LEGAL 
 
 AND POLITICAL DE- 
 VELOPMENT OF THE 
 PACIFIC COAST 
 STATES 
 
 By ORRIN K. McMURRAY 
 
 Professor of Law, University of California 
 
 Reprinted from Nature and Science on the Pacific Coast. 
 Published by Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
 
 T
 
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL 
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 PACIFIC COAST STATES 
 
 BY ORRIN K. MCMURRAY 
 
 Professor of Law, University of California 
 
 THE legal and political conditions of a State 
 are to a large though undefined extent the 
 product of a multitude of social and economic 
 forces. These forces are themselves, in turn, the 
 result of the operation of others, often purely physi- 
 cal, such as climate, geographical location, geological 
 structure and the like. It is a fascinating task to 
 attempt to trace a particular institution to the social 
 conditions which called it into being, and from 
 thence to the natural forces which determined these 
 social conditions. But by reason of the complexity 
 of the problem, because of the ever present per- 
 sonal element, which eludes classification, it is 
 a task fraught with the danger of rash generaliza- 
 tion. 
 
 It is believed that the legal history of the Pacific 
 Coast States, and particularly that of California, 
 affords excellent material for the study of the in- 
 fluence of natural conditions upon legal and po- 
 litical institutions. Take, for illustration, the fact 
 that gold existed in a free form in the creeks and 
 river beds of the State. Its discovery found the 
 community in the pastoral stage of civilization, 
 without fixed legal principles or definite institu- 
 tions; it transformed the social system, as if by 
 magic, into a group of vigorous, independent units, 
 struggling for some sort of law and social order. 
 As free gold created the mining camp, so the mining 
 camps gave birth to law all their own. Their popu- 
 lar courts, administering a rude criminal justice, 
 and framed to meet only a temporary exigency, 
 left, it is true, little trace on the future jurispru- 
 dence of the State. But the customs evolved in the 
 camps with reference to property rights had more 
 permanent results, and were unique contributions 
 to the legal development of the entire United States. 
 The American law with respect to the discovery, 
 location and development of mining claims owes 
 its character and form to these customs; the law 
 with regard to the appropriation and use of water 
 in the arid and semi-arid States, west of the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley, has been evolved from them. The 
 miner's needs required that water be taken from 
 
 267
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 the streams and carried in flumes, often a consider- 
 able distance, to enable him to work his placer 
 claim. The rule of the older States and of England, 
 whereby the use of running water was limited to 
 him whose land was bounded by the stream, was 
 unsuitable to economic needs and yielded to the 
 greater force. The evolution of vague and in- 
 definite custom into positive law finds no better 
 illustration in modern times than in the process 
 by which the unwritten usages of California gold 
 miners became a most important part of the law 
 of mines and waters. 
 
 In many other branches we may trace the direct 
 influence of the frontier civilization which resulted 
 from the sudden settlement of the State by ad- 
 venturous gold-seekers. The criminal law, as laid 
 down in later statutes and judicial decisions, affords 
 illustrations of miners' conceptions of justice. For 
 many years, the theft of any horse, regardless of 
 its value, was grand larceny, though, generally, 
 to constitute this crime the property stolen must 
 have been worth at least fifty dollars. Even to 
 the present day, the law of California sustains the 
 right of self-defense to an extent not countenanced 
 in most of the older communities the right of one 
 feloniously attacked to maintain his ground, even 
 if he has to take his assailant's life to do so, rather 
 than to flee, if possible. 
 
 These illustrations from the field of criminal 
 law may be supplemented bv others from the law 
 which deals with the rights of the citizen. People, 
 including lawyers and judges, are often heard to 
 speak of the right of property as if it were an 
 absolute right, the same in all times and places. 
 A little study of legal history would convince them 
 that property does not mean the same thing in all 
 places and at all times, and its concept is based on 
 social forces. For example, any elementary treatise 
 on general law will point out that under the com- 
 mon law of England and of the States of the Ameri- 
 can Union any unauthorized entry upon one's land 
 by another, or by another's cattle, gives the right 
 to an action at law in favor of the land owner. 
 But the land owner's property right was never so 
 extensive as this in California. It never was the 
 common law of that State that a man was liable 
 for his cattle's trespasses. The pastoral conditions 
 which preceded the stage of the gold miners, and 
 which continued to exist side by side with the 
 miners' social system, would have made the appli- 
 cation of the common law to the situation in Cali- 
 fornia intolerable, and the courts early recognized 
 268
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 that fact. It is only as the agricultural interests 
 have become predominant that the law with regard 
 to trespassing cattle has, by gradual statutory 
 amendment, been placed on a basis similar to that 
 in communities where agriculture was always an 
 important industry. 
 
 Even with respect to the other branch of the 
 land owner's fundamental right his right to sue 
 in a court of record for another's mere entry on 
 his land, though the entry be effected by mistake 
 and without actual damage the law of California 
 has never been precisely like that of England, which 
 prevails in most of the States. It is true that, 
 theoretically, one may sue in a court of record for 
 a trespass on his land against another who enters 
 even without doing actual damage, and may recover 
 nominal damages. But nominal damages recovered 
 in a district or superior court in California never 
 have carried the right to costs in actions of tres- 
 pass, as was the case under the common law of 
 England. On the contrary, the party who is 
 awarded only nominal damages must pay the tres- 
 passer's costs of suit. Moreover, no general right 
 exists to have the appellate court reverse a case 
 where the jury refuses to give a verdict for the 
 plaintiff, who has only technically suffered an in- 
 fringement of his right. For a mere trespass, there- 
 fore, the land owner may justify his right only 
 at the expense of paying his own and his adver- 
 sary's costs, and even that slight satisfaction is 
 accorded him at the uncontrolled discretion of a 
 jury of his neighbors. He can not review a jury's 
 refusal to award such damages. The practical ab- 
 sence of legal remedy has a tendency to cause the 
 remedy of self-help to be invoked at the risk of 
 provoking quarrels and breaches of the public 
 peace. The rule as to costs has discouraged resort 
 to the courts for the redress of slight injuries not 
 only in respect to property but to personal rights, 
 such as assaults,, slanders and the like. Its effect 
 is practically to remove from the domain of posi- 
 tive law a large and important class of rights. 
 This attitude of the law indicates the frontier in- 
 fluence, the spirit of the gold miner and the herds- 
 man, the willingness to sacrifice legal forms to 
 "rude justice." 
 
 We may almost date the beginnings of legal his- 
 tory in the Pacific States from the coming of the 
 gold-seekers to California. Their incursion was so 
 sudden, their personalities so vigorous, that most of 
 the half-formed and primitive institutions of the 
 Mexican era were swept away. So far as concerns 
 
 269
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 the constitution and frame of government and 
 fundamental rights of the citizen, the older system 
 has contributed nothing to legal history. The po- 
 litical institutions are, it is believed, as if Spain 
 and Mexico had never been. Some elements, how- 
 ever, of the older system in the field of private 
 rights survived the shock of the American invasion, 
 the most important of which are in the field of 
 family law. Considering the disparity between the 
 male and female population in 1850, it was natural 
 that a svstem of marital rights, fairer in its treat- 
 ment of woman than the English common law, 
 should have been left undisturbed by the pioneers. 
 Had the settlers come with their wives and families, 
 they would probably have brought with them the 
 common law, as well as the social conditions of 
 the older States, based upon the English law. But 
 the remoteness of the new Eldorado was such that 
 those who came were either young, single men, or 
 they left their families at home transient gold- 
 seekers. They found already existing a tolerably 
 well established system of marital rights. Neither 
 selfish instincts nor a desire to improve conditions 
 prompted them to change the property rights of 
 the few women in the State. Consequently the 
 Spanish law of the community of goods remained 
 a permanent part of the legal system of California. 
 The wife became to a certain extent a partner 
 with her husband in the gains made during the 
 marriage an idea far removed from the concep- 
 tion then at the basis of the American law generally, 
 that the husband was the sole owner of such prop- 
 erty. To attribute, however, the permanent adop- 
 tion of the community system in California ex- 
 clusively to social conditions, based upon the dis- 
 covery of free gold and the geographical isolation 
 of the territory by ocean, mountains and deserts 
 from the center of population, would, perhaps, be 
 unwarranted. The vitality and force of the system, 
 inherent in the fact that it is based upon more 
 humane conceptions, has enabled it to conquer the 
 common law under conditions not so favorable for 
 its triumph as those that existed in pioneer Califor- 
 nia. In Washington, for instance, though French 
 and Spanish institutions had but little opportunity 
 of striking root, the State adopted this system of 
 property between the spouses. 
 
 The same causes that contributed to perpetuate 
 the community were operative with respect to the 
 subject of marriage in general. Each of the con- 
 stitutions of California, that of 1849 and that of 
 1879, has a provision that marriage is a civil con- 
 
 270
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 tract, enunciating in this respect the theory of the 
 Spanish-Mexican law, which, like the early canon 
 law, permitted the establishment of marriage with- 
 out either civil or religious ceremony. Until 1895, 
 the statutory law of the State remained in this con- 
 dition. Since that date solemnization is required 
 to constitute a valid marriage. In the matter of 
 the legitimation and adoption of children, also, 
 Spanish law has had an important influence. 
 
 The Spanish-Mexican law theoretically governed 
 the civil rights of all persons in California from the 
 conquest in 1846 until the formal adoption of the 
 common law of England in 1850. Many questions, 
 therefore, have necessarily come before the courts 
 involving rights acquired prior to 1850, especially 
 with reference to land titles, and neither the his- 
 torian nor the lawyer can afford to neglect the 
 system. But it has affected private rights rather 
 than the main outlines of the law, save in respect 
 to the important survivals noticed. 
 
 The work of lawyers and publicists played an 
 important part from the beginning in the moulding 
 of juristic ideas, and the formal bases of the written 
 law were laid by men of experience and learning 
 in public affairs. But these men themselves were 
 colored by the opinions and prejudices of the so- 
 ciety in which they lived; they were young, vigor- 
 ous, untrammeled by precedent, adventurous. The 
 constitution of 1849 was, it is true, an instrument 
 pretty much of the traditional kind. The over- 
 shadowing importance of the slavery question made 
 the time one unfavorable to political or social in- 
 novation. It was not in the Constitutional Con- 
 vention, but in the legislature of 1850, that the 
 vigorous and independent public men of the in- 
 fant State found their expression and tried experi- 
 ments. From New York came the idea of reform 
 in legal procedure, just introduced by the efforts 
 of David Dudley Field, whose brother, Stephen J. 
 Field was one of the dominant personalities of early 
 California. The distinction between forms of pro- 
 ceeding at law and in equity was abolished, and 
 a fusion of the two systems effected. California 
 was the first State outside of New York to try this 
 experiment, a tremendous forward step in juris- 
 prudence, fundamental in all true legal reform. In 
 the development of its jurisprudence, the State, 
 thanks to this reform, has from the beginning been 
 unhampered by the existence of forms which stand 
 in the way of complete justice. New York also 
 provided the model for the law of real property 
 and conveyancing in the statutes adopted upon this 
 
 271
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 subject. The desire was for greater simplicity and 
 for greater restrictions upon the power of me in- 
 dividual to withdraw land from commerce by com- 
 plicated wills and settlements. Traces of New Eng- 
 land influence may be found in the laws relative 
 to commercial matters, such as the liability of di- 
 rectors in corporations. The South, too, contributed 
 its share. The system of administration of estates 
 of decedents came from Texas. From the South 
 also came what some foreign jurists regard as one 
 of America's most important contributions to legal 
 concepts the laws providing for an exemption 
 from execution for debt of a portion of the debtor's 
 property, an application on the positive side of 
 the conception which underlies the principle of 
 the abolition of imprisonment for debt. Home- 
 stead and exemption laws are now found in nearly 
 every civilized country in the world. Perhaps, 
 however, the most important statute of the first 
 legislature was that adopting the common law of 
 England rather than the civil law of Spain as the 
 fundamental law of the State. 
 
 Professor Royce in his story of California has 
 pointed out how the development of the mechanical 
 methods of the miners reacted upon social con- 
 ditions, how the evolution from the "pan" through 
 the "rocker" and "cradle," to hydraulic mining 
 and lastly to quartz mining caused a correspond- 
 ing evolution from a disorganized, anti-social in- 
 dividualism into an economic and political organi- 
 zation which might serve as a true basis for a 
 State. The period of the 50's was that during 
 which this process was taking place. Out of the 
 wreck and chaos of unrestrained individualism, 
 something like order had been brought by the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War. California was ceasing 
 to be the land of the gold-seeker. The era of agri- 
 culture had begun. 
 
 The rich soil of California's great plains formed 
 the basis of the State's next era of development, 
 that of the great farms, of railroad building, of 
 commercial expansion. The climate had much to 
 do with the history of this period. The large farm, 
 before the application of irrigation, was an eco- 
 nomic necessity. The uncertainty of the rainfall, 
 the dangers of drought, the necessity for transpor- 
 tation to distant markets, required the farmer to 
 be a financier, a man of affairs. Often he was 
 neither. The element of chance controlled almost 
 as it did in the days of gold; the wheat farmer was 
 the slave of the elements. Nor were the great farms 
 conducive to a satisfactory social development. They 
 
 272
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 tended to the encouragement of a class of wander- 
 ing laborers, undesirable in the structure of the 
 State, to the employment of the Chinese and the 
 alienation of the white population from agricultural 
 labor, to the intensification of race hatred. The 
 period was not fertile in improvement of legal and 
 political institutions. One of the most notable 
 events during the period was the adoption of the 
 codes in 1872. The attempt to state the law, es- 
 pecially the complicated portion which deals with 
 respect to civil rights, in the form of a code has 
 not often been made in English-speaking countries. 
 The willingness to try experiments which has al- 
 ways characterized the Pacific States is illustrated 
 by the readiness with which the codes were adopted 
 in California, and, once adopted in rather crude 
 form, subsequently neglected. 
 
 This readiness to resort to new ideas so char- 
 acteristic of the optimism of the people, an op- 
 timism perhaps in part the result of the even and 
 moderate climate, is well illustrated in the consti- 
 tution of 1879, the most striking political document 
 of the agricultural era. This instrument is frankly 
 expressive of the farmer's point of view, the farmer 
 who had been the victim of natural and economic 
 forces. The legislature, for example, is directed 
 "to encourage by all suitable means the promotion 
 of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural im- 
 provement." The temper of the constitutional conven- 
 tion found nothing absurd in the climax. The crude 
 theory that the legislative department should be man- 
 acled in order that it may be honest finds full expres- 
 sion. Thirty-three cases are enumerated in which the 
 passage of special laws is forbidden. To prevent 
 fraud, every act must contain the true title, and 
 must deal with only one subject under penalty of 
 being void. No gift of public moneys can be made, 
 no power shall exist to pledge the public money 
 in favor of any private or municipal enterprise. 
 We may smile at these remedies for the purpose 
 of making the people's representatives honest, but 
 the document is a tragical commentary on the 
 public corruption that preceded the date of the 
 convention. 
 
 Hostility towards corporations is the keynote 
 of this constitution. It perpetuates the radical pro- 
 visions of the civil code of 1872, which forbade 
 the creation of corporations with strictly limited 
 liability, and made each stockholder liable for his 
 proportion of the debts of the corporation. An 
 aggregation of persons with strictly limited liability, 
 which the most eminent jurists tell us is an 
 
 273
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 essential for the proper conduct of modern un- 
 dertakings, is theoretically impossible under this 
 constitution. Practically, however, the provision 
 regarding stockholders' liability has proved inef- 
 fective. Though it has doubtless deterred capital 
 from investment in the State, it has not restrained 
 reckless finance or protected honest creditors. 
 
 In spite of its defects, the second constitution 
 of California is instructive to one interested in the 
 larger problems of legal development. The crea- 
 tion of a State Railroad Commission with the power 
 of fixing rates was an innovation in American law. 
 That the commission failed of practical result was 
 due in large part to the fact that the office was elec- 
 tive, and the commissioners for the most part incom- 
 Eetent. It served, nevertheless, as a guide for future 
 igislation, not only in the Pacific States, but 
 throughout the nation. But the most revolutionary 
 feature of the new constitution was its fundamental 
 theory. It recognizes the written constitution as 
 a means of direct legislation. The original theory 
 of the federal and early State constitutions is re- 
 pudiated, and from a negative instrument defining 
 the powers of the departments of government, the 
 constitution developed into a code of law adopted 
 directly by the people. That the people came to 
 regard it as such a code is apparent from the fact 
 that between 1898 and 1911, one hundred and one 
 amendments were made. Since then the initiative 
 and referendum have become a part of the funda- 
 mental law. The line between constitutional amend- 
 ment and referendum or initiative law is shadowy, 
 and will doubtless become even more vague. In 
 effect, it mav be said that California, as well as 
 Oregon and Washington, are living under a system 
 of government far removed from that of New Eng- 
 land. The earlier period of legal development had 
 been marked by independence of thought in the 
 field of private law, the more modern period by 
 the same characteristics in the field of public law. 
 
 In the latest phase of the development of her 
 law, California has passed out of the economic 
 stage of the wheat farmer into the stage of inten- 
 sive cultivation of the soil, of the irrigated farm. 
 Horticulture and dairying have become more im- 
 portant than agriculture and mining, while the dis- 
 covery of petroleum has served to develop many 
 new industries. A marked tendency towards urban 
 growth has come with improved means of trans- 
 portation. A more complex state of society has 
 been evolved, and with it have come new and 
 different problems. 
 
 274
 
 LEGAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 
 The recent years have produced the initiative, 
 referendum and recall; woman suffrage; a com- 
 mission to supersede the former ineffective rail- 
 road commission, with powers extending over 
 public utilities other than railroads; workmen's 
 compensation legislation; a direct primary election 
 law; a minimum wage law. The last decade has 
 been an era of fundamental reorganization. We 
 have traveled far from the individualism of the 
 first "diggings" to modern "social insurance." But 
 the daring and venturous character of the miner 
 that, carried too far, often led him to offenses 
 against society, is at the basis of the social and 
 political experiments of the present day the spirit 
 of optimism, of faith in the future, of trust in 
 humanity. 
 
 It would perhaps be unprofitable here to trace 
 the legal history of the other States of the Pacific 
 Coast in detail. Their settlement has been more 
 recent, their development more regular, their de- 
 partures from normal types generally less marked, 
 and they have largely fallen under the influence 
 of California, so that the history of the law of that 
 State is the key to most of what is novel in their 
 law. In the more recent developments in the line 
 of radical legislation, it is true that Washington 
 and Oregon have in manv respects preceded Cali- 
 fornia. The most radical and fundamental piece 
 of modern popular law-making, however, that pro- 
 viding for the making of laws directly by the peo- 
 ple, was, as we have seen, the product of the 
 California constitutional convention of 1879. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA 
 
 1910-11. (Articles on California, Oregon and "Washington.) 
 Vol. 5, pp. 7-20; vol. 20, pp. 242-250; vol. 28, pp. 
 353-358. 
 GOODWIN, C. 
 
 1914. The establishment of state government in California, 
 1846-1850. (The Macmillan Co., N. Y.), pp. xiv+359. 
 HUNT, R. D. 
 
 1895. The genesis of California's first constitution (1846-49). 
 Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies in Historical and 
 Political Science, vol. 13, pp. 359-417. 
 1898. Legal status of California, 1846-49. Amer. Acad. Pol. 
 
 & Soc. Sci., Annals, vol. 12, pp. 387-408. 
 McMURRAY, O. K. 
 
 1914. Some tendencies in constitution making. Calif. Law 
 
 Rev., vol. 2, pp. 203-224. 
 ROYCE, J. 
 
 1886. California, from the conquest in 1846 to the second 
 vigilance committee in San Francisco (1856). 
 (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., N. Y.), pp. xv+513. 
 
 275
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introductory Note vii 
 
 The Approaches to the Pacific Coast .... 1 
 
 FREDERICK J. TEGGART. Associate Professor of 
 Pacific Coast History, University of California. 
 
 Spanish Settlements on the Pacific Coast ... 9 
 CHARLES E. CHAPMAN. Sometime Traveling Fel- 
 low in Pacific Coast History, N. S. G. W., Uni- 
 versity of California. 
 
 Historical Sketch of the Panama Canal .... 15 
 EUDOLPH J. TAUSSIG. Secretary, Panama-Pacific 
 International Exposition, San Francisco. 
 
 Weather Conditions on the Pacific Coast ... 19 
 ALEXANDER McAoiE. Abbott Lawrence Botch 
 Professor of Meteorology, Harvard University. 
 
 Physiographic Geography 31 
 
 BULIFF S. HOLWAY. Associate Professor of 
 Physical Geography, University of California. 
 
 Geology of the West Coast Region of the United 
 
 States 41 
 
 C. F. TOLMAN, JR. Associate Professor of Eco- 
 nomic Geology, Stanford University. 
 
 Earthquakes 62 
 
 J. C. BRANNER. President, Stanford University. 
 
 Mines and Mining 65 
 
 H. FOSTER BAIN. Editor, Mining and Scientific 
 Press, San Francisco. 
 
 Petroleum Resources and Industries of the Pa- 
 cific Coast 75 
 
 EALPH ARNOLD. Consulting Geologist and Petro- 
 leum Engineer, Los Angeles. 
 
 Significant Features in the History of Life on 
 
 the Pacific Coast 88 
 
 JOHN C. MERRIAM. Professor of Palaeontology 
 and Historical Geology, University of California. 
 
 The Vertebrate Fauna of the Pacific Coast . . . 104 
 JOSEPH GRINNELL. Director, Museum of Verte- 
 brate Zoology, University of California. 
 
 Fishes of the Pacific Coast 115 
 
 DAVID STARR JORDAN. Chancellor, Stanford Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Marine Biology on the Pacific Coast 124 
 
 CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID. Professor of Zoology, 
 University of California. 
 
 Oceanic Circulation and Temperature Off the 
 
 Pacific Coast 133 
 
 GEORGE F. McEwEN. Scripps Institution for Bio- 
 logical Eesearch, La Jolla, California. 
 
 Insects of the Pacific Coast 141 
 
 VERNON L. KELLOGG. Professor of Entomology, 
 Stanford University.
 
 CONTENTS PAGE 
 
 Flora of the Pacific Coast 147 
 
 HARVEY MONROE HALL. Assistant Professor of 
 Botany, University of California. 
 
 Forests of the Pacific Coast 159 
 
 WILLIS LINN JEPSON. Associate Professor in the 
 Department of Botany, University of California. 
 
 The Deserts and Desert Flora of the West . . .168 
 LEEOY ABRAMS. Associate Professor of Botany, 
 Stanford University. 
 
 The Marine Flora of the Pacific Coast . . . .177 
 WILLIAM ALBERT SETCHELL. Professor of Botany, 
 University of California. 
 
 Burbank's Gardens 185 
 
 VERNON L. KELLOGG. Professor of Entomology, 
 Stanford University. 
 
 Ethnology of the Pacific Coast 189 
 
 T. T. WATERMAN. Assistant Professor of Anthro- 
 pology, University of California. 
 
 Astronomical Observatories 197 
 
 E. G. AITKEN. Astronomer, Lick Observatory, 
 Mount Hamilton. 
 
 Museums of the Pacific Coast 207 
 
 BARTON W. EVERMANN. Director of the Museum, 
 California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 
 
 Agricultural Development of the Pacific Coast . 214 
 E. J. WICKSON. Professor of Horticulture, Uni- 
 versity of California. 
 
 Some Notable Irrigation and Hydro-Electric De- 
 velopments 228 
 
 C. E. GRUNSKY. President, American Engineering 
 Corporation, San Francisco. 
 
 Chemical Resources and Industries 237 
 
 HARRY EAST MILIJJR. Consulting Chemist and 
 Metallurgist, San Francisco. 
 
 Mountaineering on the Pacific Coast .... 246 
 JOSEPH N. LECONTE. Professor of Engineering 
 Mechanics, University of California. 
 
 Outdoor Life and the Fine Arts 252 
 
 JOHN GALEN HOWARD. Director, School of Archi- 
 tecture, University of California. 
 
 Literary Landmarks on the Pacific Coast . . . 263 
 S. S. SEWARD, JR. Assistant Professor of English, 
 Stanford University. 
 
 Legal and Political Development of the Pacific 
 
 Coast States 267 
 
 OREIN K. MCMTJRRAY. Professor of Law, Uni- 
 versity of California. 
 
 Scenic Excursions 276 
 
 A. O. LEUSCHNEE. Professor of Astronomy, Uni- 
 versity of California. 
 
 Index 295
 
 LAW LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF C M IFORNIA