LATIN ANALYST 
 
 ON 
 
 MODERN PHILOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSIAH W. GIBBS, 
 
 PBOF. SAO. LITER., YALE COLLEGE. 
 
 Library. 
 
 NEW HAVEN: 
 
 PECK, WHITE, <fc PECK, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 NEW YORK I WILEY <fc HALSTED. 
 BOSTON I J. E. TILTON & CO. 
 
 1858. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, 
 
 BY JOSIAH WlLLARD GlBBS, 
 
 in the Clerk/s office, of the District Court of Connecticut. 
 
 PRINTED BY E. HAYES, 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE object of the Latin Analyst, is the analysis of the Latin sen- 
 tence, the analysis of the Latin sentence being substantially the analy- 
 sis of a sentence in Greek, English, or any other language. 
 
 As will be seen by the Table of Contents, the Latin Analyst con- 
 sists mainly of select Latin sentences, classified and arranged in about 
 sixty sections. The principles of the work are as follows : 
 
 1. Every passage is a complete proposition. A proposition is the unit 
 of language. Nothing short of a proposition can enter directly into con- 
 tinuous discourse. Mere phrases, or groups of words, by themselves, 
 give a contorted view of language, and are not used as examples by the 
 later grammarians. It is only in their relation to the proposition that 
 such phrases or groups of words are a proper object of study. 
 
 2. These sentences are arranged on the progressive principle, i. e., they 
 proceed from the more simple to the more complicated forms. This is 
 the principle which has made the Ollendorffian method so generally- 
 popular in the study of modern languages. 
 
 3. The propositions however, are here arranged on philosophical prin- 
 ciples, i. e., in the order of their natural development. It is the order 
 substantially followed by the modern school of philosophic grammarians. 
 
 4. The whole is thought to form a more complete series of distinct 
 propositions, than has yet been made by our grammarians for the Latin 
 language. 
 
 5. In the transition from one section to another, or from one set of 
 propositions to another, the distinguishing feature of the new section is 
 brought under consideration and explained as far as may be. 
 
 6. In this way, it is believed, the strictly syntactical forms of the lan- 
 guage are exhausted, and each of them in succession brought under 
 review. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 The short explanations, accompanying each section, are placed here 
 in order to force themselves on the attention of the pupil. The instruc- 
 tor or pupil who wishes further explanation, will find full references to 
 a former treatise, which gives in a condensed form the philological prin- 
 ciples of the author. 
 
 But should the pupil merely study the Latin sentences in this order, 
 without any further aid or suggestion from his teacher, he may yet de- 
 rive a substantial advantage from the mere arrangement, as exhibiting 
 language in its natural development. 
 
 Notwithstanding the air of novelty which this work may present at 
 first sight, it is believed that the young pupil will easily fall into the 
 system here suggested, and that teachers who have been accustomed to 
 the old method, will soon accommodate themselves to the new, and feel 
 themselves amply rewarded. 
 
 The arrangement and consecution here adopted, if accordant with 
 truth and the reality of things, furnishes a basis for the method of gram- 
 mar, which is now the great problem in instruction in language. 
 
 The sentences have been selected as far as could be done, so as to 
 convey useful moral sentiments. 
 
 But the more important consideration to be here stated, is the hope 
 that grammar taught in this way may be invested with fresh inter- 
 est, and that the pupil may imbibe a living sense of the power of 
 language. 
 
 The author may not, in every case, have carried out his theoretic 
 principles. But special reasons have led him to publish without further 
 delay. 
 
 The Latin Analyst contains no references to existing Latin Gram- 
 mars. It will neither interfere with any of them, nor in any way super- 
 sede their use. It may be used with one Latin Grammar as well as 
 another. 
 
 The Philological Studies, to which references are made in the An- 
 alyst, occupies a field somewhat different from common grammars. It 
 concerns itself with the logic or philosophy of language. It brings to- 
 gether grammatical distinctions, which are either omitted in our common 
 grammars or else imperfectly discussed. Being derived from the princi- 
 ples of general philology as concerned with the Indo-European lan- 
 guages, they will, it is thought, stand the test of thorough investigation. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 Among the more important points here brought into notice, we may 
 mention the distinction of notional words and form-words, see Philologi- 
 cal Studies, p. 48, the three syntactical combinations, the predicative, the 
 attributive, and the objective, see p. 39, the factitive relation, see p. 69, 
 the distinction of the causal relation into the real, the moral, and the logi- 
 cal, see p. 126, the distinction of subordinate and co-ordinate compound 
 propositions, see p. 1 1 5, the classification of subordinate propositions, see 
 p. 116, the different forms of co-ordination, see p. 137, the nature of a 
 period, as an artistic product, see p. 144. 
 
 The peculiar principles of the Philological Studies, are found in the 
 grammatical works of Becker, Kiihner, Kriiger, Weissenborn, and many 
 other German writers. They have been applied by the Germans to the 
 Meso -Gothic and French languages. 
 
 Neither is this form of philology entirely new, even on English soil. 
 Dr. J. D. Morell, well known for his philosophical writings, and one of 
 Queen Victoria's Inspectors of Schools, has recommended the principles 
 of Becker to the pupils of British schools. Prof. Fowler, of Amherst 
 in his English Grammar, has several chapters based on Becker. In Yale 
 College, also, these views have received some attention among the Aca- 
 demical Professors. The Germans of Cincinnati have republished in 
 that city, for the benefit of their youth, a German grammar on the 
 Beckerian plan. And many individuals in all parts of our country are 
 desirous to understand the subject more perfectly. 
 
 Although these principles may not have been adopted very extensively 
 in form, yet it is evident to any one acquainted with the state of things 
 here, and abroad, that they are exerting a very great indirect influence, 
 and might exert a still greater one, if they were presented to the Ameri- 
 can student in their natural connection. 
 
 The author hopes for a fair trial of his experiment to bring before 
 young pupils materials of thought and study which have heretofore been 
 regarded by many as above their capacity. 
 
 J. W. G. 
 
 NEW HAVEN, Nov. 1858. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 Page, 
 
 1. Imperfect Proposition 
 
 2. Simple or Naked Proposition 
 
 3. Proposition with Copula and Predicate Adjective, 3 
 
 4. Proposition with Copula and Predicate Substantive, 4 
 
 6. Proposition with Preposition and Substantive as a Predicate, 4 
 
 6. Proposition with Predicate Adverb or Substantive in Oblique 
 
 Case, 
 
 7. Proposition with Attributive Adjective, 
 
 8. Proposition with Attributive Substantive in Apposition, 6 
 
 9. Proposition with Attributive Genitive, 
 
 10. Proposition with Attributive Preposition and Substantive,. . . . 
 
 11. Proposition with Various Attributes, 
 
 12. Proposition with Accusative Object, 8 
 
 13. Proposition with Dative Object, 10 
 
 14. Proposition with Genitive Object, . . 12 
 
 15. Proposition with Factitive Object, 13 
 
 16. Proposition with Object of Place, 15 
 
 17. A. Proposition with Object of Time, 18 
 
 17. B. Proposition with Object of Co-existence or Co-etaneous 
 
 Action, 20 
 
 18. Proposition with Object of Mannner, 21 
 
 19. Proposition with Object of Cause, , . . 22 
 
 20. Proposition with Compound Object, 25 
 
 21. Simple Proposition, with both Attributive and Objective 
 
 Combination, 26 
 
 22. Intermediate Proposition with Simple Participle, 27 
 
 23. Intermediate Proposition with the Gerund 28 
 
 24. Intermediate Proposition with Ablative Absolute, 29 
 
 25. A. Intermediate Proposition with Simple Infinitive, 31 
 
 25. B. Intermediate Proposition with Supine, 33 
 
 26. Intermediate Proposition with Accusative and Infinitive, .... 36 
 
 27. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive Prop- 
 
 osition denoting the Subject, 37 
 
 28. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive Prop- 
 
 osition denoting the Immediate Complement, 40 
 
 29. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive Prop- 
 
 osition denoting the Second Complement, 41 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 30. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with an Adjective Prop- 
 osition, 41 
 
 81. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial Proposi- 
 tion expressing the Place, 42 
 
 32. A. Subordinative Compound Proposition with Adverbial 
 
 Proposition expressing the Time 43 
 
 32. B. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial 
 
 Proposition expressing the Object of Co-existence 45 
 
 33. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial Proposi- 
 
 tion expressing the Manner, 45 
 
 34. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial Propo- 
 
 sition expressing the Cause, 46 
 
 35. Subordinative Compound Proposition with an Adverbial Prop- 
 
 osition expressing Intensity, 51 
 
 36. Compound Proposition, with various Subordinate Propositions, 52 
 
 37. Copulative Co-ordinating Compound Proposition, 55 
 
 38. Antithetic Co-ordinating Compound Proposition, 57 
 
 39. Restrictive Co-ordinating Compound Proposition, 58 
 
 40. Disjunctive Co-ordinating Compound Proposition, 60 
 
 41. Causative Compound Proposition, 61 
 
 42. Illative Compound Proposition, 62 
 
 43. Decompound or Multimembral Proposition, 63 
 
 44. Negative Proposition, . . 65 
 
 45. Proposition with Negative Subject or Object, 66 
 
 46. Proposition with Negative Attribute, 67 
 
 47. Proposition with Double Negation, 67 
 
 48. Proposition with Repeated Negation, 68 
 
 49. Proposition with Negative Sub-position, 69 
 
 50. Copulative Combination of an Affirmative and Negative Prop- 
 
 osition, 70 
 
 51. Copulative Combination of two Negative Propositions, 71 
 
 62. Simple Interrogative Proposition, 71 
 
 53. Imperfect Interrogative Proposition, 73 
 
 64:. Disjunctive Interrogative Proposition, 75 
 
 55. Subordinative or Indirect Interrogative Proposition, 76 
 
 66. Interrogative Proposition with Affirmative Answer, 78 
 
 67. Interrogative Proposition with Negative Answer, 79 
 
 68. The Imperative or Volitive Proposition, , 80 
 
 59. Impassioned Proposition, 83 
 
 60. The Period 84 
 
 61. The Paragraph, 86 
 
 62. Promiscuous Sentences, 87 
 
 The Lord's Prayer with a full Analysis, 90 
 
 II. DIALOGUES, 93 
 
 III. FABLES, 102 
 
 VOCABULARY, 109 
 
I 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 I. SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 1. Imperfect Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 27, 37. 
 
 THE imperfect proposition exhibits language in its first or 
 earliest effort. It consists of a predication only, having no 
 logical subject conceived of or expressed. It is still employed 
 to describe the operations of nature and the state of the 
 weather. 
 
 The imperfect proposition develops the verb, (from Lat. 
 verbum, ' the word,' because of its importance in a sentence,) 
 or that part of speech which predicates or affirms action. 
 
 a Pluit. c Tonat. e Fulminat. 
 
 b Ningit. d Lucet. f Yesperascit. 
 
 Each of these words is composed of the crude form of the 
 verb, and t or it, the termination of the third person singular, 
 which, however, has here lost its grammatical significance. 
 
 These examples have been selected so as to exhibit the verb 
 in the different stages of its historical development. Thus 
 
 The crude form plu is the simple */plu. 
 
 The crude form ning is the simple */ nig, with an epet* 
 thetic n. 
 
 The crude form tona is the simple %/ ton, with the verbal 
 formative a. 
 
 The crude form luce is the simple V luc, with the verbal 
 formative e. 
 
 The crude form fulmina is a denominative from the noun 
 fulmen, for fulgimen, itself a derivative from */ fulg. 
 
 The crude form vesperasc is an inchoative from the noun 
 vespera, itself probably a derivative from a verbal root. 
 1 
 
5s SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 2. Simple or Naked Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 27, 37, 40, 43. 
 
 THE perfect proposition contains a subject as well as a predi- 
 cate. The subject or cause evolves itself, as it were, from the 
 predicate or effect, in accordance with the mental law that 
 our knowledge of a substance is derived from an observance 
 of its attributes. 
 
 This proposition develops the substantive, (from Lat. sub- 
 stantia, ' substance,') or that part of speech which denotes a 
 being, substance, or essence. The verb and the substantive 
 are the two most important parts of speech. The action or 
 activity and the substance or essence, which they denote, con- 
 stitute the highest antithesis in nature. 
 
 In the perfect proposition, the predicative relation, or the 
 relation of the verb to its subject, is exhibited in its perfection. 
 This is the most important of the three syntactical relations. 
 The verb and its subject together constitute the predicative 
 combination. 
 
 a Rex regit. g Torrens siccatur. 
 
 b Sonus son at. h Fabula narratur. 
 
 c Toga tegit. i Sol lucet. 
 
 d Flumen fluit. j Nox sequitur. 
 
 e Pax redit. k Hostes pugnant. 
 
 f Nubes fugiunt. 1 Mare tumet. 
 
 Each substantive here is composed of the crude form and 
 the nominative termination expressed or implied. 
 
 In examples a-d, the root of the substantive is the same as 
 that of the accompanying verb. 
 
 Reg, the crude form of rex, is simply / reg. 
 
 Sono, the crude form of sonus, is derived from x/ son, by 
 adding the formative vowel o. 
 
 Toga, the crude form of toga, is derived from \f teg, by in- 
 ternal inflection of vowel, and by adding the formative vowel a. 
 
 Flumen, the crude form of flumen, is derived from \/ flu, 
 by adding the suffix men. 
 
 In examples e h, the root of the substantive differs from 
 that of the accompanying verb. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 3 
 
 Pac, the crude form of pax, is simply 
 
 Nube, the crude form of nubes, is derived from x/ nub, by 
 adding the formative vowel e passing into i. 
 
 Torrent, the crude form of torrens, is derived from */ torr 
 for tors, by adding the participial termination ent. 
 
 Fabula, the crude form of fabula, is derived from +/fa. 
 
 In examples i 1, the substantive is derived from a verbal 
 root, now not found in Latin. 
 
 3. Proposition with Copula and Predicate Adjective. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 27, 37, 38, 40, 43. 
 
 IN this proposition the predicate is evolved from the predi- 
 cation, by a curious and important process in language, and is 
 expressed separately. This predicate is a sort of imperfect 
 verb, and joined with the substantive verb to be, is adapted to 
 express the idea of the verb from which it is derived with 
 more force and emphasis. It is called the adjective, (from 
 Lat. adjectus, < added,' because it may be added directly to a 
 substantive,) or that part of speech which expresses an attri- 
 bute or quality of the substantive. 
 
 The copula too, or substantive verb so called, is a sort of 
 imperfect verb, as it expresses the predication, and not the 
 thing predicated. It is merely a form-word. 
 
 a Deus est vivus. d Dies est calidus. 
 
 b Vinum est rubrum. e Sol est lucidus. 
 
 c Lilia sunt alba. f Mare est tumidum. 
 
 Here Deus est vivus is evolved from Deus vivit ; 
 
 Vinum est rubrum from vinum rubet ; 
 
 Lilia sunt alba from lilia albent ; 
 
 Dies est calidus from dies calet ; 
 
 Sol est lucidus from sol lucet ; 
 
 Mare est tumidum from mare tumet. 
 
 The crude forms of the substantives are deo, vino, lilio, die, 
 sol, mare. 
 
 The crude form of the verb is es from */es. 
 
 The crude forms of the adjectives are vivo from +/ viv, rubero 
 from /rub, albo from V alb, calido from +/cal, lucido from 
 \/ luc, tumido from \/ turn. 
 
SELECTSENTENCES. 
 
 4. Proposition with Copula and Predicate Substantive. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 28, 40, 43. comp. 60. 
 
 THE noun here is an attributive noun, and answers nearly 
 the same purpose as an adjective. 
 
 a Terra est globus. f Alexander erat victor. 
 
 b Luna est satelles. g Cicero erat orator. 
 
 o 
 
 c Leo est animal. h Numa erat rex. 
 
 d Verbena est venenum. i Carolus est medicus. 
 
 e Homerus erat poeta. j Aurum est metallum. 
 
 The crude forms of the ten subjects are terra, luna, leon, 
 verbena, Homer o, Alexander o, Ciceron, Numa, Carolo, auro. 
 
 The crude forms of the ten predicates are globo, satellit, 
 animali, veneno, poeta, victor, orator, reg, medico, metallo. 
 
 5. Proposition with Preposition and Substantive as a Predicate. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 28. 
 
 THIS form of the predicate is to be regarded as abnormal. 
 
 a Erat ad Erythraeum mare. 
 
 b Totus fere senatus a partibus Pompeii erat. 
 
 c In Helvetia montes sunt. 
 
 d Deus est in coelo. 
 
 e Themistocles erat in summis viris. 
 
 f Tones inter auxilia Persarum erant. 
 
 g Est extra noxiam. 
 
 h Per apertas valvas est introitus in urbem. 
 
 i Quae contra Brundusium est. 
 
 j Necesitas ante rationem est. 
 
 k Post me erat Aegina. 
 
 1 Eo ipso tempore trans mare ful 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 6. Proposition with Predicate Adverb or Substantive in 
 Oblique Case. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 23, 28. 
 
 THIS form of the predicate also is to be regarded as ab- 
 normal. 
 
 a Sum tuto. 
 
 b Est recte. 
 
 c Parentes nostri ibi non fuerunt. 
 
 d Quid satis est? 
 
 e Est magnae virtutis. 
 
 f Semper tranquilli animi ero. 
 
 g Est magno honore. 
 
 h Erat duobis sestertii's. 
 
 7. Proposition with Attributive Adjective. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 24, 28, 40, 44. 
 
 IF we compare 'the strong band' with 'the band is strong,' 
 we shall find that in the former phrase the adjective strong 
 expresses a distinct syntactical relation from what it does in 
 the latter. It is called the attributive relation. 
 
 The object of the attribute, like that of the predicate, is to 
 limit more exactly or specify more minutely the force of the 
 substantive to which it relates, and thus reduce the more gen- 
 eral to the more special. But it presupposes a judgment, 
 does not express one. It expresses a predicate, not as a full 
 thought or predication, but in the form of an idea or notion. 
 The substantive and attribute are not first joined at the mo- 
 ment of speaking, but the attributive combination makes use 
 of a past or former predication. 
 
 The adjective is the primary form of the attributive combi- 
 nation, and is properly employed to reduce the genus to the 
 species. 
 
 1* 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 a Rosa pulcherrima arescet. 
 
 b Probus vir est rarus. 
 
 c Populus Romanus victor fuit. 
 
 d Bellum intestinum geritur. 
 
 e Puer ingenuus puellam pulchram amavit. 
 
 f Bellum atrocissimum gestum fuit. 
 
 g Columna aurea solida sacrata est. 
 
 li Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. 
 
 i Verae amicitiae aeternae sunt. 
 
 8. Proposition with Attributive Substantive in Apposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 28, 40, 44, 60. 
 
 THE attributive substantive in apposition is naturally adapted 
 to express identity, and that of one individual to another. 
 Hence it serves not to reduce the genus to the species, but the 
 species to the individual. When it expresses an antithesis, it 
 expresses the antithesis of the individual. 
 
 a Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, admodum morosa fuit. 
 b Alexander,, Macedoniae rex, totam Asiam devicit. 
 e Apud Herodotum, patrem historiae, sunt innumerabiles 
 fabulae. 
 
 d Alba Longa ab Ascanio, Aeneae filio, condita est. 
 
 e Datum est Neptuno, alteri Jo vis fratri, maritiinum omne 
 regnurn. 
 
 9. Proposition with Attributive Genitive. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 28, 40, 44, 64. 
 
 THE genitive case, being in its origin the adnominal case, 
 or case joined to the noun, is adapted in its own nature to 
 modify or limit the force of the noun to which it is joined. 
 It is properly adapted to reduce the species to the individual. 
 
 Examples a e exhibit the genitive of the agent ; examples 
 f i, the genitive of possession ; examples j 1, the genitive of 
 kindred; example in, the genitive of the object. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 a Vita improbi misera est. 
 b Virorum amicitia est firma. 
 c Yaria sunt hominum judicia. 
 cl Eanae sunt praeda ciconiarum. 
 e Vita humana est Dei donum. 
 f Alexandria fuit urbs Aegypti. 
 g Permagnae fuerunt Croesi divitiae. 
 h Puerorum ingenia sunt docilia. 
 i Maria sunt domicilia piscium. 
 j Phaedrus fuit Augusti libertus. 
 k Heroum filii noxae sunt. 
 1 Ascanius fuit films Aeneae. 
 m Deus est creator mundi. 
 
 10. Proposition with Attributive Preposition and Substantive. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 29, 45, 66. 
 
 BESIDES the attributive adjective, the attributive noun in 
 apposition, and the attributive genitive, there is another form 
 of the attribute, namely, a preposition and complement, or a 
 substantive with a preposition ; as, the merchant in London. 
 
 The substantive and preposition, like the other attributives, 
 expresses a predicate, (comp. the merchant dwelt in London,) 
 not as a full thought or predication, but in the form of an 
 idea or notion. 
 
 Like the other attributives it is intended also to limit more 
 exactly, or specify more minutely, the force of the substantive 
 to which it relates, and thus to reduce the more general to the 
 more special. 
 
 This form of the attributive, as it involves a preposition, 
 implies an adjective or participle understood, and thereby 
 denotes an activity ; as, i a crown (made) of gold/ ' the letter 
 (sent) to my father,' ' the bride (adorned) with a crown,' * the 
 wolf (described) in the fable/ etc. 
 
 a Laetitia gestiens est sine ratione animi elatio* 
 b Cum dignitate otium dulce est. 
 c Ex Arcadia hospes adest. 
 
8 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 d Pocula ex auro ei data sunt. 
 
 e Omnis metus a vi atque ira deorum sublatus est. 
 
 f Yoluntas totius provinciae erga Caesarem manifesta fuit. 
 
 g Ista mihi fuit perjucunda a proposita oratione digressio. 
 
 11. Proposition with Various Attributes. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 29. 
 
 IN examples a c, the attributive adjective is repeated. 
 In example d, the attributive substantive in apposition is 
 repeated. 
 
 In example e, the attributive genitive is repeated. 
 In example f, three forms of the attribute occur. 
 
 a Naves longas triginta refecit. 
 b Columna solida aurea erecta est. 
 c Fecundi Campani agri bene culti sunt. 
 d Tito, fratri tuo, optirno viro, librum dedi. 
 e Dies annorum peregrinationis meae sunt multi. 
 f Homo grandaevus ex Italia, Caii pater, nuper mortuus est 
 Alexandriae. 
 
 12. Proposition ivith Accusative Object. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 29, 107, 108, 242. 
 
 A. 
 
 MANY verbs, in order to complete the idea which they predi- 
 cate, require an accusative of the passive or suffering object. 
 
 This form of proposition naturally exhibits the antithesis of 
 person and thing, which is so important in grammar. For the 
 subject is conceived of as a personal agent, and the object, 
 whether a person or thing, is conceived of as passive or inert. 
 
 This form of proposition also develops, and that in its most 
 simple form, the objective relation, one of the three syntactical 
 relations. 
 
 There are three varieties of the accusative object in the 
 active voice of verbs. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 9 
 
 1. When the object exists independent of the predicated 
 action ; as in a 1. 
 
 2. When the object comes into existence along with the pred- 
 icated action, and continues to exist afterwards ; as in m o. 
 
 3. When the object has only a passing existence coincident 
 with the predicated action ; as in p r. Here belong verbs 
 joined with their cognate nouns. 
 
 There is also the passive voice, so called, of verbs, in which 
 the passive object is made the subject of the verb ; as in s u. 
 
 a Teneo librum. 
 
 b Caesar vicit Pompeium. 
 
 c Labor vincit omnia. 
 
 d Tempus omnia revelabit. 
 
 e Amor fiduciam nutrit. 
 
 f Necessitas non habet legem. 
 
 g Lumen talpa non desiderat. 
 
 h Fortes viros fortuna adjuvat. 
 
 i Livius res Romanas egregie scripsit. 
 
 j Felix semper multos amicos habebit. 
 
 k Mali sodales bonos mores corrumpunt. 
 
 1 Omne fere genus bestiarum Aegyptii consecraverunt. 
 
 m Frater epistolam scripsit. 
 
 n Facit temperantia bonam valetudinem. 
 
 o Quandoque parva scintilla incendium ingens exsuscitat. 
 
 p Mirum somniavi somnium. 
 
 q Deus vivit beatam vitam. 
 
 r Tu abi viam tuam. 
 
 s Liber a me tenetur. 
 
 t Pompeius a Caesare victus est. 
 
 u Omnia a labore vincuntur. 
 
 B. 
 
 Many Latin verbs, as fado, habeo, scribo, teneo, vinco, etc. 
 govern an accusative, in their own right, as originally transi- 
 tive verbs. See examples above. 
 
 Some verbs govern only an accusative of the cognate noun, 
 or at least of a noun of cognate signification. See examples 
 p r above. 
 
10 
 
 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 Some verbs govern an accusative, by deviating slightly from 
 their physical meaning as intransitives ; as in v, w. 
 
 Some verbs govern an accusative, by adopting a decidedly 
 tropical or figurative meaning ; as in x, y. 
 
 Some verbs govern an accusative, by virtue of the preposi- 
 tions circum, per, praeter, subter, super, trans, with which they 
 are compounded ; as in z ee. 
 
 Some transitive verbs govern a second or indirect object ; 
 as in ff hh. 
 
 Note. Sometimes the Latin and English construction differ ; 
 particularly if the verb is expressed in English by an adjective 
 and copula ; as i ignorare jus/ to be ignorant of law ; ' tacere 
 alios,' to be silent of other persons. 
 
 v Cadus redolet vinum. 
 
 w Nee vox hominem sonat. 
 
 x Sanguinem nostrum sitiebat. 
 
 y Catilina scelus anhelat. 
 
 z Clamor hostes circumsonat. 
 
 aa Amplissimos honores percucurrit. 
 
 bb Hasta medias praetervolat auras. 
 
 cc Fluctus Sicanos subterlabitur. 
 
 dd Ille demum necessitates supergressus est. 
 
 ee Domitii filius transiit Formias. 
 
 ff Fortuna victos quoque belli artem docet. 
 
 2 Non celavi te sermonem hominum. 
 
 OO 
 
 hh Latinae legiones longa societate militiam Romanam sunt 
 edoctae. 
 
 13. Proposition with Dative Object. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 29, 30, 107, 108, 242. 
 
 MANY verbs, both transitive and intransitive, in order to 
 complete the idea which they predicate, require a dative of a 
 personal object sympathizing with the subject. So some ob- 
 jective adjectives, in order to develop their full meaning. 
 
 The dative as compared with the accusative has been called 
 the remoter object. It is usually expressed in English by to 
 or for. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 11 
 
 Tliis dative after verbs is sometimes found without an accus- 
 ative, as in a h ; and sometimes along with an accusative, as 
 in i m. 
 
 It is found after adjectives, as in n r. 
 
 This dative is sometimes found after simple adjectives and 
 verbs, and sometimes after compound adjectives and verbs, as 
 in b, c, d, g, k, p, q. 
 
 Dativus commodi sive incommodi is the name given to the 
 dative, in such examples, as s ; dativus ethicus, the name given 
 to the dative in such examples, as t. 
 
 Note. The construction in Latin and English often differs, 
 owing to a difference in the usage of words ; as, ' probare 
 alicui sententiam suain,' to make his opinion agreeable to some 
 one ; not to prove his opinion to some one ; ' civitatem alicui 
 dare,' i to present some one with the freedom of the city? 
 
 a Venti nocent fructibus. 
 
 b Magistratibus cives obediunt. 
 
 c Probus invidet nemini. 
 
 d Yulpes gallinis insidiatur. 
 
 e Voluptas blanditur sensibus. 
 
 f Mundus Deo paret. 
 
 g Vir fortis fortunae non succumbet. 
 
 h Ingratus unus omnibus miseris nocet. 
 
 i Pater librum mihi dedit. 
 
 j Solon leges Atheniensibus scripsit. 
 
 k Exercitum collegae tradidit. 
 
 1 Arma fecit Yulcanus Achilli et Aeneae. 
 
 m Veteres Germani Diis captivos mactabant homines. 
 
 n Deo probitas grata est. 
 
 o Morti simillimus est somnus. 
 
 p Omni aetati mors est communis. 
 
 q Deo nihil obscurum est. 
 
 r Patriae solum omnibus carum est. 
 
 s Homo non sibi soli natus est. 
 
 t Quid mihi Celsus agit ? 
 
12 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 14. Proposition ivith Genitive Object. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 30, 107, 108, 242. 
 
 MANY verbs, both transitive and intransitive, in order to 
 complete the idea which they predicate, require a genitive 
 object, i. e. a real object, also acting on the subject, and call- 
 ing out his activity. So some objective adjectives, in order to 
 develop their full meaning. 
 
 This object is expressed in English by means of the prepo- 
 sitions of or from, (the usual representatives of the ancient 
 genitive) ; also by about , after, at, before, for, in, on, over, to, 
 upon, with. 
 
 The genitive object in Latin exhibits itself in the genitive 
 case, so called, but more fully in the ablative. 
 
 This genitive object involves the local direction whence. 
 
 The varieties of the genitive object are as follows : 
 
 1. The most simple, but rather uncommon, form of the 
 genitive object is that of the place departed from, whenever 
 it denotes a complementary, and not merely a supplementary 
 object ; as in a, b. 
 
 2. Kindred to this is the idea of separation, involved in 
 verbs of depriving, loosing, protecting ; as in c e. 
 
 3. The object after verbs and adjectives, denoting abund- 
 ance, enjoyment, or deficiency ; as in f k. 
 
 4. The second object after verbs of clothing and adorning ; 
 as in 1. 
 
 5. Adventitious complements after verbs and adjectives, viz. 
 the part affected, the price ; as in m, n. 
 
 6. The object after verbs of remembering and forgetting, of 
 compassion, shame, concern, and weariness ; . as in o s. 
 
 7. The object after adjectives of worthiness and unworthi- 
 ness ; as in t, u. 
 
 a Yenio Athenis. 
 
 b Demaratus Tarquinios Corintho fugit. 
 
 c Eum vita privavit. 
 
 d Solvite corda metu. 
 
 e Liberavit eum culpa or culpae. 
 
 f Villa abundat agnis. 
 
 g Omnium rerurn cognitione fruiti sumus. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 13 
 
 h Nulla ora caret cruore nostro. 
 
 i Homo particeps est rationis et orationis. 
 
 j Legiones pulcliris armis praeditae erant. 
 
 k Homo inops consilii est. 
 
 1 Natura oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit. 
 
 m Clandus altero pede homo erat. 
 
 n Nonne duo passeres asse vaeneunt ? Vulgate. 
 
 o Semper hujus diei et loci meminero. 
 
 p Miseret me fratris. 
 
 q Pudet me deorum liominumque. 
 
 r Omnium interest recte facere. 
 
 s Suae quemque fortunae poenitet. 
 
 t Vaniloquentia est omnium hominum odio dignissimum. 
 
 u Pigritia horninis indigna est. 
 
 15. Proposition with Factitive Object. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 30, 69 ff. 242. 
 
 MANY verbs, in order to complete the idea which they predi- 
 cate, require, besides the simple passive object or accusative of 
 the thing, another object or accusative of the effect. So some 
 objective adjectives, in order to develop their full meaning. 
 This is called the factitive object. 
 
 The Latin verbs concerned in the factitive relation are such 
 as facio, efficio, etc. voco, nomino, saluto, etc. habeo, etc. which 
 are construed with the nominative case in the passive voice, 
 and doceo, edoceo, celo, etc. posco, rogo, etc. interrogo, etc. which 
 are construed with the accusative in the passive. 
 
 Thus ' Cicero consul factus est ;' ' omnes rectae animi affec- 
 tiones virtutes appellantur ;' i sapientes beati habentur ;' 4 Lat- 
 inae legiones longa societate militiam Romanam sunt edoctae ;' 
 4 M. Porcius Cato rogatus est sententiam? 
 
 The construction of the accusative with the passive voice is 
 to be explained thus : * posco te pecuniamj i. e. i jubeo te pecu- 
 niam dare,' I make you give money ; ' posceris pecuniamj i. e. 
 'juberis pecuniam dare, 7 you are made to give money. 
 2 
 
14 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 There are three species of the factitive relation ; viz. the 
 real, the moral, and the logical. 
 
 A. The Real Factitive. 
 
 The real factitive is when the effect or result of the action 
 of the verb or adjective on the immediate object is a real or 
 physical one. It may be either that into which something is 
 made ; as, ' he converted the water into ice ;' 4 they appointed 
 him dictator ;' or what is in any way effected ; as, i he serves 
 to them for a warning ;' * it turns out to his praise? It is 
 used after verbs which signify to make, create, appoint, choose, 
 become, continue, remain, etc. 
 
 a Certiorem me sui consilii fecit. 
 b Mesopotamiam fertilem efficit Euphrates. 
 c Avaritia homines caecos reddit. 
 d Populus Romanus Numam regem creavit. 
 e Romulus urbem Romam vocavit. 
 f Cicero librum quendam Laelium inscripsit. 
 g Summum consilium reipublicae appellarunt senatum. 
 h Cato Yalerium Flaccum in consulatu collegam habuit. 
 i Appius Claudius libertinorum filios senatores legit, 
 j Tiberius Druso Sejanum dedit adjutorem. 
 k Ciceronem una voce universus populus Romanus con- 
 snlem declaravit. 
 
 1 Magno malo est hominibus avaritia. 
 
 m Id tibi est dedecori. 
 
 n Parvuli surculi paulatim arbores fient. 
 
 o Caesar consul factus est. 
 
 p oSTuma creatus est rex. 
 
 B. The Moral Factitive. 
 
 The moral factitive expresses not a real or physical effect or 
 result of the action of the verb or adjective on its immediate 
 object, but a willed or desired effect, i. e. an effect dependent 
 on moral freedom ; as, ' he pants after freedom ;' * he advised 
 them to peace ? 'he prepared himself for the contest? 'he is 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 15 
 
 resolved on the deed* It is used after verbs which signify to 
 wish, desire ; to ask, beg ; to hope, expect ; to advise, counsel ; 
 to strive, endeavor ; etc. 
 
 q Rogo te nummos. 
 
 r Achaei regem auxilia orabant. 
 
 s Posco te pecuniain. 
 
 t Caesar frumentum Aeduos flagitavit. 
 
 u Pusionem quendam interrogabat Socrates quaedam geo- 
 metrica. 
 
 v Marcus Porcius Cato rogatus est sententiam. 
 
 C. The Logical Factitive. 
 
 The logical factitive expresses not a real or physical effect 
 or result of the action of the verb or adjective on its imme- 
 diate object, but an intellectual, i. e. an adjudged or inferred 
 effect ; as, * he thinks himself a gentleman ;' ' I took him for 
 his brother ;' ' they regard him as a liar? It is used after 
 verbs which either denote a judgment, as to judge, hold, think, 
 consider, regard, count, etc. or the declaration of a judgment, 
 as to declare, acknowledge, pretend, represent, etc. 
 
 w Te judicem aequum judico. 
 
 x Senatus Antonium hostem judicavit. 
 
 y Irani bene Ennius initium dixit insaniae. 
 
 z Solem Persae Deum esse credunt. 
 
 aa Praesta te virum. 
 
 bb Cognosces me tuae dignitatis fautorem. 
 
 cc Aristides habitus est justissimus. 
 
 dd Sapientes beati habentur. 
 
 ee Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda. 
 
 16. Proposition with Object of Place. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 30, 38, 76 ff, 107, 109, 242. 
 
 ANY verb or adjective, whether subjective or objective, 
 admits an object of locality ; as, l the ball rolls on the ground / 
 4 he was studious at school? 
 
16 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 The place and direction of an activity have reference either 
 to the place of the speaker himself, or else to the place of 
 some other person or thing. 
 
 A. Object of Place in reference to the Speaker. 
 
 The place and direction of the activity in reference to the 
 place of the speaker, is expressed by adverbial form-words of 
 place ; as in a h. 
 
 These adverbial form-words develop themselves in pairs ; 
 as, hie and ibi, in a, b ; super and subter, in c, d ; ante and post, 
 in e, f ; intra and extra, in g ; citro and ultro, in h. 
 
 a Hie tui omnes valent. 
 
 b Ibi quievi in navi noctem perpetem. 
 
 c Renes tunicis super conteguntur. 
 
 d Subter mediam fere regionem sol obtinet. 
 
 e Pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque. 
 
 f Pone subit conjux. 
 
 g Pars, quae intra, longior esse debet, quam quae extra. 
 
 h Pisciculi ultro citro commeant. 
 
 B. Object of Place in reference to some other Person 
 or Thing. 
 
 The place and direction of the activity in reference to some 
 other person or thing than the speaker is expressed sometimes 
 by case-endings, and more frequently by prepositions ; as in 
 i qq. 
 
 Here, as in the supplementary objects generally, instead of 
 the case-ending of the substantive, the relation of the sub- 
 stantive to the predicate may be expressed by a separate word. 
 This word is called the preposition, (from Lat. praepositio, * a 
 placing before,' because placed before the substantive,) or that 
 part of speech which expresses the relation between the verb 
 or adjective and its object. 
 
 The prepositions appear here in their primary or local sense, 
 and arrange themselves, for the most part, beautifully in anti- 
 thetic pairs. 
 
 Motion to a place, in a linear direction, the most simple of 
 all the local relations, is expressed by the preposition ad. The 
 resultant state is expressed by ad or apud. See in i k. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 17 
 
 Motion from a place, in the linear direction, the antithetic 
 local relation, is expressed by the preposition ab. The result- 
 ant state is expressed by procul a. See in 1 n. 
 
 Motion into a place or portion of space, as containing the 
 three dimensions, is expressed by the preposition in with an 
 accusative. The resultant state, i. e. rest in a place, is ex- 
 pressed by in with an ablative ; also by intra. See in o q. 
 
 Motion out of a place or portion of space, as containing the 
 three dimensions, the antithetic relation to the preceding, is 
 expressed by the preposition ex. The resultant state is ex- 
 pressed by extra. See in r, s. 
 
 The relative local relation over and above, whether of motion 
 or rest in a place, is expressed by the prepositions super and 
 supra. See in t v. 
 
 The antithetic relative local relation, under and beneath, 
 whether of motion or rest in a place, is expressed by the 
 prepositions, sub, subter, and infra. See in w y. 
 
 The relative local relation before is expressed by the prepo- 
 sition ante. See in z. 
 
 The antithetic relative local relation, after and behind, is 
 expressed by the prepositions pone and post. See in aa, bb. 
 
 The relative local relation, on this side of, is expressed by 
 the prepositions cis and citra. See in cc, dd. 
 
 The antithetic local relation, on the other side of, is expressed 
 by the preposition ultra. See in ee. 
 
 The other local prepositions are adversus, circum, contra, erya, 
 juxta, ob, per, pro, prope, secundum, trans, versus. See in ff gg. 
 
 i Antonius legiones ad urbem adduxit. 
 j Non adest ad exercitum. 
 k Plus apud me antiquorum auctoritas valet, 
 1 Lux effulget ab aqua. 
 m Procul a terra abripitur. 
 n Sidera ab ortu ad occasum commeant, 
 o Remigravit in domum veterem e nova, 
 p In Helvetia montes sunt. 
 q Hostes intra fines suos manserunt, 
 r Vapores ex aquis excitantur. 
 g Mortuus est extra fines patriae, 
 3* 
 
8 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 t Ensis ilK super cervice pendet. 
 
 \\ Supra segetes navigat. 
 
 v Supra lunam aeterna sunt omnia. 
 
 w Manet sub Jove frigido venator. 
 
 x Plato cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit. 
 
 y Infra Innam nihil est permanens. 
 
 z Propone ante oculos Deum. 
 
 aa Pone me stat. 
 
 bb Post me erat Aegina. 
 
 cc Eo die cis Tiberim redeundum est. 
 
 dd Exercitus citra flumen educitur. 
 
 ee Ultra eum montein castra fecit, 
 
 ff Adversus Scyllam vergit in Italiam. 
 
 gg Terra circum axem summa celeritate convertit. 
 
 hh Castellum loco edito contra arcem objecit. 
 
 ii Quae med erga aedes habet. Plautus. 
 
 jj Juxta murum castra posuit. 
 
 kk Ob Romam legion es duxit. Ennius. 
 
 11 Per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine fluinen. 
 
 mm Caesar copias pro oppido collocavit. 
 
 nn Non modo prope me, sed plane mecum habitat. 
 
 oo Secundum ipsam aram aururn abscondidi. 
 
 pp Qui trans mare currit. 
 
 qq Italiam versus navigaturus erat. 
 
 17. A. Proposition with Object of Time. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 30, 107, 109, 242. comp. 122, 125. 
 
 ANY verb or adjective, whether subjective or objective, ad- 
 mits an object of time ; as, 'he died in the winter;' 4 he was 
 indolent in summer.' 
 
 The time of an activity has reference either to the present 
 of the speaker, or else to the time of some other activity or 
 action. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 19 
 
 1. The time of an activity in reference to the speaker is 
 expressed by adverbial form-words of time, as olim, nuper, 
 jam, nunc, mox, fieri, kodie, eras. See in a h. 
 
 2. The time of an activity in reference to some other ac- 
 tivity is variously expressed and has several varieties : 
 
 (1.) The point of time in reference to the time spoken of, 
 by adverbs ; as, turn, tune ; quando, ecquando ; quum, cum ; 
 unquam, nunquam / aliquando; quandocunque. See in i k. 
 
 (2.) The linear extension of time, expressed by adverbs, as 
 inde, donee, dum, interea, or by prepositions before abstract or 
 other nouns of time, as ab, ad, ante, ex, in, intra, post. See 
 in 1 s. 
 
 (3.) Repetition or number of times, expressed by adverbs ; 
 as, quoties, toties, saepe, raro, interdum, semel, iterum, Us, ter, 
 quater, etc. See in t, u. 
 
 (4.) Absolute or indefinite time, expressed by notional ad- 
 verbs ; as, inter diu, noctu. This is an object of kind and not 
 of the individual. See in v, w. 
 
 The time is also expressed by a substantive without a 
 preposition. 
 
 a Sic enim olim loquebantur. 
 
 b Ille nuper Rornae fuit. 
 
 c Jam tu autem nobis praeturam geris. 
 
 d Nunc deinceps ratiocinationis naturam consideremus, 
 
 e Mox ego hue revertor. 
 
 f Heri aegrotabat. 
 
 g Mortuu est hodie. 
 
 h Sepelietur eras, 
 
 i Turn tardior atque summissior decebit otatio. 
 
 j Quandocunque ista gens suas literas dabit, 
 
 k Dicendum enim aliquando est. 
 
 1 Inde judicio damnatus est. 
 
 m Donee quietem ipse timor fecisset. 
 
 n Dum haec in Apulia gerebantur, 
 
 o Romani a sole orto in multum diei stetere. 
 
 p Ex ea die in hanc diem quae fecisti in judicium voco. 
 
 q Homerus fuit ante hanc urbem conditam. 
 
20 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 r JSTihil post hominum mernoriam gloriosius. 
 
 s Haec omnia intra sex dies completa. 
 
 t Saepe hoc de majoribus natu audivimus. 
 
 u Vinum aegrotis prodest raro. 
 
 v Canes interdiu clausos esse oportet. 
 
 w Ob Eomam noctu legiones ducere coepit. JEJnnius. 
 
 17. B. Proposition with Object of Go-existence or Co-etaneous 
 Action. 
 
 Omitted in Philol. Stud, but comp. Art. XXX. also p. 242. 
 
 THE forms of human thought, as expressed in language, are 
 ever an interesting object of contemplation. To understand 
 them in their variety, their force, and their beauty, is a privi- 
 lege only of highly gifted minds. To most minds many of 
 them become stereotyped and lose much of their vital import. 
 Yet something may be done by contemplation, and more by 
 suitable instruction, to revive the force of dead forms, and to 
 bring to consciousness ideas which now escape distinct notice. 
 
 The object of co- existence or co-etaneous action is a favorite 
 term of the new or Beckerian philology, and is interesting to 
 us as indicating one of the more common and important forms 
 of human thought. 
 
 An object of co-existent action expresses a circumstance or 
 action coincident in time with the action expressed by the 
 predicate, not to mark the exact time of the predicated action, 
 but to denote a peculiar relation of its own. 
 
 This objective relation is expressed in Latin by the ablative 
 case, as in a e ; and also by the prepositions, cum, in, sub, 
 joined with substantives, as in f i. 
 
 a Multi patrimonia effuderunt inconsulte largiendo. 
 b Magno timore atque tumultu convenere. 
 
 c Decesserat frater meus magno squalore, sed multo etiam 
 majore moerore.- 
 
 d Hice homines injussu populi Eomani noxam nocuerant. 
 
 e Vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo, prospere omnia 
 cadunt. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 21 
 
 f Cum dolore illud percepi. 
 
 g Cum auctoritate rcgnavit. 
 
 h Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit. 
 
 i Sub hoc metu villicus erit in officio. 
 
 18. Proposition with Object of Manner. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 31, 37, 107, 109, 242. comp. 123, 126. 
 
 ANY verb or adjective, whether subjective or objective, ad- 
 mits an object of manner; as, 'he lived happily ;' 'he was 
 dangerously sick.' 
 
 This objective relation of manner develops itself in antithe- 
 ses ; as well and ill ; wisely and unwisely. 
 
 Hence the generic idea of the verb or adjective is reduced 
 to a specialty ; but not individualized, as in the other objec- 
 tive relations. 
 
 Hence, too, the object of manner, unless it be a form-word, 
 has the grammatical tone, while the other supplementary ob- 
 jects have not. Compare 'he lived temperately] 'he died 
 happily] with the tone on temperately and happily, and ' he 
 removed to Boston/ 'he died at Salem, 7 with the tone on 
 removed and died. 
 
 The proper expression for this object of manner is the ad- 
 verb, (from Lat. adverbium, 'to the verb,') or that part of 
 speech which is joined to a verb. It may be regarded as a 
 substantive with a case-ending ; comp. raro, ' rarely,' subito, 
 ' suddenly.' 
 
 The object of manner, in reference to -the speaker, is ex- 
 pressed by adverbial form-words of manner ; as, ita, sic, aliter. 
 See in a c. Other form-words of manner are developed in 
 compound propositions. 
 
 The object of manner, in reference to the activity of the 
 verb or adjective, is expressed by a noun in the ablative case, 
 as in d f ; by notional adverbs of manner, ending in um, e, o, 
 ter, atim, etc. as in g j, or by prepositions with their comple- 
 ment, as in k, 
 
 a Nam ita est homo, 
 b Decet eum sic putare. 
 
22 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 c Aliter ne nos vellemus. 
 
 cl Miltiades summa aequitate res Chersonesi constituit. 
 
 e Deos, pura, Integra, incorrupta, et mente et voce, venerari 
 debemus. 
 
 f Afri more modoque fingo. 
 
 g Parum claris lucem dare coget. 
 
 h Apelles pinxit praeclare. 
 
 i Nova res subito mihi haec objecta est. 
 
 j Studet diligenter. 
 
 k Literae cum cura diligentiaque scriptae sunt. 
 
 19. Proposition with Object of Cause. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 24, 30, 107, 109, 242. comp. 123, 126 ff. 
 
 ANY verb or adjective, whether subjective or objective, ad- 
 mits an object of cause ; as, 'he died from poison;' 'he was 
 economical from necessity.' 
 
 The relation of cause and effect, or more generally of ground 
 and consequence, is a relation inferred by the intellect, and 
 not first perceived by the senses. It exists between proposi- 
 tions or judgments, and is properly expressed by a compound 
 proposition ; as, 'Socrates took poison, and therefore died.' 
 
 But this relation is also expressed as a grammatical relation 
 between words or ideas ; as, ' Socrates died from poison.' It 
 has the form of the modal or temporal ; and is expressed in 
 Latin by the ablative case or by prepositions. 
 
 These relations of cause are not, like place, time, and man- 
 ner, grammatical relations of ideas, but they are logical rela- 
 tions of thoughts, and are properly expressed by co-ordinate 
 propositions. Neither have they any peculiar form of the 
 pronoun adapted to their use. 
 
 It is only in an abnormal way that any of these logical 
 relations of thought take the form of a grammatical relation 
 of ideas. 
 
 We have a cross division of the object of cause. The 
 ground may be either actual, possible, adversative, or final. It 
 may also be either real, moral, or logical. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 23 
 
 A. The Actual-real Ground, or the Proper Cause. 
 
 One matter of fact is the ground of another matter of fact. 
 
 This ground or cause may be expressed in a simple propo- 
 sition ; as, ' Socrates died from poison ;' but its appropriate 
 form is a co-ordinate compound proposition ; as, 4 Socrates 
 took poison, and died in consequence.' 
 
 The actual-real ground exists in three forms ; as (1.) 'The 
 moths die from camphor, 7 as in a 1 ; (2.) 4 Men kill the moths 
 with camphor/ as in m ; and (3.) /The moths are killed (by 
 some one) with camphor ;' as in n. 
 
 The material cause also belongs here ; as in o. 
 
 The actual -real ground is the basis of all the other relations 
 of the ground and consequence. 
 
 a Lacrimabat gaudio. 
 
 b Nimio gaudio paene desipiebam. 
 
 c Mortuus est fame. 
 
 d Dei providentia mundus administratur. 
 
 e Mea opera Tarentum recepisti. 
 
 f Darius, Hystaspis filius, senectute diem obiit supremum. 
 
 g Multis in rebus negligentia plectimur. 
 
 h Concordia res parvae crescunt, discordia maximae dila- 
 buntur. 
 
 i Miltiades aeger erat vulneribus. 
 
 j Eclipses non cernuntur propter nubila. 
 
 k Hannibal aeger erat oculis ex verna intemperie, 
 
 1 Incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
 
 m Ille eum occidit per fameni. 
 
 n Ille occisus est veneno. 
 
 o Statuam ex auro fecit. 
 
 B. The Actual-moral Ground, or the Motive. 
 
 A motive is the ground of a free or voluntary act. 
 
 This may be expressed in a simple proposition ; as, * the 
 good child obeys from affection? but its appropriate form is a 
 co-ordinate compound proposition ; as, * the good child loves 
 his parents , and he therefore obeys them.' 
 
24 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 p Ex invidia eum calumniavit. 
 
 q Bellum coortum est nulla alia de causa. 
 
 r Hoc feci propter amicitiam nostram. 
 
 s Benevolentiam civium blanditiis colligere turpe est. 
 
 t Plebs novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat. 
 
 u Indutiarum quoddam genus misericordia factum est. 
 
 v Quidam militum interfecere sese ob metum. 
 
 C. The Actual-logical Ground, or the Reason. 
 
 One judgment of the intellect is the ground of another 
 judgment of the intellect, or one proposition is the ground of 
 our knowledge of another. 
 
 This may be expressed in a simple proposition ; as, ''from 
 his appearance, he is an honest man ;' but its appropriate form 
 is a co-ordinate compound proposition ; as, ' the night has been 
 very cold, the flowers must therefore be frozen ; i the flowers 
 are frozen, the night therefore must have been very cold.' 4 The 
 snow has melted on the mountain, for the valley is overflown? 
 
 w De gestu intelligo, quid respondeas. 
 x Hoc ex eo sciri potest. 
 y Noli judicare secundum faciem. Vulgate. 
 z Metello experimentis cognitum erat, genus Numidarum 
 infidum esse. 
 
 D. The Possible Ground, or the Condition. 
 
 The actuality of the effect is conditioned by the actuality 
 of the possible ground. 
 
 This ground may be expressed in a simple proposition ; as, 
 * he will lay up money with suitable economy? But it is not 
 readily expressed by a co-ordinate compound proposition ; as 
 the stress or emphasis cannot fall on an uncertain condition. 
 
 aa Beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest. 
 
 bb Non potest esse solida felicitas absque dei notitia. 
 
 E. The Adversative Ground, or the Concession. 
 The adversative ground is an opposing ground or cause, 
 which is represented as inadequate to prevent the contrary 
 effect. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 25 
 
 The adversative ground is expressed in simple sentences by 
 means of the particles, in spite of, notwithstanding, with, against '\ 
 etc. as, * we have, notwithstanding the long rain, a deficiency 
 of water;' but the co-ordinate compound is the appropriate 
 form for the adversative ground ; as, ' it has rained a long 
 time, and we have yet a want of water.' It often must have 
 this form. 
 
 cc In his omnibus non est aversus furor ejus. Vulgate. 
 
 dd Aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem. 
 
 F. The Ultimate Ground, or the Purpose. 
 
 The distinction between efficient and final causes is well un- 
 derstood. In efficient causes we consider merely the relation 
 between a given cause and an effect ; in final causes we regard 
 the eifect as an object aimed at, to which the cause contrib- 
 utes as a means. 
 
 This purpose is expressed in simple propositions by the par- 
 ticles, for, for the sake of, to, from, etc. as, < I read for enter- 
 tainment? 'the ambitious undergo much for the sake of glory? 
 * he works hard to live? 
 
 The final cause or purpose is related to the moral cause, yet 
 it seems expedient to separate it from the other causes^ and 
 to place it by itself at the close. 
 
 ee Yirtutes hominibus decori gloriaeque sunt. 
 
 20. Proposition with Compound Object. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 31. comp. 11, 112. 
 
 A compound objective combination, however complicated 
 it may become, is regarded as expressing only one idea, and 
 that an idea of activity. This will be more easily appre- 
 hended, if we consider that all combination is bimembral; 
 i. e. consists of two members, one of which is subordinated to 
 the other by the intonation, and thus becomes compacted with 
 it ; and that this combination may be repeated again and again. 
 
 The different objects in Latin are arranged thus : the accus- 
 ative before the verb, the dative before the accusative, the 
 notation of time, place, cause, and manner, before the dative. 
 See in a i. 
 
 3 
 
26 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 A complementary object of place takes the last place before 
 the verb ; as in j m. 
 
 There are many exceptions to these rules ; as in n s. 
 
 a Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos praefecit. 
 b Ob eas causas ei munition! legatum Labienuni praefecit. 
 
 c Alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium com- 
 mittunt. 
 
 d Quotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum flagitabat. 
 
 e Pompeius sub noctem naves solvit. 
 
 f Hi omnes, lingua, institutis, legibus, inter se differunt. 
 
 g Apes ex variis floribus mel conficiunt. 
 
 h Caesar duabus de causis Khenum transire statuit. 
 
 i Legati Samiormn auxilium orantes longam orationem 
 habuerunt. 
 
 j Legatos ad eum mittunt. 
 
 k Caesar suas copias in proximum collein subduxit. 
 1 Helvetii impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt. 
 m Flumina etiam saxa in mare volvunt. 
 n Justitia suum cuique dat. 
 o Latrones scelera sua morte luunt. 
 p Justa paterno funeri solvito. 
 q In fines Vocontiorum die septimo pervenit. 
 r Id hoc facilius eis persuasit. 
 
 s Deus olim in monte legem populo parendam benigniter 
 dedit. 
 
 21. Simple Proposition, with both Attributive and Objective 
 
 Combination. 
 .SeePhilol. Stud, pp.24, 31. 
 
 THIS proposition exhibits each of the three syntactical com- 
 binations. 
 
 a Equorum imgulae terram concutiunt. 
 b Nimia familiaritas parit contemptum. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 2V 
 
 c Fortuna multos homines ignobiles extulit ad summos 
 honores. 
 
 d Imperatores Eomani plerique in numerum deorum re- 
 
 lati sunt. 
 
 Poetical Examples. 
 
 e Canta|bit vacu|us co|ram la|trone vi|ator. 
 
 f Nescia | mens homi|num fajti sor|tisque fu|turae. 
 
 g Ventu|rae memo | res jam | nunc es|tote sejnectae. 
 
 h Blanda pa|trum seg|nes facit | indul|gentia | natos, 
 
 i Conscia | mens recjti fa|mae men|dacia | ridet. 
 
 j Fallit | nos viti|um speci|e vir|tutis et | umbra. 
 
 k Quadrupe]dante pu|trem soni|tu quatit | ungula | campuin. 
 
 These poetical examples are each of them hexameter verses. 
 The hexameter verse consists of six feet. 
 Each foot here is distinguished by a perpendicular line. 
 The ictus or metrical accent is denoted by an acute mark. 
 
 22. Intermediate Proposition with Simple Participle. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 31, 85 ff. 
 
 THE simple participle, by the objective modifications which 
 it admits, forms propositions intermediate between the simple 
 and the compound, or makes the transition from the simple to 
 the compound. 
 
 The participle may be interchanged for a* finite verb connec- 
 ted with the leading verb by the conjunction et. This is the 
 most simple resolution of this participial construction. See in 
 a and most of the other examples. 
 
 The participle, thus used, may also be resolved into a subor- 
 dinate proposition, and that expressing various relations : 
 
 1. Into an adjective proposition, or a relative proposition de- 
 noting the attribute. See in b d. 
 
 2. Into an adverbial proposition of time. See in e g. 
 
 3. Into an adverbial proposition of the proper cause. See in h, 
 
28 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 4. Into an adverbial proposition of the moral ground, or the 
 motive. See in i. 
 
 5. Into an adverbial proposition of the possible ground, or 
 the condition. See in j 1. 
 
 6. Into an adverbial proposition of the adversative ground, 
 or the concession. See in m o. . 
 
 7. Into an adverbial proposition of the ultimate ground, or 
 the purpose. See in p. 
 
 a Ille ingrediens dicit. 
 
 b Balbus ensem ferens earn nudavit. 
 
 c Nihil aventi nihil deest. 
 
 d Nilus, fluviorum omnium in mare mediterraneum perme- 
 antium maxim us, per septem ora effunditur. 
 
 e Gubernator clavum tenens sedet in puppi. 
 
 f Plato primo et octogesimo anno scribens mortuus est. 
 
 g Caesar, Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopatrae dedit. 
 
 h Interdiu Stellas non conspicimus, solis luce obscuratas. 
 
 i Democritus divitias projecit, onus illas bonae mentis ex- 
 istimans. 
 
 j Leones satiati innoxii sunt. 
 k Ciconiae abiturae congregantur in certo loco. 
 1 Leoni mortuo etiam lepores insultant. 
 m Agis, rex Lacedaemoniorum, a multitudine victus, gloria 
 tamen omnes vicit. 
 
 n Philosophi, re consentientes, vocabulis differunt, 
 o Viro integro fidem habemus, non juranti. 
 p Templum adierunt veniam petentes. 
 
 23. Intermediate Proposition with the Gerund. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 32, 90 ff. 242. 
 
 THE gerund is an adverbially used participle modifying the 
 predicate. 
 
 The gerund is the appropriate form to express the object of 
 concomitant action, which we have before explained under 
 17.B. 
 

 SELECT SENTENCES. 29 
 
 a Ovans inivit urbera. 
 
 b Ille mortem occubuit, pro patria pugnans. 
 c Hipparchus in pugna cecidit, arrna contra patriam ferens. 
 d Alexander moriens annulum suum dederat Perdiccae. 
 e Qui dilapsa cernens Achaeorum auxilia redintegravei'tffc 
 bellum. 
 
 24. Intermediate Proposition with Ablative Absolute. 
 
 See Philol. Stud, pp 25, 32, 92 ff. 
 
 THIS form is used when the subject of the participle is dif- 
 ferent both from the subject and from the object of the main 
 proposition. 
 
 The Latin ablative absolute is employed in the following dif- 
 ferent ways : 
 
 (1.) To express the time of the action or event in the leading 
 clause, as in a c. 
 
 As the ablative absolute strictly denotes the continuance or 
 completion of an action or event in reference to the leading 
 clause, this is its simplest and most natural import. 
 
 The use of the ablative in this construction is easily explained, 
 especially as the ablative by itself, as a substitute for the locative 
 case, sometimes denotes time; comp. 'die quinto decessit.' 
 
 (2.) To express the co-etaiieous action, as in d. 
 
 The ablative by itself, denotes the object of co-etaneous ac- 
 tion ; comp. 'magno tiinore et tumultu.' 
 
 (3.) To express the cause affecting the leading clause, as in e. 
 
 The ablative by itself, as the proper ablative, also denotes the 
 Cause; comp. 'aeger vulnerjbus. 7 
 
 (4.) To express H condition in the leading clause, as in f. 
 
 The ablative by itself also denotes the state or condition; 
 comp. 4 pace,' ' bello.' 
 
 (5.) To express a concession affecting the leading clause, as 
 ing. 
 
 A concession is nearly allied to a condition ; comp. Lat. 'etsi, r 
 although, with k si,' it! 
 
 (6.) To express a restriction affecting the leading clause, as 
 in h. 
 
 A restriction is merely a negative condition, 
 
 a* 
 
30 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 There are also various forms of the ablative absolute : 
 
 (1.) A substantive with a participle, both in the ablative ; 
 as in the examples a g. 
 
 (2.) A substantive with an adjective, both in the ablative, 
 
 as if the participle of the verb esse were understood ; as in i 1. 
 
 *(3.) A substantive with another substantive, both in the 
 
 ablative, as if the participle of the verb esse were understood ; 
 
 as in m p. 
 
 (4.) A participle alone in the ablative, used as it were im- 
 personally ; as in q. 
 
 (5.) An adjective used alone in the ablative ; as, ' sereno/ 
 with a clear sky. See in r. 
 
 (6.) The substantive and participle, preceded by nisi, quam- 
 quam, etc. as in h, s, t. 
 
 (7.) The substantive and participle, followed by turn, turn 
 vero, etc. as in u. 
 
 Both the participle and substantive are capable of enlarge^ 
 ment ; as in v, w. 
 
 a Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit, 
 
 b Caesar, Gallia relicta, Romam rediit. 
 
 c Aeneas, Troja a Graecis expugnata, in Italiam venit. 
 
 d Hostes, terrore percusso, occisi sunt, 
 
 e Lupus, stimulante fame, captat ovile. 
 
 f Quaenam sollicitudo vexaret impios, sublato suppliciorum 
 metu? 
 
 g Perditis rebus omnibus, tamen ipsa virtus se sustentare 
 potest. 
 
 h ]S T ihil potest evenire, nisi causa antecedente, 
 
 i Factum est rege vivo. 
 
 j Hoc factum est me invito. 
 
 k Nihil de hac re agi potest salvis legibus. 
 
 1 Antonius Caesare ignaro magister equitum constitutus 
 erat. 
 
 m Bellum gestum est rege duce. 
 
 n Augustus natus est Cicerone et Antonio consulibas. 
 
 o Lex Cassia lata est Scipione auctore. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 31 
 
 p Se judice nemo nocens absolvitur. 
 
 q Alexander, audito, Darium appropinquare cum exercitu, 
 obviam ire constituit. 
 
 r Adferebant Priverni sereno per diem totam rubrum solem 
 fuisse. 
 
 s Regina apum non procedit foras, nisi migraturo agmine. 
 
 t Nihil praecepta atque artes valent, nisi adjuvante natura. 
 
 u Hoc constitute, turn licebit otiose ista quaerere. 
 
 v Hostibus post acre proelium a litore submotis, Caesar 
 castra posuit. 
 
 w Caesar homines inimico animo, data facultate per provin- 
 ciam itineris faciendi, non temperatures ab injuria existimabat. 
 
 25. A. Intermediate Proposition with Simple Infinitive. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 32. comp. Art. XXXII. 
 
 THE simple infinitive mood, by the objective modifications 
 which it admits, also forms propositions intermediate between 
 the simple and the compound, or makes the transition from 
 the simple to the compound, 
 
 As the infinitive represents the abstract idea of the verb as 
 a substantive in the ground-form, it is adapted, in its own 
 nature, to express the nominative, whether of the subject or 
 of the predicate, as in a n ; also the accusative or passive 
 object, as in o w ; also the second accusative, as in x dd. 
 
 There are several abnormal uses of the infinitive : 
 1.^ As equivalent to the supine in um. See in ee. 
 2.^ As equivalent to the supine in u. See in if. 
 3.) As equivalent to the genitive of the participial in dum. 
 See in gg, hh. 
 
 (4.) As equivalent to the dative of the participial in dum. 
 See in ii. 
 
 (5.) As equivalent to the accusative of the participial in 
 dum. See in jj. 
 
 (6.) As equivalent to the ablative of the participial in dum. 
 See in kk. 
 
 But these infinitives are what we have denominated supines. 
 
32 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 Note. Many of the verbs which have an infinitive after 
 them approximate to the nature of auxiliary verbs of tense 
 and mood; as, volo, debeo, possum; incipio, desino, soleo ; 
 j statuo, nitor. 
 
 a Turpe est mentiri. 
 
 b Sapientem dedecet irasci. 
 
 c Yivere ipsum turpe est nobis. 
 
 d Decet verecundum esse adolescentem, 
 
 e Yirtus est vitium fugere. 
 
 f Dulce est pro patria rnori. 
 
 g Vivere naturae te conveiiienter oportet. 
 
 h Est virtutis opus, factis extendere famam. 
 
 i Tempus in agrorum cultu consumere dulce est. 
 
 j Ad virtutem non est satis vivere obedientem legibus 
 populorum. 
 
 k Praestat honeste vivere quam honestum natum esse. 
 
 1 Nihil aliud est bene et beate vivere, nisi recte et honeste 
 vivere. 
 
 m Apud Persas summa laus est fortiter venari. 
 
 n Docto homini et erudito vivere est cogitare, 
 
 o Nescio mentiri, 
 
 p Conor hoc facere. 
 
 q Ardet abire fuga. 
 
 r Didici vera dicere. 
 
 s Oblitus surn tibi hoc dicere. 
 
 t Quis mori pro patria miserum dicat ? 
 
 u Hostes in terrain nostram irrumpere ausi sunt, 
 
 v Conjuraverunt nobilissimi cives patriam incendere. 
 
 w Hoc acrius omnes (apes) incumbent generis lapsi sarcire 
 ruinas. 
 
 x Cogo te fugere. 
 
 y Docebo Rullum posthac tacere. 
 
 z Dionysius tondere filias suas docuit, 
 
 aa Ferre laborem consuetudo docet. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 33 
 
 bb Herus me jussit Pamphilum observare. 
 
 cc Caesar legates ab opere discedere vetuerat. 
 
 dd Desperatis etiam Hippocrates vetat adhibere medicinam. 
 
 ee Proteus pecus egit altos visere montes, 
 
 ff Cereus in vitium flecti juvenis est. 
 
 gg Tempus est abire. 
 
 hh Nulla ratio est ejusmodi occasionem amittere. 
 
 ii Frumentum dare paratus erat. 
 
 jj Aristo et Pyrrho inter optime valere et gravissime aegro- 
 tare nihil prorsus dicebant inter esse. 
 
 kk Eetinere titulum provinciae contentus erat. 
 
 11 Bene sentire recteque facere satis est ad bene beateque 
 vivendum. 
 
 25. B, Intermediate Proposition with Supine. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 32. comp. Art. XXXIII. 
 
 THE same is true of the supine, (including the Latin supine 
 and the Latin gerund so called,) which presents the abstract 
 idea of the verb in an oblique case. 
 
 There are several varieties of the supine : 
 
 (1.) The supine in um is the accusative of an abstract noun 
 of the fourth declension. It is employed after verbs of mo- 
 tion to express the design or purpose of such motion ; as in 
 a i. 
 
 a Themistocles Argos habitatum concessit. 
 
 b Yenatores canes venatum ducunt. 
 
 c Galli gallinacei cum sole emit cubitum. 
 
 d Spero causam meam probatum iri. 
 
 e Lacedaemonii senem sessum receperunt. 
 
 f Hannibal invictus patriam defensum revocatus est. 
 
 g Legati in castra Aequorum venerunt questum injurias. 
 
 h Divitiacus Honiara ad senatum venit auxilium postulatum. 
 
 i Fabius Pictor Delphos ad oraculum missus est sciscita- 
 
 tum, quibus precibus deos possent placare, 
 
34 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 (2.) The supine in u is the ablative of an abstract noun of 
 the fourth declension. It is employed to express the action 
 in which the quality of a given subject exhibits itself; as in 
 j P- 
 
 j Plato lectu dignus est. 
 
 k Virtus difficilis inventu est. 
 
 1 Uva primo est peracerba gustatu. 
 
 m Pleraque dictu quam re sunt faciliora. 
 
 n Epicureorum philosophia cognitu facilis est, 
 
 o Ita dictu opus est, si vis me salvum. 
 
 p Quid est tarn jucundum cognitu atque auditu quam sapi- 
 cntibus sententiis gravibusque verbis ornata oratio. 
 
 (3.) The genitive of the participial in dum, (which is the 
 neuter gender of the future passive participle in dus, da, dum, 
 used abstractly,) is employed as a genitivus objectivus after ad- 
 jectives, as in q s ; or attributively after substantives, as in 
 t z. 
 
 q Natandi sum peritus. 
 
 r Epaminondas studiosus erat audiendi. 
 
 s Valde sum cupidus in longiore te ac perpetua disputa-- 
 tione audiendi. 
 
 t Triste est nomen ipsum carendi. 
 
 u Maxima illecebra est peccandi impunitatis spes, 
 
 v Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi sumus. 
 
 w Cum spe vincendi abjecisti etiam pugnandi cupiditatem. 
 
 x Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumptus supervacuos, aut 
 ars re familiari moderate utendi. 
 
 y Antonio nulla spes erat restituendi. 
 
 z Athenas erudiendi gratia missus est. 
 
 (4.) The dative of the participial in dum is employed to 
 express the design or purpose ; as in aa dd. 
 
 aa Natando homo aptus est. 
 
 bb Aqua nitrosa utilis est bibendo. 
 
 cc Soli boni idonei sunt aliis juste imperando. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 35 
 
 dd Illud ediscendo scribendoque commune eBt, utrique plu- 
 rimum conferre bonam valetudinem animumque cogitatiombus 
 aliis liberum. 
 
 (5.) The accusative of the participial in dum, is employed 
 with ad or inter, and sometimes with other prepositions ; as 
 in ee 11. 
 
 ee Ad natandum homo aptus est. 
 ff Pauci homines idonei sunt ad imperandum aliis. 
 gg Breve tempus aetatis satis longum est ad bene honcste- 
 que vivendum. 
 
 hh Mores puerormn se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt. 
 
 ii Cicero inter agendum nunquam est destitutus scientia 
 juris. 
 
 jj Equi ante domandum ingentes tollunt animos. 
 
 kk Non solum est oratoris docere, sed plus eloquentia circa 
 movendum valet. 
 
 11 Flagitiosum est eum, a quo pecuniam ob absolvendum 
 acceperis, condemnare. 
 
 (6.) The ablative of the participial in dum is sometimes 
 employed as the ablative of the instrument or means, as in 
 mm, nn ; and sometimes employed after prepositions, as in 
 oo ss. 
 
 mm Hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando. 
 
 nn Arando noxias herbas agrorum extirpamus. 
 
 oo Aristotelem in philosophia non deterruit a scribendo 
 amplitudo Platonis. 
 
 pp Legem doctissimi viri Graeco putant nomine a sunm 
 cuique tribuendo appellatum, ego nostro a legendo. 
 
 qq Scribendi ratio conjuncta cum loquendo est. 
 
 rr Multa de bene beateque vivendo a Platone disputata 
 sunt. 
 
 ss Prudentia ex providendo est appellata. 
 
 Note. The Latin gerundive form, so called, is often used 
 instead of the participial in dum and following accusative ; as 
 in tt ddd. 
 
36 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 tt Quis ignorat Gallos retinere barbaram consuetudinem 
 hominum immolandorum. 
 
 uu Timotheus belli gerendi fuit peritus neque minus civi- 
 tatis regendae. 
 
 vv Inita sunt consilia urbis delendae, civium trucidando- 
 rum, nominis Romani extinguendi. 
 ww Consul placandis diis dat operam. 
 xx Meum laborem hominum periculis sublevandis impertio. 
 
 yy Tribute plebes liberata est, ut divites conferrent, qui 
 oneri ferendo essent. 
 
 zz Oppidani pro se quisque, quae diutinae obsidioni toler- 
 andae erant, ex agris convexerunt. 
 
 aaa Natura animum ornavit sensibus ad res percipiendas 
 idoneis. 
 
 bbb Flagitiosum est ob rem judicandain pecuniam accipere. 
 
 ccc Omnis loquendi elegantia augetur legendis oratoribus 
 et poetis. 
 
 ddd In voluptate spernenda virtus vel maxime cernitur. 
 
 26. Intermediate Proposition with Accusative and Infinitive. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 32. Art. XXXIV. 
 
 THE same is true of the accusative and infinitive, which is 
 employed when the subject of the infinitive differs from the 
 subject of the leading verb. 
 
 This accusative and infinitive is used, 
 
 After verba sentiendi et declarandi ; as in a h. 
 After verba voluntatis ; as in i 1. 
 
 & 
 
 After verba affectuum; as in m, n. 
 
 Absolutely, without a governing proposition, to express 
 
 surprise or complaint ; as in o, p. 
 (5.) As a subject ; as in q v. 
 
 a Video rosam florere. 
 
 b Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse. 
 
 c Sentio aquam frigidam esse. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 37 
 
 d Sentimus calere ignem, nivem esse albarn. dulce mel. 
 
 e Platonem Cicero scribit Tarentum ad Archytam venidse. 
 
 f Quern putas tibi fidem adhibiturum ? 
 
 g Democritus dicit innumerabiles esse mundos. 
 
 h Spero me tibi persuasurum esse. 
 
 i Majores corpora juvenum firmari labore voluerunt. 
 
 j Tibi favemus, te tua virtute frui cupimus. 
 
 k ISTullos honores mihi decerni sino. 
 
 1 Jubet nos Pythius Apollo noscere nosmet ipsos. 
 
 m Miror, te ad me niliil scribere. 
 
 n Yarns promissa non servari querebatur. 
 
 o Me miserum ! 
 
 p Mene incepto desistere victam ? 
 
 q Mos erat captives necari. 
 
 r Inusitatum est regem remn capitis esse. 
 
 s Necesse est sapientem esse beatum. 
 
 t Facinus est civem Romanum vinciri. 
 
 u Omnibus bonis expedit salvam esse rempublicam. 
 
 v Non licet me isto tanto bono uti. 
 
 2*7. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive 
 Proposition denoting the Subject. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 32. Art. XLIII. Tab. IV. comp. p. 152. 
 
 MAN was not long satisfied with the utterance of detached 
 simple propositions. He soon felt the need of expressing their 
 mutual relation and connection. Hence in continuous dis- 
 course we often find two or more propositions bound together. 
 In this way arises the compound proposition. 
 
 A compound sentence or proposition is the combination of 
 two or more sentences or propositions into one ; and of course 
 the union of two or more sentiments or thoughts into one 
 compound sentiment or thought. The single propositions, in 
 reference to the compound proposition, are called members or 
 clauses. 
 
 4 
 
38 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 Compound propositions are either subordinative or co- 
 ordinative. 
 
 The subordinate proposition stands in a grammatical rela- 
 tion to the leading proposition, i. e. it is a member or factor 
 of some syntactical combination ; while co-ordinate proposi- 
 tions stand in a logical relation to each other. 
 
 The subordinative proposition is not to be regarded as a 
 composition of already existing parts to a whole, but as a 
 development from the simple proposition. Thus * one who lies 
 will steal,' is developed from i a liar will steal ;' * a soldier, 
 who is cowardly, deserves contempt,' is developed from *a 
 cowardly soldier deserves contempt ;' ' whenever you will, you 
 can prove that your will is free ^ is developed from 'at any 
 moment you can prove the freedom of your will? 
 
 The subordinate proposition is usually introduced by a rela- 
 tive pronoun or particle, to which corresponds a demonstrative 
 pronoun or particle, expressed or understood, in the leading 
 proposition. The demonstrative and the relative are the two 
 articuli or joints which unite the parts of the compound pro- 
 position. The nature of the demonstrative pronoun or parti- 
 cle determines the character of the subordinate proposition. 
 
 Substantive propositions are a species of subordinate propo- 
 sitions. They are so called, because, in reference to the lead- 
 ing proposition, they occupy the place, and follow the con- 
 struction of a substantive. 
 
 Substantive propositions are employed to denote the subject, 
 the immediate complement, and the second complement. 
 
 There are four varieties of the substantive proposition denot- 
 ing the subject : 
 
 1. The proper or abstract substantive proposition denoting 
 the subject. It is introduced by the particles quod, ut, ne. See 
 in a q. 
 
 2. The concrete substantive proposition, whether of a person 
 or of a thing, denoting the subject. It is expressed by adjec- 
 tive propositions used substantively. See in r x. 
 
 3. The quoted thought or sentiment denoting the subject. 
 In Latin it is scarcely found. See in y, z. 
 
 4. The quoted question, denoting the subject. It is intro- 
 duced by interrogative particles. See in aa. 
 
 The two last varieties are abnormal, not being developed 
 from a simple proposition. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 39 
 
 a Dolet mihi, quod stomacharis. 
 b Bene mihi evenit, quod mittor ad mortem. 
 c Magnum beneficium naturae est, quod necesse est mori. 
 d Pergratum mihi est, quod diligenter avunculi mei libros 
 lectitas. 
 
 e Hoc cecidit mihi peropportune, quod ad Antonium audi- 
 endum venistis. 
 
 f Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. 
 
 g Reliquum est, ut egomet mihi consulam. 
 
 h Mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus ex- 
 cellere. 
 
 i Consuli permissum est, ut duas legiones scriberet. 
 
 j Soli hoc contingit sapienti, ut nihil faciat invitus. 
 
 k Vetus est lex ilia verae amicitiae, ut idem amici semper 
 velint. 
 
 1 Primum justitiae munus est, ut ne cui quis noceat. 
 m Jus est belli, ut qui vicerint iis quos vicerint imperent. 
 n Est ut plerique philosophi nulla tradant praecepta dicendi. 
 o Prope erat ut sinistrum cornu pelleretur. 
 p Ita fit ut omnino nemo esse possit beatus. 
 
 q Aegre retentis Domitianis militibus est factum, ne proeli- 
 um contenderetur. 
 
 r Bis dat, qui cito dat. 
 
 s Qui stadium currit, eniti debet. 
 
 t Omnia habet, qui nihil concupiscit. 
 
 u Omne tu|lit punc|tum, qui | miscuit | utile | dulci. 
 
 v Qui liberos suos amat, eos etiam castigat. 
 
 w Pessimum amicorum genus, qui semper laudant. 
 
 x Nam et quod decet, honestum est ; et quod honestum est, 
 decet. 
 
 y Praeclarum illud est, ut eos, qui carissimi nobis sunt, 
 aeque ac nosmet ipsos amemus. 
 
 z Turpissima homini excusatio est, non putaveram. 
 aa Incertum est, qui mortales initio African! habuerint. 
 bb Cavendum est, ne assentationibus patefaciamus aures. 
 

 
 40 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 28. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive 
 Proposition denoting the Immediate Complement. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 33. Art. XLIII. Tab. IV. comp. p. 152. 
 
 THE substantive proposition denoting the immediate com- 
 plement has the same varieties as the substantive proposition 
 denoting the subject. 
 
 In some cases we have an ellipsis. See in t. 
 
 a Gaudeo, quod te interpellavi. 
 
 b Miror quod tacuisti. 
 
 c Ab altero expectes, quod alteri feceris. 
 
 d Dolebam, quod consortem gloriosi laboris amiseram. 
 
 e Admiratus sum, quod nihilo minus ad me tua manu 
 scripsisses. 
 
 f Nunquam efficies, ut cancer recte ambulet. 
 
 g Bellum efficit, ut multi homines calamitatibus oppri- 
 mantur. 
 
 h Sol efficit, ut omnia floreant. ' 
 
 i Caveamus ut omnia parata shit. 
 
 j Caesar ad Lamiam scripsit, ut ad ludos omnia pararct. 
 
 k Tirneo ut hos labores sustineas. 
 
 1 Suadeo tibi, ut diligenter avunculi mei libros lectites, 
 
 m Vide ne quid turpiter facias, 
 
 n Vide ne nulla sit divinatio, 
 
 o Timeo ne non perficiam quod suscepi. 
 
 p Quis dubitat quin in virtute divitiae sint positae. 
 
 q Non dubitabam quin pater rediturus esset. 
 
 r Quern deus vult perdere prius dementat. 
 
 8 Discite, | quid virjtus et | quid sapi|entia | p6ssit. 
 
 t TJbi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant, 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 41 
 
 29. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with a Substantive 
 Proposition denoting the Second Complement. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 32. Art. XLIII. Tab. IV. comp. p. 152. 
 
 The varieties are the same as before. 
 
 a Accuse te quod segnis es. 
 
 b Si tu, quod te jarndudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex 
 urbe tuorum comitum perniciosa sentina reipublicae. 
 
 c Discipulos moneo ut praeceptorem ament. 
 
 d Discipulos id unum moneo, ut preceptores non minus 
 quam ipsa studia ament. 
 
 e Te rogo ne defatigem. 
 
 f Caesar frustra ab uxore admonitus est, ne idibus Martiis 
 curiam intraret. 
 
 30. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with an Adjective 
 Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 33. Art. XLIV. Tab. IV. 
 
 Adjective propositions are a species of subordinate proposi- 
 tions. They are so called, because, in reference to the leading 
 proposition, they occupy the place, and follow the construction 
 of an adjective. 
 
 They arise also from adjective participials, or verbal adjec- 
 tives, developed to a proposition. Thus from 4 Balbus, having 
 a sword, drew it,' is developed * Balbus, who had a sword, drew 
 it ;' from ' the prudent man looks to the future/ is developed 
 * the man who is prudent, looks to the future.' 
 
 The adjective is employed as an attribute to modify the sub- 
 ject, as in a k; the complementary object, as in 1 v; and 
 the supplementary object, as in . 
 
 a Qui a multis timetur, ipse multos timeat. 
 b Nulli flores sunt, qui semper florent. 
 c Non semper iidem metent, qui sementem fecerint. 
 d Sunt regiones, ubi sol fere sex continuos menses non vi- 
 detur. 
 
 4* 
 
42 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 e Parentes, qui vitiis liberorum nimis indulserunt, ipsi sua 
 indulgent! a haec auxerunt. 
 
 f Qui Deum amat, is virtutern amat. 
 
 g Nihil honestum esse potest, quod justitia vacat. 
 
 h Deus est qui omnem hunc mundum regit. 
 
 i Ea est jucundissima amicitia, quam similitudo morum 
 conjugavit. 
 
 j Pessimum amicorum genus sunt ii, qui semper laudant. 
 
 k Hostes, qui armis positis ad victoris fidem confugiunt, re- 
 cipiendi sunt. 
 
 1 Multi homines aedificant domos, in quibus non habitabunt. 
 
 m Id optimum puto, quod est rectissimum. 
 
 n Quem fortuna nimium fovet, eundem stultum facit. 
 
 o Quae pater possidet bona, eadem olim filius habebit. 
 
 p Graeci Romanos, qui ipsos armis superaverant, doctrina et 
 omni literarum genere longe superabant. 
 
 q Graeci deorum lionores tribuerunt iis, qui tyrannos neca- 
 verant. 
 
 r Ea quae vera sunt dicam. 
 
 s Arbores serit agricola, quarum fructus ipse aspiciet nun- 
 quara. 
 
 t Quod turpe est, id contemnere debemus. 
 
 u Ei plurimum benevolentiae tribuimus, a quo plurimum 
 diligimur. 
 
 v Nihil tuum die, quod potes perdere. 
 
 31. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing the Place. 
 
 See Philol, Stud. pp. 25, 33, 121f. 124f. 243. comp. 152. 
 
 ADVERBIAL propositions are a species of subordinate propo- 
 sitions. They are so called because like adverbs they modify 
 the verb of the leading proposition. 
 
 The special forms of the adverbial proposition correspond to 
 the special forms of the supplementary or adverbial object. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 43 
 
 There are three species of the adverbial proposition of place : 
 
 1. Those expressing the place where of the action predica- 
 ted in the leading proposition ; as in a g. 
 
 2. Those expressing the place whither of the action predi- 
 cated in the leading proposition ; as in h 1. 
 
 3. Those expressing the place whence of the action predica- 
 ted in the leading proposition ; as in ra o. 
 
 Note. The adverbial proposition of place derives its char- 
 acter from the demonstrative, expressed or implied in the 
 leading proposition, and not from the relative in the subor- 
 dinate proposition. 
 
 a Ubi enim est thesaurus tuus, ibi est et cor tuum. Vulgate* 
 
 b Ubicunque fuerit corpus, illic congregabuntur et aquilae. 
 Vulgate. 
 
 c Ibidem divitiarum cupido est, ubi et usus. 
 
 d Ubi partes labant, summa turbatur. 
 
 e Sapiens, ubicunque versatur, beatus est. 
 
 f Milites constiterunt ubi castra ponerent. 
 
 g Quocumque oculos tuos convertis, divinae providentiae 
 vestigia vides, 
 
 h Quo fortuna, eodem favor hominum inclinat. 
 
 i Eo restituti sunt (Galli), unde dejecti erant. 
 
 j Te redigam eodem, unde orta es. 
 
 k Quo ego vado, vos non potestis venire. Vulgate. 
 
 1 Quocunque me duxeris, O Deus, ire non cunctabor. 
 
 m Si legiones sese recepissent inde, quo temere essent pro- 
 gressae. 
 
 n Nee inde venit, unde mallem. 
 
 o Palaepolis fuit haud procul inde, ubi nunc Neapolis sita est* 
 
 32. A. Subordinative Compound Proposition with Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing the Time. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 33, 122, 125, 243. comp. 152. 
 
 THERE are three species of the adverbial proposition of time : 
 1. Those expressing the point of time of the action predi- 
 cated in the leading proposition, 
 
44 SELECT SENTENCES, 
 
 (1.) As coincident with the action in the subordinate clause, 
 as in a n. 
 
 (2.) As preceding the action in the subordinate clause, as in 
 o t, 
 
 (3.) ^A.$ following the action in the subordinate clause, as in 
 u w. 
 
 2. Those expressing the continuance of time of the action 
 predicated in the leading proposition, as in x cc. 
 
 3. Those expressing a repetition of the coincidence, as in dd. 
 
 a Quum respublica perturbata fuerit, cives miseri erunt. 
 b Cum Tarraconem venit, jam omnis cis Iberum Hispania 
 perdomita erat. 
 
 c Zenonem, quum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter, 
 d Soletis, cum aliquid hujusmodi auditis, continuo silere. 
 e Ager, quum multos annos quievit, uberiores efferre fruges 
 solet. 
 
 f Turn pacem speratis, cum vincemur, quani nunc, cum 
 vincimus, dat nemo. 
 
 g Malus homo turn est pessimus, quum bonum se simulat. 
 
 h Universae apes provolant, quuin dies mitis futura est. 
 
 i Praeclare facis, quum eorum tenes memoriam. 
 
 j Quando non potest fieri, quod vis, id velis quod potest. 
 
 k Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos 
 ad eum mittunt. 
 
 1 Hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexerunt, impetu 
 facto celeriter perturbaverunt. 
 
 m Ut Hostus cecidit, confestim Romana inclinata acies. 
 
 n Ut numerabatur forte argentum, venit homo de improviso. 
 
 o Antequam de hac re dicam, pauca mihi videntur prae- 
 mittenda. 
 
 p Ducentis annis, antequam Romam caperent, in Italiam 
 Galli transcenderunt. 
 
 q Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam providere 
 ratio potuit, ne occuparetur. 
 
 r Priusquam lucet, assunt. 
 
 s In omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, adhibenda 
 est praeparatio diligens. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 45 
 
 t Membris utimur, priusquam didicimus, cujus ea utilitatis 
 causa liabeamus. 
 
 u Postquam res eorum prospera videbatur, invidia orta est. 
 
 v Milites, postquam victoriam adept! sunt, nihil reliqui 
 victis fecere. 
 
 w Aristides decessit fere post annum quartum, quam The- 
 niistocles Athenis erat expulsus. 
 
 x Dura causa odii remanet, odium remanebit. 
 
 y Dum Syracusae jam a Romanis militibus diripiuntur, 
 Archimedes formas mathematical in pulvere describebat, 
 
 z Certa amittimus, dum incerta petimus. 
 
 aa Donee ejris fe|lix, muljtos numc|rabis a|micos. 
 
 bb Ferrum usque eo retinuit, quoad renunciatum est vicisse 
 Boeotios, 
 
 cc Cato, quoad vixit, virtutis laude crevit. 
 
 dd Me scis discedere tristem, quandocunque trahunt invisa 
 negotia Romani. 
 
 32. B. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing the Object of Co-existence. 
 
 Omitted in Philol. Stud, but comp. Art. XXX. also p. 242, 
 
 THE German language lias a special form of the subordinate 
 proposition to express the object of co-existence ; as, 4 Er nahm 
 Abschied, indem er mir aufs freundlichste die Hand druckte? 
 
 The English has no correspondent form of the subordinate 
 proposition, but employs in its stead the gerund ; as, c he took 
 leave of me, shaking hands with me most kindly? 
 
 The Latin language appears to accord with the English in 
 this particular. 
 
 33. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing the Manner. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 34, 123, 126, 243. comp. 152. 
 
 AN adverbial proposition of manner expresses the manner 
 of the action predicated in the leading proposition, 
 I, By stating its effect ; as in a, b. 
 
fi SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 2. By comparing it with another action ; as in c j. 
 This form of proposition is sometimes expressed by a com- 
 parison with an assumed possibility ; as in k. 
 
 a Motus magnus factus est in mari, ita lit navicula operire- 
 tur fluctibus. Vulgate. 
 
 b Docebat eos in synagogis eorum, ita ut mirarentur. 
 Vulgate. 
 
 c Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. 
 
 d Ut posuimus initia, sic caetera sequentur. 
 
 e Ut magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistratus. 
 
 f Ut | rinda im|p611itur | linda, 
 
 Tempora | sic fugi|iint. 
 
 g Probus homo, ut sentit, ita loquitur. 
 
 h Haec, sicut exposui, ita gesta sunt. 
 
 i Quemadmodum gubernatores optimi vim tempestatis, sic 
 sapientes fortunae impetum superare non possunt. 
 
 j Non, quemadmodum hodie nobis licet, sic semper licit- 
 urum est. 
 
 k Loqueris, quasi divinitus afflatus es. 
 
 34. Subordinates Compound Proposition, with Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing the Cause. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 33, 123, 126, 243. 
 
 THE varieties of the adverbial proposition of the cause cor- 
 respond to the varieties of the supplementary object of cause. 
 See supra, p. 22 ff. 
 
 A. The Actual-real Ground, or the Proper Cause. 
 
 The adverbial proposition of the proper cause is introduced 
 in Latin by the particles, quod, quia, quoniam, quando, quando- 
 quidem. 
 
 a Multos cometas non videmus, quod obscurantur radiis 
 solis. 
 
 b Quaedam terrae partes sunt incultae, quod aut frigore 
 rigent aut uruntur calore. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 47 
 
 c Philosophi, quod in veri investigatione versantur, prop- 
 terea justi sunt, 
 
 d Quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco verae amicitiae 
 sempiternae sunt. 
 
 e Serviet | aeter|mim, quia | parvo | nesciet | uti. 
 
 f Quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tecta discedite. 
 
 g Quando virtus est affectio animi constans, ex ea profi- 
 ciscuntur honestae voluntates. 
 
 h Oratori, quae sunt in hominum vita, quandoquidem in ea 
 versatur, omnia quaesita esse debent. 
 
 B. The Actual-moral Ground, or the Motive. 
 
 The adverbial proposition of the motive is introduced in 
 Latin by the same particles, quod, quia, quoniam, quando, 
 quandoquidem. 
 
 a Quod bona, quae Roscii fuerunt, tua facta sunt, idcirco 
 hunc illius filium perdere studes. 
 
 b Noctu ambulabat Themistocles, quod somnum capere 
 non posset. 
 
 c Manlius, consul Eomanus, filium interfecit, quod is in 
 bello Gallico contra imperium cum hoste pugnaverat. 
 
 d Patriae quia omnia debemus, omnes labores, omnia peri- 
 cula, pro illius salute parato ac forti animo sustineamus. 
 
 e Leges sequimur, quia id salutare maxime esse judicamus, 
 
 f Manus data est elephantis, quia propter magnitudinem 
 corporis difficiles aditus habebant ad pastum. 
 
 g Homo quoniam sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto. 
 
 h Tibi fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet. 
 
 i Dicite: | quandoquijdem in moljli con|sedimus | herba. 
 
 C. The Actual-logical Ground, or the Reason. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 127. 
 
 This relation is thought incapable of being expressed as a 
 subordinate proposition, because the stress or emphasis always 
 lies on the cause as an assertion of the speaker. We speak of 
 it here under subordinate propositions, merely to complete the 
 view of the different kinds of causes. 
 
48 SELECT SENTENCES, 
 
 D. The Possible Ground, or the Condition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. Art. XLVII. 
 
 There are three kinds of conditions distinguished in Latin, 
 and consequently three kinds of conditional sentences. 
 
 1. The first is where there is an absolute uncertainty as to 
 what is saic 1 in the condition ; as, 
 
 ' Si habeo pecuniam, tibi dabo,' If I have money, I will give 
 it to you. Here supply the antithesis, * sed nescio^ but I do 
 not know whether I have it or not ; the probability on either 
 side is equal. See in a g. 
 
 2. The second is where there is a mere possibility, but not 
 a probability as to what is said ; as, 
 
 4 Si habeam pecuniam, tibi dem,' If I should have money, I 
 may give it to you. Here supply the antithesis, 4 sed dubitoj 
 but I doubt whether I shall have it ; it is more probable that 
 I shall not. See in h, i. 
 
 3. The third involves a complete denial of what is repre- 
 sented in the condition, and of course in the clause condition- 
 ated ; as, 
 
 ' Si haberem pecuniam, tibi darem,' If I had money, I would 
 give it to you. Here supply the antithesis, ' sed non habeo, ergo 
 non do,' but I have not, therefore I do not give. See in j, k. 
 
 4 Si habuissem pecuniam, tibi dedissem,' If I had had money, 
 I would have given it to you. Here supply the antithesis, 
 * sed non habui, ergo non dedi, 7 but I had not, therefore I gave 
 not. See in 1 n. 
 
 a Si unum castigaveris, centum emendabis. 
 
 b Si utilitas amicitiam constituerit, erit infirma. 
 
 c Stultus nimium inflate, si saepe rogatur. 
 
 d Ego, si bonam famam mini servavero, satis dives ero. 
 
 e Ne responde, puer, nisi interrogatus fueris. 
 
 f Nemo bene imperat, nisi qui paruit imperio. 
 
 g Nulli Komanorum provinciam obtinere licebat, nisi sena- 
 tui placitum erat. 
 
 h Si injuriae non sint, haud saepe auxilii egeas. 
 
 i Dies deficidt, si velim numerare, quibus bonis male even- 
 erit. 
 
 j Non possem vivere, nisi in literis viverem. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 49 
 
 k Sapientia, quae ars vivendi putanda est, non expeteretur, 
 si nihil efficeret. 
 
 1 Alexandro si vita longior data esset, Oceanum manus 
 Macedonum transvolasset. 
 
 in Si tacuisses, philosophus mansisses. 
 
 n Si venisses ad exercitum, a tribunis militaribus visus esses. 
 
 E. The Adversative Ground, or the Concession. 
 
 The adverbial proposition of the adversative ground, or the 
 concession, is introduced in Latin by the particles, etsi, etiamsi, 
 tametsi, quamquam, quamvis, etc. 
 
 a Etsi Romani victores totius fere orbis terrarum erant, 
 tamen eorum cupido non satiata est. 
 
 b Optimi homines faciunt, quod rectum, quod honestum 
 est, etsi nullum consecuturum emolumentum vident. 
 
 c Caesar, etsi nondum hostium consilium cognoverat, tamen 
 ex eventu navium, quod accidit, suspicabatur. 
 
 d Etiamsi dudum fuerat ambiguum hoc mini, nunc non est. 
 
 e Vita brevis est, etiamsi supra centum annos duret. 
 
 f Homo, quod crebro videt, non miratur ; etiamsi, cur fiat, 
 nescit. 
 
 g Cavete ne mentiamini ; Deus enim omnia audit, etiamsi 
 homines non audiunt. 
 
 h Ista veritas, etiamsi jucunda non est, mihi tamen grata est. 
 
 i Rectum est in contentionibus, etiamsi nobis indigna au~ 
 diamus, tamen gravitatem retinere, iracundiam repellere. 
 
 j Tametsi fur mihi es, molestus non ero. 
 
 k Age, loquere quid vis, tametsi tibi succenseo. 
 
 1 Milites, tametsi ab duce et fortuna deserebantur, tamen 
 omnem spem in virtute ponebant. 
 
 m Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa. 
 
 n Quamquam excellebat Aristides abstinentia, ut unus cog- 
 nomine Justus sit appellatus, tamen exsilio decem annorum 
 multatus est. 
 
 o Quamvis sit magna expectatio, tamen earn vinces. 
 
 p Erat inter eos dignitate regia, quamvis carebat nomine. 
 5 
 
50 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 F. The Ultimate Ground, or the Purpose. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 34, 130, 243. 
 
 The adverbial proposition of the ultimate ground, or final 
 purpose, is introduced in Latin hy the particles, ut, ne, ut won, 
 ut ne, quo; also indirectly by any relative pronoun or particle. 
 
 1. The conjunction ut is the type of this adverbial propo- 
 sition, and introduces it when in its simplest form ; as in a i. 
 
 2. The conjunction ne, (as if for ut ne,) introduces the nega- 
 tive proposition ; as in j 1. 
 
 3. The conjunction ut is followed by non or ne, when the 
 negative refers to a part only of the clause ; as in m o. 
 
 4. The particle quo is sometimes used to express the final 
 purpose ; as in p r. A comparative then follows. 
 
 5. Also any relative pronoun or particle ; as in s, t. 
 
 Note. Ut after verbs of wishing, striving, purposing, ask- 
 ing, entreating, demanding, etc. seems rather to introduce a 
 substantive proposition of the immediate or secondary object ; 
 as, * Phaethon optavit, ut in currum patris tolleretur ;' 4 Sena- 
 tus imperavit decemviris, ut libros Sibyllinos inspicerent ;' 
 4 Caesar vetuit, ne per vim Massilia expugnaretur.' 
 
 a Esse debes, ut vivas ; non vivere, ut edas. 
 
 b Legum idcirco omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus. 
 
 c Talis est ordo actionum adhibendus, ut in vita omnia sint 
 apta inter se et convenientia. 
 
 d Tactus toto corpore circumfusus est, ut omnes ictus sen- 
 tire possimus. 
 
 e Aegyptii mortuos condiebant, ut corpora quam diutissime 
 pennanerent. 
 
 f Venit ut ludos spectaret. 
 
 g Nero urbem incendit, ut captae Trojae imaginem cerneret. 
 
 h Romani ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnatum, ut dictator 
 e&set. 
 
 i Saepe majores nostri dimicaverunt, ut patriam suam 
 Jiberarent. 
 
 j Aqua marina salsa est, ne putrescat. 
 
 k Generosa virtus respuit, ne dolorem summum malum 
 iiceres. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 51 
 
 1 Scipio in Literninum concessit certo consilio, ne ad cau- 
 sam dicendam adesset. 
 
 m Quidam tres cancros vivos cremari jubent in arbustis, lit 
 carbunculi non noceant. 
 
 n Caesar dies continues quinque aciem instructam habuit, ut, 
 si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. 
 
 o Haec lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque rogemus re 
 turpes, nee faciamus rogati. 
 
 p Id adjuta me, quo id fiat facilius. 
 
 q Obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci, quo sint a frigoribua 
 et caloribus tutiores. 
 
 r Ager non semel aratur, sed novatur et iteratur, quo meli- 
 ores fetus possit et grandiores edere. 
 
 s Imperatoribus Gallorum delecti ex civitatibus attribu- 
 untur, quorum consilio bellum administraretur. 
 
 t Themistocli Artaxerxes Lampsacum urbem donabat, unde 
 vinum sumeret. 
 
 35. Subordinative Compound Proposition, with an Adverbial 
 Proposition expressing Intensity. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 34, 124, 131. Tab. IV. 
 
 Intensity is greatness of force or strength, as differing from 
 extension or greatness of bulk. 
 
 Adverbial propositions of intensity are so called, because 
 they express the intensity of the predicated activity in the 
 leading proposition. 
 
 It is only when the predicate is in the form of an adjective, 
 or when the verb is modified by an adverb, that its intensity 
 can be expressed by a subordinate proposition. The intensity 
 then refers immediately to such adjective or adverb. 
 
 Adverbial propositions of intensity express the intensity of 
 the predicated activity, 
 
 1 . By comparing it with another activity, or with the samo 
 activity of another subject, 
 
 (1.) In the way of equality; as in a d. 
 
 The particles here employed, whether relative or demon- 
 strative, are those of manner. 
 
52 SELECT SENTENCES* 
 
 !2.^ In the way of inequality ; as in e q. 
 3.) In the way of proportion ; as in r. 
 2. By expressing the effect of the activity ; as in s. 
 
 a Magnorum virorum filii raro tarn illustres sunt, quam 
 parentes. 
 
 b Nihil morti tarn simile, quam somnus. 
 c Me nihil aeque, ac naturae opera, delectat. 
 d Zeno non tarn rerum inventor fuit, quam verborum no- 
 vorum. 
 
 c Difficilius est liberos educare, quam libros scribere. 
 
 f Multis boni quam mali suspectiores sunt. 
 
 g Omnia mala sunt faciliora, quam peccati dolor. 
 
 h Natura est dux certior quam ars. 
 
 i Fidelius nemo potest dare consilium, quam suum cuique 
 judicium. 
 
 j Consules Romani non longius imperium, quam annum 
 unum habebant. 
 
 k Faucis carior fides, quam pecunia, est. 
 
 1 Sol major est, luna minor, quam terra. 
 
 m Justiora posterorum, quam nostrae aetatis, judicia erunt. 
 
 n Homines proniores sunt ad voluptatem, quam ad virtutem. 
 
 o Nullis praeceptis melius docemur, quam eis quae in sacris 
 ecripturis continentur. 
 
 p Saepe prava magis, quam bona, consilia prospere eveniunt. 
 
 q Similitudo morum plus valet in amicitia, quam affinitas. 
 
 r Quo quisque melior fuerit, eo major habetur. 
 
 s Nulla tarn modesta felicitas, quae malignitatis dentes 
 vitare possit. 
 
 36. Compound Proposition, with Various Subordinate 
 Propositions. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 34. 
 
 THE main proposition may be modified by two or more sub- 
 ordinate propositions, and of course may be almost endlessly 
 diversified. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 53 
 
 We shall confine ourselves here to a main or leading propo- 
 sition with two subordinate propositions. 
 
 A main proposition with two subordinate propositions has 
 the following varieties : 
 
 1. The two subordinate propositions may have the same 
 relation to the leading proposition, and thus be co-ordinate to 
 each other ; as in a e. 
 
 2. One subordinate proposition may be subordinate to the 
 other, and both to the leading proposition ; as in f m. 
 
 3. The two subordinate propositions may be separately and 
 differently related to the leading proposition ; as in n y. 
 
 The principles of the notation of compound propositions, 
 employed below, are as follows : 
 
 The capital letters A, B, C, etc. are employed to denote 
 the main or leading propositions ; the Roman letters a, b, c, 
 etc. to express the propositions immediately subordinate to 
 these ; the Italic letters, a, b, r, etc. to express subordinate 
 propositions of the second grade, etc. 
 
 The sign of addition -f- is employed to unite two co-ordin- 
 ate clauses. 
 
 The mathematical sign > is employed to express the sub- 
 ordination of one clause to another. 
 
 The parenthetic marks ( ) are employed to express the in- 
 sertion of one clause, whether subordinate or superordinate, 
 within another. 
 
 The vinculum over the letters is employed to show that the 
 letters over which it stands are to be taken as a whole. 
 
 a Quid quaeque nox aut dies ferat, incertum est. 
 b Quae parva videntur esse delicta, neque a multis intelligi 
 possunt, ab iis est diligentius declinandum. 
 
 A>a + b. 
 
 c Socrates accusatus est, quod corrumperet juventutem, et 
 novos deos induceret. 
 
 d Cui ignota est urbs ilia celeberrima, Athenae, ubi artee 
 et literae maxime floruerunt ? 
 
 A(a + b)A. 
 
 e Homo, quam multa et Deo et hommibus debeat, quotidie 
 recordetur. 
 
 5* 
 
54 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 a<a<A. 
 f Quid afferres novi, quum ignorarem, servum ad te misi. 
 
 A>a<a. 
 g Cave, ne, quae vitia sunt, mores fiant. 
 
 A>a>a. 
 
 h Omnis virtus facit, ut nos eos diligamus, in quibus ipsa 
 inesse videatur. 
 
 i Xerxes eo usque luxuria gaudebat, ut edicto praemium ei 
 proponeret, qui novum voluptatis genus reperisset. 
 
 j Senatus decrevit, consules darent operam, ne respublica 
 quid detriment} caperet. 
 
 A>a (a) a. 
 
 k Non promissa servanda sunt ea, quae sint iis, quibus pro- 
 misseris, inutilia. 
 
 1 Justitiae tanta vis est, ut ne illi quid em, qui maleficm 
 paacuntur, possint sine ulla particula justitiae vivere. 
 
 a<A>a, 
 
 m Quod ipse video, non adeo hebes es, tu ut non videos. 
 
 b<a<A. 
 
 n Ubi redieris, si postulabis librum, dabo tibi lubens, 
 e Cur nolint, etiamsi tacent, satis dicunt. 
 
 A>a>b. 
 
 p Hominem esse arbitror neminem, qui nomen istius audi- 
 crit, quin facta quoque ejus nefaria commemorare possit. 
 
 q Multa sunt quae nescimus, quorum scientia ne opus qui- 
 dem est. 
 
 A(a)A(b)A. 
 
 r Avarus, quo plura habet, eo avidius, quae non habet, 
 cupit. 
 
 s Scientia, quae est remota ab justitia, calliditas potius, 
 quam sapientia, est appellanda. 
 
 t Qui erant cum Aristotele, Peripatetici sunt dicti, quia 
 disputabant inambulantes in Lyceo. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES, 
 
 b<A>a. 
 
 u Ubi redieris, dabo tibi librum lubens, si postulabis. 
 
 v Si prudentes essetis, nihil polliceremini, quod praestare 
 non possetis. 
 
 b<A(a)A. 
 
 w Ubi redieris, librum tibi, si postulabis, lubens dabo. 
 
 A(b)A>a. 
 
 x Difficile est, quum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare 
 aequitatem, quae est justatiae maxime propria. 
 
 y Librum sibi, ubi redieris, lubens dabo, si postulabia. 
 
 37. Copulative Co-ordinating Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 25, 34, 138. comp. 150. Tab. V. 
 
 IN the co-ordinating compound proposition, the two propo- 
 sitions are co-ordinate or independent of each other, yet still 
 make but one thought. 
 
 In the copulative compound proposition, the members have 
 no internal or immediate relation to each other, but only a 
 common relation to a third proposition or sentiment, either 
 expressed or understood. 
 
 The conjunction et is the type of this compound proposition. 
 
 The other copulative conjunctions in Latin are que (en- 
 clitic), ac, atque, etiam; non modo ted etiam, quum turn; 
 nee, neque ; etc. 
 
 The varieties of the copulative combination are as follows. 
 
 1. The copulative combination of two or more sentences or 
 propositions, all of equal logical worth, and unemphatical. 
 See in a g. 
 
 This is the simplest form of the copulative compound sen- 
 tence. Here the one sentence or clause is enlarged by the 
 other ; or two sentences or clauses are combined into one 
 sentence of greater or more comprehensive import. 
 
 If two clauses of this kind have a common subject or predi- 
 cate, or other member, they may be abridged by expressing 
 the part which is common only once ; as, 4 Heaven and earth 
 shall pass away.' 
 
56 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 2. The copulative combination of two or more sentences or 
 propositions, all of equal worth, and emphatic. See in h j. 
 
 This differs from the preceding in omitting the copulative 
 conjunction, and in admitting a longer pause between the 
 clauses. It is well adapted to give a prominence to the 
 clauses, but not to exhibit their common relation to a third 
 thought or proposition. 
 
 3. The copulative combination of two clauses of unequal 
 worth, an emphasis or prominence being given to the second 
 clause, thus forming a climax. See in k p. 
 
 This form is used when one thought is enlarged by another 
 thought of greater comprehension. 
 
 4. The copulative combination of two thoughts, where the 
 emphasis or stress is laid not on the thoughts as thoughts, but 
 on their union or connection with each other, consisting in 
 their common relation to a third sentiment or thought ex- 
 pressed or implied. This is effected in Latin by repeating the 
 conjunction. See in q u. 
 
 There are two other classes of a mixed character. 
 
 5. The adversative or causal combination in the form of a 
 copulative. See in v, w. 
 
 6. The copulative combination with adversative or causal 
 particle added. See in x. 
 
 a Incertus est exitus, et anceps fortuna belli. 
 
 b Fide et justitia quaevis ci vitas optime sustentatur. 
 
 c Spes bona confirm at animum datque vires. 
 
 d Vitam parce ac duriter agebat. 
 
 e Non omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro reperis. 
 
 f Opinionibus vulgi rapimur in errorem, nee vera cernimus. 
 
 g Virtus splendet per se semper, neque alienis unquam sor- 
 dibus obsolescit. 
 
 h Fessum delectabit otium, tristem exhilarabit cantus. 
 
 i Multos fortuna liberat poena, metu neminem. 
 
 j Legibus obtemperate, vituperate neminem, imperate ves- 
 
 trae libidini. 
 
 k Non mihi soli, sed etiam natus sum patriae. 
 
 1 Invidia non modo vivos, sed etiam mortuos rodit. 
 
8ELKCT SENTENCES. 57 
 
 m Tullus Hostilius non modo proximo regi dissimilis, sed 
 ferocior etiam Romulo fait. 
 
 n Fortuna, quum in reliquis rebus, turn praecipue in bello 
 plurimum potest. 
 
 o Pax quum jucunda, turn salutaris est. 
 
 p Animi tranquillitas et securitas effert quum constantiam, 
 turn etiam dignitatem. 
 
 q Adsuesce et dicere verum et audire. 
 
 r Et elephantus et leo igne terretur. 
 
 s Uva et succo terrae et calore solis augescit. 
 
 t Nimius somnus neque corpori neque animo prodest. 
 
 u Sapientem neque paupertas, neque mors, neque vincula 
 terrent. 
 
 v Sabbatis sacerdotes in templo sabbatum violant, et sine 
 crimine sunt. Vulgate. 
 
 w Generatio mala et adultera signum quaerit, et signum 
 non dabitur ei. Vulgate. 
 
 x Alcibiades videbat id sine rege Persarum non posse fieri : 
 ideoque eum aruiciim sibi cupiebat jungi. 
 
 38. Antithetic Co-ordinating Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 26, 35, 141. Tab. V. comp. p. 151. 
 
 IN the adversative combination, the union is much more 
 complete than in the copulative ; the union of the connected 
 thoughts lies immediately in their relation to each other, and 
 not in their relation to something else ; only two thoughts can 
 be thus connected ; and one of the thoughts is made more 
 prominent or emphatic than the other, by being placed last 
 and by having a greater intonation. 
 
 The antithetic compound proposition is the simplest form of 
 the adversative compound proposition. 
 
 In this form of proposition the second member negatives 
 or wholly excludes the first. There is of course a negative 
 particle expressed or implied in one of the propositions. 
 
58 
 
 SELECT SENTENCES, 
 
 The conjunction sed is the type of this compound proposi- 
 tion. See in a h. 
 
 The other antithetic conjunctions in Latin are verum, autem, 
 etc. See in i k. 
 
 The antithetic particle is sometimes omitted, in which case 
 the first word of the second clause receives a strong emphasis. 
 See in 1, m. 
 
 Antithetic propositions are capable of contraction, when 
 their members in common are unemphatic. See in d j. 
 
 Note. One form of this compound proposition, which is 
 very common, becomes a climactic copulative proposition; 
 as, ' Invidia non modo vivos, sed etiam mortuos rodit.' See 
 supra, p. 56. 
 
 a Avarus non possidet divitias, sed divitiae possident eum* 
 
 b Non pudor est nihil scire, sed pudor nil scire velle. 
 
 c Dixisti non auxilium mihi, sed me auxilio defuisse. 
 
 d Non ego herus tibi, sed servus. 
 
 e Non heros nee dominos appellat eos, sed patriae custodes, 
 
 f Haud doctis dictis certabant, sed maledictis. 
 
 g Otii fructus est non contentio animi, sed relaxatio. 
 
 h Est philosophi, de diis immortalibus habere non erran- 
 tem et vagam, sed stabilem certamque sententiam. 
 
 i Ea sunt omnia non a natura, verum a magistro. 
 
 j Non aetate, verum ingenio adipiscimur sapientiam. 
 
 k Nam injusta ab justis impetrare non decet, justa autem 
 ab injustis petere insipientis est. 
 
 1 Non agitur de vectigalibus, non de sociorum injuriis ; 
 libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. 
 
 m Tu domum servas, ego laudo ruris amoeni rivos. 
 
 39. Restrictive Co-ordinating Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 26, 35, 141. Tab. V. comp. p. 151. 
 
 THE restrictive compound proposition is a weakened anti- 
 thetic compound proposition. 
 
 Here the second member restricts or limits the meaning of 
 the first, or shuts out a natural inference. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 59 
 
 The conjunction tamen is the type of this compound propo- 
 sition. See in a c. 
 
 The other restrictive conjunctions in Latin are sed, verum, 
 vero, autem, at, atqui, sed tamen, veruntamen, at vero. See in 
 d n. 
 
 The conjunction quidem, l indeed,' often stands in the first 
 clause. See in a, m. 
 
 Here we have (1.) the opposition of different predicates in 
 the same subject, as in a, b, d, etc. (2.) the opposition of the 
 same predicate in different subjects, as in i ; and (3.) the op- 
 position of different predicates in different subjects, as in g, 
 
 h, j, P- 
 
 The propositions are capable of contraction ; as in many of 
 the examples below. 
 
 The conjunction is sometimes omitted with advantage ; as 
 in o, p. 
 
 a Non postulo id quidem, aveo tamen audire. 
 
 b Licet ipsa vitium est ambitio, frequenter tamen causa 
 virtutum est. 
 
 c Natu|ram expel |las fur|ca, tamen | usque re|curret. 
 d Non for|mosus ejrat, sed ejrat fa|eiindus U|lysses. 
 e Ea non dicunt, verum intelligi volunt. 
 
 f Fletus plerumque est effectus tristitiae, interdum vero 
 etiam gaudii. 
 
 g Oscines rostra recta habent, aves autem rapaces adunca. 
 
 h Sol cuncta sua luce illustrat, luna autem luce splendet 
 ftliena. 
 
 i Achilles fortis erat, Thersites autem non erat. 
 
 j Brevis a natura nobis vita data est, at memoria bene red- 
 ditae vitae sempiterna. 
 
 k Pausanias Lacedaemoniorum patriam sub potestatem Per- 
 sarum redigere conatus est ; at ille meritas poenas persolvit. 
 
 1 O rem, inquis, difficilem et inexplicabilem ! Atqui expli- 
 canda est. 
 
 m Est tarda quidem ilia medicina, sed tamen magna, quam 
 affert longinquitas et dies. 
 
60 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 n Leve est totum hoc, risum mo v ere ; veruntamen multum 
 in causis persaepe facetiis profici vidi. 
 
 o Ex propinquitate benevolentia tolli potest, ex amicitia 
 non potest. 
 
 p In Hyrcania plebs publicos alit canes ; optimates do- 
 mesticos. 
 
 40. Disjunctive Co-ordinating Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 26, 35, 141. Tab. V. comp. p. 151. 
 
 IN the disjunctive compound proposition, one member or 
 clause so excludes the other, that one proposition is repre- 
 sented as existing only when the other does not exist. 
 
 The conjunction aut is the type of this compound proposition. 
 
 The other disjunctive conjunctions in Latin are ve or vel, 
 *eu or sive^ neu or neve. 
 
 The conjunction nut is employed when the exclusion of the 
 idea of one clause by the other is represented as real and 
 necessary ; as in a e. 
 
 The conjunction ve or vel is employed when this exclusion 
 is simply allowable or optional ; as in f i. 
 
 The conjunction seu or sive is employed when the choice 
 between two or more things is to be represented as wholly 
 unknown or undecided ; as in j. 
 
 The conjunction neu or neve expresses the negation ; as in k. 
 
 In a, e, h j, we have the disjunctive proposition in its 
 simplest form. 
 
 In b d, f, g, k, we have the disjunctive rendered emphatic 
 by a repetition of the conjunction. The number of members 
 is sometimes extended to three or more ; as in g. 
 
 This form of proposition is capable of contraction ; as in 
 many of the examples below. 
 
 The disjunctive conjunction is sometimes omitted ; as in I. 
 
 a Audendum est aliquid universis, aut omnia singulis pati- 
 enda. 
 
 b Omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est. 
 c Aiit pro|desse vo|hint aut j delec|tare po|etae. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 61 
 
 d Usque ad sanguinem incitari solet odium aut levium 
 hominum aut immanium barbarorum. 
 
 e Tibi ego, aut tu raihi servus es ? Plant. 
 
 f Viri nobiles vel corrumpere mores civitatis vel corrigere 
 possunt. 
 
 g Odium vel precibus mitigari possit, vel communi utilitate 
 deponi, vel vetustate sedari. 
 
 h Yenit Epicurus, homo minime malus, vel potius vir op- 
 timus. 
 
 i Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt. 
 
 j Ascanius Lavinium urbem matri seu novercae reliquit. 
 
 k Earn ne quis nobis minuat, neve vivus, neve mortuus. 
 
 \ Omnium versatur urna serius ocius sors exitura. 
 
 41. Causative Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 26, 35, 142. Tab. V. comp. p. 152. 
 
 THE illative compound proposition, and the causative com- 
 pound proposition, agree in the logical relation of their mem- 
 bers to each other, but differ in the logical worth of the same. 
 Or, to be more explicit, the illative and causative propositions 
 agree substantially in this, that their members have the same 
 logical relation to each other, to wit,- the relation of ground 
 and consequence ; but the comparative logical worth or import 
 of the members, as expressing the ground or the consequence, 
 is inverted. 
 
 In the causative proposition, the second member, which of 
 course has the intonation and possesses the greater logical 
 worth, is introduced by a causative conjunction, and expresses 
 the ground or reason of the first member. 
 
 The conjunction nam is the type of this compound propo- 
 sition. See in a c. 
 
 The other causative conjunctions in Latin are namque, 
 nempe, enim, etenim. See in d 1. 
 
 Causative propositions express either (1.) the real ground, 
 as in most of the examples below ; (2.) the moral ground, as 
 in a, j, 1 ; or else (3.) the logical ground, as in h. 
 6 
 
62 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 a Colenda justitia est per se, nam aliter justitia non esset. 
 
 b Aristides decem annorum legitimam poenam non pertulit ; 
 nam sexto fere anno in patriam restitutus est. 
 
 c Rerum bonarum et malarum tria sunt genera. Naru aut 
 in animis, aut in corporibus, aut extra esse possunt. 
 
 d Magno illi (Atilio) ea cunctatio stetit, filium namque 
 intra paucos dies amisit. 
 
 e Sonorum, dici vix potest, quanta sit vis in utramque par- 
 tern : namque et incitat languentes, et languefaeit excitatos, et 
 turn remittit animos, turn contra-hit. 
 
 f Quid ergo tulit ? nempe ut quaereretur. 
 
 g Quos ego orno ? Nempe eos, qui ipsi sunt ornamenta 
 reipublicae. 
 
 h Heri pluit, madida enim est terra. 
 
 i Jus semper est aequabile ; neque enim aliter esset jus. 
 
 j Nolite ascendere ; non enim est Dominus vobiscum. 
 Vulgate. 
 
 k Hac pugna nibil adbuc est nobilius : nulla enim uriquam 
 tarn exigua manus tantas opes prostravit. 
 
 1 Jus et omne bonestum sua sponte est expetendum. Ete- 
 nim omnes viri boni ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amant. 
 
 42. Illative Compound Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. pp. 26, 35, 142. Tab. V. comp. p. 152. 
 
 IN tbe illative proposition, the second member, which of 
 course bas tbe intonation and possesses the greater logical 
 worth, is introduced by an illative conjunction, and expresses 
 a consequence or conclusion from the first member. 
 
 The conjunction itaque is the type of this compound propo- 
 sition. See in a c. 
 
 The other illative conjunctions in Latin are igitur, ergo, eo, 
 ideo, idcirco, hinc, inde, proinde, quapropter, quare, etc. See 
 in d n. 
 
 Illative propositions express either (1.) the real ground, as 
 in a, g i ; (2.) the moral ground, as in most of the examples 
 below ; or else (3.) the logical ground, as in b. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 63 
 
 a Non omnia omnes possumus, itaque modestia decet 
 quemque. 
 
 b Ciceroni patriae salutem Romani debebant ; itaque pater 
 patriae est appellatus. 
 
 c Aristides aequalis fere fuit Themistocli ; itaque cum eo 
 de principatu contendit. 
 
 d Apud Athenienses summa eloquentiae laude floruit Iso- 
 crates, ad hunc igitur nobilissimi quique filios mittebant eru- 
 diendos. 
 
 e Hora ruit ; ergo carpe diem. 
 
 f Frater es, eo vereor. 
 
 g Muris se continebant ; eo nulla pugna memorabilis est. 
 
 h Nihil laboras ; ideo nihil liabes. 
 
 i Te ipsum nimis am as, ideo nullus tibi amicus est. 
 
 j Te velle uxorem aiebat tuo nato dare, ideo aedificare hoc 
 velle aiebat in tuis. 
 
 k Ille Cliniae servus tardiusculus est. Iccirco huic nostro 
 tradita 'st provincia. Ter. 
 
 1 Hinc illae lacrymae. 
 
 m Caesar dixit, liostes finem belli non esse facturos. Pro- 
 inde agmine impeditos adoriantur. 
 
 n Intelligebant haec Lacedaemonii ; quare eos infirmissi- 
 mos esse volebant. 
 
 43. Decompound or Multimembral Proposition. 
 
 Comp. Philol. Stud. Art. LIT. 
 
 THE combination of several propositions to a linguistical 
 whole is called a decompound or multimembral proposition. 
 
 There is no limit to decompound propositions, either as it 
 respects their variety or their extent. 
 
 A. Trimembral Propositions. 
 
 These may consist of three leading propositions, as in a, b ; 
 of two leading and one subordinate proposition, as in c e ; or 
 of one leading and two subordinate propositions, as in f j. 
 Also comp. supra, p. 53. 
 
64 
 
 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 a Zaleucus fuit servns et discipulus et amicus Pythagorae. 
 b Studium artium liberalium est omnium aetatum, tempo - 
 rum, et locorum. 
 
 c Quidquid agis, prudenter agas, et respice finem. 
 
 d Oppida multa, quae olim floruerunt, nunc prostrata et 
 diruta sunt. 
 
 e Sulla victor non solum malos cives, sed omnes, quorum 
 divitias satellites ejus desiderabant, proscripsit. 
 
 f Semper in fide, quid senseris, non quid dixeris, cogi- 
 tandum. 
 
 g Ea liberalitate utimur, quae prosit amicis, noceat nemini. 
 
 h Romani duces, qui civitates aut nationes bello devictas in 
 fidem receperant, earum patroni erant. 
 
 i Etiamsi non ab omnibus auditi sumus, non irrita tamen 
 effluxerunt, quae monuimus. 
 
 j Quum Caesar Ravennae abesset, et iter per Alpes hieme 
 interclusum esse videretur, omnes fere Gallicae gentes rebel- 
 larunt. 
 
 B. Quadrimembral Propositions. 
 
 a Aves volant, quadrupedes currunt, pisces natant, vermes 
 repunt. 
 
 b Boves mugiunt, lupi ululant, oves balant, serpentes sibilant. 
 
 c Nihil est melius agricultura, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, 
 nihil homine libero dignius. 
 
 d Qui omnibus virtutibus instructi et ornati sunt, sapientes 
 et boni viri dicuntur. 
 
 e Quo quis est versutior et callidior, hoc invisior et sus- 
 pectior. 
 
 f Laudari et amari gloriosum est, metui vero et in odio 
 esse detestabile. 
 
 g Fortes et magnanimi sunt habendi, non qui faciunt, sed 
 qui propulsant injuriam. 
 
 h Quum Catilina in senatu Ciceronem objurgare inciperet, 
 omnes obstrepuerunt, eumque hostem et parricidam vocaverunt. 
 
 i Quocunque te flexeris, habebis ibi Deum occurrentem 
 tibi ; nihil vacat ab illo ; ipse implet opus suum. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 65 
 
 j Hostium repentinns adventus magis conturbat, quam ex- 
 pectatus ; et man's subita tempestas terret navigantes vehe- 
 mentius, quam ante provisa. 
 
 k Pom a ex arboribus, si cruda sunt, vi avelluntur ; si ma- 
 tura, decidunt. 
 
 1 Omnis disciplina memoria constat, frustraque docemur, 
 si, quidquid audimus, praeterfluat. 
 
 m Secundum opinionem philosoplii cujusdam duas habemus 
 aures, os antern unum, ut plus audiamus, quam loquamur. 
 
 n Omnis virtus nos ad se allicit, facitque, ut eos diligamus, 
 in quibus ipsa inesse videatur. 
 
 C. Propositions consisting of more than four Members. 
 
 a Laudari, coli, diligi, gloriosum est ; metui vero et in odio 
 esse detestabile. 
 
 b Gloria divitiarum et fortunae est fluxa et fragilis ; virtus 
 habetur clara et aeterna. 
 
 c Commoda quibus utimur, lux qua fruimur, spiritus quern 
 ducimus, a Deo dantur. 
 
 d Qui sapiunt, libidines refraenant, contemnunt voluptates, 
 iracundiam reprimunt, avaritiam continent, omne vitium quod 
 famae noceat, cautissiine evitant. 
 
 44. Negative Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 169. comp. Art. LTX. 
 
 IT was intended that the preceding propositions should all 
 of them be positive or affirmative ; but a few negative, inter- 
 rogative, and imperative propositions have slipped in by inad- 
 vertence. We proceed to the special selection of negative 
 sentences. 
 
 The idea of negation, being a simple idea, is clear and dis- 
 tinct in itself. But it has no special mood-form. 
 
 In the negative proposition, the negation belongs, strictly 
 speaking, to the copula or predication, and not to the predi- 
 cate. In the usage of language, however, the negation ia 
 6* 
 
G6 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 expressed by a negative adverb attached to the verb, as more 
 easy of apprehension by the mind. 
 
 The adverbs used for this purpose are non and hand. The 
 latter is comparatively infrequent. 
 
 a Non pluit. 
 
 b Sol non lucet. 
 
 c Dies non est calidus. 
 
 d Terra non est planities. 
 
 e Scio haec non tibi esse voluptati. 
 
 f Non mittet cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo. 
 
 g Ego quod dixi haud mutabo. 
 
 h Haud erit, ut merito immortalis possit haberi. 
 
 45. Proposition with Negative Subject or Object. 
 
 THE negation here virtually belongs to the whole predicate, 
 or rather to the predication ; but the negative is attached to 
 the subject or object for the sake of being more easily appre- 
 hended by the mind. 
 
 There are three varieties of this proposition : 
 
 1. Where the negative is attached to the subject; as in ac. 
 
 2. Where the negative is attached to the complementary 
 object ; as in d g. 
 
 3. Where the negative is attached to the supplementary 
 object ; as in h k. 
 
 a Unde habeas, nemo quaerit. 
 
 b Omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior. 
 
 c Elephanto bestiarum nulla prudentior. 
 
 d Nihil praetermisi. 
 
 e De republica nihil loquebantur. 
 
 f Graii praeter laudem nullius avari. 
 
 g Neutris cura posteritatis est. 
 
 h Nusquam equidem quicquam deliqui. 
 
 i Probi mores nunquam prodesse cessabunt. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 07 
 
 j Id neutiquam mihi placet. 
 
 k Mihi neutiquam cor consentit cum oculorum aspectu. 
 1 Quid bonum sit, quid malum, quid neutrum discat. 
 m Nolite arbitrari me, cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut 
 nullum fore. 
 
 46. Proposition with Negative Attribute. 
 
 SOMETIMES the negation respects not the proposition itself, 
 but some idea contained in it ; as, for example, an attribute. 
 
 The negation attached to the attribute is often privative 
 rather than negative ; as in some of the examples below. 
 
 a Literae tuae mihi non injucundae fuerunt. 
 
 b Non existentis nulla sunt jura. 
 
 c Non entis nulla sunt praedicata. 
 
 d Non pauci dies intercesserunt. 
 
 e Non paucis verbis haec res explicari potest. 
 
 f Non omnes senes prudentes sunt. 
 
 47. Proposition with Double Negation. 
 
 Two negatives in the same clause, acting reciprocally upon 
 each other, destroy the negation. In other words, the nega- 
 tion of a negation is equivalent to an affirmation. This must 
 be considered as the general rule in all languages. 
 
 Of this there are in Latin three varieties : 
 
 1. Where the two negatives are in close contact, and act 
 directly upon each other ; as in a i. 
 
 2. Where the two negatives are not in so close contact ; as 
 in j q. 
 
 3. Where one of the negatives is in a participial construc- 
 tion, which is here regarded as a part of the same clause ; as 
 in r u. 
 
 a Nonnemo virtutis praecepta contemnit. 
 b Hannibal nonnihil temporis tribuit literis. 
 
68 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 c Nonnihil, ut in tantis malis, est profectum. 
 d Nonnulli, sive felicitate quadam, sive bonitate naturae, 
 sive parentium disciplina, rectam vitae secuti sunt viara. 
 
 e Agesilaus fuit claudus altero pede ; quae res ei nonnullam 
 afferebat deforrnitatem. 
 
 f Nonnunquam errorem creat similitudo. 
 g Populus solet nonnunquam dignos praeterire. 
 h Silices quibusdam in locis rubentes, nonnunquam vero et 
 albi. 
 
 i Non ignore, quara incerti sunt hominum animi. 
 j Non sum inscius, esse utilitatem in historia, non modo 
 voluptatem. 
 
 k Nemo non benignus est sui judex. 
 
 1 Nemo Arpinas non Plancio studuit. 
 
 m Achilles nihil non arroget armis. 
 
 n Nulla rerum suarum non relicta inter hostes. 
 
 o Nulli non ad nocendum satis virium est. 
 
 j) Sapiens minquam non beatus est. 
 
 q Iris nunquam non ad versa soli est. 
 
 r Nihil agere animus non potest. 
 
 s Nemo potest non beatissimus esse, cui nihil deest. 
 
 t Qui mortem in malis ponit, non potest earn non timere. 
 
 u Athenienses Alcibiadem nihil non efficcre posse ducebant. 
 
 48. Proposition with Repeated Negation. 
 
 THE negative is sometimes repeated, for the sake of em- 
 phasis, with neque, nee, or ne quidem, as if these conjunctions 
 introduced a new clause. 
 
 a Nego hanc rem, neque mihi neque tibi gratam esse posse, 
 b Nihil est illo, nee curl us mihi nee jucundius. 
 c Urbi's sine hominum coetu non potuissent, nee aedificari 
 nee frequentari. 
 
 d Nunquam Scipionem, ne minima quidein in re, offendi. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 69 
 
 49. Proposition with Negative Sub-position. 
 
 Cemp. Philol. Stud. Art. XLII. 
 
 THE negative sub-position is a weaker form of the negative 
 proposition. It is found in imperative, optative, and conjunc- 
 tive forms of language. The negative is willed or conceived 
 of, rather than declared. It is subjective, rather than objec- 
 tive. It is expressed in Latin by the simple ne, rather than 
 by the more emphatic non. 
 
 We include here 
 
 1. Negative imperative sentences, or conjunctive sentences 
 used imperatively ; as in a g. 
 
 2. Negative optative sentences ; as in h. 
 
 3. Negative conjunctive or subordinate sentences ; as in i m. 
 
 a Ne time. 
 
 b Nocturna sacrificia ne sunto. 
 
 c Borea flante, ne arato, semen ne jacito. 
 
 d Ne transieris Iberum. 
 
 e Puer telum ne habeat. 
 
 f Ne quid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis. 
 
 g Ne multa discas, sed multum. 
 
 h Ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo, ac sentio. 
 
 i Hoc te rogo, ne demittas animum. 
 
 j Cicero timebat, ne Catilina urbem incenderet. 
 
 k Hannibal Carthaginem, patriam suam, inetu, ne Romanis 
 traderetur, reliquit. 
 
 1 Haec ideo ad te scribo, ne me oblitum esse mandatorum 
 tuorum putes. 
 
 m Gallinae avesque reliquae pennis fovent pullos, ne frigoro 
 laedantur. 
 
 n Videre rnihi videor tan tarn dimicationem, quanta nun- 
 quam fuit. 
 
 o Quis dubitare possit, quin Dei immortalis raunus sit, quod 
 vivimus. 
 
IP SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 50. Copulative Combination of an Affirmative and Negative 
 Proposition. 
 
 Comp. Philol. Stud. Art. XLIX. 
 
 THE two propositions may be both unemphatic, (est neque 
 est, non est et est ;) or they may be both emphatic, (est non 
 est, non est est; or the emphasis may lie on their combina- 
 tion with each other, (neque est et est, et est neque est.) 
 
 Est neque est. 
 
 a Caesar subs ti tit, neque hostes lacessivit. 
 b De Quinto fratre nuntii, nee varii, venerant. 
 c Impedit consilium voluptas, nee ullum cum virtute habet 
 coimnercium. 
 
 d Multi omnia se simulant scire, nee quidquam sciunt. 
 
 Non est et est. 
 
 e Non omnis moriar, multaque pars mei vitabit Libitinam. 
 f Precibus non linquar inultis, teque piacula nulla resolvent. 
 
 Est non est. 
 g Argue cum omni imperio, nemo te contemnat. Vulgate. 
 
 Non est est. 
 
 h Unus orbis non suffecit Alexandro ; unum dolium Diogeni 
 suftecit. 
 
 Neque est et est. 
 
 i Neque miror, et gaudeo. 
 
 j Homo nee meo judicio stultus, et suo valde prudens. 
 
 k Animal nullum inveniri potest, quod neque naturn un- 
 quam, et semper sit futurum, 
 
 Et est neque est. 
 
 1 Intelligitis, Pompeio et animum praesto fuisse, nee con- 
 silium defuisse. 
 
 m Patebat via et certa, nee longa. 
 
 n Manlius et semper me coluit diligentissime, et a nostri* 
 studiis non abhorret. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. l 
 
 51. Copulative Combination of two Negative Propositions. 
 
 Comp. Philol. Stud. Art. XLIX. 
 
 THE two negative propositions may be both unemphatic, 
 (form non neque;) or they may be both emphatic, (form 
 non non;) or the emphasis may lie on their combination 
 with each other, (forms neque neque, nee nee.) 
 
 IN on neque. 
 
 a Non imperium, neque divitias petimus. 
 b Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum injuriis. 
 c Ilia mei testes non viderunt, nee sciunt. 
 d Non heros, nee dominos appellabant eos. 
 
 Non non. 
 
 e Non est ita, judices, non est profecto. 
 f Non erat abundans, non inops tamen. 
 g Non hoc dicet Chrypsippus, non Thales. 
 h Nolite errare ; Deus non irridetur. Vulgate. 
 
 Neque neque. 
 
 i Neque consilium mihi placet, neque auctor probatur. 
 j Neque naufragio, neque iricendio amittitur. 
 
 Nee nee. 
 
 k Mors nee ad vivos pertinet, nee ad mortuos. 
 1 Secundum genus cupiditatum Epicurus nee ad potiendum 
 difficile esse censet, nee vero ad carendum. 
 
 52. Simple Interrogative Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 170. Art. LXI. 
 
 THE interrogative proposition, in its direct form, has a 
 peculiar intonation in nearly all languages. 
 
 Many cultivated languages have a peculiar mark also for 
 the interrogative proposition, namely ?. This mark should be 
 employed only in the direct interrogation. 
 
 The different forms of the interrogation in Latin are as 
 follows : 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 1. The simple interrogation, to be answered in the affirma- 
 tive or in the negative ; as, Venitne pater ? ' Has the father 
 come ?' See below in this section. 
 
 2. The imperfect interrogation, to be completed in one of 
 its members or factors ; as, Quis Caesarem occidit ? 4 Who 
 killed Caesar?' See section 53. 
 
 3. The disjunctive interrogation, where one question is to 
 be answered in the affirmative and the other in the negative ; 
 as, Utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est ? ' Is that your fault 
 or ours ?' See section 54. 
 
 4. The subordinate or indirect interrogation, corresponding 
 to each of the preceding ; as, Quaesivi, num pater venisset, ' I 
 inquired whether the father had come ;' Nescio quis sis, ' I 
 know not who you are.' Quaeritur unusne sit mundus an 
 plures, 4 It is a question whether there is one world or many.' 
 See section 55. 
 
 The simple interrogative proposition is a simple inquiry 
 whether the predicate belongs to the subject. 
 
 There are several particles in Latin, serving to introduce 
 this form of interrogation, as an, ne (enclitic), num, which are 
 all connected with and derived from the Latin negative particle 
 ne. An, however, is hardly used in the simple interrogation. 
 
 Ne is employed where information simply is desired ; as in 
 a c. 
 
 Num is employed where a negative reply is expected ; as 
 in d g. 
 
 Nonne (the opposite of simple ne) is employed where an 
 affirmative reply is expected ; as in h, i. 
 
 An is said to be employed only when a preceding question 
 is to be supplied in thought ; as in j n. 
 
 Sometimes the interrogation is left to be denoted by the 
 intonation only ; as in o t. 
 
 Note. Ne annexed to an or num (also utrum) gives em- 
 phasis ; as in g. 
 
 a Venitne pater ? 
 
 b Videsne, ut pueri ne verberibus quidem a contemplandis 
 rebus perquirendisque deterreantur ? 
 
 c Estne Sthenius is, qui omnes honores domi suae magnifi- 
 centissime gessit ? 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. * > 
 
 d Num negare audes 1 
 
 e Num facti Pamphilum piget ? 
 
 f Num ejus color pudoris signum usquam indicat? 
 
 g Deum ipsum nurane vidisti ? 
 
 h Nonne meministi, quid paulo ante dixerim ? 
 
 i Quid ? canis nonne similis est lupo ? 
 
 j Quid ais ? an venit Pamphilus ? 
 
 k An turn quoque est utilis iracundia ? 
 
 1 Quid dicis ? an bello fugitivorum Siciliam virtute tua liV 
 eratam ? 
 
 m Quando autem ista vis evanuit ? an postquam homines mi- 
 nus creduli esse coeperunt ? 
 
 n Cur misereare potius quam feras opem, si id facere possis-? 
 An sine misericordia liberates esse non possumus 1 
 
 o Tu hoc non vides ? 
 
 p Clodius insidias fecit Miloni ? 
 
 q Infelix est Fabricius, quod rus suum fodit ? 
 
 r Quid ? non sciunt ipsi viam, domum qua redeant ? 
 
 s Cernis, ut | insuljtent Rutujli, Tur |n usque fe|ratur? 
 
 t Non casis habitare est satius inter sacra et penatesqne 
 vestros, quam Veios migrare ? 
 
 53. Imperfect Interrogative Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. p. 170. Art. LXI. 
 
 THE imperfect interrogative proposition is addressed to an- 
 other for him to fill up as to some deficient member or factor. 
 
 For this form of the interrogation the Latin language has a 
 beautiful series of interrogative words, representing the various 
 grammatical categories, and all commencing in reality or by 
 implication with the interrogative element qu. 
 
 These interrogative words are (1.) subst. of the person, qui? 
 (2.) subst. of the thing, quid? (3.) adj. of preference, uter? 
 (4.) adj. of quantity, quantus? (5.) adj. of number, quot? (6.*) 
 ordinal adj. quoins? (7.) adj. of manner, qualis? (8.) adv. of 
 place where, ubi? (9.) adv. of place whither, quo? (10.) adv. 
 of place whence, unde? (11.) adv. of time, quando? (12.) 
 7 
 
74 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 adverbs of manner, quomodo? qui? quam? ut? (13.) adverbs 
 of the cause, cur? quare? 
 
 Note. This interrogative element, gw, is found, with slight 
 alterations, in all the Indo-European languages, and is used in 
 these languages also as an indefinite and a relative element. 
 
 a Quis clarior in Graecia Themistocle ? 
 
 b Quis Dionem doctrinis omnibus expolivit ? 
 
 c Quid faceret aliud ? 
 
 d Quid est judicium corrumpere, si hoc non est? 
 
 e Uter vestrorum est celerior ? 
 
 f Uter nostrum popularis est ? 
 
 g Quanti est sapere ? 
 
 h Quanti emi potest minime \ 
 
 i Quot sunt ? 
 
 j Hora quota est ? 
 
 k Qualis est eorum oratio ? 
 
 1 Qualine amico mea commendavi bona ? 
 
 m Ubi inveniam Pamphilum ? 
 
 n Ubi sunt, qui Antonium Graece negant scire ? 
 
 o Quo, quo, scelesti, ruitis ? 
 
 p Quo illae nubent ? 
 
 q Unde is ? 
 
 r Unde earn mulierem esse aiunt? 
 
 g O rus, quando ego te aspiciam ? 
 
 t Quando venit Caius ? 
 
 u Maecenas quomodo tecum ? 
 
 v Deum, nisi sempiternum, intelligere qui possumus ? 
 
 w Qui potest esse in ejusmodi truneo sapientia? 
 
 x Quam diu furor iste tuus nos eludet ? 
 
 y Ut vales ? 
 
 z Cur perdis adolescentem nobis ? 
 
 aa Cur non introeo in nostram domum ? 
 
 bb Cur plura commemorem ? 
 
 cc Quare negasti illud te fuisse laturum ? 
 
 dd Quare ausus es ? 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 54. Disjunctive Interrogative Proposition. 
 
 THE different types or forms of the disjunctive compound in- 
 terrogation are as follows : 
 
 1. Utrum an? 
 
 a Utrum ea vestra an nostra culpa est ? 
 b Utrum nescis, quam alte ascenderis, an id pro nihilo habes? 
 
 c Utrum Milonis corporis, an Pythagorae tibi malis vires in- 
 genii dari ? 
 
 d Utrum hoc tu parum merninisti, an ego non satis intel- 
 lexi, an mutasti sententiam ? 
 
 e Utrum ego istoc jocon' assimilem, an serio ? Plaut. 
 f Utrum taceamne, an praedicem ? 
 
 2. Ne an? 
 
 g Dicamne huic an non ? 
 
 h Vosne L. Domitium, an vos L. Domitius deseruit! 
 i Seditio tabetne, an numeros augificat suos ? 
 j Hoc intellextin', an nondum ne hoc quidem ? 
 
 3. Num an? 
 k Num furis, an prudens ludis me obscura canendo ? 
 
 1 Numquid duas habetis patrias, an est ilia patria com- 
 munis ? 
 
 4. Est an? 
 
 m Studes, an piscaris ? 
 n Eloquar, an sileam ? 
 
 5. Est necne? 
 o Sunt haec tua verba, necne ? 
 
 Note. Two or more interrogative propositions may be com- 
 bined copulatively or disjunctively in the more ordinary way. 
 
 a Quis clarior in Graecia Themistocle ? quis potentior ? 
 b Quid ergo ? solem dicam, aut lunam, aut coelum Deum ? 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 65. Subordinative or Indirect Interrogative Proposition. 
 
 THE interrogation, although it is properly a full thought, is 
 often treated as a subordinate proposition. It then forms a 
 species of substantive proposition. See supra, p. 38. It then 
 ceases to have the interrogative intonation. 
 
 The forms of the indirect interrogation correspond to the 
 three forms of the direct interrogation given above. 
 
 A. The Simple Interrogative Proposition to be answered in 
 
 the Affirmative or in the Negative. 
 
 This form of the interrogation is rendered subordinate by 
 prefixing the particles num or si ; as in a e. 
 
 Sometimes the form and intonation of the direct interroga- 
 tion is retained as in f. 
 
 a Quaesivi, num pater venisset. 
 
 b Dubito, nun* id tibi suadere debeam. 
 
 c Visam si domi est. 
 
 d Philopoemen quaesivit, si Lycortas incolumis evasisset. 
 
 e Tentata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset. 
 
 f Quaesieras ex me, nonne putarem ? 
 
 B. The Imperfect Interrogative Proposition to be filled np 
 
 as to some Member or Factor. 
 
 This form of indirect interrogation differs from the direct 
 in the intonation ; but it employs the same series of inter- 
 rogative words. 
 
 a Nescio quis sis. 
 
 b Quis sim, ex eo quern ad te misi cognosces, 
 
 c Quaero quid facturus sis. 
 
 d Non satis constabat quid ageret. 
 
 e Videbis quid et quo modo. 
 
 f Exponam vobis breviter, quid hominis sit, 
 
 g Ambigitur, uter utro sit prior. 
 
 h Noli spectare, quanti sit homo, 
 
 i Nescio quot sint. 
 
 j Scire vejlim char|tis pretijum quotus [ arroget [ annua. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 77 
 
 k Doce me, quales sint corpore. 
 1 Quaesivi ubi fuisset. 
 
 in Ne hodie quidem scire videmini, quo amentiae progress! 
 sitis. 
 
 n Non recorder, unde ceciderim, sed unde surrexerim. 
 
 Unde initium belli fieret, explorabant. 
 
 p Nimis demiror, qui illaee, illic me donatum esse patera, 
 sciat. 
 
 q Quam sint morosi, intelligi potest. 
 r Memoria tenetis, quam valde universi admurmurarint. 
 s Quaeritur cur doctissimi homines de inaximis rebus dis- 
 sentiant. 
 
 t Vides ut alta stet nive candidum Soracte. 
 
 C. Disjunctive Interrogative Proposition. 
 The different types or forms are as follows : 
 
 1. Utrum an. 
 
 a Permultum interest, utrum perturbatione aliqua aniini, an 
 consulto et cogitato fiat injuria. 
 
 b Quomodo transient, utrum rate an piscatorio navigio, 
 nemo sciebat. 
 
 c Difficile dictu est, utrum hostes magis Pompeii virtutem 
 pugnantes timuerint, an mansuetudinem victi dilexerint. 
 
 2. Utrum anne. 
 d Quaerendum utrum una species earum, anne plures. 
 
 3. Utrum ne. 
 
 e Quum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne fa- 
 ceret, matrem inquit. 
 
 4. Utrum necne. 
 
 f Dii utrum sint, necne sint, quaeritur. 
 g Utrum vultis patri Flacco licuisse pecuniam cupere, necne. 
 
 5. Ne an. 
 
 h Quaeritur, virtus suamne propter dignitatem, an propter 
 fructus aliquos expetatur. 
 
 1 Quaeritur, unusne sit mundus an plures. 
 
 7* 
 
78 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 6. Est an. 
 
 j Deliberabatur de Avarico, incendi placeret an defendi. 
 k Stellarum numerus par an impar sit, incertum. 
 
 7. Est annon. 
 1 Quaeritur, Corinthiis bellum indicamus annon. 
 
 8, Est ne. 
 
 m In incerto erat, vicissent, victine essent. 
 n Servi liberine sint, quid refert ? 
 
 9. Est necne. 
 
 o Demus beneficium necne, in nostra est potestate. 
 p Doleam necne doleara, nihil interest. 
 
 56. Interrogative Proposition with Affirmative Answer. 
 
 WE come now to the question and answer, an interesting 
 portion of grammar for those who would learn to speak Latin. 
 
 The interrogative proposition here concerned is that described 
 in section 52. 
 
 The type of the affirmative answer is etiam or ita, and that 
 of the negative is non ; as in the following phrase from Cicero, 
 4 aut etiam aut non respondere. 7 
 
 The affirmative answer is expressed as follows : 
 
 1. By the adverbial particles etiam, ita, or more strongly by 
 vero, verum, sane, sane quiderfi, recte, optime, etc. See in a i. 
 These particles modify the leading verb of the question, which 
 is to be supplied. 
 
 2. By the verb or some leading word of the question. See 
 in j m. 
 
 3. By the verb or leading word of the question together 
 with some of the above-named particles. See in n p, 
 
 a Huic ego, Studes ? inquam. Respondit, Etiam, 
 b Numquid processit ad forum hodie novi ? Etiam, 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 79 
 
 c Dices, Habeo hie, quos legam, non minus disertos. Etiam ; 
 sed legendi semper occasio est, audiendi non semper. 
 
 d Quidnam? inquit Catulus; an laudationes? Ita, inquit 
 Antonius. 
 
 e Tu orationes nobis veteres explicabis ? Vero, inquam. 
 f Fuisti saepe, credo, quum Athenis esses, in scholis phi- 
 losophorum. Vero, ac libenter quidem. 
 g Facies? Vertim. 
 h Mene quaerit ? Verum. 
 
 i Visne, sermoni reliquo demus operam sedentes? Sane 
 equidem. 
 
 j Fieri potest ? Potest. 
 
 k Quaesivi, fierine posset. Ille posse respondit. 
 
 1 Estne populus Collatinus in sua potestate ? Est. 
 
 m Deditisne vos populumque Collatinum in meam popu- 
 lique Romani ditionem ? Dedimus. 
 
 n Verum hoc idem saepe faciamus ? Nos vero. 
 
 o Quid ? poeta nemo, nemo physicus ? Illi vero. 
 
 p Dasne hoc nobis, deorurn immortalium numine naturam 
 omnem regi ? Do sane. 
 
 57. Interrogative Proposition with Negative Answer. 
 
 THE negative answer is expressed as follows : 
 
 1. By the adverbial particles non, minime, or more strongly 
 by non vero, minime vero, nihil minus, etc. See in a f. 
 
 2. By these particles together with the verb or some leading 
 word of the question. See in g i. 
 
 3. When followed by a correction by immo, immo vero. 
 See in j 1. 
 
 a Venitne homo ad te ? Non. 
 
 b Cognatus aliquis fuit aut propinquus ? Non. 
 
 c An me ab hominibus relegaturus es ? Minime. 
 
 d Non opus est ? Non hercle vero. 
 
80 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 e An tu haec non credis ? Minime vero. 
 
 f An vos ab hac ratione dissentitis ? Minime vero. 
 
 g Non irata es ? Non sum irata. 
 
 h Num igitur peccamus 1 Minime vos quidem. 
 
 i An tu haec ad popularem intelligentiam accommodas? 
 Non accommodo. 
 
 j Causa igitur non bona est ? Immo optima. 
 
 k Quod si patriam prodere conabitur pater, silebitne filius ! 
 Immo vero obsecrabit patrem, ne id faciat. 
 
 1 Non igitur patria praestat omnibus officiis ? Immo vero, 
 sed ipsi patriae conducit pios cives habere in parentes. 
 
 58. The Imperative or Volitive Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. Art. LXII. 
 
 THE nature of the volitive proposition consists in its being 
 an immediate expression of the will. 
 
 As the volitive proposition proceeds from other faculties of 
 the mind than the intellect, it forms, like the interrogation, a 
 distinct mood from the indicative. 
 
 This mood is employed, 
 
 1. To express a command; as, ' abij depart. 
 
 2. To express an exhortation; as, l nosce te ipsum,' know 
 thyself. 
 
 3. To express an entreaty ; as, l ferte misero atque innocent! 
 auxilium,' bring succor to an unhappy and innocent person. 
 
 4. To express a wish ; as, - vive felix, 7 live happy. 
 
 5. To express a permission ; as, l estoj let it be so. 
 
 6. To express a promise or threatening ; as, ' divide et im- 
 peraj* divide and conquer. But the promise and threatening 
 do not, logically considered, belong to the volitive or imperative. 
 
 These five forms of the volitive mood are easily distinguished 
 from each other by the context and the intonation. They form 
 a sort of sliding scale from the strict imperative or jussive to 
 the merely permissive, which is, as it were, an evanescent vo- 
 litive. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 81 
 
 The volitive proposition is expressed in Latin by the impera- 
 tive mood, so called, and also, particularly in its lower forms, 
 by the present of the subjunctive and by the first and second 
 future of the indicative. See in g i, n, o, z, cc, dd, ff jj. 
 
 The volitive mood, from its nature, as a command, has prop- 
 erly no third person, much less a first. But the Latin language 
 has a third person, which is employed in legal sanctions, and 
 in the lower forms it has all the persons. 
 
 To most of these forms of expression, there is a correspond- 
 ing negative form with ne and neu or neve ; as, 
 
 1. ' Ne aude? dare not. 
 
 2. l Ne time, 1 fear not. 
 
 3. 'Ne mQpercuteJ do not strike me. 
 
 4. 'Ne morij may you not die. 
 
 The Latin language has certain periphrastic forms, by "which 
 the emphasis is taken from the command or prohibition, and 
 placed on the thing commanded or prohibited; as, l curafes- 
 tinesj see that you hasten; l cave nimium festines] take care 
 lest you hasten too much ; * noli dubitarej be unwilling to 
 doubt. 
 
 The Latin imperative has two forms, viz. ama, and amato, 
 the exact relation of which to each other is still contested. 
 
 1. The Jussive. 
 
 a Procul este, profani, totoque absistite luco. 
 b Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito. 
 c Non satis | est pul|chra esse po|emata, | dulcia | sunto, 
 d Et quo|cunque vo|lent, ani|mum audijtoris ajgunto. 
 e Magistratus donum ne capiunto, 
 f Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum. 
 g Ne me attingas, sceleste. 
 h Aut bibat, aut abeat. 
 i Si quid acciderit novi, facies ut sciam. 
 
 2. The Hortative, 
 j Parce tuis viribus, 
 k Justitiam cole et pietatem. 
 1 Ignoscito saepe alteri, numquam tibi. 
 
82 
 
 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 m Magna vis in virtu tibus ; eas excita, si forte dormiant. 
 
 n Id esse optimum putemus, quod erit rectissimum. 
 
 o Injurias fortunae, quas ferre nequeas, defugiendo relinquas. 
 
 p Nimium ne crede colori. 
 
 q Fac erudias. 
 
 r Tu fac attentum te praebeas. 
 
 s Cura festines. 
 
 t Cura ut valeas. 
 
 u Noli mentiri. 
 
 v Nolite id velle, quod fieri non potest. 
 
 w Cave hoc facias. 
 
 3. The Precative. 
 x Si quid in te peccavi, ignosce. 
 
 y Patres conscripti, subvenito misero mini, ite obviam in- 
 juriae. 
 
 z Hoc ne feceris. 
 
 aa Facite, judices, ut recordemini quae sit temeritas multi- 
 tudinis. 
 
 4. The Optative. 
 
 bb Vive felix. 
 cc Valebis. 
 
 dd Si sciens fallo, turn me, Jupiter optime maxime, pessimo 
 letho afficias. 
 
 5. The Permissive. 
 
 ee Servus meus Stichus liber esto. 
 
 ff Eas domum. 
 
 gg Faciat quod lubet. 
 
 hh Abeat. 
 
 ii Si certum est facere, facias. 
 
 jj Quod si infidelis discedit, discedat. Vulgate. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 83 
 
 59. Impassioned Proposition. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. Art. LXXV. 
 
 UNDER this head, I include 
 
 1. Propositions, expressing surprise or admiration, intro- 
 duced by peculiar interrogative words of manner or intensity, 
 as quantuSj quot, qualis, quam, etc. See in a g. 
 
 2. Propositions, expressing strong desire, introduced by quis, 
 utinam, si, etc. See in h p. 
 
 3. Exclamatory propositions. See in q s. 
 
 4. Propositions left imperfect from strong emotion. See in t. 
 These forms of language, for the most part, have the pathetic 
 
 intonation, and are marked with the exclamation point. 
 
 These forms occur also in the subordinate proposition, but 
 without the peculiar intonation. See in e, f, g. 
 
 a Quanti est sapere ! 
 b Quot calamitates ! 
 
 c Quam incomprehensibilia sunt judicia ejus, et investiga- 
 biles viae ejus ! Vulgate. 
 
 d Pompeius noster quot, quantas, quam incredibiles hausit 
 calamitates ! 
 
 e Vita quam sit brevis, cogita. 
 
 f Praelabentis temporis fuga quam sit irreparabilis, quis 
 dubitat ? 
 
 g Non intelligunt homines, quam magnum vectigal sit par- 
 simonia. 
 
 h Quis me liberabit de corpore mortis hujus ? Vulg. 
 
 i Quis ostendit nobis bona ? Vulg. 
 
 j Quis dabit mihi pennas quasi columbae? Vulg. 
 
 k Utinam modo conata efficere possim ! 
 
 1 Utinam lex esset eadem, quae uxori est, viro ! 
 
 m Utinam tarn facile vera invenire possem, quam falsa con- 
 vincere ! 
 
 n Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium co- 
 piam tantam haberetis ! 
 
84 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 Sit (Tibur) meae sedes utinam senectae ! 
 
 p O mihi | praeteri|tos refe|rat si | Jupiter | annos! 
 
 q Maledictus homo, qui confidit in homine ! Vulgate. 
 
 r Magna Diana Ephesiorum ! Vulg. 
 
 s Cecidit, cecidit Babylon magna ! Vulg. 
 
 1 Quos ego | sed mojtos prae|stat com|ponere | fluctus. 
 
 60. The Period. 
 
 See Philol. Stud. Art. LII. 
 
 THE normal period consists of two co-ordinate propositions, 
 variously complicated and compounded, related to each other 
 in the predicament of antithesis and causality. See in a d, q. 
 
 The abnormal period consists of a subordinative compound 
 proposition, variously complicated, and expressive of time, man- 
 ner, or causality. See in e p. 
 
 All the above may be called bimembral periods. There are, 
 however, trimembral and multimembral periods. See in i k, 
 
 P> q- 
 
 a Consules, quid mandatum esset a senatu, videbant ; sed 
 eorum, qui intra parietes curiae ferociter loquerentur, neminem 
 adesse invidiae suae participem. 
 
 b Pythagoras, quum in geometria quiddam novi invenisset, 
 Musis bovem immolasse dicitur ; sed id quidem non credo, quo- 
 niam ille ne Apollini quidem Delio hostiam iumiolare voluit, 
 ne aram sanguine adspergeret. 
 
 c Quoniam res humanae fragiles caducaeque sunt, semper 
 aliqui anquirendi sunt, quos diligamas, et a quibus diligamur : 
 caritate enim benevolentiaque sublata omnis est e vita sublata 
 jucunditas. 
 
 d Hoc praestat amicitia propinquitati, quod ex propinquitate 
 benevolentia tolli potest, ex amicitia non potest ; sublata enim 
 benevolentia amicitiae nomen tollitur, propinquitatis manet. 
 
 e Si, quantum in agro locisque desertis audacia potest, tan- 
 turn in foro atque judiciis impudentia valeret ; non minus nunc 
 in causa cederet A. Caecina Sexti Aebutii impudentiae quam 
 turn in vi facienda cessit audaciae. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 85 
 
 f Si Deus I est anijmus, no|bis ut | carmina | dicunt, 
 Hie tibi | praecipu|e sit | pura | mente co|lendus. 
 
 g Si civis vester, sicut ad pacem petendam venit, ita pacis 
 eonditiones retulisset, supervacaneum mihi fuisset iter. 
 
 h Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Rom anus 
 omnes gentes virtute superarit ; non est infitiandum Hanniba- 
 lem tanto praestitisse caeteros imperatores prudentia, quanto 
 populus Romanus antecedebat fortitudine cunctas nationes. 
 
 i Si quis eorum dixisset, in quibus summa auctoritas est, si 
 verbum de republica fecisset, multo plura dixisse, quam dixisset, 
 putaretur. 
 
 j Si qua consolatio in Christo, si quod solatium charitatis, 
 si qua soeietas spiritus, si qua viscera miserationis, implete gau- 
 dium meum, ut idem sapiatis. Vulg. 
 
 k Quaecumque sunt vera, quaecumque pudica, quaecumque 
 justa, quaecumque sancta, quaecumque amabilia, quaecumque 
 bonae famae, si qua virtus, si qua laus disciplinae, haee cogitate ! 
 Vulg. 
 
 1 Quum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regein 
 ilium unum vocamus, et regnum ejus rei staturo. 
 
 m Ut peccatum est, patriam prodere, parentes violare, fana 
 depeculari, quae sunt in effectu ; sic in libjdine esse, peccatun} 
 est, etiam sine effectu. 
 
 ii Ut birundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore pufcae 
 recedunt: ita falsi amici sereno vitae tempore praesto .sunt; 
 simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. 
 
 o Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, quum aestu febrique 
 jactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevari videntur, 
 deinde multo gravius vehementiusque afflictantur ; sic hie mor- 
 bus, qui est in republica, relevatus illius poena, vehementius, 
 vivis reliquis, ingravescet. 
 
 p Ut medicina valetudinis, navigationis gubernatio ; sic v}- 
 vendi ars est prudentia. 
 
 q Ficus non florebit, et non erit germen in vineis ; mentietuj 
 opus olivae, et arva non afferent cibum ; abscindetur de ovili 
 pecus, et non erit armentum in praesepibus : ego autun in Do- 
 mino gandebo, et exultabo in Deo Jesu meo. Vulg. 
 8 
 
86 SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 61. The Paragraph. 
 
 A paragraph is a combination of sentences relating to one 
 point. It is usually separated from the rest of the writing by 
 a break in the lines. 
 
 In example a we have first the inscription Reges Romano- 
 rum, meaning l These are the kings of the Romans, and their 
 doings ;' and then seven specifications of what each king did. 
 There is no summing up at the close. The whole is neatly ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 In example b we have the general assertion, Helvetii angustis 
 finibus continentur, and then the three propositions, on which 
 this conclusion rests. There is no summing up at the close. 
 The whole is neatly expressed. 
 
 In example c we have first the general proposition, consuetu- 
 dinis magna vis est ; then illustrations of this truth drawn from 
 the huntsman, the gladiator, and the soldier severally; and 
 then a summing up of the whole, tantum exercitatio, consuetudo 
 valet. 
 
 In example d we have the general proposition, maximae urbes 
 maximorum flagitiorum sunt magistrae ; and then a proof of 
 this assertion by reasoning from step to step to the conclusion. 
 
 In example e we have the several changes of sovereignty in 
 Greece from the Athenians to the Macedonians. There is no 
 summing up. 
 
 In exam pie /we have the benefits of learning drawn out, for 
 the most part, in antitheses. There is no summing up. 
 
 In example g, we have the praises of Scipio, the second Afri- 
 canus, Paulus, and Marius, severally ; and then the praises of 
 Pompeius as superior to them all. 
 
 a Reges Romanorum. Romulus urbem condidit. Numa 
 Pompilius sacra constituit. Tullus Hostilius Albam diruit. 
 Ancus Marcius leges plurimas tulit et Ostiam coloniam con- 
 Btituit. Priscus Tarquinius insignibus magistratus adornavit. 
 Servius Tullius primus censum egit. Tarquinius Superbus ob 
 nimiam superbiam regno pulsus est. 
 
 b Helvetii angustis finibus continentur: una ex parte flu- 
 mine Rheno latissimo atque altissirno, qui agrum Helvetium a 
 Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo, qui est 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 87 
 
 inter Gallos et Helvetios ; tertia lacu Lemano et flumine Rho- 
 dano, qui Italiam ab Helvetiia dividit. 
 
 c Consuetudinis magna vis est. Pernoctant venatores in 
 m've, in montibus. Gladiatores excipiunt plagas et ferunt silen- 
 tio. Exercitatus ille et vetus miles ex acie effertur saucius ; 
 nullos edit ploratus, ne ingemiscit quidem nee vultum mutat, 
 medicum raodo requirens, a quo obligetur. Tantum exercitatio, 
 consuetude valet. 
 
 d Maximae urbes maximorum flagitiorum sunt magistrae. 
 In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria exsistit avaritia ; ex ava- 
 ritia erumpit audacia: inde omnia scelera et maleficia gig- 
 nuntur. 
 
 e Imperium Graeciae fuit olim apud Athenienses; Athe- 
 niensium potiti sunt Spartiatae ; Spartiatas superavere Thebani ; 
 Thebanos Macedones vicerunt, qui ad imperium Graeciae brevi 
 tempore adjunxerunt Asiam bello subactam. 
 
 f Literarura studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem oblec- 
 tant ; secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solatium prae- 
 bent ; delectant domi, non impediunt foris : pernoctant nobis- 
 cum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 
 
 g Laudatur Scipio clarus ille, cujus consilio atque virtute 
 Hannibal in African! redire atque ex Italia decedere coactus 
 est. Laudatur alter Africanus, qui duas urbes imperio Romano 
 infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, delevit. Laudatur 
 Paulus ille egregius, cujus currum rex potentissimus quondam 
 et nobilissimus Perseus honestavit. Aeternam gloriam habet 
 Marius, qui bis Italiam obsiclione et metu servitutis liberavit. 
 Anteponitur omnibus Pompeius, qui saepius cum hoste conflixit, 
 quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit, 
 quam ceteri legerunt. 
 
 62. Promiscuous Sentences. 
 
 1. VIR quidam nobilis in litore maris ambulabat. Occurrit 
 homo importunus, ejusque latus percutiens : Non ego, inquit, 
 cuilibet fatuo decedere soleo. At ego soleo, inquit alter, et 
 decedit. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 
 
 2. Homo quidam, qni diu in altero pede stare didieeraty 
 quum Lacedaemonio euidam dixisset, se non arbitrari, Lacedae- 
 moniorum quemque tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respondit : 
 At anseres te diutius stare possunt. 
 
 3. Diogenes interroganti cuidam, quanam ratione posset op- 
 time ulcisci inimicum : Si te ipsum, inquit, probum et honest- 
 urn virum praestiteris. 
 
 4. Thales rogatus, quid maxime commune esset hoininibus : 
 Spes, respondit. Hanc enim illi quoque babent, qui nibil aliud 
 habent. 
 
 5. Zeuxis, pictorum clarissimus, puenim pinxerat, uvas ges- 
 tantem. Ad quas quum advolasset avis, Zeuxis : Uvas, inquit, 
 melius pinxi, quam puerum ; alioquin avis ptierum timuisset. 
 
 6. Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore pulsae 
 recedunt : ita falsi amiei sereno yitae tempore praesto sunt ; 
 simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. 
 
 T. Quum fatentur, satis magnam vini esse in vitiis ad mise- 
 ram vitam ; nonne fatendum erit, eandem vim virtutum esse 
 ad beatam vitam ? Contrariorum enim contraria sunt conse- 
 quentia. 
 
 8. Ut agri non omnes frugiferi sunt, qui coluntur, sic animi 
 non omnes culti frnctum ferunt ; atque ut in eodem simili 
 verser, ut ager quamvis fertilis sine culture fructuosus esse non 
 potest, sic sine doctrina animus. Ita est utraque res sine altera 
 debilis* 
 
 9. Nihil est virtute amabilius ; nihil, quod magis alliciat ad 
 diligendum : quippe quum propter virtutem et probitatem etiam 
 eos, quos nunquam vidimus, quodammodo diligamus. 
 
 10. Si beatam vitam volumus adipisci, virtuti opera danda 
 est, sine qua nee amicitiam, neque ullam rem expetendam, 
 consequi possumus. 
 
 11. Historia testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita memoriae, 
 magistra vitae, nuntia veritatis. 
 
 12. Religio est, quae superioris cujusdani naturae, quam di- 
 vinam vocant, curam et caerimoniam affert. 
 
 13. Cultus deorum est optimus idemque castissimus atque 
 sanctissimus plenissimusque pietatis, ut eos semper pura, mte* 
 gra, incorrupta et mente et voce veneremur, 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 89 
 
 Notes. 
 
 1. Observe the imperfect tense in the first proposition. 
 Ejus latus per cut lens, the participle used adverbially or ge- 
 
 rundively, that is, expressing the object of coetaneous action. 
 See supra, section 23. 
 
 At ego soleo, a restrictive proposition referring to what might 
 be supposed to be in the mind of the speaker. 
 
 2. Qui didicerat, an adjective clause referring to homo. 
 Quum Lacedaemoniorum cuidam dixisset, etc., an adverbial 
 
 proposition of time. 
 
 Lacedaemoniorum posse, an accusative with an infinitive, 
 dependent on se non arbitrary another accusative with an in- 
 finitive, which again is dependent on dixisset, which is itself in 
 a subordinate proposition. 
 
 3. Quanam ratione inimicum, an indirect interrogation, 
 here employed as a substantive clause, forming the second ob- 
 ject to interroganti. 
 
 Probum et honestum hominem, a fine example of the facti- 
 tive object; see supra, section 15. 
 
 4. Quid hominibus, a substantive clause, forming the sec- 
 ond or indirect object after the passive participle rogatus. 
 
 Qui nihil aliud habent, an adjective clause referring to illi. 
 
 5. Uvas melius pinxi, quam puerum. The last clause is an 
 adverbial proposition of intensity. See supra, section 35. 
 
 6. The whole sentence is a subordinative compound proposi- 
 tion. The subordinate member is introduced by the relative 
 adverb of manner ut, and the leading member by the correla- 
 tive demonstrative particle ila. See supra, p. 38, 
 
 Each member of the whole sentence is again subdivided into 
 two propositions, co-ordinate with each other, and combined 
 asyndetically for the sake of emphasis. See supra, p. 56. 
 
 The symmetry of the external form is finely adapted to the 
 beauty of the comparison. 
 
 7. This whole sentence is a co-ordinative compound proposi- 
 tion, the members of which stand in a causal relation to each 
 other. 
 
 The first member is again subdivided into two clauses, the 
 former of which being an adverbial proposition of time, and 
 the latter an interrogation. 
 8* 
 
SELECT SENTENCES 
 
 8. This sentence is a period formed of a long protasis and a 
 short apodosis. The latter is introduced by the particle ita. 
 
 The protasis consists of two comparisons, each formed regu- 
 larly by ut and sic, and the two united copulatively by the 
 conjunction atgue. 
 
 Observe the parenthetic thought ut in eodem simili verser, in 
 Trhich the author calls the comparison here employed a simile. 
 
 9. This is a trimembral period, consisting of two protases 
 and one apodosis. 
 
 Quod magis alliciat ad diligendum is an adjective clause re- 
 ferring to nikil. 
 
 Quos nunquam vidimus is an adjective clause, referring to eos. 
 
 Observe here that the negation in nihil belongs not to the 
 subject of the sentence, but to the predication ; see supra, sec- 
 tion 45, 
 
 10. The protasis is a single proposition, introduced by si. 
 The apodosis is followed by two subordinate propositions, 
 
 which are combined copulatively, with the emphasis on the 
 combination ; see supra, section 37, 4. 
 
 11. An asyndetic compound proposition. 
 
 The Lord's Prayer, with a full Analysis. 
 
 PATER noster, qui in coelis, sanctiflcetur nomen tuum. Ad- 
 veniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in coelo, et in. 
 terra. Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie. Et 
 dirnitte nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus 
 nostris. Et ne inferas nos in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. 
 Quoniam tuum est regnum, et potentia, et gloria, in secula. 
 Amen. 
 
 This prayer consists of the invocation, seven petitions, and 
 the doxology. As the petitions proceed in an uniform tone, 
 whether of desire or entreaty, there is little occasion for varied 
 rhetorical forms of thought. 
 
 Pater, l father,' here in the vocative or compellative case, 
 which, like the interjection, intermingles with continuous dis- 
 course, but makes no part of the proper proposition. 
 
 Nosier, l our,' possessive adjective pronoun, here joined at- 
 tributively with pater , and individualizing the generic idea of 
 father. 
 
SELECT SENTENCES. 91 
 
 Qui in coelis, * who (art) in heaven,' an adjective proposi- 
 tion, referring to pater noster ; here employed, however, not for 
 specification, as the idea of father is already individualized, but 
 for rhetorical embellishment by exhibiting the subjective feel- 
 ings of the speaker. 
 
 Sanctificetur, i let be hallowed,' third pers. sing. pres. subj. 
 pass, here used for the imperative in one of its lower forms of 
 meaning, to wit, the optative, the third person of the impera- 
 tive being used only for the strict imperative or jussive. 
 
 Nomen, ' name,' the subject of sanctijicetitr. 
 
 Tuum, i thy,' possessive adjective pronoun, joined attribu- 
 tively with nomen, which is thus individualized. 
 
 Adveniat, i let come,' third pers. sing. pres. subj. used for the 
 imperative, like sanctificetur above. 
 
 Regnum, i kingdom,' the subject of adveniat. 
 
 Tuum, * thy,' as before, here individualizing regnum. 
 
 Fiat, ' let be done,' third pers. sing. pres. subj. used for the 
 imperative, like adveniat and sanctificetur above. 
 
 Voluntas, ' will,' the subject of fiat. 
 
 Tua, ' thy,' as before, individualizing voluntas. 
 
 Sicut in coelo, l as (it is done) in heaven,' an abridged ad- 
 verbial proposition of manner, introduced by the compound 
 particle sicut, (liter. 'so as/) and subordinate to the leading 
 proposition fiat voluntas tua et in terra. 
 
 Et, ' also,' denoting intensity. 
 
 In terra, l on earth,' the adverbial object of locality after the 
 verb fiat. 
 
 The three preceding propositions are asyndetic, or without a 
 conjunction. This serves to enhance the logical value of the 
 separate propositions. 
 
 Panem, l bread,' the passive or suffering object of the verb da. 
 
 Nostrum, ' our,' as before, here joined attributively to pa- 
 nem. 
 
 Supersubstantialem, i necessary for subsistence,' here joined 
 attributively to panem. 
 
 Da, ' give,' second pers. sing, imper. here used in the sense of 
 entreaty. 
 
 Nobis, ' to us,' the dative of person sympathizing, another 
 object of the verb da. 
 
 Hodie, ' to-day,' adverbial object of time, a third object of 
 the verb da. 
 
 Et, ' and.' 
 
92 SELECT- SENTENCES. 
 
 Dimitte, * forgive/ second pers. sing, imper. here used in the 
 sense of entreaty, like da, above. 
 
 Nobis, ' to us,' as before, ; here the dative of person sy mpa- 
 thizing after the verb dimitte. 
 
 Debita nostra, * our debts,' the passive or suffering object after 
 the verb dimitte. 
 
 Sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris, l as we also for- 
 give our debtors/ an abverbial proposition of manner, intro- 
 duced by the compound particle sicut (liter. ' so as,') and sub- 
 ordinate to the leading proposition dimitte nobis debita nostra. 
 
 Et, * and,' as before. 
 
 Ne in/eras, l do not lead,' second pers. sing. pres. subj. with 
 a negative particle, here used for the imperative in the sense of 
 entreaty. 
 
 JVos, ' us,' as before, here passive object after the verb infer as. 
 
 In tentationem, i into temptation,' another object after the 
 verb inferas. 
 
 Sed, 'but,' conjunction introducing the co-ordinate adversa- 
 tive proposition, libera nos a malo. 
 
 Libera, * deliver,' imperative, here used in the sense of en- 
 treaty. 
 
 Nos, * us,' passive object after libera. 
 
 A malo, l from evil,' another object after libera. 
 
 The three preceding propositions are polysyndetic, or abound- 
 ing in conjunctions. This serves to make emphatic the addi- 
 tion of each new thought. 
 
 Quoniam, 'since,' conjunction introducing a causal subordi- 
 nate proposition. Better nam, l for,' conjunction introducing a 
 co-ordinate causal proposition. 
 
 Tuum, l thine,' as before, here used predicatively. 
 
 Jfc,*is.' 
 
 Regnum, ' the kingdom,' as before, the subject of est. 
 
 Et, l and,' as before. 
 
 Potentia, i the power. 7 
 
 Et, ' and,' as before. 
 
 Gloria, 4 the glory.' 
 
 In secula, ' for ever,' object of predicate tuum, denoting the 
 time how long. 
 
 The polysyndetic form of the preceding sentence throws em- 
 phasis on the addition of each particular. 
 
 Amen, c so be it,' a Hebrew word, adopted into ecclesiastical 
 Latin, and to be regarded as an interjection. 
 
II. DIALOGUES. 
 
 1. Frederic and Charles. 
 
 F. Hens ! heus ! Carole, expergiscere ! tempus est surgendL 
 Audisne ? 
 
 C. Non audio. 
 
 F. Ubi aures habes ? 
 
 (7. In lecto. 
 
 F. Hoc video. Sed quid agis adhuc in lecto ? 
 
 (7. Quid agam ? dormio. 
 
 F. Dormis ? et loqueris tamen mecum ? 
 
 C. Volo saltern dormire. 
 
 F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi. 
 
 C. Quota est hora ? 
 
 F. Septima. 
 
 (7. Quando tu surrexisti ? 
 
 F. Jam ante duas horas. 
 
 C. Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt? 
 
 F. Jam dudum. 
 
 (7. Sed frater meus adhuc jacet in lecto ? 
 
 F, Erras, Cum eum expergefacerem, statim nidum suum 
 reliquit, 
 
 C. Ergo milii quoque surgendum est. 
 
 2. Leonard and Henry. 
 
 L. Quid agis ? Honrice. 
 
 H. Scribo, ut vides. 
 
 L. Quid scribis ? 
 
 H, Versus, quos praeceptor dictavit, 
 
94 DIALOGUES. 
 
 L. Ostende, quaeso, scripturam. 
 
 H. Adspice. 
 
 L. Videris mihi nimis festinanter scripsisse. 
 
 H. Scribo interdum melius. 
 
 L. Cur igitur mine tarn male scribis ? 
 
 H. Desunt mihi bene scribendi adjumenta. 
 
 L. Quaenam? 
 
 H. Bona charta, bonum atramentnm, bona penna. Haec 
 enim charta, ut vides, misere perfluit ; atramentum est aquo- 
 sum et pallidum ; penna mollis et male parata. 
 
 L. Cur ista omnia non mature providisti ? 
 
 H. Pecunia mihi deerat, et nunc etiam deest.' 
 
 L. Tibi aliquid pecuniae mutuabor, ut meliorem chartam et 
 res reliquas tibi em ere possis. 
 
 H. Benevolentiam tuam gratus agnosco. 
 
 3. Francis and Augustus. 
 
 F. Habesne bonum atramentum, amice ? 
 
 A. Habeo. 
 
 F. Visne mihi dare aliquantulum ? 
 
 A. Eho ! non habes ? 
 
 F. Habeo quidem, sed eo non possum scribere. 
 
 A. Cur non ? 
 
 F. Quia nimis spissum est. 
 
 A. Porrige vasculum tuum ; ego tibi infundam. 
 
 F. Ecce, infunde ! Vah, quam liquidum est ! Sed admodum 
 decolor esse videtur. 
 
 A. Satis nigrum fiet, si modo bene miscueris. 
 
 F. Feci, et probe miscui. 
 
 A. Nunc fac periculum, et scribe aliquid. 
 
 F. Dicta mihi sententiam aliquam. 
 
 A. Experientia est rerum magistra? 
 
 F. Scripsi. 
 
 A. Nunc exspecta, dum scriptura bene desiccata sit. Jam 
 vide, quam nigra sit. 
 
 F. Sic est. 
 
 A, Ergo experientia tua magistra fuit. 
 
DIALOGUES. 96 
 
 4. Daniel and Philip. 
 
 D. Qui legis, Philippe ? 
 
 P. Epistolam. 
 
 .Z). Quis scripsit? 
 
 P. Frater meus. 
 
 D. Unde? 
 
 P. Hamburgo. 
 
 D. Quo die? 
 
 P. Die Mercurii. 
 
 D. Quando accepisti? 
 
 P. Hac ipsa hora. 
 
 D. Quisattulit? 
 
 P. Nescio. 
 
 D. Nescis ? Quis tibi earn dedit ? 
 
 P. Auriga quidam misit mihi e deversorio. 
 
 D. Quid tibi scripsit frater ? 
 
 P. Longum est enarrare omnia, necdum totam perlegi ; 
 literas ipsas tibi ostendam post prandium. 
 
 D. Id mihi pergratum erit. Quando rescribes ? 
 
 P. Fortasse perendie. 
 
 D. Turn saluta eum meo nomine. Nosti enim, quantopere 
 eiim semper amaverim. 
 
 P. Hoc probe scio. 
 
 D. Ergo epistolam mecum communicabis ? 
 
 P. Ut promisi. 
 
 5. Paul and Valentine. 
 
 P. Quid agis, Valentine ? 
 
 V. Repeto pensum hesternum. 
 
 P. Tenesne memoria ? 
 
 V. Propemodum. Et tu, num recitare poteris ? 
 
 P. Yereor, ut possim. 
 
 V. Visne, repetamus una? 
 
 P. Libentissime. Sed quomodo rem instituemus ? 
 
 V. Audiamus alter alterum. 
 
 P. Cur autem repetimus quotidie, quae pridie didicimus? 
 
 V. Quia praeceptor nos hoc facere jubet. 
 
 P. Id satio scio ; sed cur jubet ? 
 
96 DIALOGUES. 
 
 V. Ut memoriam exerceamus ; nam quo diligentius pensum 
 repetimus, eo melius tenemus. Incipe igitur et recita. 
 
 P. Atqui tuum est potius incipere. 
 
 F. Quidita? 
 
 P. Quia me invitasti. 
 
 F. Incipiam igitur. Tu vero attente audi, ut moneas, si 
 quid minus bene dixerim. 
 
 6. Charles and Frederic. 
 
 C. Age, frater, tempestas est serena. Multi homines deam- 
 bulant. Age, nos quoque ambulemus. 
 
 F. Placet. Sed ubi ambulabimus ? An in pratis ? 
 
 O. Minime. Nam prata pluvia inundavit, et viae sunt lutu- 
 lentae. Placet igitur ambulare ad collem, quern e fenestra 
 prospicimus. 
 
 F. Fiat. Dudum non ambulavimus. Itaque jam nihil magis 
 cupio, quam ambulare. 
 
 C. Immo quotidie ambulassemus, nisi pluviosa tempestas 
 prohibuisset. Tan to jucundius ambulabimus multosque alios 
 videbimus ambulantes. Sed heus tu ! utruui libentius in sole 
 ambulas, an in umbra ? 
 
 F. Ubi sol nimium fervet, umbram quaero ; alias in sole liben- 
 tius ambulo. Jam autem, quaeso, ambulemus. Claude januam. 
 
 C. Factum est. Quid stas autem ? 
 
 F. Duae viae ducunt ad collem ; altera recta, altera flexu- 
 osa. Utra ambulabimus ? 
 
 C. Si festinandum esset, recta ambularem ; nunc, quum nulla 
 est festinandi causa, jucundior erit ambula&io per flexuosam. 
 
 F. Ambula igitur. 
 
 (7. I prae, ego sequar. 
 
 7. Augustus and JBalbus. 
 
 A. Quo curris, Balbe? 
 
 J3. Propero in hortum. 
 
 A. Quid tibi istic negotii est ? Yix hiems abiit, et ver etiam- 
 num novum est; nondum prata virescunt; nondum arbores 
 florent ; nondum plane diffugerunt nives. 
 
DIALOGUES. 07 
 
 JB. Videbo tamen, nonne violae quaedam effloruerint. Has 
 matri feram. 
 
 A. Vix invenies florentes violas. Nam pauci dies tepidi fue- 
 runt ; et antequain aer coeperit tepere, plantae non germinant. 
 
 B. Violae tamen mature florent, et saepe, nivibus non om- 
 nino solutis. Diligenter ergo quaeram et ubique circumspiciam. 
 Mater enim color e et odore violarum vehementer delectatur. 
 Et libens ei aliquid bene fecerim, quae me quotidie tot bene- 
 ficiis cumulet. 
 
 A. Laudo gratum animum tuum optoque, ut non unam 
 alteramve violam reperias, sed in violarium incidas, unde mag- 
 num possis fasciculum violarum decerpere. 
 
 8. Christian and Louis. 
 
 C. Unde venis, Ludovice ? 
 
 Z. E taberna. 
 
 C* Quid ibi voluisti I 
 
 L. Chartam emi. 
 
 C. Quantum emisti ? 
 
 L. Scapum. 
 
 ft Quanti? 
 
 L. Duobus grossis. 
 
 (7. Ostende, quaeso. 
 
 L. Vide, num bona sit. 
 
 C. Bona est profecto. Ad quern usum emisti ? 
 
 L. Inepte quaeris. Ad quid aliud, nisi ad scribendum ? 
 
 (7. At multiplex est chartae usus. Quam multae merces 
 chartis involvuntur ! 
 
 L. At nunc loquimur de scriptoria charta, non de empo- 
 retica. Nos enim non sumus mercatores. 
 
 C. Nonne etiam charta recentem siccamus scripturam ? 
 
 L. Satis scio ; sed ilia est charta bibula, quae atramentum 
 absorbet. 
 
 C. Et tamen charta est. 
 
 L. Est sane. Sed eamus nunc in auditorium. 
 
98 DIALOGUES. 
 
 9. Henry and Louis. 
 
 H. Potesne dicer e, quae utensilia liodie in conclavibus bene 
 instructis esse soleant? 
 
 L. Primum aliquot mensae. 
 
 H. Quot pedes habent mensae ? 
 
 L. Plerumque quattuor, interdtim vero tantum tres. 
 
 H. Praeter mensas autem, quibus porro utensilibns instructa 
 sunt conclavia ornatiora ? 
 
 L. Sex plerumque sellis cum uno grabato. Adest speculum, 
 aut, si forte majus est conclave, duo. 
 
 H. Nihilne tibi succurrit praeterea ? 
 
 L. Nihil. 
 
 H. Meditare. 
 
 L. Nihil mihi in mentem venit. 
 
 H. Nonne vasa sputo excipiendo destinata in solo ponuntur ? 
 
 L. Ita est. 
 
 H. Nonne aulaeis fenestrae velantur ? Nonne parietes tabu- 
 lis pictis aut imaginibus aere expressis ornantur ? Nullane 
 horologia, nullasne vestes stragulas in ditiorum hominum con- 
 clavibus vidisti ? 
 
 L. Vidi ista ; verum non sunt necessaria. 
 
 H. Non sunt ; vivitur parvo bene. 
 
 Jj. Immo noxia sunt iis, qui in istam luxuriam sumptus faci- 
 unt majores, quam pro re liceat. Saepenumero fit, ut tales 
 homines in aes alienum et egestatem incidant. 
 
 If. Velisne autem, a nullo, ne divite quidem, ista parari ? 
 
 L. Nolim sane. Multi enim opifices et artifices non habe- 
 rent, nnde viverent. 
 
 H. Ergo duo quum emunt idem, non faciunt idem ; alter 
 recte facit, temerarie alter. 
 
 10. Alphonso and Conrad. 
 
 A. Nulla res melius exercet omnes corporis partes quam 
 pila, sed aptior hiemi quam aestati. 
 
 C. Nullum anni tempus nobis parum aptum est ad ludendum. 
 
 A. Minus sudabitur, si ludamus reticulo. 
 
 C. Reticulum piscatoribus relinquamus, elegantius est palma 
 captare et jactare pilam. 
 
DIALOGUES. 99 
 
 A. Age, concede ; sed quanti certabimus ? 
 
 C. Optirae certabimus nullo praemio. 
 
 A. At aliquo periculo certandum est, alioqui friget ludus. 
 
 C. Sic res se habet, ut dicis ; uter bis vicerit, rex esto, alter 
 ad nutum ejus omnia facito, quaecunque is jubebit. 
 
 A. Gravissima sane conditio, sed neuter iniqua jubeat. 
 
 C. Ecce sodales nostri adventant ; invitemus hos ad com- 
 munionem ludi. 
 
 A. Sorte igitur partes destinemus ; nam sumus fere pares 
 omnes, ut non multum intersit, quis cui conjungatur. 
 
 C. Age, fiat sortitio. Euge, bene cecidit ; contigerunt, quos 
 optabam. 
 
 A. Et mihi mea sodalitas placet. 
 
 C. Agedum, animos attendite ! Suum quisque locum capiat. 
 Tu mihi consiste a tergo, excepturus pilam, si me transvolet ; 
 tu istic observa, repulsurus hue ab adversariis revolantera. 
 
 A. Agite, mittite pilam ! Qui miserit, nee praedixerit, 
 frustra miserit. 
 
 C. Hem, accipe igitur. 
 
 A. Si miseris extra lineas, vestro damno fuerit; tu sane 
 parum commode mittis. 
 
 C. Tibi quidem, at nobis commode. 
 
 A. Ut miseris, ita remittam. Par pari referam. Sedpraestat 
 legitime ludere. 
 
 C. In ludo pulchrum est arte vincere. 
 
 A. Habet vero utraque pars suas leges. 
 
 C. Sign a terminum testula vel pileo tuo. 
 
 A. Eursus accipe pilam. 
 
 C. Mitte. 
 
 A. Vicimus ! 
 
 C. Praepropere tu quidem ante victoriam canis triumphum ; 
 rursus pares sumus. 
 
 A. Nunc serio res agitur. Euge, successit ! Ter vicimus. 
 Accipite igitur vos, victi, victoris conditiones. 
 
 C. Jam appetit vespera et sudatum est satis; praestat a 
 ludendo desistere. 
 
100 DIALOGUES, 
 
 11. Edward and Richard. 
 
 E. Quae causa est, cur tarn diu me non viseris ? 
 
 R. Prime per negotia non licuit, nam pensa imperata cito 
 absolvere studebam ; postea vero iter cum patre et fratribus feci. 
 
 E. Quo cursum direxistis ? 
 
 R. Via ferrata Postampium dodrante horae magis rapti 
 quani vecti sumus. Deinde per Vitebergam et Lipsiam Dres- 
 dam contendimus. 
 
 E. Profecto pulcherrimum iter fecisti et praeclaras urbes 
 visisti. ' * 
 
 R. Non solum urbes visi, sed montes etiam et saltus perlus- 
 travi amoenissimos. 
 
 E. Quos saltus ? 
 
 R. Helvetian! Saxonicam appellant. 
 
 E. Nisi tu milii esses amicissimus, et si ipse essem invidus 
 homo, inviderem tibi voluptatem, quam ex hoc itinere perce- 
 pisti. Nunc vero ex narrationibus tuis aeque delectabor ac si 
 tecum iter fecissem, 
 
 R. Sed quid tandem tu per longum ferianim tempus fecisti ? 
 
 E. Matutinis horis pensa a magistris data faciebam, meridi- 
 ano tern pore in flumine urbem nostram praeterfluenti lavabar, 
 pomeridianis horis aut cum sodalibus ludebam aut cum paren- 
 tibus per agros lucosque vicinos ambulabam. 
 
 R. Jam vero peractum est dulce ferianim tempus^ sed re- 
 creatae sunt otio corporis vires et excitatum novum discendi 
 studium. 
 
 12. The Father and Son. 
 
 P. Quid putas, mi fili, si consideras haec prata, hos flores, 
 has arbores ; si conspicis fruges in agris, pisces in aquis, aves in 
 aere, solem in coelo ; num haec omnia casu fortuito orta sunt ? 
 
 F. Hoc credere non possum. 
 
 P. Unde igitur omnia habent originem ? 
 
 F. A Deo, qui omnium rerum auctor est. 
 
 P. Recte, mi fili, Deus mundum creavit et omnia, quae in 
 mundo sunt. Ex innumeris ejus operibus Deum cognoscimus. 
 
 P. Unde tu ipse ortus es ? 
 
DIALOGUES. 101 
 
 F. Ab eodem ; Deus enim est, qui mihi corpus et animum 
 dedit, cibum, potum et vestes suppeditat, vitam et salutem con- 
 servat, aliisque beneficiis me cumulat. 
 
 P. Tune praestantior es, quam equus aut aliud animal ? 
 
 F. Sane ; homo enim sum, in quo inest animus rationo prae- 
 ditus, qua! em nullum animal habet. 
 
 P. Cur autem animalia rationem non habent ? 
 
 F. Quia sic hominibus, quorum causa adsunt, majorem prae- 
 bent utilitatem. 
 
 P. Nonne igitur maximas gratias agere debemus Deo, benig- 
 nissimo patri, qui nobis tot bona tamque varia largitur? 
 
 F. Id qui non facit, profecto est ingratissimus. 
 
 P. Ubi autem est Deus, pater ille benignissimus ? 
 
 F. Ubique est nobis praesens, neqne ulla est latebra tam 
 obscura aut abdita, in qua Deus non adsit. 
 
 P. Ergo non poterit ei quidquam esse obscurum ? 
 
 F. Nihil prorsus est, quod Deus nesciat. Videt omnia, quao 
 agimus ; audit verba omnia, quae loquimur ; quin etiam cogi- 
 tata nostra novit omnia, tarn bona quam mala. 
 
 P. Cave igitur, ne quid unquam facias aut cogites, quod 
 Deo displiceat. Licet enim homines fallas, Deum tarnen nun- 
 quam fallere poteris. Sin autem recte ages, laetari poteris; 
 Deus enim probitatem tuam remunerabitur. 
 
 P. Potesne videre Deum ? 
 
 F. Minime ; non enim corpus habet, ut homines ; ideoque, 
 etsi ubique est, nusquam cerni potest. 
 
 P. Nonne etiam in te quidquam est, quod non cadat in 
 oculos ? 
 
 F. Est, nempe animus, qui in nobis viget. 
 
 P. Num autem Deus etiam aliquando ortus est, ut animus 
 tuus? 
 
 F. Nunquam neque creatus, neque natus est, sed ab aeterno 
 fuit. 
 
 P. Estne aliquando moriturus, ut homines ? 
 
 F. Nunquam morietur. 
 
 P. Cura igitur, ut Deum tibi amicum facias. Quum sem- 
 piternus sit, perpetuo te felicem reddere potest. 
 9* 
 
III. FABLES. 
 
 1. The Livn and the She-goat. 
 
 LEO, quum capram in alta rupe stantem videret, monuit, ut 
 potius in viride descenderet pratum. Cui capra : Non ea sum, 
 inquit, quae dulcia tutis praeponam. 
 
 Notes, 
 
 Quum videret, an adverbial subordinate proposition of time, 
 here forming' the protasis to the first sentence. 
 
 Ut pratum, a substantive subordinate proposition, here 
 forming the second or indirect object after monuit. 
 
 Quae praeponam, an adjective subordinate proposition, re- 
 fering back to ea. 
 
 Non ea sum quae, i I am not wont to prefer pleasure to safety/ 
 liter. 'I am not such a one that should prefer, etc.' The Latin 
 idiom consists in the use of is for talis. 
 
 2. The Crab and his Mother. 
 
 Cancrum retrogradum monet mater, ut antrorsum eat. FH- 
 ius respondet : Faciam, si te idem facientem prius videro. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Ut antrorsum eat, a substantive subordinate proposition, here 
 forming the second or indirect object after monet. 
 
 Si videro, a condition with absolute uncertainty. See su- 
 pra, p. 48. 
 
 3. The Kid and the Wolf. 
 
 Supra tectum domus stans haedus lupum praetereuntem in- 
 clamabat, et illi maledicebat. Cui lupus : Non tu, inquit, sed 
 tectum mihi maledicit. 
 
FABLES. 103 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Supra maledicebat. Observe the imperfect tense. This 
 compound proposition consists of two simple propositions con- 
 nected copulatively. 
 
 Non tu, sed tectum mihi maledicit. An abridged or con- 
 tracted antithetic combination. See supra, p. 58. 
 
 4. The Gnat on the Bull's horn. 
 
 In cornu tauri culex sedens : Si, tibi, inquit, mole mea mo- 
 lestus sum, protinus avolabo. At ille : Te, inquit, prorsus non 
 senseram. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Si tibi avolabo. The condition here is that of absolute un- 
 certainty. See supra, p. 48. 
 
 At ille senseram. This whole proposition is restrictive of 
 the preceding. See supra, section 39. 
 
 5. The Fox and the Grapes. 
 
 Uvam alte dependentem conspicatur vulpecula. Identidem 
 subsiluit, atque eniti ad earn tentavit. Quod quum frustra fe- 
 cisset, discedens : At acerbae sunt, inquit ; in via oblatas non 
 sumerem. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Uvam vulpecula. The use of the present tense gives vi- 
 vacity to the narrative. 
 
 Identidem tentavit, a copulative combination of two mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Quod quum frustra fecisset, when she had done this in vain. 
 The Latin idiom permits the use of two relative words in im- 
 mediate consecution in the same clause. Not so the English. 
 
 At acerbae sunt, a restrictive proposition, referring back to 
 what might be supposed to be in the mind of the speaker. 
 
 In via oblatas non sumerem, a proposition connected asyn- 
 detically with the preceding. 
 
104 FABLES. 
 
 6. The Mouse and the Frog. 
 
 Mus gerebat bellum cum rana. Pugna erat vehemens et an- 
 ceps. Milvus, hoc certamine procul viso, approperat, dumque 
 neuter sibi cavet prae studio pugnandi, utrumque rapit et di- 
 laniat. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Hoc certamine procul viso, the ablative absolute, so called, 
 here denoting the time of the action of the leading verb. 
 
 Dum neuter pugnandi, an adverbial subordinate proposi- 
 tion of time. 
 
 7. The Three Oxen. 
 
 In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves robusti maxima con- 
 cordia. Itaque facile ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant, et 
 ne leones quidem eos aggredi audebant. Quum autern dissi- 
 dium inter eos ortum esset et amicitia soluta esset, singuli lani- 
 ati sunt a bestiis validioribus. Haec fabula docet, quantum 
 prosit concordia. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Itaque audebant. This proposition is represented as the 
 consequence of the preceding. 
 
 Quum autem dissidium validioribus. This sentence is an- 
 tithetic to the preceding. 
 
 Quantum prosit concordia, an indirect interrogative proposi- 
 tion, here employed as a second or indirect object after docet. 
 
 8. The Peacock and the Crane. 
 
 Pavo coram grue caudam suam explicans : Quanta, inquit, 
 formositas mea est et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans : Quanta, 
 inquit, mea levitas est ! Haec fabula monet, ne alios contem- 
 namus, quibus natura alia bona et fortasse majora dederit, quaru 
 nobis. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Quanta formositas mea est! an impassioned proposition, not 
 exactly an affirmation nor an interrogation. See supra, section 
 
FABLES. 
 
 105 
 
 59. So afterwards Quanta tua deformitas ! and Quanta meet 
 levitas est ! 
 
 In the collocation of formositas mea et tua deformitas, we 
 have a fine example of the chiasmus ; see Philol. Stud. p. 112. 
 
 Ne alias contemnamus, etc., a substantive clause, here form- 
 ing the second or indirect object after monet. 
 
 Quibus nobis, an adjective clause referring to alias. 
 
 9. The Nightingale and the Goldfinch. 
 
 Luscinia et acanthis ante fenestram in caveis inclusae pende- 
 bant. Luscinia can turn jucundissimum incipit. Pater filium 
 rogat, utra avis tarn suaviter canat ; et ostendit utramque. Fil- 
 ius statim : Hand dubie, inquit, acanthis est, quae sonos illos 
 suavissimos edit ; pennas enim habet pulcherrimas. Haec 
 fabula eos reprehendit, qui homines ex solis vestibus et forma 
 aestimant. 
 
 Nates. 
 
 In caveis inclusae, the object of coetaneous action, expressed 
 here by a participle used gerundively ; see supra, section 23. 
 
 Utra avis tarn suaviter canat, an indirect interrogation, here 
 employed as a substantive clause denoting the second object 
 after rogat. 
 
 Quae sonos illos suavissimos edit, (the antecedent being un- 
 derstood,) a substantive proposition denoting the subject. 
 
 Pennas enim pulcherrimas, a causal proposition. 
 
 Qui homines aestimant, an adjective proposition referring 
 back to eos. 
 
 10. The Hawk and the Doves. 
 
 Colurnbae milvi metu accipitrem rogaverunt, ut se defende- 
 ret. Ille ammit. At, in columbare receptus, uno die majorem 
 stragem edidit, quam milvus longo tempore potuisset edere. 
 Fabula docet, malorum patrocinia vitanda esse. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Ut se defenderet, a substantive clause, here forming the sec- 
 ond or indirect obiect after rogaverunt. 
 
106 
 
 FABLES. 
 
 Quam milvius edere, an adverbial clause of intensity ; see 
 supra, section 35. 
 
 Malorum patrocinia vitanda esse, an accusative and infini- 
 tive ; see supra, section 26. 
 
 11. The Fly on the Chariot. 
 
 In stadio currebant aliquot quadrigae, quibus musca inside- 
 bat Maximo autem pulvere ab equis et curribus excitato, 
 musca dixit : Quantam vim pulveris excitavi ! Haec fabula 
 eos notat, qui, ignavi quum sint, alienam tamen gloriam sibi 
 vindicare cupiant. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Quantam vim pulveris excitavi ! an impassioned proposition ; 
 see supra, section 59. 
 
 Qui cupiant) an adjective clause, referring to eos. 
 
 Ignavi quum sint, an adverbial clause of the adversative 
 ground ; see supra, p. 49. 
 
 12. The Dog with Piece of Flesh. 
 
 Canis, secundo flumine natans, raptum alicubi frustum carnis 
 ore ferebat. Cujus imago quum in aqua appareret, canis avi- 
 dus illam, quasi alterum frustum undis innatans, appetit. Sed 
 durn aperit os, ut illud quoque arriperet, id, quod habeat, amit- 
 tit. Haec fabula docet, avaritiam ipsam sibi saepe obesse. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Observe the imperfect tense in the first proposition. 
 
 Cujus imago quum in aqua appareret, a Latin idiom, admit- 
 ting two relative words in the same clause. 
 
 tit illud quoque arriperet, an adverbial proposition of the 
 final cause. 
 
 Quod habebat, an adjective clause, referring to id. 
 
FABLES. 107 
 
 13. The Horse and the Ass. 
 
 Asinus, onustus sarcinis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte one* 
 ris se levaret, sed hie auxilium suum recusavit. Paulo post 
 asinus labore defatigatus in ipsa via effiavit animam. Turn 
 agaso sareinis omnibus, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper 
 etiam pelle asini mortui equum oneravit. Sero igitur hie su- 
 perbiam priorem deploravit. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Ut aliqua parte oneris se levaret, a substantive proposition, 
 denoting the second object, after a verb of asking. 
 
 Aliqua, more indefinite than quadam which indefinitely de- 
 scribes what is definitely known. 
 
 Paulo post. Paulo is strictly an ablative of the measure of 
 difference. Supply id tempus after post. 
 
 Labore, ablative of cause. 
 
 Atque insuper etiam. The particles here are multiplied to 
 express intensity. 
 
 Sero, placed at the beginning of the sentence for the sake 
 of emphasis. 
 
 14. The Stag. 
 
 Cervus, quurn vehementer si tire t, ad fontem accessit, suaque 
 in aquis imagine conspecta cornuum magnitudinem et varieta- 
 tem laudabat, crura vero, ut gracilia et exilia, vituperabat. 
 Ecce leonem ! Quo viso, cervus aufugit, et leoni longe praecur- 
 rit, ita ut, quamdiu in planitie esset, nullum ei ab hoste immi- 
 neret periculum. Quum vero in nemus venisset, inter dumeta 
 cornibus adhaerescens, quod celeritate pedum uti non poterat, 
 a leone captus est. Turn moriturus : O me desipientem ! in- 
 quit, cui ea displicerent, quae me conservarent, placerent, quao 
 me perdiderunt. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Quum sitiret, an adverbial clause of the time when. 
 Ut gracilia et exilia, the factitive object after vituperabat. 
 Quamdiu esset, an adverbial clause of the time how long. 
 Quum venisset, an adverbial clause of the time when. 
 Quod poterat, an adverbial clause of the cause. 
 
108 FABLES. 
 
 Quae me conservarent, an adjective clause referring to ea. 
 Cui ea displicerent, quae me conservarent ; placer ent, quae 
 me perdiderunt, two copulative sentences, joined asyndetically. 
 
 15. The Jackdaw and the Dove. 
 
 Pica et columba pavonem convenerant, ut eum salutarent. 
 Dum redeunt, maledica pica ait : Quam mini displicet pavo ! 
 quam insuaves edit sonos ! cur non silet ? cur non tegit turpes 
 pedes? At innocens columba sic refert: Vitia ejus non obser- 
 vavi, verum formositatem corporis, caudae nitorem adeo mirata 
 sum, ut laudare non satis queam. Boni bona, mali mala ex- 
 quirunt ; illi, ut laudare, hi, ut carpere possint. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Ut earn salutarent, an adverbial proposition of the final cause. 
 
 Quam mihi displicet pavo ! quam insuaves edit sonos ! ex- 
 amples of the impassioned proposition ; see supra, section 59, 
 
 Ut laudare non satis queam, an adverbial clause denoting 
 intensity ; see supra, section 35. 
 
 Boni bona, mali mala exquirunt ; illi, ut laudare, hi, ut car- 
 pere possint, four copulative propositions, combined asyndeti- 
 cally, and arranged rhetorically. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 A, ab, abs, prep, with abl. from, by. 
 
 Abditus, part, from 
 
 Abdo, didi, ditum, 3. (ab & do,) to 
 
 hide. 
 Abduco, xi, ctum, 3. (ab & duco,) to 
 
 take away. 
 Abeo, ire, Ivi and ii, itum, (ab & eo,) 
 
 to depart. 
 
 Abhorreo, rui, 2. to abhor. 
 Abjicio, jeci, jectum, 3. (ab & jacio,) 
 
 to cast away. 
 Abripio, ipui, eptum, 3. (ab & rapio,) 
 
 to carry off". 
 Abscindo, scidi, ecissum, 3. (ab <fe 
 
 scindo,) to cut off. 
 Absisto, stiti, stitiim, 3. (ab & sisto,) 
 
 to stand off from. 
 Absolvo, solvi, solutum, 3. (ab & 
 
 solvo,) to absolve, set free. 
 Absorbeo, sorpsi, sorptum, 2. (ab & 
 
 sorbeo,) to absorb. 
 Absque, prep, with abl. (abs & <jue,) 
 
 without. 
 
 Abstineiitia, ae, f. (abstinens,) ab- 
 stinence. 
 Absum, esse, fui, (ab & sum,) to be 
 
 absent or wanting. 
 Abundo, 1. (ab & undo,) to abound. 
 Ac, conj. and. Aeque ac, as much 
 
 as. 
 
 Acanthis, idis, f. a goldfinch. 
 Accedo, essi. essum, 3. (ad & cedo,) 
 
 to approach. 
 
 Accido, cidi, 3. (ad & cado,) to hap- 
 pen. 
 
 10 
 
 Accipio, cepi, ccptum, 3. (ad <fe ca- 
 pio,) to accept. 
 
 Accipiter, cipitris, m. a hawk. 
 
 Accommodo, 1. (ad cfc commodo,) to 
 adapt. 
 
 Accuse, 1. (ad <fe causa,) to accuse. 
 
 Acer, acris, acre, fierce. 
 
 Acerbus, a, urn, (acer,) sour. 
 
 Achaei, orum, m. pi. the Achceans. 
 
 Achilles, is, m. prop, name of a man. 
 
 Acies, ei, f. an army in battle array. 
 
 Actio, onis, f. (ago,) an act. 
 
 Ad, prep, with ace. to, at. 
 
 Adduco, xi, ctum, 3. (ad & duco,) 
 to bring, lead. 
 
 Adeo, adv. (ad & eo,) so, so far. 
 
 Adeo, ire, Ivi and ii, itum, (ad & eo,) 
 to go to. 
 
 Adfero. See Affero. 
 
 Adhaeresco, ere, (adhaereo,) to 
 stick to. 
 
 Adhibeo, ui, itum, 2. (ad cfe habeo,) 
 to use. Adhibere fidem, to act 
 with fidelity. 
 
 Adhuc, adv. (ad & hue,) hitherto. 
 
 Adipiscor, adeptus sum, 3. (ad & 
 apiscor,) to attain to, acquire. 
 
 Aditus, us, m. (adeo,) access, ap- 
 proach. 
 
 Adjumentum, i, n. (adjuvo,) aid. 
 
 Adjungo, xi, ctum, 3. (ad <fe jungo,) 
 to join. 
 
 Adjuto, 1. (adjuvo,) to assist. 
 
 Adjutor, oris, m. (adjuvo,) an as- 
 sistant. 
 
 Adjuvo, vi, turn, 1. (ad & juvo,) to 
 aid. 
 
110 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Administro, 1. (ad <fe ministro,) to 
 
 direct, govern. 
 Admirer, 1. (ad & miror,) to wonder 
 
 greatly. 
 Admodum, adv. (ad modum,) very ; 
 
 very much. 
 Admoneo, ui, itum, 2. (ad & moneo,) 
 
 to admonish. 
 Adrnurmuro, 1. (ad & murmuro,) to 
 
 murmur. 
 Adolescens, tis, m. and f. (adolesco,) 
 
 a youth. 
 
 Adorno, 1. (ad & orno,) to adorn. 
 Adspergo and aspergo, ersi, ersum, 
 
 3. to sprinkle. 
 Adsuesco, evi, etum, (ad <fe suesco,) 
 
 3. to accustom one's self. 
 Adsum, esse, fui, (ad <fc sum,) to be 
 
 present. 
 Adulter, era, erum, (ad & alter,) 
 
 adulterous. 
 Aduncus, a, um, (ad <fc uncus,) 
 
 hooked. 
 Advenio, eni, entum, 4. (ad <fe venio,) 
 
 to come. 
 
 Advento, are, (advenio,) to arrive. 
 Adventus, us, m. (advenio,) ap- 
 proach. 
 Adversarius, i, m. (adversor,) an 
 
 adversary. 
 Adversus, a, um, (adverto,) opposite, 
 
 towards. 
 Adversus, adv. and prep, "with ace. 
 
 (ad <fe versus,) opposite. 
 Advolo, 1. (ad & volo,) to fly to. 
 Aedes, and aedis, is, f. a temple. In 
 
 pi. a house. 
 
 Aedifico, 1. (aedes & facio,) to build. 
 Aedui, orum, m. pi. prop, name of 
 
 a people. 
 
 Aeger, gra, grum, weak, sick. 
 Aegina, ae, f. prop, name of an 
 
 island. 
 
 Aegre, adv. (aeger,) with difficulty. 
 Aegroto, 1. (aegrotus,) to be sick. 
 Aegrotus, a, um, (aeger,) sick. 
 Aegyptius, i, m. (Aegyptus,) an 
 
 Egyptian. 
 
 Aegyptus, i, f. Egypt. 
 Aeneas, ae, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 
 Aequabflis, e, (aequo,) equal, uni- 
 form. 
 
 Aequalis, e, (aequus,) equal, contem- 
 porary. 
 
 Aeque, adv. (aequus,) equally, justly. 
 
 Aequi, orum, m. pi. prop, name of 
 a people. 
 
 Aequitas, atis, f. (aequus,) equity. 
 
 Aequus, a, um, even, just. 
 
 Aer, aeris, KQ. the aa>. 
 
 Aes, aeris, n. brass. 
 
 Aestas, atis, f. (aestus,) the summer. 
 
 Aestimo, 1. (aes,) to value. 
 
 Aestivus, a, um, (aestas,) relating to 
 summer. 
 
 Aestus, us, m. scorching heat, 
 
 Aetas, atis, 1 age. 
 
 Aeternus, a, um, etemaL 
 
 Afer, fra, frum, African. 
 
 Affectio, onis, (afficio,) a condition 
 or affection of the mind. 
 
 Affero and adfero, ferre, attiili, alla- 
 tum, (ad & fero,) to bring, produce. 
 
 Affinitas, atis, f. (affinis,) relation- 
 ship. 
 
 Afflicto, 1. (affligo,) to afflict. 
 
 Afflo, 1. (ad & flo,) to breathe upon, 
 inspire. 
 
 Africa, ae, f. prop, name of a coun- 
 try. 
 
 Africus, a, um, (Africa,) African. 
 
 Agaso, onis, m. a groom. 
 
 Ager, gri, m. afield. 
 
 Agesilaus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 Spartan king. 
 
 Aggredior, gressus sum, 3. (ad <fe 
 gradior,) to approach; to under- 
 take ; to attack. 
 
 Agis, is, m. prop, name of a Lace- 
 daemonian king. 
 
 Agmen, inis, n. (ago,) movement, an 
 army on march. 
 
 Agnosco, novi, nitum, 3. (ad & nos- 
 co,) to acknowledge. 
 
 Agnus, i, m. a lamb. 
 
 Ago, egi, actum, 3. to drive, lead; 
 to do. 
 
 Agricola, ae, m. (ager & colo,) a 
 farmer. 
 
 Agricultura, ae, f. (ager & colo,) 
 agriculture. 
 
VO C ABUL ARY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Aio> aig, ait, defect, to say. 
 
 Alba, ae, f, prop, name of a town, 
 
 Albus, a, urn, white* 
 
 Alcibiades, is, m. prop, name of a 
 man. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. prop, name of a 
 king of Macedon. 
 
 Alexandria, ae, prop, name of a 
 city, 
 
 Alicubi, adv, (alius <fc ubi,) some- 
 where, anywhere, 
 
 Alienus, a, urn, (alius,) other, for- 
 eign. 
 
 Alioqui and alioquin, adv, (alius < 
 quin,) otherwise, 
 
 Aliquando, adv, (alius & quando,) 
 sometimes, at some time. 
 
 Aliquantulum, adv. (aliquantus,) a 
 little. 
 
 Aliquis, qua, quod and quid, (alius 
 <fc quis,) some, any. 
 
 Aliquot, indec. pi. adj. some, severed. 
 
 Aliter, adv. (alius,) otherwise. 
 
 Alius, a, ud, gen. alms, other. 
 
 Allicio, lexi, lectum, 3. to attract. 
 
 Alo, alui, alitum and altum, 3. to 
 nourish, strengthen. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. pi. the Alps. 
 
 Alte, adv. (altus,) high, 
 
 Alter, ra, erum, the other, another. 
 
 Altus, a, urn, high. Comp. lor; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Amabilis, e, (amo,) lovely. 
 
 Ambigo, ere, (am & ago,) to doubt. 
 
 Ambiguus, a, urn, (ambigo,) doubtful. 
 
 Ambitio, onis, f. (ambio,) ambition. 
 
 Ambulatio, onis, f. (ambulo,) walk- 
 ing. 
 
 Ambulo, 1. to walk. 
 
 Amentia, ae, f. (amens.) madness. 
 
 Amicitia, ae, f. (amicus,) friendship. 
 
 Amlcus, i, m. (amo,) a friend. 
 
 Amicus, a, urn, friendly. Comp. 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Amitto, misi, missu.ni, 3. (a tfc mitto,) 
 to lose. 
 
 Amo, 1. to love. 
 
 Amoenus, a, um, (amo,) pleasant. 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Amor, oris, m. (amo,) love. 
 
 Amplus, a, um, great, ample. Comp. 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Amplitude, inis, f. (amplus,) great- 
 ness. 
 
 An, interrog. particle; introducing 
 the second member of a double 
 question, or; in dependent claus- 
 es, whether. 
 
 Anceps, cipitis, (am <fe caput,) two- 
 fold, doubtful. 
 
 Ancus, i, m. prop, name of a man. 
 
 Augustus, a, um, (ango,) narrow. 
 
 Anhelo, 1. (an & helo,) to pant, pant 
 for, 
 
 Animal, alis, n. (anima,) an, animal. 
 
 Animus, i, m. the mind. 
 
 Annuo, ui, 3. (ad & nuo,) to consent 
 
 Annus, i, m. a year. 
 
 Annulus, i, m. a finger ring. 
 
 Anquiro, quislvi, quisltum, 3. (am 
 & quaero,) to search earnestly 
 after. 
 
 Ante, prep, with ace. before. 
 
 Anteeedo, cessi, cessum, 3. (ante 
 cedo,) to go before ; to excel. 
 
 Antepono, posui, positum, 3. (ante 
 & pono,) to place before. 
 
 Antequam, adv. (ante & quam,) be- 
 fore, 
 
 A user, eris, m. a goose. 
 
 AntTquus, a, um, (ante,) ancient. 
 
 Antonius, i, m. Antony. 
 
 Antrorsum, adv. forwards. 
 
 Aperio, perui, pertum, 4. (ad & pa- 
 rio,) io open. 
 
 Apelles, is, m. prop, name of a Gre- 
 cian painter. 
 
 Apertus, part, from aperio. 
 
 Apis, is, f. a bee. 
 
 Apollo, mis, m. prop, name of a god, 
 
 Appellatus, part from 
 
 Appello, 1. to call. 
 
 Appeto, ivi and ii, itum, 3. (ad cfe 
 peto,) to approach. 
 
 Appius, i, m. prop, name of a man. 
 
 Appropero, 1. (ad <fe propero,) to 
 hasten. 
 
 Appropinquo, 1. (ad & propinquo,) 
 to approach. 
 
 Apt us, a, um, adapted to. 
 
112 
 
 VOCABULARY-. 
 
 Apud, prep, with ace. with. 
 Apulia, ae, f. prop, name of a coun 
 
 try. 
 
 Aqua, ae, f. water. 
 Aquila, ae, f. an eagle. 
 Aquosus, a, um, (aqua,) watery. 
 Ara, ae, f. an altar. 
 Aratrum, i, n. (aro,) a plough. 
 Arbiter, tri, m. an umpire. 
 Arbitror, atus sum, I. (arbiter,) to 
 
 judge. 
 
 Arbor and arbos, oris, f. a tree. 
 Arbustum, i, n. (arbor,) a thicket. 
 Arcadia, ae, f. prop, name of a coun 
 
 try. 
 Archimedes, is, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 Archytas, ae, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 
 Ardea, ae, f. prop, name of a city. 
 Ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2. to burn ; to 
 
 be eager. 
 
 Arduus, a, nm, difficult. 
 Aresco, ere, (areo,) to become dry. 
 Argentum, i, n. silver. 
 Argi, drum, m. Argos. 
 Ariovistus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 
 German king. 
 Aristo, onis, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 Aristotiles, is, m. prop, name of a 
 
 philosopher. 
 Aristldes, is, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 
 Arguo, gui, gutum, 3. to argue, dis- 
 pute. 
 
 Arma, orum, n. pi. arms. 
 Armentum, i, n. cattle. 
 Aro, 1. to plough. 
 Arpinas, atis, adj. of A rplnum. 
 Anipio, ipui, eptum, 8. (ad cfe rapio,) 
 
 to seize. 
 Arrogo, 1. (ad & rogo,) to ask; to 
 
 appropriate ; to procure. 
 Ars, tis, f. art, skill. 
 Artaxerxes, is, m. prop, name of a 
 
 Persian king. 
 Artifex, icis, m. and f. (ars & facio,) 
 
 an artist. 
 Arvum, i, n. (aro,) afield. 
 
 Arx, arcis, f. a fortress. 
 As, as^is, m, a Roman coin. 
 Ascanius, i, m. prop, name of a man. 
 Aseendo, di, sum, 3. (ad & seande-,) 
 
 to ascend. 
 
 Asia, ae, t prop, name of a country. 
 Asinus, i, m. an ass. 
 Aspectus, us, m. (aspicio,) sight. 
 Aspicio, -pexi, pectuin, 3. (ad & spe- 
 ck),) to behold. 
 Assentatio, onis, f. (assentor,) flat- 
 
 tery. 
 
 Assimilo, 1. Cad & similo,) to com- 
 pare. 
 
 Assum. See Adsum. 
 At, eonj. but. 
 
 Athenae, arum, f. pi. Athens. 
 Atbeniensis, is, an Athenian. 
 Atilius, i, m. prop, name of a man. 
 Atque, conj. and. 
 Atqui, conj. but, but yet. 
 Atramentum, i, n. (ater,) ink. 
 Atrox, oeis, adj. cruel. Comp. atro- 
 
 cior; sup. atrocissimus. 
 Attendo, di, turn, 3. (ad <fc tendo,) 
 to attend. Attendere animum, 
 to give attention. 
 Attente, adv. (attentus,) attentively. 
 Attentus, a, um, adj. and part, from 
 
 attendo, attentive. 
 Attingo, igi, actum, 3. (ad & tango,) 
 
 to touch. 
 Attribuo, ui, titum, 3. (ad <fe tribuo,) 
 
 to bestow, assign. 
 Auctor, oris, m. an author. 
 Auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor,) author- 
 ity. ^ 
 
 Audacia, ae, f. (audax,) boldness. 
 Audeo, ausus sum, 2. to dare, at- 
 tempt. 
 
 Audio, ivi, ivi, itum, 4. to hear. 
 Aufugio, ugi, 3. (ab <fe fugio,) to fly 
 
 from, flee. 
 
 Augeo, auxi, auctum, 2. to increase. 
 Augesco, ere, (augeo,) to increase, 
 
 grow greater. 
 Augifico, are, (augeo <fe facio,) to 
 
 make, to increase. 
 
 Augustus, i, m. prop, name of a Ro- 
 man emperor. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 113 
 
 Aulaeum, i, n. a curtain. 
 
 Aura, ae, f. the air. 
 
 Auriga, ae, m. and f. a charioteer. 
 
 Auris, is, f. an ear. 
 
 Aurum, i, n. gold. 
 
 Aut, conj. or. 
 
 Autem, conj. but. 
 
 Auxilium, i, n. aid; an auxiliary 
 
 troop. 
 Avaricum, i, n. prop, name of a 
 
 town. 
 
 Avaritia, ae, f. (avarus,) avarice. 
 Avarus, a, um, (aveo,) covetous. 
 Avello, velli or vulsi, vulsum, 3. (ab 
 
 <fc vello,) to pull off. 
 Aveo, ere, to covet. 
 A versus, part. from 
 Averto, ti, sum, 3. (ab <fc verto,) to 
 
 avert, turn away. 
 A vide, adv. (avidus,) eagerly. Comp. 
 
 ius; sup. issime. 
 Avis, is, f. a bird. 
 Avolo, 1. (ab & yolo,) to fly away. 
 Ayuncftlus, i, m. (avus,) a maternal 
 
 uncle. 
 Axis, is, m. the axis (as of the earth 
 
 or heavens.} 
 
 B 
 
 Babylon, onis, f. prop, name of a 
 
 city. 
 
 Balbus, i, rn. prop, name of a man. 
 Barbarijs, a, um, barbarous. 
 Be3,te, adv. (beatus,) happily. 
 Beatus, a, um, (beo,) happy, blessed. 
 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 Bellum, i, n. war. 
 Bene, adv. (bonus,) well. Comp. 
 
 melius; sup. opt i me. 
 Beneficiurn, i, n. (bene & facia,) a 
 
 Benigwter, ady. (benignus,) kindly. 
 
 Benignus, a, um, kind, liberal. 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Beneyolentia, ae, f. (bene vol ens,) 
 benevolence, goodwill. 
 
 Bestia, ae, f. a beast. 
 
 Bibo, bibi, bibitum, 3. to drink. 
 
 Bibulus, a, um, (bibo,) bibulous, im- 
 bibing moisture. 
 
 10* 
 
 Bis, adr. twice. 
 
 Blandior, ditus sum, 4. (blandus,) to 
 
 phase. 
 Blanditia, ae, f. (blandus,) fair 
 
 words, flattery. 
 Blandus, a, um, pleasing. 
 Boeotii, orum, the Bceotians. 
 Bonitas, atis, f. (bonus,) goodness. 
 Bonus, a, um, good. Comp. melior ; 
 
 sup. optimue. 
 
 Boreas, ae, m. the north wind. 
 Bos, boyis, m. and f. an ox, bull or 
 
 cow. 
 
 Brevis, e, short. 
 Breviter, adv. (brevis,) shortly. 
 Brundusiuni, i, n. prop, name of a 
 
 town. 
 
 Cado, cedidi, casym, 8. to fall ; to 
 
 turn out, happen, 
 Caducus, a, um, (cado,) transient, 
 Cad us, i, m. ajar^ 
 Caecma, ae, m. a Roman surname. 
 Caecus, a, um, blind. 
 Caeriinonia, ae, f. worship. 
 Caesar, aiis, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 Caeterus, a, um, other. Not used 
 
 in nom. sing. masc. 
 Caius, i, m. prop, name of a map. 
 Calamitas, atis, f. calamity, 
 Caleo, ere, 2. to be warm. 
 Calidus, a, um, (paleo,) warm. 
 Callidttas, atis, f. skill. 
 iallidus, a, um, (calleo,) skilful. 
 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 Calor, oris, m. (caleo,) heat. 
 Calumnio, 1. to calumniate. 
 
 ampanus, a, um, Campanian. 
 Campus, i, m. afield. 
 Cancer, cancri and canceris, m. a 
 
 crab. 
 Candidus, a, um, (candeo,) white, 
 
 clear, bright. 
 lanis, is, m. and f. a dog. 
 Dano, cecini, cantum, 3. to sing, 
 }anto, 1. (cano,) to sing. 
 Jantus, us, m. (cauo,) song, 
 
114 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Capio, cepi, captum, 3. to take, cap- 
 ture ; to receive. 
 Capra, ae, f. (carpo ) a she-goat. 
 Captivus, a, um, { capio,) captive. 
 Capto, 1. (capio,) to catch; to lie 
 
 in wait. 
 
 Caput, itis, n. a head. 
 Carbunculus, i, m. (carbo,) a car- 
 buncle. 
 
 Careo, ere, to be destitute. 
 Caritas, atis, f. (carus,) affection, 
 
 love. 
 
 Carmen, inis, n. (cano,) a song. 
 Caro, earn is, i. flesh, meat. 
 Carol us, i, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 Carpo, carpsi, carptum, 3. to. gather, 
 
 to make use of. 
 Carthago, inis, f. Carthage. 
 Carus, a, um, dear. Comp. ior; 
 
 sup. issimus. 
 Casa, ae, f. a cottage. 
 Cassias a, um, belonging to the gens 
 
 Cassia. 
 Castellum, i, n. (castrum,) a castle, 
 
 fortress. 
 
 Castigo, 1. to chastise, correct. 
 Castra, orum, n. pi. a camp. 
 Castus, a, um, pure. Comp. ior; 
 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Casus, us, m. (cado,) chance. 
 Catilina, ae, m. Catiline. 
 Cato, onis, m. prop, name of a man. 
 Catulus, i, m. a Roman surname. 
 Cauda, ae, f. a tail. 
 Causa, ae, f. a cause, reason. 
 Caute, adv. (cautus,) cautiously. 
 
 Comp. cautius ; sup. cautissima. 
 Cavea, ae, f. (cavus,) a cage. 
 Caveo, cavi, cautum, 2. to beware. 
 Cedo, cessi, cessum, 3. to yield. 
 Celeber, bris, bre, distinguished. 
 
 Comp. celebrior; sup. celeberri- 
 
 mtis. 
 Celer, celeris, celere, swift. Comp. 
 
 celerior; sup. celerrimus. 
 Celentas, atis, f. (celer,) swiftness. 
 CelerHer, adv. (celer,) quickly. 
 Celo, 1. to hide. 
 Celsus, i, m. prop, name of a man. | 
 
 Centum, indeclin. num. adj. a hund- 
 red. 
 
 Censeo, sui, sum, 2. to think, judge, 
 suppose. 
 
 Census, us, m. (censeo,) a census. 
 
 Cereus, a, um, (cera,) waxen ; pliant. 
 
 Cerno, crevi, cretum, 3. to distin- 
 guish, perceive. 
 
 Certamen, inis, n. (certo,) a contest. 
 
 Certo, 1. (cerno,) to strive, contend. 
 
 Certus, a, um, (cerno,) sure. Comp. 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Cervix, Icis, f. the neck. 
 
 Cervus, i, m. a stag. 
 
 Ceterus. See Caeterus. 
 
 Cesso, 1. (cedo,) to cease; to fail. 
 
 Charitas. See Caritas. 
 
 Charta, ae, f. paper. 
 
 Chersonessus, i, f. a peninsula. 
 
 Chrysippus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 philosopher. 
 
 Cibus, i, m.food. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. prop, name of a 
 man. 
 
 Ciconia, ae, f. a stork. 
 
 Cincmnatus, i, m. a Roman surname. 
 
 Circa, prep, with ace. around, about. 
 
 Circum. See Circa. 
 
 Circumfundo, fudi, fusum, 3. (cir- 
 cum & fundo,) to diffuse. 
 
 Circumsono, are, (circum <fc sono,) 
 to resound on every side. 
 
 Circumspicio, exi, ecium, 3. (circum 
 & specio,) look for, to look around. 
 
 Cis, prep, with ace. on this side. 
 
 Cito, adv. (citus,) quickly, without 
 delay. 
 
 Citra, adv. and prep, with ace. (cis,) 
 on this side. 
 
 Citro, adv. (cis,) hither. 
 
 Civis, is, m. and f. a citizen. 
 
 Ci vitas, atis, f. (civis,) a state. 
 
 Clamo, 1. to cry out, call. 
 
 Clamor, oris, m. (clamo,) a shout. 
 
 Clarus, a, um, clear, bright, illustri- 
 ous. Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Claudius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Claudo, clausi, clausum, 3. to shut t 
 shut up. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 115 
 
 Claudua, a, um, lame. 
 
 Clavus, i, m. a nail ; the helm of a 
 ship. 
 
 Cleopatra, ae, f. prop, name of a 
 queen of Egypt. 
 
 Clinias, ae, m. prop, name of a man. 
 
 Clodius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Coactus, part, from cogo. 
 
 Coelum, i, n. the sky; heaven. 
 
 Coepi, coepisse, def. to begin. 
 
 Coetus, us, m. an assembly ; union. 
 
 Cogitatio, 6nis, f. (cogito,) thought. 
 
 Cogitato, adv. (cogitatus,) with re- 
 flection. 
 
 Cogitatus, from 
 
 Cogito, 1. (con & agito,) to meditate. 
 
 Cognatus, a, um, (con & nascor,) 
 related. 
 
 Cognitio, onis, f. (cognosco,) an ex- 
 amining. 
 
 Cognitus, us, m. (cognosco,) knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Cognomen, mis, n. (con <fe nomen,) a 
 family name, surname. 
 
 Cognosco, novi, nitum, 3. (con <fe 
 nosco,) to know, recognize, find 
 out. 
 
 Cogo, coegi, coactum, 3. (con & ago,) 
 to compel. 
 
 Collatinus, a, um, belonging to the 
 town Collatia. 
 
 Collega, ae, m. a colleague. 
 
 Colligo, egi, ectum, 3. (con & lego,) 
 to collect ; to obtain. 
 
 Coll is, is, m. a hill. 
 
 Colloco, 1. (con & loco,) to place ; 
 to arrange. 
 
 Colo, colui, cultum, 3. to cultivate; 
 to worship. 
 
 Colon ia, ae, f. (colonus,) a colony. 
 
 Color, oris, m. color. 
 
 Columba, ae, f. a dove. 
 
 Columbare, is, n. a dove-cote. 
 
 Columna, ae, f. (columen,) a column. 
 
 Comes, itis, m. and f. (con <fe meo,) 
 a companion. 
 
 Cometes, ae, m. a comet. 
 
 Cumme'moro, 1. (con <fe inemoro,) to 
 call to mind. 
 
 Commendo, 1. (con 
 entrust with. 
 
 mando,) to 
 
 Commeo, 1. to go to and fro. 
 Commercium, i, n. (con & men:,) 
 
 commerce ; intercourse. 
 Committo, mlsi, missum, 3. (con <fe 
 
 mitto,) to bring together ; to en- 
 
 gage, fight. 
 Commode, adv. (commodus,) con- 
 
 veniently. 
 Commodus, a, um, (con & modus,) 
 
 convenient, agreeable. 
 Communico, 1. (communis,) to im- 
 
 part. 
 Communio, onis, f. (communis,) par- 
 
 ticipation. 
 
 Communis, e, common. 
 Compleo, 3vi, etum, 2. (con & pleo,) 
 
 to Jill, complete. 
 Compono, osui, ositum, 3. (con <fe 
 
 pono,) to compose ; to calm. 
 Conatum, i, n. (conatus,) an endeavor. 
 Concedo, cessi, cessum, 3. (con & ce- 
 
 do,) to withdraw ; to yield. 
 Conclave, is, n. (con & clavis,) a 
 
 hall; a chamber. 
 
 Concordia, ae, f. (concors,) concord. 
 Concupio, Ivi and ii, itum, 3. (con & 
 
 cupio,) to long for. 
 Concupisco, ere. See Concupio. 
 Conciitio, cussi, cussum, 8. (con <fc 
 
 quatio,) to shake, agitate. 
 Condemno, 1. (con <fe damno,) to 
 
 condemn. 
 Condio, dlvi and dii, ditum, 4. to 
 
 embalm. 
 Conditio, onis, f. (condo,) a condi- 
 
 tion. 
 Condo, didi, ditum, 3. (con & do,) to 
 
 found, build. 
 Conduce, uxi, uctum, 3. (con <fc duco,) 
 
 to conduce, be expedient. 
 Confero, conferre, contuli, collatum, 
 
 (con <fe fero,) to bring together, 
 
 contribute. 
 
 Confestim, adv. immediately. 
 Conficio, feci, fectuni, 3. (con & fa- 
 
 cio,) to make. 
 Conf Ido, isus sum, 3. (con & fido,) 
 
 to trust. 
 
116 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Confirmo, 1. (con & firmo,) to 
 
 strengthen. 
 Confugio, ugi, ugitum, 3. (con & fu- 
 
 gio,) to take refuge with. 
 Congrego, 1. (con & grex,) to con- 
 gregate, assemble. 
 
 Conjiigo, 1. (con &, jugo,) to unite. 
 
 Conjungo, unxi, unctum, 3. (con & 
 jungo,) to join, connect. 
 
 Conjuro, 1. (con <fe juro,) to swear 
 together, conspire. 
 
 Conjux, ugis, a husband or wife. 
 
 Conor, atus sum, 1. to attempt. 
 
 Conscius, a, um, (conscio,) conscious. 
 
 Conscrlbo, scrips!, scriptum, 3. (con 
 <fe scribo,) to enroll. 
 
 Conscriptus, part, from conscribo. 
 Patres conscript!, title of the Ro- 
 man senate. 
 
 Consecro, 1 . (con <fc sacro,) to conse- 
 crate. 
 
 Consentio, sensi, sensum, 4. to agree. 
 
 Consequor, secutus sum, 3. (con & 
 sequor,) to follow, ensue; to attain. 
 
 Conserve, 1. (con & servo,) to. pre- 
 serve. 
 
 Considero, 1. to consider. 
 
 Considt>, sedi, sessum, 3. (con & 
 sido,) to sit down. 
 
 Consilium, i, n. consideration; ad- 
 vice; design. 
 
 Consisto, stiti, 3. (con & stiti,) to 
 stand. 
 
 Consolatio, onis, f. (consolor,) com- 
 fort. 
 
 Consora, tis, adj. sharing. 
 
 Conspicio, exi, ectum, 3. (con & spe- 
 cio,) to see. 
 
 Conspicor, 1. (con & specio,) to see. 
 
 Conatans, tis, adj. (consto,) constant. 
 
 Constant ia, ae, f. (constans,) steadi- 
 ness, constancy. 
 
 Constituo, ui, uturn, 3. (con & statuo,) 
 to appoint, arrange, constitute. 
 
 Constitutus, part, from Constituo. 
 
 Consto, stiti, statum, 1. (con & sto,) 
 to agree together, to be evident. 
 
 Consuetude, mis, f. (consuesco,) cus- 
 tom, habit. 
 
 Consul, ulis, m. (consulo,) a consul. \ 
 
 Consulatus, us, m. consulship. 
 Consulo, ui, turn, 3. to consult. 
 Consul to, adv. (consultus,) delib- 
 erately. 
 
 Consume, umpsi or umsi, umptum 
 or umtum, 3. (con & sumo,) to 
 consume, spend. 
 ContSgo, exi, ectum, 3. (con & tego,) 
 
 to cover. 
 
 Contemno, empsi or emsi, emptum or 
 emtum, 3. (con & temno,) to despise. 
 Contemplo, 1. to contemplate. 
 Contemptus, us, m. (contemno,) con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Contendo, di, turn, 3. (con & tendo,) 
 to stretch ; to strive ; to hasten ; 
 to solicit. 
 
 Contentio, onis, f. (contendo,) a con- 
 tention, dispute. 
 
 Contentus, a, um, (contineo,) content. 
 Contineo, tinui, tentum, 2. (con & 
 
 teneo,) to contain; to restrain. 
 Contingo, tigi, tactum, 3. (con & 
 tango,) to touch ; to happen ; con- 
 cern. 
 
 Continue, adv. (continuus,) instantly. 
 Contiquv^s, a, um, (contineo,) unin- 
 terrupted. 
 
 Contra, prep, with ace. against ; op- 
 posite to. 
 Contraho, traxi, tractum, 3. (con <k 
 
 traho,) to stretch ; to depress. 
 Contrarius, a, um, (contra,) contrary. 
 Conturbo, 1. (con & turbo,) to dis- 
 order, confuse. 
 Conveho, vexi, vectum, 3. (con <fe 
 
 veho,) to convey, gather together. 
 Conveniens, tis, adj. suitable. 
 Convenienter, adv. (conveniens,) 
 
 suitably. 
 Convenio, veni, ventum, 4. (con & 
 
 venio, to assemble ; to visit. 
 Converto, ti, sum, 3. (con & verto,) 
 
 to turn. 
 Convince, vici, victum, 3. (con & 
 
 vinco.) to refute. 
 Coorior, coortus sum, 4. (con & orior,) 
 
 to arise, spring up. 
 Copia, ae, f. (con & ops,) abundance; 
 troops, forces. 
 
VO C ABUL ART. 
 
 Cor, cordis, n. the heart. 
 
 Corara, prep. w ith abl. before ; in 
 the presence of. 
 
 Corinthii, drum, m. the Corinthians. 
 
 Corinthus, i, f. Corinth. 
 
 Cornu, n. indeclin. in sing, a horn; 
 the wing of an army. 
 
 Corpus, oris, n. the body. 
 
 Cortex, icis, m. sometimes f. bark 
 of a tree. 
 
 Corrigo, rexi, rectum, 3. (con & re- 
 go,) to correct, reform. 
 
 Corrumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3. (con & 
 rumpo,) to corrupt. 
 
 Cras, adv. to-morrow. 
 
 Creator, oris, m. (eras,) a creator, 
 
 Crebro, adv. frequently. 
 
 Credo, credidi, creditum, 3. to be- 
 lieve. 
 
 Credulus, a, urn, (credo,) credulous. 
 
 Cremo, 1. to burn. 
 
 Creo, 1. to create. 
 
 Cresco, crevi, cretum, 3. (creo,) to 
 increase, grow. 
 
 Criinen, mis, n. an accusation, re- 
 proach ; a crime. 
 
 Croesus, i, m. prop, name of a king 
 of Lydia. 
 
 Crudus, a, um, unripe. 
 
 Cruor, oris, m. blood. 
 
 Crus, uris, n. the leg. 
 
 Cubitus, us, m. (cubo,) a couch, bed. 
 
 Culex, icis, m. a gnat. 
 
 Culpa, ae, f. a fault. 
 
 Cultus, part, from colo. 
 
 Cultus, us, m. (colo,) cultivation. 
 
 Cultura, ae, f. (colo,) cultivation. 
 
 Cum. See Quum. 
 
 Cum, prep, with abl. with. 
 
 Cumulo, 1. (cumulus,) to load. 
 
 Cunctatio, onis, f. (cunctor,) delay. 
 
 Cunctor, 1. (cunctus,) to delay. 
 
 Cunctus, a, um, (cunque.) all, whole. 
 
 Cupiditas, atis, f. (cupidus,) desire. 
 
 Cupido, mis, f. sometimes m. (cupio,) 
 a desire. 
 
 Cupidus, a, um, (cupio,) desirous. 
 
 Cupio, ivi or ii, Iturn, 3. (capio,) to 
 desire. 
 
 Cur, adv. (quare,) wherefore ? why ? 
 
 Cura, ae, f. (quaero,) care. 
 
 Curia, ae, f. ike senate-house. 
 
 Curro, cucurri, cursum, 3. to run. 
 
 Currus, us, m. (curro,) a chariot. 
 
 Cursus, us, m. (curro,) a course. 
 
 Gustos, odis, m. and f. (con & adsto,) 
 a keeper, protector. 
 
 Cutis, is, f. the skin. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. prop, name of a Per- 
 sian king. 
 
 D 
 
 Damno, 1. (damnum,) to condemn. 
 Damnum, i, n. (demo,) loss, harm. 
 Daniis, i, m. prop, name of a king 
 
 of Persia. 
 
 Datus, part, from Do. 
 De, prep, with abl. of, from, con- 
 cerning. 
 Deambulo, 1. (de & ambulo,) to take 
 
 a walk. 
 Debeo, ui, itum, 2. (de & habeo,) to 
 
 owe; I ought. 
 Debilis, e, (de & habilis,) worthless, 
 
 impotent. 
 
 Debitor, oris, m. (debeo,) a debtor. 
 Debitum, n. (debeo,) a debt. 
 Decedo, cessi, cessum, 3. (de & cedo,) 
 
 to withdraw ; to depart. 
 Decem, indeclin. ten. 
 Decerno, crevi, cretum, 3. (de & cer- 
 
 no,) to decree. 
 Decerpo, psi, ptum, 3. (de & carpo,) 
 
 to gather. 
 Decet, ebat, uit, 2. to be jit, proper ; 
 
 it becomes. 
 Decido, idi, 3. (de & cado,) to fall 
 
 Declaro, 1. (de & claro,) to declare, 
 proclaim. 
 
 Declino, 1. (de & clino,) to turn 
 aside. 
 
 Decolor, oris, adj. (de & color,) 
 without color. 
 
 Decus, oris, n. (deceo,) honor, orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Dedecet, ebat, cuit, it is unbecom- 
 ing. 
 
 Dedecus, oris, n. (de & decus,) dis- 
 grace. 
 
118 
 
 VO C ABUL ARY. 
 
 Dedo, dedidi, deditum, 3. (de & do,) 
 
 to give up, 
 
 Defatigatus, part, from 
 Defatlgo, 1. (de & fatigo,) to weary. 
 Defendo, di, sum, 3. (de & fendo,) 
 
 to defend. 
 Deficio, eci, ectum, 3. (de & facio,) 
 
 to desert ; to be wanting. 
 Deformitas, atis, f. (deformis,) de- 
 formity. 
 Defiigio, fkgi, ligitum, 3. (de & fugio,) 
 
 to avoid. 
 
 Deiiiceps, adv. (de & capio,) more- 
 over ; in the next place. 
 Deinde, adv. (de & inde,) afterwards. 
 Dejicio, jeci, jectum, 3. (de & jacio,) 
 
 to cast down, drive out. 
 Delecto, are, (de & lecto,) to delight. 
 Delectus, part, from deligo. 
 Deleo, evi, ectum, 2. to destroy. 
 Delibero, 1. (de & libero,) to delibe- 
 rate. 
 
 Delictum, i, n. (delinquo,) a fault. 
 Deligo, egi, ectum, 3. (de & lego,) 
 
 to choose. 
 Delinquo, Iqui, ictum, (de & linquo,) 
 
 to do wrong. 
 
 Delius, a, um, (Delos,) of Delos. 
 Delphi, orum, m. prop, name of a 
 
 town. 
 Demaratus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 Demento, are, (demens,) to make 
 
 m.ad. 
 Demiror, atus sum, 1 . (de & miror,) 
 
 to wonder. 
 Dernitto, isi, issum, 3. (de & mitto,) 
 
 to let fall. 
 Democritus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 
 man. 
 
 Demum, adv. at length. 
 Dens, tis, m. a tooth. 
 Depeculor, atus sum, 1. (de & pecu- 
 
 lor,) to plunder. 
 Dependo, di, sum, 3. (de & pendo,) 
 
 to hang down. 
 
 Deploro, 1. (de & ploro,) to deplore. 
 Depono, osui, ositum, 3. (de & pono,) 
 
 to lay aside. 
 
 Descendo, di, sum, 3, (de & scando,) 
 
 to descend. 
 Describo, scripsi, scriptum, 3. (de & 
 
 scribo,) to write, draw. 
 Desero, rui, rtum, 3. (de & sero,) to 
 
 abandon. 
 
 Desert us, part, from Desero. 
 Desidero, 1. to desire, need. 
 Desipio, ui, 3. (de & sapio,) to be 
 
 foolish. 
 Desisto, stiti, stitum, 3. (de & sisto,) 
 
 to desist. 
 
 Desperatus, a, um, (despero,) des- 
 perate. 
 
 Destinatus, part, from 
 Destmo, 1. to destine ; to decide. 
 Destituo, ui, utum, 3. (de & statuo,) 
 
 to desert. 
 Desum, deesse, defui, (de & sum,) to 
 
 be wanting. 
 Detego, exi, ectum, 3. (de & tego,) 
 
 to disclose. 
 Deterreo, ui, itum, 2. (de & terreo,) 
 
 to deter. 
 
 Detestabilis, e, (detestor,) detestable. 
 Detrimentum, i, n. (detero,) harm. 
 Deus, i, m. a god; God. 
 Deversorium, i, n. (deversor,) an 
 
 inn. 
 
 Devictus, part, from 
 Devinco, Ici, ictum, 3. to conquer. 
 Devolo, 1. (de & volo,) to fly away. 
 Diana, ae, f. (Diva Jana,) prop, name 
 
 of a goddess. 
 
 Dico, dixi, dictum, 3. to say, speak. 
 Dictator, oris, m. (dicto,) a dictator. 
 Dicto, 1. (dico,) to dictate. 
 Dictum, i, n. (dico,) a word, saying. 
 Dies, diei, m. and f., in pi. only m., 
 
 a day. 
 Differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, (dis 
 
 & fero,) to be different. 
 Difficilis, e, (dis & facilis,) difficult. 
 
 Comp. ior; sup. issicnus. 
 Diffugio, u^i, ugitum, 3. (dis & fu- 
 gio,) to disappear. 
 Dignitas, atis, f. (dignus,) dignity, 
 
 worth, honor. 
 Dignus, a, um, worthy. Comp. ior; 
 
 sup. issimus, 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 119 
 
 Digressio, onis, f. (digredior,) a di- 
 
 gresion. 
 Dilabor, lapsus, sum, 3. (dis & labor,) 
 
 to fall to pieces. 
 Dilanio, 1. (dis & lanio,) to tear in 
 
 pieces. 
 
 Diligens, ntis, adj. (diligo,) diligent. 
 Diligenter, adv. (diligens,) diligently. 
 
 Comp. diligentius; sup. diligen- 
 
 tissime. 
 
 Diligentia, ae, f. (diligens,) diligence. 
 Diligo, lexi, lectum, 3. (dis & lego,) 
 
 to love. 
 
 Dimicatio, onis, f. (dimico,) strife. 
 Dimico, avi or icui, atum, 1. (dis & 
 
 mico,) to contend. 
 Dimitto, isi, issurn, 3. (dis & mitto,) 
 
 to discharge. 
 Diogenes, is, m. prop, name of a 
 
 philosopher. 
 
 Dione, es, prop, name of a goddess. 
 Dionysius, i, m. prop, name of a 
 
 king of Syracuse. 
 Dirigo, exi, ectum, 3. (dis & rego,) 
 
 to direct. 
 Diripio, ipui, eptum, 3. (dis & rapio,) 
 
 to plunder. 
 Diruo, iii, utum, 3. (dis & ruo,) to 
 
 destroy. 
 
 Dirutus, part, from diruo. 
 Dis, ditis, adj. same as Dives. Comp. 
 
 ditior ; sup^ditissimus. 
 Discgdo, cessi, cessum, 3. (dis & ce- 
 
 do,) to depart. 
 
 Disciplina, ae, f. (disco,) instruction. 
 Discipulus, i, m. (disco,) a disciple. 
 Disco, didici, 3. to learn. 
 Discordia, ae, f. (discors,) discord. 
 Disertus, a, um, (dissero,) eloquent. 
 Displiceo, ui, itum, 2. (dis & placeo,) 
 
 to displease. 
 
 Disputatio, onis, f. (disputo,) discus- 
 sion. 
 iKsputo, 1. (dis & puto,) to treat of, 
 
 dispute. 
 Dissentio, nsi, nsum, 4. (dis & sen- 
 
 tio,) to disagree. 
 
 Dissidium, i, n. (dissideo,) discord. 
 l)issimilis, e, (dis & similis,) unlike. 
 Ditio, onis, f. authority. 
 
 Din, adv. (dies,) long. Comp. diu- 
 tius; sup. diutigsime. 
 
 Diutinus, a, um, (diu,) lasting, long. 
 
 Dives, itis, adj. rich. 
 
 Divido, isi, Isum, 3. to divide. 
 
 Divinatio, onis, f. (divino,) divination. 
 
 Divimtus, adv. (divinus,) divinely. 
 
 Divinus, a, um, (divus,) divine. 
 
 Divitiacua, i, m. prop, name of a 
 man. 
 
 Divitiae, arum, (dives,) riches. 
 
 Do, dedi, datum, 1. to give. 
 
 Doceo, cui, ctum, 2. to teach. 
 
 Docilis, e, (doceo,) docile, teachable. 
 
 Doctrlna, ae, f. doceo,) learning. 
 
 Doctus, a, um, (doceo,) learned. 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Dodrans, tis, m. (de & quadrans,) 
 three-fourths. 
 
 Doleo, ui, itum, 2. to be sorry. Also 
 inspers. dolet, it troubles. 
 
 Dolium, i, n. a tub. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. (doleo,) grief, pain. 
 
 Domesticus, a, um, (domus,) domes- 
 tic, private. 
 
 Domicilium, i, n. (domus,) a dwell- 
 ing, place of abode. 
 
 Dommus, i, m. (domus,) a master. 
 
 Domitianus, i, m. Domitian. 
 
 Domitius, i, m. prop, name of a 
 man. 
 
 Domo, ui, itum, 1 . to conquer. 
 
 Domus, us and i, f. a house, home. 
 
 Donee, conj. until. 
 
 Dono, 1. (donum,) to present. 
 
 Donum, i, n. (do,) a gift. 
 
 Dormio, ivi or ii, itum, 4. to sleep. 
 
 Drusus, i, m. prop, name of a man. 
 
 Dresda, ae, f. Dresden. 
 
 Dubie, adv. (dubius,) doubtfully. 
 
 Dubito, 1. to doubt. 
 
 Dubius, a, um, (duo,) dangerous. 
 
 Ducenti, ae, a, (duo,<fe centum,) two 
 hundred. 
 
 Duco, uxi, uctum, 3. to lead, draw ; 
 to esteem. 
 
 Dudem, adv. (diu & dum,) lately. 
 
 Dulcis, e, sweet. Comp. ior; sup, 
 issimus. 
 
 Dum, conj. and adv, while; until, 
 
120 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dumetum, i, n. (dumus,) a thicket. 
 
 Duo, ae, o, two. 
 
 Duriter, adv. (durus,) severely* 
 
 Duro, 1. (durus,) to last. 
 
 Dux, ducis, m. and f. a leader. 
 
 E 
 
 E. See Ex. 
 
 Ecce, interjec. (en & ce,) behold! 
 
 Eclipsis, is, f. an eclipse. 
 
 Edictum, i, n. (edico,) an edict. 
 
 Edisco, didici, 3. (e & disco,) to learn. 
 
 Editus, a, um, (edo,) high, lofty* 
 
 Edo, edere and esse, edi, esum, 3. 
 to eat. 
 
 Edo, edidi, editum, 3. to send forth. 
 
 Edoceo, cui, ctum, 2. (e & doceo,) 
 to teach. 
 
 Educo, xi, ctum, 3. (e & duco,) to 
 lead out. 
 
 Effectus, us, m. (efficio,) accomplish- 
 ment. 
 
 Effro, efferre, extiili, elatum, (ex & 
 fero,) to carry forth; to exalt; 
 to bear. 
 
 Efficio, feci, fectum, 3. (ex & facio,) 
 to accomplish ; to render. 
 
 Efflo, 1. (ex & flo,) to breathe out. 
 
 Effloreo, ere, (ex & floreo,) to blos- 
 som out. 
 
 Effluo, uxi, uctum, 3. (ex & fluo,) to 
 flow out ; to pass away. 
 
 Effulgeo, Isi, 2. (ex & fulgeo,) to 
 shine forth. 
 
 Effundo, udi, usum, 3. (ex & fundo,) 
 to pour out ; to squander. 
 
 Egeo, ui, 2. to want. 
 
 Egestas, atis, f. (egeo,) want. 
 
 Egi, &c. See Ago. 
 
 Ego, pron. /. 
 
 Egomet. See Ego and Met. 
 
 Egregie, adv. (egregius,) excellently. 
 
 Egregius, a, um, (e & grex,) extra- 
 ordinary, excellent. 
 
 Ejusmodi, or ejus modi, of that sort, 
 of such nature. 
 
 Elatio, onis, f. (effero,) a raising; 
 transport. 
 
 Elegans, tis, adj. elegant. Comp. 
 ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Elegantia, ae, f. (elegans,) elegance. 
 
 Elephantus, i, m. and f. an elephant. 
 
 Eloquentia, ae, f. (eloquor,) elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Eloquor, cutus sum> 3. (e & loquor,) 
 to speak. 
 
 Eludo, usi, usum, 3. (e & ludo,) 
 
 Emendo, 1. (e & mendum,) to reform. 
 
 Emo, emi, emptum, 3. to buy. 
 
 Emolumentum, i, n. (emolo,) profit. 
 
 Enarro, 1. (e & narro,) to narrate at 
 length. 
 
 Enim, conj.ybr. 
 
 Enitor, isus and ixus, 3. to strive ; to 
 reach. 
 
 Enmus, i, m. name of a Roman poet. 
 
 Ens, entis, pres. part, of sum. 
 
 Ensis, is, m. a sword, 
 
 Enuntiatum, i, n. (enuntio,) apropo- 
 
 Eo, ire, ivi or ii, to go. 
 
 Eodem, adv. (idem,) to the same 
 place. 
 
 Epaminondas, ae, m. a Theban gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Ephesii, orum, m. pi. the Ephesians. 
 
 Epicureus, a, um, adj. (Epicurus,) 
 Epicurei, orum, a sect of philoso- 
 phers. 
 
 Epicurus, i, m. prop, name of a 
 Greek philosopher. 
 
 Epistola, ae, f. a letter. 
 
 Equidem, particle, indeed, for my 
 part. 
 
 Equitatus, us, m. (equito,) cavalry. 
 
 Eques, itis, m. and f. (equus,) a 
 horseman. 
 
 Equus, i, m. a horse. 
 
 Erga, prep, with ace. towards. 
 
 Ergo, conj. therefore, then. 
 
 Erigo, exi, ectum, 3. (e & rego,) to 
 
 Erro, 1. to wander ; to err. 
 
 Error, oris, m. (erro,) a wandering, 
 error. 
 
 Eriidio, Ivi and ii, Itum, 4. (e & ru- 
 dis,) to instruct. 
 
 Eruditus, a, um, (erudio,) well edu- 
 cated. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 121 
 
 Erumpo, riipi, ruptum, 3. (e & rum- 
 
 po,) to burst forth. 
 Erythraeus, a, urn, adj. Mare Ery- 
 
 thraeurn, the Red Sea. 
 Esse, See Edo. 
 Esse. See Sum. 
 
 Et, conj. and. et et, both and. 
 EtSniin , conj. /on 
 
 Etiam, conj. (et & jam,) also ; even. 
 Etiamnum, adv. (etiam & nunc,) 
 
 even, now, yet. 
 Etiamsi, conj. (etiam & si,) even if, 
 
 although. Also, yes. 
 Etsi, conj, (et & si,) although. 
 Euge, interjec. good! 
 Euphrates, is, m. the Euphrates. 
 Evado, vasi, vasum, 3. (e & vado,) 
 
 to escape. 
 Evanesco, ui, itum, 3, (e & vanesco,) 
 
 to disappear. 
 
 Evenio, eni, entum, 4. (e & venio,) 
 to come out ; to come to pass ; to 
 happen. 
 
 Eventus, us, m. (evenio,) fate. 
 Evito, 1. (e & vito,) to avoid. 
 Evolo, 1. (e <fe volo,) to fly away, 
 Ex, prep, with abl. out of, of, from, 
 Excello, ui, 3. to excel. 
 Excipio, cepi, ceptum, 3. (ex & ca- 
 
 pio,) to receive. 
 
 Excitatus, a, urn, (exeito,) lively. 
 Excito, 1. (excio,) to call or bring 
 
 out, raise up, rouse, excite, 
 Excusatio, onis, f. (excuse,) an excuse, 
 Exeo, ire, Ivi, & ii, itum, (ex & eo,) 
 
 to go out, come forth, go away. 
 Exerceo, ui, itum, 2. (ex & arceo,) 
 
 to practise, exercise. 
 Exercitatio, onis, f. (exercito,) exer- 
 cise, practice. 
 Exercitatus, a, um, (exercito,) expe- 
 rienced, practised. 
 Exercitus, us, m. (exerceo,) an army. 
 Exhaurio, hausi, haustum, 4. (ex & 
 
 haurio,) to draw out, remove. 
 Exhilaro, 1. (ex <fe hilaro,) to cheer, 
 Exiguus, a, um, small. 
 Exllis, e, thin. 
 
 Existimo, 1. (ex &, aestimo,) to think 
 Existo. See Exsisto. 
 
 11 
 
 Exitus, us, m. (exeo,) an issue. 
 Expectatio, onis, f. (expecto,) expec- 
 tation; desire. 
 Expectatus, part, from 
 Expecto, 1. (ex & specto,) to look 
 
 out ; to expect ; wait. 
 Expedio, Ivi and ii, itum, 4. (ex tfc 
 
 pes,) to extricate ; to be expedient. 
 Expello, puli, pulsum, 3, (ex & pel- 
 
 lo,) to expel. 
 Expergefacio, feci, factum, 3. (ex- 
 
 pergo <fe facio,) to waken, rouse. 
 Expergiscor, experrectus, 3. (exper- 
 
 go,) to wake up. 
 
 Experientia, ae, f. (experior,) expe- 
 rience. 
 Experimentum, i, n. (experior,) an 
 
 experiment ; experience. 
 Expeto, Ivi, itum, 3. (ex & peto,) to 
 
 wish for. 
 Explico, avi, atum, and ui, itum, 1. 
 
 (ex & plico,) to unfold; to explain. 
 Explore, 1. (ex <fe ploro,) to explore, 
 
 search out. 
 Expolio, Ivi, itum, 4. (ex <fe polio,) 
 
 to polish, adorn, perfect. 
 Expono, osui, ositum, 3. (ex & pono,) 
 
 to set forth, 
 Expressus, part, from 
 Exprimo, pressi, pressum, 3. (ex & 
 
 premo,) to press out ; to describe ; 
 
 to represent ; to imitate. 
 Expugnatus, part, from 
 Expugno, 1. (ex <fe pugno,) to take 
 
 in war. 
 Exquiro, quisivi, quisitum, 3. (ex & 
 
 quaero,) to search for. 
 Exsilium, i, n. (ex & solum,) exile, 
 
 banishment. 
 Exsisto, stiti, 3. (ex <fe sisto,) to 
 
 arise, come forth ; to exist. 
 Exspecto. See Expecto. 
 Exsuscito, 1. (ex <fc suscito,) to ex- 
 cite, kindle. 
 Extendo, di, sum, and turn, 3. (ex 
 
 &, tendo,) to stretch out, extend, 
 
 increase. 
 
 Extirpo, 1. (ex & stirps,) to root out. 
 Extinguo, nxi, nctum, 3. (ex & stin- 
 guo,) to quench ; to blot out. 
 
122 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Extollo, extiili, elatum, 3. (ex & 
 
 tollo,) to lift up. 
 Extra, adv. and prep, with ace. (ex- 
 
 ter,) without, beyond. 
 Exulto, 1. (exsilio,) to exult. 
 
 Fabius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Fabricius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Fabula, ae, f. (fari,) a fable. 
 
 Facetiae, arum, f. pL (facetus,) wit- 
 ticisms. 
 
 Facile, adv. (facilis,) easily t Comp. 
 facilius ; sup. facillime. 
 
 Facilis, e, adj. (facio,) easy. Comp. 
 facilior; sup. facillimus. 
 
 Facinus, oris, n. (facio,) an exploit ; 
 a crime. 
 
 Facio, feci, factum, 3. in pass, fio, 
 fieri, factus, to make ; to perform, 
 to do, to act ; to cause : to value. 
 FacSre verbum, to talk. 
 
 Factum, i, n. (facio,) a deed. 
 
 Factus, part, of facio. 
 
 Facultas, atis, f. (facilis.) faculty, op- 
 portunity. 
 
 Facundus, a, um, (fari,) well-spoken. 
 
 Fallo, fefelli, falsum, 3. to deceive. 
 
 Falsus, a, um, part, of fallo. Also 
 adj. false. 
 
 Fama, ae, f. (fari,)/ame; rumor. , 
 
 Fames, is, f. hunger. 
 
 Familiaris, e, (familia,) familiar. 
 Res familiaris, fortune, estate. 
 
 Familiaritas, atis, f. (familiaris,) in- 
 timacy. 
 
 Fanum, i, n, (fari,) a temple. 
 
 Fasciculus, i, m. dim. (fascis,) a 
 bunch. 
 
 Fateor, fassus, 3. (fari,) to confess. 
 
 Fatum, i, n. (fari,) /ate. 
 
 Fatuus, i, m, a fool. 
 
 Fautor, oris, m. (faveo,) a patron, 
 promoter. 
 
 Faveo, favi, fautum, 2. tofa.vor. 
 
 Favor, oris, m. (faveo,)/aw>r. 
 
 Febris, is, f. (ferveo,) a fever. 
 
 Fecundus, a, um, fruitful. 
 
 Felicitas, atis, f. (felix,) happiness? 
 good fortune, 
 
 Felix, Icis, adj. happy, fortunate. 
 
 Fenestra, ae 7 f. a window. 
 
 Fera, ae, f. (ferus,) a wild beast. 
 
 Fere, adv. (fero,) almost : generally. 
 
 Feriae, arum, f. pi (ferio,) holidays. 
 
 Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg. to 
 carry ; to bear ; to bring. Ferre 
 leges, to enact laws. Ferri, to 
 move siviftly. 
 
 Ferociter, adv. tfer ox,) fiercely. 
 
 Ferox, dcis, ferocious, fierce. Comp. 
 ior ; sup. issimus, 
 
 Ferratus, a, um, (ferrum,) of iron, 
 
 Ferrum, i, n. iron. 
 
 Fertilis, e, (fero,) fertile. 
 
 Ferveo, vi and bui, 2. to be hot. 
 
 Fessus, a, um, part, of fatiscor. 
 Also, adj. wearied. 
 
 Festinanter, adv, (festino,) hastily. 
 
 Festino, 1. (fero,) to hasten. 
 
 Fetus, us, m. (feo,) produce. 
 
 Fictus, part, from fiiago, false, ficti- 
 tious. 
 
 Ficus, i and us, f, ck.fy-tree. 
 
 Fidelis, e, (fides,) faithful. Comp, 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Fides, ei, f. (fido,) faith. 
 
 Fiducia, ae, f. (fido,) confidence. 
 
 Filia, ae, f. (films,) a daughter. 
 
 Filius, i, m. a son. 
 
 Fingo, inxi, ictum, 3. to form ; to 
 think. 
 
 Finis, is, m. and f. an end; a bound- 
 ary. 
 
 Fio, fieri, factus, irreg. pass, of facio ; 
 to be made; to become; to come 
 to pass. 
 
 Firmo, 1. (firmus,) to strengthen. 
 
 Firmus, a, um,firm. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m. name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 Flagitiosus, a, um, (flagitium,) in- 
 famous. 
 
 Flagitium, i, n. (flagito,) a disgrace- 
 ful act. 
 
 Flagito, 1. to demand. 
 
 Fecto, xi, xum, 3. to bend, turn. 
 
 Fletus, us, m. (fleo,) weeping. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 123 
 
 Flexuosus, a, um, (flexus,) tortuous, 
 winding. 
 
 Flo, 1. to blow. 
 
 Floreo, ui, 2. (flos,) to blossom, flour- 
 ish. 
 
 Flos, Oris, m. a flower. 
 
 Fluctus, us, in. (fluo,) a wave. 
 
 Flumen, inis, n. (fluo,) a river, stream. 
 
 Fluo, xi, xum, 3. to flow. 
 
 Fluvius, i, m. (fluo,) a river. 
 
 Fluxus, a, um, part, of fluo. Also 
 adj. fleeting. 
 
 Fodio, fodi, fossum, 3, to dig* 
 
 Fons, ntis, m. (fundo,) a spring, 
 
 For, fatus, 1. defect, to say. 
 
 Foras, adv. (fero,) out of doors. 
 
 Foris, adv, (fero,).0u of doors, abroad. 
 
 Forma, ae, i. form, figure. 
 
 Formiae, arum, f. pi. name of a town. 
 
 Formosltas, atis, f. (formosus,) 
 beauty. 
 
 Formosus, a, um, (forma,) beautiful. 
 
 Fortasse, adv. (forte an,) perhaps. 
 
 Forte, adv. (fors,) by chance. 
 
 Fort is, e, (fero,) strong, brave. 
 
 Fortiter, adv. (fortis,) bravely. 
 
 Fortitude, mis, f. (fortis,) fortitude. 
 
 Fortuitus, a, um, (fors,) accidental, 
 fortuitous. 
 
 Fortuna, ae, f. (fors,) fortune (good 
 or ill). 
 
 Forum, i, n. (fero,) MM market place, 
 the forum. 
 
 Foveo, fovi, fotum, 2. to keep warm ; 
 to caress ; to favor. 
 
 Fragilis, e, (frango,)/rat/. 
 
 Frater, tris, m. a brother. 
 
 Frequenter, adv. (frequens,) often. 
 Com p. ntius; sup. ntissime. 
 
 Frequento, 1. (frequens,) to fre- 
 quent, resort to. 
 
 Frigeo, ere, to grow stiff with cold, 
 to be languid or lifeless. 
 
 Frigidus, a, um, (frigeo,) cold. 
 
 Frigus, oris, n. cold. 
 
 Fructuosus, a, um, (fructus,) fruit- 
 ful. 
 
 Fructus, us, m. (fruor,) fruit. 
 
 Frugifer, era, erum, (fruges <k fero,) 
 fruit-bearing* 
 
 Frumentum, i, n. (fruges,) grain. 
 Fruor, fructus and fruitus, 3. to en- 
 
 jy- 
 
 Frustra, adv. (fraudo,) in vain. 
 Frustum, i, n. (fruor,) a piece. 
 Frux, gis, f. (fruw,) fruit ; grain. 
 Fuga, ae, f. (fugio,) flight, 
 Fugio, i, itum, 3. to fly. 
 Fugitivus, a, um, (fugio,) fugitive. 
 Fui, perf. of sum. 
 Fulmmo, 1. (fulmen,) to lighten. 
 Funus, eris, n, a dead body ; death ; 
 
 burial. 
 
 Fur, is, m. and f. a thief. 
 Furca, ae, f. a fork; a rascal. 
 Furo, ui, 3. to be mad. 
 Furor, oris, m. (furo,) fury, 
 Futurus, future part, of sum. 
 
 Galli, orum, m. pi. the Gauls. 
 
 Gallia, ae, f. (Galli,) Gaul. 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, (Galli,) Gallic. 
 
 Galllna, ae, f. (gallus,) a hen. 
 
 Gallinaceus, a, um, (gallina,) relat- 
 ing to a hen. 
 
 Gallus, i, m. a cock. 
 
 Gaudeo, gavisus, 2. to rejoice. 
 
 Gaudium, i, n, (gaudeo,) joy. 
 
 Gelidus, a, um, (gelu,) icy cold. 
 
 Generatio, onis, f. (genero,) a gene- 
 ration. 
 
 Generosus, a, um, (genus,) generous, 
 noble. 
 
 Gens, ntis, f. (gigno,) a race ; a tribe ; 
 esp. a division of the Roman peo- 
 ple which bore a common name, 
 a gens. 
 
 Genus, eris, n. (gigno,) a race; a 
 kind, sort, class. 
 
 Geometria, ae, f. geometry. 
 
 Geometrica, orum, n. pi. geometrical 
 truths. 
 
 German!, orum, m. pi. the Germans. 
 
 Germen, inis, n. a sprout ; fruit. 
 
 Germmo, 1. (germen,) to bud, to put 
 forth. 
 
 Gero, gessi, gestum, 3. to carry, 
 I carry on ; to administer ; to do. 
 
124 
 
 VOCABULARY*, 
 
 Gestio, ivi, itum, 4. (gestus,) to ex- 
 press by gestures. 
 
 Gesto, 1. freg, (gero,) to carry. 
 
 Gestus, us, m. (geroj a motion, ges- 
 ture. 
 
 Gigno, genui, genitum, 3. to produce. 
 
 Gladiator, oris, m. (gladius,) a glad- 
 iator. 
 
 Globus, i, m. a sphere. 
 
 Gloria, ae, f. glory, 
 
 Gloriosus, a, urn, (gloria,) glorious. 
 
 Grabatus, \, m. a couch. 
 
 Gracilis, e, slender. 
 
 Graece, adv. (Graecus,) in Greek. 
 Graece scire, to know Greek. 
 
 Graeoi, orum, m. pi. the Greeks. 
 
 Graecia, ae, f. (Graeci,) Greece. 
 
 Graii, orum, m. pi. the same as 
 Graeci. 
 
 Grandaevus, a, urn, (grandis & ae- 
 vum,) aged. 
 
 Grandis, e, great. Comp. ior; sup. 
 issimus. 
 
 Gratia, ae, f. (gratus,) favor. Abl. 
 gratia, for the sake of. Gratias 
 agere, to give thanks. 
 
 Gratus, a, urn, grateful ; pleasing. 
 
 Gravis, e, heavy, weighty, grievous, 
 severe. Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Gravitas, atis, f. (gravis,) weight, 
 dignity. 
 
 Graviter, adv. (gravis,) heavily, se- 
 verely. Comp. gravius ; sup. 
 gravissime. 
 
 Gravo, 1. (gravis,) to burden, weigh 
 doion, oppress. 
 
 Grossus, i, m. a German coin. 
 
 Grus, gruis, f. a crane. 
 
 Gubernatio, onis, f. (guberno,) steer- 
 ing, piloting. 
 
 Gubernator, oris, m. (guberno,) a 
 steersman. 
 
 Gusto, 1. (gustus,) to taste. 
 
 H 
 
 Habeo, ui, itum, 2. to have, possess, 
 keep ; to consider. Haberi, to be, 
 to show itself as. Se habere, to be. 
 
 Habito, 1. freq. (habeo,) to inhabit : 
 to dwell. 
 
 Haedus, i, m. a kid. 
 
 Hamburgum, i, n. Hamburg. 
 
 Hannibal, alis, m. name of a Car- 
 thaginian general, 
 
 Hasta, ae, f. a spear. 
 
 Haud, adv. not. 
 
 Haurio, hausi, haustum, 4. to suffer, 
 endure, 
 
 Hebes, etis, adj. (hebeo,) dull. 
 
 Helvetia, ae, f. (Helvetii,) Helvetia, 
 
 Helvetii, orum, m. pi. the Helvetians. 
 
 Hem, interj. weU! see! 
 
 Henricus, i, m. Henry. 
 
 Herba, ae, f. grass ; an herb. 
 
 Hercle, adv. (Hercules.) by Hercules ! 
 
 Heri, adv. yesterday. 
 
 Herodotus, i. m. name of a histo- 
 rian. 
 
 Heros, ois, m, a hero. 
 
 Herus, i, m. a master. 
 
 Hesternus, a, um, (heri,) of yester- 
 day. 
 
 Heus, interj. Hollo! 
 
 Hie, haec, hoc, pron. this. Some- 
 times made more emphatic by 
 suffix -ce. 
 
 Hie, adv. (hie,) here. 
 
 Hicce, haecce, hocce. See hie. 
 
 Hiems, emis, f. winter. 
 
 Hinc, adv. (hie,) hence. 
 
 Hipparchus, i, m. name of a man. 
 
 Hippocrates, is, m. name of a phy- 
 sician. 
 
 Hirudo, inis, f. a leech. 
 
 Hirundo, inis, f. a swallow, 
 
 Hispania, ae, f. Spain. 
 
 Historia, ae, f. history. 
 
 Hoc, adv. by this, by so much. 
 
 Hodie, adv. (hoc die,) to-day; at 
 the present day. 
 
 Homerus, i, m. Homer. 
 
 Homo, inis, m. and f. (humus,) a 
 human being, man. 
 
 Honestas, atis,' f. (honestus,) honesty, 
 uprightness. 
 
 Honeste, adv. (honestus,) honestly, 
 virtuously. 
 
 Honesto, 1. (honestus,) to honor. 
 
 Honestus, a, um, (honor,) honorable; 
 beautiful. 
 
 Honor, oris in. honor. 
 
VOC ABULARY. 
 
 125 
 
 Hora, ae, f. an hour. 
 
 Horologium, i, n. a clock. 
 
 Hortor, atus, 1. to encourage, to 
 
 urge* 
 
 Hortus, i, m. a garden. 
 Hospes, itis, m. a guest ; a host. 
 Hostia, ae, f. (hostis,) a victim. 
 Kostis, is, m, and f, an enemy. 
 Hostus, i, m. name of a man, 
 Hue, adv. (hie,) hither. 
 Hujusmodi or hujus modi, of this 
 
 kind. 
 
 Humanus, a, um, (homo,) human. 
 Hydaspes, is, m. name of a river. 
 Hyrcama, ae, f. (Hyrcani,) name of 
 
 a country. 
 Hystaspes, is, m. name of the father 
 
 of Darius. 
 
 Iberus, i, m. name of a river. 
 
 Ibi, adv. (is,) there. 
 
 Ibidem, adv. (idem,) in the same 
 place. 
 
 Iccirco or idcirco, (id circa,) there- 
 fore, on that account. 
 
 Ictus, us, m. (ico,) a blow. 
 
 Idcirco. See Iccirco. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, pron. (i <fe -dem,) 
 the same. 
 
 Identidem, adv. (idem-idem,) re- 
 peatedly. 
 
 Ideo, adv. (id eo,) therefore. 
 
 Idoneus, a, um, ft, 
 
 Idus, uum, f. pi. the ides, (the 13th 
 or 15th day of the month.) 
 
 Igitur, conj. (is,) therefore ; then. 
 
 Ignarus, a, um, (in <fe gnarus,) igno- 
 rant. 
 
 Ignavus, a, um, (in <fc gnavus,) sloth- 
 ful. 
 
 Ignis, is, m. fire. 
 
 Ignobilis, e, (in <fc nobilis,) humble ; 
 low-born. 
 
 Ignore, 1. (ignarus,) to be ignorant 
 
 of- 
 
 Ignosco, novi, notum, 3. (in & gnos- 
 co,) to pardon. 
 
 Ignotus, a, um, (in & notus,) un- 
 known. 
 
 11* 
 
 Ble, ilia, illud, pron. that; he, she, it. 
 
 Illecebra, ae, f. (illicio,) an attraction. 
 
 Illic, illaec, iiluc or illoc, pron. (ille 
 & ce,) he, she, or it yonder. 
 
 lilies adv. (illic, pron.) there y in that 
 place* 
 
 Illustris, e, (in & lustro,) illustrious. 
 
 Illustro, 1. (illustris,) to illuminate. 
 
 Imago, inis, f. a likeness, image. 
 
 Immanis, e, savage. 
 
 Immineo, ere, (in & mineo,) to 
 threaten* 
 
 Immo, particle, (imus,) ys t by all 
 means. 
 
 Immolo, 1. (in & mola,) to sacrifice. 
 
 Immortalis, e, (in & mortalis,) im- 
 mortal. 
 
 Impar, aris, adj. (in & par,) unequal. 
 
 Impedimentum, i, n. (impedio,) an 
 obstacle. 
 
 Impedio, ivi or ii, Itum, (in & pes,) 
 to hinder. 
 
 Impeditus, part, from impedio. 
 
 Impello, iili, ulsum, 3. (in & pello,) 
 tapuxh, impel, urge. 
 
 Tmperator, oris, m. (impero,) a com- 
 mander, imperator. 
 
 Imperium, i, n. (impero,) dominion ; 
 command, authority. 
 
 Impero, 1. (in & paro,) to command; 
 to prescribe. 
 
 Impertio, ivi or ii, itum, 4. (in & 
 partio,) to impart, give. 
 
 Impetro, 1. (in & patro,) to procure, 
 gain ; to accomplish. 
 
 Impetus, us, m. (impeto,) an attack. 
 
 Impius, a, um, (in & pius,) ungodly. 
 
 Impleo r evi, etura, 2. to fill ^ 
 
 Importunus, a, um, (in <fc porto,) 
 rude, troublesome. 
 
 Improbus, a, um, (in & probus,) 
 bad, wicked. 
 
 Improvisus, a, um, (in cfe provisus,) 
 unexpected. 
 
 Impudentia, ae, f. (impiidens,) 
 shamelessness. 
 
 Impunitas, atis, f. (impune,) impu- 
 nity. 
 
 In, prep, with ace. into. With abl. 
 in, among. 
 
126 
 
 VO C ABULARY. 
 
 Inambiilo, are, (in <& ambulo,) to 
 walk up and down. 
 
 Incedo, cessi, cessurn, 3. (in & cedo,) 
 to advance. 
 
 Incendium, i, n. (incendo.) afire. 
 
 Incendo, di, sum, 3. (in & candeo,) 
 to inflame, excite. 
 
 Inceptum, i, n. (incipio,) an under- 
 taking. 
 
 Incertus, a, um, (in & certus,) un- 
 certain : not to be relied upon. 
 
 Incido, cidi, casum, (in & cado,) to 
 fall upon or into. 
 
 Incipio, cepi, ceptum, 3. (in & capio,) 
 to begin. 
 
 Incito, 1. (in & cito,) to excite. 
 
 Inclamo, 1. (in & clamo,) to cry out 
 to. 
 
 Incline, 1. (in & clino,) to give way, 
 fall back. 
 
 InclQdo, udi, usum, 8. (in <fc claudo,) 
 to enclose. 
 
 Inclusus, part, from include. 
 
 Incolumis, e, (in <fe columis,) safe. 
 
 Incomprehensibilis, (in & compre- 
 hendo,) incomprehensible. 
 
 Inconsulte, adv. (inconsultus,) incon- 
 siderately. 
 
 Incorruptus, a, um, (in & corruptus,) 
 uncorrupted. 
 
 Incredibilis, e, (in & credo,) incredi- 
 ble. 
 
 Incumbo, cubui, cubitum, 3. (incubo,) 
 to exert one's self. 
 
 Incursio, onis, f. (incurro,) an incur- 
 sion. 
 
 Inde, adv. (is,) thence; then. 
 
 Indico, xi, ctum, 3. (in & dico,) to 
 declare. 
 
 Indignus, a, um, (in & dignus,) un- 
 worthy. 
 
 Indutiae, arum, f. pi. a truce. 
 
 Induce, duxi, ductum, 3. (in & duco,) 
 to lead to. 
 
 Indulgentia, ae, f. (indulgens,) in- 
 dulgence. 
 
 Indulgeo, dulsi, dultum, 2. (in & 
 dulcis,) to indulge. 
 
 Ineo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, (in & eo,) 
 to enter; to begin. luire consili- 
 um, to form apian; to resolve. 
 
 Tnepte, adr. (ineptus,) absurdly. 
 
 Inexplicabilis, e, (in <fc explicabilis,) 
 inexplicable, 
 
 Infelix, icis, adj. (in & felix,) un- 
 happy. 
 
 Infero, ferre, tuli, illatum, (in & fero,) 
 to bring into. 
 
 Infestus, a, um, (in <fe fendo,) hostile. 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Infidelis, e, (in & fidelis,) unfaithful. 
 
 Infidus, a, um, (in & fidus,) unfaith- 
 ful. 
 
 Infirmus, a, um, (in & firmus,) feeble. 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Infitior, atus, 1. (infitiae,) to deny, 
 
 Inflo, 1. (in & flo,) to elate. 
 
 Infra, adv. and prep, with ace. (in- 
 fer,) below, under. 
 
 Infundo, fudi, fusum, 3. (in <fe fundo,) 
 to pour in. 
 
 Ingemisco, ere, (in & gemisco,) to 
 groan. 
 
 Ingenium, i, n. (in & gigno,) charac- 
 ter, disposition. 
 
 Ingens, ntis, adj. (in & genus,) great. 
 
 Ingenuus, a, um, (ingigno,) ingenu- 
 ous. 
 
 Ingratus, a, um, (in & gratus,) disa- 
 greeable, ungrateful. 
 
 Ingravesco, ere, 3. (in & gravesco,) 
 to grow worse. 
 
 Ingredior, gressus, 3. (in & gradior,) 
 to enter ; to advance ; to begin. 
 
 Inimicus, a, uni, (in & amicus,) hos- 
 tile. 
 
 Imquus, a, um, (in & aequus,) un- 
 fair, unjust, injurious. 
 
 Initium, i, n. (ineo,) a beginning. 
 
 Injucundus, a, um, (in & jucundus,) 
 unpleasant. 
 
 Injuria, ae, f. (injurius,) an injury. 
 
 Injussus, us, m. (in & jussus,) found 
 only in abl. injussu, without being 
 commanded. 
 
 Injustus, a, um, (in & Justus,) unjust. 
 
 Injustum, i, n. injustice. 
 
 Innato, 1. (in & nato,) to float. 
 
 Innocens, ntis, adj. (in & nocens,) in- 
 nocent. 
 
 Innoxius, a, um, (in & noxius,) 
 harmless. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 127 
 
 Innumerabilis, e, (in & numerabilis,) 
 countless. 
 
 Innumerus, a, urn, (in & numerus,) 
 numberless. 
 
 Inops, opis, adj. (in & ops,) needy, 
 destitute. 
 
 Inquio and Inquam, 3. defect. I say. 
 
 Insania, ae, f. (insanus,) madness. 
 
 Inscius, a, urn, (in & scio,) igno- 
 rant. 
 
 Inscribe, psi, ptum, 3. (in & scribo,) 
 to inscribe. 
 
 Insideo, sedi, sessum, 2. (in & sedeo,) 
 to sit in or upon. 
 
 Insidiae, arum, f. pi. (insideo,) an 
 ambush, a snare. 
 
 Insidior, atus, 1. (insidiae,) to lie in 
 wait. 
 
 Insigne, is, n. (insignis,) a badge; 
 pi. insignia, insignia. 
 
 Insipiens, ntis, adj. (in & sapiens,) 
 foolish. 
 
 Instituo, ui, utum, 3. (in & statuo,) 
 to arrange, appoint. 
 
 Institutum, i, n. (instituo,) an insti- 
 tution, practice. 
 
 Instructus, a, um, part, from 
 
 Instruo, xi, ctum, 3. (in & struo,) to 
 set in order ; to prepare ; to fur- 
 nish. 
 
 Insuavis, e, (in & suavis,) disagree- 
 able. 
 
 Insulto, 1. (insilio,) to leap or tram- 
 ple upon ; to insult. 
 
 Insum, esse, fui, (in & sum,) to be in. 
 
 Insuper, adv. and prep, (in & su- 
 per,) above, moreover. 
 
 Integer, gra, grum, (in & tango,) 
 whole, entire; irreproachable; un- 
 defiled. 
 
 Intelligentia, ae, f. (intelligo,) intel- 
 ligence. 
 
 Intelligo, exi, ectum, 8. (inter & le- 
 go,) to understand, perceive, know. 
 
 Intemperies, ei, f. (in & temperies,) 
 intemperance. 
 
 Inter, prep, with ace. (in,) between ; 
 among, in the midst of. 
 
 Intercede, essi, essum, 3. (inter & 
 cedo,) to come between. 
 
 Intercludo, usi, usum, 3. (inter & 
 claudo,) to block up ; to prevent. 
 
 Interdiu, adv. (inter & diu,) by day. 
 
 Interdum, adv. (inter & dum,) some- 
 times. 
 
 Interficio, feci, fectum, 3. (inter <fe 
 facio,) to kill. 
 
 Interpello, 1. (inter & pello,) to in- 
 terrupt, stop. 
 
 Interrogo, 1. (inter & rogo,) to ask. 
 
 Intersum, esse, fui, (inter & sum,) 
 to be different; to be of import- 
 ance, to concern. 
 
 Intestinus, a, um, (intus,) intestine. 
 
 Intra, adv. and prep, with ace. (in- 
 ter,) within. 
 
 Intro, 1. (intro,) to enter. 
 
 Introeo, ire, Ivi or ii, itum, (intro & 
 eo,) to enter. 
 
 Inultus, a, um, (in <fe ultus,) unre- 
 venged. 
 
 Inundo, 1. (in & undo,) to inundate. 
 
 Inusitatus, a, um, (in & usitatus,) 
 unusual. 
 
 Inutilis, e, (in & utilis,) useless. 
 
 Invenio, veni, ventum, 4. (in & ve- 
 nio,) to find, meet with ; to discover. 
 
 Inventor, oris, m. (invenio,) an in- 
 ventor. 
 
 Investigabilis, e, (investigo,) inves- 
 tigable, to be searched out. 
 
 Investigatio, onis, f. (investigo,) in- 
 vestigation. 
 
 Invictus, a, um, (in & victus,) unsub- 
 dued; invincible. 
 
 Invideo, idi, Isum, 2. (in & video,) 
 to envy. 
 
 Invidia, ae, f. (invidus,) envy. 
 
 Invidus, a, um, (invideo,) envious. 
 
 Invlsus, a, um, (invideo,) hateful. 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Invito, 1. to invite. 
 
 Invitus, a, um, unwilling. 
 
 Involve, Ivi, lutum, 3. (in <fe volvo,) 
 to envelope, wrap up. 
 
 lones, um, m. pi. the lonians. 
 
 Ipse, a, um, pron. intens, (is -pse,) 
 himself, herself, itself. 
 
 Ira, ae, f. anger. 
 
 Iracundia, ae, f. (iracundus,) anger. 
 
128 
 
 VO C ABULARY. 
 
 Irascor, iratus, 3. (ira,) to be angry. 
 Iratus, a, um, (ira,) angry. 
 Iris, idis, f. the rainbow. 
 Irreparabilis, e, (in & reparabilis," 
 
 irreparable. 
 Irrldeo, isi, isum, 2. (in & rideo,) to 
 
 ridicule, mock. 
 
 Irritus, a, um, (in & ratus,) exasper- 
 ated. 
 Irrumpo, upi, upturn, 3. (in & rum- 
 
 po,) to break in, rush into. 
 Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it; thi* or 
 
 that. 
 
 Isocrates, is, m. a man's name. 
 Iste, a, ud, pron. (is & te,) this or 
 
 that. 
 
 Istic, adv. (istic,) there ; here. 
 Ita, adv. (is,) so, thus. Also, yes, it 
 
 is so. 
 
 Italia, ae, f. Italy. 
 Itaque, conj. (ita <fc que,) and so, 
 
 therefore. 
 
 Iter, itineris, n. (eo,) a journey. 
 Itero, 1. (iterum,) to repeat, do a 
 
 second time. 
 
 Jaceo, cui, citum, 2. to lit. 
 
 Jacio, jeci, jactum, 3. to throw. 
 
 Jacto, 1. (jacio,) to toss, toss about. 
 
 Jam, adv. (is,) now ; already. 
 
 Jamdudum, adv. (jam & dudum,) 
 long ago, for a long time. 
 
 Janua, ae, f. a door. 
 
 Jesus, Jesu, m. the name of the 
 Savior. 
 
 Jocus, i, m. a joke. 
 
 Jubeo, ussi, ussum, 2. to command. 
 
 Jucunde, adv. (jucundus,) pleas- 
 antly. 
 
 Jucunditas, atis, f. (jucundus,) pleas- 
 antness. 
 
 Jucundus, a, um, (jocus,) pleasant. 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Judex, icis, m. and f. (judico,) a 
 judge. 
 
 Judicium, i, n. (judex,) a judgment, 
 a court of justice. 
 
 Judico, 1. (jus & dico,) to judge.] 
 
 Jungo, nxi, nctum, 3. to join. 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m. Jupitei*. 
 
 Jura, ae, IB. name of a chain of 
 mountains. 
 
 Juro> 1. (jus,) to swear, take an 
 oath. 
 
 Jus, juris, n. (jubeo,) right, law. 
 
 Juste, adv. (justus,)^^. 
 
 Justkia, ae, , ( justus,),ju$tice. 
 
 Justus, a, um, (jus,) just. Comp. 
 ior; siip. issimus. Justa, due cer- 
 emonies, rights. 
 
 Juvenis, is, m. and f. ( juvo,) a young 
 man or woman, a youth. 
 
 Juventus, Otis, f. ( juvenis,) youth. 
 
 Juxta, prep, with ace. ( jungo,) close 
 to. 
 
 L, abrev. for the name Lucius. 
 
 Labienus, i, m. name of a general. 
 
 Labo, 1. to totter, give way. 
 
 Labor, lapsus, 3. to fall, go to ruin. 
 
 Labor, oris, m. labor. 
 
 Laboro, 1. (labor,) to labor, take 
 painsi 
 
 Lacedaemonii, orum, m. pi. the La- 
 cedaemonians. 
 
 Lacesso, ivi, itum, 3. (lacio,) to chal- 
 lenge. 
 
 Lacrima, ae, f. a tear. 
 
 Lacrimo, 1. (lacrima,) to weep. 
 
 Lacus, us, m. a lake. 
 
 Laedo, si, sum, 3. to injure. 
 
 Laelius, i, m> name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Laetitia, ae, f. (laetus,) joy. 
 
 Laetor, atus, 1. (laetus,) to rejoice. 
 
 Lamia, ae, m. a Roman family name. 
 
 Lampsacus, i, f. name of a city. 
 
 Languefacio, feci, factum, 3. (lan- 
 gueo & facio,) to make faint or 
 dull. 
 
 iangueo, ere, to be faint. 
 
 Lanio, 1 . to tear to pieces. 
 
 .apsus, part, from labor. 
 
 l.argior, Itus, 4. (largus,) to lavish, 
 
 give largely. 
 Latebra, ae, f. (lateo,) a hiding-place. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 129 
 
 Latinus, a, um, (Latium,) Latin. 
 
 Latro, onis, m. a robber. 
 
 Latus, a, um, broad. Comp. ior ; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Latus, eris, n. the side, flank. 
 
 Latus, part, of fero. 
 
 Laudatio, onis, f. (laudo,) praise. 
 
 Laudo, 1. (laus,) to praise, value, 
 esteem. 
 
 Laus, dis, f. praise, renown. 
 
 Lavinium, i, n. name of a city. 
 
 Lavo, lavi & lavavi, lautum, lava- 
 turn and lotum, 1 . and 3. to wash. 
 
 Lectito, 1. (lego,) to read often. 
 
 Lectus, i, m. (lego,) a bed, couch. 
 
 Legatus, i, m. an ambassador; a 
 lieutenant. 
 
 Legio, onis, f. (lego,) a body of sol- 
 diers, a legion. 
 
 Legitime, adv. (legitimus,) lawfully. 
 
 Legitimus, a, um, adj. (lex,) lawful. 
 
 Lego, 1. (lex,) to depute. 
 
 Lego, legi, lectum, 3. to choose; to 
 collect ; to read. 
 
 Lemanus, i, m. the lake of Geneva. 
 
 Lenis, e, gentle, slow. 
 
 Leo, onis, m. a lion. 
 
 Lepus, oris, m. a hare. 
 
 Lethum, i, n. death. 
 
 Levis, e, light. 
 
 Le vitas, at is, f. (levis,) lightness. 
 
 Levo, 1. (levis,) to lighten, relieve. 
 
 Lex, legis, f. (lego,) a law. 
 
 Libenter, adv. (libens,) willingly. 
 Comp. libentius : sup. libentis- 
 sime. 
 
 Liber, era, erum, (libet,) free. 
 
 Liber, bri, m. the inner bark of a 
 tree ; a book. 
 
 Liberalis, e, (liber,) noble, fine, libe- 
 ral. 
 
 Liberalitas, atis, f. (liberalis,) gener- 
 osity. 
 
 Libri, orurn, m. pi. (liber,) children. 
 
 Libero, 1. (liber,) to free, deliver. 
 
 Libertas, atis, f. (liber,) liberty. 
 
 Libertinus, i, m. (libertus,) a f reed- 
 man. 
 
 Libertus, i, m. (liber,) afreedman. 
 
 Libido, mis, f. (libet,) desire. 
 
 Libitina, ae, f. the goddess of fune- 
 rals ; death. 
 
 Licet, cuit and citum est, it is per- 
 mitted, one may. 
 
 Licet, conj. (licet,) although. 
 
 Lilium, i, n. a lily. 
 
 Linea, ae, f. (linum,) a line, mark. 
 
 Lingua, ae, f. a tongue : language. 
 
 Linquo, iqui, 3. to leave, forsake. 
 
 Lipsia, ae, f. Leipsic. 
 
 Liquidus, a, um, (liqueo,) liquid. 
 
 Litera, ae, f. (lino,) a letter of the 
 alphabet. In pi. documents, let- 
 ters, literature. 
 
 Literninum, i, n. name of an estate. 
 
 Litus, oris, n. the seashore. 
 
 Livius, i, m. Livy. 
 
 Loco, 1. (locus,) to place. 
 
 Locus, i, m. In pi. m. & n. a place. 
 
 Longe, adv. (longus,) much, far. 
 Comp. longius ; sup. longissime. 
 
 Longinquitas, atis, f. (longinquus,) 
 long duration. 
 
 Longus, a, um, long. Comp. ior; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Loquor, cutus, 3. to talk, say, speak. 
 
 Lubens or libens, part, of libet, wil- 
 ling. 
 
 Lubet or libet, 2. impers. it pleases. 
 
 Luceo, xi, 2. (lux,) to shine. Lucet, 
 it is light. 
 
 Lucidus, a, um, (lux,) bright. 
 
 Lucus, i, m. a grove. 
 
 Ludo, si, sum, 3. to play ; to de- 
 ceive. 
 
 Ludus, i, m. (ludo,) a play. 
 
 Lumen, inis, n. (luceo,) light. 
 
 Luna, ae, f. (luceo,) the moon. 
 
 Luo, lui, 3. to suffer for, expiate. 
 
 Lupus, i, m. a wolf. 
 
 Luscinia, ae, f. (luscus & cano,) a 
 nightingale. 
 
 Lutulentus, a, um, (lutum,) muddy. 
 
 Lux, lucis, f. light. 
 
 Luxuria, ae, and Luxuries, ei, f. 
 (luxus,) luxury. 
 
 Lyceum, i, n. the gymnasium where 
 Aristotle taught. 
 
 Lycortas, ae, m. name of a man. 
 
130 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 M 
 
 Macedo, onis, a Macedonian. 
 
 Macedonia, ae, f. (Macedo,) Macedo- 
 nia. 
 
 Macto, 1. (magnus,) to sacrifice* 
 
 Madidus, a, um, (madeo,) moist. 
 
 Maecenas, atis, m. name of a man. 
 
 Magis, adv. (major,) more. Sup. 
 maxim e. 
 
 Magister, tri, m. (magnus,) a master. 
 
 Magistra, ae, f. (magister,) a mis- 
 tress, instructress. 
 
 Magistrates, us, m. (magistro,) the 
 magistracy. 
 
 Magnanimus, a, um, (magnus & ani- 
 mus,) great-souled, magnanimous. 
 
 Magnificenter, adv. (magnificus,) 
 magnificently. Comp. centius ; 
 sup. centissime. 
 
 Magnitude, inis, m. (magnus,) great- 
 ness. 
 
 Magnus, a, um, great. Comp. ma- 
 jor ; sup. maximus. 
 
 Major, us, comp. of magnus. With 
 or without natu, older. 
 
 Male, adv. (malus,) badly, ill. 
 
 Maledlco, xi, ctum, 3. (male & dico,) 
 to revile, curse. 
 
 Maledictum, i, n. (maledico,) a re- 
 proach ; a curse. 
 
 Maledictus, part, from maledico, ac- 
 cursed. 
 
 Maledicus, a, um, (maledico,) abu- 
 sive. 
 
 Maleficium, i, n. (maleficus,) a crime, 
 wicked deed. 
 
 Malignitas, atis, f. (malignus,) malice. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui, irreg. (magis & 
 volo,) to prefer. 
 
 Malum, i, n. (malus,) an evil. 
 
 Malus, a, um, bad. Comp. pejor; 
 sup. pessimus. 
 
 Mandatum, i, n. (mando,) a commis- 
 sion, command. 
 
 Mando, 1. (manus & do,) to com- 
 mand; to commission ; to commit. 
 
 Maneo, nsi, nsum, 2. to remain. 
 
 Manifesto, 1. (mauifesiue,) to mani- 
 fest. 
 
 Manifestus, a, um, (manus & fendo,) 
 evident. 
 
 Manlius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Mansuetudo, inis, f. (mansuetus,) 
 mildness. 
 
 Manus, us, f. a hand. Also a band, 
 an army. 
 
 Marcius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Marcus, i, m. a Roman praenomen. 
 
 Mare, is, n. the sea. 
 
 Marius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Marinus, a, um, (mare,) marine. 
 
 Maritimus, a, um, (mare,) marine. 
 
 Martius, a, um, (Mars,) relating to 
 Mars. Martius mensis, the month 
 of March. 
 
 Mater, tris, f. a mother. 
 
 Mathematicus, a, um, mathematical. 
 
 Mature, adv. (maturus,) seasonably, 
 in the proper time, early. 
 
 Maturus, a, um, ripe. 
 
 Matutinus, a, um, of the morning. 
 
 Maxime, adv. superl. (maximus,) 
 most, in the highest degree. 
 
 Maximus, a, um, sup. of magnus. 
 
 Med, used by Plaut. for me. 
 
 Medicina, ae, f. (medicinus,) medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Medicus, i, m. (medeor,) a physi- 
 cian, surgeon. 
 
 Mediterraneus, a, um, (medius & 
 terra,) Mediterranean. 
 
 Meditor, atus, 1. to think, consider. 
 
 Medius, a, um, middle. 
 
 Mel, mellis, n. honey. 
 
 Melior, comp. of bonus. 
 
 Melius, comp. of bene. 
 
 Membrana, ae, f. (membrum,) a 
 membrane. 
 
 Membrum, i, n. a limb. 
 
 Memini, isse, defect, to remember. 
 
 Memor, oris, adj. (memini,) mindful. 
 
 Memorabilis, e, (memoro,) memora- 
 ble. 
 
 Memor ia, ae, f. (memor,) memory, 
 remembrance. 
 
 Mendacium, i, n. (mendax,) a lie. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 131 
 
 Mens, tis, f. the mind. 
 
 Mensa, ae, f. a table. 
 
 Mensis, is, in. a month. 
 
 Mentior, itus, 4. to lie; to disap- 
 point, deceive. 
 
 Mercator, oris, m. (mercor,) a mer- 
 chant. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. Mercury. Dies 
 Mercurii, Wednesday. 
 
 Mereor, itus, 2. to deserve. 
 
 Meridianus, a, um, (meridies,) me- 
 ridional. 
 
 Merito, adv. (meritus,) deservedly. 
 
 Meritus, a, um, part, from mereor, 
 and adj. merited. 
 
 Merx, cis, f. goods, merchandise. 
 
 Mesopotamia, ae> f. Mesopotamia. 
 
 Met, an intensive suffix attached to 
 the substantive pronouns. 
 
 Metallum, i, n. a metal. 
 
 Metellus, i, m. name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 Meto, mesui, messum, 3. to reap. 
 
 Metua, ui, utum, 3. (metus,) to fear. 
 
 Metus, us, m.fear. 
 
 Meus, a, um, (me,) adj. pron. my. 
 
 Migro, 1. to migrate. 
 
 Miles, itis, m. and f. (mille,) a sol- 
 dier. 
 
 Militaris, e, (miles,) military. 
 
 Militia, ae, f. (miles,) military ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Milo, 6nis, m. name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 Miltiades, is,m. an Athenian general. 
 
 Milvus, i, m. a kite. 
 
 Minime, adv. super! (minimus,) 
 least ; very little ; by no means. 
 
 Minimus, a, um, sup. of parvus. 
 
 Minuo, ui, utum, 3. (minus,) to di- 
 minish. 
 
 Minus, adv. compar. (minor,) less. 
 
 Miror, atus, 1. to wonder, to admire. 
 
 Mirus, a, um, wonderful. 
 
 Misceo, miscui, mistum and mixtum, 
 2. to mix. 
 
 Miser, era, erum, wretched. 
 
 Miseratio, onis, f. (miseror,) pity. 
 
 Misere, adv. (miser,) wretchedly, 
 
 Misereor, itus, 2. (miser,) to pity. 
 
 Misericord ia, ae, f. (misericors,) com- 
 passion, pity. 
 
 Mitigo, 1 . (mitis & ago,) to appease, 
 soften. 
 
 Mitis, e, mild. 
 
 Mitto, misi, missum, 3. (meo,) to 
 let go ; to send. 
 
 Moderate, adv. (moderatus,) moder- 
 ately. 
 
 Modestia, ae-, (modestus,) modesty. 
 
 Modestus, a, um, (modus,) modest, 
 humble. 
 
 Modo, adv. (modus,) only. 
 
 Modus, i, m. measure ; method' 
 
 Moeror, oris, m. (moereo,) mourn- 
 ing. _ 
 
 Moles, is, f. a load, burden. 
 
 Molestus, a, um, (moles,) trouble- 
 some. 
 
 Mollis, e, (moveo,) soft. 
 
 Moneo, ui, itum, 2. (inemini,) to ad- 
 monish, teach. 
 
 Mons, tis, m. a mountain. 
 
 Mora, ae, f. a delay. 
 
 Morbus, i, m. a disease. 
 
 Morior, mortuus, 3. infin. mori and 
 moriri, to die. 
 
 Morosus, a, um, (mos,) fritful, mo- 
 rose-. 
 
 Mors, tis, f. (morior,) death. 
 
 Mortalis, e, (mors,) mortal. 
 
 Mortuus, part, from morior, dead. 
 
 Mos, moris, m. a custom; manner; 
 habit. 
 
 Motus, part, from moveo. 
 
 Motus, us, m. (moveo,) a motion. 
 
 Moveo, movi, motum, 2. to move; 
 to trouble. 
 
 Mox, adv. (moveo,) soon. 
 
 MugiOj ivi and ii, itum, to belloio. 
 
 Mulier, eris, f. a woman. 
 
 Multiplex, icis, adj. (multus & pli- 
 ca,) manifold. 
 
 Multitude, inis, f. (multus,) a multi- 
 tude. 
 
 Multo, 1. (multa,) to punish. 
 
 Multo, adv. (multus,) by much. 
 
 Multus, a, um, much, many. Comp. 
 plus; sup. plurimus. Multum, a 
 great part. 
 
132 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 Mundus, i, m (mulidus,) the world. 
 
 Munitio, onis, f. (munio,) a fortify- 
 ing, defending. 
 
 Munus, eris, n k office, charge ; duty, 
 part; a favor. 
 
 Murus, i, m. a Wall. 
 
 Mus, mufis, m. and f a mouse. 
 
 Musa, ae, f k a muse. 
 
 Musca, ae, f. a fly. 
 
 Muto, 1. (moveo,) to move, change. 
 
 Mutuor, atus, 1. (mutuus,) to bor- 
 row. 
 
 a 
 
 Nam, conj. /or* 
 
 Namque, conj. (nam & que,) for, 
 for certainly. 
 
 Narratio, onis, f. (narro,) a narra- 
 tion. 
 
 Narro, 1. to relate. 
 
 Nascor, natus, 3. to be born. 
 
 Natio, onis, f. (nascor,) a nation. 
 
 Nato, 1. (no,) to swim. 
 
 Natura, ae, f. (nascor,) nature. 
 
 Natus, i, m. (nascor,) a son. 
 
 Natus, us, m. (nascor,) birth. Used 
 only in abl. 
 
 Naufragium, i, n. (navis & frango,) 
 a shipwreck. 
 
 Navicula, ae, f. dim. (navis,) a boat. 
 
 Navigatio, onis, f. (navigo,) naviga- 
 tion. 
 
 Navigium, i, m. (navigo,) a vessel. 
 
 Navigo, 1 . (navis & ago,) to sail. 
 
 Navis, is, f. a ship. 
 
 Ne, adv. and conj. not ; lest ; that 
 not. Also interrog. particle (not 
 to be translated). 
 
 Neapolis, is, f. name of a city. 
 
 Nee. See Neque. 
 
 Necdum, conj. (nee & dum,) and 
 not yet, not yet. 
 
 Necessarius, a, um, (necesse,) neces- 
 sary, indispensable. 
 
 Necesse, adj. neut. (ne & cedo,) ne- 
 cessary. 
 
 Necessitas, atis, f. (necesse,) neces- 
 sity. 
 
 Neco, 1 . (nex,) to put to death. 
 
 Nefaritis, a, tim, (nefas,) wicked, 
 abominable. 
 
 Negligentia, ae, f. (negligens,) care- 
 lessness* 
 
 Nego, 1. (ne & aio,) to deny. 
 
 Negotium, i, n. (nee & otium,) busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Nemo, mis, m. and f. (ne & homo,) 
 no one. 
 
 Nempe, conj. (nam & pe,) truly. 
 
 Nemus, oris, n. a grove. 
 
 Neptunus, i, m. Neptune. 
 
 Neque or nee, conj. (ne & que,) and 
 not, nor. Neque-*-neque, nei- 
 ther nor. 
 
 Nequeo, ivi and ii, itum, 4. (ne & 
 queo,) to be unable. 
 
 Nequis, a, od or id, (ne & quis,) 
 lest any one, that no one. 
 
 Nero, onis, m. a Roman emperor. 
 
 Nescio, ivi or ii, itum, 4. (ne & scio,) 
 to be ignorant, not to know. 
 
 Nescius, a, um, (ne & scio,) ignorant. 
 
 Neuter, tra, trum, (ne & uter,) nei- 
 ther. 
 
 Neutiquam, adv. (ne & utiquam,) 
 by no means. 
 
 Neve or Neu, adv. and not, nor. 
 
 Nidus, i, m. a nest. 
 
 Niger, gra, grum, black. 
 
 Nihil or Nil, n. indeclin. or Nihilum, 
 i, n. (ne & hilum,) nothing. 
 
 Nilus, i, m. the Nile. 
 
 Nimis, adv. too much, too. 
 
 Nimium, adv. (nimius,) too, too 
 much. 
 
 Nimius, a, um, (nimis,) too great. 
 
 Ningit, nxit, 3. (nix,) it snows. 
 
 Nisi, conj. (ni & si,) unless; except. 
 
 Nitor, oris, m. (niteo,) lustre. 
 
 Nitrosus, a, um, (nitrum,) nitrous. 
 
 Nix, nivis, f. snow. 
 
 Nobilis, e, (nosco,) celebrated, noble. 
 Comp. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Nocens, tis, adj. hurtful; guilty, 
 criminal. 
 
 Noceo, ui, itum, 2. to hurt, injure. 
 
 Noctu, adv. (nox,) by night. 
 
 Nocturnus, a, um, (noctu,) noctur- 
 nal. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 133 
 
 Nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. (non & vo- 
 lo,) to be unwilling ; not to wish. 
 Imper. noli, do not. 
 
 Nomen, mis, n. (nosco,) a name. 
 
 Non, adv. (ne <fe unum,) not. 
 
 Nondum, adv. (non <fe dum,) not yet. 
 
 Nonne, interrog. neg. particle, not ? 
 if not, whether not. 
 
 Nonnemo, mis, m. (non & nemo,) 
 some one. 
 
 Nonnihil, n. indecl. (non <fe nihil,) 
 something. 
 
 Nonnullus, a, urn, (non & nullus,) 
 some. 
 
 Nonnunquam, adv. (non <fe nun- 
 quam,) sometimes. 
 
 Nos, nostrum and nostri, pi. of ego, 
 we. 
 
 Nosco, novi, notum, 3. to learn ; to 
 know. 
 
 Nosmet. See nos and met. 
 
 Noster, tra, trum, (nos,) our. 
 
 Noto, 1. (nota,) to signify ; to cen- 
 sure. 
 
 Notitia, ae, f. (notus,) knowledge. 
 
 Noverca, ae, f. (novus,) a step- 
 mother. 
 
 Novo, 1. (novus,) to renew. 
 
 Novus, a, urn, new. 
 
 Nox, noctis, night. 
 
 Noxa, ae, f. (noceo,) harm. 
 
 Noxia, ae, f. (noxius,) an offence. 
 
 Noxius, a, um, (noxa,) hurtful. 
 
 Nubes, is, f. a cloud. 
 
 Nubilum, i, n. (nubilus,) a cloudy 
 sky, clouds. 
 
 Nubo, psi, ptum, 3. to veil; to 
 marry. 
 
 Nudo, 1. (nudus,) to strip; to make 
 bare. 
 
 Nullus, a, um, (ne & ullus,) no, no 
 one. 
 
 Num, interrog. particle, whether; 
 not to be translated in a direct 
 question. 
 
 Num a Pompilius, name of the sec- 
 ond king of Rome. 
 
 Numantia, ae, f. name of a city. 
 
 Numen, mis, n. (nuo,) a nod; will; 
 authority. 
 
 12 
 
 Numgro, 1. (numerus,) to number. 
 
 Nutnerus, i, m. number. 
 
 Numidae, arum, f. pi. the Numid- 
 ians. 
 
 Num m us, i, m. a coin. 
 
 Numne, interrog. particle, (num & 
 ne,) whether. In direct questions, 
 not translated. 
 
 Numquid, interrog. particle, whether. 
 In direct questions, not trans- 
 lated. 
 
 Numquis or Num quis, any ? 
 
 Nunc, adv. now. 
 
 Nunquam, adv. (ne <fc unquam,) 
 never. 
 
 Nuntia, ae, f. (nun this,) a female 
 messenger, 
 
 Nuntius, i, m. (novus & cio,) news ; 
 a messenger. 
 
 Nuper, adv. (novus,) lately. 
 
 Nusquam, adv. (ne & usquam,) no 
 where. 
 
 Nutrio, Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. to nourish, 
 foster. 
 
 Nutus, us, m. (nuo,) a nod; com- 
 mand, pleasure. 
 
 O, interject. 0. 
 
 Ob, prep, with ace. for, on account 
 
 of; towards. 
 Obduco, xi, ctum, 3. (ob <fc duco,) 
 
 to lead against ; to cover, surround. 
 Obediens, tis, part, of obedio. Also 
 
 adj. obedient. 
 
 Obedio, Ivi or ii, Itum, 4. (ob <fe au- 
 dio,) to obey. 
 Obeo, Ire, Ivi and ii, itum, {ob & eo,) 
 
 to go to meet ; to die. 
 Objicio, jeci, jectum, 3, (ob <fe jacio,) 
 
 to raise, oppose, set in the way. 
 Objurgo, 1. (ob & jurgo,) to blame. 
 Oblatus, part, from oifero. 
 Oblecto, 1. (ob <fe lacto,) to delight. 
 Obllgo, 1. (ob & ligo,) to bind; to 
 
 oblige. 
 
 Obliviscor, lltus, 3. to forget. 
 Obscuratus, part, frcm 
 Obscuro, 1. (obscurus,) to obscure. 
 
134 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 Obscurus, a, um, obscure. 
 
 ObsScro, 1. (ob & sacro,) to beseech. 
 
 Observe, 1. (ob & servo,) to observe ; 
 
 to watch; to regard; to follow. 
 Obsidio, onis, f. (obsideo,) a seige. 
 Obsolesco, evi, etum, 3. (obsoleo,) 
 
 to fade. 
 Obsum, esse, fui and offui, (ob & 
 
 sum,) to be against or prejudicial 
 
 to. 
 Obstrepo, ui, itum, 3. (ob & strepo,) 
 
 to clamor against. 
 Obtempero, 1. (ob <fe tempero,) to 
 
 comply with. 
 Obtineo, tinui, tentum, 2. ob & te- 
 
 neo,) to possess ; to maintain one's 
 
 self. 
 Obviam, adv. (ob viam,) to meet ; 
 
 in the way, against. Ire obviam, 
 
 to go to meet, to oppose. 
 Occasio, onis, f. (occido,) an occa- 
 sion. 
 
 Occasus, us, m. (occido,) a setting. 
 Occido, i, sum, 3. (ob & caedo,) to 
 
 kill. 
 Occumbo, cubui, cubitum, 3. (ob & 
 
 cubo,) to fall, sink down. With 
 
 mortem, to die. 
 
 Occupo, 1. (ob & capio,) to occupy. 
 Occurro, curri, cursum, 3. (ob & cur- 
 
 ro,) to meet. 
 
 Oceanus, i, m. the ocean. 
 Ocius, adv. comp. of ociter, (ocior,) 
 
 more swiftly. Serius ocius, sooner 
 
 or later. 
 Octogesimus, a, um, (octoginta,) the 
 
 eightieth. 
 
 Oculus, i, m. an eye. 
 Odium, i, n. (odi,) hatred, disgust. 
 Odor, oris, m. a smell ; odor. 
 Offendo, di, sum, 3. to offend. 
 OffSro, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, (ob & 
 
 fero,) to offer, expose. 
 Officium, i, n. (ob & facio,) duty. 
 
 Esse in officio, to do one's duty. 
 Olim, adv. (ollus,) formerly; here- 
 after, at a future time. 
 Oliva, ae, f. the olive-tree. 
 Omnino, adv. (omnis,) entirely. 
 Omnis, e, all, every. 
 
 Onero, 1. (onus,) to load. 
 
 Onus, eris, n. a burden. 
 
 Onustus, a, um, (onus,) loaded, bur- 
 dened. 
 
 Opera, ae, f. (opus,) work, pains, 
 exertion. Dare operam, to give 
 attention. 
 
 Operio, ui, ertum, 4. to cover, Jill. 
 
 Opifex, icis, m. and f. (opus & facio,) 
 a mechanic. 
 
 Opinio, onis, f. (opinor,) an opinion. 
 
 Oportet, uit, 2. (opus,) it is proper. 
 
 Oppidanus, i, m. (oppidum,) a towns- 
 man. 
 
 Oppidum, i, n. (ops & do,) a town. 
 
 Opprimo, essi, essum, 3. (ob & pre- 
 mo,) to oppress. 
 
 Ops, opis, defect, f. resources, power, 
 aid. 
 
 Optimates, um and ium, (optimus,) 
 the aristocracy. 
 
 Optime, sup. of bene. 
 
 Optimus, sup. of bonus. 
 
 Opto, 1. to wish. 
 
 Opus, gris, n. work. 
 
 Opus, n. indecl. need. 
 
 Ora, ae, f. (os,) 
 
 Oraculum, i, n. (oro,) an oracle. 
 
 Oratio, onis, f. (oro,) an oration; 
 speech, language. 
 
 Orator, oris, m. (oro,) a speaker, 
 orator. 
 
 Orbis, is, m. a circle; the circle of 
 the earth. 
 
 Ordo, in is, m. order. 
 
 Origo, inis, f. (orior,) origin. 
 
 Orior, ortus, 4. to arise; to have 
 one's origin ; to begin. 
 
 Ornamentum, i, n. (orno,) an orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Ornatus, a, um, part, from orno. 
 Also adj. handsome. Comp. ior ; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Orno, 1. to adorn, furnish ; to praise. 
 
 Oro, 1. (os,) to speak, entreat. 
 
 Ortus, part, from orior. 
 
 Ortus, us, m. (orior,) a rising. 
 
 Os, oris, n. a mouth. 
 
 Oscen, inis, m. (os & cano,) a sing- 
 ing bird. 
 
VO C ABUL ARY. 
 
 135 
 
 Ostendo, di, sum and turn, (obs <fc 
 tendo,) to make known, to show. 
 
 Ostia, ae, f. (ostium,) name of a 
 town. 
 
 Otiose, adv. (otiosus,) at leisure. 
 
 Otiosus, a, um, (otium,) at leisure. 
 
 Otium, i, n. leisure, rest. 
 
 Ovile, is, n. (ovis,) a sheep-fold. 
 
 Ovis, is, f. a sheep. 
 
 O?o, 1. to triumph. 
 
 Paene, adv. almost. 
 
 Palaepolis, is, f. name of a city. 
 
 Pallidus, a, um, (palleo,) pale. 
 
 Palma, ae, f. the palm of the hand. 
 
 Pamphilus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Panis, is, m. bread. 
 
 Par, par is, adj. equal. 
 
 Paratus, part, from paro, and adj. 
 ready. 
 
 Parce, adv. (parcus,) sparingly. 
 
 Parco, peperci and parsi, parcitum 
 and parsum, 3. (parcus,) to spare, 
 forbear. 
 
 Parens, tis, m. and f. (pario,) a pa- 
 rent. 
 
 Pareo, m, itum, 2. (pario,) to obey, 
 be subject to. 
 
 Paries, etis, m. a wall. 
 
 Pario, peperi, paritum and partum, 
 3. to bring forth, produce. 
 
 Paro, 1. (pario,) to make ready, pre- 
 pare ; to procure, obtain ; to pur- 
 chase. 
 
 Parricida, ae, m. and f. (pater & cae- 
 do,) a parricide. 
 
 Pars, tis, f. a part ; a side. 
 
 Parsimonia, ae, f. (parco,) frugality. 
 
 Particeps, cipis, adj. (pars & capio,) 
 sharing in, partaking of. 
 
 Particula, ae, f. dim. (pars,) a par- 
 ticle. 
 
 Parum, adv. (parvus,) little, too lit- 
 tle, not very. Comp. minus ; sup. 
 minim e. 
 
 Parvulus, a, um, dim. (parvus,) very 
 small. 
 
 Parvus, a, um, small. Comp. mi- 
 nor ; sup. minimus. 
 
 Pasco, pavi, pasturn, 3. to pasture, 
 to support. 
 
 Passer, ens, m. a sparrow. 
 
 Passus, us, m. (pando,) a pace, step. 
 
 Pastus, us, m. (pasco,) pasture, food. 
 
 Patefacio, eci, actum, 3. (pateo & 
 facio,) to lay open. 
 
 Pateo, ui, 2. to be open. 
 
 Pater, tris, m. a father. 
 
 Patera, ae, f. (pateo,) a bowl. 
 
 Paternus, a, um, (pater,) paternal. 
 
 Patior, passus, 3. to endure, suffer ; 
 to allow. 
 
 Patria, ae, f. (patrius,) one's native 
 country. 
 
 Patrimonium, i, n. (pater,) a patri- 
 mony. 
 
 Patrocinium, i, n. (patronus,) pro- 
 tection, patronage. 
 
 Patronus, i, m. (pater,) a patron, 
 defender. 
 
 Paucus, a, um, little, few. 
 
 Paulatim, adv. (pauhim,) by degrees. 
 
 Paulo, adv. (paulus,) a little. 
 
 Paulus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Paupertas, atis, f. (pauper,) poverty. 
 
 Pausanias, ae, m. a man's name. 
 
 Pavo, onis, in. a peacock. 
 
 Pax, acis, f. (paciscor,) peace. 
 
 Peccatum, i, n. (pecco,) a fault ; sin. 
 
 Pecco, I. to do wrong. 
 
 Pecunia, ae, f. (pecus,) money. 
 
 Pecus, oris, n. a flock ; sheep. 
 
 Pellis, is, f. a skin. 
 
 Pello, pepuli, pulsum, 3. to drive 
 away. 
 
 Penates, ium, m. pi. household gods t 
 Penates. 
 
 Pendeo, pependi, 2. (pendo,) to hang. 
 
 Penes, prep, with ace. in the power 
 
 f- 
 
 Penna, ae, f. a feather ; a pen. 
 Pensum, i, n. (pendo,) a task. 
 Per, prep, with ace. through. 
 Peracerbus, a, um, (per & acerbus,) 
 
 very sour or harsh. 
 Perago, egi, actum, 3. (per & ago,) 
 
 to pass through; to finish. 
 
136 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Percipio, cepi, ceptum, 3. (per & 
 capio,) to perceive ; to obtain, re- 
 ceive. 
 
 Percurro, cucurri and curri, cursum, 
 3. (per & curro,) to run through. 
 Percussus, part, from 
 Percutio, ssi, ssum, 3. (per & qua- 
 
 tio,) to strike. 
 
 Perdiccas, ae, m. a Macedonian gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Perditus, part, from 
 Perdo, didi, ditum, 3. (per & do,) 
 
 to ruin ; to lose. 
 Perdomo, ui, itum, 1. (per & domo,) 
 
 to subjugate. 
 Peregrinatio, onis, f. (peregrinor,) 
 
 travel, wandering. 
 Peregrinor, atus, 1. (peregrinus,) to 
 
 travel. 
 
 Perendie, adv. the day after tomor- 
 row. 
 Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, (per & 
 
 fero,) to bear through. 
 Ferficio, feci, fectum, 3. (per & fa- 
 
 cio,) to finish, accomplish. 
 Perfluo, xi, 3. (per & fluo,) to flow 
 
 through. 
 
 Perfugium, i, n. (perfugio,) a refuge. 
 Pergratus, a, um, (per & gratus,) 
 
 very pleasant. 
 Periciilum, i, n. (perior,) a trial ; 
 
 danger, risk, hazard. 
 Perinde, adv. (per & inde,)just as. 
 Peripatetici, orum, m. pi. name of a 
 
 sect of philosophers. 
 Perltus, a, um, skilled in. 
 Perjucundus, a, um, (per & jucun- 
 
 dus,) very delightful. 
 Perlggo, legi, lectum, 3. (per & lego,) 
 
 to read through. 
 
 Perlustro, 1 . (per & lustro,) to wan- 
 der all through ; to survey. 
 Permagnus, a, um, (per & magnus,) 
 
 very great. 
 Permaneo, nsi, nsum, 2. (per & ma- 
 
 neo,) to remain, last. 
 Permeo, 1. (per & meo,) to pass 
 
 through ; penetrate to. 
 Permitto, mlsi, missum, 3. (per & 
 mitto,) to permit. 
 
 Permultum, adv. (permultus,) very 
 
 much. 
 
 Perniciosus, a, um, (pernicies,) ruin- 
 ous, pernicious. 
 Pernocto, avi, 1. (per & nox,) to pass 
 
 the night. 
 Peropportune, adv. (peropportu- 
 
 nus,) very seasonably. 
 Perpes, etis, adj. (per & peto,) per- 
 petual ; the whole. 
 Perpetuo, adv. (perpetuus,) con- 
 stantly, always. 
 Perpetuus, a, um, (per & peto,) 
 
 perpetual, continued. 
 Perquiro, isivi, isitum, 3. (per & 
 quaere,) to search diligently for ; 
 to investigate. 
 
 Persae, arum, m. pi. the Persians. 
 Persaepe, adv. (per & saepe,) very 
 
 often, 
 Perseus, ei <fe os, m. name of a 
 
 hero. 
 Persolvo, solvi, solutum, 3. (per & 
 
 solvo,) to pay, suffer. 
 Persuadeo, si, sum, 2. (per & sua- 
 
 deo,) to persuade. 
 Pertineo, ui, 2. (per & teneo,) to 
 
 pertain. 
 
 Perturbatio, onis, f. (perturbo,) con- 
 fusion. 
 
 Perturbo, 1. (per & turbo,) to dis- 
 turb; to throw into confusion. 
 Pervenio, veni, ventum, 4. (per & 
 
 venio,) to arrive. 
 Pes, pedis, m. afoot. 
 Peto, ivi and ii, Itum, 3. to seek. 
 Phaedrus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Philippus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Philopoemen, enis, m. name of a 
 
 general. 
 
 Philosophia, ae, f. philosoplty. 
 Philosophus, i, m. a philosopher. 
 Physicus, i, m. a natural philoso- 
 pher. 
 Piaculum, i, n. (pio,) a propitiation, 
 
 sacrifice. 
 Pica, ae, f. a magpie. 
 Pictor oris, m. (pingo,) a painter. 
 
 Also a Roman family name. 
 Pictus, part, from pingo. 
 
VO C ABUL ARY. 
 
 13T 
 
 Pietas, atis, f. (pius,) dutifnlness, 
 piety. 
 
 Piget, guit, gitum est, 2. it troubles. 
 
 Pigritia, ae, f. (piger,) laziness. 
 
 Pila, ae, f. a ball. 
 
 Pileus, i, m. a hat. 
 
 Pingo, inxi, ictum, 3. to paint. 
 
 Piscator, oris, m. (piscor,) a fisher- 
 man. 
 
 Piscatorius, a, urn, (piscator,) of fish- 
 ermen, fishing. 
 
 Pisciculus, i, m. (piscis,) a little fish. 
 
 Piscis, is, m. a fish. 
 
 Piscor, atus, 1. (piscis,) to fish. 
 
 Piscosus, a, um, (piscis,) fall of 
 fishes. 
 
 Pius, a, um, dutiful. 
 
 Placeo, ui, itum, 2. to please. 
 
 Placo, 1. to appease. 
 
 Plaga, ae, f. a blow. 
 
 Plancius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Plane, adv. (planus,) clearly : indeed. 
 
 Planities, ei, f. (planus,) a plain. 
 
 Planta, ae, f. a plant. 
 
 Plato, onis, m. name of a philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Plebs, plebis, f. the commons; the 
 common people. 
 
 Plecto, ere, to punish. 
 
 Plenus, a, um, full. 
 
 Plerumque, adv. (plerusque,) gene- 
 rally. 
 
 Plerusque, raque, rumque, (plerus 
 <fe que,) most ; very many. 
 
 Ploratus, us, m. (ploro,) a lamenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Pluo, plui and pluvi, 3. to rain. 
 
 Plus, pluris, n. comp. of multus. 
 Also adv. plus, more; plurimum, 
 most, especially. 
 
 Pluvia, ae, f. (pluvius,) rain. 
 
 Pluviosus, a, um, (pluvia,) rainy. 
 
 Pociilum, i, n. a goblet. 
 
 Poema, atis, n. a poem. 
 
 Poena, ae, f. a punishment. 
 
 Poenitet, uit, 2. (punio,) it repents 
 me, 1 repent. 
 
 Pogta, ae, m. a poet. 
 
 12* 
 
 Polliceor, itus, 2. (pote & liceor,) to 
 promise. 
 
 Pomeridianus. a, um, (post & me- 
 ridian us,) afternoon. 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. Pompey. 
 
 Pomum, i, n. fruit. 
 
 Pone, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 (post,) after, behind. 
 
 Pono, posui, positum, 3. to place ; 
 to lay aside or down. In virtute 
 ponere, to consider as a virtue. 
 
 Popularis, e, (populus,) of the peo- 
 ple, popular. 
 
 Populus, i, m. a people. 
 
 Porcius, i, m. name of a Roman 
 gens. 
 
 Porcus, i, m. a pig. 
 
 Porrigo, rexi, rectum, 8. (pro & re- 
 go.) to extend, hold out. 
 
 Porro, adv. next, furthermore, more- 
 over. 
 
 Porto, 1. to carry. 
 
 Posco, poposci, 3. to demand. 
 
 Possideo, sedi, sessum, 2. to possess. 
 
 Possum, posse, potui, irreg. (potis 
 & sum,) to be able. 
 
 Post, adv. and prep, with ace. be- 
 hind; after; since. 
 
 Postampium, i, n. name of a town. 
 
 Posteri, drum, m. pi. (posterus,)pos- 
 terity. 
 
 Posteritas, atis, f. (posterus,) pos- 
 terity. 
 
 Posthac, adv. (post & hac,) hereafter. 
 
 Postquam or post quam, after that, 
 after. 
 
 Postiilo, 1. (posco,) to ask. 
 
 Potentia, ae, f. (potens,) power. 
 
 Potens, tis, part, from possum, and 
 adj. powerful. Comp. ior; sup. 
 issimus. 
 
 Potestas, atis, f. (possum,) power ; 
 opportunity. 
 
 Potior, itus, 4. (potis,) to get posses- 
 sion of, to possess. 
 
 Potis, adv. able, possible. Comp. 
 potius; sup. potissime. 
 
 Potltus, part, from potior. 
 
 Potius, adv. comp. (potior,) rather, 
 better. 
 
138 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Potus, us, m. (poto,) drink. 
 
 Prae, prep, with abl. before; by 
 reason of. 
 
 Praebeo, bui, bitum, 2. (prae & ha- 
 beo,) to furnish ; to shoiu. 
 
 Praeceptor, oris, m. (praecipio,) a 
 preceptor. 
 
 Praeceptum, i, n. (praecipio,) a pre- 
 cept. 
 
 Praecipue, adv. (praecipuus,) espe- 
 cially. 
 
 Praeclare, adv. (praeclarus,) admir- 
 ably. 
 
 Praeclarus, a, um, (prae & clarus,) 
 very clear; distinguished. 
 
 Praecordia, orum, n. pi. (prae & 
 cor,) the stomach. 
 
 Praecurro, cucurri and ctirri, cur- 
 sum, 3. (prae & curro,) to outrun. 
 
 Praeda, ae, f. plunder, prey. 
 
 Praedico, 1. (prae & dico,) to state, 
 affirm. 
 
 Praedico, xi, ctum, 3. (prae & dico,) 
 to tell before, forewarn. 
 
 Praeditus, a, um, (prae & datus,) 
 possessed of, furnished with. 
 
 Praeficio, feci, fectum, 3. (prae & 
 facio,) to set over, appoint to the 
 command of. 
 
 Praelabor, psus, 8. (prae <fe labor,) 
 to flow past. 
 
 Praelium. See Proelium. 
 
 Praemitto, Isi, issum, 3. prae & mit- 
 to,) to send before ; to place be- 
 fore. 
 
 Praemium, i, n. (prae,) reward. 
 
 Praeparatio, onis, f. (praeparo,) a 
 preparation. 
 
 Praepono, osui, ositum, 3. (prae & 
 pono,) to place before, prefer. 
 
 Praepropere, adv. (praeproperus,) 
 very hastily. 
 
 Praesens, tis, part, of praesum. 
 Also adj. present. 
 
 PraesSpes and Praesepis, is, f. (prae- 
 sepio,) a stall, stable. 
 
 Praestans, tis, part, from praesto, 
 and adj. excellent, distinguished. 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 Praesto, adv. (prae & sto,) present, 
 at hand. 
 
 Praesto, iti, itum, atum, 1. (prae & 
 sto,) to surpass ; to be better ; to 
 perform. Se praestare, to prove 
 one's self. 
 
 Praesum, esse, fui, (prae & sum,) 
 to be in command of. 
 
 Praeter, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 (prae,) beyon d; except; besides. 
 
 Pnieterea, adv. (praeter ea,) besides. 
 
 Praetereo, ivi and ii, itum, (praeter 
 & eo,) to pass by. 
 
 Praeterfluo, ere, (praeter & fluo,) 
 to flow by. 
 
 Praeteritus, part, from praetereo, 
 past. 
 
 Praetermitto, isi, issum, 3. (praeter 
 & mitto,) to overlook. 
 
 Praetervolo, 1. (praeter & volo,) to 
 fly by or past, 
 
 Praetura, ae, f. (praetor,) a praetor- 
 ship. 
 
 Prandium, i, n. a luncheon. 
 
 Pratum, i, n. a meadow. 
 
 Pravus, a, um, bad. 
 
 Preces, um, f. pi., in sing, defect., 
 prayers. 
 
 Pretium, i, n. (praes,) value, price. 
 
 Pridie, adv. (prior & dies,) on the 
 day before. 
 
 Primo, adv. (primus,) at first. 
 
 Primum, adv. (primus,) at first. 
 
 Primus. See Prior. 
 
 Principatus, us, m. (princeps,) pre- 
 eminence, dominion. 
 
 Prior, us, comp. former. Sup. pri- 
 mus, first. 
 
 Priscus, a, um, ancient. 
 
 Prius, adv. (prior,) before, once. 
 
 Priu?quam or prius quam, before 
 that. 
 
 Privernum, i, n. name of a town. 
 
 Privo, 1. (privus,) to deprive. 
 
 Pro, prep, with abl. before ; for ; 
 instead of; in proportion; con- 
 formably to. 
 
 Probe, adv. (probus,) well. 
 
 Probitas, atis, f. (probus,) upright-- 
 ness. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 139 
 
 Probo, 1. (probus,) to approve; to 
 
 try. 
 
 Probus, a, um, good. 
 Procedo, essi, essum, 3. (pro <fe ce- 
 
 do,) to go on, proceed, to go forth 
 
 from. 
 Procul, adv. (procello,) afar, far 
 
 off- 
 Prodo, didi, ditum, 3. (pro <fe do,) 
 
 to betray. 
 
 Proelium or praelium, i, n. a battle. 
 Profanus, a, um, (pro & fanum,) not 
 
 sacred, profane. 
 Profecto, adv. (pro facto,) indeed, 
 
 surely, truly. - 
 Proficio, feci, fectum, 3. (pro <fe fa- 
 
 cio,) to profit, to be serviceable, to 
 
 accomplish. 
 Proficiscor, fectus, 3. (pro & facio,) 
 
 to set out, proceed, spring from. 
 Progredior, essus, 3. (pro & gradior,) 
 
 to advance. 
 Prolribeo, ui, itum, 2. (pro & habeo,) 
 
 to hinder. 
 Proinde, adv. (pro & inde,) just so ; 
 
 hence, therefore. 
 Projicio, jeci, jectum, 3. (pro & ja- 
 
 cio,) to put forth; to reject, 
 Promissum, i, n. (promitto,) a prom- 
 ise. 
 Promitto, isi, issum, 3. (pro & mitto,) 
 
 to promise. 
 Pronus, a, um, (pro,) prone, inclined. 
 
 Comp. ior ; sup. issimus. 
 Prope, adv. and prep, with ace. near. 
 
 Prope erat, it wanted little. 
 Propemodum, adv. (prope modum,) 
 
 nearly. 
 
 Propero, 1. (properus,) to hasten. 
 Propinquitas, atis, f. (propinquus,) 
 
 nearness ; relationship, 
 Propinquus, a, um, (prope,) near, 
 
 related. Propinquus, i, m. a re- 
 lation. 
 Propior, us, comp. (prope,) nearer. 
 
 Sup. proximus, nearest, next. 
 Propono, osui, ositum, 3. (pro &po- 
 
 no,) to set forth ; to propose, in- 
 
 tend. 
 
 Proprius, a, um, one's own, peculiar. 
 
 Propter, prep, with ace. (prope,) on 
 account of. 
 
 Propterea, adv. (propter ea,) on 
 that account. 
 
 Propulso, 1. (propello,) to repulse, 
 keep off. 
 
 Prorsus, adv. (pro & versus,) di- 
 rectly, truly, entirely. 
 
 Proscribe, psi, ptuin, 3. (pro & scri- 
 bo,) to proscribe. 
 
 Prospere, adv. (prosperus,) prosper- 
 ously. 
 
 Pros per us, a, um, (pro & epero,) 
 prosperous. 
 
 Prospicio, exi, ectum, 3. (pro & spe- 
 cio,) to see, have a view of. 
 
 Prosterno, stravi, stratum, 3. (pro & 
 sterno,) to overthrow. 
 
 Prosum, prodesse, profui, (pro <fe 
 sum,) to be of use, to profit. 
 
 Proteus, ei and eos, m. name of a 
 sea-god. 
 
 Protinus, adv. (pro <fc ten us,) directly , 
 immediately. 
 
 Providentia, ae, f. (provideo,) provi- 
 dence. 
 
 Pro video, Idi, isum, 2. (pro & video,) 
 to look forward, foresee ; to pro- 
 vide. 
 
 Provlsus, part, from provideo. 
 
 Provincia, ae, f. (pro & vinco,) a 
 province ; a charge, business. 
 
 Provolo, avi, 1. (pro & volo,) to fly 
 out. 
 
 Proximus. See proprior. 
 
 Prudens, tis, adj. (providens,) pru- 
 dent. 
 
 Prudenter, adv. (prudens,) prudently. 
 
 Prudentia, ae, f. (prudens,) prudence. 
 
 Publicus, a, um, (populus,) public. 
 
 Pudet, uit or itum est, 2. it shames, 
 one is ashamed. 
 
 Pudlcus, a, um, (pudet,) modest. 
 
 Pudor, oris, m. (pudet,) shame. 
 
 Puella, ae, f. (puellus,) a girl. 
 
 Puer, eri, m. a boy. 
 
 Pugna, ae, f. (pugno,) a fight, battle. 
 
 Pugno, 1. (pugaus,) to fight \ 
 
140 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful, 
 Com p. chrior, sup. cherrimus. 
 
 Pullus, i, m. a chicken. 
 
 Pulsus, part, from pello. 
 
 Pulvis, eris, m. dust. 
 
 Punctum, i, n. (pungo,) a point. 
 
 Puppis, is, f. the stern of a ship. 
 
 Purus, a, um, pure. 
 
 Pusio, onis, m. (pusus,) a little boy. 
 
 Puto, 1. to think, consider. 
 
 Putresco, ere, (putreo,) to decay, pu- 
 trefy. 
 
 Putris, e, (putreo,) decaying, loose. 
 
 Pyrrho, orris, m. name of a philoso 
 pher. 
 
 Pyrrus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Pythagoras, ae, m. name of a phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 Pythius, a, um, Pythian. 
 
 Quadrigae, arum, f. pi. (quatuor & 
 
 jugum,) a four- horse team. 
 Quaclrupedans, tis, adj. (quadrupes,) 
 
 galloping. 
 Quadrupes, edis, adj. (quator & pes,) 
 
 four-footed. 
 Quaero, sivi and sii, sltum, 3. to 
 
 seek, inquire. 
 Quaesltus, part, from quaeso, and 
 
 adj. studied. 
 Quaeso, defect. I pray. 
 Qualis, e, interrog. pron. adj. (quis,) 
 
 of what kind? 
 Qualis, e, rel. pron. adj. (qui,) such 
 
 as ; as. 
 Quam, adv. (qui,) how, as much as, 
 
 as, than. With superlatives (with 
 
 or without possum,) very. 
 Quamquam, conj. (quam,) although. 
 Quamvis, conj. (quam vis,) however ; 
 
 although. 
 
 Quando, adv. when. 
 Quandocunque, adv. (quando & cun- 
 
 que,) whenever. 
 Quandoque, adv. (quando & que,) 
 
 sometimes. 
 Quandoquidem, adv. (quando & qui- 
 
 dem,) since. 
 
 Quantope're, adv. (quanto opere,) 
 how greatly. 
 
 Quantum, adv. (quantus,) as much 
 as ; as far as. 
 
 Quantus, a, um, interrog. pron. adj. 
 (quam,) how great, how much. 
 Gen. quanti, how dear ? for how 
 much? hoio valuable ! 
 
 Quantus, a, um, rel. pron. adj. 
 (quam,) as great as ; as. 
 
 Quare, adv. (qua re,) why ? where- 
 fore. 
 
 Quartus, a, um, (quatuor,) the 
 fourth. 
 
 Quasi, adv. (qui &, s4,) as if. 
 
 Quatio, ssum, 3. to shake. 
 
 Quattuor or Quatuor, indecl. num. 
 adj. four. 
 
 Que, enclitic conj. and; both. 
 
 Quemadmodum or quern ad modum, 
 interrog. and rel. how ; just as. 
 
 Queo, ivi and ii, itum, irreg. to be 
 able. 
 
 Queror, questus, 3. to lament, com- 
 plain. 
 
 Qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. who, 
 which, what. 
 
 Qui, adv. (quis,) how? 
 
 Quia, conj. (qui,) because. 
 
 Quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, pron. (qui & cumque,) 
 whosoever, whatsoever. 
 
 Quidam, quaedam, quod dam and 
 quiddam, pron. a certain, a cer- 
 tain one. 
 
 Quidem, adv. indeed; at least. Ne 
 quidem, not even. 
 
 Quies, etes, f. rest, quiet. 
 
 Quiesco, ievi, ietum, 3. (quies,) to 
 rest. 
 
 Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet and 
 quidlibet, pron. (qui & libet,) any 
 one you please, every one without 
 distinction. 
 
 Quin, conj. (qui & ne,) but that. 
 Quinque, indecl. Jive. 
 Quintus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Quippe, adv. (quia cfe pe,) in fact. 
 Qui rites, ium and um, m. pi. the 
 Romans. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 141 
 
 Quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron. 
 who ? which ? what ? 
 
 Quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, pron. 
 who pray? which pray? what 
 pray ? 
 
 Quisquam, quaequam, quidquam 
 and quicquam, indef. pron. (quis 
 <fe quarn,) anyone, anything, any. 
 
 Quisque, quaeque, quodque and 
 quidque or quicque, indef. pron. 
 (quis & que,) everyone, everything, 
 every. 
 
 Quivis, quaevis, quod vis and quid- 
 vis, indef. pron. (qui & vis,.) who 
 or what you please, anyone, any- 
 thing, any whatever. 
 
 Quo, adv. and conj. (qui,) whither, 
 where; in order that. 
 
 Quoad, adv. (qui & ad,) as long as, 
 until ; so far as. 
 
 Quocumque, adv. (quicumque,) 
 whithersoever. 
 
 Quod, conj. (qui,) that, in that ; be- 
 cause; as far as. Quod si, if 
 now. 
 
 Quodammodo or quodam modo, 
 adv. in a manner. 
 
 Quomodo or quo modo, adv. how, 
 by what means. 
 
 Quondam, adv. (quum,) formerly. 
 
 Quoniam, adv. (quum & jam.) since. 
 
 Quoque, conj. also. 
 
 Quot, indecl. pi. interrog. num. how 
 many. 
 
 Quotidie, adv. (quot & dies,) daily. 
 
 Quotus, a, um, (quot,) interrog. 
 ordin. num. which or what in 
 order ? 
 
 Quum or cum, adv. and conj. (qui,) 
 when ; since. Quum turn, not 
 only but also. 
 
 R 
 
 Rana, ae, f. a frog. 
 
 Rapax, acis, adj. (rapio,) rapacious. 
 
 Rapio, pui, ptum, 3. to snatch, to 
 
 carry away. 
 Raptus, part, of rapio. 
 Raro, adv. (rarus,) rarely. 
 
 Rarus, a, um, rare. 
 
 Ratio, onis, f. (reor,) calculation, de- 
 liberation, reason ; manner. 
 
 Ratiocinatio, onis, f. (ratiocinor,) 
 reasoning. 
 
 Ratis, is, f. a raft ; a vessel 
 
 Ravenna, ae, f. name of a town. 
 
 Rebello, 1. (re & bello,) to revolt. 
 
 Recedo, ssi, ssum, 3. (re & cedo,) to 
 retire, depart. 
 
 Recens, tis, adj./res/i, recent. 
 
 Recipio, cepi, ceptum, 3. (re & ca- 
 pio,) to regain; to receive. Se 
 recipere, to return. 
 
 Recito, 1. (re & cito,) to recite. 
 
 Recorder, 1. (re & cor,) to remem- 
 ber, to remind. 
 
 Recreo, 1. (re & creo,) to renew, re- 
 fresh. 
 
 Recte, adv. (rectus,) rightly, well, 
 straight. 
 
 Rectum, i, n. (rego,) the right. 
 
 Rectus, a, um, part, of rego. Also 
 adj. right, straight. Comp. ior ; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Recurro, rri, 3. (re & curro,) to run 
 back, return. 
 
 Recuso, 1. (re & causa,) to refuse. 
 
 Redditus, part, of reddo. 
 
 Reddo, didi, ditum, 3. (re & do,) to 
 give back, render. 
 
 Redeo, ire, ii, itum, (re & eo,) to go 
 back, return. 
 
 Redigo, egi, actum, 3. (re & ago,) to 
 drive or bring back ; to reduce. 
 
 Redintegro, 1. (re & integro,) to re- 
 new. 
 
 Redoleo, ui, 2. (re & oleo,) to smell 
 of. 
 
 Refero, ferre, tuli, latum. (re & fero,) 
 to carry back ; to repeat ; to reck- 
 on ; to reply ; to pay back. 
 
 Refert, impers. (res & fert,) it mat- 
 ters, imports. 
 
 Reficio, feci, fectum, 3. (re & facio,) 
 to restore, repair. 
 
 Refraeno, 1. (re <fc fraeno,) to bridle. 
 
 Regina, ae, f. (rex,) a queen. 
 
 Regio, onis, f. (rego,) a region. 
 
 Regius, a, um, (rex,) royal. 
 
142 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Regno, 1. (regnum,) to reign. 
 Regnum, i, n. (rex,) a kingdom. 
 Rego, xi, ctum, 3. to rule. 
 Relaxatio, onis, f. (relaxo,) relaxa- 
 tion. 
 
 Relego, 1. (re & lego,) to remove. 
 Relevo, 1. (re & levo,) to relieve; 
 
 to lessen. 
 
 Relictus, part, from relinquo. 
 Religio, onis, f. (relego,) religion. 
 Relinquo, liqui, lictuin, 3. (re & lin- 
 
 quo,) to leave. 
 
 Reliquus, a, urn, (relinquo,) remain- 
 ing^ the rest, other. 
 Remaneo, si, sum, 2. (re & maneo,) 
 
 to remain. 
 Remigro, 1. (re & migro,) to remove 
 
 back again. 
 Remitto, isi, issum, 3. (re & mitto,) 
 
 to send back ; to relax. 
 Remordeo, di, sum, 2. (re & mor- 
 
 deo,) to vex again. 
 Removeo, vi, turn, 2. (re & moveo,) 
 
 to remove. 
 
 Remunero, 1. to remunerate, reward. 
 Ren, renis, in. a kidney. In pi. the 
 
 loins. 
 
 Renuntio, 1. (re & nuntio,) to an- 
 nounce. 
 Repello, puli, pulsum, 3. (re & pello,) 
 
 to repel. 
 
 Repentlnus, a, um, (repens,) sudden. 
 Reperio, peri, pertum, 4. (re & pa- 
 
 rio,) to discover, to meet with, 
 
 find. 
 Repeto, ivi and ii, itum, 3. (re & 
 
 peto,) to repeat. 
 Repo, psi, ptum, 3. to crawl. 
 Reprehendo, di, sum, 3. (re & pre- 
 
 hendo,) to blame. 
 Reprimo, ressi, ressum, 3. (re <fc pre- 
 
 mo,) to repress. 
 Require, slvi, sltum, 3. (re & quae- 
 
 ro,) to seek again; to search for, 
 
 to require. 
 Res, rei, f. a thing; an affair; 
 
 property, circumstances. 
 Rescribo, ipsi, iptum, 3. (re & scri- 
 bo,) to write again, to reply in 
 writing. 
 
 Resolvo, vi, utum, 3. (re & solvo,) 
 
 to release. 
 Respicio, pexi, pectum, 3. (re & spe- 
 
 cio,) to reflect upon. 
 Respondeo, di, sum, 2. (re & spond- 
 
 eo,) to reply. 
 Respublica, reipublicae, f. (res & 
 
 publica,) a republic. 
 Re&puo, pui, putum, 3. (re & spuo,) 
 
 to reject. 
 Restituo, ui, utum, 3. (re & statuo,) 
 
 to restore, return. 
 Retentus, part, from retendo. 
 Reticiilum, i, n. (rete,) a small net. 
 Retmeo, inui, entum, 2. (re & teneo,) 
 
 to retain. 
 Retrogradus, a, um, (retro & gradior,) 
 
 going backwards. 
 Revelo, 1. (re & velo,) to reveal. 
 Revertor, versus, 3. (re & verto,) to 
 
 return. 
 
 Revoco, 1. (re & voco,) to recall. 
 Revolo, 1. (re & volo,) to fly back. 
 Reus, i, m. a person accused; a 
 
 criminal. 
 
 Rex, regis, m. (rego,) a king. 
 Rhenus, i, m. the Rhine. 
 Rhodanus, i, m. the Rhone. 
 Rideo, isi, isum, 2. to laugh. 
 Risus, us, m. (rideo,) laughter. 
 Rivus, i, m. a brook, 
 Robustus, a, um, (robur,) strong. 
 Rodo, si, sum, 3. to gnaw ; to slan- 
 der. 
 
 Rogatus, part, from 
 Rogo, 1. to ask, pray. Rogare sen- 
 
 tentiam, to ask one's opinion. 
 Roma, ae, f. Rome. 
 Romanus, a, um, (Roma,) Roman. 
 Romulus, i, m. the first king of 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Rosa, ae, f. a rose. 
 Roscius, a, um, Roscian. 
 Rostrum, n. (rodo,) a beak. 
 Rubeo, ui, 2. (ruber,) to be red. 
 Ruber, bra, bruin, red. 
 Rullus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Ruo, ui, utum and uitum, 3. to go to 
 
 ruin ; to fall ; to hasten. 
 Rupes, is, f, a rock, 
 
VO C ABUL ART. 
 
 143 
 
 Rursus, adv. (reversus,) backwards, 
 
 again. 
 Rus, ruris, n. the country, fields; a 
 
 country seat. 
 Rusticor, atus, 1. (rusticus,) to dwell 
 
 in the country, rusticate. 
 Rutuli, orum, m. pi. the Rutidians. 
 
 Sabbatum, i, n. the Sabbath. 
 
 Sacer, era, crum, sacred. 
 
 Sacerdos, otis, m. and f. (sacer,) a 
 
 priest or priestess. 
 Sacrificium, i, n. (sacrifice,) a sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 Sacro, 1. (sacer,) to consecrate. 
 Sacrum, i, n, (sacer,) a sacred rite. 
 Saepe, adv. often. Comp. saepius, 
 
 oft ener. 
 Saepenumero, adv. (saepe & nume- 
 
 ro,) oftentimes. 
 Saguntini, orum, m. pi. the Sagun- 
 
 tians. 
 
 Salsus, a, um, (salio,) salt. 
 Saltern, (salvus,) at least. 
 Saltus, us, m. a woodland. 
 Salus, utis, f. (salvus,) welfare, safety. 
 Salutaris, e, (salus,) profitable. 
 Saluto, 1. (salus,) to salute, pay one's 
 
 respects to. 
 Salvus, a, um, unhurt, inviolate; 
 
 safe, well. 
 Samii, orum, m. pi. the inhabitants 
 
 of Samos. 
 Sancio, ivi, ii or xi, citum or ctum, 
 
 4. to consecrate; to establish, 
 
 confirm. 
 
 Sanctif ico, are, (sanctificus,) to sanc- 
 tify, hallow. 
 Sanctus, a, um, part, from sancio, 
 
 and adj. holy. Comp. ior; sup. 
 
 issimus. 
 
 Sane, adv. (sanus,) certainly. 
 Sanguis, inis, m. blood. 
 Sapiens, tis, part, from sapio, and 
 
 adj. wise. 
 
 Sapientia, ae, f. (sapiens,) wisdom. 
 Sapio, ivi and ii or ui, 3. to be wise; 
 
 to know. 
 
 Sarcina, ae, f, (sarcio,) a package, 
 bundle. 
 
 Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, 4. to restore, 
 repair. 
 
 Satelles, ites, m. and f. an attend- 
 ant ; a satellite. 
 
 Satio, 1. (satis,) to satisfy, satiate. 
 
 Satis, adv. enough, sufficiently. 
 
 Satius, coinp. of satis, preferable, 
 better. 
 
 Saucius, a, um, wounded. 
 
 Saxonicus, a, um, Saxon. 
 
 Saxum, i, n. a rock. 
 
 Sea pus, i, m. a quire. 
 
 Scelestus, a, um, (scelus,) wicked. 
 
 Scelus, eris, n. a crime. 
 
 Schola, ae, f. a school. 
 
 Scientia, ae, f. (sciuns,) a science. 
 
 Scintilla, ae, f. a spark. 
 
 Scio, ivi or ii, itum, 4. to know. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 Sciscitor, atus, 1. (scisco,) to inquire. 
 
 Scribo, psi, ptum, 3. to write. 
 
 Scriptorius, a, um, (scribo,) of or be- 
 longing to writing, writing. 
 
 Scriptura, ae, f. writing ; scripture. 
 
 Scylla, ae, f. name of a rock. 
 
 Seculum, i, n. an age. 
 
 Secundum, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 (secundus,) behind ; close to ; ac- 
 cording to. 
 
 Secundus, a, um, (sequor,) following, 
 second, subordinate, secondary, in- 
 ferior ; favorable. 
 
 Securitas, atis, f. (seeurus,) compos- 
 ure. 
 
 Sed, conj. but. 
 
 Sedeo, di, ssum, 2. to sit. 
 
 Sedes, is, f. (sedeo,) the seat, abode. 
 
 Seditio, onis, f. (sedeo,) sedition. 
 
 Sedo, 1. (sedeo,) to allay. 
 
 Seges, etis, f. a cornfield. 
 
 Segnis, e, (sine & ignis,) dull, inac- 
 tive. 
 
 Sejanus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Sella, ae, f. (sedes,) a chair. 
 
 Semel, adv. (simul,) once, at once. 
 
 Semen, mis, n. (sero,) seed. 
 
 Sementis, is, f. (semen,) a sowing. 
 
144 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Semper, adv. always. 
 
 Sempiternus, a, um, (semper,) ever- 
 lasting. 
 
 Senator, onis, m. (senex,) a senator. 
 
 Senatus, us, m. (senex,) the senate. 
 
 Senecta, ae, f. (senex,) old age. 
 
 Senectus, utis, f. (senex,) old age. 
 
 Senex, is, m. and f. an old man or 
 woman. 
 
 Sensus, us, m. (sentio,) sense, feeling. 
 
 Sententia, ae, f. (sentio,) opinion, a 
 sentiment. 
 
 Sentina, ae, f. the rabble. 
 
 Sentio, si, sum, 4. to feel; to think, 
 perceive. 
 
 Sepelio, pelivi and pelii, pultum, 4. 
 to bury. 
 
 Septem, indecl. num. adj. seven. 
 
 Septimus, a, um, (septem,) the sev- 
 enth. 
 
 Sequor, cutus sum, 3. to follow, obey. 
 
 Sere, adv. (serus,) late. Comp. se- 
 rius, later ; sup. serissime. 
 
 Serenus, a, um, clear, serene, pros- 
 perous. Sereno, in fair weather. 
 
 Serius, a, um, (sine & risus,) serious. 
 Abl. serio, in earnest, seriously. 
 
 Sermo, onis, m. (sero,) talk, speech. 
 
 Sero, adv. (serus,) too late. 
 
 Sro, sevi, satum, 3. to sow, plant. 
 
 Sero, serui, sertum, 3. to bind to- 
 gether, connect. 
 
 Serpens, tis, f. (serpo,) a serpent. 
 
 Servio, ivi and ii, Itum, 4. (servus,) 
 to be a slave. 
 
 Servitus, utis, f. (servus,) slavery. 
 
 Servius Tullius, name of the sixth 
 king of Rome. 
 
 Servo, 1. to watch; to preserve, keep, 
 to stay. 
 
 Servus, i, m. (servo,) a slave. 
 
 Sestertius, i, m. (semis <fe tertius,) 
 a sesterce. 
 
 Seu or sive, conj. whether* ; seu 
 seu, whether or. 
 
 Sex, indecl. num. adj. six. 
 
 Sextus, i, m. a Roman praenomen. 
 
 Sextus, a, um, (sex,) the sixth. 
 
 Si, conj. if. 
 
 Sibilo, are, (sibilus,) to hiss. 
 
 Sic, adv. so, thus. 
 
 Sicanus and Sicanus, a, um, Sicilian. 
 
 Sicco, 1. to dry. 
 
 Sicilia, ae, f. Sicily. 
 
 Sicut, conj. (sic & ut,) just as, so as ; 
 as if. 
 
 Sidus, eris, n. a star. 
 
 Signo, 1. (signum,) to mark, desig- 
 nate. 
 
 Signum, i, n. a sign. 
 
 Silentium, i, n. (sileo,) silence. 
 
 Sileo, ui, 2. to be silent. 
 
 Silex, ids, m. and sometimes f. flint. 
 
 Similis, e, like, resembling. Comp. 
 ilior; sup. illimus. 
 
 Simile, is, n. a comparison. 
 
 Similitudo, inis, f. (similis,) similar- 
 ity. 
 
 Simpliciter, adv. (simplex,) simply, 
 naturally. Comp. simplicius ; 
 sup. simplicissime. 
 
 Simul, adv. (simile,) together, at 
 once. Simul atque, as soon as. 
 
 Simulo, 1. (similis,) to pretend. 
 
 Sin, conj. but if, if however. Some- 
 times for sin, sin autem. 
 
 Sine. prep, with abl. without. 
 
 Singulus, a, um, each; single, sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 Sinister, tra, trum, (sino,) on the 
 left; unlucky. 
 
 Sino, vi, turn, 3. to suffer, permit ; 
 Situs, of places, situated. 
 
 Siquis and siqui, siqua, siquod and 
 si quid, pron. if any one, if any. 
 
 Sitio, ivi, Itum, 4. (sitis,) to thirst, 
 thirst after. 
 
 Societas, atis, f. connection, associa- 
 tion, society, fellowship, commun- 
 ion. 
 
 Socius, i, m. an associate. 
 
 Socrates, is, m. name of a philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Sodalis, is, m. and f. a companion. 
 
 Sodalitas, atis, f. (sodalis,) fellow- 
 ship, friendship, society. 
 
 Sol, sol is, m. the sun. 
 
 Solatium, i, n. (solor,) consolation. 
 
 Soleo, solitus, 2. to be accustomed. 
 
 Solicitude, inis, f. (solicitus,) anxiety. 
 
V O C ABUL ART. 
 
 145 
 
 Solidus, a, urn, solid. 
 
 Solitude, mis, f. (solus,) solitude. 
 
 Solon, onis, m. a man's name. 
 
 Sol um, i, n. the ground, soil, floor. 
 
 Solum, adv. (solus,) only, alone. 
 
 Solus, a, uni, alone, only. 
 
 Solvo, vi, utum, 3. to loose, disen- 
 gage ; to pay, discharge, per- 
 form ; to dissolve. 
 
 Somnio, 1. (somnium,) to dream. 
 
 Somniurn, i, n, (somnus,) a dream. 
 
 Sornnus, i, m. sleep. 
 
 Somtus, us, m. (sono,) a sound. 
 
 Sono, ui, itum, 1. to sound. 
 
 Sonus, i, m. (sono,) a sound. 
 
 Soracte, is, n. name of a mountain. 
 
 Sordes, is, f. dirt. 
 
 Soror, oris, f. a sister. 
 
 Sors, tis, f. (sero,) lot, destiny. 
 
 Sortitio, onis, f. (sortio,) a casting 
 of lots. 
 
 Spartiatae, arum, m. pi. the Spar- 
 tans. 
 
 Species, ei, f. (specie,) appearance; 
 likeness; a species. 
 
 Specto, I. (specio,) to see, look at ; 
 to pay attention, bear in mind. 
 
 Speculum, i, n. (specio,) a mirror. 
 
 Sperno, sprevi, spretum, 3. to reject, 
 despise. 
 
 Spero, 1 . to hope. 
 
 Spes, ei, f. (spero,) hope. 
 
 Spiritus, us, m. (spiro,) breath. 
 
 Spissus, a, um, thick. 
 
 Spleudeo, dui, 2. to xhine. 
 
 Sponte, abL f. of ones own accord* 
 
 Sputum, i, n. (spuo,) spit. 
 
 Squalor, oris, m. (squaleo,) squalor, 
 filth. 
 
 Stabilis, e, (sto,) firm, fixed. 
 
 Stadium, i, n. a race-course. 
 
 Statim, adv. (sto,) on the instant, 
 immediately. 
 
 Statua, ae, f. (statuo,) a statue. 
 
 Statuo, ui, utum, 3. (sto,) to appoint ; 
 
 to rexolve^ 
 
 Status, us, m. (sto,) a state. 
 Stella, ae, f. a star. 
 Sthenius, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 13 
 
 Stichus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Stimulo, 1. (stimulus,) to incite. 
 Sto, steti, statum, 1 . to stand, stand 
 
 still; to maintain one's ground. 
 
 Magno stare, to cost dear. 
 Stomachor, atus, 1. (stomachus,) to 
 
 be angry. 
 
 Strages, is, f. (sterno,) a slaughter. 
 Stragulus, a, um, (sterno,) covering, 
 
 spreading. 
 
 Studeo, ui, 2. to study. 
 Studiosus, a, um, (studium,) eager, 
 
 desirous. 
 
 Studium, i, n. zeal, desire ; study. 
 Stultitia, ae, f. (stultus,) folly, im- 
 prudence. 
 
 Stultus, a. um, foolish. 
 Suadeo, si, sum, 2. to advise; to 
 
 persuade. 
 Suavis, e, sweet, pleasant. Comp. 
 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 Suaviter, adv. (suavis,) sweetly, 
 
 agreeably. 
 Sub, prep, with ace. or abl. under; 
 
 during. 
 
 Subactus, part, from subigo. 
 Subduco, xi, ctum, 3. (sub & duco,) 
 
 to draw away ; to lead* bring. 
 Subeo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, (sub A 
 
 eo,) to go under ; to mount / to 
 
 approach. 
 Subigo, egi, actum, 3. (sub & ago,) 
 
 to subject, reduce. 
 Subito, adv. (subitus,) suddenly. 
 Subltus, a, um, (subeo,) sudden. 
 Sublatus, part, from tollo or suffero. 
 Sublevo, 1. (sub & levo,) to lighten, 
 
 relieve. 
 
 Submissus. See Summissus. 
 Submotus, part, from 
 Submoveo, vi, turn, 2. (sub A moveo,) 
 
 to remove. 
 Subsitio, lui or ii, 4. (sub <fe salio,) 
 
 to leap up. 
 Subsisto, Ptiti, 3. (sub & eisto,) to 
 
 stand still. 
 Subter, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 
 below, under. 
 
 Subterlabor, psus, 3. (subter <fe la- 
 bor,) to flow under. 
 
146 
 
 VO C ABULARY. 
 
 SubvSnio, eni, entum, 4. (sub & ve- 
 nio,) to come to one's aid. 
 
 Succenseo, ui, 2. (succensus,) to be 
 angry. 
 
 Succumbo, ciibui, cubitum, 3. (sub 
 & cumbo,) to succumb, yield. 
 
 Succurro, cucurri, cursum, (sub <fc 
 curro,) to succor; to come into 
 one's mind, to suggest itself. 
 
 Succus, i, m. (sugo,) moisture. 
 
 Sudo, 1 . to perspire, to carry on la- 
 boriously. 
 
 Suffero and subfero, sufferre and 
 eubferre, sustuli, sublatum, (sub 
 A fero,) to endure. 
 
 Sufficio, feci, fectum, 3. (sub & fa- 
 cio,) to be sufficient. 
 
 Sui, subs. pron. of himself, herself, 
 itself or themselves. 
 
 Sulla, ae, m. name of a Roman 
 family. 
 
 Sum, esse, fui, futurus, irreg. to be. 
 Also, to be worth. 
 
 Summa, ae, f. (summus,) the sum, 
 uhole, supreme power. 
 
 Summissus, a, urn, (submitto,) gen- 
 tle, low, not vehement. Couip. 
 ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Summus. See Supremus. 
 
 Sumo, msi and mpsi, mtum and 
 mptum, 3. (sub & emo,) to take; 
 to procure. 
 
 Sumptus, us, m. expense. 
 
 Super, adv. and prep, with ace. or 
 abl. above, over. 
 
 Superbia, ae, f. pride, arrogance. 
 
 Superbus, a, um, proud. 
 
 Supergredior, gressus, 3. (super <fe 
 gradior,) to pass over or above. 
 
 Supero, 1. (super,) to conquer; to 
 surpass. 
 
 Supersubstantialis, e, (super <fc sub- 
 stantialis,) necessary for subsist- 
 ence. 
 
 Superus, a, um, (super.) high. Comp. 
 superior ; sup. supremus or sum- 
 mus. 
 
 Supervacaneus, a, um,(superyacuus,) 
 useless. 
 
 Supervacuus, a, um, (super <fe va- 
 cuus,) superfluous, needless. 
 
 Suppedito, 1. (suppeto,) to supply. 
 
 Supplicium, i, n. (supplex,) punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Supra, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 (super,) above. 
 
 Supremus, a, um, sup. of superus, 
 last, final; chief. 
 
 Surculus, i, m. a sprout. 
 
 Surgo, rexi, rectum, 3. to arise. 
 
 Suscipio, cepi, ceptum, 3. (sub <& 
 capio,) to undertake. 
 
 Suspectus, a, um, pnrt. from 
 
 Suspicio, xi, ctum, 3. (sub & specie,) 
 to suspect. 
 
 Suspicio, onis, f. (suspicio,) suspicion. 
 
 Suspicor, 1. (suspicio.) to suspect. 
 
 Sustento, 1. (sustineo,) to bear up, 
 support. 
 
 Sustineo, inui, entum, 2. (sub <fe te- 
 neo,) to support. 
 
 Suus, a, um, adj. pron. his, her, its, 
 their. 
 
 Synagoga, ae, f. a synagogue. 
 
 Syracusae, arum, f. Syracuse. 
 
 Tabeo, bui, 2. to waste away. 
 
 Taberna, ae, f. a shop ; a tavern. 
 
 Tabula, ae, f. a tablet ; picture. 
 
 Taceo, cui, citum, 2. to be silent. 
 
 Tactus, us, m. (tango,) touch. 
 
 Talis, e, such. 
 
 jfalpa, ae, f. a mole. 
 
 Tarn, adv. so, so very. Tarn quam, 
 as well as, as much as. 
 
 Tamdiu, adv. so long, a long time. 
 
 Tumen, conj. nevertheless. 
 
 Tametsi, conj. (tamen <fe etsi,) al- 
 though. 
 
 Tandem, adv. "(turn demum,) at 
 length ; now, pray now. 
 
 Tango, tetigi, Jbactum^ 3. to touch. 
 
 Tantum, adv. so*ftffii.6h, only. 
 
 Tantus, a, um, so greuf* Abl. tanto, 
 by so much. 
 
 Tardiusciilus, a, um, (tardus,) some- 
 what slow. 
 
VO C A BUL ARY. 
 
 147 
 
 Tardus, a, um, slow. Comp. ior; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Tarentum, i, n. name of a town. 
 
 Tarquinii, orum, m. name of a town. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus, the last king 
 of Rome. 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king 
 of Rome. 
 
 Tarraco, on is, f. name of a town. 
 
 Taurus, i, m. a bull. 
 
 Tectum, i, n. (tego,) a roof; a dwell- 
 ing. 
 
 Tego, xi, ctum, 3. to cover. 
 
 Telum, i, n. a dart. 
 
 Temerarie, adv. (temerarius,) rashly. 
 
 Temere, adv. rashly. 
 
 Temeritas, atis, f. (temere,) rash- 
 ness, boldness. 
 
 Temperantia, ae, f. (temperans,) 
 moderation, temperance. 
 
 Tempero, 1. (tempus,) to moderate; 
 to refrain from. 
 
 Tempestas, atis, f. weather. 
 
 Templurn, i, n. (tempus,) a temple. 
 
 Tempus, oris, n. time. 
 
 Teneo, nui, ntum, 2. to hold, keep. 
 
 Tentatio, onis, f. (tento,) trial, temp- 
 tation. 
 
 Tento, 1. (ten do.) to try, attempt. 
 
 Tenuis, e, thin. Comp. ior; sup. 
 issimus. 
 
 Tepeo, ui, 2. to be warm. 
 
 Tepidus, a, um, (tepeo,) warm. 
 
 Ter, num. adv. (tres,) three times. 
 
 Tergum, i, n. tlte back, the rear. 
 
 Terminus, i, m. a boundary, limit, 
 end. 
 
 Terra, ae, f. the earth ; land. 
 
 Terreo, rui, ritum, 2. to terrify ; to 
 frighten off. 
 
 Terror, oris, m. (terreo,) terror. 
 
 Tertius, a, um, (ter,) third. 
 
 Testis, is, m. and f. a witness. 
 
 Testula, ae, f. a brickbat. 
 
 Thales, is and 6tis, m. name of a 
 philosopher. 
 
 The ban i, orum, m. pi. the Theban*. 
 
 Themistocles, i and is, m. an Athe- 
 nian commander. 
 
 Thersltes, ae, m. a man's name. 
 
 Thesaurus, i, m treasure. 
 
 Tiberis, is, m. the Tiber. 
 
 Tiberius, i, m. a Roman praenomen. 
 
 Timeo, ui, 2. to fear. Timeo, ut, / 
 fear, that not. 
 
 Timor, oris, m. (timeo,) fear. 
 
 Timotheus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Tisi phone, es, f. one of the Furies. 
 
 Titulus, i, m. a title. 
 
 Titus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Toga, ae, f. (tego,) the toga, the 
 outer garment of the Romans. 
 
 Tolero, 1. to tolerate ; to maintain. 
 
 Tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3. to raise 
 up; to bear; to remove; take 
 away. 
 
 Tondeo, totondi, tonsum, 2. to shave. 
 
 Tono, ui, 1. to thunder. 
 
 Torrens. tis, m. (torreo,) a torrent. 
 
 Tot, indecl. num. adj. so many. 
 
 Totus, a, um, the whole. 
 
 Trado, didi, ditum, 3. (trans & do,) 
 to deliver, commit. 
 
 Traho, xi, ctum, 3. to draw. 
 
 Tranquillitas, atis, f. (tranquillus,) 
 tranquillity. 
 
 Tranquillus, a, um, calm. 
 
 Trans, prep, with ace. across, be- 
 yond. 
 
 Transcendo, di, sum, 3. (trans <fc 
 scando,) to pass, cross. 
 
 Transeo, ire, Ivi and ii, itum, (trans 
 & eo,) to go over or to, to croxs. 
 
 Transvolo, 1. (trans & volo,) to pass 
 over. 
 
 Tres, tria, num. adj. three. 
 
 Tribunus, i, m. (tribus,) a tribune. 
 
 Tribuo, ui, utum, 3. to bestow; to 
 ascribe ; to distribute. 
 
 Tributum, i, n. (tribuo,) a tax, trib- 
 ute. 
 
 Triginta, indecl. num. adj. thirty. 
 
 Tri- tis, e, sad. 
 
 Tristitia, ae, f. (tristis,) sadness. 
 
 Triumphus, i, m. a triumph. 
 
 Troja, ae, f. Troy. 
 
 Trucido, 1. (trux & caedo,) to mas- 
 sacre. 
 
 Truncus, i, m. the trunk of a tree. 
 Also, a blockhead. 
 
148 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Tu, tui, subst. pron. thou, you. 
 
 Tuli. See Fero. 
 
 TuJlus Hostilius, the third king of 
 Rome. 
 
 Turn, adv. then. Turn atque, 
 both and. 
 
 Tumeo, ui, 2. to swell. 
 
 Tumidus, a, urn, (tumeo,) swollen. 
 
 Tumultus, us, m. (tumeo,) a tumult. 
 
 Tunica, ae, f. a tunic. 
 
 Turbo, 1. (turba,) to disturb. 
 
 Turnus, i, m. name of a man. 
 
 Turpis, e, ugly ; disgraceful. Comp. 
 ior ; sup. issimus. 
 
 TurpTter, adv. (turpis,) disgrace- 
 fully. 
 
 Tutus, a, urn, safe. Comp. ior; 
 sup. issimus. 
 
 Tuto, adv. (tutus,) in safety. 
 
 Tuus, a, um, adj. pron. (tu,) thy, 
 your. 
 
 Tybur or Tibur, iiris, n. name of a 
 town. 
 
 Tyrannus, i, m. a monarch; a ty- 
 rant. 
 
 TJ 
 
 Uber, eris, adj. fruitful. Comp. 
 rior ; sup. rimus. 
 
 Ubi, adv. where ; when. 
 
 Ubieunque, adv. (ubi & cunque,) 
 wheresoever, 
 
 Ubique, adv. (ubi & que,) every 
 where. 
 
 Ulciscor, ultus, 3. to take revenge. 
 
 Ullue, a, um, any, any one. 
 
 Ultra, adv. and prep, with ace. be- 
 yond. 
 
 Ultro, adv. beyond. Ultro citro, 
 this way and that. 
 
 TJlulo, 1. 'to howl. 
 
 Ulysses, is, ei and i, a Grecian hero. 
 
 Umbra, ae, f. a shade; a resem- 
 blance. 
 
 Unda, ae, f. a wave. 
 
 Unde, adv. whence. 
 
 Ungula, ae, f. (unguis,) a hoof. 
 
 Universus, a, um, (uiius <fe versus,) 
 the whole, all. 
 
 Unquam, adv. ever. 
 
 Unus, a, um, one. 
 
 Urbs, urbis, f. (orbis,) a city. 
 
 Urna, ae, f. an urn. 
 
 Uro, ussi, usturn, 3. to burn. 
 
 Usquam, adv. any where, in any 
 thing. 
 
 Usque, adv. until; thus far. 
 
 Usus, us, m. (utor,) the -use. 
 
 Ut, adv. and conj. as; that, in or- 
 der that, so. 
 
 Utensilia, ium, n. pi. (utensilis,) 
 things that may be used ; utensils. 
 
 Uter, tra, trum, pron. which of the 
 two. 
 
 Uterque, traque, trumque, (uter & 
 que,) each, both. 
 
 Utilh, e, (utor,) useful. 
 
 Utilitas, atis, f. (utilis,) advantage, 
 utility. 
 
 Utinam, adv. (uti & nam,) that ! 
 
 Utor, usus, 3. to use. 
 
 Utrum, adv. (uter,) whether. 
 
 Uva, ae, f. a bunch of grapes. 
 
 Uxor, oris, f. a wife. 
 
 Vaco, 1. to be destitute of, to be 
 without. 
 
 Vacuus, a, um, (vaco,) empty ; emp- 
 ty handed. 
 
 Vaeneo, Ire, ivi and ii, itum, (venum 
 <fe eo,) to be sold. 
 
 Vado, si, sum, 3. to go. 
 
 Vagus, a, urn, wandering; indefi- 
 nite. 
 
 Vah, interj. oh ! ah ! alas I 
 
 Valde, (validus.) strongly, very. 
 
 Valentinus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Valeo, lui, litum, 2. to be well or 
 strong ; to influence, avail, effect ; 
 to be worth. 
 
 Valerius, i, m. name of a Roman, 
 gens. 
 
 Valetudo, inis, f. (valeo,) health. 
 
 Validus, a, um, (valeo,) strong. 
 Com p. ior; sup. issimus. 
 
 Vaivae, arum, i. folding-doors. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 149 
 
 Vaniloquentia, ae, f. (vaniloquus,) 
 vaunting, empty boasting. 
 
 Vapor, oris, m. vapor. 
 
 VariStas, atis, f. (varius,) diversity, 
 variety. 
 
 Varius, a, mn, various. 
 
 Varus, i, m. a man's name. 
 
 Vas, vasis, n. a vessel. 
 
 Vasculum, i, n. (vas,) a little vessel. 
 
 Ve, conj. same as Vel. 
 
 Vectigal, alls, n. revenue. 
 
 Vehemens, tis, (ve & mens,) vehe- 
 ment, furious. 
 
 Vehementer, adv. (vehemens,) ve- 
 hemently, greatly. Comp. men- 
 tius ; sup. mentissime. 
 
 Veho, exi, ectum, 3. to bear, convey ; 
 in the passive, to ride. 
 
 Veii, drum, m. name of a city. 
 
 Vel, conj. or. With a superl. vel 
 gives force. 
 
 Velo, 1. (velum,) to cover, veil; to 
 conceal. 
 
 Venator, oris, m. (venor,) a hunter. 
 
 Venenum, i, n. poison. 
 
 Veneror, ratus, 1. to worship. 
 
 Venia, ae, f. pardon. 
 
 Venio, eni, entum, 4. to come. 
 
 Venor, atus, 1. to hunt. 
 
 Ventus, i, m. the wind. 
 
 Ver, veris, n. the spring. 
 
 Verbena, ae, f. a sacred herb or 
 branch. 
 
 Verber, eris, n. a scourge ; a stroke. 
 
 Verbum, i, n. a word. 
 
 Verecundus, a, um, (vereor,) re- 
 spectful. 
 
 Vereor, veritus, 2. to fear. Vereor 
 ut, I fear that not. 
 
 Vergo, versi, 3. to turn towards ; to 
 border upon. 
 
 Verftas, atis, f. (verus,) truth. 
 
 Vermis, is, m. (verto,) a worm. 
 
 Vernus, a, um, (ver,) of the spring- 
 time. 
 
 Vero, adv. (verus,) truly; yes. 
 
 Verso, 1. (verto,) to roll, turn. Ver- 
 sari, to be in a place ; to be con- 
 cerned with ; to dwell. 
 
 Versus, prep, with ace. towards. 
 
 Versus, us, m. (verto,) verse, poetry. 
 Versutus, a, um, (verto,) adroit. 
 
 Comp. ior; sup. isslmus. 
 Verum, conj. (verus,) but; truly; 
 
 yes. 
 
 Verum, i, n. (verus,) the truth. 
 Veruntamen, conj. (verum <fe tamen,) 
 
 but yet. 
 
 Verus, a, um, true. 
 Vespera, ae, f. the evening. 
 Vesperasco, ravi, 3. (vesper,) to be- 
 come evening. 
 Vester, tra, trum, adj. pron. (vos,) 
 
 your. 
 
 Vestigium, i, n. a footstep, trace. 
 Vestio, ivi, itum, 4. (vestio,) to 
 
 clothe ; to cover. 
 Vestis, is, f. a garment ; tapestry, a 
 
 carpet. 
 
 Veto, ui, itum, 1. (vetus,) to forbid. 
 Vetus, eris, adj. old, ancient. 
 Vetustas, atis, f. (vetus,) oldness, 
 
 length of time. 
 Vexo, 1. to distress. 
 Via, ae, f. a way, road, path. 
 Viator, oris, m. (vio,) a traveler. 
 Viclnus, a, um, (vicus,) near, neigh- 
 
 Victor, oris, m. (vinco,) a conqueror. 
 Victoria, ae, f. (victor,) victory. 
 Victus, part, from vinco. 
 Video, vldi, vlsum, 2. to see. Videri, 
 
 to seem. 
 
 Vigeo, ui, 2. to live; to be active. 
 Vigilo, 1. (vigil,) to watch. 
 Villa, ae, f. a country seat. Also, 
 
 the country. 
 
 Villicus, i, m. the overseer of a farm. 
 Vincio, nxi, nctum, 4. to bind, fetter. 
 Vinco, vici, victum, 3. to conquer ; 
 
 to surpass. 
 Vinculum, i, n. (vincio,) a band or 
 
 fetter. 
 Vindico, 1. (vim & dico,) to claim, 
 
 appropriate. 
 Vinea, ae, f. a shed. 
 Vinum, i, n. wine. 
 Viola, ae, f. a violet. 
 Violarium, i, n. (viola,) a bed of 
 
 violets. 
 
150 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Violo, 1. (vis,) to violate, injure, of- 
 fend. 
 
 Vir, viri, ra. a man. 
 Viresco, ere. (vireo,) to grow green. 
 Viridis, e, (vireo,) green, verdant. 
 Virtus, atis, f. (vir,) virtue. 
 Yis, vis, f. power; violence; 
 
 strength; quantity. 
 Visceratio, onis, f. (viscus,) a public 
 
 distribution of meat. 
 Viscus, eris, and pi. Viscera, um, n. 
 
 the inner parts of the body, the 
 
 bowels. 
 Viso, si, sum, 3. (video,) to view, 
 
 see ; to visit. 
 Visus, part, from video. 
 Vita, ae, f. life. Agere vitam, to 
 
 live. 
 
 Viteberga, ae, f. Wittemberg. 
 Vitium, i, n. vice. 
 Vito, 1. to shun, avoid, escape. 
 Vitnpero, 1. (vitium,) to blame, find 
 
 fault with. 
 
 Vivo, vixi, victum, 3. to live. 
 Vivus, a, um, (vivo,) living. 
 Vix, adv. hardly, with difficulty. 
 Vocabulum, i, n. (voco,) a word, 
 
 name. 
 
 Voco, 1. (vox,) to call. 
 Vocontii, drum, m. pi. a people of 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 Volo, 1. to fly. 
 
 Volo, velle, volui, to be willing ; to 
 
 wish. 
 Voluntas, atis, f. (volens,) will, 
 
 choice. 
 
 Volvo, vi, utum, 3. to roll. 
 Voluptas, atis, f. (volupis,) pleasure. 
 Vos, pi. of tu, ye, you. 
 Vox, vocis, f. the voice. 
 Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan. 
 Vulgus, i, n. and sometimes m. the 
 
 public ; the people, multitude. 
 Vulnus, eris, n. a wound. 
 Vulpecula, ae, f. (vulpes,) a little 
 
 fox. 
 
 Vulpes, is, f. a fox. 
 Vultus, us, m. the countenance. 
 
 Xanthippe, es, a woman's name. 
 Xerxes, is, m. prop, name of a king 
 of Persia. 
 
 Zaleucus, i, m. a man's name. 
 Zeno, onis, m. name of a philosopher. 
 Zeuxis, is and idis, m. a Grecian 
 painter. 
 
MAY 30193 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY