On the imprisonment of those desiring peace at Ghent — TER qVIno MaIVs terr^ pr/EsVLserat ortV. qVo nos paCIfICos CarCer opaCVs habet. = 1584 i.e. May month had shone on the earth on the fifteenth day ; on which a dark prison liolds us inclined for peace. ' It was remarked of him by Boldonius, who quoted from a contemporary writer, ' The ruler only receded from us, but not entirely ; for he left us his cliildren, iu whom we ought to recognise liim, and in whom we discern and see him.' ii6 EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FLANDERS, ETC. On peace being restored to the commonwealth of Ghent — nVnC est bIbendVM, nVnC pede LIbero pLangenda teLLVs, fLandrICa paX redIt. = 1584 i.e. Now Id vs drink, now let us strike the earth with lively foot, the peace of Flanders retiu-ns. On the surrender of Ghent to the King of Spain — post Longas strages, dVrIqVe perICVLa beLLI, CessIt aLeXandro ganda sVbaCta faMe. = 1584 i.e. After long slaughter and the dangers of stern war, Ghent, subdued by hunger, yields to Alexander} On the surrender of Antwerp ^ — esVrIes, Mars beLLIpotens, pons, CLassIs, et ^estVs adIeCt^ sVbdVnt CoLLa sVperba IVgo. = 1585 i.e. Famine, Mars powerful in war, a bridge, a fleet, and thirst, being combined, subdued their proud necks to the yoke. On the assassination and death of the Stadtholder, William the Silent, Prince of Orange — CorrVIt IratI Dena prostratVs IVLI LethIfero DeLphIs sCLopetI VVLnere prInCeps. = 1584 i.e. The prince falls prostrate on the tenth day of angry July at Delft, through the deadly wound of a bullet. On the death of Mary Queen of Scots — sCotorVM, heI, regIna perIt perCVssa seCVrI. CaVssa fVIt tant/E IesaeeL Vna neCIs. = 1587 i.e. Alas, the Scottish queen perishes, struck with the axe. The one cause of such a death was Jezabel {Elizabeth). On the assassination and deatli of Henry iii. (of Valois), King of France, by Jacques Clement, a Dominican friar, on 27th August 1589- reX CadIt henrICVs, non est LeX dIgnIor VLLa, quaM neCIs artIfICes arte perIre parI. = 1589 i.e. The Ring Henry falls, there is no worthier law than that the con- trivers of death should perish by their own art. Concerning the Hollanders. Silva-ducis (Bois-le-duc) attacked to no purpose — haVd sILVaM C«dIs, trepIdVs sed CedIs, et aVCtVs ConspICVo naso, bataVe geVse^ fVgIs. = 1601 i.e. Thou dost not cut down the wood, but thou dost cut and run, with thy big nose made bigger thoufleest, thou Batavian beggar.^ ' i.e. The Duke of Parma, governor of Flanders. ' See third chronogram at page 1 14. ^ The word 'gueux' (beggars) was the title offensively given to, and then .idopted by the league of nobles of Flanders, Holland, and Fiiesland in 1565, who were opposed to the Spanisli rule. The word was reproachfully used towards the German princes by Marie Antoinette in 1791, in her secret correspondence with her adviser Fersen. It has been translated 'scoundrels' in this instance. EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FLANDERS, ETC. 1 1 7 On the tower of St. Bavon (the cathedral), at Ghent, being burnt by lightning — fLandrorVM prInCeps tVrrIs, pr^esente IsabeLLaA prInCIpe, gandaVo prInCIpe In Vrbe fLagrat, ( _ ^.^^ AST 6 dI patrI^, nobIs prohIdete sInIstra I aVgVrIa, atqVe hostes taLIa sIgna petant. ) i.e. The principal tower of Flanders is on pi re, Isabella the princess being present, in this the principal city of Ghent, but, O gods of our country, ward off from us sinister auguries, and let such signs strike our enemies. Another member is added to the four ecclesiastical divisions of Flanders — eCCe reCens IVnCta est fLandr^ rota qVInta qVadrIg^, dI trIbVant CVrsV deXterIore Meet. — 1596 i.e. behold recently a fifth 7vheel is joined to the Flanders four-wheeled chariot ; may the gods grant it may go in a better course I On the third consulship of Gerardus Blaserus of Ghent — VIrIbVs, InsIdIIs aMbIVIt C.esar honores CoNsVLIs, hIC VLtro ter tIbI CLaret honos. = 1587 i.e. With force, with stratagem, Ccesar tvon the honours of Consul, this honour shines thrice upon thee of its own accord. On the consulship of Philip Triest — tVrbIda Cedat etIs, reMeat paX aVrea trIesto ConsVLe, pLebs, pra:tor, CVrIa, CLerVs, oVant. — 1594 i.e. Turbulent Etis retreats, golden peace returns, Triest being consul, the people, the prator, the senate, the clergy greet him. On the death of Maria van Koyen, wife of the above Philip Triest— IVLI oCtaVa dIes LVCeM tIeI, roYIa, CLaVsIt : L^etIor In sVpero sIt tIbI VIta poLo. — 1595 i.e. The eighth day of July closed thy light, O Royia ; tnay thy light be more joyful in the heaven above I The Y counts as 11= 2. On the death of the same Philip Triest — sIngVLa trIstItIa resonent LoCa, trIestIVs, heV, ueV, oCCVbat, et nIgrVM ConsVL InIVIt Iter. =1601 i.e. Let all places resound icith sadness I Triest alas, alas, is dead, the consul has entered upon his dark journey. On the death of William Damasus, the second bishop of Ghent — LVXIt Vt, 6 LVCtVs, aVrora seCVnda noVeMbrIs, pr/EsVLe sVrrepto LVXIt qVoqVe ganda seCVndo. — 1588 i.e. When, oh sorrow, the second fnorrow of November shone, the second bishop being taken azvay Ghent did also moan. On the death of Jacobus Boghardus, knight, president of the Council of Flanders — CoNsILII fLandrI generosVs deperIt iiortVs. HoC LeX faCta eXLeX et theMIs Ipsa doLet. = 1597 i.e. A noble garden of the council of Flanders perishes, by this event Law was made Outlaw, and the goddess of Justice herself grieves. 1596 ii8 EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FLANDERS, ETC. On the death of Abraham Ortelius, the royal geographer. ' (This chronogram makes 1594, Ortelius died in 1598) — fIne tVo, IVnI, fataLIs, noXIe IVnI, orteLIVM CoeLo CoLLoCat VranIe. i.e. At thy end O June, O fatal noxious June, Urania places Ortelius in heaven. On the death of Antoniola Vrientius, probably a daughter of the author of these epigrams — MartIs erat seXtVs, VIt^ annVs seXtVs, et hora seXta, fVgaX VIt^e DIffVgIt aVra tV^. = 1590 i.e. It was the sixth day of Alarch, the sixth year of life, and tlie sixth hour, the fleeting breath of thy life fled. On the birth of the son of the ' qusestor,' John Baptist Meyne Oliver, and Isabella Lautia his wife — MeYne pater, genItrIX LaVta est IsabeLLVLa IanVs nVnCVpor, In CanCro soLe natante seror. — 1592 T7ie translation is questio7iable. The y counts as 11=2. On the birth of Daniel, the son of John and Anna Stoppelard — IndIgetor danIeL, stoppLarda e gente Joanne patre, parente anna, stIrpe parente sata, NAsCoR gandaVI, MaIo regnante, qVId VLtra ? Cetera sCIt, qVI sCIt fata fVtVra deVs. i.e. I am addressed as Daniel, of the race of Stoppelard, Joiin being my father, Anna my mother, sprung from an ancient race, I was bom at Ghent in tlie month of May, 7vhat further 'why prate ? God knows the rest, He knows my future fate. On the marriage of the lawyer, Antony de Vuldere, and Jodoca Prostia — L^eta patet CoeLo, patet, en LVX seXta noVeMbrIs ConsCIa VVLderI prostIoL.'eq : torI. = 1598 i.e. T/ie joyful sixth day of November is manifest in heaven, conscious of the marriage of Vulder and little Prostia. On the marriage of Florentus Eechout and Adriana Ryme — dIVa faVe CatharIna, tVa par nobILe LVCe IVngItVr eeChoVto rYMIa LeCta VIro. = 1599 i.e. Oh Catherine look on us 7vith favour, on thy day is united a noble pair, the chosen Ryme is united to Eechout iter husband. The y counts as 11 = 2. On the death of Baron Philip de Langlee Heyne — LangLeo fataLIs erat LVX seXta noVeMbrIs, feLIX In patrIo nVnC CoLIt Ipse poLo. = 1602 i.e. Tlie sixth day of November was fatal to Langlee, he is now happy and zaorships in his Father^ s sky. • For other chronograms concerning him, see Index ' Ortelius.' EPIGRAMS CONCERNING FLANDERS, ETC. 119 Here ends the scries of chronographic epigrams. The book is licensed to be printed by the Episcopal censor, as containing nothing contrary to orthodox faith or pious morals. AT the end of a volume by G. Brusch ' are several poetical addresses to the author's friends. This, the last one, expresses the year of the marriage of a certain Lady Florence Weza — Wez.\n.« stIrpIs fLorentIa nVpsIt heLI/E, rabensteInero qVI patre natVs erat : ConIVgII serVator eIs foeLICIa Donet seCLa, Det et sponsIs prospera fata bonIs. = 1550 i.e. Florence of the race of Weza was 7narried to Helias, ivho was son of Rabenstdn : may the Saviour give to them happy years of wedlock, and may He give prosperity to good husbands ! BALDWIN TAYERT, the third consul of the city of Courtray, to whom the Em])eror Ferdinand iii. presented a medal bearing his portrait, whereupon the learned and reverend doctor Peter Wullius made this verse, 'mirum ! ipso consule nesciente.' CVr sIbI sVb terrIs faCIt IMa paLatLv ConsVL? C aVrea ne eXtoLLat prInCIpLs effIgIes. = 1641 i.e. Why does the consul make for himself his ultimate palace under- ground ? Lest the golden portrait of the prince should exalt him. JULIEN WAUDRE alias Wauldret of Hainault wrote this epigram on the cessation of the pestilence (brought by a woman on the 15th June 16 1 5 from Wesel), which had desolated the town of Mons for thirteen months — Db fcenore Dat L.etos MatVro JVLIVs agros, = 161 7 Cum gravis afflicta cessat in urbe lues. JOHN OF AUSTRIA, natural son of the Emperor, Charles v., dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Lepanto gained over the Turks, to the great relief of the Ciiristians. See page 113, supra. AD GRATES PROPERATE oMnES, RES FORtItER aCtA EST Bi nonIs oCtobrIs VICtIs ad LeVCada tVrCIs. = 1571 i.e. Hasten all of you to your thanksgivings, the Turks being conquered at Lepanto on the nones of October. • Chronologia Monasteriorum Germanise. British Museum, press-mark, 4661. b. ^-^e GERMAN HIS'TORY. N this group are placed chronograms relathig to the history of the States and Principalities which at the present time are included in the Empires of Germany and Austria, as well as of some others still independent whose affairs have been mainly associated with both the Empires, viz., Saxony, Bavaria, and semi-independent Hungary. The circumstances represented by the chronograms are such frag- ments of history, that it is not possible to place them with effect in strict chronological order, or keep them within territorial boundaries ; the arrangement, therefore, is of a very mixed character. Poland, once an independent kingdom, but now the entire pos- session of neither Empire, has sufficient individuality in the history of Europe to occupy a group to itself, and it will accordingly appear, chronographically, at a future page. The chronograms relating to the festival processions at the German monasteries, as well as the panegyrics addressed to German potentates, are placed, for the sake of convenient arrangement, in a later part of this volume. The hexameter and pentameter verse is frequently used in these German Latin chronograms. A LIST of some Emperors of Germany will be an apt commence- ment, even though the few particulars concerning them are expressed in a kind of jargon, and the astronomical allusions to denote the period of the year are obscure and difficult of explana- tion. They are rc2:)resented in the following verses at the commence- GERMAN HISTOR Y— EMPERORS. 1 2 1 mcnt of a rare little octavo volume belonging to my friend the Rev. W. Begley, and I know of no other copy of it. This is the title, ' Carmina Caesarum, Rcgum, et Archiducum aliquot ex familia Austriaca natalcs et obitus numeris indicantia. Authore Jos: a Pinu. Foe: coronato. M.D.LXXli.' It consists of thirty-five leaves, without pagination, or printer's name and place. Annus mortis Rvdolphi, Imper. 1 291.1 soLVerVnt Isto te Corpore fata rVDoLphe, qVattVor Vt IVLII pr/eterIere DIes. = 1291 i.e. The fates loosened thee from this body, O Rudolph, 7iihen four days of July had passed. Adolphi, Imperat. 1298. aDVerso beLLo VIta est eXVtVs aDoLphVs, PR^SEPEs SERO Lapsa VbI soLe fVIt. = 1 2 98 i.e. Adolphus is freed fro7n life by unfortunate war {towards the evening?). Alberti I. Imper. 1308. InfIDa aLbertVs LethatVr fraVDe nepotIs, PER Bis qVInqVe annos VIX VbI sCeptra tVLIt. = 1308 i.e. Albert is slain through the infamous deceit of his nephews when he had borne the sceptre scarce twice five years. Alberti II. Imper. 1439. aLberte es C^sar sVbLatVs, noCte Vt oborta, eXCepIt DorIs syDVs hyantIs aqVIs. = 1439 i.e. O Imperial Albert, thou art taken at the beginning of the night, when Doris drew out from the waters the star of Hyas {the time of the rising of this partiadar star). Friderici III. Imper. 1493. VItaLes aVras Caesar frIDerICe reLInqVIs, soL seXto erIgones CcepIt VbI esse graDV. = 1493 i.e. O Emperor Frederick, thoti didst quit the vital breath 7vhen the sun began to enter the sixth degree of the sign Virgo. Maximiliani I. Imp. 15 19. phcebVs VbI rVtILans IVVenILI CVrrIt In astro, qVInte tV~V^s MorIetVr CaroLe Cesar aVVs. = 15 19 i.e. When the ruddy sun runs into the juvenile star {I), thy imperial grandfather, O fifth Charles, dies. Philippi, Maximiliani filii, 1506. reX aDIt hIspanVs CceLestIa teCta phILIppVs annIs aUIeCIt LVstra VbI qVInqVe trIbVs. = 1506 i.e. The Spanish king entered the celestial abode when he /tad added five Lustra to three years. '^ ' It must not be supposed that any of these chronograms are older than the year 1572, or a Utile prior thereto. ' Philip I., King of Spain (the Handsome), died in 1506, .iged 28. Q 122 GERMAN HISTORY— EMPERORS. Caroli V. Imp. natalis 1500. eXCIpIt Vt rapIDVs pIsCes hyperIon /EqVosos, ganDaVo est C^sar CaroLVs Vrbe satVs. = 1500 i.e. WJwi the swift sun dmu out tlic watery fislies {scil. the Zodiac sign), the Emperor Cliarles is born at t/ie city of Client. Ferdinand! Imp. nati 1503. aeDItVs est VbI reX LVCIs fernanDVs In aVras soL CeLer heLL/E/E sIgna reVIsIt oVIs. = 1503 i.e. When King Ferdinand was ushered into the realms of light, the swift sun revisited the sign of the sheep (or ram). Dicessus ejusdcm 1564. ortVs ICarIVs CanIs Vt proDVXerat aXe, fernanDVs C^sar LVCe soLVtVs obIt. = 1564 i.e. When the Icarian dog lengthened his course in the sky, the Emperor Ferdinand quits this mortal state. Ann/E conjugis Ferdin. 1547. fernanDI oCCVbVIt Consors pIa, LVCe VbI pVLsa PHCEBO GRATA nIGR^ ROSTRA VIDeNTVR aVIS. = 1 547 i.e. The pious consort of Ferdinand died wlicn the black bird pleasing to Phabus is seen at the driven-out light {the constellation Aqtcila in the eve7iifig{?)=the black eagle of Austria). Ferdinandi filii Fcrdi. Imp. (natalis) 1529 (sic). frVcIferIs ^,DIt fernanDe VbI te aVstrIa terrIs, C^Lestes LVCes CanCer In orbe trahIt. = 152S i.e. When Austria, O Ferdinand, produced thee to the fruitful earth, the Crab druK's the celestial lights in the heavens {the sun was i?i tlie sign Cancer when he was born(?) ). Annus nativitatis Maximiliani II. Imperatoris 1527. aVstrIaCVs prInCeps regnator nasCItVr orbIs, preCLarI proaVI nobILe noMen habens. = 1527 i.e. The Austrian prince, the leader of the 7vorld, is born, having the name of a very renowned ancestor. Here endeth the list of the Emperors. At a later page this, the last chronogram, occurs — S. Mari^ matris salvat. 3947. seXta DIes IDVs septeMbrIs VIDIt ab ortV, ChrIstI CVM pVra est Creta pVeLLa parens. = 3947 i.e. The sixth day saw the ides of September from its rise {the morning of ?>th Sept.), when the pure maiden the mother of Christ was born. The rest of the book is filled with epigrams and poems relating to various distinguished persons, but as there are no more chronograms I close it, saying that it is a very curious one. There is another work by the same author, quoted by the title ' Eteostichon liber.' I have searched at the British Museum and at some foreign libraries without finding a copy. I find many chronograms quoted therefrom in other old books. 1473 GERMAN HISTORY— MAXIMILIAN I. 11. 123 PHILIP I., King of Spain, the son of the Emperor of Germany, Maximilian i., and the beautiful Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, was born at Bruges on the 23d June 1478. The p;mperor had obtained, in right of his wife, dominion over the Netherlantls pro- vinces ; on her death in 14S2 his Flemish subjects revolted against his authority,' which they never recognised except as guardian of his son Philip, whom they looked upon as their ruler. It was probably on this event that the following chronogram was made. As for the chronogram itself, it gives the date 1473. It is intended, according to my authority, to give that of the birth of Philip, 1478, his parents having been married in 1477. The historian whom I quote, however, remarks, ' Voici un assez mauvais vers qui marque mal I'annec de cette naissance' — Bb oMnIbV.s aCCeptVs regnat eonVs eCCe phILIppVs. = i.e. Behold the good Philip reigns accepted by all. Another historian thus notices this faulty chronogram, ' Ejus natalem hoc rudi metro numeralibus litteris quidam expressit.' On the death of the Emperor Maximilian i. — aqVILa CeCIdIt, Leo doLore preMItVr, LILIa rIdent, rosa Inter spInas L.\tet. = 1515 i.e. The eagle fell, the lion is oppressed 'luith grief, the lily laughs, the rose lurks among the thorns. The letters d are not counted. 'J'his alludes to the political situation in Europe, and the jealousies and intrigues of Germany, Holland, France, and England. On the coronation of Ferdinand i. of Bohemia, zStli Feb. 1527 — SENA LVCe qVater febrVa spLenDente reVeCtA, K fernanDVs prag/e regIa sCeptra CapIt. — 1527 i.e. On the bright 28th day of February, Ferdinand takes the royal sceptres at Prague. iViaximilian 11. emperor, from a book ' In felicem inaugurationem sereniss: Regis Maximyliani et reginas Marire, etc. etc. Pragae, 1562.' On his coronation, xii kalendas Octobris 1562 — CeLsa paLes sVrgIt, CLaro reDeVnte toparCha Rd fItqVe feraX fVnDVs, pLantaqVe qVaeqVe feraX. — 1562 i.e. A lofty (pales 1 )- rises, the illustrious governor returning, ilu ground becomes fertile and every plant fruitful. LaVta CeLebretIs, proCeres, ConVIVIa regnI : Rd reX saLVVs VIVens aeMILIanVs oVat. = 1562 i.e. O nobles, may ye celebrate the rich banquet of the kingdom. King {Max)imilian triumphs alive and safe. sVsCIpIt aCCeptos soLII reX IVstVs honores Rd qVI VenIt aVstrIaCIs aeMILIanVs aVIs. = 1562 ie. The Just king receives the usual honours of the throne, {Max)imilian who comes from an Austrian ancestry. ' Maximilian was imprisoned at Bruges by liis rebel subjects. See p. 55, aule. ' Sic, but query meaning Falxstes = a wrestler ; or Pales, the goddess of husbandr>'. 1 24 MAXIMILIAN II.— R UDOLPH II.— MA TTHIAS. 1 wo chronograms on the death of the ' good ' Emperor Maxi- milian II. in 1576. He was succeeded by his son Rudolph 11. — aLta qVIes pryeLVstre CapVt, qVoD pr^efVIt orbI F sVbrVIt; eXCeLLens VIX tegIt Vrna DeCVs. = 1576 i.e. Profound rest ovenvhelms the illustrious head which ruled the world ; the tomb scarcely covers his surpassing glory. arCe ratIsbona profeCtVs In ^ethera Caesar, F C/ESAR aIt; fILI, DIVe rVDoLphe, VaLe. = 1576 i.e. The Emperor having dejiarted from the citadel of Ratisbon into heaven^ says, thou divine Emperor Rudolph my son, farewell. The Emperor died at Ratisbon. K-udolph 11. of Austria. Crowned 1576. Died 20th January 161 2. Age 36. Both events are thus marked — • / rVDoLphVs IMperator aVgVstVs. = 1576 DVX aC LVX gentIs fabIanI heV LVCe roDoLphVs / C^sarIo genItVs sangVIne C^sar obIt. = 1612 i.e. Alas ! on the day of Fabian, Rudolph the leader and light of the nation, born of the blood of the emperors, dies as emperor. Saint Fabian's day, 20th January new style, or according to a contemporary history, on the loth January (old style), between 6 and 7 in the morning. An old engraving in the British Museum (press-mark 565. f. i), dated isth February 1611, representing the town of Passau being destroyed by war and fire, is thus inscribed — anno, rVDoLphVs et MatthIas Laborant. = i6ii Another engraving represents the Emperor Rudolph 11. dead, lying in state with a wreath round his head — Itane MorerIs rVDoLphe LaVreate? = 161 2 Another engraving represents the coronation of Matthias, who succeeded his brother Rudolph, and is thus dated^ MathIa VIVas a Deo Coronate. = 161 2 \Jn the death of Albert Count-Palatine, Duke of Bavaria, on 24th October 1579. Extract, sent to me from the Imperial Library, Vienna, from a little book, ' Poemata Joannis Engerdi, Ingolstadii, 1582. 8".' seX qVater oCtobrIs soLes tangebat apoLLo, Vt pater aLeertVs CoeLI MIgraret In arCes. = 1579 i.e. The sun {Apollo) had arrived at six times four days in October, when our father Albert passed to the fortress of heaven. weIn Monats VIer VnD zweIntzIgst tag fVhrt Vnsers fVrsten grosse kLag. = 1579 Weep, 071 the four-and-twenticth day of the month our prince caused great lamentation. LEWIS VI. ELECTOR-PALATINE— GERMAN HISTORY. 125 i->ewis VI., Elector-Palatine, born 1539, died 12th October 1583 at Heidelberg. He is the subject of the seven following chrono- grams — / LVDoVICVs prInCeps paLatInVs eLeCtor DefVxnCtVs = 1583 i.e. Prince Letvis, Elector- Palatirie, is dead. IsTE PATER patrI.e prInCeps obHt LVDoVICVs / CVI CorDI IntegrItas reLLIgIonIs erat. = 1583 i.e. This father of his country, Prince Lewis, is dead, he had at Iieart tlic unity of religion. IsTE paLatIn.e LoDoVICVs gLorIa gentIs / oCCVbat oCtobrIs qVarta ter ItqVe DIes. = 1583 i.e. Lewis t/ie glory'^of the Palatinate falls, on the ilirice fourth day of October lie departs. In CIneres patrI.« pater, heV heV trIstIa fata, / bIs seXta oCtobrIs LVCe CaDente CaDIt. = 1583 i.e. T/te father of his country falls into ashes, alas sad fate, on tlie twice sixth of October at the close of tlie day. LVX VbI fVLsIsset bIs seXta oCtobrIs In aXe, / eLeCtor rhenI DVX LVDoVICVs obIt. = 1583 i.e. Wlien t/ie twice sixth of October Iiad shone in the skies, Duke Letvis Elector of the Rhine country dies. EN paL.\tInVs erat qVI DVX LVDoVICVs In aVLa / nVnC VIVIt ChrIsto perfrVItVrqVe poLo. = 1583 i.e. Behold, lie who was Duke Palatine in the palace, now lives wit/i Christ happily in heaven. Intereant CasV bona VeL MaLa CVnCta repentJi / EX VERfe Constans nIL VagVs orbIs habet. = 1583 i.e. (obscure) All good or bad things may suddenly perish by chance, and truly this "wandering world has nothiftg constant. ivledal on a Duke of Bavaria — A baVarI.e DVCIs Mors. = 1612 PRiEsVLIs ernestI LaVDes post f.\ta Manent. = 1612 i.e. Tlie death of the Duke of Bavaria. — The Praises of the ruler Ernest remain after his death. JViedal to John George, Duke of Saxony, 25th September 1620, represents a view of Bautzen besieged and burnt, thus inscribed — A bN'DIssIna C.esarI regIqVe sVo reDDIta. = 1620 i.e. Bautzen restored to the emperor and its king. i\ folio volume in Lambeth Palace Library (press-mark 13. c.io), ' Ehren Gcdechnus dess Durchlcuchtigen Hochgebornen Fursten — Ludwigen Landgraven zu Hessen. Marpurg 1626.' Curious en- gravings of the funeral of Ludwig of Hesse, with addresses, poems, sermons, etc., thereon, and to his memory. 126 GERMAN HISTORY— HESSE. AUSTRIA— BOHEMIA. A funeral sermon by Martin Helvicus, anno: — heV ! PASsIM VLtrICI terret beLLona fLageLLo, NOS patroCInIo ChrIste tVere tVo ! = 1626 i.e. Ill the year ; Alas! Bellona everywhere terrifies us with an avenging whip, do thou, O Christ, defend us with thy patronage. The second part of the volume is dated 12th November 1626, and has also this chronogram — DIspergat reX VIrtVtIs nostros InIMICos. — 1626 i.e. May the kitig of valour scatter our enemies I Among the poems of ' Grief and Groans ' one concludes with this ' Eteostichon,' expressing the date of Ludwig's death, i6th July 1626, and his funeral, nth September 1626 — JVLIVs EN noVIes ter CeLso Vt LVXerat aXe, prInCeps LVDVICVs L^etVs aD astra VenIt. — 1626 eIs noVIesqVe VbI LVX septeMbrIs fVLserat, eCCe prInCIpIs eXVVIas, heI, CapIt Vrna LeVIs. = 1626 i.e. IVlienJidy had thrice nine times shone in the lofty sky. Prince Lewis joyfully went to heaven. When the light of September had shone twice and nine times, behold the slight urn receives the mortal remains of the prince. A tract in the British Museum (press-mark 327. g. 9), ' Carmina lugubria de infelici casu et premature obitu ex naufragio V Januarii die Anni hujus 1629,' etc., by Johannes Sictor. It concerns the death by ' shipwreck' of Prince Frederic Henry, son of Frederic, King of Bohemia, at the age of fifteen years. The circumstance occurred on the river Y, near Amsterdam, in a dense fog, between four and five in the evening of y January, when several distinguished persons also perished. Among various Latin epigrams and lamenta- tions are these chronograms — natVs eras IanI, frIDerICe henrICe, CaLenDIs arChI-paLatIno regIa steLLa thoro. = 1614 septIMa te IanI ter qVIno sVstVLIt anno, naVfragIo patrI/E, frIgore pLena DIes. = 1629 i.e. Thou wert born, O Frederic Henry .^ on the calends of January, a royal star of the Elector-palatine family. TJie sevetith of January took thee away in thy thrice fifth year (i5fh) by shipiorech, a day full of horror to thy countiy. On a beautiful large medal, representing the portraits — eLeonor^ aVstrIaC^ et CaroLo LotharIngICo fLVIt eX O astrIs oMnIs feLICItas. = 1628 i.e. To Eleanor of Austria and Charles of Lorraine all happiness comes from above. iVledal, or Thaler, to Julius Sigismund, Duke of Juliusburg, was struck by his two brothers; it bears four inscriptions — ist, denoting GERMAN HISTORY. SAXONY. 127 his birth ; 2d, his marriage with Anna Sophia of Mecklenburg ; 3d, the birth of a son ; 4th, probably his death — F feLICI teMpore eDIto. d. 18. aug. = 1653 i.e. Born in a happy time. \Ztli of August. VetVst.e stIrpIs henet^ anna sophIa MeCLenbVrgensIs F IpsI traDItVr. d. 5. APR. = 1677 i.e. Of an ancient ^ Heneta'' family, Anna Sophia of Mecklenburg is given to him. ^th April. sVrCVLVs eXDeMpto prognatVs stIpIte regnet. d. i i. F MART. = 1682 i.e. May the branch reign, coming from the stock that has been taken away. 11th March. F eXVsTA est ARBOR SiC eXIt gLorIa MVnDI. D. XV. OCTOB. = 16S4 i.e. The tree is burnt up, thus passes the glory of the world. ON the death of Elizabeth, wife of George Duke of Saxony — In ChrIsto oCCVbVIt Ver« pIetatIs aMatrIX Mb rIphceo teLLVs Lang Vet Vt Vsta geLV. — 1557 i.e. A lover of true piety died in Christ, hoto the land languishes con- sumed by Riphcvan frost 1 Medal to Frederic Grand Duke of Sachsen-Altenburg — pVgnanDo MorItVr proprIa hIC VIrtVtIs arena est. = 1625 i.e. He died fighting, this is the proper arena of valour. Medal to John George Elector Duke of Saxony — saLVator gentIs Manet anChora fIDa repressIs. = 1658 i.e. The saviour of the nation remains a faithful anchor to the oppressed. Medal to William Duke of Saxony — sic bene VVILheLMVs feCIt faCIetqVe bene VLtra Vt rata VerIfLVo est eLLogIo genItrIX. = 1658 i.e. Thus did William rvell and 7vill do well hereafter as his mother imagined with a true saying. See the medal following next but one. Medal to John George 11. Duke of Saxony, on the building of a church at Moritzburg. It bears a quotation in German from Psalm 26, V. 8. ' Lord, I have loved the habitation of thy house,' etc., and VVeIhVng Der MorItzbVrger CapeL. d. 24. ivn. = 1672 i.e. The consecration of the chapel at Moritzburg, 2i,th June. A. memorial Thaler referring to the consecration of the Court- church at Weimar by Duke William of Weimar on 28th May, bears this inscription — sIC bene VVILheLMVs feCIt faCIetqVe bene VLtra, F Vt rata VerIfLVo est eLogIo genItrIX. = 1608 This strange motto is said to be due to the mother of William, Dorothea Maria, a Princess of Anhalt, who on her deathbed said, ' If Fritz keeps himself like a prince he will remain one, and William also will be all right' The interpretation is obscure. See the foregoing 1 28 GERMAN HISTOR Y— V/EIMAR. SAXONY. medal next but one ; the date of this medal differs fifty years from that, by the omission of one l from the word 'elogio.' This may be an error, and the two medals may refer to one and the same person. Another Thaler of the same Duke William of Weimar, said to indicate the peace at Osnaburg and Miinster, which ended the Thirty Years' ^Var. It bears these chronograms marking the commencement and termination — F Iehovah paX esto serVate fIDeM respICIte gentes. — 1619 i.e. O Jehovah, be thou our peace, preserve the faith, look upon the nations. F CeDant arMa tog^ toto toga fLoreat orbe. — 1650 i.e. Let arms yield to peace, may peace flourish over the whole world. The first line is faulty, because a letter v is not used, and the second line is too wordy. iViedal to Frederic Duke of Saxony and Westphalia on the inauguration of the foundling hospital at Altenburg, 6th Dec. 1705 — orbIs seCtantes te prInCeps sI Dare posset G His et par toto noMen In orbe foret. — 1705 Another on the same occasion, to the benefactors and the ladies of the city — G seCLo per Matres est reparanDa saLVs. — 1705 Another medal to Duke Frederic on founding an orphan asylum church at Gotha — G frIDerICo optIMo orphanotrophII strVCtore. — 17 10 i.e. To Frederick tlie most good, the founder of the orphanage. iVledal on the death of Christina of Baden, widow of Frederic Duke of Saxe-Gotha, represents the sun between the signs Capricorn and Sagittarius, with this inscription — G Finite cursu altius. baDensIs sIC est ChrIstIna reMIssa. — 1705 Dec : XX. sole imminente signo Capricorni. i.e. Tliy course being ended, ascend! Thus is Christina of Baden set free, on 20th December, the sun approaching the sign of Capricorn. iViedal on the death of John William, Duke of Saxony, on 15th August, has a long inscription ending thus — Flebilis omnibus, flebilior nulli Caro qVaM fratrI G freDerICo. = 1707 i.e. Moia-ned by all, mourned by none more than his dear brother Frederic. Another after his death, which happened at the siege of Toulon — G DantVr praeMIa CLarI poLI. — 1708 i.e. Great rewards are given in heaven. iViedal to Frederic, Duke of Saxony, bearing emblems of friend- ship with neighbouring provinces ; ' Prudentis nexu amoris ;' the name ' Jehovah ;' and this verse — SAXONY. GERMAN HISTORY— BREISACH. 129 Vt Coeant et aMor sVaVe et prVDentIa neXV G stetqVe pater patriae fLoret IehoVa IWet. = 1709 i.e. Alay love and prudence in agreeable union meet together, and may ifie father of his comitry stand a?id flourish, may Jehovah help ! iVledal on the birth of Prince Immanuel of Saxe-Gotha, repre- sents the parents and their children, and above them a vision of ' Immanuel,' also this hexameter chronogram adapted from Psalm cxxiix=[i28. V. 4] — G sic proaVIta Manet seros beneDICtIo natos. = 1709 i.e. Thus the ancestral benediction awaits late posterity. IViedal on the birthday of Friderica Elizabeth, wife of the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, represents the same device as described in the Denmark medals, about the pearl,' and inscribed ' solo perficitur sole,' i.e. It is accomplished by the sun alone — G VIgeat seMper frIDerICa eLIsabetha Laeta. = 1709 i.e. May the joyful Friderica Elizabeth always flourish ! iViedal to John George, Duke of Saxony — • VIVat Iohannes georgIVs DVX saXo qVerfVrtensIs pater patrI^ pIVs feLIX sapIens aVgVstVs MVLtos In annos eX G voto. d. 13. julii. = 1709 i.e. May John George, Duke of Saxony Querfurt, live the father of his country, pious, happy, wise, august for many years, according to our wishes ! 13 /// July. Medal of John George, Duke of Saxony, intended as a prize at a shooting with cross-bows, on the occasion of the christening of Prince Augustus his son — P In gLaDIIs fLoret rVta Ita aMoena sVIs. = 1615 Medal on the death of Christian Ernest the pious, Duke of Saxe- Coburg-Selfeld — ChrIstIanVs ernestVs pIVs In sangVIne serVatorIs sVI et F In bona paCe obDorMIVIt. = i745 i.e. The pious Christian Ernest fill asleep in the blood of his Saviour and in happy peace. MEDAL on the taking of Breisach by the Duke of Weimar has this hexameter and pentameter verse — InVICto fortIs CeCIDIt br^IsMs aChILLI IVngItVr et tanto DIgna pVeLLa VIro. — i.e. The strong Breisach fell before the un conquered Achilles, and the worthy girl is united to the illustrious man. This is a play on a presumed Latin form of the name of Breisach, and an allusion to A\'eimar as representing Achilles in the classical See Index, Denmark Chronograms. R 1 30 GERMAN HISTOR Y—BREISA CH, RHEINFELS. story of Briseis and Achilles. The fortress of Breisach was held by the Emperor of Germany, and being besieged by the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, then in alliance with Louis xiii. of France, was forced to surrender through famine in 1638. Louis wished to annex Breisach to France, but failed to induce Weimar to give it up, who held it to annoy Austria, gallantly replying to the French minister when pressed to explain his conduct, ' To part with my conquest would be to sacrifice my honour ; ask a virgin to deliver up her chastity !' Weimar died in 1639, at the early age of 35, and, as it was asserted by poison, through the jealousy of Cardinal Richelieu. Breisach, now a decayed town, was once a frontier fortress and the key to Germany. iViedal struck at Strasburg (Argentoratum) on the peace of Nimegen ; it represents Noah's ark, and the dove approaching with an olive branch — aVrea paX potIVs tIbI o argentIna tVIsqVe A MVnVs diving sVbVoLat aVXILIo. = 1679 i.e. O Strasburg, may golden peace be to thee, and may the gift be felt as by Divine assistance. IViedal on the raising of the siege of Rheinfels on 2d January 1693. The fortress was held successfully by the Landgrave of Hesse against the French army, commanded by Marshal Tallard, who pro- mised it to his master, Louis xiv., as a New Year's gift, but was unable to fulfil his word. arX rheInfeLs hassorVM VIrtVte fVgIente taLLarDo A serVatVr. = 1693 I.e. The fortress of Rheinfels is preserved through the valour of the Hessians and the flight of Tallard. Medal to Louis William, Margrave of Baden, on his taking com- mand of the army on the Rhine against the French, has this verse — aVXILIVM eXpeCtans heroIs ab ense baDensIs F pr^sagIt rhenVs fata benIgna sIbI. = 1693 i.e. The Rhine expecting help from the sword of the hero of Baden, augurs favourable results to him. VIENNA was besieged by the insurgent Hungarians and the Turks, aided by the intrigues of Louis xiv., and was reduced to great distress and danger, when John in.. King of Poland, in alliance with the Princes of Germany, came to the relief, defeated the assailants, and saved the city. The following medal commemorates the event — arCVs fortIVM sVperatVs est, et DebILes affVsI sVnt robore. I. REG. 2. =1683 i.e. The bow of the mighty men has been broken, and the weak have been filled with strength. 1 Samuel 2. v. 4. A MEDAL WITH CHRONOGRAM, ON THE CAPTURE OF BRYSAC BY 8ERNHARD DUKE OF 5AXE-WEIMAR IN 1638. BERNHARDUS D.G. SAX. lUL.CLIV 1 MONT. DUX. LANDGR THURING. MARCH. MISN. COMES. MARC. ET RAVENSB. DOM. RAVENST. brIsIaCo Capto. CoeLIs VICtorIa VenIt. ^ y = l638. bernharDo tVLIt eX hoste troph/ea DUCI. SIEGE OF VIENNA. 131 LeopoLDo Caesare, Ioanne rege poLonIae, baVarIae et saXonIae eLeCtorIbVs, DVCe LotharIngIae, eXterIsqVe pro VIrIbVs pVgnantIbVs, VIenna obsessa LIberatVr. = 1683 i.e. By Leopold the Emperor., John King of Poland, by the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony, by the Duke of Lorraine, and the foreigners fight- ing in aid, besieged Vienna is relieved. Another medal on the relief of Vienna is inscribed Die V" Sep. 1683— eX InsIgnI hoC fortItVDInIs et persIstentIae eXeMpLo. = 1683 i.e. This is through the splendid example of bravery and perseverance. oppVgnata bona est non eXpVgnata VIenna ! naM CaeLo perDens hostIbVs hostIs erat. = 1683 i.e. Vienna is well attacked but not beaten ! for the enemy was ruined by his enetnies in heaven. A representation of a battle, the sun rising and the moon (the crescent) entering the clouds. ' Hoc oriente fugit.' ' Die V" Sep. 1683.' There is another version of the foregoing medal, with this chrono- gram — gVbernIo generaLIs ernestI a stareMberg VIenna a tVrCIs InsIDIata serV.\tVr. — 1683 i.e. Through the management of General Ernest von Staremberg, besieged Vienna was saved from the Turks. Medal to the Emperor is inscribed leopoldo: i. consil: indus- tria ; with this chronogram — anno DVX aLtIssIMVs VVIennae proteCtor ; die 14. mensis juli: obsidio incepta. die 12. mensis septemb: autem finita. = 1683 i.e. In this year. The most exalted leader the Protector of Vie/ina. The siege commenced on i^ih of July, but was puf an end to on 12th of September. Another medal gives the date of the siege — VIENNA aVsTRIaE -^ IVLII AB aChMeTE II OBSESSA -^ SEPT. eX Insperato AB EO Deserta est. = 1683 i.e. Vienna of Austria, besieged 14M July by Achmet the Second, is unexpectedly abandoned by him on 12 th September. Medal to Pope Alexander vin., who was created 5th October 1689. His family name was Ottoboni. He helped Leopold against the Turks. It bears these inscriptions—' Nomine depositO Petrus incipit esse, sedendo Ottobonus toto corde, sit ergo bonus.' eVenIVnt VenetIs VegetIs IaM prospera, qV/E VIr ID satIs Ipse reCens papa LatIne probas. = 1689 A single printed sheet, published at Nuremberg in 1683 (British Museum, press-mark 1750. c. 2-19.), representing a cross decorated 1 3 2 GERMAN fflSTOR Y— LEIPZIG. with various mystic emblems and German inscriptions ; bears the date of the siege of Vienna thus — Im Jahr darinnen es heisset — tVrCa feroX fVgIt en ! pressa 6 IaM pLaVDe VIenna ! = 1683 i.e. Behold the fierce Turk flies, rejoice now, O hard-pressed Vienna. A German medal to the new Pope, Clement xi., who haddisputes with Austria about the rights of the Church— G roMae sanCtae DeCor. = 170° i.e. The ornament of sacred Rofiie. Medal on the coronation of Frederic in. of Prussia. It repre- sents the shields and arms of eight cotemporary Electors. The date is twice given in this short sentence — G Da paCeM ChrIste = 1701 ET ConCorDIaM. = 1 701 i.e. Give peace and concord, O Christ. Medal to commemorate the adoption at Leipzig, in December 1 702, of certain street lamps, which were used also at London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, etc. It represents one of fantastic design, with this hexameter line — G Laternas Donat roMano LIpsIa Conso: = 1702 ie Leipzig gives lamps through the Imperial magistrate. Medal relating to the Botanic Garden at Leipzig, and to^the planting there of the aloe and pine-apple — G MVnDI sic transIt gLorIa LenIs. = 17 10 i.e. The slight glory of the world thus passes. Alluding to the aloe, which perishes after it has flowered, and so pointing a moral reflection on the fall of the pride of self-satisfaction. iViedal on the marriage of the Emperor Leopold i. and Eleanora bears his portrait — CoNsILIo ET InDVstrIa — VIrtVte atqVe MaIestate. = 1676 i.e. By skill and diligence. By valour and majesty. Medal on the birth of their son, (afterwards) Emperor Joseph i. — IosephVs aVstrIaCae DoMVs feLIX haeres. = 1678 natVs VIennae VII kaL aVg : hora seCVnDa Mane. = 1678 i.e. Joseph the happy heir of the house of Austria. Born at Vienna 26th July, at two o'clock in the morning. A. book, ' Germania Austriaca, seu Topographia, etc. etc., studio et labore cujusdam societatis Jesu,' Vienna, 1701, narrates that the Emperor Leopold and Eleanora, returning to Vienna after their mar- riage, rested at the monastery of Gottwieh ; they made this triple chronogram, and the Emperor wrote it with his own hand on the wall of their bed-chamber — Leopold Vs IMperator, et eLeanora eIVs VXor, = 1677 peraCtIs passaVII nVptIIs L^etI VIennaM reDeVntes = 1677 GERMAN HISTORY— LEOPOLD I. JOSEPH L 133 In gottVICensIas CeterIo DIVI beneDICtI reLIgIonI saCro HoC sCrIpserVnt. = 1677 i.e. The Emperor Leopold and Eleanora his wife, their nuptials having been celebrated at Passau, returning joyfully to Vienna curate this in the monastery of Gbtfweih, sacred to Saint Benedict and to religion. This monastery, conspicuous near the Danube above Vienna, was founded in 1072 ; the present structure dates from 1719. A medal (see Plate II.) bears the portrait of Leopold i., Emperor of Germany, inscribed — hIC VIr hIC est C^sar pIetate InsIgnIs et arMIs eXornat CVIVs LaVrea sanCta CapVt. = 1694 i.e. Here is the man, he is the emperor renowned for piety and 7varfare, whose head the sacred laurel adorns. Medal to the Emperor Leopold and his son Joseph — annVs s.eCVLarIs XVII a nato IesV ChrIsto, CVI gLorIa six DICenDa In s.«CVLa. = 1700 i.e. The seventeenth centuiy from the birth of Christ, to whom be glory forever. MEDAL representing the town of Breslau, and above it Hebrew words meaning, ' under the shadow of the Almighty,' also this chronogram, both being adaptations from Psalm 91. v. i — G seMper Defensa beLLo et paCe. = 1700 i.e. Always our defence in 7uar and peace. On the reverse is an altar with two hearts on it, inscribed s p Q \v ( = Senatus populusque Wratislaviensis), and this chronogram — aMbo ConCorDes. = 1700 i.e. These two hearts, or concords. Above it are Hebrew words meaning ' O Lord our shield,' from Psalm 59. V. II. JNledal to the Emperor Joseph I. This chronogram is not con- structed with Roman numerals, but with special letters, as indicated by the key on the medal, a system known by the term Caballa or Cabbala. The obverse bears this chronographic inscription, every letter being counted — lOSEPHUS IMPERATOR REGNAT AMORE ET TIMORE. G (facit mdccv.) = 1705 On the reverse is — caball/e clavis. The six words of the inscription com- pose the numbers 512, 415, 233, 166, 105, and 274, and their total is 1705, agreeing with the concluding words 'facit MDCCV.' A= I K= 10 T = 100 B= 2 L = 20 U = 200 C = 3 M - 30 V = 300 D=4 N = 40 X = 400 E=5 = 50 Y = 500 F = 6 P = 60 Z = 600 G=7 Q= 70 H=8 R = 80 I =9 S = 90 134 GERMAN HISTORY— JOSEPH I. SIEGES OF LANDAU. In the margin, Sit iiieffabilis sit innumerabilis Austriae gloria. i.e. The Etnpeivr Joseph reigns by love and fear. {Makes 1705.) May the glory of Austria be unspeakable, innumerable I IVledal to Joseph i. bears this glorifying inscription, adapted from the Book of Genesis — G CresCet Vt aD fonteM. gen: 49. v. 22. = 1705 i.e. He shall increase as at a fou?ttain. THE following chronograms relate to the siege of Landau in Rhenish Prussia, and principally concern the Emperor Joseph i. The place became a possession of the French in the seventeenth cen- tury, and was fortified by Vauban, who considered it to be impreg- nable, and placed over one of its gates a vainglorious inscription that it never would be forced. This chronogram was subsequently made out of his words — haeC neMInI CeDet. = 1702 i.e. It 7vill yield to no one. It was captured from the French in that year by Joseph i., Emperor of Germany, and a medal was struck on the occasion, inscribed thus — ■ InVICtVs gerManLe reX IosephVs I. LanDaVII eXpVgnator= 1702 i.e. The invincible King of Germany, Joseph I, the conqtieror of Landau. Another medal has this further chronogram — CeDIt taMen CesarI. = 1702 i.e. It yields nevertheless to the Emperor. And another medal tells us — CessIt LeopoLDo Magno et Iosepho. = 1702 i.e. It yielded to Leopold the Great, and to Joseph. posthaC CeDet neMInI. = 1702 i.e. Henceforth it 7C'ill yield to no one. Another medal represents the fortress, and is inscribed — C^sareo aVspICIo, regIs VIrtVte, baDensIs feLICI DVCtV, gaLLo est eX VngVe retraCta. = 1702 i.e. Drawn back from the claia of the cock {France) under the auspices of the Emperor, by the valour of the king, and the happy leading of the Margrave of Baden. The place again fell into the hands of its enemy, as marked in the next line, taken from a poetic historical narrative — opIMa gaLLIs praeDa CessI. = 1703 i.e. I yielded a rich booty to the French. It was retaken by Joseph i. on 25th November 1704, as com- memorated by a medal thus inscribed — bIs CessIt LeopoLDo Magno et regI Iosepho. = 1704 i.e. It has yielded tunce to Leopold the Great and King Joseph. SIEGES OF LANDAU. GERMAN HISTORY -JOSEPH 1. 135 And yet another medal takes up the histor)' — CeDIt bIs C.'f.sarIs arMIs. = 1704 i.e. It yields twice to the arms of the Emperor. reX IosephVs LanDaVIVM Iterata VICe strenVe eXpVgnat. — r704 i.e. King Joseph promptly subdues Landau a second time. The following aspiration, taken from a poetic narrative/ points to the end of the troubles — • o si InterrIta posthaC CeDere tenear neMInI ! = 1705 i.e. Ok that L may be held in future undau filed to yield to no one J After all this boasting and fighting, Landau was ceded by the Treaty of Baden in 18 14 to the French, who held it until 18 15. It has been an object of contest in almost every European war, and at present it is included in the Empire of Germany. On the occasion of a conference for peace after one of the sieges of Landau, the narrative now quoted tells us — ' This act was com- pleted to the music of trumpets and drums, and with the singing of this eVu'iKiov' — gLorIa parta sIet tota tIbI treMenDe poLarCha ! MIra patrastI anno hoC s.'epe CanenDa pIIs. = 1704 [It is said that Landau was besieged and taken seven times in the 'J'hirty Years' War, 1618-1648.] MEDAL to Joseph i., who ' now takes the reins of the empire under happy auspices,' in the year 1705 — HOSTES IMperII porro DepeLLe Iosephe ; ET A prosper pergens hostICa regna pete. = 1705 /.i proh qVanta afferebas IVbIL^a. J — 7 5 seD ah! aCerba fatorVM Catastrophe! = 1705 oCCIDIstI orbIs anIMa, = 1705 IMperII soL et L^tItIa LeopoLDe. — 1705 IL sCeptra qV;e rotabas, Magne LeopoLDe, = 1705 aMceno spLenDebant oCVLo, = 1705 NE ante DeCerneres, qVaM Cerneres. = 1705 naM perfeCta C^sarIs sapIentIa non est granDIor potentIa = 1705 HoC In CarDIne gyrastI regna et IMperIa. = 1705 III. feLICItatIs ILIaDeM = 1705 NEGABAS TE POSTIDERE, nIsI ET ORbI POST FATA ) _ {sic.') reLICtaM Legares, J ~ '^°5 ET NE eaM sepVLChro DeLeres, = 1705 InfInItos DeLenDo hostes ConsoLIDastI. = 1705 hostes DICo, seD non nIsI DeI aC patrIjE. = 1705 arboreM granDIs pLantastI feLICItatIs, = 1705 De qVa posthaC Carpant et poMa nepotes. = 1705 And on the other side — I. horrenD.e MortI ne Ipsa InnoCentIa est InnoCens = 1705 AN In terrIs InnoCentIor IMperatore LeopoLDo ? = 1705 CanDore pareM angeLo saLVtastes ; = 1705 IMo Ipsa CreDI poterat InnoCentIa. = 1705 seD o portentosa InfeLICItas, Ita et MorI posse angeLos ! = 1705 n. eheV CLaVso VnIVersI oCVLo, oMnes \ _ VbICVnqVe pLorate popVLI et oCVLI ! J ~ ^^°5 MortVo C^sareo CorDe, = 1705 DesoLata eheV DoLete CorDa ! — 1705 MARRIAGE OF MARIA, ARCHDUCHESS. 139 CeDente IngentIs CorporIs Ingente anIMa, = ijoi; pLangIte fIDeLes ET fILIaLes anIM.e ! = 1705 terrItI orbIs trepIDate peDes CaDente CapIte ! — 1705 IngentI CLaDI aDsIt par Ingens DoLor ! = 1705 III. O crudelis Maja in Majestatem Voci imposuisti caput, seel vitce finem Rectius convenerunt Majestas et eestas : Haec illius terminans vocem inchoavit vitam. Apertius loquar, hoDIerna prIMo et feLICIano soLennIs = 1705 oLIM orIentIs LeopoLDI nataLIs, = 1705 Ei primordia vite dedit et felicitatis, I nunc Maja, et aleo rubore erubesce, quam florum ? Here the chronograms come to an end. The narrative concludes with this remarkable specimen of adulation concerning the deceased emperor— ' Tu lector hunc adde epilogum ; Leopoldvs C^sar in terris primus non potest non esse in coelis secundus, quia vivit sicut in ccelis primus.' And this is all about a man who has been designated in history as the meanest of all Austria's monarchs. ADDRESS on the marriage of Maria Anna, Archduchess of Austria, with John v.. King of Portugal, at Lisbon, on 27th October 1708. Extracted from ' Nova Literaria Germaniae ' for March 1709. The sets of words forming the repeated chronograms of 1708 are marked off in the original by stars. Austria is supposed to be speaking to her — Ra MarI^ ANN.B arChIDVCI, -^ ^ VoCante Deo aVspICe, aD — 1 708 aVgVstas portVgaLLI/E Coronas eX aVstrIa profICIsCentI — 1708 feLIX Iter ! >fc >|c qVoD regIIs affVs.« peDIbVs proVIn- \ CI^ aVstrIaC.e, VaLe ILLI faCIentes, sInCerIs VotIs > = 1 708 preCabantVr VIenn^. ^ >|< Deferente InfIMo eIVs CapeL- ) Lano >|< >ts a. S.S.I. (Printed at Vienna) Continentur hoc = 1708 scripto quinque vota, Austrian nimirum, StyriiB CarinthiK, Carniolrc et Vienna;, ineris constantia chronostichis, ita tamen ut singulis votis chronographicis subjiciatur aliud votum Cabalisticuni, itidem anni 1708 numerum reddens. En tibi. Lector, integrum .-Vustris votum. DoLeaMne aVstrIa? bonI CceLItes ! >|< ;|< InDVLgeaMne = 1708 Cor L;f;TlTliE? -^-^ AL\rIa anna arChIDVX aVstrLe, abIt, — 1708 Vt aVgVsta aVgVst^ pr^sIt LVsItanI.e regIna. >H: :+: abItVs = 1 708 Iste Largas CIet eX oCVLIs LaCrYMas,^ L^etos qVoqVe ' V counts as 11 = 2. I40 CHARLES VI. EMPEROR. Great In WLtV rIsVs. >|<:>|< ILLI affLICta aVstrIa = 1708 IVbeor sortI ILLaCrYMarI,! hVIC eXVLtans IVbeor for- tVn^ gratVLarI. :+;^ pLangere Cogor, qVIa perDo = 1708 fILIaM. ;^c>|c gestIre, qVIa regIa aVgVstte regIn^ fIo = 1708 Mater, atqVe, VtI aVgVror, regII aLIqVanDo aVIa estI- CIar nepotIs. 5|<>|< geMere Cogor abLata aLtera De = 1708 trIbVs gratIIs. :4c ;|< gestIre IVbeor, qVIa gratIa IVnge- — 1708 tVr gratI/E, MarIa anna IoannI, gratIoso gratIosa, haVD sIne feLICI aVgVrIo regnI bIs fortVnatI. -^^ CVr Itaq: = 1708 pLango, perDens fILIaM, >|c sfc perDens LVCrI taM LargI = 1708 gratIa? >fc^ qVIn eIa sIt! profICIsCere, qVo IVbent = 1708 CceLItes, fILIa, qVoqVe InVItat gratIa Ioannes, gratIa feLICIbVs aVIbVs DIsCeDe: 2 >|<>|< aVIbVs neMpe tVIs, ^ 1713 aVItIs aVstrI/E aLaVDIs, ^estVosa, VastaqVe ^eqVora tra- IICe. :4;;|< Ist/E L.«ta tIbI aDsonent CeLeVsMata, >(c>|< = 1708 argVtoqVe gVttVre soLentVr naVIganteM, aVferentqVe ^stVs t/eDIa aVgVst.'e osCInes. ^>|< DoneC eXsVperatIs = 1708 nereI fVrentIs VnDIs, In ConCVpItos oLYssIponIs' portVs pLenIs feLIX CarbasIs appeLLas. >(<>(c eXInDe Vero = 1708 ConIVX regIa regIos sponsI tVI ferarIs In aMpLeXVs. ^ ;|< = 1708 ID tIbI Char« fILI^ sV^ Mater, nVtrIXqVe aVstrIa VoVet. VIVe. ** =1708 A volume of Poemata varia (British Musuem, press-mark 837. h. 4.) contains a tract, ' Epigrammata votiva Domini clementissimi nostri Caroli Tertii nunc Sexti Rom. Imp. etc. humillime consecrata A Casp. Abelo . Halbertstadii 17 11.' At page 2 the vowel monogram a e i Q u, sometimes met with in German books, is explained in a note to these lines, which are addressed to the emperor — Fatalcs habet hie in nomine quinque vocales, Quern fatum Europe postulat Austriacum : (The note.) Carolus tertius continet in se quinque vocales aeiou, quod antiquissimum Austriacorum symbolum varie, et ita quoque exponi solet : Austriacorum Est Iraperare Orbi Universo . & Austria Erit In Orbe Ultima. At page 4 the sixth poem concludes with these chronograms — CaroLVs IMperator Defensor pIetatIs et reLIgIonIs, = 171 1 Deo, DeIqVe fILIo GhrIsto, fIDeLIs, = 1711 paCeM reDVCet gentIbVs, = 17 11 aC eCCLesI/e ChrIstI aVrea prIM^ seCLa GharItatIs. = 1711 VIVat ! VIgeat ! VIreat ! fLoreat ! VInCat ! natosqVe natorVM . eX Voto VIDeat! fIat. = 17 11 ' V counts as 11 = 2. ■ This line makes 5 years too muclu ' i.e. Lisbon. GERMAN HISTORY— AUSTRIA. CHARLES VI. 141 i.e. Charles the emperor, defender of failh, piety, attd religion. — Faithful to God, and Christ the Son of God. — He 70 ill restore peace to the nations. — And golden times of primieval love to the church of Christ. — May he live ! thrive ! be strong ! flourish ! conquer I — And may it come to pass that he may see his sons' sons in consequence of his voto. Some further interpretations of the five vowels, from ' Thesaurus numismaticus ' {see Bibliography). A medal to Charles in. (?) of Spain is inscribed AUer Ehren 1st Oesterrcich Vol!., i.e. Austria muneribus plena Jeova tuis, where the letters a e i v are the initials of the wortls ; they may also represent — Austriaci Erunt Imperatores Orbis Ultimi, or Aquila Electa luste Omnia Vincit. And at the beginning of the great war in 1702, this was added — Austrioe Expectatis Injuste Oppressa Vindicabitur. Whatever might be the result of that sentiment, it was suggested that the following would probably be right — Austrise Est Imperare Orbi Universo. The same in German — Alles Erdreich 1st Oesterreich Vnterthan. And the following are from ' Historischer Munzbelustigung' {see Bibliography), vol. 3. p. 426 — Augustus Est lustitia; Optimus Vindex. Artes Extollit Imperator Optimus Universas. Archiduce Exhilarabit Imperatrix Orbem Universam. All these, however, are not chronograms. MEDAL of Charles vi. on the birth of the Archduke Leopold in 1716— Oc frVCtVM paCIs DonaVer.\t aether. = 1716 i.e. Heaven had given the fruits of peace. The device represents the infant in his cradle on a high tree; under it is the Turkish army in flight ; a woman, emblematic of the arch- duchess, with the shield of Austria, protects the infant; the inscription, ' Luna sub pedibus ejus.' The portrait of the Empress Elizabeth, and Oc aVstrIa progenies, CoeLIs DeMIttItVr aLtIs. = 1716 Another medal on the same occasion — Oc sVrgentI sCeptrVM tot D.a.t natVra Coronas. = 17 16 and ' Leopold, Archd: Austr: Princ: Austriae. N. xiii. Apr.' Another represents the rising sun, and an eagle flying upwards, ' Nascor ad alta,' and below — Oc nVnC tanDeM Cantare I Wat. = 17 16 Another on the same event — De C/Esare roMaxo reX nasCItVr. = 17 16 i.e. From the Emperor of the Romans {of Austria, etc.) a king is born. 142 CHARLES VI. GERMAN HISTORY— PRUSSIA. Another medal on the event — InItIo VerIs CoeLo DeMIttItVr aLto . = 17 16 EN aVrato CVM VeLLere Iason aDest. = 1716 soL oCVLVs MVnDI tangebat. v. 23° 56' Die xiii. Aprilis h: vii. M. 30 p. MER. = 1 7 16 i.e. In the beginning of spring it desceiids from the lofty lieavens. Lo ! Jason with the golden fleece is present. The sun, the eye of the 7c|c ITA DeCoratVs aMICI tItVLo || In Deo sI VeLIt = 1764 Constans reqVIesCaM. = 1764 i.e. So decorated ivith the title of friend, may I C07itinually rest in God, if God will. A large silver medal in the Vienna Museum represents two courtiers bowing to the king ; above them an eagle holds a scroll thus inscribed — qVanta C^esarIs qVanta regIs In seneCtaM spLenDet -^ gratIa. = 1764 And a female holding a shield inscribed ' Posteritati '— >|< sIC LVDoVICo reDIbat DIana. = 1764 i.e. Hotv much does the favour of tlie emperor, ho7ii much does the favour of the king shine in old age. The exergue is inscribed, ' Ad Franc- furtum [on the Oder] die xxix Martii.' iViedal on the accession of George Frederic Carl, Markgraf of Brandenburg-Culmbach. It represents a woman watching the signs of the zodiac, with this inscription, ' Qua;runt tua lumina gentes,' i.e. The nations seek for thy lights ; and this chronogram — soLstItIo brVMaLI optatVs prInCIpIs aDVentVs. d. 22. DEC. = 1726 i.e. At the winter solstice the wishedfor coming of the prince. 22 December. ISO GERMAN HISTOR Y—BR UNS WICK MEDALS. Medal to Frederic iv. of Brandenburg, on the foundation of the University of Erlangen in Franconia, 4th November 1743 — VnIVersItas frIDerICIana erLanoensIs IIII noVeMbrIs LaetorI tV InaVgVrata. = 1743 {sic.) The following are in the catalogue of Brunswick medals, although they do not all belong to that province. A thaler coined on the burial of the Duke Augustus the younger of Brunswick-Lunenburg, representing a leafless tree, at the root of which is a skull, is thus inscribed — Ha qVe Laeta fronDe VIrebaM nVnC, — 1666 rIgVI sic TRANSIT gLorIa MVnDI. = 1666 oMnIa non nIsI proVIDo et Vegeto ConsILIo. = 1666 i.e. I who 7vas fiourishing with joyful foliage am now withered, so passes the glory of the world. Nothing without provident and sound counsel Medal of Dukes Rudolf Augustus and Anton Ulrich — Ha DVLCe est fratres habItare In VnVM. = 1667 i.e. It is pleasant for brothers to dwell in unity. Medal to the same Dukes, bearing a long biographical inscrip- tion, a portion of which thus marks the year of Ulrich's death and the departure of the survivor to the peace congress at Rastadt — Ha Postea solvs vsqve In CVrsVM paCIs rastaDtIensIs et = 1714 ampliss : congres : Brvnswig : i.e. Afterwards the survivor {proceeds) alone to the course of the peace of Rastadt, etc. etc. Medal to Duke Ludwig Rudolf, represents a building inscribed S.R.I. PANTHEON ; i.e. The pantheon of the holy Roman empire, and this quotation from Statins — • Ha Vna L^tantVr seDe LoCatVM. = 1715 i.e. They go joyfully to place them in otie abode. Another medal to the same duke, struck by Count von Eyb, bears a long inscription, which ends thus—' In perpetuiim obse- quii testimonium hVMILIs aC fIDeLIs serVI sincerse = 1715 mentis ardor consecrat hoc gratitudinis mnemosynon.' The perpetual testimony of his humble and faithful servant, etc. etc. Another to him is thus inscribed — Ha ES Lebe LVDeVVIg rVDoLph HERTZOG. z. BR. VnD LVnerb : = 1731 i.e. May Ludwig Rudolph, Duke of Brimswick and Luneberg, live. gIbt gott Was DIese hanD L.iiST Lesen so sInD VVIr VoeLLIg Ia genesen. = 1731 i.e. If God gives 7vhat this hand permits to be read, then we are indeed completely recovered. This alludes to a poem written by a certain clergyman in praise of the duke. 1723 GERMAN IIISTOR Y—BR UNS WICK MEDALS. 1 5 1 Medal to the eldest daughter of the same Duke, Elizabeth Chris- tina, wife of Charles iii. of Spain, who was afterwards Charles vi. of Germany — JJa tVta reDIt Const antI et reDDItVr arC^ e. catalonia. = 17 13 :.e. She returns safe to her constant one, and is restored to the ark from Catalonia. Another medal to her as Empress — VIVe Coronata In pVerIs speM Da atqVe Corona, prag ITa 8. Sept. = 1723 i.e. Live crotvned among thy children, give hope and crown t/ictn. Prague, 8th September. Another medal to the same Charles and Elizabeth — Ha DVabVs CoronIs Vna Corona IMponItVr. = i.e. One crotvn is placed upon two crowns or hecuis {namely, those of Spain and Germany). Medal on the birth of Prince Leopold, son of the same Charles and Elizabeth, on 13th April — Ha gaVDete eLIsabetha ChrIstIna peperIt fILIVM. = 17 16 i.e. Rejoice ! Elizabeth Christina has brought forth a son. Another medal on the same event — Ha aVstrIa progenies CoeLIs DeMIttItVr aLtIs. • =: 17 16 i.e. Austria ! a progeny is sent doion from the high heavens. And another. It represents an aloe plant — IngentIs strIpIs CVnCtanDo restItVIt reM. = 17 16 i.e. By delay he has restored the affairs of a mighty race. And another. It bears a sort of astronomical inscription — DIE . 13 . APRiLis . H . 7 . M . 30 . p . MER . o . soL oCVLVs MVnDI . tangebat Y 23° 56'. =1716 i.e. On the 13//^ day of April, at 7.30 in the evening, the sun, the eye of the world, was touching the Znliac sign Aries, at 23 degrees 15 minutes. The reverse represents two angels and this verse — InItIo VerIs CoeLo DeMIttItVr aLto ; = 17 16 en aVrato CVM VeLLere Iason aDest. = 1716 i.e. In the beginning of spring he is sent doiun from the high heaven. Lo ! Jason is present with a golden fleece. A double allusion to the Golden Fleece of Spain and the animal which yields a fleece of wool. And another. It is inscribed — TRiNUM perfectum. — CaroLVs eLIsabetha et LeopoLDVs patrI/E feLICIs Cor et DeLICI.e. = 17 16 i.e. A perfect trio. — Charles, Elizabeth, and Leopold, the heart and delight of the happy country. And another medal — • sVrgentI sCeptrVM tot Dat natVra Coronas. = 17 16 Leopoldus . archid . avstr . princ . astvr . n . 13 . apr : i.e. Nature gives so many cro^ons to him 'who rises to the sceptre. And yet another — ■ hesperLe sVrgens CresCet gens aVrea MVnDo. = 17 16 i.e. The golden race of the west arises and shall increase in tJie world. 1 5 2 GERMAN HISTOR Y—BR UNS WICK MEDALS. The last medal relating to the same event — Ua frVCtVM paCIs DonaVerat ^ther. = 17 16 i.e. Heaven had given the fruit of peace. Medal to the same Empress on the birth of a daughter— Ha arChIDVCIssaM peperIt aVgVsta . a . v. vienn/E . nat , d . 5 . APR. = 1 7 18 i.e. Tlie Empress brought forth an archduchess at Vientia on the ^th of April. Probably this infant was the future Empress Maria Theresa, who, according to book history, was born in 171 7. Medal to Antonia Amalia, wife of Duke Ferdinand Albert of Brunswick — E L/ETARE, sponse, sVper sponsa DVCIssa antonetta aMaLIa. = 1712 i.e. Rejoice husband, over thy bride the Duchess Antonia Amalia. (Adapted from Isaiah Ixii. v. 5.) Medal on the birth of their son, Charles Duke of Brunswick— Ha noVa progenies CoeLo DeMIttItVr aLto. = 17 13 solamen patri^ subsidiumque domus. i.e. A new progeny is sent down from high heaven, the consolation of his country and tiie prop of Ids house. Medal of Duke Augustus Wilhelni, inscribed, Hkc terna aeternat Wilhelmum ; and this hexameter — Ha CeDent e Voto bene qV^ faCIt oMnIa IVsto. = 17 18 i.e. All things will go well according to his 7eiish, to him who acts justly. A medal on the death of Charlotte Sophia of Brunswick, wife of Prince Alex. Petr. of Russia, has this inscription (among others) — Ha CVrsVs CanDore sVpreMo. = 17x5 i.e. A course of siapassiiig brightness. Another medal on the same event, and on the erection of a memorial to her — • Ha fVnera CharLott.e pIetas DoLor atqVe parentVM. =3 17 16 i.e. The fune7-al of Charlotte, the love and grief of her parents. Medal on the accession of the Duke of Brunswick to the throne of England as George the First. It bears his portrait and this hexa- meter line, and the horse of Brunswick running across the north-west of Europe — Ha aCCeDens DIgnVs DIVIsos orbe brItannos. = 17 14 And below — unus non sufficit orbis. i.e. Worthy to accede to the throne of the Britons divided from the world. — One world does not suffice. Another medal to him on his declaration on the 12th August, and coronation on 31st October, bears this verse and inscription, with the device of a Phcenix — ConspICItVr renoVans seCLVM post fVnera phoenIX Ha hInCqVe noVI seCLI LVX tIbI brItto patet. = 17 14 Ex cineribus Elisabeths anno 1613, Friderico v. Elect: Pal. in matri- monium datae. i.e. After death the Phmnix is beheld renewing its life, and hence to thee O Britons the light of a nezv era appears. GERMAN HISTOR Y—BR VNS WICK MEDALS. 1 5 3 Medal on the marriage of his daughter Sophia Dorothea with Frederick William i. of Prussia — Ha ConCeDente nVMIne. — 1706 i.e. God being willing. Medal on his death at Osnaburg, on nth Jvme 1727 — F osnabVrgI, VbI natVs fVIt, praeCIpItI Morte CaDIt. = 1727 i.e. At Osnaburg where he was born, he falls by sudden death. Medal on George 11. of England, on his visit to German^' — JIa georgIVs seCVnDVs prIMo brVnsVICenses terras repf.tIt. = 1729 i.e. George the Second for the first time returns to the land of Bruns- wick. The next has been classed with the Brunswick series of medals ; it relates to Charles vi. of Germany and (ieorge i. of England. It represents a fleet of war-ships, and bears these iriscriptions and hexa- meter chronogram — Vetant foedari foedera. Sic motos fas est componere fluctus. hIspanorVM CLassIs a IoVe et neptVno DeLeta. = 17 18 i.e. They forbid to defile treaties. Thus it is right to stiil tempestuous waves. The Spanish fleet destroyed by Jehovah and Neptune. CHRONOGRAPHICALLY speaking, we have nothing to do with the history of Hungary prior to 1526, the period when it fell under the dominion of Austria. The Emperor Leopold I. carried on the war commenced by his predecessors, and was at length successful in expelling the Turks, who had been in possession of the country for 150 years. He took from them the fortress of Buda in 1686, and counteracted the French influence, by which they had of late been aided ; and his successor subsequently recovered from them all other Hungarian territory, though peace was not finally established with Turkey until the treaty of Belgrade in 1739. The Emperor Charles vi., in 1722, by the Pragmatic Sanction, secured the crown of Hungarj' to the female descendants of the House of Hapsburg, and his daughter Maria Theresa became Queen on his death in 1740. She was suc- ceeded by Jo.seph 11., her son, in 1780. The chronograms, however, do not take us beyond the commencement of the reign of Maria Theresa, when the affairs of Hungary and Germany began to move in a less inseparable course than heretofore. This group concludes with a curious sarcastic dialogue between Bellona and Germany, which I discovered just before sending these pages to the press. It points to the war in Hungary, and the posi- tion of affairs there in the year 16S9. The local chronograms collected in Hungary are arranged at an earlier page, among those of Germany. A folio volume in the British Museum (press-mark 590. i. 21) informs us in a quaint manner about the early dukes and kings of u 154 HUNGARY. Hungary, forty-four in number, with five engravings representing them, down to the German Emperor Ferdinand iv. The next in the line of succession is Leopold i. The book is by Francis Nadasd, and was printed at Nuremberg at the date indicated by the chrono- gram which follows. This is the abbreviated title, 'Mausoleum Regni apostolici Regum Ungarise ?i pIo et IVsto patrI^ DoLore ereCtVM.' = 1663 i.e. The mausoleum of the kings of the apostolic kingdom of Hungary, erected by the pious and just grief of the country. [The mausoleum is but a structure in the author's own imagination.] The dedication is to the Emperor of Germany and King of Hun- gary then reigning, and concludes thus — LeopoLDVS I. IMperator gLorIosVs. — 1663 i.e. Leopold the First, the glorious emperor. The book throughout is a collection of supposed epitaphs in praise of forty-four dukes and kings of Hungary. The last two only contain chronograms ; this to Ferdi- nand u. of Austria, the forty-second king, marking the year of his death — ferDInanDVs II. Deo sVIsqVe, pIe et sanCte VIXIt. = 1637 i.e. Ferdinand the Second lived piously and holily to God and his people. And this to Ferdinand iv. of Austria, the forty-fourth king, marking" the year of his death — aMabILIs Deo In terrIs Caesar. = 1654 i.e. The Emperor is beloved of God in the earth. MEDAL on the victory over the Turks and capture of Belgrade, represents a crown between two stars, the letter -r beneath signifying the Emperor Rudolph — Oc IaVrInVM {sic) erIpItVr VIVIt VIrtVte rVDoLphI. = 1598 i.e. Belgrade is taken by force and lives, through the valour of Rudolph. A square-shaped medal of Rudolph on a victory over the Turks bears on the obverse a throne, and ' 1602 Stulweis en Burg Albaregalis.' The reverse has four shields, and O regIa ter Magno fert aLba troph.'ea roDoLpho. = 1601 i.e. Alba regalis (the town of Stuhl-weissenliurg) offers trophies to the thrice great Rudolph. The battle ' ad Lavenzam,' the victory of the Christians over the Turks under General Souchesius ; from ' Historia regni Hungarici,' by 'Nicolo Histhuanffio.' Cologne, 1724. The first chronicle, liber xlii. anno 1664, at page 555 — PROSPERA De SoVChES CrVX est en nItrIa PARTA, ) _ (it: fVsI hostes; seDerat LVXqVe LoCVsqVe CrVCIs. j - ioo4 CrVX fVIt heroI sorte seCVnDa seCVnDa : ) _ ,. paX dona pro LVnIs pLantet VeIqVe CrVCes. J "^ Probably a naval battle off the island of Levanzo, at Sicily. Medal on the victory over the Turks at Gran and the capture of Neuhausel or Ujvar on -^ August 1685, represents Pallas at a hunt lVltlUAL.O VV I 1 1 I v^i II iv-'iiv^*-- HUNGAR V. '55 holding a shield which bears on it the double eagle, and ' Vivat et floreat Josephus divina gratia in regem Hungariae coronatus' — aqVILa aVgVstI Mense aVgVsto oppVgnatIone et aCIe VICtrIX LVpos tVrCICos gLorIosa VenatrIX Vertebat In Oc Lepores. = 1685 I.e. Ill the motiih of August the eagle of Augustus [the Emperor] was the conqueror in assault and battle ; the glorious huntress turned the Turkish wolves into hares. Medal representing a \iew of Neuhausel, and the siege — neVhe\'seL IMperatorI LeopoLDo asserItVr Igne Oc ET ensIbVs fortIter : hostIs perIIt tVrpIter. = 1685 i.e. Neuhausel is vigorously attacked by the Emperor Leopold with fire and sword; the enemy has perished ivith shame. Medal representing a view of Neuhausel — Oc ManDat Caesar : et aLta arX eXpVgnatVr : oVate. = 1685 i.e. The Emperor commands, and the lofty fortress is conquered; be ye triumphant. Medal on the capture of the same place — Oc Vt MoX frVstra reLVCtans bVDa seqVare. = 1685 i.e. As recently uselessly reluctant, may est thou soon follow, O Buda. Medal on further victory, and the submission of Buda — IbIt faVore DIVIno LeopoLDI InDVstrIa baVarI VI et Oc LotharIngI. = 16S6 aVstrIaCIs bVDa Vrbs aqVILIs sVbsternItVr arMIs. = 16S6 i.e. Through Divine favour it will give rcay by the assiduity of Leopold, and the force of Bavaria and of Lorraine. The city of Buda is stretvn zvith the eagles and arms of Austria. Medal (see Plate II.) of Leopold i., represents the town of Stuhl- weissenburg, with the radiant sun over it, and the crescent moon (the Turks) setting behind the hills, inscribed — ' Luna sub umbras,' O and eXItIVM tVrCIs annotat aLba reDVX. — i6S8 ' Alba-regalis recuperata ^^ May 1688/ The reverse represents the Emperor bearing a sceptre, with his son Joseph, also sceptre-bearing, in a chariot drawn by two eagles over the field, covered with prostrate Turks, Victory flying along with them, crowned with seven stars, holding a serpent circle in the right hand, a symbol of eternity, and a laurel wreath in the left ; inscribed with this hexameter — eX Voto hVngarIaM sVbIgIs LeopoLDe LeVasqVe. = 1688 i.e. Stuhl- I'Vcissenburg returning, denotes departure to the Turks. — O Leopold, thou bringest Hungary into subjection and raisest it up, according to thy V07i'. Aledal on his coronation bears the portrait of Joseph i., inscribed, ' Die Segen konjjnen auf das Haupt Josephs. Gen. 49.' Two angels offer to him a sceptre and three crowns, a spear, laurel, etc. Inscrip- 156 HUNGARY. tion, 'Do Josepho partem quam tuli de manu hostis in gladio. Gen. 48 ;' and — IosephVs prIMVs In InferIorI atqVe sVperIorI hVxgarIa Oc reX pIVs aVgVstVs arChIDVX aVstrIae. = 16S7 i.e. Joseph the First, in Lower and Upper Hungary tlie pious and august king, and arc/idu/ce of Austria. Leopold i., the Emperor, is repre- sented holding the crown of Hungary, and placing it on the head of his son Joseph. A view of Pressburg and Buda in the distance, with this inscription taken from the history of Joseph in the Bible, ' Dabo Josepho et semini ejus terram hanc in possessionem sempiternam. Gen. 48.' Medal to Joseph i. bears his portrait, inscribed — Oc VIVat IosephVs ! teVtonIae reX et DeLICIVM. = 1690 On the reverse is the young king, and figures representing Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, inscribed, ' In prolem transcurrit gloria patrum.' ' Inaugur. Augustae Vindelic. D. 26 Jan. MDCXC' and — IosephVs gerManIae et hVngarIae reX aVgVsta LeopoLDI SPES et Vera gLorIa. ■ = 1690 Medal to Leopold on an armistice with the Turks in 1699, repre- sents Jupiter on a flying eagle destroying enemies with lightning, and this inscription — Oc paX VIVaX MItI LeopoLDI eX ore refVLget. = 1699 i.e. A living peace shines from tlie countenance of the mild Leopold. ]\Iedal on the siege of Belgrade and its capture from the Turks — La beLgraDVM sVeIto baVarVs CapIt IgneVs aVsV. == 168S i.e. Tlie Bavarian, fiery in his daring, suddenly takes Belgrade. Medal representing the fortress of Belgrade, inscribed, ' 1st in Turkische Gewalt gerathen 1521.' 'Von den Christen mit sturmender Hand erobert 1688. 6 Sep.'— Oc IMbeLLes tVrCos CrVX atqVe eCCLesIa VInCVnt. - 1688 i.e. The Cross and the Church conquer the umcarlihe Turks. Also a female bearing on her breast the sun, the double cross of Hungary in her right hand, with this motto, ' In hoc signo ostentat Sultano attonito prostratoque,' and — beLgraDI eXVper.\t MVros b.4.VarICa VIrtVs. — 16S8 i.e. The Bavarian valour overcomes the walls of Belgrade. Medal representing the fortress of Kanischa and the Turks depart- ing with their baggage ; a starved dog is carrying in its mouth to the young king Joseph the keys of the fortress, and this inscription, ' Hoc genus non expellitur nisi in jejunio,' and [observe the pun on canis^ — CanIsa Iosepho I VngarIae regI sIne VI et sangVIne soLa Oc faMe eXpVgnata reDIIt. = 1690 i.e. This kind [of animal} is not turned out except in famine. Kanischa has returned to Joseph /., Lving of Hungary, without the use of force or blood, overcome by famine only. HUNGARY— CHARLES VI. 157 CHARLES III. of Spain, in his position as Charles vi., Emperor of Germany and King of Hungary; the father of Maria Theresa, whose succession to some of his dominions was secured by the ' Pragmatic Sanction,' from whence sprung the desolating wars of the Spanish succession. A medal expresses thus the date of his birth — Hb CaroLVs seXtVs MVnDo et eVrop^e natVs. = 16S5 i.e. Charles the Sixth 7C'as born to the 'world and to Europe. The introduction to an epigram concerning him as king of Spain, and his victory over Philip of Anjou, nephew of Louis xiv., who had been named successor by the will of Charles 11. — CaroLVs tertIVs, "j „ DeI gr.\tIa reX hIspanI^, ( _ __"' pIVs fortIs aVgVstVs, t — 1703 trIVMphator. ) MDCCHL CeDe phILIppe, throno CaroLVs 'j reX VLvCat IberVs ( _ eX stIrpe aVstrL\Ca prognatVs ! CeDe j ~ ' ^^^ phILIppe ! ) i.e. Charles the Third by the grace of God king of Spain, the pious, the strong, the august, triumphant 1703. Quit the throne, O Philip, let Charles the Spanish king prevail, descended from the Austrian race ! Quit, O Fhilip. In the original print the epigram verses follow the above chronogram. Medal (see Plate II.) on his marriage with Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick, twice gives the date by these verses ; the medal is not otherwise dated. The obverse bears their portraits, and A eLIsabetha In sposaM D.-\tVr CaroLo regI. — 1708 The reverse bears their shields of arms, and ganDa regIIs CongratVLans thaLa^IIs. = 1708 ije. Elizabeth is given in marriage to King Charles. The town of Ghent congratulates its sovereigns on their marriage. A medal to commemorate a successful campaign bears this verse — G Mars pere.vt DeCor et Constans paX offerat ora. — 17 10 i.e. May Mars perish, may beauty and constant peace overspread our coasts. Medal on his coronation as Emperor of Germany — Hb sCeptrVM C/EsarIs aDeptVs. = 171 1 i.e. Attaining the imperial sceptre. And on his coronation as king of Hungary — Hb thronVM hVngarLe ConsCenDIt. = 1712 i.e. He ascends the throne of Hnngaiy. Medal with portrait of Charles vi. and these words from Virgil — Oc TE HABET ILLa SECVnDVM. = 171I 158 HUNGARY— CHARLES VI. The words occur in the 2d Eclogue, Hne 38 ; the whole passage is thus translated by Dryden — ' . . . a mellow pipe I have, Which with hts dying breath Damcetas gave, And said, " This, Corydon, I leave to thee ; For only thou deserv'sf it after me." ' Alluding to Charles succeeding his brother Joseph in 171 1. Medals in the National Museum at Buda-Pesth relating to Charles vi. Qn his coronation at Pressburg as King of Hungary, alluding to the ceremony of flourishing the sword towards the four winds — ^ ferrVMqVe tenebat hoC Ipse ^aCIDes. ovid. met. = 17 12 I.e. The son of yEaciis himself had this sword. Another medal on his coronation represents the letter C in radi- ance surrounded by crowns, with this chronogram, giving the same date twice — ^ NON oCCIDIt VsqVaM . CIrCVMfVso penDebat In aere.= f 1712 OVID . MET. = \ 1712 i.e. He has not died. He was suspended in the circuma/Jibient air. Another medal to Charles vi. represents an open pomegranate with the seeds and crimson-coloured juice exposed to view, with this motto, ' Coronatio in regem Hungarije 171 2,' and this chronogram — ;fc regnanDo reCreat sIstIqVe CrVoreM. = 1712 -A. book, ' Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum,' etc., cura et studio Joannis Georgii Schwandteri. Vienna, 1746. 3 vols, folio; with curious engraved emblematical initial letters to the chapters throughout the volumes. In vol. ii. p. 518 is described, Solemnitas inaugura- tionis D. Caroli vi. Romanor. Imperat. August! et tertii hujus noni- inis Hungarise regis. Celebrata Pisonii \i.e. Pressburg] xi. Kalend. Junii 1 7 12. Among the decorations used on the occasion, this inscription was displayed on a picture of Jason and the golden fleece — Ob saCra VeLLerIs hesperIDVM = 1712 LargI Dant MVnera VIna CanaLes, = 1712 aCCIpe DVM VenIt = 17 12 DonVM CornV CopI/E regI^, := 1712 Iasone arChIDVCVM = 17 12 CaroLo Magno, Donata feLIX I — 7 pannonIa. J "" ' A medal to commemorate the fortress of ' Alba' (.Stuhlweissenburg) is inscribed — O anno qVo generaLIs erat CoMenDans In transILVanIa, = 17 14 with a further inscription commencing ' Alba condita,' etc. Medal on the foundation of the citadel of ' Stuhlweisscn,.' in Tran- sylvania, bears these inscriptions — HUNGARY— CHARLES VI. 159 LVCe saCra CaroLI sIMILes aLba aCCIpIt ortVs. = 17 15 InsoLIDa prIMVs ponItVr arCe LapIs. = 17 15 IVLIa nata fVI, CaroLVs VIM rokVr et aVXIt. ) _ IVLIa sIn LIbeat nVnC CaroLIna VdCer. / — '7i5 Below are represented the seven castles of Transylvania. Also there is a view of the citadel of Alba Carolina, i.e. Stuhlweissenburg, and the inscription, ' Tutissima quies.' Medal to Charles vi. on a victory over the Turks, inscribed — ' Ctesis et fug: Turc: cc. mill, castris occupat: 5 Aiug:' and ' Virtute Eugenii.' :^ C/ESAR aD SaV\-M VICTOR. = 1 716 i.e. The Emperor, conqueror at the river Save. Another relating to his victory at Temesvar — ;)c aD saVVM Cesar tVrCas prosternIt. die aug. = 1716 eVgenIo prInCIpe teMesVarIa C/EsarI reDIt. d. xii. oct. = 1716 i.e. The Emperor scatters the Turks at the river Save. Eugene l)eing the chief, Temesvar returns to the Emperor. Another on a similar occasion. The general offers to the Emperor the spoils and the standard of the Turks — if prIMItI.e DeVICtIs tVrCIs. 5 . avg. = 1716 i.e. Tlie first fruits, the Turks being conquered. Another relating to the victory at Temesvar, represents a sword issuing from the clouds, a key hanging thereto, which goes to open (or lock up ?) the temple of Janus — O VICtorI eVgenIo CeDIte teMesII. = 1716 i.e. Ye people of Temesvar, yield to Eugene the conqueror. The reverse represents lightning, and two men's heads on the ground, ' Non sine strage venit.' He comes not loitlwut slaugliter. Medal of Charles vi. on the recovery of Temesvar — Oc transyLVanTa MetV aC InsIDIIs LIberata. = 1716 i.e. Trail sylva7iia delivered from fear and plots. Another on the same — ' Tamesvaria Turcis erepta ' — Oc arMIs ConstantIa et fortItVDIne CaesarIs ab eVgenIo. = 17 16 Another medal — A De tVrCIs Capto teMesVA''aro. = 17 16 i.e. Temesvar being taken from the Turks. Another medal relating to the same victory, represents Eugene as a warrior on horseback in front of a town having an Oriental aspect (probably Belgrade) — O NON est heIC aLIVD nIsI gLaDIVs gIDeonIs. jud. vii. — 17 17 i.e. This is none other but the s7Uord of Gideon. Another, bearing emblems of peace, and inscribed, ' Che Belgrado da Belgrado,' and this chronogram — O tVrCo bati-Vto aL granD eVgenIo sIrenDe beLgraDo. = 17 17 i.e. The Turk being beaten, Belgrade surrenders to the reno7oned Eugene. Another medal represents a warrior, a river, and beyond it a forti- fied city on a hill, inscribed, ' Biduo post victoriam xviii. Aug.' — O aLter graDIVI beLLVsgraDVs beLgraDo obtento. = 171 7 i6o HUNGARY— CHARLES VI. A chapter in ' Historia regni Hungarici' contains these chrono- grams on the capture of Belgrade — eVgenIVs C/eDIt tVrCaM. := 1717 ET beLLgraDVM VI CapItVr = 17 17 DeCIMa oCtaVa aVgVstI. = 17 17 i.e. Ei/goie defeats the Turks. And Belgrade is taken by force on the \'&th of August. Belgrade becomes prosperous after the expulsion of the Turks, under the auspices thus expressed^ IesV ChrIsto generaLIssIMo Coronante, CaroLo C/esare REGNANTE ET eVGEnIo PrInCIpE COOPERANTE. = I/I? i.e. Jesus Christ being generalissimo giving the crown, Charles the emperor reigning, Prince Eugene co-operating. A medal representmg the fortress of Belgrade is inscribed — A CaroLo sVbIgItVr deLgraDVM. = 17 17 DeCIMa oCtaVa aVgVstI. — 1717 i.e. Belgrade is subdued by Charles on the \2>th of August. The second line is remarkable because the words signifying the day of the month contain also chronographically the year date. Another medal is inscribed, ' Turcis fusis, castris occupatis, Bel- grade recepto,' and this arrogant chronogram, adapted from Judges vii. verse 18 — A gI.aDIVs DeI, CaroLI et gIDeonIs eVgenII. = 1717 i.e. The sword of God, of Charles, and of Gideon — Eugene. See also the medal at p. 159, ante. Medal. Carolus vi. Rom: Imp:— tVrCarVM De gente VICtorI. = 1717 i.e. To the conqueror of the nation of the Turks. Medal of Charles vi. represents two Roman soldiers with emblems of conquest ; beneath is the head of a wild boar transfixed with an arrow, as if to signify the subjugation of Servia, and CeCIDIt VtrVMqVe. = 1717 An eagle is seen casting lightning as much on Belgrade as on the camp of the Turks. Medal bearing the portrait of Charles vi. and the view of Bel- grade — VICtorIa paCeM taVrVnea DabIt. = 17 18 ;'.('. The Belgrade victory 71)111 give peace. Medal on the peace of Passarowitz, by which the Turks were deprived of their last possessions in Hungary, represents the Emperor on his throne with three Turkish legates kneeling to him, antl ' Sic redit ad dominum, quod fuit ante suum.' ' Pax sancta HUNGARY— CHARLES VT. i6i Passarowiz xxi Jul MDCCXVIII,' and the names of rivers and fortresses, and this chronogram — Oc DabI.MVs CaesarI qVae sVnt CaesarIs. = 17 iS And below, ' Pax petita.' i.e. IVe will give to Ccesar the things which are Ccesar's. — Peace sued for. A singular medal, of which this is an abbreviated description, on the victory of Passarowitz, bears the portrait of Charles vi., and ' Victor noil alio subscribit pacta colore.' i.e. The conqueror signs with no other colour {i.e. blood). The Emperor is represented signing with Turk's blood a tablet which is presented to him by Mercury, and inscribed — Oc InDVCIae CVM hostIbVs. = 17 18 i.e. The truce with the enemy. Below is ' Mortarium bellicosum,' in which lies the head of a Turk, also a small vessel which contains the lilood for ink ; and close by are two Turks kneeling ; below all is this inscription — In paCIs InDVCIas UebkLLato sVrpLICI hostI gLorIose ConCessas. = 1 7 18 i.e. In tneinory of a truce granted to the suppliant enemy gloriously van- quished. Whilst these affairs were prospering, Philip v. of Spain invades and recovers Sardinia from Charles vi., to whom the island was given by treaty in 1714; a medal thus inscribed, representmg the persecu- tion of the Christians by Saul (Acts ix. 5), marks the occasion — sIhe saVL DV VerfoLgest MICh. = 1717 i.e. Behold, Saul, thou persecutest me. An address to Charles vi. in Latin verse (from ' Fasti Universitatis Altorfianse,' Altorf, 17 19), has a preface commencing — C^sls ottoMannIs et beLLograDo eXpVgnato = 1717 i.e. The Ottomans being comptered, a?id Belgrade being taken by storm. ' Hymnus sjecularis Deo optimo maximo,' on the same occasion is accompanied by this line. Psalm 89. 15 — ■ BENE popVLo InCIDentI In teMpora IVbILaeI ! = 1717 i.e. ' Blessed is the people that know the joyful sound.' Medal on the naval victory gained by the assistance of England, and Sicily recovered, anno 17 18, represents portrait of Charles vi., and a very elaborate political, religious, and warlike device — - Oc Date qVae sVnt CaesarIs CaesarI: qVae DeI Deo. = 1718 InDe sICILIa LegItIMo regI sVo restItVta. = 17 18 i.e. Give to Casar the things which are Ccesar's ; and to God those luhich are God's. — Hence Sicily is restored to its rightful king. On a fountain near the Church of S. Francesco de Paolo in Palermo. An inscription indicating its erection when Charles vi. was Emperor, X i62 HUNGARY— CHARLES VI. the Duke of Parma Viceroy, and the Count 'de Wallis' Governor of the city, and concluding with this chronogram — Y Vt aCtIonIbVs nostrIs IVste proCeDaMVs. = 1724 i.e. So may 7i.ie proceed justly with our actions. An Austrian poet discovered in the following lines from Virgil, ^n. vii. 50, an augury applicable to the prospects of the family of Charles vi., continuing the succession to the throne through Maria Theresa — Filius huic, fato Divum, prolesque virilis Nulla fuit : primaque oriens erepta juventa est. Sola domum et tantas servabat filia sedes, Jam matura viro, jam plenis nubilis annis. Et sequens formavit augurium — patrI sVperstes fILIa MarIa theresIa aVgVstas aVstrIaCas Ob seDes soLa serVabIt. = 1732 Dryden translates Virgil thus — But this old peaceful prince, as heav'n decreed, Was bless'd with no male issue to succeed : His sons in blooming youth were snatch'd by fate : One only daughter heir'd the royal state. The augury runs thus in English — 27/1? datig/iter Maria Tlieresa surviving her father, will alone preseii