LIBRARY UNIV£KS!TY OF CALIFORNIA^/ J. i) l^t^ l\K/u^ i A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE AEABIC LANGUAGE. A PEACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE. WITH INTERLINEAL READING LESSONS, DIALOGUES AND VOCABULAKY. BY FARIS ASR-SHIDYAQ, A WATIVE OP MOTTITT LKBAJfOTT, SYETA ; rORMERLT PROPKSSOR OP ARABIC AT THE UITIVKRSITY OF MALTA ; TRAHrSLATOR OP THE WHOLE BIBLE INTO ARIBIC, ^C. &C. Itevised hy the late Rev. henry G. WILLIAMS, B.D., FORMERLY PROFESSOR OP ARABIC ITS THE UNIVERSITY OP CAMBRIoaE. FOURTH EDITION, CORRECTED AND AUGMENTED. LONDON : BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 Piccadilly. 1891 LOAN STACK 9U 1^ PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The Third Edition, which is now exhausted, was an attempt to rewrite the Second in a manner accordant with the newer and more scientific methods of explana- tion and transliteration which have arisen since the time of the Kev. Henry Williams. In the present edition certain excrescences have been pared away, and the work has been corrected throughout, so as to render it equally useful for independent study as for the ordinary mode of learniug a language with the help of a tutor. The tongue to which this Grammar serves as an introduction is the daily speech of educated Arabs, and may be looked upon as intermediate between the vulgar dialects of Syria and Egypt, and the cultivated language of Arabic literature. BERNAED QUARITCH. London, 1891. 201. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The little Arabic Grammar by Faris Al-Shidiac has met with considerable success, the whole of the former edition having been for some time exhausted. It has been well received, both in Egypt and Syria, and found useful, as well by travellers in those parts, as by others whose business has led them to seek a temporary home in the East. The small extent of the work, together with its practical character, precluded the introduction of any but the most necessary elements of Arabic Grammar. The present Editor, keeping this in view, has been careful to preserve its simplicity, while he has scarcely added to its bulk, but has found space for additional matter that seemed requisite, by expunging or abbre- viating where occasion warranted. While, however, the book is primarily intended to supply the want of such as do not contemplate any VIU PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. extensive progress in the language, it is also hoped that it will furnish a solid foundation to such as may- be induced to have recourse to a larger treatise on Arabic Grammar. Space would not allow, nor has it been deemed expedient, to make more than an occa- sional brief allusion to differences of usage in Egypt and Syria. Such differences are not great ; and when (as it frequently happens) the Arabic language has several words with the same meaning, a little obser- vation will soon determine which of them has the general, or perhaps exclusive, use in any particular district. '*Nor is there so great a difference between the dialects of Arabic spoken in different countries as some persons, who have not held intercourse with the inhabitants of such countries^ have imagined: they resemble each other more than the dialects of some of the different counties in England."* (HENRY G. WILLIAMS.) * Lane's ** Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians," Ch. IX. A GEAMMAE OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE. CHAPTER I. The Arabians, in common with many of the Eastern nations^ write from the right hand to the left. Their Alphabet consists of twenty-eight letters — all consonants — differently shaped according to their position at the beginning, middle, or end of words. The names and powers, and the order and figure, of the letters, may be seen in the following Table. There are, besides, three vowels, which are not usually marked in writing or printing, but which, if written, have their own special symbols, to be described in the second chapter. ALPHABETICAL TABLE. KAMB. FORM. POWER. Final. Medial. Initial. Connect. Uncon. Connect. .•,./. I • I I Like a silent A. It only serves AllI I I l I to give voice to the vowel annexed to it. Ba Cj* L-» - J h Ta cu O - i t (as in Italian) Tha ci*. ctrf i ^ ^^ (as in tlirovo) B 2 ALPHABETICAL TABLE. VAME. rOEM. POWEB. Final. Medial. Initial. Connect, Uncon. Connect. J^^ ^ ^ ^ =^ i»y Ha ^ — s &. ll(^ ^eep and wheezy f' C- breathing) Kha ....... • -;, & i. kh(ascA.intheGrermaii J > J «■ Sin ^j(* ^Ja t^ ^ S (never pronounced as z) Shin jji (ji ^ w sh Sad j-fl. (^ «a ^ S (a strong thickened «) Dad ^jii, ijo Jx ^ d (a strong explosive d) Ta I2 L k L t (a strong explosive ^) Tha (W Za, k 1? k k Z (a strong explosive z) Ai*n «L c • c (a sort of choking sound, .cxixi ...... r" • f" * *• which resembles a sudden hiatus. We shall express it in transliteration by means of a reversed com- ma on thc'line, thus ^ain) OTifliTi i c i c c (t^® Northumbrian r, as V:rnain ... ^ ^ x C g ^ in row«d) Fa c-_A ^^ ft 9 f KaforQof, J J » » ^ (or A:) guttural Kaf ^ ^ < ^ h Lam J. J 1 -J ^ OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. 3 POWEE. J IfAME. FORM. Final. Medial. Initial. Connect Uncon. Connect. ^ini ^ ^ ^ < m ^^ cr- U - i w Waw(wOw) J- J J. J W{B.simvar) Ha d » /« ^ a h Y a ^ ^ jj ji y (as in yes) Lam-Alif liH V!!i> il V^ Za. (T^is combination of I and a is usually but needlessly added here. ) In this scheme, the consonants have their English sounds, except where otherwise indicated, and the vowels (in the names) are as in German. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. All the Arabic letters are consonants, although it may seem to Europeans strange so to consider ], c, j, and ^5. (There are likewise three vowels, which are not included among the letters, as they are only marked by certain signs over or under the consonants to which they are annexed. These vowels will be treated of in the next chapter). The consonant always precedes its own vowel, as in be, never follows it as in ab. \ (called alif) is the first consonant, but has no sound of its own. It is in fact like the silent h in the English words hour and honour^ and is only a consonant in name. The vowel annexed to it may be a, i, or w, and the use of the 1 is simply to afford a vehicle for the expression of 4 OBSERYATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. the vowel, as there would be no means^ according to the graphic system of the Arabs, of writing an ordinary short vowel without a real oi: nominal consonant to bear the sign. (When the 1 is written without a vowel or any other modifying mark, it is either utterly soundless and useless except for the sake of some grammatical distinc- tion, or else it assumes the character of a voAvel for the purpose of lengthening the short vowel annexed to a preceding letter, as qa, qa. When it is really perform- ing the function of a consonant, as in abu, ism, ukht^ it is customary to write it with a mark called Jiamza, thus : 1, I, the place of the hamza being decided by the vowel written along with it, as j>l, ^t. The hamza indicates that there must be a slight pause or hiatus before the vowel, to emphasize as it were the fact that the \ is a consonant.) J {vi) is properly sounded as w in war, when it begins a syllable. When it ends a syllable, and has no vowel annexed, it may, in some instances, remain a genuine consonant like the w to which we give a slight utterance when we pronounce rapidly the word throwing. In most instances, however, it there becomes a quasi-vowel, serv- ing simply to lengthen the vowel which precedes, as «^, w ; or to form a diphthong with it, as au (i. e. the ow in novo). OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. -5 (J (y) when a consonant, that is when it has a vowel attached, is always like the y in yes. When quiescent, that is without a vowel, it plays the part of a vowel either in lengthening a preceding short vowel i into t, or in forming a diphthong, ai, with a preceding a. It is necessary to inform the learner here that the final vowels of words are never sounded in modern colloquial Arabic ; Tcitdhu being pronounced hitdh ; nabiyyu, naM, Thus the y often seems to be merely a lengthening vowel, while it is really a consonant, and the proper way of writing naU would be nahlyy, giving to the yy the sound of the French colloquial ille as mJUle, ^ is the ordinary English Ji as in Jiand, but is always sounded, never silent as in our interjection ah ! When this letter bears two dots, thus I — always at the end of a word — it is supposed to be sounded ^, and to correspond to the letter o, but the custom is to leave it quite silent except in reading the Koran, in grammatical exercises, and in construction before a vowel. Thus Ij^ is pro- nounced Jiamza, not hamzat ; i^ hurra, not Icurrat, but in construction qurrat ul Lain. — {j) has usually the sound of g in gem, but the Egyptians pronounce it as g in get, ^ (h) is a deep aspirate, much more powerful than the h in hand. It is a strong wheezy breathing, to which 6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. only the Arabs give its full sound. Other people turn it into either a simple ^, or a German ch, ^ (kh) is a guttural rougher than the German and Scotch ch in locTi, Only the Swiss mountaineers give a proper Arabic hoarseness to the sound. It never varies according to position, like the German ch in ich, ach, and Christ ; but is always the same. ^ (s) is a strongly articulated palatal s, thicker and more forcible than the s in swarm, sward. (It should be noted that in English we give to the letter s, in sw, a stronger and fuller sound than elsewhere.) ^ (d) is a strong d produced by a forcible pressure of the tongue against the teeth and the front of the palate, which impedes the utterance for a moment and then allows the sound to escape violently. All but genuine Arabs pronounce it either as an ordinary d, or as z. k (z) is z pronounced with the tongue in the same position as when the letter ^jo is formed. It is like the i (i.e. th as in those) sounded forcibly after a check. It has been transliterated thz or dhz, but most people, except genuine Arabs, pronounce it as the ordinary z. c is a very difficult sound, resembling nothing so much as a gurgling in the gullet caused by the sensation of choking. This gasping is produced by a forcible con- traction of the muscles of the throat, and the c, with its OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. 7 vowel, sounds like a suffocated attempt to pronounce ga or gUy with the result that only the vowel {a, i, or u) is heard, struggling as it were with a lump in the throat. It is clear that a consonant of this kind cannot be articu- lated without a vowel, and consequently, even when it is marked as unvowelled at the end of a syllable, a short and obscure a is uttered with it. It is treated as a simple 1 by all but genuine Arabs. For want of a better symbol we have represented it by a reversed comma on the line, thus: iilm. The greatest difficulty with regard to it arises when it happens to be (as other letters fre- quently are) doubled between two vowels. ^ The hamza alluded to in the observations on 1 above, is a sort of mild c, and gives to the dlif, or rather to the vowel which follows, a deeper sound than usual, as though it were preceded by a check or hiatus. In the phrase " Goa is a town in India," as pronounced rapidly by correct speakers, the hamza is heard in, or preceding, the vowel i of is, (Cockney speakers put an r in its place.) We shall transliterate the Jiamza by means of a reversed comma above the line^ thus ^umm. c. (g) is a guttural g, very much rougher than the North German g in sage^ much rougher than the French r grasseye^ almost precisely like the burr of the Northumbrian r, but even stronger than this. 8 OBSERVATIONS ON THE ALPHABET. ^J {^) is a hard k, best represented by q (without u). It is tittered explosively from the back of the throat. Only true Arabs sound it properly. In Egypt it is a mere hiatus like the hamza ; Europeans, Turks, and Persians sound it as a simple k, ^j (n) when unvowelled and followed immediately by h, takes the sound of m ; when followed by r, is sounded r; when by Z, Z; when hj m, m; hj w, w; by y, y. These are merely for the sake of euphony, but are often written according to the sound, as ^j^ instead of ^^ ^^ J (Z) never changes its sound except when, in the article al {^the)^ it precedes a noun beginning with one of the so-called solar letters ; it is then pronounced like the letter which immediately follows. The solar letters are ^, t, th, tZ, d, th, r, z, z, s, sA, s, n. (The other letters, before which it is not altered, are called lunar,) In Arabic words, the accent, or emphasis of tone, falls upon the long syllables or diphthongs. When the word consists of short syllables only, the accent is upon the penultimate if there are but two, on the antepenultimate if there are three or more syllables. When there is more than one long syllable or diphthong in a word, each of them bears a distinct stress or accent, but the greater weight is given to that which comes nearer to the end of the word. — It must be remembered that the modern OF VOWELS. 9 practice of leaving unsounded the final vowel vitiates the theory of accent. Thus t->U> is sounded hitab, and the learner might suppose that it was accented on the ultimate syllable^but the stress is really on the penultimate, since in the classical language, and in orthoepical theory, the word is hitdhu ; and the accent is supposed never to fall on the last syllable under any circumstances. A naturally short vowel becomes long if it is followed by a double consonant, or by two consonants which have no vowel between them. CHAPTER II. OF VOWELS AND ORTHOGRAPHICAL SIGNS. The Arabs have only three signs for vowels, which are called l^ fatha (a), Ij^S Jcasra (^), l^ damma (u). [These three vowels, a, i, u, are all that existed in the ancient and literary language, and although e and o are also found in the modern speech, they are only local and dialectal varieties, a and i being sounded sometimes as e ; and u sometimes as o. As these peculiarities vary in different districts and in different instances, it will be safer to leave them to acquisition colloquially, especially as the short vowels are nearly always obscure in the utterance even of the best speakers.] 10 OF VOWELS. The fat\ia is represented by a small oblique stroke above the consonant ; kasra by a similar stroke under ; and damma by a small curve, like a comma, above the letter, as follows : — Fatha ... ( — ) sounding as a ; for example^ (j wasla ('*) implies conjunction , and is only in- * It may be well here to remind the learner of our scheme of pronunciation, by stating that the above two words would be represented in English by sife, Tchowf. 12 OF THE ARTICLE. scribed over 1 at the beginning of a word, to indicate that the I and its vowel must be suppressed, and that the vowel of the letter preceding them must only be heard in their place ; as a1!1 ^\ij^ kitdbu 'lldhi, ^* the book of God." {Allah is always pronounced Allah,) i^A madda (*-) implies extension^ and is placed over 1, giving it a longer sound than the ordinary vowel-point ' would do, as ^j»T ddam» It stands for an unwritten second alif, ^jj^su** suMrij or l^ jazma, written thus (°) or (^), signifies a 'pause ^ and is placed over a letter that has no O^ J OP vowel. Example : Jj hal; d^i-i ukht. When the letters I, J, and (^ are thus unvo welled, they become long vowels or diphthongs, as already mentioned. When the c is in the same condition, only a semi-articulate gasping sound is heard, like an ineffectual attempt to pronounce a short a deep in the throat. CHAPTER III. OF THE ARTICLE. The proper order of succession of the parts of speech in Arabic is verb, noun, particle (the article, adjective, pronoun, and participle, being classed with nouns, and OF THE ARTICLE. 13 adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions comprised under particles) ; but, for the sake of English learners, we will here adopt the European arrangement. The Arabs have but one article, Jl (al), which is definite, and is prefixed either to the singular or plural ; as, L->liiCjl alJcitdb/^thQ book;" v«>jOl alhutuby ^* the books/' When the article is prefixed to any word beginning with one of these letters, L, ^y ^, ^ji, ^j^, j, ^, j^ ^, vi)^ o 4j, k, (called solar letters), the sound of the J is dropped; or, rather, it is assimilated to that of the succeeding letter, which therefore assumes the jjjJiJ tashdid ; as ^J\ ar-rahtm, ^^ the Merciful " (i, e. God) ; oUljl as-samawdt, " the heavens ;" ^^jJi issjiqhu 'd-din, ^'know- ledge of the religion." Before the other letters (called lunar) the I of the article retains its sound. N.B. — The word to which the article is annexed does not admit of nun-dition, and we may therefore say that the Arabic tanwin is equivalent to our indefinite article. ( 14 ) CHAPTER IV. OF NOUNS. In the Arabic, nouns admit of variation in regard of gender^ number, and case, and may be either definite by nature^ as in proper names, for example, »us:* Muhammad; or may be made so by the prefixture of the article jl, as ^ ndbiyy (more grammatically, ^ nabiyyun)^ *^ a pro- phet-;'' j^i annahiyy^ 'Hhe prophet." (Ordinarily pro- nounced naU, but more correctly as if the final t sound re- sembled that of theille at the end of the French word^ZZe.) It is suitable to mention here that all Arabic words are either pure root-forms, or else constructed from radicals, by modification, or by the addition of servile letters. The root consists usually of three letters, and is always the third person masculine singular preterite of a verb. Thus, from J*-^ rasala, "he sent,'' we have J^^ rasulun (or rasul^ ^* an apostle;" and from jL. salama, '* he gave the salutation of peace," we get JX»t\ islam, *' the Musulman Church," and JL* muslim, " a Moslem." All nouns are supposed to end in the nominative case with the short vowel u^ extended to un when the sense is indefinite ; but in the colloquial language neither u nor iin is sounded. OF GENDER. 15 OF GENDER. There are two genders, j^=>'x^ muihakkar, " mascu- line," and k^j^ mu^annath, " feminine." Nouns are feminine either by signification or termination. By sig- nification : 1st, names of women and female appellatives, as j>^ Mar-yam, "Mary;" ^\ umm (or omm), "a mother;" o o » cu:j bint, **a girl;" oa.1 ukht (or okht), "a sister:" 2ndly, the double members of the body, as jj yad, " the hand;" ^J.^ iain, "the eye;" u_q,.;,.4=^ katif, "the o shoulder ;" 3rdly^ names of countries and towns, as j^it Misr, "Egypt;" i^^ MaJcka, " Mecca." By termination : 1st in », as aj^. janna (jannat), " a garden;" iii zulma, "darkness;" 2ndly, in 1 servile, as U-> haiM, "white;" 3rdly, in ^^ servile, pronounced like a, as ^ji^^ ^ikra, *^ remembrance ; " ^Jjl w/«, " first." There are a few words which are to be learnt by practice and observation, being used as feminines neither by signification nor by termination ; such as ^^ ard, " the earth ; '' ^^ Yh.amr, ^^ wine ; " cj^ \iarb, " war ; " o o ^ ^U nar, "fire;" ^ nh, "the wind; " ^j.^ shams, "the 16 OP NUMBER.' sun ; " &c. &c. (It must be remembered that this word is shams, not shamz, as an English tongue might call it ; and so with all similar instances of final s,) All other words are masculine. Feminines are formed from masculines chiefly by the addition of », as c-^-L ^ayyih, " good," fem. i-i iayyiha ; i^yi^sKA maJctuh, "written;" fem. hji^si^ mahtuha ; (sUa malik, " a king ; " aXL malika, " a queen." OF NUMBER. There are three numbers, singular, dual, and plural. o The dual is formed by adding to the singular ^jl - dni {an) in the nominative case, and ^- aini (am) in the other cases. The plural is either regular or irregular. The regular plural is that which ends in J,y una {un) in the nominative case, and in ^^^ tna (m) in the other cases. The regular feminines form their plural by adding ol- di. The irregular (or broken) plurals are such as are not formed by the addition of ^^J- and ^^;, and are so ex- tremely irregular and various, that no rules can greatly assist the memory. They must be acquired j^by practice. The dictionaries specify the irregular plurals. -or NUMBER. 17 EXAMPLES OF REGULAR PLURALS. SING. DUAL. PLtTEAL. (^c-aJ^ Tcdtihun (or^ ^ • ^^ 1 7 ^/wx -J. f rj^-^o kdtibdni, ri^^^ Jcdtihuna Nora. J ^'^^\J^ kdtibdtin {kdtiba) (hdtibdt) Ace. lJC kdtibatan ... wsameasobl. ... same as obi. {kdtiba) I i? o- ^ ^Lu) baitdniy oj-^ miyutun .S _ .- , > two houses (buyut)^ I ^«^*0, a house J , j^^^^g^g Obi. cuL' baitm{bait) ^j^, haitaini oj--j buyutin (buyut) Ace. l,.;-.» bait an {bait) ... same as obi. U^ buyutan (buyut) 18 OF NUMBER. Observe — As the final vowels are seldom sounded in the modern colloquial language, the distinction of the cases is not rendered very appreciable in conversation. Besides, the dual form is hardly ever used. In fact, the three preceding words have usually no other pronuncia- tion in any position than hdtih, Tcdtibun and kdtibin, kdtiha and kdfibdt, bait and huyut. A few of the more common forms of the irregular plurals are given below. A more extended list will be found farther on. The inflexion of every word in Arabic is modelled on a fixed standard of construction or measurement. This standard is afiPorded by the word facala Jr9, " he did," which the grammarians have chosen for the purpose, and its various forms {see under Verbs) yield examples for accidence. In the following list the plurals are formed according to the varieties specified in the row on the left hand. The final vowel is omitted according to custom. FORMS OF IRREGULAR OR " BROKEN " PLURALS. MODEL OF THE lExailiple. PLUEA.L FOKM. BINGFLAE. PLVSAL. JljjJ jiidl J-1^ jahal, a mountain JL>. jihal J^jti fuiul x^\ asad, a lion ^j^\ ustld OF THE NOUNS. 19 Jx_9i afiul Jft.^ rijl, a foot J^^l arjul Jc'j9 fawddl j^sT** masjid, a mosque j^Lm.* masdjid J-x-9 fuiul L-iU-^s kitdh^ a book v^^= ^w^w& OF THE NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME. The same form of noun is used to denote time and place, and is regularly derived from the triliteral verb ae- cording to the measure Jxio mafial; as, k^^^ska, maJctah, "time or place of writing,'' from c-^^=a Jcataha, "he wrote;" k.^\a maUah^ "time or place of playing," from i._asJ laciba, "he played;" Sxa* maqcad, "time or place of sitting," from jjti qacada, " he sat." Or according to the measure Jxd* mafdl ; as, ^jAt, madrih, " time or place of beating," from ^^ dai^aba, " he beat." OF THE NOUN DENOTING THE INSTRUMENT. The noun denoting the instrument is derived from the triliteral verb, and has three forms : 1. according to the measure JjtL mifcal ; as, ^^ mihrad, ^* a file," from ^^ harada, "he filed." 2. JixA* mifud; as, -ba* miftdh, " a key," from ^i^ fataha, " he opened." 3. 'i]jtiumifiala; as, ^ r- *^^ - miknasa^ " a broom," from ^>«;it^ kanasa, " he swept." 20 OF THE NOUNS. OF THE NOUN DENOTING A SINGLE ACTION. This noun has the measure of ilsts fada ; as, ij^ darba^ " once striking," from u^^ " he struck ;" Iji hatha, *'once writing," from <^^s» **he wrote," &c. &c. N.B — All these forms are regularly derived from the verb^ which lias three letters. Other kinds of derived nouns are described below under the heading "Adjec- tives." OF THE DIMINUTIVE. The diminutive is formed in general by inserting ^ y after the second letter of the primitive ; as^ x^ iuhaid (or obeid), " a little servant," from xs- cabdy ** a servant;" J-a^ rujail, " a little man/' from J>^ rajul, " a man." This form, although very convenient, is very seldom used, even in books. CHAPTER V. OF THE ADJECTIVES. There are many forms in Arabic for the adjective, which it is not quite proper to treat as distinct from the noun. The most common are formed (1) according to JO - Jo ^ the measure J^ fadl ; as, j»i^.^» Jcarim, " generous ; " OP THE ADJECTIVES. 21 y^^i^jarmly " handsome ;" and J(2) Jjxs faiul ; as, ^^^sw. shaMr^ " thankful ;" j^^ sahur, " patient." There are also the forms JUj faecal and flcdl, denoting frequency or intensity ; as, c->l^ darrdb, " one who often strikes " (this is technically an adjective) ; j^^sa^ sikMr, ** very drunken ;" ^xs facal; as, ^.-^ Yiasan^ "beautiful;" ^ fadlu; as, ^^ farihu (farih,) "glad or merry;" ^J%^k faddn ; as, J\^^aA catshan^ "thirsty." The form JUs is also the model for words denoting trades; e.^j\^ najjdr, " a carpenter ;" LLi. kh«j/yat, "a tailor;" t^jUa qassdb, "a butcher," (These are con sidered adjectives in Arabic, being descriptive of quali- ties.) The Arabic language, rich as it is in words and in modes of expression, has only one form of adjectives derived from substantives. It is formed by adding ^j M O ^ with ('^) to the substantive; as, for instance, ^j^j^ wardiyy {wardiyyun), "rosy;" (^§1.* 'f^d^yy, "watery;" ^^^ shamsiyy^ " solar ;" ^J< arddyy^ " earthen," &c, &c. The most usual way of forming the feminine, as has been stated, is by adding V to the masculine, as, m, ^^^^ 22 OF THE ADJECTIVES. kamm^ fern, l^j^:^ hartma. Some forms of adjectives, however, are the same for both genders; e.g. j^ ^j rajul sahur, "a patient man;" .^^ l\j^\ imrn^a ^ahur, ^^ Si patient woman.'* 'Note. — In Arabic, the adjective^ as a rule, follows the noun it qualifies. OF COMPARISON. The comparative is formed from the positive upon the measure Jxsl a/cal ; as (^j»^>^ hasan, '*good '') ^j»^ ahsan, '^better;" (jj-^=> kabir, "great")^.^»l ahhar, "greater." . , o Than is expressed by the preposition ^ min; as, diUll ^^ ^kcl aczam min-a 1-malik, ^* greater than the king," (j»iac caztm, ** great;" JacI aczam, "greater.") The superlative is of the same form as the comparative, but it is used without the addition of than; as Jlci Ji)i alldh adam, ^* God (is) most wise." Or it is followed by a word in the genitive case ; as, jj*»Ul ^^j»^ ahsanu n-nds, "the best of men " — colloquially ahsan en-nes, N.B. — A word preceding another in the genitive case, even when, as in this instance, the sense is definite, does not admit the article; thus, ^^^--^1 ah.san, not ^J,^^)i\ al- ahsan. ( 23 ) CHAPTEE YI. OF PRONOUNS. The Arabs acknowledge only three parts of speech, namely, the Verb, the Noun, and the Particle ; including under the noun, article^ pronoun and adjective. Some pronouns are separate, some affixed to other words. The PEESONAL PEONOUNS are as follows: — SING. DUAL. PLUEAL M. F. M. P. 1. I u\ ... ^ and (usually pro- nahnu nounced short and) 2. Thou ... d^jl cujl \^\ ^\ ^jLi\ anta anti antumd antum antunna 3. He (she) ^ ^ Ua j^a* ^JSb liuwa Tiiya Jiumd hum Jiunna N.B. — The dual and the plural feminine are not used in colloquial Arabic. The DEMONSTEATiYE PR0N0U]S"S are — U tha, or (more emphatically) iLb JidiM, "this," and (^i ihalih, "that," declined as follows : — 24 OF PRONOUNS. SING. DT7AL. PIUEAL. Masc. . IS ihci ihani, thaini ihina or, common plural Fern. . thihi or tM tdni, taini 'ula Masc. .. ilL J^ Mthd Mth.dni, ^ath^^ini Jid^uld^ Fein. ... 8 jib ijl^j [jiP^ >> ^ath*^2 hdtdni, Jidtaini N.B. — In the vulgar Arabic, the singular form is, usually, the only one employed, but the plural is some- times replaced by the word J^jj**, and at other times by Jj^, or ^^jft, or (JjJA, &c. ; while for the singular ^^ is ^ ^ tt frequently used ; as, JlaJI (^.i di-l-qalam, " this pen ; " 5^^^ ^5^ di-l'hilcdya, " this story." Masc. ... dilS -(^U, (*liii tha^^^ thawTizA;, ihayinnik Fem. ... (JiJlU (sUU, du-J ^i7A; tdnnik, tayinnik PLURAL. 'uldHk OF PRONOUNS. 25 THE EELATIVE PRONOUNS. ^^jJi ** who," is thus declined : SING. DUAL. PLURAL. alldihi allaihdni allathin J^\ d'^\ Masc. Fern. alldii alldtdni alldti N.B, — All these forms are replaced in the vulgar by the word Jl alU or Hit The duplication of the J in writing the dual forms, and the feminine plural, is a sur- vival of the older and more correct method which has dropped out of the others. The pronunciation is not affected. C X ^ man^ who, he who, those who, whoever. U md, that which, those which, whatever. ,^1 ^ayyu, ayy (fem. lA 'ayya), who, which, what, of what kind. The three last words are used interrogatively; as, cujl ^^ man anta, '* who are you^" (literally^ "who thou 1. ") v^ti' (^yy^ ^^'^«^> *' which book 1 " For U as an interrogative, ^i\ atsh or esh (contracted from jjl fj\ ayyu sJiayin or ayy shay, " what thing 1 ") is in Syria usually substituted ; as, j^sj ^^1 aish turidy 26 OF PRONOUNS. ^* what do you want?" The same word takes the pre- position J li, " to " or " for," before it, to express why ? as, eu-j^ ^y li-aisJijita, "why have you come?" N.B. — U the pronoun must not be confounded with U the conjunction, which means " so long as," and U the adverb, which means "not." THE POSSESSIVE PEONOUNS. The possessive pronouns are expressed by means of affixes to the nouns, which then become definite, even without the article, and are consequently not www-ated ; thus — ^\^Htab {Mtabun), " a book." SING. DUAL. PLUEi-L. ^\lf . .. bli5^ kitaU, my book. Mtdbund, Mtdhnd, our book. dJlif V r f^^ ^ kitabuTca, Mtdhah, \^^>\^ kitdbuku7n, thy (m.) book. ^ kitdbukumd . ^^ J your (2Lbr the book of kitdbilJcunna, book hitdbuki, hUdhdk, you twain kitdbJcum, thy (/.) book. ^ L kitdbkunn, J OF PRONOUNS. 27 kitdbuTiu, Jcitdbhu, hitd- huh, Jcitdho^ his book. hitdhuhd, kitdbhd, her book. ^ kitdhuhumdjj ^V kitdhuJium, kitdbhum. the book of them twain hitdbuhunna^ Kkitdbhunn, masc. their book. fern. The dual, and also the plural feminine, are seldom used. It must also be remembered that final vowels are lost in the colloquial language, so that the secondary- pronunciations above given are the ruling ones. The damma n and ^, &c., is changed into kasra, if the preceding syllable of the word to which the pronoun is suffixed be vocalized with kasra, or end with ^j; as, ^\:^kitdbih, " of his book ;" j«4j[ff, calaiJiim, ** on them." The same affixes are used with prepositions : for instance — o ^jA ** of," or " from " (in certain instances written and sounded mina). 28 OF PRONOUNS. DUAL. minnt from me. PLUBA.L. M u minnd, from us. minka, minaJc, from thee (m.). die minU, mink, from thee (/.). minJcumdj from you twain. mirikum I from «• o (^ you minJcunna, minhu, minuh, from him. o minJidy from her. . minhumd, ^ from them twain mhihum, minhunna, ^ , from them The pronominal affix i,^- t (meaning ** my ") is changed into (J ya, when the word to which it is appended ends in\ d. It is changed into (j yya, when that word ends o o in (^- ai, [jr, % y- au, or y- u ; the ^^ or j of these endings being then omitted. So, with the preposition J " to," we have J It, ^ laha, laic, cilf lahi, laJc, ^j lahu, " to me," " to you," ** to OF PRONOUNS. 29 O * J o him," &c.,'or with sic cinda,'^ with," "at;" as, ^Ja (^JJ^ cindifulus, "with me (is) money," i.e. "I have money." N.B. — The same affixes serve as the accusative case after verbs (except that instead of ^ the first person is expressed by ^ m), e.^. c-?^ daraha, " he struck." ^y^ darahnt, he struck me. ^)^ darahaJc, he struck thee. a-j^ darahhu, darahuh, he struck him. &c., &c. o ^ The recijprocal pronoun is expressed by ,jjiJ nafs, " soul," " self," joined to the pronominal affixes ; as, ^jji nafstf "myself," asLJiJ nafsaJc, "thyself," &c. ( 30 ) CHAPTER YII. OF THE NUMERALS. The Cardinal ^N'umbers are the following :- 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. FEM. S Ox ^ljUS 10. 11. 6 o fio X 20. 30. 40. 50. 80. ^^^, or ^^j5^' ^ i o , 100. (mi'atun) aJL* 12. ^ IJi 13. «lC AJ^ 8;*lC tl>^ and so on to 19. Observe — The Cardinal numbers, from 3 inclusive to 10, have a fern, form when the objects numbered are of 200. 300. 1000. 2000. 3000. ilu ciib' 9 ci. y^^\'i% OF THE NUMERALS. 31 the masc. gender ; and conversely, a masc. form, when the objects numbered are fern,; e.g. ij^ jW^j or JU^ l^, " ten men " (lit. men, a decade, and a decade of men) ; jLs. pLJ or ^LJ^;.^, " ^^7i ivomen.''^ — This practice applies also to the use of the numbers 3 to 9 in combination. The numerals that indicate numbers compounded of the units and the tens, are formed by prefixing the unit to the tens, and uniting them by the conjunction j, " and ;'' ^ JO , 9 , , as^ clt;^j *^^ ^^ one-and-twenty^^ " twenty-one,^^ The Ordinals are as follows : — MASC, FEM. MASC. PEM. 1st. js>i .ol J.' lOth. Jib tr^ 2nd. 0, nth. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 20th. ^ -» o 30th. ^)j-iJlj &C. Observe — The Ordinals^ from twentieth inclusive to nineiietli are identical in form with the Cardinals ; as, J -) J O O ^jj.^ ^^ twenty,'' ^jj:^\ ''the twentieth'' 123456 7 89 10 ( 32 ) CHAPTER VIII. OF THE VEEB. The kernel of every Arabic verb is not, as with us, the infinitive, but the third person singular masculine pre- terite indicative active, as ^faiola, ^* he did,"^^ nasara, "he assisted," — ^ fars^na^ *'he rejoiced," ^j.*a, hasuna, ^^he was beautiful." The vast majority of the simple Terbs are, like these, triliteral (i.e. consisting of three letters in the primary form) ; but there are also some quadriliteral verbs, such as ..^^ dahrajay '^ he rolled." These preterite bases are the roots under which all other words are grouped in Arabic dictionaries ; it being a con- venient fiction to treat all words as derived from them. As already remarked, the word facala Jx» is used by grammarians as the model to which all others are made to conform ; every verb is conjugated in accordance with it, and as it consists of the three letters fa, iain, and lam, the custom, in grammatical language, is to describe the letters of a triliteral verb, not as first, second, and third, but as the fa, the iaiii, and the lam. Thus in hataba " he wrote," d is the /a, o is the iain, and the cj is OF THE VERB. 33 the Mm, Verbs are regular and irregular. The regular, or strong verbs, are those in which the three radical letters are never suppressed or substituted, as in the five instances just cited. The irregular, or weak, verbs are of six kinds : (1) those in which the simple form consists of two letters one of which is doubled, as j^ madda " he stretched ;" (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), those in which 1, j, and {J, are found in the simple form, either singly or in a pair, as ji.1, jcj, Jli, ^^, ^^ . The latter are called irregular or weak, because the I, j, and {j, being semi- vowels, are mutable, that is, susceptible of loss or change in certain combinations. These phonetic alterations, already slightly touched on in the observations on ortho- graphy, do not, however, virtually interfere with the structure of the conjugations on the model of fa-ia-la ; and it might therefore be expected that our next step would be to give the paradigm of the simple verb. — But there are some further observations to make. According to Arabic grammarians every verb is capable of several different kinds of conjugation, the maximum being fifteen, the minimum seldom less than four. Western writers on Arabic grammar repeat the same statement ; and it forms a great stumbling-block in the path of the learner, who at once begins to magnify D 31 OF THE VERB. liis difficulties. The fact is, that all those so-called con- jugations are distinct verbs, evolved in certain clearly defined methods, which will be set forth, from simple triliteral (or quadriliteral) verbs. The addition, or dupli- cation, of letters which characterises the derivative verbs, is not supposed to remove them from the triliteral (or quadriliteral) category, since the new letters are servile (i.e. accidentally employed) and not radical (i.e. inherent and permanent.) We shall now proceed to treat of the conjugation of the simple verb, consisting actually (in its third person masc. preterite) of three letters, and after- w^ards explain the system on which the derivative verbs are constructed. The Arabs arrange their conjugations somewhat differently from Europeans. There are two voices, Active and Passive, but the Passive is seldom used in the modern language for reasons which will become apparent when we reach the derivative verbs. In the old literary language there were several moods : Indica- tive, Imperative, Subjunctive, Conditional, and Jussive ; but as the last three were only distinguished by the final vowels which are no longer pronounced, they have dropped out of use, and are now only expressed by means of adverbial particles prefixed to the Indicative Present. The pure Imperative still remains a distinct OF THE VERB. 35 phase ; and the verb is treated as consisting of five parts : Past Tense (Preterite, Perfect;) Present Tense (con- tinuous and Imperfect, therefore also Future) ; Impera- tive ; Participle ; and Verbal Noun (which corresponds to our grammatical Infinitive). There are three Numbers : Singular, Dual, and Plural (the Dual, however, is no longer used) ; and three Persons, as with us, but they take the order of 3, 2, 1 (not 1, 2, 3), and there is a separate form for the feminines of 3 and 2 (he, she, they, 77^. they/., thou m, and/., ye m. and /.) The femi- nines are now generally disused. The preceding divisions relate to the Passive Voice, as well as the Active, but the genuine Passive is seldom employed in modern speech, and only one of its parts has remained in constant use, namely the Participle, which, from its nature, must be permanent. b 36 OF THE VERB. COI^^JUGATION OF THE SIMPLE FORM OF REGULAR TRILITERAL VERBS. j^ nasai^a, or nasar, " He helped." ACTIVE VOICE. I^reterite, PLURAL. DUAL. SING. F. M. P. M. P. U. ^ o,^ Jx^ ^^^ ■',, o ^^< ^,^ they helped. they two helped, she helped, he helped, ye helped.* ye two helped. thou didst help. O^^ J Ox ^ we helped. I helped. Present or Future, they.. 4 they two help, she... he helps,! or will help. or will help. \^j>a^ f^jiyjAJ (jl^J jj^^i^^-flu) »«flij ye... ye two... thou...§ thou helpest, or wilt help. we help, or shall help. I help, or shall help. * In colloquial Arabic, the form is \yj^ and common in gender. t Pronounced Insur in modern Arabic. X Both here and in the second person the na is suppressed. Instead of Yansuruna, TaTiswrwna, we pronounce insur ii, tansuru. § Tansuri, colloquial. OF THE TERB. 37 Imperative. PLURAL. DUAL. SING, r. M. F. M. p. M. help ye. help ye two. ' help thou. Agent (or Active Participle.) helper, or who helps. Infinitive (or iVoww of Action), to help, the helping. OBSERVATIONS. All the vowels are given in the above paradigm, as well as in those that follow. But remember that, as a rule, the final vowels are not sounded in the vulgar Arabic, and the plural form \^ is always sounded w, as l^^^i na^aru. The vowel of the second radical, both in the preterite and the future, is not always as above. Some verbs, both transitive and intransitive, take z in the preterite, as lie "he knew," ^j "he rejoiced;" some, chiefly in- transitive, take -, as ^^^-^ "he was handsome/' The second vowel in the future is also sometimes - or 7, as 38 OF THE VERB. -yj "he wi'l rejoice/' c-j^^ "he will beat." These variations will be found in the lexicons. The second vowel of the imperative is always the same as that of the future. If this be -, the prosthetic alif takes - likewise ; otherwise it takes ~,e.g. fut. ^-ij, ^y^i, ^j*^.] imp. ^ JOe. o ^o CO j^A, ^j\ K^j^\ In the vulgar conversational Arabic, the initial alif is -altogether suppressed, so that the imperative becomes ^j^ , \jj^i , 1^) , {jj*a> , ^ i^nsur, ^nsuriy ^nsurd, 'nsuru, ^nsurna). The form given above for the infinitive is the most common one. There are, however, a great many varia- tions in this part of the verb, the same verb frequently having several forms of the infinitive. (The infinitive is here always vocalized in its abstract and nominative form, with * ; but its usual form in concordance is in the ob- jective or accusative case, with ^, and it is frequently written so in elementary grammars.) [The following remarks are applicable to all the verbal forms:] The form of the future of the verb is also used for the present. The modern Arabs, however, make it a real present by joining to it some other word. Thus u^-::-Vji j.sb signifies he writes, or lie will write. But c--.ix-j JUc^ has the single signification of he is writing; OF THE VERB. 89 so,^^^> dJUc it is raining. The word JUc is the agent, or active participle of the second derivative of the verb J*c "he did," so that it may be rendered " doing." It is inflected in concordance with the verb (masculine or feminine, singular or plural) which follows it. Thus, dJUc, ^^l^c, oYUc (The word^W^j above, is feminine in agreement with sky or heaven, and is future of No. 4 verb.) It is not unusual to contract all these forms to ^c. r The letter uj is also frequently prefixed to the future (or present) in common conversation. In this case, the 1, which is characteristic of the first person, disappears ; as dJ u-aJv) lil " I will write to you," j^iJ i^jo " do you know how to read % " In the first person plural, instead of c->, ^ is prefixed (thus : m'naktuh for ^^:: <=^j). In Syria, the w^ord jj, with the appropriate suffix pronoun, as sj), isJjj, [jSi, &c., placed before a verb, adds to it the signification of is going (the immediate future) . — Ex, _^itf »^ jA " he is going to go out." Although in the classical Arabic there is a prefixed inseparable particle ^ which is employed to confine the verb to the future signification, it is seldom seen. The pluperfect in Arabic is expressed by adding j{^ " he was," to the preterite of the verb. Ex. c-^^=» Ji " he had written" (lit., " he was, he wrote"). 40 OF THE TERB. The imperfect, by the addition of the same verb to the present tense. — Ex. e^ii^ J^ ''he was writing " (lit., " he was, he writes "). The dual forms and the feminine plurals are not used in common conversation. PASSIVE VOICE. The passive voice (which, with the exception of its participle, is very little used in the popular language, being almost superseded by certain derivative verbs which, though active in form, are passive in sense) differs from the active chiefly in the vowel-points, as may be observed by comparing them together. Preterite. PLUEAL. DUAL. SING. r. M. F. M. F. M. ^oJ -f J <> » o ^ J *-» dJO J OJO J JO J O J y O i Future, J^\ 1 OF THE VERB. 41 Patient, or Fassive Participle, Plur./. Plur. 7». Dual/. Dual w. Sing./. Sing. w. An imperative passive is formed from the future by prefixing J to it, as moiJ . (See p. 62.) DERIVATIVE VERBS, FORMED FROM THE SIMPLE TRILITERAL. These are of great importance as they supply a vast number of useful words related in one way or another to the meaning of the primary verb ; and they can be framed in an easy way upon fixed models, to which a recognised and fairly precise derivative sense is attached. There are thirteen categories of them, according to Arabic grammarians, but only nine are ever used^ and even of these nine^ although they may be formulated as possible, it rarely happens that more than three or four are employed. The arbitrary mode of their formation, and the consciousness that each form has a definite signifi- cance, has caused the derivative verbs to be treated as so many diverse methods of conjugating the simple verb ; and hence has arisen the name *' conjugations " generally applied to them. Although here we shall treat them as verbs distinct from the primary, we shall keep the usual numeration 2 — 10 which implies that the root-verb is Xo. 1. 42 OF THE TERB. No. 2 {that is, the First Derivative Yerl) It is formed by doubling the second letter of the primary verb, and intensifies tlie original meaning. Thus (c-j^-i darah'd, "he struck ") cj^ dan^aha, '*he beat violently " ; (Ji qatala, " he killed ") ji qattala, " he slaughtered," " he massacred." The inflexions of the various persons and tenses being always the same, as already shown in^-^, it is only necessary here to give the model forms of the characteristic parts, taken as usual from the standard yvovd fa cala Jxj. PRET. PEESENT, FUTURE. VERBAL NOUX. IMPERATIVE. ACT. PARTICIPLE. It has also the sense of causing, or being busied with ; as (».^^ljr"he wrote ") C2^ kattaba, " he taught or caused to write;" (J^ 'Mie descended'') J_^ nazzala, "he brought down;" and declaring or believing, as (v>^ "he told a lie") lL>j5 A-aththaJa, "he believed (him) to be lying." "No. 3. {Second Derivative.) It is formed by inserting an alif to lengthen the first vowel, and adds the sense of striving to the primary one. Thus J3l5 qdtala {from qatala), "he strove to kill;" (cJi^ "he overcame") ^\s- gdlaha, "he tried to over- OF THE VERB. 43 come." From this comes a sense of reciprocity which includes the object in its signification, as u-j^U (from ^araha) ddraha, " he fought with ; " (^jJ^ " he sat '') jj^^lU. jdlasa, ^' he sat with," c-aj\$ Mtaha (from kataha), "he wrote to." Model : jcls p7\ ; JcU fut ; ilcU* t?. w. ; JcU i?;?p. ; Jclio act, part. No. 4. {Third Derivative,) It is formed by prefixing 1 to the root and suppressing the vowel of the first letter. Its inherent sense is that of causing (an accidental sense in No. 2) as (J^ "he descended") \^\ ^anzala, "he caused to descend;" (^ic "he knew") ^bi "he informed;" ^JA^\ 'ajlasa (from jalasa) "he bid sit down;" l^^=»\ "he caused to write." It has also the sense of beginning a gradual movement, as ^U.1 ^ash^dma, " he went to Sham (i. e. Syria)." Model: Jxil jpr. ; Jx^. /. ; Jl^tjl i^.^i.; J«9l 2m;?.; Jxa* act. part. No. 5. (Fourth Derivative,) It is formed from No. 2 by prefixing the syllable J ; and converts the meaning of No. 2 into a reflexive or 44 OF THE VERB. passive sense; as, ( ^j " he shattered '^)^^^^? talcassara, *'it was shattered ; " (JLc "he taught," " he caused to know") Aj6 taiallama, ^' he became learned,*'' "he was taught ; " (uJp. " he terrified ") v^js? ^akh«2t?ti;c{/b, " he was frightened." Model : Jx^ ^r. ; Jxij^* /. ; J*^" v, n, ; Jx^ zmp. ; No. 6. (Fi/if^ Derivative.) It is formed from No. 3 by prefixing the syllable J, and gives a passive or reflexive sense to the signification of No. 3. Thus (u->^U " he fought with and gave blows to ") u^UJ tadidraba, " he fought with and got blows from," which also means, collectively, ** they fought with one another ; " (s>o^ " he wrote to ") v_*jlfeJ takataba, " he corresponded with and was written-to by." Model : Jtlw 'pr, ; JcU:j /. ; J^U^ «^. w. : JcUJ ew^. ; No. 7. {Sixth Derivative,) It is formed by prefixing J I to No. 1, and expresses the passive of that verb. Thus (y-j "he broke") ,^.4^1 inkasara^ "it was broken;" (vlfl.l^=» "he revealed") \Jki.*^'A inkashafa, " it was revealed." The original OF THE VERB. 45 sense was properly a middle or reflexive one, as, " it broke itself," "it revealed itself," but this and other derivative verbs have become so habitually used in a passive sense (though active in form) that the true passive has virtually fallen into desuetude. (When the first radical is J , as in j^ , it is doubled, and the J of the prefixed syllable suppressed. Thus j^\ , not la^\). Model: JjtiJl ^r. ; JxLiJ /.; J'ot^l v. n.; Jx±j\ imp.; ^ O J Jxi-l-o act. ;part, 1^0. 8. {Seventh Derivative.) It is formed from the simple verb, by prefixing I to the first radical (which thereby loses its vowel) and by inserting ta Ji before the second radical. (When the first radical is ^^ or ^^ or L or li , then the inserted letter is not J but L>. This is to avoid harshness of sound). It resembles No. 7, in giving a reflexive sense to the primary verb; and it also expresses the result of the action, or else the idea of seeking to bring it about. Examples : {j^^ss) ^^.^=>1 iJctasara, " it was in shat- tered state ;" (i->^) \^Ja^\ i^iaraba, " he was exerting himself violently;" {,j^ " lie touched ") jj^^Jl iltamasa, '* he sought to touch," " he felt for ;" (^J " he helped ") 46 OP THE YERB'. j.asj\ intasara, "he was victorious (by God's help)." Model : Jxj^sl jpr. ; Jsti^ /. ; JUisi i;. w. ; J^il wip. ; Jsiflx act. part, No. 9. {Eighth Derivative,) It is formed from the simple verb by prefixing 1, sup- pressing the vowel of the first radical, and doubling the third radical. It is only used in connexion with words ^ ^ o denoting colours or defects; as, j.iu>\ isfarra, " it became yellow," or "it was yellow " (from^a^l asfar, " yellow," Ju> "he had a bilious complexion "); .^cl icivarra, "he became one-eyed " (jjc\ actvaru, " one-eyed," from ^Ic tara, "he deprived of one eye"); ^^1 ibi/adda, "it was, or became, white " (from jj^-ol abyadn, " white," , ♦^G hdda, " it excelled in whiteness "). 5^0 W^O^ G^C xO Model : J-xJl ^r. ; ^}xJu /. ; j!!iL«jl v. n.; JUil z*;;z/?. ; *J o ^ J Jjt.A-« act. part. No. 10. (Ninth Derivative.) It is formed by suppressing the vowel of the first radical of the primary verb, and prefixing the letters i--l. It implies inquiry, desire, opinion, or tendency, in rela- tion to the matter predicated in the simple verb. Ex- XXX x-OxO amples : {^Jlc. " he pardoned ") jJi.r 7^\ ista^fara, " he OF THE VERB^ 47 asked pardon ;" (^-c- " lie knew ") ^Lat-L-**! isfadama, *^he wanted to know," "he enquired;" (^^^-^ "it was beautiful ") ^^--^^1 istahsana, " he thought it pretty ;" {jsf^ Jiajar, " a stone ") .s^'**\ istahjara^ " it began to petrify." Model : Jxi::^! »r. ; Jxa^hi /• j J^xfls-1 v. w. ; \xsi^\ imp. ] Jjti::-*^ «c^. ^ar^. ^0.11. (Terdh Derivative,) It is formed from 'No. 9 by inserting I after the second radical, and serves to intensify the sense of the ninth verb. Example : .iL^l is/dn^a, ^* it was very (or bright) yellow." The 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th derivative verbs are only found in old books, and very rarely there. THE IRREGULAR TRILITERALS. They are of six kinds. No. 1, called muddcafu J, -J (^cLi^) or " doubled," — in which there are only two radicals, one of which is doubled to make the verb tiiliteral, as, j^ madda, " he stretched." No. 2, called viaJimuzu (\j^^) ov ^^ hamz^iied,^' — of which one of the radicals is an ah'f marked with hamza, this being a weak consonant, changeable in the process of conjugation into 48 OF THE YERB. ^ or ^^, or liable to suppression; as, j^l 'akhafha, "he took " (in the Imperative, jo. khwth, '* take ! "). No. 3, called muUallu'l-fd (uJl Jix*) or " weak of the /a," i.e. having for its fa, or first radical, the letter j or ^^5 which in the process of conjugation may be interchanged or suppressed; as, jcj waiada, "he promised" (in the Present jjt) yaddu, in the Imperative jc dd), !N'o. 4, called mudallu-l-iain {^J^\ J^je*) or ^* weak of the cain,'^ i.e. having for its iain, or second radical, the letter j or (5, which is changeable to 1, or suppressible, as Jli qdla, "he said" (which is itself modified from a normal form J^ , and which in the Present is J^i , in the Imperative J5). No. 5, called muitallu-Uldm, i.e. having for its third radical a j or (5, which is changeable or suppressible ; as, ^j rama, *^ he threw " (the original normal form was ^^ ramaya ; the Imperative is ^j\), No. 6, called lafif slsjs or " complex," because two of its three radicals are weak, as ^ij waqa, "he preserved," (^L ra^a, "he saw." They are, in the Imperative, j or 49, and ^ or »^ . Examples of the Irregular Verbs will now be given, but only in the first words of each form or tense, which the learner can fill out into complete conjugations as an exercise. OP THE VERB. 49 IBBBGULAB VERBS. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB ^acXl* (DOUBLED, HAVING THE THIRD RADICAL THE SAME AS THE SECOND). r" lamma, " he collected." Preterite, PLITBAT.. SITAL. UJ U <:-:.T J^tf^«/r^. ' JJJ" it* u Infinitive (Verbal Noun). ? «^uy 4;^y Participle, Hi Jv PAST. »nT. 9 >3X 60 OF THE TERB. #* >o J,OJ CONJUGATION OF THE VERB pLaJ\ J:bc* (lit, ^' WEAK OF THE FA,'' i. e, HAVING THE FIRST RADICAL j). ^3 waiada, "he promised." Freterite, PLUfiAL. r, M. DUAL. F. M. SING. P. M. Ijj^j Ij^j a JO ,, ojo ^^ Future. ^ o ^ • J ^ (jlj^ U^*^ X <* , » , Vj^J^ JuxJ Imj^erative, o u% Ijlc Ijc v^jc J-C J^ ifinitive (Verbal Noun). 9^ Farticiple, oi^Xclj ^jj^lj (J^"^!^ cJ^^fl? ••^1? ^?1^ JPassive, PABT. FUT. PEET. 9 jo^ J ^ » -. J ^^C^ SCyJ^^ ^^ OF THE VEEB. 51 «0 J, 0J'> CONJUGATIO]^ OF THE VEEB ^yyJl Jijc* {lit " WEAK OP THE iAIN," i.e, HAYIKG THE SECOND EADICAL j OF \). Jli qdla, " he said." Preterite, FLUBAL. ^ c J Future, cA^- C)M C)X?^" uVi JJ^" Jj^- Imperative, Infinitive, Participle, \ d^u ^^j!}ij\3 J^\k o^} ^^ i^ Passive. PABT. FUT. PBBT, 5 ■»' ■»,■'•* •: « 52 OP THE VERB. CONJUGATION OF THE YERB ^'LW Jlx* (lit, ^' WEAK OF THE LAM," i.e. HAVINO THE THIRD RADICAL, ^). ^j rama, " he threw." JPreterite. PLUBAL. F. M. DUAT-. F. M. siira. F. M. KJfi^J 1^. ^ L*^ cu^ u^^- Siio., ojo^x ^O.x o^^ ^ c ^ ^ d^j c"^^ u^^ iSA:^^ o-^^ CJ Future. ^ o c^ -. Jo^ °- °' o-» O, a?V- orJ- uWv uWi ^/ ct^- ^o o. ^ Jo, I °' ^O' o^ o^ o^/ OJV uW c;-V»" cf/' o^ ' <:' ^/ Imperative, ^ o o Jo , o o Q Oi^j\ H ^^\ X^l Infinitive (Verbal JNToun). c/^^ Participle. • ^ ^ , J , ,, , ^ ^ 9 ' ^ oL.1, urlf Passive, • /^ PAKT. FUT. PSBT. S o , ^o J J LTV- crtH. LJ-J OP THE YEBB. 53 QUADEILITERAL VERBS. The simple form of quadriliteral verb is conjugated like the second derivative verb of the triliteral system. The- main parts of the verb 1J>^ "he rolled," are as follows. The rest can bp filled up from comparison with the tables of triliteral conjugations. PEETEEITE. • FUTURE. IMPEEATIVE. INFIN. (Verbal NOUn.) ^/-^ Gt^'^- C-T^ ^^^t ACTIVE PABT. PASSIVE PEET, PASSIVE PAET. There are three derivative verb-forms of the quadri- literal system, but they are of rare occurrence. The first agrees with the triliteral No. 5, in prefixing the syllable ta^ and is similar in sense and mode of coujuga- tion ; as ^^kLJ tasultana, "he made himself Sultan." The second resembles in meaniug and mode of conju- gation the triliteral No. 7. It is formed in a slightly different way (the n being changed in place) as ,^^JL— ^ ^ o ^ islanqa, "he lay on his back '' (from ^^JL*. "he threw down flat"). The third is like the triliteral No. 9, and doubles the final radical ; as ^*U>1 itma'anna, "he was at rest" (from ^\S tam'ana, "he leant back "). 54 OP THE VERB. BEMARKS ON THE MODE OF EXPRESSING " TO BE " IN ARABIC. The verb "to be " is usually expressed in Arabic by a form of the word JC " he was.'' This verb is con- jugated in the same way as Jl5 (p. 51). Examples, iilj ^jij a) ^^l^saj^^lJ ^jli^ IcoLna tdjirun wa Jcdna lahu banuna thaldthatun (Mn tdjir wakdnluh hanun glaga), " there was a merchant, and he had (lit. there was to him) three sons." ^ to J J^^^dl^ \xit ^ji ^i ^j^^=^l 53jU ^j\ ayyu fdHdatin yakunu U min ' Jidzd {ay fdHdayakunU minhdzd), "what advantage will there be to me from this % " ^ ^ Jo \4 ■^ J .^ Si OJ O J u)^ ft Rumiyya kdnu iammalin h-yehnu kemsa), " when I was in Rome, they were building a church '' (coZ/o- grwia/).* But when "to be " is in the present tense, followed by a particle, an adjective, or an adverb of place, the verb is not expressed ; e, y. Jo, J o ^ J^uU J-a:ill The Consul [is] engaged. ^j^^jM ^J^\ My brother [is] ill.f * Concerning JUt and prefixed m , see p. 39. f ^^\ from ^1 "a brother," with the personal pronoun i^ " my" suffixed. See p. 29. OF THE TERB. 55 ^JLL^\ ^ jYjVI The children [are] in the garden. ^2)L^ lil I [am] sleepy. ^jLJ c:,jl Thou [art] tired. ^r==:ol ^si We [are] English. The preposition ^ (in), joined with the personal pro- noun 5 , is used in vulgar Arabic to express " there is." JEx. : ^ 6,J \^ md fihi sJiay (contracted dnto mdfisJi), " There is nothing." 3 O I j^l 9 ^sl 6^ fih lahm fi^s-suq, "Is there meat in the market 1 " Answer: i.^ fihi, "There is." OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF EXPRESSING *' TO HAVE " IN ARABIC. The Arabic language has no word precisely answering to the verb " to have." An equivalent to it obtained by using ^\d=a " it was," ^U " it happened," " it became," &c., with some preposition. In the present tense the verb is not expressed, except in rare instances. Examples. y». fjx^ I have bread (lit., with me [is] bread).* ^^;JC*» djJ^ You have a knife. * Jic is the preposition unda'^ with," here combined with the suffix pronoun (see p. 29). It is usually now pronounced land. 56 OF THE VERB. Ln-^^s ^b aJ (s)^i Your fatherhas a large house (Z2Y.,your father, to him [is] a large house). J\j}j a1 ^2)\^=> dlo A king had two sons (lit., a king, there was to him two sons). ^j^ a)^L» He had a fever. ^j^ a) i>L> He has a fever (happening to him [is] a fever).* {J*j^ L^ , w«* iy*^ I have only a piastre {lit., there is not [^j**J] with me, except a piastre). »Xj&. g^lc A-s You have a good custom (/«Y., among you [is] a good custom). Jj)&. /**«!/ *:^ He has much humility (lit,, in him [is] much humility). The following is a list of a few of the most useful verbs. When a numeral is added, it notes the derivative form of the primary verb. J^ it was A he drank > he did f^ he hungered ^1 he ate ^J^2£. he thirsted * ^U "it happened/* "it became," is the preterite ; y.U is the verbal noun which stands for active participle. OP THE VEBB. 57 'Li. he came ^Q(4) he gave -\ he went v> he beat vulg.^j ) S-){^) he sent Ji^ he entered u^J he dressed r> he went out o;j he weighed (S he raised he asked ? he stood up S^ he said o^ he sat down ^Xi (5) he spoke u^ he touched he knew cr he heard :^ he thought Jj he saw e^ he sold oAm hefeU i^^:^l^ (8; ) to buy ^J he fell, it bef el y he read ^! he collected * .--^ he wrote rr he understood di5.-^ he laughed p(5 ) he learned ^^: he wept fii^: ) he taught ^^ he walked r^ he slept ti>^ he ran, or it flowed f^ he opened 2^ he passed by ^ he shut 58 5 OF THE VERB. ji^'l he took ^ he cut J-i he arrived ^ ") ^' he played he wished he killed he forgot >C(3) he travelled he rode . .ii. he sought he found t^^ he returned (came back) ^SM\ (8) he died it began he finished f Ip (5) he married he cooked he stole, he ^ he assisted ; robbed he defended ji- he wor- > he looked at, shipped >JJl (8) he observed he waited for. t" he rose (the sun) he expected t_jU he was ab- C?V' it remained sent, or in- visible ; he r 1 he loved disappeared ; he set (the c^l(4) ) sun) u^iW he hated j^ it rained J^ he buried ^ it snowed OF THK VERB. 59 OF PAETICLES WHICH AFFECT THE VERB. In the coDJugation of the verb, as given in pp. 36 — 52, the future of the indicative is exhibited only in its simplest form, i. e, with the ordinary present or future meaning. It has also a subjunctive (and imperative) sense, in which case it is subject to the following changes : — The final ^^ is dropped in the five forms, which end in ^^j , ^^ , and ^1 ; and the other forms end o J o . J J o in a fatha (instead of damma, as l-» :^^ 1, not i_.Ai^»l). There is no change in plural feminine. [!N"oTE — In consequence of the omission of the final vowels and other terminations which distinguish some of the persons of the verbs, in the vulgar conversational Arabic, the following remarks need only be less carefully noted. Attention to the examples will, however, amply repay the learner.] The particles which make the verb subjunctive are as follows : — ^Jl an, " that," as clli»l ^\ j^J " I wish to write," (lit), "I wish that / mat/ write.^^ ^ Ian, "not.''— Ex. lSjH/ ^ "He will not strike." Some say that ^J is a contraction of ^\ V, and the above expression is equivalent to \->j>i>i (jl c)>^=^ ^ " -^^ ^^ ^^^ be that he shall strike,'') 60 OP THE VERB. ^jil ithm, «* therefore," " then."— Ex. ii^'^'^Ji^If ^l\ " Thou may est then enter the garden." ^^=» ^a^, " that." — Ex. \so\ ^.^a of&. Ji'^w kai 'atacallama, " I am come that I may receive instruction.^^ ^ Yiatta, " that," ''so that," "until."— Ex. ^^s* dj.^ ^jl '' I beat him tJiat Jie might return^ J " that," " for that."— Ex. J'y^ dOl " I came to thee, that thou mightest honour me^ jl au, "or," "ere," " till."— Ex. J^^ ^\ ^ij^\ V "I will not leave thee till thou give me," &c. The verb is also made subjunctive when it is employed in connection with the seven following forms : l.^Vl, the imperative. — Ex. t*U;.^sls ^3^; "Visit me that I may honour thee ;" {lit. " and then I shall honour thee," the/ prefixed to ^j^^\ meaning " and so," or "and then.") J o, (J- ^Ijl, the negative of prohibition. — Ex. s^^ill ^jojo V t^Uid " Disobey not the law, lest thou he punished.^^ (This is one of the anomalies : " and thou be punished " is the literal sense, but the real meaning is "lest.") The first clause is in the jussive form of the present tense. OP THE VERB. 61 3. ^Jl, tlie negative. — Ex. t->A.^=u9 c-^ioJi JCu_j. V "Let not the liar speak, lest lie he belied ;^^ (lit, "the liar will not speak, that so he be proved a liar.'') oo " ^^oJ'Sco-. 4. j%Lfli*-Vl, the interrogation. — Ex. ^j^=^J ^ ij^ J* " Shall Zeid come, that he may he honoured .^" 5. J.»Lll, desiring. — Ex. jj^iU VU J wLJ *^ Oh that I had wealth, that I might bestow it in alms ! " (lit- "Would that to me wealth, and so I might give alms.") 6. ^-I>J1, hoping.— Ex. ^j J jftH vjsi J^\ "Per- haps I shall repent, that my Lord may forgive 7;z^." (Jxl "perhaps," jjsj " perhaps I.") 7. j^3«l^ offering.— Ex. \ji. k1^ l3jl: J;-li Vi " Wilt thou not come down to us, that thou mayest find good? ^^ [In this example, the word VI is compounded of 1, the interrogative particle, and V "not."] Sometimes the final vowel of the present-future is altogtither suppressed, with a modification in the sense of the verb. This is called apocopation, and is, according to grammarians, the normal form of the Jussive or Conditional Mood. It is used after certain particles, some of which apocopate one verb, while others apoco- 62 OP THE VERB. pat e two verbs in connexion with each other. Of the first kind, we have the following : — "not;'* U lammd, "not yet;" .VI ^v w-^.^=o J He has not written (Le. he does not write,) '• the imperative I, i.e. J ; ' ,^iv ... *• the prohibitive Id;'* ft-^jl UJ He has not yet re- turned (is not yet returning.) A^ssclJ Let him speak o o^ Uj^^ V Let hin] not strike. The following is a list of the second kiud :- o->oc o J o ^ o J in, "i'f;'* as U ma ' what," "whatsoever; cr» ma» • who," '* whosoever;' \ t->si^=o ^\ If thou wilt write, I will write. B^i S>^^ U Whatever thou ridest I will ride. j^lafi ^^ ^»« Whosoever helieveth shall be saved (lit. "made pure.") {.^.j^ mahmdy.,. J*^l jjtaJUio Whatever thou wilt "whatsoever *> ^ j ^-jj ^^^ OF PREPOSITIONS. 63 o o^ o o- {j^ aj/i/ww, «yy^ as u^l t_^ L)l Whomsoever thou shalt beat, I will beat. '* whichever," ' whomsoever ;' Uip kayfamd, '* however," " whiDhersoeveri" _lo mata, "whenever;'* 1*:j1 aynamd, "wherever;" ^1 anna, "wherever;" Ui^ hai/tJivma, . '* wherever:" -iolflj A>.jij Ua-3 Whithersoever thou shalt turn thy face, thou wilt meetwith good. ^oj o jc^ j^^ss JJ»;i j--!^ When thou shalt act uprightly thou shalt be praised. .. ,j*ia-l ,j**l:^ 1^1 In whatever place thou shalt sit, I will sit. Jxsl JxaJ ^i Wherever thou shalt act, I will act. Out,*, ,i . ^^\ A>.jiJ U-:ja- Wheresoever thou wilt turn, I will turn. CHAPTEK IX. OF PEEPOSITIONS. The prepositions in Arabic require the oblique (equiva- lent to genitive, dative, ablative) case after them. They are called jd^ ^— ^^j particles of attraction ; and the Jo, word which follows them is said to be j^j^ attracted^ 64 OF PREPOSITIONS. J ^ o and is marked with a Jcasra, e,g. J>. . ^ ^' from a man ;" J^^' c^* "^I'om the man/' The following is a list of the prepositions : — Inseparable, t^ by, in, with. o by (only in conjuring), as 4Ulj *' by God/' ^ by (only in conjuring), as 4Jlij " by God." J to, for. (sJ like, as. These five particles are prefixed inseparately to the words they govern. When J precedes the article, the I of the latter is omitted ; thus Ja^ lir-rajul, " to the man." J OJ o The pronominal suffixes 5 and ^a> became 5 and ^» after c-^, as a), ^. Before all the pronominal suffixes ■' j^ ^- <»^ (except ^j^) J becomes J, as aJ to Jiim, c*!) ^0 ^Ae^, U, ^0 ?<5. The exception just referred to is the suffix of the 1st pers. sing., which absorbs the vowel of the proposition, as J ^o me. Separable, ^^ mm, from. , J I ila, to. OF PREPOSITIONS. 65 Ki'- iarij from, after. '^ cala, upon. ^. fi. in. Si J ruhha. mayhap,, sometimes, often.* j* muth, since. joJ jio munth, munthu, since. U.U hdshd, except, ahsit (omen), Ijc cadd, except. ii. khald, except, besides, ^a. haffa, even to. O O X *- If ^J4^ or ^ precedes the article_, it is pronounced ^^ , \jC ; if it precedes any other word, ^^ , ^^c , When either is prefixed to ^^* or U, the ^.j is assimilated to the A in pronunciation^ and the two are usually written as one doubled letter; thus ^♦^j Uc, &c., for ^J'C^, ^a^} &c. The following words, many of which have the force of prepositions, also require the oblique case after them. * Learners may think it strange that this word should be included amongst the prepositions. It is really a particle, meaning "many a," " but few,'* " haply," and is only called a preposition, because the accompanying noun (although in our grammar nominative to a succeeding verb) must be put in the oblique case as governed by it. 66 OF PEBPOSITIONS. ? Icullu, kull, every, all. t^ mat,, or 7»ai«, with. t^ jamuun, all, altogether. ^ o ^ haida. after. ^ O X gabla, qahl, before (as to time). fauq, fauqa. above, over. taht, tahta, under. qudddma, before (as to place). ^t;. ward^ loard'a, behind, beyond. « o mitJil, mithlun, like. shibh, shihliun^ like. nazir^ nazirun, like, looking like, looking t< wards. J^ ndhw, about, like, towards. JJ^ dnda, colloquiall}/ candy ' 1 at, with. (^J^ siiva, except, besides. > gair, except, besides ; un- hithd, by, by side of, opposite. i)L5 quhdla, opposite. 1^! izd, near, by. 5U? tujdhy opposite. OF CONJUNCTIONS. 67 LftJLj tilqd, opposite, ji thw, having, possessing. (^jJ lada, at. ^;jJ ladun, at. k**,^ wasaiy in the middle of. These words are really for the most part verbs or nouns adverbially used, but as they govern the accom- panying word like prepositions, they may be advan- tageously included in this section. CHAPTER X. OF CONJUNCTIONS. The following are the conjunctions in most common use : — J *'and." — Ex. jj^^j Sij U "Zaid and Amr came." * ^ "and," and "then."— Ex. ^U uJ^Jl ol^i "I have read etymology and syntax. The particle ^ is irrespective of order : <^, on the contrary, * To distinguish the name j*f- Amr from that of j^ Umar (Omar), it is always written j^ in the nom., tj^ in the obliqne, and j^ in the accusative case. As the final vowels are not pronounced in the modern language, they are not given in. the above examples. 68 OF CONJUNCTIONS. distinguishes it : "I have read etymology j^rs^, and then syntax." J and (^ are always inseparable prefixes. "1j thumma, *'then." — Ex. iL!S\ 1^ Jl->.Jjt oU. "The men came, tJien the women." (The verb is in the feminine singular, in accordance with a rule mentioned in chap. 4, Syntax; and, by a phonetic law which is expounded in grammars of greater extent than this, it takes the vowel hasra at the end when it precedes an alif marked with wasla. This law applies to all the parts of a verb which properly end with unvo welled consonants.) ^ hatta, *' even."— Ex. \^\j ^ iSCjT ilAdJ\ "I have eaten the fish, even its head." (This particle may also be classed amongst the pre- positions, in which case it takes the sense of " till," ^' even to," and governs the oblique case.) j\ au, "or." — Ex. p^ j\ v_J^1 ^J»J\ "Be dressed in wool 07' silk." O^ P .P J am, "or." — Ex. jj^ ^\ Js jjjl "Did Zaid stand up or Amr ! " (The \ prefixed to Zaid is the in- terrogative particle.) Vj 'calci, "and not," " nor."— Ex. Vjl\ V^ J^^ JL U " A man did not come to me, noi' a woman." OF PARTICLES. 69 J) lal, "but."— Ex. {\^\ Jj J^j ^iV U *'A man did not come to me, hut a woman." J^ldkin, "but.''— Ex. sT^i J^ yLj ,La^ U *'I did not see a man, hut a woman." The following words and particles, many of which are nouns -in the accusative case, though used adverbially will be of considerable use to the learner : — %\x:)\ ihtidd^an, \S)\ ahadan, UL^l ahydnan, \^\ dkhtranj ^aVI^I dkhiru 'l-amr^ jl 2th, d^i il ^'th thdkj \':>\ ithd, LJl ith md, ithamd, \':\ or ^jil ithaw, ^U-1 asfalan '%a\ aslan, \JJ^ idiiirdran. in the first place. never, for ever. yes, certainly. sometimes. lastly. at length, finally. when. then, at this time. if, when, behold. when, whenever. then, in that case. below, under. never, not at all. by force. 70 OP PARTICLES. vf 'aid, is not 1 J\ aldn. 'now (from al-an, 1^ the time). ilia, but, except. o' VI ilia an. unless. r^' al-yaum, to-day. ^J> ila haith, whither ? dii>ji ila gair ihaliJc, et csetera. uVl^^l ila al-dn, hitherto. U^l ila hund, hither. f' am, whether? orl Ul 'amd. is it not ? Ci immd, either, unless. Ul ammd, but, as to, as for. jui ummdl, then, therefore. ^u amdm, before. :> inna, certainly, yes. u' in, if. ut\ innamd. but, only. ii^ V awwalan, at first. ^^ awalam, is it not ? %\ ahlan. welcome. OF PARTICLES. 71 o ^ a^, that is, viz. (2)U eV?/a^, take care ! Ul flj/daw, also, again, ditto. J am^ aina, where ? Ul bdtilan, in vain. ^- hi-l'haqq, justly, in truth. £ji alhatta, assuredly , of course. ^Vj. hadalan min, instead of. % bild, without, heyontl. barra, without, outside. jjt JJO bacda hatha. after this. JC JxJ baida gadin, bacda gad,eifteT to-morrow. J-XJ baud, far off. sJXj huTcra, 1 'early, in the morn- C ing. L^ baina, bain. between, ^in the meanwhile, c bainamd, (, whilst. thummay and then, therefore thamrna, there,in that place. jabran, by force. ll-:^ jiddaUy very, in earnest. 72 OF PAETICLES. iUa. ♦ iUil j, jwnla, fi'l-jumla, \ [ whole. Iju^A. jamuariy VU ha/aw, lj&. h^tha, altogether, except, God forbid, presently, now. over against. {according to, in proportion to. certainly. around. where. wherever. then. •y^ or — jlil^^s k}idrijan,Ji*l'khd'nj, without, outside. eU. * C j'kh^ssa, khassatanA especially, pecu- [ khususan, J liarly. ^ * ^ L khald, nid khaldy besides, except. cJ'^ khaJf, behind. ,*=,, ^ ^. fat all times, per- U.b dahman, | ^^^^^^^ ^jo £?M?i, t^MTia, under, besides. {without, exclusive of. ^J^ C^ ^^^^ ^^^y OF PARTICLES, 73 Afili^ U44M (Jr^ * li-i' tie Ml sdhiqan, formerly. sdhiqan waldhiqan, before and after. sancan, quickly. Csamcan wataca (or ") ] [ obediently. (^ tacatan), ) sJiarcan, tibq, cala tibq, tauran, idjilan, iadd, md cdda, cala ^l-khusus, cala ^d-dawdm, iala ^l-faur, cala ayyi hdl, cala Jculli hdl, can qasd, can qartb, gdlihan^ gihba, gibb, legally. C according, agree- ( ing with. once,asingletime. hastily. except. particularly. C always, con- y tinually, quickly, at once, in every state, in every manner. intentionally, in a short time. r C generally, prin- X cipally. after. 74 OP PARTICLES. eUi LSI J gibban, gadan, gair'dn, min gaivj bigair, gair bactd, fardan, faqaty fauqa V-hadd, fauqa Vqiyds^ fi atlmd t\idlilc, fi gudun thdlik, fi 'l-hdl, fi '1-h.aqtqa, fi 'l-wdgii, fi Tculli makdn, flma, fimd, qabl, min qabl, fimd bacda qabl aldn, qad, qudddniy seldom, to-morrow, except that. without, except. not far. singly. only. above limit, above measure. in the mean time. immediately, truly, in fact. in fact, really, everywhere, in what 1 why 1 before. henceforward, before now. certainly, before, in front. J:^i JT* OF PARTICLES. 75 L-AJt^ qarib, near. hs qaty never. Uki qaUan, never, in no wise. yjis qaltlan, little {adverb). 5c^ J6 ka'anna, as if. U ]^ JcatUran md, often. IjT Agatha, so, thus. dJJ5 Jcathdlikj likewise. :JS" ;5:aZZa, not at all. ^ ckull aha d, hull U^ kullamdy > every one. r as often as, when- \ ever. ^o JS^ ^wZZ yaum, every day. jf kam, how many, how \S kamdy as. [much. «^> Jcaifa, in order that. how. \^S kaifamd, 1 any how, howso- (^ ever. U^i kaimd, r so that, in order 1 that. XV ZaJwt?^, ' necessarily, un- avoidably. 76 OF PARTICLES. J»V ♦ J:^l ^JA li-ajl, mm ajl, 0" J '-^, V, ^^ o Id shay, Id mdhdlay Idkin, lammd, limd-thd, lau, on which account, because of, for. nothing. undoubtedly. but. not yet, when. why. if. lau md, lau Id, lau lam, unless. laita, lait, would to God. laisa, laiSy md hain, md dam, mata, mithl, mada %ayydm. no^ not, is not. yet, still, between, as long as. when, whenever, like, as. at all times. mar\idba, marhahan, welcome ! marra, marratan, once, once again. j together, along C,^\r ^ macan, min aldn [ with, from this time. OF PARTICLES. 77 Ij^U ^Vl ^ wm aldnfa-rnddan , henceforward. cH^c^ min ain, whence. JM ^^ min haida, after. e>5: ^* min ta\it, from below. iCU:j^ j^ min haith, since, since when. mm dun, min gair, j- without. 0> C^* minfauq, from above. U ^^. min Jiundy hence. dU ^^ min hundk, thence. V mahmd, as often as. J*' nahwj nahuy C near about,nearly, C as. r naiam, yes. liij wdqicany in fact, actually. Je^ wail, fie ! woe ! U Jid, behold! lo ! > Jial, whether 1 U Jiuna, here. dlift • dJLft hundlc, Jiundlik, there. lijA huwa-thd, behold ! li"- yacni, that is to say, viz. ( 78 ) CHAPTEK XI. GENEEAL OBSERVATIONS. The irregular verbs in which one of the three weak radicals, viz. tj, j, 1, occurs, present the greatest diffi- culties to the Arabic student, as those letters are some- times changed one for the other, or dropped altogether. A little practice and observation will, however, put the learner in possession of these irregularities better than any rules with which to burden his memory. See pp. 50—52. The most difficult point connected with nouns is the irregular, or so-called "broken" plural, which is not formed by the addition of ^j^ or ol. It is so extremely irregular and various that no rules can greatly assist the memory ; but those forms which most generally occur will soon become familiar, and a dictionary will afford every necessary assistance with regard to the more un- common. The principal forms, however, are comprehended in the following table : — SING. PLUBAL. iJA a parlour \^j ^Ijft. a wall ^ju-&. j^\ red GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 79 SING. PLXTBAL. i^j3 a bladder l_j^ J>.^ a man S^-^j cu*j a house ^^ytri L-;.^U striking ej^ J«\r perfect "A^ds* A^ throwing, an archer, a darter . . . »L*, ^j^ an ape 5.5^ ^^^ a branch ^Jlacf J_Ia. a mountain jUll ^l&. a seal, a signet Jlji. ^:^ aboy JJs^ L-A)^ noble tLsJ:. ^a. wounded ^>^ Further, it is not at all an uncommon circumstance for the same word to have various forms of the plural ; e.j. , , X ^O ^ JO - J*>. has the forms JU>., J^l, J-&.1. Jo ^ [Note. — The last form (J-^1) is called a plural of 5 oio JO X ^ paucity (iiXll jl^, and is restricted in its application to three to ten (inclusive).] With regard to the quadriliteral nouns, all the simple 80 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. ones, and many of those which are augmented^ together with their f eminines, form their plurals by inserting 1 after the second letter, the first having (-), and the third (-), as t^j^si, from i^j^sa " a star ;" ^\;^j from ^^ " a dirham ;'' j^lx*, from j-at* " a temple," " a place of worship," etc. The modern Arabs use no particle for an interrogation, but denote it by the tone of voice. They sometimes, however, employ J^ (which is a corruption of ^ shay, " a thing," or ^ {j\, usually shortened 'to aisTi, " what thing") both in interrogative and negative sentences. Thus, they say, ix^ m,^\ ^J> j ruhtish al-yaum unduh, **Did you go to him to-day 1" Also, nx^ ^^Jl ^J^ e>», U md ruhfush al-yaum cinduh, **I did not go to him to-day." In the latter case, the ^ of the Arabs is used as pas in French after ne. It has been remarked (p. 20) that the use of the dimi- nutive form is of rare occurrence. The contrary^ how- ever, is the case in Egypt, where it is frequently employed unnecessarily ; as^,^, ioT jJui> ^^ small ;" t-^^Ji for u-^i "near," "neighbouring," "adjacent." The Arabic language abounds with synonyms; and, of a number of words which are synonymous, one is in common use in one country, and another elsewhere. Thus the Egyptian calls milk ^^J ; the Syrian calls it GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 81 The word ^^ is used in Syria to denote a par- ticular preparation of sour milk. Again, bread is called in Egypt ,ji-c, in other Arab countries j-^, and so on. It may also be mentioned that the same word is some- times dijfferently pronounced in diJBPerent parts. But, in spite of these irregularities, far less local variation is found in the vulgar Arabic than in the English spoken in the different counties of England. The vowels i and u are frequently sounded e and o, and in most grammars of colloquial Arabic they are so written. But it must be observed that the short vowels in Arabic are always indistinctly uttered, so as to affect their theoretical pronunciation. The same thing may be noticed in English provincial conversation. The Irishman always sounds the u in fun and similar words like a continental short ; the Scotchman, American, and Australian give to the i in hint, liim, etc., a sound like short e. BOOK II. SYNTAX. CHAPTER I. OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE OF THE NOUN. The nominative case is principally employed to express the following : — 1. U:l^1, the subject. 2. ^-i', the predicate. Ex. c-^K xj>\ ^^ Zaid (is) ivriting ;" where j^j* is the subject^ and u-*jo the predicate. 3. JcUll, the agent, as jjj c->;wi '^ Za^W beat.*' 4. JcUJI ^^U, the substitute of the agent, i. e, the subject of a passive verb. X ^ J Ex. jyj u^ '^ Zaid was beaten." 5. j^^LJl, the vocative^ as j^ b ^^ 0, Zaid.^* ( 84 ) CHAPTER II. OF THE OBLIQUE CASE. Wheis" two nouns follow each other, the second being in the dependent or oblique (i, e. genitive, dative, ablative) case, the latter is made j^j^ ( — see chap, ix., Etymol., p. 63) by a Icasra^ as J»^i ^\zS "the book of the man;" or by (^) if the noun is indefinite (p. 12), as J*^ ^J<:l^=» " the book of a man." Note. — The noun preceding an oblique case never admits the tanwin, being considered to be definite in sense, even though written without the article ; thus, in these instances, we have e-ili5 not u->L3 . The use of the oblique case in Arabic is very defective; for an adjective placed after it may be referred either to '^t, or to the preceding substantive. Thus, in the expres- sion xJijJi Jayli v^-^> ^^^ word x^kaJl may be taken as a qualification either to c-jIjlS^ or to Jayll. The modern Arabs, in their vulgar conversation, seeing the defect of this construction, remove the ambiguity by inserting the w^ord cb or cli^ *^ property." Thus, ^J\ cb ^k*)! ^\:S^\ *^ the excellent book, the property of the man ;" kJ^\ xsAaxli JaJi ^b ^' the book, the property of the excellent man." Note. — The ambiguity above spoken of arises from OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 85 the omission of the final vowels in ihe pronunciation, as is usually done. Otherwise the expressions J»-^li c->L:lS xJisJl and xvk«Jl J=^i u-)l^ are sufficiently explicit. CHAPTER III. OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. The following instances will exemplify the uses of the accusative case : — 1. jjlkjl Jjxftjl, the absolute accusative, as b^ "^^ **I beat heating]" where G^ is the accusative of the verbal noun, and is equivalent to an adverb, giving force to the expression. This adverbial accusative is to be understood of the agent or subject, not of the object affected by the action. 30, ^ i ^ 3 o^ ^ 2. A> JjxflJ^ the object of the action, as Ijjj o>^ ''^ I beat Zaid." 3 Ox 3. aJ Jj-x^l, the time or place in which anything is done. fi ^ 30 Ex. loji cjy.** " I travelled one day.^^ 4. aJ Jjxijl, the object for which the action is per- formed. Ex. 11 Lj:>li \s>j «i^^ "I have beaten Zaid to give instruction to him." (Here the object is 86 OP THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. expressed by the verbal noun — corresponding to our infinitive — of the derivative verb i_^jij which means *' he instructed/') 5. AX* JjxaJI, the person or thing in whose company the action was performed. Ex. ju^ss'j i\J\ ijjz^\ " The water was equal with the woodJ' (The verb (j;ji-i " it made itself equal to," is the eighth derivative of the root ijy,, *^ it was worth or equivalent. '') In such cases J and has the signification of a* ivith. The accusative case is also used to express the following : — O " ^ o J 6. (JjLJ^ the vocative, asj .^c ^ jjj b " 0, Zaid, son of Amr." [This only refers to a word in the vocative which governs a succeeding word in the construction, as in the instance giv^en ^^ " son of " governs j^^ in the oblique case ; or to a vocative in which an absent person is addressed.] 7. ^i.uJ1 , the accusative of exception. Ex. \jjj VI j%yLJi Ja '^ The people rose except Zaid.^' 8. Jlil , the state or condition. Ex. LS\j >>i\ (\s^ " Zaid came riding. ^^ 9. Vj-:j4»Jjl, the accusative of specification. OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 87 Ex. L*Aj ^ij »^IL> ** Zaid's soul was cheerful " (Z/Y. Zaid was cheerful as to the soul). [Nos. 8 and 9, like No. 1, may be considered as adverbs , formed from the accusatives of nouns.] 10. AjiliWI, the accusative of metonymy.* Ex. 1 j*c ^ ^^s9 ** Soto many servants had I ? " f ^O XX O Ua,^ Vx^ss fjx>£- ^' I have such and such dirhems,^^ n. ^j^jJi, number. f J ^ , ^ , < , at, Ex. ^. ^Lc j^l ojU *' I saw eleven menr 12. ^j^^', cautioning. Ex. jlVl dM "Take care of ^Ae lionr There are several verbs signifying *^to be/' *Ho con- tinue," &c., with an additional inherent sense relating to time or place, which require the adverbial accusative after them, as the following : — 1. ^^=9 as Ul5 jjj, ^ Zciid was standing. 2. -^1 " he passed the evening,'' as LSb j^ ^^^1 Zaid was crying (in the evening). ,, of ^ * ^ ' ^o t 3. ^-^1 ^^he passed the morning," as ^\j> jjj ^^^\ Zaid was laughing (in the morning). * Metonymy, as referring to the sabstitution of li, " to me," for some word meaning directly '* I have." 88 OF THE ACCUSATIYE CASE. 4. s^' **he attained to noon-time," as U;U. Si\ ^js:^\ Zaid was hungry (at noon). 5. JJ? "he continued to be, through the whole day," as, Lao Jj j Jli Zaid was fatigued (all day). * 6. olf " he passed the nighty" as L^li jjj olj Zaid repented (all night long). 7. ^_^m:j! as ^aU. jjj ^^^ Zaid is not ignorant. 8. .U as UHc j^j ; .Id Zaid was knowing. 9. ^\j U '^he failed not," as \jt\^ jjj JV) U Zaid was watching. 10. csUil Ic ^* he relaxed not," as LWU. jj \ dwl U Zaid continued preaching. 11. j:3 U "he ceased not/' as ^^ J^J ^^ U Zaid con- tinued reading. 12. — ^ U "he desisted not," as LiU j^ -^ U Zaid continued walking. 13. ^b lo " so long as," as L^m^^o JuJi ^b U Jxi Learn as long as learning is possible. In Nos. 2 — 6 of the preceding examples the verbs are of a peculiar kind, based upon nouns, as with us the verbs " to winter," " to sidle," "to forward," "to church." The original sense is almost ignored, and they are OF THE VERB. 89 treated as meaning simply " was ^' in a continuous state. In jSTos 9 — 12 the U is simply the particle " not ;" in 13 it is the adverb ^^how," taking the sense ** how long " in connexion with the verb J^ *'it lasted." There are several particles which have a similar effect. but which make the subject only take the accusative form, while the predicate remains in the nominative ; as the following : — w « <» -. 5 Ji^ as ^U \xji) ^\ Truly Zaid (is) standing. ^\r... HI IJ-Jji^^ ^^^^ (^^) ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^'^^'^ "^^ if Zaid a lion"). ^jSo . . . ^jXj ^U ^3 The people stood up, but Zaid ^jJU. ij^ (is) sitting. c>J . . . ^U. \si\ oJ 0, that Zaid (were) present ! JjJ ... j»^lJ Iju^j Jx) Perhaps Zaid (is) approaching. CHAPTER lY. OF THE VERB. When the subject precedes the verb, the latter agrees with it in gender and number, except when the nomina- tive is a broken plural of either gender, or a regular feminine plural; in which case the verb is put in the feminine singular. 90 OF THE TERB. When the order is reversed, and the verb put first, there are various exceptions, of which it will be suffi- cient to note the following cases. 1. If the subject be a regular plural, or a broken plural denoting persons of the male sex, the preceding verb is usually put in the sing, niasc, particularly when one or two words are interposed between it and the subject ; as ^yj^^\ ^ the helievers said ; jU. . j»^ o>b eU. 3 # o i^=*A ^^* there came one day {some) men from 3Iecca ; il4a-Jl ^^1 US ^^\ shall we believe as fools have believed.^ 2. If the subject be a broken plural, no matter whether derived from a masc. or a fem. sing., the preceding verb may be either masc, or fem.; as j« ^ ^^=vJS »ju-i J dJi then your hearts became hard henceforward (ei^^-J fem. sing., u>^ masc. plural). 3. If the subject be a feminine noun in the plural number, whether a regular or a broken plural, the pre- ceding verb may be put either in the masc. or fem. sing. Ex. IjUc U cuU- ^^\o^ and the evil consequences of what fhei/ did came upon them; IjijJI ^ ij^ JU (some) women in the city said ; ^j-sr* ^Ij ^^J and my daughters lamented their misery. In the modern language, the arrangement is more like European custom. Whether the noun or the verb stand EXERCISES. 91 first, they agree in number, singular witli singular, and plural with plural. A collective noun may be accom- panied by either a singular or a plural verb. EXERCISES. " The leginning of wisdom (is) the fear of God.^* ^\j the heginning^ subst. masc. without tanwtn or article, because it is followed by a genitive or oblique case (p. 84). i-ft-i==»il of wisdom, subst. fem. with article, and therefore without tanwtn (p. 11). The vowel at the end is the mark of the genitive. The mark over 1 is the wasla (p. 11), denoting that it has no vowel, the vowel of the preceding letter being carried on to the J ; thus Ta^asu 7. This is always the case with the article. -»' -- J i, Afllss* the fear, subst. fem. See remarks on ^\j, AiJi of God. The last letter has, grammatically, a hasra, being the oblique, or genitive, of Allah. s* not act well i to anc ^-0 he who, rel. pron. (p. 25). " He who does not act well to himself, does not act well to another.'* 62 EXERCISES. o , J not, neg. adv. apocopating the following verb (p. 62). ^j»*^ acts well, does good, 3rd person sing. masc. future Conditional of the 3rd derivative from ^^^..^ (p. 43). The particle J never admits of the pret. after it, but always requires the future. A--iJ to himself. The prep. J governing ^jju self {p. 29), in the oblique case (p. 17); s the pron. suffix 3rd pers. sing, masc, with kasra in place of damma (p. 27). Ox Ox ^ X ijj^ to another, ^ a noun denoting another than ; ijJd /o another than him{self). [from luqman's fables.] J xO'^'x xO X Ox O X XX xOj WXx XX O X Jxx xx xxO^ xx x ^w>x 5 x l^l**. ^^ ^^s:^ Li:\ Uld aJlc oLfl.^.^ c->*k» »J^ J^>. »;* ^Lil Xx X J ^ X ■'x X X ^^ X <* J XX XXX X Ox X XX X X xx?^xx '^ ^ t xxOx x-'xx J X O O^ Jxx XX xO.»x "^ ."t rjLjl a wiaw, subst. masc. y^iijjJ^^^ and death, j conj., Jl def. art., oj-* subst. masc. The article prefixed to it displaces the tanwin (p. 13). EXERCISES. 93 ij^ once on a time, adverbial subst. fern, accus. (p. 85). J»». carried, 3rd pers. masc. sing. pret. i\j>. a faggot, subst. fern, accusative, without tanwtn, because preceding a genitive. u>k>. oftcood, subst. masc. obi. case. o ^ J ^ ^ cui-ft.:i.3 and so it was heavy, \^ denotes more than j ; and so — i. e. in consequence of his carrying it. O , J , cul-ftJ 3rd pers. fern. pret. sing. aJU vpon h'm, the prep. ^ with pron. suffix 3rd pers. sing. m. oblique case. Zi"-' Us and so when, Ci:l he was oppressed, 3rd pers. sing. pret. m. 3rd deriva- tive of c. _j^j and was weary, o ^^ from, ' o , 90^ , , , l^a. carrying it, J»>. , a verbal noun from the verb J*». ; the last radical has kasra, to denote the oblique after the prep. ^ * U pron. suffix fern, sing., agree- ing with ljj>" \^i ^j he cast it, 3rd pers. sing. masc. preterite, construed with the prep. t_^ . [It might also be used w^ith an accus. absolutely, without the preposition.] ^& from. 94 EXIRCISES. Ap;f^ Jiis sJioulder^ subst. fern. (p. 15) sing, oblique case, governed by prep, ^ ; with pron. suffix in the oblique case. Ic^ and called, conj. ^ with verb in 3rd pers. sing. pret. masc. ^ upon. A^jj himself, — ^^ spirit, or 5^?/ (having the same meaning as ^jJlS), s pron. suffix ; they are in the oblique or gen., being governed by the prep. ^ . OjJb deatJiy l-> prep, governing oj^ in the obi. — The verb lo might also be used without the prep. ; thus o^°i Icl (" called death "). ^\ai^ SO Jie presented himself, he appeared, u_j and so — in consequence of the call — with verb in the pret. sing, masc, 3rd pers. 1j to him (p. 27). y3<9 saying, part. act. of Jl5 he said (p. 51). The final 1 is not sounded (p. 10), 2. e. the word is qd'ilan, not qd'ildn. The word is in the accus., denoting the state or condition (Jl>^ p. 86). li^ behold. \S\ I. EXERCISES. 95 b IJ wJiy ? {lit., ''for what this?'' meaning "what is this for which 1 ") f^ys^^ ^dve you called me ? 2nd pers. sing. pret. m. of the verb G^, with pron. suffix of 1st pers. (p. 29). According to what is remarked above about ^j and U^, it might have been ^j Ojc.>. Jli so lie said J conj. v«i with verb, 3rd pers. pret. sing. m. dij^j I called you, 1st pers. pret. sing, of Ic^ with pron. suffix, 2nd pers. sing. masc. JM^ that you might lift, J that— a particle making the verb subjunctive (p. 59), that is tarfaca instead of tarfaiUy 2nd pers. masc. fut. of the verb ils. he raised, »jjfe this, demons, pron. fem. sing. (p. 24), « O J i ij^ faggot, accus. fem., before a gen. and therefore with- out tanwin. v-Jaji of wood, ^ upon, prep, governing the oblique case. ^fljL^ss ^y shoulder^ ( 96 ) ANECDOTE OF THE KHALIfA MU^TASIM. was that-he to tlie-Mu«ta8iin happened what strange of And A — i — 1 — - — 9 8 J — i ^3 ^^ — ]\j i — ..^l ^j-Jlsr» (3 UcLi and- it-reached- his-hand in the cnp and (of-) his- assembly in sitting him friends J J o o , o o ^/^ i , o ^ ? >. -J — Vjs- ^^ ^JLc J-1^ ^^ — y«Vl (3 A^a-j^^ 5]^ tne-barba- of a-barbarian with the-bon- in noble a-woman that rians dage ^Ox o>. ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^ S i^" W O J > 2t ,0 a-day her-face upon struck-her that-he and Amoria in (of-)the-Rome he- will-come not the-barbarian to-her and- said Mu«tasim O and-she-cried (j-\rji ^-^lljT ^1— i-.^ J — 1 — j°f (jc Vi di-lij the-cup Ma«tasim and-so-sealed a-piebald-horse upon but to-you delivery after but I- will-drink- not said and to-the-cup- gave-it and it bearer ^^O^lrf^^ O ^ O ^^ O ^r ^ , O 5<# . o\ UJLi .^_]L_«J1 JjJ. . -.^1 ,^ aJUj^\ }ie-was-in- and-when the-barbarian kill- and the-bondage from of-the- the moruing ing noble (^) All the European nations, with the inhabitants of Asia Minor, are often called Romans by the Arabian writers. (2) The t\ appended to the name of Mu'tasim is an inter- jection suflBxed to a nonn preceded by 1^ (Oh !) OF THE VERfe. ^^ shall-go- not that his-army ordered and Amoria to for-the-march- called ouc ing «J1 ^:;;;su-- ^^9 l^—^t^ — ==^ J — -^^ ?' (i^ ^' ri~*f '^^^ 1000 70 in (on) and-so-they- a-piebald-horsc upon but of-them one went out ^ o ^ o ^ , ^ ^ ^ jw^ , ^ , w ^ ^ xc^ hjy^C. 1 ft > A-^J_C Jl_»_J 4i]l 9 I— ♦JLs jjli Amoria to- conquest- on-him he-was- God made-open and- when — (of) exalted* JLjJI ^ — l-J^ ^2i^f--J di-:^-t'-^ Jj-ftj ^^ L^ \ >.j soaght and here-I-am says he and he-entered-it (of-)the bonds loosed and his-neck and-struck (of-)the-noble impri- noble (lady) soner with-it so-he-came- my-cup now to-me bring to-the-cupbearer said and to-him J Ci to , X ^to ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ a ^ * u-jI^^-jlJI t-jl — L ^j'i\ Jl — 9j Si^-'*^ L^ » « '^ (<*Jl fl 9 the-drink was-good now said and drank and its-seal and-he-broke * The word JU ta^dla, *' he was exalted," is frequently added to the name of God in a kind of adjective sense. OF THE VERB. ANECDOTE OF MU^TASIM. And this was one of the strange adventures which hap- pened to Muctasim ; that he was sitting in an assembly of his friends, with a cup in his hand ; and it was reported to him that a noble lady was in bondage with a barbarian of the barbarians of Jlome, in Amnjoria, and that he had struck her on the face one day, and she cried, ** Help, O Muitasim ! " And the barbarian said to her, " He will not come to you unless on a piebald horse/' And Muttasim sealed up the cup, and gave it to the cup- bearer, and said, " I will not drink of it till after the delivery of the lady from bondage, and the slaying of the barbarian.'^ And when it was morning, he gave orders for marching against Ammoria, and commanded his troops that not one man of them should go forth except on a piebald horse: and they set out upon seventy thousand piebald horses. And when the Most High God opened to him the conquest of Ammoria, he entered it, and he said, " Here I am, here I am ;'' and he sought the barbarian, the imprisoner of the lady, and struck off his head; and he loosed the bonds of the lady, and saicj./ to the cup-bearer, "Bring me now my cup;'' and it was brought to him, and he broke the seal, and drank^ and said, " Now delicious is the draught." EXEKCISES. 99 THE ALF LAILA. 1000 the stories of from 100 the after 60 the and 2iid the night tLe and a night night her sister to Dinazad said folloAving the night the was when ar d US for finish then asleep not you were if sister O Shahi zad the king O me reached It honour and love to her she said story the he indeed the 5th my brother as to and said harher the that the happy the men begs of poor a man was and ears the ciit off was I — jj. — ]1^ ^^l-^=9j l^L^,-.'j »Ju_i.Lji l_*_j cjLi^j j ^ — - — 1 our father was and by day he takes it what by subsists and by night left and died and so fell ill age in going far great old Ja.1j J-^=» ^^ ^ • • ^ » l-a\;, » .,. ^''lU (•-^•^ jiUx--j I-:.-) one every and took between us so we divided it dirhem 700 to us ^ ibl^jJl j._i-i A il — 9 ^^A^ii jc ^^ ^ — -^^^ r*-^"^ *-^^'* the dirhems took he indeed 5th the my brother and as to dirhem ICO thinks he whilst and with it he does what knows not and and was amazed glass it with he will buy that his mind in fell when the money that in 100 EXERCISES. put it and glass ttie lie purchased so by it gain and sell it and sort every of f-^;W J^\3 ^-H t-^^- (^>* ci ^'^^ -^n^ <3-^ (J his side to and of it he sella a place in sat and large basket in A_.«,,..ftJ 9 J^-a-9 ^^-X-li-J J-sti^ A-«-Lg »^_^_U J..;->**L5 kJ'vji. himself in said and thinks he sat and upon it his back leant and a wall for 400 I sell it glass this my money head that O soul know (Of) with me it reach that till sell and I buy cease not that I then dirhem place to and carry it goods with it and I buy 1000 4 I buy until desist not then lOCO for 8 and sell it such ^ jtJl » sLl-^olj J^^^'4 ^-♦^ c^* W-ti-^ L5y^^ ^^ ^ ^-? perfume (oO kinds and jewels all of in it other merchandise house I will buy that with and much gain by it an I gain and sell it and drink and eat horses and servants and attendants and fine VI iiipi J X 1 \ \ 1 % r, \ i— 1 jii vj ^^.iij but the city in female singer male singer leave not and and make merry M as exalted God will if my money head and make to me I brought them EXEECISES. 101 ( J r. V> j A-— 11 — > ^ A . r c fj^ A^s> Ijjfc ^^j:i c_ftll aJIo basket and his mind in lie reckons it he all of it this 1000 100 was Jl — 5j <^»*A^ A \\ ' — "i jbj^ aJUIj a — JJ^ \:^^ — \ -Ls^l and said reckoned he indeed then at 100 his hands between glass ciA-3t-)l dlJi j_i-3c_s ^^ c-fl]l iJL — )L-.x» ^l -d m ^ I send that then at lOCO 100 my money has when and become vizirs and kings daughters demand in and weddings in female-brokers (of) marriage A 1 oO I 4-3 1 A I-J^ > ^ l,.:g.„L) JM Ij^J^ U .j->*»V ^ perfect that she his daughter of it reached me as our vizir especially 1000 1 offer her and of parts charming beauty wonderful qualities no-^e putting in upon I took her and if it was they and if dinars (of) the dust not consent ^Li-o Jju-i. IjLS- ^jJLJ^ (^U ^> O.J ..rt iA IJI 9 1, 4.,.. ?l yoang servants 10 I will buy my in she has and when her father house arrived ^^_a^-s?Lj Ixw?;* c-^;bi ^ Lj>y— -jj c*)^JLJl »^.^=» c^^i ^ with jewel set gold of saddle and of kings robes then C^J ^^U—5j LT^-^ (sLIOi ^-^} ^i c^t^^ on and before me and behind me attendants I make ride then valuabl i and cflusedfor me he gtood the vizir he saw and my left and my right me to sit me when 102 EXERCISES. with me I take ani his son-in-law because I below me he sat and his place for dowry 1000 in them two purses load them and two servants ^^M* Q ) ^_*_^=3 lj_*JLx_i ^->.^1 ^Ljhi-^ "^^ t5«> — *1^ my soul greatness they know so that other 1000 I give and my house to I retire then my eye in of the world smallness and dA— jt_Li^ 4 ) ci^t*? (jl; — *^ ^^^ ;:;-* *^^ ^-^ ^^^ • clothed and to him I gave my wife side from one came when and yl . Ci i O X y JO^^ i3 ^ »" O O y <• ^ )\ ^Ji A_-JLi: 1 ^ i^J^ i_)J — ^) L_a. ^jlj A.g.-L-g I indeed then him upon I gave it back with a present came if and upon him Jo ^^ ^ J ^ ^ ^ ^ O J J J^ I commanded that they did and when my state with command them them arranging O > II J O^ X o 5^^— 1 si' o-ij 1 >- lil — 9 (C,b — ^l -olj l-^Ls)-.) of the retire- time came when and my to arrange and to go in ment house procession with her O ^O x X X J Ox^ X x9^ O • OfO (of) pilk cushion upon sat and my the best I put on with my clothes (of) wife nnd my mv pru- for excess left nor right turn not reclining gravity dence not and I and her orna- in the moon like standing my wife will and her robes ments be EXERCISES. 103 ^ JO ■ ■ \ was presents? ho all says so that and pride for pride to her look I^-jLs U-^JLc cJ-k-jeJ di-::-i^Uj di_jl^*l LiVj-*j Ljj._-— ^l_i for she upon her be pitiful thy maid — thy wife our lord — our master oh! L4_^ ^ ^\ j.ai 8;_la_:^ U.jLc ^^\ di jj. j ^j - > a_^JI_5 to her it gave for by a look upon shew thy two between standing pain her favour hands ^O^ ^ O ^ ? Ml J '^ - JJO ^ 5 J I raise that and at (several) before the they kiss then standing times me ground the to my head I turn then one a look upon look — my earth her head then my clothes change and I so I rise her room to with they go and her ^JaJl V dJlill A3Jls.^\j lolill 8^1 Ll;U. lils U-J^c ^^-*&.l ^j**--^l I look not with the second time she and than better put on robe came when it J o^'^ ci J ^o ^ ^ a ^y o ^ J ^ a ^ c ^ so I look times several and ask me my between they stand till to her two hands desist not — the earth to bend my eyes then my eye (of) with on her corner that servants some I com- then her decora- is till like this mand tion finished then tire women to and I gave it 500 in it purse they bring 1(04 EXERCISES* sleep and on I look with they and with they that I com- her her entered when her leave mand me alone them my sonlthat of me it may be so that speak to her and her side at said , not O my master and say my band and kiss her mother will come and great ^ J o/«- ^a ■» ^o, - , , JO J her mind and recover thy approach- wishes for she thy maid to look ing JJ-J-- — ::-j (•j—^^ LT"^^-* ^^-^ *^1; ^^^ ^!^ V-^ '^J^ and she will she will from me that she so answer I give and kiss stand saw when back not man saw not — young my daughter O my master say — several my foot girl times J — 4 — » L-^.--JLi ^;-*^=uj jji»U5jVl ^':> dLJ. A cji. lil-9 so bend her heart will break frown that thee from she saw and if cup her mother wi'l give then and her her heart and and speak to her her mind soothe to her P*^ O OA»x tol--xx O , J , xO ^L>. bli A--^*-lj djuM** ^iii jc-*-^^ '^-4-^ J^-^J vlr' *?^ tome and give hitn to thy upon conjure to her and will wine it in she came when drink lord say to her look not reclining and I my 2 hands between standing 1 leave her Ut ^ J O , O , 'Ml J ^ a " OxO V=4-^!^ 5>^>c ,^^j >i>c Jl JjiJ- ^j^ ^_^^^ ^^ I leave her powerful and my powerful that she says until of my pride from mind I soul EXERCISES. 105 know of subjection taste that slie may taste my 2 hands between standini? give hack not upon of God by truth O my lord to and she sultan that 1 thee me says (am) Jjflij ^J^ ^JL9 l^^»L^=a\ *% — 9 ^jW ^ — **•? c5:^~ c^* r*^^ and upon me so she I speak still not thy slave and I my hand from cup says urges to her in my hand so I my mouth to and brings it drinking it from escape no shake near CjLs? aIs^) jjMJ, ^o lJX_ifc J-«^-^|^ (^=t^ w^-*-^'j \-^^ and it with his kicked then thus came foot and do with my spurn her face foot her Jji^ c>J t!:^ juC_: ti u^-^-j ^^^' j-^^ J^ earth from high a place in and it was (of) glass basket upon * A— ^ . Uj^ W >' X o, , - i ^ in it all what was broken ground to so went down THE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SECOND NIGHT OF THE TALES OF A THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS. When the following night arrived, Dinazad said to her sister Shahrzad, **0, sister ! if you are not asleep, finish the story for ns." She replied to her : " With great pleasure. It has been related to me, O king of exalted dignity, that the barber spoke thus: * As to my fifth 106 EXERCISES. brother, he was crop-eared, and was a poor man, who begged in the evening, and subsisted by day on what he took. Our father was an old man, greatly advanced in years, when he fell sick and died, leaving to us 700 dirhems, which we divided, each of us taking 100 dirhems. As to my fifth brother, when he received the dirhems he was amazed, and did not know what he should do with them. But whilst he was meditating upon the money, it came into his mind to buy with it glass of every kind, and to retail and gain by it. He purchased, therefore, glass, and put it into a large basket, and seated himself in a place in which he might sell it. And by his side was a wall ; and he leant his back against it, and sat meditating and saying to himself, Know, O soul, that the capital amount of this glass I sell for 400 dirhems. Then, however, I will not stop : I will buy and sell till there mount up with me 4000 dirhems ; and I will buy goods therewith and carry them to such and such a place, and will sell it for 8000 dirhems. Then I will not give over till I buy goods as before ; and I will purchase with it all sorts of jewels and perfumes, and I will sell them, and acquire great gain. Then, after that, I will purchase a fine house, and I will buy slaves, and attendants, and horses ; and I will eat, and I will drink, and I will make merry ; and I shall neither want for the male singers nor the female singers EXEECISES. 107 of the city, but make them to come to me ; and I will increase, God willing, my capital sum to 100,000 dirhems. All this he reckoned in his imagination, with the basket of glass before him of 100 dirhems. Then he still com- puted in his mind, and said, When it shall become a capital of 100,000 dirhems, then upon that I will send out female brokers in marriage^ and I will demand in marriage daughters of kings and vizirs; ^ particularly of our vizir, as it is reported to me concerning her that she is perfect in accomplishments, wonderful in beauty, and graceful in shape ; and I will offer to her a portion of lOOO dinars. If they consent, let it be ; but if not, I will carry her away, in defiance of her father's anger, by force ; then, when she has entered my house, I will purchase for her ten young slaves : afterwards, I will buy princely robes, and a saddle of gold^ adorned with jewels of value. Then I will cause servants to ride behind me and before me, and on my right hand and on my left ; and when the vizir sees me he will stand before me, and will cause me to sit in his seat, and place himself below me, because I am his son-in-law. And I will take with me two slaves, and I will load them with two purses, in which will be 1000 dinars, for her portion ; and I will present 1000 dinars after- wards, that they may know my generosity and my greatness of soul, and the littleness of the world in 108 EXERCISES. mj eyes. Then I will return to my house ; and if one shull come on the part of my wife, I will present him and clothe him with a rich dress ; and if he comes with a gift, I will give it him back. Then I will give them directions to set in order the things appertaining to my dignity. And when these things are performed, I will give them orders for the marriage night, and for the arrangement of my house. Then when the hour comes for retirement with my bride, I will dress in my most magnificent robes ; and I will sit in dignity, re- clining upon a silk cushion, not turning to the right or to the left, with grave prudence and majestic wisdom ; and there will be my spouse standing like the full moon in her robes and ornaments, and I will not look upon her, out of pride and haughtiness, so that all those who are present will say, 0, our lord and our master, bend in pity towards your spouse and your servant, for she is standing before you : favour her with a look : standing is indeed painful to her ; and they will kiss the ground before me several times. Then I will raise my head and look upon her with a single glance, and then turn my eyes to the ground. Th^y will then retire with her to her chamber, and I will also rise up, and I will change my clothes. Then I will dress more handsomely ; and when she comes a second time in second robes I will not look on her till they stand before me, and entreat EXERCISES. ^ 109 nic ^everal times as before. Then I will look upon her ^yith the corner of my eye ; after which I will bend my eyes upon the ground, and I will not desist thus till her decoration is completed. Then I will order some of tlie servants to bring a purse with 500 dinars, and I will give it to the tire-women : then I will order them to leave me alone with her. When they have brought her in, then I will look at her, and I will sleep by her side, and not speak to her. So that mention will be made of me, as to the haughtiness of my mind, and her mother will come and will kiss my hand, and say, O, my lord, look upon your servant, as she wishes to approach you, and recover her spirits : but I will not give her an}^ answer. And when she perceives that from me, she will arise and kiss my feet several times, and will say, 0, my lord, my daughter is a virgin, and never saw man : w^hen, therefore, she perceives from you those frowns, it will break her heart. Bend to her, then, and speak to her, and soothe her heart and her mind. Then her mother will give her a cup of w4ne, and will say to her. Take this cup to your lord, and present it to him. When she approaches me, I will let her stand before me, whilst I^ reclining, will not look at her, from the pride of my heart ; so that she will say that I am proud, and my soul is proud ; whilst I will not relax, but leave her standing before me, that she may taste subjection, and 110 EXERCISES. know that I am sultan, and say to me, O, m^^ lord, by tlie truth of God do not refuse the cup from my hand, I am your servant ; and I will not speak to her. Then she will beg me earnestly, and she will say. You must drink it ; and she will advance it to my mouth, and I shall shake my hand in her face, and spurn her with my foot, and do thus.' Then he kicked out with his foot, and struck the basket of glass, which, being on a place elevated above the ground, fell upon the pavement, and all that was in it was broken.'^ ( 111 ) DIALOGUES. FIRST DIALOGUE. AEABIC riiONUJSrCIATIOir ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. fj^J[ljj\ — L^ sabdh al-khair ya Good morning, sidy {sayyidi) Sir. > d^lU ^\ aish hdlak How are you 1 isil*i-^ji V1 al-ayyam di these daysl Jji-1* o:> kunt mashgul I was busy. ^^% ci^fl^ Jfi> ^aZ shuftfuldn Did j^ou see So- and-so ^ Aifli:* ^) naiam shuffuh Yes, I saw him. C*)\jjfc J.*3tJ> iP^l aish yacmal Jiundk What is he doing there? Jbiiji yatiallam He is studying. liA ^5: ^* mata yaji hund When will he come here 1 \ys' gada To-morrow. ^JX>JS. ^ aJIc JI-- sallim calaih min Salute him on my dndi part. aJI ^liJLo (ji J Jij waqul luh inni And tell him that musTitdq ilaih I am desiring to see him. ^^Jl U Witt ansash I will not forget. ju^LJl X* TWflft assaldma (Go) in peace. [Note. — It is as well to remind the learners here that the final h (5) must always be sounded, as well as the final h (^), although not so strongly as the latter. In the col- loquial language as represented here, the final h stands for a grammatical hu or hi, and does not lose its phonetic value although the vowel is suppressed. The final I is different ; it is sounded as t before a vowel, but is otherwise silent.] DIALOGUES. 113 SECOND DIALOGUE. AKABIC. PROXUJfCIATIOIf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS, 4sr' «.IL jl^ b ya walad talai. al^ Boy, is it morn- fajr ing 1 ^Uj^cuxlUj^^^^ll ashnhams talacat The sun has been min zamdn up for some time. u-Jj.tJ AsUall ^1 U larama aftah. aitci- When I open the qa tashuf window you will see. jjt>. * ^s^ sfl^Mh, or Yiaqq True. dix* ^jil al-haqq macak You are right. / ♦ Vls»» jc^U"^ J v::=^ y^^ ^^ thidbt \\dlan Bring me my (Jk^^) (P^ l-iojaT) clothes quickly. ^U La ♦ ^ r>i^ ^?''i ^^ or Ma fain Where are they? >^ jjjJu^ll ^ dLa Tiundk cala ^s-san- There, on the box dul . j^c ^^^2' dnd rdsak near your head, U J «-t>^:j?"j ij^^ rJ ^^^^ ^^^^ i^q/*6 Z^ Now go and bring J-«iil ^a. (^i^-a) w?a (muyya) \at- me some water, (^jjj t54^j ^^ «^gsz7 i(;^^*^i that I may wash wa-yadaya my face & hands. j^sf** sjjy ioriduh svD&hn Do you want it warm ? ^j^^i^ lil L V Id md and harddn No, I am not cold I 114 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION-. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. aLjftJl ^^1 ain al-fuia Where is tlie towel ^ ««jlki Lj9 A-9 U met jihfuwai nizd/TheTe are no clean ones. aIL^I) ^f^^^ adaituhum li U I gave them to the gassdla laundress. ^«_M»lJ e:^ b1^ ,y nazzaft tdsumatt Have you cleaned (^jf^) {markubi) my shoes ^ Liflk) lo LJ Zm(^ ma nazzaft- As yet I have not hd* cleaned them. ci?^) u**?^"ULi ^^J wa-ldJcin qablamd But before you are LikJl (owJ t albas {takun la- dressed I will hist) unazzifhd clean them. VU *«-^> nazj^ifhum f haZa;* Now clean them quickly. i<*J^\ amrah I obey your order. ^^c->*&. y/Zj /jz^m > Bring a chair, jj^l J-^ tafddidial uqiud Pray be seated. [jSi^\i CiWU. (j^)l a^5/(t Yidlah yd sicU Well, Sir, how are you? Ail jji aZ hamdu li lldhi Thanks (lit. Praise be to God). v^ * Agreeing with 5 \jA murddi min jand- I have a request bak shay to make to you. jjfc j^l aish huwa What is it *? Ji^ djic U ijK'^l f/2 Jcdn md dndaJc If you have no- .hUi Jl ^XA JUJ sJiugl tacdl mad thing to do_, ila l-bdzdr come with me to the bazaar. \J^\ ^si (4^^ nasJitarihaidiasJiyd We will buy some things. (^1^ d^]^ ^il «25A murddak tash- What do you Avish tari to buy ? ifllis:* c;U.l&. \\djdt 7nukhtalifa Various necessary thinors. py (^i ^^-o min ay nam W hat kind ] "^ i_^^i^ J^^ li l-alcl iva sJi- To eat and to sliurh drink. Ac U L-^a-1 ahahh md calayya With the greatest pleasure. (JUi) 1 Ji — jfy 7i«rwh *tha?z (um- Let us go then, > dxc ^jU p^ (jj^l fl^isA minfulus an- What kind of mo- dak ney have you ? 116 - DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PRONUNCIATION, BNGLISH EQUIVALENTS. cjV^jj riydldt Dollars. -.*a-j yasiYih. It will do. u-i^l ^-li- khaZZ^m dsJiuf Let ine see. Jij iJA hatha zagal This is a bad one. J-^xi ^jil «i5^ nacmal What shall we do ? uJ;cl L ma flfir^y I do not know. ^\J\Je6\j Ja. khwth wa-nzur al- Take and look at Mcp. the rest. ^^;...,> jW Jj^ ^wZ tayyiUn These are good. , ' ij^j jLd ^^y Ui. kh^ZZma narvh mr Let us go, it is (Ij^ft^U) z^akhr^ (^rt^«- getting late (we khkh«r?i«) have delayed to the last). liaSj U ^ L w^ haqi land waqt There is no longer time. dJj (Jl^U) aJ U Z/55a j^/i (7)id zdl) There is yet time. waqt ^hUl (ijUi) JiiJ ULs qahlamd yuqfal Before the bazaar J*ai (yuglaq) al-hd- closes we shall ^ar 7^flrs^'Z reach it. Js?^b ^♦j namshi hi-l-cajal Let us walk quickly. Aijilj AcUl aS'Sdia thaldtha Is it three o'clock DIALOGUES. 117 THIRD DIALOGUE. AEABIC. PRONUNClATIOlf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ^;liVl dAfl^l b dd 'l-waqt al-athdn They are now call- ing to prayers. ^j^ i u-ij-^ U^ khalUnd nasJiufJl Let us see in this ^^l^sajll di ^d-duhkdn shop. oU]^li f^ L>.* marhaha hikumya- You are welcome, la^laj ^^1 khfl^t^o/^^^^^^^^^^" gentlemen. At zuru [the vulgar what do you form for ^^Ja::3 look? tanzuruna]. Ij^ obls^ c;iji^ ^diztn sajjdddt We want some sagtra small carpets. ^•.-^1 A*9 L t^^w sJiufmdfih ahsan See_, there are none Jji ^^ m;2 Ji2Z better than these, (j^l ^3 jj5C) ^^U tayyih Idliin qadd Good,, but what is ^^xJi «i5^ as-sicr its price ? U>. u'atPV) rakhisjiddan It is very cheap. Jli ^ ♦ ^^1 a2>A^ Az^id;^^ gaZi What ! it is dear 1 A-ksJ ^A M) hi-qadd ahli tadih For how much will you give it 1 . dAil jaaJ ^j^l j.i* (7^c?^ «/«A tadt What do you anta offer 1 uV c^^j A--w.^!> khamsa wa thdld- Thirty-five pias- thin qirsh tres. 118 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. PEONUNCIATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ^x^ lo cjUlji- b yob 'kh.awdjdt md Gentlemen, not ^^wf^ ^ U^a^^ yumkin hianqa^ less than fifty, Jk-sF' ^jI min 'khamsin in if yon please. , aijahkum ^jtx)j\ J&.IJ j^> ^wr^c? ^akhifth «r- Will you take hadn forty *? d^U. Vi^ ?^flf t/Za khdtirak If not_, adieu. ji^r*^ (^^yuJl as-sicr di yvMias- I shall lose by this sirni price. ^ (l_^u^O) ^-)^) ^ar5«h (tahsih), You will gain by 8^ min gairuh something else. ^ dAX) U ^♦jJl al-yaum md Hit To-day I have sTiay sold nothing. ^jUll jjti naiudd dl-fulus Let us count the money. JUWj^ ^Ui jjc idla 't-tamdm Quite right. w;«j 1-kamdl bbj^li jS.»» jJj »JJl indaJi walad hatta Call a boy, that d^-Ji Jl yakhwth-//^^ ila he may take it ^I'hait to the house. eJ^Wli. khdiirak Good bye. v «CJl ^Ul (3 j^ aindni ^lluh With the peace of God. DIALOGUES. 119 ARABIC. FOURTH DIALOGUE. PEONUIfCIATIOIf. jib futur jib gadct jib khubz {caish Egypt.) jib laban (halib) adi sulckar hul iasJidh ishrab halib nawwir as-sirdj naivwir ash-sJiarma atji ^sh'sTiamca Id tansa taiobla hun qarrib ENGLISH IQUIVALEPTTS. Bring breakfast. Bring dinner. Brino^ bread. / tiW cH^ {J* ^^^^ ainjdyi '/Zfl^ ain rdih. haddir ash-shay mil ila ^l-yamin Bring milk. Give sugar. Eat your supper. Drink milk. Light the lamp. Light the candle. Put out the candle. Do not forget, i/ Come here. Come near. Where do you come from ? (Whence com- ing^) Whither (are you) going 1 Make ready the tea. Turn to the right. 120 DIALOGDES. ARABIC. PEONUNCIATIOIS'. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS JU^i (Jl J* 'niil ila ^sJi-sMmdl Turn to the left. ^U ciaJI (il ^; ^z^^i *^«^ 7-5a^V h^t- Go home quickly. Ian ^^Uil 8JJl indah al-hammdUn Call the porters. sJjUJI ^J Wfl^hh* 'l-mdHda Take away the table. / jj*>^i*i * \joj^\ ihtaris Be careful. ^^ i-j4|^l^a. h^ddiV al-karrusa Get ready the car- riage. ^Id c>3\ «?z^«^ /ad^ Are you at leisure *? ^s:*L* ii^laf ^^ min haramah sd- Be pleased to for- mihni give me. dw^flll d^l^c camilt al-farsha Have you made the bed ^ LjUl^j^^ darbiz al-hdh Fasten the door. I--*a* i_^jjb Aathe 7nusiba This is a misfor- tune. ^ll^a. ^ hum juhald They are ignorant. ^>l:;^=» C-A-*. y*5 JcitdM Bring my book. jjJl Jl -.^ rwh 27a 's-swg^ Go to the market. ^ Ajjw I ^.^-i. yi5 shuwayya Bring a little Idhm meat. DIALOGUES. 121 FIFTH DIALOGUE. ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. / ciJl ^ man ant Who are you % '' cu-a- (j^iV li-aishjit Why are you cornel iJ^ J ^^iJ jjji turtd taqul U shay You want to speak ^ about something to me. JJJ ^jCjV Id takun thaqU Don't be trouble- some. ^ji>\ \i\ ana akhruj I wiJl go out. ^LJ ,^^>> jib thiydht Bring my clothes. dLjfe j*^o j»» Jium Jculluhum hu- They are all there. ndk jib ^ man Jiuwa Who is he 1 '-^ dl:jb SsA ^ hal ahad hundk Is any one there 1 ^^l*S^(^^ Ji qui di kamdn Say that again. Ijc _j^ ^ nahn naru\\ gada We shall go to- morrow. 1 ja Ji nahht Jidthd Move this away. »>&.U l^^s>\3 ^jjt> hathi fdJciha fa- This is very fine khiVflr fruit. \^^^^jS- 1 jjb Mthd khaiar cajib This is wonderful news. ^^\;^c^^\^J>.^J^ ndhn jauidntn wa We are hungry iatshamn and thirsty. 122 DIALOGUES. ASABIC. PRONUlJfCIATION'. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ^o»^jL.s^ J-=»v j-^ ^uwa rajul rnvhta- He is a careful (^ (s^ ^^^ cadimat alfit- She is very impru- wfl'^. dent {lit. "de- void of pru- dence "). (^L>) (3l^jil al-jaww s,dfi (sa- The sky is quite M) clear. AjiVl Ij-si ^Vjl Jj^ t?w? auldd yuhihbu These are mis- H-athiyijah chievous chil- dren (lit. "these children love mischief"). ^J^"^ j^ f»J^ Tculluhum haqu They all remained mukhtafin hidden. ^J^ iJa qalbuh qalqdn His heart is rest- DIALOGUES. 123 ARABIC. PEOIfUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALBNTS. ^J^JSb huwa ahmaq He is a fool. JjL* jj^jll U;b Mthdl'Waraq ma- This paper is blul moist, is^ J*lc ^A 7Wfl7^ i^wz7 dajja Who is making a noise 1 J^ftJ* JUii (j^>i aisk iammdl taqul What are you say- ing ? (j.i Js^l ^1 ^\ aish ism ar-rajul What is the name di of this man ? ij^^ l^^ jjfi. J^ ^aZ 4^5?^^ dikha ^sli- Is there much fruit j^l^=»j^i shajara thamar on that tree ? hathir SIXTH DIALOGUE. Jj^j J^' takallam hi-suJiula Speak easy. dUife jjl -rjy Jxi V Z(^ taiud taruh ila Go not there hundJc again. (sJLib j^:^\...jas ^ ^a/i Aw«i7fl^ sa^w Who lives there ? loj j.--) hj^ c-A*a* y*^ slmwayya na- Bring some wine i^th wa md and water. c-*-L '^Ijl ^ harrid al-md iay- Cool the water ?/zJ well. »j5Ui (Jfi Ij^i al-gadd cola '/- The dinner is on mdHda the table. 124 DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PEONTJlfCIATION'. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. (!*U**»1 ,^1 aish ismah What is your name ? \sj>. jjiU. ja huwa hathi^ jid- He is very clever. dan fj^ (^jj jJ-jsT^ Sfl^lihiw^ hadrt qam Wake me very early. js^* ^^1 al-yaum ^dhw It is fair to-day. 'hjL j^\ i^hir shuwayya Have patience a little. (J^ (J^ f*t^^ zJifl^^AAwm i7« 5«eY* Send them to my house. U Ajj^ (j^. rushsh sTiuwayya Sprinkle a little md water. 69jJ\ \^^=»^ uJidl iqlih dikJia ^l-wa- Turn back that o'ag[a leaf. ^>.lj ^Jjl kj .1 itrhui aidihum loa- Tie their hands arjulhitm and feet. c-jU1 ^^ j-^ ^ ^wwfl^ y«2'ir iaZa Here is a fakir at ^l-hdh the door. ; Ij^ ^-49 ^ hmoa fahim jid- He is very intel- dan ligent. S^ ij^) LTs^^"^ ^^ '^^^^ (orkhwSg;) This is very good ij^ iayyih qam bread. fj^ i^suJl ^ Ai.^1 irjai fi ^s-sihlcah Come back this di "^vay. DIALOGUES. 125 ARABIC. PKONUNCIATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. t^j^W \^^s^:i Jo. khwtli dikha 7- Take this letter. maJctub o-Jl ^^ r>^^ ukhruj min al-lait Come out of tlie house. dl4».jj e*bJj J-**^^ **o*^*^ yadaih wa- Wash your hands wajJiaJc and face. ^jlT c->ls.**' tx^c cinduJi as^hdb Jca- He has many thir friends. ? ^^yCj »JjU ^^1 «f5^ fddda takun What henefit will l^i^rs^ ji dihJid there be in that 1 j^ ^^y>^ \jd^^ Tcdhadu huzn ^«r- They have suffered tMr much sorrow. il)jl> ^J» a! lahti (lull) lihya He has got a long iawila beard. \dJbj}o ^^ ^^\ aisJi min iair lid- What bird is this ? ihd j^^ss^M j^ huwa sihlctr He is a great drunkard. 1 jjb ^ JHa hagl man Tidtha Whose field is ' this *? dbb (j*>l3 (jl^ j»^=3 ^«m ^^/i nds hu- How many people ndk were present ] 126 DIALOGUES. SEVENTH DIALOGUE. AKABIC. PKONU2s^CTATIO]!f. E3faLISH EQUIVALENTS. -.1^1 (J *^i) ^ ^^ ^^ v^^ ^^^^' fi '^" There is no oil in sirdj the lamp. ^1^ dl^ ^^ (J-^^^ aiU'wi mM2 fa^lak Pray give me a qalam pen. ^^ cH^ ^^^ dukhcinuh Where is his shop? ^JLc jjj[:>. dJl-*.ll al-malik jalas (.a- The king sat upon jijJ^\ la ^S'Sartr the throne. ^j^>. ijyo ^autuh hasan His voice is good. jjb ij\j.^ ^^j ^^1 a7/i/ nauc haiwdn What sort of ani- 1 ja huwa hiithd mal is this 1 lo) ciii.^>^' ^-i^ ^^^^* nasihafak What is your ad- (dj|^ (md ra^i/aJS) vice *? / c>)^ ;^)1 ji ^«(^cZ aish iuinrah What is your age ? c*Jus^ c-i*^a Z;r.r(/''s«hha^«A: How is your health ? Oj^3 Jl5j^&. c->*a- y^^ hi^r wa qalam Bring ink, pen, wa loaraq and paper. Ijjb ^jA ^jLo*. hzsa?i ^rt;7^ Jidthd Whose horse is that 1 5^.9^1 l^r^ji ^^ wa;i Awi^^ dilcha Who is that Euro- H-ifranji pean "^ j^! U^^^ ^'^ Aathz'/i al-ardi Mr This soil is barren. DIALOGFES. 127 ARABIC. PROlfUNCIATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. J^jJ JUc Ji^ ^\ aish sJiugl cammdl "What business are taimil you doing 1 lj^^:s j\s^\ UUc camalu adhdr Jca^ They made much tMra apology. ltI) ^^3 {jy*^ cindt wajac rds I have a headache. ^j:j lijli. [Sj^^ j^ ^^'' Wfl^khr^ ]^al- It is late, let us Vind nitwajjah depart. (natawajjaK) jjjl «j>.j ^ (^^ yasJitaki min wa- He has a liver jai al'Jcahid complaint. {Mhd) ^j^\ ;t&.j ^x^ dnduh wajai «d- He has a tooth- diirs ache. »;*i_r L^l^UUl ^i j/j H-ldzdr asJiyd There are many u^xD IcatMra li 7- playthings in Zrti^ the bazaar. 'i4^j:i^\ »jjb ^athz^ at-tarjama This translation Ija. hasana jiddan is very good. ]o ^J^ i^::cL. sacatak tamsJii Your watch goes iayyih well, ju^ (j^ dt shame This is a wax candle. L-^\iJl ]jSj,S Jc am Mr a al-qdrih How much is the fare of the boat ? 128 DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PRONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 5L-cLJl ^^=s Team as-saca What o'clock is yj\jLJ\ X3j\ irfui as-satdHr Lift up the blinds. 4jjs.*^' J nahhi a^-^uhun Take away the dishes. ul ftjjUi ^^ (&^^ ^ huit sdcati iola 7- Place my watch mdHda on the table. aJu\s^ i^.^->lft]l sjjb Jiaihih al-fakiha This fruit is very Ijo. \^dmi^a jiddan sour. ^jLflC kzj^\ jjiiV ?«^s^ (li-aish) ant a Why are you g«d Ja72 angry % (j^y u>.x-d Ji^ (^^ di sTiugl saih qawi This is a very dif- ficult business. ^5j5 c^^ r^ ^^^ '^cthhdrin qa- They are very de- ^(7^ ceitful. j?^ ^jJiJt^ (j^ (jiUftll al-qumdsh di kha- This cloth is very shin qawi coarse. JJLll! LaJ dJl Ja Jial ant a tasluh. li Are you fit for the 'sh-sTiugl business ^ U**^^ c>* t^^'^ (*^^ al-yaum ahrad onin It is colder to-day .j\ \ssb hatha zabtb iaijylh These are fine raisins. j^ \:l^ 8J.1C dndiih halt Icahir He has a larL;e house. j^j5 A»^ 1ji^\ (j^ dl U-auda shirha This room is very qawi well lighted. (jj5 aJIc i.J>ji\ ,j:i di ^l-aicda ioliyija This room is rery qawi lofty. ^Is A3uW tabiuh qdsl His disposition is cruel. ^jlA^-u^ ^\S ^ hum hasldnin wa- They are lazy and mutahdmilin negligent. i:i\r^j^j JlflJl (^j dt U-qalam rakhau This pen is too li-zi(/dda soft. Ij^ i^^^ ^^^i ^^ hdtha 7- loaraq This paper is very kha^/i / w jiddan coarse . (^j9 i3^^ f*^ *-^^ «^2to tatahallam hi You sj^eak very H'taanni qawi slowly. (j^)J5kjVI> ^Kkj jjftJ taqdir tatahallam Can you S23eak Ji ^I'lnklizt English 1 5t_aJ ^1^ ^J^i inzil loa-illd taqac Descend, other- wise you will fall, jjt^ ^jj dul jjV ^a Z>i^t?J aniialc ia- You must go willi ruh ma it me. / 1 30 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. PBONtJNCIATIOIf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. fj^ i».LU j nalilii 'l-Yidja di Take away this thing. aK' &3ji6 nairifuJi kulluh We know it all. j^ \^jio yairifu katlnr They know a great deal. jA c-^xJ x.a)S kallafni taioh He gave me much kathir trouble. L->uu-i % in^si^^^ii laish tadihak hild Why do you laugh sahab without cause ^ ^2-j-) ^ L 1 jjb Jidtha md Jiuwa This is not my haiti house. ijsb^\ sjjb ^11 ^1>- hhallini askumm Allow me to smell hdihih az-zahra that flower. d^^lj (Lll Z3\ ■ 'iftah al'hdb Open the door, v ^^=»Ljtll ^^ j^x) haidi mill al-casdkir Some of the sol- l^a^l injardim diers have been wounded. jjjll l^^j L-j^-i\ 2dre5 e?2^/z« 7-t(;flr- Beat that lazy ^j^L-XJl lad al kasldn bo3^ ^L» Ijjb Jl» ^j\ jjo JaicZ a;t ^'dZ hatha Having said this, (jiWil) sdfar (inialaq) he departed. DIALOGUES. 131 ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION-. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. di)L*&. i^U oil) S kami halagat qdH- What is the ma hisdbah amount of your bill 1 Jji ^^ [jj^^j^ (j^i^ ^^^^ huwa al'farq^ What is the dif- ^^pVI hain dul al-ith- ference between nain these two "? diljS^ UrJI ^Jfe U^^ Jcamd huwa al-mu- As the master, Jxijl ^^i ialliin, haVadliJc so will be the yakun al-muta- scholar. (.allim EIGHTH DIALOGUE. 'jjb ^ J.-A3 ^^ jT ^fl^m ??^^;^ fa^l fi How many chap- ujlixJl Ac^tha ^l-kitdh ters are there in this book ? icLiJl sjjfe jjc- Jjfc ^«Z iala hdt\iih aU Is there any dis- t^Lji ^ LU->1 hiddca isqdt fi count on these H-hisab goods 1 LJi c-*Is:* irf*^^^ ^'^^ Tidihd 's-saM mu- This boy is much Ij^ habbab ilaind loved by us. j id dan, ^_;>ill Ua ^ ja /zflfZ./^ MVad 1-ga- Are there any fish d.^ (?i!r samak in this tank ? 132 DIALOGUES. ABABIC. PROXUNCIATIOX. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. Lojo i-X»-j cjjla-ol istacU samaJca hi- I caught a fish iam with a rod. ^^ I4] L »^1 8JJi Mihih al'haqara This cow has no md lahd qurun horns. ^yi \'jjb c.y (^1 ^ min ayy nau(, lid- Of what kind is tha 7-yz2kh this cloth 1 j^^ ,jl duJ ^ Jjb /i«Z ^ niyyatak an Do you intend go- \ij^ Jl iusdfir ila au^ ing to Europe 'I (ii5^') b^Ujjb Jic 4«ZZ/(/ ^ath/A «fA- Hang uj) this lamp icliill ^ thuryd{an-naja- in the hall. fa)fi ^l-^d(,a tit ^J^l^l ^^l^J Ja hal tusdfir fi 7- Do you go by land j^^ harr aufi^l-la\\r or by water"? Jfti a] U ii*l9«ji-d ^anduqalc md laJiu There is no lock qujl to your box. lKj ^Jl uJA' (^ *'^^^' ^araf annaJir There is niucli y..jl^=» z6'ahZ katJiir mud on the river side. ,^^LJi jj* ^jo X /cY7;;i 7ft/?2 w^n al- How many pas- c-aS^1 Ci)^]i ^ musdjirinjithd' sengers were in lik aUmarkah that vessel ? aI^lt^JI^WjJ ^aiflttflr aUhait The whole house kuUuh was scented. DIALOGUES. 133 ARABIC. PKO NUN CI ATI ON. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. bStb L_^U c:>.il Jib Jial anta sahib Are you the owner Uli hdt\iih ad'dd}' of this house 1 UilJjjT J«x.ftJ \S Icamd tafial lea- Such as you will 5^" thdlik tuldqt do, so ^\dll you find. jjJ.^i. {^^^^ at-tasUm khair Kesignation is the 7'afiq best companion. .J .c .!.> IjjJl ad-dunyd ddr The world is the i / gurur house of deceit, (ils?^') jj/^:Ji »;J tliamaratat-iahaw- The fruit of rash- i*ljJl t(?J^r (al-iajala) ness is repent- an-naddma ance. ii^^s-* iLii^^^Jl aS'Sabr manqaha Patience is an ex- mahmuda cellent quality. ,j^ j~i~T^ cl^^l as-samdikhairmm Hearing is better ^'^^=>]\ al-haldm than speaking. isIJ jj j^K-:;ji l-^ Icamd iataJcallain Such as you speak, «.»-J kaih.dliJc tasmac so will you hear. i».Ul -,l:i* icLii)! al-qandca miftdh Contentment is the ar-rdha key of repose. >L&.Vl o^ J4U al-jaJd maut al- Ignorance is death ahyd to the living. \J^ J^ fj .iUaisVl al-iqtisdd Ji-kull Moderation in j^ shay khair every thing is best. 134 DIALOGUES. ABABIC. PRONUNCIATION. EJSTGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ».U*1 duft^ f»S^ ^^ - l^^^^^^i takfih To the wise a hint ishdra is enough. jjJLll ji dU.1 JcU» sddd akhdk fi ^sh- Assist your bro- sMdda ther in distress. ^^ L V^iT TjjJl al-dawd hatJiiran- Very frequently b Wia yakun da' medicine is sick- ness. i^ji^^ «— ?/«i c)^^' al-insdn yuiraf hi- Man becomes siratuh known from his conduct. l*cj\ jj)) >iljl ^^ min al-ma7ii tazid From prohibition ar-ragba desire increases. ^L-A ^Li V l:>s^' aZ-&«kh^ Za yai^i Fortune does not i^xJi m«i al-hikma come with wis- dom. NINTH DIALOGUE. «5^ t^-dl Ijjfc »Xo i ^ onuddat Jidthd Daring this month .-•ii ik* 'sh'shahr wagai much rain fell. ^;iatar hathir duA J! LjU. e*3wi z//ia^A khaJm z'Za Send a servant hunak there. 8^'^' ijjb c:^^ Jji5l uqiud ta\\t haihih Sit under this asli-sliojara tree. DIALOGUES. 135 ARABIC. niONUNCIATIOK. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. J^ll ijjt ^J^ S^Jcam thaman hd- What is the price thih al-ladli of these pearls 1 (djNL ^) r*^^^ ^-^ ^^^ (Uzam (md ya- "What is the weight ^ VsA Vflj Z;^'^^0 ^^^9'^ hdthd of this stone ? 7-hq7«r Ajill 8Jjb ^1 ^i^ aish ism hdihih al- What is the name qarya of this village 1 c^^^ll ^jU:^ »->:^:^ i^^ li^saw ar-rw- Bring the riding Mh horse. ^^ i.liJi jjiaai^ ww/z^d as-sitdra Brush the curtain L-9 i-_j V . ^ iayyih hatta Id well, so that no ( *ii^) ^^li ?/a&g<^ ^^a wa- mosquito may mus {hargash) remain. .^5Cj ^\ »w^-fi y«5;i*^ «« nakun We ought to be ^:^i«*s:* muhsinin benevolent. oUst-d i L-xJj waqacndfi suiuhdt We have fallen i^^kc caztma into great diffi- culties. C-5K.J1 p^* j^^ IcatJnr min al-ma- Many ships have •Ji pw« oikjJ ra^•^5 tacattalat been damaged w?^*w an-nau by the storm. r^ J^ tw?^ yaum al- drinks new lahan a\>-iari milk. 136 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. o^x-Ji it* jjxflJl al-quiud wai as- To sit still is cjpl ^^i. suhutWiairmin better than an-nizdi quarrelling. ^-».i>Jl Ijjb ^^^' iV\ian Jidthct 7- Grind this wheat ^jJL) qamh hi V-rah« in the mill. ySb ^jA Af^ u-i/t) tairificakiluh man Do you know who Jiuwa is his agent 1 ^Jljjt^^ ,J^I isJitari'li ahanna- Buy two candle- ddnain sticks for me ? ^lUl a1 k_flJl U^b ^atha V-qiit lahu This cat has large ij^ azafir kahtra claws. Jl jj«^i ^A* Aa- khwth Jidthd 7- Take away this (j^Vl AwijVl y^wr^i i7« 7-aw- chair into the daf al-ukh.7'a other room. il*^ »^^ dlj .1 lil ana urtk sHra I will show you a jamtla beautiful pic- ture, jjc aJ^ jj ^ djl-^1 hnd'ak Id hudd Your signature is jijtll iJA minku (ininJi) necessary tu this iala Mthd 7- bond. iaqd ^ <— ft:^-i cl^ f*^' al-yaum yaJcun To-day there is a ^A^b daiffi ddriJmm guest in their house. DIALOGUES. 137 ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION'. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. Jl ••jjy ^y> U .♦^l ismah land hi-dn Permit lis to go cu*.Jl naruh. ilaU-hait home. 8jl-J^Vl 1 jifc . 3 fi Jidthd ^l-amr q^a- In this affair there l^\' sdwa zdHda is much cruelty. ibjL ijuj \:.a\s9 qudddmand saf- We have before us raiawUa a long journey. Ul Jiic J ^jL^'jVI al'insdn laliu iagl Man has reason, a % A*:MiJI ammd H~halii- brute none. ma f aid v-jO ^cl (JsJJUs ^J^ min fadilak adim Please give me a a*^jji Jcitdb tauBiyya letter of intro- duction. JLfl_i ^S3 ^y laish taJduh hi- Why do you write {jcij qalam radi with a bad pen 1 ^:;i-i-jVl ^^.JA ,^1 ai/i/ Tiatliain al- Of these two, ^J..^\ ithnain cihsan which is the besf? ^^* Ji^l JiT Ljl ana akhi^th ash- I will take the sljil jukclj djj sJiw^l min ya- business from dak tva'iutth you and give it aijyali, to him. jJ:- eiJl:> Jl diAfti i\\ihdhah ila hit- Your going there ^ji ndJc gair Idz'iin is not neces- sary. 1«33 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. PRONUNClATIOif. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. IjA. ^\s^[)j^^ huwa 'khahir hi% He is well versed dim jiddan in science. U-a. Jlcja huwa cdlim jid- Heis very learned. dan cT**^^ cl?^ ^^'^ Mtlut yakun a\\- This will be best «.-^ii san al-jamii of all. J^aji ^'* jj J5 ^ul U md yaqul Tell me what he is saying. j^^ ,j**jLJLJ Ji qui li 's-sd'is yu- Tell the groom to ^UU hadd/r aZ-h^sa7^ get the horse ready. TENTH DIALOGUE. ^ Jj,l eiijS^ Lil ona kathdllJc urid I also wish to go ^j^\ an dVhrtij out. «j<;b Jl Jx-A) ^V li-aisJi tascad ila Why do you climb 6\sH^ ^athz'A ash-sha- this tree ? y* ara Ac I^^'v9 ^^ ^ujI i>nta{\.Q.ayymata) When will you be .iJi takun qddir iala able to depart *? ^s-safar ^jl-Ji ^^c. <^j^^\ Jjb ^a^ as-sarj cala 7- Is the saddle on ^ j\ hisdn au Id the horse or not? jjli.^ Sx) ^J ^< nahn narjai bacd We will return in daqdHq a few minutes. DIALOGUES. 139 ASABIC. PRONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. \jJ>\^ Xxill ^^ ^j\ in Mn al-gadd If dinner is read}', A-*a. hadir jibuh, bring it. Js>J\ Ua I.— i;?o Ja Tial tacrif hatha Do you know this W-rajul man 1 \jA A3^\ ^A jioft. hassaZ mi>^ al-dlm He has acquired kathtr much science. aLi^ »j^ 5u.^ jamai tliarwa ja- He has amassed zila much wealth. ^^J^l ^^ LU. JljJ tacdla 'kh.allind Come, let us two i-.>j^ oj^ ?iflrh;2 al'ithnain have some talk. 7i«^^ahac?f/a^^ shuwayya ^jJb Aa^lj ^jl.aa. Ja /i«Z h/sa?z t^'^jh?'^ Will one horse he Jto J^^^=^ l^-^ y^(ldir Lalajarr able to draw so 1 ja jfAw^/ mitlil ltd' great a weight % i\d, , ^ ^^ oil ^SaJ taqaddam anta You go on, we are nciX\n naji coming, j^-o oU. cjld-'Ji sJcA Acith/A al-h.ajdt These things have \3j^\ jd'(it7ninuruhba come from Eu- rope. ilill »jjb j^^ ^\ ain naqdi hdihih Where shall we al-laila pass the night 1 oij ^^\ IjjJ^ U md dndand al-dn Wo have no time to icaqt li ^l-lid) play at present. IJjO dialogues. ARABIC. PBONUNCIATIOX. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. »L_*JL) As^j {jj-^^ ahraq rijluh hi He has scalded his ^Jsr^^ ^l-md as-suWin foot. L4J& ^JS^€i^\ sjjfc Jidt\\ih as-sdkdktn All these knives ^Xo kullaJia sada are rusty. ^^i^Aji .iYjVl VjA hduJd al-auldd yu- These children are ^1^1 Jjl? s^mklmTi ti^Z screaming all an-nahdr day. IJA Ic jjjliAJ \£ hunnd nufattish We were seeking .LJl J^L t«Zfl? Jidthd tul for this all da}-. an-nahdr dl^yCo ciA^ii. Ja Jial khatamt mak- Have you sealed mhak your letter ? .sA'Ij Jlk* Llo haitand muzallal Our house is 5^ ^sli-shajar shaded with trees ^jUi Li^^ykJ ^Uc iamrndla* tamtur It is raining, dj.^ khallmd na- kindly give us tdwwa dndak shelter. S^j dljJb 11 j*jiJ taqaddam ila liu- Go forward there, ndk wa-qif and stand still. ^ oUlU »JJb <^^1 akh?^* hdWiih al- Bring out these jjji-aJl hdjdt min as- things from the sanduk box. This word, in all its forms, is usually contracted to iam. DIALOGUES. 141 ARABIC. PKONUNCIATIOX. ENGLISH EQIIVALE^ITS. jfij>. JUllf Jl-^s^j takallam li 7- Speak loud, then t^x^^l iaZ^' htnaHihin I shall hear you. asmacah i^lj^^, iS^ f*-**^ L-ri^ ^'^^^^ ^"^"^ ^^ ^^ '^" ^^l^at do you call (.arabi that in Arabic 1 'ij\.\ 8JA jjij J wdfaqani hcithih He agreed with al-marra me this time. i)lixi\ ^ el***Ai c^jjt tudarrib nafsak fi You exercise your- »J^[j U-Jcitdha wa 7- self in writing qirda and reading. ^^U Ua w^cU-j JJ.C «w^« samdciJium On hearing this »^-ff^ ^-^J J,aa- ^tttht^ 7-kh«?y«r news they were jjjj;. h«s«Z lalium much frightened. ruJ) sliadtd (jjjj.-a]l ijjb «-«j S ^ct^^ yasai hdthd How much indigo (J^Jl) iLJi ^ 's-sanduq min will this chest an-ntl, contain? ^.^xj ^^ Ijliliiil wJ^ kuUuJium igtdzu They are all of- ^jt.) mill haidihum fended with one hacd another. J jxlV J^i ,^* ^ij:^ najaund min yad We have escaped al-(,aduwiv from the hand of the enemy. o9 s- Ifc^-U iJjjJil al-madina hi-as- The whole city has U)b r^V^a gariqat hi- been flooded. 7-?/i(x 142 DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PEONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. La^ ^\y^^ 1 Jvp bi-hdtha yazddd With this our farahnd joy will be in- creased. AjliiJ \J^j,ajt, UU kallalnd masru- We have much /and U^l-gaya reduced our ex- penditure, l^il j*\V yfcliJJi »ia y^athzA ad-dardhim This money must aJl iia^* Za-2:m annahd be sent back to iarjac ilaiJi him. u-^:5i J di,j JL*» 5«ttiV waraqah Kule your paper, thumma uJctuh then write. ^^^ yi* ^J^ rJ-^^ al-qaum JculluJium All the people c^ii Twa^i^ Twm aZ-yz^i have died with hunger. ^iuti Ac (•^xJ ^9j waqai bacduJium They have fallen iaZa Z^atd. one upon ano- ther. \jS6 It^c uj^*jt yddshun caish na- They live in great kidan affliction, ^l^ Ac h_^ s ^ lana bait cola He has built a ^^Jl 5^at^ an-nalir house on the bank of the DIALOGUES. 143 ELEVENTH DIALOGUE. ARABIC. PRONITNCIATIOJf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ' Uib\A ^Js^^ c->^4) ^,^c cala md nahruh Why should we Jai>. lais TidJiund {md run away? there Jih hi7id)k'hatar is no danger here. i\3s^\^ Jiajar a^diqdh He has abandoned his friends. 3 iVl ^^ (Jl |j;l-j sdru ila lildd al- They went to Eu- j^tj\ li^ ^ ifranj minsittat rope six months asTihvr ago. ^* Uj^ftJ ^A.cU-j jJwC and samdiihum On hearing a state- 1,.L> J-*a5' '^* taqrtr min Jid- mentof this sort ^jjCs.*^. thd ' l-gabil sai^u they began to ?/flfdhaM* laugh. LjJ 1;*-Uji fi u-axj tadb fi tadimind He taught us with U-kc ^aia& i«5z^??^ great labour. i>.l. «*Jll i»>^ ^-^^j wajadndbi-rdhmat By the grace of aZM/i n/ha God we have found repose, l^i J ^j fi hdtlilk ad'dar In this house there {\joj\) cjj^^ qcua wa-tha- are a hall and Idthat huyut {u- three rooms. wadi) IJA ii*UJL> S Xwo munih. ham hala- How long is it since jjX gah hatha 7- you received this }diabai% news *? {jS*^ IjA it-J Sj hikam tabic kdtha For how much will li-stdi you sell this to my master? ft^ ^ Lft ^1 ibqa Jiuna \\atla Remain here until narjai we return. ^Si ^* ^^-^^ P-9j loaqai as - sikJcin The knife fell ^Jl ^ mill yadl fi ^n- from my hand nalir into the river. ^jJb V ^^Jwll ^j'^iVl al-insdn «ZZatM A man who cannot ^_^^JJ1 ^^\ lA> JiL (*^-^*') ^^ y«^^2^'^^ speak the lau- <^ ydtcfl^cillam hi- guage of the . \ * ^ - /wg«^ al-qaum people among ^3^*V* allai\itn yasJcun whom he so- hainahiim qad journs may yamut min al- sometimes he iu' in danger of starving. DIALOGUES. 145 AKABIC. PRONtrjTCIATIoy. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ( *^) • i. jj^^ y:,! ishwi shuwayya Toast some bread, aic {]a. a.) x^ kli?^&2? (caisJi) and butter it. gj._jj fa-dai calaih zuhda Aij. LJl Ja hal al-md yagli Does the water boil ? ^U. ^jUi-^ A^-Ji^ ^^ ^^ti H-']^awdjah Give the gentle- .y. finjdn sMy a- man another cup khar of tea. ij^lixJb (jrj9 aUcI dcmiluh qawt hi 7- Make it strong .. ^ 1^1 Mfdya tea ithd enough; andput- ^ / tvadad fih haltb ting in it plenty J^^ ^" • - JcatMr wasuJc- of milk and sugar u^ wb j^ss ^^^ ^^Y j^/,Yi^^ jQii ^iii always LJI ^^jC cU:*-59 iayyib bi-haith make it good, pro- 1. yakun al - md vided the water be yagli actually boiling. h^j 6^ J^-^ ij^ adini finjdn qah- Give me a cup of ^j'l^jCj wa wa - sTiU' coffee, and a little luayya sukTcar more sugar. fcamdn V (j^j i;^-^ (JI-jI isliq baid loa-ldhin Boil some eggs, ^j^-uj.) iiii' ldtuk\\alliliyai' but do not let ^«s them get hard. 146 DIALOGUES. ARABIC. TEOXUNCIATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALEN^IS. (^jljc) j^ oU licbt Wmbz {iaish) Bring bread, sweet- dlX c^Ij^L-j wa - hulioiydt meats, and cakes. wa-JcacJc .J.9I lo jjl «^sJ ciJl aw^a (a/t^) ^fl^ir?/ You know I can- y^ ^ (_^U. c_^l «5w;2* wft aqdir not drink tea v-Ajia. asJirah shay min without cream. gair halib ^^ ^j^ (j^ jji al-khuhz radi onal- The bread is bad, J.*^l an min ar-raml and full of sand. Ijjfc AJ J-^^ (jJJl Ul al-md allatht ima- The water with jjii ^;;0 lo (jltJl ??i«Z Jz'A Jidthd which this tea ^sJi-slidy md Jcdn is made has not 1/agU, been boiling. %a\ ^jtL> a! U ma Zw^ t«i7?2 aslan It has no taste at all. Uill ^^ j^-liall Ji qulU^t-tahbdkhyU' Tell the cook to iilbJl icUl ^J haddiV al-gadd liave the dinner Ji ^s-sdia afh' ready at three thdlitha o'clock. jJ^ l^ill ^^*-^\i yd-sidt al-gadd ha- Sir,dinner is ready. dir tj hj^\ ^jA ain asli-sJiuraha Where is the soup, hj^\ wa-imUaqat ash- and the soup shuraha spoon ? DIALOGUES. 147 ARABIC. PEOJfUIfCIATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ^^ 'i-3j^ L-^^ jih shuivayyat iaish Bring some bread, ^^^ /. . \ (yhubz) wa-batd- potatoes, greens, tis 'wa - khudra asparagus, cab- -^^ ^ -^*^^ ^^y^ al-Jialyun bage, cauliflow- ia-J/Jlj t-JjflU[, ^^^ n-malfuf wa ers, turnips, car^ J^jjJh ^^^]j 'l-qarnaUi wa- rots, and cucum- 'l-liftwa^l-jazar bers. z/;« 1-kh.n/ar ^jLi^ jib A* ^^ y^& Zflhm ba^ar iva Bring some beef, —W^ (jiU**j^ Js.^ d^Tz wa-djl wa- mutton, veal, samak wa-dajdj fish, and fowl, cii^l ji 15*^^ ^^ gada natagadda fi To-morrow we dine (J c/* J^^^^^ 'r-rif ihiath hull in the country : A_x_9j 5^«y fi icaqtuh send everything in time, jjl S^ ^$ji9 ^^ I* ^i'^a mflja /wZz'<5 wa- I have no cash j^U ^A^jtJ" lii Za^m ^tha talnc- about me, but if v^ ^_^ du-j^U ^rtm if«5kh?^th/2^- you will follow Idsah ji baitt me you will receive your money at my house. UjULj Jx:) Jifc hot tatakallam bi- Do you speak our lisd7iind language 1 X)1 lil (^^.^-jIj *xj naiam yd-sidi ana Yes, Sir, I can ^Ui ^jysJif atakallam bil- speak a little iarabi qalil Arabic. ^ j.a ;3 ^ ^\ Ji 2«f^ «i5^ lak Ji hd- How long have :>'X}\ thih al'bildd you been in this country ? ^y^*U * ^;^»-*w sanatain, uimain Two years. DIALOGUES. 149 ARABIC. PEONUNCIATIOlf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 1 — n\i\ {jxs:- LiuK«l umkuth dndi ay- Abide with me a dUd yam qalUa few days, i^c lAsb\ 8jj^ dnduh ahliyya He possesses great iazima ability. j^ls J^j* ^uwa rajul qadir He is an able man. Jjts ^ 'ijSsu, dlJ lah maqdara Lola Are you able to 1 jjb fiil hatha do this 1 i^^ Lilii cui^a Jcunt ghdHt casha- I have been absent ^Ijl rat ay yam ten days. Jx9 s>i^ tjl S-*5S y^'i^ «w natajan- We ought to ab- ^^1 72a5 fid ash-* stain from com- sJian^ mitting evil. c^ld Ijxa ^^.^=01 al'haldm Jidkathd It is absurd to (Jjiixjl j-^) /<^^^'g (didd al- speak thus. di-^ U ^xJ j-i. khttth qadr ma Take as much as j^£ ^x>£. yuijihah dndi you please, I kathir have abun- dance. cu-^ I*) «^>*^ Jjb AaZ rfl^d*^ Jm^ Do you accede Vjl duk caraditu ialaiJc to what I fi^w Za have proposed, or not ? 150 DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PEONUIfCIATIOlf. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ei^v^o t^JJi i^\iJ^=K]\ al-kitdh allatht The book you sent J^lljla. \ bacatht U hdz me was accept- al-qabul able, -.j^l V (JAJ]^' J tjl m lam turdfiqni Unless you ac- Id aruh company me, I will not go. it--L)l ^\ o,ji U md qadart an ah- I was not able to ^5^1^ {^\) lug (utammim) accomplish my murddi wishes. c->L*&. A3u> djJwC Ja //fl'Z dndak maihu Have you an ac- Ydsdh count with him 1 ^j^ ail aJc >^1 ushtuJci iolaiJi an- He is accused aW wt^^ saraq mu- of robbing his callimuh master. »J^1 j^c (<*A«w.fl3 j^ iawwid nafsak cala Accustom your- h\:6^\^ 1-qirda wa-l- self to read Jcitdba and write lji^-^=» u-i^Uo ajjc iinduh maidrifJca- He has many ac- thira quaintances. ii^ i—ijU* J^aa- hflJss«Z maidrif ja- He has acquired 2?^a great knowledge. j>Sa^ V^^ lM^ «Z-^6Z ai'tayyihja- A good action lift liil'o dir Wth'thand deserves our minnd (i.e. min praise. nd) DIALOGUES. 151 ARABIC. PRONUNCIATION. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. ellS ^ 1a>. ss^ yt Jiu mujidd jiddan He is exceedingly (Jsi.lJl)^Vl fi ihdlik al-amr active in that {ash-shugV) business. isS^>. o^l^ zddat jamhiyyatuh His salary has been increased. u>s?^ ki. Vssb hatha khatt yuc- This is admirable ^2*5 writing. jij-9^ Ai-o s^s?"' atacajjah minh li- I admire him for Ac wufur dlmuh his great learn- ing. JjaJ Uj *U1 ^ Za usallim hi-md I do not admit of taqul what you say. fiJULl I jdfc jAftLJ^jiJ taqdir tuslifni hd- Can you advance tha ^l-mahlag me this sum ? ^>. ^»j-fli jjjJl al-caduww taqad- The enemy has Ji Jam h«^^a i7a advanced as far as (J L^y^ cJ^) U^ j^ s^^' lahd zamdn She has long been (j^l tawil fi 'd-dfg in adversity. U|^3s.6^4kl ^jV (—aKo takallaf li-an az- He affected a ]jy^^^ Jiar maivuf lea- great show of tJiir gratitude. i^j^ i-^JLJl sAJb hdthih al - qlssa This history is (iiJb * ilUa) mu^aththira (fac- affecting. cala, hdliga) 152 DIALOGUES. AEABIC. PEONUNCIATION. . ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. aI^ »3j* (jrfLl!^^) yuzhir It ^n - nds He shows great maioadda jazila affection for the people. A:».jili j^ ujU-1 lil «^« <^kha/m^^ a^- I am afraid to dliA Ji taioajjuh ila liu- go there. ndh ^^\ (ji J-) j^ ^-* ^^ ^^'^^ ^^ q;*6«- I do not wish to (Aft^-4^1) Aw^ {aksifuK) confront (en- counter) him. ^jft *<^^ 1 ^ lo Li-a sinn^hd md hu ah- Her age is not ^jj^j^c- thar min iashr more than ten sinin years, ca ^^ Asi;*^ v-i;3o ta(.rif sTiaikhuh Do you know who ^aw hu is his tutor 1 JjfiJ U Afi diiLsljl uicdfiqah cala md I agree to what taqul you say. Ci)i*_j J^ ^j^\ ^^i yatacaiun a^ndf They deal in va- 7wwkhtaZ*/(3? rious articles. ^1 ^tLki ^^Vi Uk. 'khalUnd al - an Let us now ascend J-il natlac ila 'I - the mountain. jahal \yt^\ lij&\ Jjbl alil al-qarya ij- The people of the tamadi village assem- hled. i^U^- (euft^) c>ji]^ r«*«z^ [sTiuft) ja- I saw a great (j*»Ul ^^« ^jiaii /?za4«5 iazima assemhly of min aii-nds people. iS^^jja^^ (^JLi qahilt bi-mairddak I assent to your proposal. diljS^AJl ^\ zacam annuh ha- He asserted that ihdlih it is so. L^ijtj jcLj ^jl L-^ ^a;7& «w nusddd We ought to assist Liio 5««dw« haida7i each other. DIALOGUES. 155 ARABIC. PEONUNClATIOir. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS* ljj\ y^[jj IJI^J U-mdthd tuidshir Why do you asso- j\j^)l\ ar - rifqat dl- ciate with evil ashrdr company ? ^J ^j«J Ajl d.1 jfl>.l uhaqqiq lak an- I assure you there Jas>^jA'i\ Vdsb nuh lais fi is no danger in hdthd 'I - amr that matter. kh«t«r \i^^jSsti\ 'SlLs>. 'khiT/alafal-cadutviv The enemy's ca- iqiahamtlnd valry attacked us. l;^ ^Jc L-Jbljj iJii. khalUnd nuwdzlh Let us attend to 4aZ« fardiina, our duties. Jxll ^c ifl\»u ^ Jilya mumakifa She pays attention Lala 7 a'/m to learning. ( 156 ) YOCABULAEY. Abandoned (he),^sf^ hajar, d^J tarak Ability, maqdara, iclk:^! istitdca Able,^^l5 qadir Able (he was), .ji qadar About, around, Jja. haul Above, ^^fauq Absence, c->LiJ giydh Absent, c-/5lc gdHh Absurd, Jls:* muhal, ^J^JrA gair al-haqq Abundance, 8^»3 kathra, j^j wufur Abundant, jjf Jcathir, ^\j wdfir Acceptance, acceptability. lH!^ ;.^g-«d. hash reckoning), Accident, axil^ wdqua Accompanied (be), rdfaq According to, Account (a c->Ly^ hisdh Accounted (he), e..*<«^ hasah Account of (on), J^.! ^JA min ojl Accused (he), complained, ^J^\ ishtaJca ; passive, ushtuJci Accustomed (he), ^jc caw- wad ; — (he was), ^aJ tacawwad Acid jjiu»l>. ham^'d Acquaintance (knowledge), i_S;jiA macrifa Acquaintances sJ^U* mac drif VOCABULARY. 157 Acquainted with^ j uJ.U: cari/M, ^Jc «JLk-* mu- tallic cola Acquired (he), J-o^i. hassa? Action, Jx9 fid Active, J^^^ camuly j>..<*^ mujidd Addition, sjljj ziydda Additional, jjU 2;a*ecZ Admirable, u^si** muijih Admission, admittance, Jjs.^ dukhul he gave admittance, Ja.^ daklikhal Admitted (he), he granted JL sallam Adorned (he), ^ji\ zayyan Advanced (he), went for- ward, ^JJL) taqaddam Advantage, i^jls fd'ida Advantageous, j-a* mufid^ «ili nafii, Adversary, ^Isr* mukhaBim Advice, counsel, i^i;*^ 7^as^- ha Affair, is?*^* masZaho, j^\ amr Affection, j*^ maivadda Affectionate, ^^ tvadud Afraid, cajU- khdHf After, jjo &ai^^ Again, L^A aida7i ; ditto, d.)JJ A;athaZ//r Against, opposite, ^s- iola Against, (opposed to), xi didd Age, ^jM sinn^j^s. iumr Agent, Ji^ ivakU Agree — he agreed, ^\j ivafaq, j_ftJl ittafaq, Jj qabil Agreeable, v— aJa) Zat*/; u-^L> tayyib Agreement, l?^^ s/^art (pi. ]e>jj^ sliurui) Aid, s. »ji:L** muscaada Air, [jjfc /itt'^ra Alive, ^ hayy All, 9^->. jamu Allow (imperat.), Ji. khaZZ* Almost, jsf nohw^ ^?^fi-J*j ^<^5'- rihan Alms, Us^ sacJaqa 158 VOCABULARY. Alms (he gave), ^js^ &ad- daq Also, UjI cddan Alteration, ^^^' tagytr Altogether, {ju^^jamuan Always, UiU dddman, ^js. j»ljjJl idla ^d-dawdm Ambassador, ^:^^ elchi {TurUsh) Among, amidst, ^^ hain Amount, total, iUa. jurnla Amount, sum of money, iL» mablag Amounted (it), ib halag Amused himself (he), ^^^ talahJia, /LJ tasalla Amusement, J4J laliio Anchor, sL*^ mirsat Ancient, ^j5 qadtm, ^:^ catiq Angered (it), l-a^ gaddab Angry, ijLoc gadbdii Angry (he was), ^>._^-c gadih Animal, ^j\j^ haiwdn Answered (he), ^jXs^jdwab Answer, s. L^\j>^Jatvdb Anxious, ^jU qaliq, jS^ mulcaddar Ape (an), ^ qird Apologized (he), J^zs.\ ida- thar Appeared (it^ or he), ^]i zahar Appeared in person (he), jj^as:*' shakhas Apples, -iLJ tu^dh Approved (he), l^j .n 7 ...1 istastoab Arise — he arose, ^^Is qdm Arms (weapons), .1-- sildh Arm (the limb), sc\^ sdM Army, ^^1^ caskar, ^Ji^ jaish Around^ j\j^ datcdr, J^ haul Arranged (he), l-J, rattab, j»kj nazam Arrangement, *-*J/ tartib, ^.\?;) tanzim Arrival, Jj-^j wusid, j»^j» Arrived (he), J^ ?^asaZ VOCABULARY. 159 Art, ^ fann — (profession, trade), sama, ai^a. hirfa Artful, ^K-o mahkdr, ^*b daJd Artifice, ^jii gadr Artificer, joU mnii Artificial, Uc camali As, d prefixed, U^a Jcamd Ascended (he), «JlW idlic Ashes, :>U, ramdd c Asked (he), JL» sa^al Asleep, olj ndHm Asparagus, ^^ halydn , Ass, .Ua. \iimdr Assembled (he), brought together, st.^ jamai Assembled (it, as a crowd), «^;o.l ijtamai Asserted (he)^ ^cj zaiam Assiduous (in study), c-iXauA muncahif Assisted (he), ^J\s^ acdn, j^ na^ar Assured (he), affirmed, A^=»l alilmd, (jQa. Yiaqqaq Associated with (he), ^Ic idshar Astonished (it), ^-^ ('Oojo>h, j^ hayyar Astonished (he was), i-xs?" taiajjah^ Jcj>\ ihtdr Astonishment, i^ haii^a, Astray (he went), J-^ suha iikU* sultanah Autumn, eJ^i. \h.anf Avoided (he), ^^ ^^' ta- jannah min Awake — he awakened, he roused, kojl aiqaz Awake — he awoke, ]a^^\ istaiqaz Axe, ^j-U/a'as 160 VOCABULARY. B. Back — see reverse, return, etc. O -' Back (the),^ za7i7^ Bad, ^:>j radi, jjl sharrir — . (in reference to money), Ji^J zagal Bag, ^^S Ids Baggage, Jlijl athqdl Baker, jLi. Wiobtdz Bank (of a sea or river), Js.U* sdhil, ^Ll^ sMtz Banker, v-jj^ sarraf Barber, ^J%^ lialldq, ^j-i}* muzayyin Bargain — see Cheap Bargain — a cheapening_, A^-«wo musaicamah Bargain — an agreement, jlftj"! ittifdq Bargained (he), agreed, ,j_fl_)l ittafag r>argained — he cheapened, or chaffered, ^jL. sdwam, S'Xi ^y^ carnal hdzdr Barley, »-jtl shadr Barrel, J^ larmil Barren (as soil, ground), j^ bur, haur Basket, J*J) zamhtl Be — he was, ^ Icdn Beans, ^^9 Jul Beard (the), iX^ lihya Beat (he), t_^ darah Beautiful, ^^_***_&. hasan, ^^^^t^ jamil, ^sJU malih. Become — he becamCj^U sdr Bed, jjil^ firdshy IL^ fa?'- sha Beef,^iij ^s) lahm haqar Bees, Jis nahl Before (in place), ^\j3 qud- ddm^ j»lol amdm Before (in time)_, J-.i qahl Beggar, ^^aJ faqir Begged (he), JU sa'al ; (he entreated), ^^_^^^j tarajja Begin — he began, \xj\ ih- tadd Beginning, ^jj had\ IjjljI ibtidd, ^K rd^as Behind, l,^ tvard^ YOCABULARY. 161 Behoves (it), c-^-s: yajih Believed (he), ^^1 dman, jiicl iitaqad Bell, ^j>.jaras Belly, ^Ja^ lain Below, ciasJ tdht, ^^^:> dun Bend — he bent, JU mal Benefaction, Jm\ imam Benefit, use, sjjla fdHda Benefited (he), verb ti\ ^ ^\ amam cola Beside, l-^^ qarib Besides, Ij^ iadd Better, best, j > ,>. kha^V, ^i dkhyar Betrothal, iJai. khwt6flj Between, ^-*-j hain^ U^f hainamd Beyond, A.^ ward^ Big, ^ dakhm Bird,^l9 lair {"^l. jy^oiuyur) Birth, jJj^ maulid Bishop, ^_fli*.l usquf Bit (he), ^c. 4«dd Bitter,^* 7?i2^rr Black (adj.), ^1 aswad, (fern.), \^jM saudd^ Bladder (water-bag), ^^ qirha Blamed (he), ^^ lam, -j . wahhakh. Blessing (suhs.), I ^^/-j baraJca Blind (adj,), ♦cl acma Blood, A^ damm Blossom (flower), ijitjzaJira, Skimm Blow (a stroke), h^ dai^ba Blue, ^j\\ azrak Boat, t_:>.LJ 5'ari5 markab Body, ^-**-a» j/sw^, jc Boiled (it), ^Jc g«Za; he boiled, jjJL sci^Zag' Bold, .^--ji. jasur Bolt (of a door), l->— ^ d«5^, jlc g«/g' Bone, Jac tazm Book, ^\^ kitdb (pi. >^:5 Am^wJ) Bookseller, ^i^\ ^[> bd'u al-kutuh Boot, 6jij>- jazma M 162 VOCABULARY. Boots or shoes, Icj^^ tasu- ma, Jlj^ sirwdl, ^fj^ markuh Borrowed (lie), .\,y„:.M>il istatdr w Bottle, i:^J qinnina Bottom (depth), ^ qacr Bough, ^ fan (pi. ^^J furui) Bought {partic), (jj t .t. 4> musJitar^a Bowed (he), in courtesy, fSj rahai Box, trunk, jjjj.^ sanduq Boy, jc-^-*« saJ^, ^^-^ guldm Brain, cU^ dimdg Branch, ^j^^ gusn, &jJ fan Brass, ^jA^ nahds Brave, ''^j^^- J^^ Bread, ^^ (Syr.) khubz, ^^^ (Eg.) caish Breadth, ^jc card Break — he broke, ^ . .., <=== » Breakfast, jjaafuiur Breath, ^^^^«iJ w^j/Jr^ Brick, ^1 o;*wrr, j^ qar- mid Bride, (j**;^^ iarz^s Bridegroom, fj^j>-^ iarus, Bridle (suhs.), A^ lijdm Bright,^* munir, ^ jalt, ^^ baM Bring (imp.), ^^Jlj».\ ahdeV, c^U hdtj i^^j^ jih — he brought, c->U. jdh — he brought forward, ^^ haddflfr Broken, j^J^» maTcsur Brother, ^\ akh (pi. ^J\y>\ iWLwdn) Brown, ^,^^1 asmar Brush, iZ»^ furaha Brute, beast, i*-4^ haJiima Build — he built, ^-> hana Buried (he), ^^j dafan, jA qdbar Burn (y,a. and v. w.)— he burnt, or it burnt, j/a-l i\daraq Business, Jii. shu^^ VOOABIJLART. 163 ^^sy, Jji^ masTigul But, ^J^ laJcin^ Jj hal, Ul ammd Butcher, L->La9 qassdb Butter, ^J.^^^% samn, lx-i\ zuhda Button (a)^ j5 zarr (pi. .l^jl Buy — he bought, (_^,:.,^1 Buyer, (j^^« mushtari C. Cabbage^ v-*_i^^ kurumh, \^y^ malfuf Cable, J-.a. h«5Z Cage, jjAfls ^«/«s Cake, ii^ Tcaik Calf, JsP a}7 (pi. J^ iujul) Called (he), proclaimed, ^^U ndda Called (he), named, ^♦-j samma Calm, ^\sb hddi, ^^> L*» sdkin Calmed (he), ^jjt Jiadda, K^iS^ sakhat Calmed (it), cuC» saJcat Camel, ^^ jamal {i^\, JU»- jimdl) Camp, jCmjc* muiaskar Can — see Able Candle, x^ shame Candlestick, ^jljjt^ sha- maiddn Captivity, »yjl isr Care (anxiety), djUi dndya, (attention) j*UiJbl ihtimdm Careful, fjo)^ harfs, ^4* muhtimm Carpenter, ^l^ najjdr Carpet, l^\^ sajjdda Carried (he), J*&. hamal Carrot, .^ jazar Cash, jAJ ^ag^;? Cask, J-^o^ harmil Castle, ix]^ qalca Cat, k5 g'itt (pi. LlkS git at) Catch — he caught, gripped, (<*Lmwo masik ^^ qabad, ja.1 «khath Catch — he caught (in fish- ing or fowling), ^lJa_^l istdd 164 VOCABULARY. Cauliflower, k«j^ qarnabti Cause, ^^^ sabah (pi. ^\^\ ashdh) Cautious, j^is:* 7nuh.tariz Celebrated {partic), jj^-^ mashhur Certain (sure), J-a-s^ fnu- haqqaq Certainly, la>. haqqan Chain, aJUL salsala, silsila Chair, ^^ kiirst Changed (he), Jjj baddal, Chapter, ^^fasl Charcoal, ^ fahm Charge, care, custody, 1*,!^. \iirdsa Charged (he), commis- sioned, commanded, ^j wassa, J^ wahkal Charged — see Cost, Eeckon, Order, Office Charming, agreeable, ^^JLo malih Cheap, ^jo^j rdk\ds Cheat (v.), ^J:^ gashsh, jS£. gadr Cheerful,^j^^.M** masrur Chicken, ^^Jfarruj Child, jjj walad (pi. ^Vjl auldd) Choose — he chose, .LjL-i.1 *kh^ar Chosen, ^lis* mukhtdr Church, h^^ kamsa Circle, lj\^ ddHra Circumstance, J'o. h.dl (pi. Jlj>.l dhwdV) City, A,;_jtj^ madina (pi. ^j^ mudun) Civil (polite), e^jLi-o tww- ta'addib Claw,^flU zufVy v_Jli. khwZJ Clay, ^j^o tin Clean, neat, ^— g » \^.) waz*/, ^l-l? idhir Cleaned (he), e-Li5 ^adda/, ^* Twa^ah Clear (as the sky), jj^U sahi, iL» so^ Clever, Jj?Li, sJidtir, jiU hathzg' * Climbed (he), Jju© s«4ff^, ^iLLl irtaqa VOCABULARY. 165 Clock, AcL> sdca Closed (he) — see Shut Closet (privy), iiUs^l adab- khdna Closet (private room), i^ hujra, 'ijii. khalwa Cloth, ^U5 qumdsJi, ^j^ Clothes, raiment, l^jJ) thauh, (^lo thiydhf <^^y\ athwdh Cloud, c-.As.'** sahdh Clouded (it), ^^ gapjam Coach, l^itf kar7 iaraha I Coal, j^ fdhm V Coarse (material)^ c;— ^-^ Coarse (manners), Ja-^-Lc. galiz Coast, Ja.L» sdYiil (pi. J.a-l^»j sawdhil) Cock, eJ^j J dik Coffee, ly^ qaliwa Cold, coldness, ay hard Cold, frigid, aj^j hdrid Collected (he), Ji lamm, «.«.&. jamac Colour (suhst.), ^j^J laun (pi. ^\j\ alwdn) Comb, W^ mushi Come {imp.), JUj' tacala he came, \>'jd\ ^j\ aia Comfort, ease, l:^J raha, bb hand Comfort, consolation, iJLj* tasliyya Command — see Order Commerce,^* matjar Common (shared by seve- ral), d^-o mushtarah Common (inferior), ^j^ dun, j^ haqtr Communicate — see Inform Companion, ^J^ rofiq (pi. f\AJj rufaqd) Company, i^st^ jamdyya, ^jJisT* mujlis, llsj rufqa, 1^ s>uh.ha Compared (he), ^}i qdyas Compass, pair of compasses, jIsIj Mkar 166 VOCABULART. Compelled (he), *pl alzam, ^y>\ ahwaj (he was), ^^1 iltazam Competent, .^Is qddir,ji^ jadlr Complained (he), JOlJ tasJiahlca, ^S\ ikhtafa Concluded (he), finished, ^ khatam Conclusion, ^^lii. khitdm Condemn (he condemned to death), ojJIj -X». haJiam hi ^l-maut he blamed, ^i \h.amm Condition (state), JU haZ (pi. J|^-»-l dhwdl), ^jLJ:. sMn Condition (of agreement), ]oj^ shart (pi. ]ojj^ shurut) Conduct, behaviour, taJ^ SUlUfC Conducted (he), led, guided, ^Is qdd, ij^jb Jiada Confessed (he),^il aqarr Confession, ^1^1 iqrdr Confidence (trust), Isu thi- qa, jUicI iUimdd, ^U:;cl iUiqdd Conjunction, iUj wa^la Conquered (he),^ qaJiar, e-^lc galab, z$ fatah,y^ zafar Conquered (partic), vjU* magluh Conquest, ja fafh^^ zafr Consent («.), Li. ri^a Consented (he), U . rad^ Consequence, isj-' natija Considered (he), reflected, J.*l3 iaammal, ji^ tofaJc- kar Consoled (he), A^ salla Consulted (he), j^li shd- e^«7', ^lli^l istasMr VOOABULAET. 167 radda Contained (it), J^l ish tamal Contented, ^\j rddi, ^U qdnic Contented (it), ^j (he was), ^.-^ radi Continued (he),^.» ; »»! ^5^«- marr Continued (he), ceased not froDQL, JhU wazaZ Continually, Ujb daiman Contrary, uJ^a» khi'Za/, J^ diJt^ Contrived (he), ^\ij\ irtda, c,i>.l ikhiarai Convenient, «-*>.|^ wojih, cyukjLo mundsib Conversation, ijil^ muhd- datha, l^o\s^ mukhdiahttf ijj\^ mvhdwara Conversed (he), cijj^ ta- haddath^j^\c idsJiar Conveyed (he), carried, Ji5 naqal Cook (suhs.), ^\^ iabhdkhi Cooked (he), ^J© taJakh Cool, fresh, ^]oj ratb Cool (he made), ^ harrad Cord, J^ h«5Z (pi. JU1 «h5aZ) Cork, stopper, i^ljw^ siddda Corn, ^ g'amh Comer, ajjI^ zdwiyya, \^Jio iaraf Cost (it), (_ftJLSo takallaf Cotton, ^9 quin Cough (subs.), iix^ sacala Coughed (he), Jx^* 5ai«Z Counted (he), numbered, reckoned, jc cadd, <.^j^^ hasab Country, jJb balad, j^_^ 5iZa^, (pi, of »jL haldd) Courage, i\^jard^a Course, extent, Ix^ mud^/u Cow, »^ baqara Cradle, J4* wa^J Created (he), ^jli. kh»Z«g Creator, ^jJU. khaZzg, ^^ kh^ZZag' Credit, (loan), ^^ J^^iw (belief), :>U^i idimdd 168 VOCABULARY. Credit (reputation), ^L:;^! idibdr Crooked, — ^cl aiwaj Crowd, J^\ zihdm, iJj>^ jauqa Crow (a bird), c.\j zdg Crown, coronet, —IS tdj Cruelty, ijLj qasdwa Cruel, J Hi zdlim, ^l5 qdst Cry — lie cried out, ^^^^ sarakh, ^{^ sah Cry — he wept, ^ bdka (Cucumber, .Li. klieyar Cultivated (he) [the ground] ci^ harath, ^falah. Cunning (adj.),JC^ makMr Cunning, guile,^^ makr Cup, — j5 qaddh^ J^finjdn, ^^y^hds Cured (he), (^b ddwa Oure, remedy, \^^ dawd Curious (strange), '--'^ iiijiby vJ;C garib Curious, inquisitive, uiutajassis Curiosity, inquisitiveness, Lafti**il istiqsa Curtain, s.L*. sitdra Cushion, ji^< masnad, sjit* mukhadda Custom, 5jW idda Cut (he), ^ qaiac A cutting otf, l^jazma D. Damp, moist, v--.-!?^ ratft, Danced (he), ^j raqas Danger, ^ki. khatar Dared (he),^U^' tajdsav Darkness, ^^ zaldm, iUk zulma Date (fruit), ^ tamr Date (of a letter dr a book), ^jlJ tdrikh. Daughter, c>ij &m^ Dawn,^/cy>, ^^ sM^h Day, ^^i yaw7?i (pi. ^L*! ayyain) To-day, ^y^\ al-yaum All day long,^l4Jl J^ tUl an-nahdr YOCABULARY. 169 Dciytime,^l4i nahdr Dead, ^^ mutawqffi, kz. niayyit Dear (not cheap), JU gdli (beloved) , c-*--a. haUh^ ^jfsf mahhub Death, oj* maut Debt, ^ji^ dain Deceit, ^^^ gish, jj^ gurur Deceived (he), cji. khadac Decided (he), determined, concluded, ^jazam, Xas qcmad he delivered judg- ment. So- \akam Declaration,^;)^ ^agr/r, ^^1 iddm Deep, profound, jj*^ iamiq Defended (he), *U hdma Delay, ^^-j^U ^a'^kh/r, ^\J taani il^* muJila Delay — he delayed, j^ akhar, J^*! amhal Delight (5w55.), iijj Zaththa Delightful, ^L-*> mrr, ^j.a^ mufarrih. Delivered (he), consigned, surrendered, JL sallam Delivered — he liberated, ^Ja\^ khallas Deliverance, liberation, »Ui najdt Deliverance, handing over, ^JLJ taslim Demanded (he), claimed, requested, w-JUs talah Demolished (he), j*ja hadam Denial, ^&1 inkdr Denied (he), ^1 ankar, Departed (he), ^\j rah,^L. sdfar Depended on (he or it), _) jIjo tacallaq hi Depended — he relied on, trusted in, j^aicl iUaqad Deprived (he), ^^ j»^>. haram min, ^ ojj nazac can j\ Deprived (he was), -»^ inharam Descended (he), J^ nazal 170 VOCABITLARY. Described (he), lJl-^^j wasaf Description, c_ft^ was/ Desert, waste (5.), hy har- riyya Desert, merit, jlasr*-] istih- qdq Deserted (he), j^ Jiajar, ^J lardk Deserved (he), jW^' ista- h.aqq^ ^>&.ji^l istaujdb Deserving, worthy, ^j-s?**** mustahiqq Desire {s.), Is-j ragba, jl^ murdd Desire, passionate longing, ^ji shauq Desire — it excited desire, jj^ shawwaq Desired (he), ^^^\ isJitaha, jl::^! ishtdq, c-aC, ragib, Jlc mdl Desirous, v-^K rdgib Despair (subst.), ^ja\j ya^as Despaired (he), ^j^ij ya^is Desperate, hopeless, ^^\m ma^ayus Desperate, furions, ,^4 -^ mutahawwir Despicable, JJ j thaZi^ j^ haqtr Despised (h&),^^\ thtaqar Destination, Xai* maqsad Destined (he), assigned, appointed, ^yu: cay y an Destined, decreed by fate, jji* muqaddar Destiny, Lii qa^d^ j^xL* maqdur^ l^^ qisma Destroyed (he), ruined, ^h»j dammar, ddal ahlak Destruction, ^^^ takhrib Detail (in), J-«afli)l jjc (,ala 't'tafsU Detailed (he), J-aj fassal Detained (he), withheld held back, j^ cawwaq, du***! amsak t^i-sjl aio^ Detained (he), [in custody], ^^j,,^ habas Detected (he), s^MSkashaf Detection, discovery, ^-AtT kashf, \^\ vihdr VOOABULARY, 171 Determination, firm inten- tion, s^ qasd, ^ys. cazm Detestable, ijS^ makruh Detraction, scandal, 1.^4-1 tuhma Deviated (he), strayed, sU tdh, J^ daZZ Devil, ^jlkJt, shaitdn (a bad man), .j^ sharir Devoid, destitute of, ^c^xc cadim Devotion (religious), »^Lc dldda Devotion (personal), l^yai^ khususit/ya Devoured (he), aL balac Devout, JL> sdlih Dew, fjji nada Diamond, ^j^L mas, (j*»ljl almas Diarrhoea, JIjm.1 is'hdl Dictionary, iiill ^\SMtab al-lugat Died (he), oU mat, ji^j tawajffu Differed (he), ^^^ farag Differed (he) in opinion or feeling, t^h^j ikhtalaf Difference, diversity, ^ farq, v^^Li.! ^kh^i'Zci/ Different, u-iJU:* mwkhaZi/, «^lis^ wwkh^aZ2/ Differently, l5^ farqan Difficult, u-*3S4d saib, ^^--*c Difficulties, straits, ,j^ d/g, ^ 5aZ« Difficulty, ijjjc-a smuba, Diffident, ^^b^ mutawahhim Dig— he dug,^fls^ ha/ar Digested (he), ^,.^ haMam (put in order), Ja> nazam Digestion, ^^ hadm Dignity, 1_-J^_* martaba, \^J:> sharaf Diligence, A^^\ ihtimdm Diligent, J.^^ mujtahid Dim, adj.^ ^sae* mudim Dimension, ix-jj vjasca Diminished (he), jj^-iJ naqqas, Jli ^a//aZ 17'2 VOCABULARY. Diminished (it), Ji qall Diminished in value, fallen, ksr* munhatt Diminution, J-JLqJ taqlil, ^JaA^ naqs Dined (he), ^jsk) tagadda Dinner, ]s^ gadd Direct, straight, ^pi^^ mus- taqtm Directed (he), instructed, v_j^l addah commanded, ^,_*1 amr (tte), pointed out, j^j^ Jiada, J^ dall Direction, ^U..l irsMd Dirt, filth, j^j wasakh Dirty, 2**^ wasikh., ^j^ najis Disabled (^particip.), * Q«»^tr mudaccaf Disadvantage, j^ darar Di.sagreeable, u^ makruh Disagreement, uJ^Li^l ikhti- Idf, Afii^Lo mundzaia Disappeared (he), t->U gdh Disappointed (he), ^,« ,. >. khayyai, Jji. khathaZ Disappointed (he was),L-*li. kha6 Disapproved (he), ^ithamm Disaster, l^^^ masiba Discerned (he), distin- guished,^^ mayyaz Discernment, 'tjt^ dismissal, ^ys, prison), Discharge, iazl Discharge (from ^j£. gufrdn Discharged (he), dismissed, ^ys. cazal (a gun), jjJLLl atlaq Discontented^ ^\j jtP- g^iT rddt Discount, Ll£*»l isqdt Discovered (he), c^s &.I dhdafh,^] azhar Disdain (subs.), ijUl ihdna Disdained (he), ^jUl ahdn Disease, b dd, ^^ marad Disgust, loathing, 6^ karh Disgusting, ij^:^^ mustak- rah Dish, platter, jsi^ sahn, Afts^ sah/a (pi. swhww, siha/) YOCABULARY. 173 Dishonest, ^j^ j*s- gair amin Dishonour, disgrace, in- famy, L->-c iaib^jXs. idr Dismiss — see Discharge Disobedient, -©Ui cast Disobeyed (he), ^c casa, ^«_ftJU. Midlaf Disorder, disturbance, Jli. khalal Disorder, sedition, juis fit- nah Dispersed (he), oi.^ sJiattat Displayed (he), spread out, j.^ madd Displayed — he exhibited, j^\ azhar Displeased (he or it), ]i\c\ agdz Displeased (he was), liliil igtdz Disposition, temper, ix^-L tabtcat Dispute, altercation, JU-a- jiddl, chj nizdi Disputed (he), e^^. hahath, J^U jddal Dissension, Ix^^.a^ 'khumma Distance, Xxj buid, ijLwo niasdfa Distinctjjli^ mumfdz Distinguished (he), j^.^ mayyaz Distress (5.), u-^ liarh^ ia*^ Mqa^ 8jc^ sJiidda Distressed, grieved [par- ticip.), ^^JoaOA mudtarib, ijjy^ mdhzun Distributed (he), c-j wazzai Ditch, ^jii gadir Divided (he), ^ qassam Division, ^^^3 taqsim Divine, heavenly, 4 jl ilahi Do — he did, ^ faial, J^c carnal Doctor (medical), c-^^--L> iabth Dog, f^J^halb (pi. i^\s^ kildb) Done (particip.), J>*3c* mai- mul, Jjxio mafiul Door, u«>lo bdb (pi, abwdb) 'j-^i 174 VOCABULARY. Double, doubled, muddiaf, ^xi* muthanna Doubled (he), cacU didiaf it doubled, or be- came double, t-icLoJ ta- Miaf Doubt, suspicion, uncer- tainty, (sLJ^ shakic, u-^ raib, l^ sJiuhJia Doubted (he), (<*U. shakk Doubtful, duLl* mushtaha^ v_A-.i^ murib, ^^jSij* shukuki Doubtless, undoubtedly, c^. V Id raibj a (^■, ;.,.■>!:. ^ bild shubha Dove, icW hamdma Down (under), o^ taht Downwards, j^ ,^^-0 min fauq Dowry, ^ muhr Dragged (he), t-)J-> y«- tha5 Draw — he drew, delineated, Draw — he drew along, ^^-d. jarr, i..^ sahab Draw — he drew or pulled out, 3^ qalai Dream, 5., Ja. hwZw Dress, ^\^ libds Dressed (he), v, a. \^kasa, ^j«J labbas, ^j^\ albas Dressed (he), v. neitt,, ^j»JS talabbas Dressing {-partic), ^j»*A^ mulbis Drink, v., he drank, u->^ sharib Drink, s, i^Jia shurb, u-jJ^ shardb Drive — he drove out, he expelled, ^ tar ad, jto dafac Drop, S.J i^23 qatra, iiaaJ nuqta Drop — it dropped (liquid), kaJ naqqat Drought, ^kjl ^j^ adam al-mair, u-sltj nashdf Drowned (he or it), sub- merged, ,^ garraq Drowned (he or it was). VOCABULAEY. 175 Drowsiness, ^_^ nais Druggist,^ liac (.aiidr Drum, J*L iabl Drunkard, ^^]^C*» sakrdn Dr^ — he dried, ^^m-j yahhas Dry, adj., <,J^lj ndshif, ^^^ ydhis Duck (a), aki 5att«5 Due, owing, Ujll t--^l^ w;4;V6 al-wafd Dumb, ^js>'\ okYiras Duration, J^^ datvdm, Jj^^\ istimrdr During, j%b U md dam, UjI ^3 ft athnd Dust, ^Lc gubdr, t->l^ ^ora6 Duty, t-*j*»l^ wdjlb, ^jOj-J fard Dwell — he dwelt, ^J^=»^ I sakan Dwelling, habitation, ^JC^ makdn, ^Jx-*** masJcan Dyer, cl^ sabbdg r Each, jo.lj ^hull wdhid Eager, jjlx^ mushtdq Eagerness, A*^a* hamiyya Eagle, ^^ /zasr Ear, jjil z^thw (dual ^Jljil athndn, pi. ^J|jl dthdn) Early, adv., fjjSi badri Early (in the morning), \j^=>\) bdkiran Earned (he)^ acquired by industry, &c., ^^^ kasab. Earth, \^\J turdb; the earth. Lfy ardi Earthenware, ^U? /^khkhar Earthly, ^j\ ardi, ^c*^\s- idlami Earthquake, iJ^h zalzala Earthy, )]^ turdbi Ease (repose, comfort), li>.\j rdha Ease (facility), aJ^^* suhd' lah East (the), ^J^ sharq, ^p^ mashrag Easy, facile, J^-- sahl Eat — he ate, Jfl a^a/ Eatables, J.^=>U ma^akal Eclipse, y^jS kusiif, v-jLXil inkisdf 176 TOOABULARY. Eclipse (of the moon), jj*^ khusilf Economy, JU::cl utiddl Edge (of a knife or sword), ja. hadd (brink), jS kandr, AsU- hafa Educated (he), ^j rahba Education, 1^3 tarhiya^ v->j»^lj> ta^adib Effect, result, consequence. Efficacious, Jli/auaZ Efifort, endeavour, ^^ saiy s^jdhd Egg, A^ baida Either — see Or Elbow, j»^ mirfaq Elegance, U\^ zardfa, i.VJaJ latdfa Elegant, «— w^ zarif Elephant, JJ fil Elevation, cUj^I iV^i/at Eloquence, h^\^ fasdha Embarked (he), cjT^Jl j j;5 nazal fi^l-marlcah Embarrassment, oKW-^jI idtirdb, »^ h«t>a Embraced (he), jiW 4(£w«^ Embroidery, ji^ ^atm Eminent, Jlc ^aZ/ Empalement, ^^-^ kha^t- zaqa Empire, iiki-** saltana Employed (he), gave em- ployment to, Ji^ shaggaly j5^ waJckdl Empty, void, JU. khaZr, ^\3fdrig Empty — he emptied, ^ fadda Emulated (he), ^jjL. sdbaq Enabled (he), ^jj qaddar jS9\ aqdar Encamped (he), pitched tents, ^ khayyam Enclosed (it), encompassed, L>Ui ahat Enclosing, encircling, W^ muhtt Encountered (he), he met, uJjU> sddaf VOCABULARY. 177 f Encouraged (he),^«*^ya55fl5r, d/». harraJc Endj^l akhiTy L-il infikd, ijU. thdtima Endeavoured (he), J^-^1 ijtahad, s^jadd Endeavour, attempt, subs., J4*. jahd Ended (he), ^J tammam, ^ khatam Ended (it), ^^i^ intaha, tamm Enemy, jj.c caduwtv (pi. Ucl «46?a) Energy, s.j^ qudra Engaged, busy, J^^-i-l-* mashgdl England, »^Kil Inkilterra Enjoyment (happiness), juj tanauum Enlarged (he), amplified, x.-aj wassai Enough, sufficient, ^^Jcdfi Enough, sufficiency, ajI^ kifdya Enraged (he was), kl_i-^l Entered (he), J-i-^ da>- khaZ Entirely, aXlb Ml Iculllya, iU^ jj fi ^l-jumla Entreated, ^J tarajja Envelope (of a letter), uJ^ gildf, Aslfl] Zi/4/« Envy, Ju-mj>. hasad Equal, ijjL^ musdtvi, (^ji-«-o must aw i Equal (an), ^y ^a?*i^ (pi. J\J\ aqrdn) Equalled (he or it), was equal with, jjjLJ tasawa, {Jj:l^\ istawa Equalled — he made equal, he equalized, (^jL. sdioa Equivalent, J^U* mucddil Error, Wii gaZat Escaped (he). Is? najd, cJlsl aflat Estate, property, J liic caqdr Eternal, ^jsj] ahadiyy, ^^ azaliyy Even, adj. — see Equal Even, even to, adv., ^ hatta 178 VOCABULARY. Evening, ll* masa Event, Axdlj rvaqica, ^jUJl ittifdq Ever — see Always Every, J^s* hull Evidence, g^LJi, shahdda Evil, suhs.jjli sJiarr Evil, «. hdshd, Uc cadd, ^j^uj siwa, j^c. gair Exception, Lj:i--1 istithnd Exchanged, (he), Jjj hadal, Exchange, substitution, Jj jjt tahdll Excited (he), he stirred up, d,_a. YiarraTcy ^j-^ har- rod Exclaimed (he), — L? sah Excluded, forbidden, ^^j^ mdhrum, pjU^ mamnilc Excuse, subst,,jjs, cuthr Exempt from, adj., ujl-x-o ^j^ mucdf min Exercise, use, practice, JU«i-j1 istumdl, <^\j^ tadrlb Exercise, recreatiou, ^j.ii3 tafarruj Exercised (he), practised, jj^U mdras, Exigency, Lii5i zqtidd Exiled (he), aJ nafa, 2>jJo tarad Exile (an), Sijo tar id Expected (he), ^kj:jl m- tazar Exi[)eTided,particip., v^i^.^* masrilf — see Spend yOCABULARY. 179 Experience, hj^ tajriba, »^ khibra Expert, ^^ khabtr Explained (he), — ^ sharali Explanation,^^;j-M-ij tafstr Expressed (he), uttered, k_flj lafaz Extensive, s>x» madid Extent, :>]szti\ imtiddd Extinguished (he), ^ tafa Extracted (he), drew out, ^^sf^l istak^raj Extraordinary, .^Li nadir, b^LseJl v«j!A_a. khildf al- idda Extravagant (with money), «wJ^-«uo musrif Extreme, extremity, ex- tremely, iU gdyat Eye, ^^ (.ain (pi. ^JJ_-_c aiytin) (dual J^^ caindn) Fable, 5w55., l^l^i^.Wiurdfa'k, Jio mathal Face, A_&.j ivajh (pi. 8^j ivujilh) Failed (it), was deficient, ^jQA) naqas Faithful, ^^^1 amin Fall, subs. J Ljft^ suqUt Fall— he or it fell, ^j waqac, \zi^ saqat False, ^jj zdr, i_>iK Mthib Falsehood, ^^j^ kithb Family (household), Jj»>l o-JI afil al'bait Family (race), J^ nasi, c-^^ nasab Familiar (intimate), adj., v«^Iia rautaalif Famine, ks? ^aht Fan (a), ia-jj^ marwaha ^ancy, JL^ khayaZ, ^^ Far, far off, x.^ badd Farewell (he bade), c,:>j waddac Farewell ! d^LU. khatr^;^ Fashion (form), ^^ zayy. Fashion (custom), g.>lc idda Fast (swift), »ij^ sarU Fastened (he), (jy qaicica Fat, adj., ^«w samin 180 VOCABULARY. ah, jJI^ todlid Fate — see Destiny- Father, Fatigue, t-^aJ taiah Fatigued (it), ^yo tauah, u^»)l atiab Fault, c-A^ iaib,La^naqtsa Faultless, t-^^^ '3o bild caib Favour, iJLo minna, a.*-rJ niima Fear, .?., uJ^ kha?//, asU:* mwkh/7/(a Feared (he). v_5U kha/ Fearful, frightened, w-iiU. kha^/, v^js:* mukhawivaf Feather, i^ risha (pi. (-rl; rfs/i Fed, par tic, v^jU* maddf Fed (he), he ate, J..^=»i a^aZ he gave food, ^-atJ?] at4am, u-aIc 6«Za/ Feel, he felt, u^ \iass Feel — he felt compassion, ^jflj^ sJiafaq Felicitated (he), ei)^l> 5ara^ Fellow, companion, co- , Felt (the stuff called), ^U lubhdd Feminine, ^\ untha, e^^ mu^annath Fence (a), an enclosure, aLUI zhat^ Fermented (it), ,*ii.l ikh- tamar Ferociouf2, (jr^J wahsJii Ferry, subs,,^^^* macbar Fertile, c-^:j-aa^ khastb Festival (religious), j^x ctd, (pi. jLcI aiydd) Fever, ^&. humma Feverish, f*j*s^ mahmtcm Few, Jis g-^ZiZ Fidelity, iJUl amdna Field, open land, Jia. haj'Z Fig, iiJ fi^;2« (pi. ^^ iffw) Fight, a battle, Jlii ^/^aZ, Fight — he fought, u->^L». hdrab, JJli ^a^crZ Figure (shape), jCi shaMy ^jy> B>tlra Filled (he), X» maWa Filled up, particip.y ^Js^ wiww^aZi VO0ABULA.RY. 181 Filth, A-.U Find — he found, s>j vmjad Fine (a penalty), a » ) >_&» jarima Finger, ^u^\ isbai (pi. jL>\ja\ asabu) Finished — see Com plete, Conclude Fire, sub.,j\j ndr (pi. ^^1^ nirdn) he set on fire, ^jj>\ ahraq, j^ haraq it took fire. l|/^' ihtaraq he fired (a gun) — see Discharge Firm (steady), >*,V, rdsikh. Firm (determined), ci^jU ihdbit First, J^l Jjl atvwal (m.), Ula {fern.) First — at first, Vjl awwalan Fish, i5C»^ samaka (pi. (j*Uw 5«mt?^) Fished (he), dU^ ta^ayyad samak Fisticufi", iS^ lahma Fit, proper, jjV Id'iq, c-^lj ?/;4;i^, ^slj* mmodjiq Fixed (he), c>-j thabbat, dA-jl atlibat, j^ qarrar Flag, banner, ^Ic iolam, j;^) bairaq Flame, swJ^., ^^^ Z«^iZ> Flashed (it), 2. e. fire, or lightning, j j baraq Flask, ULJ^ sMsJia Flat, level, ^jjl^* rnvstawi Flat ground, ^^ saJil Flattered (he), ^jU mallaq Flatulency, -Aj TZfl/kh Flea, fleas, cjjSyi bargdf, cu-cL) bardgU Flee — see Fly Flesh, ^ lahn Flight (in the air), ^j\^ iayardn Flight (running away), .1^ firar, K^jb harb Fling — see Throw Flooded (it), v-jlL tdf Flour, ^j^ tahtrif daqiq Flowed (it), (j-^^. jar a 182 VOCABULARY. Flower, ijHj zahra Fly — it flew (as a bird), Fly — he ran away,^* hajar, c->^ harab Followed (he), xJ tabic Following, gjL':.^ mutdbi'' Folly, dil*a. hamaqa Fondness, sj^^* matoadda Food, e^^ qtlt^ As^ tacdm Fool, foolish, j^2^1 ahmar^ Foot, J-)^ rijl (pi. J^^l ar/wZ) Foot (the sole of the), j»jS qadam Forbid — he forbade, ^-^J naJia^ iti« manac Force (strength), i^ji 3'M^r(aj Force (violence), ^^yaJr Forcibly, \J\J^^\ idtirdran, j^ jabran Forehead, \:j<^jabin Foreign, foreigner, l->^^ garib Forest, h}^ gdba (pi. l-jIc gdb) Forget — he forgot, ^ nasa Forgive — he forgave, ^-ft,c- gi^/'ar Forgiveness, I^JlJc^ mag- fara,jRc^ cafivu Forgotten ^^..i^ munsa Fork, l^s»^ sTiauka Form (figure), jJlt 5^a^Z, 8^j-d sw?*a Former, anterior, ^jjLi 5a6f$', j*ji* muqaddam Formerly, liU sdbiqan Formidable, ^-^^^ muMb Forsake — s^e Abandon Fort, fortress, ixlS ^6??;^ Fortune (good), lo^si Jakh^, k^ hazz Fortunate, Ojsj^ WA^Jkh^^^ Forward, adj, and «c?y., j«< ji qudddm Foul, filthy, ,^^:tf 7?«;V5 Founder, originator, ^j^^y^ e- mubdii Fountain, ^j^ cain, (spout- ing) cjc^ munkasir VOCABULARy. 183 ^ haMb, J-ii. fc-Lo sahib Fraud, ^ makr,j>jjJ taz- wir Free, freeman, .a. hiirr (pi. ^'^p.\ ahrdr) Freed (he), ^j-jl^I actaq, ^\]o\ atlaq Freed (he was), jjJlJaJl in- talaq Freedom, ij^-a. hurriyya, ^ys. citq Friend, « 'kh.alil, Friendship, l^ muhabba Frightened (he or it), «^^ kliaivwaf 'Frighteiiedjparticip,, uJ^ rnukhawwaf Frightful, ^^jsf'mu'khatvtvif Front, ^1a9 qudddm (in), Jjl£o muqdbil Frosty s^jalid Frown — he frowned, ^j^^js. cabas Fruit, A4.^s>\i fdhiha, Ij^ tliamara Fry — he fried, ^^ qala Frying-pan, ^^11© tajin Full, ^\o maldn, ^:^c mum- tali Funeral, Ijc^jindza Fur, a fur- coat, 'ijj far tea Furnished (as a house), {j^5^ mafrtlsh Furnished (he), equipped, ^)_4_a. jalihaz Furniture, ^j farsh Future, {adj,), T\dti, J-qi-** mustaqbil G. Gain, 5., ^^^^ hasb Gained (he), l-a-3 kasah, stsui\ intafai Game (sport), c->xl lacb Garden, i:^ janna, ^^» bustdn (pi. j^Lj 5«5(£- jj/w) Garlic, ^y tdm Gate, t_^lj &a6 (plur. ^\^\ abwdb) Gathered (he), ju^jamac Gathered (it was), ;> ,»-^\ injamai Gem — see Jewel 184 VOCABTJLAET. Gemmed (set with jewels), ^j^ mura^^ai Generally, Uj^ curnilman Generation (begetting), sJy tauUd Generosity, ^^karam, Ls^ sdk\\d Generous^ jiji JcariJii Gentle, A->. haltm Gentleman, (Mr.), A-ft-lj-a- kh.awdja Geography, a^|^ j^igTa- Get — he got, J-aa. hassaZ Giddiness (in the head), A>j^ daukha Gift, Ike cata, hs^b hadiyya Gilded, ^Jko muialla Girdle, helt, jS^kamar Gir], cui> hint, l^^ ^abiyya Give — he gave, ^Ja^c cata, (jSit\ ahda Glad, ^^\^,9farhdn Gladdened (it)^ ^Jifarrah. Glass (the substance), —Uj zujdj, ;1}J qizdz Glass (a vessel to hold liquor), ^^ kds, ^j._i qadah. Gleamed (it), glittered, a.) lamac Glimpse (a), >J lamh Globe (the), i^ kurra Glorious, JJa. join, J^ wz//akhkhar Glory, j^ majd, ^\>.jaldl Glove, ^^jT kaff (pi. *«JuflJ kufdf) Go — he went, c-^i tha^fl^Z/, ^1^ rah he went out, ^^ '^araj Goat (a),^)3to 7?i«i2;, ,j**jJ tais Gold, w-^j tha^ai Good, ^>^!o iayyih Goodness,^ khafr (Have the), Be kind enough, J^iw tafad- dal Goods, xAjd hadd'U (plural of ls\j^ biddid) Goose, i\^ wazza Governed (he), S^ hakam YOCABULARY. 185 Government, a-*^ huM- ma Governor, Jl^ lodli Gradually, j^;xJl Ij UH- tadrij Grain, corn^ ilc galla Grand, . A^g iazim, j..^..^^^ Jcahir Grandeur, i^kc iazama Grandfather, j^ jidd Grandson, jiU h.dfid Granted (he), conferred upon, _> ^scil amam hi Grapes, ^.*ic tma^ Grasped (he), d^* masah, ^J qabad Grass, l-^.1c iwsA6 Grateful, jjCl shaMr Gratitude, ^^=iii shuJcr Grave (suhst.), »^ hi/fra Gravity (of manner), iujb haiba, ^Jh . razdna Gravy, ii^ maraq^a Grease, ^^ JwA/z, j^-sr* s7i«hm Greased (he), anointed, ^^ dahhan Greasy, ^^j* mud'hin Great, ^Jai: iazim^ jS kabtr Greatness^ .5 kihr Green, ^i.1 «khd«r Greens, Ij^o^ khwd?'a Grey, ^Ui^ sinjdbi Grey-haired, l-oU» 5^a^e6 Grief, ^ gamm Grieved (it), ^^ hazzan (he), ^^ h«2m Grind — he ground (corn, etc.), ^J-J^ tahan Grinned (he),j^kashshar Groaned (he), ^\j ndh Groom, ,j*jLi sdHs Ground, 5., ^j\ ard Grow — it grew, vegetated, , ^ nama, oJ nahat Guard, guardian, kslsr* mu- Icidjiz Guard, guardianship, ikals.* muhafaza Guarded (he), la,a,» hafaz^ ^A^' hama Guessed (he),^^ hazzar Guest, uJ-wi daif 186 VOCABULARY. Guidance (direction), iJV^ daldla Guide (directer), JJ:) daltl Guiltiness, ^ jurm, Aa.'ui qabdha Guilty, ^js^ mujrim Gun, rijle^ ^t^^ hunduqiya cannon^ asXo madfai Gunpowder, o^b 5flr^^ H. Habit, 8ili: tttG?fl^ Hair,^^ 6'^ai?* Half, c— La) ?iMs/, ^ifs/* Hall, large room, acIs ^'a^a Hand, jj yac? (dual, ^jljj yaddn^ pi. ^^jj) azW/) Handkerchief, Jj jju» mandil, Imj^ mdhrama Handsome, J*^a. jamtl Hang— he hung up, jJ-c callaq he hanged a man, ,^jii» shaitagf it was suspended, ^jUJ facallaq Happened (it), ijj^ Jcltcl, jjflj] ittafaq Happiness, s^U^ sa^ada Happy, juxw sadd, jjn.....^ Hard, x^^ jdmid unfeeling, ^l5 ^a^^ Hardship, hyc^ suMa Harm,^^ darar he harmed, j^ darr, Harvest, ^Laa. hasa^ Haste, dlsP cajala Hastened(he), Js?^^ istacjal Hastily, ^Ic idjilan Hat, aWJ^ barnaita Hated (he), ^Jaki ha^ad Hatred, ^jiih bugd, i&> K<^i JcardJia Have — see synonymous verbs I have, J IL Thou hast, dJ laic. He has, J Z«Az^, etc. Hawk, jlj hdz Hay, ^jlj-il*. hashish Head, jj*i1^ raS principal, leader, ^^^ VOCABULARY. 187 Headache, ^\Ji\ st.~s^j wajc ar-ra^as Healed (he), ^ sJiafa Health, a-sT^ sahh^?, Ijlc iafiya Heard (he), a_«._w samii, jl«;lJ\ istamai Heart, l-a15 qalh (pi. ^Ja qulub) Heat_,^&. harr, ij\j^ hardra Heated (he), ^&» hamma Heaven — the heavens, cj1jU-*» or oij«^ samdwdt Heavy, J-jij thagil Heel, K^id Jcaih, ^^aSc iaqb Height, clflj^\ irtifai Heir, il^lj war it h Hell, ^^^ jahannuvi Help, s., jtijljM muidtoana Helped (he), jcL. sat^J Hen, i».U^ dajdja Henceforward, jxj \^ ftmd baid Ij^Lflj ^^Vi ^^ min aU an fa^aHdan Here, Ua Amw^, Aiwa Hesitated (he), L-iicJ ^a- toaqqaf Hidden, ^::s:* m.u\^tafi Hide — he concealed, (c-a-^^ akh/a he hid himself, ^i>! zkh^a/a High, JU idU, slJj rafU Hill, JJ tall, tell Hindered (he), ^^_x,> ^a- iarrad, itio manai ■ Hint, 5., 8.1^1 isTidra Hire, rent, fare, J^jT ^^m, ^>1 ajr he gave on hire, ijS kara, ijj^=^\ aJcra he took on hire,^L*.l istdjar History, . j^U ^<^nkh Hither, V^ Jl ila Jiund Hitherto, ^^\ Jl ila ^l-dn Hog,^,j^ thanztr Hold — he held, dl-** masak Hole, i*Qj tJiuqha, , sp. hharq Holy, ^ji^ mugraddas Honest, JU> saZzh Honey, J-m-^: iasal YOCABDLABY. Hook, Honour, dignity, v-J^ slia- raf,j\s^^ iftikhdr reverence, respect, j»]^»il ihtirdm, jc^ tak- rtm uprightness, i-oliJL**l tstiqdma Honoured (he), j« 5l akram, Jcarram ^'3dkuUdb Hope, J* I amal, U^ rijd Hoped (he), ^J tarajja, J-el ammal Horizon (the), jsU. khafiq Horn, ^0^ qarn (pL cJA;^ qurun) Horrible, i^^ mahrdh Horse, ^j\.a>^\ii^dn. Horses (collectively), J^i. 'khail Horseman, ^J^ fdris^ JL&. Wiayydl Horseshoe, Jjti nad Hospital, jjli-u^lc mdristdn Hot — see Warm Hour, AfiLi 5ai« House, ^b t?ar, c: (pi. ^Lj^ (:?zyar, huyut) bait Oj- How, L^Q.^^^ A:^^?/, Uft-^ Tiaifamd How much, S ^cim Humble, »-»>. ha^^r Humility, xJ>\^ tatcddtu Hundred, h\^ mi'a Hung, ^jLto mucallaq, jjii mashnuq Hunger, o.^t^jui Hungered (he), pUJat Hungry, so\^ jdH(, Hunt, hunting, the chase. Hunted (he), jlk->l ^staJ, j^ tasayyad Hunter, ^L© ^ayydd. Hurricane, isojj zdhaia Hurry — see Haste Husband, -.^^ zauj T. Ice, '^y buz, jJs^ jalid Idea, conception, jy^ ta- sawtouT, J Li. Wiaydl opinion, ^ fikr, Jio VOCABULARY. 189 Idle, ^\Slcasldn Idol, ^ sanam If,j! laUf ^j\ in, Ijl ztha — As if, JC Jcaanna Ignorance^ J^jahl Ignorant, ^\> jdhil 111, sick, ^ijA marid Illness, u^ marad Image, 'ij^ sHra Imagined (he), jj^ tasaw- iuar, ^ zann Imitated (he), ^jjj^sI iqtada, jJS qallad Imitation, jJia) taqlid, ]x^\ iqtidd Immediate, JU. halt, ^U hadif Immediately, VU» \idlan Imperfect, ^^li ndqi^ Impertinent, A^a**» safih Implement, tool, iJl dla Implored (he), c, ,^ V ^a^- d«rra4 Important (affair), ^^ twm- Jiimm Imported (he), ^.^jalah Impossible, jLs:* muhdl Imprisoned (he), ^j^^ hahas (he was), ^Ju^^\ in- habas Improved (he) v. trans., sallah r Imprudence, iUc gqfla Impudence, ia^lsj waqdha Inclination, J^ mail Inclined, JjU md'il Included (it), ^JlU damman, jjfi. ^y^\ isJitamal iala Income, juJp.ju* madkhu- liyya Increase, s., g^b^ zii/dda Increased (he), augmented. ^h zdd it became augmented ^i^l izddd Incumbent, imposed by duty^ S^l? 'loajih Indebted, in debt, ^y^x^ madyHn obliged, ^jji** tuamniln Indication, a pointing out, i\Ju\ isJidra, iJV^ daldla Indispensable, ^ji Idzim Industrious, ^L sdd 190 VOCABULARY. Inevitably, jj V Za hudd Infancy, iJ^ iufdliyya Infant, ji tifl, (pi. JliLl at/aZ) Infection, a)1^ sardya Inferred (he), ^;L)\ antaj, jjj^\ istantaj Infidel^^^^o^r Infirm, <^j«.g datf/^, Jix* (he became), ^ysMdall Influence, iyi nufili\ j^"^ tdtJiir Information, j^ k\iahar, ^^1 iddm Informed (he),^-=^l aWibar, ^ kh«&Z>«r, Jicl atZfit^ Informed (I was), jib 5aZfl^- gant (He was), A-i-Lf baZag^w Inhabitant, ^^=»t- 5(^^m Inhabited (he), ^jL» sakan (it was) , ^jSCj 1 insaJcan Inheritance, ol^^ mirdth Inherited (he), ci^^^ warath Injured (it), J-* atha da?7', ij'^\ Injustice, JU 2;wZwi Ink, j^>, hibr Inlaid (as gems, gold, etc.), ju»^ murassac Innocence, i^j) hard^a Innocent, ^^ hariyy Inquired (he), ^:u**i istaf- ham Insane, ^jy^ majnun Insecure, ^JJ.*Lo j^ gair ma^amun Inside (the), ^^b bdtin, Ji.b ddkhil Insincere, j^Jl-i* j^e. gair mukhlis, Insolent, a-A-j safth Inspired (divinely), ^ ^ 1 4> mulham Instance (for), '^mathalan Instant (an), Ls^ lajuha, a£Jj daqiqa Instantly, Jls!^ J fi 'Uhdl Instead of, ^J^ Vjj badalan min, fjc lijc catvadan can Instructed (he), As. iallam, \^js. (.arraf^ ^j^ darras Instruction, «^^l) ta^adib, A-j J tm^biya, JbJ tadim TOCABULART. 191 Instrument, tool, iJl dla Insufficient, il^ ^ gair Ufi Insulted (he), j:^:* sJiatam Intellect, Jic caql Intelligent, ^^ faJiim Intended (he), Xea qa^ad Intention, a_<.J niyya, ju*ai qa^d Intentionally, s^ ^c can qasd, Ixai qasdan Interceded (he), xaL) ta- sJiaffai Interest (advantage), »jiU fdHda Interest (of money), ^j rihh Interfered (he), inter- meddled, Ji.ljj taddkhal Intermediate, k^^ muta- ! Interpreted (he), ^^ tar jam Interpreter, ^jU^' tarjumdn Interview (an), 'ds^^ muldqa I Introduced (he), Ja.^1 ad- I khal * Introduction, JU.^1 idkhdl Invented (he), p^^ ^'kh- farac Inverted, particip., munqalib, ^^jS^c^ mun- caJcis Investigation, l^ss hah.th Invincible, c_;^li* ^-c gair maglub Invisible, c-^lc gd'ib (it became), «_>lc gdb Invited (he), Ic^ daid, -c cazam Iron, jjiAft. liadtd v-u- Island, ji\j>. jazdHr Ivory, -Ic (,dj jaztra (pi. Jar, i^jarra Jealous, ^j^ gayyur Jest, jesting, a joke, -^ mazh. he jested, {J\^lJ\ is- tahza, ^y^ mazah Jewel,ytj^jawhar (pi. yfc]^ jawdhir) Joined, particip.^ J^*©j_-» maicQul Joined (he), J^j tcaml 192 VOCABULARY, Journey, Jl^ safar, J^j^ rami Journeyed (he), J\m sdfar Joy, ^fara\i Joyful, J^^ farhdn Judge — he judged, he de- creed, Jxft. haham^ ^jJ^ qada he considered, ^JJi zann Judgment (decree), ^_x_j>. hukm, Us qadd Juice, ^j-c caraq Juice (squeezed from fruit), jjn^ castr (meat), i5^ maraqa Jumped (he), loS natt, jJl3 qafaz Just, jsi» mvhiqq,' ^:i\e' Mil Justice, j3>. \iaqq, Jj^ iadl K. Keen (sharp), ^U. \iddd Keep — ^he kept, he took care of, lafl>i \iafiz he retained, he re- served, ^\ abqa Kept, k^s:* mahfuz Kettle, ii^ks- galldya Key, — lii* miftdh. Kicked (he), ,j*i, rafas Killed (he), J:5 qatal Kind (sort), cjj nam (pi. c.\ji\ anwdc) Kind (adj.) J u-ft^j-kl latif, ^jJut sJiafiq Kindness, ^^J rifq, ^JL^.1 ihsdn King, (<*U* malik (pi. d^* muluk) Kingdom, axJU* rnamlaka Kiss (a), i**jj bausa, d\J quhla Kissed (he), ^j*,Lj ^as, J^9 qahhal Kitchen, ^^ maihdkh. Knee, iSj ruhha Knelt (he), a.Sj rahai, ^ jatha Knife, ^jS^ sikJcin Knocked (he), c^ qarai Knot, »jic iuqda Know — he knew, uJ,-c iaraf, Ac ialim VOCABULARY. 193 Knowledge, As. dim, is^x* ma(,rifa L. Laborious, j^ mujidd, J^::^:* mujtahid Labour, suhst., jS kadd, l-ajJ taib Labourer, c^^kddd Lady^ o**» sitt, ^^y\^ kha- tun Lake, 8^52 huhaira, df^ hurha Lamb, ^^jj^ Wiaruf Lame, —^1 airaj Lamentable, jjs:!' muhzin Lamented (he), — Ij ndh Lamp, -p-l^ sarcij, i^.** halad (estate), Aiii: caqdr Language, ^jU lisdn, i-iJ Zwga Lantern, ^ji\3 fdnus Large, great,^--3 ^a5^r wide, 9.^ Lark (the), 5^ J qumhara Last, final, ^T akhzV Lasting, ^b ddim Lastly, l^i.1 dkhiran Latch (the), Jis g2{/Z Late, slow, ja<»* mubtt behind time, jJ>\.z.a niuta^akhkhir deceased, ^y>-j* mar- hiim it is late, C^ al'Waqt rah Laughed (he),t\_,d^ dahiq Laughter, d^s*^ dih^ Laundress, iJLji gassdla Law, Afl_9 ^^/i, p^ s^ari ixj J;, sliariia Lawfid, ^j^ shard, J^ haldl Lawsuit, ^^^ daava Lawyer, A.Hd faqih, o.^^-^ mutasharnc Laxative, L^J^ mwmkhkh^ Lay — he laid, he placed, «^j wadac 194 YOCABULARY. Lay — he laid up, stored, ^':>\ iththa'kh.ar Lazy, ^^\S Icasldn Lead (the metal), ^\^j ra^d^ Lead — he led, ^15 qdd, jJ^l arsJiad Leader, jjl5 qd^id Leaf, As^j waraqa (pi. jl^^l aivrdg) Lean, adj., Jjj^-^-* makzulj K^u^ nahif Leaned (he), ^S^^ ittaJca, ji-Jl insanad Leap (a), iWi 7^^tta Ml Learned (he), Afc tacallam Learned (endowed with knowledge), ^Lc cdlim (pl. Ulc iulama) Learning — 5^e Knowledge Least, Jsl cfg«ZZ,^l asgar Leather, 'S^ jild Leave— see Permit, Quit Left (hand), JU^ shimdl, Lj yasdr Left (remaining), Jl^ Jar/i Leg, jU 5a^ Legacy, i^^ waUyya Legacy, he bequeathed, v-aAj ivahah. 'J waqaf Legible, ijjs^ muqra Leisure, c.\^ fardg Lemon, ^jj^J laimun Lend — he lent, cJL. sallaf, J.s\ acdr, ^j qarad Length, J^ tul Less, Jil fl'^^ZZ,^! «sgar Lessened (he), JJU qallaly J^ saggar Lest, \1 Zi*«^Z/(^ Let ! (imperative), J-i. khaZZi Let (he), a house, ^j^^ «^r« Let (he), allowed, ^Ji. kh«ZZa Letter, l->j:3C« maktub, ilL.^ n'sttZa Letter (of the alphabet), <_i^ h.arf Lettuce, ^u->. kha^s Level, smooth, JaU* 5a^^7, V>,,^^ mwsattah ■ he levelled, Ja-- 5attah Liar, i^\j!bkathihdb YOCABULART. 195 Liberal, ^^jS^Jcanm, ^k^ sakYd Liberation, diJ fakk, SU^ najdt Liberty, djj!>. hurrit/a Licked (he), ,^^ii lahas Lie — he lied, c.jjS' kathih . — he gave the lie to, i^jd kaththah — he reclined, KJI ittaha — (a), ^'S^ Iciinh Life,^c iumr, sLa. hay at Light (not heavy), t-ijA> ^hafif Light, s., jji Mr (pi. ^1^1 anwar) Lighted (he), Jjci s^i^i^Z Lightened (it)^ with light- ning, ^j haraq^ it illuminated, .jj nawwar Lightning, j^ harg[ Like (similar), Ji* 7?^^Y^Z, A--J;. sTiahih Like as, ta) ^'« (prefix) Likewise, dJj.:^3 Z;athaZ^y[; Limb, joint, j^c ^adw; Lime, jjJi' ^z75 Limit, J&. hfl^^t? Limited (he), ^j.&. haddad Line (a), ki. khatt (plur. Ljiai. khwtwt) Linen, ..\-:^^ kuttdn Lining (of an article of dress), iilk) hiidna Lined (as a garment), ^^k*« muhaiian Lion, ju*.i flrs^f?, «.-«H ^cf'hi Lip, ifljt» shiffa Liquid, jJU ma^u List, catalogue, 1^4*9 fah^ rasa^ fihrist Listened (he), x^1m\ istamcn Litter (vehicle), iA^ mu- hdffa, ^^js> Tiaudaj Little, ^,^ ^agir, Jig q^alil Littleness,^.^ &i^^ar Lived (he), he was alive, ^jilc idsh Livelihood, ^iU* 7nauish Liver (the), sfkihd Living (alive), ^ hai/y (pi. La.1 flh^/a) Load (a), J^^. /^amZ 196 VOCA.BULARY. lit Loaded (he), J**, \\ammal (a gun), d^ dalxJc Loaf, ^^Ji^j Tagif Loan, (^ qardi Lock, Jfli qufl Locked (he), Jii qafal Locust, 'i:i\j>- jardda Loitered (he), ^J^S takdsal Long, lengthy, Jj^ iawll Look (a), ijai nazra Looked at (he),^iaj nazar Looking-glass, sl^* mirdt^ h\jA mirdya Loose, Jjis.* mahlul, ^y^**^ mustarkht he loosed, Ja. hall, di faJck Lord, juM*» sayyid, sid Lose — he lost, ;t---i ^ayyau he endured lo^s, j^^ it was lost, cLi dcu Loss, E^L^ Wxasdra Love, j.^ a'5^^, l-o. h?55 Loved (he), ^.^a. \\ahh Loved, partic, ^^^ mah- bub Lover, ^^^\c casJiiq Low, JiL. sdjil, Ll^ ?mtz Luck, dASi: Jakhf, «JIL ta/^i (bad)^ ^j^d nahs (good), JL-Jl iqbdl, i:\xM saidda Luggage, ^& iafsh, jLiJl atJiqdl Lungs^ hj riya M. Machine^ iJi dla Mad, ^jysf majndn Maddened (it), ^^ jannan Made, particip., J^-^-je-* maimtll, y]ytsu mafiul Madness, ^^juntlii Magazine, store-house, ^^^ makhzan Magic, ^^ sihr Magician, ^U*** sdhhd)' Magnificent, ^l^^-jalil Maid, cuij bint, ^ ^^A;r Maid-servant, aj .U. jdi^iya, i<«^La. khddima lady's-maid jLLI ma^^s/^ata YOCABULART. 197 Make — he made, lie did, J^ camalj ^xs facal Maker, J*U idmil, «iL> sdnic Male,^.^=9J> thaJcar Managed (he),^^ ddhlar Mankind, ^Ji\ insdn Man (a), Js^ rajul Manner, manners, beha- viour, ij^M sira, j^^^ sayyir, L-)b\ addh, tjr^^ akYddq^ Manner, mode, Jl^w* minwal Manufactory, l^V->jS Jcar- ' khdna, J^x* macmal Map, iWp. khai'ta, Marble, ^^ marmar^ f*^-^ rukhdm Marched (he), ^ c-an>j zdhaf Mare, ^j^J faras Market, j^ silq^ (pi aswdq) Marriage, ^\^\ ziwdj Married (he), - c)j tazawwaj Martyr, J-4J:> sJiaMd (pi. Xx4^ sJiuhadd) Martyrdom, i^l^^ sTiahdda masha. ^j\j^\ Masculine (gender), ^_Sj-* muthaJckar Master, Jx* muialUm, s^^ sayyid or sid, ^_^&.L9 sahz& Matter, affair,^] amr Mat, »»-*a&. h^a^ira Match (a lucifer-)^ oj^-jT kihrit Mean — it meant, :c (,ana Mean (sordid), ^5*. hagir, j^^^^^i. kh^sis Meaning, ^^ maina Means (method), i-Lj_**»j toasila Meantime (in the), U.:.^j hainamd, dUi ^j^-a-^ ^ ^ gudun ihaliJc Measure, ^j^ilJ ^z?/as Measured (he), ^li ga5 Meat — flesh-meat,^ la\\m; food in general, j%l_3t— L taidm Medicine (the art), l-aI? tzft^ (the drugs), Ij^ dawd, Meet— he met, ^V Zflfg^^ <^^L> sac?«/ 198 VOCABIJLART. Melon, Isj^ batttkha Melt — he melted (some- thing), c-jji thawwah (dawivah) it melted, became liquid, c-^li thdb (dab) Memory, H^ J thdkira, .5^ thikr Men, JU^ rijdl, ^\j nds Mend — he repaired, ^j^j ramram he improved (some- thing), X-^\ «sZah, B,allah. he, or it, mended, be- came better, Ik^l zstaZ^^h t Mentioned V^- t^mathkur (he),jfi thakar Merchandise, ij.^ tijdra^ IjsXjh bldaca Merchant, ^Ij tdjir (pi, .Is? tujjdr) Merciful, ^^a^ rahim Mercury (quicksilver), j-j^ ztbaq Merits jUsi^^ istihqdq ULjj risdla Messenger, J^^ rasul, j^l5 qdsid, (PU* sad Middle, k**, wasat, e-LaJ nusf Mild, A>, halim Mile, J^ mil Milk, j^ laban, l->JI>. h«Zz& Mill, A-Jj> U^ idhuna, ^J raha Minced (he), ^ i far am Mind, 5., Jb &aZ, Jac io^^Z Mine (underground), y^^au, maidan Miracle, a--sP 4q;%a Mirth, ^jj farahj i^jJ^ tarab Mischief, S^.^.* mudarra, Miserable, ^ shaqi, jjCj naMd Misery, ij\a^ sTiaqdwa Misfortune, % bald, JL*^* mustba Mismanagement, y^jji -^ su' tadbir Mistake, kic g«Z«t Mistress, kz^ sitt, ^^^\^ khatUn VOCABULAEY. 199 Mixed (he), y, mazaj, kii. 'kh.alat Mixture, kU. khaZt, L^il-^l ikhtildt Mode, manner, a^j wajh, ^jjL/1 aslub Moderate, adj., Jj:j^o mui- tadil Moderated (he), Jjc (.addal Moderation, JU-cl iUiddl Modern^ ^^Li-* nmta'akh.- kh^^, ci^j^s.* mulidath Modest, ^^:;s.'^ muhtashim Modesty, a^s. hishma Moment (of time), 'La^:> daqtqa Monastery, »p dair Money (coin), ^jU fulds (ready), j^aj noqd (wealth), JU mdl Money-changer, c-sl,^ sar- Monk, L-^1, r(xA«^ Monkey, (jj»** maimun Month, j^^ shahr Moon,^*9 qamar ; the full moon, ,jj hadr Morals, jl^l akhldq, ^\:>\ addh More, adject,, ^\ akfhar further, again, adv., ^jUT Jcamdn Morning, ^ ^ubh Morrow, to-morrow, Ij^ gadd Morsel, i«iJ luqma Mosque, jsr^ masjid (pi. j^L** masdjid) Mosquito, ^j-j^oli ndmtis Mother, J umm, gjJl^ wall da Mount— 5^e Rise, Eide, etc. Mountain, J^ jabal (pi. J^jiMl) Mourned (he), ^9. \iazin Mournful, ^J^* ^azin Mouse, .U fdr (pi. ^Jj^ firdn) Moustaches, ^j\y> sliawdrih Mouth, J fum, jam, (pi. sljdl afwdh) Moved, set in motion (he or it), c*)^ h.arraJ€ — was in motion (he or it), i«J.5: tah.arrak Movement, iSj^^ haraka 200 YOCABULARY. Much, ^ J ^ > kathir j^\^ ivdjir, ^yijs^jazil Mud, ^j walil Mule, Jij hagl Muleteer, Jlij baggdl Murder, Jii g«/Z Murdered (he), J:J ^aifa? Murderer, Jjli qdHl Mushroom, l\S kamdt jMusic, liL-j* mustqdy a-jjJ nauba Musician, ^J) nauhdti Musk, di«^^ mz'sA; Must,awa?/L ?;er6 — the word ^•V Za^m (necessary, obligatory) is used for it in connection with the principal verb. Mustard, J^^ Wiardal Mutton, J^-^ (•=! lahm ddni, ♦:jj A» lahm ganamt Myrtle, ^ ds Mystery, ^ sirr (pi. j\^\ N. Nail, a spike, ^l*-.^ mismdr (pi. ^:j*L^ masdmir) Nail (of finger or toe),^ zufr (pl.^slki azdfir) Naked, ^jli^^^ carydn Name, ^»-i ism (pi. \ » .*>! asma) Named (he), ^»-*i samma Named, particip., ^» >m..-o musamma Namely, videlicet, ^jy ?/aa^^ Napkin, Al:5y/22t« Narrated (he), ^J^ haka Narration, narrative, ji^S taqnVy J-SJ naql, a-^.j ^^ssfl5, ilsi hikdya Narrator, ^^^1^ ra?<;*, ^^'^>' h.dkij ^s^ muhaddith Narrow, ^j.^ ^ctf/PQ Nasty, ^j^d najis, Nation, i-oi umma, iiAb tdHfay aU 77^^7Za Native, ^^^jJb haladi Native country, ^^ waian Nativity, jJ^ maulid, .3^^ mildd Natural, ^j^Jio tabid Nature, temperament, issJe tabiiu VOCABULARY. 201 Navigation, ,.^}^ Jua safar al-lahr IN'ear, l-^ J qarth l^earlyjjsi nahw jSTeat, u-ft-lai naztf JS'ecessanly, jj ^ Id hudd !N"ecessary, ^V Za^sm !N"ecessity, ^jjJ luzum, Liis! iqtidd, ijjj^ diurura Neck, ^j:^ tw?2g, iJ^ raqaha Necklace, jic a'gt?, j^ taw^ Need, A&.U. h.djali, J^^-^^ ihiiydj Needed (he), J\j:>\ ihidj Needy, ^^^^ mulitdj Neglect, JUal ihmdl Neglected (he), ^sb\ alnnal Negligent, J^x> muhmil Neighbour,^Uyar (pi. ^^1^:^ jirdn) Neither^ nor, Vj, V Id^ wold Nest (a bird's) ^c cusJi, 5^ wilcr Net, l^:^J:i shahaJca Never, \x->\ abadan, \^\ aslan, ks ^att New, SiSs^jadtd News,^ khabar (pl.^U.) akhbdr) Next (near), i^j^ qaHh (after), J-^LS g'a527, Night, aU Z«^^7^, JJ Za27 (pi. JLl ZayaZ, or laydli) Nightingale, J-JI-j hulbul, c->Jjj^ candalib Nightmare, ^jjl^Z;aZ>ws No, V la, ,j^ Za?.? Noble, <^Joj^ shartf Noise, i-s.-^ dajjay iJU-i shamdta None, j^l V Id dhad Nonsense, ^jIj jjfe TiaiYiaydn Noon, midday, any time from 12 to \yj^ "Luhr North, JU^ shimdl Nose^ c-aJ1 a7^/, inf Not, V Za, lo md,j^ gair Not at all, ^-) A;flZZa il^l asZa^x Nothing, ^ V Zft 5^ay Novelty, l^ Jidda 202 VOCABULARY. Mihd al-tuaqt, \j:^J\ (J^ di l-icaqt Number, ^jc cadad Numerous, jj jjc iadid, J\j wdfir Nuptials, ^js. curs Nurse, s., a«-^ murdiua, i^\^ ddya Nut, ijjt^,^js>. jauza, jauz 0. Oak, Ljl) haM\> Oar, «^!j£o mic[ddf Oath, ajj-»-j yamin, > ^^ Obedience, iclL ifa.a Obedient, jiJLW ta'^i, «..k* wwt^i Obeyed (he), clU tai, cli?l atai Objected (he), ,j^cl idarad Objection, jJ>[^l idirdd Obligation (something bind- "ig)> u^ /*^^^» ^-f^-^^J wujuha a favour, ^^L*>1 ihsdn, iu minna Obligatory, ^^^jJ luzumt ^} Mdt " OlJiged (he)— see Compel he conferred a favour uj)on, ^Jc ^A ??2a7^7^ cala Obscure, dark, ^Ik* muzlim Observation, watchfulness, ilift.^* muldhaza Observed (he), WV Zah^^z Obstacle, «jU mdimi Obstinate, j-ic i«;z^t7, jjlat© muidnid Obstinate (he was), juJLc idnad Obtained (he), J«aa. h«ssa7, Jli ndl Occasion, a^ fur^aliy c:*ij icaqt Occupant, occupier, ««J^.axo mutaiarrif Occupation, occupancy, «_J^ ta^arruf see Employment Occupied (he), possessed, «^_i^-flji tasarraf see Employ he occupied himself, Ji::*^! ishtagal VOCABULAET. 203 Occurred (it), aJ^ tvaqai, Cjs^- hadathj ^j>. jara Occurrence, 9-y^j '^uqui^ Odd (in number), ^ fm'd, j^i? tdq see Strancje Offence, transgression, 8»Lj1 isd^a (he gave), >L.l asd^a (he took), ^1 ingamm Offered (he), presented, j»ji ^ qaddam I (proposed), ^jc. carad. Office, function, v«a^a man- sah, iftJi^ wazt/a Officer^ official, k^U ddhit, Afl-l?j ji thu ivaztfa Often, \j^ katJitran. As often as, U^* malimd Oil, o.): zait Old (ancient), j^uc 4a%, ^j9 qadim — (man), >Jt, sJiaikli — (woman), jjsP iajuz Olives, ^^j zaitun Once (a single occasion), g^ marra 6'ee Formerly Only, adverb, \aSjfaqat Opened (he), jjfatah Open, opened, -yiu maftuh Opinion, Jii zann, ^^j rdH • in religion, c->_aj^— * mathhab Opponent, c-alU:* mukhdlif Opportunity, l^ji fursa Opposite, pr^/) , IJ^ hithd (facing), adj., JjIH.* muqdbil Opposition, i^Lo mundqada Oppressed (he), Jii zalam - Oppression, J^ zulm Oy,j\ aw Orange, ^jl5J^-> lurtuqdn Order (arrangement), l-aJ^ tarttb, joj3 tadbiVy ^ILi 7^^zam Order (command)^ l^^ wa- siyi/a, j^\ amr (pi. j*\j\ awdmir) Ordered (he), ^^1 amar 204 TOCABULARY. Origin, J^l ad (pi. J^.^1 UQul) Ornament, ijj ztna Ornamented, ^ly^muzayyan Orphan, ^^ yatim (pi. ^bj aitdm) Otlier,^! akhar, fern. ^^^1 ukhm, jjc gair Ought— 5^6 Behoves (it) Out, ^^U khar^y, \j harrd Outside, ^^01 jjl n-kMrij > (the),^lk zdJiir Over, ^^fawg_ Overflowed (it), A> tafah Overtook (he), d,jl adrak, (j> Zah^g Overturned (he), ^Is qalah Owed (he), ^^^ ^ic ialaih dain Owl, ^ji Mm Ox, 5^ haqara Owner, e>a.U sahz^^ dUL P. Page (of a book), is?^ safha, Pail, bucket,^:) dalw Pain, ^^ i^j^y^fi, Jl alam Pained (it), ^^ w?^;}'^^^ Painful, ^j^ mujic, ^Jl Painted, coloured (he), jj^J laicivan, ^J^i naqqash he delineated, ._^_^ ^aivwar Painting (the art or prac- tice of), ^Aj naqsh see Picture Pair (a), ^jj zauj Pale, pallid, ^_j_ol a^far (fem. J^ ^afrd) Palm (a tree), Jii w^jkhZ Palm (of the hand)^ l ocz^ kqf Paper, j^^ z^?am^, u-U^^ 2'«rt«s (a sheet, or leaf, of), isjj tvaraqa (blotting-), ^Lii j^^ ?(/'fljr«^ naslislidf Parasol, sunshade, ^ ^ „ - » -- sliamsiyya VOCABULAET. 205 Parcel (bundle), S^ surrah, i-*)_a. huzma Pardon (he asked), jakL*,\ istagfar see Forgive Parents, ^jljj'j wdliddn Parlour, hjS. gurfa Parrot, »^j durra, U-.) hab- hagd Parsley, ^jJJb haqdunis Part, portion, las. h^ss«, ^«J qism, A_j5_k9 ^^ti<35 Parted from (he), J^ilJI iftaraq Participated (he), i d^l ishtarah fi Particular^ special, ^JOJ^k^ Particularly, Uj^i. kh.u^u- san Partner, di^^ sharik Party, assemblage, A_i:U^ jamdca Pass — he passed, went over, ^ iabar,j* marr he passed on, iYiahah Passage (of troops), ^^^., muTur Passenger, ^U mdrr, J[^^ musdfir Passport, ^iJI ifxS tai\u Jcirat as-safar,j^^:^jawdz Past, bygone, j,L. sdbiq, -^L mddit Path, j.^^ mamarr, ^lL^ maslak, jj^L t«rzg Patience,^^^ s«^r Patient, adj.,^^ saMr Paused (he), UJj loaqaf Pay— he paid, j^ wafa, (^j1 adda, Payment, bj ^^^q/cE, bl add Peace, U swZh • in a religious sense, Jl^ saldm Pearl, jj^ Zi^M (p]. JV ladli) Peasant, J^^ falldh Peep (a), i^ lamha Pen, Js qalam Peninsula, g^ )a. jazira Penknife, ]^^ 77226m 206 VOCABrLARY. People, ^l; nds, Jal ahl, A^ qawm Pepper, ^^ fulfut Perfect, ^J^kdmil, Js tamm Perfection, ^^ Icamdl Perforated (he), u-^ tha- qah Perfume, Jac cuir, jj-ss- hakhur Perfumed (it), Jas. cattar, jgi Jakhkhar Perhaps, J«l la (.alia Perished (he, or it)^ (*dd-ib haJah Permanent, o_)Lj tMhit, J\:> ddHm Permission, ijUl ijd?:a, ^':>\ iihn Permit, imperat., Ji. Wialli Permitted (he), li. Wialla Perpetual, ^Si\ abadt, ^b ddzm Perplexed, ^^]^ hairdn {ii),j^ hayyar (he was),^^*.! ilitdr Perseverance, llo\^ muivd- zaba Persevered (he),^^*::-^] ista- marr, »-^klj wdzah Person, jj^sr* s.^akhs (plur. jj£>lsr'' a^y^kha*), ^ nafar (a certain), so-and-so, ^J% fuldn Personally, in person, ol JJb hi *th-ihdt Perspired (he), j^ caraq Persuaded (he), x.j\ aqnac Petition, JU. ^jC^ card-hdl Phial, iJ:^ sMsJia, jjs^^ Yiunjur Physic— 5^6 Medicine Physician — see Doctor Piastre, fJ^jC ^jjc. gursTi, gurushy Jii^ \J*j^ qirsh, qurtlsh Pickles, jls:' mukhallal Picture, ijya sura, (j^aJ naqsh, jiya^ taswtr Piece, bit, ixks qitca Pierced (it), siu nafath. Pig, jij^ khinztr Pigeon, A-^l » >. hamdma, i«Ui yamdma TOCABULARY. 207 Pillar, ^^$^ camud, (pi. iXi^\ acmidat, and s^^js- catvd- Pillow, iSs^ mukhadda Pin (a), (j-jo dabhiis (pi. jj^^jIj^ dahhdhis) Pincers, ^^yX halhatun Pinclied (he), ^jo^ gara^ Pious, 5i taqi Pipe (a), djJ:> sJiihuh Pistol, A^Us iabdnja Pit, ditch, hole, »^ "hufra Pity — he pitied, ^a^ sliafaq^ ^•^j raham Pity, A-ft..a-^ sJiafaqa Place, position, ^^K* makdn, A^j* mawdai Placed (he), lie put, «— ^ tf;fl;dai Plague, pestilence, ^j^-cLL tdidriy \i^ wabd Plaister (for a wound), ^3y^ lazqa Plank, -j) Za2^1i (pi. ^\^\ alwdih)) Planted (he), ^^ gar as Plate, ^js:^ m\\n, ias** sah/a Play, sporty u^x) lad)^ l^ lu(,ha Played (he), c-^sj ladh Pleasant, (. hadd, jjajL rds Pointed to (he), Js. J.v dall cola Polish, gloss, jLc Baql 208 YOCABULART. Polislied (lie), Ji-^ mg^al Polite, l-a)^1 adth Politeness, u^^l adah Pony,^4* muhr Pool, pondj^jfi gadtr, ^j^- haud Voor, jS J faqir Port, haven, Lj* mma Porter (doorkeeper), v->1j-j bawwdh Porter (carrier), JUs^ ^«m- wdl Portion, i.A&. h/ss^, i*^ Portrait, S^j.-o Si2ra, ^^-ai ;fas?^7^r Portrait-painter, j^oa, mu- sawwir Possessing, being the pos- sessor of, is expressed hy ji ihd, d^li tha^, c-a>L> sdhih Possessed (he), ciU^ onalak Possession, e*iU mulk, \^j^ ia^arruf Possibility, ^^^1 imkdn Possible, ^^;C* mumkln Potatoes, j__^Ulki haidiis Poured (he), he poured out, L-^u-o mhh, w-A.^=u*> sakah Poverty, ^^ faqr Powder, v^^a^ siifuf gun-, c j>jj.L bdrtid -"JJ \-j hdrut. Power, ijSa qudra ^ljj-5l iqtiddr Powerful, .il5 qddir, y'A iaziz Practice, E^lc cad a, i-**i^U* mumdrasa, JUjuL-I ^s^/i- Praise, j.^*. hamd, — j^ wat^h, Praised (he), »x*». hamad, — juc madah Prayed (he), A^ salla Prayer, 8jL> saldf, Ic^ t^^^ia Prayers (the call to), ^jbl ath«w Preached (he), kc^ wacaz Preacher, kfil^ i^j^i/z v-^Jai. khatt^ TOCABULARr. 209 Precious, costly, ^jk,^") tha- min Preface, icjio muqaddama, i>lj^ dibdja Preferred (he), -_a^ rajjdh, Ac ^a9 fadidial cala Preference, (T^ tarjth Prepared (he), L^ tahayyd, M^ hadd^r hudur, ijA Presence, jj^a. hadra Present (not absent), ^U hddir (a gift), jj>a hadi- ya, Ik^ tuhfa, ^J*^^ hakhshtsh Presented (he), ^Ji^ hakh.- sTiash, ^^stj wahah Presently, now, VU. hdlan Pretence, pretext, JJLx-5 taiallul, j^ys. cuthr claim, fjjc^ dacwa Pretty, ^^f 'kuwayijis Prevailed (he), l-^Ic galah Prevented (he), «.** manai Price, ^ tJiaman, i^J qimay txuj siir Pricking, 5., »^a hamza Pride, jS^ takahhur^ jj^ guTur Printed (he), aJ© iahac Prison, ^sT* sajn, ^j^:>. hahs Prisoner, ^j^ mahbics Privacy, »jli. khalwa Probable, J«;^ muhtamil Produce (of cultivation or vegetation), J-oU hdsil, Ac- galla Profit, 'isi\9 fa^ida Profitable, jju mufid Profited (he), «iijl intafac Promise (a), saj waid Promised (he), jcij waiad Pronounced (he), articu- lated, kflJ lafaz Proof, JJ^ dalU Proper, ^^J^ wdjib, c->-L» mundsib Property, possessions, ci)I^ mulk^ Jlo mdl a quality or pecu- liarity, JusU. khassa Prophet, ^J nabi (nabiyxj) Proportion, 'i^Jc^ mundsaba 210 YOCABULARY. Proportionate, e-^^-Li* mu- tandsih Proposal, j^^c cardi Proposed (he), ^j^c iaradi Prose, .i3 nathr Prospect, ^,ku manzar Prospered (he), ^\ aflah. Prosperous, ^y, inuwajfaq^ _a.lj ndjih Protected (he), ^^ hama Protection, a;Ua. himdi/a Proud, ^,Jki* mutakahbir Proved (he), demonstrated, ^^ji harhan he tested^ u'^ imfa- han Proverb, Ji* matlial (pi. J'vicl amthdl) Providence (divine), ^\ lLc dndyat Alldli Province (a), ijy aydla Provisions^ »^&.i i\\a\\\nra^ ^\\ rAd ha^ira, iiks Prudence, 'ij fiina Publisher (of books), ^U ndsliir Pulled (he), i_>j^ jaihab, K^si** sahah Pulse (the), ^^ 7iahd Punished (he), u-asIc idqah, i^jfi catliihah (he was), l-asUS tacdqab Punishment, «^l jc cathab Pupil, scholar, j^) talmtth Pure, Hi naqi, ^^blls idhir, j^lU. khdUs Purification, wJaj tathtr Purpose, s^ qasd Purse, ^j^SMs Pursued (he), ^J».'i lahaq, ^IL tdi^ad Pushed (he), xo dafac Put — see Place Q. Quail (a bird), ^jU-** sum- man Quality, LJu.^:^ Tcaifii/ija, liu> sifa Quantity, l.^ kammiyya, ^Ijfl-o miqddr Quarrel (a), cKj nizdi, TOCABULARY. 211 Quarrelled (he), c jli ndzac Quarter (a fourth), ^ij rubi (region or district), 8.U. hdra Queen, iM* malilca Quenched (he), ^L iafa Question, JJ^ su'dl, ili.^^ mas'dla Questioned (he), JL. sa^al, ^X^J^ istafham, j...Jl::^\ istafsar Quickly, Uj^ sartcan Quiet, adj., cia-^ssL. sd/cit, ^^SU sdkin, ^♦isA mut- suh., i».\j raha, jj^b hadu' Quill (feather), 2^^ risJia Quince, J^-^a-. safarjal Quitted (he), eJ^j taralc^j:^ Tiajar Quotation, jl,jil h^dd, (j-Uiil iqtihds Quoted (he), ^j,*,^\ iqtahas, E. Rabbit, l-o .1 amah Radish, ^^ fijl Rags, oL_3t-5^* marqaiydt J-»jU^ raidhU Railway, JUs!' jj^L taoiq al-hadid, jjij.U aSC sihkat al-hadid Rain, ^;. and 5.,^la^ maicw Raised, uplifted, s,ji,^j_^ murtqfii. (he), ;t3j rafai Raisins, , zahib Rank, or row (soldiers), Rapid^ ^^M sariL Rapidity, ic^«a suna Rare, .^li nadir Rash, .^y,::^ mutaliawwir Rat, ^^^^j>. jirdaun Rate, proportion, i-w-L:._^ mundsaha Ravaged or wasted (he), i_^^ Miarrah Raven (a), clj zdg Raw, *,3 naij A>. khdm 212 TOCABULARY. Eazor, ^j^ mus Keached (he, or it), iJU balagj J^:*. hassal Eead (he), \J qar'd Eeader, ^Jis qdrt Reading, subst., 'i\j qir'a Ready,^U. hadir Real, j^-fisfc haqiqt Reaped (he), j^a. hasad Reason (intellect), Jcc caql see Cause Reasonable, JjSx^ macqul Rebellion, g^Lac iamwa Receipt, J^^j wusdl, Lx^j rajia Received (he), A^ tasallam (welcomed, enter- tained), c-^a^) tara\\\\ah, y^Ja^\ istaqhal, «^U daf Recent, lIjjU. hddith, «^)J^ hadith Reckoned (he),c-A--^ h«5«J, Sc cadd Reclined (he), ^5ji ittaka, jj.^1 insanad Reclining, reclined, ^ -- ^ muttaM Recognized, recollected, (he), jfjj tathaJchar Recollection, ^^~ taihahJcur Recommendation, jL^y taw- myya Recommended (he), t-i-^j wasaf, ^j wassa Recommended, je-««-* mu- wassa ' , Recompense, »UKc muMfd, Recompensed, ^\C muMfi (j\^ mujdzi Recovered, regained (he), ^J\ istaradd Recovered, he got well, jlsi afdq Recovery (of health), U\J\ ifdqa Red,^^*a.l dhmar, fem., L«^ \\amra (it was or became), j^ ihmarr Redden (it made red),^ »-» hammar Reflected (he), considered, ^ fakkar VOCABULARY. 213 Reflected (it), threw back, ^jJkstSl incakas Reflexion, thought, ^5LaJ tafakkur Refrained (he),3^a.l ihfaraz Refused (he), ^A aba, siiia^ imtanac Regard, esteem, ^L::^^^ ufibdr Regiment (of an army), (jVl ala'i (Turkish) Regretted (he), i_a---U ta^assaf Regular, l^* murattah Regularity, c-^Jy tartih Rejected (he), ^ radd Rejoiced (he), ^j.farih. Relation, narrative, ^-j^^-SJ taqrlr Relative (a), «_*)^ q^arib Religion, ^j^ja din,J^\ imdn, ilo milla Relied on (he), ^ S^c\ idamad cala Remained (he) — see Stay Remained (it), it was left, ii baqa Remaining, remainder, sur- plus, ^Ij bdqt Remark — see Observe Remedy (medical), -;,^c dldj (j^\S'i faddwt Remembrance, if^ thikrah see Recollect Removed, changed his resi- dence (he), JflJLii intaqal took away (he), J-S-i naqal Renewed (he), ^^ jaddad Rent (hire), \jS kirdj lj>\ ijra Repair — see Mend Repeated (he), jj^karrar Repelled (he) »s:> dafac Repentance, i^ljj naddma, h jj tauba Repented (he), yj^i idb, ^^) nadam Reply— s^e Answer Reported (he), ^J^ qarrar, cU.1 ashd(, Repose — see Rest Reproached (he), ^"i Idm, i^> wabba^h. Reptiles, Jj^ Tiawwdm, ol,«l>- hashardt 214 YOCABULARY. Request (a), (j*»Ul iltimds Requested (he), ^JiL idlah, .^j**^! iltamas Resemblance, J^iJ tamtldl Resided — see Dwell Resignation (to providence), ^JlJ tasUm Resisted (he), ^jl5 qdwam, ajU mdnaCj l-sjU. \hdlaf Resoluteness, l^r^c caztma Resolute, i^j^jj thw cazi- ma Resolved (he), ^ iazam^ Juai qa^ad Respect, ^^j^ takrim^ J^ ikrdtn Respected (he), ^^ Tear ram, j^\ idabar Respecting, with reference to, ^jo^.a^ hi-khusds jL.^ nishatan Rest, s., l^\j rdha^ a>.Li^1 istirdha Rested (he), j^]/--l istardh Restless, l^\j% hild raha, ^\Jc^ qaJqdn Restrained, checked (he), la--^ da^at Result, s.y is^^ 7iatija, J-^U. hdsil Retired (he), v-»5^1 insaraf Retirement, reclusion, ij^ khahca departure, v^l^^.. 31 insirdf Return, 5., c.js^j rujuc Returned (he), as^ rajac gave back, Aa. . Tajjaiy ^j radd Revenge, suh., i»iJ naqma, f%lA.iJl intiqdm Reversed — see Inverted Revived (he gave new life)> ^.a.1 ahya (he received new life), ^\m\ irudsh Revolution (revolving, changing), c-iSi taqalluh Reward, l^ jazd Rewarded (he), ^ kdfa, ^js. iawwad Rib, »Li dalac Rich, ^c gant {ganiyy) VOCABULARY. 215 Eiches, JU mdl, ^ gana Eice, j^ ruzz Eide — he rode, ^j raJcib Eider, j^M . rdkib Eight, just title, ja. haqq correct, ^-sr^ sahth. Eight (not left), ^J^^ yamin Eing, i-ftU h.alqa ; a seal- ring, 2\^ kha^m Eipe, (5^* mustawt Eise — he rose (as the moon), >tlL taZai — he stood up, ^ qdm Eiver, j-^Ji ndhr fpl. ^14^1 a?2^(xr) Eoad, jijo iaiiq (pi. ^^ X,uruq), ^j^ darh Eoasted, ^j^ mushwi (he), ^j^ sJiawa Eobhed (he), j^ saraq Eobber, ^1 liss (pi. ^jJ Zwsi2s), ^^j^^- haraiW^, ^^^ sarrdq Eobe, lyS Mswa, jjLii-5 qaftdn, lA^ khihat Eock (a), »^ s^rkhm Eoof, k*^ 5at'h, sag/ Eoom, chamber, 6^j\ awda Eoot, J^l asl Eope, J-a. haiZ Eose (a), »^ war da Eough, ^.li. khusJin Eound (circular), .^Xa mu- dawwaf Eound about, J^ haul Eouted (lie), ^a hazzam Eude, brutal, kJi galiz Euin, devastation, v}^ kham^, ^>i^' ifakhri^ Eule (regulation), ^j«_)L9 Eun — he ran, ^^^ ra^ad Eust, \xa &add S. Sack, bag, i*.-.^ zahila Sacred, ^ji* muqaddas Sad, ^-A-*-ir ^fl^'^6, i;;-i^)-=»' ha^m Saddle, -^ sar; Saddler, -1^ sarrdj Safe, secure, ^J^*U ma^amun Safety, i«^**» saldma 216 VOCABULARY. Sail (of a ship), suhst,, cLi, sliirdc, «.l5 qalac Sailor, ^jj^^ bahri Salary, 1X»> jamikiyya Sale, Ao haii, Salt, !• W27h Salted, ••jU* mamluli Salty, JU mdlih Sand, J-cj r«mZ Satisfied (it) ^AyszmZZy, a-^ shabhac, x..^\ asJibac (he was), jl^ sJiahu, p.:,<^l iktafa see Contentment Saved (he), kto. hafaz, ^^U. khaZZas Saw (a carpenter's), .It-i* Say — he said, Jls ^aZ Scales, balance, ^\y^ mizdn School, A_^.ju-* madrasa, K.^jis^ maktab Science, Jlc dim, ^ fann Scissors, j^fi* maqass Scoundrel, Li---.i. khahttlij j-U fdsiq . Sea, ^, Jahr Sealed (he), ^ hJiatam Seal-ring, JU. khtx^m Searched (he), j^pLs fattash Season, time, ^\j\ awdn Seat (a), ^S^kurst Secret, sub., «*. sirr adj., fjj^ sirri, ai. khaft See — he saw, Jaj nazar, ujl^ shdf, ^\j ra^a Seed, ^j) b'izr (he sowed), c. j- zarai Seek — he sought, ^>JL1> ialab, JL^iJt fattash Seem,^^ zahar Seized (he), ^J qdba^ Seldom, \^^ gibban, L^lJ nadir an Self, ^j^iu nafs ; myself, jj-ij nafsi; himself, a.^ nafauh Sell — he sold, cl* bdi Selling (act of), x^o baii Send — he sent, cUxj baiath J-^l fl7'5aZ VOCABULARY. 217 Sender, J^^ mursil Sent, partic, J*^^ mursal, CJjju^ mabiutJi Sensible^ shrewd, Jilc idq'd Sense (understanding), JHc iaql ; (meaning), ^_3t_^ macna Separate, j^* munfariq Separation, istli© mufaraqa Serpent — see Snake Servant, j«^U. khddim (pi. Js^ 'khudddm) see also Maid-servant Service, ioji. khidma Servitude, h khizt bashfulness, J^*" kha- jal aIU?" khtjala, L&. hay a Share, i-aa. h^ssa Shared (he), ^ja^^- hassas Sharp, ^U hadd Shaved (he), trans,, jJL&. halaq Sheep, ^ ganam (pi. ^Uiil agndm); a sheep, l^^ ganama Sheet (of paper), dusl^ ial- hiyya, Uj^ waraqa (of a bed), H^ maWa Shelter (refuge), U* maJja, Ikl* maltd Shine — it shone, ^ lamac, jj^l asJiraq Ship, ejT,* markah Shoe, L«ft&. kh«^, u^^j-T^.* mar Mb Shoemaker, <«jK1» sakkdf Shoot — he shot, ^, rama see Fire Shop, oj.JL&. hdnut, ^^^ duJckdn ns VOCABULARY. Short, ^wai qastr Slioulder, ^^Jdfkaf?/, Utf Show — he showed, ^ .1 ara, y^i>\ azliar Shut (he), jJui galaq, rLl^\ aglaq, s^ sadd Sick, ill, ^Jaxj^ mar id Side, ^.^ Janih (pi. <-:>j:^ junuh) Signal, mark, l^ls. (,aldma, 8,lwl tshdra Signature, U^l md(^ Silence, cjy^ sukut Silent, oSL. saH^ Silk, y-j"- harir Silver, 1^5/adda Similar — see Like Simple, \z^^ hasit Sin, s., iJai. "kYiaiiyya Since, because, ^^ lidn Since, from, x^ munth. Since then, c^^l dli ^ m^;? thdJc al-waqt Sincere, j^U sat//g' Sincerity, ^_^^1 ikhlds Sing — he sang, ^c ganna Singer, j.io muganiyy Single, one only, ^ /^rJ, ^io muff ad Single, unmarried, c->;-cl cuzdh Singly, lj^[j wdhidauy 1^ far dan Sink — it sank, j^ g^^ng, ,^^Jac gata* he made sink, ^jJzc. gattas, jjfi. garraq Sister, eua.1 wkh^ Sit — he sat, SsS qacad ^yJ^ Size, ^^jirm Skilful, jiU. h«th/g,^aLx> mdJiir Sky, ja. jaUf Uw sama, nt^U falak Slave, j^ iohd^ (^jl*^ mam- luJc Sleep, 5., j*^ naum Sleep — he slept, Jo warn Sleeping, ^li ?^a^7/^ Sleepy, ^jL^i naisdn Slipped (he), jl; ;^a/a<2' Slipper (for the feet), J^j>\i bdbush VOCABULARY. 219 Slow, Ja) hatt Slowness, slothfulness, ^\z) batU, ^yS Jcasal Small, j^ sagtr, J^ig qalil Smashed (he), ^--.^3 kassar Smell — he smelt (some- thing), ^ sJiamm it smelt, A^l. J laJiu raHha Smell, odour, i^L rd^iha Smile, subst., ^*^ tabassum Smiled (he), ^....J labassam Smoke, ^U.^ dukhkhdn Smoked (it), ^^^ ddkh- Vhan Smoked tobacco (he), i^jL jjU.^ sTiarib dukhkhdn Smooth, ^li nddm, JjLx* masqul Snake, a---a. laayya, ^JL>- hanash SnufF, ^^j> barnuti, ]ojx^ SUiUt Snow, Ji tJialj Snowed (it). 111 tlialaj So, \s^=^ haJcathd, i^ j..^=» Jcathdlik ; so that^ \^^=^^ likai, U^J^ss kaimd So-and-so, a certain person, yj'% fuldn Soap, ^j^l*d sabun Society (concourse), a^«*^ jamdyya (friendly), dus.-^ swh6a, iiij^ rufqa (a Co.), iSj:* sJiirka Soft, ^cli nddm J ^ lay y in, Sold (particip,), x.^.^mabtc Solid, j^Xo matin Solitary, ^Lu munfarid Some, ^iti baid Something, somewhat, ^ '» lTu^*^ bacd shai Sometimes, UL&.1 ahydnan Son, ^^1 ibn (pi. LjI a&wtx, ^jLi banun), jJ^ tcalad (pi. jVjI awidd) Son-in-law,^^ sz'/^r Song, Lc gi/za, a*:.c1 agniyya Sons (collectively), jij &a72w. Soon, acZt;., Lstj^ sartian, 220 TOOABULARY. Sorrow, ^^.^ huzn, ^^ gamm Sort, kind, c^j nam, Jk^ shaJcl Soul, spirit, self, ^JJ6 nafs (pi. ,j**ail anfus, ^^-3 niffus) Sound, healthy, ^^ saMh, JL. sdlim Soup, ijjjlt sJiuraha Sour, j^*U. ham/d South, ^ys^ janub Space, ijx* mada, is* mud- da, IxMj was (.a Spark, 8.1 J^ shardra Speak — he spoke, ^fcS faTcal- lam Speaker, Jjli qdHl, ^Kic mu- tahallim Spear, _^ rumh (pi. -L,l armah, — U, rimdh) Special, ,j^U. khass, ^yts^ wakhsws Spectacle, a show, ^_l^ manzar Spectacles, oJ^Uai nazzdrdt Speech, utterance, ^ Us an, ka] lafz (an oration), ^\^^s» Tcaldm, i^lki. kh^ta& see Language Spend — he spent, \^j ^ Baraf Spice, ^l4j hahar Spill — he spilt, l->-> sa6&, \^ kdUb, it was spilt, u^waJl in^dbh, ^^\ inkahh Spirit, hreath, ^jj ruh (pi. Jijj\ arwdh) Spit — he spat, j^ hasaq Split (he), j^ shagq Spoiled, wasted, ^^sr* mi^- khassar, L-aiio mutlaf Spoon, iflxlo mihaqa Spotted, i:*)j"kL malkuh Sprained (particip.), xls^ mz^T^khaZii Spread (he), Wwj Sasat Spring, a fountain, ^^ cain, cjjj yamlHi — ^ — the season, **>. ra?>/'i see Leap VOCABULARY. 221 Sprinkled (he), ^J,j rasJish Spur (a),jU4* mihmdz Spurred (he), j^a hamaz Square, squared, aj^ mu- rahhac Stag, deer, Jl^ gazdl Stairs, staircase, — ^^ daraj Stamp (postage or other), dic^ damga Stamped (he), 9J0 tahac, ^J^ naqa^ih Stand — he stood up, ^li qdm he stood still, s^aJj ' waqaf Standing — being on one's feet, J<3 qd'im Star, ^ najm, l^ najma, ^.Sf Imukah State^ condition, JU. haZ (pi. J]^l ahwdl), j^U. sJidn State, government of the nation, iSl^ mamlaka Stature, 1*15 qdma Stay — he stayed, continued, remained, 1j thdhit, ^j^s»\^ sdkin Steal — he stole, ,j^ sm^aq Steam, *., .lis hukhdr Steamer, steamship, .U c-^5^ markah ndr, i^yj tvdhura Steel, iVj) Mldd Stern, grim, ^j-c cahus Stick, cane, Lac «sa Still, quiet, ^^^La /mc/i, (till now), t^Vl Jl iZa aldn - (yet again), UjiI a/da;* (nevertheless), jT ^ Cill j wat ^e^ZZ thaZi^ Stirrup, 1^^ ralcdh Stocking, i^\j^ jural) Stomach, gj.,^ miidaJi, Jiay bain Stomach-ache, ^ja\k» mugds Stone, js?- hajar (pi. J^\ ahjdr) Stopped — he ceased, d^ tarak see Stand 222 VOCABULARY. Store, storehouse, c^-^ makhzan Storm, lx)jj zauhaca Stormy, ^UP cajjdj Story, A l^afa Sufficiency, li\j^k{fdya Sufficient, ^ hdfi Sugar, 5^-*, sukhar Summer, v—fl-.^ ^aif he passed the summer, (^^ ^ayyaf Sun, . »**^ shams ,£■ £furuh Sunrise, ,^^*-lil cjAL iului ash-sJiams Sunset, ^^*.w!l ash-sJiams Supper, iJic cashd Supplied (he), furnished, ^S9 qaddam Supported (he), aided, ilA£.\ agdtkj ^Jlci acdn ' he propped up, ji--l asnad- Supposed (he), ^J* faradi Supreme, A^ sdnUy J'c idli, Ac\ acala Sure, certain, ^Ju yaqw^ jjHs.* inuYiaqqaq Surety (one who gives a pledge for another), ^U ddmin, ^^=» Jcafil Surface, a>j wajh (pi. 5jaj wujuh) Surname, l-aHI laqah Surprised (it),^^^ \\ayyar Surprised (he was), u.^^'" taiajjah Surprising, wonderful, «j>j hadti Suspicion, c-o , raih, l^ shuhha Swallowed (he), s.\i halac Swear — he swore, ^r— *-9 qassain, u-aU halaf Sweat — see Perspire Sweep — he swept (with a broom), ^j**^^=s kanas Sweet, jia. Jidlu (halw) Sweetened(he), made sweet, la. hall a Sweetmeats, oLi^J-a. hal- wiyat Sweetness, 'iji>. haldica 224 YOCABULARY. Swelled (it), grew big, ^jj warim, va-iil intafakh. Swim — he swam, ^^ sabah, Ac cam Sword, »— a-Mi saif (pi. i— i^**** suijuf) T. Table, »jj.U mdHda, -.^J Z2^h, lju» sufra Tail, c-oi ihanah (pi. cjliJl «thwa6) Tailor^ LL&. khrt^?/?/^^ Take — he took, j^l «kh«th Taken^ ija.U mctkhuth. Tale — seg Story Talked (he), j^jss tahad- dathj JSo tahallam Tall, Ji^ tau'*Z Tame, «.oj K;a^u Tank, ^^j>. haud Tasted (he), jb thdg' Taste, flavour, ^ tacm Tea, (^U. sAai Teach — he taught, ^JLc iollam Teacher, Ax^ muiallim Tear — he tore, ,^ khdzzaq ^ shaqq Tear (moisture from the eye), dju^^ danna (pi. c^*.> Teased (he) ,^^=»U ^aA^ar Tell — he told, ^^ haA;a, ^^ kha55«r Terrible, J^ muJiawwil Terrified (he) — see Fear Terror, J^ haul, d-c. rail a Testimony, 8^14^ shahdda Text (of a book), ^^ ma^/i Thanked (he),jCi shakar Thankful, ^^d shaJcur That (demonstrative), dli thaA;, dili thaZf^, (fem. dU tdJCf ciUJ ^iZ^; com- mon pi. doiVjl uldik) Then, at that time, dJi Jic a'TicZa thdltkj '^ f • .:^ hi- ?^a'^thm Thick, ^^^ thakhm Thief — see Bobber Thin, lean, c-a.sJ nahtf Thing, ^ s//aj VOCABULARY. 225 Things, Lll asJiyd, oUU hdjdt, ujU-di asndf Think — he thought, jS^^ fakkar, ^^ zann Thirst, j^^pkc iaiash; thirsty, ^^\,->t>,.lag aishdn^ ^jl-L?lc tatis^ Thirsted (he), ^j^^Wc iat?'^^ Thorns, d^.! shawq; a thorn, a-5^ sJiawJca Thought, ^K9 ^^r Thread, k-i- kha^t Threat, jjJ^j tahdid Threatened (he), ^ jjb haddad Throat, jjU halq Throne, ^c ^ars^, y^-lr-*' sarir Throw — he threw, ^^L tarahj ^j rama Thumb, ^1^1 ihhdm Thunder, scj raid Thundered (it), jc^ ra^ad Thus, Ui==» kathd Tied (he), Jii: iaqad, kj^ ra&at Tiger, y*3 nimr (pi. »^j^ TiwTTZitra) Tile, tiles, s^^Ji qarmid Till, until (before a noun), ^-.i_&. ha^^a ; {before a verh), ^\ Jl ila dii Tilled (he), ii fala\ cl^ harath Time, ^^U^ zamdn, ci^ij i^^ haytxb, ^— ^i^ kha^^/ Tired, ^jLjJfaiJaTz, ^^maUl Tobacco_, i^U.^ Jwkhkhan, i.L t5 (pi. ^|^*^1 adras) Top, A*9 qimma, ijj':> thirwa Torch, Jst^ misJiiol Total, ii^jumla Q 226 VOCABULARY. Touclied (he), ^j^J lamas, LT- mass Towards, js: ndhw Towel,^Xlj hasJiJcir, IJajJ futa Tower, ^^ burj (pi. ^j^ hurdj) Town, IijJlo madina (pi. ^jjuo mudun) Traced (he), marked, ^ ,»^ Trade (profession), i.J^_&. hir/a Trade (commerce), s^L-s? Hjdra Tradition, e^jJ-^ hadith, l)}jj riwayah Transcribed (he), copied, >J wasfl^kh, JiJ wflf^'^Z Transcript, ii*^ 72W5kha Transferred (he), JSJ w^^'^tZ Translated (he), ^J tarjam Translation, "L^J tarjama Translator ^;;U:^ tarjumdn (pronounced in Egypt targumdn, equivalent to the European drago^nan) Transparent, v-^iU^ sliaffdf Travel, subst.,^ Ju» safar, Aa.L*. sif/dha Travelled (he), «?.,^Li sdfar, -.L» sdh. Traveller, j^\ ,».■■■ .o musdjir, — L*» sayydli Treacherous, ^\s>, khdHn Tread — he trod, ^j^b dds, ^j wail Treasure, yS Tcanz, Ajh_&. 'khazdna Tree, »^ sJiajra Trembled (he), JLmj\ irta- iasJij v^:». rajaf Tribe, aLJ qaUla (pi. JjU gfl5&a'i7) Trick, il^ \\ila Trifling, trivial, XJb\ zahtdy ^*fl* haqtr Trouble, c-axj ^«iJ, ^J^J ^as^ii Troubled (he, or it), v^alT kallaf, jsS kaddar, ^\\ azcaj (he wsLs\jS^ takadda?' VOCABULARY. 227 Troublesome, jL^ sMqq, s^ muzdj True, ^J^ haqq Trust, JlSLJl ittikdl, ^1^1 iUimdd, ^Uicl iUiqdd Trusted (he), x^ idamad Jxyl ittaJcal Truth, jj>.hfl55'g', dii>. Yiaqiqa Try — he tried, tested, ^j>. jarrah, ^^^^ imtdhan see Endeavour Turn — he turned over, reversed, ^Js qalah he turned his face, Aa.jJ tawajjah he turned (himself) round, ^b ddr he turned (something) round, ^bl addr, jjo dawwar Turnip, e^ lift Twice, repeatedly, ^^J^J^ marratain Twice, double — see Double Tyrant, Jit zdlim U. U^g^y» ^. bc^shic ^^ qabih Umbrella, i^..*^ shamsiyya^ iiU zulla Unable, jA^lc idjiz Uncle (father's brother), ^ iflr7nwz(plur. l^y^ mmuma, or ^Ucl aiVfidni) (mother's brother), JU. kh^Z (plur. aJ^^ kliu'ula, or J 1^1 akhwdl) Under, ^z^ taht Understand — he under- stood, ^ fahim Understanding, ^ fahm Undertake — he undertook, ^Jfr j^ (.azam cola Undertaking (an), ^yc. cazm Undressed himself (he), {jjxi ta(.arra Union, ^Usl ittihdd jlaJl ittifdq United (he), J^j wa^al, J^l ittahad Unjust, y U. jdHr Unknown, J^s* majhul 228 TOCABCLARY. Unless, V)j wa Hid, Vjl lauld, ^jJ lau Jam Until, Ji ila, ^a. hatta Up, upwards, upon, jj_J fauq, jjc i^Zflj Upper, ^1 aiala Upright, ^^** mustaqim Uprightness, a-^li::**,! isti- qdma Urgent, yJa-^_* mudiiarr, \Jj^j^ dai^uri Use — see Custom, Experi- ence, Practice, Advantage Useful, jwlj ndjii jJu mufid Utmost (the),^l aqsa, ili gdi/a Utterly, wholly, ijKjb hi 7- kulliyya V. Vacant, JU. khaZ/ Vain, JLb 5ati7 Vainly, ilLb haiilan Valley, ^^^J^ wddi (pi. aojl awdiya) Valuable, ^jm-w nafis, ^j^ tJiamin Value, I»J ^ma Valued (he), rated, ^^.5 qaivwam, ^ thamman he prized, ^,-j:c1 idahar Vanished (he), Js:^' zd^«- h«ZZ Vanity — see Pride Variable, varied, . ^ ■; r ^ mutagayyir Various, (^Jksr* mukhtalif, cjjju mutanawwii Veal, JsP ^ Z«hw^ djl Ventured (he), dared,^^lsi' tajdsar he hazarded, ^^Li. Widiar Very, \ss^ jiddan Vexation,^35s3 takdir, suXai tasdti Vexed (he or it), c,Xo saddac Vice, dLi, raihtla Victory,^U zafar, ^ fat'\i Videlicet, that is to say, ^joo yami Vigilant, a^j:u muntahih Village, i i qarya TOCABULART. 229 Yine^ ^^ Jcarm (pi. ^j^ kurum) Violence, ^ ragm, jjj zawr Violent, c-i^ ianif, sis!:^ sJiadid Virtue, a! .^.r^ 4 fadila (pi. Jjl*a9 fadd^il) Virtuous, ^{3 fadzl Visible, »\aJl JjU g'a5i7 an- nazr Visit (a), 5,1; ziydra Visited (he), .Ij zdr Voice, oj-d ^aut Volume, jlsr* mujallad Voluntary, (j:,U:;s»'t ikhtiydrt Vow (a)^ ^ jj nathr Vowed (lie),^jj nathar Voyage, ^;5^^' ^ safar al- ha\ir Vulgar, ^^ dani,jS>^ hagir (the), the common people, i«lc idmma W, Wages, ijj>\ ujra, lijJLc iulufa Waggon, hjs. iaraha, iLs.^ iojala Waited (he), u-MjJ tawaqqaf Waited for (he), j. k-sJ< intazar Wakeful, sleepless, ^1^,_4_-- sahrdn, kft-iw-wa mustaiqiz Wakefulness^ .^w sahar Walked (he), ^^ masJia, *LJ tamashsha Wall, kjiU. ha*zt,^^_^ 6^Mr Walnut— see Xut Wandered '(he),^!-- sdr Want (need), -.IJs-l ihtiydj (desire), jLjl^I ish- tiijdq Wanted (he), was in want of, ••ba^i ihtdj see Desire War, t-j^ harh (a holy), ^l4&. jihdd Warm (as to things), ^sr** sukhn; (as to weather), ^U harr Warmed (he), made warm, ^jk^ sdkhkh.an Warmth — see Heat Warred (he), made war, c_j,U harab 230 VOCABULARY. Washed (he), J^c ^asal Washed himself (he), J^iJ tagassal Wasted (he), uiUl ailaf, u-i^l asrqf Wasteful, extravagant, mutlif Watch, time-piece, icL 5^^^ Watched (he), kept vigil, j^ sahir Watched (he), he observed closely, ]kJi Idhaz Water, U md, hy, muya Water-closet, i^rivy, iiU. k^^\ ddab-khdna, -J^x-** mus- tardh, LJufkan(f Wave, ^^ maz/j/' (pi. ^1^| amwdj) Wax, ^t^ 5^ami Way, ji^L tariq, J_^ 5^^,//, aX** sikkah Weak, «— ft*x-^ df/a/ Weakness, cJaui daiaf,j^ injaz Wealth — see Riches Wear — see Dress Weary — see Fatigue Weary, wearied, J^ tac^ hdn, L^ycu matcdb Wearying, ^x:u mutdb Weave — he wove, ^ nasaj Week, cj-M»l ashui, 1 * ^ _^ jurma Weep—he wept, J^ haka Weeper, weeping, ^j^sLf hdki Weighed (he), ^^ wazan Weight, Ijj^ ivazna, ULiJ tJiigla Weighty, J^' thagil Welcome ! U.^ inarhdbd Welcomed (he), ^ i^^Jy tarahhab fi Well (a), ^ Mr, ^^juhb Well (bene), e^^L tayyih West, western, ,^A garb, ^j^A magrib Wet, J^Lo mabUl, u^U^ raiib What, lo md What 1 U^fjcaif, J\ ayy Wheat, ^ qamh Wheel, ils^ uijala VOCABULARY. 231 When, il ith, IS) ithd, U lammdy ^ mat a Whenever, \JS kuUa7nd Where, Ca-^. haith Where 1 ^^A ain Wherever, Ui^a. YiaitJiamd, UjjI ainamd Whether, A am, Ja hal While, whilst, U^ bainamd, ^blc md dam Whip, ^\i^Jcurhdj Whisker, L-r,U» shdrib (pi. c-^lj^ shawdrib) Whisper (a), iij^ z^;a5A- Whistled (he),^^ ^afar White, ^jaii\ahyadi (fern, l^ haidd) White men and black men, ^J\:>^^ fj\^a^^ hiddn wa- Whither, v^^ Jl ila haith Whole, entirety, A^jumla, 1^ hulliyya Whole, every, J^ hull Whole, perfect, ^^ Mmil, j«Uj tammdm Wholesome, sli sMfi, «iU ndfic Why, li U lima thd Wicked, ^^ sJiartr, eAjo> khaJz^^ Wide, jt^lj wdsic, ^ij^ (.arid Widow, iL,l armala Widower, J*,l armaZ Width, Ix^j wasia,^js. card Wife, As..^ zauja Wild, savage, ^^^^ tvahsM uncultivated, (jj> barri Wilderness, j^ harr, Ls^ Wilful, j-ic caiitd Will (voluntas), sjy zVat/^, 5L«L* masTiiyya {masJii^a, Will (testamentum), i ^^^ waBiyya Willed (he)— 5^5 Wish Willing, ^-il^ rad^, jo^^-* murid Wind (the), ^_^ nh Window, dLL sJiuhhdk (pi. doLi» shabdbik) 232 VOCABULARY. Wine, I.J nahtth. {naUd)^ kh<2wr. jK*A» sJiardh Wing, *a. janh. (pi. -lis. jandh) ; _L^ jandh (pi. isH^' ajniha) Winter, bj;, 5^2^^ Wiped (he), ^^ wasdh Wisdom, 'i^^=K>. YiiJcma Wise, ^^ haMm (pi. UC hukamd), J5lc ^(£^^7 Wish (a), .iK* murdd, 'Lk. ragha Wished (he), .il^l ^^ra^, .i^ rdd, ^^ tarn anna Within, inside, Ji.b ddkhil, Without, outside, 1^ harrd, l^^li. khdrijan Without, exclusive of, ^j bildjjJo bi-gair Witness, jaUi sJidhid (he hore), ^4^ shahad (he brought or called), j^j^ shahhad Woe, J)j Z(?«z7 Woeful, ^ mugimm Women, womankind, L^ w/sa, ^\j^) nisivdn Wonder, l-.s? i«;'a& Wondered (he), ^:f^ ta- iajjah, u^iiw-1 istagrah Wonderful, ^^^ cajtb, *,jo badii Wood (lignum), ^^ hatab, ^A^i. kha^A^i Wood (forest), ^^ hirsli, c_->lc ga5 Woodman, woodcutter, L-ilk^ h«^tt(x5 Wool, «»j^ snf Woollen- draper, v^l^ sae^;- Word, aJL^s Jcalima Work, J^ i«m«Z (pi. jUtI ai»2aZ) Worked (he), Ji^i.! i^^Afa- gfljZ, J^ iamal Workman, joU s^^we'i, JJvc idmil Workshop, J^jJI Js^ mahall al- carnal World, U^ duni/d, Jlc ia/a?^ Worm, ».>^^ dauda VOCABULARY. 233 Worship (religious), »^Lc dbdda, :>js£^ svjud Worship (place of), j.--x* maihady jsr** masjid Worshipped (he), s^ cahad, Sst** sajad Worthy, deserving, j5i^**** mustahiqq Would that ! c>J lait . Wound (a hurt), -^jwrh Wounded (he or it), ^^^ jarah. Wounded, hurt, t^j^ majruh Wrapped (he), cal laff Wrapped (particip,), v-jyL maljuf Wretched (in condition), ^jS^***M misktn, ^u. shaqi Write (he wrote), w->-.^=9 katah Writer, \^^ kdtib Writing (a), l>\£ hitdha Writing (penmanship), ki. khatt Written, ^ySZ^ mahtuh Wrong (a sin, an error)^ Iks. khata Wrong (mistaken), ^-^ mukhit Wronged (he), Jii zalam, j^ darr, {js^) taiadda Yard (a measure), chS thJrai Year, ai-a sana, (pi. ^j^«i_^ sanun), Ac. cam (pi. Jjc.\ aiwdm) Yellow, ^^1 a^far Yes, ^xj naiam Yesterday, ^j^*l ams, ^.U' aUdriha Yet, however, Ld ammd, ^jW Za^m, Vi J wa-illa Yet, still, ^Vi Ji 27« «Z-aw ; not yet, I J lammd, L^ lissa Yielded (he), surrendered ^U sallam Yoke (for oxen),^ ntr Young, u^U. shdhh, ^9 fata R " 234 VOCABULARY. Youths. ^jLw sJiahdh (pi. of Youthfulness, i-jj-*' shaM- hiyya Z. Zeal, s^ii gaira Zealous, ^^ gayyur Zephyr^ L© s«5a, ^**J nastm Gilbert & Rivington, Ltd., St. John's Houee, Clerkenwell, London. THE TURKISH LANGUAGE. WELLS (Dr. Charles). A Practical Grammar of the Turkish language^ based upon the best modern Turkish work on the subject ; also including such rules of Arabic and Persian Grammar as have been adopted by the Turks, 8vo. (pub. at 155.), cloth. 1880. [Beduced to 10^. The best and most practically useful book of its kind. EEDHOUSE (Sir James). English-Turkish and Turkish- English Dictionary, new and enlarged edition, by Dr. Charles Wells, complete in ttvo parts, formimj one volume, 8vo. 884 j!?p. double columns, (pub. at ^22.), cloth, 1880. [Reduced to 25^. In preparation : WELLS' Turkish Keading-Book, or Handbook of Turkish Literature, ^yo,, uniform with the preceding Grammar and Dictionary, \_Nearly ready. BBRNAED QUARITCH, Publisher, 15 Piccadilly, London. 1891 r^y I I" m So NJ -IPO " C Z CO ^ mi > 70 m Z J U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES ca^3at,3tl^ CARR~AND CARR ^enSl and Linguistic BookseUers