.\ r*^ /^.,. UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY. LCS ANGEL66 LIBRARY OF ARCHITECTURE AND ALLIED ARTS Gift of The Heirs of R. Germain Hubby, A. I. A « A COTTESWOLD SHRINE PRINTED BY JOHN BELLOWS, GLOUCESTER 336973 Fkontisi'ikck r~^ — I ltd Monafhrni dc Havlcs:-' --ijnt^'rtiati . ^ rss^ vv; \ \^^ htic iiu I'o.ilio iiithitc l.c^cclln.l re .1 in.ilo. Sciiiiit' toiiliim.^ tio iii(hcic I Kio \X lu-inmn. EatiiS vn aui non abut in con Mnm4i.r-i..irm.s. .i-c^crciho m.i ""''"^- ncmnnnm. Ic vile . cilio nnpiorum^m VKi pcca ope h -I. fin. 11 1 coil nilitcr. Iiicfiu^inc toriini non llxtitrjcin aitbc tiiu lit Mibo \cl opt. fonliictmlinc. dra pclViInitic non (edit. .1 nohci.i nutuJifoify: ^ic'oUcni.itionf . led in Icor dm voluntas cius:"*: ^ .Klitu «<^'ili cum iMtionc .plpcnh«fis,t.»ti5, in leoT cms mcdifabi dieacnodr. :*^ I'SALTKK OF HAILKS ABBIiV X\J. CENT.) AT WEI.I.S A COTTESWOLD ShRINE BEIXG A CONTRIBUTION TO THE j^btorjj of italics COUNTY GLOUCESTER MANOR, PARISH AND ABBEY BY WELBORE St. CLAIR BADDELEY I DO LOVE THESE ANXIENT RUINS. WE NEVER TREAD UPON THEM BUT WE SET OUR FOOT UPON SOME REVEREND HISTORY ; AND, QUESTIONLESS, HERE, IN THIS OPEN COURT, WHICH NOW LIES NAKED TO THE INJURIES OF STORMV WEATHER, SOME LIE INTERRED WHO LOVED THE CHURCH SO WELL, AND GAVE SO LARGELY TO IT, THEV THOUGHT IT SHOULD HAVE CANOPIED THEIR BONES TILL DOOMSDAY ; BUT ALL THINGS HAVE THEIR END." John Webster BERNARDUS VaLLES, MONTES BENEDICTUS AMABAT. DOVE ABITANO 1 FRATE t. CRASSA LA TERRA. Proverb. GLOUCESTER: JOHN BELLOWS LONDON : KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. LIMITED 1908 DEDICATED TO THE BRISTOL AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY [350 Copies Only] ERRATA Line 17, p. 46 : For • those,' read ' that.' Line 20, p. 63 : For ■ their sister's husband,' read ' Guy's father-in-law.' Omitted in Index : ■ Lead-Traceries, pp. 51-2.' Stack Annex PREFACE COULD Stephen Sagar, last Abbot of Hailes, revisit the beau- tiful scene once so familiar to him and to his brother, who now He side by side in a far-off Yorkshire village churchyard, the sight of his Abbey would scarcely make him desirous to linger there. For, with the exception of some broken portions of the south wall of the Church and merely a shell of the Cloister, together with some of its doors, the House he ruled has vanished. The Shrine with its renowned Relic went already during his own lifetime, as also did the five bells and the lead from the long roofs. But now even the chevet of pentagonal chapels, which formed a graceful crown above and around the ' Shrine of the Holy Blood,' can only be traced below the soil. It is level almost with the cofiinless skeletons of Princes, Abbots, and noble Knights, whose tombs have been violated and ransacked at the Dissolution. But there, at lesist, the spade has discovered the complete foundations (as the plan subjoined shews,) and almost as clearly the mental eye can re-construct it, together with its elaborate groups of buttresses formed of the golden oohte from the neighbouring hills. This it is that the aforesaid Abbot would need to do. The Infirmary, Guest-house, the far-extending Precinct- wall, and both Gate-houses, have Ukewise disappeared, together with, not merely the Dorter, Chapter-House, Warming-Parlour, and Frater, but that also which the Augmentation Commissioners spared — even the Abbot's o%vn DwelUng-House located in what had once been the Cellarer's Building. He would find nothing above the green pasture of the rich and ancient meadow-land, appropriately called Hailes, Hayles, or better Hales (Cf. Hales-Owen and Sheriff-Hales : A. S. Healh, = meadow-land,) but the imperfect walls of the Cloister, containing the original entrances to various important domestic buildings, and through all which he (and greater men than he) must very often have passed. He would, moreover, learn that the country- maids fear to pass through the field after sundown, for dread of VI PREFACE ghosts ; that many bcHeve a golden coffin Ues buried somewhere in it — doubtless a reminiscence of the once-splendid sepulchre of Richard Plantagenet, King of the Romans ; and finally, that there is a great subterranean passage leading to Coscombe, at the end of which sits a virgin mourning. Like so many Abbeys, Hailes has been used, time out of mind, as a convenient stone-quarry ; and the antiquary, and the wild birds that yearly nest in the remains, may be duly thankful that it has not been absolutely deleted. That it has not been, will be the part-purpose of the following pages to shew. In this respect, at least, it has certainly fared far better than its more ancient neighbours at Winchcombe or Evesham, though less well than either Tewkesbury or Gloucester. In order, to put the Abbey-History into form rather more fully than hitherto has been possible to do, it has seemed necessary to bear in mind the historical and topographical setting belong- ing both to the site and to the Abbey on it ; namely, that of the Manor in which the latter came to be placed, and to which it has added a most singular, if much-neglected, interest. For, although the County of Gloucester contained two other Cistercian Founda- tions, i.e., at Flaxley and at Kingswood, and though the Cistercian order possessed many splendid houses up and down the land, there was only one Cistercian Shrine in all England ; and that was, even here at Hailes, built by a Plantagenet Prince in mid-thirteenth century. It may, perhaps, be thought that the story should have been kept within narrower limits, that is, strictly to the Manor, Parish, and Abbey thus intimately wedded ; that the limner might have employed a smaller canvas, and this more especially so, because the story of Winchcombe (placed but two and a half miles away), has a long while since found a loving pen. This, nevertheless, proved impracticable, for the reason that both Sudeley Castle and Winchcombe Abbey (as nearest neighbours often are found to do), considerably influenced the course of the destinies of Hailes and of some of its owners, both as a Manor and as an Abbey. In a more subsidiary manner it became needful to take into account the intimate connections of Hailes with Didbrook, Stan- way, and Toddington, not to speak of Snowshill, Stanton, Rowell, and Farmcote ; which all stood as in ministering relationship of satellites to the two monastic worlds which for a time controlled their destinies. Excuse, if necessary, will be found for this if in PREFACE VII the process of so-doing it may prove to have been possible to record certain peculiar local interests of those places, which (as far as the writer is aware), have escaped the recording pens of more worthy predecessors, the County Historians. Thanks are due to the late Mrs Dent (of Sudeley), and to Mrs Wedgwood (of Stanton Court), to Miss Eliza Wedgwood, to the Misses Edwards (of Hailes), and to Miss Trice Martin. In addition to these, to Lord Biddulph of Ledbury, to Viscount St. Aldwyn, to Earl Fortescue, to Lord Sherborne, to the Ven. the Dean and Chapter of Wells, to the Rev. Wm. Darke Stanton, M.A., J. P. (Vicar of Toddington and Hailes), to the late and much- regretted Henry Prothero, to J. Gurney, Esq (of Keswick) for the loan of valuable MS., to H. Dent-Brocklehurst, Esq., to J. Horace Round, Esq., to Francis A. Hyett, Esq., of Painswick, to the Rev. Morris Burland, M.A. (Vicar of Stanton), W. BUss, Esq., of Rome, Rev. Canon H. Floyer, M.A., Rev. A. T. Bannister, M.A. (Vicar of Ewyas Harold), to the Rev. Charles S. Taylor, M.A. (Vicar of Ban- well), to G. McNeil Rushforth, Esq., M.A., to Harold Brakspear, Esq., F.S.A., especially to the Rev. Canon William Bazeley, Vicar of Matson, chiefly owing to whose initiative, and by courteous per- mission given to us by the temporary owners of the site (namely, the Directors of the Economic Assurance Company, and of the Toddington Orchard Company), the first excavations (1899-1900) were enabled to be made. Finally, they are due to Mr and Mrs Hugh Andrews, the present owners of Toddington and Hailes, for their unremitting kindness to the author while making researches into the history of the neighbourhood ; and, with them, to Mr H. Hamilton, Agent for these Estates, and especially to Mr Ellis Marsland of Court House, Painswick, to Mr Sydney Young, F.S.A., and to Mr Max Clarke, F.R.LB.A., for ready and valuable help. List oi-- Illustrations 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- lo. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- i6. 17- 18. 19- 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- 26. 27- 28. 29. 3°- 31- 32- PSALTER OF HAILES ABBEY {«) ROMAN LEGIONARY TILE (h) A XIV CENTURY TILE XIII. CENTURY TILES (HERALDIC) XIV. CENTURY TILES BASE OF THE SHRINE OF THE HOLY BLOOD. A RESPOND CLOISTER-ARCADE. XV. CENTURY DOOR TO PRATER (a) LAVATORY (6) STANWAY HOUSE DOOR TO SUBVAULT DOOR TO PARLOUR (a) CHAPTER-HOUSE (6) RECESSES IN CLOISTER WALL CHAPTER HOUSE INTERIOR FOUR BOSSES OF CHAPTER-HOUSE (a) THREE BOSSES AND SHAFT IN SITE (i) A RECESS IN CLOISTER . . TWO BOSSES OF CHAPTER-HOUSE DOOR TO VESTRY PROCESSIONAL DOOR . . (a) CORBEL {b) RECESSES (a) SEAL (b) CANDLESTICK XIV. CENTURY TILES . . MAP OF ENVIRONS OF HAILES CHERTSEY TILE (from Hailes) MOLDINGS . . Frontispiece Facing p. 5 II 15 19 23 26 31 37 42 47 53 56 62 „ 67 72 79 82 .. 87 91 97 lOI between pp. 104 & 105 LEAD TRACERIES. AN ANGLE-BASE TO CLOISTER (a) SAN GALGANO {*) {a) FRESCO St. KATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA, HAILES CHURCH (6) AN INDULGENCE SUDELEY CASTLE HERALDIC XVI. CENTURY BOSSES ABBEY OF WETTINGEN HAILES ABBEY (Kip) (Buck) (fl) A BOSS FROM CHAPTER-HOUSE (6) CARXEN BRACKET FROM HAILES CHERTSEY TILE (from Hailes) Tinted Plan of the Abbey at the end Facing p. no ,. 116 .. 123 ., 128 .. 133 .. 137 .- 143 149 152 157 „ 158 CHAPTER I. The Locality in Roman and Pre-Roman Times. BATTLES have ceased among these green, beautiful hills. The clash of bronze and iron is heard here no more. The shaggy boars, that once haunted them, have vanished from their dark woods. But the clouds, tinged with western light, look down, as they silently pass, upon the very same prehistoric camps, upon the same high and lonely burial-mounds — where unknown warriors sleep and dry leaves still whirl around them — that crown bold crest and rugged escarpment ; there, at Cleeve, across the vale yonder, lifted above Winchcombe ; there, again, on the isolated pine- crowned hill in Toddington deer-park ; at superb Bredon, further off ; or finally, here, at woodland Beckbury. Below the last the ancient manor of Hailes* is spread even as a green carpet, and patterned out into irregular pasture-fields. It is evident, even to an unscientific eye, that the whole of this portion of the Cotteswold district has been thrown by natural forces into broad generous folds, dependents upon one main ridge of continuity — the subordinate depressions of which have resulted in these fascinating combes and denes — each sending down its own rill or streamlet to build up the rich pastures below, already deep with age-long spoils of the wood and upland — while, here and there, the more open landscape is enriched with some picturesque ' out- Uer,' some green offslip of the parental ooHte range. Of these, Bredon, to the north, is by far the most important. Compared then to the age of those escarpments, it was but as yesterday that wolves were listening at such an hour as this to the lowing of the cattle being driven up into the embanked enclosure- camps after watering, or were perhaps sniffing out the track of some strayed or wounded animal, growing keener and brighter-eyed as the dayhght faded. This, at least, may still have been occurring even in later than Saxon times, f * A. S. Healh : Hales = meadow-lands. t 1280. The King licenses John Giffard of Brimsfield to hunt wolves with dogs and nets in all the King's forests, wherever he can find them. 12S1. Peter Corbet is enjoined to hunt wolves and in all ways destroy them in the counties of Gloucester, Worcester, &c. ' Rymer. Feed., i, pp. 587-591. 2 HISTORY OF HAILES It is of interest, to speculate for a moment, as to what traces, if any, have been left of some of the pre-Roman occupiers of this district, in the remnants of language, etc. ; and as we do so it becomes manifest that in the place-names nothing distinctively Saxon or Danish will be of the least help to us: all the 'hams' and ' tons ' and ' leys ' must go for nothing. But, although we may not need to travel very far for such literary evidences, they are not especially abundant. In Winchcombe,* yonder, and Coscombe,f at hand, the British ' cwm ' (Saxonized into ' combe '), freely declares itself. Frampton (as so frequently elsewhere in the county), denotes the presence of a small stream, perhaps akin to Ffromis — to fume, or ffreuo, to gush ; while Didbrook (as in Dud-bridge) suggests Welsh Dyddyfru- to water, or irrigate. Greet, by itself, and in Gretton, hard-by, are probably the same with the Celtic Greta, also a river-name. The Beck in Beckbury Camp, where there is no brook at all may be related to A.S. Beorg : mound. It is to be recalled that the speech of the Brythonic conquerors was that prevaihng in these portions of Britain during the Roman occupation, although the older Goidhehc probably was by no means extinct, but merely receding. But it is not correct to deduce Breithan from Bredon ; although the ' Bre ' is a truly Celtic prefix, meaning a Hill ; so that the A. S. Breodune signifies ' Hill-down. '| In Dumbleton (D.S. Dunbentane) we seem to have the Goidhelic ' Dun ' or ' Dum ' a fortress, though it may likewise be merely A.S. Dun : down. Belas, in Belas-knap (and Belknap), reminds us of Behnos, the God, as well as of (W.) Bel = war, and Bela = the wolf, but it may represent only an A.S. personal name. When we turn, however, to cUrect traces of Anglo-Saxon occu- pation, the district at once displays interesting survivals ; and, first of all, attention is arrested by the Farm called Milham-post, beside the main road between Winchcombe and Didbrook. This name in the thirteenth century was ' middle-homme,' and it happens to coincide with the site of a Roman Villa in the field adjoining to the present farmhouse. But what should be the significance of the * A. S. Wincel = a corner. (C.) Cwm : Combe. t Earlier forms of this give ' Gos ' (A. S.) Goose. See appended List of Place and Field names, at the close of this volume. I Bri'lon Hill, besides its famous promontory-fort, possesses another, of the first order among pre-historic fortresses, namely, that which became the site of the Norman Castle of De Beauchamp, above Elmley. HISTORY OF HAILES 3 term ' middle ' applied to the Ham, or home ? — There are no other ' hams ' at present to be found in the maps anywhere imme- diately around. If we turn to the Landboc of Winchcombe (Vol. I., p. 282), in a document dated to A.D. 1256, and bearing upon the dehmitation of certain Common-land which lay between the possessions of the Abbey of Hailes and those of Bartholomew, Lord of Sudeley, we shall find that ' Middle-homme ' must at that period have been the centre of a group not of village Hams, but ' hommes,' or meadows in the bends of the Essburne, and most of them ' within the Common.' The delimited boundaries are therein sworn to run thus: — "From Sudeley *-Court Gate to Bradeley (Broad-lea) which is in common, to Hill-croft, out of common ; Hill-croft to Godalecroft, out of common ; Godalecroft (p.n.) to Walkingcroft, out of common to Gosehomme {i.e. Goose- homme) under the garden of W'ilUam of the Forde (beside Winch- combe), which is ivithin the common ; from Gosehomme, as far as the field which belonged to Godfrey Cook, even to Alwyneshomme (p.n.), which is within ; and from Alw\'neshomme (p.n.) to Sparrow- homme, within the common, and from that to the fields of WiUiam of the Ford and Middlehomme, of the same, which are within the common ; and from that to the Homme which stretches even to Sheep-pen-bridge, which is within ; and thence to a meadow called Knightsmead, which wiU be in the holding of the Abbot and Convent of Hailes, from the feast of the Purification even to that of the Nativity of the Virgin ; and thence to Smiths-homme, which is within, to Woodroffeshomme both within the common ; and if the aforesaid fields be not mown before the latter feast, none the less their cattle shall enter and pasture on the common ; and from Woodroffeshomme (p.n.) to Hayle-brook, and thence to the village of Hayles." Here, then, we have a cluster of no less than seven hams, bearing the secondary signification of pasture-meads. Saxon Family settlements on the other hand are well represented by the remarkable group of 'tons ' hard-by, to the north and west, i.e., Toddington (D.S. Todintun), Fiddington (D.S. Fidentone), Natton (D.S. Natone), Wormington (D.S. Wermeton), Stanton, Gother- ington (D.S. Godrinton), Dixton.f Oxenton,J and Gretton.§ None of these ' tons ' can have dated from the earhest days of the Mercian * South-ley. t Dicklesdon. 14 C. (p.n.) \ Oxendone. D.S. A.S. Oxa : en. § Gretton = Greta (C.) a river-name. 4 HISTORY OF HAILES Kingdom, Irom a time, that is to say, when the adjacent ruins of the Roman Villas of Spoonley*, Wadfieldf and Milham, must have still remained to bear witness of earlier local attractions to settlers. We should have expected rather to find at least a few ' Hams ' bearing the primary significance of a ' Home ' settlement ; but on the contrary, such are extremely rare, hereabouts, Nottingham Hill and Brockhampton:|: being the two nearest. This bids us remind ourselves that for a brief period of years before the reign of Cnut, Wincel-cumbe, in itself, and its Quarter (or Ferding), constituted a ' vice-comitatus,' or Saxon shire, called Wincelcumbe-shire, of wliich the town or borough was the head, or seat of the Sheriff, within the Earldom. In Rev. Mr C. Taylor's opinion — " Mercia was (probably) divided into shires soon after Eddric was appointed ealdorman, in a.d. 1007 ; though, no doubt, there had existed recognised miUtary districts at a much earlier period. It is not unlikely that the military districts formed the basis of the division into shires." At the date of the Norman Survey, Winchcombe was but one of the four boroughs of the new county of Gloucestershire. So far as any monastic or ecclesiastical dates or charters can be relied upon, both Cheltenham and Beckford possessed small monasteries more than a generation before the foundation of that of S. Mary at Winchcombe, (?) a.d. 811, which latter became Bene- dictine only in a.d. 969. But, whereas these and many more con- ventual houses were swallowed up by Worcester and Gloucester, that of Winchcombe waxed individually more and more powerful, until in the time of Edward the Confessor, its lands in Gloucester- shire were reckoned at no less than sixty hides. § Now, as at this same date, the Abbey of neighbouring Evesham held likewise fifty-six hides in the ' Quarter ' of Winchcombe, it is easily to be understood how monk-ridden all this beautiful portion of the county had become. Yet we shall see that room was still to be found for another Abbey and its possessions, and that the fields and roads which for centuries had been familiar with the presence of dark Benedictines, were to become accustomed to the white Cistercians of St. Bernard ; so that a peasant at his work could from afar * C£. Sponbed (in Painswick) ; Sponstrete (Coventry) t Perhaps Hwat-feld = wheatfield, but better, woad-field. J Cl. ' Cotswold in Saxon Times ' by Rev. Ch. Taylor, M.A., Vol. XX., p. 299. Trans : Brist. & Glos. Arch. Soc. § This was swelled in A.D. 1087 to no less than 109 hides, valued at £82. Fir„ I. - V- ^ ■-- V. •. ^N K I.EGIO. XXII. PRIMIGENIA. PIA. IIDLLI.S. K II : Kcci XV. CENT. TILE. HISTORY OF HAILES 5 notice a white spot against the hill-side, and instantly know that it signified a monk belonging to Hailes, not to Winchcombe, albeit both Monasteries were dedicated to the Virgin. Little trace of the Dane is to be found in the environs of Winchcombe, saving perhaps in the ' knap ' of Belas-Knap and Catesthorpe (p.n.), near Gretton (Greta-tun) mentioned in a Ust of Lord Boteler's (of Sudeley) possessions in 1469. (See Dent's Annals of Sudeley, p. 124.) The period at which the Danes most influenced the district would seem to have been in a.d. 874, when they drove Burhred* from his Mercian kingdom, and set Ceolwulf.t one of his thanes, upon his throne as ' under-king,' (sub-regulus) , ' the last of the Mercian monarchs.' Probably the years 877- 8 witnessed devastations by them on a large scale ; for King Alfred immediately afterwards set himself to the task of re- organising Mercia. But Gloucester itself, not Winchcombe hidden behind the hills, was the focus of Danish depredations. Writers have described the sacking and ruin of Winchcombe Abbey | at Danish hands, but in the total absence of direct or documentary evidence, the meagre circumstantial witness of their presence in the nomenclature of one or two spots well beyond the town, is scarcely sufficient of itself to warrant the acceptance of the story. Through- out the tenth century Gloucester was re-arising into importance as the seat of local Government, at the expense of Winchcombe. In 942, King Edmund held the Witena-gemot at the latter town, con- sisting of Archbishop Wulstan, and four Bishops, and six ealdor- men (Cart. Sax. ii. 505). Later on Winchcombe naturally formed part of Godwine's vast earldom of Wessex. At his death, his son Harold held it as his share, receiving 40s. annually, or the third penny out of the six pounds of rent paid to the King by the Borough. In Henry the First's reign the Borough of Winchcombe§ paid its Burghal Aid to the King. * 852-874. He married Ethelswith, daughter of his over-lord, EtheUvulf, and died in Rome. t 874. { Said to have been founded A.D. (Nov. nth) 811. It became Bene- dictine in A.D. 969 under St. Oswald. § "About the year A.D. iioo, the King had 60 (Burgages) ; the Abbot of Winchcombe, 40 ; the Abbot of Evesham, 2 ; the Bishop of Hereford, 2 ; Robert of Belleme, 3 ; Robert Fitz-Hamon, 5 ; and divers other persons of note had some 29 Houses among them " (in Winchcombe.) " However poor, however small Winchcombe may have been, it radically differed from the common manor and the common vUlage." F. W. Maitlaiid, ' Domesday and Beyond,' pp. 180-181. 6 HISTORY OF HAILES If, however, we turn back to evidences of the Roman occupation we are rewarded in being able to point to three distinct villas, namely, at Spoonley, Wadfield, and Milhampost, and two camps. The former were on well-to-do estates belonging to unidentified Romanised Gauls or Britons (or Dobuni), in the II. — VI. centuries, doubtless cultivated in their day by the system since known as that of demesne-farm and serf, and probably yielding some portion uf that rich supply of wheat which Britain during her happy fourth century (according to Ammianus) was enabled to export even to the Roman Rhine. At Wadfield, the estate will have been partly formed of sheep-runs, hkewise with that of Spoonley, whereas that at Milham (or Middleham), must have been the centre of the well-irrigated rich cornlands. The number of coins dating from the second century found on the latter site may allow us to assign it priority of date to that of its fellows, where these are absent, and the coins of Tetricus and Constantine abound. Milham also possesses a Romano-British graveyard, from which the writer, during many years past, has obtained much, both some British hand- made and much Romano-British wheel-made, pottery. This is situated within fifty yards (S.) of the present Farm-house. It is possible that the fulling of cloth may (as at Ched worth), have con- stituted an important source of revenue to one or more of these villas. The propinquity of a Stoneway (i.e., Stanway), sufficiently indicates the trade-routes by which their produce could reach both the greater roads such as Fosseway, and Rychneild Street, or the rivers Avon and Severn, or, at Lechlade, the Thames. The Salt- way,* running from Droitwich through Toddington past Hailes, and making for Lechlade, belongs to post-Roman days. Their owners, therefore, may be taken to have been important employers of labour, and their estates hereabouts may have constituted a prosperous centre of civil law and husbandry. The possessors pro- bably enjoyed the status of municipal Decuriones, or magistrates, f The presence of two small, but distinctly Roman camps among the many along the escarpments would seem to assure us that these villas arose in a period of confirmed peace ; and that the military defences of this rich corn-growing vale needed to be nearer to it than the stations on the great roads ; such as * The salt was sent in horse-loads (after the brine had been boiled). ' summae ' (loads) and ' melta; ' (mits). The earliest evidence of the use of these salt-works occurs in the eighth century. t There is probably a fourth villa to be found, in Stancombe Wood. HISTORY OF HAILES 7 Bouiton, Worcester, and Glevum (Gloucester), and Corinium (Cirencester). The occurrence of Roman coins, and even of weapons, on certain of the neighbouring pre-Roman camps, may merely indicate some temporary precautions, or particular manoeuvres, in which such camps may often have been utilised, especially during outbreaks of civil strife. But above Kemerton and Westmancote on Bredon, there has certainly been a large and well-guarded Roman Settlement. Only two objects in the way of inscriptions have been found ;* but these are very remarkable, being terra-cotta flue-tiles bearing the stamp of the XXIInd. Legion. -They are now in the collection at Sudeley, and certainly must be held to point to the presence of a section of that Legion in Britain after the first century. (Cf fig. i). The first and nearest to Hailes of these camps is situated at Cromwell's Clump (or Tump), having its western flank formed by the escarpment above Hailes-wood toward Farmcote. In form it is oblong irregular rectangular, having slightly rounded angles. A single vallum still at one point (S.W.) fifteen feet in height, defended it on the remaining sides and a copious spring rises just beyond the S.W. angle. The western flank drops deeply. The area contained measures 495 ft. X 600 ft. Many coins of Severus and Aurelius and some stone arrow-heads have been found here. The other Roman camp is at Shenberrow, just above Stanton, likewise placed on the escarpment, at a well-chosen site. It is yet smaller, covering an area of 310 ft. X 420 ft. The irregularity here occurs at the same S.E. side of the camp. There is a good spring to South. The makers, as at the still smaller Roman (mis-called Danish) camp at Conderton on Bredon Hill, have taken fuU advan- tage of a great natural fosse, the western wall falUng 55 ft. into it. There may have been an earlier camp here. Both camps guarded the hills and their ridge-road as against foes from the vale. From these long wildering crests and ridges httle could really be detected of the movements of an enemy in days when the plains below were thickly-wooded and the hill-tops bared. Security lay in the hills ; danger was in the valleys. The approach of the enemy could only be told by the spy or the burning homestead. * Near Didbrook, and probably Milhampost. Mr.s Dent stated that these tiles did not come from a villa on her estate, but from just beyond it. Hadrian gave the name of Primigenia to this Legion, and its station was on the Rhine. The dimensions of the hollow tile arc si in. x 3^ in. Tts length is 13^ in. CHAPTER II. Norman Times. AT Toddington, the Domesday (1086) owner was Harald Fitz- Ralph, otherwise Harald of Ewias, son of Ralph, Earl of Here- fordshire, with Goda, ' the Countess.' Sudeley, likewise, belonged to him, and he died in the reign of Henry I. : when both of these possessions passed to his younger son, John FitzHarald, together with other lands, in Warwickshire. At that period Winchcombe Abbey held most of its many manors at some distance, as at Frampton, Hailing. Naunton, Aldrinton, Stanton, Twining, Charlton Abbots, Snows-Hill, and, largest of all, at Sherborne. Hailes, or Heiles,* however (as it was then called), which had been held in King Edward's day by Osgot (and was reckoned at II hides, with an acreage of 2040, and a mill, having, moreov-er, 32 male inhabitants, including 12 servi or serfs ; was now held by WilUam Leuric (alias Leofric), perhaps of Norman descent by his mother. He had for neighbours, William Goizenboded, at Farm- cote, and at Lower Guiting ; and Roger de Laci, who was lord at Upper Guiting. Both de Laci and Harald FitzRalph owned respectively 4, and 7, salt-pits at Wich (or Droitwich), to which the Salt-way ranning by Hailes led. Leofric, or Leuric, is mentioned as having emancipated the twelve serfs he had found there (an unusual number for the size of this manor), and these consequently became villani, or villeins. After his death, or forfeiture (c. 1114), Hailes passed by grant from the Crown into the holding of Ralph de Tancarville, the Chamberlain (Camerarius), otherwise Ralph FitzGerold, hereditary Chamberlain of Normandy, the head of a rapacious family, of whom Urso d'Abitot, or De Wirecestre (Worcester), Sheriff of Worcester (living in iioo a.d.), was a prominent member, and was his nephew. At some period between a.d. 1138 and 1150 (not, as we should have expected, William de Tancarville, son of Ralph, but) one Ralph * Plural of A. S. Healh = meadow. (Cf. Notes on Staff. Place-names, by \V. H. Duignan. 1902). HISTORY OF HAILES g de Wirecester, is related by a monkish writer of a later generation, to have fortified a small castle already existing at Hailes, and to have built there the church adjoining it, which Simon, Bishop of Worcester, was called upon by him to dedicate. To this, Robert, Abbot of Winchcombe, and his convent (it is related) vehemently objected, for the reason that over the Manor of Hailes they possessed certain parish rights, notably that of sepulture. In consequence of their opposition, Ralph de Wirecester impounded their cattle and probably stopped their mills ; with result that they were starved (and threatened with worse than starvation) into submitting to him, and the church was duly dedicated. An agreement was at last arrived at, for peace sake, that Hailes Church should pay seven shillings pension yearly to the sacristy of the Church of Winch- combe, and should enjoy peace and liberty. A certain Reginald was at that time Parson of Hailes, and the agreement made by the Bishops was faithfully observed during Reginald's life. One of his successors, however, Simon, pretend- ing that he had parochial right (in spite of Pope Alexander the Fourth's confirmation to Winchcombe of the Church of Hailes in 1 175), refused to pay, but was compelled to do so (after a long litigation), by the Abbot and Convent. (Cf. p. 65, Landboc, vol. I.) " The same suit was also for tithes of one hide of land in Great Cockbury, and of another in Gretton, which the same Simon de- manded of the same monks ; and sentence was given for the monks for the same tithes — those two hides being in the Parish of Winch- combe. And the same judges (Everard, Prior of Studley, Jordan, Dean of Warwick, and William de Tonbridge, delegates of Pope Celestine HI., c. 1194) decreed the Church of Hailes, altogether, then and after, to be a mother-church and baptismal, to abide for ever ; and the yearly payment of the said 7s. and a certain rent of com, called Churchset, to be paid (to) the said monks yearly, which had been paid them." (Cf. Cartulary of Winchcombe, Ed. PhilUps, p. 10, and Landboc I., page 66). This enables us to date the present (or ? second) Church* at Hailes to (c.) 1140, as well as the strengthening of the long since vanished Castle ; the moated site of which can still be traced, however, at a distance of 150 yards due east of the Church. To this date probably belong the shafts and reeded caps that carry the later chancel-arch, as well as another reeded cap * Robert I. was Abbot of Winchcombe 1138-52. 10 HISTORY OF HAILES embedded (as building material) in the north wall of the Frater of the adjacent Abbey, and, in addition, a lozenge-molded voussoir found by the writer in the sub-vault of the dorter, in July, iqo6. Careful examination of both easternmost N and S chancel windows tells the story of original wide-splayed Norman windows ; upon the splays of which frescoes of the date of Edward II. have been painted. Then one splay of each window has been built up in order to foiTn (decorated) narrow windows ; while the remaining splay has been repainted. Still later, by a long period, (the cattle from outside probably did it), the Edwardian tracery became ruinous, and the present harmless attempt at Gothic molded- tracery was inserted in its place.* From the presence of such frag- ments it may be concluded that most of the Norman architecture of the Uttle Parish Church gave place to pointed work early in the fourteenth century, as indeed is evidenced by the curvilinear tracery of the east window. But it is not impossible that Ralph de Wirecesterf was actually put in to occupation of Hailes by William de Tancarville, or Camerarius (sen.). He was himself certainly succeeded there by another de Tancarville, William (jun.). It is also possible, though not probable, that he was the same with one of the name who in 1168 appears paying scutage of one mark for one fee in Northumberland. (Cf. Feudal England, J. H. Round, p. 286). In Stapleton's Norman Rolls (II., clii.) the Church of Hailes is shewn to have been given by William (Chamberlain) de Tancarville to the family- Abbey of Boscherville, J and King Henry I. had confirmed it (c. 1113). A charter of the second William, the Chamberlain giving a tract of wood and plain between Alne and his manor of Easton, contains the name of Reginald, Chaplain of Hailes, for the first witness, and Walter de Fernecote (Farmcote), for another.§ This • The Sedilia of the XIV. C. have been cut through in late times to make a priest's door. Their geometrical decoration in colour can still be made out. t Possibly a natural son of Urso d'Abetot, the Sheriff of Worcester. J Boscherville, near Rouen. This magnificent church was built by Ralph de Tancarville in substitution for a pre-existing oratory of St. George. He was the Preceptor and Chamberlain to William the Conqueror. See the splendid illustration in my friend Rivoira's ' Origini ' Vol. II., pp. 163-173. § Another witness to the above charter was Nicholas de Brueria, who held land at the Ford, " where anciently was a mill " adjoining Winchcombe, between A.D. 1157-1171. This Abbot Gervase gave him, and he was paying i8d. in the days of Abbot Ralph, the second (1184). (Cf. Landboc, vol. I., 184, note 2). Other witnesses, still, were Jordan of Brockhampton and his three sons, Helias. Henry, and Ralph. (Cf. the Carta of Winchcombe Abbey in the Liber Niger). [•\r,. 2. Xlll. ritXT. TILES I'ROVEXCE UE \\ ARRLNNE ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HH i ' JB^H&fx ^^L. '^r^Bv^ ' St. -a -^3^- '^^¥F>' DE FERRERS DE FERRERS RICHARD rEarl of Cornwall niid Kiiiy of tilt; Romans'. DE STAFFORD HISTORY OF HAILES ll perhaps points to his residence at Hayles Castle as well as proves that Ralph de Wirecestcr in Stephen's day, cannot have founded, but may have merely rebuilt, the Church, and strengthened the small Castle. A passage in the cartulary of Winchcombe* (p. 219), however, clearly shows that this same Ralph de Wirecester was really a tenant of John de Sudeley, at Sudeley — the same lord who married Grace de Traci. This suggests strongly that Ralph de Wirecester, instead of being a mere intruder, was acting in the interests of the lord of Sudeley during his violent differences with the neigh- bouring Abbey of Winchcombe, in the absence of Tancarville, the Lord of Hailes. The whole incident has not improbably been exaggerated by the monkish writer in the Cartularium, who certainly lived long after the events he described, and was un- aware that Hailes had had a Church before the reign of Stephen. Such were the Lords of Hailes Manor during the years of that anarchy and civil war, which, in the mid-twelfth century went strangely to the making of England. As yet ' the People ' was of no account in pohtics. " The villeins tied to the soil of the manor on which they had been born and shut out from aU courts save that of their lord ; the inhabitants of the Uttle hamlets that lay along the river-courses, or in the clearing among dense woods, sus- picious of strangers, isolated by an intense jealousy of all that lay beyond their own boundaries, or by traditional feuds, held no part in the poUtical Hfe of the nation. . . . The old EngUsh hundred courts, where the peasants' petty crimes had once been judged by the freemen of the district, had now in most cases become part of the fief of the lord, whose newly-built castle towered over the wretched hovels of his tenants, and the peasants came for justice to the Baron's court, and paid their fees into the Baron's treasury." (Cf. Mrs J. R. Green, Henry IL) The distance of Hailes from the great main roads (for the Salt-way, f though important, had now become of secondary rank) should have secured it immunity from the ravages of war ; but we must remember that it had for neighbours the Borough of Winchcombe, with (apparently) an old, as well as a new, royal * Ed. Phillips. t A. S. Sealt-wey. It is known still in part of it, south of Hailes, as Salters Lane. In old days strings of ponies laden with salt used to be met with on their route from Droitwich to Lechlade, but the opening up of the country by means of canals turned the ancient traffic of the Wiccii [i.e., the Saltmen) into other scenes. 12 HISTORY OF HAILES castle, garrisoned by Stephen in 1140, and, at a short half-a-mile from that, rose the stronghold of John de Sudeley and his lady, Grace de Traci, otherwise, Sudeley Castle ; at that moment filled with the partisans of the Empress Maud, and of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, her (natural) half-brother. William of Malmesbury relates that the redoubtable Milo, Constable of Gloucester, made himself master of Hereford on behalf of the Empress. This took place probably soon after he (together with the same Robert, Earl of Gloucester*) had sacked and burned Worcester (Nov. 7, 1139), — having lately (October) abandoned the cause of Stephen, and having been excom- municated by the Bishop of Hereford. Soon after this event Stephen's favoured Waleran, Earl of Mellent (or Meulan),t and (?) Worcester, arrived there. (' Comes civitatis Wigornife venit,' says the continuator of Florence of Worcester.) The Earl came to Worcester on November 13th, and viewing the ravage of the flames, mourned over the wretched city, feeling that the crime was done against himself. Wherefore, flushed with vengeance, he hurried off to Sudeley with a body of troops, having learned that John FitzHarald {i.e., de Sudeley) had changed sides and had joined Robert, Earl of Gloucester. J That was indeed the best reason for the raid, and a strong expression of loyalty to Slephen. "If it be inquired what the Earl did there — he seized the people, their goods and cattle, and carrying them off, he re- turned next day to Worcester." Evidently he made a deUberate raid but accomplished little more ; otherwise, he would have occupied the stronghold of Sudeley, and would, by no means, have returned so rapidly to Worcester. Within three weeks Stephen himself marched to Worcester and (1139) conferred upon William de Beauchamp,§ Sheriff of the county, the Constableship and fief of Gloucester, forfeited by Milo, 1 1 owing to his revolt. * Of whom the same writer remarked, " From the Normans you derive your mihtary skill, from the Flemings your personal grace, from the French your unrivalled munificence." See note below. t Son of Robert de Beaumont and Elizabeth, daughter of Hugh, Count of Vermandoise. Created Lord of Dorchester 1138. J Robert FitzRoy, half brother to the Empress Maud, or Matilda, created Earl of Gloucester 1121. Governor of Caen and of Bristol, died Oct. 31st. 1 147, and was buried at St. James, Bristol, which he had founded. § Son of Walter de Beauchamp and Emmeline, d. and h. of Urso D'Abitot. II Ob. Dec. 2nd, 1143. On Dec. 24th Milo was mortally wounded while hunting in the Forest of Dene. HISTORY OF HAILES 13 Two years later (1141-42) a charter of the Empress (Cf. pp. 313-314, ' Geoffrey de Mande\-ille, ' J. H. Round) shews that William de Beauchamp (after the manner of his enemy, Milo of Gloucester), now followed suit, and having revolted from Stephen became a jealous rival to Waleran, Earl of Mellent and Worcester. Meanwhile, the Continuator of Florence,* states that " Milo the ex-Constable, having assembled a numerous army, attacked Winch- combe on Thursday, January 31st (1140) and burned the greater portion of the town, which he plundered. And he carried off many of those he had robbed in order to exact ransoms. Thence he turned his attention to Sudeley ; but while preparing to assault it, the Royal Garrison {? in the Castle) fell upon him and forced him to retire, leaving two of his followers dead, and fifteen prisoners." The Gesta Stephani adds that he took Winchcombe Castle. This should make it certain that within the ten weeks be- tween the Earl of MeUent's attack on Sudeley and that made by Milo, the ex-Constable, a royalist garrison had taken possession of Sudeley ; probably, owing to the former attack ! It would be of interest could we know precisely what part in these manoeuvres of the two ' mighty opposites,' Ralph de Wire- cester of Hailes, took. In their lurid hght. however, it might be suggested that he fortified the castle there in the interest of, or as an outpost for his lord, John (FitzHarald) de Sudeley ; but as the statements concerning his doings there, in the Landboc of Winch- combe, were made long after the events recorded, it is safer not to take them too literally. But the woes of the once important Mercian city were by no means over. For Milo, considering the place of serious import- ance to possess, and John de Sudeley being out of his own neighbouring stronghold, the latter, together with Jlilo's son Roger, t seems to have set about building (or was it re-building ?), a fresh fortress at Winchcombe itself. The meaning of this is more readily understood if we remember that John de Sudeley 's lady, Grace de Traci, was daughter of a natural son of Henrj' I. Hence, she was a niece to Robert, Earl of Gloucester and of the Empress, and may well have persuaded her lord to fight against Stephen. Their tenants and villeins both in \^'inchcombe and Sudeley would therefore have not unwillingly put their town * Florence of Worcester died July 7th. 11 18. t Afterwards Earl of Hereford. Died 11 57. 14 HISTORY OF HAILES and castle into Milo's hands, so to operate against the Royalists now gotten into Sudelej'. What this signified for the town may be imagined from William of Malmesbury's narrative of this very year of grace, a.d. 1140. " The entire year was em- bittered by the horrors of war. Though many castles stood for the defence of their respective surroundings, in reahty they laid them waste. Their garrisons cleared the cattle from the fields, not even sparing those in the cemeteries and belonging to the churches. Any baihffs, or yeomen, whomsoever they thought monied, they com- pelled by extreme torture to promise what they willed. The houses of the wretched yokels were skinned even of the thatch, and them- selves chained in prison ; nor were these released unless they had given their last, or been able to borrow. Many expired in tortures, imploring God to end their miseries. It was of little use that at the instance of the Earl, a certain Legate (and with him the Bishops) repeatedly excommunicated those who laid violent hands upon men in holy orders and monks, or (those) who plundered the churches and violated the churchyards," To increase the mischief, many professional marauders from Flanders and Brittany appeared on the scene intent on plunder. The Earl of Gloucester seized his opportunity where it presented itself, no doubt inspired by the agile genius of Milo ; and in the ' Historia Novella ' (Lib. IL sub. anno 1140) the Chronicler tells us that Sudeley, Cerney, and Harptre, were levelled with the ground, (' solo complanant ') even as was WaUingford Castle. The warders on the battlements of Hailes may well have known what was going on over there at Sudeley and Winchcombe. The servitors of Ralph de Worcester and John de Sudeley were, hke their masters, no friends of the Abbey of Winchcombe, and when but a few years later in the fray, that ancient convent and its sur- rounding houses burst into the red flames which consumed all its Records, they may have watched the glare on sky and hillside with complacency. This event perhaps took place in 1144, when the great Milo, Earl of Hereford, had been slain, hke Rufus, by an accidental arrow in the forest of Dene. But his son, Roger, Lord of Painswick, etc. (' jure uxoris ') had then succeeded him, and had partly rebuilt either Sudeley Castle, or made a fresh castle in Winchcombe itself. For, Stephen faihng to take Tetbury, which he had besieged, was persuaded to march upon Winchcombe, which he may have done via Cirencester, Chedworth and Hawling, thus taking it by something fa &] r/1 Id ~ J H * ' ; /i < D X >; HISTORY OF HAILES 15 of a surprise. The author of the ' Gesta,' under this year (1144), expressly tells us that at the news of the King's approach many fled away, and that the remaining garrison was, in consequence, but small. The Castle of Roger is described as situated on a steep declivity and having a very high wall. " He, therefore, ordered it to be stormed. Some were to discharge showers of arrows ; others were to scale the mound, while still more were to keep moving round the walls, throwing into the castle whatever missile came to hand." Unable to withstand the assaults, the garrison presently surrendered to the King, who with little delay set out thence (having once more garrisoned Winchcombe), to attack Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. Probably soon after the commencement of the reign of Henry II. William de Solers gave to the Abbey of Winchcombe the tithes of his demesne at Potteslepe (Postlip) together with the dwelling which had been held of him by one Maynard, quit of every service, royal and other, in order to support the Chapel of St. James, then being built by him there. In addition he granted Churchscot from eight yardlands, that is to say, eight quarters of bread-corn ; while his tenants had also given a half-yard land. The Churchscot was for the purpose of affording better lighting in the Monastery. In their turn, the monks engaged to celebrate full mass when he, William de Solers, with his wife, and heirs, are present, and also when he is absent, on Lord's Days, Feast days, Wednes- days and Fridays. They therefore find the resident Chaplain and appoint him. The witnesses to the Donation were Ralph de Sudeley (John was, therefore, dead), Robert de Diccesdon (Dixton), and William de Traci. The original grant, the Cartulary says, was destroyed by fire at the Monastery ; but Roger, son and heir of William de Solers, and Ermingarde, his lady, confirmed it to the Abbey (c), 1171. (Cf. Landboc, vol. I., p. 85.) This Grant is attributed to the reign of Stephen as also is the Chapel-building at Postlip, in the Landboc ; but probably his charter should not be dated before 1165, or eleven years later than that King's death. Hence, if the Charter (as stated by the monkish author in the Landboc), was destroyed by a fire at the Abbey, he was mistaken in attributing that fire to the date of Stephen's reign. It may have been the fire in the days of Henry II. l6 HISTORY OF HAILES That such a fire took place is shewn by reference to the Cartulary (p. 13). The copy of the Charter contains no reference to the Chapel having been built for a refuge. The words ' propter metum guerre ' may he an after-insertion in the Confirmation of the Charter by the Founder's son (Cf. p. 84, Landboc. vol. I.) The actual words in the latter are ' capclla quam pater mens ibidem tempore hostilitatis construxit ' ; the words ' regis Stephani ' after ' hostilitatis ' are likewise a later insertion. It becomes clear, therefore, that the period of hostility may refer to King Henry's e.xpedition against Wales, i.e., 1157-8. It would seem, then, that Postlip Chapel may have been raised (by the desire of Ermingarde de Solers) as a thank-offering to St. James that the sword, his symbol, was at last sheathed ; that the borders of the kingdom were now safe, and the worst elements of disorder suppressed. Nevertheless, as the late editor of the Landboc has said : — Although " the first ten years of the reign of Henry the Second were singularly happy and prosperous, Winchcombe lay for some time scathed and waste. Houses were ruinous and void." He rightly adduces the evidence of the Pipe Rolls : — " In 1155-6, the aid to the King from Winchcombe assessed at IOCS, only amounts to 12s. and the large deficiency is set down to waste ('de wasto '), and the plea is allowed. (Anno 2, Hen. II.). The locality took a long while to recover. In 1 162-3 the Sheriff owes for aid from Winch- combe Iv.s. All is in waste (anno 9, Hen II.) Even in 1188-9 (anno 23, Hen. II.) the Justices in Eyre (itinerant) assessed Winchcombe at but four marks — £2 13s. 4d. — while they assessed Cheltenham at £5 and Gloucester at 100 marks, or £66 13s. 4d. In the latter year (a. i, Richard I.) Robert de Marmion and his fellows return the Men of Winchcombe as owing xvi.s. viii.d. ' de dono.' " Nothing can speak more definitely than such figures, to the far-fallen condition of the ancient Mercian Borough ; yet, in the words of a Historian of this period : — " In spite of the cry of lamentation which the chroniclers carry down to us over the misery of a land stricken by plague and famine and rapine, it is still plain that even through the terrible years of Stephen's reign England had its share in the universal movement by which the squalor and misery of the Middle Ages were giving place to a larger activity and a better order of things. A class unknown before was last growing into power — the middle class of burghers and HISTORY OF HAILES I7 traders who desired, above all things, order, and hated, above all things, the mediaeval enemy of Order, the feudal lord. . . Amid all the confusion of civil war the industrial activities of the country had developed with a bewildering rapidity ; while knights and barons led their foreign hirelings to mutual slaughter, monks and canons were raising their religious houses in all the waste places of the land, and silently laying the foundations of English enterprise and English commerce. To the great body of the Benedictines and the Cluniacs were added, in the middle of the twelfth century, the Cistercians." (Cf. Henry II., Mrs J. R. Green, p. 41). Almost the first Cistercian house in Gloucestershire was now founded by Roger, Earl of Hereford, at Flaxlcy in the Forest of Dene, to commemorate the death of his father, Milo, who had been mortally wounded at that place in 11 43. How long the Castle that Roger had built at Winchcombe lasted, it is as impossible to say, as it is regarding that of Hailes ; either, whether it survived its capture and occupation by Stephen, and became the home of Ralph and Otuer de Sudeley during the remainder of the century, or, if it was demoUshed, and, later on, rebuilt by these barons.* The miseries of anarchy were now over, and the exhausted country felt itself recovering under the influence of a capable and energetic King, to whom Law shone as a guiding-star. Of Hailes Castle we hear nothing more. It was probably demohshed. Ralph de Wirecester had either taken temporary advantage of the absentee lords, Rabel de Tancarville and Wilham the second, his son, and occupied the place for his lord, John de Sudeley, or, he had done so by lease from them. But we hear almost notliing concerning the actual owners. However, the Landboc of Winchcombe (vol. I., 184) provides us (as already mentioned) with a soUtary ' Carta ' or ' Certificate ' of William de Tancarville, (2) granting to Winchcombe Abbey the plain and woodland between Alne and his Manor of Aston, against which a claim had been made. His men are to enjoy the common there, and the land is to remain unbroken. * The moated Castle at Hailes was never rebuilt. Had it been standing at the time when Richard, Earl of Cornwall (1245), possessed the manor, it is there his child, Richard, would have been born to Sanchia. At the head (E.) of Hailes Field can be traced a road, often mistaken for a ditch, which led to the Castle entrance, crossing the road leading up to Farmcote, at right angles. At its southern end it has been destroyed by the Monk's Pool, and beyond that by ' made ground ' raised for orchards. Originally it cut into the Salt-way. i8 HISTORY OF HAILES The witnesses to this are : — Reginald, Chaplain of Hailes Adam, the priest Robert de Beaume Walter de Lillebeo Geoffrey de Cake (? Caux) Burchard D'Abitot Roger de Cleci Nicholas, the Cook Roellent Brito Matthew de Witteley Richard Hervey de Little Alnc Jordan of Brockhampton His three sons, Helyas, Henry and Ralf Walter di Farncote Nicholas de Bmeria Isaac William, the Cook Robert Dispenser and three Burgesses : Goldwin, Osbert, Alan Nicholas de Brueria was Reeve (Praepositus) of the Hundred, and after a.d. 1171, King's Baihff. He was probably dead c. iigi, and had been a tenant of a portion of Winchcombe Abbey ground, i.e., belonging to the Infirmary. He enjoyed the monk's corrody of bread and beer, and thick pottage, in the kitchen, and the habit of S. Benedict, by a special grant, (vol. I., Landboc, 213, 214) from Abbot Henry (1171-1181). Jordan of Brockhampton, son of Gerbod, and father of Helias, Henry, Ralph, and Walter, Amicia and Maud, was a tenant of William, Earl of Gloucester, and also of Winchcombe Abbey. Accused of the murder of one Thomas, he took the habit of S. Bene- dict at Winchcombe, and remitted his claim to nine virgates, or yardlands, in Sherborne, as well as all his land in Winchcombe, except the house of Osbern Smelred (in Betar Street). All his sons, brothers, and sisters, joined in the conveyance, and took their oaths upon the altar to observe it. It will be well at this point to state (as far as may be done), the obscure pedigree of the Tancarville-Chamberlains, the owners of Hailes. For, at the conclusion of the century, King John ap- propriated their English properties, and, at Hailes Manor, put in a new lord, though the Church continued duly confirmed to the Abbey of St. George at Boscherville, as Henry I. had given it. [c. 1124]. Fir,. 4. St. C. IS. KKSPOND AT ANCLE OF SOUTH AISLE AND TRANSKPT SHRINK OF THF HOIA' iU.OOI) HISTORY OF HAILES 19 PEDIGREE RALF FITZGEROLD de TANCARVILLEt=AVIS. or ] (Temp. WilUam I.— Henry J \ 1 Helissende ^ABEL=j= (Chamberlain) NIGEL? (1131) He gave Beckford and Ashton-under- Hill to the Abbey 1 i^f Cf Rlt-KlT-O Otl MARGARET=WILLIAM I D'Arcis (1082) 1129 Auge: of which the former was a cell. WILLIA (Living M II. =j 1 1 74) RICF ROBl = ? RALF=f=? WILLIAM (?) III. (Living 1205) ARD ERT 1 HENRY=T=? Rot. Pipe 2 Rich. I. WARINE Fitz Henry = Alice (Living 1 199) de Courci (Rot. Pipe 10, Ric. I. Ralf Fitzgerald de TancarvUle (Chief Chamberlain to William I.) is said, by some, to have married Hawise (or Avicia), by whom, or by another wife, he had Rabel, Nigel, and William (I.) The last-named, who, in 1086, held three hides in Wincot, Gloucester- shire, two hides at Hartwell, Bucks, and Totenhou in Bedfordshire, married Margaret, daughter and co-heiress of WiUiam D'Arcis. The family-centre was near Abetot in Normandy. They were, as Founders, the especial patrons of the College and Abbey of St. George of BoscherviUe, near Rouen, to whose Canons the church and tithes of Redmarley d'Abitot (Co. Gloucester) in 1105 were granted by Ralf. To this same St. George de BoscherviUe, as we have seen. King Henry I. gave the Church of Hailes. " More- over, the king (Hen. I.) gives the church of Hailes as Richard, Bishop of London (1108-1127), held it, and as William de Tancar- ville received it of the king's gift, and the land of Weston and £x. of rent (librates) as William gave it." Further, (1115-1129) the Charter of Henry (as given by Mr Round in his invaluable Calendar of the Documents of France) states : — " the goods of the said Abbey of St. George de BoscherviUe shall be free of tolls and other dues throughout his demesne, and in England its men are to be quit of shire and hundred-courts, hidage, and all other claims at Ave- bury and Weston, which belonged to his demesne, and from all other dues."* * Witnesses : Bernardo Epis. de S. D(avid) ct Johanne, Le.xoviensi (Lisieu.x) episcopo, et Willelmo Camerario de Tancarvilla, et G(alfrido) filio Pagani, apud Winton(iam). 20 HISTORY OF HAILES Rabcl became Chamberlain to Henry I. in due course, and held that official honour in 1131. (C£. Cal. Doc. Fr. p. by), of the date of his decease there is (as yet) no certain knowledge ; but it is possible that the following from a 2 Hen. H. {i.e. 1156), Great Roll of the Pipe (p. 25) is to be referred to him. In perdonis per brevia Regis, Camerarius de Tancarville. xl. s. (Glos.) XX. s. (Warwickshire) Nova placita et Conventiones, a. 4, Hen. II. xl. s. et xiiid. (Warw.) (p. 185) His son, IVtlliam (II.), in 1156-62 witnessed a Charter of Henry II. addressed to the Archbishop of Rouen ; and again 1170-83 (p. 525, id.) In 1169-71 he likewise witnessed a Charter of Robert, Count of Meulan, and, in 1174, an agreement between Joan, Abbess of Caen, and Robert de Scrotonia (? Scrutton). In 1174 he was in revolt with other Barons against the king. In 1 180 occurs a Charter of Henry II. confirming to the same magnificent Norman Abbey its possessions, including in England twenty-two Ubrates in Avebury (Aves(ber)ia) near Salisbury, seven librates, that is the third of the Vill, in Cadecoma, fifty shillings of rent ; and also by gift of King Henry I. the Church of Ailes (Hailes) with all its appurtenances, as Richard, Bishop of London held it free as William de Tancarville received by gift of King Henry (I.) In 1201 (a. 3, John) William de Tancarvilla (?) ///. occurs, holding from the Honour of Gloucester. Debet, iim. de scutagio (owes two marks of Scutage) (Cf. Rot. Cancellarii, p. 44) and fifty shiUings in pardons ' per brevia Regis' (Wiltshire), p. 59. Also in Rotulum de Oblatis (p. 75, membr. 6 in dorso). Plegium Camar' de Tancarvilla quod satisfaciat Domino Regi de eo quod fuit ad Torneamentum prohibitum per Regem. Subsequently, the family, though ousted by King John, de- clared their claim to recover, in the person of Robert de Tancar- ville, the Chamberlain ; but it is certain that the Crown held and disposed of Hailes Manor as it pleased, and as we shall now observe. CHAPTER III. Successors of the Tancarvilles. THE death of King Richard, owing to a neglected wound, closed the stormy twelfth century, yet transferred its storms to the more brilUant thirteenth. The affairs of Normandy, and King John's breach with France, rendered the position of those who held fees both in England and Normandy, precarious. The barons ob- jected to service abroad, while a policy of relentless extortion op- pressed them at home. The severance of Normandy from England was at hand. The Tancarville-Chamberlains owing the dual al- legiance, (in their own interests) made submission to King Philip in Normandy, and consequently they lost their estates in England to King John*; while the favourite upon whom the King now (1204) bestowed the Manor of Hailes, was one who, at the Coronation of Richard in 1189 had carried the cap of maintenance, even Geoffrey de Luci.t and was brother (?) of the more famous Richard de Luci. He had been trained under Henry H. and had been regarded as the rising man in 1184. But he was allowed to retain his new lands only until 1212-13, when, joining the Barons against the King, after their entry into London, he lost his dignities, and we find Hailes in the possession of the Norman Robert de St. Valery. a knight whose powerful kinsfolk held an entire Honour in Oxfordshire, as well as Gamaches in France, and in 1201 land near Stanway.J The Manor seemed destined to remain henceforth but a brief time in anyone's possession ; and it passed rapidly through that of Thomas le Veel, being worth then £30 per annum ; and in 1221 (a. 5, Hen. HI.) it was held by Eudo de la Jaille§ (Cf. Maitland's Pleas of the Crown, p. 10). * A. 3. John. Wm. Chamberlain (de T.) is found holding of the Honour of Gloucester, and owes two marks of scutage. Rot. Cancell. p. 44. t King John's natural son, Richard, ultimately married the daughter and heiress of Geoffrey de Luci (Rotul. Claus. 230). { Co. Glos. Arms: Or, 2 lions pa.= sant reguardant. § Perhaps this is the individual Rudder meant by John de Julin, of whom I can find no record. 22 HISTORY OF HAILES But although the Tancarvilles had been ousted from their Glou- cestershire Manor, it must not be supposed they immediately gave up hope of its ultimate recovery. It would seem that Thomas le \'eel held Hailcs by the King's bail, and that Robert de Tancarville the Chamberlain, had declared by letters to le Veel his conceived rights. (Cf. Charter Rolls, May 28, 1228, a. 12, Hen. III., p. 77). Moreover, twenty years later, in a grant made by the same King at Beaulieu (Hants), June i6th, 1246, to his brother Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and his heirs, it is specially recited : — " that if the heirs of the Normans or other persons having any rights over the manor of Hayles, where the said Earl has founded a Cistercian Abbey, shall recover their lands in England, or if any other persons shall lay claim to that manor, then, the King and his heirs will satisfy the said Earl and his heirs, to whom the King is bound to warrant that manor so that the said Abbey shall always continue there unharmed." (Cf. Charter Rolls). From this it is manifest that although the Tancarvilles aspired to recover their EngUsh lands, the Crown was determined to retain its hold. It is perhaps difficult to fully account for the repeated changes of Manor-lord at this time. In 1221 (a. 5, Hen. III.) the pleas of the Crown (as we saw), gave us yet another, Eudo de la Jaille (p. 10) who held land* in Somersetshire. These were succeeded in 1233 by the more notorious Englehard de Cigony, once an especial object of hate on the part of the Barons, and named as a foreign mercenary in the Magna Carta. Under Henry III. he rose to high favour, becoming Custos of the Honour of Dursleyt (1224), and Governor of Windsor Castle. (See Rotulum Litter. Claus. Liber Niger, and Testa de Nevill). He came from Ciconiac near Loches, and was Sheriff of Gloucester until July 8th, 1215. When Lewis of France landed, Englehard gallantly held Odiham against him with but thirteen men. Later on he held Windsor, hkewise successfully, and became rewarded with lands and a pension. (Cf. Rot. Claus. vol. I 470 and 471, 486, 491, 517, 521, 526, 538, 541, 556, 563). He further spent much money in strengthening Hereford and Bristol. His position, however, was in shadow in 1223, from which he successfully emerged, and in 1233 and 1234 fresh honours were heaped upon him. Windsor (of which he had been deprived), and Odiham, were then returned * In 1210-11 he held one fee of the Honour of Bononia (Boulogne), t Co. Glos. < ai HISTORY OF HAILES 23 to his custody, and the Vill of Hailes was granted to him to farm on the following tenns : — , A. 17, Hen. III. (1233). Pro Engelhardo de Cigogny Rex cnm- misit E de C ad se sustentandum in servicio regni quamdiu Regi placuerit, firmum Villa de Hayles percipiendum de Hominibus de Hayles terminis statutis quibus inde regi respondere tenebantur ad scaccarium (exchequer) usque ad terminum ad quern Rex villam illam remisit ad firmam. Et Mandatum est ipsis hominibus quod de predicta firma eodem Englehardo sint intendentes et respondentes, sicut predictum est. " Teste ut supra. " Item Englehardus habet Uteras per eadem verba directas omnibus, etc., ad firmum pro LX. libras annuas." (£60, p. a.) (Cal. Pat. Rolls, p. 217). Dying without heirs, in 1243, Engelhard was succeeded at Windsor by Simon de Montfort, the king's brother-in-law, while his property at Hailes once more reverted to the Crown. (Cf. Excerpt : Rot. Fin. pp. 423-4, and Rot. Hundred, 11, p. 30). Few facts relating to Hailes in this period reach us, except that contained in the Pleas of the Crown (p. 119) showing that Hailes was amerced in the sum of 20s. in a.d. 1221, for the flight of Ralph, the ' Bloodletter,' (? Highwayman), who had come thither from Wormington, and was to be captured. Eudo de la Jaille was its lord then ; and perhaps the Castellan of Hailes, once holding him, should have kept the second Ralph, or have despatched him. At the same time, however, we hear of the neighbouring Manor of Pynnokshire (4 hides) as being held by Geoffrey de Craucombe, a well-known naval commander under King John (Cf. Close Rolls, a XVII-XVIII. John) which had been lately held by Ralph de Ruperiis* in the same manner. This Geoffrey built a mansion at Down Ampney,t and held 100 shillings rent of land at Kempsford. The Pipe RoO (a. 44, Henry III., m. 2) of 1260 shews it as a Manor granted to Hailes Abbey by the King. Geoffrey had died c. 1250, leaving no heirs, so that Pinnock hkewise reverted to the Crown. At Sudeley, the Lords had followed one another and had been buried in \\'inchcombe Abbey. Otuer in 1192 inherited it from * De Rivers. t Dunamenel had but a few years before been granted by John to Warine FitzGerold. 24 HISTORY OF HAILES his father Ralph ; and his brother, also Ralph, gave 300 marks to the King for hvery of bis possessions in 1198, and was in turn suc- ceeded by his son, another Ralph, in a.d. 1222. Winchcombe Abbey had been partly restored after another fire which occurred in 1182 under Abbot Robert II., and the work was completed under Robert III, with the addition of larger cloisters and other buildings, paid for by the appropriation of the tithes of the Chapel of Snowshill and that of the parish church of Staunton (in 1206), together with the annual pensions of 4! marks from the Church of Enstone, and i^ marks from the Chapel of St. Peter at Winchcombe, all under pain of excommunication, saving under stress of famine or urgent need. Water, by leave of John de Solers of Postlip, was brought by a conduit from Hanwell,* or Honiwell, to supply the monastery, and he assigned certain rents of houses near the north gate in Gloucester for the purpose of providing wine for the convent on the feast-day of St. Margaret (Landboc I. p. 73, II. p. 275 ; Dugdale's Mon. vol. II., 312), while he likewise purchased from Wilham de Bethune, the Manors of HaUing, Yanworth and Haselton, the advowsons of the churches being added as a gift in 1217, by Daniel de Bethune (Landboc, p. 313). If we take into consideration King John's rabid taxation of ecclesiastics (though this fell especially upon the Cistercian Order), the foregoing gifts speak well for the peaceful and prosperous con- dition of Winchcombe, though it perhaps accounts for causes of friction which became more and more frequent between the Lords of Sudeley and the Monastery. The King's quarrel with the Cistercians, (upon whose wool, their chief resource, his tax fell heavily), f owing to the compromise effected by the tact of Hubert Walter, led strangely enough to the foundation by John himself of the Cistercian Abbey of Beaulieu, and of yet another in the royal manor of Faringdon, Co. Berks. (Cf. Lib. Roll, a. 5, John, m. 11 (1203) and R. de Coggeshall, 102-103, 147, R.S.) As Beaulieu became the immediate begetter of Hailes Abbey, it is of interest to note here that the Charter of Foundation for Beaulieu is dated at Winchester, January 25th, 1204-5 (Cf Close Roll, a. 6, John, memb. 19), some few months after the building had been actually begun. * Ralph de Sudeley gave leave to the Abbot and Convent to make a straight channel for the water course supplying that mill. t Among vexatious measures adopted by the King, he ordered the Cistercians to withdraw all their cattle and pigs from the Royal woods throughout the kingdom. (Cf. Tom. V., 862, Martene and Durand). HISTORY OF HAILES 25 The small hamlet of Hailes, early in King John's reign, or at the turn of the century, had (it is rather doubtfully held) given birth to a remarkable, certainly its most illustrious, child ; namely, to Alexander, commonly known as ' of Hailes ' afterwards the Franciscan Theological Doctor ; ' Irrefragible Doctor ' ; ' Monarch of Theologians.' He may (for all we know not) have received his rudiments of education from the monks at Winchcombe. He entered the Franciscan Order soon after its foundation, in 1222, and by his brilliant philosophical lectures largely contributed to establishing that Order as a teaching one. He resigned his chair in 1238, and died in 1245, when the lanes and fields which he may have known at Hailes were busy with preparations for the founda- tions of the later Cistercian Abbey. (Cf. Erdmann, Grundriss des Gesch : d. Phil. 1878. Vol. I. pp. 324-339). CHAPTER IV. Richard, Eakl of Cornwall. Founding of Hailes Abbey. The Parish Church. The Dedication of Hailes. IN the Annals of Tewkesbury (I. g8) we are told that Henry, son of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and nephew ot Henry HI., was bom to Isabel (Marshal De Clare) November ist, 1235,* at Hayeley and baptised in the church there by Ralph de Maidstone, Bishop of Hereford. This has been mistaken to mean Hailes in Gloucestershire. That event occurred at Haughley, Co. Suffolk, a property granted to his father, Richard, in 1234, ^^'^ I'^ter given by him to Hailes Abbey, the arms of which still adorn its Church (S. aisle). (Cf. Close Roll, a. 18, Hen III., memb. 28). It is therefore necessary further to adduce the evidence of the Charter Rolls. By this we see that the Manor of Hailes was not granted to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, until July 15th, 1245 : — " Gift to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and his assigns of the Manor of Hayles with the advowson of the Church there, so that he may found there a House of Rehgion of what- ever order he will ; and these religious men shall hold the said manor in Frank Almoign quit of all secular ser- vice, as freely as any other rehgious House holds." (At Woodstock). It is, then, clear that Hailes could not (as has sometimes been stated,) have been "his favourite seat" in 1235. If Henry, his third child, had really been born at Hailes and baptised there, the Earl and Countess might be imagined to have been the guests of Engelhard at the Castle, but in truth it was not their seat at all. Further, it may well be doubted whether the castle had not already been levelled with the ground. Married at Marlow on Thames (March 30th, 1231) they had had (i) John, b. January 31st, 1232, who died at Marlow the same year (Sept. 22nd), buried at Reading Abbey. (2) Isabella (b. Sept., 1233), died October, 1234, buried at the same place. (3) Henry, b. November ist, 1235, * 1235. Eodem tempore nascitur filium Ricardo, Comitis Cornubie, nomine Henricus. Chron. de Hayles, Cleop. D. III., fol. 41 (top]. Fig. 6. DOOR TO FRATER HISTORY OF HAILES 27 at Hayeley (Haughley) and buried at Hailes, May 15th, 1271, and (?) (4) Philip, entered Holy Orders and given a benefice, 1248. (Cf. Calend. Papal Registers) (5) Richard (obiit.) and (6) Nicholas, who cost his mother her life at Berkhampstead in 1240, and him- self died soon after. The Chronicle of Hailes (B.M.) states only that Richard (child, not of Isabella, but of Sanchia of Provence, the Earl's second wife) died at Grove Mill (near Hailes) and was buried there (August 15th, 1246).* It is certain that had Henry of Almaine been born at Hailes the local monkish Chronicler of the Abbey would not have omitted mention of such a fact. Grove MiU was situated close to the Abbey, f probably immediately N.W. of it. ' They set up tents by the mills ' says a contemporary chronicler (Harleian, 3725, fol. 33) — ' fixerunt tentoria in molendinis de Hayles ' — speaking of the con- struction of the Abbey. We may therefore assume that a special tent served for the Founder's lodging, and that there was more than one mill. Having become possessed of the Manor, and of the advowson of the Parish Church, in 1245, Richard set himself to fulfil a solemn vow (made while in extreme danger at sea during his return from Bordeaux in October, 1242, when he had landed, perhaps unable to land elsewhere, on one of the Scilly Isles) to build an Abbey for the Cistercian Order. Between this date and the following year, 1246, Richard's agents (and quarriers) must have gathered and arranged masses of materials from the quarries, in the neighbourhood of Hailes, both of freestone, of hard blue has, and of slats or tiles, together with numbers of oak trees, for the work which John the Mason and his men were now to carry out. For the early chronicler of Hailes, while recording his opinion of the etymology of Hailes (D.S. Heiles) explaining it as ' sanus ' or healthy, i.e. Hale (' Heyhs, quod sanus es vel est, intel- ligitur ') — further states that Brother John, the mason, confirmed the name in the presence of Richard the Earl, in the Monastery some seven years before his death. {Et hoc ipsiim nomen in Mon- asterium pritnum sua morte lapso fere septennio Prater Johannis Cementarius die hiiup Rogationis, presente Coinite, confirmavit). (Chronicon de Hailes, B. Mus. Cleopatra D. Harleian, MS. fol. 36). * Cleop. D. III. Eodem vero anno Ricardus Comitis Comubie quern peperit ei Schencia Comitissa obiit, et sepultus est ad dictum molendinum. Fol. 42. t Juxta Heilis. 28 HISTORY OF HAILES And here we may pause for a moment, having obtained the architect's name, to speculate whether we may not have, perhaps, something yet more interesting in this fact, than at first meets the eye. For we are reminded that being called no more than 'John,' this may have been due to the fact that he was a well-known Glou- cestershire mason. Can he have been the same with the famous master who worked for King Henry at his Castles in Gloucester and at Guilford, and who presently became, and long remained ' Cemen- tarius Regis ' at Westminster Abbey (1249-60), at which latter date he died, as both the Liberate and Close Rolls show ? (Cf. Parker's Dom. Arch. Vol. I. and ' Westminster Abbey, and its Craftsmen,' p. 161, Lethaby). There is nothing less improbable than that the architect successfully employed by the millionaire Earl Richard at Hailes, should have become handed on by him to his brother, the King. Moreover, we do not hear of any other ' Frater Johannis Cementarius ' doing such important work in the Royal employ at this period. It is true that Hailes was not finished until 1251, and John of Gloucester appears at Westminster in 1249-50, but by that time the work at Hailes was far-sped on its way, and could have been carried out with but occasional visits on the part of the master-architect. A little more than seven years before John of Gloucester's decease would give the year of the Dedication of Hailes. On the other hand the term ' Frater ' is never found applied to John of Gloucester, in the Rolls. Its significance, however, may mean no more than that he belonged to a confraternity. Perhaps we should expect ' Magister ' rather than ' Frater.' We fear, there- fore, that the evidence may be held, so far as it goes, to be slightly stronger for the negative. The year 1246 is a date full of importance, both for Beaulieu, the mother, and for Hailes, the daughter. For, although begun in 1205, Beauheu itself had not been finished and dedicated until the 17th of June of this same year, when WiUiam, Bishop of Win- chester, dedicated it, assisted by the Bishops of Bath, Exeter, and Chichester, in the presence of the King, Queen and the princes, their children, and of Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Though Matthew Paris places this Dedication to the year 1246, the Charter Rolls fix its exact date.* For, on the previous day (June i6th, 1246), occurs the grant to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, * Cf. Had. M. 58, I, 5, a. 30, Hen. HI., at Beaulieu. HISTORY OF HAILES 29 given at Beaulieu, in the nature of a guarantee of the Manor and Abbey at Hailes (and to the Abbot and monks there, as given by him), against any possible claims of the descendants of the Norman* Tancarvilles, the former manorial possessors. (.\lso Cf. Matt. Paris, Hist. Anglorum, R.S. III. 63.) As the Charter states that ' the said Earl has founded a Cister- cian Abbey ' in the Manor of Hailes, it is certain that the foundation took place rather earlier in the year than is sometimes stated. (Cf. Archaeological Journal, Sept., 1906, where it is given as " 17th June, 1246.") We have already mentioned that the Charter of BeauUeu likewise was granted after the building had made some progress. The Charter of the Foundation of Hailes is as follows : (Cf. Rudder, Hist, of Gloucester, Appendix) — " To all sons of Holy Mother the Church to whom this present writing shall come, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, sendeth greeting in the Lord. Know all of ye that we, in honour of Almighty God and of the glorious Virgin Mary, and of AU Saints, for the good of our souls and the souls of our ancestors, have founded a certain Abbey of the Order of Cistercians, in the manor of Hayles, which was given to us by Henry, King of England, our brother ; and the said manor we have given and granted, with all its appur- tenances, and by this present Charter have confirmed, unto the Abbot and Monks serving God and the Blessed Mary in that place, and to their successors, in free, pure, and perpetual aims ; together with the advowson of the Church of that Manor, with all its appurtenances, hberties, homages, and the services of the free men ; and all escheats in villeins and villenages, in rents and woods, in meadow-s, plains and pastures, in waters, mills, ponds and fishponds, in the ways and paths, and in aU things appertaining to the said manor freel}', quietly, peaceably, and entirely free and discharged from all secular services, from any exaction and demands, to have and to hold for ever freely, quietly, and as fuDy as any other alms can be granted, and we and our heirs will warrant the same Manor with all its appurtenances aforesaid to the same Abbey and Convent, and their successors, against all men and women, and as free, and quit, and perpetual alms, will we acquit and * Si heredes Normannorum, etc. 30 HISTORY OF HAH.ES defend the same for ever more, and that this our Grant and concession may be of utmost and lasting force we have hereunto set our seals. Wiincsscs : Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester Peter of Savoy (The Lord) Wilham of York, Lord President of Bev- erley Robert Passilewe, Archdeacon of Lewis Simon de Everdon, Archdeacon of Chester Hugh de Vivone Peter of Geneva Robert de Muchgros Pauhn Pejare Wilham de Ireby Giles Chancell WiUiam Blundell PhiHp de Eye ; Clerks, and many others. The advowson of the Parish Church had apparently not gone with it to the Abbey of St. George de BoscherviUe to which the Church itself had been given by Henry I. with a Charter. It may therefore have remained with the Norman Lords of the Manor, and have passed with their manor to the Crown (c. 1202). For the rights of the Abbey are seen to be assured by the ' Inspeximus and Confirmatio ' of the aforesaid Charter by Henry HL at South- wick, dated June 25th, 1253. " Moreover the king himself gives the Church of Hailes, as Richard (De Belmeis. 1108-27), Bishop of London, held it, and as William de Tancarville received it of the king's gift " ; that is, King Henry L gave the Church of Hailes to the endowment of St. George de BoscherviUe ; which was re-confirmed in 1180, by Henry IL (Cf. Calend. Doc. France, J. H. Round). As an alien Abbey, therefore, St. George must have continued to draw profits from the tithes of this Church at Hailes, through Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and now and henceforward, for a time, through the Abbots of Hailes.* There probably took place an exchange between the respective Abbots. The first Abbot of Hailes was Jordan, whom, together with twenty monks and ten ' Conversi ' (lay brothers) the Earl now * They likewise were granted in earlier days the Church of Avebury in Wilts. Fio. 7. Max Clarke. LAVATORY. XV. CENT. Tin; RF.ARWALL RHSTORED WITH VAUI. TING-RIBS OF CIIAPTHR-IIOUSE St. C. IS. STANWAY HOUSE AND GATEW.^Y FROM THE CHURCHYARD HISTORY OF HAILES 31 brought (July 19th, 1246) from Beaulieu (where Jordan had been Prior), by leave of the General Chapter of the Order. They camped out in tents at a spot close to the work. Soon after this we find Sanchia, the Countess of Cornwall, giving birth, at this same mill, to a child named Richard, which died there, and was there buried temporarily. (See Ante). Afterwards, when the Abbey was completed, the body was taken up and carried to it, and given a more honourable interment. (Cf. Fol. 42 Chron. Cleop. D. III. B.M.) In January (4, nones) 1248, at Lyons, Innocent IV. (Fieschi) confirmed to the Abbot and Convent of Hailes, (in the Diocese of Worcester), the Grants of the Churches of HaUes and Hagelee {i.e., Haughley, Co. Suffolk) in the Dioceses of Worcester and Norwich, respectively, made to them by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, (who had the patronage thereof, and who built their monastery), and by the Bishops of the said Dioceses. (Cf. Regesta, vol. XXI. Cal. Pap. Reg. R.S. p. 240). We have seen that Hailes Church had been ordered in 1180 to pay an annual pension of seven shillings to Winchcombe Abbey for its right of Sepulture, and had been declared ' baptismal,' and a mother church. This pension ultimately became commuted, or arranged, between the respective Abbots in 1309. (Cf. Cartul. Winchcombe, fol. 194, Ed. Phillips.) As we do not in later pre-Reformation days obtain the names of any Parsons of Hailes appointed by the Abbots, there arises a ques- tion whether it is, or is not, probable that, being situate so near to the Abbey, this ancient Parish Church became used for the Abbey's Gate-House Chapel ? Certain it is that it was largely rebuUt soon after the above-mentioned release by Winchcombe, or early in the fourteenth century, when the east window, with its beautiful cur- vilinear tracery, took the place of simpler, or Norman, work, and that, a little later in the same century, it received fresco decorations, which the recent restoration has to some extent recovered. The stone slab in the north side of the chancel floor inscribed with the names of (Walter)us and Johanna Bedull, and dating circa 1380 (Cf. Landboc, vol. I, 90), indicates that burials took place.* It is unfortunate that the two gate-houses of the Abbey, both the outer and the inner, have altogether perished. Even their * The floriated stone coffin-lids were brought in by the writer from Hailes-field. They had been already removed from the western Galilee of Hailes in 1889, during draining operations. On one is represented a mallet. 32 HISTORY OF HAILES position is not at present absolutely determinable. If, however, the entrance-gate to the field of Hailes is situated (by more, per- haps, than mere chance), near the site, and the lumped soil at the roadside beyond it (N.) belonged to one of these gate-houses, it would strengthen the working-hypothesis as to the appropriation of the Parish Church for a Gate-house Chapel. But, in order to arrive at any conjecture as to this, would have to be taken into account which of the roads that reached Hailes Abbey in old days was the most frequented ; that reaching the village of Hailes from Evesham and the Worcestershire Hills, or that passing from Winchcombe through Rowley meadow, called Puck- pit ? The Hospitium, later called (until thirty years ago, when it was destroyed) the Pilgrims Inn, certainly adjoined the latter road and the Abbey Farm. But that was at no distance from the said Church. A glance at the map favours the former. On July 30th, 1249 (and on September nth of the same year), a grant was made to the Abbot and Convent of Free-warren in their demesne-lands of Hailes and Piseley.* The extinct village of Piseley lay on the hillside, south-west of Hailes, and was a member at that time, and later, of the Manor of Sudeley, and with Todding- ton, Newenton, Stanley Pontlarge, Greet, Gretton, Cotes, and Throp, was held in 1284 by John de Sudeley from the King, for two knight's fees. In 1256, disputes (already referred to) began to arise concerning common rights (in which Piseley Grove figures as being " without the common "), between Bartholomew de Sudeley and the Abbot and Convent of Hailes ; to which further reference will be made. To return to the Abbey, however, the endowments of which, at this time of building, were limited to the Manor of Hailes : — In 125 1, after five and a half years' work, the following build- ingsf were ready for Dedication : the Church and Cloister, the Dorter, the Frater, and Kitchens. Probably the Chapter-house, Warming-parlour, perhaps a portion of the Cellarer's building (or House of the lay-brothers), were on their way to completion, while some others were temporarily constructed in wood. Accordingly, we find the King and Queen Eleanor, and a great suite of nobles * i.e.. Within such a liberty no person might hunt or destroy game, hares, rabbits, partridges, etc., without leave of him to whom the said privilege was granted, under heavy forfeiture. t Cum ecclesia nobili, dormitorio compctenti, refectorio decenti, atque ingenti ambitu Claustrati. sicut patet inspicienti variis oflicinis sub teg- minibus promissis prudenter ornatis in Manerio de Hayles. (Harl. MS., fol. 33, 3725.) HISTORY OF HAILES 33 present at Winchcombe on November 7th ; it being the Sunday after " All Saints' Day." They were gathered together for the forthcoming dedication of Hailes Abbey. Matthew Paris relates that on the Feast of St. Leonard, Earl Richard (solemnly, and at great expense) dedicated the Church of Hailes.* " The King and Queen were present, and almost all the nobles and prelates of England. There were thirteen Bishops, who all celebrated mass on the day of dedication, each at his own altar, and the Bishop of Lincoln (i.e., Grosteste), solemnly chanted mass at the High Altar. This was on a Sunday, and the nobles feasted sumptuously in com- pany t with the Bishops and others, who ate meat, whilst the re- Ugious men [i.e., the Monks) took their places and refreshed them- selves with large quantities of fish of various kinds. There were also more than three hundred soldiers. Indeed, were I to describe in full the grandeur of that solemn and festive meeting, I should be held to be exceeding the bounds of truth. When I, Matthew Paris, desired to be informed upon the matter in order that I might not insert falsities in this volume, the Earl without hesitation told me that when all expenses were reckoned he had laid out ten thou- sand marks:J (/6700) in the building of that Church ; adding this notable and praise-worthy speech : — ' Would that it had pleased God that I had expended all that I have laid out in the Castle of WaUingford, in as wise and salutary a manner.' " The Ust of the Bishops who were present at the Dedication (Annal. Monast. R.S. ii. 343) includes those of Ely, Lincoln, Wor- cester, London, Norwich, Sarum, Exeter, Chichester, Bath and Wells, St. Davids, Rochester, and St. Asaph. In addition to the above named prelates should be added the Abbots and priors of Winchcombe, Evesham, Tewkesbury and Gloucester. We may take it that Earl Richard and his Countess Sanchia, the Queen's sister, were residing at Hailes, as before, at Grove Mill. Whether * Ecclesia de Heiles dedicata fuit nonas Novembris die, Dominica ub convenerunt Rex et Regina Angliae, cum nobili primogenito suo. Domino Edwardo. Episcopi Ecclesis XIII., et multi alii, tam abbates quam priores diversorum ordinum, multi insuper magnates Anglia-, Comites, Barones, et alii nobiles ad dictum monasterium die prefato venerunt. Chron. de Hayles, Cleop. D. III., fol. 45. Presentibus Rege et Regina cum sua prole tota atque omnibus anglie magnatibus cum minorum multitudine innumerabili. (MS. Harl. 3725, fol. 36.) t Ipsisque omnibus ad solempne Convivium receptis et in recessu muneri- bus preciosis dicti Domini Ricardi Comitis honoratis. J The Chron. de Hayles, Cleop. D. III., says 8000 marks, in which it is corroborated by Harleian MS. 3725 : ' Et expensis in pecunia numerata in operacionibus erant octo mille marcis sterlingorum. 34 HISTORY OF HAILES the King and Queen lodged at Sudeley Castle, or at the Castle of VVinchcombe, it is not stated. That it was at Winchcombe Abbey they received the Bishops in audience on another matter, upon the ^ay following this dedication, seems probable. Henry (afterwards known as Henry of Almaine), Richard's son by Isabel (Marshal) was just si.xteen years of age ; while Edmund,* Sanchia's son (born at Berkhampstead in December (St. Stephen's day, 1250) was barely a year old.| The former was knighted in 1257, when Richard and his Countess became crowned by Conrad, Archbishop of Cologne, as King and Queen of the Romans, at Aix-la-Chapelle. On their return in the following year, on Palm Sunday, they again appeared at Hailes with a great following.} Matthew Paris records that a satirist of the day exclaimed "The money cries out, ' For my sake Cornwall is married to Rome.' " He likewise adds that " a valuation of the Earl's wealth dis- closed the fact that he could furnish an hundred marks daily for ten years, without counting the profits arising from his revenues in England and Germany." A building at Aix is still known by the name of 'the Curia of King Richard.' Possibly the relics there include portions of the crown and sceptre which he and Sanchia took with them for their coronation. The next five years witnessed the repeated attempts of Henry HI. to nullify, or throw aside, the Provisions of Oxford, which his brother Richard with twenty-three other barons, headed by Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, had solemnly sworn to maintain. At this time the Cistercian Order rapidly relapsed from their early austerity of Rule. Not only was sculpture, stained glass, and more hberal food, permitted, but noble ladies might once a year enter its monasteries. This latter concession was granted by a Cistercian Pontiff, even by him who guaranteed the ReUc after- wards to be the venerated treasure of Hailes. § And yet, in spite of these relaxations, it was probably as much as the monks could do "if they kept steadily to the modified Rule of the Order, and attended the concerns each of his own soul." * Afterwards Earl of Cornwall, and bringer of the Holy Blood to Hailes. t Protomartiris S. Stephani Schenchia peperit Ricardo Comiti Cornubie (ilium nomine Edmundum. (sub. anno. 1250.) Cleop. D. HI., fol. 45 Karl. 3725, fol. 12. { Cf. Pertz., Vol. XVI., 483. § 1264. Urban IV. at the translation of the remains of the canonised Edmund Rich (once Richard of Cornwall's tutor), at Pontigny, women were permitted to enter the church and all the adjoining buildings of the Con- vent. (Mart, et Durand, Hist. Eccles. Gen. Tome 3, 1865.) HISTORY OF HAILES 35 Let us, therefore, think that as they Uved in a House beautiful, and meditated continually upon the Eternal beauty, so they appreciated as ever-present tokens of it, each charm of the lovely scene which extended all around them here, ever varying from white light of dawn to soft rose-light of evening, as it flushed over the hills and rich woodlands, and tinted the gray and golden stone-fronts of their sacred buildings. Family of WILLIAM MARSHAL, Earl of Pembroke d. April 20, 1200 AND ISABEL, Dau. of Richard Strongbowe (de Clare) Arms : Per pale, or and vert, a lion rampant gules. WILLIAM MARSHALL, Richard Gilbert Walter Anselm ,, Maud Countess of Norfolk and mother of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. Joan ,, Isabel Sybil Eva -(2) 1(3) = [(0 1(2) Earl of Pembroke, d. 1231 d. 1234 [no male issue] d. 1241 d. 1245 d. 1245 Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. William de Warren, Earl of Surrey. Walter de Dunstanville. Warine de Monchensi of Painsvvick. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Chester. RicH.\RD Plant.\genet, Earl of Cornwall. Willia.m de Ferrars, Earl of Derby William de Braose, of Brecknock. CHAPTER V. The Abbey Church and Buildings DURING more than three and a half centuries so extensive has been the destruction of the Abbey buildings at Hailes that of the Church, at least, there has lieen left, above ground, only the remains, some ten feet in height, of the wall of the south aisle, with its responds, including the processional door to the Cloister, placed as usual at the eastern end of the latter. As the earliest extant view of the ruins (dating from before 1712), does not represent more of that wall, we can take it that the main destruction here occurred long before that time. Hailes (like other Abbey churches), has served in the nature of a quarry ever since the Royal Com- missioners stripped the lead from its roof and scattered its many treasures.* It would be safe to say that there is scarcely a barn or a cottage for some miles around wliich has not made use of materials from Hailes — of the rare and costly early English masonry of this once Royal Abbey, called deservedly by one of its early chroniclers ' The Incomparable.' Nevertheless, owing to the work undertaken in 1899-1900, and in 1906-9, for the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, it may be said that, so far as foundations can tell their tale of an elaborate Xlllth century structure, the ground-plan of the entire Church of the Abbey can declare itself (Cf. Plan). Of the usual cruciform design, it consisted of a nave of eight bays, with north and south aisles, central tower, north and south transepts of four bays, each having three eastern chapels divided from one another by stone partitions (10 in). The Presbytery was of four bays, with north and south processional aisles. To this must be added (1907) a western Porch, or Galilee — one of those porches familiar to students of Cistercian architecture in France, but which apparently were less common to their churches in England, f At * Item. There be many divers spoils daily done within the said late monastery to a great substance over and above those above-written, but by whom a; yet it is unknown. Jan. 4th, 1542. Deposition of Witnesses before the Court of Augmentation. t Byland, Meaux, Tintern and Fountains. Kio. 8. Max C/arA-f. UOOK TO SUB-\-AULT HISTORY OF HAILES 37 Hailes the Galilee did not, as at Fountains, extend across the full width of the west Front ; but only so far as to inclose, and act as a beautiful vestibule to, the double Western door. This feature is of especial interest at Hailes, seeing that instead of having been added to the Church in the fourteenth century, it is bonded in, and apparently was part of the main thirteenth century structure. It has, however, been kept white in the Plan, so as better to dis- tinguish it from the west wall of the Church. It may have risen to the base almost of the west window. Between it and the great buttress to the north wall there was probably a priest's room with spiral stair, and perhaps a turret. Several graves (probably of Abbots) once here, were destroyed by draining operations carried out in 1889.* The Western door opening into it was flanked by triple free shafts with bases both of blue lias. There was also a door to the south aisle. The total length from west to east measured 341 ft., includ- ing eastern Chapels ; while the interior width of the Nave was 63 ft. and of the Crossing, 140 ft. As vault and roof probably ran from west to east with undiminished height, this provided for good lighting (a feature conspicuously defective in the earlier Cistercian churches), while it gave great dignity to the general outline. This was well exempHfied both in Netley and Tintem. The excavation in 1900 revealed a number of significant evi- dences as to late thirteenth century alteration and addition, the reason for which will be considered later on.f Perhaps, the principal of these was finding that the walls of the Presbytery aisles had originally extended some 24 ft. beyond the eastern main (or gable), wall ; and that, in Line with that gable, rose north and south turrets containing spiral stairs. In these aisles themselves were found re- spectively a footing (S. aisle) and a first course (N. aisle) of pro- jecting piers which must once have carried the cross-arches piercing the gable sides and leading to the five eastern Chapels. It was through these that five of the aforesaid officiating Bishops had passed to and from their respective altars at the feast of Dedication. And that is how the thirteen altarsj mentioned are to be accounted * Two of these are to be seen in the Chancel of the Parish Church. t That is, the Novum opus, or added ' Chevet.' I Ordinatus fuisse predictus episcoporum numerus ad opus con- secrandum in nomine Jesu et XII. Apostolorum stabiUtum juxta numerum Altarium tunc ibi preparatorum ut suum singulum altare singulis con- secraret Episcopus ut ita fieret in celebratione operis sancti dccus. Chron. de Hayles. 38 HISTORY OF HAILES for ; one in the Nave, before the Pulpitum ; three in each transept ; the High Altar ; and finally, there were the altars of these five eastern Chapels. How these five Chapels became re-built after a new design twenty years later on in the life of Hailes, will be duly recorded. The Presbytery of four bays, (the western-most narrower than the others), was approached from the monks' quire by the Gradus, or steps, in line with the eastern piers of the central tower. The plinths of two of the south piers were found, one reveaHng the setting-out lines of the pier it once bore, the other, those of the base. (Cf. Moldings). There were evidences likewise of the stone screen- walls (3 ft. in thickness), usually, but not invariably, present in Cistercian churches dividing the Presbytery from its aisles ; but in the opinion of Mr H. Brakspear, who likewise measured and drew them at the time of excavation, these had here been later additions. It seems strange that they should not have occurred in the 1251 Church. But there may at first have been wooden instead of stone ones. Portions of ribs, both those of the aisle-vaults and the main vault were also found, together with fragments of carven bosses belonging to the intersections of the diagonal and transverse ribs. The westernmost bay of the south Presbytery aisle disclosed remains of a small lavatory, with a bowl and a drain running west- ward* beside the pier of the tower. In the third bay on the same side, the screen-wall had been made stouter by some inches than its fellows, presumably to accommodate the piscina and sedilia, for the Abbot and Prior. Beyond the westernmost piers (or first bay), on the north side, partly under tiles (17 in site) bearing the early (XIII. century) De Stafford (?) Chevron, there is a tomb, in which lay, face downwards, the skeleton of a tall man. The femur measured seventeen inches. Manifestly, the plunderers of the Abbey had been there and ransacked it. In the third bay, on the same side, lay (in site), patches of tiles of the same early date (? 1270-80) bearing ' vairy,' within a lozenge-bordure charged with rectangular spots (? nailheads) perhaps for De Ferrers ; also numbers showing a gyronny of eight, within a similar bordure. In the fourth Presbytery bay, the tiles became more continuous (especially on the north side), and these all bear the eagle of Richard (Fig. 2, No. 3), Earl of Cornwall, the Founder, as King of the Romans. Hence, we may conclude that his tomb stood near by, i.e., that ' Goodly Pyramis,' * As at Fountains and Roche. HISTORY OF HAILES 39 which his third wife, Beatrice von Falkenstein, is related to have put up to his memory. This is rendered the more probable because, passing into the adjoining, or last, bay, north of the Shrine, the tiles (here much more numerous and evidencing a central pro- cessional path), bear the paly of eight, for Sanchia (of Provence) his second wife.* But no trace of their tombs remained here, saving some fragments of tabernacle work. Of the High Altar the foundations only were found. In front of it, a little way, where (according to certain of the Chronicles)! the bones of the murdered Henry of Almaine were laid to rest (15th May, 1271), the excavators came upon large splashes of melted lead and burned stones, followed immediatel}' by the finding of a stone bason two feet in diameter, resembling a plain font, and con- taining more melted lead. This (in Mr St. John Hope's opinion), belonged to a cupellation-furnace and betokened the mischievous work of the King's Commissioners, who, by aid of such an apparatus, extracted the silver from the roof-lead of the Abbeys for enriching the Royal mint. At two feet westward of this object were found some fragments of bone and an iron handle. AU these lay in the median line, or axis, of the Church. With them were found (August, igoo) many fragments of painted XHI. C. glass, display- ing lobed trefoils on a ground filled in with cross-hatching. J The monks' quire could be easily traced between the two western piers of the tower extending towards the Presbyter}*, and, on the other hand, westward, as far as to fill the first bay of the Nave, across which stood its stone screen. According to the com- putation of Mr Brakspear, room was allowed for fifteen stalls on either side, together with three facing east upon each side the quire door, or thirty-six in all ; i.e., rather more accommodation than was needed for the number of monks who were usually here. For the novices, there were rows of seats facing each other below and in front of these, the site of which was indicated by paths of lozenge-tiles bearing a fret (non-heraldic), and flanked in by long border-tiles of Anjou-Castile, like those shown in Fig. 3. * 1261. Nonis Novembris Senthia Regina Alamannie apud Berk- hamstede infirmabatur et quinto die idus ejusdem mensis obiit ibidem, et septimo decimo Kalendas Decembris apud Heyles sepulta est. MS. Harl. 3725, fol. 12. t The Chron. do Hayles merely says, " ossa vero ejus omnia delata fuerunt in Angliam, et deraum apud Heiles honorifice tumulata." Cleop. D. Ill, fol. 45. *^ { Most of these homy pieces with undulant surfaces show granular decay, being often pitted with separate or confluent spots. 40 HISTORY OF HAILES The north transept, four bays in length, was pierced bj' a door under its north gable. This led to the monks' cemetery, and to Ihe Parish Church. Its west wall footing is nearly eight feet in thickness, while between its last buttresses there stood a paved office of some kind, perhaps connected with the cemetery. A similar office (perhaps connected with registration of the Pilgrims to the Shrine), occupied the corresponding position between the buttresses upon the eastern face of this transept. The three Chapels, raised a step above the main floor of the transept, occupied the eastern side of it, and stood in line with the first bay of the Presbytery. The two western piers of the supposed central tower* had been strengthened at their western bases with semi-circular adjuncts grooved so as to fit to the original fiUetted responds. That of the southernmost pier remained in site. Possibly the entire arches of this eighth bay were coarsened in like manner so as to resist the strain, t Mr Brakspear, in his valuable notes, cites a similar example at Christchurch, Canterbury. (Cf. Transs. Bristol and Gloucester Arch. Soc, igoi, p. 130). At the east end of the south aisle remains in site, but incomplete, the compound respond of the vaulting-shafts for the cross-arch. (Cf. Fig. 4, No. i). From this to the drum of the first vaulting-shaft of the eastern Chevet measures 116 feet. Within the west wall behind the angle shaft (N.W.) of the south transept, descended the night-stair from a passage from the Dorter to the Church. { This is clean gone ; but the thickness of the wall (8 ft.) and the tiles found there in site, many of them charged with Chequy (De Warrenne, Fig. 2, No. 4) assure us that such was the arrangement. This fashion likewise obtained in the refectory and transept at Beaulieu. The south and east walls of this transept at Hailes have been destroyed down to the foundations ; but there was doubtless a door in the wall on the south, to the Sacristy and Armarium. Near the junction of the south transept and Presbytery aisle were met the remains of a late XIII. C. effigy of a knight, in- cluding the sword-hand, portions of the fore-arm ; the ancle and spur of one foot, three pieces of a shield having a bordure of bezants * Since documentary evidence lets us know that Hailes possessed five bells in its tower, we may infer that the tower was situated at this point, i.e., the crossing ; but the evidence was slight. t The writer has since found portions of other members. I From the slender character of the pillars carrying the vault of the Chapter House, it seems improbable that the Dorter can have been carried over it. HISTORY OF HAILES 4I and the base of it bearing portions of the foot of a lion for Cornwall. With these were also found portions, in finer stone, of the hands of a lady's effigy, of good workmanship. All of these bore traces of ground-colour. Whether the effigy had belonged to Edmund, Earl of Cornwall (d. 1300) or to his brother Sir Richard de Cornwall, killed at Berwick, 1296, there is nothing to show. The Processional Doorway (Fig. 16) from the Cloister has severely suffered although its original arch serves it still, and its jamb-shaft bases are in site. A long draw-bar-hole runs from it to the angle of transept. The vaulting-shaft west of this door (within the Church) has been inserted and re-built. Before reaching the next respond the stone-bench appears duly in site ; and the stone screen of a chapel has here crossed the aisle from the vaulting-shaft. Between the piers of this bay was found a tomb containing the remains of two individuals, with abundant fragments of fourteenth century tabernacle-work of finest oolite, much resembling ' Clunch," with numerous tiles bearing the Beauchamp fess between six crosses- crosslet. A similar chapel (and corresponding tomb), occupied the next bay, revealing also the foundations of its altar, together with more tabernacle-work in a rather browner stone and rather less delicately handled. After the seventh, and last, vaulting-shaft base, which, like the third, varies slightly from its fellows, though of the original work, we reach the door to the West Cloister walk. In the westernmost bay are seen XV. C. inserted bases of door- jambs to Cloister. At this point began the excavations of 1899. West of this (occupying the extreme S.W. angle of the Church) occurs the moulded jamb of the door leading to the night-stair of Cellarium. In the west wall of the Church remains one splayed and broached member of the Cellarium door to the south aisle. As before-mentioned, the great or Western door to the nave was probably composed of two sub-arches under a richly-moulded obtuse arch carried on triple jamb-shafts of blue Has, the label ending in bosses of conventional fohage, of which several fragments were found outside in the Galilee (1907). The design of the foundation of the northern portion of the Galilee suggests a turret and stair. As at Beaulieu, a western buttress here, at its northern extremity, makes an eccentric projection. Opposite this, and in site, were found cut stones apparently representing the mouth of a circular surface-well, or drain-hole for a water-shoot. The fifth and sixth bays of the north aisle were found to have 42 HISTORY OF HATLES been occupied by chapels corresponding to those noticed in the opposite aisle. Between the sixth pair of main piers ran a stone screen, bearing the rood, mid-west of which stood the altar. East of it (used by the in\-alidcd monks*), the retro-quire filled rather more than one bay, and was followed by the stone-screens of the Pulpitum, both perforated so as to give central access to the quire. Even exclusive of the Novum Opus, or Chevet (imitated directly from Westminster, and added in 1271 to the east end), the Church differed considerably from that of Beaulieu. At Hailes the quire, pulpitum, and retro-quire, are thrown forward two bays further west than at the mother church, which, moreover, was longer by one bay in the nave than was Hailes. Such, then, appear to have been the arrangements of the original Abbey Church here during the first twenty years of its existence — standing resplendent in fresh Cotteswold stone, with tower, sub- sidiary turrets, and long unbroken roof-ridge, all together set out in the green field of Hailes, but closely-screened by a proud theatre of hills from all who approached it from the East, until, reaching the escarpment above Coscombe or Farmcote, the Abbey must have broken with abounding beauty upon their desirous gaze. The arcade of the ten-bay'd Cloister (of which but three inner arches remain at its south-west angle), was entirely rebuilt early in Henry the Seventh's reign (Fig. 5). Besides the south-west, its north-west angle-base was found in site, and is here shewn (Fig. 23, No. 2). Various other fifteenth century alterations and insertions will be noticed around the Cloisters. The north wall retains part of its stone seat, and three out of five early English recesses (Fig. 17, 2), the purpose of which (according to the excavators of Beaulieu), is thought to have been to reduce the mass of the Church-wall. At Hailes, these are less numerous and less capacious than at the mother-church, and moreover, they present no such plain appearance, having jamb-shafts, caps, and moulded arches, to adorn them, as if for some more functional purpose, and they appear to have been panelled with wood. The restorers in the fifteenth century partly ruined the original effect of these recesses by inserting among them the corbels of their new arcade of bays. (Fig. 17, No, i). This north walk formed the living-room of the monks, and its inner arcade to the central garth was doubtless furnished with carrels. The Cloister measures 129 ft. N.-S. by 132 ft. E.-W. * Those not in the Infirmary. Fir,. 9. DOOR TO PARI.OLK AND PASSAGE TO IXFIK.MARV history of hailes 43 Cellarium The Cellarer's building (Cellarium of the ' Consuetudines '), or house of the lay-brothers, in the early days, and that of the Abbots here after the fourteenth century, has been so far demolished in relatively modern times, that its bare dimensions and some of its moldings alone can be declared from the excavations. It was a lofty many-gabled building, two bays in width (38 ft.), and ex- tending (N. — S.) for 156 feet, supported on parallel stone-vaulted alleys (undercroft, once the frater of the lay-brethren), carried by engaged E.E. vaulting-shafts and central compound pillars. It projected 27 feet westward of the West Front line of the adjoining Abbey Church. To the extreme west of the south aisle of the latter, however, it had access by a door at the bottom of the night-stair, by which the lay-brother descended to keep the night-office in his own quire. It was entered from the cloister by a small door (day- stair door) in the northern-most bay of the west walk, and by a larger richly-molded (E.E.) door midmost the same walk, the entire molded base of one jamb of which, and part of a step, is in site. (Cf. Fig. 22 Moldings). This latter door gave access to a vaulted passage of two bays, dividing the building into two unequal portions. The western wall measured 6 ft. 6 ins. and the eastern, 4 ft. 6 ins. The upper floor, reached by a spiral vise at the northern end, was originally occupied entirely by the lay-brothers' Dormitory. The south wall still preserves the recess at the end of its eastern alley, with the sills of a three-light window (to Frater, or dining-hall of the Conversi), altered in the fifteenth century to one with two lights. This change was effected at a period when the building had been appropriated to the Abbot, and when lay-brothers had long given place to hired servants. Possibly much of the Cellarium was then become devoted to guest-accommodation and store-rooms. Its windows looked west and east (into the cloister). The rere-dorter to the Cellarium at Beaulieu, and elsewhere, formed a continuation in line of the main building. At Hailes, it would seem to have sub- tended (as at Fountains) westwards. No trace of it, or of the Lay- Infirmary, remains above ground. WTiat was left of the Cellarium, or Abbot's House, at the dissolution became, soon after, the country seat of the Andrews, Hodgkins, Hobys, and, lastly, of the Traceys, and as such it is shewn in the eighteenth century views by Kip and Buck. About thirty years back an attempted search hereabouts for a legendary golden cofhn, did no little havoc, destructive of valuable evidences. 44 HISTORY OF HAILES The Conversus, or lay-brother who occupied this portion in early days of the convent, was ' laicus,' not ' clericus,' albeit he took the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and he could not even become a monk. He was governed by an ' obedientiarius,' or elected official, responsible to the Cellarer. The last-named, how- ever, was himself a monk, and was subject, as such, to the Abbot, or constitutional ruler of the Monastery. The Conversus, if he did not already know them, might not even be instructed in letters ; but he committed a few prayers and responses to memory. His place in the Abbey Church was situated in the western portion, remote from the Presbytery. His duties in the Abbey itself were for the most part menial. He attended his own Chapter ; and, if sick, he went .to his own infirmary. Besides working in the work- rooms of the Cellarium, he laboured outside in the various outlying Granges of Hailes, at Wormington, and elsewhere. He was hable to punishment for transgressing any of the many and complicated rules which, on joining the Order, he had bound himself to obey. As to making his confession, he was bound just as was the monk. He was likewise enjoined to keep silence both at meals and in dor- mitory, or, in default, to suffer curtailment in his food. More serious offences were visited upon him hkewise with the rod or rope- end, or else with confinement in a cell, or in the Infirmarer's ' lying- house ' ; or, if it existed at Hailes, perhaps in a small chamber placed behind (E.) the Chapter House. On the plaster of a certain cell at Fountains a prisoner has scratched, " Vale libertas " (Cf. Cistercian Statutes, Yorkshire Archeol. & Topog. Journal, vol lo, p. 221, note 82. Rev. J. T. Fowler, M.A.) The lay-brother was bled from four to six times a year, like the monk, and he was for- bidden to wash his head without leave. The Cellarer's office was as important in the temporal affairs of the Convent, as that of the Prior in spiritual con- cerns. He took his meals at the Prior's table in the Frater ; his duty was to procure all stores that were needful, and he had charge of all the servants. Both refectories and both infirmaries were dependent upon him and his sub-cellarer, not merely for their food-supplies, but for fuel, candles, etc. His junior, or sub-cellarer, kept his keys, and a ' granator ' looked after the supplies of cereals and dealt with the millers and bakers. For dress the Conversus wore a cap, tunic, drawers, gaiters, shoes, and a hood falling over the shoulders and breast. He might possess four tunics (shirts). There was a Taylor-monk, or HISTORY OF HAILES 45 ' MonachusVestiarius,' who was excused from certain usual duties, on account of the department of clothing over which he presided. He prepared the dresses of the novices, and undertook all necessary repairs. He hkewise negotiated, when needful, with clothiers, tan- ners, tailors and shoemakers. The dress of the monk, on the other hand, was a habit of white (or undyed) woollen, with a hood of the same, together with an under-tunic and shoes. Gaiters were worn in cold weather. While officiating, no dalmatic or cope was permitted in the stricter days of this Order. The chasuble was to be of fustian or white linen. (E.xordium Cisterciensis Constit. et Consuet. Eccles. Off. C. LV. p. 152). A thirteenth century burglary which will be noticed in place includes Chasubles among the articles plundered from the Sacristy at Hailes. CoQUiNA, OR Kitchen The space between the Cellarium and the great Refectory, or Frater, of the monks (59 ft. by 20 ft.) was occupied by kitchens and larders for the lay-brethren, and for the monks ; from which respectively, west and east, the viands were despatched to the two refectories through service-doors. The kitchen for the lay-brothers has undergone complete transformation for domestic purposes in the later period of the monastery, including a renewed partition- wall of masonry dividing the above space into two portions, and leaving the further, or monks' kitchen, an office 32 ft. by 33 ft. (as usual nearly square) which doubtless has served for a kitchen down to perhaps 1700 a.d. Outside it, on the south, extended a long yard, probably with openings from its now vanished wall, and perhaps a woodhouse for fuel. On the north, it was entered by a door from the south cloister- walk, the eastward jamb of which is gone. Few of the courses of this north wall of the kitchen are the original ones, except in the last ten feet eastward toward the Frater. The fireplaces here were two in number, and were placed side by side, furnished with projecting jambs and hoods, at seventeen feet distance from (and parallel to) the north wall. One of these was found in August, 1907, with, beside it, a mass of burned ashes. Some feet to the rear of these fireplaces (and but seven feet distant from the Frater wall), is a rectangular stone sink in site, having a brick channel leading from it (N). Of the vaulting there is no trace remaining, nor of the various lockers. The eighteenth century Views (of Kip and Buck q. v.), however, give us the elevation of 46 HISTORY OF HAILES this building, as it survivcil to the time of the hitest Tracy residents here. In Buck's view (1732) the cast wall of the kitchen is shown with an upper floor having a door towards tlic Frater closed by ' filling-in ' ; the Frater having then entirely disappeared, saving its lower north wall (door and lockers). Moreover, the kitchen is shewn extended so as to have covered over a portion of the cloister-walk. The Cellarium's serving-hatch has been converted into a late X\T. C. door having shallow-pannelled-out jambs. That to the monks' Frater may, from appearances of a projection low clown on the north face of the opening, have possessed a shelved turn- table. The Frater (O. Fr. Fraitur) The Frater (or dining-hall) at Hailes is situated in the usual Cis- tercian position, at right angles to the South Cloister. It measured 116 ft. in length by 29 ft. 9 ins. — proportions falling rather short of those of Beaulieu, now the Parish Church there {i.e., 130 ft. by 30 ft.) It does not deflect from its right-angle to the Cloister, but so much of it has been destroyed that its original features cannot be vouched for, saving the fine early English double-door, into which however, has been laboriously inserted a debased wicket, regardless of symmetry. (Fig. 6). The former measures nine feet in width, and, as the caps on its cloister (or N.) face show, it was originally enriched with two free shafts of blue lias, between three engaged ones of oolite, and with one deep overhead member decorated with elaborately-undercut dog-tooth leafage. The label has suffered doubly, from breakage and from deUberate shaving off, so that its e.xact molding cannot be traced. The door-mold is given in Fig. 22 of Moldings. The left (or E.) jamb underwent drastic transformation in the fifteenth century, in connection probably with the re-building of the adjoining lavatory. It now presents a solid jamb of splayed ashlar-work, above which, however, have been retained surviving caps of the vanished E.E. shafts. Excavation has shown that the Frater must have been des- troyed by a fire in the XV. C, and that it was afterwards restored in a poorer style. But only the footing-courses together with frag- mentary buttress-bases, remain, even of this rebuild. At the south end,* nevertheless, the conflagration may have been stayed. The presence there (not in site, however), of blue lias shafts (4 J inch • Afterwards built over by the later owners, with stables and offices. Fic. 10. Max Clarke. CHAPTER-HOUSE ARCHES (LOOKING WEST). .I/.i.l- LL,,i^e. RECESSES l.\ CLOISTER. WAI, I. HISTORY OF HAII^ES 47 diameter) probably relates to early English windows, or more probab- ly to their rear-arches. At this end also were found many arch- moldings (Cf. Fig. of Moldings). The south wall of the Frater is 5 ft. 8 ins. in thickness. Probably (like the subvault to the Dorter), it was hghted at this end by two splayed lancet windows. At the northern end it was hghted by tall lancets from the Cloister. (See Buck's View.) Externally, the east wall is furnished with square buttresses 16 feet apart. On the west wall no trace of the pulpit, or of the stair to it, was met with. Near to the door from the Cloister was found (not in site) the fine early English quatrefoil cap of blue lias. This is now seen in the Lavatory. The service-door to the kitchen occupied the usual position, and consisted of a four-foot splayed opening down to the floor.* In the north wall, next it, occurs a deep double-cupboard, the two portions being of unequal dimensions. Within them runs a continuous groove for a shelf. The iron pins for the wooden doors to these cupboards can be traced still. Beyond the eastern- most of these is embedded a small reeded Norman cap, having served here as mere building-material. This may have belonged to the parish church until alterations there early in the fourteenth cen- tury, or it may have come from the long-demolished castle, f East of the Frater door, besides a trefoil-headed cupboard (2 ft. deep), are seen four much smaller ones in a line flush with the wall-surface, and carven in a single block of ashlar. These were for the drinking vessels, knives, etc. A lavatory sink can be traced just beyond them. It is probable, therefore, that a considerable section of the Frater at this north end was partitioned off with screens for the service of the Refectorer (Pantry). The floor and step being ob- literated, it is not possible to prove the point. It is likewise probable that down the centre of the entire Hall, parting it into two unvaulted bays (of 14 ft. 10 ins. each), ran an arcade upon stone pillars, ending north and south upon stout corbels. In English Cistercian Fraters the roof was of timber, having high gables. It is manifest that twenty-two (or even fifty) monks, with their Abbot, would be relatively lost in so large a dining-hall ; moreover, the food at the Abbot's table on the dais across the south end, would be somewhat cooled long before it reached its destination. * See ante (Kitchen.) t East of the cottages beyond the Church of Hailes. 48 HISTORY OF HAILES It is needful to recollect that there must in prosperous days, at least, have been numerous novices at HaUes. Favoured guests were also often present there. But it seems likely that this Frater never again, (unless on the occasion of the visit of King Edward I. in 1301) was filled with such an illustrious assembly as that already noticed by Matthew Paris in 1251, at the Dedication, unless it was upon Palm Sunday in 1258, when Richard and Sanchia came again to Hailes as King and Queen of the Romans. As remarked already, all trace of the reading-pulpit and stairs to it in the west wall have disappeared. The L.watory The Lavatory (Fig. 7, No. i) with its lavabo occurs at Hailes between the door of the Frater and that of the Warming-Parlour (Calefactorium). A few traces of the original or early English one remain in the wall above. It may have been destroyed in a con- flagration in the fifteenth century after which the present one was built in place of it. It consists of one open (18 ft. Gins.) segmental arch with pannelled soffit and sides recessed into the walls of both ' the Warming Parlour and the Frater. It was supplied with a row of taps from a pipe, which played into a long stone trough, the semicircular groove to retain which is well seen at the east end of it. To the left of the centre, from the north face of the arch, remains in site a corbel, or springer, for the inserted XV. C. cloister-vaulting. In certain Cistercian Abbeys the Lavatory, Uke that at Gloucester, and at MeUifont, was placed in the opposite, or Cloister, wall. At Fountains, it is divided into two sections by the entrance to the Frater. The lowness of the trough at Hailes suggests the con- venience for the ' mandatum ' or Saturday washing of feet. (Cf. Fountains Abbey, by W. H. S. Hope, p. 93). The drain runs out direct from beneath it to the Cloister. As the rear wall in 1899 was found to have been perforated by cattle, much imperiUing the whole arch, the vaulting-ribs met with in abundance while e.xploring the Chapter-House site were utiUsed to secure it against further damage. Hence the pecuhar appearance of a ribbed rear-wall. At the same time the wild growth of all kinds was largely removed, including at the same time an old ash tree which had grown from, and had entirely enveloped the neigh- bouring Day-stair to the Dorter (Dormitorium).* * For these services thanks are due to the Directors of the Economic Insurance Co., who readily granted their permission. history of hailes 49 The Warming-Parlour (Calefactorium) This chamber was entered by the trefoil-headed (1271-6) door inserted beneath a semicircular filleted E.E. label, (so favoured here), and was a vaulted room of two (14ft. Sins.) bays, having a wide hooded fireplace in the mid-west wall and a dark oblong recess (6 ft. deep by 13 ft. wide), at the opposite, or east, end. From the latter a door (3 ft. wide) communicated under the day- stairs to the Dorter, with the sub-vault of the latter. This recess was lit on the south by a small squint-light, rebated for a shutter* from the yard (originally) beyond the south wall. In the latter there was probably a door, likewise opening to the yard. [Cf. Plan.] Of the fireplace (9 ft. wide) one base (N.) of a moulded jamb survives, and much of its rear-wall is discoloured by fire. Bases of the early English angle-vaulting-shafts, and springers (N.), remain in site. Situated, as it was, between the warming-parlour and the kitchen, the Prater (had it not been so long a room with three sides to the air, and numerous windows), might have been a warm one, saving at the Abbot's (or South) end. However, it stood on the south side of the Cloister, and while sheltered from the north wind by the Church, was equally sheltered from the east by the lofty woodland ridge above Farmcote and Coscombe. In the western section of the north wall of the warming- parlour is a large cupboard, once bisected by a muUion into two pointed heads. The entire wall-face, on this side, together with the door to the Cloister, has undergone serious refilling in the restor- ation after the first fire, in 1270. The drainage from the upper floor and roof poured down be- tween heavy buttresses on the south wall, and was carried off im- mediately into the great culvert beyond this, running nearly parallel to it, but nevertheless, in its latest edition, showing a decided dip to the north-west. In late days of the Abbey it seems evident that ' necessaria ' were located here, suggesting that the Rere-Dorter may have been one of the collapsed buildings referred to in the Papal Indulgence. The monks were permitted to use the warming-parlour at stated times, and to dry their garments there. In some Cistercian con- \-ents, as at RievauLx, there were two fireplaces set opposite to one another in it. At Fountains they were set side by side in the east wall. At Tintem, on the other hand, the hearth was placed in the * The pin is in site. 50 HISTORY OF HAILES centre. This illustrates varieties of detail-treatment in the Abbeys of this Order. It is, therefore, not always so safe as is sometimes imagined to be, to draw general conclusions from given examples, in tlcaling with things Cistercian. Culvert The culvert was found in June, 1907, at a depth of 5 ft. 6 ins. Its own depth is 4 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and it ran at a distance of ten feet southward and, as stated, not parallel to the Warming- parlour, where it made its appearance from under the Dormitory and Rere-dorter, east of that, on its way to pass under the Frater and rear of the Kitchen to the Rere-dorter of the Conversi. At its exposed section it has been so restored and made especial use of in late days, that it does not present a fine appearance. The opening made (and left) here shows an open section of the culvert between what have been two late arches (XV. C.) That on the east side has been partly exchanged for one large flat stone. Neither of the side-waUs are bonded in, and, altogether, it may be considered certain that the western section of the original culvert did not flow quite so far north as does this later version of it. Hence the earlier one ran more in line with the eastern section in front of the E.E. rcredorter {i.e., east of the sub-vault). In it were found a silver penny of Edward I, together with pieces of deer's horn, and some fifteenth century pottery. DORTER-SUBVAULT (O. F. Dortoir). The day-stairs to the Dorter have been already mentioned as leaving the Cloister at its south-eastern angle by a chamfered seg- mental arch. The start of these, as well as the spring of the archway which covered it, and a few stairs, are all that survive. Nearly fourteen generations of white monks passed up and down these stairs to their vanished dormitory. Over the arch was probably a window throwing light into the vaulted passage leading upward. By these same stairs would have been gained the chamber above the Warming parlour as well as the Dorter itself. A window may have also lit the landing with a south light. The subvault was entered from the last bay but one of the east Cloister walk by an E.E. round-labelled doorway, having angle- shafts on its west face. (Fig. 8) An ugly inserted splay strength- ens it on the east. It was a vaulted chamber 89 feet in length, or six bays (of 14 ft. 10 ins.), by 28 ft. 8 ins., or divided into two bays (14 ft. 4 ins.), by a row of pillars down the centre. It thus ran HISTORY OF HAILES 51 N. — S., parallel with the start of the day-stair to Dorter on the other (or west), side of its own west wall. In the second bay of this wall occurs a double-cupboard, rebated lor doors, and grooved within for shelves. Each cupboard measures 3 ft. i in., and is 3 ft. i| ins. high. The dividing mullion = 6i ins. In the next bay is a door, before-mentioned, leading from it into the Warming- parlour, beneath the Dorter stairway. This would seem to strengthen the hypothesis that the sub-vault was used by the novices, who would thus have had their own entrance to the Warming-parlour. In the further (S.) portion of the next, or fourth bay, the wall gives out in a bold splay, and now, apparently, forms the north end of a recess (five feet in depth) leading to a sharp angle, where, taking up again for three feet, it ends in a small revet, doubtless the jamb of an original doorway from a yard (W.) without. Un- fortunately the corresponding jamb has disappeared with (if we except a somewhat mutilated buttress), all the remaining west wall of the two southernmost bays of the subvault. Probably there corresponded to this door a similar one in the opposite (or east) wall of the subvault, forming a passage leading out into the open court or space immediately east of the subvault and at north of the rere-dorter. The stone culvert from the rere-dorter runs diagonally beneath the next or penultimate bay. Extensive and destructive alterations, both in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and probably in the seventeenth, centuries have been made here, the exact purpose of which it is now somewhat hard to decipher. The last (or S.W.) base of a six-inch vaulting shaft is in site in its angle backed by a projecting revet from the south wall, behind which com- mences a long, but not original, recess bearing white plaster upon its wall. This recess is formed, on its west side, by a five-foot XV. C. wall, starting from the last western buttress of the subvault, and extending for 7 ft. 7 ins. to the north. At this point it turns sharply (W.) so as to form a fresh (ten-foot) recess backed by a two- foot wall which is seven feet in length. Besides this last wall (east of it), occurs a well-formed water-shoot descending to the culvert. The north and west faces of the south-western buttress of the sub- vault have been reduced roughly for some not-precisely-determinable purpose. AU these changes belong to the fifteenth century. (Cf. Plan). Among objects found occurred half of the rod of a gypciere, or purse, of bronze inlaid with silver (niello-work) ; in addition some miniature fragments of open-traceried panels in 52 HISTORY OF HAILES lead. These were probably gilded, and applied in continuous lines of decoration (perhaps over velvet, or silk) along the plinths or cornices of precious boxes and metal desks. (Fig. 23, i). The two southern buttresses of the Subvault, with remains of their plinths, are still in site. The sills and rebates of two long early English splayed, but unmolded windows, one to each bay, and placed six feet apart, are preserved. Next the western one, within {i.e., between it and the vaulting-shaft base), is found a small recess, or cupboard. Unfortunately, some fine ash trees preclude further interior exploration at this end of the subvault. An interesting find beneath the cupboard in the soil was a complete copper candle- stick, here figured (Fig. 18, 2), which Mr A. Hartshorne is able to date to (circa) a.d. 1480. It should be mentioned that the XVIII. C. prints show that there were post-Reformation domestic-offices built against (or in front of), the south-west end of the subvault. On the east side of the subvault a broached buttress-footing projects opposite the first (or north) bay. In the wall of the second bay occurs a splayed door. Outside the third bay the footings of two early walls eight feet apart, and with a paven floor between them, extend for a few feet eastward, but there give out. Probably these represent the site of some early destroyed building. Here was perhaps the Infirmary Court, as some foreign examples show. From the east wall (much demoHshed) at the fifth bay (S.) the rere-dorter (Dormitorii necessaria), a building (E.E. 73 ft. 6 ins. in length, in five vaulted bays 14ft. Gins, wide), connected the sub- vault with another building. In front (S.) of it runs the great culvert, or drain, supplied from the large fishponds adjacent to the south-east. The north wall of the subvault, saving a few feet of it against the start of the Parlour,* has been destroyed. The latter passage opens from the Cloister at the third bay of the east walk, by an interesting, but inserted, cinquefoil-headed early English door. Beneath the molded semi-circular (and original E.E.) label on the west face of this, has been inserted (so as to spring from the early jamb-shafts), a XV. C. segmental molded arch ; the gaps between the two arches have been filled up with broken sections of slender E.E. shafts. From the segmental arch, in turn, sprang (from an inserted corbel) vaulting ribs of the rebuilt (or XV. C), Cloister of unequal bays. The cinquefoil arch, as * Locutorium. Fig. II. SI. C. A'. CHAPTERHOUSE. CHAl'TKRHOUSE. 1899.1900 HISTORY OF HAILES 53 stated, is itself an insertion of late XIII. C. date, probably a restoration after the fire of 1270 a.d. It is, therefore, by the same handicraftsman as the trefoil headed insertion in the Warming- parlour door close by. Within, the passage still preserves on both sides remains of the stone bench, but no tiles. The Chapter-House wall, which formed its northern side, has well-nigh disappeared, but its lowest course was followed inside, during the 1899-1900 ex- ploration, to its internal angle by Canon Bazeley and the writer. Of the Infirmary passage, presently. As at Beaulieu, and at Jervaulx, the beginning of this passage joined the ' Auditorium,' or parlour, where at stated times, silence might be broken. Ch.\pter-House This was entered through a double doorway {11 ft. 5 ins.) with tracery above it, the centre one of three finely-molded E.E. arches (corresponding to its own three vaulted alleys) from the fifth bay of the same (E.) walk of the cloister. This door\vay was flanked by two molded E.E. openings (10 ft. 11 ins.) the siUs of which are in part preserved, though the tracery and jamb-shafts have vanished. These were subdivided in two trefoil-headed openings, as some of the bases in site, made manifest. A hood-mold of later date (? 1271-6) than the original has been inserted above this door. Within (47 ft. 9 ins. by 35 ft 2 ins.) were found in site four quadri- foliate molded bases of blue has, with fragments of composite vault- ing shafts of the same material. A tri-foUate shaft (corresponding to the southern jamb-shaft of the door opposite to it), was also found rising (where still it does) from the stone bench by the east wall to the left (S.) of a filled up doorway. The bench originally ran round the entire chamber. The vault was enriched with gilded bosses of elaborate sculpture. (Figs. 12, 13, 14). Six of these were found by Canon Bazeley and the writer almost intact, Ij'ing among masses of fallen vaulting ribs, and a seventh had been reduced to many fragments. Remains of an eighth have been located by the writer hard-by. Probably there were nine. One of these was discovered laid deUberately upon two large stones, ready to be deported. The conventional fohage is undercut with extraordinary deUcacy. Most remarkable among them all, perhaps, is one (found face downward) representing Samson rending the lion's jaws. (Fig. 13 and 14). Traces of gilding over the red ground were abundant on these bosses at the date of finding. 54 HISTORY OF HAILES Here were also found numerous tiles bearing the rebus of Abbot Anthony Melton (1508-1527) and some of Abbot Thomas Stafford (1503-8), besides others bearing a portcullis, for Lord Herbert of Raglan. Here, daily, at a lectern, was read after Prime, a chapter of the Rule of St. Benedict. In the daily Chapter-assembly misdemeanours and their penalties were methodically recited, and corporal or hghter punishments were thereafter administered. Special prayers in cer- tain cases were said for the culprit. After this, some wise, or aged monk was deputed to look after and, if needful, induce humility in him. Such punishments consisted of blows with rope or rod upon the shoulders. The other not less distressing penalties, such as that for breach of silence, were bread and water, or a portion of coarser-grade bread in the refectory, or the culprit might be ordered to eat when the others had finished their meal. For yet more serious crimes, there was prison ; there was also excommunication ; or, finally, there was ejectment from the Community. There were found no traces of burials in the Chapter-House, the soil of which was wet clay. Those within the Galilee of the Church (as mentioned already), were destroyed twenty years since, during draining-operations. The lids of two coffins, probably deriv- ing thence, are now to be seen in the Parish Church Hanking the altar. Book-Cupboard and Vestry Between the Chapter-House and the South Transept extended W-E for (c) 48 feet a chamber of three bays, twelve and a half feet wide, which served, no doubt, as elsewhere, the purpose and capacity of a vestry and communicated with the Church. All but the angle-shafts (W.) and its early English double door from the Cloister (complete until after 1856*) has been demolished. The quatrefoil head of the doorway was found under the Cloister walk in August, igoo. (Fig. 15). The base of blue has for its central shaft, and part of the latter, are in site. Elaborate means for security in the shape of bar holes, early and late in date, may be noticed in the jambs. In the former, or original, wall, between this and the Procession- al door to the Church (now a new dry-wall), may have been situated as at Quarr, Tintern, and elsewhere, the ' Armarium,' or small book-cupboard, fitted with shelves. Incidentally, a letter of acknowledgment (dated Nov. 4th, 1319), from Adam de Orleton, Bishop of Hereford (Cf. Reg. Orleton * See Buck's view. HISTORY OF HAILES 55 f. XXXIII. a.) for certain books received by him and borrowed from Laurence Bruton, of Chipping Norton, informs us of volumes which may well have been used at Hailes. They are the ' Summa Theologiae ' of Thomas Aquinas, in four volumes ; the same Thomas's comment on the fourth book of the ' Sentences ' ; Anselm's ' Book of Simih- tudes ' ; a book of Scolastic History ; Aristotle's Rhetoric ; Tully's Rhetoric ; and a Book of Geometry, with Commentary. All of these the Bishop promises to return to the said Laurence in England, or, in default, their full value, as shall please Brother John (Dene) Abbot of Hailes, (maternal uncle of the said Laurence) as well as the said Laurence. The letter is dated from the Priory of St. Rufus, near Avignon. (Cf. Reg. Adam de Orleton, Cantelupe Society Publication, p. 119).* It is interesting to be able to add that a Richard Bruton, of the same Chipping Norton, was given reserv- ation of a benefice valued at 30 marks, in the gift of the Bishop of Lincoln, at the request of Cardinal Jacopo Colonna, on June 2gth, 1317, at Avignon, and also that a concurrent mandate was sent to this Abbot of Hailes, and to two other individuals. (Cf. Cal. Papal Reg. R.S. vol. II., p. 155). This enables us to place Abbot John Dene as Abbot of Hailes as early as 1317, while other sources give him to us as hving in 1323 and onward. The keeper and distributor of the Monastery's books was the Precentor, who kept a register of them and of the manu- scripts and charters. He also was general instructor in music. The Sunday-Procession, starting from this point in the Cloister, marched around it, visiting in turn the previously described offices of the Convent, to the CeUarium in the opposite side. Such were the buildings within the precinct-waU, which had been dedicated by the Bishop of Worcester and the Founder, and King Henry his brother, in November, 1251. The ' Novum Opus,' begun in 1271, after a fire, and the coming of the Holy Blood, together with other later buildings, will be duly noticed. The various and drastic alterations in each of the remaining original doors are to be easily traced in the adjacent waUs, and clearly inform us of the great destruction wrought by the said fire. The Dormitory and Cale- factory suffered extremely, and their doors were burnt out. It is now time to return to the History of the Convent. * The writer's acknowledgements for this document are due to the Rev. A. T. Bannister. M.A., Vicar of Ewias Harold. CHAPTER VI. The Shrine of the Holy Blood. EARL Richard purchased, and, in 1254, transferred to Hailes the manors of Nether Swell, with a park of 140 acres ; Great Wormington, with a Grange; Cosconibe; Rodbourne (County Wilts), and a pasture in Heath-end (County Worcester). To these posses- sions, in 1270, the King added a gift of the Fee-Farm of Pinnock- shire. (Cf. Pipe Roll. a. 44, Hen. HI, m. 2). Hailes, during her first twenty years, was undoubtedly prospering in spite of the tragic troubles of the kingdom culminating hard-by at Evesham in 1265. From that battle the Founder of Hailes was happily absent, being in Kenilworth Castle where he had been imprisoned by his brother- in-law, Simon, the great Earl of Leicester, who had placed him in the custody of his sons. His own son, Henry of Almaine, likewise was absent, being engaged in negociations at the French Court. A small quarrel between the Abbot of Hailes and Bartholomew, Lord of Sudeley, concerning common rights and delimitations, had been settled by a perambulation by twelve men of the Fee, of each party, in order to certify to their respective employers the extent of their right respecting the Common-land belonging to the men of Hailes, Piseley, Sudeley and Greet. This Bartholomew de Sudeley in 1267-8, received at Sudeley Castle Robert de Ferrers,* Earl of Derby, who had been cap- tured by Henry of Almaine at the battle of Chesterfield. The prisoner had been a ward of Queen Eleanor. His mother, Sybil Marshal, had been sister to Henry of Almaine's mother, Isabel. Thus, they were first cousins. The Earl of Derby was actually found hidden away under some sacks of wool and dragged out by the soldiers. The Chronicler says rather vaguely, " perchance this was the occasion of Henry of Almaine's death, for he was the Commander in this victory, and very many of the enemy were slain." (Harl. 3725. f. 13 b). The ransom of the vast estates • He had in 1263 captured Worcester for the Barons and sacked it. Fig. 12. E. Marsland. FOUR BOSSES FROM TH1-: CH.\PTER HOUSE HISTORY OF HAILES 57 of De Ferrers was fixed at £50,000, and was held by Prince Edmund (Cf. Abbrev. Placit. p. 187). Before the battle at Eves- ham, Simon de Montfort had imprisoned De Ferrers on account of his violent and shifty conduct. The King now deprived him of his earldom. De Ferrers hved three years at Sudelej', and it seems probable that he died there and may have been buried at Hailes. It is otherwise difficult to account for such numbers (as have been found), of late thirteenth century tiles bearing his family coat-vair}', within a bordure of eight nailheads, also others dis- playing a gyronny of eight, within a similar bordure. In 1268 Richard took to himself yet a third wife, this time, the beautiful lady Beatrice von Falkenstein, whose maternal uncle, Archbishop of Cologne, had crowned Richard as King of the Romans. A serious quarrel arose in 1274 between the Abbot of Hailes with his Convent and the Bishop of Worcester, concerning the parish church of St. George, at Didbrook, which had been granted to the Abbey. The exact nature of the dispute is not clear, but it was carried so far that the Bishop laid his interdict upon Hailes. On the 23rd April, 1275, a mandate was issued to certify the Bishop of the execution of the letters issued for the correction of the Abbot and monks of Hailes. This was enforced by another mandate (3 non. mart.) which mentions the Interdict on the Abbot and his accomplices, and upon all those who should convey bodies from the Church at Didbrook to the Monastery of Hailes for burial. It was removed however on July nth of the same year. It has been mentioned in connection with the Abbey Church that Queen Sanchia died at Berkhampstead Manor, Nov. 9th, 1261 — the lady at whose wedding-feast at Westminster Hall (Nov. 22nd, 1243) it is said that 30,000 dishes {i.e., a large number), were served to the guests. Her heart was buried in the Presbytery of Cirencester Abbey, while her body was taken by Boniface, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, and two Bishops, to Hailes, and solemnly interred in the north Presbytery aisle (Nov. 16),* probably in the presence of her youthful son, Edmund, presently Earl of Cornwall. In 1270, on Holy Rood Day (Sept. 14th), Edmund, now twenty years of age, brought to Hailes part of a reUc of the Holy Blood, which bore the guarantee of Urban IV. (Jacques * 1261. XVII. Kal. Dec. Sepulta fuit apud Heiles. MS. Chron. of Hayles. Cleop. D. III. 58 HISTORY OF HAILES Pantaleone) 1261-64, himself a Cistercian and formerly Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1255-61. It was with great pomp consigned to a shrine (which had been made for it) by the Abbots of Winchcombe (John Yanworth) and Hailcs (Walter ) in Edmund's presence. It had been brought on the previous day as far as Winchcombe Abbey, where it remained guarded by two Cistercian monks. On the following morning a procession was formed, Edmund and the Abbot of Winchcombe heading it, which made for Hailes. The monks of the two Convents met in the field still called ' Rowley,' where a tent and an altar having been raised for the occasion the entire populace of the neighbourhood adored the Relic. The Abbot of Hailes preached an explanatory sermon, and after it, the procession re-formed and with hymn and jubilation carried the sacred treasure to the monastery. (F. 44 b, Chron. de Hayles.) The shrine was (with much probability) placed in the central chapel of the five already described, under the eastern gable of the Church. (Fig. 4). But. in order to glorify the possession of so potent a relic, as well as to accommodate the probable pilgrims which its fame would be sure to attract, the architects were consulted, with the interesting result that the latter having in mind the new chevet at Westminster as well as the splendid shrine of the Confessor recently re-estabhshed therein, it was resolved to imitate the Chevet, or coronet of semi- octagonal chapels thrown out around the head of the Presbytery there. As the same year had witnessed a disastrous conflagration at Hailes, it seems probable that not only the architects and under- masons were on the spot to consult, but the occasion came fittingly to their aid. The translation of the remains of Edward the Con- fessor, at which Earl Richard with his third wife, Beatrice, assisted, had taken place on Oct. 13th, 1269. From the fact of the choir at Hailes having occupied the first bays of the nave (west of the transepts), it seems even likely that Westminster had already in- fluenced the design of the Gloucestershire monastery — ' tam insigne et incomparabile.' The excavators of 1899-1900 were fortunate enough to lay bare the entire footing and buttressing of this grand work, together with the semi-circular aisle, or processional path, passing in front of the five new chapels ; and as the two southernmost chapels (in one of which the writer found a bronze badge or pilgrim-button representing the Martyrdom of St. Edmund)* were better preserved * See Fig. 23, No. 3. HISTORY OF HAILES 59 in the lower courses (as Mr Harold Brakspear* has written, who measured them at the time), "the whole place can be recon- structed. In fact it is not very difficult to imagine its primal beauty." The respective altars had been placed opposite the open- ings. From the remains found in these it was evident that they had been vaulted with ribs springing from triple wall shafts in each angle, and which met in the centre. Externally to each angle was joined a large buttress. The footings of the buttresses to the central chapel differed from their fellows in being wedge- shaped. " Whether this indicates that the buttresses above (them) followed their Hnes it is impossible to say, as nothing remains above them." (Cf. Transactions Br. & Gl. Archl. Soc, Vol. XXIV., pt. I, p. 131). The lowest course of two bases belonging to the piers which carried the apse, in addition to the nearly perfect base of one of these, were found in site, in a line north-east of the angle of the central Shrine, the base of which we were also fortunate enough to find and identify. Some thirty fragments of stained Early English glass from the eastern windows were found here, (June i-4th, 1900), displaying ' cross-hatching ' and conventional trefoils. Tiles, chiefly of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, were numerous, many bearing the well-known three-towered castle of Castile and a fleur-de-lis for Anjou.j In the central chapel was found the body of an adult, without the coffin (? plundered). On the loth of June several other bodies were found in the south aisle of the Presbytery together with the shield and fragments of a knight's effigy, and two hands of that of a lady, before referred to. The Shrine At forty-two feet from the rear-wall footing of the central chapel, and nearly mid-way between two (N. and S.) pier-footings, came to light a large rectangular base measuring eight feet in breadth, by ten feet long, east to west, for the most of it still standing two feet in height. Could it be possible, after all the destruction and the carting away for other buildings in post-dissolution days, after the pasturing in that field of generations of cattle, that anything could be left of that wondrous Shrine, the very sight of which, Latimer (denouncing it at Bristol) had said the people believed to put them in a state of Salvation ? Could it be that after the * C£. His plan and description. Vol. XXIV., p. 126. Trans. B. & Gl. Arch. Soc, 1 90 1. t See Fig. 3. £ 3 6o HISTORY OF HAILES last Abbot of Hailes, Stephen Sagar, in 1533 (Sept. 23rd) had (possibly in order to curry favour), begged Cromwell "that the case which contained that feigned relic of Christ's Blood, which standeth where it did in the nature of a Shrine, may be put down, every stick and stone, and so no remembrance of that forged relic may remayne there," — that after this denunciation, the base of it was actually being uncovered in site before our eyes at the close of the nineteenth century ? It was a sensation not to be forgotten by the explorers in that quiet pasture-field — with the ancient wooded hills looking down upon it — to survey close to them on the one side (N.) original XIII. C. pavement formed of the tiles of Richard, Earl of Cornwall King of the Romans, with fragments of tabcrnacle-work which had belonged to his fine tomb ; and on the other side of them, the stone Base which for two hundred and seventy years had carried the rich shrine containing a relic so famous that Leland said of it: — " God daily sheweth miracles through the virtues of that precious Blood." (Cf. Fig. 4). This Locus Venerabilis had been the raison-d'etre of the pro- longation of the eastern section in order, while glorifying the Church, to accommodate the promised multitudes of sick people and pilgrims who should come thereafter to the spot of healing, and presently, having been shewn the relic and having recited a prayer, leave it. From its position here, the Shrine of the Holy Blood (garnished with jewels and gilded Early English carving, as it had been, and lit by the blending lights of five beautiful traceried chapel windows that rose solemnly around it — as it were an adored centre of holiness) could have been seen ' end-on ' over the High Altar and also right down the Presbytery, by the white monks and their novices as they stood and chanted in their choir-staUs — whether in the dim of winter morning on a stormy day, or under the rich blaze when September suffused all things, at High Mass for the Feast of Holy Rood. Nevertheless, even as with Beckett's similarly resplen- dent Shrine at Canterbury, " from the beginning of its glory, there had been contained in it the seeds of its own destruction " (Cf. Stanley, Canterbury, p. 230). Very dihgently did we (remembering how Rome used of old to send off her pilgrims with models of St. Peter's keys, and Canterbury her pilgrims with brooches displaying a mitred head of St. Thomas), search and sift the ground for some similar token of the Holy Blood, but with small success. HISTORY OF HAILES 6l The relic itself (we know from the seals of Hailes, as well as from literary evidences), was contained in a crystal, or glass, bottle, through the sides of which it was viewed by those who paid for the coveted favour, or who desired to obtain remission of punishment hereafter by so doing. (Cf. Fig. i8). Probably there was placed near the Shrine a table for offerings, upon which waxen torches constantly burned, attended to in turn by the custodians, one a monk, and one a lay brother. Architecturally (since it must perforce have been oblong), the Shrine above the base probably rose, like other contemporary shrines, from vertical pannelled sides (perhaps covered with plates of enamelled metal), into a crocketed ridge-crest.* More we dare not (in default of any representation of it extant), premise. The base was found to stand a foot out of the centre, toward the north. It is perhaps more likely than not, that on especial feasts the relic was carried by the Abbot in solemn procession to the Galilee and there displayed (during the chanting of a hymn), to the kneehng crowds from the country-side, and then taken back along the aisle to its jewelled shrine. In front (W) of the Shrine were found, deeply-embedded in debris, important members of the geometrical tracery of a great window. These are now to be seen in one of the (N.) Cloister re- cesses. (See Fig. 13, No. 2). * A shrine usually consisted of: (1) A stone base carrying on arches (2) A stone table ; (3) A feretory, or main section containing the Relic, often plated with precious metal and enriched with gems, which, except on occasion, was concealed by a wooden covering (4) or Cooperculum, carved and gilded, and raised by rope and pulley. CHAPTER VII. The Viterbo Tragedy. IT must have been while the stately polygonal apse was rising, course upon course, at Hailes, that a blow, almost of a mortal nature, tell upon its founder, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. This was the murder of his son and heir, Henry of Almaine, at Viterbo (variously chronicled as having occurred on the gth, 12th or 13th of March, 1271), at the hands of Guy and Simon de Montfort (his first-cousins), Aldobrandino, ' II Rosso,' Count of Anguillara,* and Walter de Baskerville. Although the ill-fated Prince had not taken part (owing to absence in France at that time), in the great battle of Evesham (1265) the crime was probably intended as a revenge for the ruin of the De Montforts there and their allies, and of the abominable and ferocious treatment of the body of their illustrious father, Simon (the elder) by the Royalist victors, who are related to have cut off the hands and feet, and haled his corpse by the hair up and down the fatal field. One chronicler however suggests that the later battle of Chesterfield, in which Henry of Almaine was victor, was the real cause. Perhaps we should also take into consideration the fact that the lands of the disinherited had been restored in January of the same year, with the exceptions of those of the De Montforts and of the Earl of Derby. On his way to Venice, for the East, after the collapse of the Crusade, Henry of .\lmaine, but recently married to the daughter of Gaston de Beam (a turbulent Gascon vassal of Henry III), accom- panied Charles I of Aniou,t King of Naples, and Philip III of France, from Sicily to Viterbo, where the conclave was assembhng for the election of a Pontiff to fill the chair vacated by the death of Clement IV. The Prince would seem to have been at his devotions in the parish church of San Sylvestro,J (now II Jesu) * Whose daughter Guy de Montfort had recently espoused. t He had joined his cousin Edward in setting forth for Tunis, but upon the death of Louis IX., Edward went on to the Holy Land while Henry returned temporarily to Europe. J In Ecclesia Sancti Silvestri civitatis predicti. Flores Histor., p. 22, vol. III. Fio. 13. St. C. B. XIII. C. BOSSES: AND VAULTIXG-SHAFT OF CHAPTER HOUSE IN SITE A RECESS IX N. WALL TO CLOISTER HISTORY OF HAILES 63 doubtless close to the house in which he was lodged (possibly that of Pietro di Vico, the Prefect), which stood hard-by the original ' Municipio ' of that city.* At the hour when his royal kinsmen of France were attending mass in the church of San Fran- cesco, Henry was kneeling near the Altar of San Sylvestro. At the moment of ' Elevation ' his well-informed assassins, having dis- mounted at the door of the church, advanced upon him crying out, "Henry, you traitor, you shall not escape us!" whereupon, undeterred by the priests and deacons, who endeavoured to defend the Prince, they struck hard and stabbed him with their swords. Clinging to the altar, four of his fingers were left adhering to it. One of the deacons was slain and others were severely wounded. As the murderers were departing to their horses, someone, by reminding them how shamefully their father's corpse had been treated on the field of Evesham, caused the De Montforts to turn back into the church. Whereupon one or both of them dragged the dead or dying Henry up and down the pavement of the church. Leaving him there in his blood they mounted steed, and, riding away by the Val di Faul, made for the Count of Anguillara's Castle of Soana. This powerful personage, their sister'sf husband, was presently cited to appear on the charge of this murder before Pope Gregory X. The De Montforts, fearing the emissaries of their cousin, King Edward, a little later, took refuge in the beautiful Cistercian Abbey of San Galgano (Cf. Fig. 24), twenty-three miles south-west of Siena. The body of the luckless Henry of Almaine was treated in ac- cordance with the barbarous usage known as divisional sepulture, the origin of which may be attributed to the vicissitudes of the Crusade, which, in order to gratify the families of deceased princes and nobles, as well as to fulfil their own testamentary bequests, permitted their remains to be boiled (generally in wine) , and divided up into flesh, bones, and heart, and then dispatched in several portions to the favourite or chosen resting-places of their families. Louis IX (who had recently died of the plague at Tunis), and his brother Tristan, had been treated in this way by their brother • Not that of to-day. t Cherchez la Femme ! The count married Francesca, dau. of Arcinolfi of Rome, by whom he had Margherita= (i) Guy de Montfort. These had Anastasia = Romanello Orsini, to whom she brought the rich lands of Nola, Cicada, Atripaldo, Forito and Baiano, all in the Kingdom of Naples, which had been conferred on Guy by Charles of Anjou. Margherita = (2) a Kinsman, Orsetto Orsini. 64 HISTORY OF HAILES Charles of Anjou, who had carried portions of their bodies to Palermo and Monreale, and had forwarded the remainders of them to St. Denis. Especial Papal license was all that was required, and by obtaining that the soul of the deceased secured the prayers of several congregations. The reader will easily recall a multitude of examples of the custom. It has lasted (non obstante)* until our own day. In the case under consideration, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, despatched Cistercians from Hailes to bring back to their Abbey Prince Henry's bones. The latter reached London on May 15th, and were interred at Hailes, ' ante majus Altare,' on May 21st. His flesh had been already buried between the tombs of two Popesf in the church of Sta. Maria dei Gradi. His heart, however, was reserved for the Confessor's Shrine at Westminster, where the Abbot consigned it to rest in a cup of gilded silver.! This, of course, has long since disappeared. His connection with Westminster was a very intimate one, and the writer does not recollect to have seen it pointed out. " Whereas Henry de Almaine, the king's nephew, gave by charter to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster, all the land in West- minster, which he had, of the gift of Richard, Eari of Cornwall, King of Almaine, his father, to be held by the said Abbot and Church for ever, the king, out of devotion to St. Edward and special favour to the said Abbot and Convent, has granted that all the said land and the houses there built, or to be builded, shall be quit of the living of the King and his Marshals, so that no one shall be lodged there without the license of the Abbot and Convent, or their assigns." July 8th, 1270 (Cal. Chart. Rolls, vol. 2, p. 146, m. 2). This was dated, therefore, but five weeks before Henry left England for the last time (Aug. 15th, 1270), in company with his * Boniface VIII., to his credit, took up a vigorous policy against the ugly practice, and issued the Bull ' Detcstanda: Feritatis abusum,' threatening denial of Christian burial as a punishment. His successors, however, at Avignon, were too greedy of gain to carry it out. t Cujus caro ibidem sepelitur inter duos Papas. } Cor vero ipsius in cuppa deaurata juxta feretrum sancti Edwardi in ccclesia Westmonasterii honorifice collocatur. (P. 22. vol. III.. Florcs His- toriarum.) .\t their burials the Cistercians sang, " Subvenite sancti dei occurrite angeli domini suscipientes animan ejus ofierentes eam in conspectu alti.ssimi. Suscipiat eam Christus qui vocavit." Then the deceased having been interred and the psalms ended, they said, " Clementi.ssimc Domine, qui pro nostra miscria ab impiorum manibus mortis supplicium pcrtulisti, libera animam ejus de inferni voragine et de Ministris Tartareis. Miserator absolve, et cuncta ejus peccata oblivione perpetua dele eam ad lucem tuam angeli tradant Paradisi." HISTORY OF HAILES 65 young wife, Constance de Beam, whom he had married at Windsor (May igth) in the previous year. It was his intention to leave her in her native Gascony, and to join Edward, his cousin, for the Crusade, at Aigues Mortes. It is also worthy of mention here, that with Edward he had become surety for Simon de Montfort the younger (later, his assas- sin), when the latter had surrendered at Axholme, after Evesham, and became forced to abjure the realm. (Annal. Waverley, p. 363, R.S.) We hear of a funeral mass performed in his memory at Norwich on July 22nd. His father held the Manor of Eye, near there, and he had himself been born (as we have noticed) within that diocese at Haughley (Co. Suff.). A fresco representing the Viterbo tragedy is recorded to have been painted, with descriptive verses, upon the wall (? of the Church) by order of the citizens of Viterbo. Matthew of Westminster relates that a certain poet, beholding this painting, spoke thus : — * " Henry, the illustrious offspring of great Richard, Fair .^Imaine's king, was treacherously slain, .\s well this picture shows, w-hile home returning From Tripoli, by Royal favour guided : Slain in the service of the Cross of Christ By wicked hands. For scarcely mass was done, When Leicester's offspring, Guy and Simon fierce. Pierced his young heart with unrelenting swords. Thus God did will ; lest if those Barons fierce Returned, fair England should be quite undone. This happened in the sad Twelve-hundredth year And seventieth! of grace, while Charles was king. And in Viterbo was this brave Prince slain. I pray the Queen of Heaven to take his soul again." Another picture, perhaps a tempera-copy (but possibly the retouched remains of the original), was e.xtant in San Sylvestro until within forty years, and Signor Caposalvi, an architect of that city, told the writer many years back (1900) while making researches concerning Hailes, that he, and others still living, well recollected its general appearance. Simon de Montfort perished by an accident at Siena within a year of the crime, while Guy, who was made Viceroy of Tuscany by Charles of Anjou (an individual suspected strongly of direct complicity in it), had to undergo many severe penances ; but, remaining a favourite commander with his new master, he survived until 1288, when he was captured at sea by the Aragonese-SiciUan * For the Latin original, see Flores Historiarum, p. 22, vol. UL t Seventy-first. 66 HISTORY OF HAILES Commander, Ruggiero di Loria, then fighting against Charles of Naples for the possession of Sicily, in the war of the Vespers. He died miserably, it is related, in a Sicilian prison, in 1288.* Dante, referring to the notorious crime, describes Guy de Montfort as a lonely spirit plunged up to his very throat in boiling blood, shunned even by other assassins there, " for having pierced in God's bosom the heart which is yet (in Dante's day) venerated beside the Thames." (Cto. XII., 119, Inferno.) Walterde Baskerville became outlawed by Edward I, and when summoned to surrender himself on the charge of the murder, he pleaded that he could not be tried for a deed committed in a foreign land. He recovered his lands from Roger de Clifford in 1278. A few XIII. C. tiles bearing " an eagle displayed bendwise " have been thought to have represented Henry's arms at Hailes, as son of the King of the Romans. His actual arms are given as — "Or, an eagle displayed sable; armed gules." (Cf. Papworth p. 301.) Earlt Richard, whose health had been failing, in the September following the murder of his son heard of the partial destruction of Hailes by fire, and gave a thousand marks for the restoration. In December, while at his mansion at Berkhampstead, he was attacked by paralysis, in consequence of which he lingered until the follow- ing February (1272) when he died. J: His heart was bequeathed to the Franciscan Church at Oxford, and his body was transferred to Hailes to be placed in a tomb (as Founder of the Abbey), next the body of Sanchia, who had predeceased him by twenty years (1261). His third wife, Beatrice, said to have been very beautiful, built a noble ' pyramis ' there, over his remains, and dying herself in 1277 (Oct. 17th), was buried where his heart already lay at Oxford among the Grey Friars. By the death of Henry of Almaine the English honours of Richard descended to Edmund Plantagenet (the ekUst of two * Gregory cited him to appear before him, March i and 6, 1272. Guy- pleaded e.xcuse that he feared the emissaries of Edward I. He was tlien excommunicated. Later he humbled himself to the Pontiff near Florence, and was mildly incarcerated in the Castle of Lecco, near Como, and pardoned in 1273. Martin IV. made him Commander of the Papal forces, and in 1284 he became Prefect of Orvieto. He was in 1287 at Orbetello. t His foreign title of king was held in contempt by all but his foreign relatives and the Abbots of his various 'foundations.' His 'semper Augustus' was obviously ridiculous. X The Chron. of Hailes says April 2nd. Kic. 14. h. iMarsiauti. BOSSES. CHAPTER HOUSE. HISTORY OF HAILES 67 sons of Sanchia of Provence, his second wife), who now became Earl of Cornwall. On October 6th, following his father's death, Edmund, aged 22, married a daughter* of Richard and sister of Gilbert de Clare, f Earl of Gloucester, and with her inherited Sundon (Co. Beds) — a manor which his father Richard had once enjoyed with the hand of Isabel, his first wife. He is also called Edmund of Almaine by some chroniclers. It will be well to place here a brief record of his official career. He was born in December, 1250, and knighted October 13th, 1272 — knighthood at that period usually taking place at the age of 21 years. In the following month he became appointed a joint- guardian of the Realm (Nov., 1272 — Jan., 1273), a position again accorded him April, 1279, and emphasised later (June 1286 — August, 1289), when, during the King's absence, he became sole guardian. From 1278 — 1300, he was Sheriff of Cornwall, and Sheriff of Rutland from 1288 until his decease. During 1297-8 he acted as councillor to the future Edward II, as Prince of Wales. * Qui earn nuncquam camaliter cognovit. t Richard de Clare, d. 1262, buried at Tewkesbury (July 15th.) Gilbert, m. 1290, the Lady Joan Plantagenet, daughter to Edward I ; and died 1295, ^°d was buried at Tewkesbury. CHAPTER VIII. Early Vicissitudes of the Abbey. A Fire. New Buildings. The Relic of the Cross. Visit of King Edward I. The Seal. THE advent to the thione of Edward I, who (albeit like his father, a patron of the Benedictines and Cistercians), was above all a warrior and a legislator, gave cause of anxiety to those who presided over the Church and the monasteries, and who represented in England the over-swollen Papal pretensions. Fortunately, the King's firm unmistakeable will, guarded by his sense of right, made it possible for him to assume and retain the mastery of a most difficult situation. For in those days every European mon- arch, in considering his relationship to the Papacy in home-affairs, had at every turn to weigh and balance his behaviour with a view to its effect on his foreign policy. If, by chance, the relations with the Church and Orders in England required drastic readjustment, it had to be carried through in such a manner as not too seriously to compromise co-operative Papal favour in foreign policy. It was of unusual assistance to Edward that his relations with Greg- ory X became so intimate at the commencement of both their reigns. The Pope respected Edward all the more for his bitter indignation at the escape under the aegis of Charles of Anjou of the two De Montforts and their accomplices. But this Pontiff did not long survive. Although called a ' courtesy ' gift from the Cistercians to the King in 1276, the sum of one thousand pounds raised by them on their wool was in the nature of a tax from subjects to their temporal lord. The King's necessities naturally became more and more acute with the developments of his policy toward Wales, Scotland, and France. When the Jews could be no more squeezed, the religious Orders were made to feel the pressure. Men recalled the doings of King John in these respects. Hailes gave Edward £14 13s 4d, a sum exceeding that granted him by Flaxley or Kingswood, the elder Cistercian foundations HISTORY OF HAILES 69 in Gloucestershire, or by the sister convents of Netley and Newenham. This fact is of interest as showing the improvement in its affairs since the superior visiting- Abbot, James of BeauUeu, in 1261, had reported to the General Chapter upon its debts, and had forbidden any increase to the numbers of monks or lay-brothers. (Cf. M.S. Reg. XII., E. XIV. 73-4.) The fire in the year 1271 destroyed the Infirmary and most of the adjacent buOdings (including the Dormitory and Warming- parlour), which were presently rebuilt with the money given by Earl Richard for the purpose. In 1270 the then visiting Abbot had complained of the lack of sufficient care for the sick in the Infirmary. But the real source of prosperity was doubtless to derive from the pajTnents made by pilgrims who came to see and adore the Relic. In addition, Edmund, the new Earl of Corn- wall, its bringer and establisher, gave to Hailes, the Manor, and advowsons, of the Hospital and Vicarage of Lechlade* for the rent of 100 marks (;f66 13s. 4d.) annually, and these were held and enjoyed by Hailes until 1319, being confirmed to it in 1301, by the King's charter. Edmund hkewise added the Rectories of St. Breage and St. Paul in Cornwall. The burned portions of the Abbey together with the new work and completed shrine f in the Church, were re-dedicated in 1277 (27th Dec.) under Abbot Hugh I (Uving 1280), by Godfrey Giffard, Bishop of Worcester. (Harl. MS. 3725, fol. 13, v.) The Churches of Hemel-hempstead and Haughley (Co. Suff.) the advowsons of which had been already granted to Hailes, were presently appropriated hkewise ; the latter, however, only in 1304. | The Monastery thus became patron of these attached benefices, and the vicars appointed by Hailes were responsible for the spiritual welfare of their parishes. These vicars were suppUed probably by youths educated in the Cloister for the purpose. Incidentally we learn that in 1281 a son of William, Lord Harley, was a monk in the Abbey. In 1290 the Rector of Longbarrow was allowed to let his Church for three years to the * Cf. Inquis. Post Mortem. Extent of the Manor (No. 69, a. 4. Edw. I. 1275). From this it appears that the widowed Beatrice von Falkenstein, Queen of the Romans (or Germany) had seisin of this manor. In the de- mesne were 518 acres of arable land, the annual sum of which was /8 12s. 8d. ; 667 acres ij roods, meadow = ^44 9s. 4d., besides pleas, perquisites, rents, heriots and tolls. t Cum scrinio in quo sanguis Christi preciosissimus reponitur. Chron. de Hayles. { The Abbots of Hailes became Rectors of Northley, Dioc. Lincoln, and Haughley, Co. Suffolk, in addition to Hailes, Didbrook, and Toddington. 70 HISTORY OF HAILES Abbot and Convent of Hailes while he was absent for purpose of study. The new Infirmary (in the usual position south-east of the Chapter House) was commenced in 1292,* and the delicate vaulting-ribs found on the site in August, 1907, attest the style of that period of transition. With these were found blue lias shafts belonging to door-jambs (4! ins. diameter), and tiles of rather later date, with the letters S.M. (= St. Mary) and an oak-leaf for their design. The roof was covered with small stone 'slats.' Unfortu- nately the much-destroyed foundations of its Hall and restored XV. C. Chapel (and, perhaps, the Kitchen) alone remain to this important building, where the Infirmarer resided and had juris- diction, and where were recited daily the ' Horae Beatae Manse.' This Chapel rose on the east side of the Infirmary Hall, and in width it measured 17 feet, having a double angle (XV. C.) buttress at the south-west end. (See Moldings, Fig. 22). A httle east of this rose the Precinct-Wall. The passage by which the Infirmary at Hailes was gained, was re-built on its south side in the fifteenth century. The 2-foot wall leaves the N.E. angle of the subvault, and continues due east, with a rather ill-conditioned line, for 98 feet, having no south buttresses. It then turns an acute angle southward for 40 feet (toward the roots of a great wych-elm) f so as to form a spacious rectangular area. The south side of this area was boun- ded by the rere-dorter, and the west side by the subvault. Three important rooms (of uncertain purpose and unequal dimensions) succeed one another, impinging on its south-east corner. The northern wall of the Infirmary passage, on the other hand, is a stouter and older one, of 3 ft. 6 ins. The meaning of this be- comes partly clear when, at seven feet north of this again, is found a parallel wall, which remains to the length of 56 feet, having four large buttresses (13 feet apart) upon its north side. There has probably been an over-gallery from the Dorter to the Infirmary ; but there has been more than that, namely, a long line of rooms, lit by north windows, starting from the immediate rear (S.E. angle) of the Chapter House, and to which there was possibly access by an outer door there. At the extreme east end of it (92 feet from Chapter House), lie in site a number of tiles (XIII. and XIV. C), * On August i8th, 1293, a violent thunderstorm occurred at Hailes and killed a man named Birch. f The large trees here at present preclude further exploration. HISTORY OF HAILES 71 disposed in a short path W. — E. within six feet of a double angle buttressed wall (N.) belonging to the destroyed Infirmary. Perhaps there was a stairway adjacent, but direct evidence of this is lacking. The especial use served by this chain of rooms is not known. It probably belonged to the original Infirmary. Between it and the Abbey Church is an area of virgin soil, though a door once perhaps opened to it out of the east wall of the Chapter House. Although the Infirmary was by right the home of those who had passed fifty years under the monastic vows, (sempectse) as well as the temporary abode both of the sick, and of those, such as having been bled by the minutor, needed fortifying, the same rule of silence prevailed there as elsewhere, even among those who were the appointed attendants. The ' Magister,' or Infirmarer, himself, nevertheless, received such license as he required from the Abbot. Attached to the Infirmaries was usually a herb-garden for the dispensary. For monks who were merely indisposed in lighter ways, re- laxation of the severer duties of daily services, repose in the Dorter, or in the Warming-parlour, or gentle exercise in the ' ambulatorium,' or the Cloister, were regarded as sufficient, without resort to the Infirmary. The invalid was not required to do penances, and if he went to the choir with his fellows he might sit in the retro-quire, and quit the church before them. The fragmentary ' Chronicle of Hailes '* tells us that the ' Bo- veria,' or Ox-houses — an important set of stone-sheds, were begun and finished in 1299 (June 22nd). As we should expect these to lie near the arable land, and not too near the main buildings, it is possible their site may be to be identified with certain found- ations which lie to the west, in a line south (along the wall) beyond the cottage now in the occupation of the Misses Edwards, f and adjacent to the site of the old road (Puck Pit Lane), to Winch- combe ; or else where the Abbey Farm now is, still further on. Time will shew. Immediately south of the Infirmary buildings (and perhaps of the original Abbot's lodging) lay the large Fishpond, retained at its west end by a stout wall (5 ft.) furnished with a sluice. The foundations of this wall were found in August, 1907. It started from the building itself, and it runs from north-east to south-west. (See Plan.) * MS. Harl. 3725. Boveria de Hayles incepta fuit et eodem anno con- summata. 10 Kal. Julii. feria II. (A.D. 1299.) t Descendants of the James and Stratford families, for four centuries resident hereabouts. 72 HISTORY OF HAILES In 1296, during the prolonged siege of Berwick, Richard of Comvval], younger brother to Edmund, the Earl, was killed by an arrow (Chron. Hailes), and his body was brought down to Hailes and there buried. He left no legitimate offspring. Hence, when his brother Edmund (Councillor to the future Edward U) himself died without lawful issue (Oct. ist, 1300), the Earldom of Cornwall became dormant in the Crown. The last gift made by Edmund to Hailes was in 1296, when he sent thither from his (Berkhamp- stead ?) home,* a golden cross with an enamelled base, containing a piece of the true Cross (nobilissimam porcionem preciosissime crucis Christi in se insertam). The remaining two-thirds of the ' Holy Blood ' he gave to the House of Bons Hommes, which he had founded at Ashridge, in the year 1297. He died October ist, 1300, ' before dawn ' at that place, where his flesh, etc., were interred. His bones were taken to Hailes. Hohnshed wrote, " Edmund was buried in the presence of Edmund (Crouchback) Earl of Kent, son of Edward I ; Anthony de Beke, Bishop of Durham ; Walter de Langton, Bishop of Chester ; the Earl of Warwick (Beauchamp) and many others. His bones were carried to the Abbey of Hailes, Co. Gloucester, of his father's foundation, where his more magnificent funeral was solemnized on Thursday before Palm Sunday, the King himself being present', and having by letters of invitation to the Bishops of Hereford, Worcester, and Exeter, and the Abbots of Evesham, Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Cirencester, Oseney, Stanley, Bordesley, Rewley, Wor-,, cester, desired them to attend, for the greater honour of his cousin, the founder of Ashridge." The King and Queen are accordingly found at Winchcombe on March 22nd, 1301, and, the remains of the Earl guarded by two monks from Hailes rested there also for the night. The funeral took place at Hailes Abbey next day. " Processio pulcherrima," says the chronicler, "obviam eis venit." It is probable that the King stayed at Sudeley with John de Sudeley.j who enjoyed great favour with him, having (together with WiUiam de Tracy of Todd- ington), served forcibly in the late expedition against the Scots. J Both the Abbot of Winchcombe (Walter de Wickwar) and Hugh * De domo sua transmisit. Chron. de Hayles. Harl. 3725, fol. 19. t John de Sudeley succeeded Bartholomew, his father, in A.D. 1280, and aged 22. Inq. P.M. No. 13, Edw. I. X After the ceremony the King and Queen went to Sedgebarrow. Fi<;. 15. Oscar C/at-f^. nOOR TO I'.OOK-CUrilOARI) AND VESIKV St. C. B. HEAD OF DOUBLE.DOOR TO BOOK-CUPHOARD. HISTORY OF HAILES 73 de Dumbleton, Abbot of Hailes (Hugh 11) were granted the mitre.* The latter was an executor of Earl Edmund's will (Cf. Pat. Rolls, 1292-1301, p. 603). The arms of the Abbey are, Argent, a Bend-Crosier gules sur- mounted by a Hon rampant of the last, all within a bordure bezantee. A seal from an early XV. C. charter in the Guildhall at Gloucester displays, within a vesica, the Madonna with the Child at her breast, but no heraldic accompaniments. A fifteenth century matrix of a seal (found in 1829 at Low Garth, Langrich on Ouse, Yorks) shows, in a vesica and beneath a star, a monk standing on the topmost of three steps, holding in hi§ right hand an ampulla, or bottle, having issuant from it, a cross. In his left hand he holds a reUquary. The field has a scroll of nine cinquefoO flowers, all within the legend, Sigillvm Fraternitatis Monasterii Beate Marie de Hayles (Fig. 18, No. i). Another, attached to an Indulgence (Fig. 25, No. 2) granted by Abbot Anthony Melton to Charles Herbert, of Raglan, natural son of Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, and Lord Chamberlain to Henry VIII, in 1509, omits the steps, and is slightly smaller. At the close of the first fifty years of its existence, the pros- perity of Hailes thus seemed to be secured. It will be shewn, however, that in spite of the Royal grants, the feudal possessions, including the pair of Gallowsf owned at Slaughter and Nether- swell, the Rectories and Rents, tolls and heriots, and, above all, of the profits accruing from the renowned Relics of the Blood and the Cross, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries brought con- tinual trouble and anxiety to the Abbey, after its first prosperous quarter had been succeeded by years of drought, pestilence, and social dislocation. * A burdensome dignity when evil and unprosperous times occurred to their .Abbeys. It involved being summoned .to Parliament (though the unmitred Abbot did not always evade this), while it connoted exemption from episcopal jurisdiction. t Thieves and felons were, of course, handed over to the secular Justices • but if caught within the monastery and its precinct, they were punishable with perpetual imprisonment, with rods, and chains. A chain and manacle were found in the south end of sub-dorter in 1907. CHAPTER IX. The Cistercian Day THE tree of silence bears the fruit of Peace," says an Eastern proverb. That sacred but invisible tree flourished in every Cistercian monastery ; and we may accept it that the usual daily life therein (saving in times of social dislocation), fully exemplifl^d the truth of the saying. There was no need in any part of the innermost buildings for the word ' silence ' to be inscribed. It was understood, and so well observed both by monk and lay- brother, that it was only broken by befitting chant or formally- licensed speaking. " I will take heed to my ways that I sin not with my tongue. . . I held my peace even from Good." The noble ideal of St. Benedict in this matter we take to have been : — Govern the lips As they were palace doors — the King within. Tranquil, and fair, and courteous, be all words Which from that presence win. Let each act Assoil a fault or help a merit grow I Like threads of silver seen through crystal beads, Let Love through good deeds show ! . . . So shall ye pass to clearer heights and fmd Easier ascents and lighter loads of sins. And larger will to burst the bonds of sense ! . . . Edwin Arnold. The foundation of his Order signified to the Cistercian a return to the severe integrity of the earHer Benedictine Rule. His habit was to be entirely of white. He was to use silver, not golden, vessels ; and the windows of his Church were to transmit uncoloured light. His altar-cloths were to be of linen, not of silk ; and all his convents were to be dedicated to the Virgin. His day was fully occupied in the Divine Offices ; ' labor et lectio ' ; interspersed with refection and repose. The year was divided into but two seasons. Winter lasted from mid-September to Easter ; and summer, from Easter to September 14th — the second Holy Rood Day. The main duty of the monks being the ' Divinum Officium,' HISTORY OF HAILES 75 or ' Opus Dei,' their day and night, probably transmitting the Roman sub-division of the 24 hours into eight watches (four for the day and four for the night), were divided and sub-di\uded so as to accommodate the various services in their Church. The intervals, besides for washing, eating, and repose, were filled in with manual labour, with reading, or with special tasks imposed upon them, and performed, either within the Monastery or beyond its precinct. Let us therefore begin with the close of one day, and briefly come round to the following evening. At 7 p.m. in winter, at 8 p.m. in summer, the bell called them from meditation in the Cloister to compline in the Church, through the processional door. Each one, throwing back his hood as he entered, and signing him- self with water from the stoup, made silently for his own stall in the dim Choir, here probably by the upper (E.) entrance. The Office ended with ' Nunc Dimittis ' and a hymn to the Virgin,* all turning themselves to the crucifix. It is probable that at Hailes (as at St. Mary's, York), this office was recited in summer in the GaUlee- porch ; the juniors or novices standing nearest the door. At a signal given by the hebdomadarian of the week they returned to the Cloister wherein the Abbot and the Prior now stood and sprinkled each one (or pair) with the ' Aspergillum, ' as he passed in customary order along the east walk to the day-stairs of the Dormitory (usually in the south-east angle), f in strictest silence. In the long Dorter, divided up into cubicles, and extending, not, as at Beaulieu, above the Sacristy and Chapter-House to the gable of the transept, but from the Chapter-House to the end of the sub-Dorter, lit only by oil cressets with several wicks, each one found his own bed, and entered it in a pre- scribed manner (' Nullus in lecto ascendat rectus ; sed de sponda divertat pedes in ipsum lectum ') for the Cistercians were ruled by formalities even here ; though we must not forget that at Hailes (being distinctly one of the later foundations of the Order), many of these minute and severe particularities which had obtained at Rievaulx and other early houses, were probably not applied. Moreover, customary renderings of the ' statuta ' grew up in each house of the Order. We can only guess what St. Bernard might have felt had he entered the Chapter-House * Ave Maria gratia plena. t Of course, in cases (as at Tintern) where the Cloister lay north of the Church, it was different. / 76 HISTORY OF HAILES at Hailes, and seen the gilded sculpture on the most important boss of the gilded vaulting ; or, had he entered the Church and viewed its rich stained windows. The Dormitory was probably itself divided so that the master of the novices and his charges were kept together, and perhaps again together those monks who were in priest's orders and could celebrate at the altars of the various chapels. The Abbot and the Prior retired in turn through the quiet cloister to their own apartments ; while the cellarer and the lay-brethren (or later — XlVth century — the hired domestics), in like manner extinguished the lights, and retired for the night to their own dormitory to repose before another day of solemn service and hard, but peaceful, industry. The Infirmarer, also, with his sick, or aged charges, had at the same hour ended his day-labours, and now put out the hght in the Infirmary Chapel, and resigned himself to sleep. But for the hooting of the owls in the neighbouring woods, or the rain-storm in the wintry branches, or the lowing of cattle in the ox-houses, there was no sound to disturb the community until the eighth hour, otherwise at about two in the morning. Then the sacrist (for the time appointed) tinkled his bell once more in the dormitory, as a signal to rise and celebrate the night-office of the Cistercians called 'Vigils,' but which included 'Matins.' Upon hearing this, each prostrate figure arose from his slumber, signed himself with the cross, and proceeded to don the night-shoes (woollen or fur), with the 'cuculla,' or mantle, drew his pointed hood over his head, and then waited for the greater bell to toll, some of the novices pre- ceding him and his fellow-priests and monks along a passage, and thence down to the south transept of the church by the night-stair, here at HaUes set in the thickness of the west wall of the tran- sept. While these were Hghting the candles the tolling of the bell gave the signal to the elders who now, preceded by one bearing a lantern, descended Ukewise to the transept, and thence to their choir-stalls, the juniors occupying those nearest the ' gradus Presbiterii,' or chancel-steps, the elders westward, and lastly the Abbot and Prior, next the opposite or western entrance of the choir ; the novices, of course, were seated below all of these in the second Une of stalls. The white habits of the Cistercians naturaUy shew more easily in the dim hght than do those of their kindred Benedictines, and the little errors committed by them in quire are more readily detected by their superiors. The Abbot now gave the signal to cease tolling, and all kneeled HISTORY OF HAILES 77 down to recite the Pater, Ave, and Credo. After this the anti- phoner gave forth the first of the ' Gradual ' Psahns. These were committed, hke the rest of this service, to memory, so that all might be independent of the dubious illumination. For all mis- takes made or lapses of memory, however, there were allotted penances. The office for the Dead followed. This ended, the interval before dawn was occupied by meditation in the Cloister. A second toUing now commenced for matins proper. Hailes had five bells, but only one of these might be rung at a time. At a signal (sometimes given by striking a wooden disc with a clapper), this ceased, and the hebdomadarian commenced intoning the Office. Other psalms followed the ' Venite, ' and then the reader, first bowing to the Abbot and then to the choir, carried his candle to the lectern and at once read the first lesson. This was succeeded by the ' Responsorium ' leading to the other lessons. After Te Deum, a priest intoned the gospel, ending the Office with the especial prayer for the day. On particular feast days, the gospel was read from the chancel-steps, the cantor being robed in amice, stole, and maniple, and accompanied by incense and extra lights. No cope was permitted in the stricter Houses of the Order. Only at mass when blessing, or in festal procession, did the Abbot wear alb, mitre and pastoral staff ; the deacon wearing tunicle and dalmatic. Matins ended, the bell began to sound for lauds, the monks remaining in the stalls or not, as they pleased, or turning back into the cloister. Returning after a brief interval to the choir, the antiphones commenced, first from one side and then responded to by the other, followed by the 'Little Chapter.' Lauds ended, the monks preceded by the novices with a lantern, as before, left the choir, and passing up the night-stair to the Dormitory, returned to bed, the sacrist putting out the hghts in the church and replacing the choir-books in the cupboard. Once more the Convent was wrapped in sleep. After an interval of some hours (usually at from six to seven, or daybreak), the sleepers were again awakened by the Prior or sub-Prior, and a bell was heard ringing ' for the length of a miserere.' Their dressing completed, aU once again descended into the gray transept, and so to their stalls, where chanting prime together with three psalms, or sometimes more, they ended with, "We bless Thee, O Lord." 78 HISTORY OF HAILES At its conclusion, one of the greater bells sounded for the ordinary ' mass ' ; at which the ' conversi,' and familiars of the Community attended west of the quire. All who held priest's orders were used to take this mass in their turn, except the In- firmarer, who held it in the ' Farmery ' Chapel. The others, if they so desired, might celebrate in the chapels privately. All were bound to communicate in both kinds on the greater feasts of Maunday, Easter, Pentecost, and Christmas, in addition to each Sabbath-day, and therefore, were prepared to receive it. The greater altars were adorned with silken cloths, the celebrant wear- ing a plain alb, without apparels, though not forbidden to use one having a single colour. The Eucharist was to be kept under lock and key. It was to be received kneeling, at the south end of the altar. The communicants, if there were many, were to receive the 'wine,' however, standing at the north angle of the altar, the epistoler holding the chalice, while the gospeller held the silver pipe (or fistula) through which in turn all were to drink. A special point observed was the daily commemoration of the Virgin, St. Benedict and St. Bernard.* This finished, the monks entered the Cloister through the processional door, and proceeded at once to complete their toilet, in due order of precedence, at the lavatory in the south cloister walk ; the novices studying their psalters under their instructor until their own turn came, when they replaced these in the cup- board, or ' armarium.' After this the bell toUed for ' Chapter,' (for there was to be no meal until mid-day), and all passed into the Chapter House, around the sides of which ran a stone bench similar to that in the Cloister. All, however, remained standing until the Abbot and Prior passed before them to their seats at its east end. When aU were seated, the junior novice advanced to the lectern in the midst, and read the martyrology for the day, followed by a portion of the Rule of the Order of St. Benedict, and called especially ' the Chapter.' * On the Feast of St. Bernard (.-\ug. 20th) they sang, " Beatus Ber- nardus quasi vas auri solidum omatum omni lapide precioso fluenta gratia propinavit in populo, et accepit stolam glorie in consummatione virtutis. Factus est quasi ignis effulgens et quasi thus redolens in diebus aestatis. Gloria patri et filio, et spiritui sancto. Benedictus dominus dcus patris nostri qui ejus doctrina et exemplum edificavit ecclesiam suam ejus feUci assumptione supernam letificavit civitatem suam ejus solenni recordatione presentem hodie consolatur familiain suam." Fig 1 6. Max Clarke. FROCESSIOXAL DOOR (CLOISTER TO CHURCH) HISTORY OF HAILES 79 Upon the conclusion of this, all rose to their feet, turned to the Crucifix,* and then resumed their seats. Whereupon, the Abbot (or in his stead the Prior), said " Let us now speak concerning the affairs of our House." Upon which the ' novices ' with their master retired. Then followed statements of whatever offences or backslidings had been committed. Denials might be made, but no defence nor excuse might be offered. Probably, in the mouths of two witnesses the matter was estabUshed. Punishment promptly followed, and was received kneeUng, if corporal, with a rod. But sacred silence was to be observed as to all that took place within the Family Chamber, or Chapter-room. DiscipUnes doled out, and exemptions from assigned duties claimed, the indulgences for patrons and benefactors were signed, and the seal of the Convent was affixed to them by the Precentor, who had care of the seals. If there happened to be anyone desiring to be ' Professed,' or ordained, the matter was now con- sidered, a prayer for him was pronounced, and the letters for Ordination by the Bishop of Worcester were given to the senior, whose duty it would be to conduct the candidate to that prelate. Formal commemoration of all deceased members of the Convent and ' familiars ' followed, f The Community now dispersed themselv-es to their various manual labours, and no books were permitted, save to those upon whom the Abbot had imposed some especial study. It must be remembered that in earlier days of the Order, and even in the earUest days of Hailes, the Dominicans and Franciscans sneered at the Cis- tercians as an unlettered Order, and although schools were founded by order of the General Chapter, at Paris and, later, St. Bernard's College at Oxford (1437), in order to do away with the grounds for * At the Feast of Holy Cross, when the relic of the Cross was displayed at Hailes, they sang, " Ecce lignum crucis in quo salus mundi pependit, venite, adoremus, Beati immaculati in via qui ambulant in lege Domini." Then followed the hymn, " Crux fidelis inter omnes, arbor una nobUis nulla silva talem profert fronde flore germine, dulce lignum, duke clavos, dulce pondus sustinens." After that they lifted the relic and placed it in position, singing, " Super omnia ligna cedrorum crux sola excelsior in que vita mundi pependi in qua Chris tus triumphavit et mors mortem superavit," t At the* burial of a brother, they said, " Subvenite Sancti del occurrite angeli Domini suscipientes animam ejus ofierentes eam in conspectu al- tissimi suscipiat eam Christus qui vocavit, etc. The deceased having been interred, and the psalms finished, " Clementissime Domine qui pro nostra miseria et impiorum manibus mortis supplicium pertulisti libera animam ejus de inferni voragine et de ministris Tartareis. miscrator absolve, et cuncta ejus peccata oblivione perpetua dele eam ad lucem tuam angeli tradant Paradisi." 8o HISTORY OF HAILES such a reputation, it could scarcely combine and reconcile Benedic- tine learning with hard labour. The Benedictine had himself come through the attempt, but he landed, by preference, in ' Learning.' At the beginning of the fourteenth century it was ordered that Cis- tercian novices should attend schools. At certain times of the year, however, as in Lent, more leisure was afforded for reading, both in the morning, and before compline, in the evening, and we read of scriptoria being added to the warming-parlours of certain Cistercian Abbeys in 1276. The conversus, or lay-brother, in this Order (in England) was destined to give way to the hireling domestic, even in this same fourteenth century ; and with this change, although not only owing to it, came the relaxation of the olden severity of the Order. Possibly these modifications may have been con- nected with the development of the mendicant Orders, which offered superior attractions. At Hailes the out-of-door labours chiefly consisted of the smaller farming-operations. The sheep-raising was carried on in the various manor-farms under their appointed stewards. Each monk attended to the Convent-cooking only for a week at a time. On Sundays the out-of-door labours gave place to reading and meditation in the Cloister. The Vestiarius was excused from ordinary labour. He carried on business for his convent with tanners, tailors, and shoemakers, and he prepared the dresses for novices. Gaiters (' wan-dangiae ') were worn by the monks as a protection both against cold and mud. To such as had to do digging, weeding, or carpentry, the Prior, having called them together, distributed to them their tools and often went forth with them to the field or grange, where he pronounced the ' Deus in adjutorium.' The conclusion of work was guided by the hour for terce, which was duly announced by the bell. Returning to the Cloister, they put away their implements^ and proceeded in set order to the Church. This was followed on Feast-days by High Mass, succeeded by fresh meditation in the Cloister. At 11.30 the bell again called them to their stalls for sext. The Prior left before the conclusion, in order to give the signal for sounding the dinner-bell, and to receive confmunications from the Infirmarer and the Guest-master. " From Easter to Whitsuntide the monks (wrote the late Mr Micklethwaite), dined after sext and had supper after nones, and the same for the rest of the summer half of the year, except HISTORY OF HAILES 8l that on Wednesdays and Fridays* they dined after nones and had no supper. For the winter half of the year they had but one meal (Generale) after nones, except in I,ent, when it was after evensong, which was to be said early enough to allow of the dinner being finished by dayhght. " Each monk had a daily allowance of a pound of bread and a measure (emina) of drink (water, cider, or wine), which was al- ways the same, a third of it being reserved for the second meal when there were two. No flesh-meat nor fish was to be eaten, and lard was not to be used in the cooking, "f These and other precise limitations, however appUcable to the refectory-Ufe of the early Cistercians, were probably unknown to Hailes. In the Frater or Refectory, the table of the president, whether Abbot (when he had no guests to look after) or Prior, was situated at the extreme end of the panelled oblong haU. The sides were occupied by long tables for monks and no\ices, laid with white cloths, and furnished with plates, double-handled cups, and knives. The kitchener's assistants awaited the chanting of grace, and the Prior's blessing to the Reader (who now appeared in the hall and received it), before mounting to a stone pulpit in the west wall. After his first sentence the Prior tinkled a bell for the uncovering of the bread, and in silence unbroken save by the reading and the subdued movements of the servers, and the pouring out of the wine, the hard-won meal began. The ample fish-ponds at Hailes, let alone the statement of Matthew Paris, re-assure us as to the use of this article of diet in addition to eggs, vegetables, and probably a reasonable, if limited, allowance of meat. The meal ended, at a fresh signal monks and no\ices quietly withdrew in set order, after chanting the fifty-first psalm, leaving the Refectory to the Reader and the servers, who now washed their hands. The former made their way to the Church to render thanks. The Prior meantime visited the Infirmary. The juniors and novices may have been allowed to go and walk in the ' De- ambulatorium,' or Infirmary court, east of the sub-Dorter, if the open area there situated by chance was such. " During Lent sang, eorum. * \t the Saturday 'Mandatum,' or washing of feet at the lavabo, they . " Dominus Jesus postquam coenavit cum discipulis suis lavit pedes m." t P. 263-4, Arch. Journ : Yorks, vol. 15. 82 HISTORY OF HAILES they continued (as Mr Fowler shews)* working at their field labours until 4 p.m., not breaking their fast until 5, and often sajang sext and nones in the fields. This usage varied in different Houses. Tluroughout the year, after Even-song (a rather long office) the two last events of the day were the 'Collation,' or reading of the ' Collationes ' of Cassian, or similar works, and Compline." This took place in the Cloister, and after it the books were returned to the cupboard. The monks now went into the church again for 'Compline'; and thus the evening and the morning were the Cistercian day. ♦ Cistercian Statutes, vols. 9-10, Arch. Jour; Yorks. Fig. 17. St. C. B. N.E. ANGLE OF CLOISTER SHinviXG INSERTED CORBEL OF XV. C. RECESSES OF N. CLOISTER APPENDIX I. TO CHAPTER IX. The early Rolls of the Manor of Hailes and most of those of its neighbours have vanished ; nor can the names of the copy- holders of Hailes be found in the Lay Subsidy Rolls. But we obtain from the latter source many of those who were tenants of the Abbey close by it at Farmcote, Ford, and Pynnock.* As, how- ever, the rural population of the immediate neighbourhood at such a period as the early fourteenth centur}- ought still to have local interest, it will perhaps be well to include a little more of these, and note who lived at Stanway, Didbrook, Toddington, and Winchcombe. FARMCOTE (spelled Feracote). A.D. 1327 Roger le Coke Vllld. i q- John Wandes Xd. i John Lambarde Xlld. Wm. le Boude Vllld. Stephen le jet Xlld. i John le Wyse VHId. Sara Lambard Xlld. Abbot of Hayles Ills Wm. Taundy Xd. q- prob. summa XIIIs. VHd. Elia atte Grove VId. Walter Hobbes Xlllld. i Cedom de Francote 2S. i TODDINGTON (spelled Tudyntone) PYNNOKE, FORD, HYDE Wm. Pynsoun IIIIs. lid. h Wm. Springfield VHd. Wm. le Kinge XXId. i q- John le Sclattere Vlld. John le Tayllur VId. Wm. atte MuUe VHd. Matilda le Cowherde Ills. Id. i q- Walter le Treuman XVd. Alicia Aleuare XXIId. Henry atte Pulle (Pool) XIs. VHd. STANWAY Matilda Updiche XXIId. q- De Thomas Boretoc 1 Xllld. i q. John Alenare lis. Illd. i q- John MuUeward XVd. * Phillip Miller Ills. Hid. John Walker XVIIId. q John le Bien lis. Xd. q- John atte Nelme Xlld. q Richard le Chaumbrer Xllld. Richrad Intehale XXId. John Heynes Xlld. Richard Ferlinge lis. VHd. J Christina Whithond Xlld. Henry Jannes XXIIId. q prob. summa XXVIIs. Illld. q- Robert Jannes lis. Illd. q SNOWSHILL John le Freman Xlld. Adam le Quarreour XVIIId. i Wm. Morcok Xlllld. Sarra de Brokhampton Xlld. Wm. Broun XXd. i prob. summa IXs. VHId Ralph Michel XXd. Wm. atte Yate (Gate) Xlllld ■i * See Appendix 2 for Rowell, Stanton. 84 HISTORY OF HAILES DIDBROKE GREET (Greote) Robert Gouwer lis. Vtlld. Richard Dastyn Vs. Xld. Win. Andrew lis. Vnid. q. Robert de Wotton XXd. Alicia Colines XXd. q. Wm. de Wotton XXIId. Richard le Bek lis. * q. John Bishop Xlllld. De Odon de Ingram de Greet Xlld. Beckcforde lis. Wm. Serveys Xlllld. A John le Carpenter Vllld. lohn atte Green Xlld. " Richard Huwcn lis. Ralph Bubel lis. Vllld. * Henry Silvestre lis. Vllld. prob. summa XVIs. VId. A Walter Gouwer XVd. i " Walter Osborn lis. prob. summa XIXs. Illld. i q. WINCHCOMBE John de Aldrinton Ills. Wm. Pweleye lis. Rd. Frend lis. Walter Regner Xlld. Rob, Webb XVIIId. Ralph Turnour lis. Rob. le Smith Xlld. Walter Scott Xlld. Ralph Palefrayman XVIIId. Thomas Coleman Xlld. John Thurston Xlllld. Robert Frend Xd. John Cheltenham Xlld. Ralph de Gretton Vllld. John Brandon XVHId. John Leggare VId. John Parchmenter XXd. Henry Keys lis. VId. Thomas Tamar Xlld. Agnes Winter VId. Ri. Shirebourn Vllld. John Benne Xlld. Hen. Hopere lis. Ante Kild (? .-Vnketel) Xlld. Wm. Sclattere VId. Edith Sturdy Xlld. Wm. Hod Xlld. Richard Blebury Vllld. Ra. Nonchard Xlld. Summa XXmae John Tallavv Xlld. VUla de Winch- John Sey lis. combe Illlli. Xs. Thomas atte Hull Xlld. Henry atte Celer Ri. Malemon IIIIs. sub-tax Xlld. Wm. Kembare VId. John Maltman Xlld. John de Keynton lis. Thomas Carpenter Xlld. Wm. Jolifi Xlld. Summa Ills. Walter Stowe lis. Prob. summa XX mae Wm. Momelard Ills. Villa de Wych- H. Addy lis. cumbe John Miller VId. tax, sub tax Illlli. XIIIs. Rob. Petyt lis. Henry Jabel Xlld. John Parfay lis. John Croy lis. Peter Wyshand Xlld. Walter Jelemay Xllld. Walter Saltere Xlld. APPENDIX II. TO CHAPTER IX. RowELL, Snowshill, Halling, Staunton (Stanton). RowELL. (1340) (MS. Court Rolls of Winchcombe at Sherborne House.) Tenants. Susanna Strynet Ralph Hall Henry Cobbe Snowshill John Russel John le Freman John atte Barre, quarrier Robert Didbroke Walter de Brockhampton John Rose Richard Jannes Halling Walter Chamberlain The following are the names of the Staunton tenants of the Abbey of Winchcombe, under the dates placed against them. (From Sherborne MS. Rolls of Winchcombe.) 1340 William Taylour John Toye Robert Huwen Thomas Trueman Nicholas Nicholes Henry Wynsom delayed beyond the Manor-boundaries without license, and is fined John in le Hale is elected Reeve. A 2S. license is granted for the marriage of the daughter of Ralph GossehTi. Robert Parson John, his son Mede furiong mentioned. [Next the Knapp, next Agg's comer.] Brad- ley's Orchard next. 1341 Robert le French John Haleman John le Mulwarde Henry Partriche. 1355. (a. 29, Edw. ni.) Rental John above town for i dwelling-house and a yard-land pays ten eggs and I2d. for XII. muttons. John Knight i ditto, ditto. Thomas Trewemon Edith GosseljTi Henry Chopin, ' shepherde,' i mess, and i yardland ; IX. muttons. William Gardiner holds i ' Cotlond ' called Garwelond. 3 buttes of demesne land at Stapelinchweye ; IX, muttons Ralph Damel>Ti has the watermill [Mill-close down at the Court.] Henry Button is carpenter. And from the entire Homage for ' Wikeweraselver '• from the feast of the manifestation of St. Michael even to the last day but one of August yearly. XIs. Xld. * Cf. Wake silver, or Hole silver. (Cf. Glouc. N. and Q., vol. 3, pp. 17-18. Duntesbome .\bbots, Coin St. .\ldwins. Coin Rogers rendered it likewise). Wike here probably stands for Wic, i.e., Wiccia. Wicwara = men of Wiccia. The tax may have been for homicide committed in the Manor. 86 HISTORY OF HAILES And the entire Homage for tax £VI. XHIs. HUd. [Place names mentioned at Staunton. Longethorne, Beneathetown. Duke- mead, Sourknight, Quemley [First field on left below him to Stanway below Dormer] Dichefurlong. Cleyford, Longlinch. (1357) ROWELL Henry Sponleye Walter Hey ward John Gierke John Masy John Mereway 1357. Staunton, (a. 31-32, Ed. HI.) A. fight with swords and sticks between Reginalde Pounde and Reginald Attehale Chaplain, re the wife (Agnes) of the former whom the latter has insulted. The Chaplain defends and pleads not guilty. 1400-1 (Hen. IV., a. 2) The Abbot of Winchcombe concedes a house called ' the Bowr ' to John Hickes. Wm, Bradeleye. .\bbot of Winchcombe, makes over under certain conditions to the inhabitants of Staunton the demesne lands of the manor. They are to deliver to the Abbey at Christmas : — 21 quarters of corn 21 ,, ,. dragium (coarse variety of corn.) 21 Capons 42 Hens The keep of three boars. Names of Closes, and woods, etc., mentioned : — Longefurlong, Shortfurlong, Lydfordebroke, Netherwodeberewe, Buri- worminton, Wynsehale, Bercarie, Quarries in Cokemede, Millcroft. 1437. (a. 10, Hen. VI.) Henry Trewemon broke his assize. (1442) ROWELL Robert Russell Richard Wele Henry Taundy Thomas Barton The road through Staunton is to be mended with stone from a trench called Greston. 1447. (a. 20, Hen. VI.) The hedges of holdings to be made good by the respective tenants before Easter, from Schephey corner to Stanwey-lcgge. John Goselyn. Thomas Merway. 1466. Staunton Walter Chopyne, John Cateslade and Robert Sclatter have set snares in the lord's woods and are fined VId. Henry Gierke has the water-mill. The village is in ill-condition owing to delapidations and neglect of repairs. Numerous fines. Vu:. iS. XV. CENT. SE.-\L OK THE CONFR.\TERNITV (JK THE BLESSED .M.\RY OF H.MLES. BRONZE CANDLESTICK FOL'ND AT HAILES. CHAPTER X. The XIVth Century. IN contrast to this functional life of the Convent within toward its Church, under its Obedientiaries or various officers, and even in contrast to that of the farm-servants and external officials of all kinds, and there were perforce many, — stood that of the various grades of pilgrims, guests, and patrons, who came from all quarters to visit the superb Abbey, and to be shewn its famous ReHc. Other English Cistercian Houses had their attrac- tions of different kinds, and there were in Gloucestershire, Flaxley and Kingswood, and, in Monmouthshire, there was Tintern, in all its beauty, just beyond, but there was only one Cistercian ' Shrine ' in all England, and that was at Hailes. In 1533, a few years only before the general suppression, Latimer could write to his friend Master Morice, from his rectory at Kineton, near the Fossway, tell- ing him he would wonder to see how the pilgrims come out of the West country, " chiefly to see the Blood of Hayles." By this evidently he meant out of the south-west, i.e., all those who had passed, by one way and another, to Cirencester, and thence had come on their way. There were, in fact, two routes offered to the choice of pilgrims from that direction, which it is needful in passing to remark upon. They could leave the Fossway, in the neighbour- hood of Stowell, and taking the old Salt-way, might jog along by Hazelton and Salperton, and then finally drop down on Hailes by Salters' Hill and Pinnock ; where a Farm still called Abbey Farm now stands at its junction with the disused Puck-Pit-Lane. The last was an important mediaeval road which led from Winchcombe to Stanway. Close to this, local remembrance places an Inn for Pilgrims (really the Abbey ' Hospitium '), said to have been standing thirty years ago.* The other route kept the pilgrim steadfastly to the Fossway until he breathed the fine air at Stow-in-the-Wold. Thence he turned off by the Abbot of Hailes' Manor of Nether Swell on to a road purposely direct to Ford Hill and Farmcote, where * It was a courtyard-building entered by a small arched door. 88 HISTORY OF HAILES he came suddenly into full view of the grey-golden Abbey far below, standing within its ample rectangular precinct-wall, with its long leaded roofs, central tower and pinnacles, and the magnificent chevet of ite buttressed choir-chapels. Distributed, in thought-out order, in its neighbourhood, were now descried the two-storey'd Guest-Houses, the Infirmary of the same (' In- firmitorium secularium '), the malt-house, the bake-house, with smoking chimney, and beyond these and near the Guest-house, to the south-west, the Abbey farm ; while perhaps a little to the north-west and west from the Abbey-front, stood the outer and inner Gate-Houses with their arched gates and embattled parapets, connected by a section of precinct-wall with the small cemetery around Hailes Parish Church, past which the road down would by-and-bye conduct him to the chief entrance. There a bell would be rung, and his horses would be taken. " Grey companies of pilgrims might one see Threading the steep hill-side .... Singing Saint Mary and the Holy Blood — Or, river-like, thin lines of flashing steel — Blithe bands of noble knights and ladies fair, Neath banners bearing Stafford's flaming wheel Or, golden with the chevrons of De Clare — Or gailier, still, from Gloucester, over Cleeve — Out-bright'ning the June dawn-rise with its dew — Broad pennons of the King* one might perceive Glimmering with glorious lilies of Anjou." There is the more reason for placing the Gate-Houses there, near the Parish Church, since the important roads from Evesham and Tewkesbury, north and west, brought their own quota of guests and pilgrims, likewise, and for these, the little Norman Parish Church (temp : Edward II. rebuilt by the Abbots, to whom it had been given), possibly served as their chapel. f And before long it is believed that this may become determined for certain. There was a natural distinction made between the ordinary guests of the Convent, and the guests of the Abbot, himself now (1301) a mitred baron and lord of many manors. While the latter would be lodged in the Abbot's house (in early days close to the great Infirmary, but later in the Cellarer's building, west of the Cloister), the former were lodged out in the Hospitium, and in the * Edward I., A.D. 1301. t Godfrey Giffard, Bishop of Worcester, in 1270, is recorded to have endowed the Vicarage of Hailes with 10 marks (£6 13s. 4d. then, now about £70). This was paid annually by the .Abbot and Convent in equal portions, with the allowance of offerings, and a house and garden. (10 Cal. Oct. 1270). Cf. Regist. Gifiard (Dice. Wore.) HISTORY OF HAILES 89 Gate-Houses. If (as has been suggested), the Parish Church served for the Guests' Chapel, the Gate-House at Hailes must have possessed more accommodation for them than was the case at Beauheu, where the upper floor (as Mr Brakspear has shown), " was entirely occupied by the Chapel." (Cf. Archl. Jour. Vol. LXHI.. No. 251, 1906). Unfortunately, devastation has here done its evil work so un- checked, that but few scientific details respecting the usual external buildings of the Cistercian Monastery can be given, and until lately even their sites were not to be identified. Moreover, the pasture of the field in which the sites He, happening to be a specially valuable one,* it is scarcely to be wondered that excavation has had to be conducted slowly and piecemeal. An Italian proverb assures us : — Dove abitano i frate e grassa la terra. [WTiere monks live the soil is rich.] And this was particularly true of Hailes field; nevertheless the ' grassezza,' or ' fatness,' was there before the monks came. Thousands of years have here deposited the spoils of the wooded hills, and the monks have added richness to this not only with their aforetime labours, but with their burials in the space between the Abbey Church on its north side and that of the parish ; which space was walled off from (perhaps in hne with) the west front of the former, and was probably entered by a gate in this west wall. Into this, and most other parts, no \dsitors ever entered. Nevertheless, all had to reach the ' Shrine ' conducted by the Sacrist or the Precentor ; and to do this they entered by the door of the north transept, exterior to which, and adjoining it on the west (and perhaps also on its east side), was a small attached building or chamber, probably the Sacrist's chequer on one side (W.) and a vestry on the other (E.) Consequently, pilgrims to the Shrine of the Holy Blood, having put off their shoes, entered the Church by the same door which conducted the dead to their last resting-place, on the side remotest from the Cloister. They then found them- selves passing in front of three screened and painted Chapels, whose various dedications would be noted, and when presently facing the upper entrance to the Choir beneath the tower, they turned left, and were led along the tiled north aisle of the Presbytery, * " Cattle fatten here quicker than in any field on the estate." From a private letter. go HISTORY OF HAILES passing by the elaborate painted and gilded tombs of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and Sanchia of Provence, lighted by the north windows as well as by those of the opposite clerestory. On reach- ing the apse of five chapels, they were probably admitted in groups through a door in the precinct-screen running from pier to pier, around the shrine, where they kneeled down before it until such time as the monk (whose duty it was to display the sacred Relic), discovered it to their astonished gaze, and gave them desired absolution.* There, many believed themselves to be fully healed, or at least put in the way of heahng, and they prostrated themselves in passionate prayer. " God daily sheweth miracles through the virtues of that precious Blood," wrote honest Leland. Their devotions ended, they rose and were conducted out by the same way, unless especially permitted to pass round by the south side and so out by the West door and the Galilee. When Nicholas IV. in March, 1291, granted for six years a tax upon all temporal possessions of the Religious, out of goodwill to Edward I., and to enable him to prosecute another Crusade, the Abbey of Hailes was taxedf upon the following various properties : — I s. d. They have at Hayles eight carucatesj valued per carucate at 24 o From the Store five pounds At Coscet (combe) two carucates valued per carucate at One mill (i.e. Hailes Grove Mill) Rent of Assize From the Store Total sum . . ■ ■ i^l § The Abbot of Hayles has at the Home-Grange, seven carucates, valued per carucate at Hamstud two carucates New Grange two Farlee two Romeslege two „ Oxemore one ,, Bendesport three Blakelege one Radewell one ,, Hayles from pleas and per- quisites . . . . . . 20 o Rent of Assize Four Pounds From two mills p.a. . . 20 o From a Grange at Pyrcote 10 •3 4 12 20 17 4 I mark I mark 14 10 10 I mark 10 10 10 I carucate) 10 nt of Assize 2 6 Total sum • i^^ 3 10 Tithes thence . ■ i I 18 4j ♦ We cannot state whether the Shrine at Hailes had, as had that at Westminster, a ' Cooperculum ' or not. t Cf. Taxat. Eccles. Papae Nich. IV., p. 243. X Ploughlands. § Id. op. p. 230. HISTORY OF HAILES The Church of Hayles : — * 91 i s. d. Taxation = 16 Portion of Vicar = 8 Portion of Abbot of Winch- combe (Burials) = 7 i s. d. Tithe I 12 Tithe 16 Tithe o o 8J At Hagleyt (Suffolk) (Dioc. of Norwich) :— The Abbot of Hayles ^ . £ s. d. i ^. A. Taxation = 27 6 8 Tithe At Evenlode : — 1 14 » ;£ s. d. i s. d. The Abbot of Hayles has in small tithes and there remain a penny and a half-penny not liable to tithe .. .. .. o 2 0=0 o 2i The Church of Nether Swell (Sowell) :— 1| The Abbot of Hayles has a portion in re- tained tithes 010 0=0 I o Except in a few public records, there are preserved for us none of the names of the many great personages who visited Hailes. It is reasonable, however, to conclude that the arms of certain families borne upon the encaustic tiles in the Abbey, and dating from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, would not be found in such an Abbey as Hailes but to signify that cer- tain of their members had been either its patrons, or had been interred there by especial license of the Abbots. In either case, they must have been visitors to the Shrine, or, at least, benefactors to the Abbey, whenever they are to be dated later than 1270 a.d. That this is reasonable, is shewn by the finding at Hailes of tiles bearing the Beaufort PortcuUis and the survival of the Indulgence as to a patron, granted to Lord Herbert of Raglan, and bearing the same Portcullis within the Capital letter commencing it. (Cf. Fig. 25, No. 2). If to this we may add the owners of the numerous coats of arms found (1904) by the late Mr Henry Prothero and the writer, hmned in red upon both chancel-walls of the Parish Church, under many later coats of whitewash, we may obtain the names of some of the more important of the early pilgrims who visited the Shrine, besides those heretofore mentioned. For it would be the least probable conjecture that the shields placed there were not in intimate relation to the Abbey and its patrons. * p. 223b. t Haughley, or Hagenet. X p. 219b. II p. 222b. G 2 92 HISTORY OF HAILES ARMS De Stafford (?) [Hie XIII. cent.] De \'alence [wall] Berkeley . . . . . . • . [wall, and XV. cent, tile from the Galilee.] Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick [tile, XV. cent.] Margaret de Ferrers of Groby . . . . [tile. XV. cent.] Henry Wakefield, Bishop of Worcester (1.^75-95) Mortimer De Verdon (?) Hastings De Bryan Despenser De Baddlesmere . . De Clare De Monchensi (?) . . St. Valery (?) [tile, XIV. cent.] [tile. XV. cent.] [tile, XV. cent.] [tile, XV. cent.] [wall, XIV. cent.] [wall and tile, XIV. & XV. c] [tile, XIV. cent.] [tile, XIII. cent.] [wall] [wall] From the increase in the Abbey's possessions in the early four- teenth century, and the rebuilding of the Parish Church about 1313, its prosperity may be inferred.* There ensued many successive favourable seasons, followed however, by a drought, at that time. In 13QI King Edward confirmed the grant made by the late Earl of Cornwall, his cousin, of his Manor of Lechlade, at a fee farm rent of 100 marks, and he increased it to 100 pounds. But since the Abbey in 1319 exchanged its interest in Lechlade with Hugh le Despenser (sen.) for Siddington, and ;fio rent in Purton and Chelesworth (Wilts.), we may conclude that the Lechlade property was not as profitable as was desired, f However, it was then worth £150 a year. Adam le Hunte of Hailes, who held two messuages and nineteen hbrates of land of Hugh le Despenser, gave these to the Abbey together with three acres at Sudeley, one man and one toft. Northley Rectory had been appropriated in 1304. J In 1305, the good relations between Winchcombe Abbey and Hailes having been seriously compromised by reason of the dogs of the former Abbey having hunted without license of the Abbot of Hailes over his Warren (i.e., at Piseley), a meeting between the said Abbots took place at the Chapel of St. Lawrence, at Greet, and the quarrel was made up under a formal agreement before John de Sudeley and William Inge, the Justiciary. (Chron. de Hayles, fol. 52, Cleop. D. III.) In 1324 Le Despenser granted the * Its wool was probably sold at Winchcombe (Guiccichcorabe) to the Florentine merchants, who took that of Flaxley (Fleccleia), and Kingswood (Chincesulda), and Evesham (Guesame in Chondisgualdo : Cotteswold). Cf. MS. 2441, Riccardiana, being the Manuale del Mercante by B. Pegalotti. t Epis. Reg. Wore. Cobham, fol. 106, Cart. R. 12 Ed. II. No. 17. Also Cal. Patent Rolls. Ed. II., Part I., m. 23. } Lincoln Epis. Reg. Dalderby Nisbit, fol. 145. HISTORY OF HAILES 93 advowsons of the Churches of Longborough (Glos.) and Rodborae (Wilts.), and in the following year the Bishop of Worcester (Th. Cobham) appropriated Longborough to Hailes, owng to a petition of distress. This set forth that the Convent, partly owing to the remoteness of certain of their possessions, and the consequent diffi- culty of collection, had been unable to reahze the rental of ^^200 a year. Many of the Abbey buildings had been left unfinished by the Founder and the second Earl of Cornwall, and like other houses, Hailes had suffered from the great drought. The superiors deplore that they will have to diminish both their numbers and hospitality. This was in spite of the fact that in 1318 Edward II. had granted them the Manor of Great Wormington,* and in the previous year a Royal license to acquire in mortmain rents and lands not held in chief to the yearly value of £10. t Winchcombe Abbey was at the same time being benefited by a gift of land lying between Wormington and Toddington, by John (2) de Sudeley. The neighbours of the Abbot (Willicmi Dene) interest us. At Postlip there was Sir John de Solers, Roger Corbet was at Farm- cote. At Little Wormington was Robert de Bodenham. Finnock- shire and Didbrook belonged to the Abbey of Hailes. Staunton, of course, still belonged to Winchcombe, as did Dumbleton to Abingdon. J We do not hear of any troubles at Hailes until 1337, when an unforseen disaster plunged the Abbey into distress. On the Vigil of Corpus Christi, at the hour when the monks were in their stalls chanting vespers, their fish-pond, situated near the Abbot's lodging and Infirmary, burst its sluice, and emptied itself and its mud upon the Abbey; "gravis dampnum et perditionis magnae causa extitit, et doloris."§ We may picture the terror and dismay as well as the devastation caused by such an event. We do not learn any further particulars. It occurred within two hours of bedtime, and probably aU Winchcombe came out to see the sight by morning. Nevertheless, as it occurred in mid- June, such a * In 1303 it had been held by Robert Bodenham of the Earl of March. t Cal. Pat. R. 12 Ed. II., pt. I., m. 23. Pt. II., m. 30. J In 1309 the Abbots of Winchcombe and Hailes, Walter of Wickwane and John of Gloucester, came to agreement concerning the releasing to Hailes of the 7s. due to Winchcombe for right of sepulture at Hailes, as well as for a tithe of 2s. for Knightsmead next the water of Easeboum, and other smaller tithes. (Cart. Winchc, fol. 144-5.) § Fol. 22b., Harl. 3725. g4 HISTORY OF HAILES catastrophe could scarcely have timed itself more luckily for the brethren. It is a suspicious fact, however, that in the Calendar of Patent Rolls for this year (pt. I., m. 21) the King's aid is invoked by the Abbot of Hailes against plunderers.* Barely perhaps had the Convent repaired its damages, and rebuilt the broken wall of the sluice, the lower courses of which are still (1908) there, than in 1345, Abbot Thomas complains that one Sir Walter Uastyn, and others, broke into his close and houses at Wormington and drove away animals to the value of 100 marks and, furthermore, beat his servants. (Cal. P.R. a. 19 Edw. III., pt. 3, m. 9.) The Dastyns were next-door neighbours at Wormington and Grete, and were free tenants of the Abbey of Winchcombc and of the Sudeleys. Hence, we may be sure there had occurred unpleasant preliminaries. Two years later, in 1347, Edward III. granted license to the Abbot to purchase lands and rents to the value of £20 a year, at the request of the Black Prince, who may possibly have visited the Abbey after his return from Crecy and Calais. An Abbot Nicholas is mentioned in the Episcopal Register (Thoresby, fol. 35) in the year 1351 ; but we do not learn what direct effect the Black Death had had upon Hailes. It does not appear to have visited Winchcombe, f so Hailes may have escaped ; though we may be certain that neither Abbey escaped the tragic social and commercial dislocation caused by it. Winchcombe at the time was suffering from mutiny within under Abbot William de Sherborne (1340-52). The King ordered a visitation of Winchcombe, and its temporalities were placed under a Commission appointed by the Crown. (Cf. Landboc, Vol 2, XXVII.) In 1361-2 Hailes did not escape, but saw its community nearly e.xterminated, and lost its Abbot Nicholas. Further, on * In 1340 the Abbot and Convent of Winchcombe sued the Abbot and Convent of Hailes for pasturing of certain of tlieir sheep within the parish fields of Winchcombe, and claimed a tithe of the lambs born of these. The matter was temporarily settled by the payment of 3s. 7jd. on the part of the Abbot and Convent of Hailes. Cf. Cartul. Winchcombe, p. 196. t Perhaps the XV. C. chronicler may have been thinking of the subject when, referring to the healthiness of the site and of the monks, he says, " Quos nee morbus prostravit ncc mors minoravit." It was impoverished through it, but there is no evidence to hand that the Plague touched Winchcombe. But both Gloucester and Worcester suffered badly in the summer of 1349. The following document speaks as to the condition of the Diocese of Worcester ; — Reg. Suppl. Urb. V. T. 40. F. 190. Episcopus Vigorniensis. Cum in pestilentia ultima iam elapsa, in diversis monasteriis domi- busque religiosis, quasi omnes seniores presbyteri viara universae camis sint ingressi, supplicat pro defectu nataliura in ordinandis. VIII. Kalendas Junii, Anno II. (1364), i.e.. May 25th. HISTORY OF HAILES 95 October 31st, 1364, certain ' Satellites of Satan ' broke into the Sacristy " vehementis avaritiae succensi " and carried off patens, eleven chalices (worth forty shillings, the least of them), and that belonging to the High Altar, worth 100 shillings ; besides two chasubles (worth twelve silver pounds), and two silver thuribles (worth thirty silver pounds).* Whether the depredation was the result of external robbers or organised within the sadly impover- ished Monastery does not, perhaps, absolutely appear. Monasteries throughout England suffered similar rapine at this disorganised period, t In 1382 HailesJ paid £10 to the King in fee-farm. The Monastery was not destined to recover its condition of prosperity until a century of continuous troubles had passed over it. In 1386 we find it distressed (unable to collect its ancient Cornish rents of SS. Breage and Paul), its occupants diminished in numbers, these ill-clad and ill-fed, and the sick doomed. (Episc. Reg. Wakefield, f. 116). The Abbot and Convent petition the Bishop of Worcester to appropriate the Church of Toddington to Hailes, together with that of Stanley Pontlarge. This was granted, and it doubtless contributed towards a gradual recovery. It is possible that the Botelers who had now (1367) succeeded to the last of the Sudeleys at Sudeley by the marriage of Joan, daughter and co-heiress of John de Sudeley with William de Boteler,§ became patrons of Hailes ; but there is no evidence at hand to prove it. The Abbot of Stratford, as General of the Cistercian Order in England, visited Hailes in 1394, and gave the monks there some advice, but perhaps he found their Convent better off than many which he had seen already. Henry of Alcester, who was Abbot in 1397, seems to have squandered the revenues, as we shall presently observe, and left it greatly in debt ; and the paternal Abbot of Beaulieu, visiting Hailes, in the year following, found the sick neglected there, and the monks still ill-clothed, i.e., in rags. * Et tercium cuprium precium x. solidas duas phiolas argenteas precium XIII. solidos IIII. dunarios, in Suarum animarum perniciam et dicti mon- asterii de Hayles dampnum et gravamen pluribus dierum curriculis inter- currentibus non recuperabile furtive deportaverunt. Harl. 3725, fol. 29. t A certain monk of Hailes, by name John Andover, who had left his monastery, foresworn his habit, and wandered abroad as an apostate, went to Avignon and petitioned Urban V. for his rehabilitation. The Pope wrote to the Bishop of Winchester advising him to deal leniently with the case. (June loth., 4 Ides of June, 1369.) { Pat. Roll, pp. 129, 131. § His son, Thomas le Boteler, succeeded him in 1368. CHAPTER XI. The XVth Century. Appeal to Rome for Help. Results. IN the opening of the fifteenth century we find Hailes, hke each of the neighbouring Abbeys, Evesham, Pershore, and VVinchcombe, in far from prosperous condition. Abbot Robert (of Alcester) appeals to the Crown to effect the arrest of Henry, also of Alcester, and a monk of the same Abbey (apparently his prede- cessor in the Abbacy, (Cf. Epis. Reg. Tideman de Winchcombe, fol. i6d), who has been wandering about in secular habit, in the town of Oxford, and elsewhere, in divers counties of the realm, and to deliver him up to the Abbot for castigation. (Cal. Pat. R. a. 5, Hen. IV. pt. I, memb. 27 d.). The incident suggests unhappy con- ditions. The years 1403-1406, however, with abundant harvests and wheat at 4s. to 6s. a quarter, instead of 8s. to ids., must have proved helpful to Hailes. In February, 1412, Pope John XXIII. grants the petition of the same Abbot (Robert of Alcester), to be permitted to appoint for the service of the Churches of Didbrook, Pinnock, Longbarrow, a suitable monk from the Convent, instead of a secular priest, as heretofore, as perpetual vicar. " Inasmuch as, owing to various misfortunes, the rents and revenues of the Abbey have been greatly diminished so that there is not sufficient for the fitting maintenance of twenty-two monks and their servants, far less to meet the needs of hospitahty, and other usual outgoings. We, notwithstanding the ' Constitutions ' and apostohc ordinances, desirous of according paternal assistance, concede your request as to these Churches." (Cf. Arch. Seer. Vatic. John XXIII. a. 3. 1412.) In the previous year (141 1) the same Abbot purchased a carucate of land at Netherswell, of the value of XX. shillings a year, called ' the Park,' and held from the King in chief. Owing to the vigorous plying of the Papal Curia with petitions by this strenuous Abbot, the Pope grants relaxation of ten years, and ten quarantines of enjoined penance to penitents who, on Whitsun Day and Corpus Chiisti, and the seven days following each of these feasts, shall visit the Abbey, or give alms for the repair and O ■n n < « - ^ o y. u in n r-" ^^i*i Uff _, maria '-;».ii-----.f?/i:-:j* J -I udirDi.iHi,; -iMii:- moBlfln'tlrncHlflnrttliqilfS fhoniun-^.iill.ii, J , ( un iniirnuifrfsr''-.-- Uliir-MiBtiJ. 0.l(TliniriiiSilol»iCm*iD(ffiiftinilliiiBCirijnir(icynQro Ci'ifDuioSiio Vitrei J lirrtrr*; ' '■: - lif^'tin.irtimriri.ifioyrlrrtn.ftrlirir Tiili rDitfaiti Ion[irtii*niD,llifTinif f i .-It ji'. i-muffonK fuffriniiiiUMdi 4';ii«ii". 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AX IXDULGEXCK TO CHARLES. LORD HERBERT OE RAOLAX, BV AXTHOXV MELTOX. ABBOT OE HAILES, 1509. HISTORY OF HAILES 129 LIST OF THE Jordan (Prior of Beaulieu) Richard John (?) Walter Hugh I Adam . . Nicholas . . . . d. Hugh de Dumbleton 1301, John of Gloucester* (i) ABBOTS OF HAILES 1246 1250 (a. 35, Hen. III., Charter) 1270 1280 1280 1298 1305 1306 John Dene . . 1317, 1319, 1309 1323 John (?) 1333 Thomas 1345 Nicholas de Hayles . . Thomas WiUiam de Winforton John of Gloucester (2) 1368, 1351 1354 1359 1376 Robert Henry of Alcester . . 1397- 1380 -1402 Robert of Alcester . . 1403-1420 WiUiam Henley 1420-1438 Robert Landrake 1451 John 1461-1464 WiUiam Whitchurch 1464-1479 Richard \\'otton 1479 (Chron. de HaUes, f. 79). died (Chron. of Hayles) (June nth. Vol. II., Land- boc, 294). Died 1286-7. (PI. Qo. Wo.) (Annal. Wigorn., p. 539) (Executor of WiU of Edmund Earl of CornwaU. Epis. Re- gister, Gainsborough, f. 7.) (At the funeral of Abbot Gamage, at Gloucester.) (Landboc, II. 295) (Cf. Epis. Reg. Orleton, Here- ford, fol. 33.) (Cal. Pat. RoUs, Ed. Ill, a. 6, pt. III., m. I.) (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Ed. III., a. 19 pt. III., m. 9d.) (Epis. Reg. Thoresby, f. 35) (Epis. Reg. Brian, f. 10.) (Epis. Reg. Hereford, Charl- ton, f. 32 and 36) (Dugdale, Mon. Aug. V. 687) (Epis. Reg. Winchcombe, fol. i6d) (C.P.R., a. 5, Hen. IV. pt. i, m. 27d. Epis. Reg. Mor- gan, fol. i5d.) (Epis. Reg. Morgan, f. 15, d.) (Epis. Reg. Carpenter, I. f. 95) (Epis. Reg. Alcock, f. 52) • Consecrated in Bredon Church by Giflfard. Bishop of Worcester. 15 Kal : Sept. 1305. 130 HISTORY OF HAILES John Combeck . . 1483 (Epis. Reg. Alcock. f. I20,d) Thomas Stafford . . 1483-1503 (Epis. Reg. Alcock, f. 120, d) Anthony Melton . . 1509-1527 (?) (Epis. Reg. Di Ghinucci, f. 75, d.) Stephen Sagar . . 1527-1539 (Epis. Reg. Di Ghinucci, f. 75, d.) An Abbot's ring was found between Toddington Church and the house (c.) 1830 ; but it was accidentally lost down a drain there, by its owner, some years later. 1. Seal of Hailes, Abbot Henley. A Charter at Guildhall, Gloucester. 2. Seal (matrix) found 1829 ? at Low Garth, Langrick-on- Ouse, Co. York. 3. Seal attached to an Indulgence dated 1509, at Hailes Museum. (Fig. 25, 2). Not one of these is an armorial example of the Abbey Seal ; and to the writer it seems questionable (but only for lack of further evidence), whether the Abbots of Hailes were wont to use the arms of their Abbey upon their Seals after they became possessed of such important Rehcs as the Holy Blood and their piece of the True Cross. In Conventual Seals the arms are often presented sub- ordinately to the main subject, or legend, depicted upon them. In many cases also no arms occur at all. Crosiers borne in a bend afforded comparatively little variety. The difference observed between two of the Seals of the Confraternity of Hailes consists in the omission of three steps in the later (or 1509) example, upon which, in the earlier (fifteenth century) one, the monk, holding his two relics, is standing. The Arms of Hailes were argent, on a bend dexter, gules, a crosier, surmounted with a lion rampant of the last ; all within a bordure sable. They occur in glass at the Church of Haughley, Suffolk. CHAPTER XV. The Hoby Family. Sudeley and K.'^therine Parr. L.^dy Jane Grey. Seymour of Sudeley. Parr, Marquis of Northampton. THE post-Dissolution occupiers of Hailes, and of its neigh- bouring Abbeys (Evesham and Winchcombe) are of especial interest to us as having been intimately and locally connected with prominent actors in the drama of the Suppression. " After the Dissolution of Hailes Abbey one Acton took the first lease of the scite and demesnes thereof which he kept not long ; for in"^. 38 Henry VIH. (1545-6) one [Richard] Andrewes took a lease thereof who had also (as I have heard), the scites of nine Monasteries. His heire now liveth as a meane gent, in Gloucestershire (i.e., at Haresfield). Andrewes solde his lease to one Hodgkins, who held the same for a time, and then took a new lease from the Marquis of Northampton." (Gumey MSS. Misc. H. 109, 117). Hodgkins a httle later (Nov., 1557) obtained other Abbey lands including those at Cold Aston which had belonged to the Priory of St. Oswald at Gloucester, and those of the Abbey of St. Peter, at Minsterworth, and Ayleswood, near W'ithington, once parcel of the properties of the Abbey of Bruem, Co. Oxon ; and in addition he received tithes of the Almonry of Winchcombe Abbey, from the lands of which his brother, Anthony Hodgkins, hkevvise drew a fee-farm rent of i6s. 8d., which he held for twenty-one years. His daughter, Ahce, presently married William Hoby, son of a certain William Hoby, of no family or county standing, at Leominster ; but the eldest member of a family which rose rapidly by zeal and high patronage to great estate, and flourished upon the ruins of the Suppression ; and then almost as rapidly declined into nothingness. The younger brother of WiUiam (of Hailes), Phihp (b. 1505) is stated by Nash (Hist. Wore. I. 197) quoting from a MS. in the College of Arms, to have come to the Court of Henry VHI. in the train of Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester ; the very same personage whom we have already noticed as having been granted an especial Indulgence 132 HISTORY OF HAILES • lU^lio by the Abbot of Hailes in 1509, for helping the fortunes of that Monastery. It is a coincidence that PhiUp Hoby became entrusted by the King with important diplomatic business in the same year which witnessed the Dissolution of the Abbeys of Evesham and Hailes. He was sent on a mission touching the King's diplomatic relations with the Emperor Charles V. concerning the attitude of France and Scotland. His services became rewarded in 1542 with the best spoils of Evesham Abbey, including the Manors of Norton and Lenchwick, and with Bisham Abbey, near Henley-on-Thames. Holbein painted his portrait, which is now at Windsor. Sir Philip married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Walter Stoner, by whom he left no son, but one daughter married to Brian Carter, who had livery of land in the Manor of Rowell (a. i, EUz.) 1558. e o wuJe Recalled from his continental post of envoy in the Netherlands _ ^ by Queen Mary in 1553, as a protestant subject of questionable trustworthiness, he obtained leave in the following year to travel into Italy, in search of certain baths near Verona (Caldero), advised him for an old malady. This he accompHshed in company of his half-brother, Sir Thomas, and returned to Bisham Abbey in 1556, but little better of his ailment of which he presently died, in the same year with Queen Mary and the Emperor Charles V. (1558). William Hoby appears to have led a more retired life than Sir Philip, or Sir Thomas, his said half-brother, and to have married as his second wife, Alice Hodgkins, with whom he lived at Marden, in Hampshire, a manor rented from Sir Philip. In 1552 Sir Thomas Hoby writes, " On the v. day of Februarie I went into the countrie with my brother William and his wyft to Marden." (Cf. A Booke of the travaile and Uef of Thomas Hoby, p. 76). Later he came to live at Hailes to which he succeeded upon the death of Henry Hodgkins, his wife's father. During his long life there (for he lived to the venerable age of 103 years), he renewed the lease of Hailes three separate times. A MS. source declares to us that " He was a man unlearned, very just and very plain in his actions, and of great hospitality. He had three sons, who are all dead without issue male (living) ; and the lease (of Hayles) for fifty years is gone from his kindred unto the Honourable (Sir Horatio) Vere, who married the widow of William Hoby, his youngest son, who had the same by gift of William, her son." (Gurney MS., 1627). He is said to have restored the parish church at Hailes, which had doubtless suffered neglect after the departure of the Abbots, and where he came to be buried in 1603, but unless it can be identified ^1s lllii- HISTORY OF HAILES 133 with some fragments of Elizabethan wall-texts found by the writer in the south wall of the chancel while removing old whitewash there in 1904, there is no feature (save some false gothic tracery in the windows), left by which to record his handiwork. One of his daughters, EHzabeth, married George Stratford, Esq., of Farm- cote ; while William, his second son, married secondly, Mary, daughter of Sir John Tracy of Stanway, and had a son, William, who dying, left Hailes to his mother. But we have been somewhat anticipatory, and, with the leave of the reader, let us for a moment shift the point of interest to Sudeley, two miles away. For the fee of the site and demesnes of the Abbey of Hailes was granted first, as was that of Winch- combe, to Queen Katherine Parr (July, 1543), and afterwards (1547) to her fourth husband, Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudeley (attainted), " and then to (Parr) Marquis of Northampton (also attainted) as sithence whose attainder, the fee thereof hath con- tinued in the Crown." Fig. 26. " The scite and demesnes of the Abbey of Winchcombe re- mained in the hands of King Henry the Eighth from the time of f^cc. c.,>y i^i^ie. the Dissolution until his death ; and was by him granted to the * ^ ( *-^ I ^ " Queen Katherine, his last wife, for her jointure." [Gumey MS.] It is well, therefore, to clearly recognise that whatever un- doubted interest must attach to the owners of leases who in turn Uved at Hailes after the Dissolution, the fee of the Manor now held by the Crown was granted by the King to a still more interesting personage, even Queen Katherine Parr. Meanwhile, it was held by a constable appointed by the Crown in the person of one Richard Andrewes (gent), (Cf. Cal. State Papers, Vol. 17), to whom were leased the rectories of Hailes and Didbrook, and a meadow at the latter place ' lately belonging to the monastery of Hayles.' There can be no doubt that the suppression of the two Abbeys struck a fatal blow at the well-being of Winchcombe, and if the town was by no means in a flourishing condition before that event, its condition afterwards became httle short of disastrous, and the wholesale vagrancy and impoverishment caused thereby soon enough made the King himself declare that " it cannot be wholesome for our common-wealth to permit them {i.e., monks and their dependents) to wander abroad." State Papers, Vol. i, p. 540). The beginning of the Winchcombe Parish Register, July 6. 1539, eloquently marks the violent transition when not only the 134 HISTORY OF HAILES great and ancient Convent in her midst became deserted, but the townsfolk foimd themselves no longer within the venerable diocese of Worcester, but swept into the brand-new one of Gloucester. While, presently, the Protector Somerset was wrangling with his brother, Thomas Seymour, o\'er the chantries and advowsons of the churches which had pertained to the monasteries, the latter at Sudeley completed the destruction of Winchcombe Abbey and Hailes ; so that, what with State-tragedies and local ruination, Sudeley Castle must have come to be regarded ominously not only i^«C, Copy ^1<4id e as a centre of incidental calamity, but the very home of tragedy. izf ■^c- I", c- DC S. In 1547, but four months after Henry's decease, Seymour secretly wedded Katherine, the late King's widow, and in the same year, his nephew King Edward (August a. i) confirmed to him all his Gloucestershire estates and other possessions, including " all our Hundred of Kiftsgate, and the manor of Sudeley, and the possessions of the late Abbey of Winchcombe," Knowing what has been handed down to us of Katherine, her radiancy and witty resourcefulness, as well as her personal attraction, it seems de- plorable that she should have come to love such a perilous person as the man of whom his intimate acquaintance, Latimer, could say, " He was a wicked man " ; "a most seditious man " and " the furthest from the fear of God that ever he knew, or heard of, in England," albeit some of this language may have been purposely unrestrained in order to justify the youthful King for having signed his uncle's death-warrant. Every month of the new, but brief, married life for Seymour was thick inlaid with foolhardy in- trigue, step by step quickly rising to the unforeseen, but supreme, forfeiture to be made on Tower Hill. And even had the sad Queen survived the birth of their child, it was difficult to beheve that her tears, or her wit, could have saved her heartless man. He seems to have confided nothing of his plots to her ; but the queen her- self was hated by the Duchess of Somerset, to whom her precedence was as gall. When not at Chelsea Manor-house, they spent their time chiefly at Hanworth* (Co. Middlesex), another gift to her from King Henry ; and there the youthful and dauntless Elizabeth resided under Katherine's care, and apparently she needed more of this there than either herself or the queen suspected. SejTnour and his bride did not come to Sudeley until after midsummer in 1548. Elizabeth's place was there filled by her * Queen Elizabeth dined there in 1600. It was burned down in 1796 HISTORY OF HAILES 135 cousin, the little Lady Jane Grey, whom her father, the Marquis of Dorset, brought thither, and whom Seymour desired to match with the King, his nephew. Among the household moved the sombre figure also of Miles Coverdale, the Queen's Almoner. On August 30th, Katharine gave birth to a daughter, and for fear of displeasing Seymour forewent the necessary attendance of her skilled physician. Nothing short of repulsion can fill us when we read the words which the victim-invalid (as reported by her lady-in-waiting, Elizabeth Tyrwhit), addressed to her hus- band from what was to be her death-bed :— " My lord, I would have given a thousand marks to have had my full talk with Huyck (her doctor) the first day I was delivered, but I dared not for dis- pleasing you." Seven days later the queen died, most sadly indeed, but at least she was spared the bitterness of seeing her treacherous hus- band's rapid, and inevitable, downfall. Rumour, readily to be i >, 0/ if^ti e of London and the fine Castle of Ralph le Boteler, outside Winch- i-. 1 >„i ■» combe. A dark under-current seemed to connect them. Lord ' ' ' ' Northampton, who had made a serious deposition against Lord Seymour, now, upon the death of Edward VI. (July 6th, 1553), became himself implicated in the fore doomed cause of Lady Jane (Grey) Dudley, and for serving Northumberland in Norfolk, was condemned to die here, but presently was spared by Queen Mary, with the temporary forfeit of his title, together with the estates of Sudeley and Hailes. " The Duke of Northumberland is in custodie of the Garde as a prisoner in Cambridge, and my ladie hys wyfe, the Lord Guildford, and the Lady Jane, are in the Towere as prisoners ; my Lord Marquis of Northampton, the Erie of * Richard Tracy was the second son of William Tracy of Toddington, and Margaret, daughter of Thomas Throckmorton. He married Barbara, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlecote. by whom he became father to Sir Paul Tracy. Bt., who built the beautiful existing Stanway House, and died 1626. Fig. 31. t His daughter, Jane Kelway -John, son of Sir Thomas Bartlett, of Sedbury, Co. Glos. 138 HISTORY OF HAILES Huntingdone. Sir Henry Gates, and diveres others cannot as yet gett their pardones." (July 23rd). Meantime, a letter from Queen Mary dated at the Tower (August 5th) peremptorily recalled Sir Philip Hoby from his post of ambassador to the Emperor in the Low Countries. On the i8th, the Marquis, together with Northumberland, was actually condemned to be hanged, drawn and quartered ; a day (owing to his having been reprieved) he must have been happy to recall during the last eighteen years of his life. On the 12th morning of February, Lady Jane arose at the bidding of Sir John Brydges of Cobberley,* the Lieutenant, and her prayer-book in hand passed to the fatal green opposite the White Tower, and after her prayers she handed her book to Thomas Brydges, in which she had written for his brother, Sir John (at the latter's request), and signed herself, "Yours, as the Lord knoweth, as a friend, Jane Duddeley." Queen ^ffC cc 1 " "IfVie Mary bestowed Sudeley Castle and Manor upon him. There he ■?4^'^(^<^ D.E'^ . died quietly in 1557, and was buried (May 3rd) under the pave- ment upon which little Jane Grey had mourned for Katherine Parr. His daughter, Elizabeth, married Henry Tracy, of Todding- ton, cousin of Richard Tracy, and father of the Sir John Tracy whom Queen Elizabeth knighted in 1574, at Bristol. -f The Bridges, Lords Chandos, although Chief Stewards of the Manor, were at no time, however, owners of Hailes, and hence they do not call for further reference at this point, than may be fitly appended in the MS. note of (c.) 1627, given below. (No. 3). Rudder mentions (probably upon the authority of a ' deed '), that " a meadow which had belonged to the Marquis of North- ampton, and formerly to the Abbey of Hayles, called ' Brownings,' was granted to Henry Browning and Charles Brockton in 1553-4 (a. 2, Mariae)." Other Abbey lands here were granted in 1582-3 (a. 25, Eliz.) to Theophilus and Richard Adams. In 1564 certain rights there were also conceded to John Dudley and John Ayscough. The Rectory and Church of Didbrook were leased by Elizabeth to William Gorge, one of her gentlemen pensioners, in 1571-2, for twenty-one years. (Cf. Pat. Roll). * He had been created Lord Chandos a few days only. t Another, Katherine, married Edmund, Lord Dudley. HISTORY OF HAILES 139 NOTE (I) TO CHAPTER XV. Owners of the Abbey after the Dissolution. [From MS. in possession of J. H. Gumey, Esq., Keswick Hall, Norwich,] " After the Dissolution of Hayles Abbey one Acton took the first lease of the scite and demesnes thereof, which he kept not long ; for in a. 38° H.VIH. one Andrewes took a lease thereof who had also (as I have heard) the scites of nine monasteries. His heir now liveth as a meane gent in Gloucestershire. Andrewes solde his lease to one Hodgkyns, who held the same for a tyme, and then took a new lease of the Marquis of Northampton ; and after that another lease of Queen Elizabeth ; which last lease he gave unto William Hobie, Esq., who had married his daughter ; the said Hodgkins had but one Sonne, who died in the lifetime of his father, leaving behind him three sons to whom he left good estates, but they were all consumed and their issue fallen into povertie. 1^«: e ci,>tl T^'-'.-ir " The fee of the scite and demesnes of this Abbey was granted first to Queene Katherine Parr, afterwards to the Lord Seymour (attainted) and then to the Marquis of Northampton (also attainted) as sithence. whose attainder the fee thereof hath continued in the Crowne. " William Hobye who married the daughter of Mr Hodgekins, tooke three several leases of Queen Elizabeth of these lands, the first for 21 years, the second for three lives, and the third for 50 years in a Reversion after these lives ; He was a man unlearned, very just, and very plain in his actions ; of great hospitality ; He had three sons, who are all dead without issue male ; and the lease for 50 years is gone from his kindred unto the Hon. Vere {i.e.. Sir Horatio) who married the widow of William Hoby, his youngest son, who had the same by the gift of Mr William Hoby, her son." [In another hand.] " received of Mr Townshende, an attorney of Glocestere, 6 May, 1627." NOTE (2) TO CHAPTER XV. Evesham and the Hobys " Evesham Monastery- being dissolved, the scite and demesnes thereof was granted by King Henry VIII. to Sir Philip Hoby, who died without issue. He conveyed the said Abbey lands to his brother (of the half-blood) Sir Thomas Hoby ; who also conveyed ihe same to his wife (afterwards the Lady Russell) for life, the reversion to Sir Edward Hoby and his heires ; to whom also he gave many other manors of great value which had been parcel of the possessions of the said Abbey. " Sir Edward Hoby sold the said reversion to Sir Edward Grevill who (as it is said) overthrew his estate by buying thereof, by reason that he borrowed the money upon use, which he paid for the same : He sold it again before the death of the said Lady Russell to one Mr Woodward, a citizen of London, whose son Sir John Woodward hath also sold the same in possession to Sir William Curteneene ; and Sir Edward sold also all the residue of the said Abbey landes. J 3 140 HISTORY OF HAILES " The said Sir Philip Hoby had three brothers ; viz., WiUiam, Thomas, and Richard : William had issue three sons ; viz., Philip and Giles who died without issue, and William who had issue, William and Philip, who are both also dead without issue. (See p. 150). " Thomas had issue Sir Edward Hoby and Sir Thomas Postumus Hoby ; Sir Edward had three wives by whom he had no issue but he hath a reputed son by a stranger, to whom he left Bisham .^bbey near Henley upon Thames. Sir Thomas Posthumus Hoby is yet living, but without issue. " Richard Hoby had one only son who is dead without issue. " So that there is not at this time any issue male of that name living, but only Sir Thomas Posthumus Hoby ; and all the said Abbey lands which they had are sold. " Sir Philip Hoby had also a sister whom he preferred to good estates which are also sithence consumed ; and their issue in povertie." " received of Mr {? Charles) Townshend, an attorney of Glocestershire." 6 May, 1627. Gumey MSS., pp. 109-11. " Aldington," says Nash, " was probably the chief seat of the Hobys Ce c aofi^h^A^e '"^ Worcestershire. They were extinct in the time of Habingdon. The Hoby Pedigree was recorded at the Visitation of 1569." Their Arms seem to have somewhat suspiciously blossomed out into rich quarterings. "Quarterly (i) Arg : a fesse sable between 3 Hobbies proper, for Hoby ; (2) Gules, 3 Halberds in fesse arg. for Bylmore ; (3) Arg : 3 bottoms or clewes, in fesse gules threaded, or, for Badlond ; (4) Sable an eagle displayed arg : for Llewellyn-ap-Gregeur ; (5) Arg ; a lion ramp : sable, crowned or, for Rhys-ap-Tudor ; (6) Sable, a pomegranate or. for Meredith Beth ; (7) Gules, a lion rampant arg : for ? ; (8) Arg : a chevron between 3 boars' heads erased sable for Philip Doillie." Cf. Grazebrook. Heraldry of Worcestershire. nlT.-'.[%a o.E'S NOTE (3) TO CHAPTER XV. Chandos of Sudeley " The site and demesnes of the Abbey of Winchcombe remained in the hands of King Henry the 8th from the time of the Dissolution until his death ; was by him granted to the Queen Katherine his last wife for her jointure. " King Edward the 6th in the first year of his reign granted the same in fee unto the Lord Seymour his uncle who also married the said Queen Katherine (as it is said) shortly after poisoned her in hope to marry with the King's sister Elizabeth, afterwards Queen. " Shortly after that the said Lord Seymour was attainted and executed ; and then King Edward granted the said site and demesnes to the lord Marquis of Northampton. The said marquis was attainted in the first year of Queen Mary ; and thereupon the said Queen granted the same to Sir John Bridges whom she created Lord Chandos ; who shortly after died. " Edmund Lord Chandos, son and heir of the said John lived and enjoyed the same for twenty years or thereabouts ; he kept great hospitalitie and was of very great estimation and much feared in his country and much increased his estate. HISTORY OF HAILES 141 " The said Edmund made a lease thereof to the use of his lady for the term of XXI. years to begin at his decease : and having issue 2 sons ; vide- licet, GUes and William, by his Will entailed all his lands upon Giles and his heirs males : with Remainder to William and his heirs males with a perpetuity. " Edmund (Lord Chandos) died, and Giles his eldest son enjoyed these lands paying yearly unto Sir William KnoUys who married his mother £1000 per annum : He had no issue male, and therefore for preferment of his 2 daughters Elizabeth and Kathcrine, he sufifered a Rec'' to cut off the entail made by his father ; and settled all his lands upon his wife for life with remainder m fee to his eldest daughter : He lived until the lease made to his mother was almost expired ; and coming to London about that time promised his friends in the country a great feast at his return for joy that the said lease would then be expired, at which he much rejoiced : but being here he died much about his long expected time of the expiration of the said lease, his daughters being young. " After his decease a great suit was presently raised by William his brother, then Lord Chandos, against the Lady Francis his wife and her daughter, who after some time spent in the Chancery, came to trial at the Common Law upon an issue joined concerning the razing of the said Will in the point of the perpetuity, which razere was proved, and the issue found for the lord William, who thereby obtained only 4 acres of land, and for the residue there were very tedious suits for many years in the Court of Rolls and at the Common Law, to the great impoverishing of the said Lord, whose means were small, and so he died before the said suit was determined. " After the death of the Lord William, George (? Grey) Lord Chandos, his heir married the eldest daughter of Ferdinand, Earl of Darby, by whom he had both a faire estate and many great friends. And about the same time Elizabeth the eldest daughter of the Lord Giles (a lady well-known in Court in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and surpassing most at that time in both beauty and estate) married with Sir John Kennedy, a Scot, a mean man, and one who had another wife then living ; and shortly after there grew much discord between the Lady Chandos her mother and herself, and her husband, and then the old suit being revived the whole estate was reserved to certain lords as arbitrators by whom the controversy was ended to this effect, viz., that the old Lady had £1,200 per annum for her life, lady Kennedy and her husband had / 18, 000, and the old lady and the second daughter £6,000, or thereabouts, in money ; this suit being thus composed, then Sir John Kennedy and his lady fell to suit, she requiring a divorce in respect for that he had another wife. In the end this suit was also composed, and the lady had some part of the money which was then left them ; and which was scarce sufficient to pay her debts, so that in short time she was compelled through want to return to live with her mother whom she had for divers years much opposed and where she shortly after died. " George Lord Chandos coming to this estate made such haste to spend it that in four years he sold fifteen fair manors of his own and worth £5,000 p.a. or thereabouts, retaining only the Castle Manor and park of Sudeley and demesne lands of the Abbey of Winchcombe, out of which he sold £80 p.a. of the best land, and it is like would fain have sold all the rest if death had not prevented him." 142 HISTORY OF HAILES PEDIGREE OF BRYDGES, Lords Chandos of Sudeley Arms ; Argent on a cross sable. a leopard's face caboshed, or. SIR GILES BRYDGES of n=ISABEL, d. of Thomas Baynham. COBERLEY (Co. GloUC.) Sir John Brydges. 151 i (succ), Kt.- 1513. Constable of Sudeley, 1538. Dep. Governor Boulogne, 1547. M.P. Glos., 1529-30. Cr. Baron Chandos of Sudeley, Ap. 8, 1554. D. March 4, 1556-7. Edmund Brydges, Lord Chandos, = b. (c) 1521. K.G. Ap. 23, 1572 ; m. (c) 1548. Steward of Hailes. Elizabeth, d. Edm. Grey, Lord Grey de Winton. ^Dorothy, s. and co-h. of John 2nd Lord Braye. Giles Brydges, Lord Chandos, b.=!=FRANCE 5th d. of Edw. Clinton, ist (0)1548-9. Received Queen Eliza- Earl of Lincoln. both at Sudeley, 1592. D. Feb. 21. 1593- B. at Sudeley. Steward of the Manor of Hailes for life. Elizabeth = 1603, Sir John Kennedy, d. 1617. Katherine, b. 1576, m. 1608- 9. Francis Russel, 4th Earl of Bedford, d. 29 Jan. 1656-7.* William Lord Chandos, (hisbrother)=pMARY, cl. of Sir Owen Hopton. M.P. for Cricklade, 1572. M.P. for Gloucester, 1585-7. Grey, Lord Chandos, b. (c) 1582. K.B., 1604, " King ot Cotswold." Lord Lieut. Glos., 1614. m. 1607. D. 1 62 1. Buried at Sudeley. NNE, d. and co-h. of of Fernando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby. George, Lord Chandos, b. D. of small-po.x, 1654-5. 1620. ijANE, d. of John Savage, Earl Rivers. * Through this lady the Barony of Chandos became vested in the I >nkcs of Bedford. Her sister was " Fair Mistress Bridccs " whose fascinations over Essex proved too much for the equanimity of a greater Elizabeth. Cf, The Complete Peerage, by C.E.C. Fig. 28. M0UA5T. BJHARM. MATli5T£LI/£- AUAS W^TIN^GENf. jfv'Wi^ATirv. A°. MCCXXW A CISTERCIAN XIH. CENT. ABBEY DISPLAYING AN ARRANGEMENT SOME\VH.\T RESEMBLING THAT FORMERLY OF HAILES r« ■ CHAPTER XVI. The Jacobean Owners of Hailes. WILLIAM HOBY, ere his long life came to a close in 1603, found his manors at Cutsdean and Rowell giving him anxiety with relation to the claims of his half-nephew, Sir Edward Hoby (b. 1560), son of Sir Thomas Hoby of Bisham Abbey. In 1597 a hostile suit was, however, compromised at Westminster by his giving ^^700 to Sir Edward (Cf. Feet of Fines, a. 39, Eliz.) The troubles in connection with these manors had long been compUcated by their being divided into moieties, the bound- aries of which had become obscured. In 1569 a Bill of Complaint in Chancery by William Hoby of Marden, Co. Southampton ^* (and Hailes, Co. Glos.), sets forth that whereas he is seized i?.|'t'»{3< of the manor of Rowell and the farm or bercary of Cottesden (Co. Glos.), one Richard Stratford (gent) of Hawling (Co. Glos.) is seized of a moiety of the Manor of Hawling, and has the other moiety for certain years yet to come, all late belonging to the Abbey of Winchcombe and adjoining one another. The boundaries di- viding these moieties are now unknown, except to a few old and impotent persons ; and while the plaintiff is dwelling sixty miles from Rowell and Cottesden, Richard Stratford, dwelling in Haw- ling, is, he declares, daily encroaching upon his lands. He begs for a subpoena against him, and for a Commission to examine boundaries.* His son William, bom at Hailes Abbey, had married firstly, Katherine Fermour. She dying, he married Mary, daughter of his neighbour. Sir John Tracy (i) of Toddington (knighted 1574), and Anne Throckmorton ; but \\'illiam Hoby the elder, outlived both son and even his grandson, just as eventually he outUved his own century. His estate at Hailes was finally purchased by his connection. Sir John Tracy (2). A Return of Men and Armour for 1608 (by John Smith), gives us a view of the persons * Cf. Chancery Prcx;eedings, Elizabeth, S. II. Bundle 81, Xo. 14. 144 HISTORY OF HAILES holding land in the neighbourhood, as well as the chief tenants. The inn formerly near the Abbey (its Hospitium) and one or more Ijpuses,* were granted in 1605 to Sir Thomas Smith and Edward Lascelles. Sir Thomas Smith of Parsons Green, Middlesex (lately secretary to James I.), married Francis, daughter of William, fourth Lord Chandos of Sudeley. Vandyke painted her. Edward Lascelles was sixth son of Thomas Lascelles of Gawthorpe. HAILES William Tracy, Esq. (brother of Mary William Se.xton. i, m. Hoby, and Sir John Tracy 2.) Charles Townsend t Sir Horatio Vere, Kt., has one John Rowlcs, m. launce, one light horse, two cors- John Hicks, servants to the said lets, three muskets and two caly- William Tracy. vers furnished. John Stanbe John Worley Henry Carnall, 2, m(iddle stature) William Carnall, i, p(ikeman), {i.e., tallest stature) p. ^ _ K/n V \ Thomas Jeffrey, 2 p. n DIDBROOKE Whereof Sir John Tracy is lord, standcth charged with the finding of one corslet, one musket, and one calyver with the furnishing. J TODDINGTOX Whereof Sir John Tracy, Kt., is Lord. Henry Izod,§ gent. 2 p. subsidy men. [= Catherine Jackson of Stanton] John Izod, I calyver [son of Henry Izod] Anthony Grey, i musket. William Skinner, i ca. William Smith, 2 ca. Servants to the said Henry Izod. John Collesborne John Wood Robert Fforce * Pat. a. 2, James I. t Mary Hoby married secondly Sir Horatio Vere. This is why Sir Horatio appears in the above list, at Hailes. * Sir John Tracy (2), son of Anne, daughter of Thomas Throckmorton and Sir John Tracy (i) married .\nne, daughter of Sir Thomas Shirley, Kt. He rebuilt the chancel of Toddington Church. See p. 151. § Grandson of Nicholas Izod. d. 1557, and son of Henry Izod, d. 1597. Henry Izod died 1632. The Manor of Stanton, where some of the family lived, was given as dowry, with Snowshill, to Queen Katherine Parr. The old Manor House still stands, and is called the Court. In Stanton Church among other Izod monuments is a tablet recording " Henry Izod, faithful to his King, aged 52, 1650, Nov. 9th." His daughter Mary Parsons placed it in 1675. HISTORY OF HAILES 145 FARMCOTE Whereof George Stratforde,* Esq., is lord [Married Elizabeth, daughter of William Hoby of Hayles Ab- 10 servants and bey. She died 1623 and had 2 husbandmen. WiUiam Stratford of Farm- cott, and John Stratford of Hayles and \\'inchcombe.] PINNOCK Whereof the King's Majestie is lord. The said tything standeth charged with the finding of one corslet with the furniture. Postlippe, whereof GUes Brodwayf {i.e.. Broad-, or Bradway) is lord, II servants. From about 1630 Hailes was inhabited as their residence by the TracysJ of Stanway (created Barons and Viscounts in 1642(3), until shortly after they built old Toddington House (a picturesque courtyard-mansion of many gables), in 1683-6. Of this, only the gateway survives, standing near the rebuilt and remarkable modern church. John, third Viscount Tracy, died at Hailes in 1686. His successor removed to the new mansion at Toddington, Hailes remaining only as a dower-house until about 1729, when it was divided into two fafmer's residences. But soon becoming out ot repair, it was taken down piecemeal for materials to be used in other estate buildings and restorations. The rapidity 7?-- Co.- ■ . ^ v ^ ^ « ing the Commonwealth. A petition from certain Cheltenham and i?.l?c,i-i d E.-S Winchcombe landowners and labourers declared to Cromwell that ^ the destruction of their crop of tobacco would mean ruin to hun- dreds of them, and he graciously conceded one year's crop. When, later on, however, at the orders of the Governor of Gloucester, a troop of horse was despatched under Colonel Wakefield to up- root the crops, " the country did rise on them, about 500 or 600, threatening to kill them, horse and man, so that they were con- strained to depart." In 1662, one of the first efforts of the Res- toration was directed to enforce the displanting, and Sir Humphrey Hooke (formerly Mayor of Bristol and then Sheriff of Gloucester- shire), was despatched at the planting season (May) to his county with peremptory orders to put down all who opposed him. And though he received ministerial thanks in the following session for his firmness (Dom. State Papers, a. 2, Car. II., Vol. I.XV., 46), the landlords and fanners still winked at one another, and in 1667 (Sept. 19th), "My cozen, Kate Joyce . . . tells me how the Life-guard, which we thought a little while since was sent down into the country about some insurrection, was sent to Winchcombe, to spoil the tobacco there, which it seems the people there do plant contrary to law, and have always done, and still been under force and danger of ha\'ing it spoiled, as it hath been often times, 148 HISTORY OF HAILES and yet they will continue to plant it. The place, she says, is a miserable poor place." (Cf. Wheatley's Edition of Pepys, Vol. VII., p. Ill and note.) " The very planting of tobacco hath proved the decay of my trade, writes the pseudo-Hangman (Cf. Harry Hangman's Honour, or Gloucestershire Hangman's Request to the Smokers and To- |-» f^ M*\ A « bacconists of London," 1655), " for since it hath been planted in i'£.\ •jc^l'io oS.S. Gloucestershire, especially at Winchcombe, my trade hath proved nothing worth. . . . Before tobacco was there planted, there being no kind of trade to employ men, and very small tillage, necessity compelled poor men to stand my friends by stealing of sheep and other cattel, breaking of hedges, robbing of orchards, and what not." In 1675 the cultivation still continued, albeit on a diminished scale, as Pepys had predicted, and the field-name at Hailes at least has retained its hold until to-day. 140 W H O O o Q O H I/) Hh o w w Pi o Q W a, Id S en w o (J X O (LI W ,- o E go H . • >- 5 ° ■<3: a, s o P3 r^; o O o s ^ •OK < 3 SW ii_iJ , II II ^ K <; O K 11 ILIL ir II II 6> w Q « O to . . H - - H (/) r z 7 z K " 3S a ft X O Td w 5! o"2 < s o II > 2 >• « = -OS z g z s o « O w z° X o Id 2 Z < 3 « O ° S C/) yi o _ C X ^ « a,z ° 3 < O u en S C9 .4 iz; o O 6 U ■§ t-i -4-1 u (J u o ^ z ° s :;^^ >? in < ^A3^. ^a 150 eo. He ^ •< 1 - I Adke o.e.5. s < H CO ■^ ^ 2 W —■ w ■4 z b o HH o ^ 3 o T3 tt; K OT Q ^ ?; Q ih < S 'E o o tH c/i ■a ID < ' '2 d c ■s >^ o m i4 o rt "3 X K= >< m < o K X O en ^^ S <5 >- < CQ J O hJ K ^ P^ O w w p:; o »H Q W Ph o £ xi S .(J '^ * til (U >J H (A K O K z ^ Hi en 3o 'I .5 o o - « -Co o "^ o M-a o Si c - 1* 2(3^" o « s W a o o o o W z . . - 0) < T3 n °o „- • C K ■no w .■S H a ^ o; H ^ ,i wo . O »— ° z w m Ih — HI >• H 5 w o 5 J K g ■J « <: £« < g o a HH CU . < ui xtio^S ' « H z -o .h >^ mi's =• u z CO fi^ ° g Z w kT c o S c - <: C-o " a o w o rt S ^ s ■— 'X 2" = §S.b5 * o . d-a-S-g ■o a V. >n ^ a> rt CO o X . «s OS (4 " CO OJ . xi:^a« < H O W w o Q P < 1^ XI a o 15 < K H S < J3 H E o H .o o Si u « (/] -^ 3 >H o « oi o iri>< ^!^ „ *-s -^ nl c o< > e ■ ° I «*"^ ° ^mS°S^ «gSs-;z| ^SwjHWwggsgzSzzzS Sz^iKzS sSjzSzj ^ tn PM ? p O ffi H K H K i^« .i;#,^< h>^PKh1,K h«^h1,Hh^:? u^ N f^ O 00 e: ffl M p- ft o w X m If) o FQ ^ N in I »o o IT) t^ X BS O Q ^ 6 S D ° - -= ^ S K s 2 Z K U Q -J O en H t/3 J o o a a K H Id d > O X tn H Z < G H Q m^«K2,s^c^&^ 3 « 5 O K 2 X fe -J "Sri ;z; o ^ M 00 O o fO m Id Z O rn H Q O D z >• s Id [0 « Q OS a Id Id H H kJ >d < <: r^ t>* ro t^ •- N rn fO CO I I I I I rT) r*. r-- Tj- r^ mfncnmrnromro H S Z W O S z '!> "^ W W ZZ « •:> ? p H < OT H ? H O CQ ca Nirit^inN0ONf^»H^NTfTfM«r^N 'tinO NO^ »O*^Tt^t^Q0»O r-*t^r^a^Nro»o»ot^ooocooa^NroTj-oo ^-i-i^ to>o c^NlO^^t^0Gc^ Bg^ '' S" CJ ^ Id >7 Id rf! HSg>-ojo! sSs o s Sam JO i.so so '«::::::::::::::5PH SgS sz Sxiz Sg ^ g . , ^ ■ s „■ 5 . g I S g ° S ° § « d i^ ^ I ^ ^ rnO<:<2oo--idW5o- 72 :oo 18, 30 ■ 105 103 5 137 • 95 7. 156 71 I. 115 3 • 145 ■ 145 38, 39 129. 155 Canterbury, Archbishop of . . 57 Caposalvi, Signer . . . . 65 Came, Sir Edward .. .. :2i Carslade . . . . . . gg Carter. Brian . . . . . . 132 Cartularium .. .. .. n Catesthorpe .. .. 5, loi Cellarer, The . . . . 76, 123 Cellarium 41, 43, 44, 46, 88, 124 Cemey . . . . . . . . 14 Ceolwulf . . . . . . 5 Chancery Proceedings . . 159 Chandos of Sudeley (Pedigree) 142 Chandos, Edmund, Lord 140, 141 Chandos, Elizabeth 138, 141, 142 Chandos, Frances . . 144 Chandos, George, Lord 141, 152, 153. 156. 157 Chandos, Giles . . .. .. 141 Chandos, John, Lord 138, 140 Chandos, Katherine . . . . 141 Chandos, William 141, 144, 158 Chapels 37, 38, 40, 58, jg, 70, 76, 88, 8g, 90, gg Chapter-House . . 32, 44, 48, 53, 54. 7°. 75 Charlecote .. .. 114, 137 Charles I. 154, 155, 156, 157 Charles I. of Anjou . . . . 62 Charles V., Emperor .. .. 132 Charlton, Mary .. .. 158 Charlton Abbots . . . . 8 Chedworth . . . . . . 6, 14 Chelesworth . . . . . . g2 Cheltenham . . . . 4, 16, 155 Cheltenham, Thomas . . 107 Chequer, Sacrist's .. .. 89 Chesterfield, Battle of 56, 62 Chevet . . . . . . 40, 42, 58 Chichester, Bishop of 28, 33 Churchscot . . . . . . 15 Churchset . . . . . . 9 Cigony, Engelhard de 22. 23, 26 Cirencester 7, 14, 87, 137, 153, 154 Cirencester, Abbot of . . 72 Cirencester Abbey . . . . 57 Cistercians 4, 17, 24, 34, 48, 49, 50, 58, 64, 68, 74 to 82, 87. 89. 95. "o Clare, Richard de . . . . 67 INDEX 173 138. 155. 157 93 .. 97 6, 7, 50 .. 131 34. 57 55 99 .. 103 Clare, Gilbert de . . . . 67 Clarence, George, Duke of . . 102 Cleeve . . . . . . . . i Clement IV 62 Cloisters .. 24, 32, 36, 41, 42, 46, 47. 49. 50. 52. 53. 54. 71. 75. 77, 78, 80, 88,99, 102, 105 Cluniacs . . . . . . 17 Cnut, King Cobberley Cobham, Thomas Cobham, Lord Coins Cold Aston Cologne, Archbishop of Colonna, Cardinal Colj-n, John Combeck, John (Abbot) Commissioners (Cromwell's) 114, 116 119, 121, 124, 137 Compline . . . . 75. 82 Compton, Edmund . . 106, 107 Compton, Col. Henry.. .. 157 Compton, Sir William 106, 107, 108 Couderton . . . . . . 7 Condicote .. .. .. 125 Conrad, Archbishop . . . . 34 Constantine . . . . . . 6 Conversus . . . . 44. 80 Cook, Godfrey . . . . 3 Coquina {see Kitchen) Corbet, Roger . . . . . . 93 Corbet, Peter . . . . . . i Corinium . . . . . . 7 Cornwall, Richard, E. of 22, 26, 28 30. 31. 33. 38. 48. 56. 58. 60, 62, 64, 66, 90, 93 Cornwall, Edmund E. of 34, 57, 58, 67. 69, 72. 73. 93 Cornwall, Richard (II.) of . . 72 Coscombe 2, 42, 49, 56, 113, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 Cotes . . . . . . . . 32 Cotteswold (in Italian) . . 92 Coventry . . . . . . 107 Coverdale, MUes .. 135. 136 Craucombe, Geofirey de . . 23 Crecy . . . . . . . . 94 Cromwell 60, 106, 110 to 120, 122 Cromwell's Clump .. 7, 112 Crusade.. .. 62, 63, 65, 90 Culvert 50 Curteneene, Sir William . . 139 Curtis, Master no, iii, 112 Cutsdean . . . . . . 143 DA^XEY, Mr C. H 146 Danes, The . . . . . . 5 Dante 66, 113 Dastyn, Anthony . . . . 126 Dastyn, Sir Walter . . . . 94 Deane, Kenelm .. .. 125 Delabere, Kenard . . . . 127 Dene, Forest . . . . . . 14 Dent's Annals of Sudeley . . 5 Derby, Earl of . . . . 62 Derby, Ferdinand, Earl of . . 141 Despenser, Hugh le . . . . 92 Diccesden, Robert de . . .. 15 Didbrook 2, 7, 57, 83, 84, 93, 96, 97, 100, 102, 120, 123, 126, 133, 138, 144, 156 Dissolution of the Monasteries 106, 113 to 130, 133, 140 Divisional Sepulture . . .. 63 Dixton . . 3 Dobuni 6 Domesday 8 Dominicans 79. 115 Dorter . . 32, 40, 43, 48. 49. 51. 55. 69. 70. 71. 75. 124 Dorter-subvault 50. 70 Dover, Captain .. 152 Dowdeswell 97. 99 Down Ampney 23 Droitwich .. 6, 8 Dudbridge 2 Dudley. John . . .. 138 Dudley, Edmund Lord .. 138 Dumbleton .. 2, 93, 115, 126 Dumbleton, Hugh de 72 Durham, Bishop of . . .. 72 Dursley 22 EASTON 10 Eddric . . 4 Edgehill .. 152 Edmund, King 5 Edward I. 63, 65, 66, 68 , 72, 90, 92 174 INDEX Edward II 67. 72. 88 Edward III 94 Edward I \^ .. .. loi, 145 Edward VI. 119, 120, 124, 125, 126, 128. 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 146 Edward the Confessor 4, 8, 58, 64 Edwards, The Misses . . 71 Eleanor, Queen . . 32, 56 Ehzabcth. Queen 126, 134, 135, 138. 139, 140, 141, 142 Elmley . . . . . . . . 2 Ely Ill Ely, Bishop of.. .. .. 33 Enstone . . . . . . 24 Erasmus . . . . . . 108 Ermin Street .. .. .. 155 Essburne .. .. 3, 93, 126 Essex, Earl of 155, 156, 157 Ethelswith . . . . . . 5 Ethelwulf . . . . . . 5 Eugenius IV., Pope .. .. 98 Evans, Mr . . . . ..116 Evesham 4, 32. 33, 56, 57, 62, 63, 65, 96, 102, 106, 115, 131. 132, 139. 155. 156. 157 Exeter . . . . . . . . 114 Exeter, Bishops of . . 28, 33, 72 Eye 65 FALKENSTEIN, Beatrice von 39, 57. 58, 66 Falkland 156 Faringdon . . . . . . 24 Farmcote 7, 8, 42, 49, 83, 87, 93. 125, 133, 145, 155 Farmcote, Stratford of (Pedigree) 149 Farmcote, Walter de . . 10 Fermour, Katherine . . . . 143 Ferrers, Robert de . . 56. 57 Fiddington . . . . . . 3 Fire . . . . 66, 68, 100 Fishpond . . . . 71. 93 Fitz-Gerold [see Tancarville) Fitz-Hamon, Robert . . . . 5 Fitz-Harald, John .. 8, 12, 13 Fitz-Ralph, Harold . . . . 8 Flaxley Abbey 17, 68, 87 Florence Forbes, Colonel Ford Ford, Abbot of Forde, William of the Fosseway Fountains Abbey Fowler, Rev. Mr Fox, John Frampton Franciscans Francombe Frater 10, 32, 43. 45. 49. 81, 6. 37 25 46, 99 F^ee-^\'arren . Frescoes Furness Abbey 13 • 154 83.87 no 3 87, no 48. 49 82 120 . 2, 8 66, 79 121 47. 48, 124 32 • 65 • "3 GALILEE 36, 41, 54, 61. 75, 90 Gamaches . . . . . . 21 Games, Cotswold .. .. 152 Gasquet. Abbot . . . . 114 Gate-houses . . 31, 32, 88, 89 Gates, Sir Henry .. .. 138 Gawthorpe . . . . . . 144 George, William .. .. 138 Gesta Stephani .. 13. 15 Gibson, Samuel .. .. 157 Gifford, Godfrey . . . . 69 Giffard, John . . . . . . i Glass . . . . 34, 59. 145 Gloucester • ■ 5. 7. 16, 22, 24, 33, 48, 73. 94. 98. 99. 105. 123, 131, 134, 139, 152. 154. 155. 156 Gloucester, Abbot of . . . . 72 Gloucester, Gilbert E. of . . 67 Gloucester, MUo, Constable of 12, 13, 14 Gloucester, Richard E. of 34, 67 Gloucester, Richard D. of loi, 102 Gloucester, Robert E. of 12, 13, 14 Gloucestershire i, 4, 12, 87, 99, 131, 137. 139. 146, 147. 156 Godalecroft . . . . . . 3 Godwine Goizenboded, William Golafre . . Gosehomme - . . Gotherington . . 5 8 102 3 3. 163 INDEX 175 Great Cockbury . . . . 9 Greet 2. 32, 56, 84, 92, 94, loi Gretton 2, 3, 5, 9, 32, loi Grevill, Sir Edward Grey, Lady Jane 135 Grey, Lord Grimsthorpe Grosteste, Bishop Gro\-e Mill Guildford, Lord Guiting Gumey, Mr J. H. Gwent, Dr • • 139 136, 137. 138 • • 157 . . 136 33 27. 33 •• 137 128, 156 • • 139 112 HAILES, Abbots of (List, 129, John Combeck William Dene William Hendley Henry of Alcester Hugh L Hugh IL Jordan Anthony Melton Nicholas Robert Stephen Sagar 60. 118, 120, 121, Thomas Stafford Thomas WiUiam WTiitchurch 98, 102 Richard Wooton Hailes Abbey Church 32, 49. 71. 75. 80, 89, Hailes Castle . . 9. 1 1 Hailes, Charter of Hailes Parish Church 10, 31, 32, 40, 88, 130) .. 103 93 .. 98 95. 96, 97 .. 69 72 30 107, no 94 96. 97 108, no to 122, 126 • • 13° 94 103 103 37. Hailes Manor Hailes Rectory Hailes-wood Hailing Handy, Robert Hanwell Hanvvorth Harcourt, Christopher Haresfield Harley, Lord . . Harold (L) 36 124 14. 17 29 18, 19, 89, 91, 92, 124 21, 22, 26, 29, 83 123 :26 7 8, 24, 85 102 24 ■• 134 103, 105, 106 127, 131 .. 69 5 Harptre Harrow Haselton Haughley (Hayley) Hawling Hayle-brook Hearth-tax Heath-End Hemel-Hempstead Henry L Henry U. Henry HL Henry V. Henry VL Henry VH. Henry VHI. 14 117 24 26, 27. 65. 69 14. 143 3 . 158 • 56 ■ 69 10, 13 15. 30 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34. 55. 62 ■• 97 loi 105 42, 108 73, 106, 107, 113, 119, 128, 131, 133, 134. 137. 139. 140. 146 128 Heraldrj' Hereford Hereford, Milo E. of Hereford, Roger E. of Hereford. Bishops of Hertford, Lord HUl-croft Hilsey, John 115 Hoby (Pedigree) Hobys . . Hoby, Alice Hoby, Sir Edward Hoby, Elizabeth Hoby, Mary Hoby, Sir Philip 12, 22 12 to 14 14. 17 54. 72 . . 136 3 119, 120, 121 . . 150 146 132 143 •■ 133 144 131, 132, 138. 139, 140 139. 143 131. 139 43. 139. 131. 139, Hoby, Sir Thomas Hoby. WUliam 131, 139, 143 Hoby, William (II.) . . • ■ 133 Hodgkins, Anthony . . . . 131 Hodgkins. Henry 124, 126, 127 Holbech. Henry .. .. 118 Holy Blood of Hailes, The 56 to 61, 72, 87, 89, 90, 97, 98, 107, 115 to 120, 130 Hondsom, John . . . . 99 Hooke, Sir Humphrey . . 147 Hopper, Robert . . . . 114 Hosk>-ns, Henry . . . . 124 Hospitium 32, 87, 88, 144 Hostlore, John . . . . 97 176 INDEX Huddleston, Christopher . . 102 Huddleston, Elynor .. .. 127 Huddleston, Joan . . . . 106 Huddleston, John . . 102, 108 Huddleston (Pedigree) . . 109 HuUe, John . . . . . . 99 Hunte, Adam le . . . . 92 Huntingdon, Earl of . . . . 138 Hurst, The . . . . . . 99 Hyde 83 Hyett, Mr F. A 119 INFIRMARY . . 44. 53, 69, 70, 71, 76, 81, 88, 99, 124 Infirmarer 70, 71, 76, 78, 80 Inge, William . . . . . . 92 Ingham . . . . . . 105 Inscriptions . . . . . . 7 Isabella (Marshal) . . 26, 27, 56 Isturmey . . . . . . 128 Izod, Henry . . . . . . 144 Izod, Nicholas . . . . 144 JAILLE, Eudo de la . . 21, 22, 23 James I. . . . . 144, 146 Jerusalem, Patriarch of . . 58 Jervaulx Abbey . . . . 53 Jews . . . . . . . . 68 John, King . . . . 18, 24, 68 John XXIII., Pope . . 96, 97, 107 John the Mason . . . . 27 Joyce, Kate . . . . . . 147 KELWAYE, Jane .. Kelwaye, Robert Kemerton Kempsford Kenilworth Kennedy, Sir John Kent, Edmund E. of Kineton Kingston, Lady Kingston, Sir Anthony Kingston, Sir William, K.G. Kingswood Kip • 137 • 137 7 23 56, 105 . . 141 72 no , 127 127 127 68, 87 43 87 Kitchens 32, 45, 50, 70, 124 LACI, Roger de Langborough . . Langrich-on-Ouse Langton, Walter de . . Lascelles, Edward Lascelles, Thomas Latimer 59, 87, 106, 1 115, 116, 118, 119 Latus, Ralph Layton . . Lead Lechlade Leigh Leland 60, 90, 100, Lenchwick Leuric, William Lewis, King of France Lichfield Lidney . . Lincoln, Bishop of Little Chapter Lollards London 64, 115, 120, London, Dr . . London, Bishop of Longbarrow Longborough . . Longcombe Lower Guiting Low Garth Love, Richard Luci, Geoffrey de Luci, Richard de Lucy, Sir Thomas Lucy, Barbara . . 8 .. 125 73. 130 72 .. 144 ■• 144 10, III, 112, . 134. 136 127 113, 114, 116 124, 125 6, 69, 92 113, 114 105, 106, 126 .. 132 8 22 •• 154 126 33 77 97 125. 155. 156 114, 121 30, 33 . 69, 96, 114 • ■ 93 . . 103 8 73. 130 ■ ■ 115 21 21 114, 137 114, 137 Knightsmead . . KnoUys, Sir William 3 141 MacWILLIAMS, Isabel . . 128 Magna Carta . . . . . . 22 Maidstone, Ralph de . . . . 26 Malmesbury .. .. .. 156 Malmesbury, William of 12, 14 Marden . . . . 132, 143 Marlow . . . . . . . . 26 Marmion, Robert de . . . . 16 Marshal, Isabel . . 26, 27, 56 Marshal, Sybil . . . . 56 Marshal, William, Family of 35 Mary, Queen .. 132, 138, 140 Mason, John .. .. .. 126 INDEX 177 Massey, Edward 152, 154. 156, 157 Northumberland . . . . 10 Maud, Empress 12, 13 Northumberland, Earl of . . 106, Maurice, Prince 153. 154 137. 138 MajTiard 15 Norwich . . . . 31. 65 Medallions 146 Noririch, Bishop of . . . . 33 Melholm . - 105 Nottingham Hill . . . . 4 Mellent {see Waleran) Mellifont .. 48 ODIHAM 22 Mercian Kingdom 3. 4. 5 Oldcastle, Sir John (Cobham) 97, Mercery, The . . 99 106 Micklethwaite, Mr 80 Orleton, Adam de . . . . 55 Middle-homme 3 Oseney, Abbot of . . . . 72 Mildmay, Sir Walter . •• 137 Osgot 8 MUham (or Middleham ) . . 4, 6 Oxenton . . . . . . 3 Milhara-post . . . . 2, 6 Oxford 66, 79, 105, 107, no, 113, Minsterworth . . .. 131 115, 154, 156, r57 Minutor 71 Oxford. Provisions of . . 34 Molineux, Edmund .. lOI Oxfordshire . . . . . . 21 Monmouthshire .. 87 Ox-houses . . . . . . 71 Monreale 64 Montfort, Simon de . • 23, 56, 57, PAINSWICK .. 126, 127, 155 62, 63 non (II.) Paris . . . . . . . . 79 Montfort, Guy and Sir Parr, Queen Katherine 124, 126, de . . 62, 63, 65, 68 128, 133 to 136, Moore, Sir Thomas 112 138 to 140, 144, 146 Morice, Master 87, 106, no Parr, WUliam . . 124, 125, 133 Morton, Sir William . • • 157 Parsons Green . . . . 144 Mytton 99 Parsons, Mary . . . . 144 Pavement . . . . . . 60 NAMES of Abbots . . . 170 Pedigrees . . 19, 103, 104, 109, Names of Places .. 163 142, 150, 151 Names of Fields .. 165 Pellour, Thomas . . . . 99 Naples, Charles, King of . . 66 Pensions . . . . . . 123 Nashe, John . . .. 116 Percy, Henrj' (Earl of Nor- Natton . . 3 thumberland) . . . . 106 Naunton 8 Percy, Alionora . . . . 108 Nave ■ 37. 38. 58 Perse, Ralph . . . . . . 125 Nether Swell . . 56. 73, 87, 96 Pershore .. 96, 152, 155, 156 Netley . 37, 69, 122 PhiUp III 62 Newbury .. 156 Pilgrims Inn . . . . 32, 87 Newenham 69, lOI Pipes, clay . . . . . . 146 Newenton 32 Piseley . . . . 32, 56, 92 Norfolk, Earl of 15 Pottery 6 Normans 8, 21 Potteslepe (Postlip) . . 15, 16, 93, Norman Survey 4 126, 145 Normandy 8, 21 Poynings, Lord . . . . 106 Northampton, Marquis of (Parr) Poynings, Eleanor . . . . io6 124, 125, 131. 133. 136, Precentor . . 55, 79, 89 137. 138 . 139. 140 Presbytery 38, 44, 58, 60, 89 Norley .. 92 Prestbury . . . . 127, 154 178 INDEX Prior . . . . 44, 75, 76, 77. 78 79. 80, 81, 98, 107 Prothero, Henry Psalter . . Puck-pit Lane Pulpitum Purton . . Pye. John 32, 91 108 71. 87 38. 42 92 101 Pynnock 23, 56, 83, 87, 93, 96, 97, loi, 116, 123, 126, 145 QUARR 54 Quarter (of Winchcombe) . . 4 RAGLAN, Charles Herbert of 54, 73, 91. 107 Ralph, " The Bloodletter " . . 23 Ralph, Earl of Hereford . . 8 Rathcoole .. .. .. 152 Reader 81 Rede, William .. 115, 127 Reginald of Hailes . . 9, 10 Relics 34. 58, 60, 69, 73, 89, 97, no, HI, 117, 118, 119, 130 Rere-Dorter . . 49, 50, 70 Restoration, The .. 147, 158 Rewley 72 Richard Plantagenet . 21 Richard HL . . .. 105 Ridley III, 120 Rievaulx 49. 75 Robinson, William ■ ■ 115 Rochester, Bishop of 33. "5. 119. 120 Rodbourne .. 56, 93, 100, 127 Rome .. 60, 98, 113, 152 Rome, Bishop of .. .. no Rowell . . 84, 126, 132, 143, 157 Rowley Field . . . . 32, 58 Royal Receivers . . . . 113 Ruperiis (Rivers), Ralph de 23 Rupert, Prince 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 Russell, Lady . . . . . . 1 39 Rutland . . . . . . 67 Rychnield Street . . . . 6 SACRISTY . . Sagar [see Hailes) Sagar, Otho 73 87. Ill, 79. 98. 75. 95 St. Asaph, Bishop of St. Davids, Bishop of St. Bernard St. Breage St. Paul San Sylvestro . . St. Oswald's Priory Sallay, Thomas Salperton Salt Salters Hill Saltway, The . . Salwaye, Richard Sanchia of Provence 48, Sanctuarj' Sarum, Bishop of Saunders, Anthony Seals Sedbury Severn . . Severus Sext Seymour of Sudeley 133. 134. 133. Seymour, Sir John Seymour, Jane Sheep-pen- bridge Shenberrow Sherborne Sherborne, Wm. de . . . . 93 Shirley, Sir Thomas . . . . 144 Shrine 59, 60, 61, 69, 87, 89, 91, 106, 117 Siddington Siena Sicily Slaughter Smith, Sir Thomas Smiths-homme Smythe, Dr Snowshill Soana . . Solers, John de Solers, Roger de Solers, William de Somerset, Duke of Somerset, Duchess of Somerset, Earl of Worcester Somersetshire . . 33 33 75. 78 69. 95 69. 95 63.65 131 107 157 .. 6, 8 .. 87 6, II, 87 121 27. 31. 33. 57. 67. 90 102 33 112 130 ■• 137 6 7 80, III Lord 124, 126, 137. 139.140 27, 128 128 3 7 8, 24 63 62 83 134. 92 65 66 73 144 3 "5 85 63 24. 93 15 15 73 136 131 22 INDEX 179 Southam .. loi, 126, 127, 128 Southwell, Robert .. .. 121 Spain .. .. .. ..113 Spoonley . . . . . . 4, 6 Sponbed . . . . . . 4 Sponstrete . . . . . . 4 Stafford, Edward, Duke of Buckingham . . . . 108 Stancombe . . . . . . 7 Stanlake. John . . . . 97 Stanley, Abbot of .. 72, no Stanley Pontlarge 32, 95, loi, 126 Stanton.. 3, 7, 8, 85, 93, 125, 144 Stanton Harcourt . . . . 105 Stanway 6, 21, 83, 87, 114, 119, 125. 133. 137. 152. 156 Stapleton, Sir Miles . . . . 105 Stapleton, Joan . . . . 105 Stephen, King 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Stoneleigh, Lord Leigh of Stoner, Sir Walter Stowell . . Stow-in-the-Wold Stow St. Edward Strange, Rev. Walter. Stratford, Abbot of . Stratford (Pedigree) Stratford, Alice Stratford, George Stratford, Henry Stratford, John 158 .. 132 .. 87 155. 156 ■ • 125 102 ■ 95 . . 149 •■ 145 133. 146 ■■ 145 121, 125, 145, 146, 147, 155 145 143 124 9 52 Stratford, Margaret Stratford, Richard Stratford-on-Avon Studley, Everard, Prior of Subvault Sudeley 12, 13, 14, 56, 57, 72, 92, loi, 102, 105, 106, 121, 126, 128, 133, 155, 157 Sudeley Castle 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 23, 33. 56, 95. loi. 105, 134. 135. 138. 141. 152. 153. 154. 157 Sudeley. De (Pedigree) . . 104 Sudeley, Bartholomew, Lord of 3. 32, 56 Sudeley. John de 11, 14, 32, 72, 95 17 23 15 17 24 24 136 67 "5 Sudeley, Otuer Sudeley, Ralph (L) . Sudeley. Ralph (II.) . Sudeley, Ralph (III.) Suffolk, Duchess of . Sundon Sussex, Earl of TANXAR\ILLE (Pedigree) 19 Tancarville, Rabel de 17, 20 Tancarville, Ralph . . 8, 10, 19 Tancarville, Robert de . . 22 Tancar\'ille, William (I.) . . 10 TancarvUle, William (II.) 10, 17, 20 Tancarville, William (III.1 . . 20 Taylor, Rev. C. . . . . 4 Temple Guiting .. .. 128 Tetbury . . . . . . 14 Tetricus . . . . . . 6 Tewkesbury . . 33, 88, 121, 126, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157 Thoracis, William .. .. 120 Thombury Castle . . . . 108 Throckmorton, Anne 143, 144 Throckmorton, Anthony . . 145 Throckmorton, Margaret 114, 137 Throckmorton, Thomas . . 144 Throp . . . . . . . . 32 Tiles 38, 107, 128 Tintem . . 37, 49, 54 Tobacco . . 146. 147, 148 "Tobacco-piece" .. .. 146 Toddington 1, 3, 6, 8, 32, 72, 83, 93. 95. 100, loi, 114, 125, 128, 130, 137, 143, 144. 145. 152 Toddington House . . 145, 146 Tonbridge, William de . . 9 Townshende . . . . . . 139 Towton . . . . . . 106 Traci, Grace de .. n, 13 Traci, William de . . 15. 72 Tracy, Henry . . . . . . 138 Tracy, Sir John . . 133, 138, 143. 144 Tracy, Sir John (II.) 143. 144, 145. 152, 157 Tracy, Mary 143 Tracy (Pedigree) . . . . 151 i8o INDEX Tracy, Thomas Charles • 145 Tracy, Sir Paul .. 114, 137 Tracy, Richard 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 137. ■38 Tracy, Sir Robert . . i 52. 158 Tracy, William . . i 14. 137 Treglystyn, Henry 99 Tristan . . • 63 Tudor, Owen . . • 105 Twining 8 Tyrwhit, Elizabeth . . • 135 UPPER GUITING . . 8 Upton-on-Severn • 155 Urban IV 57 Urswycke, Christopher . 108 VAGRANCY .. 133 Val di Paul • 63 Valery, Robert de St. 21 Vavasour, Sir William . 156 Veel, Thomas le 21, 22 Venice . . 62, 98 Vera, Sir Horatio 132, i 39. 144 Vestiarius 80 Vestry . . 54. 89 Vico, Pietro di ■ 63 Villas, Roman . . 2, 4, 6 Viterbo 62, 65 WADFIELD .. . 4.6 Wakefield, Colonel . . • 147 Waleran (of Mellent) Earl 12, 13 Waller, Sir William 154, i 56, 157 Wallingford Castle . . 14. 33 Walshe, Walter ■ "5 Walsingham . Ill Warm field 122 Warming-parlour 32, 48, 49. 50. 51. 53, 55. 69 . 71 Wars of the Roses . 100 Warwick . . . . i 54. 155 Warwick, Jordan, Dean of 9 Warwick, Earl of 72 Water Conduit 24 Watson, Thomas . 124 Wells, Dean of . 108 Westmancote . . 7 Westminster Abbey 28 58, 64 Westminster Charter . . . 64 Westminster Hall 57 Westminster, Matthew of • 65 Whalley .\bbey .. 110, 113 Whalley, Abbot of .. 114, 115 Whitchurch, Sir William ■ 103 Whytford, William . . . 126 Wich 8 Wickliffites 97 Wickwar, Walter de . . 72 Wicwaraselver. . • 85 William the Conqueror 10 Winchester, William, Bishop of 28 Winchcombe i. 4. 5, 9. II, 13. 14, 15. 16, 32, 71, 72. 83, 84. 87, 93, 125, 126, 137. 153. 154. 157 Winchcombe Abbey 5, 8, II. 15. 17, 23, 24, 31, 33 58. 92, 93, 94. 96, 100, Ill, 120, 121, 124, 131, 133. 137, 140, 143. 146. 147 Winchcombe, Abbots of 9 24, 33 94. 58. 72. 107. 115 Windrush . 107 Wirecester, Ralph de 8 . 9, 10, II, 14 . 17 Witena-gemot . . 5 Withington • 131 Wolsey, Cardinal . 108 Woodmancote • 127 Woodroffeshomrae 3 Woodward, Mr ■ 139 Woodward, Sir John . . • 139 Wool 24 92, 98 Wootton-Wawen ■ "5 Worcester i, 4, 7, 8, 12, 31. 98, 134, 152, 155, 156 Worcester, Abbot of . . 72 Worcester, Bishops ot 9, 55. 57. 69. 72. 79, 92, 95. III. 129 Wormington j, 44, 56, 93, 94. 124 Wormington, Little . . 93 Wulstan, Archbishop 5 Wyke, Nicholas • 125 Wythyndon • 97 YANWORTH 24 Yanworth, John ■ 58 York 75 DNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY. LCS ANGEt.£S NOT TO BE CIRCULATED inililliniir' D 000 376 313 3 ^ ?• "Sk