'OltM. -if ,-..;r, ^.,-;4^ HO-RTICIJlTURt COlLEGt L: /.r;RicULTURE BERKFfFV aiiFORNIA [r UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES BfiJIKL FARM MANAGEMENT NOTES (FOR CALIFORNIA) By . R. L. ADAMS Professor of Farm Management University of California Beriieley SEVENTH EDITION 1921 DISTRIBUTED BY ASSOCIATED STUDENTS' STORE lUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY FARM MANAGEMENT NOTES (For California) COVERING Agricultural Statistics. Methods and Costs of California Crop Production. California Stock Industries. Miscellaneous Farm Management Data. Work Capacity of Men, Stock, Implements and Machines. Costs of Farm Equipment and Supplies. Selected Farm Management Literature. Farm Management Outlines for Reporting Ranch Properties, Valuing Agricultural Lands, Testing Farm Businesses, Studying Farm Management Subjects. ^^0512 Farm Management Notes CONTENTS Preface page Purpose of "Notes" 9 Part I — California Agricultural, Climatic and Farm Statistics 13 Census data 13, 14, 15 Production 15, 16 Centers of production 17, 18 Large holdings 19 Climate 20 Soils 20 Part II — Methods and Costs of California ('roj) Production - 23 Items to bear in mind in using "Notes" 23, 24, 25 Alfalfa Methods 26 Costs ^27 Almond Methods 28 Costs 29 Apple Methods 30 Costs 31 Apricot Methods 32 Costs 33 Asparagus Methods .34 Costs 35 Barley Methods 36 Costs 37 Bean Methods 38 Costs 39 Bean, Limas Methods 40 Costs 41 Cabbage Methods 42 Costs 43 Cherry- Methods 44 Costs 45 Corn (Indian) Methods 46 Costs , , .47 Cotton Methods 48 Costs 49 Fig Methods ; 50 Costs 51 6 Farm Management Notes Grape (raisin) page Methods 52 Costs 53 Grape (table) Methods 54 Costs 55 Hay Methods .^ 56 Costs ,, 57 Hop Methods 58 Costs 59 Lemon Methods 60 Costs 61 Oats ,, , , Methods ; , 62 Costs '. 63 Olive Methods 64 Costs 65 Onion Methods 66 Costs 67 Orange Methods 68 Costs 69 Peach ,, , , Methods .70 Costs ; : 71 Pear , . , , Methods 72 Costs : 73 Pea Methods 74 Costs 75 Plum Methods 76 Costs ; 77 Potato Methods : ...78 Costs 79 Prune Methods 80 Costs 81 Rice Methods -.82 Costs 53 Sorghum Methods 84 Costs 85 Stock Beet Methods 86 Costs 87 Sugar Beet Methods 88 Costs 89 Sweet Potato Methods 90 Costs 91 Farm Management Notes 7 Tomato p^o^ Methods 92 Costs 93 Walnut Methods 94 Costs ; 95 Wheat Methods ' 96 Costs 97 Paut III — California Methods in Commercial Stock Industries 101 Dairying Methods 101 Financial Items 102 B^'^f Methods 103 Financial Items 105 ^•^''^P Methods 106 Financial Items 109 Hog Methods no Financial Items 112 Poultry Methods 113 Financial Items 115 Part IV — Work Capacity of Men, Stock, Implements and Farm Machines , 119 Subject to wide variations 119 Duty implements and machines 121 Work capacity of stock 123 Day's work for man or crew '. 123 Field crops 123 Alfalfa 123 Beans 124 Corn 124 Cotton 125 Flax 125 Grain 125 Hops 126 Potatoes 126 Sorghums 126 Stockbeets 126 Sugarbeets. 126 Sweet peas 126 Fruit : 127 Cultivation 127 Spraying 127 Apples... 127 Apricots 127 Berries 127 Cherries 128 Currants 128 Grapes 128 OUves 128 Pears 128 Prunes 128 Peaches 128 Strawberries 128 Walnuts 128 8 Farm Management Notes PAGE Vegetables 129 Asparagus 129 Cabbage „ 129 Cantaloupes ; 129 Onions 129 Peas 129 Rhubarb 129 String beans 129 Sweet potatoes 129 Tomatoes , 129 Dairying 130 Poultry 130 Sheep 130 Stock 130 Building 131 Fencing 131 Hauling 131 Irrigating , 132 Poisoning gophers 132 Sawing wood 132 Tiling 132 Size of load 132 Part V — Costs of Farm Equipment and Supplies 135 Farm implements and machinery 135 Building materials 136 Windmills 136 Fencing 136 Miscellaneous small tools and supplies 138 Irrigating materials 139 Dairy materials 140 Orchard materials 140 Poultry materials 140 Part VI — Miscellaneous Data and Tables 143 Tractor data 143 Building dimensions !. 145 Part VII — Farm Management Outlines 149 Basic data 149 Description of the property ; 149 Studies in connection with establishing a farm business ^. 151 Planning the work 151 Calendar of operations 151 Equipping the business 152 Determining capital needs 156 Reviewing findings : 161 Studies pertaining to established concerns 162 Farm bookkeeping 162 Cost data 165 Marketing ; 168 Farm labor : 168 Leasing farm lands 171 Farm law 173 Valuing farm properties 175 Part VIII— Selected Farm Management Literature 179 General texts 179 Bulletins and pamphlets 179 PREFACE. The purpose of these "Notes" is to provide a collection of data covering California agri- cultural and farming conditions for use by newcomers into the State and by students of farm man- agement, so that they may be better equipped to pass upon the commercial possibilities of the various farming industries of more outstanding importance, and to know something of the financial requirements. PART I. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL, CLIMATIC, AND FARM STATISTICS Farm Management Notes IS PART I. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL, CLIMATIC, AND FARM STATISTICS. CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE. California ranks second in land area and eighth in population among the states and terri- tories of continental United States. The State is extremely diversified both topographically and agriculturally. The elevation ranges from sea level to 14,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The rugged masses of the Coast Range mountains practically parallel the entire coast of the State, while the Sierras range along the eastern boundary, the two forming the boundaries of the great central valley of Cali- fornia. The northern portion of this valley constitutes the basin of the Sacramento Valley, while the southern portion constitutes the basin of the San Joaquin. The valley is everywhere practically uniform as regards its physical features. The soil immediately along the rivers is usually heavy clays and clay loams, constituting the overflow land and river flood plains. These are bordered along the foothills by loams, adobes, sandy loams, and sandy and gravelly soils, giving great variety in soil characteristics and in resultant crop adaptation. The normal annual rainfall of the State ranges from two to three inches in the southeastern corner, to sixty inches in the northwestern. Except in the southeastern part of the State, there is sufficient rainfall for raising grain crops without irrigation, but the practice of irrigation is general. Of the total ninety-nine and one-half million acres comprising the State of California, about 28% is in farms. Of the 28%, nearly half is improved, or 1L4% of the total area. And yet every nook and corner of good land in California has been taken up by some enterprising farmer, cattle- man, or investor. Of the 28%, it is interesting to note that in Merced, Solano and Sutter counties 90% to 95% is in farms, while Inyo and San Bernardino have less than 2% in farms. As an indication of the importance of agriculture, data has been taken from the United States Census for 1909 and 1919; the Pacific Rural Press, issue of January 1, 1921; the California Cultivator, issues of August 28, 1920, and January 22, 1921; and the California Crop Report, 1920 of the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Crop Estimates, the California Department of Agriculture, and the California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service, and the montlily bulletins of the State Horti- cultural Commission. Additional details can be found in these original sources. CALIFORNIA FARM STATISTICS. (From U. S. Census) A summary of the last available census (1909), with spaces for including similar data for 1919, when it is available, is given in the following table: 1910 Census 1920 Census Total acreage in State, acres 99}^ million Total acreage in farms, percentage of total acreage 28% Farm acreage that is improved, percentage of total acreage. 11. 4% Improved farm acreage that is irrigated, percentage of improved acreage 23.7% Number of farms 88,197 117,993 Average size of farms, acres 316.7 Average farm value, per acre $47.16 Ranging from — Low, per acre 10.00 High, per acre 125.00 Average value per farm — All farm property $18,308 Land and buildings 16,447 Implements and machinery 414 Domestic animals 1,447 H Farm Management Notes NUMBER OF FARMS. The number of farms in the different counties is shown in the following table (figures for 1920 being advance data from the Bureau of the Census, Washington) : County 1920 1910 1900 Alameda 2,793 2,422 2,787 Alpine 21 42 37 Amador 500 537 560 Butte. 2,102 1,500 1,179 Caavoras. 621 632 575 ^olusa. 781 667 582 Contra Costa 1,681 1,465 1,511 Del Norte I39 114 131 El Dorado 728 716 759 Fresno 8,933 6,245 3,290 ^lenn.. 1,215 663 529 Humboldt 1,738 1,534 1500 Imperial 2,877 1,322 J^yo 487 438 424 Kern 2,053 1,167 1,098 Kmgs 2,156 1,837 932 Lake 771 603 723 Lassen 603 502 555 Los Angeles 13,013 7,919 6,577 Madera 1,423 573 523 Marm 704 498 462 Mariposa 448 330 381 Mendocino 1,706 1,356 1,452 Merced 2,856 1,856 999 Modoc. 758 736 638 Mono 75 91 112 Monterey 1,747 1,558 i,850 Napa 1,406 1,537 1,336 Nevada 477 544 522 Orange 3,931 3,155 2,388 Pacer 1,274 1,062 1,076 Plumas 146 221 267 Riverside 4,001 2,688 2,340 Sacramento 2,975 1,601 1,392 San Benito 936 921 907 San Bernardino 3,997 2,949 2,350 San Diego 3,131 2,298 2,698 San Francisco 96 157 394 San Joaquin 4,502 3,286 1,966 San Luis Obispo 1,675 1,714 1,813 San Mateo 619 665 551 Santa Barbara 1,459 1,355 1,149 Santa Clara 5,446 4,731 3,995 Santa Cruz •. 1,771 1,466 1,274 Shasta 967 1,010 1,221 Sierra 76 no 141 Farm Management Notes 15 County 1920 1910 1900 Siskiyou 1,039 Solano 1,387 Sonoma ..'. 5,985 Stanislaus 4,405 Sutter 1,441 Tehama 1,408 Trinity 374 Tulare 6,244 Tuolumne 315 Ventura 1,474 Yolo 1,608 Yuba 499 Totals. 117,993 1,114 931 1,143 4,772 2,687 873 1,151 3,676 951 728 1,006 308 1,055 272 4,021 386 2,212 457 1,293 1,255 436 1,269 1,214 483 88,197 72,255 The classification into groups of various sizes, shows: 1910 Census Number % Relative size of farms under 3 acres 1,300 1 3 to 9 acres 9,300 11 10 to 19 acres 11,900 14 20 to 49 acres 20,600 23 50 to 99 acres 10,700 12 100 to 174 acres 12,000 14 175 to 259 acres 4,700 5 260 to 499 acres 7,900 9 500 to 999 acres 5,100 6 1000 acres and over 4,700 5 1920 Census FRUIT AND NUT CROPS. Acreages and production during 1920 are estimated : 1920 Crop Production Apples 6,003,000 Peaches 345,000 Pears 90,000 Prunes 95,000 Apricots 115,000 Oranges 18,700,000 Lemons 4,500,000 Raisins 180,000 Grape (wine) 380,000 Grape (table) 160,000 Cherries. Plums Figs Almonds.. Walnuts . Cantaloupes.. Farm Value December 1. 1920 *Unit Per Unit Total 15,000 35,000 10,000 5,500 21,500 14,000 Vegetables 21,000 *B— Bushel, Bx.— Box, T— Ton, C— Carload. B T T T T Bx Bx T T T T T T T T C C 1.60 76.00 90.00 200.00 85.00 2.75 .60 310.00 65.00 75.00 200.00 90.00 90.00 360.00 400.00 $9,605,000 26,220,000 8,100,000 19,000,000 9,775,000 51,425,000 2,700,000 55,800,000 24,700,000 12,000,000 3,000,000 3,150,000 900,000 1,980,000 8,600,000 6,000,000 10,000,000 16 Farm Management Notes FIELD CROPS. Farm Value December 1, 1920 1920 Crop Acreage Production *Unit Per Unit Total Corn 90,000 3,150,000 B $1.20 $3,780,000 Oats 175,000 5,425,000 B .80 4,340,000 Barley 1,250,000 28,750,000 B 1.00 28,750,000 Wheat 050,000 9,100,000 B 1.80 16,380,000 Potatoes 95,000 13,015,000 B 1.50 19,522,000 Sweet Potatoes 8,000 1,056,000 B 1.60 1,690,000 Rice 162,000 9,720,000 B 1.21 11,701,000 Hay (tame) 2,175,000 5,003,000 T 20.00 100,060,000 Hay (wild) 180,000 180,000 T 12.00 2,160,000 Hops 12,000 21,000,000 P .35 7,350,000 Beans 285,000 2,850,000 B 3.30 9,405,000 Cotton (lint) 275,000 71,580,000 P .18 12,884,000 Cotton (seed) 83,500 T 17.00 1,419,000 Grain sorghums 150,000 4,050,000 B 1.05 4,252,000 Sugar beets 123,500 1,037,000 T 13.62 14,124,000 Onions 11,700 -2,925,000 B .75 2,194,000 *B— Bushel, T— Ton, P— Pound. For weights per bushel see under "Miscellaneous Farm Management Data." Fruit and nut acreages indicate the extent of the fruit industry. The non-bearing acreage shows the trend in planting fruits for future production : Acreages Bearing Non-bearing Almonds ., 34,972 15,975 Apples 43,647 15,684 Apricots 40,886 19,444 Cherries 8,610 5,187 Grapes (raisin) 170,000 Lemons 26,744 15,297 Olives 18,801 12,222 Oranges 110,470 40,819 Peaches 107,575 12,388 Pears 22,416 23,087 Plums 17,284 4,656 Prunes 100,721 34,690 Walnuts 48,520 18,809 Farm Management Notes 17 LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES. A knowledge of the counties most prominent in the different industries shows: First — What crop is particularly well adapted to the county. Second — Where to go to enter into the particular business represented. Third — Best place to get information as to how the industry is carried on. In order of importance California counties occupying first, second and third places, for bearing acreages, are: First Second Thied Prunes Santa Clara Sonoma Solano Peaches Fresno Kings Placer Plums Placer Solano Sacramento Oranges San Bernardino Los Angeles Tulare Apricot Santa Clara Riverside Alameda Apple Santa Cruz San Bernardino Sonoma Pear Sacramento Santa Clara Placer Almond Yolo Butte San Luis Obispo Lemons Los Angeles Orange San Diego Olive Los Angeles Tulare Butte Walnut Los Angeles Orange Ventura Figs Fresno Tulare Los Angeles Cherries Santa Clara San Joaquin Solano Grapes (raisin) Fresno Tulare Kings Alfalfa Fresno Stanislaus Tulare Barley San Joaquin Colusa Merced Wheat Solano Kings San Luis Obispo Rice Butte Colusa Glenn Oats Sacramento San Joaquin Los Angeles Corn, Indian San Joaquin Inyo Kern Milo and Kaffir Imperial Kern Merced Beans Ventura Santa Barbara Los Angeles Potatoes San Joaquin Contra Costa Los Angeles Cotton Imperial Riverside Fresno Sweet Potato Butte Merced Sugar Beets Orange Los Angeles Monterey Stock industries, in order of greatest numbers, are reported from : Beef Merced Kern Fresno Dairying Marin Tulare Sonoma Poultry Sonoma Los Angeles Marin Swine Kings Tulare Fresno Sheep Tehama Solano Fresno 18 Farm Management Notes Something of the value increase since 1909 can be noted by comparing these figures with the census data of 1909: 1. Fruits and nuts $48,900,000 2. Haj' and forage 42,000,000 3. Cereals 28,000,000 4. Cattle 19,900,000 5. Dairy products 19,000,000 6. Poultrj' products 8,700,000 7. Vegetables other than potatoes 6,900,000 8. Grains and seeds, other than cereals 6,500,000 9. Swine 5,900,000 10. Potatoes 5,200,000 11. Sugar beets 4,300,000 12. Flowers, plants and nursery products 3,600,000 13. Sheep and goats 3,200.000 14. Forest products 3,000,000 15. Wool 2,000,000 16. SmaU fruits 1,800,000 17. Hops 1,700,000 STOCK AND STOCK PRODUCTS. California's production of stock and stock products for 1919 is estimated at: Dairy products Butter 62,449,004 pounds Cheese 11,000,138 pounds Condensed milk 1,145,859 cases Apiarj- products Honey 5,600,000 pounds Wax 100,000 pounds Wool 13,298,000 pounds Poultiy 6,087,267 head Eggs 32,000,000 dozen Figures of yields and values for 1918 are : Dairy products Butter 60,348,595 pounds 827,199,112 Cheese 9,795,974 pounds 2,290,298 Condensed and evaporated milk 50,443,374 pounds 5,616,(>46 Powdered milk 2,927,782 pounds 502,823 Casein 3,249,953 pounds 487,493 Miscellaneous 18,331,684 Poultry products Eggs 36,480,000 Poultry 12,600,000 Honey, Wax, etc. (estimated) 6,500,000 pounds 2,400,000 Farm animals and wool Livestock 350,000,000 Production of wool 12,500,000 pounds 7,500,000 Farm Management Notes 19 Live stock on hand, as of Januaiy 1, 1921, with average prices per head, is estimated by the Bureau of Crop Estimates, U. S. D. A., to he: Number Value per head Horses 380,000 $89.00 Mules 57,000 125.00 Milch cows 577,000 95.00 Other cattle 1,683,000 44.00 Sheep 2,950,000 0.70 Swine 930,000 14.50 LARGE HOLDINGS. Some of the larger farm land holdings include: Miller & Lux — This company is credited with the possession and control of 14,500,000 acres. Of this about 4,000,000 acres (owned and leased) are in California. Most of the Miller & Lux California holdings are in the San Joaquin Valley, where they are said to own outright a million and a half acres and have in the foothills, chiefly under rental, about as many more. Haggin & Tevis Estate — 460,000 acres, 425,000 of which are in Kern County and are owned under the corporate title of the Kern County Land Company. Laguna de Tache — Owned by L. S. Nares and associates; 400,000 acres. Harrison Gray Otis and Associates — 250,000 acres in Southern California. KuHN Syndicate — 117,000 acres, of which about 15,000 acres have been sold, leaving 102,000 acres as the present holding. James Irvine — 109,000 acres in Orange County. 0. A. Robertson Syndicate — 100,000 acres in Madera and Merced Counties. Spring Valley Water Co. — 97,000 acres in Alameda and Santa Clara Counties. James McM. Shafter Estate — 60,000 acres in Marin County. Estate of David Jacks — 60,000 acres in Monterey County. Jefferson G. James Estate — 60,000 acres in Western Fresno County, now chief!}' con- trolled by the Hellman Syndicate. Contra Costa Water Co. — 30,000 acres, chiefly in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. Chas. Webb Howard Estate — 26,000 acres in Marin County. Crocker-Huffman Canal Co. — 20,000 acres in Merced County. go Farm Management Notes CLIMATE. California is divided into thi-ee main areas and climates so far as agriculture is concerned , which merge into each other: the Coast, the Valley and the Foothill climates. The Coast climate is characterized by equable temperature, increasing southward; summers cool and winters warm, as compared with the interior; abundant rainfall, decreasing southward; a somewhat humid atmosphere, frequent fogs or overcast skies, prevailing west winds. Local to- pography governs the localities having the Coast climate. Coast valleys or gaps in the mountain ranges may carry the influence far inland, but as a rule the Coast climate is confined to the west of the Coast Range mountains. The Valley climate is a broad term including everything away from the coast to the more elevated foothills. The Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys are noted for the Valley climate, which in general may lie described as a high summer temperature and a lower winter one, rainfall abundant in the north and decreasing rapidly southward; very dry air and constant sunshine, freedom from fogs and dew in summertmie; winds occasionally strong, hot and dessicating in sum- mer and cold in winter. The Foothill climate is usually considered as a modification of Valley climate. Usually the difference is in rainfall, which increases about 1 inch for every 100 foot rise in elevation. Valleys and ravines as well as broad stretches of foothill slopes cause variations in local topography and con- sequent differences in climatic conditions. Foothill climate is therefore apt to be very variable, particularly in relation to early and late frosts and local winds. SOILS. The great areas of the State of California combined with its varying topographical features brings about great variation in soil texture and type. Not only does this difference apply to one locality compared with another, but to neighboring ranches, and more often than not to the soils on the same ranch. Streaks of alkali, swales and sloughs, sand pockets, old stream beds and the like combine to bring about extensive changes in small areas. A classification of California soils is therefore a rather difficult matter. California soils predominately exhibit the sandy, silty, or pulverulent nature of all soils formed under arid conditions. Wlule "sand" in the humid region means virtually quartz grains only, in the arid country it means very largely grains and powder of the other soil forming minerals as well. Sandy land therefore under California conditions means high productiveness, durability, ease of cultivation and resistance to drouth. The soil and subsoil, which, so important and striking in regions of abundant rainfall, is largely oljliterated in arid climates. In California, the soil will often remain constant for several feet in depth with almost no perceptible change of tint or texture. Thus the surface soil is here of minor importance as a main source of fertility. In the matter of hinnas, a larger proportion is often found in the second foot than in the upper layer, due to oxidation uutler the intense heat and abun- dant aeration of summer. The "lightness" and depth permit deep rooting, thus giving the plants the benefits of the stores of plant foods and moisture deep down in the soil. Roots of grapevines are reported as having been found at a depth of 23 feet, fruit trees at 15 feet, cereals at 14 feet in loams, moi-ning glory roots have been found at over 12 feet, and sugar beet roots one-eighth of an inch in diameter at 6 feet. Of the usual main elements needed for plant growth — nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, and lime — the aggregate amounts in common with other arid sections is greater in California than in humid countries. Some sections show a need of lime — as Humboldt county — others a need for humus — as the grain fields of the Tracy foothills, and in the unirrigated uplands of the Salinas Valley. In general, however, California soils are sufficiently supplied with lime, potash and phosphoric acid. Nitrogen is often rather scanty if not definitely lacking, while hunuis, although not strictly a plant food, is very apt to be inadequate for best returns, wherever the rainfall averages less than 15 to Iti inches, and the land is inclined to be sandy or gravelly. Much along this line of classifying soils has been done by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils. Since the work was started in 1889, it has been pushed rapidly along, the results being published from time to time as fast as sufficient data is obtained to warrant pub- lication. In general, the soils of California are classified into a number of series, l)ased upon the field characteristics, topography, origin and mode of formation, and agricultural importance. They range from residual and coUuvial soil of the mountain sides, foot slopes and foothills, to deep and extensive river flood plains and delta sediments. PART II. METHODS AND COSTS OF CALIFORNIA CROP PRODUCTION Farm Management Notes PART II. METHODS AND COSTS OF CALIFORNIA CROP PRODUCTION. INTRODUCTION. Ill the following accounts of California methods and costs of crop production, certain pre- liminary statements should be fully understood if best use is to be made of the data presented. (1) The data is not guaranteed to be absolutely correct, nor free of minor errors. (2) The facts and figures presented arc offered as a possible guide to the prospective, inexperienced farmer who needs to know something of possible returns antl expenses. (3) The statements cover present practice in commercial production. They are not de- signed to indicate what should l)c done, but rather what is being done by men specializing in these crops. The data applies to California conditions. As commercial production is largely confined to an environment well adapted to the enter- prise, the statement of soil, climate ancl water tends to approach the best possible conditions available in the State, or at least conditions which past experience on the part of ranchers has indicated as specially suited. (4) Cost and price data are given for both pre-war (1915-16) and war time (1918-19) periods to provide a choice of figures for either the relatively low level or pre-war conditions, or the higher plane of war and post-war conditions. The first column in each instance is for usual, normal, or pre-war circumstances. The second column carries data of unusually high, abnormal, "peak" conditions of war and early post-war times. A third, blank column is provided for inserting local, individual or subseciuent data. In general, the normal figures should be used as they can be applierl with reasonable safety under most conditions, because this is the level toward which costs and prices are tending since the "peak" of high prices, reached in 1918-19, was passed. Use of either pre-war (normal) or post-war (high) figures will indicate approximate results, if data which applies throughout, is used consistently, and if the actual purchasing power of the dollar is kept in mind. (5) Classification of yields into "good" and "usual," indicates what it is possible to obtain. Averages are not used. One should understand, however, that of 100 growers producing com- mercially, probably not more than 7 or 8 will secure "good" yields year in and year out. Thirty to 50 will fall into the "usual" class. The remainder produce yields either better than good or less than the usual. (6) "Market prices for land" are governed not alone by their suitability to the industry being followed. Prices are estalilished by demand. Demand is stimulated by the three factors of desirability for homes, possible future increase in value, and producing value. Lands in Southern California usually average higher than in central California, and these higher than in northern California. In presenting figures showing market values, some difficulty has been experienced in settling upon a single figure which will be both applicable and illustrative. It should be under- stood that wide variations occur, in all classes of land — best, good, and fair — the extent of the variations being governed by locality, environment, demand and producing value. ' Increases in land values in war times over pre-war figures are traceable in some instances to a gener-al boom in a community rather than to increased interest in a specific enterprise. Either is sufficient to influence and enhance land prices. Moreover, increase in possible acreage returns results in the planting of such crops on higher priced lands than were formerlj^ utilized. (7) "Farm returns from product" is the price farmer receives at shipping point after commissions, express and freight cliarges are deducted. (8) "Age to self-sustaining crop" refers to period when crop receipts are sufficient to pay operating expenses. (9) "Gross yields" are for mature trees and vines, and for ordinary field crop lands. 24 Farm Management Notes (10) The cost data is a general estimate of costs, secured by a wide inquiry into operations and expense. The cost data is not the result of a detailed survey. No single set of figures will apply to all conditions, and these must be accepted as only indicative. The cost data does not include interest or depreciation of stock, improvements and equipment, or cost of management. Of the two ways to estimate costs of production, the first method is employed here. These two are: First — An estimate of the average acreage cost of each operation, and a totahng of the figures thus obtained. Second — An estimate of the annual costs of running the entire ranch and a pro-rating of this cost to the different enterprises represented in the farm business. The latter is the more accurate way, but requires a mass of detailed data. The former, if properly used, oiTers a valuable comparable basis, and the figures are much easier to obtain. Al- though the first method is the one employed here, its justification is found in the fact that informa- tion presented along lines of costs based on average cost of general operations do offer a chance for comparing costs of producing difTerent crops, of their financial requirements, and a rough index of resulting gross profit. Such figures are generally illuminating even though they are not especially applicable to the individual farm. An example will illustrate the two methods: A man farming 320 acres to barley, using 16 horses, and producing 15 sacks per acre an- nually, estimating his cost by the general survey method, with horses at 75 cents per day, men at $3.00 per day, would calculate: (h = horses, m = men, A = acres) Per Acre Plowing 6" deep, 8h 1 m 8 A per day $ 1.12 Disking 8 h 1 m 14 A per day 64 Harrowing 8 h 1 m 60 A per day 15 Drilling 4 h 1 m 20 A per day 30 Seed, 100 pounds at .$2.50 2.50 Rolling 4 h 1 m 20 A per day 15 Harvesting 16 h 5 m 12 A per day 2.25 Sacks 13 at 13 cents 1.95 Hauling off 2 h 2 m 50 Taxes and insurance 1.50 .111.06 Giving a total cost, under this method of figuring, of $11.06, or 74 cents per sack. This account, however, although it constitutes a system often used in computing costs, sometimes does not include idle time of stock and men and does not take into account overhead, or depreciation of the general equipment. A better method of computing costs is like this: Feed for 16 horses, 1 year (including value of home-grown feed) $2400.00 Seed 750.00 Extra help (wages and board) 1200.00 Depreciation of equipment 175.00 Taxep and insurance 200.00 Blacksmith, harness, repairs, veterinary, etc 125.00 Replacement of parts and incidentals 225 . 00 Total .155075.00 To which may 1)C added labor and su])crvision of owner, unless these are considered to be profits and not costs of production. If these items are added, and together total $1800, (he total cost of the crop is $6875, or about .¥22 per acre instead of $11. (11) Labor costs range higher in the fruit industries tluin in field crop production, and in northern than in southern California. Man-labor, including value of board under pre-war Farm Management Notes 25 conditions, averaged $2.00 to $3.00 per day; during war times, $3.50 to SG.OO, of whicii board amounts to an average of from one-fourth to one-fifth these totals. Horse-lal)or in pre-war times averaged 45 cents to GO cents pcu- day; under war conditions, $1.00 to $1.25. (12) Taxes and insurance are based on the producing value of the land, including improvements. Taxes — Tax rates fluctuate with land values, and for a specific case actual data is necessary. Taxes of farm property amounted, in 1919, to $2.50 per $100, and as property is commonly assessed at 50% of its market value, a general rule would be to figure taxes as 1M% of the market value. The tax rate varies in different localities, ranging, in 1919, from a low of $1.19 to a high of .$3.00 per $100. In.surance — Farm property is definefl by insurance companies as that located on hind of not less than five acres in extent and cultivated for income. In the determination of rates which must he paid, the insurance companies follow a rather complicated system of classification. In general, three segregations are made for building or con- tents, based on: (a) Type and materials used in construction; (6) Section of the state where located; (c) Use of buildings. Interior county rates, for instance, are one-quarter to one-third higher than the rates in bay or coast counties. These differences are partly due to climatic differences and partly to fire loss experience. The rate for dwellings increases 25 cents per $100 when occupied by a tenant. Use of electric inculjators in buildings increases the rate 25 cents, use of other types 75 cents. As an inducement, three year rates are double the annual rate, and five year rates treble the annual rate. The following will show something of the rates. In all cases the rate is expressed in cost per $100: Coast Counties Interior Counties Barns $1.50 .$2.00 Contents of barns, except livestock 1.25 1.50 Livestock 75 1.00 Dwelling 60 .75 Outbuildings and contents 1.25 1.50 Pumping plants 1.25 1.50 The following rates prevail uniformly throughout the State : Wooden fences $1.25 Grain (cut, uncut, in stacks or in sacks, while in the field) 3.00 *Hay or straw in stacks 6.00 *Combined harvester or hay presses (per season) 4.00 *Threshers (per season) 5.00 Incubators, brooders, and appurtenances 2.25 Tank houses (not enclosed) 75 Tank houses (enclosed) 1.00 Warehouses for hay, or hay barns 6.00 Tractor engines (1 year periods) 2.00 Pasturage 10.00 *Only 75% of value recoverable in case of loss. There are no statistics available as to what proportion of the value of farm property is covered by insurance in the State of California, but best estimates suggested by experience indicates that of the total value — 70% of farm dwellings and contents are insured to G0% of value. 60% of barns and outbuildings to 60% of value. 40% of implements and machinery to 25% of value. 10% of livestock to 25% of value. 36 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. ALFALFA. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Time to Maturity— 1 year (1st cutting 3 to 6 months from planting). Life — 12 years (range 2 to 40 years). Soil Requirements — Surface: Does well on a wide range from clay to fertile sand. Best fields are on level, fertile, open, loamy, non-acid soil. Subsoil: Continuous, deep, well-drained, even in texture. Depth: 4 feet or more. Climatic Requirements — Long growing season of sunny days and warm nights. Water Requirements-^30" (rainfall or irrigation) or more. Calendar of Operations — Varieties: Common (Chili) most generally grown. Seeded: Seed tested for germination and purity (especially for dodder). Time: Fall. — October or November — or spring — January 15 to May — timed to escape severe frosts or hot weather during germination and early stage. Majority of seeding done during February and March. Nurse crop usually omitted. Quantity of Seed: 18 pounds (range 10 to 20 pounds) . Method and Distance: Broadcast, harrowed, dragged or brushed in. Sometimes drilled. Irrigation: After well established, irrigated once or twice, depending upon the soil, with 2 to 6 acre inches of water between cuttings, April to October; irrigated thoroughly one time in winter (December or January) if soil is retentive or rainfall light. Harvest — When: Wlien one-tenth in liloom, or when new shoots are 4 or 5" tall. Usually every 4-6 weeks, beginning April 15, until December 1. How: Mowed, raked, shocked, stacked, baled. Raked in windrows two hours to two days after cutting — put in cocks as soon as possible after raking; cured for two to ten days in cocks. Then baled from field or else stacked in field. Sometimes baled from stacks. Gross Yield for Season per Acre — First year: Good, 23^ tons. Usual, 13^ tons. After maturing: Good, 8 tons. Usual, 5 tons. Major Producing Sections — Grown generally over California, especially in Imperial Valley, Modoc County (for seed and hay) , Sacramento Valley, San Joacjuin Valley, Sonoma C/Ounty (for seed and hay), Southern (California Counties, Central Coast Counties. Farm Management Notes 27 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF ALFALFA. Cost and Price Data Market prices for land per acre — (See page 23 for explanation) Unplanted land Normal High Special Best land $250.00 S300.00 Good land 150.00 200.00 Fair land 75.00 100.00 Planted — Good stand Best land 300.00 400.00 Good land 200.00 2.50.00 Fair land 125.00 150.00 Costs of planting, per acre — L'rigating system or water right included in price of lantl Leveling, checking and ditching 30.00 .50.00 Plowing, working down and preparing seed bed 5.00 9.00 Seed 3.00 7.25 Planting, either Drilling 40 .70 Broadcasting, and brushing, or harrowing in 45 .75 Costs of growing, first year, per acre — Two mowings 1.00 1 .60 Two rakings 40 .70 Hauling off two crops and stacking 3.00 7.00 Irrigating, water and labor 10.00 14.00 Taxes and insurance 1.50 1.75 Costs of growing after maturity, annually — Upkeep of ditches and checks 1 .00 1 .75 Irrigating, per acre Water 7.00 Labor 8.00 Mowing, per acre, per cutting 50 Raking, per acre, per cutting 20 Shocking, per acre, per cutting 30 Stacking, per ton 60 Baling, per ton 1.75 Hauhng to cars, if baled (5-mile haul) 1 .50 Taxes and insurance, per acre Best land 3.00 Good land 2.00 Fair land 1.00 Farm returns for product, baled and f. o. b., per ton — First cutting High 10.00 Low 5.00 Usual 8.00 Second, and subsequent cuttings High 15.00 Low 6.00 Usual 10.00 8 .00 12 .00 .80 .35 .50 1 .00 4 .00 2 .50 3 .25 2 .25 1 .25 16 .00 8 .00 12 .00 28, ,00 12, ,00 18. ,00 £8 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. ALMOND. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Climatic Requirements — Mild climate, freedom from fogs and frosts at time of blossoming. Almond is the first fruit tree to blossom — usually flowering in early February. Soil Requirements — Warm, fertile, sandy loams, of good depths (minimum of 6'), with sufficient slope to provide good ah' and water drainage. Absence of alkali. Water Requirements — Requires ample moisture, and moisture-retaining soils are chosen. 30" of rainfall or irrigation. Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity — Distance Apart of Trees: 20' x 20' to 28' x 28'; the greater distance favored in present-day planting. Average Number per Acre: 108 to 55; 80 average. Time of Planting Out: January, February or March (preferably February). Age to Self-Sustaining Crop: 6 to 8 years. Age to Maturity: 10 to 12 years. Length of Profitable Life: Estimated 40 years or longer. Calendar of Operations to Maturity — Irrigation: If given, two irrigations by furrows — January and July. Sometimes a September irrigation is added. Pruning: To form head. Fertilizing: None. Spraying: February and May or June — sulphur for red spider. Cultivation: March — plowed 10" deep, worked down. Cultivated four to six times, monthly, beginning in April. Companion Cropping: Intercropped to berries, small fruits, beans, corn, and sometimes alfalfa. Usually discontinued after trees are ten years old. Most Popular Varieties: IXL, Ne Plus Ultra, Nonpariel, Texas Prolific, Drake Seedling, Languedoc. Caring for Bearing Orchards — Calendar of Operations after Matltrity — Irrigation: If given, irrigated by furrows in November, January and July, as needed. Spraying: February — lime-sulphur (if moss, scale, red spider or peach blight is present) ; May or June — sulphur for red spider. Pruning: Some pruning every January or February, to keep heads moderately' open and low. to assist in harvesting crops. Fertilizing: Cover crops if soil lacks body. Cultivation: Plowed deeply in February, and after irrigating, worked down. Cultivated all summer from April to November at intervals of usually one month. Fumigating: NoIU^. Thinning: None. Harvest — Time: July to November. Method: By shaking trees and knocking off with poles 12' to 20' long, striking tree with square blow. Caught on light canvas sheets, used in pairs, 14' x 28' in size, or on two wagons specially constructed for the purpose. Preparing for Market: Hulled by machine, dried in trays, sulphured (to lileach) and sacked. Percentage of Different Crades — Percentage of first grade runs very high, possibly 90 per cent. Gross Yield per Acre — Good, 1200 pounds. Usual, 700 pounds. By-Products — None. Major Producing Counties— Butte, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, Solano, Sutter, Colusa, Glenn, Riverside, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Yolo. Farm Management Notes 29 OPERATINCJ COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF ALMONDS. Cost and Price Data Market prices for land, per acre— (See page 23 for explanation) Not planted Normal High Special Best land 300,00 .«400.00 Good land 150.00 300.00 Fair land 100.00 200.00 Bearing orchard Best land 800.00 1000.00 Good land 500.00 800.00 Fair land 300.00 400.00 Cost of establishing an orchard, per acre Irrigation system or water right included in the price of the land. Preparing land Clearing, leveling and grading 30.00 50.00 Plowing and working down 5.00 9.00 Planting Trees 10.00 20.00 Setting out 5.00 9.00 Replanting, including trees 1 .00 2.00 Costs from setting out to self-sustaining age, annually, per acre Plowing and cultivating 8.00 14.00 Irrigating, water and labor G.OO 8.00 Pruning 3.00 (i.OO Sulphuring .50 .75 Taxes and insurance .'. 3.00 3.25 Costs of mature orchard, amiually, per acre — Plowing and cultivating 8.00 14.00 Irrigating, water and labor 6.00 10.00 Spraying 3.00 4.50 Pruning 2.00 4.00 Cover crop 5.00 8.00 Cost of harvesting and marketing — Knocking, collecting and sacking, per lb. 02 .03 Hulling and sacking, per lb 01 .02- Bleaching and sacking, per lb ■. 005 .005 Sacks, each 12 .17 Twine, per sack ■. 003 .005 Hauling (5 miles), per ton 1.50 2.25 Taxes and insurance, bearing orchard — Best 8.00 9.00 Good 6.00 7.00 Fair 4.00 5.00 Farm returns for product, cents per lb., f. o. b. — High 20 .31 Low 08 .19 Usual 14 .24 so Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. APPLE. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Climatic Requirements — Cool nights, freedom from excessive heat; Coast valleys and high altitudes preferred. Soil Requirements — Deep, rich, moist, calcareous loam, 8' or more in depth, with well-drained subsoil. East, west or south slopes preferred. Water Requirements — Ample supply of moisture throughout the year. Setting Out and Caring for Orchard to Maturity — Distance of Trees Apart: 22' x 22' to 30' x 30', greater distance being favored. Average Number per Acre: 100 to 48; usually 56. Time of Planting Out: January, February or March. Age to Self-Sustaining Crop: 8 to 12 years. Age to Maturity: 12 to 20 years. Most Popular Varieties: Yellow Newton, Yellow Bellflower, White Winter Pearmain, Red Pearmain, Gravenstein, Alexander, Jonathan. Length of Profitable Life: Estimated 40 years or more. Calendar of Operations — Irrigation: Very little done in Coast sections. In some mountain sections some irrigation necessary, usually during June, July, August. Pruning: Pruned annually in January or February to form head. Fertilizing: Cover crops for soils lacking body. Land usually intercropped when trees are small, and expense of fertilizing, if done, is borne by them. Spraying: Trunks whitewashed in spring. Sprayed with hme-sulphur or oil emulsion for scale during dormant season. Watched for borers. Cultivation: Plowed in February and March, harrowed twice, cultivated at six-weeks intervals. (Expense usually borne by intercrop). Companion Cropping: Litercropped to berries, small fruits, beans, beets, corn, and some- times alfalfa. Usually discontinued after trees are eight to ten years old. Caring for Bearing Orchards — Irrigation: Very little done, except as noted above. Pruning: January-February. To head in and shape trees. Summer pruning; thinning out and topping l^ack sprouts. Fertilizing: Very little done. Cover crops sometimes grown. Cultivating: March, plowed, worked down. Crop cultivated 4-6 times, April to August. Fumigating: None. Thinning Fruit: May, when apples ^i" in diameter. Spraying: January-February — lime-sulphur, or oil emulsion. April, two sprayings for codling moth and mildew (sometimes scab). Harvest — Time: Gravenstein, July 25-August 15. Newton, September 15-December 15. Bellflower, September 1-October 1. Method: Picked l)y hand into lug boxes. Preparing for Market: Sorted and packed into 44-pound boxes (net) each, apples being wrapped in papers for fancy trade; 3 loose boxes of sorted gives 2 packed boxes. Percentage of Different Grades — First grade — 65 to 70%. Second grade — 15%. Culls — 15 to 20%,. Gross Yield per Acre — Good, 400 packed boxes, 200 pounds of culls. Usual, 150 packed boxes, 100 pounds of culls. By-Products — Culls sold for drying, cider, vinegar and canning. Major Producing Counties — « Humboldt, Monterey, San Bernardino, Santa Cruz, Sonoma. Farm Management Notes SI OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF APPLES. Cost and Price Data Market prices for land, per acre— (See page 23 for explanation) Not planted Normal High Special Best land $500.00 $000.00 Good land 200.00 300.00 Fair land 150.00 200.00 Bearing orchard Best 1000.00 1200.00 Good 600.00 800.00 Fair 300.00 400.00 Costs of establishing an orchard, pei- acre — Preparing land Clearing, grading and leveling 30.00 50.00 Plowing and working down 10.00 18.00 Planting Trees 9.00 19.00 Setting out 5.00 9.00 Replanting, including trees 1 .00 1 .75 Costs from setting out to self-sustaining age, annually, per acre — Plowing and cultivating 7.50 13.50 Pruning 3.00 7.00 Whitewashing 1.00 1.50 Taxes and insurance 3.00 3.25 Costs of mature orchard, annually, per acre — Plowing and cultivating 8.00 14.50 Pruning and burning brush 10.00 18.00 Thinning fruit 12.00 17.00 Spraying 15.00 21.00 Propping 2.00 3.00 Taxes and insurance Best 10.00 11.00 Good 8.00 9.00 Fair 4.00 4.50 Costs of harvesting and marketing — - Picking, per loose box 04 .08 Hauling (2 miles), per loose box 01 .02 Package, packing and warehouse charges, per packed box (3 loose bo.xes, unsorted = l packed box) 23 .40 Farm returns for product — Packed boxes, per box, f. o. b. High 1.50 2.25 Low 50 1.40 Usual 90 1.85 Culls, per ton, local sale 6.00 30.00 32 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. APRICOT. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Climatic Requirements — Freedom from frosts at time of blooming, which occurs early, being sec- ond only to the almond. Blossoming takes place early in February. Warm growing season. Soil Requirements — By proper selection of stock can be grown on wide range of soil — light sands to adobe, althouth light soils are preferred. Depth of 6' or more required. Water Requirements — Natural rainfall, often aided by irrigation. Minunum of 20" to 30". Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity — Distance Apart of Trees: 20' x 20' to 24' x 24'; greater distance preferred. Average Number per Acre: 108 to 76; 80 average. Time of Planting Out: January, February or March. Age to Self-Sustaining Crop: 5 to 7 years. Age to_ Maturity: 8 to 10 years. Most Popular Varieties: Royal, Blenheim, Newcastle. Length of Profitable Life: Estimated 30 years, or longer. Calendar of Operations to Maturity — Irrigation: When given, twice by furrows — June and October or November. Sometimes a February irrigation given. Pruning: Pruned annually in January or February to form head. Sometimes in July. Fertilizing: Cover crops for soils lacking body. Spraying: Not usually necessary. Cultivation: Plowed in Octot^er-November, cross-plowed in February and March. Harrowed twice, cultivated at six weeks' intervals from April to July. Usually borne by inter-crop. Companion Cropping: Often intercropped to berries, small fruits, beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa. Usually discontinued after trees are 3 or 4 years old. Caring for Bearing Orchards — Calendar of Operations — Irrigation: If given, usually applied in June or July and October by furrows. Sometimes in February. Pruning: July-October. To head in, shape tree and mature fruit. Fertilizing: Cover crops grown when soil lacks body. Cufemh'on.- October-November, plowed. February-May, cross-plowed. Crop cultivated 4-6 times, from April to July. Worked down into good condition. Fumigating: None. Thinning Fruit: If thinned work is done before pits harden (usually late March or early April). Spraying: November, lime-sulphur. Borers if present, removed from crowns once a year during February or March. Sometimes distillate or crude oil used in November- January foi' scales. Harvest — Time: June-August 15. Method: Picked by hand, or if for drying, shaken from tree to groiunl or sheets. Trees gone over 3 to 5 times. Preparing for Market: Green — Delivered in lug boxes to commission firm, or packed in 4-basket crates, total 24 pounds, net 20 pounds. Dried — Cut in half, pitted, sulphured, and dried on trays in sun. Dry 4 or 5 to 1. Canning — Delivered in lug boxes. Gross Yield — Canning or Green Dried Good — 8 tons IM tons Usual— 4 tons % ton Percentage of Different Grades — Usually sold orchard run and not graded. By-Products — Pits; =1-12 to 1-16 of the yield. Major Producing Counties — Alameda, Kings, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Cruz, Ventura, Fresno, Los Angeles, San Benito, Santa Clara, Solano, Yolo. Farm Management Notes 33 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF APRICOTS. Cost and Price Data Market prices for land, per acre — (See page 23 for explanation) Not planted Normal High Special Best land $400.00 $500.00 Good land 200.00 250.00 Fair land ....' 150.00 150.00 Bearing orchard Best land 1200.00 2000.00 Good land 800.00 1200.00 Fair land 500.00 800.00 Costs of establishing an orchard, per acre — Irrigation system included in the price of the land. Prpnarin^ Innd / Clearing, grading and leveling $30.00 $50.00 rreparmg land I pj^^jj^g ,^jj^[ ^^^.j^jj^g j^^j^ ^ ^^ g qq I Trees 15.00 30;00 Planting \ Setting 5.00 9.00 [ Replanting, including trees 1.00 2.00 Costs from setting out to self-supporting age, annually, per acre — Plowing and cultivating ; G.OO 10.00 Pruning ; 3.00 5.00 Irrigating, water and labor G.OO 9.00 Whitewashing 1.00 1.50 Taxes and insurance 3.00 3.25 Costs of mature orchard, annually, per acre — Plowing and cultivating 8.00 14.00 Pruning 12.00 20.00 Irrigating, water and labor 8.00 12.00 Spraying and whitewashing 8.00 12.00 Thinning 7.00 20.00 Digging for borers 6.00 9.50 Cover crop 2.00 5.00 '. Propping (labor) 1.00 1.75 Taxes and insurance Best orchard 12.00 13.50 Good orchard 8.00 9.00 Fair orchard ..;.:... 5.00 5.50 Costs of harvesting and marketing, either for shipping or canning, per ton — Picking 4.00 12.00 Hauling (3 miles) 1.00 1.50 (If packed, per 20-lb. box, add) Package 06 .10 Package, warehouse and loading charge 09 .12 For drying, per dry ton Picking 15.00 45.00 Hauling from orchard 2.50 5.00 Cutting 20.00 45.00 Drying 15.00 20.00 Hauling to ship (3 miles) 1.00 2.00 Farm returns for product, f. o. b. — [High 60.00 125.00 Shipping or canning fruit, per ton { Low 20.00 80.00 [Usual 25.00 90.00 [High 15 .32 Dried fruit, per pound I Low 05 .15 [Usual 10 .26 Pits, per ton— Usual 35.00 S4 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. ASPARAGUS. Requirements: Methods op Growing: Costs. Time to Maturity — 3 years. Life — 10 years (range 8-12 years). Soil Requirements — Deep, warm, rich, moist, sandy alluvial or peat soil, where water table does not rise above 2' from surface. Climatic Requirements — Plenty of atmospheric moistm-e and warm climate. Water Requirements — Abundant moisture best supplied either naturally, although sometimes by urigation. Excess should be avoided, as this tends to keep soils cold and sour. Calendar of Operations — Preparing Bed: November-January, plowed 12" deep, replowed and made into good seed bed by the use of the cultivator, harrow and disk. Planting: Time: January-March. Quantity: 3600 roots (range 3400-4400). Method and Distance: Rows 9' apart, plants IH' in rows. Plant roots 8-12" deep in trenches, covering 4 to 6" deep, gradually filling in by subsequent cultivation as sprouts appear. Irrigate when needed on upland plantations. Care of Old Plantations: February — Rows covered 1' deep and harrowed into fine shape. February-May — Cultivated with special tools often enough to keep weeds down and to keep ridges up. September-November — Tops cut and burned after heavy frost kills them. Intercropping: Beans or potatoes are often raised between the rows of asparagus for the first two years. Varieties — Palmetto, Conover Colossal, Barr's Mammoth. Harvest — Time: February to July 1. Method: Cut with flat chisel ly/ wide, crated in 28" crates for eastern shipment, or placed in 50-lb. lug boxes for cannery or packing house after washing and cutting butts. Gross Yield per Acre — Good, 5000 pounds. Usual, 4000 pounds. Percentage of Different Grades — First — 75%. Second — 25%, flowered and crooked — sent to canneries. All eastern consignments shipped green; no segregation into white or green when shipping to canneries. Major Producing Sections — Delta Islands, Imperial Valley. Farm Management Notes 35 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF ASPARAGUS. Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Market prices for land, per acre— Normal High Special Not planted $250.00 $325.00 Planted Best land 350.00 400.00 Good land 250.00 300.00 Fair land 150.00 200.00 Costs of the crop — Preparing land and planting, per acre Plowing, working down, ridging and preparing bed, per acre 10.00 18.00 Planting Roots 7.00 18.00 Dropping and covering 5.00 10.00 Growing — First year, per acre Cultivating 5.00 9.00 Hoeing 10.00 20.00 Mowing and burning tops 1.25 2.00 Taxes and insui'ance 3.50 3.50 Second year, per acre Cultivating 5.00 9.00 Hoeing 12.00 20.00 Ridging and leveling 6.00 11.00 Mowing and burning tops 1.50 2.50 Taxes and insurance 3.50 3.50 After second year, per acre Cultivating 5.00 9.00 Hoeing 2.00 3.50 Ridging and leveling 6.00 12.00 Mowing and burning tops 2.00 4.00 Taxes and insurance, established field — Best land 5.00 5.50 Good land 4.00 4.50 Fair land 3.00 3.50 Costs of harvesting and marketing — For canning, per box of 48 pounds Cutting 32 .70 Hauhng to ship 03 .05 Wasliing and putting in lug boxes (lugs returnable) .08 .12 For shipping, per crate of 28 pounds Cutting 18 .42 Hauling and shipping 02 .03 Wasliing and putting in lug boxes (lugs returnable) .07 .11 If crated, add { Si-:::::::::::::::::::: :^? ;?? •••■•■•■■•■■••••••••■••■ Farm returns from product, f. o. b. Shipping asparagus, in lugs, cents per pound f High 05 .06 No. 1 grade j Low 03 .04 [ Usual 04 .05 Cannery asparagus in lugs, f. o. b., cents per pound High 03 .05 No. 1 grade { Low 01 .04 Usual 021^ .04^ High 021^ .02K No. 2 grade {Low 01 .02 Usual OlM .021^ 36 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. BARLEY. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Time to Maturity — 4 to 8 months. Life — Annual. Soil Requirements — Rich, fertile, well-drained soil preferable, varying in textiu-e, the heavier types being preferred. Withstands considera!)le alkali. Depth: 2' or more. Climatic Requirements — Withstands very dry, hot weather and will produce on limited rainfall. Sensitive to frosts in high altitudes. Water Requirements and Irrigation — If rainfall is less than 12" to 16" usually land is fallowed every second year. 25-30" of water is optimum. Irrigation not extensively practiced. Calendar of Operations — Preparing Seed Bed: November-February plowed 4-8" deep. Disked or harrowed before planting. Planting: Time: October to April. Quantity: 60-100 pounds, broadcasted, or 35-60 pounds drilled. Method and Distance: Broadcasted and harrowed in, or drilled. Varieties: Common, Chevalier, Tennessee Winter, Mariout. Harvest — When: May to September. Hoiv: Either by heading; by combines; bj^ binders. Operations: Threshed either from shock by stationary outfit or in combined harvester. Gross Yield per Acre — Irrigated lands Dry farmed Good 2500 pounds 1500 pounds Usual 1500 pounds 1000 pounds By-Products — Stubble: Used for feed. Amount depends on how badly grain lodges and method of harvest — combine leavers most grain, binder least. Straw: Loose or baled : 6-8 bales per acre. Major Producing Counties — Grown generally over the State except in extreme altitudes: Colusa, Imperial Riverside Stanislaus Fresno Merced San Joaquin Yolo Glenn Monterey Solano Farm Management Notes 87 COST OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF BARLEY. Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Market prices for land, per acre— Normal High Special Best land $250.00 $300.00 Good land 125.00 150.00 Fair land 40.00 40.00 Costs of the crop — Preparing land and planting, per acre Plowing, either Annually cropped land 1.50 2.50 Summer fallowed land 2.50 4.00 Harrowing before seeding 25 .40 Seed 1.00 2.50 Treating seed 04 .06 Seeding, either Drilhng... 25 .50 Broadcasting and 10 .15 Harrowing 15 .30 Harvesting, either By combine, per acre Less than 12-sack crop 1.75 2.50 12-25 sack crop 2.00 3.50 25-35-sack crop 3.00 5.00 Over 35-sack crop 5.00 7.50 By binding and stationary threshing Binding, including twine Under 18-sack crop, per acre 1.00 1.75 18-sack or over crop, per acre 1.50 2.50 Stacking, per acre 12 .17 Threshing, per sack 11 .25 By heading and stationary threshing Heading Under good conditions, per acre 1.00 2.00 Under difficult conditions, per acre 2.00 3.50 Threshing, per sack 11 .25 Sacks, each 08 .15 Twine, per sack 003 .005 HauHng off, per sack 2-mile haul 02 .03 10-mile haul 05 .08 Taxes and insurance, per acre Best land 2.00 2.25 Good land 1.25 1.50 Fair land 40 .50 Farm returns for products — Grain, f. o. b., per hundred High 1.50 3.00 Low 90 2.25 Usual 1.00 2.50 Stubble, per acre High 50 2.50 Low 10 .25 Usual 25 1.00 220512 38 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. BEAN. Requirements: Methods of Growing; Costs. (a) Pinks, Large Whites, Small Whites, Bayos, Mexican Reds, etc. (6) Blackeyes. Time to Maturity — (a) 150-180 clays. (6) 130-140 days. Life — Annual. Soil Requirements — Surface: Good soil, free from excessive moisture, rich sandy loam best, but will grow over wide range. Subsoil: Good moisture retainer. Depth: 2' or more — the deeper soils for those poor in moisture-retaining qualities. Climatic Requirements — (a) Freedom from frosts, severe winds and hot suns during growing period, April 15 to September 15. Lessening of moisture in fall. Freedom from extreme heat at blossom- ing time. Requh'e humid climate and do not thrive at any distance from coast or river. (b) Freedom from frost; warm, sunny days; warm nights. A hot weather plant. Water Requirements — Fifteen inches or more. Usually grown as a dry land crop, although irrigation water is given in southern California and in parts of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, especially if grown as a second crop. Wliere irrigation is not practiced, conservation of winter rainfall is necessaiy. Calendar of Operations — Preparing Seed Bed: Plowed 6-8" in fall; fallowed during rainy season. Cultivated 4-6" deep in spring. Harrowed and worked into good seed bed. Mulch maintained up to plant- ing time by cultivating, disking or harrowing. If put in after grain hay, plowed dry, irrigated and plowed, worked down into condition. Seeding: Time: (a) April 15-June 30; (6) May-June. Quantity of Seed: (a) 20-30 pounds; (b) 10-35 pounds. Method and Distance: Drilled in rows; (a) 20-30" apart, beans dropped 4-6" apart in row. (b) 28 to 36" apart, seed dropped 3 to 4" apart in row. Care of Growing Crop: Cultivated from one to three times at two weeks' interval up to blos- soming (July 15), using weed cutter type of cultivator. Hoed if weedy, one to three times. If irrigated, water is given just after bloom has fallen. No cultivation given subsequent to blossoming. Harvest: Time: August-September. Hoxv: Vines cut with bean sled, left to dry, forked into piles for later threshing, or threshed direct from windrow. Put in bags, after threshing, holding 80 or 100 pounds. Gross Yield per Acre — Good, 1500 pounds. Usual, 1000 pounds. By-Products — Kind: Straw. Where and For What Sold: To dairymen for feed. To citrus growers for mulch and fertilizer. Major Producing Counties — (a) Grown in all bean sections of Sacramento, San Joaquin Valley and southern coast counties; Contra Costa, Solano, Monterey, San LuLs Obispo, Santa Barbara, San Joaquin and Sacra- mento Counties. (b) Butte, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Sacramento, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Stanislaus, Ventura, Yolo, Yuba Counties. Farm Management Notes 39 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF BI<:ANS. (Blackeyes, Pinks, Whites, Bayos, Etc.) Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Market prices for land, per acre — Normal High Special Best land $300.00 $400.00 Good land 150.00 250.00 Fair land 75.00 150.00 Costs of the crop — Preparing land and planting, per acre Plowing and working down 5.00 9.00 Seed 1.50 2.50 Seeding 35 .60 Growing, per acre One hoeing 1.00 1.75 Three cultivations 1.50 3.00 Harvesting and marketing Cutting vines, per acre 35 .60 Shocking, per acre 65 1.20 Threshing, per cwt 25 .35 Sacks, each 10 .18 Twine, per sack 003 .005 HauKng, 3 miles, per cwt. 08 .11 Straw, per ton, baling 1.50 4.00 Hauling, 3 miles, straw 1.00 1.50 Taxes and insurance, per acre — Best land 2.00 2.25 Good land 1.00 1.25 Fair land ; 50 .65 Farm returns for products — Beans, per pound, f. o. b. — . High 06 .08 Low 03 .03 Usual 04 .05 Straw, per ton, baled, f. o. b. 5.00 14.00 40 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. BEANS (LIMAS). Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Time to Maturity — 110 to 130 days. Life — Annual. Soil Requirements — Surface: Loam or alluvial soil, free from excessive alkali best, but will grow on wiile range from fertile sand to adobe. Subsoil: Good moisture retainer. Depth: 4' or more. Climatic Requirements — (1) Freedom from scorching suns. (2) Fogs required to temper atmosphere. (3) Dry weather in fall to insure ripening. Water Requirements — Amount: Practice of irrigation stUI in infancy, but increasing. When Needed: June 15 to July 10. Calendar of Operations — Preparing Seed Bed: Plowed 8 to 14" November or December. March-April worked down with clod masher, "cyclone" chisel 8" deep (three times), weed knife used ahead of the planter. March replowed, or better, cultivated and harrowed. "Cyclone" weeder used until planting time at 10-day intervals. Ringrolled to bring up moisture before planting. Seeding— Time: April 2.5-May 20. Quantity Seed: 50 pounds. Method and Distance: Seed dropped 3" in rows, rows 30, 32, or 36" apart. Care of Groiving Crop: Cultivated with weeder knife every 10 days during May and Jvme. Hoed from three to five times (June). Harvest — When: September 1-October 15. Horv: Vines cut with horse knife (bean sled drawn by two horses), forked into small piles, left 1-3 weeks until moisture evaporates, threshed by contract (harvester fur- nishing everything but haj' for his horses). Put in 80 or 100-lb. sacks. Gross Yield per Acre — Good: 2000 pounds. Usual: 1600 pounds. By-Products — Kind: Straw. Amount: Equal to weight of beans. Where and For What Sold: To dairymen for feed. To citrus growers for mulch and fertilizer. Major Producing Counties — Los Angeles Orange San Diego Santa Barbara Ventura Farm Management Notes 4I OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF LIMA BEANS. Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Market prices for land, per acre — Normal High Special Best $1500.00 $2000.00 Good : 600.00 1000.00 Fair 300.00 400.00 Costs of crop — Preparing land and planting, per acre Fall plowing 2.00 Working down 4.00 Cost of seed 3.00 Seeding 30 Growing, per acre Cultivating 2.50 Hoeing 5.00 Harvesting and marketing Beans Cutting vines, per acre 35 Shocking 65 Threshing, per cwt 30 Sacks, each 10 Twine, per sack 003 Hauling (3 miles), per cwt 05 ■ Straw, per ton Baling 2.00 Hauling 1.00 Warehouse charges, per cwt 08 Taxes and insurance, per acre Best land 10.00 Good land 6.00 Fair land 2.00 Farm returns for products, f. o. b. — Beans, per pound High 07 Low 04 Usual 041/^ .10 Straw, baled, per ton 5.00 15.00 3 .50 7 .00 5 .00 .55 5 .00 9 .00 .60 1 .20 .55 .18 .005 .08 4 .00 1 .50 .12 1 .00 6.50 2 .25 42 Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. CABBAGE. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Time to Maturity — October planting in field, 150 days. January planting in field, 120 days. Life — Annual. Soil Requirements — Heavy soil, retentive of moisture, and at least 4' in depth. Will tolerate some alkali. Climatic Requirements — Best cabbage grown in or during cool part of year. Water Requirements — Abundant moisture from rainfall or irrigation. Cabbage must be forced from time of planting to maturity, or seed production will result, thus ruining the crop for marketing. Calendar of Operations — Preparing for Planting: August-January, manured, plowed 12" deep and worked down into shape. Planting Time: Valley — September-February; Coast — January-December. Quantity: 7000 plants, average. Method and Distance: Plants set out in rows 30-36" apart, and lH-2' in the row. Care of Growing Crop: After planting out, cultivated thoroughly once every two to four weeks until leaves cover the ground. Irrigated if needed, usually two to four irriga- tions being applied. Varieties — Early Winningstadt. Early Flat Dutch. Late Flat Dutch. Early York. San Francisco. Harvest — Time: July planting, October-November. Winter planting, April-July. Coast, January-December. Method: Heads cut, trimmed, shipped in crates or hauled loose for local trade. The Southern California crate holds 100 to 125 pounds; the Stockton crate 200 pounds. Gross Yield per Acre — Good: 15 tons. Usual: 10 tons. Major Producing Counties — Los Angeles, Orange, Sacramento, San Joaquin, San Mateo. Farm Management Notes 4'3 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF CABBAGE. Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Market prices for land, per acre — Normal High Special Best land $400.00 .11500.00 Good land 200.00 250.00 Fair land 150.00 200.00 Costs of the crop — Preparing land and planting, per acre Manure and manuring 30.00 Plowing and working into condition 5.00 Plants, either Homegrown ., 1.40 Purchased 10.00 Planting 5.00 Growing the crop, per acre Cultivating : 5.00 Hoeing 6.00 Irrigating 12.00 Harvesting Cutting, trimming, sorting and packing, per ton 1.00 Package, holding 200 lbs., each 25 Hauling (3 miles) 1.00 Taxes and insurance, per acre Best land 4.00 Good land 2.00 Fair land 1.00 Farm returns for product, f. o. b. — No. 1 grade High 40.00 Low 10.00 Usual 15.00 No. 2 grade High 20.00 Low 5.00 Usual 10.00 40.00 9 .00 2 .50 17 .50 9 .00 10 .00 10 .00 15 .00 1 .60 .35 1. .50 4.50 2. 25 1. 10 65.00 10.00 25.00 12.00 3.00 12.00 J^ Farm Management Notes Read introduction to Part 2, pages 23 to 25, in connection with data given below. CHERRY. Requirements: Methods of Growing: Costs. Climatic Requirements — Warm, sunny weather, freedom from excessive heat and heavy late spring rains. Freedom from frosts at blossoming time, the tree being an early bloomer. Soil Requirements — Deep, rich, well-drained soils, retentive of moisture, free from clay. Pref- erably sediments. Water Requirements — Plenty of moisture with water table below 15'. Setting Out and Caring for Orchards to Maturity — • Distance Apart of Trees: 20 x 20' to 30' x .30'; later plantings tend to the 30' x 30'. Average Number per Acre: 108 to .50; 80 average. Time of Planting Out: January, Fel^ruary or March. Age to Self-Sustaining Crop: 7-8 years. Age to Maturity: 10-12 years. Length of Profitable Life: Estimated 60 years or longer. Most Popular Varieties: Napoleon (Royal Ann), Black Tartarian, Bing, Lambert. Calendar of Operations — Irrigation: Not much done, although the foothill section an exception when usually given during June, July and August. Pruning: Pruned to form low head and develop tree. Fertilizing: None. Spraying: February; lime-sulphur if pests are present. Cultivation: Plowed, cross-plowed and worked down into shape, cultivated six times at monthly intervals, beginning in April. Companion Cropping: Intercropped to berries, small fruits, grain, beans, beets, corn, and sometimes alfalfa. Usually discontinued after trees are 4-6 years old. Caring for Bearing Orchards — Calendar of Operations — Irrigation: Not much irrigation done except as noted above. Spraying: February; lime-sulphur. Pruning: Only to keep trees shapely; December-January. Fertilizing: Sometimes manure put on. Cultivating: Plowed, cross-plowetl and worked into shape. Cultivated twice a month until end of July. Fumigating: None. Thinning Fruit: Not done. Harvest — Time: May 20 to July 1. Method: Picked by hand. Trees gone over four to six times. Preparing for Market: Packed into 10-lb. boxes by hand for eastern shipment, or in 20 or 40 lb. boxes loose for local trade, or hauled in lugs to cannery. Percentage of Different Grades — Cannery Districts Shipping Districts Total (i. e., Napa Valley) (i. c., Suisun Valley) Output Shipped 10 70 30 Canned 70 10 50 Culls (cracked and pecked). 20 20 20 Gross Yield per Acre — Good: 4 tons. Usual: 2 tons. Major Producing Counties — Alameda, Napa, Placer, Sacramento, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma. Notes — Crop easily damaged. Cherries are risky, but exceedingly profitable on the right land. Farm Management Notes 45 OPERATING COSTS OF AN AVERAGE ACRE OF CHERRIES. Cost and Price Data Market prices for land, per acre— (See page 23 for explanation) Not planted Normal High Special Best land ..:'/..!^ head of 80-120-pound hogs 2 head of 120-150-pound hogs Gains — Weight of pigs at birth 23^2 pounds Weight at 4 weeks 15 pounds Weight at 8 weeks (weaning) 40 pounds Pigs from 15 to 100 pounds gain on an average .8 pounds per day Pigs from 100 to 150 pounds gain on an average 1.2 pounds per day or on an average throughout of 1 pound per day if fed according to the rates already given. Average gain on alfalfa alone, Vs pound per day. Average gain from grain alone, 5 pounds of grain to make 1 pound of pork. Number and Size of Litters — With a limited number of sows — up to 20 or 25 — or where the work is well systematized, two litters are obtained per sow per year. Where a good many sows are run or the work is not weU in hand, three litters in two years is about the average. Aside from outbreaks of disease, it is safe to count on maturing five pigs to a litter, for the inexperienced, and six pigs when operator knows the business. Space Required — One acre is required to 200 hogs (averaging 100 pounds in weight) if penned in and all feed hauled. If on pasture, figure one ton of live weight per acre of good pasture, i. e., 5 tons of alfalfa. One acre of good alfalfa will support 2 sows farrowing 2 litters each and raising 5 pigs an- nually to the litter, if the alfalfa is supplemented with winter pasture. If double litters come regularly throughout the year, 2}^ acres of alfalfa (plus winter pasture) will care for 6 sows and their litters. If litters are all farrowed at two distinct times during the year, 33^ acres are required for 6 sows. \ 112 Farm Managemen Notes Hence 20 acres of alfalfa and 30 acres of winter pasture (winter pasture being equivalent to the alfalfa), will supply 48 sows and litters if they farrow regularly, as against 34 sows farrowing twice a year all about the same months. Best Market Hog — The best market hog is one weighing somewhere between 150 and 250 pounds, fed to result in hard pork. No grassfed, acorn or alfalfa hogs can be turned off as topnotch stuff by feeding grain last few weeks. Some butchers pay the same for stock hogs as for fat hogs, using offal and corn or other feeds to finish the stock hog at slaughter house. It is well to investigate the local market and to feed and breed accordingly. Ordinarily, while some butchers wUl take a poor alfalfa or acorn hog, they are not much in demand. A good market hog combines breeding to give him possibilities for quick and economical gains, and care and feeding to develop the possibilities. Dressing Out — Good hogs dress out 75%. Hence, if a 200-pound hog is worth 7 cents on foot or $14 per head, 9y3 cents must be obtained for a dressed carcass, plus a sum to pay for the dressing. Number One Man Can Handle — Forty to sixty sows and offspring will keep one man pretty busy regularly, with feeding, cleaning, caring for sows up to the time when the young pigs are weaned. One man can cut and haul ripe barley or green pasture crops to 200 to 300 head, depending, of course, on method of feeding and the length of the haul. FINANCIAL ITEMS. (Average Figures) Market prices for land, per acre — Cost and Price Data See data covering Alfalfa, Barley, Wheat, etc. (See page 23 for explanation) Costs of stocking (usual quality) Normal High Special Grade sows $20.00 $40.00 Purebred sows 30.00 100.00 Purebred boars, mature 75.00 150.00 Grade gilts 18.00 40.00 Purebred gilts 25.00 100.00 Labor costs — Hogmen, per month, wages and 60.00 100.00 Found 18.00 30.00 Fence builders, per day, wages and 1.10 2.50 Found 50 1 .00 Feed costs, per ton — Rolled barley 28.00 56.00 Bran 30.00 42.00 Dried beet pulp 26.00 46.00 Middlings 40.00 48.00 Shorts 32.00 45.00 Alfalfa meal 16.00 32.00 Alfalfa hay 10.00 18.00 Mill run 26.00 42.00 Pumpkins, per ton 4.00 5.00 Farm returns for products — Fat hogs, per pound Best 07 .16 Good 061^ . 15 Fair 06 .14 Feeders average 1 to 3 cents less than fat prices. / Farm Management Notes 113 THE POULTRY INDUSTRY. Location — To succeed with poultry, California poultrymen prefer sandy loam soil in sections with moderate temperature, located both near to markets and to centers of grain production. The single comb white Leghorn is almost universally kept for egg production, while the; Plymouth Rock, White Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, etc., are favored where an all 'round table and egg fowl is desired. Rearing — Eggs to produce fowls for laying plants are incubator hatched during January, February and March, the hatching being timed to mature pullets for winter laying, when eggs are highest in price. Hatching is a distinct branch of the business, better handled by men specialized in that branch. The interest and expense involved in equipment for the usual poultry ranch will more than offset the profit asked by the hatcher. This is because the usual poultryman uses only a small portion of time in hatching, while the professional hatcher, being constantly at work, gets a larger percentage of chicks, wastes less eggs and suffers less loss. One Petaluma poultryman states that as against the hatcher's price of 7 to 12 cents, he knows ranchers whose chicks cost 35 cents or more, due to poor hatches entailing a large percentage of loss. A poor hatch in a commercial hatchery is uncommon and amounts to only a small percentage of the total business done. Usually 85% of the eggs are fertile, and 95% of the fertile eggs hatch. Intelligent poultrymen agree that better results follow if the utilization of attention ordin- arily needed for incubation is devoted to egg production. One rule for determining the price of chicks is twice the price of eggs plus 3 cents for hatching. The chicks are taken from the incubator when 24 hours old to artificially heated brooder houses, where they live until six weeks old. They then go to the roosting houses. Pullets begin laying at about 5 months, and continue to be profitable for two seasons (until 2J^ years old), when they are replaced with other stock reared to start laying when the old stock faUs off. Handling — The hens are kept confined in flocks of 500 to 1500. Houses sufficient for roosting and laying are provided, and wire fences separate colonies and alleyways. Spacing — The usual practice is to allow floor space in one house to the extent of two square feet per fowl, although in actual practice the spacing ranges from IJ^ to over 5 feet. Yard space ranges from 65 to 125 square feet per fowl. In the case of double yards, the lesser amount is given; in the case of single permanent yards, the greater amount. Houses — There is no uniformity in poultry houses. The tendency is toward large lots and big houses, :. e., a buOding 160 feet long by 18 or 20 feet wide. Buildings range from 8' x 12' to 48' x 885'. Feeding — A variety of feeds are given, but in general a mash is fed the hens in the morning, made up of bran, shorts, corn meal, blood meal, alfalfa meal, etc. In the evening a scratch food of wheat, cracked corn, Egyptian corn, a little hemp, sunflower seed, broom corn and the Uke are fed. Plenty of green feed is given in the shape of grass, kale, cabbage, carrots, beet tops, sprouted grains, etc. Fresh water, oyster shells, grit, and charcoal are always before the hens. 114- Farm Management Notes A laying fowl will consume throughout the year, grain — as mash or scratch — an average of 75 pounds, of which 30 pounds is mash per year, and 45 pounds grain. The University of Cali- fornia Farm standard ration is: Mash: 5 pounds bran, 5 pounds shorts, 5 pounds ground barley, 3 pounds meat scraps, 2 pounds soy beans. Grain: 15 poimds wheat, 10 pounds barley, 5 pounds corn. Other suggested rations : 10 pounds barley, 10 pounds milo, 10 pounds wheat; 10 pounds corn, 10 pounds milo, 10 pounds barley. A balanced ration per fowl per day, in ounces, amounts to: Per fowl In percentage 2 oz grain 50 .8 oz mash 20 .6 oz greens 15 .4 oz animal matter (i. e., meat) 10 .2 oz mineral matter 5 One and one-half acres of Jersey kale will feed 3000 hens nearly all the year, 400 pounds of the lower leaves being picked off daily and fed to the 3000 fowls. Two thousand cabbage plants planted to mature when the kale goes, will round out the season for 3000 fowls. 50 head are fed daily. By double yarding much green stuff can be grown for the fowls to harvest themselves, thus saving labor and with the added advantage that the soil is sweetened at the same time. Mortality — First 72 hours Vio of 1% First week 10% of original purchase Next 2 weeks An additional 15% of original purchase Next 2 months An additional 10% of original purchase Making a total the first 3 months of 35% Mortality annually thereafter, 5% to 3 years of age, when majority of the fowls are sold. Egg Yields — The California average is not far from 120 eggs per fowl per year. A good average is 150. As against this, note the egg-laying yields of the Victoria contest : Light breeds (White Leghorn) average egg yield for 420 birds, 214 eggs. Records of high yields: 1912, 281; 1913, 282; 1913, 291; 1913, 303. Monthly Variation in Egg Yields — The following shows the egg yields secured month by month, averaged from large flocks: January 7% July 9% February 10% August 7J^% March 13% September 5% AprU 14% October 3% May 13% November 3M% June 10% December 5% Note that the lowest production — 3% — corresponds with the highest price received for eggs, both coming in October and November. Egg Yields at Different Ages — G-12 months (pullet stage) 72 eggs, or 12 eggs monthly. 12-24 months, 120 eggs, or 10 eggs monthly. 24-3G months, 108 eggs, or 9 eggs monthly. Farm Management Notes 115 Record from carefully kept books of 2 flocks each of 700 head : From pullets 6-12 months January 325 eggs per day March 453 eggs per day From hens 12-24 months 210 eggs per day 375 eggs per day Size of Flocks — One man can handle 2000 fowls if he has extra help during brooding. 1500 White Leghorns can be run in one flock. Figure 500 fowls per acre if run on land at all times, or 700 fowls per acre if double yarded (i. e., one growing green stuff while other is occupied). FINANCIAL ITEMS. (Average Figures) Cost and Price Data Market price for lands suitable for poultry, per acre (not (See page 23 for explanation) including fences, buildings nor improvements) Normal High Special In poultry centers $600.00 $700.00 Near large towns 600.00 700.00 Back country 250.00 250.00 Cost of stocking (White Leghorns) Day-old chicks 3-month-old pullets Mature fowls Labor costs, per month, wages 30.00 and found. Per fowl, per month Laying, 10 months .... Moulting, 2 months . Per chick, for period First 3 months Second 6 months Feeding costs — Per fowl, per month Laying Moulting Per chick, per month First month Second month Third month Fourth month Fifth month Total for period. Farm returns for products — Eggs, per dozen, extras*. Young fowls, per pound.. Aged fowls, per pound.... .08 .60 1.00 .12 1.25 2.00 30.00 18.00 60.00 30.00 .06^ .05 .10 .07^ .08 .12 .12 .18 .12 .10 .20 .17 .03 .05 .07 .08 .09 .05 .08 .11 .14 .17 .32 .55 .31 .18 .12 .55 .39 .35 *80% of output. PART IV. WORK CAPACITY OF MEN, STOCK, IMPLEMENTS AND FARM MACHINES (a) Workers (b) Work Stock (f) Farm Implements (d) Farm Machinery Farm Management Notes 119 PART IV. WORK CAPACITY OF MEN, STOCK, IMPLEMENTS AND FARM MACHINES. (a) Workers (6) Work Stock (c) Farm Implements {d) Farm Machinery INTRODUCTION. Work capacity varies through wide Umits, on account of soil and crop conditions, speed and stamina of horses, size and shape of fields, condition of machine and experience and intelligence of operator. These figrues are for average work. The figures are for a general guide. They are sub- ject to a variation as high as 50% either way for special conditions — good or bad. An inexperienced worker can only accomplish approximately 50% of the rate set by ex- perienced workers. An example of varying rates due to conditions is found in the picking of fruit, the rate of which depends on size of trees, size of fruit, necessity of frequency in moving ladders, whether the fruit is borne high or low, whether trees are open or close pruned, rapidity of ripening, whether land is level, rolling or hilly. Rate of pitching and stacking hay depends on yields, length of stalk, length of haul, size of stack, size of crew. In general, the following averages are derived from poor to best conditions. The average shows what may reasonably be expected for general average conditions. The average horse walks l^i miles on loose ground per hour, B:^ miles on hard ground doing heavy work, 2 miles doing light work, and 2'^/^ miles on road. Farm Management Notes 121 I. Daily Duty of Farm Implements and Machines with Sizes of Crew and Required Number of Horses. Kind of Machine Usual Size Bean cutter 2-row Broadcasting barley Binding small grain 6' Binding small grain 7' Binding small grain 8' Binding corn 1-row Cultivating crops Covering 24" of space.. Covering 30" of space.. Covering 42" of space. Covering 48" of space.. Covering 66" of space.. Covering 84" 5' 6' Number Men Required 1 1-2 of space Cultivating land in preparing for crops Cultivating land in preparing for crops Drilling alfalfa 8' Drilling small grain 6- 8' 12 tube Drilling small grain 8-10' 16 tube Drilling small grain 10-12' 20 tube Harrow, disk (not lapped) 4' Harrow, disk (not lapped) 6' Harrow, disk (not lapped) 8' Harrow, spike (not lapped) 8' Harrow, spike (not lapped) 16' Harrow, spike (not lapped) 24' Harrow, spike (not lapped) 32' Harrow, spring tooth (not lapped) 6' Harrow, spring tooth (not lapped) 8' Heading small grain 10' Heading small grain 12' Lister Manure spreader 75 bu. Marking for planting 12' Mowing 5' Planking or dragging or floating land 6' Planking or dragging or floating land 12' Planting beets 4-22" rows Planting corn 1-42" row Planting corn 2-42" rows Planting cotton 2-36" rows Planting beans 4-28" rows Planting potatoes 1-36" row Planting potatoes 2-36" rows Number Horses Required 2 2 3-4 3-4 4-5 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 5-6 6-8 2 2 3 4-6 4 6 8 2-3 4 6 8 3 4 6 6 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2-4 2-4 2 3 Acreage Covered in 10- hr. day 10 A 60 10 14 18 7 4 5 QV2 7^ 10 12 8 10 14 10 15 20 5 9 14 10 30 40 60 9 12 20 24 5 12 loads 25 10 10 20 12 8 12 8 18 33^ 8 122 Farm Management Notes Usual Kind of Machine Size Plowing, walking plow 12" Plowing, walking plow 14" Plowing, sulky , 14" Plowing, gang 2-14" bot. Plowing, gang 2-12" bot. Plowing, gang 3-12" bot. Plowing, gang 2- 8" bot. Plowing, gang 3- 8" bot. Plowing, gang 4- 8" bot. Plowing, gang 5- 8" bot. Plowing, engine gang 4-14" bot. Plowing, engine gang 6-14" bot. Plowing, engine gang 8-14" bot. Plowing, deep tillage 2-20" disks Potato digger 1 row Potato digger (elevator) 1 row Rake (self-dump) 12' Rake (side delivery) 6' Ringrolling 6' Ringrolling 8' RoUer(land) 12' Shredder and husker, corn 4 roll Shredder and husker (corn) 6 roll Shredder and husker (corn) 8 roll Spreading lime (drill) 10' Spreading fertihzer (drill) 10' Tedder 6' Weed cutting 6' Fresno scraper (checking land) 5' Kind of Machine Size Ensilage cutter 42" fly wh Ensilage cutter 36" fly wh Ensilage cutter 30" fly wh Threshing — Separator (pea and bean) 12" x 30" Separator (pea and bean) 20" x 32" Separator (wheat) 18" x 36" Separator (wheat) 36" x 58" Separator (oats and Barley) 18" x 36" Separator (oats and barley) 28" x 50" Separator (oats and barley) 36" x 58" (a) Horsepower at drawbar. (b) Hauling in addition. (c) Six horses for forks, bucking straw and roustabouting. (d) Eight horses for forks, bucking straw and roustabouting. (e) To change to hundredweight: 5() pounds corn = 1 bushel. (California measure) 60 pounds wheat = 1 bushel. 50 pounds barley = 1 bushel. 32 pounds oats = 1 bushel. Number Number Acreage Covered Men Horses in 10- Required Required hr. day 2 1.6 3 2.3 3-4 2.5 4-6 5.2 3-6 4.0 5-8 6.6 2-3 2.8 3-4 4.2 4 5.6 6-10 8.0 2 14-18(o) 8 2 20-25(a) 12 2 25-30 (a) 16 6 2.5 2 3 4 3H 2 20 2 10 6 ' 6 8 8 2 20 2-3 10-12 8 tons 2 15-20 15 tons 2 25 22 tons 2 11 3 13 2 10 2 10 4 Vs Number Horse- Capacity of Men to Power per 10- Operate Required hr. day Kb) 15-20 120 tons 1(6) 12-15 100 tons 1(6) 8-12 70 tons 6 2-4 5500 lbs. 9 6-8 22000 lbs. 12(c) 15-18 36000 lbs. 15(d) 50-60 96000 lbs. 15(c) 15-18 2200bu.(e) 16(d) 30-40 2750bu.(e) 18(d) 50-60 3500bu.(e) Farm Management Notes 128 Rules for Determining Work of Implements. The usual daily duty per foot of width is: 2.0 acres for plows. 1.7 acres for spike tooth harrows. 1.5 acres for spring tooth harrows. 1.4 acres for disk harrows. 1.6 acres for drills. 1.6 acres for mowers. 1.5 acres for rakes. 2.0 acres for grain binders. II. Work Capacity of Stock The usual width of implement per horse is : .46' of plows. 3.9 of spike tooth harrows. 2.4 of spring tooth harrows. 2.4 of disk harrows. 2.4 of drills. 2.5 of mowers. 6.0 of rakes. 2.0 of grain binders. III. Day's Work of Man (or Crew). (Selected Operations) (M = Men ; H = Horses.) FIELD CROPS. Alfalfa Average rate per day Cocking 1 M 10 tons Capping 1 M, 1 H 20 acres Stacking — Hauling to stack; 10-12 loads per wagon. Hand pitching and hand unloading into barn. Size of crew 3 M, 2 H 5 tons 4-5 M, 4 H 8 tons Hand pitcliing and hand unloading at stack: 2 M, 2-4 H 8 tons 4M, 4-6H 15 tons 6 M, 6 H 20 tons 124 Farm Management Notes Hand pitching and unloading with horse fork at stack or barn : 2M, 2-4 H 10 tons 4M, 4-6 H 20 tons 6-8 M, 6-8 H 30 tons 19 M, 15 H 60 tons Buckraking and stacking with horse fork: Size of crew 2 M, 2-4 H 15 tons 4 M, 4-6H 25 tons 6M, 6-8 H 30 tons Rate of stacking varies with kind of hay, rate of yield, distance of haul, etc. Baling — From stack Tons per 10-hour day Size of crew Range Average 7-9 M, 10-14 H* 20-45 tons 30 tons From field: 6-8 M, 6-10 H 15-30 tons 22 tons 10-11 M, 12-14 H 30-50 tons 40 tons *Engine equivalent, if power press. Beans — Average rate per day Hoeing and planting misses 3^ acre Weeding after planting : 5 acres Shocking (pUing) in field for curing 3 acres Picking green beans 1500 pounds Corn — Marking land, 2-row marker, 1 M, 2H 103^2 acres Planting by hand, per M 4 acres Hoeing, per M 1 acre Suckermg, per M 2 acres Platform harvester, 2 M, 1 H 5 acres Cutting and shocking, per M IK acres Setting up corn after binder, per M 3 acres Hauling grain, 1 M, 2 H 2.2 acres Hauling grain, 2 M, 2 H 2-3 acres Hauhng stalks, 2 M 2 H 5 acres Husking, per M 36 bushels Filling silo — Cutting by hand and loading, per M 12 tons HauUng to cutter, 1 M, 2 H 15 tons Feeding cutter, 1 M 60 tons Storing in silo, 2 M 60 tons By crew: Cutting corn and filling silos — Size of crew 1 M, 3 H, cutting. 2 M, loading. 3 M, 6 H, hauhng. 1 M, feed and run engine. 1 M, tramping. Total 8 M, 9 H. Size of load, average 1 ton. Size of engine, 12 HP. Tonnage per day, 44 tons. Lcngtli of cutter, 16". Average number of day.s cutting, 4. Farm Management Notes 126 Cotton — Listing, 1 M, 3 H ....i.... 5 acres Cultivating toward plants ("wrap"), 1 M, 2 H 12 acres Chopping, per M 2 acres Hoeing, per M 2 acres Weeding, perM 5 acres Irrigating (California), 1 M No average possible Picking, per M: Short staple 200 pounds Long staple 125 pounds Ginning, 5 M 40 bales of 500 pounds Flax — Harvesting, 1 M, 4 H 15 acres Grain — Shocking, after binder, per M 6 acres Stacking wheat, 2 M, 2-4 H 8 acres Turning bound grain, per M 10 acres Cradling wheat, per M 2 acres Bucking sacked grain behind harvester and piling in field : Barley 600 sacks Wheat 500 sacks Stacldng grain hay (see alfalfa — same rates). Heading, 12', 5-6 M, 10-14 H 24 acres 14', 6-8 M, 12-14 H -v.-.v :■■■.■■ 28 acres Stationary threshers (from stack) : Crop Wheat Barley or oats Non-saccharine sorghums Beans or peas Size of crew* . 7-10 W- 2-4 H' 11-13 M, 2-6 H 14-18 M, 4-8 H . 7-10 M, 2-4 H 11-13 M, 2-6 H 14-18 M, 4-8 H 9M, 6M, 10 M, 19 M, 2-6 H 2H 6H 12 H 'Engine, in addition, to run separator. *Threshing from field requu'es 20% more men and enough hauling. fSize of separator varies through many sizes from 18" x 34" rough guide to size of machine. Ranget 12-20 tons 20-30 tons 25-45 tons 15-25 tons 25-35 tons 30-55 tons 20-45 tons 2- 3 tons 5-10 tons 15-25 tons more horses to 30" X 50". Average 18 tons 27 tons 32 tons 20 tons 30 tons 35 tons 30 tons 2]/^ tons ly^ tons 20 tons to supply wagons for Size of crew is only a Harvesting with combine: Average Acreage 10 12 18 22 25 35 40 *Horses often replaced by tractor. Auxiliary engine sometimes used on separator. Average crew consists of engineer, header tender, separator tender, sack tender, saw sewer. fRate depends on yield of grain and amount of lodging. Cut Usual size of crew 7' 2-3 M 8H* 9' 2-3 M 10-20 H 12' 4M 22 H 14' 5M 24 H 16' 5M 28 H 20' 5-6 M 32 H 24' 5-6 M 36 H Range in averagef 8-15 10-20 15-25 20-30 20-35 30-50 30-60 136 Farm Management Notes Hops— Average rate per day Picking per man 250 pounds Potatoes — Cutting seed by hand, per M 15 bushels Cutting seed by machine, per M 28 bushels Planting, plowed in, 3 M, 2 H 2^ acres Spraying (4 rows at once), 1 M,. 2 H 15 acres Picking up and bagging: After ordinary plow 75 bushel crop 60 bushels 125 bushel crop 75 bushels 200 bushel crop 100 bushels After elevator digger 75 bushel crop 80 bushels 125 bushel crop 100 bushels Digging and picking up by hand: 75 bushel crop 30 bushels 150 bushel crop 40 bushels Sorting and bagging in shed, per M 100 bushels Sorghums (Non-Saccharine) — Cutting heads by hand, per M ^ acre Hauling heads to stack, 1 M, 2 H 5 acres Stock Beets — Weeding and thinning, per M Va acre Hoeing J^ acre PuUing and loading J^ acre Sugar Beets — For seed : Planting stechling, 3' x 3', per M J^ acre For roots: Thinning, per M '.....:. J^ acre Hoeing 1 acre Pulhng, topping and loading (12-15 ton jdeld) 6 tons Plowing out, 1 M 2J/^ acres Sweet Peas (For Seed) — Planting, 2-28" rows, 1 M, 2H 6 acres Cultivating, single row, 1 M, 2 H 3 acres Cultivating, two rows, 1 M, 2 H 6 acres Rogueing Vs acre Hand piling 1 acre Carrying to drying sheds, 1 M, 2 H 1 Turning, per M. 2 acres Threshing (engine), 1 M, 2 H 2H acres Tlrrcshing, 7 M, 4 H 5 acres First cleaning IJ^ acres Farm Management Notes 127 Day's Work for Man (or Crew). Selected Operations in Producing Fruit. (M = Men; H = Horses) Orchard Cultivation — Average rate per day Plowing, 12" plow 1.5 acres Disking, 5' disk '. 5.5 acres Harrow, 6' spring tooth 6.0 acres Harrow, 7' spring tooth 8.5 acres Cultivator, 6' 7 acres Furrowing for irrigation 10 acres Floating or planking, 10-14' 8 acres Spreading manure 10 loads Orchard Spraying — (a) 50-gallon barrel hand pump, 5-gallons per tree, J^^-mile haul, 2 M, 2 H 125 trees per day (6) 150-gallon duplex power pump, 5 gallons per tree, Vs-mile haul, 2 M, 2 H ...200 trees per day (c) Double-acting horizontal power pump, 5 gallons per tree, Vs-mile haul, 3 M, 2 H 200 trees per day. (d) 200-gallon horizontal power pump, 5^ gallons per tree, '/g-mile haul, 3 M, 2 H, 300 trees per day. On an average when trees are in leaf, 3 M and 2 H crew will spray : 300 trees per daj', if 12' or less in height. 175 trees per day, if 12'-20' in height. 125 trees per day, if over 20' in height. using from 4 to 6 gallons per tree, and two leads of hose. Apples — Picking, per M 60 loose 50-pound lug boxes Pruning, per M 20 trees Removing brush, 1 M, 2 H 1 acre Thinning, per M 20 trees Propping, per M 200 trees Sorting and packing, per M 75 loose 50-pound lug boxes Nailing boxes, per M 300 boxes Naihng and waiting, per M 175 boxes Apricots — Per M. Setting trees, heavy soil 100 trees Setting trees, light soil 150 trees Picking 30 boxes of 40 pounds Pruning, large trees 25 trees Pruning, small trees 40 trees Berries — PerM. Picking blackberries 25 trays of 6 baskets each (total 5 pounds per tray) Picking loganberries 20 trays as above Hoeing berries Vs acre Pruning and thinning wood Vs acre Cherries — Picking, per M 150 pounds Packing in 10-pound boxes facing one side (per girl)..,' 10 boxes 1S8 Farm Management Notes CuBKANTS— Average rate per day Planting, per M M acre per day Sulphuring, 1 M 2 acres per day Hoeing, 1 M M acre per day Pruning, 1 M H-l acre per day Picking, 1 M 10 boxes of 10 pounds each Grapes — Setting rooted grape vines, per M 200 Setting cuttings, per M 1000 Sulphuring, per M 12 acres Tying young vines, per M 1000 vines Picking for shipment, per M 2000 pounds Olives — Picking (for pickling), per M 200 pounds Picking (for oil), per M 400 pounds Peaks — PerM. Picking for cannery 1 ton Picking for drying 1/4 tons Pruning 3-year-old trees, heavy with brush, 12-20 cuts per tree 425 trees Pruning 4-year-old trees, heavy with brush, 12-20 cuts per tree 215 trees Pruning trees, 12-14' high 15 trees Hauling brush, 1 M, 2 H 2 acres Spraying, 3 M, 2 H 250 trees Cutting for drying (50-pound lugs), range 20-70 40 lugs Packing pears (45-pound boxes), range 40-80 60 boxes Prunes — Picking up, green fruit, per M 1000 pounds Hauling brush, 1 M, 2 H 2 acres Spraying, 3 M, 2 H 150 trees Pruning, per M 20 trees Peaches — Pruning, per M 20 trees HauUng brush, 1 M, 2 H IH acres Picking, boxes of 40 pounds, per M 40 boxes Strawberries — LeveUng, 1 M, 4 H 1 acre Ridging for planting, 1 M, 1 H 4 acres Smoothing beds, per M Vis acres Planting, per M V20 acre Hoeing and weeding, per M V40 acre Hand cultivating, per M 'A acre Irrigation, per M Yio acre Bedding in runners, per M V20 acre Cutting off stops, per M Vis acre Picking, per M 2 chests Walnuts — Picking, per M 200 pounds Farm Management Notes 129 Day's Work of Man (or Crew) Selected Operations in Producing Vegetables. (M = Men; H = Horses) Asparagus — . , , Cutting, field boxes of 40 pounds, per M : Average rate per day White grass 10 boxes Green grass 15 boxes Cabbage — Setting out, by machine, 1 M, 2 H 4 acres Setting out, by hand, per M ^ acre Cutting, sorting, \ 2 M, 2 H 5 tons Trimming and packing / 4 M, 2-4 H 10 tons Cantaloupes — Marking, 7' x 7', 1 M, 2 H 30 acres Ridging for planting, 1 M, 2 H 1 acre Planting, 1 M, 2 H.^ 10 acres Vining up, per M 2 acres Picking, per M ,. 1 ton Carrying out, per M 6 tons Sorting, per M 12 tons Packing, per M 225 crates of 70 pounds Onions — Planting seed, hand planter, per M 1 acre Cultivating, hand cultivator, per M ^ acre Pulling, per M 3^ acre Cutting tops, per M 1 acre Sacking, 2 M 1 acre Planting out onion sets in field, per M V20 acre Peas — Planting (2-row), 1 M, 2 H 6 acres Cultivating, 1 M, 2 H 7 acres Hoeing, per M ]4. acre Picking, per M. Green: , 250 pounds Cannery: Cutting, 1 M, 2 H 10 acres Turning (2 men to each cutter) 33^ acres Loading, 1 M 6 tons Picking up waste peas, 1 M, 2 H 6 acres Rhubarb — Marking (23/^' x 5'), 1 M, 2 H 15 acres Furrowing for planting, 1 M, 2H 5 acres Plowing for planting, 1 M, 2 H 4 acres Dividing for planting, per M Enough for 1 acre Planting, per M J^ acre Hoeing, per M 3^ acre Picking, washing and packing 12 boxes String Beans — Picking, per M 5 sacks of 80 pounds [ Setting in field, 1 M, 2 H 10,000 sets Sweet Potatoes \ Digging by hand, per M 3,000 pounds [ Digging by machine, 1 M, 2 H 7,000 pounds f Marking, 1 M, 2H 15 acres Tomatoes | Planting, per M 2,500 plants [ Picking, per M 1 ton 130 Farm Management Notes Day's Work of Man. Selected Operations in Caring for Stock. (M = Men ; H = Horses) Dairying — Average rate per day Milking only, with machine 60 cows Stripping by hand. Milking only, by hand, range 18-32, average 26 cows Milking only, by hand, per hour 8 cows Milking, feeding, cleaning and total care (1 M to 10-15 head) 12 cows Time required per cow for milking: By hand 7 minutes By machine 4-5 minutes Poultry — (Average 2000 laying fowl plant, with 2000 chicks to be raised annually) Feeding, with chicks 73^ hours Feeding, without chicks 4 hours Collecting eggs 2 hours Cleaning houses 4 hours Raising green feed 3^ hour Sheep — Herding, 1 or 2 M 2000 head Dry feeding, 1 M, 2 H 300-400 head With self-feeders, 1 M, 2 H 1000-2000 head Shearing: Once a year 33 per day by hand Twice a year 75 per day by hand Twice a year 88 per day with clippers Under eastern conditions farm management studies indicate the amount of work required to care for live stock to be: Care of — Man hours Horse hours Stallion or jack 150 10 Dairy cow 150 20 Work horse 80 5 10 cattle 200 10 100 ewes 50 3 10 broods and pigs to weaning time 300 50 10 hogs (not sows) 75 15 100 hens 150 20 Raising 200 chicks 150 20 Farm Management Notes ISl Day's Work for Man (or Crew). Selected Miscellaneous Operations. (M = Men ; H = Horses) Building Construction — Range Average rate per day Shingling 2000-3000 shingles (8-12 bundles) 2500 Fencing — Amount of fence that two men can Iniild in a day, ])oth when setting the posts and when driving them, and when they are spaced at various distances: Kind of Fence Distance of Posts Rods of Fence Built in a Day Barbed wire 12' 16' 24' 3 strands Posts driven ' 64 89 116 Posts set 43 58 68 4 strands Posts driven 76 83 92 Posts set 39 47 50 6 strands Posts driven 29 56 67 Posts set 19 26 32 Narrow woven wire with 2 or more barbed wires : Posts driven 48 53 74 Posts set 26 33 37 Wide woven wire without barbed wire: Posts driven 61 65 80 Posts set 30 39 45 The fence that can be constructed in a day naturally varies with soil conditions, the depth to which posts are set or driven, the ability of the men doing the work, the topography of the ground, and the distance apart of corner, end, and gate posts. Posts are set at an average depth of 32 inches. Hauling — Various commodities: Distance 1 mile, 1 M, 2 H, 9 loads in 2 days. 2 miles, 1 M, 2 H, 7 loads in 2 days. 3 miles, 1 M, 2 H, 5 loads in 2 days. 5 miles, 1 M, 2 H, 2 loads in 1 day. Potatoes from field : Size of load 40 bushels, 1 M, 2 H, 225 bushels per day. 60 bushels, 1 M, 2 H, 350 bushels per day. 70 bushels, 1 M, 2 H, 450 bushels per day. Baled hay, % ton per H. 1S2 Farm Management Notes Irrigating — Range Average Per man J^-10 acres No average, as rate depends on method of apply- ing (i. e., by slip-joint pipe or from ditch or by sub- irrigating or by concrete pipe; whether furrowed or flooded), head of water, lay of land, amount of water wanted, crop (extent of covering ground) and porosity of soil. Poisoning Gophers — 1 man per 300-1000 acres, average 640 (depends on method used, kind of crop and prevalence of rodents). Sawing Wood — • (4' X 4' X 8') 2 cuts per stick IJ^ cords (4' x 4' x 8') 3 cuts per stick 1 cord (4' x 4' x 8') Tiling — Linear feet Digging 3-foot ditch, per M 100 Digging 3H-foot ditch, per M 90 Digging 4' ditch, per M 80 Laying 4-6" tile per M 1800-2000 Size of a Load. Wagon Load — 2 to 12 horses, size depends on length of haul and conditions of roads. Note — In general, figure for level hauling on good roads at 3^ to 1 ton per horse per load, average ^ ton. On hilly or heavy roads cut this from 25 to 50%, average 33V3%. Apphed to grain, baled hay, beans, and similar crops. PART V. COSTS OF FARM EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Farm Management Notes 135 PART V. COSTS OF FARM EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES, (This is only a tentative guide, as quotations are subject to fluctuations) To approximate actual costs, local prices must be used. Costs vary in different localities. For instance, barns in a timt^er region where farmers are skilled as carpenters, will cost less than in a treeless country where transportation is a big item and union wages arc paid for labor. A good gravel bed will influence concrete costs. Length of haul, and competition in the community, are factors. Since, however, it is well to have an idea of approximate costs, considerable material is presented in the following tables. A blank column is provided to permit filling in estimates secured locally for subsecjuent use. Cost Data (See page 23 for explanation) Farm Implements, Wagons and Machinery — Normal High Special Cleaner, hand, for grain $45.00 $65.00 Cultivators Crop, 1-horse 8.00 10.00 Crop, 2-horse 50.00 87.00 Land 60.00 106.00 Derricks, hay, 14' mast 90.00 128.00 Diggers, potato, elevator type 135.00 224.00 Harrows Disk, 8', 16-18" disks 70.00 111.00 Spike, 4-8' sections 32.00 64.00 Spring tooth, 9' 16.00 23.00 Spring tooth, 15' '. 22.00 34.00 Harvesters, grain binder, 6' .'. 150.00 227.00 Corn binder, 6' 175.00 207.00 Grain, headers, 10' 250.00 361.00 Mowers, 5' 72.00 98.00 Planters, corn, 2-row, 2-horse 48.00 78.00 Bean, 2-row, 2-horse 40.00 78.00 Potato, 2-row, 2-horse 106.00 185.00 Beet, 4-row, 2-horse 50.00 96.00 Plows, breaker 12" single 18.00 29.00 14" single 22.00 32.00 16" single 25.00 35.00 Plows, disk 24" with 1 di.sk 65.00 100.00 24" with 2 disks 82.00 186.00 24" with 3 disks 96.00 213.00 24" with 4 disks 112.00 250.00 24" with 5 disks .....:.... 125.00 280.00 Plows, gang 12"2-gang 77.00 126.00 14" 2-gang 81 .00 132.00 12" 3-gang 70.00 171.00 12"4-gang 115.00 206.00 136 Farm Management Notes Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Plows, Stockton gang Normal High Special 3-gang, 8" 54.00 4-gang, 8" 62.00 4-gang, 10" 67.00 Plows, side hill 10" single 14.00 27.00 12" single 16.00 29.00 Plows, sulky 14" single : 58.00 105.00 16" single 60.00 107.00 Plows, walking 10" 15.00 34.00 12" 18.00 35.00 14" 20.00 38.00 Press (18"x22") hay 350.00 625.00 10' l-horse 35.00 63.00 12' 2-horse 42.00 68.00 Buck 40.00 65.00 Rollers, corrugated iron 5' 60.00 70.00 8' 85.00 100.00 Scrapers, Fresno 5' 4-horse 21.00 36.00 Broadcasters 25.00 40.00 Drill, 16-7" single disks, 4-horse 124.00 204.00 Drill, 16-7" double disks, 4-horse 130.00 230.00 Drill, 10', steel wheels 107.00 223.00 Spreaders, manure, 2-horse 170.00 258.00 Stacker, hay, complete 70.00 115.00 f Grain, 26" cylinder, not mounted 350.00 650.00 Thresher { Grain, combine 2500.00 4000.00 [Grain, stationary 5000.00 6500.00 ■ Buggy 96.00 110.00 Single 90.00 98.00 IJ^-ton 110.00 213.00 2H-ton 145.00 243.00 Wagons, farm Building Materials — (For full details consult current schedules) Lumber, per M (thousand board feet) : Pine ♦Common: 1 x 3, 1 x 6, 1 x 8, 1 x 10, 6 to 18' long Common: 3 x 10, 3 x 12, 4 x 4 to 4 x 12, 12-20'.... Same 34-40' Flooring,' T&G, SIS, 1 x 4, assorted lengths to 8' Ceiling, T&G, SIS, % x 4, assorted lengths, 4 to 10' Lath, ly/ xA', per thousand Rustic, 1 x 6, 6 to 20' Redwood : ♦Common, 1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 6, 1 x 8, 10 to 20' 1 X 12, 10 to 20' 2 X 3, 2 X 4, 2 X 6, to 2 x 10, 10 to 20' 4 X 4 to 4 x 10, 10 to 20' ♦Permits filling order to extent of one-third with No. 2 lumber; specified lengths increase charges. 20.00 40.00 18.00 40.00 23.00 50.00 34.00 66.00 31.00 48.00 5.00 7.50 32.00 52.00 21.00 40.00 24.00 46.00 20.00 40.00 21.00 42.00 Farm Management Notes 137 Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Normal Clears, 3 and 4" widths, 6-20' 31 .00 6" widths, 6-20'., 8" widths, 6-20'.. 12" widths, 6-20' 20" widths, 6-20'. 24" widths, 6-20' Rustic, 1x4, 6-20'.. 1 X 6, 6-20'.. Bevel siding, 1 x 4, 6-20' 32.00 ^ X 4, 6-20' 31.00 31.00 31.00 37.00 Ceiling, 1 x 4, V, under 6' Battens, Yi x 3, per lineal foot Shakes, sawn, 6 x 36, per 1000 pieces . Shingles, No. 1, per bundle Shingles, No. 2, per bundle 20.00 Mc 15.00 .60 .50 High 52.00 55.00 53.00 60.00 78 . 00 85.00 57.00 60.00 44.00 41.00 .01 30.00 1.20 1.00 Special In estimating lumber, add 10% for waste. 1000 shingles (4 bundles) will cover 80 square feet if laid 4" to the weather, 90 square feet at 434", a-nd 100 square feet at 5". 1000 shakes laid "shake fashion" (lapping 6" at ends and IJ/o" at sides) will cover 900 square feet; 1000 shakes laid "shingle fashion" (16" exposed — double layer) will cover 700 square feet. Galvanized Iron Roofing — No. 24, per 100 pounds No. 26, per 100 pounds (Comes in lengths 24" x 72" and weighs per square foot: No. 24 = 1.16 pounds; No. 26 =.91 pounds) Miscellaneous — Cement, per 100 pounds Linseed oil, per gallon Nails, 100 pounds, base Paints, per gallon Windmills — 8' in diameter 10' in diameter 12' in diameter Water Tanks — 1500-gallon, 8' diameter, 5' high 2500-gallon, 8' diameter, 7' high 4000-gallon, 10' diameter, 8' high Fencing Materials — Posts, 4 x 5", 7', split Pickets, 3 x 3", 7', split Barb wire, per 100 pounds: Heavy, 4-point Medium, 4-point (Figure 1350 running feet per 100 pounds of heavy) (Figure 1600 running feet per 100 pounds of medium) 4.00 3.85 9.45 9.55 .85 .85 1.00 3.00 4.50 6.50 2.00 3.60 55 00 80.00 145.00 40.00 60 00 80 00 .23 .35 .12 .21 3.00 3.10 6.70 6.80 Normal High .35 .37 .40 .71 .83 .96 .53 .63 .72 Vioc ly.oc IVioC IVioC 1.50 3.50 3.00 6.50 .04 .03 .12K .10 138 Farm Management Notes Cost and Price Data Woven wire — hog and sheep fence : (See page 23 for explanation) Heavy, per rod Normal High Special 26" per rod 32" per rod 39" per rod Medium, per rod 26" per rod 32" per rod 39" per rod Poultry and Rabbit Fence — 2" mesh, per square foot, 1 to 6' wide. 1" mesh, per square foot, 1 to 6' wide IVioC (Figure 165 running feet per roll) Wire Gates — Walk gates 1.50 Single, drive gates 3. Staples ^-inch, per pound 13^-inch, per pound (Figure 480 staples of ^-inch per pound) (Figure 60 staples of lj'2-inch per pound) Wire Stretcher — Each 4.50 6.50 General Equipment and Supplies — Brooms 50 1.00 Coal oil, gallon 13 .15 Grindstone 5.00 8.00 Halters 1.25 2.50 Harness Single 20.00 30.00 Work, double (leather) 45.00 60.00 Work, double (chain) 35.00 54.00 Horse blankets 3.00 6.00 Horse collars 7.00 9.00 Lanterns 1.00 1.50 Lead bars Single, per dozen 5.00 6.00 Double, per dozen 10.00 12.00 Rope, per pound 18 .25 Saddles 40.00 55.00 Water pipe, per foot Blacky IM-inch 07 .09 Galvanized { ^^^"^ Wheelbarrows 4.50 7.00 Whips 75 1.00 Tools and Hand Implements — Axe 1.25 2.50 Hatchet 75 1 . 10 Hoe 65 1.00 Pick 1 .00 1 .50 Pitchfork 1 .00 1 .25 Scythe and snath 1 ,25 3.50 Shovel 1.00 1.50 M-inch 05 .07 •inch .10 .16 .13 .20 Farm Management Notes 139 Normal Irrigating Equipment and Materials — Discharge pipe, per foot Wooden, banded 4" 6" ■ 8" , 10" ' Steel 4" 6" 8" 10" Drilling wells, per foot 10", first 100 feet 1 00* 12", first 100 feet 1 25* 14", first 100 feet 1.50* Electric motors, with pulleys, bases and starters, each 5hp 10 hp 20 hp 40 hp Fuel, per gallon, in quantity Distillate 08 Gasoline 12 Gasoline engines, each 5hp 10 hp 20 hp 40 hp Irrigating pipe, galvanized, per foot, 10' lengths 8", 22-gauge 10", 20-gauge Pumps, centrifugal, each 2" 23^" 3" 4" 6" Well casing, hard steel, per foot Double, No. 12 gauge Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) 10".. 12".. Double, 8".. 10". 12".. No. 14 gauge Single, with collar. No. 12 gauge Single, with collar. No. 14 gauge 10" 1.12 12" 1.51 8" 1.00 10" 1.12 12" 1.24 *25c raise per foot for every 50 feet additional in- crease in depth. t50c raise per foot for every 50 feet additional in- crease in depth. High .31 .45 .54 .68 .49 .68 .83 1 .02 2 .oot 2 .25t 2 .50t 115 .00 240 .00 315 .00 555 .00 .15 .22 220 .00 388 .00 1345 .00 3660 .00 .45 .73 75 .00 85 .00 110 .00 140 ,00 235.00 2. 49 3, ,12 3. ,63 1. ,85 2. 20 2. 57 3, 38 4. 12 4. ,83 2, 50 3. ,00 3. 48 Special Separators, cream 140 Farm Management Notes Cost and Price Data (See page 23 for explanation) Daiby Equipment — Normal High Special Babcock tester 12.50 15.00 Boiler, Ijo hp., with 20'-8" stack, roof plates, spark arrester and damper 117.00 154.00 Bottle brushes, per dozen \ 3.50 6.00 Bottle filler, 4x5 valves 110.00 137.00 T) ifi / Quart size, per gross 8.75 13.00 liotties I Pint size, per gross 5.75 10.00 Cans, 10 gallon size 3.00 6.00 Cream Cooler (tube), with catch basin and strainer 40.00 68.00 Feed truck, 16-bushel 28.00 35.00 ,.: „,.,,, f , / Tin, each 42 .60 Feedmg buckets, for calves | Wooden, each 40 .50 XT t .jW'size 12 .18 .., Hose, per foot I /f „ gj^g ^5 25 Pails, milking, 10-quart .' 2.50 2.50 Pasteurizer 50-gallon 225.00 225.00 Refrigerating plant, 2-ton 700.00 830.00 Scales, hand 2.50 3.50 ' 135-pound-per-hour size 40.00 63.00 335-pound-per-hour size 60.00 90.00 675-pound-per-hour size 85.00 117.00 1100-pound-per-hoursize 120.00 195.00 Wash sink, 2-compartment 30.00 35.00 Washer, turbine, for bottles 18.00 22.00 Washing powder, per 100 pounds 5.00 6.00 Wooden vat. for cooling milk 12.00 20.00 Orchard Equipment and Materials — Bluestone, per pound 05J^ .12 Carbon bisulphide, per gallon 1.25 2.00 Drying trays (apricot and peach) /Both3'x8'l '^^ '^^ Drying trays (prune and pear) \ J .35 .50 Ladders, per foot , 25 .50 Lime, per barrel, 180 pounds..... , 2.15 3.00 Lug boxes, 40-pound size 12 .18 Lug boxes, 50-pound size 15 .24 Picking pails 25 .35 Potassium cyanide, per pound 25 .32 Prune dipper and grader 75.00 125.00 Pruning shears, long 3.00 3.00 Pruning shears, short 2.50 2.50 • Hand 2.50 3.50 Hand driven, unmounted 50.00 05.00 Power, 150-gallon size 275.00 325.00 Sulphur, per pound 02^ .05 Sulphur blower 15.00 Sulphuric acid, commercial, per pound 02 .03 Trucks, for drying house 12.50 15.00 Poultry Equipment Egg cases, 36-dozen size 75 1 .25 Egg scales 25 .50 Feed buckets 15 .25 Feed mixer, power 60.00 75.00 Feed troughs 75 1.00 Kale cutter 25.00 26.00 Nest eggs, per dozen 20 .35 Water troughs, with float 2.50 3.50 Spray outfit PART VI. MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND TABLES Farm Management Notes I4S PART VI. MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND TABLES. Tractor Data for Farm Management Use. Several publications having to do with the tractor are now availal)I(', 'i'licsc are: U. S. D. A. Department Bulletin No. 174 191.5 U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin No. 719 1910 U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin No. 96.3 1918 U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin No. 1004 1918 U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin No. 1035 1919 U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin No. 1093 1920 Purdue University Circular No. 89 1919 Pennsylvania State College Bulletin No. 158 1919 Kentucky Experiment Station Bulletin No. 222 1919 Iowa Experiment Station Circular No. 63 1919 In considering the use of a tractor, the costs of operation must be taken into account. These vary for different states and for different sized outfits. In general, however, the following holds: Items to be considered in determining costs are : Operating expense: Labor, fuel, oil, grease, repairs. Overhead / Ii^terest on average investment (one-half original cost) . \ Depreciation. Amount of work done. For California conditions the following items will serve as a starting point: Labor— 1915 1920 19 Average costs, with value of board included, per day .f4.50 $6.00 Fuel — Amounts to about 7 gallons per day per plow unit. Cost of fuel: 1915 1920 19 Distillate, per gallon $.08 $.13 Gasoline, per gallon 17H -20 Oil — Cylinder oil amounts to about 2 quarts per day per plow unit. Costs 1915 1920 Light, per gallon $.30 $.60 Medium, per gallon 50 .90 Heavy, per gallon 60 1.10 Grease — Grease amounts to about 2 cents per day per tractor. Repairs — Repairs are based on the number of days the tractor is used per season. On the basis of 50 days, repairs, figured on the original cost of the tractor, amount to: First year 1-5% Second year 3 % Third year 4 % Fourth and succeeding years 4 % With costs of tractors as given beyond, the cost for repairs per working day averages: 2-plow $ .80 3-plow 1.28 4-plow 1.71 Average for all $1.26 144 Farm Management Notes Interest — The cost of different sized outfits (1920) approximates: 2-plowsize $1,200 3-plow size 1,800 4-plow size 2,400 Interest, at 6% therefore amounts to : Per day worked Annually (on basis of 50) 2-plow size $36 $ .72 3-plow size 54 1.08 4-plow size 72 1.44 Depreciation — The average life of tractors is about 8 years of 50 working days, or a total of 400 working days. Based on initial costs as given, depreciation per working day amounts to: Depreciation per day 2-plowsize $3.00 3-plow size 4.50 4-plow size 6.00 Work Done — 2 acres per day for each foot of width, when on soft ground, 23^ acres when footing is good. 1919 Summary for 3-Plow Outfit, 50 Days Work Annually — First cost $1800.00 Operating expense, per day Labor $6.00 Fuel, 21 gallons at 20 cents 4.20 Oil, 1}^ gallons at 90 cents 1.35 Grease 02 Repairs 1.28 Overhead Interest 1.08 Depreciation 4.50 Total, per day $18.43 Farm Management Notes 14-5 A Page of Dimensions Commonly Used for California Conditions. COWBARNS — Usual length of cow stands '^ Usual width of cow stands: large cows, 4; small cows 3H' Width of manger "^ Rear alley, including gutter 5 Feed alley, inckiding mangers 18 Height of walls to eaves ^ Pitch of roof -. 'A Horse Barns — Usual length of single stalls, including mangers : 10 Usual width of single stalls ^ Box stalls ■ 12' x 12' 9' Width of mangers ^ Rear alley ° Height of wall to eaves 1" Pitch of roof /' Hay Barns — Usual allowance of space per ton : Loose hay at 30 days 550 cubic feet Loose hay at 90 days 500 cubic feet Baled hay 175 to 225 cubic feet Chopped hay 240 to 250 cubic feet ^tYSiW 625 to 800 cubic feet Shredded stover 675 cubic feet Warehouses — Usual allowance of space per ton : Sacked barley 65 cubic feet Sacked wheat 50 cubic feet Middlings and bran 70 cubic feet Dried sugar beet pulp 135 cubic feet Alfalfa meal 110 cubic feet Hog Pens — Farrowing pens, 8' x 8' to 8' x 14', 10' x 10', 10' x 12' (inside), outside runway same width and 12' to 36' long, usually 16'. ^ . Feed alley between farrowing pens 5 wide Drive alley between farrowing pens °"0 wide Partitions between farrowing pens "^ ^SQ Poultry Houses — Allowance per fowl of floor space 2 square feet Allowance per fowl of perch room 10 mches PART VII. FARM MANAGEMENT OUTLINES For Reporting Upon Farm Properties Testing Proposed Farming Plans Making Financial Analyses Estimating Financial Needs Valuing Farm Lands Leasing Farm Lands Etc., Etc. Farm Management Notes 149 PART VII. FARM MANAGEMENT OUTLINES, FOR Reporting Upon Farm Properties, Testing Proposed Farming Plans, Making Financial Analyses, Estimating Financial Needs, Valuing Farm Lands, Leasing Farm Lands, Etc., Etc. Investigations of proposed farming plans should follow a well-ordered procedure, each step being very carefully determined and thoroughfy worked out in sufficient detail to insure Ijy the student as accurate a result as is possible of attainment. Outlines here offered are indicative of how such inquiries may proceed. Changes in these outlines must ordinarily be made to fit individual problems. BASIC DATA. 1. Legal Description of Property — Most California holdings are best described by the United States rectangular system of subdividing lands, adopted by Congress May 20, 1785. The description should show the subdivision of the section, section number, township num- ber, and whether north of south of the base line, range number and whether east or west of the meridian, name of the base and meridian. Note — Townships are numbered consecutively north or south beginning at the base line; ranges are numbered consecutively east or west beginning at the meridian ; sections are numbered consecutivel.v beginning with section 1 in the northeast corner of the township, thence west and east alternately to 36 in the southeast corner; subdivisions are al)breviated thus: N E J-^, Sec. 8, T 19 N, R 9 E, M. D. b. & m. — meaning, the northeast one-quarter of Section 8 in township 19 north, range 9 east, Mount Diablo base and meridian. The three meridians and bases in California are San Bernardiano, Mt. Diablo and Humboldt. Whenever possible the legal description of lands should be included in any report. 2. Locality Description of Property — To more clearly comprehend a given property, its legal description should be augmented by a statement of its location, to cover: (o) State. (6) County. (c) Nearest town. (d) Outstanding land marks — as rivers, creeks, lakes, mountains. 150 Farm Management Notes 3. Description of the Propehty — To be a carefully worked out statement, covering, in detail: 3a (a) Total area. 3b (b) Agricultural acreage. For properties not personally known to the investigator, use should early be made of the "Irrigation Map of California," whereon are designated dry-farmed agricultural areas, irrigated sections, and non-agricultural lands. Use of this map wdl disclose areas of desert or mountains not at present suitable for crop farming, although some grazing may be obtainable. 3c (c) Shape of property. 3d (d) Elevation. 3e (e) Topography. Reference to the quadrangle field sheets of the United States Geological Survey will greatly assist in determining elevation and topography. These should be consulted for all areas which have been surveyed. Sheets can be obtained, at a price of 15 cents each, from the Associated Students Store, University of California, Berkeley, or from or through sta- tioners' stores. A key map, obtainable free, shows the localities where surveys have been made, and the names of the sheets which apply thereto. In using, give name of any sheets consulted as references. 3f (/) Character of boundaries; as fences, streams, roads. 3g (g) Classification of soil types. When survey sheets of the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Soils are available, they should be used in reporting the types of soils and the estimated area of each, giving in detail a description of each soil, its usual utilization in the community, and such other information as may be applicable and pertinent. An outline map on the more recent issues indicates where surveys have been made. One of the late issues should be consulted to determine if a study is available and the name of the survey which contains the data. In using, give the name of any survey consulted as reference. 3h (h) Climatology data. Of outstanding interest are data of rainfall, earUest killing frost in the fall, latest Idlhng frost in the spring, extent of maximum and minimum temperatures, sunshiny and cloudy days, occurrence, direction and intensity of winds, sandstorms, thunderstorms and earthquakes. For this data at least five years of recent consecutive data should be obtained from the files of the " Climatological Data" for California, published by the U. S. D. A. Weather Bureau, and obtainable on request made to the San Francisco office. Merchants Exchange building. 3i (0 Division into fields or farmed areas; layout of fields. 3j (i) Use of fields or farmed areas; kind of crops. 3k (A-) Condition of crops or pasture or woodland. 3l (I) Present status of irrigation. 3m (m) Present status of drainage. 3n (n) Present equipment. 3o I. Buildings. Kind, size, number, construction, serviceability, arrangement and location. When possible, a ground plan of the building arrangement (farmstead) should be drawn up, to a scale of not less than 40' to the inch, and accompanied by photographs showing the different structures and the general building layout. 3p II. Fencing. A description of the kinds of fences (hog, sheep, cattle, boundary, stone), their condition and probable serviceability. 3q III. Workstock. Lists showing amount, types, condition and serviceability of workstock. 3r IV. Tractors. 3s V. Stationary engines or motors. 3t VI. Automobiles. 3u VII. Implements and machinery. Farm Management Notes 151 3v 3w 3x By 3z 3aa 3bb 3cc 3dd 3ee 3ff Sgg 3hh 3ii VIII. Livestock, other than workstoek. IX. Tools and minor equipment. X. Special e(iuipment. XI. Supplies, a.s lumber, extra fence posts, etc. o) Feed on hand, as hay, grain, silage. p) Presence of noxious weeds, as morning glory, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, thistles, etc. q) Presence of stock diseases, as cholera, anthrax, tuberculosis, r) Presence of plant ti'oubles, as pear blight, grain rust, corn smut, etc. s) Unhealthy living conditions, as malaria, poor drinking water, mosquitoes, etc. t) Status of title. u) Banks' attitude towards loan, as amount, percentage of market price or value. v) Right of way. w) Price — if for sale; amount asked; justification. x) List of sources of information. 4. Description of the Community, to Cover — 4a (a) Types of farming on similar lands. 4b (6) Types of neighbors. 4c (c) Type of businessman in nearest trading center. 4d {d) Transportation. 4e (e) Roads. 4f (/) Community progress — backward or active, with supporting evidence. 4g {g) Civic resources — as schools, churches, theatres. Interesting, (although not always absolutely accurate), sources of information are the publications in so far as they are available of local Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade. Their perusal provide a starting point, but the data should be re- checked in person whenever its use is vital. 5. Outline Map. For aid in studying and to record findings an outline map should be prepared, on a scale sufficient to be serviceable, and either on stout paper which will stand ordinary handling, or else upon tracing paper, if duplicate copies, made as blueprints or "Van Dyke" prints, are desired. Ordinarily a scale of not less than 1 inch to 200 feet should be employed. Location of buildings, fence lines, trees, streams, lanes and other well defined landmarks should be made a part of the copy. STUDIES IN CONNECTION WITH ESTABLISHING A FARM BUSINESS. Planning the Work. 6. Selecting the Enterprises — 6a (a) Make up a complete list of the different industries which can be followed, showing the advantages and objections to each from the standpoint of: 6b I. Present and future desirability or undesirability, with reasons. 6c II. Personal interest. 6d III. The particular farm involved. 6e (6) Make a final selection of the plan to be followed, with a summary of the reasons for its advocacy, and outline in full the exact idea in mind which is to be the basis of operations. Discuss : 6f I. Need of immediate capital. 6g II. Fertility requirements. 6h III. Ultimate income and the efforts of each in helping to a final decision. 6i (c) If dealing with an established concern, outline proposed changes, reasons for drop- ping old departments or adding new, or changes in operations, and state what results are to be expected from the revised plan. 7. The Calendar of Operations — The calendar of operations, or work schedule, is a graphic display of the work necessary to the proper conduct of the farm business. It should be worked up in detail by crops, stock, or other departments, to show kind of operations, implements, and time limits within which the work is to be done. Care should be exercised to allow ample room in charting, for greater convenience when inserting items. 15^ Farm Management Notes The period of time charted should be suiEcient to cover : 7a (a) Period of taking hold, and getting together equipment, supplies and materials. 7b (b) Construction period, to cover putting up of buildings, leveling of land, etc. 7c (c) Period from time of planting until crops are mature, or from time of putting in stock until the enterprise is fully established. This means several years when setting out first trees, or in starting with only a few cows to build up a dairy, or stocking a range with year- ling stock cattle. 7d (d) A representative period — usually one year — after the business is a fully estab- lished, going concern. Various types of charts are possible. The following is but a suggestion : ^ Example of Chart for Calendar of Operations. For 100-Acre Alfalfa Ranch Producing Hay, Fully Established. Department January Alfalfa Field No. 1; 40 acres; Irrigate February March established yield 6 tons Alfalfa Field No. 2; 40 acres; established yield 8 tons Family Orchard 2 acres etc. Irrigate Plow 8 in. deep and down Prune Irrigate Disk and harrow spray April First cutting mow, rake, shock, stack First cutting mow, rake, shock, stack Replow and work down Etc. Etc. Etc. 8. Crop Rotation; Cropping Systems; Fertilizing. For farm businesses requiring attention to fertilizing or crop rotation, a plan is to be drawn up showing in detail : 8a (a) How each field is to be treated with commercial fertilizers, green manure crops, stable manures, lime, gypsum, etc. 8b (6) What kind of a rotation is to be practiced on fields which are to be thus treated. 8c (c) The proposed cropping system, if ranch requirements necessitate reasonably uniform production year after year. Equipping the Business. 9. Justifying Equipment — Although personal preference, local custom and working conditions influence the choice of equipment, a test should be applied to all proposed major investments in equipment to see that they justify expenditures by a sufficient saving in time or by increased quality or quantity of work amounting to a sum large enough to offset the combined charges of interest on the investment, d('i)reciation and upkeep. Examples of conditions under which this test may well be applied are (a) tractor vs horses, (b) over-sizecl pumping plant, (c) concrete vs wooden silos, (r/) manure spreaders, hay loaders, hay tedders, (e) elaborate buildings. 10. Building Needs and Costs — When buildings are available, such information is to be conveyed in accordance with the section giving a des(;ription of the farm (113o). This section (10) deals with building requirements which nmst be mot by erecting all or a part of the necessary structures. Farm Management Notes 163 Under this heading is to be inchidcd; 10a (a) A list of the numbers, types and sizes of the necessary structures. 10b (b) A statement of the type of construction to be used in erecting. 10c (c) Lists of bills of materials reciuired for each structure. IOd (d) Estimated costs of each structure. A short cut in estimating costs (although not particularly accurate and because of this should be replaced ]jy inquiry into the actual cost of each individual structure) results from California averages. These were found to be: Bunk houses — per man capacity, .|75. Chicken houses — per fowl capacity, 50 cents. Colony hog houses — per pen, .|50. Individual hog houses — per house, $30. Hog shelters, per square foot of floor space, 4 cents. Horse barns — per horse capacity, -f 200. A cheaper barn — per horse capacity, .fSO. Implement sheds — per square foot of floor space, 20 cents. Silos — per ton capacity, .|2.50. See note regarding "Buildings and Fence Layout" (1|12). 11. Fencing Needs and Costs — When fences are needed either in toto, or by additional building or changing, a study is to be made of: 11a (a) The types of fencing needed. 11b (6) Methods of constructing. lie (c) Total lenghts. llD id) Costs. See section on Fencing Costs elsewhere in these "Notes," and Section 12 on "Buildings and Fence Layout." 12. Buildings and Fence Layout — When the plan calls for the construction of either a complete equipment or substantial changes or additions to the present building and fence equipment, ground plans should be prepai'ed to show: 12a (a) The farmstead arrangement at a scale of not less than 40' to the inch; both before and after contemplated changes are made (if there are buildings already on the place), or the proposed arrangement if starting with the bare land. 12b (6) The fence lines, both existing and with changes as contemplated. Avoidance of repetition in drawing ground plans can be effected, if two colors are used on the same plan, one to show existing conditions, the other to indicate proposed changes. 13. Use of the Calendar of Operations in Determining Equipment Needs — The calendar of operations can be used to advantage in determining the amount and kind of equipment needs, as implements, machinery, workstock, tractors, trucks, etc., by inserting under each operation the size of outfit to be used and the amount of time required, thus: Crop, Acreage and Estimated Yield November December January Plow 6-8" Plow 6-8" Beans, 10 acres, 1000 yield 6 H 1 M at 4 acres per day Etc. Time required 2J4 days Irrigate Alfalfa for hay, 60 acres, 8-ton 2 M at 6 acres per yield day; time required 10 days 154 Farm Management Notes After the details have been inserted in talsiilar form, the totals are determined and from these final decisions made as to any justifiable change in the original idea of size of outfit (e. g., final use of 2-horse equipment instead of 4-horse as first planned, or the reverse), or change in the time of work (to better utilize all equipment), and the number of implements or machines required (e. g., two mowing machines, one horse rake, three wagons, etc.)- 14. Motive Power Needs and Costs — Motive power covers (a) workstock, (b) driving and saddle horses, (c) tractors, (d) trucks, (e) automobiles. Needs are to be carefully determined for each group, and when a number are needed as in groups (a) and (b), the minimum which will meet the requirements of the business should be carefully determined. Costs are to be worked out after the number, types and sizes are determined. 15. Implement and Machinery Needs and Costs — Implement and machinery needs are to be covered in a determination of such equipment as plows, harrows, disks, seeders, mowers, rakers, harvesters, hay stacking equipment, wagons, etc., etc., by making up and filling in: 15a (a) A list of the types of implements and machines. 15b (6) The number needed of each. 15c (c) The cost of each. 15d (d) The total cost of all. 16. Livestock Other than Workstock. This includes animals for stocking purposes, as brood sows, boars, beef stock cattle, dairy cows and bulls, poultry, sheep, etc. The number is to be determined, with a statement of reasons resulting in a decision, and the costs of the different groups, as beef, poultry, dairy cows, etc. 17. Domestic W.'Vter Supply — Needs and Costs — To cover the necessary expenditures for obtaining and storing water, as well-drilling, casing, suction pipe, discharge pipe, pump, motive power, tank, tower, and the distributing system, as pipe, connections, faucets, valves, water troughs, etc. For greater ease in determining needs and in computing costs, sketches should be made : 17a (a) Of the ground plan, showing proposed pipe line courses, with locations indicated, and take-outs, valves, faucets, etc., this to be drawn to a scale of not less than 20' to the inch. 17b (6) The tanktower and tank, to show construction, capacity and dimensions. The final details should show: 17c (a) Amount, kinds and grades of supplies needed. 17d (h) The cost of the materials. 17e (c) The final cost of the completed system. 18. Sanitary Measures — Needs and Costs — This section covers the construction, or reconstruction, of disposal methods of sewage, manure, corral drainage, etc. Cesspools, septic tanks, manure pits, are grouped under this head. For convenience this study should include sketches showing: 18a (a) Proposed sewer lines, direction, length, point of discharge. • 18b (b) Details of pits or tanks, construction, size, location. From this study should come: 18c (a) A list of necessary supplies with grades, sizes and amounts. 18d (c) The costs of the material. 18e (c) The final cost of the completed system. Farm Management Notes ' 155 19. Irrigation — Equipment, Nep:ds and Costs — Where water is to be applied to crops, details of the system are to be drawn up, to show: 19a (a) A description of the plant to be installed, or changes to be made in the existing equipment. 19b {h) A sketch of the location of the proposed plant. 19c (c) Sketches showinp; type of construction and details of dimensions and sizes. 19d {d) A list of all sui)plies required to complete the plant, as piijirig, casing, motor or engine transformer, pump, connections, reservoir, pump pit, engine house, etc., etc. 19e (e) An estimate of the cost of the completed plant — materials and labor. In this work profitable use may well be made of University of California College of Agriculture Circular 117, "The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant," by B. A. Etcheverry. 19f (/) A list of ditch l^oxes or other structures, the type of which is best shown by .sketches showing construction, dimensions and sizes, and filed locations. 19g {g) Cost of ditch structures — materials and labor. Plan of Layout. When irrigation is to be practiced, a sketch map should be prepared, showing the location, direction, size, rate of slope of all ditches, laterals, checks and levees. Only by a carefully drawn plan indicating the proposed system is a close estimate possible of the probable amount of work and the costs thereof. 20. Drainage Equipment — Needs and Costs — If drainage conditions necessitate the use of equipment to lower the water table or to assist more quickly in freeing the land of surplus water, such equipment needs and costs, as pumps and engines or motors, tiling, culverts, bridges, ditch structures, are to he covered. This study should follow the same general procedure as that for irrigation system equip- ment, needs and costs, discussed elsewhere. Plan of Layout. When drainage is to be practiced, a sketch map should be prepared, showing the loca- tion, direction, depth, size and rate of fall of all drains, and what is to be used in way of conduit, e. g., rock fill, open ditch, tile, sewer pipe, with sizes indicated. Only by a carefully drawn plan indicating the proposed system is a close estimate possible of the probable amount of work and costs thereof. 21. Special Equipment — Needs and Costs — This segregation covers specialized department needs, as dairy house separator, cans, vats, Babcock test, milk pails; poultry plant feeding and watering equipment; hog separating corrals and dipping vat; fruit dip, drying trays and lug boxes, etc. The study should cover carefully determined : 21a (a) Lists of actual needs, kinds, types, sizes and numbers. 21b {h) Costs of such needs. In this group should also be included the numbers, kinds and costs of such things as : (a) Surveying instruments. (b) Veterinary instruments. (c) Medical instruments. 22. Minor Equipment Needs and Costs — In this investigation is to be listed the numbers, kinds and costs of minor articles necessary to the general conduct of the business, as: 22a (a) Carpenter tools. Blacksmith tools. Fence building equipment — post hole diggers, wire stretchers, staple pullers. Shovels, rakes, hoes, pitchforks, etc. Weighing scales. Gopher-killing outfits. Measuring tapes, etc., etc. 22b {h) 22c (c) 22d (d) 22e (e) 22p (/) 22g (?) 156 Farm Management Notes 23. Office Equipment Needs and Costs — To consist of lists showing: 23a (a) Necessary office needs, as desk, table, chairs, desk equipment, filing cabinets, type- writer, telephone, bookkeeping systems, etc. 23b (6) Costs of the equipment. 24. BuNKHOusE Equipment Needs and Costs — The method of handling labor will influence the bunkhouse equipment needs and costs. The study should include : 24a (o) a list of what is needed in the way of beds, mattresses, tables, lamps, stoves, chairs, shades, etc., for the living room, sleeping quarters and sanitary quarters. 24b (6) Costs of the equipment. 25. Kitchen Equipment Needs and Costs — The kitchen equipment as it affects the boarding of hired men, rather than the purely personal aspect, warrants a study of: 25a (a) Needs, as stove, tables, chairs, cooking utensils, dishes, table covers, towels, etc. etc. 25b (6) Costs of such equipment. 26. Personal Household Goods — The amount, kind and cost of household goods for private use need not be included in a study of the business side, but their demand upon the budget warrants a consideration of what must be obtained and the expense involved. This study can constitute a private investigation and be considered as a confidential matter. 27. Landscape Layout and Needs — A study of what is availaljle in landscape plantings, or what is proposed to care for this phase of the work, is taken care of in this section. The details should be worked out to show : 27a (a) If plantings are already in. L Description, etc. IL Proposed changes in present situation. 27b (6) If the landscape is to be planted entirely from a beginning. 27c I. The arrangement, to take care of vistas, screens, windbreaks, lawns, flower gar- dens, fruits, etc. 27d II. The materials to be used. 27e III. The methods of planting. 27f IV. A sketch of the ground plan, with proposed locations of shrubs, trees, lawn, flower gardens, etc., is to be made, on a scale of not less than 10' to the inch. 27g V. The cost. Determining Capital Needs. 28. Method of Determining Capital Needs — A convenient method of bringing together in a concise, condensed and easily readable form, is to draw up a chart which shall show: 28a (a) Capital required according to time of need, e. g., year by year, or by periods — as pn'paratory, planting, planting to self-sustaining, self-sustaining to maturity, after maturity. 28b (b) Segregation of investment, operating, overhead and personal items to be inserted in period when they are expected to occur. 28c (c). Possible receipts, to be inserted in period when they are expected to occur. 28d (dj Net needs by selected periods. 28e (e) Cumulative needs to show amount of greatest capital requirement. Farm Management Notes 157 The use of a chart such as the following helps to crystalize the findings : Classification of Capital Items Segregation Into Periods Expenditures ^. ,^ o, , -cr r.,, • , ,r t^. T , , as First Year Second Year Thnd Year Etc. Investment House ; ^.... $1200 Barn 400 Total. Operating Labor Supplies. Feed etc. Total Total Total Expense . etc. Total Receipts. Recapitx^lation ■ Gross Capital Needs.. Reduced by Receipts.. Implements 300 $100 $150 etc. 1600 $800 $900 200 500 800 400 100 Overhead Interest $500 .$500 .$700 Replacement 400 etc. Total Personal Household $1000 Living 1200 .$1500 $1800 Receipts Crops $400 $1200 Stock 100 400 Outside labor 100 Necessary resources outside of business Add for safety factor Total Needs by Years Cumulative Needs by Years Greatest Maximmn Need 158 Farm Management Notes The amount to be added as a safety factor depends upon the capacity of both the individual who is to carry on the work and his family, and is affected by the extent of their agricultural train- ing, experience, skill, resourcefulness, living standards, adaptability, strength, knowledge of local conditions, and practices, abihty to predict future needs and receipts, etc., etc. Under some conditions nothing need be added for a safety factor; under other conditions as high as 20 or 25% and even more should be added. The more an operator is lacking in these re- quirements, the greater should be the figure included for the sake of safety in calculating. 29. Investment Items in Determining Capital Needs — Under this category is included : 29a (a) Land. Initial purchase price and instalments thereafter (if bought in part credit). 29b (b) Buildings. Dwelhng, barns, sheds, shelters, etc., etc. To cover all materials and paid labor, de- termined according to Section 10 above. 29c (c) Fencing. Costs determined according to ^11 above. 29d (d) Motive power. As workstock. driving or saddle horses, tractors, trucks, automobiles. Costs determined according to 1[14. 29e (e) Implements and machineiy. As plows, harrows, disks, seeders, harvesters, mowers, rakes, etc., etc. Costs determined according to IJlS. 29f (/) Livestock other than workstock. As beef cattle, dairy cows, and bulls, brood sows, boars, sheep, poultry, etc. Costs determined according to ^16. 29g (g) Domestic water supply. As described and figured in ^17. 29h Qi) Sanitary measures. As described and figured in 1[18. 29i (i) Irrigation equipment. As described and figured in 1119. 29j (i) Drainage equipment. As described and figured in 1f20. 29k (fc) Special equipment. As described and figured in If 21. 29l (l) Minor equipment. As described and figured in ^22. 29m (m) OflBce equipment. As described and figured in 1123. 29n (n) Bunkhouse equipment. As described and figured in 1124. 29o (o) Kitchen equipment. As described and figured in 1125. Farm Management Notes 159 30. Operating Expenses in Determining Capital Needs — Operating expenses should be figured out according to groups, as: 30a («) Labor. Since labor in connection with the construction of buildings, the putting in of the domestic water system, irrigation plants and drainage structures, the building of a sanitary system, etc., is charged against these items, no additional charge is to ' be made here. The section has to do with the necessary expenditures for labor in putting in, caring for and harvesting crops — field, fruit or truck — in the care of livestock, and livestock products, harvesting grain, or in leveling land. Use of the Calendar of Operations in Determining Man and Labor Needs and Costs. By a study of the calendar of operations, when the man labor requirements have been inserted therein, an idea can be obtained of the total man laljor needs, the amount which must be employed, and l)y alfixing the going or probable rate for labor, the cost determined of the proposed work. 30b (6) Feed. To cover purchases of feed for the various kinds of livestock, including workstock. 30c (c) Seed and trees. To cover purchases for both annual and perennial plantings, for useful and orna- mental purposes. 30d (d) Power or fuel bills. To cover purchases for domestic water supply, irrigating or drainage plants, tractor, truck, automobile, etc. 30e (e) Repairs, parts and shop materials. To cover purchases for repairing buildings and equipment, and bills paid to black- smith, harness maker, machine shops, efc. 30f (/) Veterinary. For purchase of serum, virus, medicine, bandages, poultices, disinfectants, etc., and for professional services. 30g {g) Oflace. As stationery, desk supplies, printing, telephone, filing cards, telegrams, stamps, etc. 30h Qi) Taxes. To cover federal, state, local, irrigation, reclamation taxes, etc. 30i {i) Insurance. To cover payment of policy premiums for protecting buildings, Uvestock, implements, crops, etc. 30k (fc) Marketing. To cover moneys paid out for dues in farmers' associations, market packages, trans- portation charges, commission charges, etc. 30l {I) Other items. To cover items not heretofore listed as breeding fees, recording papers, notary attests, subscriptions to local affairs, charity, etc., etc. 160 Farm Management Notes 31. Personal Items in Determining Capital Needs — These items may be grouped to advantage into some such classification as : 31a (a) Household goods. As described and figured in ^[26. 31b (b) Living expenses. To cover family and personal expenditures for board, housing, and clothing, etc. 31c (c) Personal expense. To cover moneys paid for travel, books, entertaining, charity, insurance, etc. 32. Overhead Items in Determining Capital Needs — This section carries the items of: 32a (a) Replacement capital needs. Replacement items has to do with the sums eventually needed to replace worn-out investments, such as workstoek, implements, builclings, and similar equipment, and the reseeding or renovating of depleted alfalfa or other perennial plantings, or the resetting of dead or dying fruit trees or perennial vines. This charge should take into account the probable rate of mortality among livestock, trees and vines, and provide capital for theu- replacement. In some instances, the probable rate of output will offset depreciation and no replacement charge need be made, as in the case of breeding work mares, or of raising pullets in numbers to offset old fowls turned off, or calves to go into the dairy or into the beef stock cattle, etc. 32b (b) Interest on borrowed moneys. If borrowed to meet business needs or for personal use, both should be included if the total requirements are to be determined; if the personal element is to be kept as a distinct item, a separate memorandum can be kept of borrowings for pur- poses other than the f*'m business. Interest on deferred land payments are to be included in this grouping. 33. Receipts Items in Determining Capital Needs — Farm cost receipts will reduce the capital which must otherwise be drawn from outside sources. Such receipts should be determined under some classification such as: From sales of crops or crop products. From sales of stock or stock products. From sales of investment items, to be disposed of after the work is done (as land levelers, dredgers, tractors). From work done with farm equipment for outside parties. For personal services. As bookkeeping, carpentering, bricklaying, farm hand, etc. Care should l)e exercised in determining receipts, especially when comjiufing fruit yields of young orchards, viiicyarfls or l)crry plantings, hay yields from newly planted alfalfa, cr()j)s on newly Ijroken ground, or expec^ted yields from fertilizing, manuring, liming, etc. 33a (a) 33b (b) 33c ic) 33d (d) 33e (e) Farm Management Notes 161 34. Charging Interest in Dktermining Capital Needs — When it is desired to study the total capital requirements that a given business must meet, if all moneys invested therein are allowed to draw money from the outset, either of two methods may be followed, of which the second is the more accurate. 34a (a) Sum up all needs for the first period, add the safety factor, suljstract receipts, and upon the remaining net sum determine the interest charge at a fair rate (e. g., 4% if the operator has no investment ability, G% if operator is qualified to safely make ordinary investments). This sum then becomes the initial investment for the second period. Repeat the summing up of needs and safety factor, reducing by receipts, and in determining interest charge, which gives the net investment for the beginning of the third period. Continue in the same way until the data has been computed and completed for all periods. 34b {h) Figure out as closely as possible the correct interest charge for each item based on the time of the period when money is first invested or spent to the account of such item, and then credit it with any receipts whenever the returns are available for use. The year's net needs plus interest are then totalled to give the invest- ment total. This method is more cumbersome to work out and the results must be studied to see that no item has been unintentionally overlooked. It differs from method (a) in that a definite attempt is made to split up the interest charge and determine what it should be by basing it upon actual time covered by the use of the money involved, and to give credit for receipts as soon as they are received, rather than in each instance waiting until the end of the year before the receipts are credited and the interest is charged for the entire period without reference to when the receipts occur or the moneys are invested. Reviewing Findings. 35. Reviewing Findings — The object sought by studies under any or all of paragraphs 1-34 will be missed unless when the results are completed effort is expended in going over the work once more, step bj^ step, for the purpose of thoroughly rechecking and revising wherever advantageous changes should or can be made. Just what changes this final analysis will suggest can not be forecast with absolute precision. The plan may show that the capital requirements are too great and that a change is neces- sary in the scheme as originally conceived. The land may be found to be so high in price that the selected type of business is not justified. The investment in Ijuildings or in other equipment may be out of proportion. The time which must elapse until receipts are obtainable may be too great, and a different cropping system thus reciuired. There may be long periods of lack of productive work, so that poor use is made of workstock, equipment, and even personal labor. The market demands may justify a change to more profitable crops. Personal inclination may need to give way to a different type of business having greater possibilities. Other reasons may develop and other causes to justify a change. If the farm won't stand this paper test, provided it is accurately done, the chances are against its success under actual working conditions. Hence this rechecking should be a constructive move to revamp the entue plan so that it will better meet the demands to be placed upon it. 162 Farm Management Notes STUDIES PERTAINING TO ESTABLISHED CONCERNS. Farm Bookkeeping. Studies of Farm Bookkeeping can be considei'ed under a number of heads, as: (a) Systems in actual use on farms and ranches or supplementary systems kept by firms interested in agriculture (b) Systems proposed for use on farms and ranches or in connection with farming opera- tions. (c) Preparation of an original set of records to furnish farm or ranch data, to be used either to convey foreman reports or to record farm operations or findings. (rf) Preparation of an original set of simple farm books, to keep track of receipts, expen- ditures, net worth, bills receivable, bills owing, etc. (e) Preparation of an original set of cost accounting records, to determine, in a financial way, what each department is tloing, and to keep track of where expenditures are going and from where receipts are coming. (/) Preparation of an original set of records to determine farmers' federal income tax. (g) Farm household accounts. 36. Farm Bookkeeping Systems in Actual Use — In this study the investigator is to : 3Ga (a) Collect from some farmer or firm a complete set of the records and books being actually used to keep track of the financial transactions and the various operations. 30b (6) Write an account of what the system aims to show as a whole. 36c (c) Write a description of the use made of each record, and illustrate with selected items. 36d {(I) List the advantages and objections to the system, as described by the operator who is using them, and as unearthed in the student's analysis, and comments con- cerning each. Reference: Portfolio of forms in the Division of Farm Management collected from practicing farmers, firms, and corporations. 37. Farm Bookkeeping Systems Proposed for Farmers' Use — This section has to do with the various systems proposed from time to time by various authorities for the use of farmers in an attempt to standardize farm bookkeeping. An investigator who is to study any of the systems should: 37.'^ (a) Provide himself with the complete set of forms, blanks, and records deemed neces- sary by the author for the proper recording of data. 37b (b) Write an account of what the system aims to show as a whole. 37c (c) Write a description of the use to lie made of each record, and illustrate with selected items. 37d (//) List the advantages of the system as described by the author, and the objections as found in analyzing, witli coinnients concerning each. Sample.'^: Samples arc on file in tiie Division of Farm Management, such aa: Booklet of the Davis Ilardwai'e ( ^o. ; chcckliook system of the Bank & Trust Co. of Central CaUfornia, Fresno; Farm Record Book of U. of C, Clollege of Agriculture; Farm Account Books of various State ExixMinicnt Stations; system of Boss & Peck, etc. Farm Management Notes 163 38. Preparation of an Orkjinal Set of Records — Under this section is included sucii records as : 38a (1) Timebooks or timesheets. 38b (2) Segregation of labor. 38c (3) Monthly reports or summary form of cash expenditures and receipts. 38d (4) Records of yields, as from fields, orchards, garden, eggs, milk, butter fat, etc. 38e (5) Records of increases, as births of calves, pigs, colts, lambs, etc. 38f (6) Breeding records. 38g (7) Weather reports. 38h (8) Periodical reports on condition of crops and stock. 38i (9) Reports on operations and costs of running pumping plants, tractors, trucks, auto- mobiles, etc. 38j (10) Report of meals served. 38k (11) Costs of maintaining workstock and cost of horse labor. 38l (12) Costs of running the commissary department. 38m (13) Costs of repairs, parts and shop material. 38n (14) Report of materials used, as sacks, lumber, cement, seed, feed, etc. 38o (15) Reports of deaths of or accidents to stock. 38p (16) Progress reports in clearing or leveling land, or irrigating, or plowing, or seeding, etc. Reference: File in the Division of Farm Management of foreman's and superin- tendent's records used by such fiirms as Spreckels Sugar Co., Mills Orchard Co., Miller & Lux, Balfour-Guthrie, etc. When a need is likely to arise for similar records, details must ordinarily be worked out to fit the given conditions. To prepare such records, the students will: 38q (a) Describe the conditions where the records are to be used, e. g., size of farm, type of farming, and similar details, after the requirements of paragraph 3 al)ove. 38r (&) Outline the kind of information which the records are to show. 38s (c) Make up a set of records which, it is expected, will convey the information. Ordinarily several provisional sets must be tried out in a preliminary way before the forms finally selected can be drawn up. 38t (rf) Insert illustrative items, to show how the records are to be kept, and to fully test the system. 39. Preparation op an Original Set of Simple Farm Books — The simple system of farm books consists of: 39a (a) Inventories taken at the beginning and at the end of the farm year. 39b (6) Cashbook. 39c (c) Annual statement. In the preparation of such a system, the steps to be followed are : 39d (1st) A description of the business for which the system is to be designed, giving detaUs in accordance with paragraph 3 above. 39e (2d) The preparation of an inventory form to be used for the insertion of data showing the various assets of the farm, properly classified in accordance with common usage, and with values affixed. The form is to be prepared with sufficient columns so that at least two yearly records can be inserted without requiring recopying of the items after the initial inventory is made. References: Farmers' Bulletins numbers 511 and 1182 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 164 Farm Management Notes 39f (3d) The preparation of a cashbook to carry the various cash items, with such segrega- tion as seems desirable. References: Farmers' Bulletins numbers 511 and 782 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 39f (4th) The preparation of an annual statement sheet. References: Farmers' Bulletins numbers 511 and 782 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Suggestions can also be obtained from files in the Division of Farm Management showing (a) Systems actually in use by farmers; (b) Systems proposed for farmers' use. 40. Preparation of an Original Set of Cost Accounting Forms — Cost accounting is the ultimate goal of farm bookkeeping, and is largely a combination of records (as described in section 38) and farm books (as described in section 39). When a need develops for a cost accounting system, circumstances must determine what books and records are to he kept. Hence the drawing up of a system depends upon the individual and the conditions under which he is to work. Usually the procedure will consist of: 40a (1st) A full statement of the conditions for which the system is desired and under which it is to be operated. Details may be worked up after the idea of paragraph 3, above. 40b (2d) A defense of the desire to institute cost accounting. To be a clear exposition of the reasons why it is desired to undertake farm cost accounting. 40c (3d) A statement in detail showing the kind of information which the system is to con- vey. 40d (4th) The selection of types of forms which it is expected will serve to present the data in a clear, comprehensive and economical way. This determination is largely a combination of the work outlined in paragraphs 38 and 39, above. 40e (5th) The drawing up of a satisfactory set of forms. Ordinarily several provisional trials are necessary prior to a final selection. 40f (6th) The insertion of illustrative items. 40f (7th) A thorough test of the proposed plan, from all angles, to furnish assurance that it will meet all reasonable demands which may be made upon it. References: Farmers' Bulletins 572 and 1139 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 41. Determination of Federal Farm Income Tax — To meet a need for data which will aid (a) in the preparation of the income tax report, and (6) in determining the amount of the tax due the government, one should: 41a (a) Make a condensed statement showing what items are to be included and what left out of the statement. Reference: "Schedule of Farm Incomes and Expenses," form 1040F, U. S. Internal Revenue Service. 41 n (b) Draw up a summary sheet to show what is needed in determining taxal)le income. References: Form 1040 or 1040a of the U. S. Internal Revenue Service; "Diary and Account Book" of The Country Gentleman. 41c (c) If records are needed to keep track of details throughout the year as an aid in making up the annual statement under (6), a set of forms is fo be prepareil and tested for their serviceahiHty. Usually these records will be made up according to the procedure indicated in para- graphs 38, 39, and 40, above. Farm Management Not s 165 42. Farm Household Accounts — This section is for (he purpose; of fixiii