Ten pen drills in Graham abort, hnnd . . . by Andrew Jackson Graham THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES TEN PEN DRILLS IN GRAHAM SHORTHAND . Copyright 1922 by Andrew J. Graham & Co. Andrew J. Graham & Co. 1133 Broadway New York B. 0. BAKER Q 7(r/t LAWYER DALLAS, TEXAS PEN DRILLS IN GRAHAM SHORTHAND The purpose of these drills is to train the student in pen control and to establish proper habits of execution so that his shorthand char- acters will be made rapidly and precisely. All too often the student's shorthand penmanship is judged solely by its appearance and little or no attention given to the manual tech- nique employed in its production. And too frequently also the in- struction appears to be based upon an assumption that an academic knowledge of the principles and theory of shorthand will enable its possessor to write rapidly. This is far from the truth. One might as well expect an ability to play the piano as soon as he had learned the names of the notes and their relation to the keys. tn The fact is, that rapid writing in any system of shorthand de- uj mands a smooth and continuous pen movement. There must be an en elimination of waste motion. The writer must think of and execute ce word- and phrase-outlines as a unit. To delay the application of this s fact until the student has completed the study of the principles is to 3 delay unnecessarily the desired result and to risk the formation of in- correct habits of writing. In "The Science of Shorthand," Mr. Godfrey Dewey has pointed yf out that different muscles are used in making different strokes. That, X) for instance, "Right diagonal up-strokes will be most readily written z| by forearm motion. . . . Vertical strokes will be most readily 1 written by finger motion. ..." A naturally skillful shorthand writer, of course, need not be conscious of these facts, often he is not ; but unconsciously he demonstrates them. The work of the beginner, however, can be facilitated by this 3 knowledge when given in connection with illustrative and well-organ- H ized drill. Joined strokes constitute the basis of all these drills in order to develop as highly as possible a conception of any consonant outline as a unit. The easiest joinings are practiced first, and a certain minimum pace of execution is advised. While the amount of time to be devoted to these drills must be left to the discretion of the teacher it is, nevertheless, recommended that if they are made a part of the beginner's class-work, as intended, not more than five minutes of any period be spent upon them. 448242 DRILL NO. 1 A pen is the only suitable or satisfactory instrument for practical shorthand writing. Godfrey Dewey in "The Science of Shorthand." The elimination of unnecesary stops in motion between joined strokes is essential for the attainment of the highest speed. The object of this drill is to acquire the habit of writing joined strokes without stopping at the point of joining. Think of each out- line in this drill as something to be made with a single motion of the pen, without stop from the time you start until you finish it. Make each outline that way. In the drill on the horizontal strokes write them in groups of three across the line, as shown in the copy. The position of the hand for shorthand writing is the same as in longhand, that is, the hand rests lightly upon the last two fingers and the forearm muscles. The wrist must not touch the table or desk at any time. Kay-Kay: r (Use forearm muscles. Minimum speed of movement twelve outlines in ten seconds. Keep your outlines as nearly the size of the copy as possible. Always have your copy be- fore you as you practice and compare your work with it every five or ten lines.) Gay-Gay : (Forearm muscles. Pen rolled slightly to the left by bending the thumb. Minimum speed of movement twelve out- lines in ten seconds. Legibility : "A form is legibly written when it more nearly resembles the outline for which it was intended than any other." ''Science of Shorthand." (Thumb and forefinger bending at the middle joints. Min- imum speed twelve outlines in ten seconds.) Jay ,, v: (Thumb and forefinger bending at middle joints. Slightly increased pen pressure. Minimum speed twelve outlines in ten secopds.) Tee-Tee : (Thumb and finger action. Minimum speed twelve out- lines in ten seconds.) -HI III III III ( Thumb and finger action; slightly increased pressure. Minimum speed twelve outlines in ten seconds.) Pee-Pee : Bee-Bee : V\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \\ \\V (Thumb and finger action; twelve outlines, ten seconds.) The speeds indicated for these various drills are intended chiefly to prevent dawdling in the work. If the student does not attain the given minimum speed at the first attempt it is no reason for dis- couragement. He should, however, make sure immediately that he is following directions exactly. DRILL NO. 2 JOINING STRAIGHT STROKES WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS Work on this drill can be made most effective by practicing one outline at a time until it can be written ten or more times in ten seconds. When this point is reached the outlines should be written in groups of three as shown in the copy. When written in groups of three the minimum speed should be six outlines in ten seconds. FOREARM AND FINGERS Kay-Chay : Kay-Tee : Kay- Pee : ZLZi Kay-Chay, Kay-Tee, Kay-Pee: 4 FINGERS AND FOREARM Chay-Kay : Z_ L- L- L- L /_ Tee-Kay: L_ L_ L_ L- L- I Pee-Kay : Chay-Kay, Tee-Kay, Pee-Kay: 4- [_ FINGERS Chay-Tee : / / / / / / Tee-Chay : I I i J J I -Pee -< / ree . \ '^ v^ S^ \ ^x Chay-Tee, Tee-Chay, Chay-Pee : - Pee-Chay: ^ \ ^ ^ ^ ^ A Pee-Tee : Tee-Pee : Pee-Chay, Pee-Tee, Tee-Pee The foregoing drills may be extended by shading (1) both strokes in each outline, (2) the first stroke in each out- line, and (3) the second stroke in each outline. The minimum speed in these additional drills should be that already given, ten single outlines in ten seconds or two groups of three dif- ferent outlines in ten seconds. All drills thus far are limited to material presented in Lesson 1 of Graham's Business Shorthand and should be practiced in connec- tion with the study of that lesson. PHRASES (Paragraph 20, Graham's Business Shorthand) WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENT Ten outlines, ten seconds. And-a : -i~i-\~\-\~i~ii-~ And-the : 7777 Make these outlines very small. The tick for "and" in these signs must be upon the line. Distinguish carefully between the tick for a and the tick for the. DRILL NO. 3 JOINING CURVED STROKES This drill should accompany work on material presented in Les- son 3 of Graham's Business Shorthand. In this, as in previous drills, endeavor to think of each outline as a unit and to make it with the same continuous flowing motion that you would use in making figures in arithmetic. The outline } for instance, shown in the first exercise in this drill can easily be thought of as resembling the figure 2 , and should be made without any stopping of the pen at any point in the outline. In the same way you can see the outline Ith-Es \ in the figure. X FOREARM MOVEMENT Speed : One outline repeated twelve times in ten seconds ; or three groups of two different outlines in ten seconds. Ish-Kay: 2- 1_ L. ^ JL 1- 1- L. 1_ 1->J- Z_ Kay-Ish: ^7~7 ~7 ~1 ~J ~) ~~J ~7 ~7 ~? ^7 Ish-Kay, Kay-Ish: 1^~J ~~ EM,h: Ef-Ef : Kay-Ef Ef-Kay, : FINGER AND WRIST MOVEMENT VTl FOREARM AND FINGERS All of the foregoing drills may be extended by shading as ex- plained in Drill 2. DRILL NO. 4 JOINING THE CIRCLE This drill should accompany work on material presented in Lesson 4 of Graham's Business Shorthand. The circle is joined to straight strokes by the same motion as is used in making a longhand e. When joining a circle to a stroke use part of the stroke as part of the circle. Think of it as half a circle fitted closely to the stroke. Thus: Correct : Incorrect: \ Note the difference between the correct and the incorrect forms. Compare your work with them, and check your faults. FINGER MOVEMENT Speed: Ten outlines in ten seconds. Iss-Pee: Bee-Iss: Iss-Tee : Dee-Iss : Iss-Chay : Jay-Iss: \V\\\ \ V \ v J_L_LJ f r r f r f _k_L_L_Ll I I I I I I ////// r r r r Speed : Seven outlines in ten seconds. ->->->-/L->-^ Bee-Iss-Tee : Dee-Iss-Dee : Chay-Iss-Chay : _Sp >0 NJS \ \p, f-f-H-HH- -/- \-vv-w-v\- FOREARM AND FINGER MOVEMENT Speed : Seven outlines in ten seconds. Kay-Iss-Tee: ~~f ~"f ~t ~f ~t "~f ~f Kay-Iss-Chay: ~~f ~f ~f ~f ~f "f 'T Gay-Iss-Pee: Kay-Iss-Kay : Gay-Iss-Gay : Keep these outlines close to each other. The circle is joined to a curve by the same motion as is used in making the curve. When joining a circle to a curve use part of the curve as part of the circle. Think of it as half a circle fitted to the curve. This method of joining saves time and prevents distortion of the outline. Correct: \_ ^ ^ 4- Incorrect : ^> ^ , x ^ <&s Note the difference between the correct and the incorrect forms. Compare your work with them and check your faults. FINGERS AND FOREARM Speed : Eight outlines in ten seconds. Iss-Ef-Iss, Iss-Vce-Iss: t^> ^^^^^^^ Iss-Thee-Iss, Iss-Zee-Iss: C^OOCD Iss-Kay-Iss, Iss-Gay-Tss : Q _ p Q- <-> a _ o a _ o a _ o o _ o a _ D a _ y 10 FOREARM AND FINGERS Speed : Eight outlines in ten seconds. Kay-Iss-Ef , Ef-Iss-Kay : Ef-Iss-Chay, Jay-Iss-Ef :- Ef-Iss-Ith, Vee-Iss-Tee: -S" S> The circle is joined to straight strokes forming an angle, outside the angle. When joined in this manner the circle can be made easily, rapidly and distinctly. Correct : Incorrect : J_ J- U U /- L- Note the difference between the correct and the incorrect forms. Compare your work with them and check your faults. FINGERS AND FOREARM Bee-Iss-Kay: V- V- V- V- V- V- V- \ Iss-Bee-Iss-Kay : V- \ \ % \ . V- ^ V- Chay-Iss-Kay : tr~ tX e> / /> ^ ~ ~ ~ " 8 outlines in ten seconds. 11 8 outlines in ten seconds, as (or has) a a - a. O- o_ Q_ O_ O_ and-as (or has) o o n o First two lines, 6 outlines in ten seconds. It-is-the Jo Jl jo jo J, Jo I 11111 A-dollar and-for-the Last line, 5 outlines in ten seconds. FJNGERS AND WRIST 12 words, ten seconds. They-think it-was. ^ \ 4 k -- V - k i 7 ~ It-was an-advantage for-them. -) I i ) I l Was-it a-dollar for-each? -4 ^ -j y- DRILL NO. 6 This drill should accompany work on material presented in Les- son 7 of Graham's Business Shorthand. When joined to a preceding stroke, the hook of Hay is best made by moving the pen backward a slight distance. FOREARM Speed : Six outlines in ten seconds. 12 Keep these outlines the size shown above. Lay-Em, Ar-Em : < ~~\. Lay-Ray, Ray-Lay : Lay-Hay, Hay-Lay : Ray-Ray, Ray-Hay : Kay-Hay, Em-Hay: __^ X ^ ~S^ , (j (4 outlines in ten seconds) El-En, Way-Em-Ing: CI^~~\^~-^^ C_x^V-^_^ FOREARM AND FINGERS Speed : Six outlines in ten seconds. El-Iss-En, En-Iss-Ray : En-Iss-El, Kay-Iss-En : En-Iss-Kay, Em-Iss-Kay: Em-Iss-Laj r , Em-Iss-Ray: Ray-Iss-En, Hay-Iss-En : / s ' ^- (Be careful to keep the Ray straight.) 13 Ray-Iss-Kay, Ray-Iss-Lay : Lay-Iss-Ray, Lay-Iss-Em : Ar-Iss-Ar, Yay-Iss: Speed : Write the group of four outlines below in ten seconds : Em-Ing, Iss-Em-Ing, En-Em-Iss, Em-Iss-Ing: DRILL NO. 7 PHRASES This drill should accompany work on material presented in Les- son 8 in Graham's Business Shorthand. In phrase writing, endeavor to think of the entire phrase as a single unit rather than as a number of words joined together. Do not stop between the words in a phrase. FOREARM MOVEMENT (10 Outlines in 10 seconds.) Which-you / which-you-will which-you-are which-you-may you-will / you-are s you-may -^-^ (7 outlines in 10 seconds.) L/ L/ L/ L Caution : Keep the yuh small. 10 outlines in 10 seconds. 448242 which-may /-. 14 FINGER MOVEMENT 10 outlines in 10 seconds. would-it ? ?---? ? (" f"~"T r~~r~~ f we-have ^~ v-Vv_v_v_v_VV^v_ DRILL NO. 8 LENGTH AND SIZE DISTINCTIONS This drill should accompany work on material in Lessons 14-17 of Graham's Business Shorthand. The following drill is more than a penmanship exercise since it is rather necessary for the student to remember the order of the outlines as given in the shorthand alphabet and dictate the exercise to himself a line at a time. It is not, therefore, to be expected that the required speed can be attained without practice. The maintenance of length and size distinctions is of the utmost importance. Speed : Each of the following lines in ten seconds. 1 2 3 4 \ \ \ \ [ 1 1 1 // rr /r ^ ^ /, _ ^ ^ V ^ ^_ _ > s 15 1 I If // / /// \ \ \ / X \ x \ \ X V\ X \ \ \ \ Brief Way and Brief Yay should be as small as an Iss-circle ; enlarged Brief Way and Yay should be the size of half a Sez-circle. 9 o c Q_ a_a Q_2 1Q Q n Qo ouOu DRILL NO. 9 HOOKS Small hooks should be the size of a half-Iss-circle. Large hooks should be the size of a half-Sez-circle. When a circle is written within a hook the circle is made smaller than otherwise and somewhat like a loop. Do not attempt to make an absolutely perfect circle within a hook. Correct: x^ [ G /* Incorrect : \ & /" IMPERFECT HOOKS In some outlines where a hook occurs between strokes an attempt to round the hook as completely as usual would greatly reduce writing speed. In such cases the hook is left a little more open. The pen retraces the preceding stroke a trifling distance and then makes the next stroke. Correct Incorrect These hooks are called the imperfect hooks. 16 DRILL NO. 10 In-Hook and Eshon-Hook This drill should accompany work on material presented in Les- sons 24 and 28 of Graham's Business Shorthand. The size and curve of the In-hook should be one-fourth part of a Sez-circle. Right shape and size \ 1 Wrong shape and size Speed: Each of the correct outlines five times in ten seconds. B. 0. BAKJER -VYER , TEXAS ot AT LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 19 Form L9-10wi-3,'48(A7920)444 Z56 Graham- G761t Ten pen drills shorthand. 3 1158011154480 Z56 G761t LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 570 379 8 DEMCO ARY SUPPLIES son New Haven '. Conn.