wn GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS (By John (Robert Gve%& c FSe Gregg < 7h6/is^ina Company NEW YORK : CHICAGO : liOSTON ! SAN FRAN( 1S( (J TORONTO : LONDON COPYRIGHT, 19 2 2, BY THE GREGG PUBLISHING COMPANY L54— ROL— 1 Ch SHORTHAND PLATES WRITTEN BY U [NIFRED KENNA PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA W IN '30 PREFACE THIS book is intended for writers of Gregg Shorthand who desire to become reporters, and particularly for those who wish to become court reporters. The book deals almost wholly with the question of securing the high degree of shorthand skill needed in report- ing, and no attempt is made to explain the duties of a reporter, the procedure or organization of court or hearings. These matters are covered very completely in several books on the subject, particularly in The Stenographic Expert, by Mr. Willard B. Bottome, of which admirable book a Gregg edition is now in preparation. The reporting phrases and shortcuts in this book embody the accumulated experience of many of the most expert writers of the system. The compilation of the court-report- ing phrases began in 1910 and 1911, at the time Mr. Swem, Miss Tarr, and Miss Werning were preparing for the national shorthand speed contests. The court testimony, jury charges, arguments of counsel, and straight literary matter, used by these writers for practice, were exhaustively ana- lyzed and the commonly- recurring phrases listed. The short- hand forms for these phrases were tested for legibility at high speed, and only those that passed this "acid test" were retained. When forms for phrases of common occurrence in court work were found to be too long for the exigencies of of very high speed, briefer forms were devised — always in harmony with the fundamental principles. Since that time the more extensive use of the system by professional re- porters has enabled us to shorten many of the phrases obtained in the way we have described; some of the phrase- GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS forms, indeed, have gone through an interesting process of evolution. The next accretion to the list of reporting phrases came from the many useful forms given in the Reporters' Depart- ment of the Gregg Writer — the majority of these having been suggested or developed by that accomplished reporter, Mr. Fred II. Gurtler, of Chicago, winner of the final contest for the famous Miner Medal. I am also indebted to several writers of the system for lists of phrases they have found useful in various lines of expert shorthand work. In addition to this, I have spent a great deal of time in the study of all kinds of court proceedings, and in devising forms to meet the exigencies of the most rapid reporting. The shorthand magazines and the proceedings of reporters' associations have been gone over in the most painstaking way, and I have felt fully repaid for many hours of labor when I have been able to add or devise one phrase-form that would be of assistance to our reporters. I earnestly invite reporters to send me lists of phrases which they have found useful in their work, so that these may be published in theGregg Writer, or in a future edition of this book, for the benefit of the profession. A successful business man once said: You have a dollar. I have a dollar. We swap. Now you have my dollar and I have yours. We are no better off. You have an idea. 1 have an idea. We swap. Now you have two ideas, and 1 have two ideas. If each of the reporters and expert writers of Gregg Short hand sent me just it n useful phrase-f orms to be included in the next edition, what a wealth of good forms would be available for the use of all writers! Let's swap ideas! JOHN ROBERT GREGG CONTENTS PART ONE Page PREFACE iii ALBERT SCHNEIDER, 1921 CHAMPION 2 INTRODUCTION 3 Build on What You Know 3 The Importance of Reporting 3 Reporting an Interesting Profession 5 The Reporter's Work and Remuneration 6 The Demand for Reporters 6 Preparation for Reporting 7 Confidence in Your System 8 Facts about Shorthand Speed 9 Speed Achievements in Shorthand 14 British Speed Contests — Championship 17-19 Comparison of British and American Records 20 American Speed Contests 22 Fifth International Speed Contest 23 Adams Trophy Contest 23 World Shorthand Championship — N. S. R. A. Contests 26 200 Solid Matter; 240 Jury Charge; 2S0 Testimony 27 Southwest Shorthand Reporters' Association Contest, 1920 . . 28 Gregg Writer Wins World Championship 29 Mr. Schneider's and Mr. Daly's Work Compared 30 Mr. Schneider Breaks World Records 31 Eastern Commercial Teachers' Association Contests 32 British Junior Championship, 1912 33 Dubious Records in Shorthand 33 The Alleged "300-Word-a-Minute Record" 33 Two-Minute Records 3o Handicap Contest, 1920 35 Gregg Shorthand Superior for Reporting 36 N. S. R. A. Speed Certificates Awarded to Gregg Writers. ... 38 v CONTENTS Page FOUNDATIONS OF REPORTING SKILL 39 Knowledge of the System 30 How to Improve Your Knowledge of the System 40 Tests 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 41-43 Keep the Principles Fresh in Mind 45 The Reporter's Tools 45 The Notebook 40 Posture 47 Position of the Hand and Arm 51 Correct Habits 52 Shorthand Penmanship and Execution 54 Size of Notes 56 Compactness 57 Light Touch 5* Reducing Waste Motion 5S Turning Pages 61 Methods of Learning Wordsigns 62 Method of Learning Phrases 64 The Law of Rhythm in Phrase Writing 60 The Law of Diminishing Returns in Shorthand 68 Memory Strain 70 The Word-Carrying Faculty 70 Vocabulary 72 Methods of Practice 73 The Value of Reading 74 Repetition Practice 77 Dictation Practice Essential 78 The Use of the Phonograph 70 How to Use the Plates 70 PART TWO SPECIAL WORD FORMS 83 REPORTING PHRASE FORMS 86 Key-Words to Phrases Page Page Page able 86 agent 87 annual 80 above 86 agree 88 answer 00 accidenl 87 always 88 as — as 90 acquainted 87 and (omitted) ... 88 ask 91 CONTENTS Page association 91 attention 92 attorney 92 away (see way) . . 93 bank 93 believe 93 board 94 bound 94 business 94 came 95 car 95 care, careful 96 certain, certainly 96 charge 97 children 97 circumstances. . . 97 city 98 civil service 98 common 98 company 99 conclusion 100 condition 100 consider-able-tion 101 corner 101 counsel 101 court 102 damage, damagesl03 daughter 103 day 104 defendant 104 degree 105 department 105 determine 106 did-you 107 do-you 108 do-you-know .... 108 else 109 engineer 109 evidence 110 examine, examination. ..Ill except, exception. 1 1 2 executors, etc.. . .112 Page exercise 112 exhibit 113 experience, experienced . . .113 extent 114 fact 114 find 116 floor 119 ground 119 guilty 119 had 120 her 121 him 121 holder 122 honor 123 house 123 how 124 human 126 immaterial, etc . . 126 injure, injury. . . . 126 in-law 127 instruct-tion 127 judge, judgment. 127 jury, juror, jury- man 128 just 129 know, known. . . . 130 knowledge 131 law 132 left 132 like 132 manner 133 married 133 material 134 matter 134 mean 135 member 135 mile, miles 136 mind 136 month 136 morning 137 mortgage 137 name 138 Page necessary 138 neglect, negligence, negligent 138 night 139 no 140 notice 140 object, objection. 141 observe 141 office 142 often 142 opinion 142 order 144 other 144 out 145 own 145 part, party 146 people 147 place 147 plaintiff 148 platform 149 positive 150 possible, possiblylSO prejudice 150 preponderance, preponderatingl 5 1 prior 151 purpose 152 question 152 rate 154 reason-able-ably . 154 recall 156 recollect 156 recollection 157 remember 158 right 159 room 159 safety 160 said 160 say 162 secretary 164 see 164 side 165 sidewalk 166 CONTENTS Page since 166 so 167 speed 168 stairs 168 state, stated 168 statement 170 store 171 sure 171 swear 171 swore, sworn .... 172 tell 172 terms 173 lestifv, testimonyl73 than .' 174 Page that-you 175 there-were 176 they- were 176 thing, things. ... 176 think 177 time 178 track 181 trial 182 understand, understood. ... 182 United States. . .183 up 183 us 1S4 Page value 185 verdict 185 way (see away). . 186 week 187 when-did-you. . . .187 where 189 whether,whether- or not 191 while 193 willing 193 witness 194 year 194 yes 195 PART THREE Page AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE PHRASES 199 ALTERNATIVE PHRASES 199 REPETITION MARKS 200 ENCIRCLING OUTLINES 202 INDICATION OF FIGURES 203 RAILROAD NAMES AND PHRASES 204 LEGAL TERMS AND PHRASES 210 MEDICAL TERMS AND PHRASES 214 MILITARY TERMS AND PHRASES 221 NAVAL TERMS AND PHRASES 227 THEOLOGICAL TERMS AND PHRASES 232 CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND TERMS 236 ILLUSTRATIONS Writing Position of Charles L. Swem 48 Writing Position of Frederick II. Gurtler 49 Writing Position of Albert Schneider 50 Writing Position of Salome L. Tarr 82 Writing Position of Joseph M. Shaffer 196 Writing Position of E. W. Crockett 198 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS PART ONE MR. ALBERT SCHNEIDER Winner World Shorthand Championship 1921 INTRODUCTION The office stenographer of today is the shorthand reporter of tomorrow. — Willard B. Bottome. BUILD on What You Know. Almost without excep- tion the expert professional reporter comes up from the ranks of office stenographers. Very few writers, when they started out to learn shorthand, had in view the report- er's chair as a final objective. Usually the preparation is not decided upon beforehand, as in other professions, and a plan made leading directly to a definite goal. As a con- sequence, when the ambition does come to the would-be reporter, he finds himself equipped with a certain degree of skill in the use of shorthand, but oftentimes he has acquired many bad habits that will handicap him for reporting. He must take his structure as he finds it, analyze it, determine what is to be done, and build on or capitalize . what he has. This is not an insuperable task, for the fact that he is ambitious to get into the reporting field shows that he has an encouraging foundation — that he has devel- oped a certain facility in speed, for example, that encourages him to believe that reporting speed for him is not unattain- able. All that is necessary is to find out the true status and then to proceed to overcome any obstacles that may be in the way. The suggestions that will be made in this Introduction, and also in "Foundations of Reporting Skill," will show you how you can take what you have and make the most of it. The Importance of Reporting. The reporting pro- fession is one that is worthy of the highest ambition of any young person who wants to render a valuable service to the world — a service in which he can find keen enjoyment, variety of interest, intellectual recreation, an opportunity 3 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS for growth, association with big men and women, and an attractive remuneration. Moreover, it is a profession in which there is now little competition, but a constantly growing demand. The court reporter is an indispensable factor in the administration of the law, for it is through him that the written record of the proceedings are made. The impor- tance of the court reporter's record is graphically described by Mr. H. W. Thorne, an official court reporter of New York. Before his (the court stenographer's) advent, the report of the charge of the court to the jury rested in the rough memoranda of the court, and in the sparse notes kept by counsel. Just what was said to the jury was a matter of conjecture. On appeal it was impossible to know what language the court used in charging the jury. The charge of the court to the jury, the requests of the re- spective counsel to charge the jury and the exceptions taken by the counsel to the charge are the most important and critical parts of a lawsuit. Probably more cases taken upon appeal to appellate tribunals are reversed because of errors in charging or refusals to charge the jury than for any other reason. But, in order that the party, who complains of such errors, shall have redress on appeal, he should have taken "exception" to the charge as made, or to the refusal of the court to charge as requested. And, furthermore, the printed case on appeal must show that such exception was taken. But what this "case" should contain, the presiding judge was sole arbiter. It rested absolutely within his discretion to "allow" or "disallow" any proposition made by counsel when the case was "settled," as it is technically called. The transcript of a competent stenographer is now relied upon for a correct statement of what occurred, and such confidence is reposed in it by the bench and bar, that in the case of Nelson against N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS (1 Law Bulletin, page 15), decided in 1878, it was held that, where in the settlement of a case there is a dispute as to words, the stenographer's minutes must control. Reporting an Interesting Profession. The court reporter's record is to the courts what accountancy and bookkeeping are to business. The reporter's work is full of interest. No two cases are alike. There are different problems and personalities involved, different motives of action, different situations and details. Many of the cases reported in court outrival the most brilliant novels or plays in action, in humor, and in dramatic climaxes. Every phase of human life comes within the purview of the short- hand reporter. The verbal combats of lawyers with wit- nesses and with one another, the rulings and charges of judges, the science and art of presenting cases, the logic of law, the spell of oratory, of pathos, of humor, and even the sordities of life, are all for the reporter to witness and feel and put down on paper. Charles Dickens found reporting to be the great school of human nature, from which he drew the characters that made him immortal. The reporter who adds general reporting to his court room activities enjoys even a wider range of interests. To the writer who likes to achieve, who enjoys the spirit of a game, there is the constant race between him and the witness or the orator, or the preacher he may be reporting, which spurs him on to greater per- fection in the art of shorthand writing. The constant contact with brilliant lawyers, judges, pro- fessional and business men, develops the reporter's intel- lectual growth and spurs him on to greater mental alertness. The transcribing of his notes brings into action his knowledge of a great variety of subjects. He is constantly energized to read and study, for one day he may be reporting an 6 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS intricate case in which expert medical authorities are giving testimony, and next day the testimony of expert engineers, economists, business men. Every human activity comes into the court room. The Reporter's Work and Remuneration. While the court reporter, like all other professional men, is required to work, and oftentimes intensively, there are many com- pensations. The drudgery of reporting has been largely eliminated in recent years. Instead of laboriously typing out his record, the modern court reporter dictates his notes to the phonograph, and the clyinders are transcribed by typists. While the courts are not in session, the reporter has his time to himself. As the courts are usually closed during the summer months, he has a long vacation which he can devote to outdoor pleasures, study, travel, or he may do "free lance" reporting of conventions, etc., thereby increasing his income. Many reporters utilize this time to study law and eventually enter that profession. The com- pensations of the court reporter are as good as, or better than, those offered in many other professions. Official court stenographers usually receive from $2,500 a year upward for attendance and have transcript fees which amount to as much or more. Many of the official reporters in the large centers have an income of $10,000 or more a year. An official appointment to a court reporting position usually means a lifetime job to a competent reporter. In many of the states the position is created by law and is secured on examination, and is thus free from political influence. The Demand for Reporters. The demand for court reporters is constantly increasing, not only on account of the increase in the number of cases being tried, but by GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS the creation of new courts. At a recent meeting of the New York State Shorthand Reporters' Association one of the official reporters of New York City read a paper in which he stated that the supply of court reporters was growing smaller and smaller, and urged the necessity of the reporters' associations taking definite steps toward the training and preparation of court reporters. He pointed out that in many of the counties of the state the examina- tions for court reporters had been simplified in order to secure enough reporters to do the work. One of the con- tributing causes to the shortage of reporters is the difficulty of learning one of the older systems of shorthand. Every year literally hundreds of young writers with reporting aspirations are discouraged from ever becoming skillful enough for reporting work because of the difficulties they encounter in obtaining even a moderate speed with these systems. With our system, however, owing to its simplicity, reporting speed can be obtained in half the time it takes to reach it with one of the older systems. This is demon- strated by the speed records made by young writers, which will be given elsewhere. The reporting profession is a most attractive one for the writer who is willing to make the effort to acquire the necessary technical skill. Preparation for Reporting. But with all the advan- tages of the court reporting profession, the first consideration of the young writer is equipment for the work. While a college education is an advantage and would be of value to a general reporter, for all reporters do more or less editing of extemporaneous addresses, it is not an absolute necessity. Few of the official reporters today have had a college train- ing. More depends upon natural aptitude, the capacity 8 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS for acquiring and applying information and principles, and the technical skill in shorthand writing. Thorough prepa- ration in speed and accuracy in shorthand are essential, and the young writer should make every effort to secure as complete a training as possible before entering the ranks of reporters, but he necessarily will get the polish of the accomplished reporter through the hard knocks of experi- ence. His education must continue. He must strive to perfect his art in order to uphold the high ideals of the profession and to win the confidence and respect of the court officials and the public. In beginning his preparation for court reporting the young writer should be imbued with absolute confidence in the outcome. This feeling of confidence must be twofold — confidence in the system he writes, and confidence in himself. Confidence in Your System. The writers of Gregg Shorthand in past years have oftentimes been handicapped by the persistence with which the many opponents of the system have asserted that it was lacking in speed possi- bilities. These statements were made continually by the publishers of the older systems, whose business was menaced by the growing popularity of Gregg Shorthand, and they were repeated by many court reporters and others who had not investigated the merits of the system for themselves and who accepted without question the statements made by the publishers of the systems they used. The constant reiteration of them sometimes discouraged writers of our system from attempting to become reporters. It is a trait of the human family, old as history, to form prejudices, oftentimes on incomplete information, and to stick to them tenaciously, even rejecting the most con- GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 9 elusive evidence of their fallacy. The real students of the art of shorthand writing in all its phases are more apt to be broader minded in their views, as is shown by the state- ment of the distinguished shorthand reporter, Theodore Rose, of Elmira, New York, in an address to the New York State Shorthand Reporters' Association. I sometimes think that we have not given the encour- agement we should to authors who have tried to give us better systems of shorthand writing. We need an easier, better, and less nerve-racking system of stenography than we have to-day We should not be contented with our present systems; while there have been marvelous advances in other departments of life, we have failed to make any progress. We are far behind the times. Facts about Shorthand Speed. The records made by writers of Gregg Shorthand in the national speed con- tests in recent years and the large number of court reporters and general reporters using it have rendered the argument so futile that it now is very seldom used. We occasionally hear of it, however, and since it is the only argument left to our opponents, I am going to deal with it more completely than I have done on any former occasion. As it is impossible to discredit the remarkable speed records made by writers of Gregg Shorthand, the argument is now stated in this form : Since a much larger percentage of reporters write Pitmanic shorthand than write Gregg Shorthand, the Pitmanic systems are better adapted for reporting work. This method of reasoning is absolutely fallacious. Pit- manic shorthand has been in use for nearly a century, while Gregg Shorthand was first published in this country — in pamphlet form — in 1893, and was not taught to any great extent twenty years ago. It has been said that 10 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS official reporters "seldom die and never resign," and most of the official reporters began the study of shorthand before Gregg Shorthand was in existence, or at all events, before it was taught extensively. A majority of the younger reporters now write Gregg Shorthand. The longevity of shorthand systems in the reporting field is well known. The most notable illustration of it is the use of the Gurney system (published in its first form 238 years ago!) with which the official reporting of the British Parliament has been performed for more than a century. When the Pitman system was first introduced in England the advocates of the older systems — of Taylor and Gurney, for example — claimed that the inferiority of Pitman's Phonography was conclusively shown by the fact that it was not used by reporters and that all the official parliamentary reporters used the Gurney system. They also pointed out that not one of the professional reporters in London used the Pitman system. The following quota- tion from the "Transactions of the International Short- hand Congress" (held in London in 1887 to "commemorate the Tercentenary of Modern Shorthand and the Jubilee of Pitman's Phonography") will show that at that time — when Pitman's system had been fifty years in existence — the argument could have been applied to the Pitman system with much greater reason than to Gregg Shorthand. Mr. A. R. Marten, a Pitman reporter in London said: I do not wish to go into any further comparison of Phonography with other systems, because, after all, the main point is the intelligent aptitude of the shorthand writer, and the "system" is not of so much importance provided a good one is used, and that it is thoroughly and properly learned. As an illustration, I may say that in (lie Institute of Shorthand Writers with which 1 have the honor to be connected, and which consists of all the GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 11 professional shorthand writers, with one or two exceptions, practicing in the Courts, of Law in London, three-sevenths only are Phonographers. The remaining four-sevenths write other systems, and I feel bound, in fairness, to say this, that many of those writers of other systems are quite as good shorthand writers at least as any Phonographers in this country. Here you have a statement made by a prominent mem- ber of the Institute of Shorthand Writers, the membership of which consisted of "all of the law reporters of London with one or two exceptions" that only three-sevenths of these reporters were Pitman writers! Remember, too, that this statement was made by a Pitman writer at a Congress assembled to commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the publication of Pitman's Phonography; that it was made in London where Pitman's Shorthand was taught exclusively at that time', and that the authors of the systems (Taylor, Gurney, Lewis) written by the great majority of the law reporters of London at that time had been dead for half a century or more and no one was interested in continuing the publication of their books. The statement was made by a Pitman writer in the presence of Isaac Pitman, Thomas Allen Reed (the leading exponent of Pitman's Shorthand in the reporting field) and other leading Pitman writers, and was not challenged by anyone. Finally it was printed in the "Transactions" of the Congress, published by Isaac Pitman & Sons. Adopting the method of argument to which we have referred, anyone at that time might have gravely affirmed that as the Taylor and Gurney systems were more gen- erally used by the law reporters of London, it was evident that the Pitman system was not so well adapted for report- ing. And the argument would have been rendered the 12 GREGG IMPORTING SHORTCUTS more convincing by citing the fact that the Pitman system was taught almost exclusively in the schools teaching short- hand and that the Taylor, Gurney, and Lewis systems were not taught in any schools. It would be natural to suppose that in fifty years the Pitman system, in the absence of competition from Taylor, Gurney, and Lewis, would have entirely superseded them in the reporting field. We may add another quotation from the "Transactions" of that famous Shorthand Congress. Mr. Gurney Angus, head of the staff of Official Reporters of the British Parlia- ment, in giving information to the Congress about Parlia- mentary reporting, said : The Gurney system of shorthand is used by all the shorthand writers on the staff except one, who is a Phonog- rapher. Amongst the shorthand clerks there are twelve using Gurney's system, four Pitman's, and one Taylor's. Of the shorthand writers practicing in the Courts of Law, who occasionally give their assistance, about half are Phonographers, the others using Taylor's, Gurney's, Lewis's, etc. When the Graham variation of the Pitman system was being introduced, the advocates of the Pitman system pointed in a similar manner to the lack of reporters writing ( rraham, and to the fact that it had not then a representa- tive on the congressional staff. The Munson system had a similar experience. As late as 1S77 an article appeared in Browne's Phonographic Monthly, which was then recognized as the "organ of the reporting profession," under the title "No Speed in Munson Phonography." In this article the editor demonstrated to his own satisfaction, and doubtless to the satisfaction of many of his readers, that the Munson was a "slow system" GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 13 as it was "cumbered with many characters of a speed-losing nature." As a last and conclusive argument, he said that the Munson had no "reporting record," and that Mr. Munson was the only reporter in New York City using it, which argument no doubt was absolutely convincing to those who did not remember that the Munson was then but ten years old. So we presume it always will be. A new system will always have to meet this "reporting argument," and it can be successfully met only with the lapse of time, through the writers who have used the system for some years in general stenographic work gaining sufficient knowledge, experience and skill to develop into reporters. Gregg Short- hand is fortunate in having met the argument more quickly than other successful systems in the past. Pitman's Shorthand has been in existence eighty-foui years. Beginning with Andrew J. Graham and James Munson in the '60's, there have been continuous efforts to perfect the reporting style. Yet, notwithstanding the efforts of the most talented authors and writers, there was little variation or improvement in Pitmanic shorthand for more than half a century. A realization of this, and also of the urgent need of "an easier, better and less nerve-rack- ing" style to enable reporters to keep pace with the increasing demands upon them, led to the formation of a "Committee on Standardization of Pitmanic Shorthand" by the National Shorthand Reporters' Association. Notwithstanding the almost incredible labors of the members of the Standardiza- tion Committee in the past twelve years, and the help they have received from Pitmanic reporters in all parts of the country, it is now generally recognized that the standardi- zation of Pitmanic shorthand is a hopeless undertaking. 14 GREGG REPORTING SHOUT* ITS Gregg Shorthand, on the other hand, has had a remark- able growth as a reporting system. Several hundred official court stenographers and general reporters are using the system, and the work of these writers and records made by writers of the system in the speed contests of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association, have placed Gregg Shorthand in the front rank as the most rapid and most accurate system in existence. Mr. Albert Schneider's record of 211.2 net words a minute on straight literary matter in the 1921 championship, which he won, is the greatest feat ever performed in rapid and accurate shorthand writing. The superiority of Gregg Shorthand makes it inevitable that the system will be the great recruiting ground for shorthand reporters in the future. Speed Achievements in Shorthand. Speed and accuracy in shorthand writing are fundamental in short- hand reporting. They furnish the starting point for rep- ortorial skill. It will, therefore, be interesting to compare the speed achievements of Pitmanic writers with those made by Gregg writers. First let us consider the alleged "records" made by Pitman writers in England. The publishers of Isaac Pitman Shorthand have pub- lished lists of writers who have obtained "speed certificates" issued by Isaac Pitman & Sons. The speed "records" made by such writers and announced by the Pitman firm are now wholly discredited, in view of the fact that the examinations have been made and the certificates granted by a firm of shorthand publishers which was interested in seeing that the records were made, and which afterward used them for advertising purposes. The largest phonographic association in the world — the Scottish Phonographic Association of Edinburgh — published a pamphlet explaining that the as- sociation was obliged to discontinue holding the examina- GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 15 tions because an investigation showed that Isaac Pitman & Sons granted certificates, although the papers contained errors greatly in excess of the percentage which was sup- posed to be allowed. To quote from one of the letters of Mr. J. M. Warden, then President of the Association, to Isaac Pitman & Sons: Now, from the diet of examination held by the Scottish Phonographic Association, on the 26th of March, 1904, we sent up 45 papers. These papers were checked by four members of our Council — the most of them by Mr. Watt (then our President) and myself; and according to our calculations 12 of these, at the most, were entitled to pass, while you awarded certificates to 23. The Association could not obtain from Isaac Pitman & Sons any satisfactory explanation, nor did the latter reveal where the differences occurred. As a result, the Scottish Association discontinued holding the examinations for Pit- man Speed Certificates. When the largest phonographic association of the United Kingdom, an association which was declared by the late Sir Isaac Pitman to be "first in the kingdom in the vigorous propagation of Phonography," felt that it could not continue to hold examinations for certifi- cates which were not honestly earned, no one else is likely to have much regard for the high speed records of English writers when such "records" are based on certificates granted by Isaac Pitman & Sons. But there is another way in which the precise value of the Pitman Speed Certificates may be ascertained. It is by a comparison of the "records" for which candidates were granted certificates by the Pitman firm (followed by much publicity), and the actual performances of the holders of such certificates who have taken part in genuine open-to-all public speed contests. For example, let us contrast the records made by Mr. S. H. Godfrey in public contests with those made in the examination for Pitman Speed Certifi- 16 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS cates. From Pitman's Year Book we learn that Mr. God- frey was granted Pitman Speed Certificates as follows: November 13, L903 200 August 12, 1904 210 December 7, 1906 220 November 26, 1908 230 It is not surprising that in view of these remarkable records, Mr. Godfrey should have been the representative of Isaac Pitman Shorthand in the International Shorthand Speed Contests* held in the United States. Here are the records made by Mr. Godfrey in t hese contests. (Data taken from the Phonographic Magazine) : 1906 (Baltimore Contest). Five minutes' dictation at the rate of 168 words a minute; 8 material errors; 8 im- material errors; net speed, 166.8 words a minute. Deduct- ing one word for each error, material or immaterial, as is now the practice, the actual record is 164.8 words a minute. 1907 (Boston Contest). Five minutes' dictation at the rate of 165 words a minute; 24 material errors; 7 imma- terial errors; net spead, 158.8 words a minute. It will be seen that in 1906 (the same year in which he was granted a Pitman Speed Certificate for 220 words a minute) Mr. Godfrey's speed in a public contest was 164.8 words a minute — 55 words a minute less! In the year fol- lowing his participation in the 1907 International Speed Contest, in which his record was 158.8 words, he was granted a Pitman Speed Certificate for 230 words — 71 words a minute faster than his public contest record! Now let us see what Mr. Godfrey did in the English Shorthand Championship Contests held under the auspices of the Business Exhibition, London. In 1908 (the same year that he gained the 230 Pitman Certificate) he won the contest by writing 202 words a minute net, making 90 errors on the 220 dictation and *See Eastern Commercial Teachers' Contests, page 32. GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 17 obtained an accuracy rating of 91.81 per cent! We have not been able to obtain any particulars as to the kind of matter used in the 1908 contest. In 1909 Mr. Godfrey retired from the contest, being unable to transcribe his notes within the required time, and the championship went to Mr. Garwood, whose net speed was 196 words a minute (117 errors in his transcript!). Mr. Garwood, by the way, was then the holder of a 200 Pitman certificate granted in 1901! In 1910 Mr. Godfrey made a net of 185 words on the test of 947 words dictated in five minutes — 23 errors. In 1911 there was no contest, and in the 1912 contest Mr. Godfrey's name does not appear among those who were awarded places. Now, compare those figures — and the dates — with the Pitman Speed Certificates awarded Mr. Godfrey. Further comment is unnecessary. British Speed Contests. The records of other Pit- man writers in the British championship contests, made under conditions which furnish an accurate basis of judg- ment, substantiate the belief that the certificate records are unreliable, as will be seen by the following tabulations of the results in the only open contests held in England: 1908 Contest, London, March 3. There were eleven contestants, but beyond saying that the first place was won by Mr. Godfrey, second place by Mr. Garwood, third place by Mr. Jackson, and fourth place by Mr. Dickinson, no par- ticulars were given in the report in Pitman's Journal. It was stated elsewhere that Mr. Godfrey was awarded the first prize for writing at a rate of 202 words a minute on the 220-word-a-minute test. Presumably, therefore, he made 90 errors in transcribing. 18 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 1909 Contest, London, October 16. In the 1909 con- test only four writers qualified, with the following results: "Pitman Certificate" Net Net . Per Cent Name Speed Rate Errors Words Speed Accuracy R.J.Garwood 200 220 117 983 196 89.3 Herbert Byers 220 200 51 949 190 94.9 W. F. Smart 220 220 187 913 182 83 R. D. Shedlock 180 23 877 175 97.4 Under the American rules for rating transcripts, requir- ing 95 per cent, or higher, accuracy, all of the foregoing, with the exception of Mr. Shedlock, would have been dis- qualified. Commenting on this contest, an English short- hand magazine said: In February, 1908, Mr. Godfrey, under similar tests, was accredited with 202 words a minute and carried off the championship cup, knowing; that if he won it a third time in 1909, it would remain his forever. But instead of per- forming a much higher feat, after presumably twenty months' practice, he had to withdraw from the compe- tition altogether. Pitman's Journal of November 0, 1909, in reporting the contest, said: The matter dictated was a speech by Lord Rosebery on the House of Lords, the excellent matter of which con- tained no peculiar difficulties and some points favorable to phrasing and contraction. It could by no means be considered a suitable test for champion writers. 1910 Contest, London, October 15. The contest in 1910 narrowed down to three who were able to complete it, as follows: "Pitman Certificate" Net Net Per Cent Name Speed Rale Errors Words Speed Accuracy R.J.Garwood 200 200 12 988 197 98.8 S. H. Godfrey 230 200 23 977 195 97.7 James McDonald 210 200 36 964 192 96.4 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 19 Net Net Per Cent Errors Words Speed Accuracy 12 935 187 98.7 23 924 185 97.5 36 911 180 96.1 An English shorthand magazine stated that by actual count the number of words dictated was only 947. Assum- ing this to be correct, the figures given in the foregoing would therefore have to be revised as follows : "Pitman Words Certificate" Die- Name Speed luted R. J. Garwood 200 947 S. H.Godfrey 230 947 James McDonald... 210 947 Pitman s Journal said : The piece was an easy one on the pleasures and ad- vantages of an author's life and work, and presented no technical difficulties. 1911. There was no contest in 1911. 1912 Contest, London, June 1.* Again in 1912 only three candidates finished the contest, as follows: "Pitman Name Certificate" Speed Rate Errors Net Words Net Speed Per Cent Accuracy R. J. Garwood . 220 200 19 981 196 98.1 W . McDougall. . . . . 220 200 40 960 192 96 W . F. Smart. . . . . . . 220 200 113 887 177 88.7 It was stated that only 987 words were dictated. The foregoing figures should therefore be revised as follows: "Pitman Words Certificate" Die- Net Net Per Cent Name Speed tated Errors Words Speed Accuracy R. J. Garwood 220 987 19 968 193 98 W. McDougall 220 987 40 947 189 95.9 W. F. Smart 220 987 113 874 174 88.5 *For result of British Junior Championship, see page 33. 20 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS "The matter used in the 1912 contest," according to an article by one of the judges in Commercial Education for June 18, 1912, ''was taken from a speech by Henry George on land values, and was perhaps rather in the candidates' favor as compared with the 1910 contest." Pitman's Journal, in reporting the contest, said that it "presented comparatively few unusual words and phrases." An ex- amination of the matter shows that it was extraordinarily simple, abounding in monosyllables and containing a great deal of repetition of common words and common phrases. It could hardly be surpassed as a selection on which to make a favorable record. By actual analysis the syllable intensity was 133 syllables for each 100 words for the entire dictation —that is to say, an average of lJ/£ syllables for each word! One would have to search for a long while to find 1,000 words of ordinary matter equal to this in simplicity. In "A Few Comments by One of the Judges," appearing in Pitman's Journal for June 29, 1912, it is stated that "there is a real danger of the various contests degenerating into mere struggles between a handful of contest experts — a result which would defeat the main object with which they are instituted." The writer adds: "It was not a difficult passage upon which Mr. Garwood's third year's success was won." No contest has been held for the British championship since 1912. In all the British championship contests the tests consisted of speeches or straight literary matter. Comparison of British and American Records. The contest achievements on straight literary matter of the American writers of Pitmanic shorthand do not vary greatly from those of their British cousins. A comparison of these will be of interest : GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS . 21 BEST BRITISH CONTEST RECORDS (British Championship) "Pitman Certificate" Words Net Accu- Speed Year Dirt. Errors Speed racy S. H. Godfrey 230 1908 1100 90 202 91.81 R.J.Garwood 200 1909 1100 117 196.6 89.36 R.J.Garwood 220 1912 987 19 193.6 98.07 Herbert Byers 220 1909 1000 51 189.8 94.9 R. J. Garwood 200 1910 947 12 187 98.73 S. H. Godfrey 230 1910 947 23 184.8 97.57 W. F. Smart 220 1909 1100 187 182.6 83 James McDonald 210 1910 947 36 182.2 96.20 R. D. Shedlock 1909 900 23 175.4 97.44 W. F. Smart 220 1912 987 113 174.8 88.55 W. McDougall .220 1912 987 113 174.8 88.55 Note: Under the American contest rules an accuracy percentage of 95 or* better is required to qualify. Mr. Garwood is the only writer in the British championship contests to qualify with this degree of accu- racy at a speed beyond 190 words a minute — 1912 British Champion- ship Contest, 193 words a minute, with 98 per cent accuracy. BEST AMERICAN CONTEST RECORDS N. S. R. A. Championship— 200 Straight Literary Matter Per In- Years' Diet. Net Cent. ten- Name System Year Exp. Speed ErrorsSpeed Acc'y sity* Nathan Behrin. . I. Pitman 1913 9 200 8 198.4 99.2 1.45 Albert Schneider. .. .Gregg 1921 5 200.6 12 198.2 98.8 1.58 J.D.Carson "Success" 1914 8 200 11 197.8 98.9 1.53 Jerome Victory. .Osgoodby 1919 10 200 15 197 98.5 1.42 Clyde Marshall. ."Success" 1911 16 200.4 18 196.8 98.2 1.37. J.F.Daly I. Pitman 1920 6? 200.4 26 195.2 97.4 1.54 EarlPendell "Success" 1914 10? 200 25 195 97.5 1.53 Paula Werning Gregg 1913 4 200 27 194.6 97.3 1.45 J. B. Faulkner. . . "Success" 1919 19 200 28 194.4 97.2 1.42 Fred H. Gurtler Gregg 1919 15 200 34 193.2 96.6 1.42 W. B. Bottome... Graham 1920 20 200.4 39 192.6 96.1 1.54 CharlesL. Swem.... Gregg 1911 3 200.4 40 192.4 96 1.37 Nellie Wood I. Pitman 1914 23 200 49 190.2 95.1 1.53 Note: Some of these writers have qualified more than once. In such cases we have given the best record made. Four Gregg writers have qualified, four "Success," three I. Pitman, one Graham, one Osgoodby. Hndicates the syllable intensity or average syllables to the word in the matter dictated. 22 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS The difficulty of matter is increased by the number of syllables. The best record was that of Mr. Behrin, with but eight errors, in 1913, on an intensity of 1.45. Taking this as a standard, the matter in the 1921 contest was 8.96 per cent more difficult, or was equivalent to 218 words a minute on the basis of 1913. The 1921 matter has the highest intensity of any yet given at this speed. On this test Mr. Schneider made but twelve errors, an accuracy record of 98.8 per cent. BEST AMERICAN CONTEST RECORDS Straight Literary Matter at More Than 200, Words a Minute N. S. R. A. Speed Contests Per Years' Diet. Net Cent Name System Year Exp. Speed ErrorsSpeed Acc'y Albert Schneider Gregg 1921 5 214.8 18 211.2 98.32 Jerome Victory Osgoodbv 1921 8 214.8 21 210.6 98.04 Nathan Behrin I. Pitman 1914 10 220 47 210.6 95.73 Neale Ransom Munson 1920 10? 215 29 209.2 97.30 J. F. Dalv I. Pitman 1921 8 214.8 33 208.2 96.92 Nellie Wood Freeman.I. Pitman 1921 30 214.8 33 208.2 96.92 But six different writers have qualified on straight literary matter at speeds beyond two hundred words a minute, and these are led by Mr. Albert Schneider, winner of the 1921 championship, with the highest net speed ever made in matter of this kind in any contest — 211.2 net words a minute. American Speed Contests. Writers of Gregg Short- hand have made brilliant records in these contests, and without exception the young Gregg writers in tliese contests have had less than half the experience of the least experienced Pit manic writers. Experience and the maturer judgment of older writers — the "seasoning" of daily work in court — are factors that count tremendously in contests. The Gregg writers did not have the benefit of this seasoning, and their GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 23 efficiency was reduced by nervousness in competing with writers of world-wide reputation. Fifth International Speed Contest. In the famous Miner Medal Contest (Fifth International Shorthand Speed Contest), held in Washington in 1910, Gregg writers won first, second, and third places. The winner of the contest, Mr. Fred H. Gurtler of Chicago, established a record 23 words a minute faster on solid matter than had been achieved before in these contests. He was awarded the Miner medal permanently. This medal had previously been won twice by Mr. Sidney Godfrey of England, and once by Mr. Clyde Marshall of America. In this contest a Gregg writer, Mr. Charles L. Swem, who was then but seventeen years of age, also exceeded the previous record by 13 words a minute, and Miss Salome Tarr broke the world's record for accuracy (99.4%) at 140 words a minute, which stood until it was broken the follow- ing year by Mr. Swem at the contest of the National Short- hand Reporters' Association at Buffalo, when he established a world's record for accuracy, writing at the rate of 170 words a minute for five minutes with only three errors, 99.16 per cent accuracy. Eighteen contestants took part in the final contest for the Miner Medal — more than double the number in any former contest. Of these, four were writers of Gregg Shorthand and fourteen Pitmanic. Only eight writers qualified with the required degree of accuracy, and among these were the four Gregg writers. Adams Trophy Contest. In the Adams Trophy Contest of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association at Buffalo in 1911 Mr. Charles L. Swem, then less than eighteen years of age, won third place against the most expert writers of the world. The following are the official results: Errors Errors Errors Errors Errors Per- Tears' in 150 in 170 in 100 in 210 Total cent- Exp. System Test Test Test Test age 20 I. Pitman 4 5 2 7 18 99.5 7 I. Pitman 3 5 8 8 24 99.3 3 Gregg 4 3 8 13 28 99.2 14 B. Pitman 6 in 6 8 36 99 17 Graham 5 22 3 9 39 98.9 C "Success" 6 18 14 22 60 98.3 13 "Success" 22 10 27 10 69 98.1 17 "Success" 28 32 20 23 103 97.2 i. ** 1909 champion. *** 1910 champion. 24 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS Name Nellie M. Wood Nathan Behrin* Charles L. Swem H. E. Anstie W. B. Bottome** J. D. Carson Clyde Marshall*** J. B. Faulkner * 1911 champion. Note: The 150 and 170 dictations were on straight literary matter; the 190 on jury charge, and the 210 on testimony in which the words "question" and "answer" were neither read nor counted, but trans- cribed. The "Q's" and "A's" usually comprise 12J^ % of the matter. The gross speed in the testimony dictation would, therefore, be 236 words a minute if reckoned on the basis of the championship contests. The Adams Trophy Contest attracted the most expert writers of the country, as the trophy had been offered for the express purpose of establishing a standard of accuracy in shorthand competitions. Twenty-two of the thirty-five entrants for the contest were present and took part. An analysis of the foregoing table shows some interesting com- parisons. On the straight matter (non-legal) tests Mr. Swem led the list with only seven errors. Mr. Behrin was next with eight errors, and Miss Wood third with nine. On these same tests Mr. Marshall made thiity-two errors, Mr. Bottome twenty-seven, Mr. Carson twenty-four errors, and Mr. Anstie twenty-two. On the jury charge at 190 Mr. Swem made eight errors, against Mr. Carson's fourteen and Mr. Marshall's twenty-seven. Even on the court testimony at 210, Swem beat Carson and was only a trifle behind Marshall. It will be seen that in one or more of the dictations Mr. Swem defeated all of the writers. An examination of the GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 25 notes of the 170 matter, in the presence of the chairman of the Speed Contest Committee, disclosed the fact that the three errors made by Mr. Swem were: the substitution of "show" for "saw," "greater" for "great," and "send" for "sent." The outline for the word "great" was written "gr-r," showing that it was a case of mishearing; "sent" was correctly written in copper-plate style, showing that in transcribing his notes Swem inadvertently typed "d" instead of "t." All of these errors occurred in the first minute. In an editorial for the Gregg Writer written just after the contest, we said: One moment after the announcement of the results of the shorthand speed contest it was realized by every one present that the last argument against Gregg Shorthand was swept away — swept away decisively and forever. That it was done by the hand and brain of a boy of eighteen rendered it all the more impressive and dramatic. When skilled reporters and seasoned contestants like Bottome, Marshall, Carson and others ranked lower in the records than Swem, the big audience of reporters was simply dumfounded. One of them jocularly said it was as though a convention of people interested in the per- fection of dirigible baUoons had been assembled and while they were engaged in discussing methods of standardizing their guy ropes, ballast, equilibrators, huge gas bags, and other paraphernalia, a Wright, a Curtiss, or an Atwood suddenly appeared over their heads, sweeping along gracefully and easily in an airplane at sixty miles an hour! This editorial was similar in thought to that expressed in a letter recently received from one of the most eminent authorities on Pitman Shorthand — the author of books and articles published by the Pitman firm, which contains the following statement: "Pitman is as far behind Gregg as the gas balloon is to the airplane." 26 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS World Shorthand Championship — National Short- hand Reporters' Association Contests. A comparison of the work of Gregg writers with that of writers of other systems in the championship contests will be of interest. Following is a list of all writers who have qualified on the three championship dictations — 200 solid matter, 240 jury charge, 280 testimony with the net speed on each dictation: Yrs. 200 Rale 240 Rate 280 Rate Name System Exp. Yr. Errors Net Errors Net Errors Net Avr. Nathan Behrin* I. Pit 9 1913 8 198.4 14 237.2 44 271.2 98.3 Albert Schneider**.. Gregg 5 1921 12 198.2 22 236.2 44 269.4 97.93 John F. Daly I. Pit 6 1921 30 194.6 12 238.2 59 266.4 97.25 Jerome Victory*. Osgoodby 8 1919 15 197 39 234.4 69 267.2 96.8 John D. Carson. "Success" 7 1912 44 191.2 22 235.6 53 270.8 96.7 Charles L. Swem. . .Gregg 4 1912 50 190 39 232.2 64 268.6 95.7 Willard Bottome*.Graham 17 1911 41 192.2 26 234.8 100 260 95.5 Clyde Marshall* "Success" 14 1912 42 191.6 60 228 70 267.4 95.3 Nellie Wood*** I. Pit 21 1912 85 183 103 219.4 120 257.4 91.5 Note: The figures represent the best record of each writer on the three dictations in one contest. The highest record of any writer on individual dictation will be found in tables that follow. *Former champion. **Present (1921) champion. ***Won the Eagan Cup in championship contests before N. S. R. A. Contests were inaugurated. The list contains the names of the nine successful Pitmanic contestants out of more than a hundred who have entered the championship contests. Only six Gregg writers have ejitered the championship contests, of which 33j per cent qualified in all three takes. Placing the number of Pitmanic contestants at 100, only seven, or 7 per cent, have been successful. The total number of writers of all systems that have qualified in one or more of the championship dicta- tions is twenty-one. Five are writers of Gregg Shorthand, nine are writers of "Success," three of Isaac Pitman, two of Munson, one of Graham, and one of Osgoodby. Mr. Swem, who qualified on all three takes in the 1912 contest, was t lien only nineteen years of age and made his record four years GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 27 iiflt r starting the study of shorthand. Mr. Schneider, who won the championship in 1921, was only 20 years of age. 200 Solid Matter. {Best Records in the N. S. R. A. Contests.) For a list of those who have qualified on the 200 solid matter dictations in the National Shorthand Reporters' Association contests see page 21, second tabulation. 240 Jury Charge. (Best Records in N. S. R. A. Con- tests.) Those who have qualified (best records) in this dic- tation are as follows: ^ T P er Years' Del. Net cent Name System Year Exp. Speed Errors Speed Acc'y John F. Daly I. Pit 1921 6 240.6 12 238.2 99 Clyde Marshall "Success" 1911 13 240 10 238 99.17 Nathan Behrin I. Pit 1913 9 240 14 237.2 98.83 Charles L. Swem Gregg 1911 3 240 15 237 98.75 Xeale Ransom Munson 1921 11? 240.6 21 236.4 98.25 Albert Schneider Gregg 1921 5 240.6 22 236.2 9S.17 Jerome Victory Osgoodby 1921 12 240.6 24 235.8 98 J.D.Carson "Success" 1912 6 240 22 235.6 98.17 Willard B. Bottome .... Graham 1911 11 240 26 234.897.83 Nellie Wood Freeman I. Pit 1921 30 240.6 38 233 96.84 E. A. Reilender "Success" 1921 ? 240.6 38 233 96.84 Paula Werning Gregg 1913 4 240 42 231.6 96.5 Leonard W. Meyer. .."Success" 1921 ? 240.6 49 230.8 95.92 W. A.J. Warnement. ."Success" 1921 ? 240.6 52 230.2 95.07 L. H. Weisenburger Gregg 1921 5 240.6 62 229 95 Only fifteen writers have qualified on this test within five per cent limit of errors. In these tables we are giv- ing the best record on each test made by each writer. 280 Testimony. (Best Records in the N. S. R. A. Con- tests.) Only twelve writers have qualified in the National Shorthand Reporters' Association contests within the 5 per cent limit of errors, at the speed of 280 words a minute, with the following results: 28 (il» I •:< !G REPORTING SHORTCUTS Year 1912 Yean Exp. 8 Per Diet. Net cent Speed Errors Speed Acc'y 281.4 17 278 98.79 1914 ? 280 33 273.4 97.64 1914 ? 280 34 273.2 97.57 1914 8 280 39 272.2 97.21 1914 23 280 42 271.6 97.00 1921 5 278.2 44 269.4 96.84 1919 9? 281 56 269.8 96.00 1910 10 280.4 57 269 95.93 1912 4 281.4 64 268.6 95.45 1910 12 280.4 62 268 95.58 1919 10 281 69 267.2 95.10 1921 6 278.2 59 266.4 95.76 Name System Nathan Behrin I. Pit George D. Ziegler. . . ."Success" Earl Pendell "Success" J. D. Carson "Success" Nellie Wood Freeman .... I. Pit Albert Schneider Gregg Neale Ransom Munson Willard B. Bottome. . . .Graham Charles L. Swem Gregg Clyde Marshall "Success" Jerome Victory Osgoodby JohnF. Daly I. Pit The Southwest Shorthand Reporters' Association Contest, 1920. In the Southwest Shorthand Reporters' Association speed contest held at Denver, 1920, dictations were given at 180 solid matter, 200 counsel's argument to the jury (practically straight matter), and 260 testimony. The following are the results: Name System Albert Schneider* Gregg J. F. Daly I. Pit \Y. B. Bottome Graham E. A. Reilender "Success" W. A. J. Warnement . . . ."Success" Jerome Victory Osgoodby Neale Ransom Munson L. H. Weisenburger Gregg R. McRae ? W. F. Smart I. Pit Mettje Middaugh "Success" T. J. McCarthy "Success" J. E. Mc( rinness ? * Mr. Schneider was but nineteen contest. Net Speed at 180 Net Speed at 200 Net A Speed i at 260 verage [(■cu- racy. 177.4 196.2 252 97.86 177 198.4 246.4 97.43 174.4 194.4 237.2 96.38 178.4 194.4 236.4 96.41 168.8 193.8 246.8 95.16 194.4 244.6 195.6 242.2 193.4 188.4 189.6 193 190.2 185.8 237 3 ears >f age at the time c ft! lis GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 29 The contest was open to all writers and there were about fifty entries, but only Southwest writers were eligible to win prizes. Other writers, however, were entitled to whatever official records they made. None of the Southwest writers qualified on all three dictations at 95 per cent. Only two writers, Albert Schneider and W. B. Bottome, qualified on all three dictations. Mr. Albert Schneider, a writer of Gregg Shorthand, made the highest average record of 97.86. It will be seen from the table above that five writers made average accuracy records of more than 95 per cent, but under the rules of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association all but Mr. Schneider and Mr. Bottome would have been disqualified owing to their failure to obtain at least 95 per cent accuracy on each individual dictation. Another Gregg writer, Mr. L. H. Weisenburger, official court reporter of Storm Lake, Iowa, made a record of 193.4 net words a minute on the 200 dictation. Following is a comparison of Mr. Schneider's and Mr. Bottome's achievements in this contest: 260 Speed 200 Speed 180 Speed Net Net Net Tot. Avg. Name Err. Speed Err. Speed Err. Speed Err. Acc'y Albert Schneider. .. . 40 252.2 19 196.2 13 177.4 72 97.86 Willard B. Bottome 64 247.2 28 194.4 2S 174.4 120 96.38 Gregg Writer Wins World Championship. In the speed contest of the National Shorthand Reporters' Asso- ciation at Niagara Falls, Canada, August 25, 1921, Mr. All Kit Schneider, a writer of Gregg Shorthand, won first place in speed and accuracy, defeating three former cham- pions — Mr. Williard B. Bottome (1909 champion), Mrs. Nellie Wood Freeman (Eagan Cup champion), and Mr. Jerome Victory (1919 champion). Mr. Schneider, who was but twenty years of age at the time of the contest, is the 30 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS youngest and least experienced writer to win the champion- ship title and trophy. Only two writers out of a field of twenty-three contestants were able to qualify on all three dictations with the required accuracy of 95 per cent or better. The following is a tabulation of the results in the official report on the three five-minute dictations at 200, 240. and 280 words a minute: 200 WORDS A MINUTE— STRAIGHT LITERARY MATTER Words Net Net Per ct. Name System Diet. Err. Words Speed Acc'y Albert Schneider Gregg 1003 12 991 19S.2 98.8 John F. Daly I. Pit 1003 30 973 194.6 97.0 240 WORDS A MINUTE— JUDGE'S CHARGE TO THE JURY John F. Daly I. Pit 1203 12 1191 238.2 99.00 Neale Ransom Munson 1203 21 1182 236.4 98.25 Albert Schneider Gregg 1203 22 1181 236 2 98.17 Jerome Victory Osgoodby 1203 24 1179 235.8 98.00 Nellie Wood Freeman... . I. Pit 1203 38 1165 233 96.84 E. A. Reilender "Success" 1203 38 1165 233 96.84 Willard B. Bottome ... Graham 1203 44 1159 231.8 96.34 Leonard W.Meyer... "Success" 1203 49 1154 230.8 95.92 W. A. J. Warnement . "Success" 1203 52 1151 230.2 '.):>. ~Z : . ^mm ^ H IK: ; HI m\ J&zZ ML TOflnJHtfii 'II ^^T 1 ^^^Imp * n ^X < i y / Infill jt&&&? ** ** *»—»- ^^^^ w.*-*2i^ CHARLES L. SWEM The Whiting Position of Mr. Charles L. Swem, fok Eight Years Official Reporter to Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. Mr. Swem Reported the Peace Conference in Paris for the President 48 FREDERICK H. GURTLER The Writing Position of Mr. Frederick H. Gurtler, Court and Convention Reporter, Ex-Vice-President of the National Shorthand Reporters' Association, and Winner of the Famous Miner Medal 49 ALBERT SCHNEIDER The Writing Position of Mr. Albert Schneider, Winner of the 1921 Championship 50 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 51 on the elbows and forearms. The back should be straight from the hips to the shoulders. As the weight of the fore- arm is carried by the heavy muscles of the arm, the move- ments of the hand, wrist, and fingers can be executed with the minimum of effort. The wrist should never rest on the notebook but should be held clear to secure the maximum of flexibility. The writer should endeavor to secure a com- fortable posture and one void of rigidity and inflexibility. It does not follow that a comfortable position is a correct one. Through habit you may have accustomed yourself to a very awkward position. Consequently it would be well to check up all these features and decide after trial which is the best posture for you to assume in writing. Position of the Hand and Arm. The position of the right hand and arm is of just as great importance as is that of the body. Study particularly the slant of the pen, the position of fingers, and the method of grasping the pen. The hand and the arm must have the maximum of flexibility and freedom. Since the best writers of shorthand make use of the muscular movement, and this method has everything in its favor, it should be cultivated from the very beginning of the study of the art. The large muscles of the arm are much more capable of sustained effort than are the muscles of the fingers; but unfortunately they cannot be trained to as high a degree of nicety of movement as can those of the fingers. A study of the writing movements of the most rapid writers shows that both finger and wrist move- y Illustration of Correct Po- sition of Hand and Arm 52 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS merits are used. The best results can be obtained when a judicious blending of these movements is employed. As an illustration : such characters as p, b, f, v can be executed much more quickly if the downward sweep is a combination of arm and finger movement. The circles and hooks can also be executed with greater speed if the finger movement is com- bined with arm and wrist movement. Keep the wrist and ball of the hand from touching the paper or the desk, but the whole forearm from the elbow to the wrist should rest on the table. With the second, third, and fourth fingers turned in, the hand will be in a position to glide easily on the nails of these fingers. Hold the pen with just enough pressure to give you com- mand of it, but do not grip it so firmly and tenaciously thai all flexibility of movement is destroyed. In all arts, "form" or "technique" is of vast importance. Study the work of the violinist, the pianist, the golfer, the billiard player, the tennis player, and it will be seen that the experts have acquired a certain grace of form, an art in execution that at once appeals to us because of its obvious effectiveness. The acquirement of a masterly technique in any art or game is the result of a careful study of sound basic principles, followed by intense, concentrated effort over a, long period of time. Correct Habits. Correct habits are very important. The late Professor James of Harvard University laid down some maxims that should be deeply imbedded in the con- sciousness of every shorthand writer. They are especially applicable during the plastic state — during the time the learning process is going on. He says: "Could the young but realize how soon they will become mere walking bundles of habits, they would give more heed to their conduct. We are spinning our fates, good or evil, never to be undone." (1WEGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 53 "The great thing in all education," he continues, "is to make our nervous system our ally instead of our enemy. We must make automatic and habitual as many useful actions as we can and guard against growing into w ays t hat are likely to be a disadvantage to us. The more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own proper work." The three rules he gives for acquiring habits are : " 1. In the acquisition of a new habit or leaving off an old one, we must take care to launch ourselves with as strong and decided an initiative as possible. "2. Never suffer an exception to occur till a new habit is rooted in your life. "3. Seize the very first opportunity to act on every resolution you make and on every emotional prompting you may experience in the direction of habits you aspire to attain." Shorthand is distinctly a habit-forming study; in fact, that is what all our energies are bent toward in learning it — to make the application of the theoretical principles auto- matic as soon as possible. Each step in the study of the technique of shorthand should be studied with great care, and the advantages or disadvantages of any particular question analyzed before a decision is made. One of the greatest sources of inefficiency in writing shorthand is a failure to observe the important part that the economy of move- ment plays in both speed and accuracy. The fewer move- ments we make in writing a given piece of matter in a given time, the more time, naturally, we shall have for each move- ment, but as the ability to write shorthand is best expressed in the highest speed compatible with accuracy (and some- times accuracy itself must be sacrificed in reporting to get the words down at all), the effort of the writer should be directed toward developing his speed to the limit of his executional power. Even the executional power may be developed greatly. The writer should guard against getting into a rut. The limit we set for ourselves today may be 54 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS exceeded tomorrow. In other words, the standard for test- ing the value of a movement in shorthand is not the accuracy of form produced, but the speed with which the movement can be made with a recognizable form as a result. To make the illustration concrete. Suppose you are try- ing to develop speed in executing the phrase "at the earliest possible moment." Your standard should not be merely the ability to write a compact, artistic, well-shaped form, but to get down on paper an instantly recognizable form with the least loss of time in execution. There is a decided distinction between writing a correct form and writing it in the most economical way. With the right attitude of mind toward the subject, you will find upon a little practice that it is practically as easy to execute an approximately accurate form at a high speed as it is to execute it at a low speed. It is largely a psychological question. We oftentimes place limi- tations upon ourselves that are not justified by our natural ability. Fairly deliberate movements are necessary initially in constructing a new phrase for the purpose of analysis, but these should give way to swifter movements as soon as possible. Shorthand Penmanship and Execution. The value of shorthand penmanship drills is very often not fully ap- preciated by the young reporter. Proper technique of execution is fundamental. As has been mentioned before, shorthand characters are the result of movement, and unless the movement is correct, the result will not be satisfactory. Consequently, the writer ambitious to become a reporter should give some serious thought and effort to the perfect- ing of his shorthand penmanship. A study of the system will show that there are compara- tively few simple elementary characters and that all short- hand writing is simply a repetition of these in various coin- GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 55 binations. If the elementary movements are mastered and arc built into a comprehensive vocabulary of words of every- day utility, the problem will be largely solved, for the appli- cation of the movements to the writer's vocabulary will comprehend most of the combinations and its influence will carry over to new words. It will be only occasionally that he will encounter a word which requires a new combination. The first thing to be accomplished is a mastery of the elementary movements. There is an art in executing even the simple one-movement characters, such as the word- signs is, can, have, put, etc. To most writers it will be a sur- prising revelation to examine critically a page of notes that they have taken from dictation and to note the variation in such simple characters as these, for most writers are satisfied if they can read what they have written with the aid of con- text without considering the intrinsic merit of individual forms. Such variations occur mainly on account of lack of proper training in executing the simple movements. The student preparing for reporting should make a careful study of the following books, and should practice the drills con- tained in them until the matter of execution is well in hand: Practical Drills in Shorthand Penmanship, Lessons in Short- hand Penmanship, and Gregg Speed Studies. In studying and practicing the drills the main object to be kept in view is the proper movements in executing the various combinations and the results of such movements. An analysis of many incorrectly written forms will show that the movement was fundamentally wrong. Such elementary combinations as the joining of circles and hooks to consonant strokes, and the joining of consonants where there is no connecting vowel, should receive particular attention. All movement should be executed slowly at first with the attention fixed on the method of execution. But it 56 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS should be rememberd that shorthand is to be written rapidly and accurately at the same time. The final test is the appearance of the outline when written at top speed. If it is distorted and meaningless, a reanalysis of the move- ment should be made and the ground gone over again until facility in execution is acquired. Some reporters make it a practice to run through the alphabet and simple phrases each morning before beginning reporting work. This serves to "warm up" the writer's mental and physical reactions and serves as an introduction to the day's work. Size of Notes. Within certain limits, small notes are to be preferred to large. The reason for this is that obviously it takes longer to make a large character than it does to make a similar small one. But there are other questions that must be weighed. The size of notes must be more or less adapted to the natural physical characteristics of the individual, and to some extent, to his mental. This is a difficult matter to determine by any abstract theory. Previous habits of writing, which may or may not have been based on a sound foundation, may have become so fixed as greatly to influ- ence the situation; consequently the size of notes must to some extent be a matter of judgment on the part of the individual. This can be determined with reasonable ac- curacy by trials. The trials should not be perfunctory. They should be carried along far enough to develop some real information and data for judgment. If you have been writing a "large hand" and find that it does not respond sufficiently to the speed necessities, try to reduce the size until you strike the happy medium. Notes that are too small are equally as objectionable as the large sprawling notes. They hamper the free move- ment s of the arm, hand, and fingers. The examination and lest ing of t he notes of hundreds of writers convinces me that GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 57 the size of notes adopted for this hook arc best adapted to the average writer. Proportion is another important point in connection with the size of notes. There are two main sizes of characters in Gregg Shorthand. It is a distinct advantage both in the matter of legibility and in the ease of writing if a positive distinction is made in size. If anything, exaggerate the long strokes, and the large circle or loop. It will be found that this difference in size relieves the monotony of writing to a decided degree. For example, in executing phrases like "which might have been," "many years ago," there is a distinct feeling of speed generated if they are written with an abandon and with the finishing strokes of somewhat exaggerated length. This is true of many phrases and even of word-forms. It has much the same psychological effect as that which is created when we are pushed to the limit of speed and all of a sudden encounter one of those phrases that we can write with a sweep of the pen. It is like opening a window and getting a breath of fresh air. Compactness. Much time and effort may be saved in writing by using a compact style — -that is, leaving only sufficient space between individual outlines for clearness and distinctiveness. Compactness enables the writer to get more matter on a line and more on a page, and this increases his speed, because the dropping from one line to another and the turning of pages necessarily means a loss of time. It also increases accuracy, for most mistakes in rapid writing are made just as the page is turned. For the purpose of securing rhythm and also compactness, the notes should be as evenly spaced as possible. This is a mere matter of habit, which easily can be acquired by a little conscious attention to it. 58 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS Light Touch. The student of a reporting style in shorthand should assiduously cultivate a light touch. The pen should strike the paper with only enough force to make a distinct line. The proper sort of pen contributes to the ease of securing a light touch. But even with the best pen in the world many writers' notes show a disregard for the logic of the situation by applying entirely too much pressure. The lighter and freer and more fairy-like the pen sweeps along the line, the greater will be the speed. One of the reasons for a heavy touch is the tension of nervous energy in writing at a speed that taxes the writer's ability to the utmost. There will be a tendency to grasp the pen tightly, to stiffen the muscles of the arm and fingers. The result is the writer really places an inhibition on speed by fairly paralyzing the movements of the hand by rigidity. We have all had dreams of finding ourselves placed on a railroad track before an oncoming locomotive, chained there by some invisible but terrible force which no effort of will power apparently could throw off. The shorthand writer experiences very much the same phenomenon under the conditions outlined above. The remedy for this, naturally, is to avoid such a situation in writing by learning to control the nerves. One way to do this is to put out of mind the seriousness of the matter. Learn to relax, to abandon yourself to 1 writing fluently by repelling any thought that you will be instantly electrocuted if you do not "get it down." I do not mean by this that you must not make an honest effort to do it, but that effort should be sustained by a confidence that you can do it. Reducing Waste Motion. Efficiency in shorthand means the ability to do the greatest amount of work in the shortest possible time and with the least effort. In the writing of shorthand there are almost, limitless opportuni- GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 59 ties for making false motions, of wasting time and energy that get you nowhere. The mention of a few of these will bring to your mind the necessity for a careful analysis of your style of writing: Waste mental motion; waste me- chanical motion; incorrect position of the notebook; loss of time in turning the leaves; indirect line in passing from one outline to another; failure in the application of ab- breviating and phrasing principles; wide spacing between outlines; poor technique in passing from the bottom of one column to the top of the next; getting out of position by going too far above or below the line; unregistered movements between outlines. Every one of these factors in technique has an important bearing on both speed and accuracy. Each one, little in itself, may be repeated time and again in the writing of one page, with a consequent loss in efficiency. Waste mental motion is generally the result of a vague knowledge of the principles or lack of decision in applying them. Suggestions already have been made for cor- recting the former. The latter can be overcome simply by deciding that you will write the outline in the way that first occurs to you and correct and perfect your outline at the time you read your notes. The time will never come when you do not encounter a new or unusual word, so you must accustom yourself to making instant decisions, even though wrong. When you have made that decision, you should promptly forget about it for the time being. The time to correct imperfectly formed outlines is when the notes are read. One of the most frequent sources of loss of time in writ- ing is due to the habit that many writers have of making useless movements in the air. The illustration given on the following page shows the movements taken by the pen of a writer who has not learned to control his hand. 60 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS -tf :& ^C.i -**9 ;■: \j>>' -W-.. .<^' : . .^c Illustration Showing the Unregistered Movements of a Pen-twirling Writer The writer should go directly from one outline to an- other without loss of time. The illustration given below will make this clear. It requires a great effort of the will to overcome the habit of twirling the pen in the air before striking the paper, but it is decidedly a worth-while ac- complishment. The control that one gets of his hand in acquiring this style of writing not only tends to increase the ease and speed of writing, but it is a vital factor in accuracy. -t?- ?.* ..ktin<; siioirrcrTs it is essential that they be mastered. If the phrase or word- sign cannot be recalled instantly, it is worse than useless. for it will require greater effort to recall a partially memorize! 1 form than it would to write the word out according to the principles of the system. Constant reviews of all mem- orized word- and phrase- forms through dictation and reading is essential to keep them in mind. Dictation Practice Essential. Any plan of practice in shorthand designed to secure results must take into consideration a large amount of dictation, because short- hand eventually is the result of writing from the spoken word. In other words, the shorthand writer's effort must be inspired through the sense of hearing. To make dictation most effective during the time the writer is studying the phrases in Reporting Shortcuts, he should prepare the matter for dictation as outlined in another paragraph. While acquiring the phrasing and expedients of Reporting Shortcuts most of the dictation should be on prepared material, for the object is to make the employment of the phrase-signs and expedients automatic. When the writer has mastered a majority of the phrases, the dictation work can then be devoted almost wholly to new matter. The most important feature of dictation is reading the notes. This is an act that the student-reporter should perform with the utmost conscientiousness, for it. is the record of what he did, not what he thought he did. The time to make improvement in writing shorthand is when you read it. Carefully take note of all variations from correct form in your shorthand notes and encircle them for study alter the reading is completed. It would be a, loss of time to correct and practice each incorrectly written outline as you come to it in the reading, as it will GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 79 divert your mind from the context, and interfere with the idea of continuity in reading. It is a mistake to take dictation without a definite objective. Your objective now, while you are studying Reporting Shortcuts, is to improve the technique of your writing, and this is clone by the process of continually checking over your work and perfecting the details of it. The Use of the Phonograph. The phonograph can be made an instrument of real utility in learning both the phrases and wordsigns. By recording each group of phrases on a cylinder, the writer will be furnished with the means of plenty of repeated dictation — and dictation of the phrases after they have been analyzed and practiced for form is one of the quickest means of getting command of them. The phonograph is also useful for repetition matter on pieces of testimony and jury charge containing a number of the phrases. Repetition is a most powerful aid in speed building. It is not easy to secure a dictator who will have the patience to dictate an article over and over again, owing to its monotony to the reader, and when it is available, the phonograph furnishes a solution to the problem of repeated dictation. Cylinders containing all the phrases should be prepared in the order in which they appear in the book. The writer can then practice with Reporting Shortcuts at his side for reference whenever a phrase has escaped the memory. Some writers make it a practice to write and rewrite the phrases at least once or twice a week to keep them fresh in mind. How to Use the Plates. The special word-forms at the beginning of the list should be carefully practiced. Many of them are used in the classified lists which follow, while others are of such a nature that they do not ordinarily occur in phrase-forms. 80 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS The classification of the phrases is in accordance with the principle of analogy or association, which I have always advocated in the teaching of shorthand, and which in the shorthand Manual is applied in the series of word-modifica- tions and also in the arrangement of many of the word lists. Experience has shown that the classification of the phrases in this way enables writers to master them more quickly than if they were arranged in alphabetic order. In the lists of classified phrases will be found many phrases which might come under two different classifications. For instance, "Defendant's Negligence" might come under both "Defendant" and "Negligence." These phrases are not repeated, but are placed under the key word which appears second in the list, as at that point the student will be able to understand both of the modified forms; that is, "Defendant's Negligence" appears under "Negligence," while "Plaintiff's Negligence" appears under "Plaintiff." In the lists of special terms in the latter part of the book some especially short forms will be found that can be safely used only by a writer engaged in a specialized line of report- ing. For instance, k can be used for "camp" and l'k for "company commander" only by a court-martial reporter. As these forms are highly specialized, naturally they would not be adopted for regular use by a writer who did not encounter the terms frequently in his work. The use of these phrases is thus a matter of judgment on the part of the writer. The lists of legal and railroad phrases contain only terms which are not found in the classified lists. Many legal terms will be found under "Defendant," "Plaintiff," "Executors," "Guilty," "Jury," etc., and mnay railroad phrases under "Agent," "Car," "Engineer," "Track," etc. GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS PART TWO SALOME LANNING TARR Writing Position of Miss Salome Lanning Takh, Who Established a Would Record for Accuracy in the Fifth International Shorthand Speed Contest 82 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 83 SPECIAL cj-v actual C 7 against allegation appeal appellant appellee assault automobile bottle bureau complain compromise conclusive conductor contract conversation WORD FORMS co-partnership % co-respondent 7 2 court covenant covenantee covenantor decree (*7, default s^ defendant ( y defense ( demur s' diameter s' distance o - element 84 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS engineer evidence 2-, execute *? executive f 6- expert *> fire C- front ground - — s guilty t hypothetical e incline indictment 7 injure -y _^ t< - intoxicate -tion ~7 invariable ^ /- -y judicial Z juror / jury laboratory lawyer left. -z? ~f -'- lift lifetime live manslaughter marry -iage material measure merchandise motonnan muscle muscular observe occupy -ation '/ official GREGG KEPOKTING SHORTCUTS 85 6 7 part -ner partnership plaintiff platform policeman preliminary premium prior prisoner professor property, purport prosecute reason -able recollect recollection reputation revolver /-- L t ^ "7$ shoot, shot sidewalk signal specific speci 1' v spontaneous technicality telegram testify, testimony s theory ■? treatment -w* treaty ^-£> trial unnatural verdict violate, violence volts (after figures) 86 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ABLE fo has as been able tf/ ^ W0U M have been t> able lias not been able ^ ^ may be able have been able ^ might be able have not been able / shall be able I have been able ^^" should be able I have not been s*-& they are able ahle C7 _ 7 *=> I may be able ^ to be able ct-2^7 I might be able ^ will be able I shall be able *— <^ w ^ n °t De au ' e I should be able ^< would be able ^^t^ I would he able f~~? would have been able ABOVE ts^ above date ^ as above described L 7 above mentioned (- 7 as above mentioned ~Y and above all -y over and above as above ~y over and above all GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 87 ACCIDENT accident happened accident occurred ^ after the accident ""^^ after the accident ~-c?"2— _ happened ACQUAINTED are you acquainted < — *~ z> ai*e you acquainted with Mr. c AGENT 4> assistant general freight agent (A. G. F. A.) assistant general passenger agent (A. g. P. A.) haggaae agent claim agent commission agent freight agent 4 £ / general freight agent "*=, (G. F. A.) general passenger ^c, agent (G. P. A.) after this accident in reference to the accident when did the accident happen when did the accident occur are you acquainted with Mrs. are you acquainted with the prisoner general passenger and ticket agent general ticket agent insurance agent purchasing agent reserve agent station agent tax agent ticket agent GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS AGREE <&~~b?) I cannot agree , l 7 I could not agree (5 T do not agree I don't agree if it is agreed if you will agree if you will not ^ it is agreed ^t it was agreed <2 fy I will agree T would not agree you may not agree *Z> ■z—zr vou will agree you will agree with ALWAYS he always I always T always did AND (Omitted) 9 again and again assault and battery ^ hack and forth before and after ^ ^r T always have -*■ they always t we always bond and deed by and between by and by capital and labor GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 89 <2-<2^ ) 7, r each and every east and west execute and acknowl- edge execute and deliver full and complete full and correct hand and seal here and there higher and higher husband and wife information and be- lief -~7 as quick as GKEGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 91 as quickly as ■*-? as soon as ^^__^ as soon as von are able as soon as ( ) can as well as as well as ( ) can 5 annual report of the association building- and loan association building association central association in the annual report of the association f ^ loan association local association national association our association report of the asso- ciation 02 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ATTENTION any attention ^r 7 attracted my at- tention brought to my at- tention lidn't pay much attention direct your attention £S^' draw attention (j i ^- glve your attention C^-v I call attention as you came £~T? if you came ■^Z) before you came f*^-* they came to me -Z^ came to me «^>— o> when you came /- CAR box car buffet car cable car carload car lot chair car closed car dining car eastbound car edge of the car electric car ^ (L. 7^ freight car northbound ear observation car open car passenger car passing car proper car refrigerator ear safe and proper car southbound car steam car 96 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS * — street car f type of car to get off the ear ^^H westbound car to get on the ear *J^ what type of car top of the car /L which car — — trolley car a^--? with reference to the car CARE, CAREFUL "-&~p care and caution / ^5*"7 °^ suc h care an( l caution -— ■ z>, care and prudence ^^^ of that care ^&^~' careful attention <>-o ordinai*y care due care <^n ordinary care and caution due care and cau- ^j^ ordinary care and tion f prudence *-^-p of all care and cau- £-yf^' prompt and careful tion attention such care and cau- tion CERTAIN, CERTAINLY -^__ and which certainly A— have certainly -~2- — > are you certain c= y — .-> I am not certain GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 97 I cannot be certain I can't be certain I shall certainly -^— it is certain -j,-— there is certainly to be certain -z-2___ we are certain which certainly would not be certain you may be certain CHARGE 9 r free of charge I charge anv children & / I decline to charge I refuse to charge CHILDREN ~7 K^sf are there any children -y» have you any children many children 7 men, women and children no children i-^/* were there any children ~f ^~ ~7 CIRCUMSTANCES i^-& circumstances of the case S % peculiar circum- stances of the case women and children under any circum- stances under ordinary cir- cumstances under peculiar cir- cumstances 98 (JKEUCJ IfKI'OKTIXt} SUOKTlTTS I under similar cir- cumstances under such circum- stances ST / / under the circum- stances •7 ^3 under the circum- stances oi' the case v* 7 under the same cir- cumstances 1 CITY r city and county «^~> T city limits s^~ city of Boston f" city of Buffalo f^~ CIVIL SERVICE y civil service «£L, j!—^ civil service com- .' --s mission COMMON ^common carrier __, common council common prudence r under these circum- stances under those circum- stances under what circum- stances under which circum- stances unusual circum- stances city of Chicago city of New York city ordinance 'city or town civil service reform civil service ruling common sense common stock .commonwealth gregg reporting shortcuts 99 COMPANY ^" Adams Express Company ^ American Express C-^ Company _^^— > and company % ^52^ 7 £ annual report of the company assurance company auditor of the com- pany bank and trust com- <^, pany capital stock of the company comptroller of the company electric company ' =r ^Xl^ m ^ ue aniuia ' report • ' ' of the company 5/L^ joint stock company 'life insurance com- pany manager of the company National Express Company express company fire insurance com- pany for this company ' — ^ general manager of ^_, the company -2^__ insurance and trust company -^_, insurance company preferred stock of the company president of the company publishing company railroad company railway company safe deposit and trust company savings and trust company savings bank and trust company savings company 'Standard Oil Com- pany stock company 100 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 2 — r— , street car company <^ transportation com- pany 4^->, surety company ^~V treasurer of the company -*■ — -y telephone company ^— -r trust company ^-£?" , ~ r -- > title and trust com- ^ vice-president of the pany • — > company <£*^-~> title, insurance and ^"/^ Western Express trust company Company CONCLUSION ~-^~r--j calling for the con- -A. ^~*-y vve have come to elusion the conclusion -'* ? came to the conclu- ^^-^^-7 what is your conclu- sion sion come to the con- <^&- ^ y what was your con- clusion elusion CONDITION -^-v^ character and con- 2~>s of his condition dition -^^xL, condition of affairs £—*' proper condition y^^/ 7 first-class condition /-^' such condition >-^' his condition <^2~s^ this condition --. ^ in first-class con- =, ^ unsafe condition &-^-~>s dition ^-vs -r * in such condition c^^—-^ what is the condi- A/ tion normal condition t^g^^ what was the con- dition GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 101 CONSIDER, CONSIDERABLE, CONSIDERATION -^^7 after careful con- sideration after due considera- tion '~~Z^~ 7 considerable atten- tion ^r^y I I have carefully considered have taken into consideration -*-7 considerable con- sideration considerable impor- tance considerable number '"X-) considering this -"">-) in consideration of this ~^*> in due consideration must be considered 3 £-y which we consider take into considera- tion which we consider ' to be you must consider on which corner ^3 considering your "^~j for this consideration CORNER •xZ-^. northeast corner u f^_ £ , northwest corner ^—t—-=> on the corner ^L COUNSEL by counsel corporation counsel ,y*P counsel for appellee *—>-* southeast corner southwest corner -Y^ counsel for appel- lant 102 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ^^) counsel for (lie de- fense Q G counsel for the prisoner counsel for the prosecution learned counsel COURT before the Dis- trict Court by the court by this court call the attention of the Court Central Criminal Court Circuit Court contempt of court court-martial ( lourt of Appeals Court of Bank- ruptcy Conil of Chancery court of competent jurisdiction Court of Justice Court of Sessions 7 Courts of Justice decree of the Court District Court District Court of A p peals -^~^ for the court s^2—>/ for this court *Z. — --v' from the court High Court of Justice High Courts of Justice *-*7 T ask the Court to charge I call the attention of the Court if it p lease the ( lour! 7, 7 if the Court if the Court please GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 103 informs the Court -gg? may it please the ^ Court 2. £, ~& on or before that day on the day of the accident against the defend- ant are you acquainted with the defendant attorney for defend- ant before the defend- ant between the complain- ant and the defend- cZ^^ ant bv the defendant by the learned counsel for the defendant called for the de- fendant co-defendant counsel for the de- fendant defendant's counsel for the defendant in favor of defend- ant is the defendant it seems that the . defendant learned counsel for the defendant GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 105 on behalf of the de- fendant that the defendant {Z <^ the defendant £^- -~^^ then the defendant ^ advertising depart- ment ^>o Attorney-General's Department 7 ^ 'claim department ' credit depart- ment dry goods depart- ment education depart- ment 4^ to give the defend- ant upon defendant upon the defendant wasn't the de- fendant wherein the de- fendant who is the de- fendant manslaughter in the second degree murder in the first degree murder in the second degree executive depart- ment fire department freight department furnitijre depart- ment general freight de- partment general passenger department 106 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ^ £ ^-s> industrial depart- nient inquiry department insurance depart- ment -^^ in that department /^. -Sl^ xxv * ms department ,/^- __^» — ^^ legal department s*_^& £», —s municipal depart- ment Navy Department ^-^^ operating depart- -z^^ ment DETERMINE after you determine ^-^___ as you are to de- termine can you determine _^ determine thai -n > determine the determine this for you to deteri- raine passenger depart- ment purchasing depart- ment service department shipping department shoe department stationery depart- ment telegraph department Treasury Depart- ment War Department if you can de- termine if vou determine it is for you to determine must be determined to be determined to determine vou must determine GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 107 DID-YOU did you """did you employ did you ever did you ever do ^^7^T=? did you ever do that did you ever have did you ever have any did you ever have any dealing's did you ever have any thing- did you ever have anything to do did you ever learn did you ever look did you ever make did you ever make any did you ever re- quest did you ever study 3 did you give did you have did you have any did you have any conversation did you have any more did vou have any talk did you have any- thing yi^^^ did you have any- thing to do did you hear did you hear any- one lid you hear any- thing did vou make did you measure the did vou not did you remain away did you turn Note : Note the special forms for "did you ever" and "did you have." Use one hook for "did you" except before O, R, L. or S. 108 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS f^?* do you not believe do you ever have any do you ever have any dealings do you ever have anything do you ever have anything' to do do vou ever make •^7 do vou ever study do you work Note: Use I) for "do you" before R or L. DO-YOU-KNOW do you know ^/^^ ^° vou ^ now an y- do vou know any thing about that do vou know any- vy thing about this ' ou know which fendant in this case one ELSE someone else something' else somewhere else Avas there anything' else engineer of construc- tion gas engineer irrigation engineer locomotive engineer mechanical engineer mining engineer structural engineer engineering depart- ment 110 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS EVIDENCE ^ 0, according to the evidence as not the best evidence believe from the evidence believe from the evi- dence that defendant by a greater weight of evidence by credible evidence by the evidence by the greater weight of evidence circumstantial evi- dence close of the evidence determine from the evidence determining from the evidence documentary evi- dence from all the evidence from the evidence 7 c. ^y greater weight of the evidence i I' from all the evi- dence if from the evidence if the evidence it' you believe from the evidence if you believe from the evidence that de- fendant in accordance with the evidence introduced in evi- dence introduce in evi- dence T will offer in evidence to the evidence under the evidence upon all the evidence upon the evidence ~~~Z^?f greater weight of evidence £/ weight of evidence V^ you should believe S from the evidence GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 111 / x EXAMINE, EXAMINATION have you examined 3< after your examina- tion at the first examina- tion civil service examina- tion cross examination cross examining did you ever make an examination did you examine did you examine it did you examine the ~^~ did you make an ^ examination S in Ins cross examina- tion in your examination in your first exami- nation make your examina- tion medical examination on your direct exam- ination physical examination post-mortem exami- nation preliminary exami- nation direct examination ""^ recross examination entrance examination <— -**"'' redirect examination examination in chief ^—^-^c re-recross examina- tion re-redirect examina- tion examine this final examination ^ when you examined first examination / which examination 112 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS EXCEPT, EXCEPTION C_g bill of exceptions CL-^_^. I except to the ruling c of the Court <^ excepted to c: ^ cl^- executors, adminis- i^ heirs, executors trators or assigns and administrators G g heirs, administrators J2-c_ heirs, executors or and assigns administrators c7 ■=-?- heirs, administrators CL^- heirs or assigns or assigns <£ heirs and assigns -* j successors and as- signs EXERCISE heirs, executors, nri- -i-c_^. successors or assigns ministrators ami as- <^ by the exercise ^2^ he was in the exer- cise by the exercise ^2-^^, he was in the exercise c \ of ordinary care Ot such 6? by the exercise -i X- - in the exercise / of which GREGG REPORTING SHOETCUTS 113 in the exercise of duty '2^ & — z? in the exercise of or- (^ dinary care and prudence ~^-< in the exercise of / < "^ in the exercise of such care and caution in the exercise of which such the i such care ~ r ^-< in the exercise of in the exercise of your duty *~Z^ is the exercise EXHIBIT complainant's exhibit >»- defendant's exhibit ? ~~~^f co-respondent's exhibit <^ defendant's exhibit ^ "A" in this case 7 exhibit to t lie Court exhibit your government's exhibit respondent's exhibit EXPERIENCE, EXPERIENCED ^r-y actual experience cr_ 7 r ^ aui experienced -y any experience ^ are you experienced ss^q ( 'i f i you experience from my experience from our experience C he is experienced —/ in our experience y in your experience my experience •— r our experience ^ what experience -i-< you are experienced 114 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS EXTENT greater or less extent to a certain extent °? to ;i considerable extent to a greal extent to a large extent to a limited extent FACT are you aware of the / fact ^7 -7 ■^ > as to any fact L because of tlie fact ji- ? "7 collateral facts ((in ceded fact determine the tads did you for a fact do von know for a Eacl essential facts 2. s to any great extent to little extent to some extent to such an extent to what extent to which extent facts and circum- stances facts and circum- stances of the case facts of the case for a fact for the facts from all the fai'i^ and circumstances from all the facts and circumstances of the case from the fact T believe it to be a fact CI.'Kcifi REPORTING SHORT* TTS 115 I believe you are aware of the fact „ ? is it a fact ^7 is it not a fact *<-^p is it or not a fact ^J isn't it a fact •^ isn't that a fact -j- it is a fact o^Y* I want to know the facts J f 7 % 7 mere fact notwithstanding that fact notwithstanding- the fact on account of the fact owing to the fact point of fact scientific fact that is a fact the fact to any fact was it a fact that was it not a fact was it not a fact that were it not for the fact were you aware of the fact you are aware of the fact you are aware of the fact that 116 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS FIND as you may find as you will find can you find can you find any can you find any more can you find any- thing can you find that did you ever find did you find did you find any did you find any- thing did you find that did you find the defendant did you find them do you find do you find any do you find any- thing do vou find that do vou find that they do you find that they are find for defendant find for the th'- fend ant find from the evi- dence find from the evidence that the defendant if they find from the evidence if you can find if you can find any if you can find any- thing if you can find that if you can find that the if you can find that they if you can find that this company GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 117 £-y if you can find they y I wish to find you ^-y if you can find they ^-^ should you find > ^-~ are -^7 ^-^ if vou can find they ^ ^ should you find that ^ did ^~L^^ ^ y° u ean find they * ^ should you find that did not they / if you find ^ S they must find if you find from the *J they must find from evidence ^/ the evidence •? if you find that ** Jx^ they must find that J\^-) if you find that this ^ Ji5~^ they must find that the defendant if you find that this S? to find " -> company -/_ if vou find that this -^7 to find anyone ^°^ complaint ik2-— — ^ y° u find that this J? to find anything 9 if you find that this woman & to find that / if you shall find ^~ to find them £? if you should find f we find o^> T want to find *? what did you find <^ I want to find you ^ what did you then find / I wish to find ^ what did you there find 118 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS <{_ , which you will find which you will find to be you can find any you can find any- thing you can find no you can find noth- ing you can find that you can find that this you find you find that you find that there was you find that they you find that this you may find you may find that you may find them you may find those ^ -2 2- r? you must find you must find that you must find them you must find those your finding must be your finding will be you should find you should find the defendant you will find you will find that you will find that they you will find that they are you will find that this you will find that this case you will find them you will find this you will find this case GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 119 y y / c^ FLOOR first floor main floor second floor GROUND ample grounds third floor r^) this floor y — guilty or not guilty » he is guilty — a he was guilty - c not guilty r to be guilty <^y would be guilty 120 GREGG REPORTING SHORTlTTS HAD *f lad been S&y if they had been < lad been able JL^ if w e had ^> lad been done d^^ if we had been -£, iad been given ~~)_^/' if you can find they *^y had ^r md there been *£^ if you had / mve you ever had '^( if you had been % ^ ^ lave you ever had any experience lave you had ex- perience le had *?£ if you had been able & I had ^Y l had been le had been f he had j? \ have had ^ they had j? if he had been ^ ( they had been ^ i' 1 had ^ that is my judgmenl judgment, attach- f to (ho best of ( ) ment and execution (/ judgment judgment of t lie Court ^ what is your host (/ judgment what is your jud| ment learned judge JURY, JUROR, JURYMAN as jurors (L-S gentlemen of the jury el large to the jury common jury court and jury describe to the jury exhibit to the jury fair and impartial juror fair and impartial juror in this ease fair and impartial juryman for the jury gives the jury Grand Jury 9-^^f I ask the Court to // charge the jury ^?- . if accepted as a / juror ^-* if accepted as a juror in this case J^-^ if taken as a juror _^-r> if taken as a jury- man if the jury } X if the jury find from /■jJ the evidence GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 129 if the jury wish if you are selected as a juror -^^7 if you are taken / as a juror —r / z^ 7- instructs the jury on the jury satisfy the jury selected as a juror 7 f V ^ that the jury the Court instructs the jury *if you believe from the evidence that defendant the Court instructs the jury that "■"7 *>^ ** if you believe from -/, -^^ the evidence that defendant ** |.j ie (J e f en( J an t; z. I JUST in just a minute in just a moment just a minute just a moment just as just as great just as much just as quick as the Court instructs the jury the defendant the jury are instructed that the jury are instructed that the defendant just as quickly as just as soon as just as soon as ( ) can just as they did just as well just as well as just compensation just how long •Phrase beginning "the Court instructs the jury." ••Phrase beginning "the Court instructs the jury that." 130 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 4- / z just now just one minute just one moment KNOW, KNOWN as far as ( ) know as well known A just refer /** just the point just the same /--=-_ be it known did you ever know did you know did you know her did you know him _/ have you ever jf**-" known he is known he is well known how did you know how did you know that how do you know S~ how do you know that how long have you known how long have you known her how long have you known him I am at a loss to know I do not know I do not know her I do not know him I don't know I don't know her I don't know him if he knows if he knows that GREGG REPORTING KHORTCITN 131 To -y^ •2_ 7 not that I know of of course you know to make known we know that well-known what you know ^/ which is known as ^^ you do not know -2-^ you know -x-^-c^ you know that KNOWLEDGE <7 to his knowledge to my knowledge not to my knowledge know all men by these presents knows that knows that there did you have any knowledge did you have any knowledge of the fact **__ of your knowledge <^_ personal knowledge / such knowledge to the best of ( ) knowledge to the best of ( ) knowledge and be- lief to vour knowledge ~?_ within your knowl- edge 132 GREGG REPORTING SHOinri TS LAW according to the law ^_-o for the law of t lie ^9 ^^ .■' according to the Law and the evidence attorney at law -common law contrary to the law counselor at law criminal law LEFT I left her - 1 left him —^ left foot «"- left hand anything like it looks like LIKE "?> case in law- Interstate Com- merce law judge of the law- law department law of the case proceedings at law upon the law and tin- evidence on the left on the left hand when I left when you left 1 would like to ask I would like to become GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 133 I would like to have I would like to <~ i inquire MANNER economical manner -£_ first-class manner in a systematic manner -j in such a manner /__ in the manner and j_ form MARRIED are you a married — -f^ man -are you a married — o^ woman are you married are you married or single married children married daughter married life married man £ I would like to know under like circum- stances in the usual manner in what manner satisfactory manner such a manner systematic manner married son -married woman to be married when and where were you married when I was married when were you married when we were married when you were married 134 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS — c? <* <2^ MATERIAL material allegation ^ c? material cause ^ — material change <■ — 3 Cf material difference s MATTER about this matter ^~^^ arranges the matter —= — r arrange the matter as a matter of con- venience as a matter of course as a matter of fact as a matter of form as a matter of law consider the matter determine the matter — z. material fact material form material gain material interest "^ I call your attention to the matter in all matters in connection with the matter in reference to the matter in regard to the matter into the matter look at the matter 'look into the matter matter of knowledge matter of law 'direct your attention ^? ^ this is a matter to the matter GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 135 what is the matter ^2 W with reference to the matter MEAN all means by all means C^, r by any means (■ j by means of which ( — , by no means C<^ T by that means C ^> by this means by which means ^2. A MEMBER -& with regard to the matter you will find this matter does that mean do you mean by that this means ways and means what did you mean what did you mean by that - what did you mean by the which do vou mean _ — *- ^Member of Con- gress — ^- Member of Parlia- ment -2 member of the asso- ^ ciation —r member of the £T bar member of the board T" T ^2- member of the cabi- net member of the com- mittee member of the com- pany member of the coun- cil member of the fam- 136 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 2^ t? 1 - nieinber of the legislature member of the oppo- -^ sition MILE, MILES four miles an hour half a mile how many miles an hour member of the or- ganizaton member of the soci- ety mile long miles an hour three miles an hour two miles an hour in your mind keep in mind satisfy your mind to my mind will you keep in mind for many months in what month last month GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 137 z £- <^ ■** many months month or two "» month or two ago next month ^ ^ * next month or two <^2_ MORNING <^_ every morning following morning Friday morning '• in the morning =* . Monday morning ^-^ • on that morning <: - / ^2 . on this morning ?- MORTGAGE -^ bond and mortgage ^ NOTICE did you ever notice -^/ did you receive notice ^^Z- ilid vou notice no, sir, I could not no, sir, I couldn't no, sir, I did not no, sir, I didn't no, sir, I do not no, sir, I don't no, sir, I have not no, sir, I haven't no, sir, I would not no, sir, I wouldn't did you serve him with notice did you serve them witli notice 2_ location notice GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 141 V 2 £ f £ C- ^ £ notice of the fact were you served with notice <^— what notice <^&^> what was that notice OBJECT, OBJECTION I object to the conversation objected to 4 * as calling: for the conclusion * as incompetent, ir- relevant and im- material * by counsel * by counsel for defendant * by counsel for the defendant * by defendant OBSER 1 did you observe ** the condition £ <5 /£* ** the condition of the floor ** the condition of the house ** the condition of the man •Phrase beginning "objected to." ••Phrase beginning "did you observe. r. * by the defendant * if the Court please * if your Honor please * on the ground objection overruled objection sustained object to the conver- sation sustain the objection ** the condition of the street had you observed I did not observe that what did you observe you did not observe 142 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS OFFICE 4 2 f 2 r central office general office home office in my office have often how often I have often I often not often any opinion OFTEN 2 2 2 OPINION did you have any opinon did you know his opinion has no opinion have you formed or ex- pressed an opinion 4 in our office in what office post office post-office depart- ment not very often this often very often we often you often he had no opinion his opinion on the subject his opinion was I am of the opinion I gave my opinion GREGG REPORTING SHORTCITS 143 g? £- I had no opinion «y^£--she had no opinion z ^ "Z 5 I have g^ven my opinion I have my opinion I have no opinion in her opinion in his opinion in my opinion in your opinion is it your opinion that it is my opinion it was her opinion I would like to ask your opinion I would like your opinion matter of opinion my opinion on the subject not in our opinion our opinion on the subject ^9 that is our opinion z; their opinion on the subject their opinion was ""^ they are of the opinion they have no opinion to the best of ( ) opinion •^ we are of the opin- C ion <^. we have our opinion ^*y we told our opinion *^7 what in his opinion ^-^ZT what in your opinion ^7 what is your opinion V you are of the opin- ion you had no opinion you have no opinion your opinion on the subject 144 GREGG REPORTING SHORTHTS ORDER ( ^-^ by order of the -z^-£^ ^ * Court -^^/C^ does order, adjudge and decree dotli order, adjudge and decree '"/^/ further ordered, ad- judged and decreed ^ in order to he able in order to determine in order to determine, the facts ■sy in order to judge e ^/\y^ in order to know <^^ in order to learn c^^ OTHER rj any other fad / he fore any other — *»■— before no other -*-*- I s£-j if you can find any -4"~ other in other words in order to prove in order to recover is it ordered it is ordered it was ordered law and order -mail order depart- ment order, adjudge and decree point of order restraining order just as well as the other no other one other on the other hand somehow or other GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 145 c some other -> ^> somewhere or other something or other s~- tf ~~ were there any other OUT burn out can you find out fill out s^-tf^ straighten out to find out find out I want to find out " turn out OWN do you own do you own any- thing from your own knowledge from your own per- sonal knowledge his own knowledge I have my own opinion my own my own business -c^-— ^ my own case / not to my own knowledge ■2? of his own personal knowledge -r^z- of my own knowl- edge ■^y of my own person.-'! ' knowledge of your own knowl- edge our own business we have our own C. opinion 146 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS you have your own opinion your own judgment •■^__ your own knowledge PART, PARTY our own view contention on the part of defendant contention on the part of the defendant 1 on his part Y on my own part ^on my part Democratic Party e — during the early part ^^y on our P ar t ' during the latter part ^ on the part °z early part X^ on the part of defendant ^ for my own part z^ on the part of the defendant ^ for the most part party of the first part £- front part of the car party of the second part ZT in all parts of the world (3 party of the third part -^ in the early part -^ rear part of the car in the latter part r Republican Party my own part fr Socialist Party ^C .Z no part — ^r the latter part G REGG K E 1 »< 1 1 IT [NG SHORTCUTS 147 °7 PEOPLE American people 7 my own people C -?• c S} <2 c? c did you find the people do you know how many people for the people _ •great many people ^ PLACE above-named place -. at that place at the same place at this place can you find the place first place from place to place how did you find the place in my place in the first place number of people s people's exhibit <-~—g- quite a number of < people — y** were there many peoj:>le in the last place in the next place in the second place _-, in which place f in j'our place <^ my place c r place of business take place ( third place "• what took place 148 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS PLAINTIFF Y f} '$ ? 7 7 f 7 7 7 above-named plain- tiff against the plaintiff are you acquainted with plaintiff attorney for plaintiff before the plaintiff believe from the evi- dence that plaintiff by the plaintiff called for the plain- tiff carelessness and negli- gence of the plain- tiff carelessness or negli- gence of the plain- tiff contention on the part of the plaintiff contributory negli- gence of the plain- tiff counsel for the plaintiff did you find the plaintiff do you know plaintiff do you know the plaintiff / / ' 7 do you know the plain- tiff in this case due to the negligence of plaintiff entitle the plaintiff find for plaintiff find for the plain- tiff find from the evi- dence that plaintiff for or against plain- tiff for or against the plaintiff if the plaintiff knew if you believe from the evidence that plain- tiff in behalf of plaintiff in favor of defendant and against plaintiff in favor of plaintiff in favor of plaintiff and against defendant is the plain! iff it seems that the plaintiff GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 149 c C £ r - learned counsel for the plaintiff negligence of plain- tiff objected to by coun- sel for plaintiff objected to by counsel for the plaintiff objected to by plain- tiff objected to by the plaintiff on behalf of the plaintiff plaintiff's case plaintiff's counsel plaintiff's exhibit plaintiff's negli- gence representing plaintiff representing the plaintiff ^ — ■-£. seal an exception for f _ plaintiff (• the Court instructs the / ^- jury that if you be- A? ( lieve from the evi- / dence that plaintiff ^25? the jury are instructed (■ that the plaintiff -^ theory of plaintiff "*" ^ to give the plaintiff -f wherein the plaintiff ■jy who is the plaintiff -t.^-^?' you are instructed that the plaintiff "'r you do not know the plaintiff 'r &-& y° u do not know the plaintiff in this case PLATFORM back platform /^ front platform of the car back platform of the ear C^ front platform ^-e^- rear platform w ^- rear platform of ^^ the ear 150 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS POSITIVE I am not positive I would not be positive 7 1 can't be positive (X-^ why are vou posi- V tive I could not be <>y ( y° n wou bl not be / positive y positive POSSIBLE, POSSIBLY t-f V evidence preponderance of the evidence preponderating evi- dence *• if you believe from a preponderance of evidence that de- fendant ** if you believe from a preponderance of evidence that plain- tiff •* that if you believe from a preponder- ance of evidence PRIOR <^p . prior to entering ^/"^prior to the day <^j prior to the acci dent prior to that date ^ prior to the date (^ ^. prior to the meeting ^ — , prior to the organ- ization ,^-^_ ) prior to your con- ' nection •Phrase beginning "if you believe from a preponderance of evidence." ** Phrase beginning "the Court instructs the jury." 152 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS PURPOSE ^ i £ tor a certain pur- pose for other purposes for that purpose for the purpose for the purpose of determining' for the purpose of making "} If f ^H for the purpose of showing 1 7 QUESTION accident in question allow your question answer my question answer that question answer the question are you ready for the question before the accident in question but this is the question 2, for the purpose of sustaining for the purpose of taxation for the same pur- pose for this purpose for which purpose what is the pur- pose what was your pur- pose by your question consider the ques- tion consider the ques- tion of damages consider your ques- tion determine the ques- tion hypothetical question T ask that question injury in question GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 153 on the day in ques- tion into that question ^-^ into the question V question at issue question is there any question " ~p question in mind ^t^-y it is a question for ^ -7 question in my mind ^ — your Honor it is ia question of *~sf* question of damages fact 7 I want to ask a question I will allow your question let him answer the question ... 7 _ z £? machine in question <—p ~&~> my question objection to the question question of fact question of law questions of fact questions of law reach the question C^i-J strike out the ques / question tion (_ object to the ques- ^^~? that is not the tion question ^_^-~ -p one or two ques- tions ^50 on that question mestion <^-y that is the questu ( to any question ' on the date in question h to which your ques- tion 154 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS <^~) upon the question c^t~y what is the question t-^Z^-, what was your ques- tion ^will you answer my question -? will you answer the question withdraw your ques- tion ^7* you mav answer the question RATE at any rate day rate death rate ^^ first-rate •"7 .your question v/£? joint rate j rate of interest / special rate ^ij? tax rate REASON, REASONABLE, REASONABLY beyond all reason- able doubt L, by reason of the con- — , tnbntory negligence S* ( of the plaintiff beyond a reasonable C b y reason of the fact c c doubt by reason by reason of such by reason of the carelessness by reason of the care- lessness and negli- gence by reason of the con- tributory negligence of the defendant r" by reason of the fact that the by reason of which do you know any reason do you know of any reason fair and reasonable GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 155 2. ^ 4 v^* for several reasons for some reason or other for that reason for the further reason that for the reason for the reason that for the same reason for this reason for your reasons just and reasonable no reason in the world reasonable and ordi- nary care reasonable care reasonable care and caution reasonable certainty reasonable damages reasonable decree reasonable degree of care reasonable degree of care and caution reasonable diligence reasonable doubt reasonable notice reasonable number reasonable question reasonable request reasonable satisfac- tion reasonably prudent person reasonabty safe reasonably safe place reasonably satis- factory jf^-j satisfactoiy reason £-<_-, what is the reason <^t-y what was the reason -z__-, your reasons 7 156 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS RECALL 2^ as I recall can you recall can you recall the complainant can you recall the day can you recall the defendant can you recall the occasion can you recall the plaintiff do you not recall do you recall do you recall any- thing do you recall any- thing else I can't recall ^Z T > RECOLLECT as far as ( ) recol- lect as near as ( ) can recollect can you not recollect I do not recall I don't just recall I don't recall not that T recall recall that recall t lie recall the defendant recall the payment recall the place recall the plaintiff recall the position recall this can you recollect don't you recollect do vou not recollect GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 157 do you recollect t^~^ I cannot recollect P I can't recollect & RECOLLECTION I could not recollect I do not recollect I don't recollect *£ Q J according - to ( ) best recollection according - to ( ) recollection as a matter of recol- lection from your recollec- tion have you any recol- lection ^/jf I have no recollec- tion _^_ knowledge and recol- lection my best recollection my own recollection my recollection ,^7 my recollection is 'that my recollection of the accident £ my recollection of ~? the circumstances my recollection of the conversation refresh your recollec- tion that is my recollec- tion to my best recollec- tion to mv recollection to the best of ( ) knowledge and recollection to the best of ( ) recollection to your recollection what is your best recollection what is your recol- lection you may refresh your recollection your best recollec- tion your recollection 158 GKEGG REPORTING SHORTCl TS REMEMBER e- ? tfT-^- as near as ( ) can remember as ( ) remember it as you will remem- ber be it remembered can you not re- member can you remember distinctly remem- ber don't you remem- ber do you not i*e- m ember do vou remember do you remember the circumstances do you remember the date do you remember the day do you remember what do you remember when how did you re- member -O how do you remem- ber I can't remember I can't remember the date I can't remember the day I could not remem- ber I do not remember I don't remember I don't remember the date I don't remember the day not that I remem- ber not that T remem- ber of please remember _/<=» please remember that that you remember which you remember vou do not remember GREGG KEP0KT1NG SHORTCUTS 159 you do not remem- ber when vou will remember -^vou will remember that - / " vou will remember the right foot right hand right or wrong right, title and interest right, title or interest that is not right that is right was it right within your rights bar room bathroom bedroom best room 160 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ^ 9L court room dining room front bedroom front room how many rooms jury room S-l . living room -= ■■ — : main room «^ private room •«- £? reading room / SAFETY for her own safety c— ,y> for his own safety O for his own safety and protection 9 SAID "'did you say any- thing to Mrs. do you mean to say T am at a loss to say I am going to say T cannot say I can't say I could not say I dare say I decline to say I did say I do not say I don't say I may say I must say inclined to say GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 163 Q-7 I refuse to say >^ I should say not r it is for you to say ■^£y^& it is hard to say Q — ^-g I will not say I would like to say no, sir, I can't say no, sir, I can't say I have seems to say £> <«? that is to say unable to sav £-f were you saying ""* 5, what did you mean by saying <^7 what did you say ^2 what did you say to him ^^pf what were you say- ing <=-£, what you say s& ■^5 ? will you please say will you say would not say would you say you can't say you could not say you do not say you don't say you mean to say you say you do not you say you never you say you never did you say you told him you will not say you will say you would not say you wouldn't say 164 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS SECRETARY "S secretary and treasurer ^ Secretary of Api- culture Secretary of Com- merce Secretary of Labor secretary of the company SEE 4> — ■? come to see her -g. come to see him '^ — ' could you see her could you see him did you ever see did you ever see defendant did you ever see him before did you ever see the defendant did you see did you see de- fendant 9-~* o-^ secretary of the corporation Secretary of the Interior Secretary of the Navy Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War did you see her did you see him did you see me did you see the defendant 1 asked to see her I iisked to see him I came to see her I came to see him I could not see I want to see GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 165 i-^l- I want to see her — ^ I want to see him C^ see her '*-< to see her * to see him C-< both sides 0? east side SIDE either one side or the other either side fair and impartial to both sides left-hand side north side one side . one side or the ^ other ~~S on one side unable to see what did you see when next did you see her when next did you see him will see her on the left side on the one side on the other side on the right-hand side on the right- or left-hand side v ^ on the left-hand -^ side 166 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS SIDEWALK nil over the sidewalk < — _- ^<7 /? did you observe the -3-, 2, condition of the sidewalk east side of the side- walk inside of the side- walk new sidewalk z Z north side of the sidewalk SINCE ever since ever since that ever since then ever since they have heen how long since Ions' since since that dale since that dav c^- J 1 =} since that evening -^9 ?- old sidewalk on which side of the sidewalk on which sidewalk outside of the side- walk south side of the sidewalk west side of the sidewalk since that is the since the accident since then since they have heen since this case since this is a case since when since you have since yon have done GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 167 SO -^ and if so and so forth and so on day or so did you hear him say so did you say so I don't believe so if so in a day or so in order to do so in so far as I should say so is it not so isn't that so is that so it is not so -n month or so -&ss next day or so no, I don't believe so *? say so so as to be £-t, so as to know "£ — -5T-* so as to make ^-l. so-ealled y° u ma y sa y so SPEED about what rate of ***<< at what speed speed at about what rate csl-P high rate of speed of speed < ^ at such a rate of <-^ rate of speed Cf speed * ^f at that rate of sz^ that rate of speed < speed c ^^-f at what rate of ^"^ wna * rate °f speed ' speed STAIRS X back stairs <5 k -^ /_? I went downstairs X^~ downstairs o-^f I went upstairs <^ jp flight of stairs ^ upstairs / front stairs j/~ upstairs and down STATE, STATED CZ^ able to state J£ as stated £?—-> against the peace and --^ can you state fe/s' dignity of the state ^_t? are you able to state --7/*— — can } T ° U state now Ions - GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 169 can you state how o-^ 7 many / can you state how o^>-' much city, county and state d^^ ?r by your statement s''' ~P- can you find the y~ statement in your statement y / state your name, please state your name, resi- dence and occupa- tion state your objection they have stated their opinion we have stated our opinion we stated our opin- ion which you have stated will you please state will you please state your name will vou state will you state the circumstances will you state to the statement of account statement of claim statement of facts statement of the facts GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 171 book store candy store ~~~*-Z corner store department store — ^ are you sure «— 3f / ^-' I could not swear / '~^ L 7' I could not swear positively ^- I swear _- '-z? I will not swear 172 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS I will swear I would not swear T would not swear positively will vou swear /"<2— would not swear /*^7- would not swear positively ^^-" would you swear „ vou will swear will you swear positively ^ vou will swear posi- Y tively SWORE, SWORN Av being duly sworn being duly sworn and examined being first duly sworn being first duly sworn and examined TELL as near as ( ) can tell ^-> can you tell can you tell bow long can you tell bow many can you tell- bow much can you tell me ( z_^ I swore /— subscribed and sworn to ^~ when did you tell him ~""^ will you tell will you tell the jury TERMS according' to the terms according to the terms of the contract are you familiar with the terms of the contract ^ on equal terms term of the contract terms of the contract >in accordance with the ■? — terms of the con- tract TESTIFY, TESTIMONY under the terms of the contract according to the testimony and testify ^-v^ can you testify £g change your testi- mony are you testifying ^-, conflicting testimony 174 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS -"J* consider the testi- mony ^J*f consider the weight _t_^ of the testimony -^ correct your testi- mony defendant's testi- mony direct testimony do you mean to tes- tify do you want to testify I call your attention to the testimony I could not testify -&g in his testimony ^e -f •yf if they find from the J? testimony if you find from the « — —■»-*' testimony in accordance with t_-^' the testimony in addition to the ' r ^£ testimony in addition to this "^ testimony THAN better than —*-»-- there were no other -^ there were any - J? ~~ there were not -£. c there were as many - ^ there were so many THEY-WERE ■^p if you can find they ^-" they were ^ were -/ if you find they were ^ a_ " they were not <= > ~ c ^' I know they were '- ja " / ^ they were there THING, THINGS *7 about these things >^ state of things -"^ ' condition of things -* — ? there are many things "^--f in regard to such -^-^ — - there are some things ^ things «jf is there such a thing ~* ° r there were many ^~ things -r^' nature of things - c -^2 — - there were some things V, one of the first things *"£^- what was the next thing GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 177 THINK because you think can you think can you think of any can you think of any reason can you think of anything did you ever think don't you think do you not think do you not think so do you think do you think so I do not think I do not think I said I don't think T don't think I said I don't think so J^ if you think Z^~ inclined to think ^" v ^' I think it is t?^ I think it was (f 1 I think so f^^ I think they are able £> I think they were r<_ ^^' I think you will ^~^~~* no, I don't think so -^ — ^ no, sir, I do not think so t^~ what did you think - — any length of time -o-- any other time . / since that time ( so many times some time before some time or other state how Ions: a time take your time that at the time that is the only time the time you mention time after time time and time asrain TRACK branch line track car track eastbound track € ?s east track ^ first track time of day time of night time of the day time of the night very short time what time of day what time of night what time of the day what time of the night what time was that with reference to that time main line track main track northbound track north track railroad track 182 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS / second track southbound track south track street car track / switch track ?- — i wagon tracks ? Cy westbound track ^ west track fair and impartial trial TRIAL ^r^ on the trial trial ■^~ r ^ for a new trial <^/ on trial — ^ new trial ^- trial balance UNDERSTAND, UNDERSTOOD y^~"^ as ( ) understand it ^ / do you want the jury to understand do you want us to understand T do not believe I understand you , I do not believe you understood me do you mean to be & S"*^ \ don't understand understood what you say do you understand -«^V' ^ ° did I understand you to say distinctly understood o£ distinct understand- u/y^ do you understand the answer do you understand the question ^-s in order to under stand I) is understood I understand you to say GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 183 o S*4 1 understood you to «^ — . say 1 would like to under- *^~r- • stand understand the evi- 'V"""' denee understand the i -«— >*-^^-^' testimony UNITED STATES cities of the United O-^ States citizens of the United States Constitution of the United States in the United States # T lawful money of the $ United States ^ * of America -y' *0 UP wing the matter up <^?—p> bring up brought the matter up brought up (j?—£ ^ call up what was the under- standing with the understand- ing your understanding you will readily understand president of the United States representative of the United States senator of the United States Supreme Court of the United States United States of America vice-president of the United States came up come up frame up get up got up Phrase beginning "lawful money. 184 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS *r £ ^ he got up I got up I went up laid up made up make up paid-up policy set up ^cf -1 — ^take the matter up ^7* take up the matter ( f to make up (/~ up and down (/ up and down stairs fro up to that time v^ up to the time yC? write up US hetween us can you give us can you tell us -"^ y kindly give us *^ cash value fair and reasonable value fair cash market value full value VERDICT r determine your verdict fair and impartial verdict find a verdict in arriving at a verdict render a fair and impartial verdict render a verdict render a verdict for defendant render a verdict for plaintiff verdict for defendant verdict for plaintiff verdict in favor of defendant A? f r r market value reasonable market value reasonable value surrender value verdict in favor of plaintiff verdict of the jury your verdict your verdict must be your verdict must be for defendant your verdict must be for plaintiff your verdict ought to be for defendant your verdict ought to be for plaintiff your verdict shall be for defendant your verdict shall be for plaintiff - your verdict should be for defendant 186 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ,/^*i your verdict should C be for plaintiff t / y ^~7 !r your verdict will be >^~^ your verdict will be ( ' /" fnr nlnintiff your verdict will be for defendant C for plaintiff WAY (see AWAY) "*?*"''" one way or the other ^ on his way C%P out of the way ■^ — -g> some way -* — 2T some way or other ^^~g? that is the only way ^ that is the way <*£> that way / which is the way A which way which way did he go -g? any way A each way in a business way --, in a general way — yp in any way ~^--z in a reasonable way in every way -y in such a way -^ in that way -^ in the usual way -^^ is there any way -=^5^? on account of the ^^ which way did she go way ■*z$*~ one way or another Jgr which way did they "*r5~ one way or other which way did you go GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 187 WEEK L (,-3 about how many weeks day of the week do you know how many weeks ago during* the week from week to week in a week or so state how many weeks j: ? 7 WHEN-DID-YOU about when did you «rj when did vou *-? when did you ad- vise when did vou do so when did vou do that 2- when did you employ ^-> when did you exam- when did vou find when did you find him 7 when did you find that when did you find them when did you first when did you first get there when did you first go when did you first know when did you first make when did you first meet when did you first see 188 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 7 J when did you first see him when did you get there when did you give when did you go when did you have when did you have the conversation when did you in- quire when did you last °-^-f when did you next see c*-2_^=> when did you next £-' see her cr-^2fl__ when did you next see him ~-s_>»-'^ when did vou read when did you ve- ceive when did vou regard -when did you re- member when did you reply when did you last see when did you let ^ when did you reply to the letter when did vou say when did vou let me "P^ when did vou say know- it was when did you make ~2 when did you see when did you make an examination when did you see him when did vou make ~J^ when did vou see the the defendant ? when did you make the examination S when did vou meet ^ when did you see the plaintiff when did vou tell when did you meet him when did you tell her GREGG h'Kl'OKTING SlIOHTCTTK 180 ~? / when did you (ell me ^-^ when did you try «^_ when did you try cr-^__c to tind out WHERE about where it was about where was he just where where are you em- ployed where did when did you write when did you write her when did you write him where did you get off where did you get o'l the car where did you get on where did you get on the ear where did vou yo CL-, °7 where did the acci- dent happen where did the acci- dent occur where did you where did you find where did vou find that where did you find them > where did you first Q— 1 _ ^ where did you first see where did you go then where did vou live where did you meet him where did you ob- serve him where did you ob- serve the defendant where did you ob- serve the plaintiff where did you reside where did you say to him 190 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS cu, where tliil you see q^ where did you see her Q^_ where did you see liiin o* °« <2-^ r v where did you see me where did you work where do you live where do you reside where do you work where had you where had you been where had you lived where had you worked where have you been where he was where is that where is this place where is your place of business *z where it is where it lay where it was where it will be where was where was he where was it where was that where was the ' 7 where was the con- ductor where was this where were yon where were you at the time where were you born where were you em- ployed -> where were you going where were you injured GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 191 WHETHER, WHETHER-OR-NOT S~> can't you tell whether or not can you not recollect whether or not can you recall whether or not can you recollect whether or not can you recollect whether there can you recollect whether there was can you recollect whether there were can you remember whether _**_ can you remember whether or not can you say whether or not _ can you state whether or not can you swear whether or not — can you tell whether or not could you tell whether or not do you know whether do you know whether or not do you know whether there do you know whether there is do you know whether there was do you know whether there were do you not recollect whether or not do you not recollect whether there do you recollect whether do you recollect whether there was do you recollect whether there were do you remember whether r^~^~~ how can you tell whether or not 7 — ^ I am not sure whether ^—t, I ask whether Q-y I ask you to state whether or not ?->-^_j> I cannot recollect whether '-i— !_*»— I cannot recollect whether or not 192 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ^£- z cJ^ £. I cannot remember whether or not I cannot say whether or not I cannot fell whether or not I can't recollect whether or not I can't say whether or not I could not say whether or not I do not know whether I do not know whether it was [ do not know whether or nol I do nol know whether there was 1 do not recoiled whether or not I do not remember whether I do not remember whether or not i £ you know whel her or not it is for you to say whether or not I will ask whether ^^^- I will ask you to state whether or not I wish you would state whether or not I would like to ask whether I would like to ask whether or not I would like to know whether I would like to know whether or not let me ask whether let me ask whether or not let me ask you whether or not please state whether or not please state whether there was please state whether there were state in your opinion whether or not state to the jury whether or not state whether state whether or not I will ask whether or not / tell the jury whether or not GREGG KKPOKT1NG SHORTCUTS 193 £ -£ unable to say whether or not whether or no whether or not whether or not ~^ you know will you please state '*-»" whether will you state -»-**- whether will you state whether or not will you swear whether or not you do not know whether you do not remember whether you do not remember whether or not you know whether you know whether or not you must determine whether or not WHILE great while <*-g little while ^^ meanwhile -v*p WILLING are you willing are you willing to state are you willing to swear I am not willing I am quite willing C once in a while quite a while worth while would you be willing would you be willing to have would you be willing to say would you be willing to state would you be willing to swear 194 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS WITNESS •^- X as a witness by the witness by the witness on the stand calling 1 for the con- clusion of the wit- ness conclusion of the witness did you witness YEAR ^- about how many years couple of years day and year do you know how many years ago during 1 the year for a number of years for many years how many years how many years ago £- in witness whereof objected to as calling 1 for the conclusion of the witness take the witness witness for the de- fense witness for the prosecution witness stand in the year of our Lord in years gone by many years ago number of years ago on the day and year on the day and year aforesaid several j'ears so many years .some years ago GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 195 s — c " r ten years ^—^=? what year was that ^^,=^ year after year <=>_, year or so YES I have met him, yes, c sir I have seen him, yes, sir yes, I am yes, I have yes or no yes, sir yes, sir, I am yes, sir, I can , ' ^ *- a *J2 * ^ *~ ~ * ^ ^ » 7 ^ ^ // ^2- // // // £_ <^ ^ ^^" 202 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS ENCIRCLING OUTLINES Many expert writers make it a practice to encircle certain out- lines to express the actions of the witness, counsel or speaker. This serves to separate the words uttered by the speaker from his actions, and at the same time furnishes a landmark, as it were, in the notes which facilitates reference in reading back any por- tion of the report. CfL-/ applause ( ~^d^ indicating ^ ,. J) applause and (_/ indicating omission ^_^ laughter o cheers (C^? ) laughter and ap- *-— — — plause loud applause objected to question by a juror witness, or counsel, produces book witness, or counsel, produces paper handing a paper to counsel for the defendant J<3 ^7-1 ) handing a paper to sC-- _(J--^ counsel for the *~ _ plaintiff /vG £ J handing a paper to C^ Mr. Jones n^> ^-*) handing a paper to the Court handing a paper to XL, £ ./witness, or counsel, the witness V/^ — -^ refers to book ~~£T~~) witness, or counsel, ~~—-s refers to paper illustrating GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 203 INDICATION OF FIGURES Such expressions as "six or seven" are common in reporting. When the second number is one higher, a straight line is sufficient ; when two higher, a curve is used, as shown in the following illustrations : ^j2 — - two or three J? three or four *%. four or five £ five or six £- — six or seven 2— seven or eight f eight or nine ^ nine or ten <£L—-' six or eight a eight or ten ^f* — -" forty-eight or fifty d " five or six or seven /«2__- — -- twelve or fourteen or sixteen «-2 — ^ two or three weeks 2. - three or four o'clock •y ( four or five times The following phrases illustrate the method of expressing deep, high, thick, wide, long, and in length after feet and inches: four inches long four inches thick ^ four feet deep ■y four feet high a/ four feet in length 7- four inches wide 204 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS RAILROAD NAMES AND PHRASES THE list of railway names is not given with the expecta- tion that every reporter will learn the shorthand forms for the names of all, but as a matter of reference. The location of the reporter will have much to do with the necessity for learning and practicing certain names. It would be expected that he be familiar with the names of railroads which enter the city in which he is practicing his profession. Another point in connection with the names of railroads is that they are frequently nicknamed in conversation and in testimony. For example, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe is almost universally known as the "Santa Fe," the Chicago & Alton as the "Alton," the Chicago & North- western as the "Northwestern," the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy as the "Burlington," the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific as the "Rock Island," the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western as the "Lackawanna," the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern as the "Lake Shore," the Lehigh Valley as the "Lehigh," the Missouri, Kansas & Texas as the "Katy," the New York, New Haven & Hartford as the "New Haven," the Oregon Short Line as the "Short Line," the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern as the "Iron Moun- tain," the Central Railroad of New Jersey as the "Jersey Central," the Philadelphia & Reading as the "Reading." In other cases the initials merely are used as the common description; as, for example, the B. & A. for Boston & Albany, B. & O. for Baltimore & Ohio, D. & R. G. for the Denver & Rio Grande, I. C. for Illinois Central, S. P. for Southern Pacific, T. P. for Texas & Pacific, L. & N. for Louisville & Nashville, U. P. for Union Pacific, etc. GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 205 RAILROADS A. T. & S. F. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe B. & 0. Baltimore & Ohio B. & A. Boston & Albany B. & M. Boston & Maine C. N. Canadian Northern C. P. Canadian Pacific C. of G. Central of Georgia C. R. R. of N. J. Central Railroad of New Jersey C. V. Central Vermont ,2^-" C. & 0. Chesapeake & Ohio ^ C. & A. Chicago & Alton ^s~^ C. & N. TV Chicago & Northwestern C^ C. B. & Q. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy l — v C. G. TV. Chicago Great Western C. M. & St. P. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul C. R. I. & P. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific * ^ J ^ 7 7 206 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS y G C. C. & St. L. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 1). L. & W. Delaware, Lackawanna & "Western 1). & R. G. Denver & Rio Grande G. T. Grand Trunk G. N. Great Northern G. W. Great Western I. C. Illinois Central L. E. & W. Lake Erie & Western L. S. & M. S. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern L. & N. E. Lehigh & New England L. V. Lehigh Valley L. I. Long Island L. & N. Louisville & Nashville M. C. Michigan Central M. K. & T. Missouri, Kansas & Texas M. P. Missouri Pacific M. & 0. Mohile & Ohio -e- 7 r GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 207 N. Y. C. New York Central N. Y. L. E. & W. New York, Lake Erie & Western N. Y. N. H. & H. New York, New Haven & Hartford N. Y. P. & B. New York, Providence & Boston N. P. Northern Pacific 0. & M. Ohio & Mississippi 0. S. L. Oregon Short Line P. M. Pere Marquette P. & R. Philadelphia & Heading -— > «> --j^, Q. 0. & K. C. Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City > z- habeas corpus habendum hearsay evidence honorarium hypothecate ig-norantia juris ignorant ia legis implead in bonis inculpate indebitatus infringement in re .in statu quo interim intestate intra fid em ^^3> nolle prosequi nolo contendere nol-pros non compos mentis GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 213 -c nulla bona nuncupative obiter dicluni acidulate (3^* adenitis t>^ adenoid ^g adventitia amaurosis amaurotic ( _^ -y amyotrophic anaesthesia < • Y antipyretic / antispasmodic (f^S* appendicitis — <-f *& appendix vermi- form is arteriosclerosis bifurcation bronchitis buphthalmia canaliculus carminative cautei'ization cerebritis cerebrospinal choroiditis chromatolysis coccygodynia contraindicate count erirritant counterirritation GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 217 -€ 7 7 delirium tremens desquamation diaphoretic diplegia dyspepsia dysphagia dysphasia eczematous em hoi ism entomology epidermis epiglottis epilepsy eucalyptus Eustachian fibrosis formaldehyde gangrene ■^~~~Q*~Q—^ gastralgia ^~~S* gastric fever gastritis ^ germicide *" ^^? granulation — ZiL hallucination " y 7 hemorrhage cP e> c ^~—^' live <3> hydraemia hydrocele ydrocephalus hydrophobia ^- hypnosis " ^ ichthyosis ■ >- imbecility ~y indigestion -p influenza 218 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS inoculation insanity ~Z^ ->< laryngology locomotor ataxia lumbago ymphangitis malignancy mastoiditis meningitis monomania myocarditis — j<£> myopia —j? nephritis neuralgia neurasthenia nyctalopia odoiditis ± _. osmos x ~x laryngitis GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 219 f=> papillitis r Q> paralysis paranoia r. ^—f paraplegia -£?■ rheumatism &-Z* rhinitis 2 -p sacculus salivate saponification d ; ■*y^ scapula -"<■ — e — c> sclerotic >-^_^- > sclerotitis staphylococcus sternum >^^? stethoscope J^ " substernal £_^_^ supraspinal ' symptomatic — ' symptomatology 220 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 2. £L_^J> synovitis tachycardia "*^T therapeutical thermostat thyroid tonsillitis tourniquei trachea trachoma '*~~ < ~~~Zs' trismus ^V^ trypsin tympanum typhoid -y^ ulceration '^- £=> ulnar c — ^ uvula *£ ^ / varioloid vascularity ventricle vermiform vertebra viscera vivisection whitlow xanthelasma xanthic xanthoma xeroderma d_y xerosis 6 xiphoid zonula zvyoina zymotic GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 221 MILITARY TERMS AND PHRASES TRIALS in military courts naturally introduce many terms that are technical. The phrases contained in the following list have been selected because of their frequency. The young reporter or student aspiring to become a reporter will be interested in the procedure of these courts. The following description of military courts was written by Mr. George C. Johnson, now an attorney in Chicago, who for a number of years reported the court-martial proceedings at the Department of the Lakes, Fort Sheridan, Illinois: The military courts being created and governed by the martial law of the land, the procedure differs in many respects from that of the federal or state courts, which cover an entirely different branch of our law; namely, the civil law. The proceedings of the military courts being in the nature of criminal prosecutions, no deviation what- ever from the prescribed rules is permitted. Every opportunity is afforded the accused person to defend himself. The court generally consists of thirteen or fourteen military officers, five of whom must be present to constitute a quorum. One member of the court is detailed to act as prosecutor, and is termed the Judge Advocate. The senior member in rank present acts as the presi- dent of the court and has full charge of the proceedings. The members sitting as the court are the judges both as to fact and as to law, and act jointly in every decision. When the court is convened, after having given due notice to all members thereof by the judge advocate, the accused person is brought before the court and introduces his counsel. The reporter is then duly sworn, the judge advocate reads to the accused the order convening the court, and the accused is then advised as to who are present and who are absent, with the cause of absence. He is asked if he objects to being tried by any persons present named in the order. If an objection is raised by the accused, the challenged member of the court replies to the accusation, and then all persons present, except the members of the court, withdraw from the room, and a decision is reached on the challenge. The court being reopened, the judge advocate, the accused, his counsel, and the reporter are 222 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS recalled, and the decision of t fit- court is announced on the challenge. When these preliminaries have been disposed of and no further objec- tion is raised by the accused, t lie members of the court and the judge advocate are duly sworn and they proceed with the trial. The accused is now arraigned; that is to say, the charges and specifications against him are read. This corresponds to the reading of an indictment in a court of law. The accused pleads guilty or not guilty, or he may qualify his plea by pleading not guilty to the offense charged, but guilty of a minor offense. The prosecution now intro- duces its witnesses, and the direct examination is conducted by the judge advocate, the defense cross-examining if desired, and any mem- bers of the court interrogating the witness at their pleasure. When the prosecution has introduced all its evidence, it rests; and then the defense may introduce any evidence it may have. The wit- nesses are examined by the defense, cross-examined by the judge advocate, re-examined by the defense, and re-cross-examined by the judge advocate, etc. Finally, the members of the court have the right to examine the witness, and if the accused requests it, he may testif} in his own behalf. When all the evidence has been introduced by both sides, the defense may make a further statement not under oath, and the judge advocate may make some closing remarks. Thereupon the judge advocate, the accused, his counsel, and the reporter withdraw; the court is closed, and comes to a finding as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Upon the reopening of the court, those formerly excluded are recalled, the judge advocate reads to the court any previous con- victions he may have against the accused, the court is again closed and then either sentences or acquits the prisoner. The sentence or finding of the court is not disclosed at this time, but is sealed and sent to the Headquarters Department of the Lakes to a reviewing authority, who goes over the case. II it appears that the trial has been according to law, the finding of the court proper, and the sentence just, the trial of the case is approved and published, at which time it becomes final. Should they not approve the action of the court-martial, they may send it back for revision, mollification, or even re-trial, the prisoner not having been once put in jeopardy (as in our state courts) until the trial is reviewed and the finding finally published. The. sentences are generally served at some military post, or at the federal penitentiary at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 223 r f <2v £' J? °7 o^ £ MILITARY TERMS AND PHRASES absent in desertion absent over leave absent with out leave accused adjutant general ambulance company American Expedi- tionary Forces American Red Cross ammunition truck army artillery army field clerk army field service articles of war artillery engineer -artilleryman aviation corps aviation service aviation squadron barracks bag- battalion battalion commander battery battery commander 'brigade commander brigadier general camp cavalry chief of ordnance chief signal officer chief surgeon S^l citizens' clothes y/csc civil authorities y 224 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS y -% coast artillery corps commander commander in chief commanding officer commissary sergeant company commander concentration camp continental service Council of National Defense desert, deserter, desertion discharge certificate discipline ishonorable dis- charge distinguished service drill regulations -enlisted man enlisted reserve corps i -\ — ^ enlistment papers *p> escaped prisoner C^ expiration of enlist- ment expiration of leave fatigue duties field artillery field hospital field marshal fire control ?/ . first lieutenant first sergeant T2_7 garrison flag £>, garrison prisoner t A^^ r ' — general court-martial ranking officer v — " recruit v ""> recruiting officer '~-%f recruiting station *-*"*" Red Cross ' — ' ' re-enlistment y^ regiment V^ regimental com- mander regimental commis- sary regimental sergeant 7 remain absent in desertion o^= > cargo capacity // charges and specifi- cations y chief boatswain's T~ — mate £ — — chief electrician / <* chief yeoman ■» -z*S commandant ■ ' — -£* commissary officer ^ continuous service certificate 230 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 2 contract number conversion account cubical contents capacity dead center deck court-martial disciplinary barracks division commander dynamo room executive officer exhaust line flag officer floating mine forecastle foremast forms of procedure fraudulent enlist - nienl ;eneial account of advances V lake navigation lifeboat medical director merchant vessel naval constructor naval instructions naval regulations navigation officer navy department ocean navigation GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 231 C2_ 7 o nicer of the deck ordnance officer passed assistant paymaster passed assistant surgeon permanent appoint- ment petty officer physical disability powder division powder magazine propeller rear admiral scupper Secretary of the Navy shipbuilder signal wire solitary confinement squadron -* — ^p submarine flotilla submarine tender submarine torpedo boat summary court- martial C — -3, supply officer £^2_^b_ tarpaulin torpedo boat £ & torpedo boat de- stroyer training station ^-t- transportation and subsistence tfU? United my dearly beloved brethren ? my text of Christ y of Christianity "of Cod of scripture ^ Old Testament — Our Lord Our Lord Jesus Christ Our Lord's GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 235 resurrection of the just right hand of God Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Church Sabbath day Sabbath school St. James St. John St. Paul St. Peter second coming of Christ Our Lord's Prayer Our Savior Protestant Church Protestant faith resurrection of Christ resurrection of the <— — ^ dead "^ second epistle Sermon on the Mount ^f c / things of Cod ^i. things of men ^~^<^ Trinity in Unity ways of the world Word of God works of the Lord 236 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND TERMS CHEMISTRY is one of the most technical, as well as one of the most important, of technical industries. Its nomenclature contains a group of common symbols for the elements, which can easily be translated into shorthand symbols. Mr. Norman Hammerstrom, of the Columbia Laboratories, Chicago, has worked out a most ingenious and practical method of writing both the chemical symbols and the frequently recurring suffixes. His plan makes the writing of the language of chemistry quite simple and effective. The analysis he has made of the terminology of chemistry and the practical application of regular shorthand devices to the writing of them illustrates what any reporter or stenographer can do in the way of making his shorthand fit any special or technical matter. Of course it is necessary, first, to make a complete analysis of the words or termina- tions of the language under consideration. This material must be carefully organized and only such special devices used as seem necessary to handle the matter effectively. One of the dangers the inexperienced writer will have to avoid is giving undue prominence to what may turn out to be nonessentials. In other words, before deciding upon any special contraction or device, be sure that it is worth such treatment. This can only be determined by going over a sufficient amount of matter to determine frequencies. It will then require only a little ingenious adaptation to work out a practical method of taking care of these. Success in applying such principles as are illustrated in the following pages to the actual work of writing will depend entirely upon familiarity with the principles, as well as the Language involved. It will be seen at a glance at the illus- trations of such combinations in chemistry, for example, as GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 237 Mg CI. Ca (T 2 that unless the writer were thoroughly familiar with the context and the method of expressing the symbols, serious difficulties would be encountered. What is true of wordsigns, special contractions, and phrases is true of any special adaptations such as these — that to be useful they must be thoroughly mastered. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND TERMS Shorthand Shorthand Word Symbol Symbol Word-Form Aluminum Al Q • O. — 2 / ° ' Antimony Sb ( ° Argon A <*—*- A i>enic As 9 a^ Barium Ba £ C- Bismuth Bi C ( Boron B c c Bromine Br c £ Cadmium Cd ^ V Calcium Ca •"C Carbon C *l T Chlorine CI 1_- 238 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS Shorthand Shorthand Word Symbol Symbol Word-Form Chromium Cr Cobalt Co — z- -^y Copper Cu ^ "£, Fluorine F J Carbonate \ Bicarbonate t Silicate Fluoride ^> Acetate 9» Manganite ^~~~~^ Anhydrate "dT Permanganate (T - Oxalate *—&- Cyanide ^ Tartrate PS Cyanite 4> Citrate ^ Note: In chemical terms the ending (de is usually expressed by the disjoined d; the ending ate by the disjoined at; and the ending itc by the disjoined t. IMPORTANT ACIDS Chlorous -*-* Sulphurous 's Chloric ^_ Hydrosulphuric JP^ Perchloric ^~ Nitric ^ Hydrochloric ^_~ Nitrous ~S Hypochlorous C--\ ^» Carbonic Z Sulphuric J Hydrobromic 242 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS Eydriodic 1 [ydrofluoric Phosphoric Phosphorous Acetic Citric Oxalic Tartaric Chlorplatinic Silicic A r o Silicons Arsenic Arsenous Boric Boracic Manganic Manganous Permanganic Chromic ( 'hromous 8 C c s RULES 1. When a symbol is used in a sentence, it should be capitalized to prevent confusion with other shorthand forms. e. g. — / p A r , -^ <^ y 2. Ordinarily the symbol may be used in writing; the shorthand word forms of acids, radicals, and compounds. Thus: Sulphuric i-* Potassium C? ~^T , Phosphoric C-, nitrate Not: Sulphuric Potassium C? ~&* Phosphoric /; nitrate -— " GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 243 3. The above rule should not be applied whenever there is danger of confusion with the formula of the compound. The shorthand word-form should be used. Thus: Hydrobromic Co Hydrochloric ^-\ c- Not: Hydrobromic (_, Hydrochloric ^A. - 4. Whenever possible in a forjnula, two or more symbols should be joined together, or phrased. Thus: Silver chloride (AgCl) & v t_^- Potassium permanganate (KMn0 4 ) ^-t_ e- Sulphur dioxide (S0 2 ) ^ 5. In formulae containing the hydrogen atom, the sub- script (number of atoms) may be used in place of the dot placing the subscript a little above the line. When only one atom of hydrogen is present, the symbol or dot is used. Thus: Water (H,0) -^ Sulphuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ) "^ Hydrochloric acid (HCL) ^-u__ — Note: The one exception is in writing the formula for the hydrogen molecule; thus Hydrogen molecule (H>) U2, 6. When two or more radicals of the same kind are in a formula, the radical is inclosed with the mark {/ and the subscript is written below. -z. Thus: Barium nitrate [Ba(N0 3 )>] \jh Ammonium sulphate [(NH 4 )-S0 4 j L<£ <*• 244 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS 7. In writing formulae for double salts, etc., the period of the longhand is written with the usual shorthand form. Thus: Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride (MgCl 2 .CaCl 2 ) Potassium aluminum sulphate [KAL(SO«) s . 12H,0] \ t2. \%L K '* CHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY AND PHRASES Absolute temperature Alabaster Alcohol Alcoholic Aldehydes Alkali Alkaline Alkalinity Allotropic Alum Aluminum Ammonia Q-—~- APPARATUS Laboratory Test tube Tripod Ringstand Retort Alembic Bunsen burner Mortar Pestle Funnel r r L, Crucible ^7 Graduate Burette C Pipette / Volumetric Forceps / Desiccator ^*~o Flask *-*. Beaker X Bottle A* 248 GREGG REPORTING SHORTCUTS WEIGHTS AND MEASURES *Grara ^"Z_£2 — Centimeter Kilogram ^-»- — ■> Cubic centimeter Milligram * — * Millimeter Meter Liter *Graui is expressed by y when it is u suffix. S PREFIXES OF COMPOUNDS Mono- *. Tetra- ^ Bi- ( Per- c Di- ^ Hypo- r Tri- s'—' Hydro- • L 006 335 024 3 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 168 621 9