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 i^an^na(jQ of tfie 
 Mtssissa^as 
 
 OF SKOGOG. 
 
 ... BY - • • 
 
 A. F. CHAMBERLAIN.
 
 THE LANGUAGE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 j^/J^ississaga- J^ ndiaLns 
 
 OF SKUGOG. 
 
 A Contribution to the Linguistics of the Algonkian 
 TrilcS of Canada. 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXANDER FRANCIS CHAMBERLAIN, M.A., 
 
 Late Fellow in Modern Languages in University College, Toronto; 
 
 Fellow in Anthropology in Clark University, Worcester, 
 
 Mass.; Fellow of the American Association eor 
 
 THE Advancement of Science. 
 
 " Language is a solemti thins; it groivs out' of li/e — out 
 
 of its agonies and ecstasies, its uiants ana its weariness. 
 
 Every language is a temple, in "w/ticli the soul of those luho 
 
 speak it is enshrined." 
 
 — Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
 
 Approved as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 
 Anthropology at Clark University. 
 
 fune 12, i8gi. F. Boas. 
 
 Philadelphia : 
 Press of MacCalla & Company, 237-9 Dock St. 
 
 —1892—
 
 « « • 
 
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 6 • 
 
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 ♦ •• • • • 
 
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 123/ 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface .0 
 
 Introductory Remarks on tlie History of the Mississagas, etc 7-11 
 
 The Mississaga Language 11-24 
 
 Etymological Vocabulary of the Language of the Mississagas of 
 
 Skugog 24-52 
 
 English and Mississaga Texts of Myths of the Skugog Indians 52-56 
 
 2; Songs 57-58 
 
 J^ Tribal and Ethnic Names „ 58-60 
 
 ^ Place Names 60-62 
 
 Names of Mythological Characters 62-64 
 
 Personal Names 64-66 
 
 S ^Modern Mississaga Vocabulary and Texts 66-70 
 
 c 
 
 vi Comparative Vocabulary of Algonkian Languages 71-72 
 
 •La 
 
 >< Older Mississaga Linguistic Material — Smith Barton, The Toronto 
 
 MS... 73-76 
 
 Vocabulary from the Toronto MS 76-79 
 
 Bibliography of the Mississaga Language 80-84 
 
 455740
 
 TO HIS PARENTS 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
 INSCRIBES THIS ESSAY.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In liis essay on "American Languages, and Why we Should Study 
 Tlieni," Di-. I ). G. Briulon hasso ably pleaded their cause, that this attempt 
 at the study of one of the Algonkian dialects needs scarce au excuse, ex- 
 cept for tiie failings it may possess. It is intended to form part of a more 
 ambitious undertaking— " The History of the Mississagas "—on which the 
 writer has been for some years past engaged, and which he hopes before 
 long to publish. 
 
 The writer begs to acknowledge his indebtedness to Auzozhay, Xawi- 
 gfckoke, OsawanEmi'kl, and other Mississagas, who have contributed to 
 preserve wliat little is herein contained of the speech and legends of their 
 people. 
 
 He also desires to take this opportunity of thanking, for many favors 
 shown him in the past, Mr. James Bain, Jr., Chief Librarian of the Pub- 
 lic Library, Toronto, and Mr. J. C. Pilling, of the Bureau of Ethnology, 
 Washington, D. C. To the former he wishes to express his appreciation 
 of his kindness in permitting him to take a copy of the Toronto jMissis- 
 saga MS., and to the latter he desires to return thanks for the very kind 
 manner in which he placed at the disposal of the writer the proof-sheets 
 of that portion of his "Algonkian Bibliography," now in press, before 
 publication. The writer desires also to testify to the kindly interest taken 
 in the labors of fellow-investigators, by Dr. Brinton, whose works have 
 been a fertile source of inspiration, and to thank Sir Daniel Wilson, Presi- 
 dent of Toronto University, and Dr. Franz Boas, of Clark University, 
 for the encouragement they have afforded him in the study of American 
 peoples and languages. 
 
 Submitted as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the 
 Department of Anthropology in Clark University, Worcester, Mass.
 
 THE LANGUAGE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MississAGA Indians of Skugog, 
 
 The name "3Iississaga," which is also preserved in many place-names 
 in the Province of Ontario, takes us back to the Indians who, as earh' as 
 the year 1648, are described as dwelling around the mouth of the river 
 '■ Mississague." At that comparatively early period they are noticed as 
 distin(;t from the Saulteurs, Outchibous, Nouquets, Marameg, Achilyouans 
 and Amikouas, all Algonkian tribes of the northern shores of Lakes Huron 
 and Superior (see Rel. des Jcsuites, 1048, p. 62 ; 1670-71, pp. 25, 31). 
 
 In common with other lake tribes the Mississagas seem to have suffered 
 much from the incursions of the warlike Iroquois, who made themselves 
 the terror of the Algonkians of that region. During the early j-ears of 
 the eighteenth century they advanced gradually eastward and southward, 
 taking possession of much of what is now the Province of Ontario, not, 
 liowever, without manj' a fierce and bloody fight with their hereditary 
 foes, the savage Iroquois. And tradition points out as the battle-ground 
 of these two great and typical American races spot upon spot between 
 the Thousand Islands and the waters of Lake Huron. Their chief settle- 
 ments in Ontario were on the banks of the River Credit, near York (now 
 Toronto), and on the islands and shores of the Bay of Quinte. From 
 these, as the European colonists advanced, they gradually retreated, being 
 located by the Government on land specially reserved for them in various 
 parts of the countrj^ (see Journ. of Amer. Folk-Lore, Vol. i, p. 150). 
 
 As is evident from the Journal of the Rev. Peter Jones, the Mississagas 
 were acquainted with the advantages of Skugog island, and some of them 
 dwelt there, long before the establishment of the Indian reservation by 
 the Government. Under date of 3Iay 5, 1827, he records a visit to the 
 "Indians about Sclioogog Lake," and relates how they destroyed two 
 barrels of whisky which had been brouglit amongst tlieni by the traders ; 
 and, in December of the same year, he mentions receiving "a pleasing 
 account of the Christian deportment of these Indians." In April, 1828, 
 lie describes the encampment of some one hundred Indians "about a 
 mile and a half from Sclioogog Lake," and mentions the fact that "the 
 Schoogog Indians have no reserves of lands, and are consequently wholly
 
 dependent on Government or some benevolent Society for a grant. Now, 
 instead of Government applying to the original proprietors of the soil for 
 land, they (the natives) have to pray to their great father the King for a 
 place to lay their bones in." The success of the school that had been 
 established, and the desire of the Indian women "to be instructed in the 
 habits of the white women," together with the good results from the ser- 
 vices in the "bass-wood chapel," are referred to. In 1829 a new log 
 school-house was built, and we are informed also that " the number of In- 
 dians here, old and young, is 150. Thej* occupy nine bark wigwams. 
 The fire is made in the centre and the families sit or lie around it. Each 
 person occupies his or her place without the intrusion of the other mem- 
 bers of the lodge." In after years it would appear that the Indians 
 around Sliugog Lake gradually merged themselves with the other bands 
 of Mississagas and Otcipwe {sae J oims' Journal, pp. 81, 145, 254, 285. etc.) 
 at Mud Lake and Lake Simcoe. So these are not the Indians considered 
 in this essay. 
 
 At Balsam Lake, in the township of Bexley, Victoria county, Ontario, 
 for a number of years previous to 1843, there had been living a small 
 band of Mississagas on a Government reservation of some 1200 acres, only 
 200 of which, however, were under cultivation. At that lime we learn 
 of them "their village contains twelve houses, a barn and a commodious 
 school-house, In which divine service is performed by a resident Methodist 
 missionary. But within the present year (1843) these Indians, having 
 become dissatisfied with the climate and the quality of the land at the 
 Balsam Lake, have purchased six hundred acres on the banks of Lake 
 Scugog, to be paid out of their share of their annuity, and are making 
 preparations for removing from their former settlement. Their improve- 
 ments will be sold for their benefit. Tlieir reason for removing evinces 
 their desire to advance in the pursuit of agriculture " (Chief Crane, in 
 Copway, Life, p. 213). In 1844, at the period of their removal to Skugog 
 Island, the Balsam Lake Mississagas numbered 96. From the Census of 
 Canada we learn that in 1857-8 they numbered but 01, of whom 12 were 
 of school age. At tliis time their property consisted of eight log houses and 
 a sclioolhouse. By 1880 the tribe had decreased in numbers to 42, and 
 the following report is made by the Indian agent : "The chief and one or 
 two other families are industrious and cultivate land and raise fair crops. 
 Several members are addicted to drunkenness and live in idleness. Tliere 
 is no school-house on the reserve [the former one not having been re- 
 placed]. The tribe ought to be removed to Rice or Mud Lake " (Rej). of 
 S>/pt. of Ind. Affairs, 1880). 
 
 In 1884 the agent reports : "The number of the tribe is 43, an increase 
 of two. Of the 800 acres possessed by the Indians, some 400 are leased 
 to white men for the benefit of the tribe. Of the remaining 400 some 340 
 arecleared, of which about 250 are inafair state of cultivation." Since this 
 time the tribe has remained practically stationary as regards population 
 and progress.
 
 Tlie information contained in the following pages was procured by the 
 writerdnring a prolonged visit to the island in August, 1888, and has been 
 added to by subsequent inquiries. 
 
 The Mississagas of Skfigog live upon Skugog Island, about a mile from 
 the post-office of Skugog. The island, now connected by a causeway with 
 the southern shore of the lake, lies opposite the town of Port Perry, in 
 the county of Ontario. From that town the Indian village can be 
 reached by a drive of some eight miles along a road which runs along 
 the central elevated ridge of tlie island, and gives one a fine view^ of Port 
 Perry and tlie surrounding district. The only landing place, as one ap- 
 proaches it bj' water, is in a sort of marsh where the boats belonging to 
 the Indians are stowed away. At the time of the writer's visit some four 
 or five canoes were lying about, of which all but one were hollowed out 
 of logs, the edges being about half an inch thick and the work done rather 
 neatly. The other was the style of canoe used now by white men and 
 probably had been procured from the latter. The paddles were not in 
 the boats but lay under the trees in front of the owners' houses. 
 
 B}' means of a winding path of about an eighth of a mile the village, 
 situated on the higher ground, is reached. It consists of nine log houses 
 and one frame dwelling stretched along the north side of the road at un- 
 equal distances from it and from one another. Between the houses, and 
 back of them, are the farmlands of the Indians, and around them a few 
 fruit-trees, berry-bushes, etc. The first house reached on coming from 
 Port Perry by tlie road is that of Mr. Marsden (Osawaaimi'kl), an intelli- 
 gent Indian who had formerly been a school-teacher amongst his people. 
 His family were very bright-looking and attentive. The next is that of 
 John Bolin (O'gimtibine'ci) and his wife Susan (Nawigickoke) ; the 
 latter has the reputation of being the most intelligent woman in the tribe 
 and the former is a nephew of No'gen, the Mud Lake Indian chief whom 
 Mrs. Moodie has noticed in her Roughing It in the Bush. Farther on are 
 the houses of McCew^, Marsden, Jr., and Elliott, who claims to be the old- 
 est settler on the island. At the other end of the village live Isaac John- 
 son (whose farm is considered the best), Chief Johnson, and his brother 
 Chauncey, wlio seems to be really the ruling spirit of the tribe. 
 
 The Indian land, consisting of some 400 acres, has somewhat the shape 
 of a V, the houses occupying the broad part. Some of the land across 
 the road, which belongs to the Indians, is leased to white men, as 
 indeed is some of the rest also. The white men would fain possess all the 
 Indians' land, as it is said to be excellent. That the Skugog Indians have 
 not made the best of farmers, a glance at their fields and crops suffices to 
 show. The thistles, weeds, and olher evidences of inattention to proper 
 methods of cultivation were but too visible. Still, the farms of Isaac 
 Johnson and John Bolin are not by any means to be despised. There 
 did not seem to be any dividing fences between the lots, or even between 
 the various crops. Back of the cultivated land is the common pasture, 
 where graze the live stock belonging to the village. John Bolin, on the
 
 10 
 
 occasion of the writer's first visit to his house, was engaged in forging a 
 new point for a tooth belonging to his reaping machine, wliich hi}' in the 
 verj' goocl-h)oking barn* whicli stands upon his farm. His wife was 
 delighted when shown how to work jjroperly the sewing-machine which 
 she had received from the Dominion Government. Of all the houses 
 visited that of the l?olins was perhaps the neatest and most attractive. 
 
 The first visit paid was to the house of Chief Johnson, who was absent 
 at the time. There were present his wife (an aged woman), his niece, 
 three girls, aged seventeen, thirteen, seven respectively, and a boj- of 
 fourteen. From the chief's wife not much information was obtained, as 
 she spoke notiiing but Indian, as did also the young squaws. From the 
 niece of Chief Johnson, however, a considerable vocabulary was obtained, 
 together with items of a general character. From Mrs. Susan Bolin, who 
 was next visited, the most valuable information, consisting of lists of 
 words, songs, legends, folklore, and notes of the history, liabits, etc., of 
 her people, was obtained. John Bolin and 3[r. ^larsden also helped 
 with the vocabulary. Mr. Marsden said that his people had lived upon 
 the island for over fifty years, and Mrs. ]5olin made the following state- 
 ment : "The Indians have been acquainted with Skugog Island for over 
 a hundred years. My grandfather, who died when he was about eighty, 
 told me of it. At first there were only two settlers, who were brothers- 
 in-law. One was named Gwingwic, and belonged to the wa'bigKn (clay) 
 odo'dEm (totem) ; the other was !*sikri (wild-goo.se) of the atik (elk) 
 totem. They came to the mouth of tlie Lindsay river in search of game, 
 and finding jilenty on the island, settled upon it, and some of their 
 descendants still live there." 
 
 In 1828 we find Rev. Peter Jones mentioning as present at the meeting 
 in tiie chapel at Skugog: "John Goose, aged fortj-, Sarah, his wife, 
 aged tliirty-five ; " "Sally Queenguish, aged five months;" "Peter 
 Queenguish, aged one year, son of widow (Queenguish." There is also 
 mention of Brother C. Goose, an Indian exhorter, in the same year. Mrs. 
 Bolin has been married twice ; her first husband's name was Goose, and 
 she is still called familiarly "Mrs. Goose." 
 
 Other than the descendants of the two men above mentioned, the 
 people at Skugog, as already stated, chiefly came from Balsam Lake. 
 The chief and his brother are from tliere. Mrs. Isaac Johnson is of the 
 Chippeways of Rama. Mrs. Bolin's husband, John, belonged to tlie 
 tribe at Mud Lake. She says that her grandfather told her tluit a few of 
 the Skugog tribe were the descendants of some Indians who came from 
 the United States, possibly from Long Island (V). Her first husband and 
 herself were probably originally of the Mud Lake stock. She spent the 
 early years of her life amongst the French traders around Lake Simcoe, 
 there obtaining the knowledge of that language which (beside a very 
 good acquaintance with English) she possesses. She stated that she 
 
 * An engraving of this barn is to be found at p. 209 of Rev. E. R. Young's By Canoe 
 and Dog Train among the Cree and Saulteaux Indians, Toronto, 1890.
 
 11 
 
 knew Mrs. ^loodie quite well, and had often camped on the Moodie farm 
 when !i child. She remembered " Handsome Jack," her husband's uncle, 
 and had heard of the frog-eating story told of him by ^Mrs. Moodie. Mrs. 
 Bolin claims to be over sixty-five years of age, and the people around 
 have many stories to tell of her activity. She is said to have walked over 
 100 miles from a farm in Muskoka to Skugog, driving two cattle before 
 her. She has had three children, one of whom only is now living. Her 
 memory is very good, and her knowledge of the history of her people 
 considerable. She can speak English, French and her mother-tongue, 
 and can read but not write. The information obtained from her was pro- 
 cured with great care, and discrimination, and its accuracy may be I'elied 
 upon. 
 
 The Indians at Skugog are all, nomiuallj' at least. Christians, and a 
 large proportion of them habitually attend the village church, which is 
 served generally from the Port Perry Methodist Church, the Indians 
 belonging to that religious persuasion. 
 
 The chief of the Skugog Mississagas, at the time of their settlement in 
 1844, was named Crane. The latter died about twenty-seven years ago, 
 and Chief Johnson, the present head of the tribe, is his successor, who 
 will doubtless leave the office to his brother, who is now in reality the 
 leading spirit of the settlement (see also Journal of Amer. Folk-Lore, i, 
 150-160). 
 
 The general character of the language of the Mississagas of Skugog 
 may be described under the following heads : 
 
 I. Phonetics. 
 
 The vowel sounds of the Mississagas are : 
 
 a as in English Jiard. 
 
 a " " father. 
 
 a " " law. 
 
 e " " ])en. 
 
 e " " /?'es7t (but more strongly uttered). 
 
 e " " there. 
 
 i " " jw/i. 
 
 i " " pique. 
 
 o " " not. 
 
 6 " " note. 
 
 u " " hick. 
 
 u like 00 in English boor. 
 
 E between the u in run and the final vowel of German haben or English 
 
 flower. 
 au as in the New England cow. 
 m as in English tieio (not nu). 
 
 In his Otchipwe Grammar (p. 2) Bishop Baraga makes the following
 
 12 
 
 statement: "There are only four vowels in the Otchipwe language, 
 namel}-. a, e, i, o. This language has no u. These letters have invari- 
 ably the same sounds : a as in fatJier, e as in met, i as in 7)2;!, as in 
 note. And there are no exceptions." 
 
 Tliese remarks, it is quite evident, cannot apply to the Mississaga, 
 •which certainly does possess a u and other vowel sounds not recognized 
 by ]>araga, although they are by Wilson. 
 
 The consonantal sounds are : 
 
 k as in English king. 
 g " " 00. 
 
 c as shin " shine. ' 
 j as j in French jour. 
 to as ch in English church. 
 dj as j in English judge. 
 t as in English ion. 
 d " " do. 
 
 s " " son. 
 
 7. " " zone. 
 
 p as in English pin. 
 b " " but. 
 
 V " " vote. 
 
 m as in English man. 
 n " " no. 
 
 ng " " si?ig. 
 
 y as in English ye. 
 w " " win. 
 
 On the whole, the consonantal sounds of the Mississaga seem to agree 
 better with those of Cuoq's Xipissing than with those of Baraga's Otclpwe. 
 
 Consonants : p, b, v ; ni, w ; d, t ; n ; ng ; g, k ; s, tc (as ch in English 
 church), c (as sh in English sAoip), z (as in English zone), j (as in French 
 jour), dj (as j in English judge), y (as in English year). 
 
 II. Pronunciation. 
 
 The exact reproduction of the actual pronunciation of many of the 
 American Indians is a matter of considerable difficulty. Even where the 
 vowel and consonantal sounds are comparatively simple, a variation in 
 the utterance of the same word by the same individual on different occa- 
 sions has been frequently noticed, and certain letters fail to be clearly 
 distinguished from certain others. These facts the writer had repeatedly 
 called to his attention while at Skugog. The principal substitutions were 
 as follows :
 
 13 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 E = a, o, e, i, u. 
 
 e ^ e, e. 
 
 a = a, e. 
 
 i = e, i. 
 
 a = o. 
 
 u =o. 
 
 Reference to the vocabular}' will show that these substitutions occur 
 very frequently, and the fact of their existence has been noted by Baraga, 
 Cuoq and Wilson as regards Otcipwe and Nipissing. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 d = t. 
 
 g = k. 
 
 n ^ nn. 
 
 s = s-s, z. 
 
 c = tc = j = dj = s. 
 
 y = i-- 
 w = ii-. 
 
 n-gz=ng-g. 
 
 The consonantal substitutions are more far-reaching than the vocalic, 
 and there seems to be a tendency to sound a letter as b, t, k, when final, 
 and as ]), cl, g when between vowels, or vice versa. This fact can be seen 
 from a glance at the vocabulary, and has been already noted by Baraga, 
 and seems more thoroughgoing in his dialect of the Otcipwc than it is in 
 Mississaga. 
 
 A few examples may be given to illustrate these vowel and consonant 
 substitutions : 
 
 Alder = Eto'p ; Eto'b. God =::kitci mE'nidu. 
 
 And = tEc ; dEC. God = gicemmanitu. 
 
 Animal = awe'ssi ; awe'si. Great = kitce ; gitci ; ki'tce ; gitce. 
 
 Berry = min ; min. I = nin ; nin ; uen. 
 
 Child = a'blno'dji ; fi'pino'tci. Stick = miiig ; mitik. 
 
 God = kitci mauitu (or manilu). Wildcat = pijii ; piciu. 
 
 III. Accent and Syllabification. 
 
 The state of our knowledge of Algonkian languages, with respect to 
 these two particulars, is very imperfect. From the writer's own observa- 
 tion, he is inclined to regard both of these as subject to not a little varia- 
 tion, seemingly at the caprice of the speaker. That the accent should be 
 upon the root in the case of dissjilables seems reasonably to be expected, 
 but this is by no means always the case. Nor does there appear to be any
 
 14 
 
 absolute rule for the accentuation of polysj'llables. The real character of 
 the division of the words into syllables is indicated as far as possible by 
 the phonetic alphabet which the writer has used, but il by no means fol- 
 lows that he has recorded the words in the exact way in which all (or, 
 perliaps, even most) of the Indians would pronounce them. In per- 
 haps the majority of dissyllables tlie stress is so evenly distributed 
 that there is practically no accent, and, in like manner, a long word may 
 be so uttered that only one clearly marked accent can be detected. 
 
 IV. GKA>rMAH AND SYNTAX. 
 
 With respect to these, the Mississaga corresponds very closely to the 
 Otcipwe and Nipissino;, and its fundamental principles, being those com- 
 mon to these and other Algonkian dialects, need no special discussion 
 here, as the vocabulary is self-explanatory. 
 
 V. Vocabulary. 
 
 The words in the vocabulary obtained at Skugog correspond in general 
 to those of the Nipissing and Otcipwe, but there are not a few which dif- 
 fer from these and may be held to be, in part, marks of a separate dialect. 
 
 As examples of words which do not admit of a ready explanation upon 
 comparison with Otcipwe or Nipissing, the following may be cited : 
 
 Paniskagwe, always. Kwatad, log. 
 
 AtlcigEn, crayon. Aibi'gEnfib, mother. 
 
 WEsangii, elm bark. GEbie'nwes, mother. 
 
 NasakwEnlgEn, gate. Sasi'nibicing, swallow. 
 Sa'kiteg, wick. 
 
 In quite a number ot instances the Skugog Mississaga, in the case of 
 derivative nouns, seems to prefer a longer form, or often a shorter, than 
 the Nipissing or Otcipwe. Thus : 
 
 English. Skvfioo Mii'si-'^naga. I^'ipissivg. Otcipwi. 
 
 Chimney, po'towadjTkEn, potowagan, bodowan. 
 
 Earring, nabicabicEn, nabiceon, nabishebison. 
 
 Roof, opukwEn, apakwan, apakodjigan. 
 
 Sometimes a Skugog word will receive a better explanation when the 
 corresponding word in the Toronto MS. is adduced. For example, the 
 Nipissing niewija (Otcipwe niewija, mewinja) does not resemble the 
 Skugog word for "ago," ine'nwice, so much as does the menouizac 
 ("formerly ") of the Toronto MS. And in several instances in which 
 the Skugog vocabulary disagrees with Nipissing and Otcipwe the dis- 
 agreement is confirmed by the Toronto MS. For other points reference 
 must be had to the discussions of the various words in the vocabulary 
 itself.
 
 15 
 
 There are many questions bound up with what may be termed the 
 psychology of hvnguage, which the writer has had occasion to examine in 
 connection willi his investigations amongst the 3Iississagas. Tlie prin- 
 cipal are the following : 
 
 A. Ono?natop<Bia.— The part which onomatopceia plays in the origin 
 and development of language has been much discussed. The words to 
 which an onomatopoeic origin can be assigned, in the language of the 
 Mississagas of Skugog, are not so numerous as one might at first be led to 
 suppose. But the vocabulary does not contain a very large percentage 
 of those words for which such an origin might be suspected. The princi- 
 pal onomatopoeic words are : 
 
 Dinde'sl, jay. Kakaki', raven. 
 
 Ciclp, duck. Kokoko, screech-owl. 
 
 Cicigwe, rattlesnake. 
 
 In connection with onomatopoeias the remarks of Sir Daniel Wilson 
 (Pi-eh. Man, ii, p. 365) are worthy of careful attention, in that they serve 
 to illustrate how the very same sound may be interpreted differently by 
 difterent minds. 
 
 B. Unaniiosemia.— The theory advanced by Dr. Carl Abel regarding the 
 "Gegensinn der Urworte," or the denoting by primitive man of the "A " 
 and the "not-A," by the same word, has gained considerable currency, 
 and should receive, especially in America, a searching investigation. The 
 vocabulary of the Mississaga does not show, as far as the writer is able to 
 perceive, traces of this primitive combinatory process, nor does his ex- 
 amination of the various Algonkian languages lead him to believe that it 
 prevails to any appreciable extent in the strict sense of the term. 
 
 C. — The same may be said of the theory put forward by the distin- 
 guished psychologist. Prof. Wundt, who seems inclined to maintain that 
 the words referring to things or actions in the immediate environment of 
 the speaker, required less muscular action, and were consequently shorter 
 than those which related to more distant objects or actions. 
 
 J). Onomatology, Sematology, etc.— The investigation of the real mean- 
 ing and primitive signification of names (both proper and common) in the 
 Algonkian languages is a subject to which the writer has devoted some 
 little attention, and as the words are fully discussed with regard to these 
 in the vocabulary it is necessary only to make a few general remarks 
 here. The peculiar nature of the American names of animals, etc., is too 
 well known to need illustration at any great length. A few examples of 
 the various classes may be given : 
 
 1. Proper name of man : O'gimabine'c, "chief bird." 
 
 Proper name of woman: Nawigickoke, "sun in centre of sky."
 
 16 
 
 2. Names of natural phenomena : 
 llainbow, otEgwa'nibi'isEn, 
 
 Milk}- way, m'l'mepakwe'bikEmitowEt, 
 
 Eclipse, 
 !>[oon. 
 
 nibo' ki'zis, 
 dg'bi ki'zis. 
 
 3. Names applied to other peoples : 
 
 Iroquois, na'towe, 
 
 American, kitci mo'komEn, 
 
 4. Names of places : 
 
 Lake Simcoe, EciinTong, 
 
 Lake Superior, otclpwij kitcigri'miug. 
 
 5. Names of seasons, days, etc. : 
 
 Spring, 
 Sunday, 
 
 mino'lvEmi, 
 
 animi'E gi'cIkEt, 
 6. Names of parts of the body : 
 
 Toes, 
 
 ni'binokwEnisEtEn, 
 
 "he covers the rain." 
 
 "the sturgeon stirs up the 
 lake of heaven with 
 his nose and makes 
 tlie water 'rily.' " 
 
 "dead sun." 
 
 "nisi'ht sun." 
 
 "snake." 
 " biff knife.' 
 
 "place of calling." 
 "big water of the Otcip- 
 \ve." 
 
 " good water." 
 " worship day." 
 
 " they run in rotation "(?). 
 
 7. Names of indigenous animals, birds, insects, fish, etc. : 
 
 Rabbit, 
 
 Insect, 
 
 ]\Iinnow, 
 
 Moose, 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Raccoon, 
 
 Swan, 
 
 wapus, 
 
 manitoc, 
 
 gigo'sens, 
 
 mons, 
 
 kino'nce, 
 
 assibEn, 
 
 ■wabi'si, 
 
 8. Names of indigenous trees, plants, etc. 
 Ash (black), wisa'gEk, 
 
 Bulrush, EnokEUKck, 
 
 Corn, mEndamin, 
 
 "the little white one." 
 
 " petty deity." 
 
 "little fish." 
 
 "the eater" (?). 
 
 "tlie pointed or long "(?)• 
 
 " the oyster eater." 
 
 "the white bird." 
 
 "it is bitter." 
 " mat plant." 
 "grain of mysterious 
 
 Cranberry, niEskegarain, 
 
 Currants(wild), amT'kOminuk, 
 
 3Iaplo, fminu'lik. 
 
 Strawberry, ote'min, 
 
 9. Names of implements, etc. : 
 
 Axe, wakakwEt, 
 
 Chisel, 6ckEu, 
 
 "marsh fruit." 
 "beaver berries. 
 "the tree." 
 "heart fruit." 
 
 "crooked stick." 
 "horn."
 
 17 
 
 Hammer, pEkl'tlgEii, "the striker." 
 
 Shot, ci'cibunwins, "little duck ball." 
 
 10. Words relating to abstractions and conditions of mind, feeling, etc. : 
 Deaf, kri'kibi'cl, "the ears are stopped." 
 Glad, I iun, ninbiipinandEm, "I laugh in my thoughts." 
 Heaven, i'cpeming, "on high." 
 
 11. Names of animals, etc., introduced by the European settlers : 
 Horse, papa'djIkogECi, "it has one hoof." 
 Cat, kadJEkEns, "little glutton." 
 
 12. Names of non-indigenous fruits, plants : 
 
 Carrot, osfi'wEtci's, "yellow turnip." 
 
 Oats, papa'djikoko'cimi'djin, "horse food." 
 
 Wheat, pakwe'cikEnEck, "bread herb." 
 
 13. Names of articles of dress, food, etc., introduced by the whites : 
 Bead, manitu'minis, " seed of mysterious ori- 
 gin." 
 
 Blanket, wapo'ia'vEn, "white skin." 
 
 Cloth, manllowa'gin, "mysterious skin." 
 
 Bread, pEkwe'cIgEu, " that from which pieces 
 
 are cut off." 
 Shirt, pEpEkEwe'lEu, "thin skin." 
 
 Many analogies of thought between the Mississaga and languages of the 
 Old World might be pointed out, as in the case of the words for "goose- 
 berry" and "cranberry," to say nothing of others less apparent. The 
 Indian in nicknaming his wife OmintEmu'Enic, "his bad old woman," 
 trenches upon a ground familiar to students of European linguistics. The 
 examples of name-giving, contained in the vocabulary of the Skugog 
 Mississagas, fully justify the encomiums passed upon that characteristic 
 of many American languages by distinguished students of philology at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 E. Word-Forming and Composition. — The facility with which words are 
 formed and combined in tiie Algonkian languages is easily seen from a 
 glance at a text or a vocabulary. The method of procedure varies from 
 the simple juxtaposition of words, as in German, English, or Chinese, to 
 complicated agglutination and word decapitation. The use of certain 
 suffixes, such as -ksn, -gEn (instrumental) and -win (abstract quality), 
 is very extensive. A peculiarity of the 3Iississaga, and of other than 
 Algonkian languages of America, is the possession of large numbers of 
 radical suffixes and affixes, i e., roots which have no independent exist- 
 ence as words, but take the place of the real words in composition. In 
 some few cases the real words and the radical affixes are the same or are 
 closely related ; these radical sulfixes are often subject to loss of a portion
 
 18 
 
 of their letters. Another peculiarity of the lan2:uage is the fact that cer- 
 tain words, tlie names of tlie parts of llie body, for example, must always 
 be accompanied by the pronominal prefix. The importance of this last 
 characteristic is dwelt upon by Prof. Max Mi'iUer {Natural Religion, 1888, 
 pp. 314, '^\.~)), who cites an interesting fact regarding the Moliawlv lan- 
 guage to illustrate his point. 
 
 In some of the Algonkian languages, more so in Nipissing than in 
 Mississaga, there seems to be at the present day a marked tendency 
 towards the use of diminutives, especially in animal names, the older and 
 shorter word being dropped. The following examples will serve to illus- 
 trate the foregoing remarks : 
 
 A Composition and Word Formation. — 
 
 1. Simple juxtaposition : Ote'miu (his heart fruit) = strawberry. 
 
 Amo pi'mite (bee grease) = bee's-wax. 
 Usa'wE pine'ci (it is yellow bird) = canary 
 Ma'nitu' minis (mysterious seed) =bead. 
 Kilci manitfi (great spirit) = God. 
 
 2. With Bindevocal : MEsk^gamin (marsh fruit) = cranberry. 
 
 Amilcomin (beaver berry) =z wild currant. 
 
 3. With Elision of part of components : 
 
 Ani'nicip {the duck) ^ black duck. 
 Osaco'niE (yellow money) = gold. 
 Mi'likwa'kEsin (wood shoe) =shoe. 
 
 B. Composition tcith Radical Suffixes. — Some of the principal of these 
 radical suffixes and affixes, whose use is illustrated in the Mississaga 
 vocabulary, are : 
 
 -mic, 
 
 tree shrub ; 
 
 
 wlko'pimic, 
 
 bass-wood tree 
 
 Ifi'yEn, 
 
 skin, fur ; 
 
 
 wripo'iayED, 
 
 blanket. 
 
 -SEk, 
 
 manufactured w( 
 
 )od ; 
 
 napakisEk, 
 
 board. 
 
 -ECk, 
 
 plant, herb ; 
 
 
 EnokEuEcIv, 
 
 bulrush. 
 
 -cl, si. 
 
 bird, flying creature ; 
 
 wawatasi', 
 
 firefly. 
 
 -fi'tik, wa'tik. 
 
 plant, stem ; 
 
 
 mKskegwu'tik, 
 
 tamarack. 
 
 -wak, 
 
 hundred ; 
 
 
 ningo'twak. 
 
 one hundred. 
 
 -(vv)abo, 
 
 liciuid ; 
 
 
 icku'tewa'bo. 
 
 whisky. 
 
 -kEmi, 
 
 water (body of) ; 
 
 
 miuo'kEmI, 
 
 springtime. 
 
 Other examples might be cited, but, for instances of the more compli- 
 cated word-building, reference may be made to the words ear-ring, horse, 
 king-fisher, lamp, looking-glass, milky way, rainbow, toes. Some of these 
 radical suffixes have a very distant resemblance to the radical words in 
 use to denote the same idea, and a certain number of radical words agree 
 exactly with the suffixes, but the greater number have no independent 
 existence. There is no possible connection, for example, between the 
 radical nipi, " water," and tlie radical suffixes -kEuii and (w)a'bo. But
 
 19 
 
 our knowledge of the whole field of Algonkian linguistics is not such as 
 to enable us to speak with certainty regarding the ultimate origin of these 
 radical suffixes. 
 
 C. The very wide use and extended signification of the suffix -gEn, 
 -kED is seen from the following examples : 
 
 Bell, gilolii'kEn. Hammer, pEki'tigEU. 
 
 Book, masiaa'IgK.n. Marsh, toto'gEn. 
 
 Bread, pEkwg'cIgEn. Plate, ona'gEn. 
 
 Craj'on, aticIgEn, Pipe, opwfi'gEn. 
 
 Gun, packi'sikEu. Torch, wawa'gEn. 
 
 D. The following will serve to illustrate the formation of diminutives 
 and deterioratives : 
 
 Calf, 
 
 pi'djikins ; 
 
 Clam, 
 
 es(s)ens ; 
 
 Creek, 
 
 si'bic ; 
 
 Dog, 
 
 animu'c ; 
 
 Girl, 
 
 ekwa'sens ; 
 
 Gull (young), 
 
 gfiyockons 
 
 Insect, 
 
 manitoc ; 
 
 Minnow, 
 
 gigo'sens ; 
 
 pi'djiki. 
 
 cow. 
 
 es. 
 
 oyster. 
 
 sT'pi, 
 
 river. 
 
 [anim, 
 
 dog], radical obsolete. 
 
 ekwa, 
 
 woman. 
 
 gayock, 
 
 gull. 
 
 manito, 
 
 spirit. 
 
 [gigo, 
 
 fish], radical obsolescent 
 
 "While, as a rule, the order of the components of a word appears to be 
 the same in Mississaga, Otcipwe, Nipissing, etc., still there are some cases 
 of difference. For example : 
 
 Englisli, Mississaga. Otripwr. Oree. 
 
 End of the earth, aki kickog, gi-ickwa-akiwan. 
 
 Egg-shell, okE'nawE (its wawi-oskan 
 
 bone egg), (egg its bone). 
 
 As a curious instance of the way in which the Indians coin words, and 
 of the strange combinations which might occur in the vocabularies of 
 those who are not at all acquainted with the language which they record, 
 the writer wishes to mention the following experience of his own. 
 While at Skugog he happened to ask an Indian what the Mississaga word 
 for "honeycomb " was, and he received the astonishing answer: amo 
 pTn(3kwEn, i.e., "bee comb," and a further question elicited the equally 
 remai-kable amo sisibakwEt pinokwEn, "bee sugar comb." This is 
 worth record as a jeu cVesprit sauvage. No doubt this enterprising 
 Indian could have accomplished much more in the same line. 
 
 The influence of French and English upon the Algonkian languages 
 may be estimated from the following loan-words in the IMississaga : 
 
 omu'ate, bottle, = French, boideillc ("?). 
 
 bEtn, button, = English, button. 
 
 cagEnoc, Englishman, =:= French, anglais (?). 
 
 na'paue, flour, = " lafarine.
 
 20 
 
 mucwf, 
 
 sc'nipEn, 
 
 kukfi'c, 
 
 handkerchief, 
 ribbon, 
 
 French, mouchoir (in Can. Fr. mucvver). 
 " da ruhan (?). 
 
 cochon (?). 
 
 The cliange of accent in certain other words may perhaps be ascribed 
 to European influence. 
 
 Tiie only other loin -word occurring In the vocabulary is owiclu'iya, 
 "blacksniitii," which is of Iroquois origin. 
 
 While the}' are not in all cases to be regarded as the source of ihe words 
 introduced into the English language in America, reference may be had 
 to the Mississaga and cognate dialects for the explanation of the elj'uiol- 
 ogies of the following : 
 
 see manilu, spirit. 
 
 " maskino'uce, maskinonge. 
 
 " omEkEsin, his shoe. 
 
 " m5ns, moose. 
 
 " mi';kEk, box. 
 
 " niEskeg, swamp. 
 
 ekwTi, woman. 
 
 " odo'dEm, his totem. 
 
 " wi'kTvviim, house. 
 
 " r)lcii>\ fisher. 
 
 ]\Ianito, nianitou, 
 
 Maskinonge, 
 
 Moccasin, 
 
 Moose, 
 
 Mowkowk, 
 
 Muskeg, 
 
 Squaw, 
 
 Totem, 
 
 Wigwam, 
 
 Woodchuck, 
 
 The words taken into the French Liaguage of Canada, the origin of 
 which is illustrated by the Mississaga, are : 
 
 Achigane (bass), 
 Manilou (spirit), 
 Maskeg (marsh), 
 Maskinonge, 
 Micouane, 
 Micouenne, 
 Ouragan (plate, dish), 
 Pacane (hickorj^-nut), 
 Sagamite (porridge). 
 
 (spoon), 
 
 see acigEn (bass). 
 
 " manito (spirit). 
 
 " mRskeg (swamp). 
 
 " iiiaskiuo'nce. 
 
 " EmikwEn (spoon). 
 
 " ona'gEn (plate). 
 
 " pakanins (ha/el-nut). 
 
 " kitciga'mite (it is hot). 
 
 While at Skugog, the writer made several efforts to leai-n whether a 
 "child language" existed, which was diff'crent from the ordinary speech. 
 He was successful in obtaining but two words of this class, viz.: 
 tete, father. dodo, mother. 
 
 Mr. Salt furnished him with two others : 
 
 num-na, sweet. tup-pe-ta, greasy. 
 
 There do exist, no doubt, many more such words, and the writer hopes 
 again to investigate this interesting department of linguistics (see Amer. 
 Anthrop., iii, p. 238). 
 
 As further indicating the relation in whicli, phonetically and graninuui- 
 cally, the Mississaga of Skugog stands to the Nipissing of Cuoq and the 
 Otcipwe of Baraga the following may be cited:
 
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 24 
 
 The above are the principal lujiuts wliicli llic writer has considered in 
 his study of the Mississaga. Tlie vocabuUiry has, as far as possible, been 
 made etymological, and the meanings of all proper names have been 
 examined. For comparison with cognate dialects the following works 
 have been consulted : 
 
 CuOQ, J. A. Lexique de la Lnngue Algonquine. Montreal, 1886. Where 
 "Cuoq" is referred to, this book is meant, and where the "Nipis- 
 sing " dialect is cited, the language of this dictionary is intended. 
 
 Baraga, R. R. Btshop. A IVieoretical and Practical Grammar of the 
 Otchipwe Language, etc. A second edition, etc. Montreal, 1878. 
 
 , — . A DicUoncry of the Otchipwe Language. Part I : 
 
 English -Otchipwe. Montreal, 1878. Part II: Otchipwe - English. 
 Montreal, 1880. Where "Baraga" is quoted, or the "Otcipwe" 
 language referred to, these works are meant (unless others are specif- 
 ically mentioned). 
 
 Lacombe, Le Rkv. Pkre At-h. Dlctionnaire de la Langxie des Oris. 
 Montreal, 1874. Where "Lacombe" is quoted, or the "Cree" lan- 
 guage referred to, this bi>ok is meant. 
 
 WiL.st)N, Rev. PI F. The Ojebway Language. A Manual for ]\Iission- 
 aries, etc. Toronto, 1874. Where "Wilson" is cited, this book is 
 meant. 
 
 Brintox, D. G., and Anthony, A. S. A Lena pe- English Dictionary. 
 Philadelphia, 188S. Where the " Lenape " language is cited, this 
 work is the authority. 
 
 Tims, Rev. J. ^V. Gramm'tr and Dictionary of the Blackfoot Language 
 in the Dominion of Canada. London [1839]. This is the authority 
 for "Blackfoot" words. 
 
 Vocabulary op the LanctUAGe of the Mississagas of Skugog, 
 
 OBTAINED IN AuGUST, 1888, AT SkuGOG IsLAND. 
 
 Afternoon, gr'ickwEnokwE (from 
 the prefix gl-, "past;" the radi- 
 cal ic/cicE, "after," and nawd'kwE, 
 "noon "). 
 
 Again, mi'nawa ; mi'nawE (this 
 word Is probably composed of the 
 l)article 7ni. and 7iaicE = Nipissiug 
 nawalc, "plus "). 
 
 Ago {a long while), me'-nwice (ety- 
 mology?). 
 
 Alder, Eto'p ; Eto'b (the cognate 
 Cree atuspiy seems derived from 
 
 atus, "arrow ; " the Indians used 
 the wood for that purpose). 
 
 All, IcEkinnE; kEkhiE (from radical 
 kv.ki, and suflix -r/E). 
 
 Alicays, paiii-ka'gwe (the first com- 
 ponent =Nipissing and Otcipwe 
 apine, "always "). 
 
 American (an), kitci mo'koniEn 
 ("big knife"). 
 
 And, tEC ; dEC. 
 
 And then, miiKc ; mklEC (from the 
 particle ??w, the exact signification 
 of which is not clear, and tuc). 
 
 Angry (are you angry?), gl'nicka'-
 
 25 
 
 disne (from g'l-, "you," and 
 nickd'dis, "to be angry," from 
 the radical nick-, "angry ; " ne is 
 interro!2;ative particle). 
 
 Animal, awe'ssi ; awe'sT (etymol- 
 ogy? In Nipissing awesins 
 means only "wild animal "). 
 
 Apple, wu'bimin ("white fruit;" 
 from the radicals wi'ib, "white," 
 and 7nin, " fruit "). 
 
 Apple tree, wfi'biminiguc (from wd'- 
 biinin, "apple," and the suffix 
 radical -guc, "tree, shrub "). 
 
 Arm, onik ("his arm ; " o-, posses- 
 sive particle of third person, and 
 the radical ni^, "arm." A word 
 for "arm" without one of the 
 personal prefixes attached does 
 not exist. Tliis remark applies to 
 various other parts of the body). 
 
 Arrow (wooden), pikwak (Cuoq de- 
 rives the corresponding Nipissing 
 word from the radical piko, 
 "bossu, en saillie." Tliis is prob- 
 ably correct, as the name is prop- 
 erly applied to a w^ooden arrow 
 with a blunt head). 
 
 Ash (tree), (for "ash," irrespective 
 of species, no word is in use). 
 
 Ash (black), wisa'gEk (probably 
 
 "the bitter tree." Compare Otcipwe 
 wissaga, "it is bitter." One 
 Indian pronounced this word 
 iDisd'dj^k). 
 
 Aunt, ninfi'ce ("mj' aunt;" n'l-, 
 possessive prefix of the first per- 
 son, and nu'ce, radical signifying 
 " mother's sister"). 
 
 Autumn, tagwa'gi (etymology?). 
 
 Autumn (last), takwfi'gong (suffix 
 -on (7, "last"). 
 
 Away ! awEs ("go away ! " properly 
 an adverb signifying " away, at 
 a distance;" it is used both of 
 persons and things). 
 
 Axe, wakakwEt ("crooked stick;" 
 
 from the radical icak, "crooked," 
 and the radical suffix -dkwKt, 
 "made of wood, stick;" -akwEt 
 is probably from radical nk, "of 
 wood, wood," with suffix). 
 
 B. 
 
 Back, opikwEu ("his back;" o-, 
 "his," and radical pikwEn. 
 "back"). 
 
 Bad, raat<'i ; ma'nate (properly 
 "ugly, deformed," from the radi- 
 cal md'n, with verbal suffix). 
 
 Bad, kfiwin nicicin ("not good"). 
 
 Bag, niKskimut (etymology?). 
 
 Ball (bullet) atiwi (in Nipissing this 
 word has the more primitive 
 mean i n g, " ar ro w " ) . 
 
 Balsam (Abies balsamea) ,a,n\a6n(\E.yi 
 (Cuoq derives the corresponding 
 Nipissing word ininandak from 
 the radical inin, " vrai, naturel," 
 and the radical suffix -andak, ap- 
 plied to the "foliage and branches" 
 of evergreen trees. This etymol- 
 ogy is a good one). 
 
 Bark, wauagEk (in jNIississaga this 
 word is applied to all barks ex- 
 cept birch bark, as is also Cree 
 wai/akesk, the corresponding word. 
 In Baraga's Otcipwe wanagek 
 means " cedar bai'k "). 
 
 Barley (no name in use). 
 
 Barrel, mukukuu'sEk (from mukuk, 
 "box," and the suffix -SKk. signi- 
 fying "boxful"). 
 
 Bass (black), acigEn (Lacombe, p. 
 707, attempts a rapprochement of 
 Otcipwe achigan, "bass," and 
 ajigan, " sock, foot- rag ; " prob- 
 ably from the shape of the fish). 
 
 Basswoi'd tree (Tilia Americana), 
 wiko'pimic (from wlkop, "bass- 
 wood," and -jnic, suffix, "tree;" 
 the radical of mkop is kdp,
 
 26 
 
 "bast;" wi- is probablj' a prefix 
 of the third person). 
 
 But, ubukwEnu'dji (the Nipissintf 
 jmkwanatcenjic is said by Cuoq to 
 be a contraction of pakwana pine- 
 cenjic, "I'oiseau inoertain qui va 
 au hasard," the radical of the first 
 partbeinii' pakwana, "at hazard, 
 aimlessly." The corresponding 
 Otcipwe word is papakicanadji, 
 Cree apakkwatis. Cuoq's etymol- 
 ogy is doubtful). 
 
 Bead, manitu'niiuis ("seed of mys- 
 terious origin;" from maaitu, 
 "something mysterious," and 
 minis, "seed, or grain." Mrs. 
 Bolin said that when the Indians 
 first saw beads they held them to 
 be of supernatural origin. See 
 Corn). 
 
 Bean, micUodissimin (possibly from 
 ')iiickd = )insko, "it is red ;" odii, 
 " his navel ; " min, " seed ; " i is 
 Bindevocal). 
 
 Bear, mi'ikwa (etymology?). 
 
 Bear, Great (^constellation), otcig 
 (named after the "fisher " or 
 pecan, otri;/). 
 
 Beard, misu'kwodo'n (" he has hairs 
 at his mouth ; " from the radicals 
 misak [pi. of rnisi], "hairs," and 
 odo'n, " his mouth "). 
 
 Beat {to strike), kapakilE {pdkitK, 
 "he strikes;" from an onomato- 
 poeic radical pa^, "to strike ;" ka 
 is a prefix. See Cuoq, p. 135, 
 note). 
 
 Beautiful, o'kwEno'djiwE ; kwEno'- 
 djlwEn ("it is beautiful ;" from 
 the radical ktcYJiodj, expressing 
 the idea of " beautiful, beauty ; " 
 b- is prefix, -^^0E suffix). 
 
 Beaver, amik (etymology?). 
 
 Bee, amo (etymology ?). 
 
 Beehive, amo i'kamik ; fimo wi'ka- 
 mik ("bee house;" amb, "bee," 
 &ndiuVkamik, "house"). 
 
 Beech tree, acawe'mic (from dcawe', 
 and the radical suffix -mic, "tree;" 
 in Otcipwe the beechnut is called 
 ajnwhnin. The tree name prob- 
 ably comes from n'caioe', "it is 
 angular," referring to its nuts or 
 fruit). 
 
 Beet, miskotcl's (" red turnip ; " 
 Jiiiskb, "it is red,'"' and tt'ls, 
 "turnip"). 
 
 Bell, gitoiaken (-kEn is instru- 
 mental suftix ; the radical is seen 
 in Crec kitow, "it makes a sound." 
 Cuoq says Nipissing kitotagan^= 
 "any instrument that makes a 
 noise "). 
 
 Birr h bark, wigwES (etymology?). 
 
 Birch-hark canoe, wigwES (it is 
 worthy of note that wigw^s of 
 itself signifies "canoe," "tree," 
 "bark"). 
 
 Birch-bark dish, nockatcigEn (this 
 name is applied to a birch bark 
 dish used in winnowing rice. 
 In Cuoq's Nipissing uockadjigKn 
 means a "sieve." The word 
 comes from nocka, the radical of 
 the verb nin nockatcigK, "I win- 
 now." Gku is instrumental 
 suffix, here ^ " dish "). 
 
 Birchiree, wigwEs (etymology?). 
 
 Bitrh tree, wi'nisik (in Baraga's 
 Otcipwe and Cuoq's Xipissing 
 winisik means a "wild cherry 
 tree," "merisier." That the 
 Mississaga signification is not en- 
 tirely arbitrary is shown by the 
 fact that Cuoq gives as a deriva- 
 tive of wikwas, "bouleau," the 
 word tcikwasimij, "cerisier"). 
 
 Bird, pine'cl (diminutive from root 
 pine). 
 
 Black, makatewE ("it is black;" 
 from the radical mdkate, " black;" 
 ■WK verbal suflix). 
 
 Blacksmith, owicto'-iya (this loan- 
 word, which occurs in several
 
 27 
 
 Algonkian dialects, is borrowed 
 from tlie Iroquois. Cuoq refers 
 the Nipissing awictoia to the 
 Iroquois awictonni, "ouvrier en 
 fer"). 
 
 Blanket, wapo'I-fi'yEn ("white 
 skin ; "' from the radical icap or 
 wab, "white," and the radical 
 suffix -ir/^E/i, "skin." 
 
 Block {ofiDOod), kusakiic (probably 
 from root cognate with Nipissing 
 radical, kick, to "cut"). 
 
 Blood, miskwl (this is very closely 
 related to the radical miskioE., or 
 misko, "red "). 
 
 Blue, ocuwaskwE ("it is blue;" a 
 derivative from the root ocdwE, 
 "green "). 
 
 Bluebird, ocawaskopine'ci ("blue- 
 bird;" aci'ncdsko, "blue," and 
 pine'c'i, "bird"). 
 
 Blueberry, miii ; min (this word, 
 besides the special signification of 
 "blueberry," has also the gen- 
 eral meaning of "fruit, berry, 
 grain," etc.) 
 
 Board, napakisEk (from the root 
 napak, "tint, flattened;" -SEk is 
 a suffix signifj'ing "wood in a 
 manufactured state "). 
 
 Boat (canoe), tcima'n (etymology ?). 
 
 Body, ni-i-a ("my body;" ni- is 
 poss. pref. of first person ; the 
 radical is la). 
 
 Bone, oki'm (o- is third person pre- 
 fix ; the radical is kEn). 
 
 Book. masina'-IgEn (a derivative of 
 the radical mdtimd, "painted, en- 
 graved, written, "etc., through the 
 verb mdsina'igK, "to draw, to 
 write ; " -gKn is instrumental suf- 
 fix. A "book" is "that upon 
 which something is drawn or 
 written "). 
 
 Bottle, omu'ate (probably this and 
 the corresponding omodai of Bar- 
 
 aga's Otcipwe are but derivatives 
 of the French bouteille, through 
 dbiite or H/budt'). 
 
 Bote, mitigwu'l) (the etymology of 
 this word is uncertain ; the first 
 part appears to be mltig, "stick, 
 wood "). 
 
 Box, mtkEk (etymology'?). 
 
 Boy, iiY>\ud'\cl (i. e., "child, "7. v ). 
 
 Boy kwiwisens (this is probably a 
 derivative by the diminutive -ens, 
 of a form kicl'wis ; of which ety- 
 mology ?). 
 
 Boy, ekwi'wi'iis (this appears to be 
 an individual's peculiar pronun- 
 ciation of the previous word ; it 
 was so pronounced by the chief's 
 niece). 
 
 Branch {of tree), alikwEn (the rad- 
 ical is atlk, which is a suffix sig- 
 nifying "wood, tree, stick;" 
 ■WEn, suffix). 
 
 Bread, pEkwe'cIgEn (this word is 
 derived, through the verb p^kwe'- 
 cigK, "to cut pieces otf anything 
 with a knife," from the radical 
 pf.kwE, "a bit, a piece." The In- 
 dians called bread pEkwe'cigKn, 
 "that from which pieces are cut 
 off," because they first saw loaves 
 of bread when being cut. The 
 suffix -gKH is here used in one of 
 its widest senses = "thing." In 
 Cree pnkkicejigan has the mean- 
 ing also of "bit, morceau"). 
 
 Bring, nin pito'n ("I bring;" the 
 radical is pi = "come "). 
 
 Brother ni'djiki'wE ("he is my 
 friend;" from in "my, "and dfikV- 
 «CE, "he is friend ; " the radical is 
 dfi, "friend"). 
 
 Brother (elder), nissfi'yE ("my 
 elder brother;" ni="mr;" 
 the radical is sa'yE, "elder bro- 
 ther"). 
 
 Brother (younger), nisse'mE ("my
 
 28 
 
 younger brother ; " ?ii= " my ; " 
 the radical is sc'mB, "younger 
 brother"). 
 
 Brother- in-line, ni'ta ("my brother- 
 in-hiw ;" nt = "my;" tlie radi- 
 cal is t)'(, " brotlier - in - law, 
 friend"). 
 
 Bullet, anwi (see Ball). 
 
 Bullfrof], pKpika dinde (this seems 
 to signify " flea frog," from jmpik, 
 "flea," &n(\dinde, "frog." Cuoq 
 gives for "toad." in Xipissing, 
 papikomulcaki and papikotunende, 
 of like signification. See Toad). 
 
 Bulrush, En6kEnEck ("mat plant ;" 
 from T.nokv.n, "a mat," and the 
 radical suffix -ecA-, "plant;" so 
 called because used to make 
 mats). 
 
 Burdock. dsakatabawEg ("sticky 
 thing." The first part of this 
 word is probably misheard for 
 bosak. Compare Otcipwe bassako- 
 nindjin, "my hands are sticky "). 
 
 Butterfly, mamangwE (etymology ?). 
 
 Button, bEtn (the English word 
 "button"). 
 
 Cake, pEkwe'cIkons (" little loaf; " 
 ■bus is diminutive sulh.x. See 
 Bread). 
 
 Calf, pi'djikins ("little cow ; '' -ins 
 is diminutive suffix). 
 
 Canary-bird, usa'wEpine'ci (from 
 dsf/'wE, " it is j^ellow, ' ' and pine'cl, 
 "bird") 
 
 Canoe, otcima'n ("his canoe;" d- 
 is third person prefix). 
 
 Canoe (birch-bark), wigwEs (ety- 
 mology ?). 
 
 Carrot, osu'wEtci's (from osi'i'wK, 
 "it is yellow," and tc'is, "tur- 
 nip").' 
 
 Cat, kadjEkEns (probably "the lit 
 tie glutton;" compare Xipissing 
 kajakr, "to eat gluttonously;" 
 ■jis diminutive suffix). 
 
 Caterpillar, niEsons (see Nettle). 
 
 Cedar {Thuia occidentalis) , Id'jik 
 (etymology ?). 
 
 Cherry, okwa'min (probablj' "mag- 
 got fruit;" from okica', "mag- 
 got," and 7nin, "fruit"). 
 
 Cherry tree (black), okwa'mic (-mic 
 is a suffix denoting "tree, shrub"). 
 
 Cherry (Choke-), (see Choke-cherry). 
 
 Chickadee (Varus atricapillus), gi'd- 
 jikone'ci (the corresponding Ni- 
 pissingword is kitcikitcikanecinjic, 
 and kitci is reduplicated). 
 
 Chief, o'kimfi' (etymology?). 
 
 Chief (great), gitci 6'kima'. 
 
 Chief (Utile), 6'kima'ns (-ns is a di- 
 minutive suffix). 
 
 Child, a'bino'dji ; iT'pinotci (Cuoq 
 derives the corresponding Xipis- 
 sing term abinotcenj, through an 
 obsolete form, o,benotc, from the 
 root abe, " man." He stales, also, 
 that while word abinotcenj is ap- 
 plied to a child [of either sex] be- 
 low the age of i)uberty, abenotc 
 was restricted to the meaning of 
 "male child." It is interesting 
 to find tlie Mississagas using iiJbt- 
 uu'tn for "boy." Cuoq's ety- 
 mology of the word is open to 
 some doubt). 
 
 Chimney, po'towadjikEn (derived 
 from the vaiWcaX jtd' toica, "to make 
 a fire ; " .k¥.n is instrumental suf- 
 fix. The corresponding terms in 
 Otcipwe and Xipissing are boda- 
 wun, potaicagan). 
 
 Chin, otamilvEn ("his jaw ;" o- is 
 third person prefix ; the radical 
 is tamlkKn. "jaw," in which the 
 radical -kv.n, "bone," is probably 
 contained).
 
 29 
 
 Chipmunk, ogwinggwis ; gitc-og- 
 gwinggwis {gitc= "large"). 
 
 Chisel, 6ckEn (literally " horn," out 
 of Avhicli materiiil "chisels" were 
 made). 
 
 Choke-cherry, osesEwa'min (etymol- 
 ogy? Baraga has sissthcemin, 
 "a kind of wild cherry;" the 
 last component is min, ' ' fruit " ) . 
 
 Church, anEmi'ami'kamik ('wor- 
 ship house;" from the radicals 
 a'liEmi, "vforship,'' <\ndwi'ka7n ik, 
 "house"). 
 
 City, gitci oda'uE ("great town "). 
 
 Clam, assens ; essens (diminutive 
 from the radical es, as, "oyster, 
 shell," with the suffix -ens). 
 
 Claw, dekoncig ("his claws ; " from 
 the radical rkonc, "claw, nail"). 
 
 Clay, wfi'bigEn (probably from the 
 root wab, "white," with the suf- 
 fix of agent, -gKn). 
 
 Cloth, manltowa'gin (literally 
 "mysterious skin," or "skin of 
 supernatural origin ; " from mdn- 
 Ito, "mysterious, supernatural," 
 and radical suffix -rca'glii, "the 
 skin of a large animal." The In- 
 dians gave this name to the cloth 
 which thej' obtained from the 
 Europeans. Compare the word 
 for "bead"). 
 
 Cloth (gray), wa'bigin (from the 
 radical wab, "white," and the 
 radical suftix -wd'gin, "skin"). 
 
 Cloth (red) miskwa'gin (from the 
 radical misk-, "red," <iiul the 
 radical suffix -wi'i'gin, "skin "). 
 
 Cloth (wJiife), wapiski'gin (from 
 wapiskE, "it is white," and the 
 radical suffix -tea'gin, "skin "). 
 
 Cloud, anakwEt ("it is cloitdy "). 
 
 Coal (a), EkEkadJE (etymology?). 
 
 Coal oil, pi'mite (" grease "). 
 
 Cold, ki'zinE ("it is cold"). 
 
 Comb, pin6kwEn (Cuoq thinks that 
 
 the corresponding Nipissing pin- 
 akvoan, signifies literally "abat- 
 poux," from the roots pin, "to 
 fall," and ikica, "louse." This 
 derivation is very doubtful. La- 
 combe connects the Cvee pinahik- 
 kwan, "comb," with the radical 
 ])iit, "tomber en pieces, etre 
 menu, fin," which seems more 
 reasonable). 
 Come, undas (" [come] here ;" prob- 
 ably the same as the Nipissing 
 ondaje, "here," which is derived 
 by Cuoq from oom, "ce, ceci," 
 and dajez=taje, a local adverb. 
 If this etymology be correct, the 
 un- of tiie Mississaga is more 
 primitive than the oit- of the Xi- 
 pissing word). 
 Cook, tcibokwE ("he cooks;" "he 
 
 makes ready for eating"). 
 Copper, 6'sawa'bik (" yellow 
 metal ; " from osii'wE, " it is yel- 
 low," and the radical suffix 
 -icd'bik, "metal, mineral"). 
 Corn, mEnda'min (probably "grain 
 of mysterious origin," mEiida 
 being possibly a disguised form 
 of mdiiito. Cuoq derives the 
 Xipissiug mandamin from the 
 radicals 7«a«(7rt, "admirable, mer- 
 veilleux," and min, "grain "). 
 Corn soup, mEnda'mina'bo (the 
 root suffix -(Vbo signifies "liquor, 
 liquid"). 
 Coic, ekwa pi'djiki (" woman ox "). 
 Cranberry, niEskegamin ("marsh- 
 berry;" from mKskeg, "swamp, 
 marsh," and min, "fruit, berry." 
 The etymological meaning recalls 
 the dialectic English ' ' fen-berry " 
 for the same fruit). 
 Crane, sEsa'gi (etymology?). 
 Cravat, nabikwa'gEn (this word 
 properly signifies "anj'thing wora 
 on, or suspended from, the neck."
 
 30 
 
 The radicals are nnbl, "suspended, 
 hanging from," and -kwd'gKn, suf- 
 fix =='• neck "). 
 
 Crawfish, acagaci ; ocagaci (this 
 word is probably derived from 
 the adverb radical (icE, "back- 
 wards," through the word acagK. 
 "to move backwards." Tliis 
 calls to mind the famous French 
 definition of the crustacean). 
 
 Crayon (colored'). aticigEn (-gKn 
 is instrumental suffix; compare 
 Otcipwe adissigan, "dye-stuflf;" 
 Cree atisigav. "teindre," and 
 atismc, " il est teiut "). 
 
 Crayon box, miikukESEg (see Bar- 
 rel). 
 
 Creek. sT'bic (derived from s'lln or 
 stp'i, "river;" ic is a diminutive 
 suffix with somewhat of a deteri- 
 orative force). 
 
 Crow, ondt'^k (etymology?). 
 
 Currants {black irild). amikominiik 
 (" beaver's berries ; " from ainik. 
 "beaver," and inin. "berry;" 
 -uk is plural suffix. The currants 
 are so called from the fact that 
 the beavers like the berries). 
 
 D. 
 
 Dance, nimi ("he dances;" from 
 the radical nim. which expresses 
 the idea in " to dance "). 
 
 Dance (fire). wfi'bEnung (?). 
 
 Daughter, nintu'n ("my daughter;" 
 from nint = nin, "my." and the 
 radical <~in, "daughter." In Ni- 
 pissing the diminutive -anis is 
 sometimes used instead of an. In 
 Otcipwe, according to Baraga, 
 the primitive ■(in occurs only in 
 the third person odanan. "his 
 grown-up daughter," the word 
 used vvith the first person being 
 
 nindaniss. The Mississaga of 
 Skugog has the older form). 
 
 Dn lighter -in-lair. nissim ("my 
 daughter-in-law;" ni, "my," 
 and radical sim, "daughter-in- 
 law"). 
 
 Day. gi'jik (properly the time dur- 
 ing which tlie sun is above the 
 horizon Etymology?). 
 
 Day. gi'cigEt ("it is day;" -E< is 
 verbal suffix). 
 
 Deaf, ka'kibi'ci ("the ears are stop- 
 ped ;" kfi-, verbal prefix ; klb, radi- 
 cal signifying ' shut, closed," and 
 cl radical suffix^ "ear"). 
 
 Death, nibo'vvin (formed from the 
 radical nlbo', "to die," with the 
 suffix -win. ••state, condition," 
 used to form abstract nouns from 
 neuter verbs). 
 
 Deer, wa'wacga'cl ; wawasgwez 
 (etymology?). 
 
 Deer tallow. maskEwadjI pi'mitS 
 ("frozen grease;" from w/as^•E- 
 wddjE, " it is frozen . ' ' and pVmite, 
 "grease;" mdikEirndJE is from 
 the radical mdskK. " slifi', firm "). 
 
 Deluge, kimockaonk (with this ex- 
 pression the word d'ki is gener- 
 ally understood, the meaning 
 being " the water has risen above, 
 or covers the earth ; " ki,- is a 
 verbal affix, properly relating to 
 the "past," and the radical is 
 7n6ckan, "the water keeps ris- 
 ing;" from the more primitive 
 7ndekE, "to rise ;" -o»k is local 
 suffix). 
 
 Devil, matci manitu (•bad super- 
 natural being ; " wdtci, " bad "). 
 
 Decil. madji mEnidn (a variation 
 of pronunciation of the previous 
 word). 
 
 Dies. uipo'. 
 
 "Dipper " {the), otcig ; o'tcig ("the 
 fisher or pL'kan ").
 
 31 
 
 Dinh {for winnowing). nockatcigEn 
 (-(/EM is instrumental suflix ; the 
 radical is /lockvi, ''to winnow, 
 to sieve "). 
 
 Dive (u.). kikEok (''he dived;" 
 ki is verbal tense prefix ; the 
 radical is k'E.i'i'k'i. "to dive "). 
 
 Diver {species of loater foicl), cJngi- 
 bis (etymoloiiy ?). 
 
 Docj, aniniu'c (a diminutive of the 
 radical d)dm now obsolete in 
 Mississai;a. but still subsisting in 
 Nipissing as a term of reproach, 
 and also found iu some of the 
 eastern Aliionkian dialects. The 
 Cree retains the word in the form 
 atim). 
 
 Door, ickw6udKm (this seems to be 
 a derivative from the root ick- 
 rcand, which still survives, beside 
 ickwandem, in Nipissing. with the 
 sense of "door"). 
 
 Drink (v.), minikwK. 
 
 Drum, tawe'gKn (etymology?). 
 
 Drum, miiikwa'kik (••wooden 
 kettle;" from mitik-. "wood." 
 and a'kik, "kettle." Compare 
 Cree luistikwaskik). 
 
 Duck, cicip (in some Algonkian 
 dialects this word seems to mean 
 ••waterfowl" in general. It is 
 probably of onomatopojic ori- 
 gin). 
 
 Duck (J)lack), anT'nicIp (derived 
 from anl'iu or inVni, and c'lclp, 
 "duck." Cuoq derives the cor- 
 responding Nipissing ininicib 
 from //////, " vrai, par excellence, " 
 and cicib, "duck." The word 
 signifies, therefore. " the duck "). 
 
 Dumb, kfiwin ki'gitossi ("he is 
 dumb," literally "he does not 
 speak ; " from kuirin. " not," the 
 radical kigito, "to speak, " and -iTi, 
 negative suffix). 
 
 Dyiiirj, nibo' (' ■ he is dying "). 
 
 Efigle. migi'zT ; migi'ssi (this word 
 seems to terminate in the suffix 
 -8/ 1^ "bird." The signification 
 may be "the fighting bird." 
 Compare Otcipwe niti migos, "I 
 fight"). 
 
 Eagle {bald-headed), ami'gigikwani 
 (etymology":'). 
 
 Ear, nita'wEk ("my ear;" ni-=^ 
 "my;" the radical is ta'iPKk, 
 "ear." perhaps connected with 
 Nipissing tdwE, "it is open "). 
 
 Ear of corn (an), pa'djikwa'tik mED- 
 da'miu (literally "one ear, or 
 spike of corn ; " from pt'i/djik=^ 
 pe'cik, "one," and -lal'tik, radical 
 suffix signifying "plant, stick," 
 and 7mi.ndi~i'min, "corn"). 
 
 Early, gi'gicEp ("early in the 
 morning ; " tlie word contains the 
 radical c¥.p = "this morning"). 
 
 Earring. na'bicabicEn (a derivative 
 from the radical nd'bi, "hanging, 
 suspended." and the radical suf- 
 fix -ri'. ••ear," with a suffix. The 
 Nipissing has a simpler form, na- 
 biceon ; the Otcipwe is nabishebi- 
 son). 
 
 Earth (terra et solus), ake : aki. 
 
 Eat (v.), mi'djiu. 
 
 Eclipse {of sun ormoon). nibo'ki'zis 
 (" the star is dead "). 
 
 Eclipse. ago'citEgwi'wE (etymol- 
 ogy'^ But the radical is probably 
 agicoc =^ "cover". Compare 
 Ot(ipwe agaicateshkawa. "I cover 
 him with my shadow "). 
 
 Eel. pimi'si (possibly so named from 
 the •'oil" extracted from this 
 fish : com^-Axep'i'mite. •'grease"). 
 
 Egg. wfi'wE (a rapprochement be- 
 tween Cree wdwi, "egg," and 
 wdwiy. " round " = Nipissing wa- 
 wiie, seems possible).
 
 32 
 
 Egg, wfi'wEn (this word is properly 
 the plural of a root icmc. In ]Mis- 
 sissaga both this and the form 
 wt'i'ic'E, resembling Cree icawi, are 
 in use. The Xipissing has the 
 form tcaic. In Otcipwe only the 
 plural form, lomcan, is in use, but 
 in the singular sense). 
 
 Eggs, wa'wEnEn (.this is an ex- 
 tended plural to the word iCi'i'wBn, 
 itself a plural. Tlie OtcipwO has 
 wawanon. This recalls such plu- 
 rals as '• cherubims " in English). 
 
 Eggshell, dlvKnawE (this word seems 
 to be composed of bkKn, "its 
 bone, " and ?n7';/-E, "egg." Com- 
 pare the Cree icaicioskan, "egg- 
 shell"). 
 
 Egg (white of), wii'pawEn (from 
 the radical wap or icdh, "white," 
 &n(\ wa'WRn, "egg"). 
 
 Egg {yolk of), miskwa'wEn (from 
 the radical miskir-, "red," and 
 wa'WEn, "egg"). 
 
 Egg yolk, omiskEswfr (this word 
 was heard only once ; it is another 
 derivative from the same root, 
 the o- being pronominal). 
 
 Eight, icwaswi : cwaswi (there ap- 
 pears in Otcipwe another form, 
 rtishwasswi, which helps to ex- 
 plain this word. The first com- 
 ponent appears to be niswl, 
 "three, " which, in composition, 
 can assume the forms, ni-io or 
 nisxD ; the sufh.x is -asiol. Accord- 
 ing to Cuoq this last, which prop- 
 erly signiiies "number" in the 
 general sense, has in the com- 
 pound numerals the meaning 
 "five," the number par excel- 
 lence. " Eight " would be 3 -f 0). 
 
 Eighty, icwasi mila'nE ; cwa'si ml- 
 ta'nE (" eight tens ; " mithitVE. = 
 French "dizaine "). 
 
 Elk, atiic (etymology ?). 
 
 I'Uk, mice'wE (etymology?). 
 
 Elk's hide, acka'tayo (from the rad- 
 ical ack, "green, raw, not dry," 
 and the radical auflix -n'tayo, 
 which properly signifies "the 
 raw hide of any animal "). 
 
 Elm, Enib (etymology?). 
 
 El/ii bark, wEsangu (etymology?). 
 
 End {of earth), a'ki kickog ("the 
 earth the end ;" from ftki, "earth, " 
 and kickog, ' ■ end. ' ' Kkkog seems 
 a syncopated form corresponding 
 to the Otcipwe gi-ishkwa. The end 
 of the earth in Baraga's Otcipwe 
 is gi-ishkwa-akiica/i. See After- 
 noon). 
 
 Englishman, cagEnoc (Cuoq consid- 
 ers that all the Algonkian cognates 
 of this word are, like the Xipis- 
 sing aganeca, corruptions of the 
 French anglais. In support of 
 his contention he cites tiie fact 
 that the Nipissings formerly said 
 angaleca instead of the present 
 aganeca. Mrs. Bolin thought that 
 the 3Iississaga word meant "sail 
 around the world." The corre- 
 sponding terms in Otcipwe and 
 Cree are jaganash and akayas- 
 siw). 
 
 Enough, mi-ifi minik (this appears 
 to be tautological. In Otcipwe, 
 "enough" is mi iw or mi minik. 
 Mi seems to be an assertive parti- 
 cle, and minik an adverb =^ 
 " enough "). 
 
 Eoening, onaguci ; onaguc (etymol- 
 ogy? Cuoq endeavors to con- 
 nect the Xipissing onagoe with 
 anangoc, "star;" "evening" 
 being tlie time when the 
 "Stars" begin to come out. 
 This is, however, a little far- 
 fetched. The word is probably 
 connected with -onago, a suffix of 
 past time. Compare Cree otakusin.
 
 33 
 
 "it is evening," from otak, "en 
 
 arriere "). 
 Eye, nickinjikfiu ("my eyes ;" m- 
 
 is possessive prefix and -un plural 
 
 suffix, the radical being ckiujik, 
 
 "eye"). 
 Eyes {my), niclvg'siiu'in (this form 
 
 of the word was heard once). 
 
 F. 
 
 jp'wce, otanggwi ("his face;" ^- is 
 pronominal, the radical is taiig- 
 gwi). 
 
 Fall imUiimn), tagwfi'gl. (Perhaps 
 from radical UiJm, "cool.") 
 
 Fall {autumn), tagwa'dji (this was 
 once heard from an Indian). 
 
 "Faeries," nildewi'd.ji (derived from 
 mulewl, "to l)c a medicine man," 
 and the suffix -djl. "What the In- 
 dian meant by "faeries" is not 
 exactly clear). 
 
 Far off, wa'ssK ; gwEnagwa (ety- 
 mology?). 
 
 Farm, gi'tlgEu (•• field, planted"). 
 
 Farmer, giiigE-winl'ni (from fjV'/gE, 
 "he plants," and iul'ni, " man ;" 
 -w- is an auxiliary connective let- 
 ter). 
 
 Fat, wi'ninu' ("he is fat;" from 
 the radical wVnin, "fat, grease," 
 which may be connected with 
 the primitive root win, "mar- 
 row ;" the -u is verbal suffix). 
 
 Father, nds ("my father;" »- is 
 pretix of first person, the radical 
 being os, the literal signification 
 of which is not apparent). 
 Father, tele (this is a child's word). 
 Father, no'sinan ("our fatlier," 
 used by children of the same 
 parent ; the radical is os, the rest, 
 prefix and sufiix, signifying 
 "our"). 
 Father(,Our),\\.i\.i:i manitu(the Lord's 
 
 Prayer begins, Kiln manitu lepe- 
 mink, literally, "Great supernat- 
 ural being up above "). 
 Father-lii-hno, nissinis ('my father- 
 in-law;" nl- is pronominal, the 
 radical being sinis). 
 Father. mij^wKu (etymology?). 
 Fence, mi'djikiin ; rai'lcikEn (-/em 
 seems to be sufiix. Cuoq inclines 
 to derive the Xipissing mitcikaii 
 from mitri, which translates the 
 d mhiie in such expressions as "a 
 meme la terre," because the pieces 
 of wood which compose the 
 "fence" are " plantces horizon- 
 talcment a mr'me la terre." This 
 is very doubtful). 
 BHeld, gi'tigEn ("it is planted;" 
 from iriii gl'ligE, " I plant, put in 
 the ground ;" -gKn, suffix). 
 Fifty, nu'nEmila'nE ("five tens;" 
 from nil')) ek. "five, "and mlta'nv.). 
 File, sisiboJjigEn ("that with 
 which one sharpens ; " the radi- 
 cal is sislbodj, which expresses the 
 idea "to sharpen;'' gEn is in- 
 strumental suffix). 
 Fine (adj.), minfi ; mino. 
 Fine day, minu gi'cigEt ("it is a 
 
 fine day ; the weather is fine"). 
 Fire, iskitu'k (this word differs 
 somewhat from the Nipissing 
 ickote and the Otcipwe ishkote, 
 hut is evidently from the same 
 radical). 
 Fire dancf, wa'bunk (?). 
 Fire, nin po'lowe ("I build a 
 
 fire"). 
 ■Fireflies. wfi'watasIwEg {-icEg is 
 plural suffix. Cuoq would derive 
 the Nipissing wawatos/, "firefiy," 
 from the verb wawate, " il fait des 
 eclairs," which leads back to the 
 more primitive root icate, " a flash 
 of light in the darkness." The 
 -si in this word is a radical suffix
 
 34 
 
 signifying 'bird, or fl3'ing crea- 
 ture." So the literal meaning of 
 wiViciiidsl' would seem to be "it- 
 makes-flashes tiding creature '). 
 
 Fireplace, po'lovvadjikEn (derived 
 through the verb potowddj, from 
 the radical verb (niu) po'toicr. " I 
 make a fire ; " -kKii is suffix of 
 instrumentality. The Nipissing 
 and Otcipwc have the simpler 
 forms poti~>W(t/i and boddwan). 
 
 Fir tree, c i n go ' b (e ty m ol ogy ?) . 
 
 Firewood, mi'cl. 
 
 Fisher {Maries Canadetius), odjig ; 
 otcig ; otcig (in Canadian French 
 pekan). 
 
 Fishhook, migiskEn (this word is 
 probably from a radical ml'gis, 
 the signification of which is un- 
 certain ; -kETi is instrumental 
 suflSx). 
 
 Fishing line, otadjiko'kEn (properly 
 a "trolling line ; " derived from 
 the verb nin otadfikd'kK, 'l fish 
 with a trolling-line," which from 
 the roots seen in Olcipwc adjig- 
 wadan, "I catch it with a hook;" 
 Nipissing koke, "pecher a la 
 ligne "). 
 
 Fishing net, ESEb (Lacombe derives 
 the cognate Cree (lyapiy from 
 ayak, "quantite, succession, 
 grand nombre, succession d'ob- 
 jets"). 
 
 Fishing rod. wa.'wabEni';bEnak (de- 
 rived from the \Qvhtci~i'K(ibKhY.'bE, 
 "to fish," and the radical suffix 
 ak, "something of wood, a 
 stick "). 
 
 Fish spear, onit. 
 
 Five, na'nEn (etymology?). 
 
 Flesh, wi'-iyas ("his flesh;" ici- 
 is a rarely used pronominal pre- 
 fix of the third person ; the radi- 
 cal is t-yds). 
 
 Flour, na'pane' (this word is the 
 
 form which the French lafarine 
 has assumed in Mississaga. The 
 Nipissing has napanin, which, 
 however, is used only in the 
 plural form napaninak. Cuoq 
 says that in the old manuscripts 
 of the missionaries the form la 
 farinak, which clinches the ety- 
 mology, is found). 
 
 Fly {house), o'dji. 
 
 Foot, nize'tE ("my foot;" the 
 radical is 2(^0- 
 
 Forty, nI'mlta'nE ("four tens;" 
 from nVwin, "four," which in 
 composition sometimes assumes 
 the form in, and inltd'nK, "ten, 
 dizaine "). 
 
 Four, ni'win (etymology ?). 
 
 Fox bird. a'uEk ; annk. 
 
 Fox, wagu'c : wfigwi't'c (etymol- 
 ogy ? Possibly a diminutive 
 from a root wag, by the suffix -uc). 
 
 Frenchman, wamitigu'ci (the ety- 
 mology of this word is uncertain. 
 Mrs. Bolin thought that it meant 
 " he carries a trunk or box," and 
 stated that it was evidently given 
 to the early French traders. This 
 derivation would make the radi 
 cal of the word the same as 
 the Nipissing mitikowac, "box; 
 trunk," composed of mitik, 
 "wood," and wac, "hollow." 
 Another etymology makes the 
 word signify "boat builders." 
 The Cree is wetnistikojiw ; the 
 prefi.x wa- = "he who"). 
 
 Friend, niia ("my friend:" the 
 radical is td, "friend, brother in- 
 law "). 
 
 Frog, omiikEki (etymology? Pos- 
 sibly the word is the same as the 
 Narragansett omuckakee, "it is 
 bare, or hairless." Cuoq consid- 
 ers the Nipissing om«/.;a^i to be of 
 onomatopoeic crigin).
 
 35 
 
 Frying pan, sasEko'kwEn (etymol- 
 ogy V The corresponding verb is 
 niii sasEko'kwK, "I fry." The 
 OtcipwC- word is sassukokwadji- 
 (jait, Xipissiiig sasekokwan, Cree 
 saseskikktcan. These words seem 
 to contain the radical sdsE, which 
 probably denotes the noise made 
 in frying. Cuoq gives as the rad- 
 ical of the Nipissing sasikan, 
 "what is left oflard after melting, " 
 sasi, which hu considers onoma- 
 top(vic. Compare also the Cree 
 sasipimeic, "he reduces to grease 
 l)y boiling "). 
 
 Full, mockinE ("it is filled "). 
 
 G. 
 
 Gate, nasiikwEnigEn (probably 
 "that which is opened," or 'that 
 by which one enters." Compare 
 Otcipwe /(assa/.o/^a//, "I open it ;" 
 -gKn is instrumental sufbx. For 
 "gate" Wilson gives ishqudun- 
 , dam, i. e., "door "). 
 
 Gather, nin mawKndjiE ("I gather 
 together;" the radical is md- 
 wwid). 
 
 Oliost, o'tcltcog ("his soul or 
 spirit ; " the radical is tcttcog. 
 The corresponding words in Ot- 
 cipwe and Nipissing are otchitch- 
 agwan &nd otdd-ngocan. The rad- 
 ical of the latter, tdtcagoc, is, as 
 Cuoq hints, a diminutive of tcit- 
 eag, a radical formerly in use and 
 corresponding to the Mississaga. 
 In Cree the word for "soul, 
 spirit," is aichak, evidently from 
 a like primitive root, the more 
 remote signification of which is 
 uncertain). 
 
 Qlant {mythical cannibal) , windlgu ; 
 wendigo. 
 
 Girl, ekwa'sis (diminutive of ektcii, 
 
 " woman "). 
 Girl, ekwa'sens (diminutive of eAw/?, 
 
 ' ' woma n " ) . 
 Girl, ekwe'sens (diminutive ofehre, 
 "woman "). 
 
 (These three words are all deri%'a- 
 tives from the same radical, ekien 
 or ekicc. by the diminutive suffixes 
 -sis, -sens). 
 Give (to), mic ; mlc. 
 Glad, nin bapina'ndEm ("I am 
 glad." The word is derived from 
 the radical bap, "to laugh," and 
 the verb seen in Otcipwe, nindi- 
 nandam, "I think;" so that it 
 literally sisniries "I laugh think- 
 ing"). 
 Glove. miiidjiku'wEn (etymology? 
 Perhaps the first component is 
 inindji, "tied, bound " ) . 
 Go, ma'djE ("he goes away"). 
 God, kiici manitu ("great super- 
 natural being "). 
 God, kitce manitu. • 
 God, kitci mEnidu. 
 God, gicemnianltn (the last three 
 are variants in pronunciation of 
 the first). 
 God (see Saviour). 
 Gold. r).?aco'niE ("yellow money ; " 
 derived from osd'tcE, "it is yel- 
 low," and co'nlK, "money, sil- 
 ver"). 
 Good, onicicin ("it is good;" the 
 radical is nic ; b- is pronominal 
 prefix, and in is verbal suffix). 
 Good, onicece ("he is good." See the 
 
 previous word). 
 Goose, obicke'si (this corresponds to 
 the uhpishekese waica of "Wilson. 
 Baraga has obijashkessi, "a kind 
 of gray wild goose "). 
 Goose (icild). nika' (etymology?) 
 Gooseberry, cabo'min ("the piercing 
 fruit," so called from its spines.
 
 36 
 
 The radicals are cfibo, "piercing 
 througli,"' and min. " fruit berr}'." 
 Tlie German Stnchelbeere oilers it- 
 self for comparison. One of tlie 
 Indians at Sliugog said that the 
 word meant 'look-through fruit," 
 probably a '" folk-etymology "). 
 
 Granclfathcr, ni'missu'mis ("my 
 grandfather ; " the radical is Diis- 
 so'tnis ; the Cree has nimusom ; 
 -is is suffix). 
 
 Grandmother, nokd'imsC'my gnmd- 
 motlier ; " the radical h okd'mis, 
 ■which seems related to misso'inis, 
 "grandfather." Cree n'okkum). 
 
 Qrape, cawe'raiu ("the sweet 
 fruit." This is the etymology of 
 Cuoq, who derives the Xipissing 
 cowiviin from the radicals co, 
 which expresses the idea of sweet- 
 ness, and inin, "fruit." The Ot- 
 cipwe \\OY(\ji)iiiin, "grape," con- 
 firms this etymology). 
 
 Grass, mancEck (properly "hay ; " 
 from a radical mane, and the suf- 
 fix radical -Kck, "plant, herb"). 
 
 Gravy (pork), koku'cmiie' ("pig- 
 grease;" from koku'c, "pig," 
 and plmite, ' ' grease ") . 
 
 Grease, pi'mile' (properly, " it is 
 greasy ;" tlie Cree preserves the 
 radical pimiy, "graisso, huile, 
 suif"). 
 
 Great, gitci ; kilci ; kitce ; gitce. 
 
 Great, mi'tce ; mi'tci. 
 
 Great -grandfather, ningitcini'mis- 
 so'mis (literally "my great my 
 grandfather;" nin, "my," gitcl, 
 "great," and ui'missb'inis, "my 
 grandfather." An exactly simi- 
 lar word exists in Xipissing. 
 Since in Otcipwe we find an en- 
 tirely difiereut word, nindanike- 
 nimishomis, also in Nipissing, 
 nindanikenunicoinis, formed by 
 the use of the radical anikc, which 
 
 expresses the idea of "succession, 
 series." one is almost tempted to 
 suspect French or English infiu- 
 ence in the case of the Mississaga 
 word and its Nipissing corre- 
 spondent. Tlie same remarks 
 apply to the word for "great 
 grandmother"). 
 
 Great grandmother, nin gitcl noko'- 
 niis (" my great my grand- 
 mother ;" nin, gitci, noko'mis. See 
 the previous word). 
 
 Green, miskwu (properly, "it is 
 red"). 
 
 Gull, gaj'ock (etymology?). 
 
 Gull (young), gayockons (-ons is a 
 diminutive sulfix). 
 
 Gun, packl'sikEn (from the radical 
 pack," to burst, explode," through 
 the verb pacJdsi, "to shoot," and 
 the instrumental suffix -kEn ; the 
 word seems to signify "the burst- 
 ing or exploding thing with which 
 one shoots "). 
 
 H. 
 
 Hair, niminisis ("my hair;" the 
 radical is minisis). 
 
 Hammer, piokiiigEu (" that with 
 wliicli one strikes ;" from the rad- 
 ical ;jEA.i«E, "to strike," with the 
 instrumental suffix -gun). 
 
 Hand, niiiiiulji ; nine'ndji ("my 
 hand ; " the radical is nindj or 
 nendj). 
 
 Hand (left), ninuEmKudjinindj 
 ( " my left hand;" the chief compo- 
 nent is nvjuvjidfinindj, composed 
 of the radicals n'E.mi.ndj, "left," 
 and nindj, "hand;" -^ is verbal 
 suffix). 
 
 Hand (right), ningitcinindj ("my 
 right hand ;" literally, "ray great 
 or excellent hand;" from vin, 
 gitcl, nindj).
 
 37 
 
 Eanclker chief, mucwO (a loan-word 
 from Frencli ; =)nonrhoir, which 
 in Canada is pronounced mur- 
 we'-r). 
 
 Eandkerchief {for neck), nfi'blkRg 
 (derived from the radical rn'^i'Iii, 
 "to hang from," through the 
 verb na'bikKH, " I wear on the 
 neck "). 
 
 Handkerchief (silk), SEnipE nablkEg 
 (see Hcoulkerrhief and Ribbon). 
 
 Hard, niaskEwfi ("it is hard ; " 
 from the radical nu'ukK). 
 
 Hat, wiwakwKn (according to Cuo(i 
 the corresponding wiwakwaa of 
 • the Nipissing is an abbreviation 
 of tciicakicertikican, a term for- 
 merly in use, which is composed 
 o{ loitcakwe, "that which covers," 
 and ctikioan, "head ;" so the word 
 would seem to mean the " coverer 
 of the head." The word may, 
 liowever, be derived directly from 
 tciwaktce) . 
 
 Hat, wTwakwe (this form is also in 
 use among tiie Mississagas). 
 
 Hatchet, tcikilmigEn (-guti is instru- 
 mental suffix. This word is doubt- 
 less cognate with the Nipissing 
 tcikikaiguii, "hache pour equar- 
 rir,"and Cree tchikahigan, " axe. " 
 The root of the word is seen in 
 the Cree tchikahwew, "he chops"). 
 
 He, wi'nIlEm ("he now," "it is his 
 turn ;" from the demonstrative 
 icl- and the sulll.x -lutwn, which 
 appears to be the same as the Xi- 
 pissing radical nitam, "premier"). 
 
 Head, nIctigwEn ("my head;" the 
 radical is rtigwKn). 
 
 Heart, nte' (" my heart ; " the radi- 
 cal is te). 
 
 Heaven, fcpeming ("in the on- 
 high ;" -ing is locative suffix, and 
 the radical is irpem, "on liigh, 
 up," which comes from the more 
 
 4 
 
 primitivcK/^, "higli, up." Baraga 
 gives ishjieiiiing = " upstairs"). 
 
 Heel, otondEn ("hislieel ;" the rad- 
 ical is tondv.ii). 
 
 Hell, anamnkamik (literally "the 
 liouse below;" from the radical 
 anamE, "down, below," and the 
 radical suffix -kdmik, "house"). 
 
 "Hell-diver," cingibis (etymology? 
 Tlie Cree sikkiiJ, " poule d'eau," 
 sliow -is to be suffix). 
 
 Hemlock, kakamic (this, like the 
 Otcipwc kagngiicanj, Nipissing 
 kakokiwiiij, is the " raven's tree ;" 
 the components atq kakakl, "ra- 
 ven," and -mic, "tree, shrub"). 
 
 He II, pEkakwEn (etymology? Cuoq 
 regards as somewluit far-fetched 
 the suggested derivation of the 
 Nipissing pakaakwan from pakak, 
 " clair. eclatant,"and -owe or -we, 
 a suffix signifying " noise, voice." 
 The word is used both for "cock " 
 and " hen," as is the case in Ni- 
 pissing and Otcipwc. The Cree 
 word is pakkfihakkwan, the ety- 
 mology of which is uncertain). 
 
 Here, mande. 
 
 Heron, ukjcIveo'si (etymology? The 
 word seems to contain the radical 
 suffix -si, "bird." The cognate 
 words in Nipissing, Otcfpwc and 
 Cree are moc/caosi, moshkaossi and 
 mokasiip or mokkahasiic ; perhaps 
 the root of liie word is seen in 
 the Nipissing mocka, "to emerge, 
 to rise "). 
 
 Herring, oke'wis ; oka'wis (the rad- 
 ical is possibly in the Nipissing 
 oko, "en bande, en tas "). 
 
 Hill, pikwa'dinE ("it is hilly or 
 mountainous ;" from the radical 
 pikd or pikw-, which expresses the 
 idea of an "elevation, a hump/' 
 and the suffix radical ii'clin, 
 "mountain, hill "). 
 
 455740
 
 38 
 
 Ilive (see Beehive). 
 
 Jlog, kOku'c (Cuoq considers tliat 
 the Nipissing kokoc and its Algon- 
 kian cognates have been derived 
 from the French, "according to 
 Algonkian analogy." Other 
 writers, rejecting the etymology 
 from French cochon, assign to this 
 word an onomatopci^ic origin). 
 
 Honey, fimo sisibakwEt ("bee- 
 sugar"). 
 
 Hook (see Fish-hoo7<). 
 
 Horn (co7'/(u), e'ckKn (the Cree 
 forms, oskan, " bone," and eskan, 
 "horn," render it probable that 
 the root of both is -skYjt, tlie ]Mis- 
 sissaga o'ktn, "boue," having 
 lost the s). 
 
 Hornet, amo ("bee"). 
 
 Horse, papa'djikogKci ("it has one 
 hoof;" from papa'djikb, "to be 
 one, or undivided," and the radi- 
 cal suffix -gi-ci, "hoof, claw." 
 The radical of the first component 
 is jxYOjik, "one by one ; " pe'cik, 
 " one ; " pa is reduplicative). 
 
 Hot, gica'te ("it is warm weather;" 
 from the radical g'w, which con- 
 veys the idea of "warmth," and 
 the verbal suffix a'te, "it is"). 
 
 Hot, kitciga'mite ("it is hot," said 
 of water and liquids ; from the 
 radical kite — g'/r, "hot," and 
 agd'mi, "liquid;" -tc is verbal 
 suffix = rt'fe). 
 
 House, wi'kiwfi. 
 
 House {ill the), wl'kiwam (at Skugog 
 "house ' ' is M;^'^■^w«,and wVkiwam 
 means "in the house." Cuoti 
 seeks to connect the Nipissing 
 wikiicam with irikwas, "birch 
 bark," because it formerly signi- 
 fied "bark house." This is very 
 doubtful, as the tree would in all 
 probability receive its name from 
 the house and not vice-versa. In 
 
 Cree we find a simpler form, w'iki, 
 "sa demeure," and kiki, " ta de- 
 meure," which suggest the ulti- 
 mate derivation of these words 
 from a primitive radical ki). 
 
 H'ickleherry, mln ; mia {min or mln 
 is a Avidespread Algonkian term 
 signifying "fruit, berry, grain," 
 etc. It has been suggested that 
 the ultimate signification of the 
 word is "divided, split into 
 parts," as many berries, fruits 
 and grains are. Wlien specialized 
 the word signifies the huckle- 
 berry). 
 
 H'lmriiiiig-hird, nouukfi'si (the ety- 
 mology of this word is not quite 
 certain. Cuo(i inclines to derive 
 the corresponding Nipissing uoito- 
 kase from nonokn and the suffix 
 -si, "bird," the meaning being 
 "the bird nonoka." This latter 
 word he takes to be of onomato- 
 pceic origin, expressive of the noise 
 made by the bird when flying. 
 Anotlier, and perhaps a better, 
 etymology is that which derives 
 tlie name of tliis little bird from 
 the radical noka, "slight, tender, 
 feeble," which by reduplication 
 becomes nonoka, and the suffix 
 -si, "bird." The name would 
 then signify "I'olseau mince"). 
 
 Hundred, ningo'twak ("one hun- 
 dred;" composed of ningbt, 
 "one," and the numeral suffix 
 -^rak, which denotes "hundred." 
 Ningbt or ningb is the word for 
 "one," which is used in compo- 
 sition, otherwise pe'cik is em- 
 ployed). 
 
 Husband, ninda'pe ("my husband;" 
 niiid:=^nin = ni is pronominal 
 prefix, the radical being fi'pe, 
 "husband, man ;" this generic 
 word for "an adult male," which
 
 39 
 
 in some dialects has disappeared, 
 is well preserved in 3Iississaga. 
 It is probably the same as tlie 
 radical in the word for " boy "). 
 
 /, nil! ; nin ; uen. 
 
 Ice, mikwKm (etymology?). 
 
 Ill, ima'En ("there"). 
 
 Indian, Kni'cina'be (literally "the 
 good man," "the man par excel- 
 lence ; " from ^lu'ciii = dnl'cici/i, 
 "is good," and the radical d'be 
 = d'pe, "man "). 
 
 Ink, odji'bigEna'bo ("writing liq- 
 uid;" -u'bo is radical sullix :^ 
 "liquid;" ddjl'bigwi is derived 
 from the radical verb ddjl'biEn, 
 " I make marks on something ; " 
 -</E/i is instrumental suffix). 
 
 Insect, manito'c (this appears to be 
 a derivative from manitd, "super- 
 natural being," with the deterio- 
 rative suffix -c". The literal mean- 
 ing seems to be "petty deity "). 
 
 Iron, piwu'bik (Mrs. Bolin stated 
 that this word signified "the 
 metal that crumbles off." It is 
 composed of the radical pi or piw, 
 signifying "small, in pieces," and 
 the radical suffix -r/'iiVt or -wd'bik, 
 " metal, mineral." Compare the 
 Otcipwc nin biicina, "I crumble 
 something"). 
 
 Iron-wood (in Canadian French, 
 bois dur ; Cornus Canadensis), 
 mfi'ne ; mfi'nea. 
 
 Iroquois, na'towe (probably "he is 
 a snake." Nd'towe is the name 
 given by certain Algonkian tribes 
 to a large species of snake). 
 
 Island, minis (etymology ".')■ 
 
 Island (in a river), minitik (this 
 signifies an island in a river, with 
 trees on it. It is probably com- 
 
 posed of minis, "island," and 
 -d'tik, or perhaps milik, " tree"). 
 
 J. 
 
 Jay, dinde'si (-si is suffix, signifying 
 " bird." Cuoq considers the Ni- 
 pissing tendesi to be of onomato- 
 poeic origin, the bird being named 
 from its cry "tenh." The word 
 would then signify literally "the 
 bird dinde' "). 
 
 K. 
 
 Kettle, fikik (probably a derivative 
 oi d'ki, "earth," since the first 
 "kettles " were made of clay by 
 the Indians). 
 
 Kittle {of tin), a'kik. 
 
 Kill, nin ni'cE ("I kill him;" the 
 radical is nVc). 
 
 Kingfisher, okickimEni'ssi (etymol- 
 ogy somewhat uncertain. Cuoq 
 derives the Nipissing okickiman- 
 issi from kickkiman, "a whet, 
 stone," the literal meaning being 
 "the bird whose voice resembles 
 the noise made in passing a knife 
 over a whetstone." The 3- is 
 pronominal and -s~i suffix = 
 "bird"). 
 
 Knee, ogi'dik ("his knee;" the 
 radical is gi'dik). 
 
 Know, nin kik^ndEn ("I know it"). 
 
 L. 
 
 Lake, sagfi'ikEn (this word seems 
 properly to be applied to small 
 inland lakes or river expansions ; 
 it is perhaps connected with sdg'i, 
 "the mouth of a river," or the 
 root sakaani, "to go out," seen 
 in Otcipwc). 
 
 Lake, assaga'ikEn.
 
 40 
 
 Lake, gasaga'ikEn (these last two 
 words are variaats, due probably 
 to individual pronunciations of 
 sdgn'ikv.n). 
 
 Lake Simcoe, Ecuniong ; ocunT(5ng 
 ("the place of the calling ; " so 
 named from a legendary, or per- 
 haps an historical, incident, for 
 which see below. The sullix -oiig 
 is locative). 
 
 Lake Simcoe, gitciga'ming ("the 
 great water"). 
 
 Lake Skugog, ga-aga'ilcEn ("lake"). 
 
 Lake Huron ] 
 
 Lake Ontario I gitciga'ming ("the 
 
 Lake Erie j " great water "). 
 
 Lake Superior j 
 
 Lamp, wasEkwanendjikEu (this 
 word probably signifies "it is 
 used for a light," or "that from 
 which a light is obtained ;" the 
 radical is seen in the Otcipwc nin 
 wassakicanean, "I light it," the 
 primitive root being was, which 
 contains the idea "to shine, bril- 
 liant ; " the -djikEn is instrumen- 
 tal suffix). 
 
 Lamp oil, wasEkwancndjikEn pi^- 
 mite (" lamp grease "). 
 
 Lamp wick, wasEkwan6udjikEn sa'- 
 kiteg (the last component is prob- 
 ably cognate with the Otcipwc 
 sagatagan, "tinder"). 
 
 Lance, onit. 
 
 Land, a'kl ; ake. 
 
 Landing {of canoes), kape'win (a 
 derivative from the radical kape, 
 which expresses the idea " to get 
 out of a canoe ; " -win is abstract 
 suffix). 
 
 Last autumn, takwa'gong {-ong is 
 suffix = "last"). 
 
 Last night, de'bikong. 
 
 Last spring, minokfi'ming. 
 
 Last summer, ni'lMuong. 
 
 Last winter, pipo'nong. 
 
 Late, 6'sEm kiwa'nEgwEcI ("you 
 are late;" osKm. "late," kt, 
 "you," and [/,c]r/'/*E^Ed "even- 
 ing." See Evining). 
 
 Laugh, pa'pi. 
 
 Lead, ockilcwumEn (Mrs, Bolin 
 stated that this word literally sig- 
 nified "it can be cut with a 
 knife." The radicals seem to be 
 kik or kick, "cut," and mb'kom^n, 
 "knife ; " b- is significant of the 
 third person). 
 
 Lead pencil, ocigEn (?). 
 
 Leg, okiid ; oka't ("his leg;" the 
 radical is kad or h'lt). 
 
 Legs, okalEu ("his legs;" -em is 
 plural suffix). 
 
 Leggings, mitas (the radical is tas ; 
 the exact signification of the mi- 
 is not known). 
 
 Light (lux), wasakwo'nl (literally 
 "it shines, is light ; " the radical 
 is icrisa, "bright, shining;" the 
 radical suffix -kwo'ni signifies 
 " flame, blazing "). 
 
 I^ightning, wasamowin ; wasamo eu 
 (the radical is w('(Sa, "shining, 
 bright "). 
 
 Lightning, wasaniawEk (" there are 
 flashes of lightning;" -w-Ek is 
 plural suffix). 
 
 Ijilg {renter-). <)k.\M\.'hn\'i (etymology? 
 Baraga has okitebagn-icassakwane, 
 "a kind of yellow flower growing 
 in tlie water;" toassakwane, 
 ••flower"). 
 
 Little {(i), pandji. 
 
 Log {oficood),kwaiM (etymology?). 
 
 /j07ig ago, m6-nwice (etymology?). 
 
 Looking-glass, w abi nio 'tcitcag WEn 
 (Mrs. Bolin explained this word 
 as meaning " where spirits are 
 seen ;" the word is derived from 
 the radical tcab, "to see," and 
 otcitcagwvji, "his ghost or spirit." 
 When the Indians looked into a
 
 41 
 
 mirror for the lirst time, they 
 tliouglit they saw their ghosts or 
 spirits. The Cree has wahamuu, 
 "mirror;" wnbamtiio, "il se 
 voit dans un miroir, " from the 
 radical 2C()b). 
 
 Look, mank (etymology?). 
 
 Lynx, pkifi' (etymology?). 
 
 M. 
 
 Marsh, tolu'gEn (with a suftix -(jEn 
 from the radical toto, " trembling, 
 infirm, insecure "). 
 
 Mini (homo), ini'ni (the exact etj'- 
 mology of this word is not 
 known : it is probably related to 
 the radical iuhi, "true, good." 
 Lacombe explains the Cree iyi/tiic 
 as "le principal etre, levraietre," 
 from root iyin). 
 
 Man {vir) (see Husband). 
 
 Man (i. e., Indian), ani'cina'be (see 
 Indian). 
 
 Man (young), ockine'gi (from the 
 radicals ockl, "new, fresh," and 
 /(e'</t := Nipissing nik, "to be 
 born;" literally " uew-born "). 
 
 Ma nitoulin Island, manilowa'ning 
 ("spirit abode "). 
 
 Miiple (hard), a'nina'tik (probably 
 " the tree par excellence," as Cuot^ 
 states, from ini/( or anin, "true, 
 excellent," and the sulhx radical 
 ■dtik, "tree;" a derivation from 
 aninl or intiu, "man," has also 
 been suggested, the idea being 
 that the sap of the maple resem- 
 bles the blood of man, hence 
 " man-tree "). 
 
 Maple (soft), tcigima'mic (-mic = 
 "tree." Etymology? Evidently 
 cognate with Lenapc schicchiki- 
 minschi). 
 
 Maple sap, Srl-iba'kwEt-abo ("sugar 
 
 liquid;" -ahd Is radical suffix = 
 "liquid "). 
 
 Maple seed, anina'tik miaikEn 
 ("maple seed "). 
 
 Maple S'lrjiir, anina'tik sisiba'kwEt ; 
 sisiba'kwEt (this word signifies 
 literally " squeezed stick ; " from 
 the radical sis, "squeezed, 
 pressed," and the suffix radical 
 •hd'kiDFJ, "stick"). 
 
 Martin, wabica'ci (etymology ? Pos- 
 sibly connected with the root wt'ih, 
 "white." The Cree wapistdn, 
 contains the same radical as first 
 component ; the corresponding 
 Lenape is icoaprhioess). 
 
 Mifskiiionge (Esox cstor), maski 
 no'nce (Cuoq derives the Nipis 
 smg mackinonjeirom. mac, "big," 
 and kinonje, "pike ;" he supports 
 this derivation by citing the fact 
 that ill one dialect the word has 
 the form nticikinonje). 
 
 Mat (for drying rice upon), op6dji- 
 gEn (etymology? The suffix is 
 ■Q'E.n ; the remainder of the word 
 is probably the same as Otcipwe 
 apakodjige, " I cover it." Com- 
 pare also Otcipwe apakwei, a 
 " lodge mat "). 
 
 Meat bird (Lanins septentr.), gwing- 
 gwic ; kwingkwic. 
 
 Meat, wi'-i-as ("flesh." See Flesh). 
 
 Medicine, macki'ki (this word, which 
 also signifies "herb, plant," is 
 probably from the radical seen in 
 the Nipissing mackosi, "prairie," 
 and Sauteux mackosi, "grass, 
 plant"). 
 
 Mcdicine-7nan,(\i&su\id\y\B\'in ; mide' 
 (winVn'i = man). 
 
 Meeting-house (see Church). 
 
 Midnight, 6bilK debikEt ("half 
 night ; " the radical obitE. signifies 
 "half"). 
 
 Milky iciiy, ua'mepakwe'bikEmi-
 
 42 
 
 towEt (^Irs. Boliii said this word 
 meant that "the sturgeon was 
 stirring up tlie lake of lieiiven 
 ■with his nose and making the 
 water "rily ; " the word seems to 
 be composed of iwme, "stur- 
 geon," and jidkice'bika'rra, "it is 
 turbid"). 
 Minnow, glgo'sens ("little fish;" 
 from the radical gigo, "a fish," 
 with the diminutive suflix -sens). 
 Mississngii, Misisa'ge ; Mlsisa'gwe 
 
 (see below). 
 Moccasin, omukEsin ("his mocca- 
 sin;" the etymology of this 
 word is very uncertain ; the rad- 
 ical may be vnlk, " to press "). 
 Mohawk, na'tdwe ("snake"). 
 Month, ninggoki'jic ("one moon"). 
 Moon, 'ki'zxs. (i.e., "star"); de'bl- 
 ki'zis (" night star or sun," from 
 the radical de'bik, "night," and 
 kVzis, "star"). 
 Moose, micewa ("elk"). 
 Moose, mons (etymology ? But there 
 is reason to believe that the word 
 signifies "the eater," in allusion 
 to the "ravage" of the animal). 
 Morning, gi'gicEp (properly " in the 
 morning early ; " the first part of 
 the word has not been explained, 
 the last is identical with Nipissing 
 jeba, " ce matin passe," and Ot- 
 cipwe j<'b<i, " this morning "). 
 Morning star, waban auKng (from 
 Wfi'ban, "it is day." and (Ui'E.ng, 
 "star"). 
 Mother, ningga ("my mother ;" the 
 
 radical is ga). 
 Mother, ninggii'na (" our mother") ; 
 aibi'gEnub ; gEbifi'nwes (these 
 two words were obtained from 
 Chief Johnston's niece ; they 
 seem to be peculiar to Mississaga, 
 and I heir etymology is not appa- 
 rent). 
 
 Mother, n do 'don ("my mother," 
 a children's word ; the radical is 
 (Iddon or dodo. Cuoq seems to 
 connect the corresponding Xipis- 
 sing djodjo with the word totoc, 
 "breast," but this is doubtful). 
 Mother-in-law, ninslgo'sis ("my 
 mother-in-law ; " this word is 
 used l)y the daughter-in-law ; the 
 radical is s'/go'sis, wliich is proba- 
 bly a diminutive of the word seen 
 in Nipissing siVi'os, "tante mater- 
 nelle," Otcipwe sigoss ; niasigo'- 
 sis would seem therefore to mean 
 " my little mother's sister "). 
 Mountain, wadji'u ; watciu (ety- 
 mology ?). 
 Mouse, wiv'wabEkwEno'dji ; wawa- 
 bEkwEno'ncI (Cuoq thinks that 
 the Nipissing icawi(bikonotre)ijic 
 is a diminutive of an earlier word, 
 wabikonotc, the exact etymology 
 of which is unknown ; perhaps 
 this latter is a diminutive of a 
 form iDdhikon). 
 Mouth, nintr/n (" my mouth ; " the 
 
 radical is ton). 
 MnrJi, nipiwa. 
 
 3I"d turtle, mi'cika (etymology?). 
 Muskrat, wiijaik ; wadjack (the 
 etymology of this word is very 
 uncertain ; for the Nipissing ira- 
 jack Cuoq suggests a derivation 
 from 'wnc, "the cabin of the 
 muskrat," and -ack, "plant," 
 because " il a sa ouaje dans les 
 joucs"). 
 Mosquito, sa'gimE (etymology?). 
 
 N. 
 
 Nails ( finger), ock6\\c\g{" his finger 
 nails ; " the radical is rkonc ; -ig 
 is plural suffix). 
 
 Near, bEcu' (the word is the radical 
 b-E.cu', "short ").
 
 43 
 
 Ned-, okwa'gEn ("his neck ;" the 
 radical is kwi'i'fjTS.n). 
 
 Needle, cahonigEiis (-s seems to be 
 a diminutive; -r/E/i is instrumen- 
 tal suflix, and the radical is fdho, 
 "through, pierce;" a needle is 
 " that which pierces or is thrown 
 through cloth, etc."). 
 
 Nepheip, iinicwi'ni (etjMiiology ?). 
 
 Neitle, uiKsons ; mEso'ns (Mrs. Bo- 
 lin explained this word as mean- 
 ing "fuzzy thing;" she consid- 
 ered it and the word for " nettle " 
 as being the same. The words 
 are difierent, however, in Otcipwe 
 and Nipissing). 
 
 iVbiier, ka'win wi'ka (Av'/'wt//, "not," 
 &n^wVka, "later, after"). 
 
 New. 6cke (" it is new ; " the radi- 
 cal seems to be ock. Compare 
 ack, " raw, green "). 
 
 Niece, nindo'djimis ("my niece;" 
 the radical is do'djimis). 
 
 Night, debikEt ("it is night;" -E< 
 is suffix, the radical is dcbik). 
 
 Night (last), debikoag (,-ong suffix 
 = "last"). 
 
 Nine, cangasvvi ; cangassT (this word 
 is composed of cKi/g and the radi- 
 cal suffix -aswi. Cuoq says that 
 cmg contains the idea of "inferi- 
 ority, imperfection ; " ranyasw'i 
 would seem to mean "the imper- 
 fect number," as compared with 
 ■mitdiwl, "ten." Compare Cree 
 keka mitaiat, " nine " ^^ "nearly 
 ten"). 
 
 Ninety, cangaso mila'uE ("nine 
 tens"). 
 
 No, ka ; ka ; kfiwin (the radical is 
 kit ; win is an augmentative par- 
 ticle). 
 
 Nonkoh hlnnd, minisinonkon (^Irs. 
 Bolin explained this word as sig- 
 nifying " woods - all - in - one-spot 
 island:" minis means "island ;" 
 
 noakon is i)robably from the root 
 non, "narrow, constricted"). 
 
 Noon, nawa'kwe (" it is the middle 
 of the day ; " the radical is vain, 
 " the middle, in the middle ;" the 
 literal signification of the word is 
 " it, the sun, is at the middle ; " 
 -dkice is a predicative suffix used 
 of the "sun"). 
 
 Nose, nidja'c ("my nose;" the 
 radical is dj<~tc. Nipissing djac 
 means " museau "). 
 
 Not, gago (probably a compound 
 of ka, "no"). 
 
 Nut (hazel), pakanins (this is a di- 
 minutive with ihe suffix -ins, 
 fvom pahU, "hickory nut"). 
 
 O. 
 
 Oak (black), miiigomic (this word 
 is derived from miligb for mitik, 
 "tree," and -ntic, "shrub;" 
 the acorn is miivjomia, " wood- 
 fruit"). 
 
 Oak (white), mi'cimic ("the big 
 tree;" ?««'d, "big," and -inic, 
 "tree, shrub "). 
 
 Oar, acalin'djEndk (this is a deriva- 
 tive from a more jirimitive form 
 seen in the Otcipwe ajeboian ; the 
 radical is a(V', "backward" See 
 Row. Compare Cree "SSfi)*^, "il 
 va en arriere etant assis"). 
 
 Oats, papa'djikoko'ciini'djin (ml- 
 djin is radical signifying "eat, 
 food ; " the whole word literally 
 means "horses' food"). 
 
 Often, ninindjim (Cuoq attaches the 
 corresponding Xipissing nanin- 
 gim to the radical ningim, 
 "quickly;" the word is formed 
 by reduplication). 
 
 Old, kclc (used as prefix adjective). 
 
 Old xDontan, mindimo'nyi (etymol- 
 ogy?).
 
 44 
 
 One, pe'cik (the derivation of this 
 word is not yet ceitaiu. Dr. J. H. 
 Trumbull compares with Otcipwe 
 pejig the Massachusetts pasuk, 
 "one onlj'," and concludes that 
 this Algonkian word for "one" 
 really signifies "a very small 
 thing"). 
 
 One, ninggo (used with nouns, etc.; 
 etymology?). 
 
 Otcipwe, otcipwe (etymology ? See 
 below). 
 
 Otter, nigik (etymology?). 
 
 Oicl, kokoko (of onomatopa>ic ori- 
 gin). 
 
 Old (ichite), wa'bi kokoko (" white 
 owl"). 
 
 Ox, pi'djiki (etymology? In Cree 
 pijiskiui has the general sense of 
 "animal"). 
 
 Fuddle, abwe (etymologj'^ ?) 
 
 Faddle (to), tcime'n (see Canoe). 
 
 Paper, iiiasi'na'IgEn (derived from 
 the radical mdsina , which signifies 
 "painted, written," etc ; gEn is 
 suffix of agent instrument ; "pa- 
 per " is "that on which some- 
 thing is written "). 
 
 ParcJied rice, kapi^igsn (derived 
 with the suffix -gEn from the rad- 
 ical kupis, " fragile "). 
 
 Partridge, pine' (in some Algonkian 
 dialects tliis is the word for 
 "bird;" and it is curious that 
 tlie Mississaga word for "bird," 
 pine'cl or bine'cl, is a diminutive 
 of this radical. Compare Cree 
 pihyew, "partridge," and piyesis, 
 "bird"). 
 
 Pen, migwEn (literally " feather "). 
 
 Pepper, wKSKkEn (" the bitter 
 thing;" from the radical wese^-, 
 "bitter, piquant"). 
 
 Perch {fish), Esfi'wa ; Esa'wens ; 
 Esfi'wis (etymology? The second 
 and third words appear to have a 
 diminutive suffix -ns). 
 
 Pickerel, oka'. 
 
 Pigeon (loild), omi'mi (etymology?). 
 
 Pike {fish), kino'nce (probably from 
 the radical kVnd, expressing the 
 idea "long, pointed." Lacombe 
 derives WiQ Qyqq kinosew, "fish," 
 from the root kin, "pointed, 
 long"). 
 
 Pine, cinggwak (etymology? But 
 compare cinggoj), " fir "). 
 
 Pipe {tobacco), opofi'gEn; opwa'gEQ 
 (this word is formed by means of 
 the instrumental suftix -gEn from 
 a radical pwd, " to smoke "). 
 
 Plate, onfi'gEn {-gEn is suffix of in- 
 strument or agent). 
 
 Plum, pakESEn (etymology?). 
 
 Poi/it {of land), neyici (from the 
 radical ne, "a point of land "). 
 
 Porcupine, k-a'-k ("rough, bristly." 
 Lacombe derives the correspond- 
 ing Cree word kftkioa from the 
 radical kakk, " rough, hard to the 
 touch "). 
 
 Portage, wfi'nigEm (this corres- 
 ponds, with vocal change, to Nipis- 
 sing onikam and Oici^weonigam). 
 
 Port Perry, oda'nE ("town "). 
 
 Pot {stove), okfi'kik ; o'kEtfi'kik 
 (Cuoq derives the Nipissing okcU- 
 akik from okat, "his leg," and 
 akik, "kettle;" the word signi- 
 fying " a pot with legs "). 
 
 Potato, opin ; opi'ni (this word ap- 
 pears to have been given in various 
 Algonkian dialects to other sub- 
 terranean fruits and vegetables 
 than the potato). 
 
 Powder {gun), mnkade (literally, " it 
 is black "). 
 
 Powder-horn, bindEkatewEn ("tliat 
 in which powder is put ; " from
 
 45 
 
 hind, radical signifying " in," and 
 rrmkatv, " powder ; " -n suflix). 
 
 Prairie, mEskwaio (from tlie same 
 radical, w^E«^•, seen in Cree mask- 
 utew, "prairie ; " masknsiy, 
 " grass ; " Nipissing mackote). 
 
 Pumpkin, ogwicIoiEn (etymology?) 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queen, 6'giraa'kwa ; o'kima'kwa 
 (" female chief ;" formed by the 
 suffix -kwrt, "woman," from 
 d'kimd, "chief"). 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit, wapus ; wfipos (a derivative 
 from the root Wiib, " to be white," 
 by reason of the color of the ani- 
 mal in winter ; if -s represents 
 here a diminutive suffix, then 
 wapos will be "the little white 
 one"). 
 
 Raccoon, assibF.n ; e'ssibEn (the ety- 
 mology of this word is not quite 
 certain ; ]\Irs. Jameson says there 
 is a legend that the raccoon was 
 made from a shell on the shore, 
 and that his name signifies liter- 
 ally "he was a shell," fromfs, "a 
 shell," and -pErt or -6e«, a suffix 
 expressing what is past ; Caoq, 
 however, says that the word 
 means "the animal that feeds on 
 oysters ; " in any case the radical 
 is «s, "shell, oyster"). 
 
 Rain, ki'miwEn ("it is raining- ; " 
 Lacombe seems to derive the Cree 
 kimiwan from the root kim, "en 
 secret ; " -iCKn is predicative suf- 
 fix). 
 
 RainboiD, o'tEgwa'nibi'isEn ("the 
 coverer of the rain ; " from o'tEg- 
 ird'ni, "lie covers it," and the 
 radical suffix, -bl'-tSKn, "rain;" 
 
 the Indians believed that the 
 Great Si)irit covered the rain with 
 his mantle). 
 
 Raspberry, miskwimin ("blood- 
 berry;" miskm, "blood," and 
 7nin, " berry "). 
 
 Rat, gitci wri'wribEkwEno'dji("big 
 mouse "). 
 
 Rattle, cicigwEn (this word contains 
 the sutlix -icE7i; the first part is 
 probably onomatopo'ic and con- 
 nected with tlie word for rattle- 
 snake). 
 
 Rattlesnake, cicigwe; cicigwa (prob- 
 ably of onomatopoeic origin). 
 
 Raven, kakaki' (of onomatopoeic 
 origin). 
 
 Razor, gackiba'djigEn (formed.with 
 the instrumental suffix -g^n, from 
 the radical i/rtcA:, "to scrape;" a 
 razor is "that with which one 
 scrapes or shaves." Nipissing 
 kackibas, "seraser"). 
 
 Red, miskwa ("it is red;" the 
 words for "red" and "blood" 
 seem to come both from the same 
 stem, misko or misk, " red or 
 blood -colored "). 
 
 Redwood, miskwa'biniic (this word 
 probably signifies "dysentery 
 shrub ; " from miskica bl, "bloody 
 flux, dysentery," and -mic, 
 "shrub." According to Cuoq 
 the Indians used its bark to stop 
 the flow of blood"). 
 
 Reindeer (not known). 
 
 Ribbon, scnipEn (this word appears 
 to be a borrowed term ; Cuoq 
 gives in Nipissing deniband as 
 from French du ruban, and the 
 Mississaga senipmi is probably 
 the same word with s = d). 
 
 Rice (wild), mEno'min (the last 
 part of this word is tnin, "fruit, 
 grain ; " what the first part signi- 
 fies is not certain ; perhaps it is
 
 46 
 
 from the root seen in Xipissing 
 man, "to lift, to tuke away,'' in 
 reference to the method of thresh, 
 ing the rice into the canoes). 
 
 Rice (parcJied) (see Parched rice). 
 
 Right Itiind (see Hand). 
 
 Ring {finger), tetlbiniadjibiso'n 
 (this word seems to consist of the 
 radicals tetib, "around, round," 
 nind), "hand," and hlsdn, "gir- 
 dle"). 
 
 Rioer, sibi ; sIpT (i)erhaps cognate 
 ■with the Cree radical sip, "qui 
 s'etend "). 
 
 Road, mi'kEn (etymology?). 
 
 Robin, opi'tci (etymology?). 
 
 Rocli, otci'pik (ihc sutlix radical -bik, 
 dbik = " mineral, stone," etc., 
 seems to be contained in this 
 word). 
 
 Roof, optikwEn ("the cover of the 
 house ; " from the radical opuk, 
 through the verb opukice, " to 
 cover a house," with sufB.x. The 
 Mississaga word is identical with 
 the Cree apakkwan and Nipissiug 
 apakwan, and differs from the less 
 primitive apakodjigan of the Ot- 
 
 cipwO)- 
 Row (».), nind acebo'yE ("I row;" 
 the idea in "row" is to "sit 
 backwards," from the radical 
 dee, "back, backwards;" the 
 ■word literally signifies "I move 
 backwards sitting "). 
 
 S. 
 
 Salt, si'ala'veg (this is probably the 
 same word as the Ni pissing ci9.€it- 
 agan, which comes from the radi- 
 cal ciw, "acid, bitter, salt"). 
 
 Salmon, aca'mEk ; acawil'mEk (the 
 last part of this word is the suffix 
 radical — I'nnKk, "fish") 
 
 Sarsaparilla, oka'dEk ("his leg 
 
 root ; " 0- pronoun, hid radical ^= 
 "leg," -Kk radical suHix signify- 
 ing " w^ood, tree, root ; " so called 
 from its shape). 
 
 Sassafras, menagwfi'kimic ("the 
 scented tree ; " literally "it gives 
 forth an odor shrub;" from the 
 radical menam, "smell," through 
 W\Q yc'ch menagos, "to give forth 
 a smell," and the suffix -mic, 
 "tree, shrub." Compare Otcipwe 
 meruigwad, " it smells "). 
 
 Saviour, Our (Christ), kitce mfi'nitu 
 (t. e., "God"). 
 
 Screech-owl, kokoko (onomatojio'ic). 
 
 Sea, kitciga'mi' ; gigilciga'me ("big 
 water ;" kilci, "big," and -gu'me, 
 radical sutlix signifv'ing '■ body of 
 water;" g'lgitcl is reduplicated 
 from kifn or gitr'i. See Lake). 
 
 See, ovviTbundEn ("he sees it"). 
 
 Seed, minikKn (etymology?). 
 
 Seven, nicwa'si ; nicwa'swi ("two 
 more " or "two -{• five ;" nic, 
 "two," and n'swi. See Five). 
 
 Seventy, nicwa'si mi a'nE ("seven 
 tens"). 
 
 Shave (v.), kackiha'cu (see Razor). 
 
 Sheep, manEla'nic (Mrs. Bolin stated 
 that this word meant " the animal 
 ■whose hide is not durable," or 
 "damaged hide ;" the correspond- 
 ing Cree is mestjanis) . 
 
 Shirt, piipEkEwe'-i-En ("thin skin" 
 or "thin wearing ;" from the rad- 
 ical jmpKkK, "thin," and the 
 radical suffix -ice''%-Kn, "skin, 
 fur"). 
 
 Shoe. mokESEn (this word has been 
 influenced by English pronuncia- 
 tion. See Moccasin). 
 
 Shoe, mi'tikwa'kEsin(" wood-shoe;" 
 composed of mitig, " ■wood," and 
 mvkEsin or mi~>'kKsi/i, "shoe "). 
 
 Shool (v.), packiiigE ("he shoots ;" 
 see Oun).
 
 47 
 
 Shot (n.), ci'cil)iviiwins ("little 
 duck-ball;" cicih, "duck," ivnd 
 dnwins, diminutive of anui, "ball 
 bullet, arrow;" in Xipissing, 
 anwi means "arrow" only, a 
 sense which it has not in Otcipwc. 
 The Toronto MS. has for " shot " 
 shissibanoneii). 
 
 Shoulder, odiDlmanggEn ("his 
 shoulder;" the radical is Oiiil- 
 mangg-Eti. Cuoq connects the 
 Nipissing tinimaagnn with the 
 r a d i c a 1 tinigan, "shoulder- 
 blade "). 
 
 Silter, wfibiskE co'nia ("white 
 money ;" from the stem tcahiski, 
 an enlargement of the radical 
 vdb, "white," and cd'nia, 
 " money, silver "). 
 
 Sisiei; ni'tikik ; r.i'tiirik ; ni'liki' 
 ("ray sister ;" the radical \stikik, 
 " sist er of a woman " ) . 
 
 Sister (y oung e )'), ocVmKyEn ("his 
 sister ; " the radical is ci'mK). 
 
 Sister (^elder), nimissKu ("my sis- 
 ter ;" the radical is mmE). 
 
 Sister-in-law, ninim ("my sister-in- 
 law ; " the radical is nim). 
 
 Six, ningo'twas ("one -|- five;" nin- 
 gb't, d^icl). 
 
 Sixty, ningotwasi mita'nE (" six 
 tens"). 
 
 Skugog island, minis (" island "). 
 
 Skugog lake, pidjo'gEn sku'EgogC?). 
 
 Skunk, cikog (" the urinator;" from 
 the radical cik, " to urinate"). 
 
 Sky, gi'cik ; ki'ziku (etymology ? 
 In Nipissing, A'/j'/X- signifies " day" 
 only). 
 
 Sleep (v.), nipfi'. 
 
 Sleigh, ci'boggEn (origin?). 
 
 Sleigh, ota'bKu ("that on which 
 something is drawn or transport- 
 ed ;" from the radical ota'bv:, "to 
 carry, to transport "). 
 
 Small, Ekfi'sin (" it is small ;" from 
 the radical— k/.v7's, " small "). 
 
 Smoke (v.), kikfi'maiiu'te ("it 
 smokes " ). 
 
 Snake, kine'pik (from the radical 
 kin, "long, pointed "). 
 
 Snaki' (greeii), osawaskogine'hikons 
 (" little green snake ;" -ons is di- 
 minutive). 
 
 Snoir, kun. 
 
 Snow (v.), so'gipo ("it snows;" 
 properly " to fall in flakes ;" from 
 the radical so'k't, " much, in a 
 heap, numerously," and the rad- 
 ical sufilx -po, " to snow "). 
 
 Snoirshoe, a'kim ; agim (etymol- 
 ogy ''.)■ 
 
 Soft, no'ka ("it is soft"). 
 
 Soldier, cima'gKuic (derivative of 
 clmi'i'gKn, "lance, spear"). 
 
 Son, ningwls (" my son ;" the radi- 
 cal is g/ris). 
 
 Son (adopted), ningwissikE ("my 
 adopted son "). 
 
 Son-in-law, iiiningwEn ("my son- 
 in-law ;" the radical is ningwEn). 
 
 Speak, ki'kiio ("he speaks "). 
 
 Spear, onit (etymology?). 
 
 Spider, Ef-a'pIka'Eci ("the net- 
 maker;" through the verb E.«a'- 
 ptka, "to make a net;" from 
 the radical Esa'p, " a net "). 
 
 Spirit (ghost), 6'tciica'g ("his 
 spirit ;" the radical is tn'tci'ig). 
 
 Spirit (bad), ma'djiotcitca'g (mil'dji 
 =■- " bad "). 
 
 Spirit, evil (devil), madji munidu ; 
 matcT ma'nitu. 
 
 Spirit, holy (Holy Ohost), gitci o't- 
 cltcag (gitci = " great "). 
 
 Spoon, EmikwEn (etymology?). 
 
 Spring (irell), tEkib (probably from 
 the radical tv.kvi or tv.ki, "cool, 
 cold," in reference to the temper- 
 ature of the water). 
 
 Spring (season), mino'kami ; miuo'- 
 kEmi (literally "the water is 
 good [for navigating] ;" from 
 the radical mlno, "good," and
 
 48 
 
 the radical suflix kdm'i or ktml, 
 •' water "). 
 
 Spring (last), mino'kaming (-ng = 
 "last"). 
 
 Spruce, kawa'ndak (" the tree with 
 narrow, pointed leaves ;" from 
 the radical kit, "sharp, prickl}^ 
 pointed,'' and the radical suflix 
 a'ndak, which denotes tiie foliage 
 of evergreen trees). 
 
 Squirrel, atci'tanion ; a t c i' t a m o 
 (Cnocj derives the Nipissing atcit- 
 arno from (ttcit, " head first," and 
 -am, relating to the "mouth;" 
 the animal is so named from the 
 way in which lie descends trees, 
 
 etc. )• 
 
 Star, anang ; anaagki (signification 
 of -ki is uncertain). 
 
 Steer (v.), ota'ki-:. 
 
 Step (v.), tEkwKki ; tnkwfzk ("he 
 steps "). 
 
 Stick (for threshing rice), pawEg- 
 milik (from the radical pain^-n, 
 "to thrash or beat with a stick," 
 and miiik, "stick "). 
 
 Stick, mi'tik ; niitig. 
 
 Storking, cibignomita's ("long leg- 
 gings ;" from the radical rib, 
 "long," and mltd's, "leg- 
 ging")- 
 
 Stone, assen ; assi'n ; asi'n (the 
 Cree assiniy, "stone," seems to 
 be cognate with assan, " dur, 
 solide"). 
 
 Stove, pi wa'bikisikKn ( from ^)? tri'i'bik, 
 " iron, "and kisikMu, "warmer "). 
 
 Strawberry, ote'min ("his heart 
 fruit," 0, te, miti ; from its 
 siiape). 
 
 Sturgeon, name' (in some dialects 
 this word means " fish "). 
 
 Sucker (fish), uame'pin (a deriva- 
 tive from nam?', which in some 
 dialects signifies " fish '"). 
 
 Sugar, sisiba'kwEt (see Maplesugar. 
 
 Cuoq, however, connects Cree 
 sisipaskirat with sinib, "duck"). 
 
 Sugar, sicapa'wa (the preceding 
 word was thus imperfectly pro- 
 nounced by one Indian). 
 
 Sumach, pakwKiiimic ("the tree 
 that bears llie pd'kwEfi ; -mie, 
 "tree, shrub '). 
 
 Sumach -fruit, pakwi:a (etymol- 
 ogy ''■)■ 
 
 Summer, ni'pin (etymology?). 
 
 Summer (last), ni'binong (-ong = 
 "last"). 
 
 Sun, ki'zis (etymology?). 
 
 Sunday, animi'i-: gi'cikEt ( " w'orship 
 day"). 
 
 Sunfish, okvvKta'ci (etymology?). 
 
 Sirallotr (bird), sasi'nibiciag (ety- 
 mology?). 
 
 Swamp, niEskeg (etymology?). 
 
 Swan, wabi'?! ("the white bird;" 
 from the radical wfib, "while, to 
 be white, "and the radical suftix 
 ■si, "bird"). 
 
 Swim (v.), pima'takp: (from the rad- 
 ical pim, used as a prefix in cer- 
 tain verbs of movement, and the 
 radical suflix d'takK, "to move 
 througli the water, to swim "). 
 
 Take («.), iiind oda'pinK ("I take 
 it;" the radical is odd' pin, 
 "take"). 
 
 Tallow (deer's), maskKwa'dji pi'- 
 mitE ("frozen grease ;" the rad- 
 ical of the first component is 
 rndska, "hard, stiff"). 
 
 Tamarack, mKskegwa'tik ("swamp 
 tree;" from mKskeg, "swamp," 
 and the radical suffix -d'tik, -wd'- 
 tik, "plant"). 
 
 Teacher, kiki'uuEnama'kE ("he 
 teaches ").
 
 49 
 
 Teetli, niwi'Ijitii ("my leolh ; " (lie 
 radical is bit; literally"! have 
 teeth"). 
 
 Tea, miia'sl; miiaswT. 
 
 Thank yon, uiinvvKlc. 
 
 That one, Iiii.u. 
 
 There, luiawo'I. 
 
 Thimble berry, orla'taka'gomin (etj*- 
 mology? -?«///==" berry "). 
 
 Thirty, nl'simila'iiE ("three tens "). 
 
 Thread, sasEbKb (see Xet). 
 
 Three, ni'swi. 
 
 Thunder, anEmi'ki (etymology?). 
 
 Ihunder bird, (\ n i; in i k I pine'ci 
 ("thunder bird "). 
 
 Tin, wfi'liabik ("white metal;" 
 from the radical w<'ib,"vi\\\le," and 
 the radical sufhx -d'bik, " metal, 
 mineral." Compare French /e?-- 
 bla}ic). 
 
 Toad, omukEki ("frog"); papTgo- 
 miikEki (Mrs. Bolin said this 
 word signified "rough frog;" 
 Cuoq, however, derives the cor- 
 responding Nipissing paj^ikoma- 
 kaki from papik, "flea," makaki, 
 "frog;" the Cree pipikwatetteir, 
 "toad," which Lacombe connects 
 "with pipikusitr, "it is rough," 
 seems to favor the former ety- 
 mology). 
 
 Tobacco, se'mE. 
 
 To-day, n6ug6m gi'cikEt ("now 
 day;" nongom, "now," from 
 radical nonrj ; gVclkv.t, "day." 
 Compare English "nowa- 
 days"). 
 
 Toes, ui'bin6kwEnisEtEn (literally 
 "the series of daughters of the 
 foot;" the first component of 
 this word is the radical nl'binK, 
 "in a row, in succession;" the 
 last, SE/E/i = N i p i s s i n g siian, 
 "toe," from sit, "foot;" Kn = 
 Nipissing an, "daughter"). 
 
 Tomorrow, wa'bunk (a derivative 
 
 from iril'bKn, "it is daj', "which 
 comes from the root wi'ib, 
 "light"). 
 
 To-morrow mominrj, wabiinki gl'cEp 
 (g'lcep = ' ' morn i n g " ) . 
 
 Tongue, Din(\E.au,' am ("my tongue;" 
 the radical is dv.nfi'n'iii). 
 
 Torch, waswa'gEn (derived by the 
 instrumental suffix -gvji from the 
 radical waswa, "to tish by the 
 light of a torch "). 
 
 Toronto, g i t c e 6 d fi' n e ( " big 
 town "). 
 
 Totem, odo'dEm ("his totem ;" the 
 radical is o'dFjn. Schoolcraft 
 connected this word with the root 
 seen in Otcipwe odena, "village, 
 town;" Dr. .T. H. Trumbull 
 thinks it is from the verb "to 
 have;" in Oici{>v;(t oduhyann, "he 
 has;" Massachusetts oht-au, "he 
 has;" neither of these etymolo- 
 gies is very satisfactory. Cuoq 
 seeks to connect ote with te, 
 "heart"). 
 
 Trap {for killing animals), dasomx'- 
 gEn {-gvji is instrumental suffix ; 
 the radical is ddsona, "to catch 
 in a trap "). 
 
 Tree (no word in use to express the 
 general idea ; one Indian, how- 
 ever, used mttig). 
 
 Tree' (species?), likakwo'nic (ety- 
 mology?). 
 
 Tree-frog, gi'kibingwakwa (et3'mol. 
 ogy ?). 
 
 Tribal name, Mississu'ge ; Misita'ge 
 (see below). 
 
 Trolling line, uda'djiko'kEn (-kKn 
 is instrumental suffix ; the verb 
 odiVdjlkokK, "to fish with a hook 
 and line," may be connected 
 with the radical verb ^r^'^E, "to 
 draw, to pull." See Fishing line). 
 
 Trout, name'gfis (a derivative from 
 the radical nil mi''. See Sturgeon).
 
 50 
 
 Trunk (box), nil'iif^wac (from mlti;/, 
 "wood,"' and irnr, radical, sigai- 
 fyini>; "cavity, hollow." See 
 Frenchman) . 
 
 Turkey (tame or wild), misi'sE ( " the 
 great bird;" from the radical 
 misi, "greal," and the radical 
 suffix -SK, " bird "). 
 
 Turnip, tcis (perhaps "pointed"). 
 
 Twenty, nicta'nK (" two tens "). 
 
 Two, nic. 
 
 U. 
 
 Urjly, wi'nKt (" it is dirty ; " from 
 the radical w'm, "dirty"). 
 
 Uncle, nicice ("my mother's 
 brother ; " the radical is cVce). 
 
 Utich, nimicomin ("my father's 
 brother ;" the radical is micdmin). 
 
 Valley, wa'nati'nE (literally "the 
 mountain is hollow;" from the 
 radical wiin, "hollow," and the 
 radical suffix -dtin). 
 
 Villa(je, oda'nons (diminutive, by 
 the suffix -ons, of d(ld'7iK, 
 "town "). 
 
 W. 
 
 Wafjon, titibi'sE ("it rolls;" from 
 the radical titib, "round, 
 around "'). 
 
 Wagon, ota'bEn ; o d a' b k n (see 
 SltigJi). 
 
 Walk (i\), pimu'sE (from pirn, a 
 verbal prefix, and the radical suf- 
 fix -usK, " to go on foot "). 
 
 Wampum, migis. 
 
 Want (v.), niwidjE ("I desire;" 
 the radical is icidj). 
 
 War, miga'tiwin ("fighting;" 
 formed, with the abstract suffix 
 
 -(l')win, from the radical mlgd, 
 which expresses the idea, "to 
 fight"). 
 
 War-club, pikwJi'kwKto'pakamEgEn 
 ("ball club;" from pikiri'i'kicKt, 
 " ball," and jyakdrnKgEn, "club ;" 
 this last, as Cree pakahamnw, " he 
 strilvcs, " shows, is from root;>a^a, 
 "to strike," with suffix -gKn). 
 
 War-hatchet, t c i k a m i k w e a (see 
 Hatchet). 
 
 Warm, gico'tE ("the weather is 
 warm;" from the radical gic, 
 "warm "). 
 
 Warrior, migii'sowinrnl ("war 
 man "). 
 
 Wash (v.), gi'sibigE -ik E ("he 
 washes "). 
 
 Wasp, fimo (etymology?). 
 
 Watch, tibK-igi'ziswEu ("sun meas- 
 urer ;" from the radicals <»6e, ex- 
 pressing the idea of "measure," 
 and gVzis, "sun;" -ic^n is suf- 
 fix). 
 
 Water, nipi. 
 
 Waterfall, kakabi'kEii (from kdka- 
 b'l'kK, "a perpendicular cliff or 
 rock," which from the radical 
 kaka or kak, "angular "). 
 
 WcUer lily, okita'bEk (etj'mology?). 
 
 Wave (n.), ti'kowEk ("waves;" 
 -E^ is plural suffix). 
 
 TFiax, a'mopi'mitE ("bee grease"). 
 
 Weasel, cingus (perhaps -its is di- 
 minutive). 
 
 Week, n-g6t:1'sigi'cIkEt ("six days;" 
 ngo't or ningdt, d'8l = ct'8icl, gi'- 
 clkKt ; Sunday not included). 
 
 Wheel, tilibi'SE (see Wagon). 
 
 Well (spring), tEkib (see Spring). 
 
 West, apEngicimuk ("towards the 
 sunset;" a- locative prefix; pvM- 
 giclmb, " the sun sets," Irom the 
 radical pKngi'cin, "to fall ;" -k, 
 suffix). 
 
 What? aninginE ; aningginE (the
 
 51 
 
 existence of the Nipissing aain, 
 engi seems to make it probable 
 that the Mississaga word lias suf- 
 fered from metathesis). 
 
 What? ani'n? 
 
 Wheat, pakwe'cikKnKck ("bread 
 herb;" pakire'c'tkv.n, "bread," 
 and -v.ck, radical sufHx, signifying 
 "herb, plant "). 
 
 When, opi'lKC ; u'pi'dKC (from dpi, 
 "when," and tv.c, "and ;" prop- 
 erly = "and when," used in nar- 
 ration). 
 
 Where? anindi (from an'in, "what," 
 and the radical suffix, '/i, "place, 
 spot"). 
 
 Whisky, icku'dewa'pu ; ickii'tewa'- 
 bo (" fire liquid ;" icku'te, " fire," 
 and -ica'bd, radical suffix ^ " liq- 
 uid "). 
 
 Whistle («.), kwickwie (onomato- 
 pfl?ic). 
 
 White, wupickE ("it is white ;" a 
 derivative from the radical icab, 
 "white"). 
 
 Whitefisli, atikamek ("caribou- 
 fish;" atik, "deer," and -amik, 
 radical suffix = "fish "). 
 
 W7iite man, cii'gEnac (Cuoq derives 
 the Algonkian variants of this 
 word all from French anglais: 
 he states that the earlier form of 
 the Nipissing aganeca was angal- 
 eca). 
 
 Wick (see Lampirick). 
 
 Wife, oraintEmu'-Enic ("his wife ;" 
 literally "his bad old woman ;" 
 0-, possessive prefix; 7nintKm<yiK, 
 "old woman," and -(V, pejorative 
 suffix). 
 
 Wildcat, piju' ; piciu' (etymology?). 
 
 Wild currants {black) (see Cur- 
 rants). 
 
 Wild goose, nika,' (etymology"?). 
 
 Wind, no'din (" it blows "). 
 
 Wind (east), wtl'bEnino'diu (from 
 
 icd'bKn, "east," and no'din, 
 "wind"). 
 
 Wind (north), kiwe'din ("the home 
 wind;" from the radical klir,', 
 "to turn, to return home," and 
 no'din, " wind "). 
 
 Trz«'/(«OM^/0.cawEninodin(from the 
 radicals caicKn, "south," and 
 no'din, " wind "). 
 
 Wind(irest), ninka'beEnnu'din (nin- 
 ki'i'beKn, "west," and no'din, 
 "wind"). 
 
 Window, wasiT'dJEkEn ("that by 
 which the light comes in ; " from 
 (rasadjv., "it is light," and the 
 instrumental suffix -kFji). 
 
 Wine, miskwfi'gamik ("the red 
 liquid;" from misktra, "it is 
 red, " and the radical suffix n'gaini, 
 " liquid, liquor "). 
 
 Wing, oniQgwi'kEnE ("he has 
 wings ;" the radical x^dningtcikv.n, 
 "wing," which comes from the 
 root ningm, " armpit," according 
 to Cuoq). 
 
 Winter, pipo'n ; pTpo'En. 
 
 Winter {last), pipo nong {-ong, suf- 
 fix =" last"). 
 
 Wire, piwfi'bikons (a diminutive by 
 the suffix -071S from inicabik, 
 "iron ; " "liitle iron "). 
 
 Wolf, ma-inggEu (the etymology 
 of this word is not yet known ; 
 perhaps it signifies " thetearer "). 
 
 Woman, ekwa ; ekwa' (etymology?). 
 
 Woman {old), mindimo'nyi (ety- 
 mology?). 
 
 Wood (stick), milig, mitik. 
 
 Wood (fire-), mici. 
 
 Woodpecker {species?), papassE (on- 
 omatopceic?). 
 
 Wool, manKla'nicu'biwa'i ("the 
 sheep his hair ;" bl'ical, radical = 
 " hair, pilus "). 
 
 Worms (earth), cigEna'usuk (-?/i' is 
 plural suffix).
 
 52 
 
 Worms (tape), okasa'gimiik (-i/k, 
 
 plural suffix). 
 Write, nincl ocipiEn ("I write;" 
 
 from the radical del, "lo make ; " 
 
 literally, "I make marks upon 
 
 something "). 
 
 Yarn, owu'tuk ; owa'tug (etymol- 
 ogy •)• 
 
 Year, pIpo'Eu ("winter"). 
 
 Yeast, umbisigi'kEii (from the radi- 
 cal seen in Otcipwe ombisse, " I 
 fly up in the air ;" ombishka, "I 
 rise on high ;" whence oinbissit- 
 cMgan, "yeast "). 
 
 Yellow, osfi'wE (" it is yellow "). 
 
 Yes, e ; e. 
 
 Yesterday, pitcina'go (composed of 
 the radicals jiifn and -ond'go, the 
 last signifying "past;" pilc'i, 
 perhaps, means "distant"). 
 
 Yesterday (the day before), kltcE 
 EWESEnfi'go (this word prol)ably 
 signifies the "day before the day 
 before yesterday, big yesterday ;" 
 kili'K, " big, " EWKS; ' ' far off, "and 
 -ona'gd, "past "). 
 
 You., ki. 
 
 Young girl, ockinekwa (from the 
 radical sock, "young, new," and 
 <'k)cd, " woman "). 
 
 Yoitng man, ockiua'we (from the 
 radical ock, "new," and suffix 
 -a' we). 
 
 Mythological Texts. 
 
 Much of the old mythology of the Mississagas is now forgotten (see 
 Journ. of Amcr. Folk-Lore, ii, 141-147; iii, 149-154). Still there are a 
 few amongst them who remember something of the lore of their people 
 in former days and are willing to tell it, though there appears to exist a 
 prejudice against bringing up again the reminiscences of the old heathen 
 times. Mrs. Bolin is regarded as the wisest of the Indians in the matter 
 of the history of her jieople and their beliefs in the past, and from her 
 the greater part of the information here recorded was obtained. 
 
 A. — Of the great deluge legend the writer was able to secure but a 
 fragment: "When there was a flood on the earth Waniboju' gathered 
 together the animals. He got into his boat and then he sent down the 
 muskrat. The muskrat dived and then he brought up some earth in his 
 claws." 
 
 The occurrence of the "canoe " instead of the " raft " (which is more 
 usual in this Algonkian myth) is noteworthy. 
 
 B. — Another fragment tells of the ten men who went to visit Wani- 
 boju' in the land of the sun-down. When they reached it, after many 
 days' journeying, they found the game so plentiful that the porcupines 
 were crawling over Waniboju'. 
 
 At Skijgog the name of the Algonkian hero, variously known as Nani- 
 boju, Nanabush, Manabush, etc., is pronounced AVaniboju'. 
 
 C. — A very brief legend relates that the "fox-bird," known in Missis- 
 saga as a'ni&k, was formerly a little girl who lost herself in the woods and 
 became a bird. 
 
 D. — Some animal myths and beast ftibles are still remembered at
 
 53 
 
 Skugog. One of llicsc, relating to the liabbit, the Frog and the Moose, 
 is as follows : * 
 
 "The Rabbit and the Frog 'clubbed together' to kill the Moose, and 
 they did kill him. First the Frog tracked him and came to tell the 
 Rabbit the prospects. lie said : ' It was something very mysterious ; he 
 steps on every other hill.' Tlien the two went out together and killed 
 the Moose, and they gathered the blood. Then the Rabbit asked the 
 Frog what he would do if the 'enemy' (the Wolf) came along. ' Oh ! ' 
 said he, ' I would cut a hole in the vessel in which the blood is, and, 
 when it runs out, crawl into the ground.' " 
 
 In this curious myth the wolf is not called by his usual name (mamg- 
 gEn), but is evidently given a figurative one, the signification of which 
 Mrs. Bolin did not clearly comprehend. She said the first part of the 
 word (mi'giskEnitE) meant "a fish-hook," while tlie last signified "a 
 living animal." In some other animal myths the wolf is known as "the 
 enemy." "The frog is mighty clever," said ^Irs. Bolin ; "he crawls in 
 and hides himself wherever there is moisture." So when the blood was 
 spilt the frog would disappear into the ground. 
 
 E. The Raccoon and the Crnicfish. — "The Raccoon was very fond of 
 Crawfish, so he disguised himself to deceive them. He lay down on the 
 lake shore and let his tail and hindquarters into the water. By and b}^ a 
 Crawfish came and pinched him to see if he were dead, which the Rac- 
 coon pretended to be, and didn't mind the pinches he got. The Crawfish 
 then went away and told the other crawfish that he had found the Rac- 
 coon that had ' chewed ' so many of them last summer. So more of them 
 came and pinched the Raccoon and were very glad that their enemy was 
 dead. But by and by, when a large number of crawfish had gathered 
 round him, the Raccoon suddenly jumped up and caught them and had 
 a great feast. Soon afterwards the Raccoon came across the Wolf. He 
 wrapped up some of his own excrement very neatly and said to the 
 Wolf: 'Here is something nice!' and the Wolf ate it. Then the Rac- 
 coon said to the Wolf, 'Mawe ! you ate ray excremen; ! ' At first the 
 Wolf did not understand him, and the Raccoon said again, 'Mawe ! you 
 ate my excrement. I gave it you wrapped up.' Then the Wolf was very 
 angry and he killed the Raccoon." 
 
 In this story also the wolf is called by another name than that usuallj- 
 given him. The fact that some of the characters in these animal stories 
 bear names that are now entirely obsolete in common speech, seems to 
 argue for them a considerable antiquity. 
 
 At Skugog, Waniboju' is sometimes confounded with Wamlcludjakl- 
 wansl ("the great-grandfather," as he is often termed). Of the latter the 
 following brief legends were told by Mrs. Bolin : 
 
 F. Why Foxes have Black Legs. — "WamTcifuljakTwansI did not like his 
 son-in-law. One day they were out hunting together, and, when they 
 
 *The English versions are in the narrator's own words with a very few grammatical 
 changes necessary for the sense. The Indian versions will be found below. 
 5
 
 54 
 
 camped, placed tlicir leggings and moccasins by the fire to dry. "\V. 
 changed the places of the moccasins and leggings. Alterwaids he threw 
 what he thought were his son's moccasins and leggings into the fire. In the 
 morning the young man rose, found his own moccasins and put them on. 
 W. tried to make out that they were his, but he had forgotten that he had 
 changed the places of the moccasins before he burned what he thought 
 were his son's. So W. was forced to go l)arefi)oted and barelegged. He 
 then blackened his legs and feet with a coal, and thus the foxes have 
 black legs to this day." 
 
 O. Another legend of Wamiciruljaklwansi, current at Skugog, tells 
 how he abandoned his son-in-law on an island : 
 
 "W. hated his son-in-law. One day he went with him to u little island, 
 and abandoned him there. AV. then went oil' in his canoe, which he used 
 to make go without paddling, lie would lie upon his back in the boat 
 and tap the crosspieces with his hands, making a noise like pan 1 pan ! 
 and the boat would go right along. Meanwhile the son-in-law had 
 changed himself into a gull, and, flying over the canoe, dropped some of 
 his excrement on W. 's breast. Then W. said, ' That's the way the young 
 gulls do when they have their bellies full,' and went on in his canoe. In 
 the meantime his son-in-law made haste and got home before him. When 
 W. arrived and saw his son-in law there he was much astonished ; he 
 kept looking and looking at him and wiien asked why he was doing so, 
 gave soine excuse or other." 
 
 n. Another character who figures in Mississaga legend is AssKiiio'kEn, 
 "the tobacco-maker," of whom tlie following story was related by Mrs. 
 Bolin : 
 
 "Long ago there lived two brothers; one of them was a hunter, the 
 other was AssEuio'kKu who always stayed in camp and did no hunting. 
 One day AssEmo'ki-m thought he would go away on a journey some- 
 where or other, and he meant to tell his brother so when he returned from 
 hunting, but forgot about it. He forgot it in this way two or three times. 
 Finally he said: 'I'll keep saying, Gaina'dji;! gama'dJK!' (I'm going ! 
 I'm going !) 'over and over again until my brother comes.' So he did 
 this a long time. When his brother arrived he heard some one saying, 
 'Gama'dJE ! gama'djE ! ' He; tlien saw his brother who told him he was 
 going away. 'Wliat do you mean?' said he to AssEnio'kKn. 'You 
 would not go very far before you would meet with something to lead you 
 astray.' ' Well ! I'm going anyway,' said AssEmo'kEn, and he went off. 
 Before long he heard a noise — the noise of trees rubbing against one 
 another. He thought it very nice, and said : ' I want to be that, let me 
 have that !' But the tree said : ' Oli no ! I am not comfortable, it is a bad 
 place to be in.' For whenever the wind came on, the tree had to squeak 
 and make a noise, i-iii ! i-Iu ! But AssEmo'kEn would have it and took 
 the place of the tree. So the tree lay on AssF.mo'kEn's breast, and when 
 the wind came he had to cry out for the pain he felt. But his brother
 
 55 
 
 knew all about it soon and fame after him. ' It's just as I told you,' said 
 he to AssEnuVlvKn, and released him. 
 
 " AssEmO'kEn went on again. Soon he came to a river, where he saw a 
 stick on end in the mud, moving about with the current and making a 
 noise. lie thougiit thai was nice, too, and so he took the place of the 
 stick. His brother had to follow after him and take him out, but told him 
 he would not help him again. 
 
 "AssEmo'kEn then went on furlhcr and came to a village. Here all 
 the people were dead except two children — a little boy and a lit: le girl. 
 AssEnio'kEu asked what had happened to the people who were dead. 
 The children, who were lamenting, told him that a wicked old woman 
 and her daughter had killed them. The way she killed them was this. 
 She had asked them to get for her the wliite loon that dwelt in the middle 
 of the sea. Not one of them was able to do this, so she killed them one 
 after the other. The children told AssEmo'kEn that the old woman would 
 come back to set them the same task, and that they would have to die 
 also. But AssEmo'kEn caught the white loon and gave it to the children. 
 He told Ihem to show it to the old woman when she came, and to ask her, 
 if she were able, to get the chipmunk's horn, to obtain which it was neces- 
 sary to go to the end of the earth. The old woman came and the chil- 
 dren showed her the white loon, at which she was greatly surprised, and 
 said that it must have got there itself. They then asked her to get the 
 chipmunk's horn. 'Oh ! oh ! you talk old-fasliioned,' she said, and threw 
 down some deer's horns, pretending that they were what was required. 
 A.'i she could not perform the task AssEmo'kEn killed her. He then 
 made a little bow and arrows for the boy, and told him to shoot up in the 
 air and tell the dead people to rise. He shot into the air three times, and 
 each time he said : 'Get up 1 the arrow is going to fall on j'ou ! ' The first 
 time he shot the arrow into the air, the people stirred a little and began 
 to gape, and after the third time they rose up." 
 
 Texts of Mississaga Legends. 
 
 A. Fragment of Deluge Legend. — Opi'dEc kim6cka6uk Mu a'kl ogima- 
 wEndjiEn wanibojii' awe'ssIa'En. KibdsIa'Ed ima'En otclmu'ning mi- 
 tEc kipaki'tiuEt ini-ifi wfuljackwEn wadjack kikwEk mUEC krbltEd a'kl 
 ouiudjig. 
 
 B. Fragment of the Story of the Ten Men Who Visited Ndnlboju. — Kim- 
 adjEwug mitaswi ininivvEg apEnglcIniEk o'kiotlsEWEU kIbatiyi'nEt anda- 
 WEndjiga'wEn migkd ima'En papamo'sRUEt octigvvaning wanibqju'. 
 
 C. Origin of the Fox bird — Me''nwice ekwa'seus gi'wEn'niciu mi'ti- 
 gwadJEkwE milEc kl'-aniikowEt. 
 
 D. 'The Babbit, (he Frog and the Moose. — OmiikEki'dEC kl'witagEnin 
 wabfi'son. Mili':e niniikEki kl'bapamfi'sEd niulKc pEtagucing- winta- 
 mawEd iniiu wab^'^on. Manitu neme' Eg I a'yEwasiutin tiikwEk'. 
 Midiic kinissawEd mu'sou. AnlnggiuE kihldjilcigadjE pi'djipa'itawEd
 
 5G 
 
 nifgiskKiiilE ka'siwEk? Dabackfi'EJi ki'miskwa'prninEii midEC imu'En 
 kanitEnlssiyri'npEn. 
 
 E. The Raccoon and the Craicjish. — AssibEntEC gri'ca ima'Eii di'li- 
 pa'-afi kiawi'ka-wiciniEt. MkIkc win acEga'ci midEC ki'siudEkwa'wEd. 
 Ka'windiic ki'mamadjiissi. Ni'binung ki'caca'kwa-mina'gopEii iiiugi- 
 mi'kawa'. AssibEu ni'iiindji'biwa'E ; assibEn dji'bicka'E midEC ki'wa- 
 nickEd ; kaui'gi kEkitiiiE kiia'uEWEd. ^MkIec kl'naglckawEd mfring- 
 gEiiEii. Ma'we ! nimfi kimi'djin I gi'wiwEkwC-'nung wi'ryasgitwi'bEuin. 
 Wai ! Avai I nimu kimi'djin ! MidEc kini'sin. 
 
 F. Why Foxes have Black Legs. — MidEC Wamiciu'djakiwansi andE- 
 wiindjiga'wEn oninggwanEu midEc kabe'ciwEd. ^lidiic oia'pinin 
 o'niEkussiuEn uniuggwEui otassEn kiiye'tEC. MidEc kijogicEn 5mEUus- 
 sinEu oulnggwanEn wi'nitEC i'niiu' o'niEkussinEn kijogicEn i'uliu'. 
 MidEC akEkadJE ki'sinikwuEnung okating uiidEc iiu ki'wagwiiciwEt. 
 MidEC i'iii andji makatEwanik au wagwush okadsn. 
 
 G. Wcumdu' • djdkncd' nsi and His Son-in-Laic. — Wamici'Q'djakiwa'nsi 
 ayacigi'tE ki'kaneciu pEkila''onk 6'lcinia'n pEn ! pEn 1 pEn ! tcima'n. 
 Kaiyockons midiic kimilcini'gEt. MIsikwo adjitcigEWEd ka'i'yockk6n- 
 sEg katEpi'ssi niwatcin. Kawin okin'ninwonimasin oniaggwanEn ; oki- 
 nEkEnEn minice'ning. OgibiskawEn I'n-i-ifi ka'iyock6nsEn wi'niti':ni 
 dEC gi'tiguciu. 
 
 H. AssEmo'kKn a7id Uis Brother. Adlso'kKJi (a Tale). — Gi'tawEg Asse- 
 mo'kEn wi'djikwe''i En milEC andawEndjige'nEt -wi'djikwe-i'En 'winde'- 
 ceie aya'pit AssEmo'kEn. O'gimikwandEn wima'djEd. Opi' dEc pEtE 
 gwicinEt wi'djikwe'-i'En 6'giwEuandEn tci'windaniawEd wima'djEd 
 tEkalEC mi'nawa pEtEgwEcing nin gama'dJE. MidEc opEn-nE ktilki- 
 to'-yEn ganaa'djE ! gama'djE ! — Ice I Ice ! iinina gi'ta-i'djitE wibEsawing 
 ■n'tawabEndEn ke'gd kawi'adji'miko'djEn. — E ! ganuT'djE sa'kon I aa-fi 
 nia'djEn. Kawin wa'sE kadja'si dji'wabEndEniEn ke'gu. — SebakwEt 
 o'giwabEndEn. TagEninitEni. A"au kawin k6cke niminiwa'si'si Crfii'- 
 djaayayEn. IMidiic papakEm mJi'nima'iinik midEC e''EnwEi iiQ ! iiQ ! 
 Oke ! ni'lanu'sE ininiiiabEn djicayfi'vEm mica'dji mi'nawa kima'dJEd 
 AssEmo'kEn. MidEca'dji mi'nawa ki'bima'bid si'bing wabihulEn-na'dEk 
 i-n iiu mitig tiicina'taninik. A ! lagEninitEm. A'aii I k6cke niminiwa- 
 si'si. 1 o ! icaidja'dj En kawinlEC mi'nawa gita'bi wi'tokw6sinEn. Mi- 
 dEC ki'olicwEd kEkinnE ka'nipu'wakfi'panen nice'lc abino'd.jivEg. O'ki- 
 kokwe'djiniEn anindEc katlo'wEd okoka'uipu'djik. Mindimo'-i-ec ka'-ye 
 ola'nEn. MidEC oku ekilEd na'nik fro wa'bimank a'gomEd iraa'-En 
 gigitciiia'ming. Miuawa'go wi'biligwucin miiEC ke'ineg gi'tEnanE kung 
 wiinnE kin a o gitc-oggwinggwis eckEn. liii ! Iiu I kakitE wi'djicwa'- 
 wEk abino'djiyEg ka'nawi'nE o'gi'otissiko'si wa'tfik^nEn AssEmo'kEn. 
 Wawa'cgac cckEnEu o'kiopEgiuEU. Kawin a-6 ! wa'wai'sE wa'bimank. 
 MidEC ki'adji'tawEd mi'tigwa'bisEn ka'-ye pikwEkons ine anicpeming 
 owi'tEn gi'ka-i'kit gi'kfri'kit gibitcino'nim onickEg ! gibltcind'nim onic- 
 kEg ! gibitcino'nim onickEg ! Ki'wonickawEgidEC.
 
 57 
 
 Songs. 
 
 A. Dancinff Song. — E-yo-kd-o! E-yo-ko-6! etc. 
 
 B. Raoeii Song. — Kakaki wawivvisiiiiwKg 
 
 Anlba'din6ngga. 
 "The Ravens are feeding on tlie hillside." 
 
 C. White Bone Song. — Kitci Mo'koniKn ododu'nong 
 
 Wasigineclnon. 
 "In tlie town of the Americans the white bones lie." 
 
 D. Warrior's Parting Song. — Gago mawImecikKn 
 
 EkwawiyanR nihoyaiiE. 
 "Do not weep woman at our death." 
 
 E. Love Song. — Makatawanikwa'pEn 
 
 KwawisIwawitikamakwipKn. 
 "I wanted to marry a black-haired girl." 
 
 F. Love Song. — ^rakatawa'kamikwa'pEn 
 
 KwawisiwawitikamakwipEn. 
 "I wanted to marry a black-eyed girl." 
 
 These songs were obtained by the writer at Skugog from Na'wigicko'ke 
 (see also Journ. of Amer. Folk-Lore, iii, pp. 152, 153). 
 For comparison the following may be cited : 
 
 G. Hunter's Song. — Geo. Copway gives this hunter's song of the Mis^ 
 sissagas of Rice Lake in his Life, p. 34 : 
 
 Ah yah ba wah, ne gah me koo nah vah ! 
 Ah yah wa seeh, ne gah me koo nah vah. 
 "The fattest of all bucks I'll take, 
 The choicest of all animals I'll take." 
 
 H. In the Naniboju' story furnished the writer by Mr. Salt, the hero 
 Dgs the 
 deceive : 
 
 sings the following song to the assembled waterfowls whom he intends to 
 
 Pa-zang-wa-be she-moog, 
 Pazang-wa-be-she-moog, 
 Pa-zang-wa-be-she-moog. 
 Ke-ku-ma-me-sgue-she-gwam 
 Ke-ku-ma-me-sgue she-gwam, 
 Ke-ku-ma ine-sgue-she-gwam, 
 Au-yuii-7.e-kwa-gau, 
 Au-y un -ze-kwa -ga u . 
 "Shut your eyes and dance ; if you open your eyes, 
 Your eyes will become red."
 
 58 
 
 In the Toronto MS. the following songs (cf. Journ. of Amer. lolk-Lore, 
 i, 159) occur, which I transcribe literally : 
 
 /. Chanson du wabano 
 
 oukaqui qua nipoumin 
 quilicog niauilou-ou (Bis) 
 
 tant (lu'on veut 
 
 En Francois 
 Les Dieux disent que nous niourourons 
 
 un Jour (Bis). 
 
 J. Autre de wabano (?) 
 
 oukimacoue he he coua ni 
 soucoutinicouyee (oukinux ulni sauan 
 
 4 Bis) En Francois 
 La reine a deux maris 
 et nous tuons son maris (4 Bis) 
 oui you ya oui ja lia (Bis tant qu'on veut). 
 
 K. Chanson d'amour 
 
 ouika tatacouchin nini mouchen-h^n 
 J'espere de te voir bientot ma maliresse. 
 
 L. Autre de chasse 
 
 wagououine h6 il a les cornes de trav[ers] (Bis) 
 Manilou ouistouija oui ha ha 
 Le forgeron est un diable. 
 
 M. Chanson 
 
 ya ningue coue quiouepinan 
 
 Ninguisciome je mets le Ciel sens dessus dessous. 
 
 The words used in all these songs do not ajipear to differ from those 
 used in common speech. 
 
 Tribal axd Ethnic Names. 
 
 Aiik ("Elk"). The name of the chief totem of the Indians of Skugog. 
 
 Kitciino'koiuKh. An "American." Tiiis name which literally signifies 
 "big knife," is said to have been given on account of the "swords " 
 of the American soldiers. 
 
 MWisa'gi', ^ The Indians of Skugog, according to the chief's niece, call 
 
 Misisa'gi. ) themselves " INIississagas of the Otripwe nation." When 
 asked about the meaning of the term jMisIsfi'gi, Osawanimi'ki said it 
 signifies "many mouths of rivers." Na'wigick5ke, however, thought 
 it meant "large mouth of river." Mr. Salt informed the writer that 
 the word is in Indian pronounced " miiizezagee, " in the plural, "min- 
 zezageeg, " the latter of which signifies "people who inhabit the
 
 59 
 
 country where there are many mouths of rivers" {Jnurn. of Am. 
 Folk-Lore, \, 150). Geo. Copway, who was a Mississaga, says {Life, 
 History, etc., p. 13) : "The Ojebways arc called here, and all around, 
 Massissaugays, because they came from Me-sey Sah.u;ieng, at the head 
 of Lake Huron, as you go up to Saull Ste. Marie Falls." The Rev. 
 Peter Jones, who frequently speaks of the "Messissauga tribe of the 
 Ojebway nation," states that "the clan or tribe with whom T have 
 been brou^iit up is called Messissauga, which si,s?nifi(!3 eagle tribe, 
 their ensign or toodaim being that of the eagle" {lliat. of Ojebway 
 Indians, p. 231 ; see also 138, 164). But in this statement he appears 
 to have been led away by false etymological analogies. In the 
 manuscript in the Toronto Public Library is the following : 
 
 "Descriptions dts tributs des Sauvages hnrons savoir totaim tribut. 
 
 Niguic couasquidzi tribut de la loutre. 
 Passinassi " " " grue. 
 
 Atay^ta garni " du caribou. 
 
 Oupapinassi " " brochet. 
 
 Ouasce souanan ecorce de Bouleau. 
 
 Missigomidzi chcne blanc. 
 
 Mississagui tribut de I'Eigle." 
 
 The eagle was the principal totem with the Mississagas of the 
 region around York (now Toronto), but the tribal name has nothing 
 to do with the word for eagle. The Mississagas are no doubt in- 
 cluded with the Ilurons in the Toronto MS., because of their alliance 
 with the Six Nations in 1746. Schoolcraft {Arch, of Abor. Knowl., i, 
 p. 306) says that the word ^Mississagie is "an Algonquin phrase for 'a 
 wide-mouthed river.' " The components of the name, in any case, are 
 the radicals mici, " great (many?)," and si'i'cji, "mouth of a river." 
 
 Na'towe (snake?). An Iroquois. This is the name given by the Missis- 
 sagas, Otcipvve, Nipissings, etc., to the ]M()hawks and Iroquois. The 
 corresponding word in Cree is nafoicew, connected perhaps with the 
 root nat, "to seek, to go after." In Nipissing and Otcipwe, natoice 
 and nadowe mean a large serpent, the flesh of which was formerly 
 eaten by the Indians, according to Cuoq. Tiie transfer of the name 
 to their enemies, the Iroquois, is easily understood. This fact may 
 have some bearing upon the etymology suggested for the word "Iro- 
 quois" by Mr. Hewitt {Amer. Anthrop., Vol. i, p. 189). 
 
 ddickica'grjin. According to Mrs. Bolin, this is the name by which the 
 Mississagas were known in former times wiien they dwelt on the 
 north shore of Lake Superior. She thought it signified "people on 
 the other side of the Lake." The Rev. E. F. Wilson i.U<in. of Ojebio. 
 Lang., p. 157) gives odishqunhguminee as denoting "Algonquin Indi- 
 ans." Cuoq {Lex. Alg., p. 314) cites otickiraga/iti as the name of the 
 Nipissing Indians. He explains the word as ot-ickwa kami, "la 
 dernierc <3iendue d'eau " {i. e., Lake Nipissing), Irom the prefix at-,
 
 60 
 
 ickwa- (end), rjami (body of water). Baraga gives, in Otefpvve, 
 odishkicogami, "Algonquin Indian." Cuoq's etymology is not satis- 
 factory, and since we find in Crce the radical ottiskaw, "en face, vis- 
 it vis," it would seem that a derivation tVoni the cognate of this latter, 
 and the radical suffix -g-kml or gd'ml (body of water) is to be pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 Otcipirc. This name is spelled in a multitude of ways by various writers 
 (Chippeway, Chepeway, Ojibway, Ojebvvay, Chepway, etc.). The 
 etymology of the word is very uncertain. Baraga writes it Otchipwe, 
 but does not suggest a derivation. Cuoq, whose orthography is 
 Odjibwe, say? that some would derive the name from tlie roots odji, 
 "to suck up" (humer), and abwe, the signification being "humeurs 
 do bouillon," but there appears to bo nothing to support tliis. Other 
 equally unsatisfactory etymologies have been put forward. 
 
 PotEwd'tEml. The name given to this tribe of Indians appears to be 
 derived from the Tudical po'iawe, "to build a fire." 
 
 CdgKnoc, Englishman. Mrs. Bolin thought that this word signified 
 "sail around the world; ' this idea was no doubt induced by the 
 termination -oc = "sailing." Cuoq, however, is probably right in 
 considering this and cognate Algonkian words as corruptions of the 
 French (inglais. 
 
 Wd'blgEu ("while clay"), the totem of Gwinggwic, one of the two first 
 settlers on Skugog Island. 
 
 Wa'mitigun. The origin of this word, which corresponds to tlae "Nipissing 
 ^ceinitigoji, Otcipwe iconitigoji, Cree vemisiikojiw, is not certain. 
 Mrs. Bolin said it meant "carries a trunk," and referred to the early 
 French traders. Its components would in that case be ica-, mitig, 
 -wac ("hollow," in Nipissing). 
 
 Place Names. 
 
 The names of the various lakes, rivers, etc., in the region known to the 
 Mississagas of Skugog, as far us the writer was able to obtain them, were 
 as follows : 
 
 Asdgd'lk^n (i. e., "lake "). Some of the Indians call Lake Skugog thus. 
 
 Ecuniowj {i. €., " i)lace of cnlling"). Name given to Lake Simcoe. The 
 following is the origin of the term according to Na'wigickoke : A long 
 time ago, when the ISIississagas used to live on the points of land in 
 Lake Simcoe, a man heard a voice, as if some one were calling a dog. 
 It was a calm day, and although he looked carefull}' around he could 
 see no one, but heard the voice only. So the lake was named Ecii- 
 riiong, "the place of the calling." The word is derived from the 
 radical ecm, "to call, to speak to," through the extended form, T&cuni j 
 ■ong is locative suffix. In the early Englisli records of the settlement 
 of Ontario this name appears in variousl}' disguised forms.
 
 61 
 
 ■Ginning. This niinio is sometimes used by the Indians (very often by the 
 whites) to denote the body of water known to the whites as Mud 
 Lake. It would seem to be a corrupt form of tci)ii6ng ("place of 
 canoes "), from tciiin'ni, "caiioe, " with the locative suffix. 
 
 Kuwakonlkong ("|)]ace of the edible moss"). Name given to Stony 
 Lake, in the upper portion of the Otonabee. It is so named from the 
 "edible moss" that grows upon the stones and rocks in that region 
 (the well-known "tripe de roche"). The radical of the word is 
 wakon, "tripe de roche, edible moss." Ka is verbal prefix; -ong, 
 locative suffix. 
 
 Kitcigu' ming ("at the great water "). This name is applied by the Mis- 
 sissagas of Skfigog to Lakes Simcoe, Ontario, Huron and Superior. 
 Lake Superior is also specially named OU-ipirc Kitngnirnng, because 
 it is "the lake of the Otoipwe," and the reg-ion about it has been long 
 inhabited by them. The radicals of Iheword are kitci, "great," and 
 the suthx, -gaiiil, api)licd to a "body of water" and used only in 
 composition. 
 
 MVdftkd'ming ("the place of the fish fence"). This name given to the 
 "Narrows " of Lake Simcoe recalls the notice in Champlain of the 
 "fish fence." The Indians used to drive stakes into the water at this 
 point so as to make a " fence " and stop the fish. The radical of the 
 word is mi'djtkY.n, "a fence." 
 
 Minis ("island"). Skugog Island is generally thus termed by the 
 Indians. 
 
 Ifd'mesagaikEn (" Sturgeon Lake"). The Indian name is translated in 
 the name given to this bodv of water by the whites, "Sturgeon 
 Lake." 
 
 Nonkon, or minis-i-nonkon. The name of a jiortion of Skugog Island 
 which, in former times, was itself a separate island. Mrs. Bolin 
 stated that the word meant "woods all in one spot." The ladical of 
 the word is jirobably non. " contracted, compressed." 
 
 Otcipwe Kitclgdnting. Lake Superior. See Kite igd' ming. 
 
 Odd'riK ("town, village "). This is the name given to the adjacent town 
 of Port Perry. Toronto is called gilce odd'nK, " big town." 
 
 •Oto'nd'bi ("mouth water "). The name of the upper course of the river 
 Trent, known to the whites as Otonabee. The application of the name 
 is not clear, but it is wrongly said to have been given on account of the 
 broad expanse of Rice Lake, into which the river flows. In some 
 Algonkian dialects of the Lake Superior region this name is given to 
 the fish known scientifically as the Coregonus qnadrilateralis, and 
 reappears in the term toulibi, or tiillibee, applied by the French and 
 English settlers in the Canadian Northwest to the same fish. 
 
 Pd'idjKko'ckhn'i'kong. The old Indian name of Skugog Lake. Before 
 the Government dams were erected, some years ago, the lake was 
 very shallow and muddy. Mrs. Bolin explained the name as signi- 
 fying "a low, shallow, muddy place." One of the Indians, who had
 
 62 
 
 forgotteu most of his mother tongue, called the lake pKcljo'gKH skl'uK- 
 gog, and it would seem that in the i)resent name Skfigog we have all 
 of the Indian api>ellatiou that imi)ressed itself upon the memory of 
 the European emigrants. The etymology of tiie name is seen from 
 the cognate Otcipwe ffjishkiwika, "it is muddy," from the radical 
 ajlshki, " mud ; " -ong is locative suffix. 
 
 Pa'mitdikwd'tayong. The name given by the Indians to Rice Lake, which 
 body of water received this last name from the whiles by reason of 
 the wild rice in which it abounds. Mrs. Bolin explained tiie term as 
 signifying "across the prairies, or burnt lands," saying that on look- 
 ing across the lake from the Indian camping ground one could see the 
 ]>rairies. Tiiis exi)lanation is somewhat doubtful. In the region of 
 Peterborough the old name is believed to have meant "lake of the 
 burning i)lains." The word may be derived h-ova pa'mit, "across,"' 
 and mdskotd. "prairie," with the locative suffix, -ong. 
 
 Potdgb'ning. A name given to the town of Lindsay and also to a place 
 nearby where there are "rapids" in the river. Said to mean "at 
 the rapids." 
 
 CV clbd' ligwc' yong. The name given by most of the Indians to Cimung 
 or Mud Lake. iMrs. Bolin explained that the word signified "place 
 of man}' inlets and outlets, with junctions." The tirst component 
 seems to be a derivative of the radical clcib, "long." Compare the 
 Otcipwe nin jishibigibina, "I stretch something out in every direc- 
 tion." 
 
 N.'i.MEs OF Mythological Char.vcters and Objects. 
 
 The principal characters who figure in the mythology of the Mississagas 
 of Skugog, as far as the writer had opi)orluuity to investigate, are : 
 
 Ass-E.mb'kwn. An individual whom, Mrs. Bolin said, "made tobacco;" 
 but in what way, or when, she could not say. He " was not a very 
 clever or bright man," but "knew enough to make tobacco." He is 
 the principal figure in a "younger brother" story and resembles one 
 of the characters in the mythology of the New York Iroquois. His 
 name signifies "tobacco-maker." The radical is se'nve,, asse'niE, 
 " tobacco." 
 
 Antk. The bird known as " fox -bird " by the residents in the vicinity of 
 Skugog is really, according to Indian belief, a little girl who got lost 
 in the woods and was metamorphosed into this creature. 
 
 AsslbEii. The raccoon figures an emblem of cunning and deceit in the 
 widespread myth of the "Raccoon and Crawfish," which has its ana- 
 logues far without the limits of Algonkian tale-lore. He is the 
 deceiver of the crawfish (on which he feeds) and of the wolf who 
 finally kills him. 
 
 Acagdce. The crawfish figures as the victim of the raccoon.
 
 63 
 
 Oi'ljikv.ne'cb. The little "chickadee" is a purveyor of news and good 
 advice to men. 
 
 Mnnltu. The name given by the Indians to "supernatural beings," good 
 or bad. The ai>pellati()ns G'ltci Mi'mitu (God) and Main M/initv 
 (devil) have been fixed by the influence of the missionaries. 
 
 Ma'we. This name (not now in use) is given to the wolf in some of the 
 old tales. Usually he bears his own name, minng-fj-Eii. It resembles 
 moiciohaoic, W\e Menominee name for that animal. Schoolcraft also 
 mentions a similar term applied to the wolf in Ojebway mythology. 
 In the Mississaga story of the raccoon and the crawfish, the wolf, 
 being insulted and deceived by the raccoon, kills him. In some 
 stories the wolf is termed "the enemy." 
 
 MEndamin {" seed of mysterious origin"). The Mississaga story re- 
 corded in the Journal of American Folk-Lore, i. p. 143, explains the 
 significance of this name. The corn appears as if in the form of an 
 old man to a fiisting Indian boy. 
 
 M'lndimb'-i ec ("the bad old woman "). Appears as a task-setter in the 
 AssBmd'kKn story. 
 
 Mbns ("eater?"). In Mississaga legend the moose, who is described as 
 "stepping on every other hill," is killed by the rabbit and the frog. 
 
 Ogichiggicis. In the AssEmo'kEn legend one of the tasks set the "bad 
 old woman" is to fetch the "chipmunk's horn," giici ogic'inggicis 
 KckEii. Ogiringwis is the ordinary name of this animal. 
 
 OmukKkl ("the hairless?"). Helps the rabbit to kill the moose. Is de- 
 scribed as being able to sink into the ground. The frog and the toad 
 (pdplgdmukKkl) are confused with each other. In the legend of the 
 Clngibis, the "old toad woman," who appears frequently in Algon- 
 kian mythology, steals children (Jonrn. of Amer. Folk-Lore, ii, 145). 
 This woman is called ounikEki sometimes. 
 Ote'min (" heart fruit "). This fruit figures in mythology. It lies in the 
 path of those who visit the other world, and if they partake of it not 
 they must return hither (Jo'irn. Amer. Folk-Lore, i, 144). 
 Cingibis. The duck known as the "hell-diver " figures as the would-be 
 counterfeiter of the loon in the story of the cingibis (J. of A. F.-L., 
 ii, 144). 
 Wa'blimi'nk ("white loon"). One of the tasks which the "bad old 
 woman " sets is to fetch the "white loon that dwells in the midst of 
 the sea." The loon (mdnk) appears in other stories. 
 Wfibus (" the little white one "). Together with the frog, the rabbit kills 
 
 the moose. 
 Wd'mlgi'sEkKn. This character, whose name Mrs. Bolin rendered as 
 "the great pearl chief," figures in the story of the cingibis. He 
 appears to be the loon i>ersonified. ^Irs. Bolin said that this name 
 was formerly given to that bird on account of the spots on its breast, 
 which resembled " pearl beads." The radical of the word is mt'gis, 
 "wampum."
 
 (34 
 
 W<yimciudjak'urnnsi (etymology?). Tliis character, who is styled the 
 "great-grandfather," is sometimes confused with Waiiihoju, or Ndni- 
 bojii. He figures, together with his son inlaw (whom he hates and 
 endeavors to destroy) in several stories {J. of A. F.-L., ii, 146 ; iii, 
 IT)!). The exact signification of his name is not certain. 
 
 TFawi&rtjw (etymology?). The great Algonkian hero-god, Ndntboju, is 
 called thus at Skugog. He figures in several legends. 
 
 Windigu (etymology?). A giant cannibal, who figures in the mythology 
 of several Algonkian tribes. 
 
 Name. The "sturgeon" figures in connection with the "Milky Way." 
 Mrs. Bolin explained the Mississaga name of this portion of the 
 heavens as signifying "sturgeon ])oking his nose and making ' rily ' 
 water." The word is derived from nhim, " sturgeon," pdkicc'bikd'nn, 
 "it is turbid " — nd'mepakweblkwni'tdwEt. 
 
 Odjig. The fisher, or pekan, has given his name to the constellation 
 known as the " Di])per, " or •' Great Bear." 
 
 Ml'eihVn. The " lion," a mythic monster, which, according to Mississaga 
 legend, lived at the Narrows of Lake Simcoe, and to which sacrifices 
 were made. The word seems to be derived from mVcl, "great," and 
 plrVii, "lynx." 
 
 Wddjdck. The muskrat figures in the Deluge legend, bringing up from 
 the bottom of the deep the little bit of earth with which Waniboju' 
 makes the new world. 
 
 Od-yock. The son-in-law of 'Wi'i'miciMjdMirdini assumes the form of a 
 " gull " in order to reach home before him. 
 
 Personal Xames. 
 
 Xame feasts were held by the Mississagas in the olden times and names 
 
 were given in various ways {Amer. Journ. of Folk-Lore, i, 152 ; iii, 149). 
 
 The personal names which have come under the observation of the writer 
 
 are : 
 
 Asd'bEnunr/ ("stars in a cluster "). The name of Atell, one of the Indi- 
 ans at Skfigog. The radicals from which this word is derived are 
 asan, "gathered together, pressed," and andiu/ or anting, "star." 
 
 Oilctbine' eC'V\g bird "). The Indian name of Chief .Johnson of the 
 Skijgog Mississagas. From gitcl, "hlg," and bin('' si, "bird." 
 
 Qwinggwic (" meat-bird," or " butcher bird ")• One of the two first set- 
 tlers on Skugog Island, and belonging to the Clay totem. 
 
 MKseng (etymology?). The Indian name of Patoc, the chief of the Rice 
 Lake Mississagas. 
 
 Ndg-En (etymology?). Name of the uncle of John Bolin, a farmer chief 
 of the ]Mississagas of ilud Lake. 
 
 iVmcaAices ("the sun at noon"). Wife of Chief Johnson. The radical 
 of the word is «rtw = "in the middle of;" the word comes more 
 directly from ndwdkwE, "it is noon ;" -ens is probably diminutive 
 suffix.
 
 65 
 
 Nd'wigicko'le ("tlie sun in the centre of the sky woman "). The Indian 
 name of Mrs. Bolin, the most interestinfc Indian in the Skugog settle- 
 ment. She is somewhat over sixty j'ears of age and knows probably 
 as much as, if not more than, any one else there. The name is de- 
 rived from naiD, " in the middle of," gi'cU; "sky," and -oke =^ e/cwe, 
 "woman." 
 NmrakwEhYMi ("middle thunder"). Name of Mrs. Bolin's second son. 
 Children were frequently named after the "thunders," or "thunder- 
 birds." The word is derived from naicdkicv., and a suffix, of which 
 exact meaning is doubtful. 
 Ni'binonakwEt ("summer cloud"). An old Indian who, many years 
 ago, lived near Lake Simcoe. He was known to the English as 
 " Shilling," on account of a medal which he wore. The radicals of 
 the word are ni'bin, "summer," and anaktcKt, "cloud." In the MS. 
 in the Toronto Public Library, the name Mpinanacouat, evidently 
 identical with this, occurs. 
 Wlka ("wild goose"). One of the two brothers-in-law, who were the 
 first settlers on Skugog Island. He belonged to the atik (elk) totem. 
 NVckVhis ("young lion "). Name of Mrs. Bolin's youngest son. 
 Nonbkti'sektrd ("humming-bird woman"). Name given to a young 
 Indian girl by Mrs. Bolin, Avho acted as name giver. The word is 
 composed olnondkrl'si, "humming-bird," and ekicii, "woman." 
 0'(7zw/Y7'i/«<V«. ("chief bird "). The Indian name of John Bolin, hus- 
 band of Na'wigicko'ke. He belonged formerly to the Mud Lake 
 Mississagas. Yxova. d'(jima, "chief," J^■ne'c^, "bird." 
 Ondil'sigK ("moon in last quarter"). Name of Eliot, one of the oldest 
 Indians at Skugog. The components of this word are the radical 
 prefix ond; "change," and HsiyE, from the radical -rt8="sun, 
 moon." 
 Ond('(' sinbns (etymology ?). Name of the wife of the chief's brother 
 
 Chauncey Johnson. 
 OsHWKci'p ("yellow duck"). Name of an old Indian of Lake Simcoe. 
 
 From bsa'iDE., "it is yellow," and neip, " duck." 
 Osnwan-E.mi'ki ("yellow thunder"). Name of an Indian, who was 
 formerly a schoolteacher there. The word is derived from bsa'tcE, 
 "it is yellow," and onEml'kl, "thunder." The name is also pro- 
 nounced o'saicdnwiVki. 
 Pa'migi'cuja'sunr/ ("moon when shining"). Name of son of the Eliot 
 
 mentioned above. 
 Pa' mujl'sii/wdckKut . The name conferred upon the writer by Mrs. Bolin, 
 who stated that it signified " sun bringing the day." Rev. P. Jones 
 (Life and Journals, p. 246) mentions an old chief of Walpole Island, 
 named Pazhekezhikquashkunt ; perhaps the same word. 
 Sd'gininicKn. Name of a bachelor who many years ago was made sport 
 of by the Indians. His name is said to signifj' "outlet of a small 
 creek," the chief component being sd'cjl, "mouth of a stream."
 
 6(3 
 
 CawE^noc ("sailing from the south "). Name of Chauncey Johnson, the 
 chiel's brother, and the leading man of the tribe. From caw^n, 
 "south," and the suffix -or, which expresses the idea of "sailing." 
 
 Modern Mississaga. 
 
 From the Rev. Allen Salt, a ^Mississaga of the tribe now resident at 
 Alnwick, Ontario, but who for a number of years past has lived as mis- 
 sionary amongst the hundred or so 3Iississagas on Parry Island, Georgian 
 Bay. the writer has from time to time obtained interesting linguistic 
 material. 
 
 Tiie following word-list represents the language as at present spoken 
 (January, 1889): 
 
 Animal, au-wa-se. 
 
 au-wa-se-yug (animals). 
 Arm, o-nik (his arm). 
 
 ne-nik (my aim). 
 
 ke-nik (your arm). 
 
 o-ne-kuu (his arms). 
 
 o-nekau-won (their arms). 
 
 ne-nik-ong (on my arm). 
 
 ke-nik oug (on your arm). 
 
 o-nik-au-woiig (on their arms). 
 Back, o pik-won (liis back). 
 
 ne-biiv-won (my back). 
 
 ke-bik-won (your back). 
 
 ne-bik-won-ong (on my back). 
 
 ke-bik-won-ong (on your back). 
 
 o-bik-\vone-won (backs). 
 
 o-biic-won-au-wong (on their 
 backi-). 
 Body, we-yow (ins body). 
 
 ne-yow (my body). 
 
 ke-yow (your body). 
 Boy, que-wes-ance. 
 
 que-wes-an-sug (boys). 
 Buffalo, pau-ipiochbe-sbe-ke (pau- 
 
 quoch r^ wild). 
 Bull, au-yau-ba-be-she-ke (au-yau- 
 
 ba = male). 
 Calf, au-tick-oonce (little cow). 
 
 be-she-kuiice. 
 Chest, o-kau-ke-gun (liis chest). 
 
 ne kau-ke-gun (my chest). 
 
 ke-kau-ke-gun (your chest). 
 
 Chest, o-kau-ke-gun-e-won (their 
 
 chests). 
 ne-kau-kegun-ing (in or on my 
 
 chest), 
 ke-kau-ke-gun-ing (in or on thy 
 
 chest), 
 o-kau-ke-gun-e-wong (in or on 
 
 their chests). 
 Coic, noon shabe-she ke (noon-sha 
 
 ^ female), 
 be-she-ke. 
 Eye, oosh-keen-shig (his eye), 
 nisi^h-keen-shig (my eye), 
 kislikeenshig (your eye), 
 oosh-keen-she-goon (eyes). 
 oosh - keen - shi - go - won (their 
 
 eyes). 
 uish - keen - shi - goong (in my 
 
 eye). 
 kish - keen - shi - goong (in your 
 
 eye), 
 oosh-keen-shigo wong (in their 
 
 eyes). 
 Foot, o-zid (his foot), 
 ne-zid (my fool), 
 ke-zid (your foot). 
 ne-zid-ong (in or on my foot). 
 ke-zidong (in or on your foot), 
 o-zid- un (feet), 
 o-zid-au-won (tlieir feet). 
 o-zid-au-wong (in or on their 
 
 feet).
 
 07 
 
 Girl, equas-jince. 
 
 equas-an-sug (girls). 
 Hair, me-nc sis. 
 
 ne-me-ne-sis (my hair) 
 ke-me-ne-sis (your liair). 
 me-nc-se-sun (hairs). 
 o-me-ne-si-se-\von (Uieir hairs). 
 Hand, o-ninj (his hand), 
 ne-ninj (my hand). 
 ke-ninj (your hand), 
 o-ninj -een (hands). 
 ne - ninj - ing (in or on my 
 
 hand), 
 ke-niiij-ing (in or on your 
 
 hand), 
 o-ninj-e-wong (in or on tlieir 
 
 hand). 
 Head, oosh-tig won (his head), 
 nislitig-won (my liead). 
 kish-tig-won (your head). 
 Gosh-tig-wau-nun (heads), 
 oosli - tig - wa - ne - won (t h e i r 
 
 lieads). 
 uisli tig-won-ing (in or on my 
 
 head), 
 kish-tig-won-ing (in or on your 
 
 head), 
 oosh-tig-wa-ne-wong (in or on 
 
 their heads). 
 Jaw, o-dau me-kun (his jaw), 
 nin-dau-me-kun (my jaw). 
 Ice-dauine kun (your jaw). 
 o-dau-me-kun-un (jaws). 
 o - dau - me - Ivun - e - won (their 
 
 jaws), 
 nin-dau me-kun-ing (in or on 
 
 my jaw). 
 ke-dan-me-Ivun-ing (in or on 
 
 your jaw). 
 o dau-me-kun-ewong (in or on 
 
 tlieir jaws). 
 Leg, okaud (his leg), 
 nc-kaud (my leg), 
 ke-kaud (your leg), 
 o-kau-diin (legs). 
 o-kau-de-won (their legs). 
 
 M(Hi, e-ne-ne. 
 
 e-ne-ne-wug (men). 
 Mouth, o-doon (his mouth), 
 ne-doon (my mouth), 
 ke doon (your mouth), 
 o-doo-nun (mouths), 
 o-dooiie-won (their mouths) . 
 ne-doo nitig (in my mouth), 
 ke-doon-ing (in your mouth), 
 o-doo- ne - wong (in their 
 mouths). 
 Nech-, o-qua-gun (ills neck), 
 ne-qua-gun (my neck), 
 ke-qua-gun (your neck), 
 o-qua gun-un (necks). 
 o-(iuagune-won (their necks), 
 ne-qua-gun-ong (on my neck), 
 ke qua-gun-ong (on your neck), 
 o-qua-gun-au-vvong (on their 
 necks. 
 None, o-chaush (his nose), 
 ne-cliaush (my nose), 
 ke-chaush (your nose), 
 o-chaush-un (noses). 
 o-chaush-e-won (their noses). 
 ne-chaush-ing (in my nose), 
 ke chaush-ing (in your nose), 
 o - chaush - e - wong (in their 
 noses). 
 Ox, be-she-ke ; aulick ; 
 
 auyau-ba be she-ke. 
 Old man, au-ke-wan-ze. 
 
 au-ke-wan-ze-yug (old men). 
 Old woman, min-de-mo-ya. 
 
 m i n - d e - m o - y a - y u g (old 
 women). 
 Reindeer, au-tick. 
 
 au-tick-wug (reindeers). 
 Tongue, o-ta-nau-newh (his tongue), 
 nin ta-nau-newh (my tongue), 
 ke-ta-naunewh (your tongue), 
 o-ta-nau-ne-wun (tongues), 
 o - ta - nau - ne - we - wuu (their 
 
 tongues), 
 nin-ta-nau-ne-wing (in or on 
 my tongue).
 
 68 
 
 Tongue,ke t&-na.u-ne-v/iag (inor on Tooth, ne-we-bid-ong (in or on my 
 
 your tongue). tooth). 
 
 o-t:i-nau-ne-we-wong (in or on ke-we-bid-ong (in or on your 
 
 their tongues). tooth). 
 
 Tooth, we-bid (his tooth). o-we-bidau-wong (in or on 
 
 ne-we-bid (my tooth). their teeth), 
 
 ke-we-bid (your tootli). Widow, she-gau e-qua. 
 
 we-bidun (teeth). Widower, she-gau we-ne-ne. 
 
 o-we - bid - dau - won (their Woman, e-qua. 
 
 teeth). e-qua-wug (women). 
 
 The words in the above vocabulary were syllabified by Mr. Salt in order 
 to afiord opportunity for ascertaining how the problem of syllabification 
 presented itself to the Indian mind. The writer's own experience has been 
 tliat there can be drawn no very fi.xed lines, for the consonant which closes 
 a syllable at one time may a short time afterwards be found connected with 
 the next following syllable. The rule assumed by some authorities that 
 syllables should, as far as possible, close with a vowel does not hold in the 
 Algonkian tongues, for in Mississaga the termination of a syllable in a 
 consonant is very frequent, as may be seen from the vocabulary now 
 under consideration. There seems to be considerable variation in Mr. 
 Salt's syllabification, a fact which goes to support the writer's personal 
 experience. 
 
 There are several interesting points to be noticed in the list of words 
 given above. The name au-tick, given to the reindeer, is known by tra- 
 dition only, as that animal is unknown in the region where the Mississagas 
 reside at present. Now the name is transferred to the "cow" or "ox," 
 probably from the resemblance of the hoofs. To the same animals the 
 name be-she-ke (properly, "buffalo") is given, the male and female being 
 distinguished as au-yau-ha be-she-ke and noon-sha be-she-ke. As a result, 
 probably, of the transference of this name to the domestic cow, the "buf- 
 falo " is called by another name, being differentiated as pau-quoclhbe-she-ke, 
 or the "wild cow," -'the cow of the woods." 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the Lenupe »^o« (which signified "elk, 
 cow,") is by the Canadian Dehiwares of to-day applied only to the deer 
 and the elk. 
 
 The letters in the words given by Mr. Salt have their English sounds as 
 written by Mr. Salt. 
 
 To further illustrate the Mississaga dialect of Mr. Salt the following 
 brief legend, furnished by him, may be cited : 
 
 A Stouy OP THE Mamagwasewug or Faeries (Referring to a 
 Rock near Shawanaga Bay). 
 
 Pauketaubewod Auneshenaubag okematusenauwon kekooyun ke e-she- 
 numackegawug kemodemindvvau. Wekekanemauwod dush, chebwau-
 
 69 
 
 waubung ke-e naukoshewawug ewede pauketaubauning okewaubumau- 
 wori dush akomonojin wauyaubumegowod dush kemaujekotihewawun, 
 aupe dush adoiiuiwainvod kenuwutaiiwun wekautunvauhumegosigwau. 
 Pasliig dush kee-kedowun kaunonod wcjikewayun. Xiikenau lautauke- 
 kwanin keen osliaunau nuwuch Auiieshinaubang kedeshenaugooz, Oke- 
 wauhumauwon emau odusene jemaunening kekooyun peendonug aube- 
 nid, medush ke-e nauwod, kagomonauwau kemoodemishshekongan, ke- 
 koiijwatieiuimuwauwod odusenejemaunene. Okewaubuinauwon dush 
 enewli niausluishanejin enenewuii peendegakwaushewanid ausumaubik. 
 Medush ewh Mamagwasevvaubekong. 
 
 "At a certaiu lime some Indiana suspected that some one was stealing 
 fish out of their nets. Resolved to see who it was, they started before 
 daylight to visit their nets. They saw parlies in a canoe taking fish out 
 of their net. The Indians chased them and overtook them, and held their 
 canoe, which was of stone. The Indians asked them why they were 
 stealing the fish out of their net. The strangers kept holding their heads 
 down, covering their faces with their hands. At last one of them spoke 
 and said to one of his companions: 'You look up and answer, for you 
 look more like an Indian than the rest of us.' The Indians knew that 
 the strangers in tlie stone canoe were the beings whom they call Mamarj- 
 wasewufj. The Indians pushed off the stone canoe, saying, ' Don't steal 
 any more of our fish.' The Mamagwasewug paddled their canoe into a 
 high precipitous rock. This region [near Shawanaga Bay] is called Ma- 
 mag wasewabekong," (" the place of the Faeries.") 
 
 For other specimens of modern Mississaga, reference may be had to the 
 works of Playter, Jones, and McLean, which are cited in the bibliog- 
 raphy appended to this essay. 
 
 Mrs. ]Mo()die, in her very interesting book. Roughing It in the Bush, has 
 recorded a few words of the Indians of Mud and Rice Lakes (pp. 307,311): 
 
 Anuonk, a star (name given to Mrs. Moodie's child Addie). 
 
 Checharm, to sneeze. 
 
 Metig, a stick (name given to a white settler of slender build). 
 
 Muckakee, a bullfrog (name given to a fat and pompous white settler). 
 Nogesigook, the northern lights (name given to Mrs. Moodie's d'aughter 
 
 Katie). 
 Nonocosiqui, a humming-bird (name given to Mrs. Moodie). 
 Sachalio, cross-eye (name given to a woman with a "squint"). 
 Segoskee, rising sun (name given to a red-faced young man). 
 Too-me-duh, to churn. 
 
 Mrs. ]VIoodie notes the fact (p, 294) that "John of Rice Lake, a very 
 sensible, middle aged Indian, was conversing with me about the lan- 
 guage and the difficulty he found in understanding the books written in 
 Indian for their use." This is not surprising when we consider the diffi- 
 culties of conveying to the mind of the Indian, in his own language, 
 6
 
 70 
 
 the peculhir modes of thought of tlie Bible and other religious books. 
 Besides this the Rev. Peter Jones, to whom very many of the translations 
 are wholly or in itart due, himself confesses that "having spol^en the 
 English language now for some time, I found I had lost my former 
 fluency in my own native tongue" {Journal, p. 219). 
 
 Schoolcraft, referring to Rev. Peter Jones' translation of the first Book 
 of Genesis, published in 1835, says {Archives of Aborig. Knowledfje, iv, 
 p. 531): 
 
 "The idiom of the Missisuuga form of the Chippewa, which is 
 employed throughout the translation, is perceptibly different from the 
 more rigid intonation and form of the vow^el sounds as heard in the region 
 of Lake Superior ; but the language is literally the same and is well un- 
 derstood by these northern bands." As an example, he cites Mississaga 
 mtmedoo = noryhern monedo. 
 
 Sir Daniel Wilson, in his Prelmtoric Man (3d ed., ii, p. 369), gives a 
 useful list of "specimens of Indian onomatopoeia," wiiich "have been 
 noted down chielly from the lips of Indians speaking the closely allied 
 Chippewa, Odawah and Mississaga dialects of the Algonquin tongue." 
 
 The examination of all accessible modern Mississaga material leads to 
 the conclusion that the language of the 3[ississagas is radically the same 
 as that of the Otcipwe and Nipissings, and has certain peculiarities, local, 
 perhaps, which differentiate it slightly from both of these. On the whole, 
 it would seem to be more closely akin to the dialect of Cuoq's Nipissing 
 than to that of Baraga's Otcipwe. 
 
 The short comparative vocabularj' has been compiled in order to show, 
 approximately, the position of the language of the Mississagas amongst 
 the Algonkian tongues. All evidence shows it to be almost identical with 
 the Nipissing and Otcipwe, but it possesses a number of words peculiar 
 to itself. It also has many words which seem nearest to the Cree iu 
 form, while others resemble most the Lenape.
 
 
 
 
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 73 
 
 Other than a few proj)er names scattered here and there in the old 
 records of colonial New York and Canada, the first lini^nistic material of 
 the Mississagas is tiie list of words of the " Messissauger, " published in 
 1797 by Benjamin Smith Barton in his New Views (pp. 1-80), and reprinted 
 by Allen (ISoO), Pickering-Say (1823-1843), Adelung-Vater (180G-1S17), 
 Gallatin (1836). This short list has continued to be the only vocabulary 
 of the Indians calling themselves "Mississagas" known to the student ot 
 the Algonkian touirues until the discovery of the Toronto manuscript and 
 the procuring bj' the writer of the vocabulary now publislied by him. 
 
 In the introduction to his "Synopsis" Gallatin remarks: " Altiiough 
 it may be presumed that the Mississagues did not, in that respect, differ 
 materially from the other northern Algonkins (a question which Smith 
 Barton's short vocabulary does not enable us absolutely to decide), they 
 appear to have (probably on account of their geographical position) pur- 
 sued a different policy, and separated their cause from that of their kin- 
 dred tribes" (Arch. Ainer., \\, p. 30). 
 
 Following are the words given by Barton (according to Arch. Ainer., ii, 
 p. 375): 
 
 Belly (my) , 
 
 Bread, 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Dog, 
 
 Eye, 
 
 Father (my), 
 
 Fire, 
 
 Flesh, 
 
 God, 
 
 Hand (my), 
 
 neemooteh. 
 beequaussekun. 
 
 neetauniss. 
 
 nannemoosh. 
 
 wuskink. 
 
 nosau. 
 
 scutteh. 
 
 ■wigoussah. 
 
 mungo minnato. 
 
 nochkiss. 
 
 I, 
 
 Land, 
 Ma , 
 ]\Ioon, 
 
 Mother [my, 
 thy mother], 
 Son (my). 
 Star, 
 Sun, 
 Water, 
 Wood [my]. 
 
 nindoh. 
 liockie. 
 sinneeh. 
 lenaupe-keeshoo. 
 
 kukkis. 
 
 neetauniss. 
 
 minnato. 
 
 keeslioo. 
 
 nippee. 
 
 netaukun. 
 
 Some of these words are worth discussing a little. The radical of nee- 
 tnooteh (my belly) does not agree with the ousatt of the Toronto MS. or 
 the nintissdd (my belly) of Baraga's Otcipwe, the Xipissing nimisat, but 
 is rather identical with the Cree matay (ventre). Nochkiss (my hand) 
 most resembles the Lenap^ nachk (my hand). The word for "mother" 
 finds its cognate in the Otcipwe l-inrjnshi (Wilson, kerjiishe, thy mother), 
 Modern Lenape g'ichk (my mother), Lenape yuhowes, guka (mamma). 
 The words for "wood" (netaukun) and for "star" (tninnato) are pecu- 
 liar. The "wood" may mean "forest," in which case rapprochement 
 with the Leniipe tekene (woods, an uninhabited place) ; if it mean " wood " 
 in the other sense it is no doubt tlie same us Lenape tachan (wood, piece 
 of wood), with a pronominal prefix of the first person. Minnato seems 
 to mean "spirit;" the word for "God," munqo minnato =:" great 
 spirit;" mungo is cognate with the Nipissing radical mmig-, "great," 
 and minnato would seem to be the same as manito. The word for 
 "moon" may signify "male sun," the first component being the same
 
 74 
 
 as the Lenape lenape, "Indian, man." The words for "do<r," "man" 
 and "I" are probablj'' misspelt, the n- of the tirst and the -oh of the 
 third being added by mistal<e ; the s- of the second should probably be an 
 1-. The words for "bread, eye, father, flesh, land, daughter, son, sun, 
 water" ditTor but slightly, when we consider the imperfect orthography, 
 from the corresponding terms in the Toronto MS. and the Skugog vocab- 
 ulary. 
 The words as given Smith Barton himself are as follows : 
 
 God, 
 
 muDgo-minnato 
 
 Eye, 
 
 Avuskink. 
 
 Father, 
 
 nosau. 
 
 Hand, 
 
 noch-kiss. 
 
 ]Mother, 
 
 kukkis. 
 
 Belly, 
 
 nee-moo-teh (my 
 
 Son, 
 
 neechaunis (my son). 
 
 
 belly). 
 
 Daughter, 
 
 n e e I a u n i s ( m y 
 
 Flesh, 
 
 wiyoussah, wyyous- 
 
 
 daughter). 
 
 
 sah. 
 
 Fire, 
 
 scuttaw, scut-teh. 
 
 Sun, 
 
 keeshoo. 
 
 
 scoot-teh. 
 
 Moon, 
 
 lenaupe-keeshoo. 
 
 Dog, 
 
 nanne-moosh. 
 
 Star, 
 
 minnato-woccon. 
 
 Bread, 
 I, 
 
 beequassekun. 
 nindoh. 
 
 Earth, ) 
 Land, 1 
 
 nindoh-hockee. 
 
 Man; 
 
 linueeh. 
 
 Wood, 
 
 netaukun. 
 
 Regarding the Mississagas and their language he makes the following 
 remarks : 
 
 "The Messissaugers, or Messasagues, are a most dirty race of Indians 
 residing about Lakes Huron and Superior" {Xcw Views, first ed., Phila- 
 delphia, 1797, p. xxxiii ; 2d cd., Philadelphia, 1798, p. xxxiii). 
 
 "The language of these Indians is undoubtedly very nearly allied to 
 that of the Chippewas, Naticks and others at the head of my larger lists. 
 But it contains words in the languages of some of the southern tribes 
 also " {Xeio Views, 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1798, App., p. 4). 
 
 A most important monument of Mississaga linguistics is the French- 
 Indian manuscript preserved in the Public Library of the city of Toronto, 
 a fitting resting place for it, since the site of the Queen City was once 
 covered by the wigwams of the people whose speech it records. Saving 
 the vocabulary of Carver, this is tiie earliest linguistic material of any 
 consequence in the dialects of the western Algonkian tribes of Canada. 
 The manuscript (which came into the possession of the Librar^^ by the 
 gift of Mr. Fulton St. George, whose father, a French Royalist and one of 
 the early settlers in the region of York, was at one time engaged in the 
 fur trade and had occasion to travel frequently between York and Lake 
 Simcoe) is written on loose sheets (pp. 52, 8vo) which were afterwards 
 sewn together. Several of the pages contain notes of the sale of goods, 
 prices of furs, etc., and the whole tenor of the vocabulary leads one to 
 believe that it was the work of a trader. Curiously enougli, religious 
 terms are wanting, while other categories of words to be expected in a 
 trader's notes are present. There are a number of dates written down in
 
 75 
 
 the MS., the principal of whicli l)clong to the year 1801 (26 f6v.; 10 fev- 
 rier ; 8, 22 Janvier ; 8 mars, etc.). For this and other reasons I am 
 inclined to fix the date of the vocabulary at 1801 approximately (it may 
 be earlier, possibly later). The linguistics of the MS. (which is French- 
 Indian) consist of some 500 words (names of parts of the body, members 
 of the family, natural phenomena and objects, animals, birds, insects, 
 fishes, fruits, articles of food, dress, etc., implements and instruments), 
 some 400 phrases and sentences, about a dozen names of men and 
 women, besides half a dozen short songs. There can be no doubt but 
 that the dialect of the manuscript is that of the Mississagas of the region 
 between York and Lake Simcoe. 
 
 The importance of this manuscript for the purpose of determining the 
 changes that have taken place in the language of the Mississagas in the 
 course of nearly a centurj- is obvious, and the writer has carefully exam- 
 ined it with that end in view. As regards the grammar, it may be said 
 that, if any change at all has taken place, a comparison with the modern 
 language, with Otcipwe and Xipissing fails to make it visible to any ex- 
 tent. A few examples will indicate this : 
 
 English. 
 
 MiSSISSAGA (1801). 
 
 Baraga's OtcIpwe, 
 
 My fixther-in-law. 
 
 nissinis. 
 
 ninsiniss. 
 
 Tliy father-in law. 
 
 quisinis, 
 
 kisiniss. 
 
 Ilis father-in-law, 
 
 ousinissin. 
 
 osinissan. 
 
 My son-in-law. 
 
 niningouan. 
 
 niningwan. 
 
 Thy son-in-law. 
 
 quiningouan, 
 
 kiningwan. 
 
 His son-in-law, 
 
 oningouanan. 
 
 oningwauan. 
 
 Star, 
 
 ananque. 
 
 anang. 
 
 Stars, 
 
 ananquaque. 
 
 anangog. 
 
 I say. 
 
 nindiquit, 
 
 nind ikkit. 
 
 Thou sayest, 
 
 quitiquit, 
 
 kid ikkit. 
 
 He saj's. 
 
 equito. 
 
 ikkito. 
 
 I am strong, 
 
 ni mascawich. 
 
 nin mashkawis. 
 
 He is strong. 
 
 mascawisi. 
 
 mashkawissin. 
 
 The vocabulary, of course, is liable to show more changes than is the 
 grammar. The loan-words which occur in the MS. are : 
 
 Owistioya, blacksmith ; 
 
 iMooule, bottle ; 
 
 Zaganassa, 
 
 Napane, 
 
 Cenipa, 
 
 Englishman ; 
 flour ; 
 ribbon ; 
 
 from an Iroquois word, 
 from French bouteille. 
 from French anghds (?). 
 from French la farine. 
 from French du ruban ("?). 
 
 For these the Skiigog Mississagas still say : dwicto'-tyd, omu'aie, cdgEnoc, 
 nd'pane, senlpKU, and the Otcipwo and Nipissing words correspond. 
 
 The significations of the great bulk of the vocabulary have remained 
 the same, but a fe%v changes are noticeable. Wd'bimin, which in the 3IS. 
 of 1801 means "peach," is used at Skugog in the sense of "apple."
 
 76 
 
 Some ■words are rendered quite dirterenth' in the Toronto MS. and in the 
 Skfigog vocabuhiry, but the absence of the corresponding words (which 
 probably existed) is easily explained. Examples of this are the following : 
 
 English. 
 Apple, 
 Ash, 
 Button, 
 Cherry, 
 Sarsaparilla, 
 
 TOKONTO MS., 1801. 
 missimln (big fruit), 
 annimis (species?), 
 cascaougzacoican, 
 teiscaouemen, 
 wabazasque, 
 
 Skugog JIississ.\ga, 1888-9. 
 wa'bimin (white fruit). 
 wisa'gEk (black ash). 
 bKtn (English button), 
 okwa'min. 
 oku'dEk (leg-root). 
 
 Some words appear in a somewhat different form in the two vocabu- 
 laries, e. g. : 
 
 Toronto MS., 1801. 
 nousc§, 
 scoute, 
 whentigous, 
 keiaouis, 
 pesicocouci, 
 ascebabet. 
 
 English. 
 Father (my), 
 Fire, 
 
 Frenchman, 
 Herring, 
 Horse, 
 Thread, 
 
 Skugog Mississaga. 
 nos. 
 
 iskilu'k. 
 waniitigu'ci. 
 oke'wMS. 
 papadjIkogEcI. 
 sasEbEb, etc. 
 
 These, however, are all susceptible of ready explanation. The word 
 papoux (child), which appears in the Toronto MS., is not current at Sku- 
 gog, and the same may be said of a few other words, as can be seen from 
 the vocabularies. 
 
 Regarding phonetics not much can be said, on account of the uncer- 
 tainty which attaches itself to the reading of many words in the 3IS., 
 and by reason of the fiict that the recorder did not sjiell the same word 
 alwaj's alike, even when there could be no doubt of its being identically 
 the same. It is worthy of note, however, that the letter r occurs several 
 times in the words esquar (wife), paraguan (hen), etc., though it is pos- 
 sible the r in the latter word was miswritten for a c. 
 
 On the wliole, the changes that have taken i)lace in the language of the 
 Mississagas since 1801 cannot be called extensive, and are nearly all in 
 the line of the dropping of one term of two which formerly both existed. 
 The annexed list of words has been extracted from the Toronto MS. for 
 the sake of facilitating comparison. 
 
 Vocabulary op the Mississagas of the Region between York 
 
 (Toronto) and Lake Simcoe (prom the Manuscript in 
 
 the Public Library, Toronto. Date, circa 1801). 
 
 Again, minoua. 
 Angry, niniscatis. 
 Apple, missimin. 
 Arm, aunic. 
 Ash, annimis (fieue). 
 
 Autumn, tacouacongue (I'automne 
 
 derniere). 
 Back, oupicouan. 
 Bad, manandate (il est mauvais). 
 Bug, masquinioute (sac).
 
 77 
 
 Ball, anouen (balle). 
 
 Barrel, macacoussac. 
 
 Bass, achigane. 
 
 Bdsswood, wicopiinis (tilleul). 
 
 Bead, manitoniiiiis. 
 
 Bear, maquac. 
 
 Beaver, amic. 
 
 Beech, azaoui'inis. 
 
 Birch, ouigouasgueinai (bouleau). 
 
 Black, macateoua. 
 
 Blacksmith, ouistoiya. 
 
 Blanket, wapayam. 
 
 Blood, miscuit. 
 
 Blue, jauouscoua. 
 
 Blueberries, minen (bleue). 
 
 Boat, tscliiman. 
 
 Body, ouiyaw. 
 
 Bottle, mooute. 
 
 Box, macac. 
 
 Bread, couaseican. 
 
 Brother, niudaouema (moQ frere). 
 
 Brother-in-law {my), nila. 
 
 Butterfly, nemenguan. 
 
 Buttons, cascaougzacoican. 
 
 Cat, cazagiiez. 
 
 Cedar, quisig. 
 [ Cherry, teiscaoueuain. 
 ' Chief, oquiniii. 
 
 Child, papous ; abinouche. 
 
 Chin, outaraicane. 
 j Clam, eissens. 
 ' Cloth, miscou.(''gau (drap rouge). 
 
 Cloud, anacouut. 
 
 Cold, quilini. 
 
 Come, ondace. 
 
 Corn, mindamin. 
 ' Corn soup, mindaminabo. 
 
 Cranberry, masquiguimin (atocca). 
 i Crane, atchitchac. 
 ■ Crow, andt'C. 
 
 Daughter, uindaais (ma fllle). 
 
 Day, gotogom (uii jour). 
 
 Deer, wawasguu. 
 
 Demon, mauitou. 
 
 Die, uipan (mort). 
 
 Drink, minicoua (boire). 
 
 Drum, t(5oueigan (tambour). 
 
 Duck, chichip. 
 
 Eagle, miguissi. 
 
 Earrings, nabicebison . 
 
 Ears, outaouac. 
 
 Eat, ouissine (manger). 
 
 Eel, pimissie. 
 
 Eggs, wawane. 
 
 Elk, michiouon (orignal). 
 
 Elm, anipe. 
 
 Englishman, zaganassa. 
 
 Enough, miminique. 
 
 Eyes, ousquinzic (yeux et visage). 
 
 Face, ousquinzic. 
 
 Father {my), nousc^. 
 
 Father-in-law {my), nissinis. 
 
 Feather, migouane. 
 
 File, cepauzican. 
 
 Fire, scoute. 
 
 Fisher, odzic (pecheur). 
 
 Flour, napane. 
 
 Foot, ozita. 
 
 Formerly, menouizac. 
 
 Fox, wagous. 
 
 Frenchman, whentigous. 
 
 Friend, nidzi (men ami). 
 
 Frying pan, sascecocouan. 
 
 Girl, quicang. 
 
 Give, mississin manda (donne-moi 
 
 cela). 
 Glad, niminooendan. 
 Go, matchau (vas-l'en). 
 Goose, pisiquissi (oie). 
 Goose {wild), nica (outarde). 
 Gooseberry, chapomin. 
 Grape, chaouemin. 
 Grease, pimito. 
 Great, quitclii. 
 Green, jauouscoua. 
 Gun, pasquesicain. 
 Hair, winissis (cheveux). 
 Hand, ouingi. 
 
 Hardwood, manen (bois dur). 
 Hare, "wapous. 
 
 Handkerchief, macata ceniba (silk). 
 Hat, tessewiwaquam.
 
 78 
 
 Head, ousticouan. 
 
 Heart, ote. 
 
 Heel, otlondain. 
 
 Hemlocl-, quakaquime (emlot). 
 
 Hen, paraguan. 
 
 Heron, cha(iui. 
 
 Herring, keiaouiss. 
 
 Horse, pesicocouci. 
 
 Huckleberries, minen (bleuo). 
 
 /, nin. 
 
 Ice, iiiicouam. 
 
 Jnclian, nissinabe. 
 
 Iron, biouabic. 
 
 Kettle, ac^uec. 
 
 Kill, nissata (tuons-le). 
 
 Knees, ouquitic. 
 
 Knife, mocomaud. 
 
 KnoiD, nin quiquendan (je le sais). 
 
 Lake, tchigamen. 
 
 Laugh, papa (il rit). 
 
 Leg, oucate. 
 
 Little, pangiii (peu). 
 
 Looking glass, wamouschagwan. 
 
 Loon, manque. 
 
 Lynx, pisciu (loup-cervier). 
 
 3Ian, anini. 
 
 3Ia)i (old), quiweudzi. 
 
 Many, nipina. 
 
 Maple, aninotic (erable). 
 
 Marten, wabiscece. 
 
 Moccasin, macasin. 
 
 Money, jonia (argent). 
 
 Moon, tibiquisses. 
 
 Morning, tceba (matin). 
 
 Mother (my), niiiga. 
 
 Mother-in-law (my), nisicoussis. 
 
 Mouse, wawapiuolchin. 
 
 Mouth, outon. 
 
 Muskrat, ozasque. 
 
 Musquito, saquima (maringonin). 
 
 Nail (finger), ouscanje. 
 
 Neck, ocouegan. 
 
 Needle, cabonican. 
 
 Never, cauin. 
 
 New, osqui (il est neuf ). 
 
 Nig7it, tibiquat. 
 
 No, not, cauin. 
 Noon, nawque ; nawcoue. 
 Nose, oudzac. 
 Nut, pacanens. 
 Oak, mitigomis. 
 Otter, niquic. 
 Owl, coucoucouou. 
 Ox, pisiqui. 
 Paper, masscjnican. 
 Piirtridge, pin6. 
 Peach, wabiniin. 
 Pepper, w assagan j e. 
 I'ike, ({uinnonzi'. 
 Pine, singuac. 
 Pipe, pouacan. 
 Plum, pagueissane. 
 Porcupine, cake. 
 Potato, opin. 
 Pumpkin, coussimane. 
 Queen, oukimacoue. 
 Raccoon, asceban (chat sauvage) 
 Rain, quimicouan. 
 Rattlesnake, sissigua. 
 Raven, cacaouessin. 
 Razor, casquipatchigan. 
 Red, miscouat. 
 
 Redwood, miscouabimis (bois rouge). 
 Ribbon, cenipan. 
 
 Ring (finger), tatebini jibissouen. 
 River, chipi. 
 Road, mican. 
 Salt, sioutagan. 
 Salmon, azaouamec. 
 Sarsaparilla, wabazasque. 
 Sassafras, men aguacomis. 
 Sea, canquitehicamcn. 
 Sheep, manitanis. 
 Shirt, papacooyam. 
 S7ioe, macasin. 
 
 Shot, sliissibanouen (i. e., "duck- 
 balls"). 
 Shoulders, tiniman gat. 
 Silver, jonia (argent). 
 Sister, quitaou6ina (ta sanir). 
 Sky, guisic. 
 Sleep, ouipenia (coucher ensemble).
 
 79 
 
 Small, cassen (il est petit). 
 
 Snake, quinapic. 
 
 Snoic, coune ; acounc. 
 
 Snoic (u.). soguipo (il neige). 
 
 Snowshoe, acam (raquette). 
 
 Soldier, osimaganis. 
 
 Son (my), ninguis. 
 
 Son-in-hiw (mi/), ninninguau. 
 
 Spoon, miquaa. 
 
 Spring, ininoquamongue (le prin- 
 
 temps tlernier). 
 Squirrel, atchitanion. 
 Star, ananque. 
 Stone, acceu. 
 Strmcherry, outaymiii. 
 Sturgeon, u^iikj. 
 Sucker, namepin (carpe). 
 Sugar, sinsibacouc. 
 Summer, awascli nipinougue (I'etu 
 
 derniere). 
 Sun, guisiqui ; guississe. 
 Teeth, wipit. 
 That, manda. 
 Thread, ascebabet. 
 Toad, omagaqui. 
 Tobacco, cema. 
 To-day, nongom. 
 To-morroic, wabaa. 
 Tongue, d^nanisa. 
 Totem, totaim. 
 Town, ooulenaw. 
 
 Trout, namengousse. 
 
 Turkey, luississi. 
 
 Turnip, tellies. 
 
 Ugly, ozam manatisci (trop laid). 
 
 Warm, quisale (il fait cbaud). 
 
 Water, nipi. 
 
 Weasel, jingous (belette). 
 
 What? wenenV 
 
 Whale, wabamec (baleine). 
 
 Where, anapi. 
 
 Whisky, scoutfiouabo. 
 
 White, wabisca. 
 
 White-Jish, licamec. 
 
 Wife, esquar. 
 
 Wild goose, nica (outarde). 
 
 Wind, nououtin. 
 
 Wind (east), wabanon. 
 
 Wind (west), naouich. 
 
 Wind (north), quioueting. 
 
 Wind (south), tcliaouenon. 
 
 Windoic, waschctchican. 
 
 Winter, pipon. 
 
 Winter, wespipouongue (I'hiver 
 
 dernier). 
 Wolf, maingan. 
 Woman, icoue ; esciuar. 
 Year, ningopipon (i. e., "a winter"). 
 Yelloio, ozaoua. 
 Yes, lie. 
 
 Yesterday, petcinago. 
 You, quia. 
 
 Trap, tessonagan. 
 The following proper names occur in the MS. : 
 
 Dasiganise, a woman's name. 
 
 Sissagua (rattlesnake), a woman's name. 
 
 Nipinauquec, father of Sissiqua. 
 
 Masqueigone, probably a man's name. 
 
 Wabakima, probably a man's name. 
 
 Nisguioutche, probably a man's name. 
 
 Xipiuanacouat (summer cloud), probably a man's name. 
 
 ISIematasse, probably a man's name. 
 
 Manitouen, probablj^ a man's name. 
 
 Guisiguapi, man's name. 
 
 Quinabic (snake), son of the former. 
 
 Eissens (clam), man's name. 
 
 Chicouessee, (?). 
 
 Qucquecons, (?).
 
 80 
 
 BlBHOC.RAPIlY OF THE MlSSISSAGA LANGUAGE. 
 
 Adelung, J. C, AND Vatku, J. S. Mithridates oder allgemeine SpracJi- 
 tnkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in beinahe funfhnndert 
 Sprarhen itnd M>indarten. Berlin, IfiOfi [-1817], 4 vols., Svo. 
 Vol. iii, Pt. iii, contains, according to Prof. Pilling, " Messissauger Vo- 
 cabularies," pp. 343, 344, 415, 41C (from Barton). 
 Allen, "W. Wunnisoo ; or, The Vale of lloosatunnuk. A Poem with 
 Notes. Boston, MDCCCLVI [185(5]. 
 Prof. Pilling stales that tliis book contains an account of Indiun lan- 
 guages (pp. 174-192), with short vocabularies of Algonkian bmguages 
 (pp. 179-181), amongst them of the Messisagua. See Pillinfj's Bibli- 
 ograpliy. 
 Barton, B. S. New View?, of the OrUiin of the Tribes and Nations of 
 America. Philadelphia, 1797, Svo, pp. i-xii, i-cix, 1-83. 
 Contains (pp. 1-80) comparative vocabularies of numerous Algonkian 
 
 languages, amongst them of the Mcssissaugers. 
 According to Prof. Pilling, the second edition, issued in 1798, contains 
 the same entry. 
 "Some Account of the Different Species and Varieties of Na- 
 tive American or Indian Dogs." In Philaddphia Medical and Phys. 
 Journal, Vol. i, Pt. ii, pp. 3-31. Pliiladelpliia, 1805, Svo. 
 Discusses names for dogs in various American dialects, including ]\Ies- 
 sisauger. Title from Pilling. 
 "On Indian Dogs." The Philosophical Magazine, Vol. xv 
 
 (Feb.-May, 1803), pp. 1-9, 130-143. 
 Apparently the same as the previous, and contains the same linguistics. 
 Buckingham, James S. Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunsioick and the 
 Other British Provinces in North America. With a Plan of National 
 Colonization. London, 1843. 
 Contains (p. 45) explanation of the origin of the English and Indian 
 names of the Credit River. 
 Campbell, Rev. Puof. J. "The Alliliation of the Algonquin Lan- 
 guages." Proc. Uanad. Inst, Toronto. New series, Vol. i (1879), 
 pp. 15-53. 
 The comparative vocabulary (pp. 26-45) coatains a few Mississagua 
 
 words. 
 Prof. Pilling cites a reprint of this. 
 
 "Origin of the Aborigines of Canada." Trans. Quebec Lit. 
 
 and Hist. Soc, 1S80-18S1 (Quebec, 1882), pp. 61-93, and Appendix, 
 pp. i-xxxiv. 
 According to Prof. Pilling, the "Comparative Vocabulary of the Al- 
 gonquin and Polynesian Languages" (pp. xv-xix) includes a few 
 ]\Iissisagua words. 
 This paper was issued separately. Pp. 1-33, Appendix, pp. i-xxxiv, 
 Svo. Quebec, 188 1. See Pilling' s Bibliography. 
 Canada and the Oregon. London, MDCCCXLVI. This work contains
 
 81 
 
 passim a few words of the Mississagasof Rice and Mud Lakes and a 
 brief remark on the Indian Language (p. 31i)). 
 Canniff, William, ]\I.D. History •>/ the Settlement of Upper Canada. 
 With Especial Reference to the Bay of Quinte. Toronto, 18G9, 
 pp. i-xxxi, 1-671, 8vo. 
 Chapter xxvi, pp. 823-326, treats of the Mississagua Indians, and the 
 work contains passim the explanation of a number of Indian place 
 names. 
 Chamberlain, A, F. "Mississagua Etymology." /Scte/ice, New York, 
 Vol. xii (1888), p. 132. 
 Discusses the etymology of some twenty jNIississagua (Skuiroij;) words. 
 
 "Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the ]Mississa"-ua 
 
 Indians." Journ. of Amer. Folk-Lore. Vol. i (1888), pp. 150-100. 
 Contains proper and geograi)hical names, words, etc., passim. Also a 
 
 few short songs (from the Toronto ]\IS.). 
 This paper was issued sei)arateh'. Cambridge, 1888. 
 
 " Tales of the Mississaguas. " 1. Journal of Amer. Folk-Lore, 
 
 Vol. ii (1889). PI). 141-147. 
 Contains texts of myths in ^Mississagua (of Skugog) with interlinear 
 and free translations into English. 
 "The Archtieology of Skugog Island. " The Port Perry Stand- 
 ard [newsiiaper], Vol. xxiii, No. 30 (March 7, 1881J), p. 2. 
 Contains the Mississaga names of articles of archteological interest. 
 This article has been reprinted. 
 
 "The Language of the Mississaguas of Scugog " (Abstract). 
 
 Pror. Canad. Inst., Vol. xxv (1890), pp. 104-106. 
 Brief notice of some of the peculiarities of this dialect, with short list 
 
 of peculiar words. 
 This article has been reprinted. 
 
 "Algonkiu Onomatology, with Some Comparisons with 
 
 Basque." Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Science, Vol. xxxviii (1889), pp. 351, 
 352 (Abstract). 
 Contains a few Mississagua words. 
 
 "Mississagua Place Names." Journ. of Amer. Folk-lore, Vol. 
 
 iii (1890), p. 7. 
 Discusses the etymology of a number of geographical names. 
 
 "Tales of the Mississaguas." II. Ibid., pp. 149-154. 
 
 Contains Mississagua texts with interlinear and free English transla- 
 tions (pp. 150, 151). Also songs (pp. 152, 153) and proper names 
 (pp. 153, 154). 
 
 •Notes on Indian Child Language." American Anthropolofjist 
 
 (Washington), Vol. iii (1890), pp. 237-241. 
 Contains (p. 238) a few Missis^sagua words. 
 
 "The JNIaple amongst the Algonkian Tribes." Ibid., iv (1891), 
 
 pp. 39-43. 
 
 Discusses (p. 42) Mississaga words for "maple" and "sugar."
 
 82 
 
 Chamberlain, A. F. "The Aryau Element in Indian Dialects." I. 
 The Canadian Indian, Vol. i (1890. 1891), pp. 148-153. 
 Contains (p. 150) notice of loanwords in Mississaga. 
 This article has been rei>rinted. Owen Sound [1891], pp. 8. Mississaga 
 item on p. 5. 
 
 "The Algonkian Indians of Baptiste Lake." Fourth Annual 
 
 Report of the Canadian Institute (Session 1890-1891). Toronto, 1891, 
 pp. 83-89. 
 Contains (p. 89) a few Mississaga words. 
 COPWAY, GicouGE. The Life, Ilistory and Travels of Kah-(je ga-gah-howh 
 {George Copway), etc. Albany, 1847, pp. v-vii, 5-234. 
 Contains j)«S6i//i a few Indian words and proper names. Also (at p. 34) 
 a two-line hunter's song in the language of the Mississaga Indians of 
 Rice Lake, with English translation. 
 Edwauds, Rev. .Jonatiiax. See Pickering, J. 
 
 Gallatin, Hon. Albert. "A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the 
 United States East of the Rockj^ Mountains, and in the British and 
 Russian Possessions in Xorth America." Archceologia Americana, 
 Vol. ii (1836), pp. 1-142. 
 On p. 375 are the ^Messi-ssauga words cited from Barton. 
 Indian Chief The. Toronto, 1SC7. 
 
 This work contains passim many ^Mississaga proper names, often with 
 explanations. 
 Jones, Rev. Peter. The First Book of Genesis. Toronto, A.D. 1835, 
 pp. 178, 12mo. 
 Schoolcraft (Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. iv, p. 531) says 
 that this translation is in "the idiom of the ^lississagua form of the 
 Chippewa." 
 
 Life and Journals of Kak-ke-wa-quo-na-ly (Rev. Peter Jones), 
 
 Wesleyan Missionary. Toronto, 1860, pp. iii-.\i, 1-424, 8vo. 
 Contains (p. 260) sentence in language of jNIississaugas of Rice Lake, 
 w'ith English translation. Also a few Mississauga terms and projter 
 names passim. 
 
 Ilistory of the Ojehway Indians. With Especial Reference to 
 
 Their Conversion to Christianity. London, 1861, pp. iii-vi, 1-278, 
 12mo. 
 Reference to IMississauga jyassim. At p. 189, version of Lord's Prayer 
 
 in Chii)peway (Eastern) Mississauga dialect. 
 For the Ojebway works of Jones see Pilling' s Bibliography, sub nomine, 
 LuDEwiG, H. E. The Literature of American Aboriginal Languages. 
 With Addition and Corrections by Prof. AV. W. Turner. London, 
 MDCCCLVIII, pp. v-xxiv, 1-258, 8vo. 
 Contains (pp. Ill, 238) list of vocabularies, etc., in Messisauger. 
 McLean, John, M.A., Ph.D. James Evans, Inventor of the Syllabic Sys- 
 tem of the Cree Language. Toronto [1890]. 
 Title from Prof. Pilling, who slates that it contains Mississaga Unguis.
 
 83 
 
 tics as follows : Mlssisauga sentence with English equivalent (p. 46) 
 and a prayer in the [Missisauga] language of the Indians of Grape 
 Island, with English translation (pp. 70, 77). 
 MooDiE, Mks. Slsanna. Jiouyhing It in the Bush; or, Fori at Life in 
 Canada. New and revised edition. Toronto, 1871. 
 This work contains (pp. 307, 311) some remarks on the language of tlie 
 Mississagas of tlie region around Peterborough. And also (p. 294) a 
 brief reference to that of Kice Lake. A few Misaissaga words are given 
 passim. 
 Mr. Bain, of the Toronto Public Library, kindly informs me that edi- 
 tions of this work, other than the above, are as follows : 2 vols. ]iost. 
 8vo, pp. 008, London, Bentley, 1832 ; 2 vols., post. 8vo, pp. 608, Lon- 
 don, 1852, second edition ; 2 vols., post. 12mo, Putnam, X. Y., 1852 ; 
 2 vols., post. 8vo, London, 1853 ; 3 vols., post. 8vo, London, 1854 ; 
 2 vols., 12mo, New York, 1854 ; 1 vol., London, 1857. I am not able 
 to state whether the linguistic matter is contained in all of these 
 editions or not. 
 Pickering, J. See Say, T. 
 
 Playteh, Geo. D. 'The History of Methodism in Canada. "With an Ac- 
 count of the Rise and Progress of the Work of God amongst the 
 Canadian Tribes, and Occasional Notices of the Civil Aft'airs of the 
 Province. Toronto, 1802, pp. viii, 413, 12mo. 
 Title from Pitting' s Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages, where it is 
 stated that this work contains (p. 224) a si.xline verse of a hjann in 
 the language of the [Mississaga] Indians of Grape Island, Bay of 
 Quinte, with English translation. 
 Salt, Rev. Allen. " Audesokon Netumesing Tushemind Nanebozho." 
 A legend concerning Nanebozho, in the Mississaga language. MS., 
 10 ])[)., ordinary note paper. In possession of the writer of this 
 essay. 
 
 "Brief Vocabulary of the Mississaga Language." MS., 8 pp. 
 
 In the possession of the writer of this essay. 
 Say, T. "Notes to Jno. Pickering's Edition of Edwards' Observations 
 on the Mohegan Language." In collections of the ISIass. Hist. Soc. 
 Second series. Vol. x. Boston, 1823, 8vo. Reprinted, Boston, 1843. 
 8vo, pp. 135-145. 
 The Messissauger words given are from Smith Barton. 
 ScHOMBURGK, SiR ROBERT H. "A Vocabularv of the ^laiankong Lan- 
 guage [South America]." Philol. Soc. [Loudon] Proe., Vol. iv, 
 pp. 217-222, London, 1850. 
 Title from Prof. Pilling, who states that the paper contains the word 
 for "sun " in various Algonkian tongues, including the Mississaugi. 
 Schoolcraft, H. R. Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, etc. Vol. i, 
 1860. 
 Contains (p. 306) etymology of the word "Missisagies." 
 Vol. iv, p. 531, contains a brief remark on the Mississaga language.
 
 84 
 
 Seneu, S. M. "Some Indian Names." Ilarrisburg Telegraph, "Notes 
 and Queries," No. ccxx.xv, Ilarrisburg, Pa., June 29, 1889. 
 Title from Prof. Pilling, who states that the article contains the name 
 for "elk, don;," etc., in a number of American languages, including 
 Mississagua. The list is compiled Irom Barton (q. v.). 
 Toronto Public Library. "French-Indian [Mississaga] Vocabulary," 
 MS., pp. 53, 8vo. 
 This vocabulary, which dates from between 1798 and 180.J, contains 
 some 500 words, 400 verb forms and sentences, about a dozen proper 
 names and a few short songs. The dialect is that of the Mississagas 
 of the region between York (now Toronto) and Lake Simcoe. 
 Traill, Catharine Park. The Canadian Crusoes. [Boston, 1881.] 
 
 Few Mississaga words passim. 
 Trumbull, Dr. J. II. "On Algonkin Names for Man." Trans. Amer. 
 Philol. Assoc. (18G9-1870), pp. 138-159. 
 Discusses (p. 147) the Mississaga word for "man" (linneep) given by 
 Barton ((/. v.). 
 
 "Notes on Forty Versions of the Lord's Prayer in Algonkin 
 
 Languages." Ibid. (1873), pp. 113-193. 
 No. 26, Chippewa (Eastern) Mississauga. A version by the Rev. Peter 
 
 Jones, taken from his lllstonj of the Ojehicay Indians, p. 189. 
 Dr. Trumbull gives explanatory notes. See Jones. 
 Wilson, Sir Danikl, LL.D., F.R.S.E. Prehistoric Man. Researches 
 into the Origin of Civilization in the Old and the New World. 3 
 vols., 8vo, Cambridge and London, 18G3. 
 Vol. i, pp. 73, 74, contains a short list of Mississagua and otlier Algon- 
 kian words as examples of onomatopoeia. 
 
 Prchidorie Man, etc. Second edition. Loudon, 1805, 1 vol., 
 
 8vo. 
 Mississagua linguistics (pp. 03, 64) as in previous edition. 
 
 Prehistoric Man. Researches into the Origin of Civilization in 
 
 the Old and the New World. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 
 London, 1876, 3 vols., 8vo. 
 Vol. ii, pp. 368, 869, vocabulary of some twenty-five words containing 
 examples of onomatopoeia in Mississagua and other Algonkin dialects.
 
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