UC-NRLF ;NGINEERS CON A LEADLESS UNITARY GLAZES LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class PRACTICALLY SIMPLE AND CHEAP FACTORY GLAZES FOR CERAMIC ENGINEERS ARRANGED (ON AN EXHAUSTIVE METHOD) FOR THE HEAT OF THE SOFT PORCELAIN KILN AND INCLUDING The Glazes employed in Actual Manufactory by the foremost manufacturers of the finest products, with Improvements thereon and additions thereto, resulting from twenty years of research and commercially possible, and never before put into writing A. OF THE SERIES LEADLESS SANITARY GLAZES FOR HARD WEATHERPROOF GLAZED BRICK AND STONE FACTORY ; FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELLED F1RECLAY_SAN1TARY WARE FACTORY ; FOR SOFT PORCELAIN FACTORY ; FOR STRONG CLAYWARE FACTORY BY H^nrw A WEST RIDING EXPERT) OF THE UNIVERSITY of Xonfcon E. & F. N. SPON, LIMITED, o7 HAYMARKET Hew SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET 1908 Ill CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY NOTE ......... .1 How TO USE THE CHARTS .......... 3-5 MEMORANDA COMMON TO ALL THE CHARTS ....... 6-10 DEFINITION OF THE CHARTS: THEIR NATURE AND OBJECTS . . . . . 11 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART BA ....... 12 CHART BA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-16 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTES 4 AND 5 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART BA . 17 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART A . . . . . . . . 18 CHART A ............. 19-22 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 3 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART A . . 23 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART N ........ 24 CHART N . . , .......... 25-28 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTES 3 AND 4 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART N . 29 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART B ........ 30 CHART B 31-34 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 4 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART B . . . 35 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART BZ. . . . . . . . 3& CHART BZ 37-40 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 3 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART BZ . . 41 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART C ........ 42 CHART C 43-46 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTES 4 AND 5 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART C . 47 MEMORANDA PARTICULAR TO CHART CZ. . . . . . . .48 CHARI CZ 49-52 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 4 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART CZ . . 53 GENERAL NOTES . . ..... ... 54 ESPECIAL NOTE 55-56 FACTOBY GLAZES KEY Carlsbad Felspar (Spar) A E = Cornwall Stone (Soft Stone on no account use any adulterated with free Soda, or a salt of Soda) B = Best White China Clay (The Strong Siliceous C.C.) C = Best Paris White (Whiting) D = Best Ground Flour of Silica (Pure Flint, or Diatom Earth, or Lynn Sand) Carbonate of Baryta (NOT Barytes) F G = Pure Oxide of Zinc (NOT the Carbonate If mixed with Carbonate of Zinc, the supposed oxide must be employed in greater quantity and the glaze mellowed longer after it is mixed before using it) even if he know nothing of science. CJCTOEY NOTE. the practical man, in actual factory ; or for th factory for market. iey are obscured, or thrown into perspective, e more they will serve their purpose in the >f the method, herein outlined, is to proceed ;cept such as is absolutely necessary. All else the getting of results. of which ultimately fuses into a glaze are of a chessboard, will appear in the " Definition isest form possible, twenty years of enthusiastic in the synthetic and elective affinities of the ;al applications of the complex but constant in the yards of the foremost factories in actual adding to and confirming the physical and st manufacturers are herein contained in their Some better than those in actual use are - compounded by any workman of intelligence In fact this book is especially designed for the use of such men. He who realises, apprehends, and applies the grounds covered ; or learns what may be acquired by giving the charts and notes his careful thought and earnest study will be rewarded expert though he be by both what they give and what they suggest. The conciseness of the whole is noteworthy. FACTORY GLAZES. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. FT1HKSE glazes are for use, by the practical man, in actual factory ; or for pioneer work co-ordinated with factory for market. For that reason, the less they are obscured, or thrown into perspective, by explanations and comments, the more they will serve their purpose in the workman's hand. And the aim of the method, herein outlined, is to proceed without any explanatory matter except such as is absolutely necessary. All else muddles the workman and delays, the getting of results. Why the admixtures each of which ultimately fuses into a glaze are arranged in charts on the squares of a chessboard, will appear in the " Definition of the Charts " and at all points. They represent, in the concisest form possible, twenty years of enthusiastic scientific reseai'ch by the Author in the synthetic and elective affinities of the earths and the most recent 'practical applications of the complex but constant laws so learned in the shops and in the yards of the foremost factories in actual manufactory for to-day's markets ; adding to and confirming the physical and chemical work of the laboratory. The glazes used by the best manufacturers are herein contained in their correctest and most perfect forms. Some better than those in actual use are given and indicated, and can be compounded by any workman of intelligence even if he know nothing of science. In fact this book is especially designed for the use of such men. He who realises, apprehends, and applies the grounds covered ; or learns what may be acquired by giving the charts and notes his careful thought and earnest study will be rewarded expert though he be by both what they give and what they suggest. The conciseness of the whole is noteworthy. will probably mean that your clay shrinkage will as often be altered with them. Conse- quently you will only complicate your initial difficulties more and more and create others ad injinitum. 3. Now, having realised probably at great cost and tardily so that the works and the factory conditions and the natural claybed cannot be spirited into agreement with an ewe lamb, still somebody has such a glaze which he should know how to modify into aoree- ment with the claybed, and the factory conditions, and the works. And because he does not know how and therefore fails to do this, all sorts of things are wrong with the clay, or something else, or everything else except the ewe larnk 4. Stick to your guns ! your clays, I mean and your other materials, and keep your fixed quantities intact ! And if the finishing heat of the fired products in your kilns is to be approximately that of the soft porcelain kiln, or a bit lower than that, use these charts as they are meant to be used with a systematic, methodical, and exhaustive thoroughness ! 5. If you already manufacture such products, and already possess such a glaze as you should, of proved fitness, you will find the proportions of your own glaze somewhere on one of the charts in the same, or cheaper, materials in the plain quantities and figures as weighed |up in the mixing-house (or in some multiple or sub-multiple of the same). Or it may be one obviously indicated as having its proper place between, as the mean of, two or three others so expressed in their proper places in the scale. Or it may be one which is not correctly enough, or exactly enough, compounded to have its place there. But there will, in any case, be some modification or correct form of it expressed in these correct compositions, or the scale places between each, in relation to other similar and better compositions of its own type and other types. 6. Suppose that the shrinkage of your wares be the "normal" shrinkage that is, the amount of ordinary contraction, say, of a Leeds fireclay, or other strong clay, or composition paste, of a good type, during its cooling off, and especially below the point of rigid solidification of the glaze, after both have been fired to the heat of the finishing kiln and left to gradually cool off above this point and below it. In that case you will start by weighing up as customarily and properly preparing a* usual, and using in the ordinary way a composition (or compositions) or admixture (of the materials commonly employed) whose types converge towards the E. and S. and S.E. of the charts. See Chart N and Notes to Chart N, etc. 7. Should your own, or some other glaze which you ; know, possess some characteristic qualities which you wish retained and intensified (or lessened), you will choose a composition of the type which most nearly corresponds to it (as to the materials employed and the relative quantities thereof in its composition) and make that your starting point. 8. If, during the course of your investigations, you wish to intensify or eliminate or introduce some particular characteristic, you will note in which line of direction of the squares that quality diminishes or increases, disappears or becomes apparent. You will work along that horizontal, or vertical, or diagonal direction, N. or S. or E. or W. or N.W. or N.E. or S.W. or S.E., as far as other considerations weighing with you, or imposed upon you by conditions which modify your desired result, will allow you to go in that direction. 9. After you have fired and cooled off your products, under the usual conditions of factory for market, or as nearly these as it is possible or economical for you to employ for your test purposes, or your experiments or your pioneer work, you cannot too carefully examine or too critically estimate your results. 10. If now your glaze, in respect of the characteristic quality say, its co-efficient (contraction) differ but slightly from what you wish to obtain, take a composition towards, say, the top of the same column of squares only a square or two further up ! If it differ considerably, move several squares up, and, if necessary, move into another chart : See notes to charts and the charts ! Or it may be that your results indicate that you must move in the opposite direction. 11. AVhen you have located your line of direction, you will soon get what you want and be satisfied with it ; if you follow up, in the direction indicated, with the compositions in the squares along that line of direction. 12. To impart other desired characteristics such as brilliancy or deadness, transparency, clearness, opalescence, semi-opaqueness, density, elasticity, toughness, covering power, appearance, texture, shade, size, adherence, and a hundred others ; you may then be disposed to follow up the various lines of directions on the various charts with certain success in the shortest time and on the shortest road thereto. B MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED COMMON TO ALL THE CHAETS. 1. Each of these squares represents an admixture of the materials named. These earths, previously ground to fine flour, are to be employed in the ratio of the (charges or) quantities indicated by the weights expressed of dry materials. They are to be intimately mixed and blunged, or milled, and sieved ; or otherwise properly prepared for use in the usual way. 2. Each admixture selects the cheapest and simplest materials possible for use in factory conditions and commercial economics ; each produces an ultimate convolution (glaze) of correct combination (physically and chemically) : that is to say, each has its " electrons " in a state of exact balance or equilibrium. This will result as a consequence of soaking the intimate admixture (on the dipped or brushed wares) in heat (energies) of sufficient intensity to fuse it. The product, after fusion, will be a convolution (glaze) of uniform nature throughout ; having exactly poised affinities and no free (uncombined) elemental anions or kations in its composition : all such electrons having established a perfect equilibrium (combine) amongst themselves during the firing and cooling off in the kiln. Only such products can properly resist the atmospheric conditions, corroding influences, and disintegrating forces which are ceaselessly acting upon them. And such do not lose their beauty, or rot off" the clay, or absorb filth. Compositions (glazes) which are not so correctly and exactly balanced, when compounding them, fail as glazes on the finished products with obvious disaster ; as may be seen in evidence in any factory and wheresoever such have been in situ or used for any time : see urinals, closets, bricks, pottery tiles, etc., etc., every where staring you in the face unsightly, dirty, foul, rotten, insanitary, soaked with filth and germs, discoloured and stained. 3. Such characteristic qualities as transparency or semi-opaqueness ; brilliant or matte or dead glaze ; opalescence ; density ; tone ; crazing ; straining ; shelling ; stunting ; lifting ; rupture ; blebbing; elasticity; peppering; crawling; shivering; and the numerous others of finished glazes : and such factory troubles as covering capacity, crowfooting, rupture, shelling, lifting, shivering, etc., in shop or kiln: and the problems of factory before or during or after the burning of the wares ; having their near or remote origin in the specific volume or the co-efficient of expansion of the materials or ultimate compositions thereof employed and fired : and the many phenomena of disagreement, or otherwise, between the clay-wares and the glaze, may, each in its turn, be increased, or diminished, intensified, or lessened, introduced or eliminated by moving along the several " lines of direction " of the squares, e.g. the diagonal direction of N.W. to S.E., or S.E. to N.W., or horizontally from W. to E., or E. to W., or vertically from N. to S. or S. to N., and from the square of one chart to the corresponding square of another. (See note on the " Definition of the Charts " and note on " How to Use the Charts " !) 4. All the glazes on these seven Charts have a common finishing heat, which is that of the soft porcelain kiln. 5. The substitution of F. material for its equivalent (in flux power) of C. material makes any glaze smaller (contract more in the cooling-off kiln). The substitution of G. material for its equivalent (in flux power) of F. + C. materials makes any glaze bigger (contract less in the cooling off kiln). For Examples of glazes so modified see Charts BA, BZ, and CZ. 6. 7. 8. 9. Read carefully Sections from 1 to 9 inclusive of the "Notes on the Construction of your Glaze," pages 8 and 9. 10. See pages following above. NOTE (THAT) THE CONSTEUCTION OF YOUB GLAZE (HAS) ITS SCIENCE AND A METHOD. These, translated into plain factory use in these charts and notes, may (as to their chief points) be briefly summarised * as follows : 1. The " kat-an " is the backbone of every glaze process, and of its method, and of the resultant the glaze. 2. Let the symbol " n " represent the number of " charges " of the " kat.-an." put into the glaze mill ! 3. In actual factory work the "charge"^ is best regarded as being for being con- tained in) a given weight of a given material. 4. The cooling-off shrinkage and the other distinctive qualities and characteristics of your finished glaze will all be modified more or less by the proportions which its " kat.-an " charges bear to the " an." charges of its refractory acid constituents and to the " kat." charges of its basic fluxing constituents. 5. These proportions for ultimate glazes finishing in the heat of the soft porcelain kiln may be concisely expressed and represented by the empirical ratio of 13 n. : n. : 6n. or ll\n. : n. : 5\n. or 10 n. : n. : 5 n. or 8\ n. : n. : 4^ n., etc. These empirics represent ratios between the constituent " charges " of admixtures which are of like fusibility but form glazes which are not of like coefficient of expansion (shrinkage * The reader who wishes to further pursue the purely theoretical study of glaze-building is referred to other works by the same author, shortly to be published, entitled, " Empirics for the Ceramic Engineer," etc. f Although loading the mill is commonly spoken of as charging it, the " charge " here meant is that of the electrical energy (stored or latent in the materials always employed) which takes, in the fired glaze, the form of flux power or refractory power, etc. in the cooling-off kiln) and which differ also as to some of their distinctive qualities and characteristics. 6. The ultimate glazes formed may be empirically expressed as convolutions of elemental charges having these charges convoluted but grouped as 13 n (an.). n (kat.-an. ).6n (kat. ) . or ll^n (an.). n (kat.-an.). 5^n (kat.). or 10n(an.).n (kat.-an.). 5 n (kat.). or 8^ n (an ).n (kat.-an.). 4\ n (kat.). etc. 7. Now, to mix, for factory use, an ultimate glaze which shall contain 20 "kat -an." charges, if n represent 20, 13 n (an.) . n (kat.-an.) . 6 n (kat.) . represents 260 an. . 20 kat.-an . 120 kat. and ll^n(an.) . n (kat.-an.) . 5^n(kat.) . represents 230 an. . 20 kat. -an. . 110 kat. and 10 n (an.) . n (kat.-an.) . 5 n (kat.) . represents 200 an. . 20 kat.-an. . 100 kat. and 8J n (an.) . n (kat.-an.) . 4^ n (kat.) . represents 170 an. . 20 kat.-an. . 90 kat. and so on. Say that you decide to mix the first convolution. Then your ultimate glaze is to contain 260 "charges" of its refractory acid energy and 20 "charges" of its "kat.-an" energy, and 120 "charges" of its basic fluxing energy. 8. The " charge," or " ion," or " electron " of refractory acid energy, is represented in these glazes by " an." In other words, " an " represents, relatively and empirically, the unit of refractory power ; or actually a given (constant) iceight, x, of x matter or material (which contains this unit of refractory power, or a multiple or sub-multiple of it) ; or the equivalent (in refractory power) of x in whatsoever form contained in any earth (or material) elemental or compound (a convolution) introduced into the glaze composition. 9. The " charge " or " ion " or " electron " of basic flux energy is represented in these glazes by "kat." In other words, " kat." represents, relatively and empirically, the unit of flux power ; or actually a fixed (constant) weight, y, of y matter or material (which contains this unit of flux power, or a multiple or sub-multiple of it) ; or the equivalent (in basic flux power) of y in whatso- ever form contained in any earth (or agent) elemental or compound (a convolution), intro- duced into the glaze admixture. 10 9. The " kat.-an." contains both " an." and kat." charges, and its function is some- times that of the anion, sometimes that of the kation, sometimes (as always in these glazes) that of the combined " kat.-an." which represents, relatively and empirically, its own unit of power, viz. the "resultant" of these powers; or actually a certain (constant) ir<>itj/tt, " V '* , of material containing this resultant (or a multiple or sub-multiple of it), in whatsoever form introduced into the glaze. y = _ x in Ws. 3 " resultant " = 5 an. in energy. 10. It follows that "ions" or "electrons" are to the practical workman "charges" or "weights" ( pounds, or hundredweights, or grammes and so on) of flux (energies) or refractory (energies or) material. The " ion," " electron," " anion," or " kation " may be regarded by him as being simply a relative "charge" contained in a given freight of stone, flint, or other material put into the hopper when charging the blunger or mill. The total weight of a material used will be a multiple or sub-multiple of the sum, or difference, or total of the "charge" or "charges" of the flux kations, refractory anions, etc., which that material contains. 11. The ratio of the refractory energy (of the combined "an." and "katan" charges) to the resultant of flux energy (of the sum of the " kat. -an." and " kations ") is, in each of these ultimate " convolutions" (glazes) of any of these seven charts, the same as it is in each and every glaze represented thereon. Consequently their melting heat, or flowing heat, or finishing heat is common to all the compositions ; and that of each composition is approximately that of every composition. That is to say, every admixture fuses at a like kiln heat. 12. A composition may be read, as, e.g. 3565 of A . . . Bin No. 6 2480 of E 5 4800 of B 7 3333 of C 1 6495 of F . . . 2 7920 of D 4 and weighed up in grammes, or in hundredweights, or in any other denominational quantity, or unit of weight. Or the composition may be read as, e.g. 356 5 A or 35 65 A 248 E or 24 80 E 480 OB or 48 00 B 333 30 or 33 33 649 5 F or 64 95 F 792 D or 79 20 D and weighed up in hundredweights, or in grammes, or in any other denomination, or unit, of weight. 11 DEFINITION OF THE CHAETS. THEIR NATURE AND OBJECT. a. Each chart has a series of squares on it like a chessboard. b. Each square contains an exact (admixture or) composition so correctly compounded that, if properly prepared and fired under proper conditions, it will fuse to the most perfect and durable glaze, which it is possible for any inventor to compound, applicable to its particular place in its scale. c. Every composition on the chart differs from every other composition on it. But the fluxing point of every composition is the same one flux point and common to each and every composition. And every composition will How into glass at that common flux heat, and generally, if properly fired on in a soaking, slowly gathering, open heat, should have a face like silk or sunlit water at about + 40 C. to + 60 C. above it ; and a velvety matte, or a less glossed face, if properly soaked and held in a heat a little below, or around, or above the flux heat. d. The arrangement of the compositions on the squares is such that, if you proceed from a given square in any direct line of direction along the squares, some characteristic quality, or function, or appearance common to the greater number of the compositions ia diminished or increased in degree or intensity by graduated steps, as you substitute composition for composition. e. Suppose, for example, that you are troubled by the difficulties of factory, caused by what is scientifically called the co-efficient of expansion. Your object is to put the contraction of the glaze into proper agreement with the shrinkage of the glazed clay-wares while both are cooling off in the "finished" kiln, especially below the setting point of the glaze. Moving from E. to W., or from W. to E., or diagonally N.W. to S.E., or S.E. to N.W. across or along any and every line of direction of the squares, the glazes on the squares are a shade bigger in the one direction the co-efficient of expansion becomes less, and therefore the glaze shrinks less. But if you move along the opposite line of direction, you will find them conversely as constant square by square and as gradually so. f. The other difficulties of factory and characteristics of quality or appearance can be worked out in the same simple and automatically sure way, step by step; while the interest in your work and the revelation of it, the thought and reasoning awakened and put in motion, and the pleasure in it all so created, will become absorbingly recreative as well as remunerative. ff. The materials used may be the " Commercial " materials as commonly supplied in a finely ground state by the potters' merchants and generally used by manufacturers. They must be weighed up in a perfectly dry condition. The china clays, stones, spars, etc., supplied by the various merchants and even by the same merchant are not in all cases identical. A letter to the Author, c/o the Publishers, will ascertain the most desirable consignment of each to order from the merchant dealt with. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF r\... 12 MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED PAKTICULAK TO CHAET BA. 1. Each of these ultimate glazes (convolutions) represented in these squares of Chart BA may be empirically expressed by 13 n (an.) . n (kat.-an.) . 6 n (kat.). 2. The ratio of the "kat. -an." to the "an." in each glaze (convolution) of Chart BA is the same as it is in the glazes of Chart A. But the introduction of the ions contained in F amongst the kations, displacing their own equivalent of the C flux energies, make any glaze of Chart BA smaller than the glaze which is represented in the corresponding square of Chart A. That is to say, the ions of F increase the "co-efficient of expansion." In other words, a glaze which contains such "ions" (or which contains an earth or material containing such " ions ") contracts more in the cooling off than a glaze of equal fusibility which does not contain such " electrons " (introduced into the composition of the glaze by an earth which contains them). 3. For glazes having a " normal " co-efficient of expansion, see Chart N. 4. Any of these ultimate glazes (convolutions) of Chart BA may be softened- - that is to say, the flux point may be lowered to a less kiln heat by reducing the quantity of D material used : 12 00 Ws less of D softens the glaze 10 C. 24 00 Ws less of D softens the glaze 20 C. 36 00 Ws less of D softens the glaze 30 C. 48 00 Ws less of D softens the glaze 50 C. 60 00 Ws less of D softens the glaze 70 C. (seventy degrees). This will make the glaze still smaller, and, in other respects, modify its character and behaviour. For fuller directions, see Note 3, Chart A. For examples of glazes so modified, see page 17. 5. To make these glazes yet smaller, substitute F material (for the C material still remaining). Compare Charts BA and A. For examples of glazes so modified, see page 17. 13 BA 13 n (an. ) . n (kat. -an. }.6n (kat. ) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHAE / 91 35 A 86 90 A 82 45 A 78 00 A i OE 12 40 E 24 80 E :J7 20 E w *_ 1800B W S 5 33 C 12 00 B 5 33 C 6 00 B OB 5 33 C 5 33 C 'Expressed 10 50 F 10 50 F 10 50 F 10 50 F 1 84 00 D 81 60 D 79 20 D 76 80 D 84 66 A 80 20 A 75 75 A 71 30 A 66 N5 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 (iO E W a *_ II 24 00 B 18 00 15 12 00 B 6 00 B 1! ws 9 33 C 9 33 t ' 9 33 ( ' 9 33 C 9 :::; c 18 40 F 18 40 F 18 40 F 18 40 F 18 40 F 1 84 00 D 81 60 D 79 20 I) 76 SOD 74 40 D 78 00 A 7:: 50 A 69 05 A 64 60 A 60 15 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 E Ws*= 30 00 B 13 33 C 24 00 15 13 33 C 18 00 15 1:: :!:: C 12 00 B 13 330 6 00 1! l:: 33 C 26 25 F 26 25 F 26 25 F 26 25 F 26 25 F I 84 00 D 81 60 D 79 20 D 76 80 D 74 4o D / 71 25 A 66 80 A 62 35 A 57 90 A 53 45 A 1 OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 F, Ws*= 36 00 B 17 33 C' 30 00 15 17 33 C 24 00 B 17 33 C 18 00 B 17 33 C 12 oo 1! 17 :;:: (' 34 15 F 34 15 F 34 15 F 34 15 F 34 15 F ( 84 00 D 81 60 I) 79 20 D 76 SOD 74 10 D - 64 60 A 60 15 A 55 70 A 51 25 A 46 80 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 E \XT * 42 00 B 36 00 15 30 00 B 24 00 15 18 oo i: 21 33 C 21 33 C 21 33 C 21 33 C 21 33 . 42 00 F 42 00 F 42 00 F 42 00 F 42 00 F ( 84 00 D 81 60 1) 79 20 D 76 80 1) 74 40 D - : 57 90 A 53 45 A 49 00 A 44 55 A 40 10 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 H Ws*= 48 00 B 25 33 C 42 00 B 25 33 C 36 00 B 25 33 C 30 00 B 25 33 C 24 00 B 25 :;:: c 1 50 00 F 50 00 F 50 00 F 50 00 F 50 i I 84 00 1) 81 60 D 79 20 I) 76 80 D 71 40 1) / 51 20 A 46 75 A 42 30 A 37 85 A :;:: 40 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 1- Ws*= 54 00 B 29 33 C 48 00 B 29 33 C 42 00 B 29 33 C 36 00 15 29 33 C 30 00 1 29 : 57 90 F 57 90 F 57 90 F 57 90 F 57 9d F 84 00 D 81 60 D 79 20 D 76 80 D 71 40 I) 44 55 A 40 10 A 35 65 A 31 20 A 26 7 OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 K 49 6( Ws*= 60 00 15 33 33 C 54 00 15 :;:! 33 C 48 00 15 33 33 C 42 00 15 33 33 C 36 00 15 :;:; :::; c 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 61 9:, F 84 00 D 81 60 D 79 20 D 76 SOD 74 10 D Designation num- ber by which t 't t t t 1 the vertical line of direction of 1 2 3 4 5 the squares is indicated. 1 1 I 1 ! I * FOOTNOTE. Ws means weights of" : that is to say, you must weigh up the teholr composit which you muy prefer. (See **fffl g - .<- * " r BA O ft. O *< ** g. ff 1, ' g.g 8 * 9 g jr. g. <= p g (weights of) see footnote. - Ws* A Bin No. E Bin No. B Bin No. XK-*. *? *" (weights of) j C Bin No. F Bin No. I D Bin No. 55 70 A 62 00 E B .^ 13 33 C 26 25 F 72 00 D 49 00 A 44 55 A 62 00 E 74 40 E C, 00 B B 17 33 C 17 33 C wi > 34 15 F 34 15 F 72 00 1) 69 60 D 42 33 A 37 88 A 33 42 A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 12 00 15 6 00 B B 21 330 21 33 C 21 33 C < O > 42 00 F 42 OOF 42 00 F 7-J (10 D 69 60 D 67 20 D :!."j (','> A 31 20 A 26 75 A 22 30 A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 18 00 15 12 00 15 6 00 B OB 25 33 C 25 330 25 33 C 25 330 < >! > 50 OOF 50 OOF 50 00 F 50 OOF 7-2 DO J) 69 60 D 67 20 D 64 SOD 28 95 A 24 50 A 20 05 A 15 60 A 11 15 A 6-2 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B B 29 33 C 29 33 C 29 33 C 29 330 29 330 -< 00 -> 57 1)0 F 57 90 F 57 90 F 57 90 F 57 90 F 72 00 D 69 60 D 67 20 D 64 SOD 62 40 D 2-2 30 A 17 90 A 13 35 A 8 90 A 4 45 A A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 124 00 E 30 00 B 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB 33 33 C 33 33 C 33 330 33 330 33 330 33 33 C 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 64 95 F 7-2 00 D 69 60 D 67 20 D 64 SOD 62 40 D 60 00 D "-S- t t t t t t 6 7 8 9 10 11 I 1 1 1 1 11 hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight 12, page 10, and especial note on page 55.) 17 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTES 4 & 5 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART BA. SECTION OF THE CHAET. Column Column Column Column Flux point I ft 1 4 5 6 7 50 C. Glaze small r If* n O- of the Chart of the Chart of the Chart of the Chart lower and still 4 r 1 BA. BA. BA. BA. Glaze smaller. Boa ri 2. S: CD i' O 8 B 78 00 A 78 00 A 78 00 A 37 20 E 37 20 E 37 20 E OB OB B 5 330 5 33 C 00 -< CO > 10 50 F 10 50 F 21 00 F 76 SOD 28 SOD 28 SOD 71 30 A 71 30 A 71 30 A 37 20 E 37 20 E 37 20 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B . 4t k v 9 330 9 330 00 < CO > 18 40 F 18 40 F 36 80 F 76 SOD 28 SOD 28 80 D 60 15 A 60 15 A 60 15 A 49 60 E 49 60 K 49 60 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 13 33 13 33 C 00 < >^ > 26 25 F 26 25 F 52 50 F 74 40 D 26 40 D 26 40 D 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E OB OB OB 13 330 13 330 00 < >^ > 26 25 F 26 25 F 52 50 F 72 00 D 24 00 D 24 00 D 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 74 40 E 74 40 1'] 74 40 E OB B OB 17 33 C 17 330 00 < CH > 34 15 F 34 15 F 68 30 F 69 60 D 21 GO D 21 60 D 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 21 33 21 330 00 < Oa > 42 OOF 42 00 F 84 OOF 69 60 D 21 60 D 21 60 D 18 MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED PARTICULAR TO CHART A. 1. Each of these admixtures (compositions) of earths (materials) will form, after fluxing, an ultimate " convolution " (glaze) which may be empirically expressed as 13 n(an.} . n(knt-an. ) . 6 n(kat. ). 2. The ratio of the " kat-an." to the "an." in each ultimate (glaze) of Chart A is less than it is in the glaze which is represented in the corresponding square of Chart N. Therefore the glaze of Chart A is the smaller (contracts more in the cooling off). For glazes of "normal" co-efficient of expansion (shrinkage in cooling off) at this soft porcelain kiln heat, see Chart N. 3. Any of these ultimate convolutions (glazes) of Chart A may be softened that is to say, the flux point may be lowered to a less kiln heat by reducing the quantity of D used as follows : If, when weighing up (the charges of) your materials for the (mixing-house blunger or mill) hopper, you use 12 00 Ws less of D you will lower the flux point by 10 C. ( de ^ 8 ) or 24 00 Ws less of D by 20 C. or 36 00 Ws less of D by 30 C. or 48 00 Ws less of D by 50 C. or 60 00 Ws less of D by 70 C. But do not forget that these alterations will also increase the co-efficient of expansion of the resulting glaze that is to say, will make it smaller on the finished cooled off wares. They will, moreover, decrease the specific volume (at the same dipping weight) of the slip-glaze in the drying off shed : in other words, they may cure shelling off on the stove or set up crowfonting before setting in kiln or after. For examples of glazes so softened, see page 23. 4. For "Normal" glazes see Chart N. 19 A 13 n (an.} . n (kat-an.) . 6 n (kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHA1 Ws*= tee footnote | 91 35 A 86 90 A E 12 40 E 18 00 B 12 00 B 10 66 C 10 66 C 84 00 D 81 60 D 82 45 A 24 80 E (5 00 B 10 66 C 79 20 D 78 00 A 37 20 E OB 10 oo c 76 80 D = Ws* - (weights of) 0 E 24 00 B 50 66 C 74 40 1) Ws*= 51 25 A OE 54 00 B 58 66 C 84 00 D 46 80 A 12 40 E 48 00 B 58 66 C 81 60 D 42 30 A 24 80 E 42 OJ B 58 66 C 79 20 D , 37 85 A 37 20 E 36 00 B 58 66 C 1 76 80 I) 33 40 A 4!i 00 E 30 00 B 58 60 ( ' 74 40 D Ws*= 44 55 A OE 60 00 B 66 66 C 84 00 D 40 10 A 12 40 E 54 00 B 66 66 C 81 60 D 35 65 A 24 80 E 48 00 B 66 66 C 79 20 D 31 20 A 37 20 E 42 00 B 66 Cli ( ' 76 SOD 26 75 A 49 60 E :;<; oo B 66 66 C 74 40 D Designation num- ber by which the vertical line of direction of the squares is , indicated. t 1 1 t 2 1 t 3 1 t 4 1 t 5 j * FOOTNOTE. means " weights of" : that is to say, you must weigh up the whole composite which you way prefer. {See sect. 12 OF THE UNIVERSITY OF A CO 44 74 34 69 55 A 40 E OB 66 C 60 D 37 74 6 42 69 88 A 40 E 00 B 660 60 D 33 40 A 86 80 E OB 42 660 67 20 D 31 74 12 50 69 20 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 26 86 6 50 67 75 A 80 E 00 B 660 20 D 22 30 A 99 20 E OB 50 66 C 64 SOD 24 50 A 74 40 E 18 00 B 58 660 69 60 D 17 90 A 74 40 E 24 00 B 66 660 69 60 D 20 05 A 86 80 E 12 00 B 58 66 C 67 20 D 15 99 6 58 64 60 A 20 E 00 B 660 SOD 11 111 58 62 15 A 60 E OB 66 C 40 D 13 45 A 86 80 E 18 00 B 66 66 C 67 20 D 8 90 A 99 20 E 12 00 B 66 660 64 80 D 4 45 A 111 60 E 6 00 B 66 66 C 62 40 D A 124 00 E OB 66 66 C 60 00 D 7 J t 8 1 t 9 t 10 i t u i hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in granv/nea, or in any other unit of weight ;e 10, and especial note on page 55.) 23 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTBATE NOTE 3 OP THE MEMOEANDA TO CHAET A. SECTION OF THE CHART. Column 6 of the Chart Column 7 of the CJiart Flux point 30 C, lower. Flux point 50 C lower. +--> A. A. ~~ / 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A Line of direction 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E Ws=^ OB 26 66 C OB 26 66 C OB 26 66 C <-4-* ( 72 00 D 36 00 D 24 00 D of the horizontal squares. {' 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A Line of direction 74 40 E 71 40 E 74 40 E OB 34 66 C OB 34 6GC OB 34 660 ^-5-> , 69 60 D 33 60 D 21 60 D of the horizontal squares. Ws = 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 42 660 69 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 12 66 C 59 10 F 33 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 12 66 C 12 15 G 21 60 D Line of direction of the horizontal squares. t t t 1 t 6 t 6 4 6 7 7 7 < 00 -> 1 ! 1 1 7 1 7 1 24 MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED PARTICULAR TO CHART N. 1. Each of the ultimate glazes which are represented on the squares of Chart N may be regarded as a convolution having the formula : 11-5 n(an.) n(kat.-an.). 5 5 n(kat. ) 2. The ratio of the " kat.-an " to the " an." in each glaze of Chart N is greater than it is in the glaze which is represented on the corresponding square of Chart A and smaller than it is in the corresponding glaze of Chart B. But the glazes are all of a like fusibility ; each having the sum of its refractory energies equal to that of each of the others and the total energy of its flux katious also equal to tfiat of each of the others. Consequently the N glazes are greater than the A glazes but smaller than the B glazes. In other words, the A glaze is smaller than the corresponding N glaze and the N glaze is smaller than the corresponding B glaze. Or, conversely, the B glaze is greater than the corresponding N glaze and the N glaze is greater than the corresponding A glaze. 3. Any one of the compositions on the squares of Chart N may have its flux point loioered in other words, may be softened so as to finish in a lower kiln heat by employing less of D in it. 18 00 Ws less of D will soften the glaze by 15 C. 30 00 Ws 35 C. 42 00 Ws 55 C. Examples are given on page 29 to illustrate this note. Compare also the notes and examples on other charts with these ! 4. The substitution of F for its equivalent (in flux energies) of C makes a glaze smaller (contract more in the cooling-off kiln). The substitution of G for its equivalent (in flux power) of C or F makes a glaze bigger (contract less in the cooling-off kiln). Examples are given on page 29 to illustrate this note. Compare also the notes and examples on other charts with these ! 5. A glaze of this Chart N if common to column 5 or 6 or 7 and to the diagonal of 2 N.W. to 11 S.E. and to line 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 of the horizontal direction of the squares, is of " normal " co-efficient. See note on " How to use the Charts." 25 N 11-5 n (an.} . n (kat-an.) . 5'5n (kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. See especial note, page 55. CHA \ 2 \ Ws*= see footnote 84 66 A E 24 00 B 8 61) C 66 00 D 80 20 A 12 40 E 18 00 B 8 660 63 60 D 75 7--. A 24 80 E 12 00 B 8 66 C 61 20 D 71 30 A f,r, s:, A 37 20 K I'.i f,o !: 6 00 B D i. 8 66 C 8 (if, C ,->s 80 1) 56 lo I) Wb*= 1 78 00 A OE 30 00 B it; 06 c 66 00 D 73 oo A 12 40 K 24 oo i; 16 till (' ii:i 60 D 69 05 A 24 80 E 18 00 B 16 66 C 61 2(i I) 64 60 A 37 20 !: 12 00 B it; i;t; c 58 SOD io ir, A in c,o i: li OH 1! Hi iii; C 56 lo li Ws*= 71 30 A OE 36 00 B 24 r>6 C 66 00 D 66 85 A 12 40 E 30 00 B 24 6ti ( ' 63 60 D f.2 10 A 24 so H 24 00 B 24 6li C 61 20 D 57 95 A :;: 20 K 1H 00 B 24 66 C 58 80 1) ^ 1 :,:; 5 t'.i r,o K 12 00 15 21 66 C 56 Hi D Ws*= 64 60 A E 42 00 B 32 66 C 66 00 D 60 15 A 12 40 E 36 00 B 32 66 C 63 60 I) . 55 70 A 24 80 E 30 00 B 32 66 C 61 20 D 51 25 A 37 20 i: 24 00 B :!2 liti (' 58 80 1) 46 80 A in <;o K IS (III 11 32 i;t; c 56 lo H 1 Ws* = 1,1 90 A OE 48 00 B 40 66 C 66 00 D 53 45 A 12 40 E 42 00 B 40 66 C 63 60 D 49 00 A 24 80 E 36 00 B .10 i;r, c til 20 D 41 r,r, A ::7 20 E 30 00 B 40 66 C 58 80 D 40 10 A 49 tio K 24 Oil 1! 40 tit; ( ' 5t; 40 n Ws* = 51 25 A OE 54 00 B 48 66 C 66 00 D 46 80 A 12 40 E 48 00 B 48 66 C 63 60 D 42 30 A 24 80 E 42 00 B 48 66 C 61 20 D 37 85 A 37 20 !: 36 00 B 48 (it; 58 8(1 H :!3 40 A 19 do K :io no 11 is r,<; c 56 -Id I) Ws*= 44 55 A E 60 00 B 56 66 C 66 00 D 40 10 A 12 40 E 54 00 B 56 6ii ( ' 63 60 D 35 65 A 24 80 E 48 00 B 56 66 C 61 20 D :!l 20 A :',7 20 i: 42 00 B 56 66 C 58 SOD 26 7-'i A 49 60 E I :;t; oo n 56 (Hi C 56 40 I) Designation num- ber by which ' the vertical line of direction of the squares is indicated. t 1 t 2 \ t 3 1 t 4 Y f FOOTNOTE. Ws means " weights of" : that is to say, you must weigh up the wlml,- compoj which you may prefer. (Si> N CO 44 74 24 51 55 A 40 E B 66 C 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 32 66 C 51 60 D 33 40 A 86 80 E OB 32 66 C 49 20 D Oft 31 20 A 74 40 E 12 00 B 40 66 C 51 60 D 26 86 6 40 49 75 A 80 E 00 B 66 C 20 D 22 99 40 46 30 A 20 E OB 66 C 80 D 24 50 A 74 40 E 18 00 B 48 66 C 51 60 D 20 05 A 86 80 E 12 00 B 48 66 C 49 20 D 15 99 60 A 20 E 6 00 B 48 66 C 46 SOD 11 111 48 44 15 A 60 E OB 660 40 D 17 74 24 56 51 90 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 13 40 A 86 80 E 18 00 B 56 66 C 49 20 D 8 90 A 99 20 E 12 00 B 56 66 C 46 SOD 4 45 A 111 60 E 6 00 B 56 66 C 44 40 D A 124 00 E OB 56 66 C 42 00 D t 7 I t 8 I t 9 1 t 10 I \t in hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight p 10, and especial note on page 55.) 29 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTEATE NOTES 3 & 4 OP THE MEMORANDA TO CHAET N. SECTION OF THE CHAET. To illustrate NOTE 3 Column 6 of the Chart Column 7 of the Chart Flux point 15 C, lower. Flux point 50 C. lower. ^w-* N. N. 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A Line of direction 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E OB OB OB < d. 16 660 16 660 16 660 ^* 54 00 D 36 00 D 15 00 D of the horizontal squares 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A Line of direction 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E OB B B ^ K ^ 24 66 C 24 660 24 66 C ** 51 60 D 33 60 D 12 60 D of the horizontal squares 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A Line of direction 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B ^ /J ^ 32 66 C 32 66 C 32 66 C 51 60 D 33 60 D 12 60 D of the horizontal squares Column 6 of Column 7 of To illustrate NOTE 4 Chart N 55 C. Chart A 70 C, Smaller Larger ^w^ lower lower 55 70 A 62 00 E OT> 55 70 A 62 00 E OB 55 70 A 62 00 E OB 16 660 '12 00 D 6 660 19 70 F 12 00 D 6 660 4 05 G 12 00 D 44 55 A 74 40 E 44 55 A 74 40 E B 44 55 A 74 40 E B B 34 66 C 9 60 D 10 66 C 47 28 F 9 60 D 10 660 9 72 G 9 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 42 66 C 9 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 12 660 59 10 F 9 60 D 37 88 A 74 40 E 6 00 B 12 660 12 15 G 9 60 D -.-, 30 MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED PARTICULAR TO CHART B. 1. The glazes which are represented in these squares of Chart B may each be empirically expressed as a convolution having the formula : .) . n(kat-ari) . 2. The ratio of the refractory sum of the " an." and " kat-an." charges to the total flux energy of the kations is the same in each and every glaze of this Chart B as it is in each and every glaze on all seven charts. Consequently each fuses at the like kiln heat, which is that of the soft porcelain kiln. 3. But the ratio of the " kat-an." to the " an." in each glaze of Chart B is greater than it is in the glaze which is represented on the corresponding square of Chart N. Therefore the glaze of Chart B is the greater of the two (contracts less than its corre- sponding glaze of Chart N in the cooling off kiln). A glaze of the Chart N if common to column 5 or 6 or 7 and to the diagonal of 2 N.W, to 11 S.E. and to line 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 of the horizontal direction of the squares, is of " normal " co-efficient. See Note on " How to use the Charts." 4. Any of the ultimate glazes represented on the squares of this Chart B may be made softer that is to say, made to flux, and therefore flow and finish in a lower kiln heat by using less of D in the composition : Using 1200 Ws less will soften the glaze 20 C. Using 1800 Ws less will soften the glaze 30 C. Using 3600 Ws less will soften the glaze 60 C. Compare Note 3 to Chart BA, and also Note 3 to Chart N, and also Note 3 to Chart A, with this note very carefully ! ! 31 B 10 n (an.) . n (kat-an.) . 5 n (kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHA X \ Ws*= - 78 00 A OE 30 00 B 6 66 C 48 00 D 73 50 A 12 40 E 24 00 B 6 660 45 60 D 69 05 A 24 80 E 18 00 B 6 6(1 (' 43 20 D 64 60 A 37 20 E 12 00 B 6 660 40 SOD (it) 15 A 49 60 E 6 00 B 6 660 38 4d I) Ws*= 71 30 A E 36 00 B 14 66 48 00 D 66 85 A 12 40 E 30 00 B 14 66 C 45 60 D 62 40 A 24 80 E 24 00 B 14 66 C 43 20 D 57 95 A 37 -20 E 18 0(1 1! 14 66 40 8d I) 53 5d A I'.i r,n K 12 (Ml 11 II 66 ::s in D Ws*= 64 60 A OE 42 00 B 22 660 48 00 D 60 15 A 12 40 E 36 00 B 22 66 C 45 60 D 55 70 A 24 80 E 30 00 B 22 66 C 43 20 D 51 -2:, \ 37 20 E 24 00 B 22 (ill C 40 SOD 46 80 A 49 60 E 18 00 B 22 66 38 40 D Ws*= 57 90 A E 48 00 B 30 66 C 48 00 D 53 45 A 12 40 E 42 00 B 30 66 C 45 60 D 49 00 A 24 80 E 36 00 B 30 660 43 20 D 44 55 A 37 20 E 30 00 B 30 660 40 SOD 40 10 A 49 60 K 24 00 B 30 660 38 40 D Ws*= 51 25 A OE 54 00 B 38 66 C 48 00 D 46 78 A 12 40 E 48 00 B 38 66 C 45 60 D 42 80 A 24 80 E 42 00 B 38 66 C 43 20 D 37 85 A 37 20 E 36 00 B 38 66 C 40 80 D 33 40 A 49 6(i K 30 00 B 38 66 38 40 D Ws* = 44 55 A OE 60 00 B 46 66 C 48 00 D 40 10 A 12 40 E 54 00 B 46 66 C 45 GOD 35 65 A 24 80 E 48 00 B . 46 66 C 43 20 D :il -20 A 37 20 E 42 00 13 46 66 C 40 SOD 26 7:. A 49 (iO E 36 00 B 46 66 C 38 40 I) Designation num- her by which 1 the vertical line of direction of the squares is indicated. t I t 2 1 t 3 4 t 4 1 t 5 i * FOOTNOTE. Wfl means "weights of" : that is to say, yon must wei^h up the whole coinposii which you may prefer. (See sect. 12, B * ff f rf v a s fiiis 70 A 00 E OB 66 C 00 D CO 44 74 14 38 55 A 40 E OB 66 C 60 D 65 A 00 E 00 B 66 C 00 D 37 74 6 22 33 88 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 31 20 A 74 40 E 1-2 00 B 30 66 C 33 60 D 33 86 22 31 40 A 80 E OB 66 C 20 D 26 75 A 86 80 E 6 00 B 30 66 C 31 20 D 22 99 30 28 30 A 20 E OB 66 C SOD 24 74 18 38 33 50 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 20 05 A 86 80 E 12 00 B 38 66 C 31 20 D 15 60 A 99 20 E 6 00 B 38 66 C 28 SOD 11 111 16 A 60 E OB 38 660 26 40 D 17 74 24 46 33 90 A 40 E 00 B 660 60 D 13 45 A 86 80 E 18 00 B 46 66 C 31 20 D 8 99 12 46 28 90 A 20 E 00 B 660 SOD 4 111 6 46 26 45 A 60 E 00 B 660 40 D A 124 00 E OB 46 66 C 24.00D t 6 I 7 I t 8 i t I 9 I t 10 t u 1 hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight [JIO, and especial note on page 55.) 35 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART B. SECTION OF THE CHABT. Column 6 of the Chart Column 7 of the Chart Flux point 15 C, lower Flux jioint 30 C. lower Flux point 40 C. lower Flux point 50 C, lower eC .0 S> S a . v ~ 3 "> 2. CO ^^ ~ & ' 3 B B 1 E 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A ~ r ~~ 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E B OB OB OB OB <-&*> 6 660 6 66 C 6 66 C 6 66 C 6 660 36 00 D 27 00 D 18 00 D 12 00 D 6 00 D 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 14 66 C 14 66 C 14 66 C 14 66 14 660 36 00 D 27 00 D 18 00 D 12 00 D 6 00 D 42 35 A 42 35 A 42 35 A 42 35 A 42 35 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B ^-05-^ 22 66 C 22 66 C 22 66 C 22 C6 C 22 66 36 00 D 27 00 D 18 00 D 12 00 D 6 00 D 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E B OB OB B B ^-c* > 14 660 14 66 C 14 66 C 14 66 C 14 66 C 33 60 D 24 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 3 60 D 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B < > 22 660 22 66 22 66 C 22 66 C 22 66 C 33 60 D 24 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 3 60 D f i t t 6 6 i 6 6 t 6 6 + 6 6 t 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 i 1 7 7 7 7 7 Y Y 7 7 7 7 7 4 1 Y i Y OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 36 MEMOEANDA TO BE NOTED: PARTICULAR TO CHART BZ. 1. Each of the glazes represented within the squares of this Chart BZ may be empirically expressed as a convolution of 10 n(an.).n(kat-an.).5n(kat.) 2. But the introduction of G energies amongst the Jcations displacing their own equivalent (in flux power) of C energies makes any glaze of Chart BZ larger than the glaze which is represented on the corresponding square of Chart B. That is to say, the ions of G decrease the co-efficient of expansion. In other words, a glaze which contains G charges (with or without C ions) + a; of the alkalies contracts less in the cooling-off kiln than a glaze of the same fusibility containing C charges (with or without F energies) + x of the alkalies but no G ions. 3. Any of the ultimate glazes 'represented on the squares of this Chart BZ may be made softer that is to say, made to flux and therefore flow and [finish in a lower kiln heat by using less of D in the composition : The use of 1200 Ws less will soften the glaze 20 C. ' The use of 1800 Ws less will soften the glaze 30 C. The use of 3600 Ws less will soften the glaze 60 C. Compare Note 3 to Chart BA, and also Note 3 to Chart N, and also Note 3 to Chart A, very carefully with this note ! 37 BZ W n (an.} . n (kat-an.) . 5 n (kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHAI K 2 \ i 78 00 A 73 52 A 69 05 A 64 60 A till 15 A ! E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 K 49 (10 E J Ws* = 30 00 B 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B tl 00 15 , 3 33 C 3 33 C 3 33 C 3 33 C 3 3301 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 48 00 D 45 (10 I) 43 20 D 40 80 D 38 4o 1 ) 71 30 A 66 85 A 62 4o A 57 95 A 5:i 5n A 1 OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 K 49 till E Ws*= 36 00 B 7 33 C 30 00 B 24 00 B 18 00 B 7 33 C 7 330 7 33 C 12 00 15 7 :::! C 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 <; 2 95 G ' 48 00 D 45 60 1 ) 43 20 D 40 80 D 38 lo D / 64 60 A 60 15 A 55 70 A 51 25 A 4(1 NO A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E I'.) do K W _*_ 4200B WS 11 33 C ::ii oo B 11 330 30 00 B 11 3:! C 24 00 B 18 00 B 11 3:! C 11 33 C 4 60 G 4 60 G 4 60 G 4 (10 G 1 tit) G 1 48 00 D 45 60 D 43 20 D 40 80 D 38 4o 1) 57 90 A 53 45 A 49 oo A 44 55 A 40 lo A E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 E Ws*= 48 00 B 42 00 B 15 33 C 15 33 C 36 00 B 15 330 30 00 B 15 33 C 24 00 B 15 3.'! ( ' 6 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G i I 48 00 I) 45 60 D 43 20 D 40 80 I) 38 40 1) 51 25 A 46 77 A 42 30 A 37 35 A 33 lo A E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 K Ws*= 54 00 B 19 33 C 48 00 B 42 00 B 36 00 15 30 00 B . 19 330 19 33 C 19 33 19 :',:, C 7 85 G 7 85 G 7 85 G 7 85 G 7 S5 G . I 48 00 D 45 60 D 43 20 D 40 SOD 38 4o I) 44 55 A 40 10 A 35 65 A 31 20 A 26 75 A OE 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 60 E Ws*= 60 00 B 23 330 54 00 B 23 33 C 48 00 B 23 33 C 42 00 B 36 00 B 23 33 C 23 3:: (' 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 48 00 D 45 60 D 43 20 D 40 SOD 38 40 I) Designation num- ber by which t - t t t f the vertical line of direction of 1 2 3 4 5 the square* is \ I 1 indicated. * FOOTNOTE. Ws means " weights of " that is to say, you must weigh up the whol< nimpo which you may prefer. (See seat. D 5- o si cr g> BZ *" > 3 SP (D - B; f * * f & ^ s, o- a< a S' * i E w 9. H g s: a 2 e .? n ~~ PJI 70 A 00 E B 330 H r 35 G 00 D 00 A 44 55 A 00 E 74 40 E 00 B OB 33 C 7 33 C < Oj * 95 G 2 95 G 00 D 33 60 D 84 A 37 88 A 33 40 A 00 K 74 40 E 86 80 E 00 B 6 00 B OB 33 C 11 33 C 11 330 < w > 60 G 4 60 G 4 60 G 00 D 33 60 D 31 20 D 65 A 31 20 A 26 75 A 22 30 A 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB 33 C 15 33 C 15 33 C 15 33 C < >* ^ 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G 00 D 33 60 D 31 20 D 28 SOD 95 A 24 50 A 20 05 A 15 60 A 11 15 A 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB 330 19 33 C 19 33 C 19 330 19 330 GO > 85 G 7 85 G 7 85 G 7 85 G 7 85 G 00 D 33 60 D 31 20 D 28 SOD 26 40 D 33 A 17 90 A 13 40 A 8 90 A 4 45 A A 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 124 00 E 00 B 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB 330 23 330 23 330 23 33 C 23 33 C 23 33 C 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 9 45 G 00 D 33 60 D 31 20 D 28 SOD 26 40 D 24 00 D \ ^ t 6 t 7 t 8 t ' 9 t 10 t 11 1 1 I 1 undredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight ), and especial note on page 55.) 41 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 3 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART BZ. SECTION OF THE CHAET. N t" Column 6 of the Chart BZ. Column 7 of the Chart BZ. Column 8 of the Chart BZ. Flux point 30 C, lower. Flux point 40 C. lower. Flux point 50 C, lower. !** QQ O _ M M B! ill (I " jr. ? 9 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A 55 70 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E OB OB OB OB 3 330 3 33 C 3 33 C 3 330 < ^ > 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 35 G 1 35 G 36 00 D 18 00 D 12 00 D 6 00 D 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 7 330 7 330 7 33 C 7 330 < cn > 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 G 36 00 D 18 00 D 12 00 D 6 00 D 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E OB B OB OB 7 330 7 33 C 7 330 7 330 ^ Ot > 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 G 2 95 G 33 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 3 60 D 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 11 330 11 330 11 330 11 330 < o > 4 60 G 4 60 G 4 60 G 4 60 G 33 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 3 60 D 33 40 A 33 40 A 33 40 A 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E OB OB OB 11 330 11 33 C 11 33 C < C5 > 4 60 G 4 60 G 4 60 G 31 20 D 13 20 D 7 20 D 26 75 A 26 75 A 26 75 A 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 15 330 15 330 15 330 < >! > 6 20 G 6 20 G 6 20 G 31 20 D 13 20 D 7 20 D 4 1.' MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED: PARTICULAR TO CHART C. 1. Each of the compositions contained within the squares of this Chart C will fuse into an ultimate glaze which may be empirically expressed as a convolution of 8 5 n(an.~) . n(jcat-anj) .4' 5 n(kat.) 2. The ratio of the " kat-an." to the "an." in a glaze of Chart C is greater than it is in the glaze which is represented on the corresponding square of Chart B. Therefore the glaze of Chart C is the greater of the two : that is to say, it shrinks less while cooling off in the kiln after having been fired and fused. 3. From what has previously been noted, it is plain that the above is not necessarily true under certain obvious conditions. It is not true of two glazes which although they have the greater and less ratio above defined are not of equal fusibility and do not approximate in the several ratios between the ions of the various kations which they contain. 4. See Note 3 to Chart BZ. For examples, in this case, see page 47. 5. Any of the ultimate glazes represented on the squares of this Chart C may be made softer that is to say, made to flux, and therefore flow and finish in a lower kiln heat by using more of C in the composition : The use of 1000 Ws more will soften the glaze 30 C. The use of 2000 Ws more will soften the glaze 45 C. But do not forget that the co-efficient of expansion of the resulting glaze will so be increased that is to say, the glaze will then be smaller on the finished cooled off wares. ?,0 C. is equal to a seger cone. For examples of glazes so softened, see page 47. 43 c 8 L 2 n(an.} . n (kat-an.) . 4in(kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHA X - Ws*= 71 30 A OE 36 00 B 4 66 C 30 00 D 66 85 A 12 40 E 30 00 B 4 66 C 27 60 D 62 40 A 24 80 E 24 00 B 4 (16 C 25 20 D 57 '.i.-. A 37 20 E 18 00 B 4 (it; ( ' 22 SOD 53 5i> A 4; no K I-J mi B 4 6i; ( Jo 4o 1) We* W D ' 64 60 A OE 42 00 B 12 66 C 30 00 D 60 15 A 12 40 E 36 00 B 12 66 C 27 60 D 55 70 A 24 80 E 30 00 B 12 66 C 25 20 D 51 25 A 37 -20 E 24 00 B 12 66 C 22 80 1) 46 80 A 1'J tin K 18 on i; i-j r,i; c 20 40 D Ws*= 57 90 A OE 48 00 B 20 66 C 30 00 D 53 45 A 12 40 E 42 00 B 20 66 C 27 60 D 49 00 A 24 80 E 36 00 B 20 66 C 25 20 D 44 55 A 37 20 E 30 00 B 20 lit, C 22 SOD do 10 A 49 60 K >J4 00 15 20 6U C 20 40 D Ws*= 51 25 A OE 54 00 B 28 66 C 30 00 D 46 77 A 12 40 E 48 00 B 28 660 27 60 D 42 30 A 24 80 E 42 00 B 28 66 C 25 20 D 37 85 A 37 20 E 36 00 B 28 66 C 22 SOD 33 10 A 49 6d i; 30 no i; 28 66 C 20 40 l. Ws* = 44 55 A OE 60 00 B 36 66 C 30 00 D 40 10 A 12 40 E 54 00 B 36 66 C 27 60 D 35 65 A 24 80 E 48 00 B 36 66 C 25 20 D 31 20 A 37 20 E 42 00 B 36 66 C 22 SOD 26 75 A 49 60 E 36 00 i; :i(i t;i; c 20 40 I) Designation num- ber by which the vertical line of direction of the squares is indicated. t 1 t 2 j t ' 3 1 I 4 1 1 5 . * FOOTNOTE. means " weights of" : that is to say, you must weigh up the wliolr rompo; which you may prefer. (Sen sect. 1 c the squa ndicated. Designation num- ber by which the horizontal line of direction res 44 74 4 15 55 A 40 E OB 66 C 60 D 37 74 6 12 15 8 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 33 40 A 86 80 E OB 12 66 C 13 20 D 31 74 12 20 15 20 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 26 75 A 86 80 E 6 00 B 20 66 C 13 20 D 22 99 20 10 30 A 20 E OB 66 C SOD 24 50 A 74 40 E 18 00 B 28 66 C 15 60 D 20 05 A 86 80 E 12 00 B 28 66 C 13 20 D 15 60 A 99 20 E 6 00 B 28 66 C 10 SOD 11 111 15 A 60 E OB 28 66 C 8 40 D 17 74 24 36 15 90 A 40 E 00 B 66 C 60 D 13 40 A 86 80 E 18 00 B 36 66 C 13 20 D 8 90 A 99 20 E 12 00 B 36 660 10 SOD 4 45 A 111 60 E 6 00 B 36 66 C 8 40 D 124 A 00 E OB 36 66 C 6 00 D t 7 t 8 t 9 t 10 1 t 11 1 lin hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight ie 10. and especial note on page 55.) 47 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTES 4 & 5 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART C. SECTION OF THE CHAET. Column 5- Flux point Flux point Flux point 5* 1*8 E. tr 2, of the Chart 20 C. lower. 40 C, lower. 60 C, lower. ll! 2. S 0. 3 * *** LJ 63 60 A 53 50 A 53 60 A 63 50 A 49 60 E 49 60 E 49 60 E 49 60 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B ^ QJJ ^. 4 660 4 660 21 330 21 330 20 40 D 8 40 D 20 40 D 8 40 D Column Flux point Flux point Flux point of the Chart 20 C, lower. 30 C. lower. 50 C. lower. 0. 42 34 A 42 34 A 42 34 A 42 34 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B < Od > 12 660 12 66 22 66 C 22 660 18 00 D 6 00 D 18 00 D 6 00 D Column F lux point Flux point Flux point of the Chart 10 C. lower. 30 C. lower. 50 C. lower. C. 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 44 55 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E OB OB B OB ^ Qj ^. 4 660 4 660 14 66 C 21 330 15 60 D 9 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B ^ Q$ >. 12 660 12 660 22 66 C 29 330 15 60 D 9 60 D 15 60 D 9 60 D 48 MEMORANDA TO BE NOTED PAETICULAE TO CHAET CZ. 1. Each of the ultimate glazes on the squares of this Chart CZ may be expressed as a convolution having the empirical formula of 8 5 n(an. ) . n(kat-an.} . 4 ' 5 n(kat.) 2. Some basic ions of G displace some of the basic ions of C roithout disturbing the ratio between the sum of the refractory energy (of the " an." plus the " kat.-an." ions) and the Mai flux energy (of the kations) : that is to say, they do the work of their oicn equivalent (in flux power) of C energies without altering the fusibility of the mass. Consequently any glaze of Chart CZ will be of less co-efficient than its corresponding glaze of Chart C. That is to say that, of the two, it will contract the less in the cooling-off kiln and ultimately will be in better agreement (fit better) with or on a clay or ware of low shrinkage (after fire) in the heat of the soft porcelain kiln. 3. See Note 3 to Chart BZ. 4. Any of the ultimate glazes represented on the squares of this Chart CZ may be made softer that is to say, made to flux in a hacer kiln heat by using more of G in the composition : The use of 04 05 Ws more will soften the glaze 30 C. The use of 08 10 Ws more will soften the glaze 45 C. For examples of glazes so softened see page 53. But do not forget that the co-efficient of expansion of the glaze will so be increased that is to say, the glaze will be smaller on the finished cooled-off wares : having contracted (shrunk) more in the cooling-off kiln. Also the specific volume of the slip glaze at the same dipping weight (or brushing on state) will so be decreased, and crowfooting may be set up in the dipping shed or the stove or after setting. No glaze containing G should ever be used until it has had ample time to mellow ; during which time it should be frequently (at least daily) agitated or blunged. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 49 cz 8-5 n (an.) . n (kat-an.) . 4-5 n(kat.) Note especially that Any multiple or sub-multiple of any composition, or the mean of any two or three compositions may be taken. CHAI \ 2 \ / 71 30 A 66 85 A 62 40 A 57 95 A 53 5n A 1 E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 Co !: Ws*= 36 00 B 30 00 B 2 83 2 33 24 00 B 2 33 C 18 00 B 12 (Mi B 2 a:: ( ' 2 33 95 G 95 G 95 G 95 G 95 (i 30 00 D 27 60 D 25 20 D 22 80 D 20 40 ]> / 64 60 A 60 15 A 55 70 A 51 25 A Hi so A E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 K 49 (Id K Ws*= 42 00 B 36 00 B 6 33 C 6 33 30 00 B 6 330 24 00 1! 18 00 B 6 33 C li 3:1 C 2 55 G 2 55 G 2 55 G 2 55 G -2 55 G 30 00 D 27 60 D 25 20 D 22 so 1) 20 10 1) / 57 90 A 53 45 A 49 00 A 44 55 A 40 10 A 1 E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E -19 CO K Ws*= 48 00 B 42 00 B 10 33 C 10 33 C 36 00 B 10 330 30 00 B 24 no 1! 10 33 C 10 : J .:i ( ' 4 20 G 4 20 G 4 20 (J 4 20 G 4 20 G I 30 00 D 27 60 D 25 20 D 22 SOD 20 40 D / 51 25 A 46 77 A 42 30 A 37 85 A 83 In A I E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 (i() K Ws*= 54 00 B 48 00 B 14 33 C 14 33 C 42 00 B 14 33 36 00 B :;o 00 B 14 3:: (' 14 :!:! C 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G I 30 00 D 27 60 D 25 20 D 22 80 D 30 40 D / 44 55 A 40 10 A 35 65 A 31 20 A _'(i 7.'. A E 12 40 E 24 80 E 37 20 E 49 <>0 K Ws*= 60 00 B 18 330 54 00 B 18 330 48 00 B 18 33 42 00 B 18 330 36 00 B is 33 c I 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 ( i I 30 00 D 27 60 D 25 20 D 22 80 D 20 40 I) s Designation num- ber by which the vertical line of direction of 1 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 \ 5 the squares is indicated. i 1 1 I 1 1 * FOOTNOTE. ' means " weights of": that is to say, you must weigh up the whole comj which you may prefer. (See sect. o S- o - <* er g "* " 5 3- n S. - g n. i eg rf^ ^^F m^^ M4 1. f i p S B: g *< 5' n 5' . a p- 8 o * 3 S S- ~ ^ X , fl ^ s~ ^N. V << \ s / XV $r ^X 4!l 00 A 44 55 A 62 00 E 74 40 E 6 00 \\ OB C3I 2 33 C 2 33 C 95 G 05 G 18 00 D 15 60 D 42 34 A 37 88 A 33 40 A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 12 00 B 6 00 B OB OS li 33 C 6 33 C 6 330 2 55 G 2 55 G 2 55 G 18 00 D 15 60 D 13 20 D 35 (>5 A 31 20 A 26 75 A 22 30 A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB ._ 10 33 ( ' 10 33 C | 10 33 C 10 33 C *4 > 4 20 G 4 20 G 4 20 G 4 20 G 18 00 D 15 60 D 13 20 D 10 SOD 28 95 A 24 50 A 20 05 A 15 60 A 11 15 A 62 00 E 74 40 B 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B OB 14 33 C 14 33 C 14 33 C 14 33 C 14 33 C oo 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G 5 80 G 18 00 D 15 60 D 13 20 D 10 SOD 8 40 D 22 33 A 17 90 A 13 40 A 8 90 A 4 45 A A 62 00 E 74 40 E 86 80 E 99 20 E 111 60 E 124 00 E 30 00 B 24 00 B 18 00 B 12 00 B 6 00 B B 18 33 C 18 33 C 18 330 18 33 C 18 33 C 18 33 C 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 7 45 G 18 00 D 15 60 D 13 20 D 10 SOD 8 40 D 6 00 D +-S-* t t t t t t 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 1 1 '! 1 1 >n in hundredweights, or in pounds, or in ounces, or in grammes, or in any other unit of weight ige 10, and especial note on page 55.) , 53 EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE NOTE 4 OF THE MEMORANDA TO CHART CZ. SECTION OF THE CHART. F Column 6 of the Chart Column 7 of the Chart Column 8 of the Chart Flux point 30 C. lower. Flux point 50 C, lower. Flux point 60 C, lower. S 2, g B If & - a Iri CZ. CZ. CZ. III 8" ' i 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 49 00 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 2 330 2 330 2 330 2 33 C < Ol > 95 G 5 00 G 10 40 G 13 10 G 18 00 D c 18 00 D 18 00 D 18 00 D 42 34 A 42 34 A 42 34 A 42 34 A 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 62 00 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 6 33 C 6 330 6 33 6 330 < > 2 55 G 6 60 G 12 00 G 14 70 G 18 00 D 18 00 D 18 00 D 18 00 D 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 37 88 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 330 6 330 6 330 6 330 < O5 > 2 55 G 6 60 G 12 00 G 14 70 G 15 60 D 15 60 D 15 60 D 15 60 D 31 20 A 31 20 A 31 20 A 31 20 A 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 74 40 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 10 330 10 330 10 330 10 330 < 4 20 G 8 25 G 13 65 G 16 35 G 15 60 D 15 60 D 15 60 D 15 60 D 26 75 A 26 75 A 26 75 A 26 75 A 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 6 00 B 10 33 C 10 33 C 10 330 10 330 < ! > 4 20 G 8 25 G 13 65 G 16 35 G 13 20 D 13 20 D 13 20 D 13 20 D 20 05 A 20 05 A 20 05 A 20 05 A 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E 86 80 E 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 12 00 B 14 330 14 33 C 14 33 C 14 33 C + CD > 5 80 G 9 85 G 15 25 G 17 95 G 13 20 D 13 20 D 13 20 D 13 20 D GENERAL NOTES. 1. On the Sulplia'es(l) Plaster-, (2) Barytes. The use of either is, for factory and physical and chemical reasons, not to be commended. But if you wish to use such you may substitute 06-80 Ws of Plaster or 11-65 Ws of Barytes in place of 05 '00 Ws of Paris white to every 100 '00 Ws of the glaze admixture in dry materials. Never employ a greater percentage ! The word "barytes" is sometimes used incorrectly for "baryta carbonate." "Barytes" is the Sulphate of Baryta. " "Witherite " is the Carbonate of Baryta. " Plaster " or plaster of Paris is Sulphate of Lime. " Paris white " is whiting or Carbonate of Lime. 2. On Glazes of Lower Fusibility. Glazes of lower fusibility than those given on the Charts are not to be commended, and the Author does not advise their use in cases where length of life, and beauty, and other desirable qualities for competition with the best goods on the markets are the aim of the manufacturer. But if the clay or paste be excessively tender or extremely liable to warp, the manufacturer is advised to make an appointment for consultation with the Author before making his own experiments at modifying the glazes given herein. A letter should first be addressed to the Author, c/o the Publishers. 3. On the Comparing of two or more Glazes (of reduced fusibility) with one another. The glazes given on the CHARTS are all of equal fusibility AND MAY ALL be compared AS THEY STAND. But, in order to compare a glaze of reduced fusibility with a corresponding glaze belonging to any other chart series, the flux point of each and all of them must be reduced by the same number of degrees of heat. For example, you must not compare the glaze of Column 6, line 5, Chart C, reduced 65 C. lower with that of Column 6, line 5, of Chart B, reduced by 40 C. Also the flux point of each must have been reduced in the same manner. For example, you must not take D material from one and add C material to the other. You must take away D material from both and add C material to both if you wish to compare them with one another in respect to their co-efficient, or any characteristic or quality of either or both. 55 ESPECIAL NOTE COMMON TO ALL THE SCALES or AND ALL THE CHARTS AND NOTES AND EXAMPLES THROUGHOUT THE WORK AND THE COPYRIGHTS THEREOF. THE MEAN OR AVERAGE COMPOSITION of any Two or More of the GLAZES (and the Means to any number thereof) expressed on any of the squares of the Charts is (and are) indicated and to be understood as occupying its proper place (and their consecutive order) thereon in each and every line of direction and between each and every two steps (glazes) expressed in the scale (and scales) represented thereon, therein, and thereby. And the multiple (or sub-multiple) of the Mean and every Mean and of the glaze and every glaze expressed is indicated and is to be understood and may be taken if desired in preference to any of the other forms of any and every composition (glaze) whether expressed or understood or indicated in these Charts and Notes and Examples throughout the pages hereof. For example, taking the particular scale of Chart N, of which two intervals or degrees or steps or graduations, are e.g. represented by the Glazes of Column 5 line 3, and of Column 6 line 4, some of the steps (glazes) indicated and to be understood as between these two given glazes are as follows : Chart The Sum of The Mean between The Sum of The 2nd Mean Column 5, Column 6, Col. 5, line 3, Col. 5, line 3, the Mean between line 3. line 4. and and and the Mean and Col. 6, line 4. Col. 6, line 4. Col. 6, line 4. Col. 6, line 4. 66 85 A 55 70 A 122 55 A 61 27 A 117 10 A 58 55 A 49 60 E 62 00 E 111 60 E 55 80 E 117 80 E 58 90 E OB OB OB OB OB OB 8 66 C 16 660 25 330 12 660 29 330 14 660 56 40 D 54 00 D 110 40 D 55 20 D 109 20 D 54 60 D Or, taking them 50 C. softer, the above glazes (steps) in the scale are as follows : 66 85 A 55 70 A 61 27 A 58 55 A 49 60 E 62 00 E 55 80 E 58 90 E H OB OB OB 8 660 16 660 12 660 14 660 17 40 D 15 00 D 16 20 D 15 60 D 56 Again, taking that particular scale of 4 Chart N, of which two intervals or degrees or steps or graduations are e.g. expressed by the glazes of Column 7 line 5, and of Column 8 line 6, some of the steps (glazes) indicated and to be understood as on the Chart between these two given glazes (steps) in the same scale are as follows : Chart N Col. 7, line 5, 60 C. lower than expressed on Col. 8, line 6, 50 C. lower than expressed on The Sum of them. The Mean between them. TJ,r >'Mm of the Mean and Col. 7, line 5. Tie 2nd Mean. Chart. Chart. 44 55 A 33 40 A 78 00 A 39 00 A 83 50 A 41 75 A 74 40 E 86 80 E 157 20 E 78 60 E 153 00 E 76 50 E OB OB OB OB OB OB 24 66 C 32 66 C 57 33 C 28 66 G 53 330 26 66 C 12 60 D 10 20 D 22 SOD 11 40 D 24 00 D 12 00 D And so on to the 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. mean. Again, taking that particular scale of Chart N, of which two intervals or degrees or steps or graduations are e.g. expressed by the glazes of Column 5 line 4, and of Column 6 line 4, some of the steps (glazes) indicated and to be understood as on the Chart between these two given glazes (steps) in the same scale are as follows : Chart N Col. 5, line 4, 60 C. lower than expressed on the Chart. Col. 6, line 4, 50 C. lower than exj>ressed on the Chart. 27(e Sum of them. The Mean between them. Tlie Sum of the Mean and Col. 6, line 4. The 3rd Mean. 60 15 A 55 70 A 115 85 A 57 90 A 113 60 A 56 80 A 49 60 E 62 00 E 111 60 E 55 80 E 117 80 E 58 90 E 6 00 B OB 6 00 B 3 00 B 3 00 B 1 50 B 16 66 C 16 66 C 33 33 C 16 66 C 33 33 C 16 66 C 17 40 D 15 00 D 32 40 D 16 20 D 31 20 D 15 60 D And so on to the 5th, 7th, 9th, etc., mean. Again, ^, or any fractional part of the Ws (weights) expressed or indicated of any composition, or between any compositions, may be taken. Again, 3 times, or any number of times, the Ws (weights) expressed or indicated of any composition, or between any compositions, may be taken. LONDOS: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. AUTHOR'S ANNOUNCEMENT In Preparation. Shortly to be Published. Uniform in Plan with this Volume. FACTORY GLAZES FOR CERAMIC ENGINEERS B of the Series Pastes. Body Dips, and Engobes for Brushing On. For Products fired to the heat of the Soft Porcelain Kiln. TO BE FOLLOWED BY C D and E of the Series Leadless Glazes. For Products fired at Lower Heats than the Soft Porcelain Kiln Heat. F G and H of the Series Pastes, Body Dips, and Engobes for Brushing On. For Products fired at Lower Heats than the Soft Porcelain Kiln Heat. L IVI and N of the Series Straight-on Enamels. X Y and Z of the Series Vo, tl RM ,,, Hard Porcelain Compositions. OF THE f UNIVERSITY 1 LONDON : E. & F. N. SPON, LTD., 57 HAYMARKET NEW YOKK: SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL PINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN TH.S BOOK ON THE DATE DUE THE N J23L iG 14 1645 I LD 21-100m-8,'34 U C. H2L E L EY LIBRARIES 'O.