-^#*''- ■'#rj Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN PLATES ARTERIES OF THE HUMAN BODY; APTElt §xt^txit ©tetremaiw, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOOV IN THE UNIVERSITY OK HKIDELBERG. ENGRAVED BY E. MITCHELL, UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THOMAS WHARTON JONES, SURGEON, EXPLANATORY REFERENCES TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL LATIN, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, BY DR. KNOX, LECTURER ON A N A T O M Y. THIRD EDITION. EDINBURGH : PRINTED FOR ADAM & CHARLES BLACK,. AND JOHN CARFRAE & SON; SAMUEL HIGHLEY, LONDON; R. & J. FINLAY, GLASGOW; AND JOHN GUMMING, DUBLIN. 1835. EDiNAunr.H : trinted -by. a..balfoi°r and ro., nI'DDRy STKEiir. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. Although there have been many anatomists who, from their acquaintance with the arteries of the human body, have most diligently described them, and very materially aided in enlarging and extending our knowledge of their dis- tribution, yet it cannot be denied that the anatomical student, without the as- sistance of Plates, however zealously he may gather his information from various works, and however carefully he may endeavour to retain his knowledge thus obtained, will, unaided, make but little progress. I indeed allow that anato- mical knowledge can, with far more advantage, and with much more prospect of its proving useful, be obtained by actual dissection than by the examination of plates : But this demands a daily and a careful investigation of many bodies, and a considerable share of manual dexterity ; besides, bodies cannot be obtain- ed always, and everywhere, with equal ease. In short, whoever he may be, he cannot prosecute those dissections provided with that share of anatomical infor- mation which the manuals of anatomical students require of those engaging in such pursuits. For this reason we owe a debt of deep gratitude to those great men who have handed down, for the use and advantage of the student, engrav- ings of their investigations. But there are few anatomists who have given us their plates either plainly executed, true to nature, or with accurate references. For the most, whether conscious of the paucity of their own ability, or panic-struck at the necessary load of labour, have either borrowed the plates of others, which they have trans- ferred, rudely executed and inaccurately delineated, to their own works, or given us their own dissections so negligently engraved, and contrary to the order of nature, that they exhibit the figures of parts removed from their natural situa- tion, and disagreeing much in proportion and arrangement. And no one will deny, that to the student of anatomy more loss than advantage will accrue from his investigation of plates imperfect in themselves and inaccurately represented. Of the Plates of the Arteries already existing, those only are worthy of praise, or indeed anyways remarkable, which Haller, Camper, Scarpa and Scem- 3IERING have given to the world, — men widely celebrated, and deserving much from the student of anatomy. But it is to be regretted, that Haller has taken the greater part of his plates from the bodies of children ; that Peter Camper, in the Anatoraico-Pathological Demonstrations, has only represented the arteries of the arm and pelvis ; that the very elegant plates which the celebrated Scarpa has exhibited in his immortal work on Aneurism, merely represent the ves- sels of the arm and leg ; and that the illustrious Soemmering has confined his beautifully engraved plates to the arteries of the organs of the senses. Since, therefore, there is still a work much required in which all the arteries of the human body will be given delineated of their natural size, in their natural si- tuation, and according to their regular distribution, I have ventured to produce these my Plates of the Arteries, with their explanations, equally adapted to the anatomist, surgeon, and student of medicine. That I might, if possible, render my knowledge of the arteries fuller and more accurate than any one's, I have laboured with indefatigable zeal for six- teen years in investigating their origin and distribution ; I have with my own hands dissected upwards of five hundred bodies, and examined with no small degree of diligence subjects of both sexes, and of all ages. How much time and labour this task necessarily required, those alone who have witnessed and properly considered of this work can be adequate judges. Indeed, I by no means would have engaged in an undertaking so arduous, and linked with so many difficulties, had I not been cheered by the advantage that would from thence accrue to medical science. In preparing these plates I have endeavoured to follow as guides, and imitate in their vigour, Albinus, Haller, Camper, Scarpa, and Scemmering, who have merited so highly of anatomy. The plates represent the situation, con- nexion, and distribution of the arteries, that they may point out to the surgeon the high advantage resulting from a knowledge of the vessels of our body in the cure and healing of wounds, and that, from a comparison between the parts af- fected with disease or wounded, with these plates, he may more clearly under- stand how a flow of blood is to be dealt with, and where the vessels are to be compressed or tied. In performing operations, an examination of these plates, showing you parts with their accompanying arteries, layer after layer, is only requisite to enable you to avoid wounding the larger vessels. In the explanations, I have always indicated the age and sex of the individual from whom the plate is taken, as the diameter of the arteries differ much ac- cording to the age and sex ; hut their relations, curvatures, and direction are so constant, that it is of no moment whether the body has been male or female, young or old. To those who have often investigated the constitution of the human body, an opportunity of seeing and observing such circumstances as tend to illustrate either the regular or irregular conformation of the body will have frequently presented itself. It is indisputably acknowledged, that no part of our frame varies so frequently, or in so whimsical a manner, in their origin, course, and distribution, as the blood-vessels. This fact is well established by the united testimony of many anatomists. Indeed it is difficult to establish, in any case, what variety would best suit the economy of an animal, what least : neverthe- less all are highly worthy the attention of the careful examiner into our consti- tution. As certainly a knowledge of the natural origin and distribution of the vessels may be reckoned the thing chiefly necessary, and deservedly too, to the surgeon or physician, yet the recollection of their variations is by no means without its utility, but renders us the more capable of mastering those difficul- ties which so easily arise to interrupt our prognosis, and foil us in our opera- tions. Surgeons and physicians, from a knowledge of these varieties, may use- fully elicit many salutary advantages to men who are either wounded or in- flicted with disease. When I was yearly in the custom of dissecting a re- markable number of bodies, and of publicly and privately demonstrating their anatomy, and was engaged also in showing many young men how they should dissect, that they might obtain a knowledge of the structure and functions of the body, and become skilful anatomists, good surgeons, and able physicians, it could not happen but that I would meet with many points of use both to surgeons and physicians. I have carefully noted the varieties of the arteries from a great number of bodies which I examined for the purpose of perfecting this work ; and I have caused those, in particular, to be delineated which can either impede the functions of a part, or be of interest to the surgeon in the prosecution of his profession. The celebrated Roux, much skilled in engraving, has very accurately re- presented the true and proper structure, situation, figure, order, and connex- ion of each part, from dissections upon the body. In the muscles he has ex- pressed the linearity of their fibres ; the arteries he has represented by trans- verse lines ; the nerves and glistening tendons by dotted points placed horizon- 6 tally : and shaded the remaining organs and parts in different ways, according to their natural appearance. The lithographic printers, among whom C. F. MuLLER of Carlsruch is pre-eminent, have transferred these plates to stone under my own inspection, and after the most approved rules of the art. When in any of the plates many arteries are represented, the branches are very often so small and frequent, that in linear plates it would be impossible to refer conveniently, by means of figures, to each individual one. I have, therefore, omitted referring to the smaller twigs, lest by too great a number of references I should impair the perspicuity of the whole. However, I deem it necessary to remind you, that if in any particulars the references may slight- ly differ, and not exactly fall upon the point indicated, this is owing to the bar- renness of the minutias ; in those places in which this could not be avoided, what is meant will be easily understood by men but moderately skilled in the science. TO THE PUPILS ATTENDING MY LECTURES. Gentlemen, Ever since I had the honour of delivering Lectures on Anatomy, I have, as you, perhaps, are already aware, uniformly taught, that a vague and general acquaintance with Anatomy, (characterised by an indifference for mi- nute research, a misapprehension of the exact relative position of the various organs of the body, and a premature grasping at practical results, which can only flow from a wide and extended inquiry into human structure,) was a kind of knowledge serviceable to no one. On the other hand, I think I have also insisted on this, that whether your views were directed towards Surgery, Medicine, Physiology or general Philo- sophy, your researches into Anatomy ought to be minute and precise. Now, conformably to these principles and views, which have been approved of b^- you and by all who seriously reflect on what ought to be the nature of a medi- cal education, I ventured to introduce last winter into the dissecting room. En- gravings copied from the celebrated worksof Scarpa, Scemmering,Walther, and others, in order to encourage the Student of Anatomy to aimat higherviewsinhis dissections, and to adopt as his model of research, the minute and accurate dis- sections of Scarpa, rather than the meagre and but too often incorrect descrip- tions of the Dissecting-room Manual. The experiment (for it was one) was eminently successful ; and it was easy to observe, that, by the use of such deli- neations and descriptions in the Practical Rooms, the general character of the dissections shortly became altogether diff"erent : thus, many attempted and suc- ceeded in obtaining such an acquaintance with the anatomy and physiology of the Nervous System as is rarely met with in the mere Student of Anatomy. Now, whatever I have said with regard to the Engravings of the Nerves is mutatis mutandis strictly applicable to the Work which I now beg respectfully to dedicate to you. It cannot, I imagine, be necessary for me, or any one, te recommend these Engravings of the Arteries, (intended to be laid on the dis- secting-table as a guide for your dissections,) farther than merely to observe that they are exactly copied from the celebrated Work on the Arteries by Pro- fessor TiEDEMANN of Heidelberg, than whom no more accurate anatomist lives. I may therefore be permitted, Gentlemen, to hope that these Engravings, exe- cuted with the utmost care by a distinguished artist, and constantly superin- tended during their execution by my friend and former assistant, Mr. T. Wharton Jones, who, being at once the anatomist and artist, has left nothing for nie to criticise, will prove eminently useful to you, and in no respect di- minish the extent of actual dissection. Previous experience has made me con- fident they will not ; for, if the anatomy of the Nerves be a matter of deep and general interest, the anatomy of the Arteries has claims on your attention, on the score of utility, which throw into the shade, comparatively, all other kinds of professional acquirements. I have the honour to be, Gentlemen, Your most obedient and faithful Servant, ROBERT KNOX. 1M..1. vm \k ^:«^.- % 17/ ^ ,,- PI>ATE I. This Plate represents the situation of the Heart and Aorta in the Body of a Man 24 years of age. I, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6. Superior ribs of both sides cut. 7, 7- Clavicles cut. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8. Intercostal muscles. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9. Great Pectoral muscles. 10, 10. Anterior scaleni muscles. II, 11. Sternal portion of the sterno-cleido mas- toid muscle cut. 12, 12. Clavicular portion of the sterno-mastoid muscle divided. 13, 13. Thyroid cartilage. 14, 14. Sterno-hyoid muscles cut. 15, 15. Sterno-thyroid muscles divided. 16, 16. Omo-hyoid muscles divided. 17, 17. Thyroid gland. 18, Trachea. 19, 19, 19, 19. Lungs. 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20. Pleurae. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21. 21. Pericardium laid open, in which the heart is seen. 22, Common trunk of the right subclavian and 23. jui tular Common Trunk of the left subclavian and jugular veins, or thoracic jugular vein. 24. Trunk of the vena cava superior. 25. Trunk of the same vein descending into the right sinus, the pericardium being turned back. 26. Right sinus or atrium cordis dextrum. 27. Right auricle. 28. Right or pulmonary ventricle. 29. Right or pulmonary artery arising from the cone of the right ventricle. Right branch of the pulmonary artery pro- ceeding to the lung under the arch of the aorta. Left branch of the pulmonary artery. Left auricle. Left or aortic ventricle. 34, 34, 34. Branches of the right coronary artery of the heart which the pericardium covers. Anterior branch of the left coronary artery of the heart running in the hollow between the ventricles to the apex of the heart. 30, 31. 32. 33. 35. 36. Trunk of the aorta ascending between the pulmonary artery and the right sinus. 37. Arch of the aorta. a 38. Common trunk of the right subclavian and carotid arteries, anonymous trunk, or ar- teria innominata. The length of the arteria innominata varies much in different individuals ; I have seen it longer in tall people and shorter in those with a short neck. 39. Right carotid artery. 40. Right subclavian artery. •f- Vertebral artery. 41. Trunk of the inferior thyroid artery. » Haller (de partium corporis bumani prascipuarum fabiica et functionibus T. 4, p. 7.) speaks in the following manner of the branches arising from the arch of tfie aoita. " In man alone, of all animals I have yet examined, three distinct branches have " arisen from the conve.\ity of the great arch, so that, correctly speaking, we cannot use the word ascending aorta. The first o'f " these trunks is the right subclavian, which gives off the right carotid ; the second the left carotid ; and the third the left " subclavian of the same side." I have distinctly observed the same origin of the vessels arising from the arch of the aorta in the'simia aetheops, sciurea, and capucina, in the hedgehog, mole, rat, and mouse, beaver, three-toed sloth, and dolphin of the ancients. Dubenton has seen this disposition of the vessels in the simia sciurea, (Eutfun Hist. Natnr. T. 15. p. 47.) capucina, (lb. p. 57) rosalia, (ib. p. 113.) appella, (T. 15, p. 49.) lemur tardigradus, (ib. T. 13, p. '217.) racoon, (ib. T. 8. p. 34f,) two-toed sloth, (ib. p. 56.) two-toed ant-eater, (ib. T. 10. p. 171.) hamster, (ib. T. 8. p. 130.) mus decuniajius (ib. T. 8. p. 212.) and beaver, (ib. p. 316.) Ducrotay de Blainville, (Dissertation sur la place, que le famille des Omithorinques et des Enchidnes doit occuper dans les series natureUes, Paris 1812, p. 84.) has taken notice of the distribution of vessels in the ornitborynchi and echidns. J. K. Meckel has seen it in the three-toed sloth, (Beitrage zur rergleicbenden anatomic, B. 2. Heft. 1. S. 130.) and two-toed ant- eater, (Deutsch. Archiv. fur die Physiologic, B. 5. S. 59.) But it is to be remarked, that the origin of the trunks arising from the arch of the aorta is subject to vary in mamnnalia as well as in men ; for in the simia capucina and racoon I have seen only two branches proceeding from the arch, the first and. greater of which consisted of the arteria anonyraa, the posterior and smaller of the left subclavian. 42. Proper thyroid branch. -13. Transverse artery of the scapula. 44'. Superficial cervical artery. T"f- Ascending cervical artery. 45. Internal mammary or thoracic artery. Trunk of the subclavian artery, proceeding between the scalenus anticus and medius muscles. Left carotid. Left subclavian artery. » Vertebral artery. 49. Inferior thyroid artery. 40 47 48 50. Tliyroid branch. ** Ascending vertebral artery. 51. Transverse artery of the scapula. 52. Superficial cervical artery. 53. Left mammary artery. 54. Subclavian artery running between the sca- leni and descending obliquely over the first rib. 55. 55. Branches of the inferior thyroid artery. 56. 56. Branches of the superior thyroid ar- tery. pi..ir. fb' Fif ?. Fii-i. ny!,. / B^ a ^fei''''>' F,jc Flf,/. ^ 3 s -V ?//l /y^p. »N %f \ I ' w PLATE II. FiGUEE I. Represents the Coronary Arteries of the Heart, or Cardiac Arteries, upon the Anterior surface of the Heart. A — Trunk of the vena cava superior, cut. B — Right sinus. C — Right auricle. D — Pulmonary ventricle. E — Arterial cone, with the pulmonary artery divided, that the origins of the cardiac ar- teries may be better seen. F — Left sinus. G — Left auricle. H — Left pulmonary veins. I — Aortic ventricle. K — Trunk of the aorta. a — Right anterior or inferior coronary artery of the heart, escaping from the aorta, and run- ning in the hollow between the base of the pulmonary ventricle and right sinus. b — Left posterior or superior coronary artery of the heart arising from the aorta between the pulmonary artery and left auricle of the heart. 1,1,1. — Branches proceeding from the right coro- nary artery to the sinus of the venae cavae. 2,2,2. — Branches running to the right ventricle. * — Continuation of the right coronary artery upon the postei'ior surface. 3,3. — Branches of the left coronary artery to the left ventricle. 4, 4, 4 — Great anterior branch running in a winding manner in the hollow between each ventricle to the apex of the heart, and then reflected between the apices of both ventricles to the inferior surface of the heart. 5.— Tortuous branch proceeding to the posterior surface of the heart. Figure II. Represents the Cardiac Arteries upon the Pos- terior surface of the Heart. A — Right sinus. B — Mouth of the vena cava inferior C — Trunk of the great coronary vein terminat- ing in the right sinus. D — Left sinus. E — Left auricle. FG — Right pulmonary veins. HI — Left pulmonary veins. K, K. — Pulmonary ventricle. L L — Aortic ventricle. ]. — Posterior circumflex branch of the right coronary artery of the heart. 2. — Small twig to the right sinus. 3, 3, 3, 3. — A branch descending between each ventricle, and giving branches to the poste- rior surface of the ventricles. 4. — A branch of the left coronary artery reflected between the apices of the ventricles, and en- tering into anastomosis with the descending branch. 5 — Continuation of the posterior circumflex branch. 6. — Small twig to the right sinus. 7, 7 — Twigs running to the left ventricle. 8,8. — Small branches proceeding to the left sinus. 9. — Posterior anastomosing circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. 10, 10. — Small reflected branch of the i-ight sinus. 11, 11. — Small tM'igs of the left sinus. 2 The coronary arteries of the heart sometimes differ in their number and distribution from what I have here represented. Thebesios" has ob- served only one, though a large trunk, arising from the aorta, and immediately dividing into two branches. Winslow'' and Fiorati'' have both noticed three coronary arteries. The following figures exhibit the principal varieties of the aorta, and of the branches arising . from its arch ; for, the branches of the aorta do not always originate in the same manner ; nor are they distributed in all bodies after the same law, even although they do arise in the usual way. I ' have here laid down those varieties in the origin and course of the trunks arising from the arch of the aorta, which I have either myself observed,'' or seen depicted and described in the works of other anatomists. FiGDEE Ill- Represents the most uncommon variation of the aorta, which Klinz^ observed in the body of a soldier twenty years of age. The aorta forms no arch, but after emerging from the left ventricle immediately divides into an ascending and de- scending trunk, one of which gives off both caro- tids and subclavians/ A — Right auricle of the heart. B — Left auricle of the heart. C — Pulmonary artery. D — Trunk of the aorta. E — Ascending aorta. Y — Trunk of the right subclavian and carotid arteries. G — Left carotid. II — Left subclavian. I I — Descending aorta. Figure IV. Sometimes two common or anonymous trunks arise from the arch of the aorta, one of which gives off the carotid and subclavian arteries of the right side, the other the same vessels of the left side. This variety has been twice observed by ViNc Malacar%'e,6 and once by Biumi.*" I have seen it in the Anatomical Museum of Berlin. A — Aorta. B — Right common trunk. 1. — Right subclavian artery. 2. — Right carotid artery. C — Left common trunk. 3. — Left carotid. 4. Left Subclavian. D — Descending aorta. Figure \'. There are vei"y often only two trunks originat- ing from the arch of the aorta, the first and larger of M'hich is composed of both carotid and right subclavian arteries, the second and smaller of the left subclavian- a, a, b,b.. a, a.' part. -Sternum of an adult cut in its middle Sternal portions of the sterno-cleido mas- toid muscles- c, c. — Clavicular portions of the same muscles- d, d. — Thyroid gland, e. — Trachea. /- — Right pleura. g — Left pleura. A.— Trunk of the pulmonary artery. ?'.— Right pulmonary artery- k. — Left pulmonary artery- L — Trunk of the aorta. W2.— Arteria innominata, which is sometimes ob- served longer. ' Diss, de Circiilo Sanguinis in Corde. Lugd. Batav. 1716, 8, p. C. " Exposition Anatomiqtie de la Structure dii Corps Humain. I'aris, 1732, p. 3CC. ' Atti della Academia di Padua, T. :{. P. 1. p. .38. "* J. N. Bayer, praes. F. Tiedemann. Diss, de ramis ex arcu aortae prodeuntibus. Sal/.lmrg, 1817- ''• '""i tab. lithograph. " Abhannlungen dcr Josephinisdieu Mediciiiish-Chirurgischcn Akailemie. Wen. 1787. B. I. S. 271. Taf. 6. ' This dis'.ribntion of the aorta occurs in .animals of the order Pecora, in the sheep, noat, bull, stag, buck, reindeer, (Danlien- ton, 1. c. T. 12. p. 1!!2 ;) both varieties of the camel, (Daubentoii, T. II. p. 2C0, p. 432 ; chamois, (Uaulienton, T. 12. p. 182;) also in the lolidungiila, the horse, ass, and zebra, (DHuh. T. 12. p. 17 >" most of the helliiae, i'. i/r. in the Imar, the pecari, and rhinoceros, (Cuvier Anatomic Compariie, T. 4. p. 248.) It is rarely observed in the mammalia of the order Glires and Quadru- mana, yet I have seen it in the cavia agouti, and in tlie lemur monguz. Uaubentun has remarked it in the cavia cabybaiii (T. 12. p. 292.) and paca, (T. 10. p. 27C.) in the lemur niongoz, (Til. 13. p. 201.) and ring-tailed lemur, (it), p. 18!).) Thi» disposition of the vessels seems to he pi-culiar to those mammalia provided with a long neck : and from it seems to have arisen the vulgar division of the human aorta into ascending and descenciing, whicli we find so often mentioned in the works of the older Anatomists. « 0»8ervazione in Chirurgia, Forina, 1784, T- 2. p. il!t. •> Observationes Aiiatomicae, p. 133. I have remarked this distribution of the vessels in the bat ; the left arteria anonyma was shorter than the right. Daubentnn ha* observed it in the pteropus rufus, (T. 10. p. 70.) The other animals of the class Cheiroptera obviou.sly have this arrange- ment of vessels. It is found also in the porpoise. (Cuvier. Anat. Compar. T. 4. p. 249.) It would appear that this distribution is chiefly to be met with in those of mammalia with short necks. «.— Right subclavian artery. o, o — Right carotid artery. p, p. — Left carotid, passing obliquely across the trachea. 7. — Left subclavian. This variety, which some of the older anato- mists have either delineiited or described as usual and regular, has been often observed in more recent times. Petsche'' has seen it once in the body of a female. Neubauer** twice in adults, and once in a new-born infant. J. J. Hunter*^ in a girl six years old, and in a boy of twelve. Besidei, we have the authority of J. F. Meckel,'' Vinc. Malacarne," Wal- ter,^ Scarpa, Burns,^ Ryan,'' and J. F. Mec- kel, (the grandson') in establishing this varia- tion. I have myself very often seen this disposition of these arteries in males as well as females, while studying at Landishut ; but seldom in those bodies which I procured while at Marburg, Wirceburg, and Heidelberg.'' The left carotid, when it arises from the ar- teria innominata, always passes obliquely across the trachea between the manubrium of the ster- num and the thyroid gland; for which reason the anterior surface of the neck, in performing the operation of tracheotomy, should be care- fully examined by the surgeon lest he wound this artery.* FlGVRE VL A variety which I have remarked in a foetus of eight months. This foetus had a hare-lip. A. L. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10. —Aorta —Right carotid. —Anonymous trunk. —Left carotid. —Left subclavian. —Vertebral artery of the same side. —Right subclavian artery arising from the tho- racic aorta. —Right vertebral artery. —Inferior thyroid artery. —Transverse artery of the neck- — Internal mammary artery- Figure VII. Exhibits a variety, which I observed in the body of an adult man at Landishut. A — Aorta. B — Arteria innominata. I — Right subclavian artery. 2 — Right carotid. 3. — Left carotid. 4. — Vertebral artery of the left side. 5.— .Left subclavian. C — Thoracic aorta. a Sylloge Aiiatomicarum Selectarum Obseryationum. Hal. 1736, p. 14. b Descriptio Anat. Arteriae Innominatae et Thjrroideae Imae. Jenae, 177-. § 11. Tab. 2. Fig. 1. c Act Helvetic, Vol. 8. p, 71. Tab. 3. Fig. 1. d Epistolae ad Hallerum, Vol. 3. p. 140. e Osservaz. in Chirurgia, P. 2. p. 128. Tab. 1. Fig. 3. ' f Nouveaux Memoires de I'Acad. de Berlin, Ann. 1785, p. 61. Tab. 2, Fig. 5. I am surprised that Walter has called this variety a very rare one. 8 Von den Hcrzkrankheiten, a. d. Engl. Lemgo, 1813, s. 324. h Diss, de Quarundum Arteriarum in Corpore Huraano Distributione. Edinburg. 1812. 8. p. 2. ' Tabulae Anatomicae Pathologicae Fasc. 2. Tab. 10. Fig. II. Handbuch der Pathologischen Anatomie. B. 2. Abth. 1. s. 131. Meckel asserts that he has seen this distribution twelve different times. k In many animals I have observed both carotids and the right subsclavian arising by a common trunk from the aorta. In animals of the order quadrumana, viz. in the simia satyrus,} whose heart I saw preserved in the celebrated museum of Sandiforc at Leyden ; in the simia intellus, the magot, sajou sai, coaita, green ape or callitriche, red ape of Senegal, simia artesus, brown baboon, and pigtailed baboon. Daubenton saw the same type or distribution of vessels in the magot, (1. c. T. 14. p. 119.) the pig-tailed baboon, (p. 183,) the cynomolgus, (p. 198,) the fauuus, (p. 233,) the green ape, (p. 279,) the fuliginosa, (p. 250,) and coaita, (T. 15. p. 30.) I have found the same disposition of vessels in the dog, (1. c. Fig. 3.) fox and wolf, and cat, (1. c. Fig. 5.) lion and weasel, (Fig. 4.) martin or polecat, and ermine, the yellow and red coati mondi, racoon and badger. Besides, according to Dubenton, it is met with in the Hyajna, (1. c. T. 9. p. 285,) leopard, (p. 181,) ounce, (p. 212,) lynx, (p. 248, caracal, (T. 12, p. 445,) civet or muse, common otter, (T. 7- p. 143, and bear,'(T. 8. p. 271.) Finally, 1 have seen it in most of the Glires, v. gr. in the hare, (Fig. C.) rabbit, porcupine, beaver, and alpine mouse. Dau- benton described it in the sciurus palmarum, (T. 10. p. 135.) the Guinea pig, (T. 8. p. 11,) and didelphis, (T. 13. p 98.) Pallas showed it in the daman of the Cape. (Miscellanea Zoologica, p. 43.) {+ I have followed the learned author in the text, in retaining the name of Simia Salprus, though it is now tolerably well as- certained that the simia satyrus ot naturalists, the animal described by Vosmaer and Camper, is only a young pongo. The heart preserved in the museum at Leyden may perhaps have belonged to the very specimen so ably dissected and described by Camper. — R. Knox.) (* There is a specimen of the distribution of vessels, described in the text, in my own museum. I owe the preparation to the kindness of Mr. Turnbull, one of my pupils — R. Knox.) Figure VIII. Shows the arch of the aorta, from which a trunk common to both carotids arises, and each subclavian formed by a trunk proper to itself, and originating in a singular manner, so that the left subclavian is situated in the middle, while the right is placed on the left side. This figure is taken from the observations of Walter. A — Ascending aorta. B — Common trunk of the carotids. 1, 1, — Right carotid. 2, 2 — Left carotid. 3 — Left subclavian artery. 4 — Right subclavian artery behind those trunks proceeding to the right side. C — Portion of the thoracic aorta. HuNAULD," HOMMEL,'' NeUBAUER,'^ J. F. Meckel,"* Walter,'' and J. F. Meckel, (the grandson,*^) have each remarked the branches of the arch of the aorta arising in this manner. The right subclavian generally proceeds behind the oesophagus and trachea to the right arm ; but, in the case which Walter describes, it runs over the trachea. Figure IX. Represents a variety observed by Walter,^ agreeing completely with Fig. vii. A — Aorta. B — Arteria innominata. 1, 1. — Right subclavian artery. 2. — Vertebral artery. 3. — Right carotid. 4. — Left carotid. 5. — Left Vertebral artery 6. — Left subclavian. Ed. Sandifort'' describes a similar case as occur- ring in the body of a female. ' Hist, de I'Acad. des Sciences de Paris, an. 1737, P- 20, Nro. /. b Commercium Litterarium Norimberg, 1737, p- 1^2, Tab. 2, Fig. 3, 4, e viro adulto. c De Arteria Innominata, g 12. d Epistol. ad Haller. T. 3. 'p. 141. e Mem. de I'Acad. de Berlin, 178f>, T. 3. Fig. 3. f Tabulae Anatomicae-Patliologicae, Frasc. 2. Tab. 10. Fig, 2. g I. e. Tab. 3. Fig. 3. •> ObserTationes Aoatomicae-Pathologicae, Lib. 4. p. 02. PL.TH. hii I ^\ ^ '^ 1) %: % \w ^r% til/ O' S^Ss i;,, :• /v./. /■if, ^~ J-u/ -i. \ ip' nc). J. ^ 'r< 5\ n t 111 1 /»/. *. /'c/j/ IV- Ml I- 1 II. II. ' Jh>' * ^ jit:- Wj»»>, , III/ I? <\ K.Uilelielt frul/,; PLATE III. FlGUUE I. A. The aorta. B. The arteria innominata. 1. Right subclavian artery. 2. Riglit carotid artery. 3. Left carotid. 4. Left subclavian artery. 5. Left vertebral artery arising from the arch of aorta. C. Thoracic part of the aorta. I saw this disposition of the vessels in the body of a man forty years old ; it is like that described by Walter.* Figure II. This very rare variety occurred to me whilst dissecting the body of a young person aged twenty-two. •]" A. 1. B. 2. 3. 4. C. Ascending trunk of the aorta. Right subclavian artery. Trunk common to the two carotids. Right carotid. Left carotid. Left subclavian. Descending aorta. • Museum Auatomicum, p. 237, No. 1447. -f- This origin of the branches from the arch of tlie aoita is proper to the elepliant. — See Cuvier, (1. c. Vol. 4. p. 349.) Figure III, It is not unusual for the number of trunks arising from the arch of the aorta to be in- creased. This is effected, partly, if the right subclavian and right carotid arteries form no anonymous trunk {arteria innominata), but arise separately, partly, if those branches which are commonly subdivisions of larger trunks arise from the arch of the aorta itself; thus four, five, or even six trunks may come off from it. A, B. Arch of the aorta. 1. Right subclavian artery. 2. Right carotid. 3. Left carotid. 4. Left subclavian. Heister,' Winslow," BAUER,' Nevin,^ Ryan," Zagorsky,' and Fleischmann,^ have seen such a distribution of branches arising from the arch of the aorta. Ballay,' Neu- J. F. Meckel," ' Compendium Auatomicum. Notae, p. 123, in a female body. ^ 1. c. p. 364.. ' Journal de Medicine. Ann. 1758. Mois Avril. 4 1. c. § 14. * I'.dinburgh Med. Commentaries. Dec. 2. Vol. 9.. « 1. c. p. 3. ' Patholog. Anat. B. 2. Abth. L S. JOT. ' fllem. de I'Academ. de Petersbourgh, T. 1. ' Lcichen — Oeffnungeii, S. 238. Uaubenton (1. c. T. 13. p. 420,) says, that four branches were found arising from the arch of the aorta in the trichechus rosmanis;* that they agree with the above liowever is not quite evident. * This expression has been employed by different naturalists to designate different animals, asthe walrus, the dugong, and the lamentine. 9 Figure IV. A, B. Arch of the aorta. 1. Right carotid. 2. The right subclavian going behind the ca- rotid of the same side, on its way to the right arm. 3. Left carotid. 4. Left subclavian. J. J. Hdber* saw this disposition. Figure \. Exhibits a variety taken from -f-WALTER"s Dissertation on the aberrations of the ar- teries. A, B. Arch of the aorta. 1. Right carotid artery. 2. Left carotid artery. 3. Right subclavian artery. 4. Left subclavian artery. Figure YI. .\ similar variety taken from the observations of Walter.;|: A, B. Arch of the aorta. 1. Right carotid. 2. Left carotid. 3. 3. Right subclavian. 4. Vertebral artery. 5. 5. Left subclavian. 6. Vertebral artery. Figure VII. This figure is taken from the Programma of P. A. Boehmer.|| A, B. Arch of the aorta. 1. Right carotid artery. 2. Left carotid. .3. Left subclavian. 4. Vertebral artery of the left side. •5. Right subclavian running behind the oeso- phagus and trachea, on its way to the right side. • Acta- Helvetic. T. 8. p. 75. Fig. 3. t Mem. de I'Acacl. dc Berlin, 1785. p. 62. Tab. 3. Fig. 5. From a male body. X lb. Tab. 3. Fig. +. n De ((uatuur et ([uinqiio ramis ex arcii nrteria; magnw ad. «ieiii!cptibns. llalic, ITU, Fig. 1. This anomaly of the vessels has been described by Fabricius,' Mieg,-Loesecke,^ Ludwig,^ Pohl,* Neubauer," Murray," Schleitz,'' Sandifort,' Bayford,^" Hulme," Al. Monro,'-' Auten- reith,''' Zagorsky," Koberwein,''' Herold,!^ Fleischmann,'" Otto,'^ and J. F. Meckel.'^ The right subclavian artery immediately at its origin is bent towards the right, and proceeds obliquely or transversely to the right arm. In its course it either runs behind the oesophagus and trachea, as in the cases observed by Boeh- mer, Neubauer, Pohl, Murray, Schleitz, AuTENREiTH, Fleischmann, and Otto ; or it passes between the oesophagus and trachea, as in the cases described by Bayford, Monro, Za- gorsky, and Herold. Some physicians. Bay- ford, HuLME, Monro, Autenreith, and Mur- ray, relate that deglutition has been impeded by this irregular origin and course of the right sub- clavian artery, and they derive from thence a new sort of Dysphagia which they call Lnsoria. But others, Koberwein, Otto, and Fleischmann, have not observed Dysphagia to arise from this cause. 1 Proemtieum non n' Epistolae ad Hallerum. T. 2. p. 258. 12 Observat. Anat. Patholog. Lib. 4. p. 92. In a female body. 13 De Fetu Puellae Alinorm. Hal. 1814, p. 7. 14 Hanb. der I'atholog. Anat. B. 2. Abth. 1. s. 109. Taliul. Anatomic. Fathologic. Fasc. I. Tab. 1. Fig. 3. In the body of a young person of fourteen, who died of the blue disease, f morbus caeruleus.j This distrilmtion of the arteries from the arch of the aorta seems to be regular in the seal ; for I observed it in three seals dissected by myself. • 1. c. p. 73. 2. Right carotid. 3. Left carotid. 4. The first left vertebral artery arising from the arch of the aorta. .5. Subclavian artery of the left side. 6. Another left vertebral artery coming off" from the subclavian. Both these, viz. that which is a branch of the aorta, and that which comes from the sub- clavian, joined into one at the transverse pro- cess of the fifth cervical vertebra. 7- Common trunk of the vertebral arteries. Henkel* likewise found two vertebra! ar- teries on the left side, one of which, the smaller, came from the usual place ; the other, the larger, arose from the aorta ; they formed a common trunk in the canal of the transverse processes of the neck. Figure X. A. Aorta. B. Arteria innominata. 1. Right subclavian. 2. Right carotid. 3. Left carotid. 4. Left subclavian. 5. Vertebral artery deriving its origin from the arch of the aorta. I saw this anomaly in the body of a man thirty years old. Winslow,' and J. F. Meckel,^ have observed a similar distribution. Figure XI. This figure exhibits the inferior thyroid artery, coming off from the arch of the aorta between the arteria innominata and the left carotid. NruBAUER-f- was the first who described this. a. — Thyroid cartilage. b, b. — Thyroid gland. c. — Trachea. A. Aorta. B. Arteria innominata. 1. Right subclavian. 2. Right carotid. * Zweite Saranilung Medicinischer und Chirurgischer, An- merkungen, S. 10. Fig. 4. " 1 1. c. p. 364. 2 I. c. p. 109. f De Arteria Innominata et Thyreoidea ima, § 8. Tab. 2. Fig. 2. 3. Inferior thyroid artery, sending small brandies to the trachea and thyroid gland. 4. Carotid of the left side. 5. Left subclavian. C. Thoracic part of the aorta. It is worthy of notice, that in this case the right inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the subclavian, gave no twigs to the thyroid gland; but that the scapular, the transverse cervical, and ascending cervical arteries, chiefly suppUed it. Hbber,^ Walteb,- Loder,' and He- KOLD,* have also observed this abnormal origin of the inferior thyroid artery. I happened once to see it in the body of an adult man. It merits the attention of the surgeon in performing the operation of tracheotomy. 1 Act. Helvet.T. 8. p. 83. 2 I. c. Tab. 3. Fig. 2. 3 Programma, in quo recensentur non nullae arteriarum va- lietates. Jenae, 1781, p. t. i I. c. p. 12. Figure XII. This represents the inferior thyroid artery arising from the arch of the aorta, between the left carotid and subclavian arteries, which I found in the body of a female of forty. A. Aorta ascending to form the arch. B. Arteria innominata. 1. Right subclavian artery. 2. Right carotid artery. 3. Left carotid artery. 4. Inferior thyroid artery. 5. Left subclavian artery. C. Descending aorta. The inferior thyroid artery which came off from the left subclavian was small, and gave no branches to the thyroid gland, but it sent off the transverse scapular and ascending cervical arteries. NicoLAi* has also observed this unusual origin of the inferior thyroid artery. De Directione Vasoruni, Argentorati, 1720, p. 25. Fi,f.). ri>.iv ^'^^ % h /•»/.. ^J\ h -^ ^% tr jij4- ' If 4 \ '\ ^ F{^.J. t r 1 F,y.. ny.. y \' \ ^ I <\ ^^^^/^ .e ft /• / /;j?.(^ \ m* If'' Rj.g. y c S«.' /•;;/.;;. >s nA J K./Jilrl.r/l /•'■lil/'' PLATE IV. Figure I. originates from tlic arch of aorta, and tlie ver- tebral artery of the left side arises between Five branches arisintr from the arch of the aorta the carotid and left subclavian, of which Iiave also been observed. Boehmer' has delineated an example. II, b. — Arch of the aorta. a, c. — Aorta. 1. Right subclavian artery. b. — Arteria innominata. 2. Rigiit carotid artery. 1. Right subclavian. 3. Left carotid artery. 2. Right carotid. 4. Left vertebral artery. 3. Right internal mammary, or thoracic artery. 5. Subclavian artery of the left side. 4. Left carotid. Petsche' and Loder" saw such a dis- 5. Vertebral artery of the left side. position of branches arising from the arch 6. Left subclavian. of the aorta. Sometimes instead of the right mammary, the inferior thyroid artery takes its origin from the arch of the aorta. J. F. Meckel' Figure IL has observed this variety twice. «, 1). — Arch of the aorta. 1. Right carotid. Figure IV. 2. Left carotid.. 3. Left vertebral artery. Sometimes the vertebral arteries of both sides 4. Left subclavian. arise from the arch of the aorta. Penada,' 5. Right subclavian going to the right arm behind FioRATi,'^ and Meckel,' relate such cases. the trunks arising from the arch of the aorta, ft, b. — Arch of the aorta. and behind the oesophagus and trachea. c. — Arteria innominata. Koberwein' has observed this variety. 1. Right subclavian. 2. Right carotid. 3. Vertebral artery of the right side. Figure III. 4. Left carotid. 5. Vertebral artery of the left side. ] n addition to the usual three branches, the right internal mammary artery sometimes 6. Left subclavian. ' 1, c. Fig. 2. ' Handbucn der Analomie, B. 3. S. 83. 3 Saggio Teizo di Osseivazioni e memorie Pathologico-Ana- 1 1. c. § H. In a female body. lomiche. Padoua, ISOI, p 44. 3 I.e. ■t AUi Delhi Academia di Padoua, T. 3. P. 1. p. 38. ] 1. c. s In Reils Arcbiv. B. G. S, 571. Figure V. Six brandies very rarely arise from the arch of aorta. I once happened to see them in tlie body of a man of forty.' fl, b — Arch of the aorta. 1. Right subclavian. 2 Vertebral artery of the right side. 3. Right carotid. 4. Left carotid. 5. Vertebral artery of the left side. 6. Left subclavian. Figure VI. This exhibits a very rare variety of the aorta, observed by Ho.mjiel," in which the aorta is seen divided at the commencement of the arch, and again united at its termination. Tiirough this ring, as it were, the trachea and oesophagus pass. a. — Trunk of the ascending aorta cut near the heart . b. — Posterior arch. c. — Anterior arcli. d. — The reunion of both arches. 1. Right carotid artery. 2, S, 4- Right subclavian artery. 5. Left carotid artery. 6. Left subclavian artery. e. — Trunk of the pulmonary artery. /. — Right branch of the pulmonary artery. g. — Left branch of the pulmonary artery. A. — The remains of the ductus arteriosus (Liga- mentum arteriosum Botalli). i. — The trachea, fc.— The oesophagus. Figure VIL This shows a remarkable aberration of the aorta described and delineated by ViNC. M.\LACAUKE.3 The aorta had scarcely emer- ged from tile left ventricle before it was di- vided into two trunks. I'ive semilunar valves were placed at the commencement of the aor- I Meckel relates ft siniiliir example which was observed by F. Miiller, (Handhuch dcr. Aimt. B. 3. S. 8*. ' Commercium LiUcr. Norimberg, 1737. Ilebdomas, 21. p. ICI. Tab % Fig. 1, 2. 3 Ossci vazioni in Chirurgia. Torino, 1784, P. 2. p. 1 lH. Fig. 1 . 2. From the body ol a robust mao of sixty, who died of apoplei;. ta, which was very capacious. Each trunk, the right and left, gave off' three branches to its own side, viz. the first the subclavian artery, the second the external carotid, and the third the internal carotid. After having iriveii otf these branches, the right and left arches joined together to form the descending or thoracic aorta.' a.— Right auricle of the heart. b. — Pulmonary ventricle. c, d — Pulmonary arterv. e. — Left auricle f. — Aortic ventricle. g. — Right coronary artery of the heart. /(. — Left coronary arterv. i Right trunk of the aorta. 1c. — Left trunk of the aorta. /.—Aorta descendens. 1. — Subclavian artery of the right side- 2. — Right external carotid artery. 3. — Rigiit internal carotid artery. 4. — Left internal carotid artery. 5. — Left external carotid artery. n. — Subclavian artery of the left side. Figure VIIL This shows a variety of the aorta which Zagousky' has observed. The first trunk given oft' from the arch of the aorta directed its course to the right extremity only, but the second forming an anomalous trunk, di- vided into the two carotids and left subcla- vian. a. b. — Arch of the aorta. c. — Right subclavian artery, d. — Anomalous trunk. c. — Right carotid artery. f. — Left carotid artery. g. — Left subclavian artery. Figure IX. a, h — Arch of the aorta. c. — Right subclavian artery. d. — Right carotid. c. — Arteria innominata. f. — Left carotid artery. g — Left subclavian. ■ This disposition of the aorta is not unlike that which oc- curs in Anipliybia, lizards, tortoises, serpents, and frogs. ^ Mem. dc I'Acad. des Sciences de St I'elersbourg, 1809- T. 1 p. :iS+. 3 In a body dissected by Bernuauu, the aorta liaving arisen from the left ventricle, first ascended in a straight direction as far as the region of tlie tiiird or fourth dorsal vertebra ; it was then inclined towards the right, so that it was bent over the right branch of the trachea, and in this manner turned its arch to the right side : it then descended beiiind the right branch of the trachea on the right side of thebotlies of the vertebrae. By this singular direction, the ori- gin of the larger vessels coming from the arch of the aorta was also changed. Similar cases have been observed by Caillot,'J. F. Meckel,' and others. ■ Figi;ek X. This represents the irregular origin of the right mammary artery from the arteria innomina- ta, which NEUBAUEif and Walter' have described. a — Aorta. b. — Arteria innominata. c. — The right internal mammary artery, a brancii of the arteria innominata. d. — Riolit subclavian. e. — Right carotid. /. — Carotid of the left side. jO-. — Subclavian of the same side. h. — Thoracic aorta cut. Figure XI. This exhibits the inferior thyroid artery in the body of a boy, coming oft' from the arteria innominata. This variety which frequently occurs, was seen by Haller^ Neubauer', HuBER,' LoDER,", and Soemmekkix'g.'" I have observed it four times, in the body of a new born infant, in a boy three years old, also in tiie bodies of two men, the one of twenty the other of sixty years. The infe- ^ De Arteriarum e corde prodeiinlium aberralionibus. Bero- lini, 1818, 4 t. tab. aen, la llie body ot an infanl which died a little after biilh. ' Bulletin de I'Ecole de Medicine de Paris, 1807, [>, 21. 3 Pathol. Anal. B. 2. Abth. 1. S. 97. * L. c. § 10. s L. c. PI. I. * Icon. Anatomic, Fasc. 8. p. CO. Not. 50. ' 1 c. § C. Tab. C. He saw it thrice. ^ I. c. T. 8. p. 85. He observed it several times. 5 1. c p. 4. Lioder observed this variety twice; one example was in the body of an infant which died a short time after birth, anotlier example was in the body of a woman about thirty years old. '" De Corporis Humani Fabrica, T. 5. p. 125. nota q. nor thyroiil branches ari>ing lioiii the siih- clavian are generally seen to be small or wanting allogither. 1 once saw in the bodv of a man of lif'iy tlit inferior tiiyrdid arttrv arising from the arteria iiiiioiiuiiata, atid a small thyroid artery from the conmiun caro- tid of the right side. fi. — Superior part of the steriumi. /), b. — The clavicles, r, c. — The sternal j)orlions of the ;-teriio-masti)i(l muscles. (/, d. — Clavicular portions of the same muscles. c, e. — The sterno-cleido-mastoidei muscles dis- sected. J\J. — The sterno-hyoid muscles. if, 5". — T he sterno-thyroid muscles. /(, k. — The omo-hyoid muscles. i. — The thyroid gland. k. — Trachea. I. — Common trunk of the right subclavian and carotid arteries. m. — The inferior thyroitl artery sending small branches to the thyroid gland. n — Left carotid. Sometimes theinferii r thvroid artery a- rises from the common carotid itself, which generally does not give off any branches. NicoLAi,' Hali.er,^ Boeiimer,^ Mec- KEL," HoBER,-'' Neubader,'^ and J. F. Meckel'' have observed this variety. I have noticed it twice. Lastly, it may be mentioned here, that it is not uncommon for small arteries to arise from the arteria innominata, or from the anterior part of tlie arch of the aorta, which are distributed to the thymus gland and pericardium, or to the sterno-hyoid and thyroid muscles, or to the bronchia. RuyscH, Haller,' J F. Meckel,^ Neubauer,'" and otliers, have seen such arteries, and they liave occurred to me se- veral times ' De DIrectionc Vasorum, § 7- ^^^- Q' p. 23. ^ Element Physiol. T. 5. p. WA. 3 Diss, de Confluxu Trimn Cavarura in dextro Cordis atrio ; resp Nic. Theune. Hal 17b'3. * Epislol. ad Halkrum, Vol. II. p 258. The inferior thy- roid ai'tcry ai3se from the left carotid. ' I. c. p. 81. Huber saw this anomaly once in the left side, and thrice in the jight. ^ 1. c. $ 7. He observed the inferior thyroid artery arise from the trunk of the right carotid in the body of an adult, as well as in that of a new born child. ? Tabul. Anatom. Palholog Fasc^ t. Tab. 10. Fig. 3. " Icon. Anat. Fasc. 5. p. 25. Fasc. 6, p 5. « Epi!,t. ad Haller. T. 5. p CO. "■ I. c. § 9. PL .V %. •i:*;. PLATE V. Exhibits the Arteries of the Thorax, Neck, and Head, seen on removing the Platysma Myoidcs Muscle. 1, 1, 1. Sternum. 2, Left clavicle. 3, 3, 3. Right clavicle. 4, Interclavicular ligament. 5, 5, 5. Pectoralis major of the left side. 6, 6. Clavicular portion of the pectoralis ma- jor of the right side. 7, 7, 7, 7. Portions of the pectoralis major, arising from the sternum and costal car- tilages. 8, Insertion of the pectoralis major. 9, 9. Superior digitations of the external ob- lique muscle of the abdomen. 10, 10, 10. Serratus magnus muscle- 1 1, Part of the subclavius muscle. 12, 12, 12. Latissimus dorsi. 13, Teres major muscle. * Teres minor 14, 14, 14. Deltoid 13. 16, 17. 18. 19. Coraco-brachialis 16. Biceps flexor cubiti. Long head of the triceps extensor. Short head Sternal portion of the left sterno-mastoid muscle. 20. Sternal portion of the right sterno-mastoid muscle. 21. Clavicular portion of the same muscle. 22. Middle part of the sterno-cleido' mastoid. 23. Insertion of the same muscle. 24. Submaxilliiiy gland. 25. Os hyoides. 26. Thyroid cartilage. 27. Superior horn of the thyroid cartilage. 28,29. Trachea. 30. Thyroid gland. 31. 31. Sterno-hyoid muscles. 32. Sterno-thyroid muscle. 33, 33. Omo-hyoid muscle. 34, Hyo-thyroid 35, 35, .35. Inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. •36. Posterior belly of the biventcr maxillae. 37. Anterior belly of the same muscle. 38. Aponeurosis of the biventer muscle des- cending to the hyoid bone. 39. 39. Stylo-hyoid muscle, through a slit in which the tendon of the biventer maxillae passes. Tendon of the stylo-hyoid inserted into the hyoid bone. Hyo-glossus muscle. Mylo-hyoideus Anterior scalenus 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45, 46. 47. 48, 49. 30. 51. 52. 33, 54. 55. 56. 37. 58. 39. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. Middle and posterior scaleni muscles. 45. Levator scapulae. Trapezius. Splenius capitis. 48, 48. Inferior cervical nerves proceeding to the brachial plexus. Parotid gland. Steno's duct. Masseter muscle. Frontalis 33. Orbicularis palpebrarum. Attollens auriculam. Occipitalis muscle. Compressor narium. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. Levator labii superioris. Levator anguli oris. Zygomaticus minor. Zygomaticus major. Buccinator muscle. Depressor anguli oris. Quadratus menti muscle. 65, 65. Orbicularis oris muscle. ()6. Common carotid artery. (i7, 67. Internal or cerel)ral carotid. 68. External or facial carotid. 69. Superior thyroid artery. 70. Internal laryngeal 71. 71, 71. Superficial laryngeal branch, send- ing twigs to the sterno-hyoid, sterno-thy- roid, omo-hyoid, and hyo-tliyroid muscles. 72. A small branch to the sterno-cleido-mastoid and omo-hyoid muscles. 7:3. Proper thyroid branch distributed to the thy- roid gland. 74. Twigs of the inferior thyroid artery proceed- ing to the trachea. 75. Branch to the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. 76. Ascending pharyngeal artery. 77. Lingual artery. 78. Hyoid branch. 7!). Anterior facial, labial, maxillary, or external angular artery.* J'O. Branches to the submaxillary gland. Si. Submental artery. 82. 82. Twigs to the masseter muscle. 83. Superficial labial artery. 84. Coronary artery of the inferior lip. 85. Small branch to the depressor anguli oris. 86. Twigs to the quadratus inenti and skin. 87. Small artery to the orbicularis oris. 88. Proper coronary branch of the inferior lip perforating the orbicularis oris. 89. Coronary artery of the superior lip, ascend- ing in a winding manner, and transmitting branches to the buccinator. 90. Proper coronary branch. 9 1 . Lateral nasal artery. 92. Small twig proceeding to the orbicularis oris and septum nasi. 93. Branch running to the wing, dorsum, and apex of the nose, and anastomosing with the dorsal artery of the nose from the opthalmic and infra-orbital. 94. Trunk of the external carotid artery ascend- ing and covered by the digastric muscle of the inferior jaw. 95. Occipital artery. 96. A branch running to the muscles of the neck. 97. Another twig proceeding downwards to the neck. 98, 98. Ascending and superficial occipital branches. 99, 99. Small arteries inosculating with the pos- terior auricular and temporal arteries. 100. Posterior auricular artery, sending a twig to the sterno-mastoid muscle. 101. Transverse artery of the face. 102. Branch to the orbicularis palpebrarum, zy- gomaticus major and minor muscles. 103. Superficial temporal artery. 104. Anterior auricular arteries. 105. Anterior temporal branch. 106. INIiddle temporal branch. 107. Twigs anastomosing with the frontal artery. 108. Posterior temporal branch. 109. 109. Small i)ranches anastomosing with those of the occipital artery. 110. Dorsal artery of the nose from the ophthal- mic. 111. Branches of the infra-orbitar artery. 112. 112. Frontal artery. 113. Small branch of the internal mammary ar- tery running between the sternal and clavi- cular portions of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. 114. 114, 114, 114, 114. External perforating twigs of the internal mammary artery, dis- tributed to the pectoralis major muscle, mam- ma, and skin. 1 15. Superior scapular or transverse scapular ar- tery. 1 16. Superficial cervical artery. 117. Branch of the ascending cervical artery. 118. 118. Transverse artery of the neck. 119.. Subclavian artery. 120. Arteria thoracica humeraria. 121. Acromial branch. 122. Cutaneous twig divided. 123. Small acromial branch. 124. 124. Branches of the thoracic artery per- forating the great pectoral muscle, and pro- ceeding to the mammary gland. 125. 125. Long thoracic artery. 126. 126, 126. Thoracic branches of the sub- scapular artery. 127. 127, 127. Trunk of the brachial artery. 128. 128, 128. Small branches to the biceps and coraco-brachialis muscles. 129. Small twig to the long head of the triceps. 130. Arteria profunda humeri. * Tlie labial artery varies mucli in the size and distrilnitioii of its branches, as Hai.i.er (I. c. Fasc. 3. p. 12. I'asc. !!. p. 12.) has correctly lemarked. Sometimes it is so small, that it does nut even give off the sn]>erior coronary artery, at other times so l;ir((e thai all tlie arteries of the external parts of the uose, tlie palpebral arterieSj nay, even the frontal artery itself, arc pro- duced ficm it. PL .VI. ,!#■■ I" . '■ , '■■^S!»ss. _ PLATE VI. This Plate represents the Carotid and Subclavian Arteries, and the Branches which arise from them, according to their usual distribution. 1.1. Sternum. -2. 2, 2. Right clavicle. 3. Articulation of the clavicle with the ster- 4. 5. 6. 7- 8. 9. 10. 11. Interclavicular ligament. First rib. Second rib. Third rib. Fourth rib. Fifth rib. 10. Pectoralis major muscle of the left side. Clavicular portion of the pectoralis major of the right side, cut away. 12. Sternal portion of the same muscle. Termination of the pectoralis major. Subclavius muscle. 15, 15, 15. Origin of the pectoralis minor mus- cle from the 3d, 4th, and 5th ribs. The insertion of the same muscle into the coracoid process. Anterior common ligament of the scapula. 18, 18, 18, 18. Intercostal muscles. 19. Portion of the rectus muscle of the abdo- 12. 13. 14. 16 n 20, 20, 20, 20. Serratus magnus muscle. 21, 22. Clavicular portion of the deltoid muscle. 23. Deltoid muscle. 24. Latissimus dorsi thrown aside. 25. Teres major muscle. 26. Subscapular muscle. 27. Coraco brachialis. 28. Short head of the biceps. 29. Its long head. 30. Long head of the triceps. 31. Sternal portion of the sterno-cleido raastoi- deus muscle of the left side. 32. Sternal portion of the right sterno-cleido mastoideus removed. 33. Insertion of sterno-cleido mastoideus. 34. Trapezius. 35. Splenius capitis cut through. 36. Scalenus anticus. 37. Scalenus medius and posticu-s. 38. The levator scapula. 39. Rectis capitis anticus major muscle. 40. Obliquus capitis inferior. 41. Occipitalis muscle. 42. The rctrahentcs muscles of the ear. 4.3. The masseter muscle. 44. Zygomaticus major. 45. The buccinator. 46. 46. Depressor of the angle of the mouth cut through. 47. Steno's duct dissected back. 48. Origin of the digastric muscle of the lower jaw removed. 49. Insertion of the same muscle. 50. Mylo-hyoideus muscle. 51. Styloid process. 52. 52. Stylo-glossus muscle. 53. 53. Hyo-glossus muscle cut through. * Sublingual gland. 54. Thyroid cartilage. 55. Upper horn of the same. 56. Omo-hyoid muscle cut. 57. Sterno-hyoid muscle laid back. 58. Hyo-thyroid muscle. 59. Inferior constrictor of the pharynx. 60. IMiddle constrictor of the pharynx. . 61. The trachea. 62. Thyroid body. 63. Sterno-hyoid muscle of the left side. 2 Gi. Sterno-thyroid muscle of the leftside. 65, 65. The common carotid artery." 66, 66. The internal or cerebral carotid. 67- The external or facial carotid. 68. The superior thyroid artery.'' 69. The superior laryngeal artery.*^ 70. Superficial branch which gives off twigs to the sterno-hyoid, omo-hyoid, and hyo-thy- roid muscles. 71. 71- Tliyroid branches. 72. Lingual artery.'' 73. Hyoid brand!. 74<. Asmall branch, truncated, which proceed- ed to the sterno-cleido mastoid muscle. * 75. Facial or external maxillary artery. 76. Ascending palatine artery. 77- Artery of the tonsil. 78. Sub-mental artery. 79. Branch sent to the masseter muscle. oO. Superficial labial artery. J51. Coronary artery of the lower lip. 82. Coronary artery of the upper lip. 83. A small branch of the inferior maxillary artery which passes through the mental fo- ramen. ' The common carotid artery sometimes divides much lower than the usual place opposite the horn of tlie hyoid bone. This unusual division occurs, at one time on both, at another only upon one side ; sometimes on the right side, at the distance of not more than an inch from the arteria innminata ; and some- times in different places between this and the common point of separation. Mokgagni (de Sed. et tJiusis JUorborum, Lib. iii. Epist. 29. Art. 20.) — in a female subject, aged 50, observed tlie left common carotid artery divided into two branches, scarcely half an inch from its origin. Bdrns, (1. c. p. 327.) and Ryan, (1. c. p. 4.) have seen a similar case. ' The superior thyroid artery sometimes arises from the com- mon carotid arterj-— (Burns, B. c. p. 329 — J. F. Meckel, I'atholog. Anat. b. ii. Abth. 1. p. 112.— Barclay, a Descrip- tion of the Arteries of the Human Body, Edin. 1812, 8. p. 13.) — and sometimes forms a common trunk willi the Ungual ar- tery, taking its origin either from the conmion carotid artery (BoYER,) or from the external carotid arteiy, (Burns, 1. c. p. 329.) ' I have often seen the superior laryngeal artery coming off from the trunk of the external carotid. Hai.i.er (Iconum. Anat. Ease. ii. p. 4.) has observed this distribution five times. It sometimes arises from the lingual artery, which I once happened to see in the body of a boy twelve years of age. It, lor the most part, enters the larynx between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, but seldom ])rocceds to the interior of it be- twixt the thyroid and cricoid cartilage, as is represented by Saratier, (Traite d' Anatomic, Paris 1781, 8. t. 3. p. 15.) and McRUAY, (l)escriptio Artcr. Corp. JIum. in Tab. Hedacta, Lips. 1794. p. U ;) or through the opening in the thyroid car- tilage (SoMMERINO, 1. c. p. 120.) ■1 The lingual artery soinerimcs forms a common trunk with the labial or external maxillary. I have seen this variety ten times. Hallek (b. c. p. j,) in seven out of 5(1 subjects, ob- .«ervcd the lingual to arise in common with the labial. BiUNS (b. u. p. 330.) asserts that he has seen a similar arrangenR'nt. the splenius capitis J to the trachelo- and splenius colli 8t. The ascending pharyngeal artery.' 85. The occipital artery.' 86. A small branch to the sterno-cleido mas- toid muscle, cut. 87. A small branch to muscle. 88. Stylo-mastoid artery. 89. A deep branch goin; mastoideus, complexus, muscles. 90. 90. Superficial branches descending to the neck. 91. 91. Proper occipital branches ascending in a serpentine course. 92. Posterior auricular artery. b 93. Small twigs to the posterior surface of the external ear. 94?. An occipital branch. 95, 95. Small branches inosculating with twigs from the occipital artery. 96, 96. Branches of the parotid gland cut. 97- Transverse artery of the (ace.*' 98, 99. A branch sent to the orbicidaris pal- pebrarum, and zygomatic muscles. 100. Superficial temporal artery. 101. Internal maxillary artery. 102. The trunk of the subclavian artery. 103. Internal mammary artery. 104. A small branch of the same artery which runs round the clavicle to the pectoralis major muscle, between portions of the ster- no-cleido mastoid-musclc. 105. The corresponding small branch of the left side. 106. 106, 106, 106. The external branches of the internal mammary artery, perforating the intercostal muscles. ' The ascending pharyngeal artery usually takes its origin either from the external carotid, or at the pouit where the com- mon carotid divides. I have, however, repeatedly seen it arise from the occipital and superior thjToid. Haller (1. c. p. 4.) has likewise observed the same arrangement. Sometimes there arc two pharyngeal arteries present ; one of these branciiing off from the above-mentioned angle ; another immediately below or above the litigual, forms the second or third branch of the external carotid. ' I have twice seen the occipital artcr)' proceeding from the internal carotid. IIah.er gives an account of a similar case, (h c. p. 2.) " The posterior auricular artery frequently arises from the occipital, as Hai.i.er has correctly observed, (I. c. p. 8.) '' The distribution of the transverse aitery of the face is so irregular, that, in the same head, it is seldom alike on both sides. Sometimes it is so large that it sends the whole of the small branches to the upper lip and nose, which commonly are given off by the facial. — (Vide Hai.eer, Icon. Anat. Ease. 3. p. la- Tabula Artcriarum faciei, ubi Arteriam ( aronariam labii snperioris, emittit.) Sometimes, also, it is so small that it only enters the orbicularis palpebrarum 107- The inferior thyroid axis giving off the in- ferior thyroid, supra-scapular^ superficial, and ascending cervical arteries. ion. Inferior thyroid artery." 109. 109. Branches proceeding to the thyroid body. 110. A small branch sent to the trachea. 111. The inferior or ascending laryngeal artery. 112. A small branch to the longus colli muscle. 113. Supra scapular artery.'' 114 The small trunk of the superficial and as- cending cervical. 115. Superficial cervical artery. 116. A small branch to the omo-hyold muscle cut. 117. 118. Small twigs proceeding to the levator scapulae. 119. A small branch to the trapezius. 120. Ascending cervical artery. 121. 122, 123. Branches running into the leva- tor scapula:. 124, 125. Small branches to the scalcni muscles. 126. Small branches to the levator scapulae and muscles of the neck. 127. The vertebral artery. 128. Transverse artery of the neck, or dorsal artery of the scapula.'^ 129. A branch running to the trapezius. 130. The trunk of the transverse artery of the neck dipping under the levator muscle of the scapula. 131. The subclavian artery, which, after escap- ing from between the clavicle and first rib, assumes the name of the axillary artery. 132. The axillary artery. 133. A small branch to the scrratus magnus an- ticus, and first rib. » This artery sometimes originates from the common carotid itself; as has been observed by Nicolai, (1. c. p. 28. ;) Halleu, (Elem. Pliys. T. ili. p. 403.;) Vink, (Van. de Bleed Vaten, p. 50. ;) Boiimek, (1. c. p. 81. ;) Neuhauer, (1. c. § 7. ;) J. F. Meckel, (Epist. ad Hallerum, T. ii. p. 258. ;) HuuER, (Act. Helvet. T. viii. p. 84. ;) J. F. JIeckel, (Grandson,) (Tab. Anat. Pathol. Faso. 2. T. x. Fig. 3.) I have frequently observed this both in men and women. Sometimes two inferior thyroid arteries are present, either upon the right or left side, one of which arises as usual from the subclavian artery, and the other from the common carotid. Burns once saw a pretty large artery, branching off from the subclavian, which ultimately separated into the inferior thyroid arteries of the right and left sides. b This artery, for the most part, arises from the inferior thyroid, rarely from the subclavian itself I once saw it given off from the internal mammary artery. ' The transverse arteiy of the neck, for the most part, Jakes its origin from the subclavian artery, seldom from the inferior thyroid. 134. The short thoracic. 135. A twig sent to the lesser pectoral muscle. 136. 136. Branches to the pectoralis major muscle truncated. 1 37. A small twig to the scrratus magnus anticus. 138. Humeral, or acromial thoracic artery. 139. A clavicular twig. 140. An acromial branch. 141. Small branch going to the deltoid muscle. 142. 143. Minute branches to the greater pec- toral muscle cut. 144. The long thoracic. 145. Small branch to the pectoralis minor mus-- cle. 146. 146, 146, 146. Small branches to the scr- ratus magnus muscle. 147. A slender twig inosculating with the tho- racic artery, which is given off from the subscapular artery. 148. The axillary artery descending between the pectoralis minor, and subscapularis muscles. 149- Subscapular artery. 150. Branch to the subscapular muscle. 151. Thoracic branch. 152. A slender twig to the axillary lymphatic glands. 153. 153, 153, 153. Branches which are sent to the latissimus dorsi muscle. 154. 154, 154. Small branches to the lower por- tions of the serratus magnus. 155. Circumflex artery of the scapula. 156. A slender twig to the teres major muscle. 157. Branches to the subscapular and teres mi- nor muscles, and long head of the triceps. 158. Proper circumflex branch. 159. Small branch to the latissimus dorsi. 160. A slender twig to the coraco-brachialis muscle. 161. Anterior circumflex artery of the humerus. 162. Posterior circumflex artery of the hume- rus.'' 163. Humeral or brachial artery. 164. Branch to the coraco-brachialis and biceps. 165. A small branch to the long head of the triceps. 166. Branch to the biceps. 167. The superior profunda. 168. A small cutaneous branch cut. ^ The circnmfle.v arteries of the humerus not unfrequently either arises from, or form a common trunk with, the sub- scapular artery. PLA II £uf.3. f''fff- . \ By J. 'NJ v4 ^.M!l.-7„l! /r^lp' PLATE VII. Figure I. Exhibits a variety of the Superior Thyroid, and Lingual Arteries, wiiich I observed in the body of a man wlio died of phthisis puimonalis. 1. 1. Sterno-cleido-mastoideus muscle. 2. The hyoid bone. 3. Thyroid cartilage. 4. Thyroid body. 5. Omo-hyoid muscle. 6. Sterno -hyoid muscle. 7. Steruo-thyroid muscle, cut. 8. Hyo-thyroid muscle. 9. Ascending horn of the thyroid cartilage. 10. Primitive carotid. 1 1. Internal carotid. I'i. External carotid. 13. Superior thyroid artery. 14. Dorsal artery of the tongue. 15. Thyroid branches. 1 6. The other superior thyroid artery, from which are given off the laryngeal and lingual ar- teries.* 17. Superior laryngeal artery. 18. Lingual artery. 19. A small twig to the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. 20. Branches running to the thyroid body. Figure II. Represents the regular distribution of the Ar- teries of the Face. 1. The frontalis muscle. 2, 2, 2. The orbicularis palpebrarum. " The superior thyroid artery is frequently to be met with double. 3. Levator labii suporioris, alacque nasi. 4. The compressor muscle of the nose. 5. Levator proprius of the upper lip. 6. Levator of the angle of the mouth. 7. Zygomaticus minor. 8. Zygomaticus major. 9. Depressor of the angle of the mouth. 10. Depressor of the lower lip, or quadratus menti muscle. 11. Buccinator. 12. Orbicular muscle of the mouth. 13. Masseter. 14. The parotid gland. 15. Steno's duct. 16. Small branch of the submental artery ascend- ing to the chin. 17. Labial or external maxillary artery. 18. Slender twig to the masseter muscle. 19. Inosculation with the submental. 20. Small branch to the buccinator. 21. Small branch to the depressors of the angle of the mouth and lower lip. 22. Coronary artery of the lower lip. 23. Coronary artery of the upper lip. 24. Small twigs to the labial glands. 25. Branch to the septum of the nose. 26. Lateral nasal artery. 27. Small branches uniting with those of the right side, at the apex of the nose. 28. Slender branches to the lower eye-lid. 29. Small branch of the transverse artery of the face. 30. Transverse artery of the face. 31. Small branches from it to the zygomatic muscles. 32. Small branch to the lower eye-lid. .33. Small branches of tlie infra-orbital artery. 34. Superficial temporal artery. 35. 35. Small branches to the eye-lids. 36. Anterior temporal branch. 2 37. 37. Small branches to the forehead. 38. A small ascending branch. 39. The dorsal artery of tiie nose from the oph- thalmic. 40. A small cutaneous branch to the superior eye-lid. 41. Cutaneous twig to the lower eye-lid. 42. Small branch to the frontal artery sent to the skin of the superior eye-lid. 43. Frontal artery. 44. Right frontal muscle, cut. 45. Portion of the corrugator supercilii. 46. Levator of the upper eye-lid. 47. Lachrymal gland. 48. Lachrymal sac with the lachrymal ducts. 49. Portion of the zygomaticus minor. 50. 50. Zygomaticus major cut through. 5L Insertion of the levator o the upper lip. 52. Levator of the angle of the mouth. 53. Portion of the quadratus muscle of the thin. * Depressor of the angle of the mouth cut. 54. Small branch of the submental artery going to the chin. 55. Small branch of the inferior maxillary artery, which escapes from the mental foramen, and inosculates with tlie sub-mental artery and coronary artery of the lower lip. 56. Labial or external maxillary artery. 57. Coronary artery of the lower lip. 58. Coronary artery of the upper lip. 59. Lateral nasal artery. 60. Small branch to the apex of the nose. 61. Lifra-orbital artery passing out through the infra-orbital foramen, and uniting %vith the coronary artery of the upper lip, the lateral nasal, and transverse artery of the face. 62. Slender twig of the lachrymal artery perfor- ating the zygomatic foramen. 63. Ophthalmic artery. 64. Superior jialpebral artery. 65. Inferior palpebral artery. 66. Dorsal artery of the nose. 67. Braiu-h of the lachrymal artery to the u])])er eye-lid. 68. Branch of the same artery to the low^er eye- lid. 69. Supra-orbital artery. 70. Ascending branch. 71. 71. Small brandies of the temporal artery. FiGUKE III. Shows the course of the Internal Maxillary Artery. 1. The ramus of the lower jaw partly removed. 2, 2. Zygomatic arch cut through. 3. Styloid process. 4. Masseter muscle. 5. Temporal muscle. 6. External pterygoid muscle. 7. Internal pterygoid muscle. 8. Buccinator. 9. 9. Depressor of the angle of the mouth cut. 10. 10. Quadratus menti muscle cut through. 11. Part of the zygomaticus major. V2. Part of the zygomaticus minor. 13. Portion of the levator of the upper lip. 14. Levator of the angle of the mouth. 15. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. 16. Compressor of the nostrils. 17. 17. Orbicularis oris muscle. 18. 18. Orbicularis palpebrarum. 19. 19. Parotid duct, cut. 20. Labial or external maxillary artery. 21. Small branch to the buccinator. 22. Coronary artery of the lower lip. 23. Mental branch of the inferior maxillary ar- tery. 24. Trunk of the labial or external maxillary artery ascending to the upper lip and nose. 25. Coronary artery of the upper lip. 26. Lateral nasal artery. 27. Small branch to the septum of the nose. 28. Infra-orbital .artery. 29. Small branch of the frontal artery to the eye- brow. 30. Dorsal artery of the nose. 31. 31. Internal carotid. 32. External carotid. 33. Branch to the masseter muscle. 34. Posterior auricular artery. 35. Deep auricular artery, which often arises from the internal maxillary artery. 36. The branch of the ]iarotid gland, truncated. 37. Superlicial temporal artery. * Transverse artery of the face, cut. 38. Internal maxillary artery. 39. Slender twigto the internal pterygoid muscle. 40. 40, 40, 40, 40. Middle meningeal artery, which enters the cranium through the spinous hole of the sphenoid bone, and there sends oil" branches to the dura mater. 41. Tympanic artery, which enters the cavity of the tympanum through the glenoid fissure. 42. Inferior maxillary artery, which enters the dental canal of the lower jaw, after having given off a small branch to the internal pterygoid muscle. 43. The first or posterior deep temporal artery. 44. Small branch to the external pterygoid muscle. 45. Secoiul or anterior deep temporal artery. 46. Buccal artery. 3 47. Small twig from the above artery to the masseter muscle. 48. Superior palatine artery (lesccmliiiir to the pteryooifl canal. 49. Alveolar artery. .50. lufra-orhital artery, whicii passes along the canal ot that name to the face. 51. Posterior nasal artery, which enters the cavi- ty of the nostrils between the palate bone and upper jaw. FiGUIlE IV. Gives a delineation of the Lingual Artery, the Descending Palatine, and the Arteries dis- tributed upon the Septum of the Nostrils. 1 . Frontal bone. 2. Crista galli of the ethmoid bone. 3. Sphenoid bone. 4. Sphenoidal sinus. 5. 3. The external nose cut. 6. 6. Upper jaw. 7. Palate bone. 8. Upper lip. 9. Soft palate, or velum pendulum. 10. Uvula. Entrance to the Eustachian tube. Orifices of several mucous follicles. 13, 13. Septum of the nose. Palate. Lower jaw. Under lip. 11. 1-2. 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 The tongue. Posterior horn of the hyoid-bone. Thyroid cartilage. Posterior horn of the same cartilage. Portion of the sterno-hyoid muscle. Part of the omo-hyoid muscle. Hyo-thyroid muscle. 24. Inferior constrictor of the pharynx. 25. Mylo-hyoideus reflected. 26. Genio-hyoideus muscle. 27. 27. Genio-hyo-glossus. 28. Hyo-glossus. 29. Stylo-glossus. 30. Common carotid artery. 31. Internal carotid. 32. Thyroid artery, cut. 33. Superior laryngeal artery. 34. Lingual artery. 35. Hyoidean branch. 36. Dorsal artery of the tongue. 37. Sublingual artery. 38. 38. Ranine artery. 39. Labial, or external maxillary artery truncat- ed. 40. External carotid artery, cut. 41. Sui)erior or descending palatine artery, a branch from the internal maxillary. 42. 42. Small twigs to the gum. 43. Branch of the posterior nasal artery to tlie se|ituin of the nostrils. 44. Small branch of the same artery, descending through the incisive canal to the palate. 45. 45. Ethmoidal arteries, which are from the ophthalmic, and inosculate with the poste- rior nasal artery. FiGURi: V. Represents the Arteries ramified on the turbi- nated Bones and Meatuses of the Nose. 1. Frontal bone. 2. Part of the crista galli. 3. Sphenoid bone. 4. Nasal bone. 5. 5. Wing of the nose. 6. 6. Upper jaw. 7. Palate bone. 8. Upper lip. 9. Palate. 10. Soft palate, or velum pendulum. 11. Uvula. 12. Orifice of the Eustachian tube. 13. Mucous follicles. 14. Superior turliinated bone. 15. Middle turliinated bone. 16. Inferior turbinated bone. 17. Small branch of the ethmoidal artery to the septum, cut. 18. 18. Small branches of the ethmoidal artery, which proceed to the internal surface of the wing of the nostrils. 19. Small branch extending to the inferior tur- binated bone. 20. Slender twig going to the mi 8. Spinous processes of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh vertebrae of the neck. 9,10,11,12,13. Transverse processes of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth verte- hi"ae of the neck. 14. The first rib. 15. Insertion of the scalenus anticus muscle, cut. 16. The middle and posterior scaleni muscles, cut. 17- Sternal portion of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. Clavicular portion of the same muscle. Insertion of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle The longus colli muscle. 18 19 21,21,21. Semi-spinalis colli 22. Obliquus capitis inferior. 23. Obliquus capitis superioi". 24. Rectus capitis posticus major. 2.5. Arteria innominata, or the common trunk of the right carotid and subclavian arteries. 26. The common carotid. 27. The subclavian artery. 28. Internal mammary artery. 29- Inferior thyroid axis. 30. Inferior thyroid artery. 31. The common trunk of the supra-scapular, superficial, and ascending cervical, arteries- 32, 32. Vertebral artery.^ 33. Vertebral artery proceeding upwards through the foramina in the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck. 34. The curve which this artery makes, from a The vertebral artery sometimes enters the hole in the trans- vei'se process of the fifth, fourth, third, nay, even the second, but verv rarelv that of the seventh vertebra of the neck. the point where it escapes from the hole in the transverse process of the second vertebra of the neck, till it arrives at the hole in the transverse process of the atlas. 35- The same artery proceeding to the foramen magnum between the atlas and occipital bone. 36, 36, 36, 36. Small branches to the deep mus- cles of the neck. 37> 37, 37, 37- Small branches to tlie longus colli, and rectus capitis anticus major muscles. 38- Twig to the posterior recti muscles of the head. 39. Trunk of the superior intercostal and deep cervical, arteries-'' 40. Superior intercostal artery descending into the thorax. 41,41,41. The deep cervical artery which di- rects its course to the neck, between the transverse pi'ocess of the seventh cervical vertebra and first rib, and, in its ascent, gives off small branches to the deep muscles of the neck. 42. The transverse artery of the neck, or dorsal artery of the scapula, truncated- 43. Subclavian artery- Figure II. Exhibits the Arteries of the Base of the Brain. A, A. The anterior lobes of the cerebrum- B, B- The middle lobes. C, C. The posterior lobes. D, D. Hemispheres of the cerebellum. E, Vermiform process, or inferior commissure of the cerebellum- F, F. Lower surface of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. G, G. The lobules of tlie pneumo-gastiic nerves- H- IMeduUa spinalis, cut- •> These arteries sometimes arise separately from the suUla- vian artery- a, a. The corpora pyramidalia. b,b. The corpora olivaria. c, c. The pons Varolii, or tuber annulare. d, d. The crura cerebri. e, e. Eminentiae candicantes- /• The infundibulum. 1, I. The olfactory nerves- • * Olfactory bulbs. II. II. Optic nerves. III. III. The third pair, or common oculo-mus- cular nerves. IV. IV. The fourth pair, or trochleares, or inter- nal oculo- muscular nerves. V. V. Fifth pair, or trifacial nerves. VI. VI. Sixth pair, or e.xternal oculo-muscular nerves. VII. VII. The facial nerves, or portiones duras of the se\cnth pair. VIII. VIII. The auditory nerves, or portiones molles of the seventh pair. IX. IX. Glosso-pharyngeal nerves. X. X. The pneumo-gastric nerves. XI. XI. The ninth pair, or great hypoglossal nerves. 1,1. The vertebral arteries. 2, 2. Anterior spinal arteries. 3, 3. Inferior and posterior cerebellar arteries from which the posterior spinal arteries arise. 4, 4. Basilar artery. 5, 5. The inferior and anterior arteries of the ce- rebellum. 6, 6. Arteries of the internal ear truncated- 7, 7- Superior cerebellar arteries. 8, 8. Deep or posterior cerebral arteries. 9, 9- The communicating arteries- 10,10- Internal carotid arteries- 11,11. Anterior cerebral arteries, or arteries of the corpus callosum- 12- Communicating branch- 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13. Small branches to the fos- sa of Sylvius- FlGURE III. i^hoH's a Variety which I observed in the Verte- bral Arteries of an Adult ^lale- a. Medulla spinalis. b, b- Corpora pyramidalia- r, c- Corpora olivaria- d, d. Pons Varolii, or tuber annulare- e- Inferior vermiform process of the cerebellum- /,/- The cerebellum. g,g- The lobules of the pneumo-gastric nerves. h, h. Anterior lobules of the cerebellum. t, i. Crura cerebri. k, k. Eminentiic candicantes- /- Infundibulum. m. Nerve of the third pair. n, n- Fourth pair, o, o. Fifth pair. p, p. Sixth pair. 7, q. Facial nerves- r, r- Auditory nerves, s, 5. Glosso-pharyngeal nerves. t, (• Pneumo-gastric nerves. u,u. Hypo glossal nerves. 1- Right vertebral artery, which is seen unusual- ly small- 2. Inferior and posterior cerebellar artery of the right side- 3. Trunk of the anterior arteries of the medulla spinalis- 4- Left vertebral artery, remarkably large. 5. The left inferior and posterior cerebellar ar- tery, larger than that of the right side. • Basilar artery- 6, 6- The inferior and anterior cerebellar arteries, differing in magnitude, the right being larger than the left- 7, 7- Superior cerebellar arteries- 8, 8, 9, 9- Deep cerebral arteries. 10, 10- The Branches communicating with the internal carotid arteries- FlGURE IV. Represents the Superior Branches of the left Ophthalmic Artery. a, a. Orbicularis palpebrarum muscle. b, b- Levator palpebrae superioris. c, Rectus superior, or attolens oculum. d- Rectus externus, or abductor oculi. e. Rectus internus, or adductor oculi. f. Superior oblique muscle of the eye. g. Trochlea or pulley. h. Tendon of the superior oblicjue passing through the trochlea. i. The lachrymal gland. k. The optic nerve. 1. The last turn of the internal carotid arte- ry, from which is given ofT the ophthalmic ar- tery. 2. Ophthalmic artery. 3. Lachrymal artery. 4. Twig proceeding to the abductor oculi. 5. Slender branches going to the lachrymal gland. 6. 6- Palpebral or tarsal artery, anastomosing with the superior palpei)ral artery. 7. Trunk of the ophthalmic artery crossing the optic nerve- 8. Posterior ethmoideal artery- 9- Anterior ethmoideal artery. 10. Supra orbital artery. 11. Small branch to the levator palpcbrae supcri- oris. 12. Ophthalmic artery proccpdiiig to tlie inner cantlius of the eye- 13. Dorsal artery of the nose- 14. Frontal artery. 15. Superior palpebral artery. 16: Inferior palpebral artery. Figure V. Shows thedeep Branchesof the Ophthalmic Artery. n. Ball of the eye. b. The attollens oculum, cut and reflected- c. Insertion of the same muscle. d. Abductor oculi- e. Depressor oculi- /. Superior oblique muscle- g. Trochlea- h. Tendon of the superior oblique. i. The optic nerve- 1- The flexure of the internal carotid. 2- Ophthalmic artery. 3. Central artery of the retina- * Slender twig going to the attollens oculum, cut. 4. Small branch to the same muscle and levator palpebrae superioris- -5- Lachrymal artery cut. 6- Inferior muscular artery- ** Ciliary arteries- 7- Trunk of the ophthalmic artery going across the optic nerve. * Posterior ethmoideal artery. 8. Small branch to the superior oblique muscle, as also the anterior ethmoideal artery. 9- Ciliary arteries- 10- Supra-orbital artery. 11. Continuation of the artery, cut. Figure VI. E\-hibits the internal Mammary and Superior In- tercostal Arteries, as they occurred in the body of a full grown man. 1. Seveutli vertebra of the neck. 2, .3, 4, f), fi. The upyicr d<)r^aI vertebrae. 7, 7. First rib. 8, «, 8- Second rib. 9, 9. 9- Third rib. 10, 10. Fourth rib. ** The sternum. 11, The clavicle. 12,13, 14. Costal cartilages. 1.5. Subclavian artery. If). Vertebral artery. 1 7- Internal mammary artery-^ 18, Small branch which proceeds .irouiid l!ie cla- vicle from the cavity of the thorax. 19, 19. Sternal branches. 20, 20, 20. Sternal branches of the left side cut, which inosculate with the former- Si, 21. Intercostal branches. 22. 22, 22. External thoracic branches which pei-- forate the intercostal muscle!--. 23. 23, 23. Intercostal branches \\hich anastomose with the proper intercostal arteries. 24. Trunk of the deep cervical and first intercos- tal arteries arising from the subclavian.'' 25. Deep cervical artery. 26. Superior intercostal artery crossing the first rib. 27. 27. Dorsal branches which jierforate the in- tercostal muscles and proceed to the muscles of the back. 28. First intercostal artery. 29. 29- Superior and inferior branches. 30. Second intercostal artery. 31. 31, 31, r;l. Superior and inferior branches- 32. Third intercostal artery arising from the aorta. 33. Dorsal branch of the same arterv- 34. Proper intercostal branch. 35. Fourth intercostal artery. 36. Dorsal branch. 37. Intercostal branch- a The origin of this artery is sufficiently nniform, for it very rarely arises either from the arch of the aorta, or the arteria iniiominata. J. J. IIuber, (Act. Helv. T. 8. p. 92.) once ssw it given off from the inferior thyroid artery. I have twice observed a similar origin. f They often arise separately from the snhclavian artery. i PLJX. t'--:- \1 ^J/il,'C-/l '■■.// PLATE IX. This Plate exhibits the Arteries of the Neck, Back, and Scapula, which are met with in the first layer of Muscles beneath the Skin. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1. Origin of the trapezius muscle. 2, 2, 2. Insertion of the same muscle. 3, 3, 3. Sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. 4'. Splenius capitis. 5, 5. Levator scapulas * Scalenus posticus. 6, 6, 6, 6, G. Latissimus dorsi muscle. 7, Rhomboideus major muscle. 8, 8, 8. Infra-spinatus. 9- Teres minor 10. Teres major. 11. 11, 11. IXltoid. 12. 12. Long head of the triceps extensor cubiti. 13. 13. Second or external head of the same muscle. 14. Occipital artery. 15. Proper occipital branch. 16. Superficial cervical branch. 17. SmaU branch of the ascending cervical artery to the trapezius. 18. 18. Small branches of the same artery to the levator muscle of the scapula and scalenus posticus. 19, 20. 21, 23, 2i. 25. 2G. 27, £8, — .y. 19, 19. Slender twigs of tlie superficial cer- vical artery to the trapezius and skin. jNIinutc ramiiications of the supra-scapular and acromial rateries. 21 21, 21, 21. Small branches of the dorsal artery of the scapula to the skin, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi. 22, 22, 22. Minute branches of the inter- costal arteries to the latissimus dorsi and skin. 23, 23, 23. Dorsal branches of the inter-cos- tal arteries. Branch of the supra-scapular artery to the acromion. Circumflex artery of the scapula. Branch to the infra-spinatus and deltuid muscles. 27. Branch to the latissimus dorsi muscle. 28. Small branches to the teres major muscle. Deep circumflex branch. oO, oO, 30. Small branches given off from the posterior circumflex artery of the humer- us io the deltoid and triceps muscles. PL.X. S.MtAtU^uljf.' PLATE X. This Plate represents the Ramifications of the Arteries distributed to the Muscles of the Neck, Back, and Scapula- 1, 1, 1. Trapezius cut through and reflected. 2, 2. Insertion of the same muscle. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3. Latissimus dorsi divided and thrown aside. 4, 4. Sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle. 5, 5. Rhomboideus minor. 6, 6, 6, 6. Rhomboideus major cut through. 7) 7> 7) 7> 7- Levator Scapula". 8, 8. Splenius capitis. 9, 9- Splenius colli. 10, Transversalis colli. 11, 11, 11. Serratus posticus superior. 12, 12, 12. Vertebral aponeurosis binding down the long muscles of the back. 13, 13. External intercostal muscles. 14, 14, 14. Serratus magnus. 15, Supra spinatus. 16, Origin and insertion of the infra-spinatus. 17- Origin of the deltoid. 18, 18, 18. Deltoid divided at its origin, and drawn downwards. 19- Teres minor. 20. Teres major. 21. Long head of the triceps. 22. External or middle head of the triceps. 23. Occipital artery. 24. Superficial cervical artery. 25. 25. Small branches going to the levator mus- cle of the scapula and splenii muscles. 26. 26, 26, 26, 26. Slender branches distributed. to the trapezius, cut. 27. Transverse artery of the neck, proceeding between the fasciculi of the levator of the scapula. 28. 28. A twig sent to the clavicle. 29. 29- Small branch to the supra- spinatus mus- cle. 30. 30, 30. Small branches distributed to the tra- pezius muscle. 31 . Slender branch perforating the insertion of the trapezius, and crossing the spine of the scapula. 32, 32. Dorsal artery of the scapula. 33, 33, 33. Small branches which are sent to the rhomboideus major and serratus posticus superior muscles. 34, Branch descending under the scapula, and proceeding to the subscapularis muscle. 35, 35. Minute branches going to the subscapu- laris muscle. 36, Supra-scapular artery. 37, 37. Superficial scapular branch perforating the trapezius, and giving off twigs to the skin covering the upper part of the arm, and to the deltoid muscle. It anastomoses with the acromial artery. 38, 38. A branch descending through the great notch of the scapula to the fossa infra-spi- nata. 39, 39, 39. Small branches of the same artery. which inosculate with the circumflex artery of the scapula. 40, Trunk of the subclavian artery. 41 , 41, 41, 41, 41, 41. Branches of the circumflex artery of the scapula. 42, Posterior circumflex artery of the humerus. 43, 43, 43. Branches entering the infraspinatus, teres minor, and articular capsule of the humerus. 44, 44. Slender branches to the periosteum of the humerus. 45, 45, 45. Small twigs going to the deltoid muscle. 46, 46. Branch of the long thoracic artery pro- ceeding to the serratus magnus muscle. 47, Branch of the same artery sent into the latis- simus dorsi muscle. 48, 49. Branches of the inter-costal arteries to the latissimus dorsi. 50. Dorsal Branches of the intercostal arteries. PI. XT. ^\,^'r -^ Ft I) Fn - ^\ \\ i 'lllp 1*1 mx' \ (■' • (> K.MUihrii .1-1/ ■■/.■: PLATE XI. This exhibits, according to their regular order, the Arteries of the Anterior Aspect of the Superior Extremity, Right Side. Figure I. In this figure are seen the arteries which are situated beneath the skin, and Aponeurosis of the Upper Extremity. 1. Insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle. * Termination of the pectoralis major. 2. The deltoid muscle. .3. Coraco-brachialis. 4. Long head of the triceps. 5. Short head of the same muscle, (j. Internal intermuscular ligament. 7. 7. Biceps flexor ciibiti. 8. Aponeurosis of this muscle. 9. Brachialis internus. 10. 10. Pronator teres. 11. 11, Supinator radii longus. 12. Supinator brevis. 13. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 14. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 15. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 16. 16, 16. Palmaris longus. 17. Palmar aponeurosis. 18. 18, 18. Flexor carpi radialis. 19. 19, 19. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 20. 20. Flexor communis digitorum sublimis it'll perforatus. 21. 21, 21, 21. The tendons of this muscle. 22. 22. Flexor communis digitorum profundus sen. perforans. 23. 23. Flexor longus pollicis. 24. Palmaris brevis. 25. Opponens pollicis. 26. Abductor pollicis. 27. Flexor brevis pollicis. 28. Adductor pollicis. 29. Abductor, or prior indicis. 30. .30, 30, 30. Lumbricales muscles. 31. Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 32. Abductor minimi digiti. 33. Fibrous sheath which binds down the tendons on the first phalanx of the fore-finger. .34. Crucial ligament of the first phalanx of the fore-finger. 35. Transverse ligament 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. 41, 42. 43, 44, 45. 46. 47. 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53. Fibrous sheath of the second phalanx. Oblique ligament of the second phalanx of the same finger. Annular ligament surrounding the articula- tion of the second and third phalanges. 39. The brachial or humeral artery, proceed- ing from the cavity of the axilla. A small branch to the triceps. 41, 41. Small twigs to the coraco-brachialis and biceps. Arteria profunda, or great collateral artery descending between the two lower heads of the triceps. 43. Branches to the triceps. 44. Ramus anastomoticus, or ulnar collateral artery. A small branch to the brachialis internus. A twig to the pronator teres, and flexor carpi radialis. Radial recurrent artery. 48. Radial artery. 49. 49, 49, 49. Small branches to the supi- nator longus, extensor carpi radialis longior and brevior, likewise to tiie extensors, the abductor, and long flexor of the thumb. 50. 50, 50. Twigs proceeding to the prona- tor teres, flexor carpi radialis, and the flex- ors of the fingers. 51. Superficial volar artery. 52. Twigs to the small muscles of the thumb. Trunk of the radial artery passing to the back of the wrist. 2 34. A slender branch to tlie abductor, opponens, and flexor brevis poUicis. 55. 55, 55. Ulnar artery. 56. 56, 56. Twigs sent to the flexor carpi radia- lis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, and flexors of the fingers. 57. A small branch to tiic palmaris brevis. 58. 38. The ulnar artery in the palm of the hand, forming, with the superficialis volae of the radial artery, the superficial palmar arch. 59. Deep palmar artery. 60. First digital artery. 61. Second digital arterj'. 62. Third digital artery. 63. Fourth digital artery. 64. Twigs to the skin of the palm truncated. 65. 65, 65. Subdivision of the second, third, and fourth digital arteries. The fourth digital artery divides into 66. The digito-ulnar artery of the fore-finger and 67. The digito-radial artery of the middle finger. The third digital artery divides into 68. The digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger and 69. The digito-radial artery of the ring-finger. The second digital artery divides into 70. The digito-ulnar of the ring-finger, and 71. The digito-radial of the little finger. 72. 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72. Twigs which the digital arteries send to the back of the fingers. 73. 73, 73, 73. The digital arteries forming arches. 74. 74. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb arising from the artcria magna pollicis. 75. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb coming oif from the same artery. 76. 76. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore- finger. Figure II. Shows the deep Arteries of the Superior Extre- mity. 1, Tendon of the latissimus dorsi. 2, Coraco-brachialis muscle. 3, 3. Long Head of the triceps. 4, 4. Short Head of tiie same muscle. 5, 5. Internal intermuscular ligament. 6, 0. Brachialis iiiternus. 7, Tendon of the biceps. 8, 8. The pronator teres muscle cut at its origin, '.). Flexor carpi radiaiis and palmaris longus cut. 10, Supinator l)rcvis. 11, 11. Extensor carpi radiaiis longior. 12, 12. Extensor carjii radiaiis brevior. 1.3. Tendon of the supinator longus. 14, 14. Part of the flexors of the fingers. 15, 15. Flexor longus pollicis. 16, Ponator quadratus. 17, 17. Interosseous ligament of the fore-arm. 18, Part of the tendon of the flexor carpi radia- iis. 19, Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris. 20, 20. Proper ligament of the carpus divided. 21, First external interosseous muscle. 22, 23, 24. Interossei muscles of the middle fin- ger- 25. Adductor minimi digiti. 26. Abductor minimi digiti. 27. 27, 27. Brachial artery. 28. Branch to the triceps. 29. Branch to the coraco-brachialis. 30. Arteria profunda humeri. 31. 31, 31, 31, 31. Branches to the braciiialis in- ternus and triceps. 32. Ramus anastomoticus, or ulnar collateral ar- tery. 3.3. Slender branch to the brachialis intern us. 34. The division of the brachial artery into the radial and ulnar. 35. Radial artery. 36. 36, 36, 86. Ulnar artery. 37. Radial recurrent artery. 38. Small branch proceeding to the capsular membrane of the fore-arm. 39. Ulnar recurrent artery. 40. 40, 40, 40. Small branches given ofi" from the radial artery to the muscles of the fore- arm. 41. A small branch to the pronator quadratus, inosculating with twigs of the anterior in- terosseal artery. 42. Anterior carpal branch, which, anastomos- ing with twigs of the ulnar and anterior in- terosseal arteries, forms a vascular net-work on the carpus. 43. 43. Superficial volar branch of the radial, truncated. 44. Radial artery proceeding towards the back of the hand. 45. 45. Interosseal artery. 46. Superior perforating artery. * Branch of tlie anterior interosseal artery. 47. Inferior perforating interosseal artery. ** Dorsal ulnar artery. 48. Anterior carpal branches from the ulnar. 49. The superficial ])almar arch cut away. 50. 50, 50. Deep palmar artery of the ulnar, which, by its anastomosis with the radial artery in the palm, completes the deep pal- mar arch. 51. Arteria magna pollicis. 52. 52. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb. 3 53, 54. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 53. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. Anastomosis of tho two last arteries on tlie first phalanx of the tlunnh. Arch formed by the inosculation of the same arteries on the second phalanx of the thumb. 56, 56. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore-finifer. 57, 57. Pahnar interosseal arteries. 58, 58. Perforating interosseal arteries. 59, 59. Anastomosis of the palmar interos- seal arteries with the digital. 60, 60. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little finger. * Small branches from the deep palmar arch running to the anterior vascular net-work of the carpus. 61, 61. The small trunks of the anterior di- gital arteries which arise from the superfi- cial palmar arch, cut. 62, 62, 62. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore-finger. 63, 63. Anterior digito-radial artery of the mid- dle finger. 64, 64. Digito-ulnar artery of the same finger. 65, 65. Ditfito-radial arterv of the rintr-fiMijer. 66, 66. Digito-ulnar artery of the same finger. 67, 67. Digito-radial artery of the little finger. 68, 68, 68, 68. Vascular plexus formed on the first phalanx of each finger by its digital ar- teries. 69, 69, 69, 69. Similar anastomosis on the se- cond phalanges. 70, 70, 70, 70. Arches formed on the third pha- langes by the digital arteries. From these arches very small twigs arise. 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71. Small branches which the anterior digital arteries send to the backs of the fingers. PL. XII. ^,f r,'a.J. /I' ' .;'r* m\M Wi % PLATE XII. This represents the Regular Distribution of the Posterior Arteries of the Right Superior Extremity. Figure I. 1. Deltoid Muscle. 2. Biceps flexor cubiti. 3. Brachialis internus. 4. Triceps extensor cubiti. 5. 5. Supinator longus. 6. 6, 6, 6. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 7. 7- Extensor carpi radialis brevior. 8. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 9. 9, 9. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 10, 10, 10. Extensor secundi internodii pollicis. n, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11. Extensor com- nuinis digitorum. 12, Extensor proprius indicis. 13, 13, 13. Extensor carpi ulnaris. 14, Anconeus muscle. 15, 15. Flexor carpi ulnaris. * Adductor pollicis. f f f f External interossei muscles. ■f -f- Abductor minimi digiti. •j- Posterior annular ligament of the carpus. 16, 16, 16. Muscular branches from the arteria profunda humeri. 17, Arteria profunda, or a great collateral artery. 18, 18, 18, 18. Twigs of the radial recurrent ar- tery. 19, 19- Twigs of the interosseal recurrent artery. 20, Anastomosis between the arteria profunda and the radial and interosseal recurrent arteries. 21, 21. Muscular and cutaneous twigs of the su- perior perforating interosseal artery. 22, 22, 22. Muscular and cutaneous twigs of the inferior perforating interosseal artery. 23, Dorsal carpal artery from the ulnar. 24, 24. Superficial vascular net-work in the back of the carpus. 25, Radial artery. 26, 26. Dorsal carpal artery from the radial. 27, Dorsal digito-radial artery of the thumb. 28, The radial artery proceeding to the palm of the hand between the first external inter- osseous muscle and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. 29, 29. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 30, 30. Palmar digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 31, 31. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the fore-fin- ger. 32, 32, 32. Deep dorsal vascular net-M'ork of the carpus. 33, 38. Perforating branches of the palmar in- terosseal arteries, ^hich join the carpal net-vvork. 34, 34, 34. Dorsal interosseal arteries. 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35. Dorsal arteries of the fingers. 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36. Twigs which the an- terior digital arteries send to the back of the fingers. Figure II. Represents the deep arteries on the posterior as- pect of the superior extremity. 1. Brachialis internus. 2. Origin of the Supinator radii longus. 3. Orgin of the extensor carpi radialis longior 4. Tendon of the triceps. 5. External lateral ligament of the elbow joint. 6. Orbicular ligament of the radius. 7. 7> 7- Interosseous ligament of the fore-arm. 8. The capsular membrane of the wrist joint. 9. 10, 11. External interossei muscles. 12, 12, 12. Arteria profunda humeri. 13, 13, Radial recurrent artery. 15. Interosseal recurrent artery.* 15. Anastomosis of these arteries. 16. Superior perforating or posterior interosseal artery. 17, 17- Smaller perforating interosseal arteries. 18, 18. Inferior perforating interosseal artery. • The interosseal recurrent artery generally comes off from the posterior interosseal artery after it has perforated the interos- seous ligament ; the artery marked 14 in the Plate does not do so, lut occupies the situation of a branch which 1 have found to come off from the ulnar, and then pass through the interosseous ligament to follow the course which this artery is represented t9 follow in the Plate Vid. fig. 3. i^o. 11, of this Plate — K. 2 19, 19. Twigs to the dorsal vascular net- work of tlie carpus. 20, Radial artery. 21, 21, 21 . Dorsal carpal twigs. 22, Dorsal digito-radial artery of the thumb. 23, Continuation of the radial artery going to the palm of the hand. 24, 24. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 25, 25. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 26, 26. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the fore-fin- ger. 27, 27, 27. Dorsal carpal artery from the ulnar. 28, 28, 28. Perforating branches of the anterior interosseal arteries of the hand. 29, 29. 29- Dorsal interosseal arteries of the hand. •30. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the forefinger. 31 . Dorsal digito-radial artery of the middle fin- ger. 32. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the same finger. 33. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the ring finger. 34. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the same finger. 35. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the little finger. 36. Dorsal digito-ulnar artery of the same finger. 37. 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37. Twigs whiclUhe anterior digital arteries send to the back of the fingers. Figure III. This represents the Posterior Vascular Net-work of the Elbow Joint. 1. 1. Brachialis internus. 2. External condyle of the humerus. 3. Internal condyle. 4. External lateral ligament of the elbow joint. 5. Olecranon of the ulnar. 6. Upper part of the radius. 7. - 8, 9. 10. n Orbicular ligament of the head of the radius. Posterior vascular net-work of the elbow joint. The arteria profunda. Radial recurrent artery. A branch from the ulnar, which passing through the upper part of the interos- seous ligament, runs a in recurrent direc- tion upwards, to enter into the vascular net-work on the back of the elboH' joint. Infei'osseal recurrent artery. 13. Twigs of the same artery. 14. Superior perforating or posterior interosseal artery, cut. 15. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery. 16. Ramus anastamoticus, or inferior colla- teral arteiy.* 12 15, 16, • The explanation of this figure is omitted in the original.— .K. I'LAiri liViV 'Otm PLATE XIll. This represents the Varieties of the Arteria Profunda Humeri and Ramus Anastomoticus or Ulnar CollateraL^ FiGUEE I. Arteria Profunda, arising from the Posterior Cir- cumflex Artery of the Humerus. 1, 1. Clavicle. 2, 2. Deltoid muscle. 3, 3, 3. Pectoralis major. 4, 4. Portion of this muscle removed. 5, 5. Serratus anticus muscle. 6, 6. Latissimus Dorsi. 7, 7- Teres major. 8, Teres minor. 9, 9. Long head of the triceps. 10. 10. Short head of the triceps. 11. Coraco-brachialis. 12. 12, 12. Biceps flexor cubiti. 13. Aponeurosis of this muscle. 14. Brachialis intemus. 15. Supinator Longus. 16. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 17. Pronator teres. 18. Flexor carpi radialis. 19. Palraaris longus. 20. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 21. Subscapular artery. 22. Circumflex artery of the scapula. 23. 23. Thoracic branch. 24. Axillary Artery. 25. Posterior circumflex artery of the humerus. 26. Circumflex branch. 27. Arteria profunda humeri.'' 28. Branch of this artery descending between the heads of the triceps. 29. 29, 29, 29. Superior ulnar collateral artery. 30. Inosculation of this artery, with the second ulnar collateral and ulnar recurrent. 31. 31, 31. Brachial or humeral artery. 32. 32. Second ulnar collateral artery. 33. 33. Third ulnar collateral artery. 34. 34. Radial artery. ^ Barclay has mentioned these varieties (1. c. p. 108.) The profunda humeri rises sometimes from the scapular ar- tery ; sometimes from the scapular circumflex, and sometimes trom the posterior or anconal circumflex. It is not only irre- (?ular in its origin, and mode of origin, but in its size, and in the number of its ramifications. ^ I have twice observed this unusual origin of the arteria profunda. It is by no means rare fur the arteria profunda to rise from the scapular artery itself, as Ilaller has well re- marked. (Iconum Analomicorum, Fasc. vi. p. IS. 35. Radial recurrent artery. 36. Ulnar artery. Figure II. Exhibits an unusual variety of the Uln.ar Colla- teral Artery.* 1, 1. Deltoid. 2, 2, 2. Pectoralis major. 3, 3. Portion of this muscle cut out. 4, 4, 4. Latissimus dorsi. 5, 5. Teres major. 6, Teres minor. 7, 7- Long head of the triceps. 8, 8. Short head of the same. 9, 9. Coraco-brachialis. 10, 10, 10. Biceps flexor cubiti. 11, Its Aponeurotic expansion. 12, Brachialis intemus. 13, Supinator longus. 14, Extensor carpi radialis longior. 15, Pronator teres. 16, Flexor carpi radialis. 17, Palmaris longus. 18, Flexor carpi ulnaris. 19, 19, 19. Brachial artery. 20, 20. Arteria profunda. 21, 21, 21. Great ulnar collateral. 22, Twig to the Coraco-brachialis. 23, 23. Small branches to the biceps. •f" Arteria nutritia humeri. 24, 24. Small branches to the brachialis intemus. 25, Division of the brachial artery into radial and ulnar. 26, Ulnar artery. 27, Radial recurrent artery. The following Plates show the varieties of the Arteries of the superior extremities. No artery in the human body is more liable to irregularity than the axillary and humeral arte- ries. For the most part the axillary artery is continued into the brachial, which proceeds with- out dividing, to the bend of the arm, where it di- vides in the radial and ulnar. Very frequently, however, this division does not take place at the bend of the arm, but considerably higher, nay, ^ This variety often occurs. e even in the axilla itself. Andrew Laurentius^ was the first who mentioned this variety, and de- scribed it as if regular. Bidloo'^ observed the high division of the humeral artery so frequent that he considered it as regular, and reckoned the brachial artery when single as an anomaly. J. Palfyn,^ Liurentius Heister,'' Moebius,'' Elias Frid. Heister,f Winslow,^ Petsche,h Trew,' Hebenstreit,'^ Sharp,' H. F. de Dran,™Schmied," Winkler,'' Daubcnton,>' Ph. C. Fabricius,i Ph. A- Bjehmer,' and Hallerhave seen this distribution.' Peter Camper' has, with impropriety, called in question the high division of the brachial artery ; for since that tiino it has b^en observed by Bal- lav,u C. G. Ludwig,." IsenHamm," Pohl,^ Saba- 3 Historia Anatomica. Corp. Hum. Krancof. 1600, Fol. p. 105. '1 lie subclavian artery, after it has reached the axilla is call- ed the axillary artery, from which are given off the thoracic and bdsilic arteries. The thoracic is double, one branch of which is sent to the anterior muscles of the chest, the other to the posterior. The basilic is also perceived to- consist of two portions, a deep and subcutaneous : each separates into va- rious ramilic-ations ; there is, however, a small bran2h of the subcutaneous observable at the wrist in the part where the pulse is usually felt. b Idonis Wolf, Observ. CUrurgico-.Medicae Quedlinburg, not, 4.. c Anat. Chirurgicale, Paris, 1726, T. ii. p. 272. d Compendium Anatomicum, p. 157, Not. 06, Acta Pliysi- co-Medica, vol. vii. (Jbs. 35, p. 3i. e Obser. .Medic. .Miscellan. Theor. et Pract. Helmst. 1731. f Diss. Pnius. Heister. de Nova Urachium Amputandi Ra- tione, no. 31. g Exposition Anat. de la Structure du Corps Hum. p. 377. sect. 1+3 It rarely happens that instead of this bifurcation, the brachial artery divides at its origin into two large branches. •> !5ylloge Observat. Anat. Select. Halae, 1738, § 51, 35. ' Commerc. Litter. Nonberg, Ann. 1737, Hebd. 21, p. 186. Acta I'liysico.Medica, vol. x. App. p. 369 — History and Cure of a false Aneurism, caused by opening the Basilic Veiu, No- rimbergae, 17G9, + c. Fig. Tbew saw this distribution of the arteries several times. k Ue .\rteriiir. c. h. Confiniis, Lips. 1739, p. 6. I A rr;;atise upon the OperatioiLS of Surgery, Lond. 17iO, cap. 36, he says " If the humeral artery happens to divide above the elbiw, ivhicli is not wry uncommon, the prospect of cure is better, and the pulse will be stronger alter the operation." '" Traite des Optrat. de Chirurg, Paris, 17 12. " De V'arietate Vasorum Plerumijue Magni Moment!. Er. lang. 1715. o Uiss. de .\rteria Brachii, Goett. 1745, No. +0, SO. 1> ButriM, llistorie Naturelle avec la Description du Cabi . iiec du Kov, Paris, 1719, T. iii. p. 159, No. 312. 'i I'rogr.'ad Aiiatoui. Anni, 1719, Helmst. 1719, p. 13.— (Jbservationes .Vliipiae Anatoinicue, Helmst. 1751., t. r Observation. Anatom. Uarior. I'asc. Halae, 1752, Fol. Pre- fat, i>. 11. It is not unujual for the brachial artery to be divided into two. s Icon. Anat. Fasc. VI. Goetling. 1753, p. 31. Examples of this arrangement are rare. ' Dcmonjst. Anatomicu.pathologic. Amstel. 1760. Lib. l,p. 15. 1 doubt much its e.tistencc, tor IJustachius, who is most correct regarding the varieties of thu arteries, has not given a delineation of it ; neitlior is it mentioned by llallcr, who, next to mistachius, has done nujst in th's |iart of Anatomy ; and if my authority is of any weight, 1 confess that I never witnessed a lii^hiT division into radial anil ulnar than that whidi 1 have represented. " Sammlung. Anserlesener Wahrcnelimungen aus der Arz- neiwisscn Schaft, a. d I'ranzo'^, Strasbourg, 1701, B. 8. s. 336. X I'rugr. de Variantilius Arteriac Brachialis ramisiu Aneucis- mal s Opcratione ."Vttendendis, Lips. 1767. y De Dilficili in Obser. Anat. Kpirri'ii. (Comment. 3, § 13. * Observat. Aiigiologicae dc Artwii'!, Lips. 1713, p. b. tier,a Ed. Sandifort, Penchianat,'^ J. C. A. Mayer,** Ad. Murray ,« S. Th. Soemmering,^ Hil- debrand,8 J. Bell," Portal,' Allan Burns,'' G. Ryan,' Barclay," Al. Monro, jun.° Fleischmann," and J. Meckel.? 1 have seen this variety very often, and I trans- mitted to the Academy of Sciences at Munich, eight years ago, several observations descriptive of it.i The high division of the humeral artery is fre- quently met with in both arms. Heister, Petsche, ^lonro, Meckel, and others, have seen this. I have several times observed it. Men of short stature are principally liable to this variety. It is the duty of the surgeon to attend to this variety, either when he performs venesection, ope- rates for aneurism, or amputates the arm. The hi"h division of the trunk of the brachial artery is easily ascertained by the pulsation of the arteries. If the trunk of the brachial artery Iras reached the elbow without dividing, the pulsation of one ar- tery only is felt in the middle of the arm ; but if it divides above the bend of the arm, two arte- ries are felt pulsating. Those surgeons who wish to open the median vein ought to pay particular attention to these circumstances, lest they should wound either tlie one or the other of the arteries. a Trait^ Complet d'Anatomie, Paris, 1781, T. 3, p. 68. The humeral artery is one of those wliich presents the most varieties ; it is often seen to divide at the middle part and at the u|)per part of the arm. l) Observat. Auatomico-Pathologic. Lib. 2, p. 127, Lib. i, p. 3. c Sur les Aneurysraes des Arteres du Bras. In Mem. de I'Ac. de I'urin, 1781., b. 177. d Beschreibung der Blutgelasso des Menschlichen Kiirpers, Berlin, 1788, s. 129. e Descriptio Arteriarimi, c. h. Lips. 1791, p. 61. f De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1'. v. p. 201. g Lehrbucli der Anatomic des Meuschen, b. 4, s. 87. h Anatomy, Edin. 1797, vol. ii. p. 360. i Cours d'Anatomie iMedicale, Pari,< 1804, T. iii. p. 238. k Von Kinigen der Kiiutigsten mid Wichtigsten Herzkrank. heiten, a. d. Engl. Lemgo, 1813, p. 336. 1 Diss, de Quarundam -Arteriaruiu in Corpore Humano Dis- tributione, Edin. 1812. m A Doscriplion of tlie .\rteries of the Human Body, Edin, 1812, p. 100. The higli division occurs so often that we can hardly, with any pro|'nety, call it an anomaly. 11 oiithnes of tlu; Anatomy of the Human Body, Edin. 1813, vol. iii. p. 303. o Lciclicnoffnungcn. Erlangcn, 18 1 5, s. 230. 1' Ueber den regelwidrigeii Verlauf der Aniipulsadern. Iiii Deiitsclien Archiv. f iir die Physiologic, b. 2, s. 117 — Tabula Analoiiiico-Pathohigic. Fasc. 2, Tab. 11. q Beidiachtungcn uber die hohc Thcilung der Armschlagii- der in die Speichen — uiid Elleiibogeii — 8clilagadcr. In deu Dciikscrirteii der Akademie der W'isseiischafteu Zu .Miincheu fiir iliir, .lalire, 1816 und 1817, b. 6, s. 3. The high division of the humeral artery occurs in several of tile inferior animals. The very celebrated Cuvier ( Anatomic C'oinp.t- ree, t. iv. p. 251,) oliservcd this disposition in the dideljihi and kaiiguroo. I have observed it in the siiiiia capucina, tiiiclla, sa- ha'.'ii, sciurea, and lemur gr.icilis, (Ueber ciiien am oberarmbeia bci mehicren gescliwanzten alfen vorkoniniL'iideii kaiial und eine daniit in ver. hinduiig stelicnde AiiorJuiig der Artciien und Ncrveii dt's Anns. Im deutschcn Archiv liirdie Pliysiologie, b. 4, s. 511,) also in the civet, the dog, the fox, the wolf,_and other luummttlia. rL.XA" Fin. I. r,„.-'. mm h "i- .'^^J '^ ftMitfhfll .irnffi} PLATE XIV. FlGUKE I. This represents the Right Arm of a Man, in which the high bifurcation of the Axillary Artery is seen. The Radial Artery, in both Arms, proceeded from the Axillary Artery, and ran between the Aponeurosis and Skin of the Arm." 1 . The Clavicle. 2. The Deltoid muscle. 3, 3. The Pectoralis major. 4, 4. Serratus magnus. 5. Latissimus Dorsi. 6, 6. Teres major. 7- Teres minor. 8. Coraco-brachialis. 9, 9, 9. The long head of the triceps. 10. The short head of the triceps. 11. Intermuscular ligament of the arm. 12. 12, Biceps. 13. Aponeurotic portion of the same muscle. 14. Brachialis internus. 15. 15. Pronator teres. 16. 16. Palmaris longus. 17. 17- Fle.Kor carpi radialis. 18. 18. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 19. 19. Flexors of the fingers. 20. Flexor longis pollicis. 21. 21, 21. Supinator longus. 22. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 23. Supinator brevis. 24. Axillary artery. 25. Subscapular artery. 26. Circumflex artery of the scapula. 27. Thoracic branch. 28, 28, 28, 28. Radial artery, arising from tlie axil- lary. 29- Radial recurrent artery. 30. 30, 30, 30. Humeral artery, which ends in the ulnar. 31. Posterior circumflex artery of the humerus. 32. Profunda humeri. 33. Ramus Anastamoticus. * Laurence Heister (1. c.) and El. Fr. Heister(l. c. No. 31.) saw in the right arm of a woman, the radial artery arising from the axillary ; Ph. Ad. Boehmer (1. c.) in the right arm of a male subject ; Ludwig (1. c. p. 8.) saw, in the right arm of a female subject, the brachial artery running as usual, but at the bend of the elbow it formed a pretty large anastomosis, by which it was united to the radial; Sandifort (1. c. Lib. 4. p. 93.) remarked it in a right arm ; Mayer (1. c.) also ; Ryan (1. c.) saw five speci- mens of it in Dr. Monro's museum ; J. Fr. Meckel. (Archiv. B. 2. S. 1 27. ) met with it three times. I have observed this unusual origin and course of the radial artery : in the right arm of a new- born infant ; in the right arm of a girl of four years ; in the right arm of a boy ; in the left arm of a woman ; in the right arm of a woman ; in the left arm of a young man ; in both arms of a man of forty years old ; in the right arm of a woman of sL\ty, — in the left arm of this subject the ulnar artery arose from the axillary. The radial artery is either enclosed by the aponeurosis of the arm, or perforating it, runs with the cephalic vein immediately under the skin. Figure II. Shows the left arm of a woman, in which the ra- dial artery came ofl' from the humeral. The radial artery was wounded by the Surgeon when opening the cephalic vein, whence arose an aneurism. 1. The Pectoralis major. 2. Deltoid. 3. 3. Latissimus dorsi. 4. Teres major. 5. Teres minor. 6. 6. Long head of the triceps. 7- Short head of the same muscle. 8. Coraco-brachialis. 9, 9, 9. Biceps. 10. Brachialus internus. 11. Internal intermuscular ligament. 1 2. Pronator teres. 13. 13, 13. Palmaris longus. 14. 14, 14. Flexor carpi radialis. 1.5, 15, 15. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 16. 16. Flexors of the fingers. 17. 175 1 7- Supinator longus. 18. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 19. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 20. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 21. Posterior circumflex artery of the humerus. 22. 22. Humeral artery. 23. Arteria profunda humeri. 24. 24, 24, 24. Radial artery. 25. 25, 25 25. Ulnar artery. 26. 26, 26. Humeral vein. 27. 27. Basilic vein. 28. Ulnar vein. 29. 29, 29, 29. Cephalic vein. 30. Radial vein. 31. Median vein. 32. Aneurismal sac. ' This variety very frequently occurs. It was seen, in both arms, by Laurence Heister (1. c. not. 66.), by Moebius (1. c. obs. 8.), Trew(l. c. fig. 5.), Petsche(l. c. No. 55.),Eschenbach(I.c. No. 1141.), Winkler (1. c. No. 30.), Schmiedel (1. c. No. 9.), Haller (1. c. p. 34.), Ernest. Hebenstreit (1. c), Ludwig (1. c. p. G.), Ballay (1. c. p. 336.), Pencbianati (1. c), Sandifort (1. c. lib. 4. p. 93.) in the right arm of a woman; by Soemmer- ing (1. c. p. 301.), Ryan (1. c), Monro (1. c. p. 301. pi. 44. fig. 3.), Burns (1. c), Barclay (1. c. p. 104. This case is com- mon), and J. F. Meckel (Tabulo Auatomico-pathol. Fasc. 2. Tab. 11. Fig. 3. 7.) I have observed it in both arms of a girl, in both arms of a woman of thirty years old, in both arras of a woman of sixty, in both arms of a young man, in both arms of a man of seventy, in the right arm of a woman, and in the left arm of a man. The radial artery is either covered by the bra- chial aponeurosis, or runs along with the cephalic vein be- tween it and the skin. PJ..X\' /■■,./ I 0\i mill rill i iJ^A Ml 4 fkr k [> m I J •' '-0 \ !«\ ,/.>>> i:Mi>,,;,u /:„/,.' PLATE XV. Figure I. This shows the left arm of a man, in which the ulnar artery arises from the humeral.' 1. Deltoid muscle. 2. Tendon of the latissimus dorsi. 3. Biceps. 4. Aponeurotic portion of this muscle. 5. Coraco-brachialis. 6. Long head of the triceps. 7. Short head of the same muscle. 8. 8. Intermuscular ligament. 9. Brachialis intevnus. 10. 10, 10. Supinator longus. 11. 11. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 12. Supinator brevis. 13. 13. Pronator teres. 14. 14. Flexor caqii radialis. 15. 15, 15. Palmaris longus. 16. 16, 16. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 17. 17> 17- Common flexors of the fingers. 18. 18. Flexor longus pollicis. 19. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 20. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 21. Humeral artery. 22. Arteria profunda. 23. Division of the humeral artery into the ulnar and radial. 24. Ulnar artery. 25. A twig to the biceps. 26. Ulnar collateral artery. 27. Twig to the brachialis internus. 28. Twig to the pronator teres. 29. Cutaneous twigs, cut. 30. Twig to the palmaris longus. 31. 31, 31. Twigs to the flexors of the fingers. 32, 32. Continuation of the humeral artery, which divides into the radial and intcrosseal ar- teries. 33, 33. Ramus anastomoticus magnus. 34. Radial recurrent artery. 35, 35, 35, 35. Radial artery. 36. Interosseal artery. 37. Twig to the supinator longus muscle. Figure II. Represents the ulnar artery given off from the axillary in the right arm of a man ;" there is 3 pretty large anastomosis between the ulnar and tlie humeral. 1. 1. Biceps. 2. Tendon of this muscle. 3. Aponeurotic portion. 4. Brachialis internus. 5. Short head of the triceps. 6. Intermuscular ligament. 7. 7- Supinator longus. 8. Supinator brevis. 9. Pronator teres. 10. 10. Flexor carpi radialis. 1 ] , 11. Palmaris longus. 12. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 13. Flexor sublimis digitorum. 14. 14, 14. Ulnar artery which was given off from the axillary. 15. Ulnar recurrent artery. 16. 16. Humeral artery. 17. Ramus anastomoticus. 18. Anastomosing branch between tlie humeral and ulnar arteries. 19. Radial recurrent artery. 20. Interosseal artery. 21. 21. Radial artery. • This variety is rare. It has been seen bv Petsehe, (I. c. § J5.) Pohl, (1. c. p. 9.) Sandifort, (1. c. p. 93,) and J. F. Meckel, (Deutsch. Archiv. f. d. Physiolog. B. 2. p. 127. Ta- bul. Anatomico-Patholog. Fasc. 2, Tab. 11, tig. 4.) I have seen this disposition in the right arm of a boy of twelve years old ; the ulnar artery ran between the skin and tlie aponeuro- sis of the arm. The distribution of the arteries in the left arm was regular. I have moreover observed it in the left arm of a woman, and in the right arm of a man, in both which cases the ulnar artery was under the aponeurosis. a The origin of the ulnar artery from the axillary is rather common. It has been seen by Mayer (1. c. p. 129,), Burns (1. c. p. 336,) Ryan (1. c. p. 12,) Monro (outlines pi. 44. Fig. 2,) Barclay (1. c. p. 104. This case is frequent,) Fleischmann (Leichenbffimngen, p. 228,) and J. F. Meckel (Arehiv. B. 2, p. 126.) I have found it in the left arm of an infant, and in the right arm of a man . Figure III. Exhibits the right arm of a woiiaan, in which the interosseal artery arose from the humeral.* 1. Deltoid. 2. Insertion of the pectoralis major. 3. Termination of the latissimus dorsi. 4. 4. Coraco-brachialis. 5. 5. Long head of the triceps. 6. 6. Short head of the same. 7. 7- Biceps. 8. Tendon of this muscle. 9. Its aponeurosis. 10. Brachialis internus. 11. Internal condyle of the humerus. 12. An unusual excrescence from the humerus. 13. 13. Internal intermuscular ligament. 1 4. An unusual portion of the pronator teres aris- ing from the osseous excrescence. o • This rare distribution of the arteries of the arm has been observed by Ludwig, (1. c. p. 7.) in a female subject, whose bones were soft, Sabatier, (I. c. p. 69.) Hildebrandt, (1. c. B. 4. p. 87.) A. Monro (I. c vol. iii. p. 304. The interosseous ar- tery sometimes arises from the middle ef the humeral artery,) and Barday (I. c. \>. 104. note «.) I have only seen it once. 15. Pronator teres. 16. Insertion of the pronator. 17? 17- Supinator longus. 18. Extensor carpi radialis longior. Supinator brevis. 20. Flexor carpi radialis. 21. Palmaris longus. 22. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 23. Common Hexors of the fingers. Humeral artery. Twig to the coraco-brachialis. Twig to the long head of the triceps. Profunda humeri. 28, 28, 28. Interosseal artery coming off from the humeral. 29, 29. Twigs to the short head of the triceps. 30, 30. Twigs to the brachialis internus. 31, Twigs to the palmaris longus. 32, 32. Trunk of the humeral artery. 33, 33. Twigs to the biceps and brachialis internus. 34, Cutaneous twigs, cut. 35, 35. Radial artery. Radial recurrent artery. 37- Ulnar artery running on the surface of the forearm. 19. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24. 25. 26. 27. 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 37, fui / l'],.XVJ. ft«.!. >\'.\1 \t /, i/,/.M/ ,:„//,! PLATE XVI. Figure I. high Shows the right arm of a man in which the bifurcation of the humeral artery, and an unusual artery are seen. 1. Insertion of the pectoralis major. 2. Insertion of the latissimus dorsi. 3. Coraco-brachialis. 4. 4. Biceps. 5. Aponeurotic portion of this muscle. 6. Tendon of the biceps. 7. 7- Triceps extensor cubiti. 8. Brachialis internus. 9. Internal intermuscular ligament. 10. Pronator teres. 11. Supinator brcvis. 12. 12. Supinator longus. 13. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 14. Extensor ossis metacarpi polllcis. 15. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 16. 16, 16. Flexor carpi radialis. 17. 17- Flexor longus pollicis. 18. 18, 18. Palniaris longus. 19. 19- Flexor carpi ulnaris. 20. 20. Flexor communis digitorum sublimis. 21. 21. Flexor communis digitorum profundus. 22. Palmaris brcvis. 23. 23, 23, 23. Tendons of the flexor sublimis, or perforatus. 24. 24, 24, 24. Tendons of the flexor profun- dus or perforans. 25. Abductor pollicis. 26. Opponens pollicis. 27. Flexor brevis pollicis. 28. Adductor pollicis. 29. 30, 31, 32. Lumbricales muscles. 33. Abductor minimi digiti. 34. Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 35. First external interosseous muscle. 36. Humeral artery. 37. Arteria profunda. 38. 38, 38. Radial artery. 39- Superficial volar branch. 40. Its union with the superficial palmar arch. 41. 41, 41. Humeral artery continued into the ulnar. 42. Branch to the triceps. 43. Ramus anastomoticus magnus. Radial recurrent artery. Interosseal artery. Anterior interosseal artery. An unusual superficial interosseal artery. Its anastomosis with the superficial palmar arch. 49- Ulnar artery. 50. Deep volar artery. 51, 51. Digito-ulnar artery of the little finger. Superficial volar artery. Second digital artery, which divides into, 54. The digltoradial artery of the little fin- ger, and 5-5. The digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. Third digital artery, which divides into, 57. The digito-radial artery of the ring fin- ger, and 58. The digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. Arteria magna pollicis. 60. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb, 61. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. Fourth digital artery coming from the deep volar artery. 63. Anterior digito-radial artery of the mid- dle finger. 64. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore- finger. 65. Anterior digito-radial artery of llie fore- finger. Communicating branch, with the deep vohir artery, from the radial artery. Figure II. Exhibits the left arm of a woman, in wliicli an unusual superficial interosseal artery is ob- served." 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 50, 51, 52. 53. 54, 55, 56. 57, 58, 59. 60, 61, 62. 63, 64, 65, 66. » Haller (Icon. Anat. Fasc. 6. p. 33.) observed a similar case. He says : Caeterum non penitus omittere vi.sum est, niiriticain vavietatem, quam seiiiel omnino anno 1745 M. Sep- tembri vidi. Ex ipsa fere origine arteriie interossc;e ramus provinet, sodalis inediani nervi, inter sublimem et ))rofinidum flexonini, quorum utrique Rimos dedit, venitque cum ipsis ad latus radiale medii digiti ct ulnare indicis, dealt ramum pollicis abductori, inosculatum ladiali arteriie pollicis, et una cum ea arteria ulnarem pollicis et arteriam radialem vplarcm indicis constituit. Semel etiam ex ipsa origine arterifc interosseaf ramum prodiisse vidi, qui ad volam venit, et superficialem ar- cum constituit, qui solet a radiali nasci. 2 1. Humeral artery. 2, 2, 2, 2. A radial artery of small size which sends no branch to the palm. 3. Radial recurrent artery. 4, 4, 4. Superficial interosseal artery, which might be called median artery, as it ac- companies the median nerve. Lud\vig(l. c. p. 90 described a similar variety: in arHnfant six montiis old, in whom the humeral artery gave off the radial at the usual place, which extended to the hand, but another ladial came ofT from the side of the interosseal, de- scended on the inner side of the radius, and passed under the Uansverse ligament of the carpus to the palm of the hand. Sabatier (1. c. T. 3. p. 69,) says : " J'ai vu i'artere humerale produire une radiale et une cubitale ordinaire, et une seconde cubitale qui descendoit derriere les tegumens le long du bord interne de I'avant-bras, jusqu' au poignet ou elle fournissoit I'arcade palmaire, pendant que la vraie cubitale s'y terminoit par des branches tres petites." .Allan Burns (1. c. p. 348,) has well described this disposition of the interosseal artery. Barclay (1. c. p. 1'20,) says, " Sometimes there are more interosseals than one, whether it arise from the humeral separately, or terminate the humeral along with the ulnar, or along with the radial, or along with the radial and ulnar to. gether, is always seen on the thenal aspect in the middle, be- tween the radius and ulna ; always deeper than the sublimis, always extending some of its branches as far as the carpus, though seldom so far as the points of the fingers." " In rare cases, where it runs immediately under the sublimis, and extends to the fingers, there is usually another interosseal artery, either a branch, or a separate trunk between the sub- limis and the flexor longus poUicis." 5, G. Arteria magna pollicis. 7. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the thumb. 8. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb. 9. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 10. Anterior digito-radial artery of the finger. fore- 11. 11. Digital artery, which divides into, 12. The anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore- finger, and, 13. Anterior digito-radial artery of the middle- finger. 14. 14, 14. Ulnar artery. 15. Deep volar artery. 16. Small trunk of the digital arteries. 17. First digital artery. 18. Anterior digito-ulnar branch of the middle- finger. Anterior digito-radial branch of the ring- finger. Internal digital artery, which divides into, Anterior digito-ulnar branch of the ring- finger. 22. Anterior digito-radial branch of the little finger, and, 23, 23. Anterior digito-ulnar branch of the little finger. 19. 20. 21. { TLXNII Fml. rvi 3- ?'/■/' ^ PLATE XVII. FlCUEE I. Exhibits an unusual course of the ulnar artery in the right arm of a young man.^ 3. 4. 5, (3. 7- 8. 1. Insertion of the coraco-brachialis. 2, 2, 2. Biceps. Aponeurotic portion of this muscle. Long head of the triceps. 5. Short licail of this muscle. Internal intcTmuscular ligament. Bracliialis internus. Pronator teres. 9, 9- Flexor carpi radialis. 10, 10, 10. Palmaris longus. 11, 11, 11. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 12, Flexor communis digitorum sublimis. 13, 13, 13. Flexor communis digitorum profun- dus. 1 i. Flexor longus pollicis. 15, 15, 15. Supinator longus. 16, 16. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 17- Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. IH. Extensor primi internodii. 19. 19, 19. Humeral artery. 20. Arteria profunda. 21. An unusual ulnar collateral artery. 22. Ramus anastomoticus rnagnus. 23. 23, 23. Ulnar artery arising from the hume- ral at the bend of the elbow, and running superncially on the fore-arm. Trunk of the radial and interosseal arteries. Interosseal artery. Radial artery. 24. 25. 26. Figure II. Represents the right fore-arm of a man, in which the radial artery, at the middle of tlie ra- dius, passed towards the hack of the hand, super- licially, over the supinator longus, extensor carpi radialis longior, extensor carpi radialis brevier, and extensor muscles of the thumb. The super- ficialis vols; from usual place.* the radial descended in its 1 . Supinator longus. 2. Flexor carpi radialis. 3, 3. Extensor carpi radialis longior. 4, 4. l^^xtensor carpi radialis brevier. 5, 5, 5, 5. Extensor communis digitorum. 6. Tendon of the extensor proprius indicis. 7, 7- Extensor secundi internodii pollicis. 8, y. Extensor primi internodii pollicis. 9, 9. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 10. Posterior annular ligament of the carpus. 11. First external interosseous muscle. 12. Adductor pollicis. 13. Radial artery. 14. Superficialis voloe. 15, 15. Dorsal digito-radial artery of the thumb. + Dorsal carpal branch. 16, 16. Continuation of the radial artery running superficially to the back of the hand. 17- Dorsal digito-uhiar artery of tlie tluimb. 18. Dorsal digito-radial artery of tlie forefinger. 19. Deep volar artery. 20. Arteria magna pollicis. 21. Communicating branch with the dorsal ar- tery of the forefinger. 22. Anterior digito-radial artery of the forefinger. 23. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. The following figures show the principal va- rieties in the arteries of the hand whicli I have observed.'' ^ Allan Bmiis (1. c. p. iHl.) observed this variety three times. ' Portal (Anat. Medicale, t. iii. p. •247.) has described this unusual course of the radial artery well. L'artere radiale se detourne quelquefois ; au lieu de passer sur le bord interne et anterieure du rayon, elle passe sur le bord arterieur externe, et il n'y a alors qu'une petite arteriole qui niaicbe dans la direc- tion dii tronc. Allan Burns (1. c. p. 343.) has also described it. I have fiequently seen this unusual course of the radial ar- tery. I once observed it in both arms of a man, labourinj; under hectic fever, where there was uo pnlsation perceived at the usual place. '' The varieties of the arteries of the hand have been pointed out by Mailer, (Icon. Anat. Fasc- vi. p. 36, 41.) Soemmer- in>;, (X)e Corp. hum. labrica, t. 5. p. '204, '222.) Allan Burns, (1. c. p. 3-14.) Uyan, (1. c.) Barclay. (1. c. p. l-Jfi.) .T. !■'. Meckel, (Handiiuch der mcnschlichon .Viiatoniie, B. 3. S. 180, 190.) and others. Figure III. • Represents the left hand of a man, in which tlic EuperticiaHs voIk is of a very large size. This variety often occurs. 1, 1. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2. Flexor communis digitorum sublimis. 3, 3. Palmaris longus. 4, 4. Flexor carpi radialis. 5, 5, Tendon of the supinator longus. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6. Flexor communis digitorum profundus. 7? 7- Flexor longus pollicis. 8. Extensor primi intcrnodii pollicis. 9. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 10. Abductor pollicis. 11. Opponens pollicis. 12. Flexor brevis pollicis. 13. Adductor pollicis. 14. Palmaris brevis. 15. Abductor minimi digiti. 16. Adductor minimi digiti. 17. 18, 19, 20. Lumbricalcs muscles. 21, 22, 23, 21. Ligamentous sheaths of the flexor tendons of the forefinger. 2-5, 2.5. Radial arterv. 2J. Trunk of the radial artery running towards the back of the hand. 27. Twig to the short muscles of the thumb. 28. Thesupcrficialis voire of unusual size covered by the abductor pollicis. 29- Arteria magna pollicis. oO. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb. 31. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 32. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore- finger. 33. 33. Ulnar artery. 31, 34. Twigs to the palmaris brevis, the ab- ductor and adductor minimi digiti. 35, Superficial palmar arch which is formed by the ulnar and radial arteries. 36, First anterior digital artery, which divides into, 37, 37. Anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger, and 38, 38. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring fi nger. 39, Second anterior digital artery, which divides into, 40, 40. Anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 41, 41. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. 42, '^I'iiird anterior digital arterv. which divides into. 43, 43. Anteri,)r digito-radial artery of the middle linger, and 44, 44. Anterior digito-ulnar artery o( the fore- finger. 45, 45, 45. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little finger coming off from the deep pal- mar arch. 46. 47. Palmar interosseal arteries communicat- ing with the digitals. Figure IV. This exhibits the right hand of a man, in which the ulnar artery alone forms the superficial palmar arch. This variety frequently occurs. 1. Extensor primi intcrnodii pollicis. 2. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. 3. Tendon of the supinator longus. 4. Flexor longus pollicis. 5. 5. Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis. 6. 6. Tendon of the palmaris longus. 7. 7' 7' 7i 7-> 7' Flexor sublimis digitorum. 8. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8. Hexor profundus digitorum. 9. 9- Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris. 10. Opponens pollicis. 11. Abductor pollicis. 12. Flexor brevis pollicis. 13. Adductor pollicis. 14. First external interosseous muscle. 15. 15, 15, 15. Lumbricales. 16. Abductor minimi digiti. 17. Adductor minimi digiti. 18. Palmaris brevis. 19- Radial artery. 20. Superficialis \o\ee, sent to the small muscles of the thumb. 21. Trunk of the radial artery turning towards the back of the hand. 22. 22. Ulnar artery. 23. Deep palmar artery. 21. Superficial palmar arch formed by the ulnar alone. ■f- First digital artery, dividing into, 25, 25. The anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little finger. 26, 26. Anterior digito-radial artery of the same finger, and 27, 27. Anterior digito ulnar artery of the ring finger. 28, Trunk of the second and third digital arteries. 29- Second digital artery, which divides into, 30. The anterior digito-radial artery of the ring- finger, and 31. 31. The anterior digito-ulnar artery vi' tiie middle finger. 32. Third digital arterj', which divides into, 33. 33. The anterior digito-radial artery of the middle iingei, and 34. 35. Anterior digito ulnar artery of the fore- finger. .36. Arteria magna pollicis. 37, Anterior digito-ulnar arterv of the tluinib. 38, 38. Anterior digito-radial artuyof the tliiuiih. 39, 39. Anterior digito-radial artery vi' the fore- finger. lM..yATU. fi','2. ^ 4 ^"^ .mm p''^^|''\v ^ ^ f'ii/.d. KMiUifUSeii!/'' PLATE XVIII. Figure I. This shows a right hand, in which tiie superfi- cial volar arch is composed of the radial and ulnar arteries. This disposition is frequent. I . Radial artery. '2. Superficial volar branch. 3. Twig to the opponens, abductor, and Hexor brevis pollicis. i. Anastomosis of the superficial volar branch, with the ulnar artery. 5. Ulnar artery. (). Deep volar branch of the ulnar. 7. Superficial volar arch. 8. First digital artery. 9, 9. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little fin- ger- 10, 10. Small trunk, which divides into II, 11. The anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger, and 12, 12. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. 13, Second digital artery, which divides into 14, 14. The anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 1.5, 15. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. 16. Third digital artery, which divides into 17} 17- Anterior digito-radial artery of the middle finger, and 18, 18. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore- finger. 19, Fourth digital artery, which divides into 20, 20. The anterior digito-radial artery of the fore-finger, and 21 , Arteria magna pollicis, which divides into 22, 22. The anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb, and 23, 23. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. Figure II. The right hand of a man, in which a rare disposi- tion of the arteries is observed. 1, Radial artery. 2, 2. Superficial volar artery from the radial. 3, Anastomosing twig, with the ulnar. 4, 4. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 5, 5. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore fin- ger- 6, 6. Anterior digito-radial artery of tlie thumb, from the deep arch. 7- Ulnar artery. 8, Deep volar artery. 9, 9. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little fin- ger. 10, Small trunk, which divides into 11, 11. Anterior digito-radial of the little finger, and 12, 12. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. 13, Twig anastomosing with the superficialis tola; of the radial. 14, First digital artery from the ulnar in the palm, which divides into 15, 15. Anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 16, 16. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. 17- Second digital artery from the ulnar in the palm, which divides into 18, 18. Anterior digito-radial artery of the midille finger, and 19, 19- Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore finger. Figure III. The right hand of a woman, in which an un- usual distribution of the arteries is seen. 1 . Radial artery. 2. A very small superficial volar branch, which has no communication with the superficial palmar arch. 3. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb, from the deep arch. 4. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb, also from the deep arch. 5. Anastomosis between the deep and superficial palmar arches, (i. Ulnar artery. 7- Deep palmar artery. 8, 8. Superficial palmar arch. 9, 9, 9. Anterior digito-u-lnar artery of the little finger. 10, Second anterior digital artery which divides into 11, The anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger, and 12, 12. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. 13, Tliird anterior digital artery, which diNides into 14, 14. Anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 15, 15. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. 16, Fourth anterior digital artery, which anasto- moses with a digital artery from the deep arch. 17- Anastomosis with the anterior digito-radial artery of the fore finger. 18, Digital artery from the deep arch, which di- vides into 19, 19. Anterior digito-radial arterj' of the middle finger, and 20, 20. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore finger. 21, 21. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore finger. 22, Ramus anostomoticus. Figure IV. Exhibits the right hand of a man in which a very rare variety is seen. 1. Radial artery- 2. Superficial volar artery, which has no connexion with the superficial palmar artery from the ulnar. 3. 3. Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb. 4. Small trunk of 5. 5. Theantcrior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb, and 6, 6. The anterior digito-radial of the fore finger. 7, 7- Digital artery, which divides into 8, 8. The anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore finger, and 9, 9- The anterior digito-radial artery of the middle finger. 10, Ulnar artery. 11, Deep palmar arterj-. 12, Superficial palmar artery flexuous. 13, 13. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little- finger. 1 4, Digital artery, which divides into 15, 15. The anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger, and 16, 16, The anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. 17, Digital artery, which divides into 18, 18. The anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 19, 19. The anterior digito-ulnar artery of the middle finger. Figure V. Represents a left hand, in which the anterior digital arteries arise from the deep arch. 1, Ulnar artery. 2, 2. Superficial palmar branch, cut. ' 3, 3, 3. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little finger. 4, Communicating branch between the digital artery and deep arch. 5, Radial artery. 6, Superficialis volse. 7, 7- Anterior digito-radial artery of the thumb. 8, 8, 8. Deep palmar arch. 9, 9. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 10, First anterior interosseal artery, which divides into 11, 11. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore finger. 12, 12. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the for* finger, and 13, 13. The anterior digito-radial artery of the middle finger. 14, Small digital artery from the superficial pal- mar arch, cut. 16. Second anterior interosseal artery. • Digital artery from tiic superficial arch, cut. 16, 16. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the mid- ' die finger. 17, 17- Anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger. s 18. Third anterior interosseul artery, which di- vides into li). 19. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger, and 20, 20. Anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger. Figure VI. Shows a right hand, in which the arteries arc irregular. 1. Radial artery. 2. Caqjal artery from the radial. 3. Superficialis vola\ 4. Ulnar artery. 5. Carpal artery from the ulnar. 6. 6. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the little finger. 7. Superficial palmar branch, cut. H, 8, 8. Deep volar arch. 9. First anterior interosseal artery, which joins the first anterior digital artery. 10. Second anterior interosseal artery joining the second anterior digital artery 11. 11. Perforating branches. 12. Third anterior interosseal artery. l.S. Communicating branch with the third digital artery. 14, 14. Anterior digito-radial artery of the fore finger. 15. First anterior digital artery, cut, which di- vides into 16, 16. Anterior digito-radial artery of the little finger, and 17, 17- Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the ring finger. 18. Second anterior digital artery, which divides into 19, 19. The anterior digito-radial artery of the ring finger, and 20, 20. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the mid- dle finger. 21. Third digital artery, which divides into 22, 22. The anterior digito-radial artery of the middle finger, and 23, 23. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the fore finger. 24. Anterior digital artery of the thumb from the superficial palmar arch. 25. Anastomosing branch with the anterior digi- to-radial artery of the fore finger. 26. Communicating branch with the anterior di- gito-ulnar artery of the thumb. 27. Communicating branch with the anterior di- gito-radial artery of the thumb. 28. Arteria magna pollicis, which divides into 29, 29. Anterior digito-ulnar artery of the thumb, and 30, 30. Anteriordigito-radialartery of the thumb. TLSIX. "/'' PLATE XIX. Gives a Representation of the Thoracic Aorta. 1,2 tt 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, IS. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23! 24. 25. 26. 27. 2S. , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. The ribs. Portion of the diaphragm. The trachea. Right bronchus. Lett bronchus. CEsophagus. 17, 17- Semilunar valves of the aorta. Origin of the right coronary artery of the heart. Origin of the left coronary artery of the heart. Ascending aorta. Arch of the aorta. Trunk of tlie arteria innominata. Right subclavian. The right carotid artery. The left carotid artery. Left subclavian artery. Bronchial artery of the right side. Left bronchial artery, (w) or Inferior Superior dorsal costal costal 29, 29, 29. Descending aorta. 30, 30, 30. fEsophageal arteries. 31, 31. QEsophageal arteries truncated. 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, .32, 32, 32. Left infe- rior or aortic intercostal .arteries. 3.3, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33. Posterior branches. 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34. branciies. ^ f O'^ O" o*. o,.' o)... o^ 00, 00, 00, morrhoidal artery. 48. Second lumbar artery of each side. 99. Third lumbar artery of each side, 50. Fourth lumbar artery of each side. [ 51. Arteria sacra media. » These capsular arteries very often arise from the renal. b It is well known that the renal arteries vary very much. c The spermatic arteries vary as to number and origin. Ge- nerally two spermatic arteries arise from the aorta, or one which afterwards divides into two. Not uncommonly the left sper- matic comes off from the aorta higher than the right, and vice versa- One spermatic often arises from the renal or capsular artery, (Haller Icon. Anat. Fasc. 3, p. 60,) or from the Hypo- gastric, (Mayer Beschreibung der Blutgefasse, p. 180,) and the other from the aorta. Sometimes there are two on one or both sides, (Haller, I. c. Morgagni de Sed. et Causs. Morbor. T. 2. p. 348 ; Hunter's Medical Commentaries, p. 78; Pohl Obs, Angiol. p. 12 ; Nico- lai de direct, vasor. § 17; Huber Observ. Anat. in Halleri Thes. Diss. vol. i. p. 307 ; Otto Seltene Bcobacht. Zur Ana- tomie, p. 101.) 52, 52. Fifth lumbar artery.* 53, Abdominal aorta dividing into the common iliacs. 54, 54. Common iliac arteries. 55, 55. Hypogastric, or internal iliac arteries. 56, 56. External iliac arteries. 57, 57. Gluteal arteries. 58, Right sacro-lateral artery. 59, 59. Obturator arteries. 60, 60. Ischiatic arteries. 61, 61. Right epigastric artery. a This artery generally arises from the"arteria sacra, media, sometimes from the aorta, or common iliac. 62, 62, 62. Branches of this artery ascending behind the peritoneum. 63, 63. Right circumflex iliac artery. 64, 64. Twigs of the ilio-lumbar artery. 65, Left epigastric artery. 66, Twig to the inner surface of the os pubis. 67, Twig to the spermatic cord, forming the in- ferior spermatic artery. 68, 68, 68. Proper epigastric branches. 69, 69. Left circumflex ihac artery. 70, 70. Twigs of the ilio-lumbar artery anasto- mosing with the circumflex iliac artery, 71, Internal inguinal fossa. 72, External inguinal fossa. PL.xxr. ..^ 4. ». , 1 N^^-*^' "^-^'.'i. -t// v^ m ■n If '\ /■' if .„-^^^^6x PLATE XXI. This shows the Arteries of the Stomach and Liver. 1, 1, 1. Crura of the diaphragm. 2, 2. Liver drawn aside. 3, 3. Right lobe. 4, 4. Left lobe. 5, Lobulus SpigeHi. 6, Lobulus quadratus. 7- Round ligament. 8. Suspensory ligament. 9. 9. Hepatic duct. 10. 10. Gall-bladder. 11. Cystic duct. 12. Ductus communis choledochus. 13. Vena portarum. 14. Oesophagus. Stomach, Cardia. Great cul-de-sac of the stomach. Small c\il-de-sac of the stomach. 19. Pylorus. 20. Duodenum. 21. Spleen. 22. Pancreas. 23. 23, 23, 23, 23. Omentum majus. 24. 24, 24, 24, 24. Small intestines. 25. Ccecura. 26. Abdominal aorta. 27. Phrenic arteries arising from the aorta. 28. Coeliac artery. 29. The tripod of the cteliac artery. 30. Coronary artery of the stomach. 31. Inferior oesophageal artery. •f -f Twigs to the cardia and the great cul-de-sac of the stomach. 32. 32. Anastomosing coronary hrancli. 15. 16. 17- 18. 33. Hepatic artery." * Gastro-duodenal artery. 34, 34, 34. Right gastro-epiploic artery. 3-5. A twig to the duodenum. 36. 36, 36, 36, 36. Gastric twigs. 37. 37, 37, 37. Omental branches. 38. A twig to the pylorus. 39. 39. Pyloric artery which anastomoses with the coronaria ventriculi. * * Hepatic branch. 40. Left hepatic artery." 41. Middle hepatic artery. 42. Right hepatic artery. "f 1" 1" Cystic artery. 43. Left gastro-epiploic artery. 44. Anastomosis between the right and Ifeft gas- tro-epiploic arteries. 45. 45, 45, 45. Peritoneum. 46. External inguinal fossa. 47. Internal inguinal fossa. 48. 48, 48. Left epigastric artery covered by the peritoneum. 49. External inguinal fossa of the right side. 50. Internal inguinal fossa of the same side. 51. 51, 51. Right epigastric artery. 52. Twig of the circumflex iliac artery. ' It seldom conies off from tire aorta separately ( Saiidifort Obs. Anat. Path. L. 2, p. 1"26. ) The hepatic artery is some- times a branch of the superior mesenteric artery- Lastly, there may be several hepatic arteries, one Irom the usual place, the other from the coronaria ventriculi or superior mesenteric ar- tery. *> This very frequently arises from the coronaria vintricnli. \ ^-^'K 4. w ? ^tt>,-7#v^,4^ '%,i t ^W *. .•/"%.. . „>'•' y :f PLATE XXII. FlGDRE I. Represents the arteries of the stomach, duode- num, pancreas, and spleen. The stomach is drawn aside. 1, 1, 1. Crura of the diaphragm. 2. (Esophagus. 3, 3, 3, 3. Posterior surface of the stomach re- flected. 4. Small cul-de-sac of the stomach. 5. Pylorus. 6, 6, 6. Duodenum. 7, 7- Pancreas. 8, 8. Spleen. 9, 9, 9. Inferior surface of the liver drawn aside. 10. Round ligament of the liver. 11. Suspensory ligament. 12. Gall-bladder. 13. Neck of the gall-bladder. 14. Ductus communis choledochus. 15, 15, 15. Vena portarum. 16, 16. Abdominal aorta. 17, 17- CcEliac artery. 18, 18, 18. Inferior phrenic arteries. 19, 19, 19- Coronary artery of the stomach. 20. CEsophageal branch. 21. Anastomosis of the coronaria ventriculi with the pyloric artery. 22. Pyloric artery from the hepatic. 23. Hepatic artery. •f- Gastro-duodenal artery. * Pancreatic branch. * * Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery. 24, 24, 24, 24. Right gastro-epiploic artery. 25, 25, 25. Gastric branches. 26, 26, 26, 26, 26. Omental branches, cut. 27. Inferior pyloric artery. 28. Hepatic branch. 29- Cystic artery. 30, 30. Splenic artery. 31. 31, 31, 31. Superior or middle pancreatic branches. 32. 32. Left gastro-epiploic artery. 33. Anastomosis between the left and right gas- tro-epiploic arteries. 34. 34. Vasa brevia. 35. 35, 35. Proper splenic branches. 36. Superior mesenteric artery. 37. Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery. 38. Anastomosis of this artery with the superior pancreatico-duodenal. 39. Inferior mesenteric artery. Figure II. Exhibits the distribution of the arteries on the posterior surface of the stomach. 1. Oesophagus. 2. Cardia. 3. Fundus, or great cul-de-sac of the stomach. 4. 4. Smaller cvirvature. 5. 5, 5, 5. Greater curvature. 6. Small cul-de-sac of the stomach. 7. Pylorus. 8. Duodenum. 9. 9. Coronary artery of the stomach. 10. Pyloric artery. Anastomosis between these arteries. 12, 12, 12. Posterior gastric branches. 13, 13. Anterior gastric branches. 14, 14. Right gastro-epiploic artery. 15, Left gastro-epiploic artery. 16, Anastomosis of these arteries. 17, 17) 17? 17' 17- Omental branches cut. 18, 18, 18, 18, 18. Posterior gastric branches. 19, 19, 19, 19, 19. Great vascular net-work, which is formed by the anastomosis of these arteries with the superior. 20, 20. Vasa brevia from the splenic. 11. 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, pjL.xxni. ^MtteMi jfu/p! PLATE XXIII. Shows the Superior Mesenteric Artery. 1,1. The duodenum. 2. Beginning of the jejunum. 3, 3. Pancreas. 4i 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4. Small intestines. 5, 5. Termination of the ilium in 6, 6. The ccecum. 7, Vermiform appendix. 8, 8. Ascending colon. 9, 9, 9, 9. Transverse colon. 10, Descending colon. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11. Anterior bundle of longitudi- nal fibres. 12, 12, 12, 12, 12. Posterior lamina of the peri- toneum. 13, Superior mesenteric artery." 14, 14. Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery. 15, Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery. " This rarely forms a common trunk with the cceliac artery. Haller (Icon. Anat. Fasc. viii. p. 35. No. 11.) once saw this disposition, which Galen, Riolan and others have described as regular. 16, 16, 16. Middle colic artery. 17, Anastomosis of this artery with the left colic. 18, Anastomosis with the right colic artery. 19, Trunk of the right colic and ileo-colic arteries. 20, Right colic artery. 21, Ileo-colic artery. t Ccecal artery. 22, 22, 22. Artery of the vermiform appendix. f f Branch to the termination of the small in- testines. 23, Anastomosis of the ileo-colic artery with the intestinal artery. 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24. Intestinal arteries. 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 23, 23, 25, 25, 25. Anastomoses of these arteries of the first order. 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26, 26. An- astomoses of the second order. 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27. Anasto- moses of the third order. 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28. Intestinal twigs. •24, \ PLjfxrv". «% ■^. "^^ PLATE XXIV. Exhibits the Inferior Mesenteric Arteiy. 1, 1, 1. Pancreas. o 2, 2. Diiodenum. '•?, O, O) O, o, O) O5 O3 tines. 4. Ascending colon. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3. Small intes- 3, 5, 5. Transverse colon. 6, 6. Descending colon. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7. Sigmoid flexure of the colon. 8, Rectum. 9, 9. Lamina of the peritoneum composing the transverse mesocolon. 10, 10, 10, 10. Posterior lamina of the peritone- um which forms the descendingr meso- colon. 11, Superior mesenteric artery. 12, 12. Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery. 13, Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery. 14, 14, 14. Middle colic artery. 13. Anastomosing branch with tery. 16. Great anastomosing branch with the left colic artery. 17, 17, 17. Intestinal branches. 18, 18. Abdominal aorta. 19. Left renal artery. the right colic ar- 20, 20. Spermatic arteries. 21, 21, 21. Lumbar arteries. 22, 22. Iliac arteries. 23, Inferior mesenteric artery." 24, Left colic artery. 25, 25. Ascending or great anastomosing branch with the middle colic.'' 26, 26. Branch to the descending colon. 27, Internal or superior hjemorrhoidal artery. 28, Branch to the sigmoid flexure of the colon. 29, 29. Branches to the rectum. " Petsche (Sylloge observationum anatomicarum selectarum, § 76) mentions a rare variety in the origin of the inferior me- senteric artery. In a preparation in which the left kidney was wanting, the aorta, after having given off the right renal artery, divided into two equal branches, from the left of which the inferior mesenteric artery arose, below this these two branches communicated together by another cross branch. Fleischmann (Leichen-Oeffnungen, S. 239) found in the body of an infant no inferior mesenteric artery arising from the aorta ; the left colon and the rectum received branches from the superior mesenteric artery. » Vicq-d'Azyr (Mem. de I'Ac. dea Sc. Ann. 1776, p. 702) saw the anastomosis between the superior mesenteric and in- ferior mesenteric arteries entirely wanting. ^< rL.xx\\ Mg). Fl-q2. i"\% m :\ ■%, PLATE XXV. Shows the Internal Iliac Artery of a Man. Figure I. Exiiibits the pelvis cut perpendicularly, in which the branches of the internal iliac artery are seen. 1, 1. Fourtli lumbar vertebra. 2, 2. Fifth lumbar vertebra. 3, 3, 3. Intervertebral cartilages. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4. Sacrum. 5, 5, 5. Ossa coccygis. 6, Symphysis of the bones of the pubes. 7, Longissimus dorsi muscle. 8, 8. Gluteus maximus muscle. 9, 9, 9. Transversalis abdominis muscle. 10, 10, 10. Rectus abdominis muscle. 11, 11. Iliacus internus muscle. 12, 12. Psoas magnus. 13, 13. Tendon of the psoas parvus. 14, 14, 14. Pyriform muscle. 15, 15, 15, 15. Levator ani muscle. 16, 16, 16. Fibrous membrane of the spinal mar- row. 17, 17) 1?) 17' 17- Lumbar and sacral nerves. 18, 18. Obturator nerve. 19- Fifth lumbar nerve. First sacral nerve. Second sacral nerve. Third sacral nerve. 23. 23. Urinary bladder drawn out of the pelvis. 24. Ureter. 25. Urachus. 26. 26, 26. Vas deferens. 27. Vesicula seminalis. 28. Rectum. 29. Aorta. 30. Inferior mesenteric artery. 31. Fourth lumbar artery. 32. 32. Middle sacral artery. 33. Left common iliac artery cut. Right common iliac artery. Internal iliac artery, which generally divides into an anterior and a posterior trunk. I Posterior trunk, which gives off the posterior ' branches. j 37, 37. Ileo-lumbar artery.^ j 38. Branch running along the linea innominata j of the pelvis, and inosculating with a branch j from the epigastric artery. a This artery sometimes arises from the common iliac, or from the external iliac, or from the gluteal, seldom from the fourth lumbar or middle sacral. There are often two smaller ileo-lumbars present. 20. 21. 22. 34. 35. 36. 39, 39. Twigs to the psoas magnus. 40. Anastomosis of the ileo-lumbar artery with the circumflex iliac. 41, 41. Sacro-lateral artery.'' 42. Twig to the levator ani. 43, 43, 4.3. Obturator artery."' 44, 44. Twig perforating the levator ani, and go- ing to the obturator internus. 45. Twig anastomosing with the epigastric artery. 46. Gluteal artery. 47. Anterior trunk of the internal iliac, which gives off the anterior branches. 48, 48. Umbilical artery. 49. Part of this artery changed into a ligaiiunt. 50. Superior vesical artery. 51, 51, 51, 51, 51. Inferior vesical artery.'' 52. Branch to the seminal vesicle. 53, 53. Internal or common pudic artery. 54. Middle ha?morrhoidal artery ."^ 55. Twig to the levator ani. 56. Twig to the vesicula seminalis. 57, 57. Branches distributed to the rectum. 58, 58. Ischiatic artery. 59. Twig to the pyraraidalis muscle. 60, 60. External iliac artery. 61, 61. Circumflex iliac artery. 62, 62, 62. Twigs to the iliacus internus muscle. 63, 63, 63. Twigs to the abdominal muscles. 64. Anastomosis of this artery with the ileo-lum- bar. G5, 65. Epigastric artery. 66. Obturator twig. 67. Union of this twig with the obturator artery. 68. Branch to the spermatic cord. Fig u UK If. Shows the course of the common pudic artery. 1. Coccyx. 2, 2. Ischiatic tuberosities. ■■ Two are very often present, one of which comes from the internal iliac, the other from the gluteal, or ileo-hnnbar or is- chiatic. , " The origin of this arteiy raries very much. It frequently arises from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac ; not un- fi'cquently from the external iliac, or from the epigastric artery. Another plate exhibits the principal varieties of this artery. '' This artery varies as to its origin. It very often comes from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery, or from the common pudic artery, or from the ischiatic, or lastly from the middle hsmorrhoidaJ artery. « This generally comes from the pudic artery, sometimes however from the anterior trunk of the intemal iliac, or from the ischiatic, cr from the sacro-latera). 3, 3. Ascending rami of the ossa ischia. 4, 4. Great sacro-sciatic ligaments. 5, 5. Glutei maxinii muscles. 6, Anus. 7, 7, 7. External sphincter of the anus. 8, 8, 8, 8. Levatores ani. 9, 9. Transverse muscles of the permeum. 10, Urethra. 11, 11. Acceleratores urinse muscles 12, 12. Crura penis. 13, 13. Erector muscles of the penis. 14, Right common pudic artery. 15, 15, 15. External hgemorrhoidal artery, f Superficialis perinei. 16. Twig descending to the tuberosity of the ischium. 17. Proper perineal twig. 18. Twig going to the accelerator urin«. 19. Twigs sent to the erector penis. 20. Posterior scrotal artery. 21. 21. Deep branch of the common pudic artery. 22. 22. Left common pudic artery. 23. 23. External haemorrhoidal artery. * Superficialis perinei. 24. Ischiatic twig. 25. Proper perineal twig. 26. Twig to the accelerator urinae muscle. 27. Twigs to the erector penis. 28. Posterior scrotal artery. PL^SNT. / s Fia I f^j.2 K UiUhtU frulfi'. PLATE XXVI. Exhibits the Course of the Internal Iliac Artery in the Female, FiGUin-. I. Shows the internal iliac artery in the (emah vis which is cut pcrpciidiL-ulariy. pel- Third lumbar vertebra. Fourth lumbar vertebra. Fifth lumbar vertebra. 4, 4. Intervertebral cartilages. 1. 2. 3. 4, 5, 5, 5. Sacrum. a, 6. Ossa coccygis. -f- Horizontal ramus of the pubes. 7- Symphysis pubis. 8, 8. Longissimus dorsi muscle. 9, 9- Left gluteus maximus muscle, cut. 10, 10, 10. Transversalis abdominis. Internal aperture of the inguinal canal. Psoas magnus muscle. Iliacus internus muscle. Obturator internus muscle. Pyriform muscle. 16. Portion of the levator ani. 17. Obturator nerve. Fifth lumbar nerve. First sacral nerve. Second sacral nerve. Third sacral nerve. Urinary bladder drawndown. Urachus. Vagina. 25. Uterus drawn aside. 26, 26, 26. Round ligament of the uterus. 27, 27. FaUopian tube. 28. Fimbriated extremity of the tube. 29. Ovary covered by the broad ligament. 30. Rectum. Aorta. Inferior mesenteric artery. 33. Left common iliac artery. 34, 34. Third and fourth lumbar arteries. 35, 35, 35. Middle sacral artery. 36. Fifth lumbar artery. .37, 37. Right common iliac artery. 38. Internal iliac artery. 39, 39- Sacro-lateral artery. 40. Ileo-lumbar artery. 41. Twig to the psoas magnus. 42, 42. Twigs to the iliacus internus muscle. 43, 43. Obturator artery. 44, 44. Twigs to ti!c obturator internus muscle. 45. Twig anastomosing with the epigastric artery. 46. Gluteal artery. 47, 47. Umbilical artery. 48. Part of the umbilical artery changed into ligament. 49, 49, 49, 49, ii). YcHkaX arteries. 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16, 17, 18. 19. 20 21. 22. 23. 24. 30, 31. 32. 50, 50. Uterine artery." 51, 51, 51. Vaginal artery. 52, 52. Branch to the uterus. 53, 53. Common pudic artery. 54, 54. Middle hii'inorrhoidal artery.'' 55, 55. Twigs to the levator ani. 56, 56. Ischiatic artery. 57, 57. Twigs to the anterior surface of the sa- crum and sacro-sciatic ligaments. 58, 58. External iliac artery. 59, 59. Circumflex iliac artery. 60, 60. Twigs to the iliacus internus muscle. 61, Anastomosis of this artery with the ileo-lum- bar. 62, 62. Epigastric artery. 63, Twig to the inner surface of the pubes. 64, Obturator twig. 65, Branch to the round ligament of the uterus. Figure II. Shows the course of the common pudic artery. 1. Apex of the coccyx. 2. 2. Tuberosities of the ischia. 3. Mons veneris. 4. 4. Labia rnajora. 5. Clitoris. 6. Prepuce of the clitoris. 7. 7- Nymphae. 8. Orifice of the Urethra. 9. Entrance of the Vagina. 10. Anus. 11. External sphincter of the anus. 12. 12, 12, 12. Lcvatores ani. 13. Anterior transversalis perinci muscle. 14. Posterior transversalis perinci. 15. 15. Constrictor vagina; 16. 16. Erectores clitoridis 17. 17- Glutei maximi muscles. 18. 18. Internal obturator muscles. 19. 19 Right pudic artery. 20. 20. External ha-morrhoidal artery. 21. Twig to the tuberosity of the ischium. 22. 22. Perineal artery. 23. 23. Posterior artery of the labium pudcndi. 24. Artery of the clitoris. 25. Left pudic artery. 26. 26, 26. External boemorrhoidal branches. 27. 27. Branches to the perineum. 28. Twigs to the labium majus. 29. Artery of the clitoris. a This often forms a (-ommon trunk citlier with the umbili- cal artery or with tlic middle li.-Emonhoidal. li this sometimes arises as a peculiar liraiu'h from the inter- nal iliac artery ; or it comes from the ischiatic artery. «"". ■t PL.xx:^^l . l-.Miffhrlf .S'fiiff! PLATE XXVII This exhibits the arteries of the uteius in a woman, who died six days aftei- parturition. J, 1, 1, 1. Crura of the Diaphragm. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2. Psose parvee muscles. .'3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3. Psose magme muscles. 4, 4. Quadrati lumborum muscles, ."j, 5, .5, .5. Iliaci interiii muscles. 6, 6, 6. Ligaments ot" Poupart. 7, 7. The kidneys. 5, 8. Pelvis of the kidneys. 9, 9, 9, 9. Ureters. 10, Rectum. 11, II, II. Uterus drawn forwards. 12, 12, 12, 12. Lamina of the broad ligaments of the uterus. 13, 1.3. Ligaments of the Fallopian tubes. 14, 14, 14, 14. Round ligaments of the uterus. 15, 15. Ovaries. 16, 16. Ligaments of the ovaries. 17, 17. Fallopian tubes. 18, 18. Fimiiriated extremities of the tubes. 19, 19. Abdominal aorta. 20, Superior mesenteric artery. 21,21,21,21. Renal arteries. 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22. Spermatic ar- teries. 23, 2.3. Branches sent to the ovaries. 24, 24, 24, 24. Branches to the Fallopian tubes. 25, 25. Continuations of the spermatic arteries, going to the uterus, the diameter of which is much increased during pregnancy. 26, 26. Their anastomosis with the uterine ar- teries. 27, 27, 27, 27. Twigs to the broad ligaments of the uterus. f Inferior mesenteric artery. 28, 28. Second lumbar artery of each side. 29, 29. Third lumbar artery of each side. 30, 30. Fourth lumbar artery of each side. 31, 31. Middle sacral arterv. 32, 32. Fifth lumbar artery of each side. 33, 33. Sacral branches. 34, 34, 34, 34. Common iliac arteries. 35, 35. Internal iliac arteries. 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36. Uterine arteries. 37, .37, 37, .37, 37, 37. Tortuous branches go- ing to the posterior surface of the uterus. 38, 38. Umbilical arteries. 39, 39. Lateral sacral arteries. 40, 40. Gluteal arteries. 41,41. Obturator arteries. 42, 42. Internal pudic arteries. 43, 43. Ischiatic arteries. 44, 44, 44, 44. External iliac arteries. 45, 45, 45, 45. Arteries of the round ligaments of the uterus which come off from the epi- gastric arteries. These arteries become larger during pregnancy. 46, 46. Twigs to the tubes, 47, 47. Anastomosis with the uterine arteries. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48. Circumflex iliac arteries. 49, 49, 49, 49. Twigs to the iliac muscles. 50, 50, 50, 50. Twigs of tlie ilio-kimbar arteries. 51, 51, 51, 51. Their anastomosis with the cir- cumflex arteries. PLXXVTn. h iJUfttUrm/fi} PLATE XXVIII. Shows the Course of the Internal Mammary and Epigastric Arteries. On the Left Side are seen the first Layer of Muscles and the Superficial Ar- teries. On the Right Side, the first and second Layers of Muscles are removed, so that the situation and Anastomosis of these Arteries are seen. 1, 1, 1. Sternum. 2. Ensiform process of the sternum. 3, 3, 3. Linea alba. 4. Umbilicus. 5. Penis. Left Side. 6, 6. Left clavicle. 7, 7, 7. Deltoid muscle. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8 8, 8, 8. Pectoralis major. 9. Subclavius muscle. 10, 10. Latissimus dorsi. 1 1. Teres Major. 12. Triceps extensor cubiti. 13. Coraco-brachialis. 14, 14, 14, 14. Serratus magnus. 1.5, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15. External oblique muscle of the abdomen. 16, External abdominal ring. 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17. Fascia lata. 18, 18, 18, Superficial inguinal glands. 19, 19. Vas deferens. •20, -20, 20, 20, 20, 20. External perforating branches of the internal mammary artery which are distributed to the pectoralis ma- jor, mamma, and skin. 21, 21. Twig to the acromion. 22. Acromial thoracic artery. 23, 23, 23. Abdominal cutaneous twigs of the internal mammary artery. 24, 24, 24, 24, 24, 24. Cutaneous twigs of the epigastric artery. 25, 25, 25, 25, 25. Superficial epigastric ar- tery.* 26. Twig to the superficial inguinal glands. 27. Branch of the external pudic artery. 28. Twig to the superficial inguinal glands. 29. Cutaneous twig. 30, 30. Spermatic artery. » This artery always occurs, sometimes larger, sometimes umalliT. RiGin Side. 31, 31. Kigiit clavicle. 32, First rib. 33, 33. Second rib. .34, 34. Third rib. 35. 35. Fourth rib. 36. 36. Fifth rib. 37. 37. Sixth rib. 38. 38. Seventh rib. 39. 39. Eighth rib. 40. 40. Ninth rib. 41. 41. Tenth rib. 42. 42. Eleventh rib. 43. Subclavius muscle. 44. Insertion of the pectoralis minor. 45. 45. Serratus magnus. 46. 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46, 46. External inter- costal muscles. 47. 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47. Internal in- tercostal muscles. 48. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48. dominis. 49. Pyramidalis. 50. Crest of the ileum. 51. 51. Poupart's ligament. 52. Gluteus medius. 53. Tensor vaginae femoris. 54. Sartorius. 55. Rectus femoris. 56. Iliacus internus. 57. Psoas magnus. 58. Pectineus. 59. 59. Axillary vein. 60. Brachial plexus. 61. Femoral vein. 62. Deep inguinal glands. 63. 63. Vas deferens. 64. 64. Axillary artery. 65. Superior thoracic artery. 66. Acromial thoracic arter\ . 67. Third thoracic arterv. Transversalis ab- 68. Anusioinosis of this artery with the anterior intercostal branch of the internal mammary artery. C9, G9, G9. Long tligracic artery. 70, 70f 70, 70, 70, 70, 70. Internal mamillary artery. 71, 71, 71, 71, 71, 71. External branches. 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 72. Anterior intercostal arteries. 7.3, 7.3, 7.3, 7.3, 7:3, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73, 73. Posterior intercostal arteries anasto- mosing- with the anterior. 74, 74. Epigastric branch of the internal mam- mary artery. 7.5, 75, Anastomosis of this with the epigastric artery. 76, 76. Femoral artery. 77, 77, 77, 77. Epigastric artery. 78, Twig to the spermatic cord, cut. 79, 79, 79, 79. Perforating branches, cut. 80, 80. Circumflex iliac artery, 81, Muscular branch. 82, Superficial epigastric artery. 83, External ]ni(lic artery. 84, 84. Spermatic artery. /\ PI..XXLX . Flqt. ".'/ PLATE XXIX. This shows the situation of the Epigastric Arteries in the l)()dy of a man who had an oblique or external inguinal hernia on the right side, and a direct or internal inguinal hernia on the left. Figure 1. Represents the herniie from tlie outside. Right Side. Shows the external inguinal hernia. 1, 1,1. External oblique muscle of the abdomen. 2, 2. Poupart's ligament or crural arch. 3, 3. Abdominal ring expanded. 4, 4, 4, 4. Scrotum, cut. 5, 5, 5, 5. Common tunica vaginalis witii the cremaster muscle. 6, 6, 6, 6. The peritoneum, constituting the sac of the hernia, opened. 7, 7. Portion of the small intestine. 8, 8. Gluteus medius. 9, 9, 9. Tensor vaginae femoris. 10, 10. Sartorius. 11, 11. Rectus femoris. 12, Vastus externus. 13, Iliacus internus. 14, Psoas magnus. 15, 15. Adductors. 16, 16. Femoral artery. 17, Epigastric artery ascending behind the hernia. IS, 18. Course of this artery towards the umbili- cus, marked by dots. 19, Circumflex iliac artery. 20, 20. Superficial epigastric artery. 21, 21, 21. Twigs to the inguinal ganglia and skin, cut. 22, First external pudic artery. 23, Second external pudic artery. 24, Third external pudic artery. 25, 25. Femoral vein. 26, 26. Great saphena vein. 27, 27. Femoral nerve. Left Side. Exhibits the internal inguinal hernia. 28, 28, 28. External oblique muscle of the ab- domen. 29, 29. Crural arch. 30, .SO. Abdominal ring, dilated. 31, 31, 31. Scrotum, cut. 32, 32, 32, 32. Common tunica vaginalis and cremaster nuisfle. 33, 33, 33. Sac of the hernia, opened. 34, 34. Portion of the small intestine, protnided. 35, Gluteus Medius. 36, 36, 36. Tensor vaginte femoris. 37, 37. Rectus femoris. 38, 38. Vastus externus. 39, Sartorius. 40, Iliacus internus. 41, Psoas magnus. 42, 42. Adductors. 43, 43. Femoral artery. 44, 44. Epigastric artery ascending before the neck of the hernia. 45, 45. Course of this artery. 46, Circumflex iliac artery. 47, 47. Superficial epigastric artery. 48, Twig to the sartorius. 49, 49, 49, 49, 49. External pudic arteries. 50, 50. Twigs to the skin and the inguinal glands, cut. 51, Twig to the adductor brevis. 52, 52. Femoral vein. 53, Great saphena vein. 54, 54. Femoral nerve. Figure II. This exhibits the epigastric arteries from the inside. 1, 1. Recti muscles of the abdomen. 2, 2, 2, 2. Transversales muscles of the abdomen. 3, 3, 3, 3. Iliac muscles. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4. PsoBe magnw. 5, 5, 5, 5. PsosB parvse. 6, 0. Quadrati lumborum. 7, Intestinum rectum. 8, Urinary bladder. 9, Aorta. 10, 10. Lumbar arteries. t Middle '^acral artery. External inguinal hernia and course of the arteries on the right side. H, 12, 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20, 21, •22. 23. 24, 25, 2fi, 27. 28, •29. 11. Internal abdominal aperture. 12. Peritoneum forming the hernial sac. Entrance to the cavity of the hernial sac. Vas deferens. 15. Spermatic artery. Spermatic veins. Common iliac artery. Hypogastric or internal iliac artery Obturator artery. 20. External iliac artery. 21, Epigastric artery running behind the hernial sac. Branch running alojig the ramus of the os pubis. Twig to the obturator hole. 24. Twigs to the rectus abdominis. 25. Twigs to the transversaies abdominis. 26. Circumflex iliac artery. Ileo-lumbar artery. 28. Anastomosis with the circumflex iliac artery. 29. Twigs of the ileo-lum!)ar artery sent to the iliacus. The internal inguinal hernia and course of the arteries on the left side. 30. Internal aperture of the inguinal canal. 31, 31. Spermatic artery. 3'2. Spermatic veins, or plexus pampiniformis. 33. 33. Vas deferens. 34. Aperture for the internal inguinal hernia which protrudes through a laceration in the tendinous lamina of the transversalis and obliquus internus muscles of the abdo- men. 35. 35. Peritoneum forming the hernial sac. 36. Entrance to the hernial sac. 37. Common iliac artery. 38. Obturator artery. 39. Femoral artery. 40. 40. Epigastric artery which is situated on the outer and anterior part of the hernia. 41. External spermatic artery. 42. Branch running on the upper surface of the OS pubis. 43. Twig to the obturator internus muscle. 44. 44. Circumflex iliac artery. 45. Ileo-lumbar artery. 46. Anastomosis of this arterv witii the circum- flex iliac artery. Fi^.3. Ti.XXX. Jiq.i. ■ DW ^ y// \ ^'^"' Jm PLATE XXX. Figure I. This exhibits a rare variety of the renal arteries of the right side in the body of a man of sixty .= 1,1,1. The right kidney, consisting of several lobes. 2. 2, 2. The ureter. 3. 3. Aorta. 4. Inferior mesenteric artery. 5. 5. Common iliac arteries. 6. Right hypogastric artery. 7. Right external iliac artery. 8. First renal artery. 9. Second renal artery arising at the point where the aorta divides. 10. Third renal artery arising from the common iliac. Figure II. Here is seen an unusual course of the left dor- sal artery of the penis, from the body of a man thurty-six years old.'' 1. Fourth lumbar vertebra. 2. Fifth lumbar vertebra. 3, 3, 3. Intervertebral fibro-cartilages. 4, 4, 4, 4. Sacrum. » The ranal arteries vary much in their origin, number, and division, and scarcely in any other part do varieties of the arteries present themselves so often as in the kidneys, Vide Eustachius, (Tab. anat. ; Tab. 3 ; Fig. 1, 2, 3 ; Tab. 1'2 ; Fig. 9, 10,) Boehmer, (Exercitat. acad. Praef. p. 11,) and Haller, (El. Physiol. T. 7, p. 260; Icon, anatom. Fasc. 3, i- I have observed a similar occurrence on both sides in a man of twenty-eight and in a boy. I have, moreover, seen in the body of a virgin of eighteen, the artery of the clitoris running in a similar way. Burns, (1. c. p. 330,) mentions that he has seen this variety four times, and always in males. The older anatomists, Vesalius, Valverdus, Jac Sylvius, Bau- hin, Vesling, Highmore, Winslow, and others have described this disposition of the dorsal artery of the penis and clitoris as regular. 5, Os pubis. 6, G. Tendon of the psoas parvus. 7, 7- Psoas magnus. 8, 8. The levator ani stretched over the obturator internus muscle, and by a membraneous be- ginning arising from its tendinous envelope. 9- Smaller sacro-sciatic ligament. 10. 10. Origin of the pyriformis muscle, ■f- -f- Obturator nerve. 11. Fifth lumbar nerve. 12. 12, 12. Sacral nerves. 13. Rectum. 14. Urinary bladder. 15. Prostate gland. 16. Membraneous part of the urethra. 17. 17. Urethra. 18. Right crus of the penis, cut. 19. Penis. 20. Glans penis. 21 . Suspensory ligament of the penis. 22. Aorta. 23. Fourth lumbar artery. 24. 24. Middle sacral artery. 25. Right common iliac artery. 20". Left common iliac artery. 27. 27. External iliac and femoral artery. 28. Epigastric artery. 29. Hypogastric artery. 30. Ilio-lumbar artery. 31. Lateral sacral artery. 32. Gluteal artery. 33. Ischiatic artery. 34. Umbihcal artery. 35. Part of the umbilical artery changed into li- gament. 36. 36, 36, 36. Vesical artery. 37. Trunk of the common pudic artery and mid- dle haemorrhoidal. 38. External hemorrhoidal artery. 39. Middle haemorrhoidal artery. 40. 40. Artery of the penis, which runs to that oro-an in an unusual way below the sym- physis of the pubes. 41. 41. Twigs to the levator ani. 2 42. Branch to the urinary bladder. 43. 43. Twigs to tlie prostate gland. 44. Deep artery of the penis. 46, 46. Obturator artery. 47, Twig to the os pubis. 48, 48, 48. Right dorsal artery of the penis. FlGUHE III. Shows an unusual origin of the obturator artery from the external iliac in a man thirty years old." 1 , ] . Lumbar vertebrae. 2, 2. Sacrum. 3. Ossa coccygis. ■f Os pubis. 4, 4. Psoas magnus. 5, 5. Iliacus internus. 6. Transversalis abdominis. 7. Internal aperture of the inguinal canal. 8, 8. Rectus abdominis muscle. 9. Obturator internus muscle. 10. Levator ani. 11. Smaller sacro-sciatic ligament. 12, 12. Origin of the pyriformis muscle. 13, 13. Obturator nerve. 14. Fifth lumbar nerve. 15, 15, 15. Sacral nerves. 16. Yas deferens. * The origin of the obturator artery varies very much. It generally comes from the anterior or posterior trunk of the hy- pogastric artery ; or from some one of its brandies, as the gluteal, ilio-lumbar, isehiatic or common pudic' It some- times arises from the external iliac arter}'. I have seen this latter variety on the left side of a man of thirty ; on the right side this artery arose from the epigastric. I have, more- over, observed it on both sides in a woman of forty, and in a boy on the right side. The unusual origin of the obturator artery from the external iliac has been seen by Licutaud, (1. c. p. 496,) Soemmering, (1. c. p. 272,) Burns, (1. c. p. 353,) Monro, (Jlorbid Anatomy of the Human Gullet, Stomach and Intestines, Edinburgh, 1811, p. 430,) and otlicrs. J. Cloquet (Recherches Anatoniiqucs sur les Ilernies de I'Ab- domen, Paris, 1817, p. 4) observed it in six bodies, two males andfour females, out of '2dO bodies. J. K. Ilesselbacb (Ueber den Ursj)rung und \'erlauf der unteren Bauchdecken-Scblaga- dcr und der lluftbeiiilochs-.Schlagader. Bamberg und Wurz- burg, 1819, 4, 1, Abdild) saw it in three bodies, in thirty- two. The obturator artery seldom arises from the external iliac or femoral artery below Poupart's ligament. Monro has noticed this irregularity, (1. n. p. 4.'J0.) I have seen the obturator ar- tery sent off from the external iliac artery, about an inch and u half above, and in others, about an inch below the epigastric artery ; and in other cases, even on the outer side of the jjclvis, from the superficial femoral artery; in which case the aitery ascends along the pectineus muscle and enters the pelvis at the crural aperture. The artery in this case is placed behind the crural hernia. Burns ( 1. c. 359,) and Otto ( Seltene Wah- mehmungeii, p. 102,) have also seen it. It has only hap- pened to me once, and that in the body of a woman. 26. 27. 28. 17. Spermatic artery. 18. Aorta. 19. Inferior mesenteric artery, cut. 20. Fourth lumbar artery. 21. 21. Middle sacral artery. 22. Fifth lumbar artery. 23. Right iliac artery. 24. Left iliac artery. 25. Ilio-lumbar artery arising from the trunk of the common iliac artery. Hypogastric artery. Lateral sacral artery. Gluteal artery. 29- Umbilical artery. 30, Isehiatic artery. 31, 31. Internal pudic artery. 32, Middle hemorrhoidal artery. 33, 33. External iliac artery. 34, 34. Obturator artery. 35, Branch to the os pubis. 36, 36. Circumflex iliac artery. 37) 37. Epigastric artery. Figure IV. Exhibits the origin of the obturator artery from the epigastric, as was seen in the body of a fe- male.'' '' The obturator artery very often arises from the epigastric, or rather forms a common trunk with it. The length of this trunk varies from two lines to an inch and a half, Haller (Icon. Anat. Fasc. 4. Nota 9,) justly obser\-ed with regard to the origin of the obturator artery, " Perpetuum equidem est, ut tnmcus arteriosus cum vena et nervo per sul- cum in parte exteriori superior! foraminis pubis ipsi ossi inscrip- tum exeat in summum femur. Non tanicn perpetuum est, earn arteriam a pelvis truncis nasci, cum novies viderim ex epigas- trica ortam, secundum os pubis descendisse, atque per solitum CBiialem ad femur ivisse." This frequent variety has been noticed by Soemmering, (1. c. p. 272,) Bichat (Traited' Anatomic Descriptive, t. 4, p. 301,) Bums (1. c. p. 85.3, Observations on the structure of the parts concerned in crural bernia, in Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. ii. p. 272,) Cooper (The Anatomy and Surgical treatment of crural and umbilical Hernia, London, 1803, and Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. iv. p. 231,) Monro (Morbid Anatomy of the Human (iullet, Stomach and Intestines, Edin. 181 1, p. 425, pi. 15, fig. I,) Beckers (Diss. Mediro-ehinirgicade Hernia liiguinali, Paris, 1813,)and others. J. Cloquet (I. c. ) found the obturator artery arising from the epigastric on both sides in 50 bodies out of 250; of those 21 were males and 35 females. The obturator artery arose from the hypogastric on one side, and from the epigastric on the other, in 28 bodies, 15 males and 13 females. J. K. Hesselboch (I. e. pap. '26, Tab. 1.) observed the ob- turator artery arising from the epigastric, among .32 bodies, nine times on the right side, and ten times on the left side. I have frequently seen this irregularity ; in three bodies, the obturator artery arises once on one or other side, or on boih sides, from the cj)igastric artery. Tliis variety occurs more frequently in fenudes than iji males. In men affected with crural bernia, if the obturator ar- tery arises from the epigastric, it generally runs on the ante- 3 1. 1. Lumbar vertebrae. 2. 2, 2, 2. Sacrum. 3. Ossa coccygis. 4. Os pubis. 5. 5. Tendon of the psoas parvus. 6 ~ 7' 7- 8, 8. Rectus abdominis muscle 9, 9- Iliacus internus muscle. Psoas magnus. Transversalis abdominis muscle. rior and inner surface of the hernia, and descends into the pel- vis. Very rarely some branch of the hypogastric artery joined with a large branch of the epigastric forms the obturator. Por- tal (Anatomie Medicale, T. 3. p. 32-2.) has described such a disposition : — Tri'S souvent I'artere epigastrique fournit I'artere obturatrice ; mais alors ([Uelquefois il y a deux arteres obtura- trices, dont I'une vient de I'hypogastrique, comme eela a lieu ordinairement ct I'autre est formee par I'epigastrique. J'ai vu ces deux arteres s'anastomoser tronc a tronc avant de sor- tiv du bassin, et je les ai vues ne s'anastomoser que par quelques ims de leurs rameaux, apres avoir passt? par I'echanCrure ova- laire. J. K. Hesselbach (1. c.) has seen tree examples of this va- riety, and illustrated them by a plate (Tab. 3.) Lastly, examples are not wanting, in which the epigastric artery has arisen from the obturator. This unusual origin, which I have not seen, has been observed by Monro (Morbid Anatomy of the Human (luUet, &c. p. 427. ) I have a specimen in which the epigastric artery takes its rise from the obturator and passes upwards and inwards to the rectus muscle, J. K. Hes- selbach (I. c. Tab. "2. ) has delineated it. 10. Obturator internus. 11. Levator ani muscle. 12. Smaller sacvo-sciatic ligament. 13. 13. Origin of the pyriform muscle. 14. 14. Obturator nerve. 15. Fifth lumbar nerve. IG, 16, 16. Sacral nerves. 17- Aorta. 18. 18. Middle sacral artery. 19. Fifth lumbar artery. 20. Left iliac artery. 21. 21. Right iliac artery. 22. 22. Lateral sacral artery." 23. Hypogastric artery. 24. Gluteal artery. 25. Ischiatic artery. 26. 26. Vesical artery. 27. 27. Internal pudie artery. 28. Middle hocmorrhoidal artery. 29. 29. External ihac artery. 30. 30. Circumflex iliac artery, 31. Common trunk of the epigastric and obtura- tor arteries. 32. 32. Epigastric artery. 33. Obturator artery. 34. Twig to the os pubis. » This artery sometimes comes from the common iliac. l'h.XXXI. KM^Itf"!! i'-'/^- PLATE XXXI. This exhibits the Arteries of the anterior part of the Thigh. 1 . Division of the aorta into the common ihac ar- teries. 2. 2. Middle sacral artery. 3. Reetum. 4. Urinary bladder. 5. Symphysis of the pubes. 6. Suspensory ligament of the penis. 7- Penis. RIGHT SIDE. 8. 8, 8. E.xternal oblique muscle of the abdomen. 9. 9. Poupart's hgament. 10. Abdominal ring. 11. Spermatic cord. 12. 12. Scrotum. 13. Skin of the penis cut and reflected. 14. The prepuce. 15. Gluteus medius. 16. Tensor vaginae femoris. 17. 17, 17, 17, 17. Sartorius. 18. Iliacus internus. 19. Psoas magnus. Pectineus. 19, 20, 21, 20. 21. 22, 22, 23', 23, Adductor longus. 22. Gracilis. 26. 27. 28. 23, 23. Rectus femoris. 24, 24, 24. Vastus externus. 25, 25, 25. Vastus internus. Patella. Ligamentum patellas. Tibialis anticus. -f- Extensor communis digitorum. 29. Peroneus longus. 30. Internal head of the gastrocnemius. 31. Common iliac artery. 32. 32. Femoral artery. 33. Superficial epigastric artery. Branch to the iliacus, sartorius, and tensor vagina? femoris. Ascending cutaneous branch. 36. Twigs to the inguinal glands, cut. 37, 37. External pudic arteries. 38, 38. Twigs to the inguinal glands and skin, cut. Deep femoral artery. Superficial femoral artery. 34 35, 36, 39, 40 41, 41, 41. Internal circumflex artery of the thigh. 42, 42. Descending branch of the external cir- cumflex artery of tlie thigh. 43, Branch of the external circumflex artery of the thigh to the tensor vagin:e femoris. 44, Branch to the sartorius, gracilis, and adduc- tors. 45, 45, 45, 45, 45. Small twigs to the skin and muscles. 46, Superior internal articular artery of the knee, which runs over the surface of the knee.' 47, 47. Twigs of this artery which perforate the vastus. 48, Twig to the patella. 49, 49, 49. Inferior twigs of the same artery. 50, 50. External superior articular artery of the knee. 51, Twig of the recurrent branch of the an- terior tibial artery. 52, 52, 52. Arterial network of the patella. 53, Twig of the epigastric artery to the tunica vaginalis. 54, 54. Arteria dorsalis penis. LEFT SIDE. 55,. 55, 55. Tendon of the psoas parvus. 56, 56, 56. Psoas magnus. 57, 57, 57. Iliacus internus. 58, 58. Spermatic cord. 59, Vas deferens. Origin of the sartorioiis, cut. Termination of the same muscle. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. Origin of the rectus femoris, cut. Termination of this muscle. Gluteus medius. 65, 65. Tensor vaginas femoris. 66, 66, 68. Vastus externus. 67, 67, 67. Cruralis. 68, 68, 68, 68. Vastus internus. 69, Ligamentum patelte. 70, 70, 70. Pectineus. 71, 71 5 71- Adductor longus. 72, 72, 7-' Adductor magnus. ^ This artery, which sends twigs to the surface of the knee, is generally present. It is to be distinguished from the deep and internal superior articular artery of the knee. 2 73. Aperture through which the femoral artery descends. ^■i, 74, 74, 74. Gracilis. 75, 75, yS. Semimembranosus muscle. 76. Internal lateral ligament of the knee. 77, 77- Capsule of the knee-joint cut and re- fleeted. 78, 78- Internal head of the gastrocnemius. 79. Common iliac artery. 80. Internal iliac or hypogastric artery. 81. Gluteal artery. 82. Obturator artery. 83, 83, 83. Branches of the ileo-lumbar artery. 84. Spermatic artery. 85, 85, 85. External ihac and common femoral artery. 86, 86. Epigastric artery. 87. Twig to the os pubis. 88, 88. External spermatic artery, or artery of the tunica vaginalis. 89, 89, 89. Circumflex iliac artery. 90. Superficial epigastric artery, cut. 91, 91. External pudic arteries, cut. 92. Twig to the mguiual glands and skin, cut. 93, 93. Deep femoral artery. 94. Internal circumflex artery of the thigh. 95. Deep circumflex branch. 96, 96. Superficial circumflex branch. 97- Twig to the pectineus and adductor muscles. 98, External circumflex artery of the thigh. 99, 99- Ascending branch. 100, 100, 100. Descending branch. 101, 101. Twig to the cruralis and vastus inter- nus. 102, First preforating artery. 103, Second perforating artery. 104, Third perforating artery. 105, 105, 105. Superficial femoral artery. 106, Branch to the adductor longus, adductor magnus, and to the gracilis. 107, 107. Twigs to the sartorius, cut. 108, 108. Twig to the adductor magnus, semi- membranosus, and gracilis. 109, 109. Superficial internal superior articular artery of the knee. 110, 110, 110. Twig perforating the vastus in- ternus and proceeding to the patella. 111, 111. Twig proceeding to the inner surface of the leg. 112, 112. Deep internal superior articular artery of the knee. 113, 113. Branch of the internal and inferior ar- ticular artery of the knee. 114, Arterial net- work of the patella. 115, Twig to the gastrocnemius. PL .XXXI r. K-MUrkM iful/t.' PLATE XXX 1 1. This represents the Arteries of the posterior part of the Pe'lvis and 1 highs 1. 2 3. 4. Ossa coccygis. External sphincter of the amis. Anus. Scrotum. Glans penis RIGHT SIDE. 6, 6. Gluteus medius. 7' 7' 7) 7' 7' l-> 7- Gluteus maxiuuis. H, 8, 8. Vastus externus. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9. Biceps flexor cruris. 10, 10, 10, 10. Semitendinosus muscle. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11. Semimembranosus muscle. 12, 12. Adductor magnus. 13, 13, 13, 13. (iracilis. 14, 14, 14. Sartorious. 15, Vastus internus. 16, 16. Plantaris muscle. 17, 17- Internal head of the gastrocnemius. IB, 18. External head of the gastrocnemius. 19. 19. Soleus. 20. Twig of the ileo-lumbar artery. 21. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21. Twigs of the gluteal ar- tery. 22. 22, 22, 22. Twigs of the ischiatic artery. 23. Twig of the internal pudic artery. 24. 24, 24. Twigs of the perforating arteries. 25. 25, 25. Popliteal arteiy. 26. Twig to the semitendinosus and semimem- branosus muscles. 27. Internal and superficial superior articular ar- tery of the knee. 28. Twig to the semimembranosus muscle. 29. External superior articular artery of the knee. 30. Deep internal superior articular artery of the knee. 31. Trunk of the sural arteries. 32. 32, 32, 32, 32. Superficial or cutaneous su- ral arteries. 33. 33, 33. Deep or muscular sural arteries. LEFT SIDE. 34, 34, 34. Origin of the gluteus muscle, cut. 35, 35. Insertion of this muscle. 36, 36, 36. Origin of the gluteus medius muscle, cut. 37, 37, 37. Insertion of this muscle. 38, 38, 38, 38. Gluteus mimimus. 39, 39- Great sacro-sciatic ligament. 40, 40. Pyramidalis muscle. 41, 41, 41, 41, Obturator internus muscle. 42, 42, 42. Gemelli muscles. 4.3, 43. Levator ani. 44, 44. Quadratus femoris muscle. 45, 4-5, 45. Ischiatic nerve. 46, 46, 46, 46. Gracilis muscle. 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47, 47. Adductor magnus muscle. 48, 48, 48, 48 Long head of the biceps flexor cruris muscle. 49, Short head of the same muscle. 50, 50. Insertion of this muscle. 51, 51, 51, 51. Semitendinosus muscle. 52, 52, 52, 52, 52. Semimembranosus muscle. 5.3, 5.3, 53, 53, 53, 53. Vastus externus. 54, Patella. 55, Ligamentum patella. 56, External lateral ligament of the knee. 57, 57. Plantaris muscle. 58, 58, 58, 58, 58. Gastrocnemius muscle. 59, 59. Soleus muscle. 60, 60. Peroneus longus muscle. 61, 61. Extensor longus communis digitorum. 62, 62. Gluteal artery. 63, 63, Gi, 62, 63, 63, 63, 63. Superficial branches. 64, 64, 64, 64, 64. Deep branches. 5. Twig to the great sacro-sciatic ligament. GG, G6. Ischiatic artery. 67- Twig to the sacro-sciatic ligament. 68, 68, m, 68, 68, 68. Branches to the gluteus maximus, cut. 69, 70, 71, 73. 74. 75. 76, 77, 78. 79- 80. 81, 82, 69. Twigs to the ischiatic nerve. 70. Branches to the obturatur internus, ge- melli and quadratus femoris muscles. 71. Branch descending to the flexor muscles of the leg. 72. Branch to the adductor muscles. 73. Internal pudic artery. Twigs to the obturator internus and gemelli muscles. External haemorrhoidal artery. 76. Twigs to the tuberosity of the ischium. 77- First jierforating artery. Twigs communicating with the external cir- cumflex artery of the thigh. Twig of the external circumflex artery of the thigh. Twig to the ischiatic nerve. 81, 81, 81. Muscular twigs. 1^2. Second perforating artery- 83, 83. Third perforating artery. 84, 84, 84, 84. Popliteal artery. 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85, 85. Twigs to the muscles. 86, 86. Superficial internal superior articular ar- tery of the knee. 87, 87, 87, 87. External superior articular artery of the knee. 88, Deep internal superior articular artery of the knee. 89, Middle or azygous articular artery of the knee. 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90. Superficial sural arteries. * Middle superficial sural artery. 91, 91, 91. Deep sural arteries. 92, 92. External inferior articular artery of the knee. 93, 93. Recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery. PT..:OvXIU JTi^ D. fivl. h. . mh .'\ •im\ ^ia.4.. '^ .\,» ,.«ii. ...' /! AntcDfU Stulfi.' PLATE XXXIII. Fkhmu: I. Represents the iiiiiisual oiigjii of the ilorsul ar- tery of the penis from the deep femoral artery, observed in tlie body of a man, twenty-seven vears old." 1. Gluteus medius. "2, 2. Tensor vai^iiiie femorLs. 3, 3, S. 8artorins muscle. 4, 4. Rectus femoris inuseie* 5, Vastus extern us. fi, 6..Itiaeus internus. 7, 7. Psoas magnus. 8, 8. Pectineus. 9, 9. Adductor longus. 10. Gracilis. 11. 11. Poupart's ligament. 12. Abdominal ring. 13. Spermatic cord. 14. Penis. 15. Suspensory ligament of the peni?>. 16. Common femoral artery. 17. Superficial epigastric artery. 18. 18. Twigs to the inguinal glauds. 19. First external pudic artery. 20. Superficial femoral artery. 21. Deep femoral arter}'. 22. 22, 22, 22. Dorsal artery of the penis. 2.3. Brancii to tlie scrotum. 24, 24. Left dorsal artery of the penis- FlGUHE II. In the body of a man thirty-foiir years old, the epigastric and obturator arteries formed a com- mon trunk ; and tiie circumflex iliac artery, arising from the common femoral artery below Poupart's ligament, sent off a large branch to the external side of the this'h.'* ^ I have also seen an unusual origin of the dorsal artery of the penis, from the common femoral on the right sideof a man of thirty-six years old ; also from the lirst external pudic ar- tery in the body of a man forty years old, and in the body of a boy. '' The circumflex illiac artery frequently arises from the com- mon femoral artery beio^v l*()upart's I'garaent, and then ixf- nerally gives off a branch to tlie muscles of the thigh, l{urn^ (I. c. p. 362.) mentions such a civse. Adductor longus. 1. Rectum. 2. Urinary bladder. 3. Spermatic cord. 4. Vas deferens. .5. Spermatic artery. (), G. Tendon of the psoas parvus. 7, 7, 7. Psoas magniis. 8, 8, 8. Iliacus internus. 9, 9. Pectineus. 10, 10. 11, Gracilis. 12, 12. Sartorins. I. "5, 13. Rectus femoris. 14, 14, 14. Tensor vaginae- femoris. 15. Vastus extermis. 1(5. Glutens medius. 17. 17. Middle sacral artery. 18. Common iliac artery. 19. Hypogastric artery. 20. 20. External iliac artery and its continuation as the common femoral, which, soon after its exit from the abdomen, divides into two trunks. 21. Common trnid: of the epigastric and obtura- tor arteries. 22. Epigastric arter\\ 23. obturator artery. 24. Twig to the os pubis. 2a. Artery of the tunica vaginalis. 26. Circumflex iliac artery. 27. 27. Proper circumflex branch. 28. Unusual external branch. 29. Twig to the inguinal glands, cut. 30. Superficial ej)igastric artery, cut. 31. Muscular branch. 32. 32. Superficial femoral artery. 33. Internal circumflex artery of the thigh. 34. Muscular branch. 35. .35. Deep femora! artery- 36. External circumflex artery of the thigh. 37. 37. External pudic artery. 38. First perforating artery. Figure III. Shows the rare origin of the epigastric artery from the deep femoral in the body of a man of twenty-four." ' According to Barc'.ay, (1. c. p. 232,) Monro, jun. ob- served a similar case. Other examples are not wanting, in which tlie epigastric artery arose from the IVmnral beloiv Pou- part's ligament. Burns, (I. c. p. MIJO,) remarked this variety, and .1. K. Ilesselbach, (I. c.) saw it thrice. It has occuried t» me twice. 1, Gluteus medius. 2, 2, 2. Tensor vaginte t'emoris. 3, Vastus ex tern us. 4, 4. Rectus femoris. 5, 5, 5. Sartorius. 6, 6. Iliacus iuternus. 7, 7. Psoas magnus. 8, 8. Pectineus. 9, 9. Adductor longus. 10, Gracilis. 11, 11. Poupart's ligament. ]'2. Femoral artery, which, immediately after its exit from the pelvis, divides into superfi- cial and deep arteries." 13, Circumflex iliac artery. 14, 14. Superficial femoral artery. 15, 15. Superficial epigastric artery. 16, Twig to the inguinal glands. 17, 17. Internal circumflex artery of the thigh. 18, 18. First external pudic artery. 19, 19. Deep femoral artery. 20, 20. Epigastric artery. 21, 21. Second external pudic artery. 22, 22. External circumflex artery of the thigh. » The common femoral artery generally divides into the su- purficial and deep femoral, two inches below the crural arch, on the extremity of the iliacus muscle, between the trochanter minor and pubes. This division sometimes occurs higher up, and according to my observation, more frequently in the fe- male than in the male. Moreover, 1 have fiequently seen this division in bodies of small stature. Nay, tliere are exam- ples of the common femoral artery dividini; into two trunks within the pelvis. Burns (1. c. p. 3G2,) found this disposi- tion in three bodies. I have seen the division of the common femoral artery above Poupart's ligament, on both sides, in the body of a woman. FlGlRl. l\- Shows the rare origin of the cjngastric and obtu- rator arteries, from the eomnion femoral lielow Poupart's ligament in the body of a woman. 1, Gluteus medius. 2, 2. Tensor vaginje femoris. 3, Vastus externus. 4, 4. Rectus femoris. 5, 5, 5. Sartorius. 6, 6. Iliacus internus. 7, 7. Psoas magnus. 8, Pectineus. 9, 9. Adductor longus. 10, 10, 10. Gracilis. 11, 11. Ligament of Poupart. 12, 12. Common femora! artery. 13. Circumflex iliac artery. 14. Trunk of the epigastric and obturator ar- teries. 15. Epigastric artery. 16. Obturator artery. 17, 17. Twig to the psoas magnus and pectineus muscles. IS. Superficial epigastric artery. 19. 19, 19. Twigs to the skin of the abdomen. 20. Twig to the iliacus and sartorius muscles. 21. First external pudic artery. 22. Twig to the inguinal glands. 23. 23. Superficial femoral artery. 24. Internal circumflex artery of the tliigh. 25. 25. Second and third external pudic arteries. 26. Deep femoral artery. 27. External circumflex artery of the thigh. PI..XXX1V. Fiy./. .. ,J n^.j. V, \ ■ x i; ..ffe*/5 A ' 'f^v. Vlf^' KMl/rtrfl .rraf/J.' PLATE XXXIV. This shows the Arteries on tlic anterior part oC the Leg- and Foot of a Man. FlGUHE I. Represents the superficial branches. 1. PateUa. 2. Vastus extern us. :i. Vastus interniis. 4. 'I'endon of the rectus femoris muscle. .'). Ligamentum patelhe. (i. External lateral ligament of the knee. 7, 7. Biceps flexor cruris. 8, Tendon of the sartorius. 9, 9, 9. Anterior surface of the tibia. 10, Malleolus internus. 11, Malleolus externus. 12, 12. Internal head of the gastrocnemius. 13, Soleus. 14, 14. External head of the gastrocnemius. 15, 15, 15. 15, 15. 'J'ibialis anticus muscle. 1«, l(j, 16,' 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16. Extensor longus communis digitorum. 17, 17, 17, 17. Extensor proprius poUicis. 18, 18, 18, 18, Peroneus longus. 19, 19, 19. Peroneus brevis. 20, 20, 20. Peroneus tertius. 21, 21, 21, .21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21. Extensor brevis communis digitorum. f Abductor pollicis. ** Abductor minimi digiti. 22, 22, 22, 22. External interossei muscles. 23, 23, 23, 23, 23. Superior external articular artery of the knee. 24, 24, 24. Branches of the superior internal ar- ticular artery of the knee. 25, 25. Branchesof the inferior internal articular artery of the knee. 20. Branch of the inferior external articular ar- tery of the knee. 27, 27. Branches of the anterior tibial recurrent artery. 28, 28. Arterial network of the patella. 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29. Superficial twigs of the anterior tibial artery. 30, Anterior peroneal artery. 31, Anterior tibial artery. 32, .32. External anterior malleolar artery. 33, Anastomosis of this artery with the anterior peroneal. 34. Twig of the internal posterior malleolar artery. 35. 35. Internal anterior malleolar artery. 36. Dorsal artery of the foot. 37. External tarsal artery. 38. Internal tarsal artery. 39. First Metatarsal or dorsal interosseous arterv. t Anastomosing branch witli the external plantar artery. 40. 40. Externa! dorsal branch of the great toe. 41. 41. Internal dorsal branch of theseeond toe. 42. Anastomosing branch with the plantar artery of the great toe. 43. 43. Second metatarsal or dorsal interosseous artery. 44. 44. External dorsal artery of the second toe. 45. 45. Internal dorsal artery of the third toe. 46. Third metatarsal or dorsal interosseous ar- tery. 47. 47. External dorsal artery of the third toe. 48. Internal dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 49. Fourth metatarsal or dorsal interosseous ar- tery. 50. External dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 51. Internal dorsal artery of the fifth toe. 52. 52. External dorsal artery of the fifth toe. 53. 53. Internal dorsal branches of the great toe from the plantar artery. 54. 54, 54, 54, 34, 34, 34, 34. Anterior dorsal branches of the toes from the plantar diffi- 1 ■ i o tal arteries. Figure II. Exhibits the course of the anterior tibial arte 1. Tendon of the rectus femoris muscle. 2. Vastus externus. 3. Vastus internus. 4. Patella. 3. Ligamentum patellae. 6, External lateral ligament of the knee. 7, 7. Biceps flexor cruris. 8, Tendon of the sartorius. 9, 9. Internal head of the gastrocnemius. 10, Soleus. 11, 11, 11, 11. Tibialis anticus. 12, 12, 12, 12. Extensor proprius pollicis. rv. l;3, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13. Extensor longus communis tligitoriim. 14, 14. External liead of the gastrocnemius. 15, 15, 15, 15. Peroneus longus. 16, 16. Peroneus brevis. 17, Origin of the extensor brevis communis digi- torum. 18, 18. Abductor pollicis. 19, 19. Abductor minimi digit!. 20, 20, 20, 20. External interossei muscles. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21. External superior articular artery of the knee. 22, 22. Branches of the internal superior articular artery of the knee. 23, 23. Branches of the internal inferior articular artery of the knee. 24, 24. Branchesof the external inferior articular artery of the knee. 2-5, 25, 25, 25, 25. Anterior tibial artery. 26, 26, 26. Recurrent artery. 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27. Muscular branches. 28, 28, 28. External anterior malleolar artery. 29, Anterior peroneal artery. 30, Anastomosis of tiie anterior peroneal arterv, with the external malleolar. 31, 31. Internal anterior malleolar artery. 32, Dorsal artery of tiie foot. 33, 33, 33. External tarsal artery. 34, 34. Internal tarsal artery. 35, 35. Dorsal arch. 36, 36. First metatarsal or dorsal interosseous artery. 37, Great anastomosing branch, with the external plantar artery- 38, 38. External dorsal artery of the great toe. 39, 39. Internal dorsal artery of the second toe. 40, Anastomosing branch, with the plantar ar- tery of tiie great toe. 41, 41. Second metatarsal or dorsal interosseous artery. 42, Anastomosis of this arterv with tliedeo]i per- forating brancll fromtlie jiiaiitar interosseal artery. 43, External dorsal artery of tlic second toe. 44, Intern.-d dorsid arterv of the tliird toe. 45, 45. Tliird metatarsal or ilnrsal interosseous arterv. 46, Anastomotic perforating branch. 47. External dorsal artery of the third toe. 48. Internal dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 49, 49. Fourth metatarsal or dorsal interosseous artery. 50, Anastomosis of this arterv with a perforating branch. 51, External dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 52, Internal dorsal artery of the fifth toe. 53, 53. External dorsal artery of the fifth toe. 54, 54. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe from the plantar artery. 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55. Anterior dorsal branches of the toes from the plantar ar- teries of the toes. Figure III. Shows the foot from the outside. 1, 1. Tendo Achillis. 2, 2. Tendon of the peroneus longus. 3, 0. Tendon of the peroneus brevis. 4, 4, 4. Peroneus tertius. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5. Tendons of the e.xtensor longus communis digitoium. 6, 6, 6. Extensor proprius pollicis. 7, Tibialis anticus muscle. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8. Extensor brevis communis digitorum. 9, 9. Abductor minimi digiti. 10, 10. External interossei muscles. 11, 11, 11. External artery of the calcaneum. 12, 12. Anterior peroneal artery. 13, 13, 13. External anterior malleolar arterv. 14, Anastomosis of this artery with the anterior peroneal. 15, 15, 15, 15. Anastomosisof the external mal- leolar artery with the external artery of the calcaneuin. 16, Dorsal artery of the foot. 17, 17, 17. External tarsal artery. 18, 18. Internal tareal artery. 19, 19, 19. Metatarsal or dorsal interosseous ar- teries. 20, 20, 20, 20, 20. Dorsal arteries of the toes. 21, 21, 21, 21. Anterior dorsal branches of tho toes. J' J.. XXX \' ^ .>^ 111/r^i^f^::"'' f'iif- m' ['' fy>/.3. '//.f '} '*« ill '■' : -y^ : PLATE XXXV. Exliihits the Arteries of the posterior part of the Leg. Figure I. Shows the superficial arteries. 1, Vastus extornus. 2, 2. Tendon of the sartorious muscle. 3, n. Tendon of the gracilis muscle. 4, 4. yemitendinosus muscle. 5, 5, 5. Semimembranosus muscle. 6, (3. Biceps flexor cruris. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7. Plantaris muscle. 8, 8, 8, 8. Gastrocnemius. 9, 9, 9. Soleus. 10, 10, 10. Tendo Achillis. 11, 11. Flexor longus communis digitorum. 12, Tendon of the tibialis posticus. J3, 1.'3, 13, 13. Peroneus longus. 14, 14, 14, 14. Peroneus brevis. 15, 15. Flexor proprius hallucis. 16, Orioin of the extensor brevis communis disi- torum. 17, 17. Tendon of the peroneus tertius. 18, Plantar aponeurosis. 19, Abductor minimi digiti. 20, 20, 20. Popliteal artery. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21. Muscular branches. 22, 22. Internal superior articular artery of the knee running superficially. 23, External superior articular artery of the knee. 24, Deep internal superior articular artery of the knee. 20. Sural artery. •2G, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 2G. Superficial sural branches. 27, 27. (iastrocnemial arteries. 28, 28. Posterior tibial artery. 29. Muscular branch. oO. Internal posterior malleolar artery. 31, 31. Muscular branches arising from the pos- terior peroneal artery. 32, 32. Posterior peroneal artery. 33, 33. Twigs to tiie calcaneum. 34, 34. Twigs to the calcaneum from the poste- rior til)ial a.rtcrv. 35, Twigs of the external anterior malleolar artery. 30. Externa! dorsal artery of the little toe. FiGuni: II. Shows the deep arteries. 1. Insertion of the adductor magnus muscle. 2. Portion of the biceps muscle. ;>. Tendon of the semitendinosus muscle. 4, Tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. 5, 5. Origins of the gastrocnemius. 6, Origin of the plantaris. 7, External lateral ligament of the knee. 8, Posterior ligament of the knee. 9, 9. Popliteus muscle. 10, 10. Origin of the soleus. 11, 11, 11, 11. Flexor longus communis digito- rum. 12, 12, 12. Tibialis posticus. 13, 13, 13. Flexor longus pollicis. 14, 14, 14, 14, 14. Peroneus longus. 15, 15, 15, 15. Peroneus brevis. 16, 16. Tendon of the peroneus tertius. 17, Tendo Achillis. 18, Posterior ligament of the ankle joint. 19, Origin of the extensor brevis communis di- gitorum. 20, Abductor minimi digiti. 21, Plantar aponeurosis. 22, 22, 22, 22. Popliteal artery. 2:3. Superficial internal su[)erior articular artery of the knee. 24, 24, 24. Muscular branches. 25. Deep internal superior articular artery of the knee. 20. Externaf superior articular artery of the knee. 27. Sural artery. 28. Azygous articular artery of the knee. 29. 29. External inferior articular artery of the knee. 30. 30. Internal inferior articular artery of the knee. 31. Twig to the soleus. 32. Anterior tibial arterj- •3.3. Great nutritious artery of the tibia. 34. Branch to the soleus muscle, cut. •35, 35, 35, 35. Posterior tibial artery. 36, 36, Q6, 3G. Branches to the muscles. J 37. Internal posterior malleolar artery. .38, 38. Twi^s to tlie calcaiieum, 39, -39. Common |)eroiie;il artery. ft Posterior peroneal artery. 40, 40. Muscular braiielus trom the common peroneal artery, 41, 41. Twigs to the calcaneum. 42, Vascular network of the calcaneum. 4-3, 43. Branches going- to the outer surface of the foot. 44, 44. External dorsal artery of the little toe. Figure II. Represents the deep arteries of the knee and their anastomoses. 1. Lower part of the left thigh-hone. 2. External condyle. .3. Internal condyle. 4. Articular surface. 5, 5, 5. Tibia, 6, 6. Fibula, 7, Articular surface of the patella, 8, Ligamentiim patclhe. 9, External lateral ligament of the knee. 10, Internal lateral ligament of the knee. 11, Interosseous ligament, 12, 12. Semilunar cartilages of the knee. 13, Anterior crucial ligament. 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14. Ikauch of the superfi- cial internal sujierior articular artery of the knee. 15, 15, 15, 15. Deep internal superior articular arterj^ of the knee. 16, 16, 16. Twigs of the external superior arti- cular artery of the knee. 17, 17, 17. Internal inferior articular artery of the knee, 18, 18, 18, 18. External inferior articidar artery of the knee. 19, Anterior tibial artery. 20, 20, 20, 20. Recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery. r ?/V / l'I..XXXAM. n»KVP^' '"•'-^,-^-_ "w^it^ .. . ><'jm± Fi(f i" rjc, 3 Fiif .5 ■'j;,;. '%^^- "^-T^jtir-.triA- PLATE XXXVI. FlGUUE I. Represents tlie obturator artery from the body of a man. 1, 1, 1, 1. Psoas magnus. 2, 2, 2, 2. Iliacus interniis. 3, 3. Gluteus medius. 4, 4. Tensor vaginse femoris. 5. Origin of the sartorius. 6. Origin of the rectus femoris muscle. 7, 7. Vastus externus. 8, 8. Cruralis muscle. 9, 9. Origin of the pectineus. 10. Head of the adductor brevis, reflected. 11. Insertion of this muscle. 12, 12. Obturator externus muscle. 13, 13. Adductor longus. 14, 14. Adductor magnus. 15. Capsular ligament of the hip joint. 16. Obturator nerve. 17. Urinary bladder. 18. Division of the aorta. 19, 19. Middle sacral artery. 20. Common iliac artery. 21. Hypogastric artery. 22. Gluteal artery. 23, 23. Obturator artery. 24. Twig to the capsular ligament. 23. Twigs to the adductor muscles. 26, 26. External iliac artery, and its continuation as the common femoral. 27, 27, 27. Circumflex iliac artery. 28. Epigastric artery. 29. An unusual circumflex iliac artery. •30. Superficial epigastric artery. 31, Trunk of the superficial femoral artery cut. 32, External pudic artery. 33, 33. Deep femoral artery. 34, 34, 34, 34. External circumflex artery of the thigh. 35, 35, 35. Internal circumflex artery of the thigh. 36, 36. Anastomoses with the twigs of the obtu- rator artery. Figure II. Shows the right foot of a man, in which the an- terior peroneal artery gives off the dorsal ar- tery of the foot." 1, 1, 1. Peroneus longus muscle. 2, 2, 2. Peroneus brevis muscle. 3, Portion of the extensor longus communis digi- toruni muscle. 4, Portion of the extensor proprius hallucis. 5, 5, 5. Tibialis anticus. 6, Origin of the extensor brevis communis digi- torum. 7, Abductor minimi digiti. 8, Tendon of the peroneus tertius. 9, 9, 9. External interossei muscles. 10, Tendon of the extensor hallucis. 11, 11, 11, 11. Tendons of the extensor longus communis digitorum. ■f f Abductor hallucis. 12, 12. Anterior tibial artery unusually small. 13, Internal anterior malleolar artery. 14, 14. Anastomotic branches of the anterior tibial artery, with the dorsal artery of the foot. 15, 13. Anterior peroneal artery larger than usual, forming the dorsal artery of the foot. 16, External anterior malleolar artery. 17, Dorsal artery of the foot. 18, 18. Internal tarsal artery. 19, Great anastomosing branch with the arch of the plantar artery. 20, 20. First metatarsal artery. 21, 21. External dorsal artery of the great toe. 22, Internal dorsal artery of the second toe. t Twig anastomosing with the plantar artery of great toe, 23, 23. External tarsal artery. * I have seen this disposition four times. • I have seen this disposition several times.— T. W. J. 2 Anastomosing' branch between the external and internal tarsal arteries. 24. 25, 25, 25. Anastomosino; branches, with tlie 26, Tendon of the gracilis muscle. perforatinor arteries from the plantar arch. 26, 2(5. Very large perforating branches, con- stituting the dorsal interosseal, or meta- tarsal arteries. 27. External dorsal artery of the second toe. 28. Internal dorsal artery of the third toe. 29. External dorsal artery of the third toe. 30. Internal dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 31. External dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 32. Internal dorsal artery of the fifth toe. •33, 33. External dorsal artery of the fifth toe. 34. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe. 35. Anterior dorsal artery of the great toe. 36. 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36. Anterior dorsal branches of the toes. Figure III. Exhibits an unusual disjiosition of arteries on the posterior part of the right leg of a man twenty- seven years old.'' ] . Tendon of the sartorious. 2. 3, 3. Popliteus muscle. 4, 4. Origin of the soleus. 5, 5, 5, a. Flexor longus communis digitorum. 6, 6, 6, 6. Tibialis posticus muscle. 7, 7, 7, 7. Flexor longus hallucis. 8, Tendo Achillis. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9. Peroneus longus. 10, 10, 10, 10. Peroneus brevis. 11, 11. Tendon of the peroneus tertius. 12, Extensor communis digitorum brevis. 13, Abductor minimi digiti. 14, Plantar aponeurosis. 15, Transverse ligament of the ankle joint. 16, Popliteal artery. 17, Anterior tibial artery. 18, 18, 18. Trunk of the posterior tibial and pe- roneal arteries, t Division of the trunk into posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. 19, 19, 19. Posterior tibial artery. 20, Internal posterior malleolar artery. 21, 21, 21. Posterior peroneal artery. * Anterior ])eroneal artery perforating the inter- osseous ligament. 22, 22. External posterior malleolar artery. 23, 23, 23. Branches to the calcaneum. 24, 24. Branches to the calcaneum from the plantar artery. 25, 25. External dorsal artery of the little toe. ■ I have observed this variety twice: once in the right lej,', once in the left. FiGURK IV. Here is seen another variety of the posterior ar- teries of the leg in the body of a woman thirty- five years old. 1, 1, 1. Flexor longus communis digitorum. 2, 2, 2. Til)ialis posticus. 3, 3, .3. Peroneus brevis. 4. Tendon of the flexor hallucis. 5. Tendon of the peroneus longus. 6. Tendo Achillis. 7. Extensor brevis communis digitorum. 8. Abductor minimi digiti. 9. Posterior tibio-tiludar ligament. 10. Transverse ligament of the ankle joint. 11, 11, 11. Posterior tibial artery. 12. Anterior peroneal artery, arising from the posterior tibial. 13. Anastomosing branch with the posterior pe- roneal artery. 14, 14, 14. Internal posterior malleolar artery. •f- Small aiuistomosing twigs with the posterior peroneal artery. 15, 13, 15. Posterior peroneal artery. 16, 16. External posterior malleolar artery. 17, 17. Great anastomosing branch between the peroneal and posterior tibial arteries. 18, 18, 18. Twigs to the calcaneum. Figure V. Shows the arteries of the inner side of the foot of a man distributed in the usual manner. 1, Soleus. 2, 2, 2. Tendo Achillis. 3, 3, 3. Tendon of the plantaris muscle. 4, Peroneus brevis. 5, 5, 5. Flexor longus communis digitorum. 6, 6, 6. Flexor longus hallucis. 7, 7. Tendon of the tibialis posticus. 8, 8, 8. Tendon of the tibialis anticus. 9, Extensor brevis communis digitorum. 10, 10, 10. Tendon of the extensor hallucis. 11, 11, 11, 11. Tendons of the extensor longus communis digitorum. 12, Flexor brevis communis digitorum. 13, 13. Abductor hallucis. 14, Internal ])osterior malleolar artery. 15, 15. Internal anterior malleolar artery. 16, 16, 16. Internal tarsal artery. 17, 17. Posterior tibial artery. 18, 18. Internal plantar artery. 19, 19, 19. External superficial lateral branch of the foot. 20, 20. Anastomosing twigs with the internal tarsal artery. 21, 21, 21, 21. Calcaneal branches. 22, External plantar artery. 23, 23. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe. /7>. /. 1 I'I,.XX\\'II riff y /^ o 'I ' , rii/. _ V /';,/., .5j3^(*!>v ''-^m^^S^ r>' ii-^i Ma. 5. t,' Fi,,. . >/%/. 7 I 1 fS(j^ PLATE XXXVII. Figure I. This represents the right foot of a man forty- two years old, in which the arteries are irregu- larly distributed. 1, 1. Peroneus longus. 2, 2, Peroneus brevis. 3, Part of the extensor longus communis digi- torum. 4, Part of the extensor proprius hallucis. 5, 5. Tibialis anticus. 6, Origin of the extensor brevis communis digi- torum. 7, 7. Abductor minimi digiti. 8, Abductor hallucis. 9, 9, 9, 9. External interossei muscles. 10, Tendon of the extensor hallucis. 11, 11, 11, 11. Tendons of the extensor commu- nis digitorum. 12, 12. Anterior tibial artery. 1;5, 13, 13. External anterior malleolar artery. 14. Anterior peroneal artery. 15. 15. An unusual branch. 16. Internal anterior malleolar artery. 17. Anastomosis with the internal posterior mal- leolar artery. 18. Anastomosis of the unusual branch with the internal tarsal artery. ] 9. Dorsal artery of the foot. 20, 20. Internal tarsal artery. 21, 21. First metatarsal artery. 22, 22. Great anastomosing branch with the plantar arch. 23, Internal dorsal branch of the great toe. 24, Small anterior anastomosing branch. 25, 25. External dorsal artery of the great toe. 26, 26. Internal anterior dorsal branch of the great toe. 27, Internal dorsal artery of the second toe . 28, 28. External tarsal artery. 29, 29. Anastomosing branches with the perfor- ating arteries of the plantar, which form the second and third metatarsal arteries. 30, 30. Fourth metatarsal artery. 31. Perforating branch. 32. External dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 33. Internal dorsal artery of the little toe. 34, 34. External dorsal artery of the little toe. 35, 35. Second metatarsal artery. 36. External dorsal artery of the second toe. 37. Internal dorsal artery of the third toe. 38, 38. Third metatarsal artery. 39. External dorsal artery of the middle toe. 40. Internal dorsal artery of the fourth toe. 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41, 41. Anterior dorsal digital branches. Figure II. Exhibits the regular distribution of the super- ficial arteries in the sole of the right foot, from the body of a man twenty-seven years old. 1, Tuberosity of the calcaneum. 2, 2, 2. Plantar aponeurosis. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, .3. Transverse tendinous fibres connecting the flexor tendons. 4, 4, 4, 4. Ligamentous sheaths of the tendons, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5. Crucial ligaments. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6. Annular ligaments. 7, 7, 7, 7. Oblique ligaments. 8, 8. Abductor hallucis. 9, Flexor brevis hallucis. 10, 10. Abductor minimi digiti. 11, 11. Tendon of the flexor longus hallucis. 12, 12, 12, 12. Tendons of the flexor brevis com- munis digitorum. 13, 13, 13, 1.3. Tendons of the flexor longus communis digitorum. 14, 14, 14. Branches to the calcaneum. 15, 15, 15. Internal plantar artery. 16, 16, 16. Internal plantar artery of the great toe. 17, 17. Dorsal branches. 18, External plantar artery. 19, 19. External plantar artery of the little toe. •20. First plantar interosseous artery- Si. Internal plantar artery of the little toe. 2*2, 22. External plantar of the fourth toe. 23, Second interosseous artery. 24, 24. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. 25, 25. External plantar artery of the middle toe. 26, Third interosseous artery. 27, 27. Internal plantar artery of the middle toe. 28, 28. External plantar artery of the second toe. 29, Fourth interosseal artery. 30, .30. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 31, 31. External plantar artery of the great toe. 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32. Anterior dorsal branches of the toes. 33, 33, 33, 33. Arterial arches on the third phalanx of the toes. Figure III. Shows the usual course of the arteries of the sole of the foot. The plantar aponeurosis is cut, and the flexor brevis communis digitorum and flexor brevis proprius pollicis removed. 1, Origin of the flexor brevis communis digi- torum. 2, 2, 2, 2. Tendons of this muscle. 3, 3, 3. Abductor hallucis 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4. digitorum. .5, 5. Musculus accessorius of the flexor longus. 6, 6, 6, 6. Flexor longus hallucis. 7, 7, 7, 7. Lumbricales muscles. 8, Internal head of the flexor brevis minimi di- 9, External head of the flexor brevis minimi digit!. 10, 10. Abductor minimi digiti. 11, Plantar artery. 12, 12. Branches to the calcaneum. 13, 13. Branches to the calcaneum from the pos- terior peroneal artery. 14, 14, 14. Internal i)lantar artery. 15, Anastomosis of this artery with the internal ]ilantar artery of the great toe. 1(), 16, 16. External plantar artery. 17, 17. External plantar artery of the little toe. 18, 18. First plantar digital artery. Flexor longfus communis a 21. 22. 23; 24. 19. Perforating branch. f f Internal plantar artery of the little toe. 20, 20. External plantar artery of the fourth toe. Second plantar digital artery. 22. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. 23. External plantar artery of the third toe. Third plantar digital artery. 25, 25. Internal plantar artery of the third toe. 26, 26. External plantar artery of the second toe. 27, Fourth plantar digital artery. 28, 28. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 29, 29. External plantar artery of the great toe. 30, 30. Internal plantar artery of the great toe. 31, Dorsal branches. Figure IV. Represents the deep arteries of the sole of the foot, the muscles being removed. 1, Plantar artery. 2, 2. Branches to the calcaneum. 3, 3. Branches from the posterior peroneal ar- tery to around the calcaneum. 4, 4. Internal plantar artery. 5, Branch running to the inside of the foot. 6, Anastomosis with the internal plantar artery of the great toe. 7, 7, 7. External plantar artery forming the deep plantar arch. 8, 8, 8. External plantar artery of the little toe. 9, 9. First interosseal artery. 10, Peforating branch. 11, 11. Internal plantar artery of the little toe. 12, 12. External plantar artery of the fourth toe. 13, 13. Second interosseal artery. 14, Perforating branch. 15, 15. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. Ki, 16. External plantar artery of the third toe. 17, 17. Third interosseal artery. 18, Perforating branch. 19, 19. Internal plantar artery of the third toe. 20, 20. External plantar artery of the second toe. 21, Great anastomotic branch of the first meta- tiirsal artery. 22, 22. Fourtii interosseal artery. 23, 23, 23. Internal plantar artery of the great toe. 24, 24. Dorsal brandies of the great toe. 25, 23. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 26, 26. External plantar artery of the great toe. 27, Anterior anastomosing branch of the first metatarsal artery. 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28. Anastomoses on the first and second phalanges of the toes. 29, 29, 29, 29, 29. Arterial arches on the third phalanx. 30, 80, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30. Dorsal branches. Figure V. Shows a variety of the arteries in the sole of the left foot of a woman. 1, Plantar artery. 2, 2. Calcaneal branch. 3, 3, 3. Internal plantar artery. 4, Internal lateral branch. 5, 5, 5. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe. 6, 6. Fourth plantar interosseal artery. 7, 7. External plantar artery of the great toe. 8, 8. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 9, 9. External plantar artery. 10, 10, 10. External plantar artery of the little toe. 11, 11. First interosseal artery. 12, 12. Internal plantar of the little toe. 13, 13. External plantar artery of the fourth toe. 14, Perforating branch. 15, 15. Second Interosseal artery. 16, 16. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. 17, 17. External plantar artery of the middle toe. 18» Perforating branch. 19, 19. Third Interosseal artery. 20, 20. Internal plantar artery of the middle toe. 21, 21. External plantar artery of the second toe. 22, Perforating branch. 23, Communication with the great anastomosing branch of the first metatarsal artery. 24, Great anastomotic branch of the first metatar- sal artery. 25, 25, 25. Internal plantar artery of the great toe. Figure VI. Shows another variety of the arteries in the sole of the left foot of a man. 1. Plantar artery. 2, 2. Internal plantar artery. 3. Anastomosis of this artery with the great anas- tomosing branch of the llrst interosseal. 4. Anastomosing branch with the first interosseal artery. 5. Great anastomosing branch of the first meta- tarsal artery, forming the deep plantar arch. 6. G. First interosseal artery. 7. 7. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe. », 8. External plantar artery of the great toe. 9, 9. Internal ))lantar artery of the great toe. 10, Anastomosing branch with the internal dorsal artery of the great toe. 11, 11. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 12, 12. Second interosseal artery. 13, 13. External plantar artery of the second toe. 14, 14. Internal plantar artery of the middle toe. 15, Perforating branch. 16, 16. Third interosseal artery. 17, 17. External plantar artery of the middle toe. 18, 18. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. 19, 19. Fourth interosseal artery. 20, 20. External plantar artery of the fourth toe. 21, 21. Internal plantar artery of the little toe. 22, Perforating branch. 23, 23. Small external plantar artery. 24, 24. First anastomosing branch with the deep plantar arch. 25, 25. Second anastomosing branch with the deep plantar arch. 26, 26. External plantar artery of the little toe. Figure VII. Here is seen a rare variety of the arteries of the sole of the right foot of a man. 1, Plantar artery. 2, 2. Calcaneal branches. 3, 3, 3. Internal plantar artery. 4, 4. First anastomosing branch with the plantar artery of the great toe. 5, 5. Second anastomosing branch with the plan- tar artery of the great toe. 6, 6. Third anastomosing branch with the plantar artery of the great toe. 7, 7. External plantar artery. 8, 8. Small trunk of the external plantar artery of the little toe, and the anastomosing branches with the first interosseal artery. 9, 9. External plantar artery of the little toe. 10, 10. Anastomosing branch, 11, 11. First perforating artery. 12, Second perforating artery. 13, First interosseal arterj-. 14, 14. Internal plantar artery of the little toe. 15, 15. External plantar artery of the fourth toe. 16, 16. Second interosseal artery. 17, 17. Internal plantar artery of the fourth toe. 18, 18. External plantar artery of the third toe. 19, 19, 19. Third interosseal artery. 20, 20. Internal plantar artery of the third toe. 21, 21. External plantar artery of the second toe. 22, First communicating branch with the great anastomotic branch of the first matatarsal artery. 23, Third perforating artery. 24. Second communicating branch with the great anatomosing branch of the first metatarsal artery. 25. Great anastomosing branch of the first meta- tarsal artery. 26. Internal dorsal artery of the great toe. 27, 27. Internal plantar artery of the great toe. 28. Branch anastomosing with the external plan- tar artery of the great toe. 29, 29. Fourth interosseal artery from the inter- nal tarsal artery. 30, 30. Internal plantar artery of the second toe. 31, 31. External plantar artery of the great toe. PL.XXX\Tn. ^ PLATi: XXXVIII. This represents the distribution of the vessels in the fcL'tus at the full time. Tlie difference in the colourino: indicates that of the blood. 1, 1, I. Placenta. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2. Part of tlie amnios covering the placenta. 3, 3, 3. Portion of the chorion. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4. Tiie veins of tlie placenta running- into a trunk. .5, .5, .'), 5, 5, 5. Umbilical vein. 6, G, 6. Branches of the umbilical vein sent to the liver. 7, 7. Vena ])orta'.uni, 8, 8, 8, 8. Hepatic branches. 9, Ductus venosus. ■1.0, 10, 10. Vena cava inferior. 11. 11. Renal Veins. 12. Hepatic vein. 13. 13. Vena cava ■superior. 14. The heart drawn to the rii>lit side. 15. Ri^ht or pulmonary ventricle. Ifi. Pulmonary artery. 17. Ductus arteriosus joining with the aorta. 18. Left pulmonary artery, cut. ■ 19. 19. Left jiulmonary veins. 20. Left or pulmonary auricle. 21. Left or aortic ventricle. 23.' 24. 25. 26, 27. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 37, 38, 39. 40, 41, 22. Aorta. Arteria innominata. Left carotid artery. ' " Left subclavian artery. 26, 26. Descending aorta. Coeliac artery, cut. Superior mesenteric artery. Inferior mesenteric artery. Left renal artery. 31. Common iliac arteries. 32. Hypogastric arteries. 33. External iliac arteries. 34. 34, 34, 34, 34, -34. Umbilical arteries as- cending- towards the umbilical riu"-. 35. Twigs to the urinary bladder. Urachus. 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37. Umbili- cal arteries running to the placenta in a tortuous manner. 38. The liver turned aside. Gall bladder. 40. Kidneys. 41. Supra-renal glands. liiiiiiiiliiiliiil D 000 013 777 8 - k 'is^-