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rte Mliiri Kluiv in Hff i ltt.Co.SS f>A Pljtt. 
 
 THE FLO\A/^ER GIRL AT MARSEILLES. 
 
ILLUSTRATED HOME BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 The Worlds Great Nations 
 
 BEING A 
 
 Geographical, Historical and Pictoeial Encyclopedia, 
 
 DESCRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING THE 
 
 Scenes, Events, Manners and Cnstoms of Many Nations, fi^oin the 
 Dawn of- Cwilizatio7i to the Present Time, 
 
 EMBELLISHED WITH 
 
 OVER ONE THOUSAND ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 MOST EMINENT ARTISTS.S. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 THOMAS POWELL 
 
 Chicago: 
 
 THE WERNER COMPANY 
 
 1893. 
 
Copyrighted by Mns. Frank Leslie, 1891. 
 Copyright, 1893, 
 
 THE WERNER COMPANY 
 
 ^ 
 
Gils 
 
 PREFAOE 
 
 f MHE intention of the Publishers, in tliis volume, is to present to the readers a brief but comprehensive account 
 of all nations, from the rudest to the highest state of civilization ; and illustrating every phase of life with Engrav- 
 ings exactly representing the scenes described. This work embodies in this way the results ot all the great travels 
 and explorations of recent years, in which the photograph and pencil have combined to aid in giving us correct and 
 detailed information never before attainable. Accounts of foreign lands, without illustration, lose half their force, while, 
 aided by truthful pictures, they make a clear and ineffaceable impression on the mind. This has induced the lavish 
 illustration of the present volume, which presents a thousand views of every kind. These have all been designed by artists 
 of world-wide renown, and engraved by the best workmen, at a cost of at least sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 They venture to assert that no work of .<!imilar wealth of Illustration has ever before appeared. Not only 
 are the scenes of active life and adventure graphically depicted, but the principal buildings of the present time, as 
 well as the ruins of antiquity, have been carefully engraved from the most authentic photographs : thus giving, to a 
 work of absorbing interest and amusement, an antiquarian value never before combined m the same volume. 
 
 The Compiler, after much deliberation, has commenced with the East, the birtli-pkce of refinement and 
 civiKzation ; for however true it may be, that with progress of time the staik of empire travels westward, the 
 great historical fact remains unshaken, that the arts and sciences had their origin in Asia. Thence they traveled to 
 T^gypti spreading from there to Greece, which, in turn, gave literature and science to Rome, whose spirit of military 
 ■conquest carried the light of civilization to the ends of the then known world. 
 
The present work, therefore, may be regarded as a succinct history of human progress and adventure, in whicli 
 the varying phase of man's progress are distinctly marked. In a T\orcl, it may be considered tlie history of tlie Immac 
 race to the present time. As snch, it gives in a single volnmc a perfect library of geographical information, wliich 
 could not be acquired in any other form, without immense expanse. !No one who wishes to give the family circle, in an 
 attractive form, a perfect panorama of the world, with its scenery, its monuments, its costumes, its palaces, and its 
 cottages, will neglect the opportunity now afforded. 
 
 With tills book at hand for ready reference, the whole world lies before them, not in didl and tedious 
 description, but in vivid pictures, with pen and pencil, ready to throw ligiit on all allusions met with in daily reading 
 atd cOftveTsatiou. It is essentially a book for the family 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 0«ooRAPHicAL, Industrial, axd Historical 
 
 Summary. 
 [Thirty-seven Illustrations.] 
 
 PAGH3 
 
 Cashmere Women. — Persian MaiTiage. — The 
 Shah of Persia. — Persian Costumes. — 
 Seraglio. — The Tower at Key. — Grand 
 Mosque at Ispahan. — A Persian Captive. 
 •^Well in the Desert. — Persian "Women, 
 — Caravanserai. — Portable Stove. — Lan- 
 tern. — Arms, Domestic Articles. — Par- 
 sees AVorsliiping the Setting Sun. — Rural 
 Chariot. — Persian Group. — Sacred Tank. 
 The Tomb of Noah.— Tumult in Tehe- 
 ran. — Concluding Remarks. , . 17 to 36. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 Geographical Industrial, axd Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Ninety-seven niustrr.Uons. ] 
 
 Pharaoh's Treasure. — Temple ac Petra. — Door 
 Pius and Hinges. — Promenading. — Tem- 
 ple at EUora. — Indoor Life. — Temple of 
 Venus. — Zeynab. — A Primitive Boat. — 
 Shopping. — Drawing "Water. — The Pyr- 
 amids. — The Sycamore. — Sawing Wood. 
 — Ancient Chart. — Couches. — Ferry boat. 
 School in Egypt. — Night Patrol. — Mem- 
 non. — Fetes of tlie Viceroy. — Corinthian 
 Tombs. — Cairo. — Street Sprinkling. — 
 Mameluke Tombs. — Bonlac. — Dancing 
 Dervishes.— Sabre Dance. — Alma Dance. 
 —Sarcophagus. — Battle Ax. — Tables. — 
 Stone Knives, Car, Kilometer. — Ovens. 
 The Great Sphinx. — Metal Mirrors. — • 
 Kcrry-Redintz.— Cups. — AVine Bottles. 
 A Family Group. — Lanterns. — Lady's 
 Head Dress. — • Necklaces, — Ornaments. 
 Reception of European Ladies. — A Be- 
 douin Settlement. — Gold Ckroors. — Dia- 
 mond Ckrcors. — I^amps.— Carrying Cliil- 
 dren. — Ilelmet of Touman Bey; — Houses 
 <tod Furniture. — Caiio Houses. — Foun- 
 
 EOYPT— ConHnnca. pages 
 
 tain. — The Shadoof. — Filio^ree Works. — 
 Sacriflces. — Mummied Bull. — JIummv 
 Case. — Pyramid of Cheops. — Ring of 
 Cheops. — Sugar Cane Seller. — Tattooed 
 Lady. — School Boy. — Potter. — Young 
 Arab Girls 37 to 70 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Seventeen IlUtstraUons.] 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Modem Athens. — Mount Parnassus. — Vase. 
 — Vintage in Cyprus. — Wine-making. 
 Port of Khania. — Greek Priest. — Cathe- 
 dral at Athens. — Grotto of Antiparos. — 
 Coitumes in Corfu. — Street in Athens. — ■ 
 Banditti Lving in AVait near Maraihon. 
 
 70 to 80 
 
 HINDOOSTAN, SIAM, ETC. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 iTkirty-nine Tllustratlons.l 
 
 PAOKS 
 
 Princes of Oude. — Burmese Costumes. — OtB- 
 cial Types. — Burmese People. — The Rana 
 of Oodipoor. — Laotian AVomen. — Hin- 
 uoo Fakir. — Carpenters. — Horses Bath- 
 ing. — Social Life. —Sunrise. — Dancing 
 Girl. — Burmese AVomen. — Human A'ic- 
 tims. — Knife Grinder. — Tambourines. — ■ 
 Bombay Streets. — Nautch Girl. — Family 
 Boat. — Brahmin. — Hubble Bubble. — 
 Ewer and Basin. — School. . . . 80 to 96 
 
 CHINA, TARTARY, ETC. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Thirty-one lustrations.] 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Theatre at Macao. — Holiday Scene. — Chinese 
 Pavilion. — Balancing Accounts. — Chow 
 Chow.— Tossing Sticks. — Breakfast. — 
 Theatre at Canton. — Girls. — Lad> 's Foot. 
 
 china, TARTARY-, Etc— Contlhuwl. paoeS 
 
 — Surgeon'sIIand.- Tong-Chu-Kiung.— 
 Praying for Luck.— Chinese Trader.— 
 Salutations. — Ladies' Feet. — Men's Feet 
 and Shoes. — Rat Merchant. — Winter 
 Cradle. — Tea Plant. — Dinner at Manda- 
 rin's. — Rowing boat. — Rain Jacket. — Pa- 
 goda. — Pavilion. — Tea Service Suraraei' 
 
 Palace. — Paris and Chine. — Chinese 
 House. — Concluding Remarks. . 96 to 112 
 
 PALESTINE, SYRIAN THIBET. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [T:)irty-one lUustrattons.] 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Explorations at Jerusalem. — Christmas Fes- 
 tivities. — AVater Pots at Cana. — Shew 
 Bread and Altar of Incense. — Christmas 
 Festival at Jerusalem. — House Tops. — 
 Siloam and Fountain of the A'irgin. — 
 Trial of Jealousy. — Mountaineers of 
 Lebanon. — Tribute Money. — Women of 
 Lebanon. — Tomb of Noah. — Tomb of 
 Godfrey. — ^Mountain Pass. — The Scape 
 Goat. — Bethlehem. — Chapel of the Burn- 
 ing Bush. — Fetes of Kcurban Beirara. — 
 Chamber in the AA'^all. — Captive Israel- 
 ites. — Jews Praying. — Jewish Higli 
 Priest. — The Maronites. — AVoman ct 
 Fountain. — Court Yard at Damascus. — 
 The Taking of Jerusalem. . , 113 to 130 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 Summary'. 
 
 [Thirty Illustrations.} 
 
 PAQBg 
 
 RoKie, — General View. — Castle of St. Angelo. 
 Pantheon. — St. Peter's. — Papal Tiara and 
 Keys. — Mass in St. Peter's. — Monks at 
 Study. — Arch of Titus. — Farnese P.i'ace. 
 — Colosseum. — Arch of Druses. — Alilan- 
 ese Ladies. — The Misericordia.' — A''ene- 
 tian AA'ine Glasses. — Pontifical Mas.« in 
 
VIU 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 rrALy— Continued. rAGES 
 
 Saint Peter's. — Eastern Lanterns and 
 Torches. — The A'illa Aldobrandini at 
 Frascati. — The Viol de Gamba. — Verona 
 Costames. —Paduan Costun;es. — Venetian 
 Costumes. — Itahan Servants, Sixteenth 
 Century. — Etruscan A'ases. — Xaples and 
 Mount Vesuvius. — Amphitheatre at Mi- 
 lan. — Ancient Couches. — Barber Shop. — 
 Combs. — Capuchin Cemetery. — Eel Market. 
 
 130 to 140 
 
 POMPEII. 
 
 0»0ORJirHiCAL, Industrial, and IIistohical 
 Slmmauy. 
 [Forty-two Illustrations.} 
 
 PAOKS 
 
 Excavated Streets. — CommencLn;j an exca- 
 vation. — The House of the Hunter. — • 
 Portable Kitchen. — Grecian Toilet Ba- 
 sin. — Tepidarium. -Baker's Shop. -Vases. 
 ■ — Urns. — Lamps. — Kitchen Utensils. — 
 Sword. — Steel Helmet. — Wine Pitcher. 
 Glass Vessels. — Urna for Warming 
 Drinks. — The Quaestor's House. — Am- 
 phitheatre. — Plaster Casts of Victims. — 
 Pompeian Lady's Boudoir. — Baths. — Can- 
 delabra. — Female Jewelry and Orna- 
 ments. — Mirrors, etc. — Roof of House. — 
 Interior. — Atrium in the House of Pansa. 
 ■ — Steelyard. — Weights, etc. — Triclinium, 
 or Dining Room.-Bird Chariot.-Building 
 Tools. — Public Roads. — Tomb of Scau- 
 rus. — Round Tomb. — Tomb of Calven- 
 tius Quietus. — Mosaic of Battle of Issu.;. 
 
 1 17 to 102 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 CeOGRAPIIICAL InDUSTIUAL, and HiSTOllICAL 
 
 Summary. 
 ITwentyntne Illustrations.] 
 
 PAOKS 
 
 Young Bull Fighters. — The Gralla House. — 
 The Court of Lions. — Rock of Gibraltar. 
 — The Fandango. — Burial of the Poor.^ 
 The Castle of Segovia. — Bull Fight in a 
 Village. — Dominique the Espada. — Ma- 
 drid. — Crockery ^lerchant. — The Girl of 
 Cadiz.— Madrid Chair-Seller.— Madrid 
 Bird-Fancier. — The Escurial. — A Cata- 
 lonian Vcnta. — The Gipsy Girl. — Ma- 
 drid Street Characters. — The Traveling 
 Tinker, The Broom Merchant, Fruit-Sel- 
 ler, Orange-Girl, Pipe-Seller, Pie-Man, 
 Game-Seller. — Mountain Travelinsr. — 
 The Gipsy Sisters — Granada and its Bal- 
 conies. — The Leaning Tower of Zaragoza. 
 —Shooting Flamingoes. — Visit to Ma- 
 drid 163 to 180 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Geogiuphical, Industrial, and Historical 
 
 Su.\IMARY. 
 
 iThirty-six Illustrations.] 
 
 A. Norman Bride.— The Fire of St. John, Al- 
 Batia. — The Church of the Invalides.— 
 French Theatre. — Navarre Costuraes.- 
 
 FUANCE— Continued pages 
 
 Shopping in the Seventeenth Centui-y.^ 
 A Shrimp- Seller. — Costumes of the Is- 
 land of Re. — Artesian Wells. — View of 
 the Town of Pont-en-Royans. — The 
 Catacombs of Paris. — The Great Sewers 
 of Paris. — A Torture Rack used in 1765. 
 — The Railway over Mt. Cenis. — View 
 above Lauseburg. — The Gamin de Paris. 
 — La Roquette, interior of the Chapel. — 
 Cells for Solitary Confinement. — Outside 
 View of La Roquette.— The Grand Gou- 
 let. — Driving Horses from a Leech 
 Swamp. — Truffles, and How to Grow 
 Them.- Mussel Nets.— The Cathedral of 
 Chartres. — Church and Fountain of St. 
 Sulpice, Paris. — The Hotel de Cluny. — 
 Fowling. — A Breton Peasant Drafted 
 into the Army. — The Baths of Biarritz. 
 • — The Walking Manager with his Thea- 
 tre on his Back. — Shop in Paris, last Cen- 
 tury.-The Plague ai Marseilles. — Wood- 
 cutters and Wood-Carriers in Normandy. 
 — The Cafe de la Cascade, Bois de Bou- 
 logne. — Benediction of la Garonne. — 
 Extinct Volcanoes of the Chain of Puys. 
 — The Ice Cave of Vezy. — Salmon Traps. 
 —The Astronomical Clock of Strasbourg. 
 
 181 to 208 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 GEOGUArnicAL, Ini)u.strial, and Historical 
 
 Su.MMARY. 
 
 [Flfiy-seven Illustrations.] 
 
 Alsatian Mother Teaching her Daughter to 
 Read. — Sunday Morning and Afternoon at 
 Coburg. — German Emigrants Embarking 
 for America. — Marriage in Lusatia. — 
 German Peasant Girls in Sunday Cos- 
 tume. — German Girls in Working Cos- 
 tume. — A Wendish Bride and Bride- 
 groom in Church. — Colossal Statue in 
 Munich. — The Valhalla in Munich, Ba- 
 varia. — Royal Palace of Potsdam. — Trar- 
 bach, and the Ruins of Griefenburg Castle, 
 Rhenish Provinces. — Salt Caverns of 
 Berchtezgaden. — The Great Tun of Hei- 
 delberg. — Bitumen Miners. — The Kur- 
 saal of Homburg.— The RoiJette Table 
 at the Kursaal. — Baden-Baden. — Iron 
 Arm and Hand of a German Knight, 
 Thirteenth Century. — Ilcmp Steeping on 
 the Banks of the Rhine. — Salmon 
 Watching on the Rhine. — The Cask of 
 Schnapps. — The Barrel of Molasses. — 
 German Peasantry. — Students Fencing. 
 —Town Hal!.— 'The Toll Gate.— The 
 Castle of Heidelberg. — Reichenbach FaDs. 
 —The Staubbach, or Dust Fall.— Tomb 
 of the Three Kings. — View in Hildes- 
 heim. — Barks on the Danube. — Fishing 
 Village. — German Hop-field in Winter. — 
 Stone on the Field of Lutzen, where 
 Gustavus Adolphus fell in 1633.— The 
 Klapperstein. — The Jungfem Kuss. — 
 
 OERMANY— Continued. PAQGf 
 
 Cliarlemagne in his Tomb. — The Horn 
 of Oldenburg. — Curious Oak Tree. — 
 Schiller's House at Weimar. — Festival of 
 the Three Kings. — A Marriage in Thu- 
 ringia. — The Mill of Sans-Souci. — Stu- 
 dent life in Heidelberg. — Mining in the 
 open air at Rammelsberg, in the Ilartz. 
 — Target-Marker announcing a good shot. 
 ■ — Paying the Workmen. — The Royal 
 Hunt. — Lager Beer Garden in Berlin. — 
 Saxon Lantern. — Chamois Hunter. 
 
 208 to 244 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 GEOGRArmcAL, Industrial, and Histoeicai. 
 Summary'. 
 
 [Thirty-five Illustrations.] 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Harvesting Fniit. — Bernese AVomcn beating 
 Hemp. — Diligence leaving Berne. — An 
 Avalanche. — The Matterhorn. — Interla- 
 chen onthe Aar. — A Glacier Table. — The 
 Greet Aletch Glacier. — Mont Blanc. — 
 Chamois-Hunting. — Toiu'ists on Lake 
 Geneva. — The Man Mautuaraaker. — In- 
 terior of a Grotto of Topazes. — Caille 
 Bridge. — The Valley of Chamouni. — The 
 Oberland Journey. — Covelo, a Fortress 
 in the Tyrol. — American Lady ascend- 
 ing Mont Blanc. — The Railway Tunnel 
 of the Alps.-The Grands Mulets.-Grand 
 Plateau. — Accident to Guide. — Crossing 
 the Glassier de Bossons. — The Huts and 
 B ?cks of the Grands Mulcts. — The Jung- 
 frau Mountain. — The Summit of Mont 
 Blanc— The Via Mala.— The Mer de 
 Glace. — Fall of Rocks fi-om Mont Blanc. 
 — View in the Orisons. — Festival at Neuf- 
 chatcl. — Harvest in the Alps.' — Swiss 
 Travels. — Dr. Ilamel's Ascent. . 245 to 270 
 
 THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 AUSTR-IA, BOHEMIA, TYROL, HUNGARY, 
 CROATIA AND GALICIA. 
 
 GEOoiiArnicAL, Industrial, and Historicai 
 Summary'. 
 
 iniirty-flve Illustrations.] 
 
 The Castle of Durrenstein. — Hungarian Shep- 
 herds. — The Czigany, or Hungarian Gip- 
 sies. — Hungarian Costumes. — Presburg, 
 the Capital of Hungary. — Hungarian 
 Vail worn by Peasant Women. — Ancient 
 Female Punishments. — Saxon Girl in 
 Transylvania. — Hermitage and Cave of 
 Bucses. — Dauubian Life. — Austrian Peas- 
 ants. — Hungarians Singing, followed by a 
 Gipsy Musician. — The Abbey of Moelk, 
 on the Danube. — Mausoleum of Maria 
 Christina. — The Mass in the Cave of Ser- 
 volo, in the Coast Mountains, near Trieste. 
 • — Guard House on tlie Danube. — St. Ste- 
 phen's Crown. — Ilay-Boat. — Moravian 
 Peasants. — Recruiting the Army. — Riflo 
 Meeting at Vienna. — Costumes. — Raft 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 AtTSTErAN EMPIRE— Contlnuci'. paoes 
 
 cs. the Danube. — Military Post on tLe 
 Bannat. — Scene in the Market-pbce at 
 Pesth. — Passenger Steamer. — Swine- 
 herd on the Puszta. — Market-place, at 
 Brunn.^ The Csarda — Peasants en- 
 camped. — A Passenger Raft. — The Vil- 
 lage King.- — Fair at Pesth. — Life in Vi- 
 enna. — Hungarian Wedding. — A Court 
 Scene. — Costumes of Bukowiue. 271 to 294 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 OEOGBArmcAL, Indijstuial, and IIistokical 
 
 Su.MXARV. 
 
 [Forty-one Ittustrattons,] 
 
 PAQRS 
 
 Cialata. — Interior of a Harem. — A Mohamme- 
 dan Tomb. — Entrance to Oriental Bazar. 
 — Turkish Ladies at Tandour. — Tower 
 of Galata. — Guests in a Harem enter- 
 tained with Music. — Turkish Dinner 
 Party.— Visit of Ceremony. — Turkish 
 Life. — Gardens of the Seraglio. — Turk- 
 ish Women in a Garden. — Turk and His 
 Three Wives. — Summer Saloon of the 
 Sultan's Harem. — Gulbeyan Hanum. — 
 Out-door Costume of a Turkish Lady. — 
 Kara Fatima, the Princess of Kurd. — 
 Flogging in a Turkish School. — A Bashi- 
 Biizouk. — Casting Dead Bodies into the 
 Bosphorus. — Calling to Prayer. — A Ru- 
 ral Mosque. — Cemetery at Scutari. — \ 
 Street Scene. — Bazar. — Gipsy Showman. 
 . — The Mosque Achmed. — R inning to a 
 Fire. — Barber's Shop. — Courier. — Bath. 
 — Ewer and Basin. — Turkish Mansion. — 
 A Syrian Turk's Divan. — Room in a 
 Khan.— The Sick-Room.— A Turkish 
 Bank N'ote. — Scribe, or Letter- w. iter. — 
 Porter. — Sapeur.Pompier. — Subterranean 
 Lake at Constantinople. . . . 295 to 324 
 
 DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 HOTTMANIA (MOLDAVIA AND WALLA- 
 CHIA), SERVIA, AND BOSNIA. 
 
 <3E00BArniCAL, Industrial, amd Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Twenty-Six lUustrattons.] 
 
 PAQKB 
 
 The Convent of Orezu. — A Wallachiau Cem- 
 etery. — Corn Granaries. — Servian Flax- 
 beaters. — Bosnian Dancing Girl.— The 
 Devil Dance. — Hay-mow. — ■ Grave. — 
 Peasant's House. — A Slavonian Rayah. 
 — AVallachian Nun. — A Croate. — Wa\ia- 
 chian Peasant Girl. — Young Woman of 
 Bucharest. — Woman of the Milita^'y 
 Frontier. — A Gipsy's Grave. — Huts on 
 the Danube. — House in Bucharest. — ■ 
 Military Escort in Bosnia. — Bullock Car- 
 avan. — Wallachian Sheep. — WalHchia.T 
 Village. — Oven in the Wood>. — Walla- 
 chian Marriage. — Village Church. — 
 — Church Festivals. — Bosnian Peas- 
 ant Girl. — Wallachian Woman. — Inte- 
 rior of Wallachian Peasant's Home. 
 
 325 to -3 10 
 
 EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 geograrhical, industrial, and historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Sixty-six lUtistratlons.} 
 
 PAftKS 
 
 Imperial Arms. — Ancient Cro-nni. — Palace of 
 Paul, St. Petersburg. — Church of Our 
 Lady of Georgia. — Citizen of Moscow 
 and his Family. — Academy of Fine Arts, 
 St. Petersburg. — Hotel de I'Etat Major, 
 and Alexandrian Column, St. Petersburg. 
 — Ancient Carnage. — Convent. — Drosky. 
 ■ — The Market-place. — Women of Kou- 
 rick and Oril, Southern Russia. — Village 
 Dance. — The Great Bell of Moscow. — 
 Bishop and Clergy of the Orthodox 
 Church. — A Bride's Reception by her 
 Father-in-law. — A Christening. — A Lap- 
 land Hut. — Driving Bears to Market. — 
 Carnival. — A Court Reception. — AVinter 
 Amusement. — Street Vendors. — Peddler. 
 — Emancipation of the Serfs. — Family 
 at Home. — Imperial Theatre of Moscow. 
 — Omnibus and Sleigh. — Russian Village. 
 — Tomb of Queen Ann Jagellon in the 
 Cathedral of Warsaw, Poland. — Navy 
 Cadets. — The Kremlin. — ^Women of Vi- 
 atka and of Perm. — Post House. — Cos- 
 sacks' AVedding Dance. — Bazar at St. 
 Petersburg. — A Russian Marriage. — The 
 Romance of a Letter. — The Imperial 
 Family Sleighing on the Neva. — A Nun. 
 — Circassian Outpost. — AVolf-hunting. — ■ 
 The Winter Palace. — Petty Traders of 
 St. Petersburg. — The Chanvans, a Sibe- 
 rian Tribe. — Stag-hunt in Siberia — A 
 Legend of Siberia. — Traveling in the 
 Russian Steppes. — The Tchuktchi, near 
 the Cossack Jourdes. — Perilous Adven- 
 ture. — Traveling down Siberian Rivers. 
 ■ — A Finland Farm-house. — Gloves and 
 Wooden Spoons. — ■ Cossacks guarding 
 Siberian Convicts. — Tartar Women of 
 Kazan. — Encampment of Gold AVagou- 
 ers in the L^ral Mountains. — A'illage on 
 the Banks of the A^olga. — A Lapland 
 Family. — Lapland Costumes and Customs. 
 — A Fisherman's Hut in Lapland. — In- 
 terior of a Church in Lapland. — Skating 
 in Lapland. — Aurora Borealis in Finland. 
 — An Adventure. — AVaterfall of Kvarna- 
 rarfoos 341 to 392 
 
 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historical 
 
 Summary. 
 
 [Txpniy-four Illustrations.] 
 
 Oscar's Hall, in Christiana. — The Aal Foss 
 Rapids. — Norwegian Hospitality. — The 
 Maelstrom. — Dressing a Bride. — Wed- 
 ding Costumes. — Church in Guldsbrands- 
 dal. — A Bear Adventure. — Hell Fall of 
 Christiansand. — Troll's Heart. — A PigO 
 Kelker. — Early Scandinavian A'essel.— A 
 Swedish Bride. — A Swedish AVoman 
 
 KOnWAT AND EWEDF.N— Continued. Tkawt 
 
 Dressed for Church. — State Carriage of 
 Gusta^Tis III., of Sweden. — Swedish 
 Marriage Procession. — Hut in a Swedish 
 Clearing. — The Maypole. — Sater Stuga. 
 — The Christmas Tree. — Harvest Home. 
 — Lund Horse Fair in Sweden. — A Swe- 
 dish Funeral. — Costumes of Various 
 Provinces of Sweden 393 to 408 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historicai, 
 Summary. 
 
 [Nine Illustrations. 
 
 PAnKS 
 
 Copenhagen. — The Church of FaareviUe. — 
 Danish Costumes. — Public Carriage. — 
 The Metal Font at Haderslev. — Curious 
 Ancient Golden Horns. — Danish Ferry- 
 boat. — Prison of Christian II., at Sonder- 
 burg. — The Palace of Christiansborg. — 
 Elsinore. — Danish Missions. . 40y to 414 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Geogkaphical, Industrial, and HistoricaIi 
 Summary. 
 
 [Twenty-nine Illustrations. I 
 
 pAui'.a 
 Amsterdam. — Female Head-dresses. — A A'illa 
 on the Scheldt. — Skate-race. — Customs 
 and Costumes. — Early Printing Office. — 
 A Household in .Amsterdam. — TheA''yver- 
 berg at The Hague. — Friesland AVomen. 
 — Dutch Watchman. — Market Woman 
 at Amsterdam. — Interior of an Orphan 
 Asylum. — ■ Dutch Nurse and Child. — 
 A Gala Sleigh of Sixteenth Century. — 
 The Rat-catcher. — AA^'oman and Girl of 
 llindelopen. — Polishing Diamonds. — 
 Roses and Brilliants. — Diamond Works 
 on the Amstel. — Masks. — Seaside Scene 
 — Albert and Isabella in the Studio of 
 Rubens. — The Jews* Quarter. — A Noble 
 Dutch Family Returning Home at Night. 
 — The Little Match-girl of Amsterdam. 
 — The Annual Fair at Rotterdam. — A'iew 
 of Schevening, South Holland. — Peat. 
 
 415 to 434 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial, and Historicai 
 Su.nimaky. 
 
 [Fourteen IUustrations.\ 
 
 PAGSa 
 
 The Great Chimneypiece in the Hall of Mar- 
 riages, Antwerp. — Church at Liege. — • 
 Cave in Rochefort. — Battle on Stilts at 
 Namur. — ^A'iew of Luxemburg. — Inaugu- 
 ration of the Statue of King Leopold, 
 Antwe:^. — Fort and Port of Luxemburg. 
 — The New Aquarium. — Rubens's Chair. 
 — The Stone Age.— Carnival at Antwerp. 
 — Brussels.— Magistrates' Hall at Audea- 
 arde. — Entry into Brussels. — The Flem- 
 ish Burgomaster. ■ . . . . 435 to 44.6 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Geoobaphical, Industrial and Histomcal 
 Summary. 
 
 [.Six Illustrations,] r-vrKs 
 
 South Front of the Monaster}' of Santa 
 Maria de Belem. — Sahlanha in Lis- 
 bon.— Toldo Boat of the Douro. — 
 Lisbon. — Portuguese Language and 
 Literature 447 to 450 
 
 BARIJAJtY STATES. 
 
 MOROCCO, ALGERIA, TUNIS & TRIPOLI. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Twenty-two Illustraiions.] pages 
 
 " Yadace," A Moorish Lady. — Sunrise on 
 the Desert.— The Terebinth, or Tur- 
 pentine - tree. — Negro Dance in the 
 Streets of Algiers. — A Panther-hunt 
 in Algeria. — The Algerian Races. — 
 A Cadi's Court in Algiers. — Negro 
 Medicine Dance. — How a Great Lady 
 Trayels in Tunis. — Types of Tunisian 
 Peasantrj'. — The Sponge Trade in 
 Tripoli. — Sand Whirhvinds. — Adven- 
 ture in Northern Africa. — Algeria. — 
 Ruins of Carthage . ... 451 to 4G8 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Twenty-four Illustrations.] pages 
 
 "V/omen of Abyssinia. — Views in Abyssi- 
 nia. — Thief-smelling in Abyssinia. — 
 Sword-hunter Killing an Elephant. — 
 Palm Sunday in Abyssinia. — Church 
 and Shrine of St. Romanus, near 
 Senafe. — A Native Plowing in Abys- 
 sinia. — A Woman Grinding Corn. — 
 Funeral of the Widow of King The- 
 odore, at Aikhullet. — Village under 
 the Antala " Amba." — An Abyssinian 
 Raw - meat Feast. — An Abyssinian 
 House.— The Late King Theodore. — 
 Group of Shohos at Hamhamo Springs. 
 — An Abyssinian Oven. — The Abys- 
 sinian Race.— The Dancing Mania.— 
 Abyssinian Method of Protecting 
 Crops 4G9 to 480 
 
 LIBERIA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Xine llhislrations.] paces 
 
 Mammy Town. — The Superstition of the 
 Devil's Bush.— Guadillar Farm, St. 
 Paul River.— Buchanan in Liberia. — 
 Treed by a Tiger.— Family of Borlean 
 Negroes 481 to 488 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 Geoobaphical, Indu.stbial and Historic.il 
 Summary. 
 [Twcnty-lwo Illustrations.] paoes 
 
 Ajaccio, Isle of Corsica. — Sunrise on 
 Mount Etna. — Sicilian Types and 
 Costumes. — Sicilian Mother. — Mount 
 Etna.— Palermo and its Lazzaroni. — 
 The Salt Springs in Sicily.— General 
 Aspect of Malta. — Valetta.— Ruined 
 Temple of the Knights of St. John, 
 island of Rhodes .... 489 to 504 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Fourteen Jllusiraticns.] p.voeb 
 
 The Zulus Levying Tribute of the Por- 
 tuguese. — A Gnu -hunt. — A CafFre 
 Hut. — The Hopo, an African Mode of 
 Hunting 505 to 512 
 
 GREAT BRITAINMND IRELAND. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Si'ven'y-five Il'ustralions.] paces 
 
 Old London Bridge. — Elizabethan Fur- 
 niture. — Queen Elizabeth in State. 
 — London by Night. — Queen Anne 
 Going to Parliament. — Murder of 
 the Princes by Richard III. — The 
 South Sea Bubble. — Costume of the 
 Time of Henry V. — Head-dresses of 
 the Reign of Edward IV. — Costume 
 of the Reign of William III. — Vehicles 
 and Carriages. — The Ship Ilenri- 
 Grace-a-Dieu. — A Flogging-horse. — 
 Whipping - i^ost and Stocks. — The 
 Ducking-stool. —The Bridle.— Watch- 
 man of Shakespeare's Time. — The 
 Penance of Jane Shore. — Clothing 
 Shop in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 — Hackney-coachman of the Time of 
 Charles II.— State Barge of Rich- 
 ard II. of England. — Hanging in 
 Chains. — Odd Customs of English 
 Theatres. — Flogging of Quakers in 
 England. — Costumes of the Time of 
 Henry VI. — The Thames Tunnel and 
 Subway. — The Domesday Book. — An 
 Old English Kitchen. — An Ancient 
 Coracle. — Barber's Shop in the Reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth. — Donkey Races 
 at Blackheath.— The Bank of England. 
 — The Royal Exchange. — Eddystone 
 Lighthouse. — Egg-marketing in Ire- 
 land. — Drowning the Shamrock on 
 Patrick's Day. — Drag-hunt in Ireland. 
 — The Giant's Causeway, Ireland. — 
 Irish Turf-gatherers. — Ancient Irish 
 Harp.— The Isle of Skye.— The Bass 
 Rock. — Holyrood Palace. — Highland 
 Dance. — Fishwives of Newhaven. — 
 Conclusion of Scotland . . 513 to 558 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Sirty Illustrations.] pages 
 
 First Sabbath of the Pilgrim Fathers in 
 America. — The Reception of Colum- 
 bus after his First Voyage. — The 
 Deathbed of Columbus. — Roger Wil- 
 liams's Departure from Salem. — Na- 
 tural Bridge over Cedar Creek. — 
 Masked Men Destroying Firearms on 
 Board the Steamer Helper. — Poca- 
 hontas Saving the Life of John 
 Smith. — John Brown's Raid. — Jane 
 McCrea.— The Mammoth Cave.— The 
 Yo-Semite Valley, California. — Na- 
 tural Bridge in California. — Vegeta- 
 tion in Califomia.— The Mammoth 
 Trees in California.— Trial of Anne 
 Hutchinson. — A Tourist Party in the 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERIC.\-C'ontlnnoil. PAGH 
 
 Rocky Mountains. — Mrs. Clayton 
 Planting the National Flag on the 
 Summit of the Rocky Mountains. — 
 Old New Orleans.— The Mountains 
 of North Carolina. — The Brooklj'u 
 Bridge. — The Caverns of Luray, Vir- 
 ginia. — The Royal Gorge of Colo- 
 rado. — Camp in the Woods.— Indian 
 Dance.— Three Months in Alaska. — 
 Interior of an Indian House. — Con- 
 clusion 559 to G06 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Tiven/y-six Illustrations.] pages 
 
 The Capital and Parliament. — Winter 
 Scenes in Canada. — Governor Maison- 
 neuve. — Chaudicre River and Falls. — 
 Montmorency Falls. — Joseph Brant. 
 — Toronto. — Education in Canada. — 
 Religion in Canada. — The Church 
 of Notre Dame de Bon Seconrs. — 
 Quebec. — Manitoba. — Acadia. — Na- 
 tional Sports in Canada . . 607 to C22 
 
 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND 
 THE WEST JNUIES. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 
 [Ttccniy-two IVustralions.] rA<:Es 
 
 The Cathedral in Mexico City. — The Pre- 
 sident of Mexico. — Central America. 
 — The West Indies.— Scenes in Ha- 
 vana. — Picturesque Bits of Jamaica. 
 — A Scene in St. Pierre, Martinique. 
 — The Boiling Lake, Dominica. —Cape 
 Haytien. — Port - au - Prince. — The 
 Great Water Cave near San Domingo 
 City G23 to 038 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. 
 [Twenty-four Illustrations.] rxc.r.a 
 
 Around Rio de Janeiro.— Santa Catharina, 
 Brazil.— The Palm Grove in the Bo- 
 tanical Garden at Rio de Janeiro. — 
 Porto .-Vlegre.—Callao. — The Gorge of 
 the Tunkini, Peru. —View of the City 
 of Lima, the Capital of Peru.— Cuzco. 
 — Boating on Lake Titicaca, Peru. — 
 British Guiana. — Some Facts about 
 Chili.— The Statue of Bolivar in Bo- 
 gota. — Views in Caracas, Venezuela. 
 ^Burying-place of Indians at Atures, 
 Buenos Ay res. — Patagonia and Tierra 
 del Fuego.— The Strait of Magellan. 
 
 G39 to 654 
 
 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Geographical, Industrial and Historical 
 Summary. " 
 [Twenty-five Illustrations.] pages 
 
 Melbourne and the Province of Victoria. 
 ■ — Law Courts in Melbourne and 
 Sydney.— South Melbourne Bowling 
 Green. — Brisbane. — Sydney. — The 
 Gum-trees of Queensland. — The Ka- 
 toomba Valley, New South Wales. — 
 New Zealand. — Australian Vital Sta- 
 tistics G55 to 670 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PEESIA. 
 
 Costumes of Varions Classes in Persia 
 
 Woman of Cashmere ... 
 
 A Persian Marriage 
 
 Nasretldyn Shah, King of Persia . 
 
 Kiosque of the Seraglio — Scene of the 
 
 Tragedy of Keira-Kadtm . 
 To-wer at Key, the Ancient Kages 
 Inner Court of the Grand Mosque at 
 
 Ispahan . . . . • 
 Persian Captive in the Hands of the 
 
 Turkomans ..... 
 Parsees Worshiping the Setting Sun 
 Well in the Desert between Samarcand 
 
 and Karshi . ... 
 
 Persian Woman — Upper Class 
 Kangri, or Portable Stove of Thibet 
 Persian Women — Lower Class 
 Persian Woman .... 
 Persian Lantern .... 
 Silk Cultivators in Persia — Exterior of a 
 
 Tilembar 28 
 
 Interior of a Tilembar .... 28 
 A Persian Caravanserai ... 29 
 
 Persian Arms and Domestic Articles 30, 31 
 Bural Chariot in Persia .... 32 
 Grouj? of Persians .... 33 
 
 Sacred Tank at Umritzur ... 34 
 Tomb of Noah . . . ■ . 35 
 
 A Fruit Bazaar 30 
 
 EGYPT. 
 Pharaoh's Treasure 
 EgyiJtian Door-pins, or Hinges . 
 Egyptian Ladies Promenading at Cairo 
 Great Kylas Temple at Ellora 
 Egyptian Ladies Indoors 
 Temple of Venus at Denderah — Interior 
 
 View ...... 
 
 Zeynab ..... 
 
 Shopping iu Egypt .... 
 
 Scene near Alexandria — Women Drawing 
 
 Water from a Well . 
 Pyramids of Egypt 
 The Sycamore of the Virgin . 
 Sawing Wood in Ancient Egypt 
 Ancient Egyptian Couches 
 Ferryboat on the Upper Nile 
 School in Egypt . . • . 
 Night Patrol of the City Guard at Cairo 
 JStes of the Viceroy of Egypt — The Kace 
 
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 Egypt— Continued. 
 
 Colossi of Memnon, iu Egyjit . 
 Tombs of the Mamelukes, Cairo . 
 Corinthian Tombs at Petra 
 Cairo ...... 
 
 Sprinkling the Streets at Ismailia 
 Roulac, near Cairo 
 Dancing Dervishes, Cairo 
 Sabre Dance of Egyptian Almas 
 Dance of Almas at Cairo 
 Battle-ax of Touman Bey . 
 Egyptian Tables 
 Egyptian Sarcophagus 
 Ancient Egyptian Stone Knives 
 Ancient Egyptian Car , 
 Nilometer .... 
 
 Great Sphinx, near Cairo 
 Nubian Ovens at Gournou 
 Ancient Egyptian Metal Mirrors 
 Inhabitants of Kerry-Redintz Carried as 
 
 Slaves to the Egyptian Provinces 
 Wine-bottle of Egypt 
 Egyptian Cups .... 
 Egyptian AVater-carriers 
 AVater-bottle of Egypt 
 Egyptian Statues : A Family Group 
 Egyptian Lantern 
 Egyptian Water-jars 
 Gold Ckoors Worn by Egjrptian Women 
 
 of Lower Rank .... 
 Egyptian Necklaces and Ornaments 
 Diamond Ckoors Worn by Egyptian 
 
 Ladies on the Head 
 View of Cairo . . " ... 
 Ancient Swords ac'' Daggers - 
 Ancient Egj'ptian Lamps 
 Bedouin Settlement in a Palm Grove . 
 Carrying Children in Egypt . 
 Helmet of Touman Bey 
 Doorway of an Egj'ptian House 
 Open Apartment in an Egyptian House 
 Fountain of the Soby-el-Bedawyeh, Cairo 
 Shadoof . . " . . . . 
 Egyptian Filigree Yv'orkers 
 Ancient Egj'ptiau Sacrifice . 
 
 Mummied Bull 
 
 Mummy-cases . . 
 
 Two Pyramids of Cheops and Cephrenes, 
 
 at -lizeh ...... 
 
 Ring of Cheops ..... 
 
 Section of the Great Pyramid of Jizeh . 
 
 PAGE Egypt— Continued. 
 
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 Egyptian Lady Tattooed 
 
 Sugar-cane Seller at Cairo 
 
 Egyptian Schoolboy 
 
 Egyptian Potter .... 
 
 Arab Boys at Cairo 
 
 Egj'ptian Girls at a Railroad Station 
 
 Egyptian Lotus 
 
 GEEECE. 
 
 Athens in Modern Times 
 
 Mount Parnasstis 
 
 Greek Vase . . . . . 
 
 Road near Marathon — Bandits Lying vl 
 
 Wait 
 
 Vintage, Isle of Cyprus . 
 
 Wine-making in Greece 
 
 Greek Priest BleAsing his Garden with 
 
 Holy Water . . . . 
 View of the Port of Khania, Isle of Crete 
 Cathedral at Athens •■ . 
 Grotto of Antijiaros — Exterior 
 Grotto of Antiparos . 
 Costumes in Corfu . 
 Street in Athens .... 
 
 HIISTDOOSTAN, SIAM, ETC. 
 Princes of Ou do 
 
 Costumes of Burmesa Ladies , ^ 
 Types of Great Burman Lords and High 
 
 Officials .- 
 Rana of Oodipoor,' the Greatest of Hindoo 
 
 Princes , . 
 
 Laotian Women, near Petchabury . 
 Prince of Oude ..... 
 Hindoo Fakir 
 
 Horses' Morning Bath at Calcutta 
 East Indian Carpenters at Work '. 
 Social Life — Interior of a Hindoo Hoxise 
 Sunrise in Calcutta 
 
 Yola Dancing-girl ..... 
 Burmese Women . . . . 
 
 Human Victim Offered to the Gods : 
 
 Khoonds in Hindoostan . 
 Hindoo Knife-grinder .... 
 
 Oriental Tambourines .... 
 
 Street Scene in Bombay 
 
 Hindoo ....... 
 
 Ghoolabic, the Nautch Girl 
 
 Oriental Ewer and Basin 
 
 Family Boat 
 
 €9 
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xu 
 
 I.IST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 HtJfDOOSTAK. SI AM, ETC.— Continued. page 
 
 Orisaa Brahmin ..... 94 
 
 Hindoo Guide, -with Hubble-bubble . 94 
 
 School in Hindoostan .... 95 
 
 Elephant of the King of Siam . . 96 
 
 CnilSrA, TARTARY and THIBET. 
 
 Chinese House ..... 98 
 Chinese Pavilion ..... 98 
 Chow-Chow (Chinese Supper at Hong- 
 Kong) 99 
 
 Chinese Holiday Scene . . . 100 
 Interior of a Theatre at Macao, China, 
 
 during a Performance . . . 101 
 Balancing Accounts in the Office of a 
 
 Chinese Mercantile House . . 102 
 Chinese Farmhouse . . . .102 
 
 Chinese Theatre in Canton . . . 103 
 Chinese Trader at the Altar of Joss, 
 
 To.ssing Sticks for Luck . . 104 
 Chinese Merchant Praying for Success in 
 
 Trade 104 
 
 Chinese Breakfast — European Visitors . 104 
 
 Hand of a Chinese Barber-surgeon . . 105 
 
 Chinese Girls . . , . . 105 
 Anatomical Drawing of a Chinese Lady's 
 
 Foot 105 
 
 Tong-Chu-Kiung, a Natiye Catechist . 106 
 
 Hindoo Threshing 106 
 
 Chinese Man Gathering Tea . . 106 
 
 Chinese Mode of Salutation . . . 107 
 
 Chinese Ladies' Feet .... 107 
 
 Chinese Men's Feet and Shoes . . 107 
 
 Sculling a Boat — Man with Rain- jacket 108 
 
 Chinese Winter Cradle . . . 109 
 
 Dinner at a Chinese Mandarin's . . 109 
 
 Chinese Garden Pavilion . . . 110 
 Chinese Pagoda . . . . .110 
 
 Chinese Tea-service .... 110 
 How Chinese Coolies Mind the Weather 
 
 at Hong-Kong Ill 
 
 On our Way to the Boat ... 112 
 
 PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 
 
 Royal Caverns at Jerusalem . . .114 
 Explorations at Jerusalem — Wilson's 
 
 Arch, Haram Wall . . . 114 
 Christmas Festival at Jerusalem . .115 
 Explorations at Jerusalem — Robinson 
 
 Arch, Haram Wall . . . 115 
 Fountain of the Virgin, Siloam . .116 
 Trial of Jealousy . . . . 116 
 
 Water-pots at Cana . . . .117 
 
 Shew-bread 117 
 
 Altar of Incense . . . . .117 
 Mountaineers of Lebanon . . . 118 
 House-top Terrace in the East . . 118 
 Coin of the Tribute . . . . 118 
 Ancient Drinking Jug . . . .118 
 Woman of Lebanon . . . . 118 
 Chamber in the Wall . . . .118 
 Captive Israelites before the King of 
 
 Assyria . . . . . 119 
 
 Supposed Tomb of Noah . . .120 
 Tomb of Godfrey de Bouillon . . 120 
 Jewish Priests Replacing the Shew-bread 120 
 Mountain - pass between Jerusalem and 
 
 Jericho 121 
 
 ^evrish High-Priest Sending off the Scape- 
 goat 121 
 
 Women of Bethlehem . . . .122 
 
 Palestine and Syria— Continued. page 
 
 Women at an Arabic Fountain, Jerusalem 123 
 The Fetes at Kourban-Beiram . . 124 
 Courtyard of a House in Damascus . 124 
 
 Siege of Jerusalem .... 125 
 Jewish High-Priest, with an Attendant 
 
 Priest 126 
 
 Maronite Preacher .... 127 
 Chapel of the Burning Bush . . .128 
 Jews Praj'ing at the AVall of the Temple 
 
 of Solomon 129 
 
 The Damascus Gate . . . .130 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 General View of Rome . . . .132 
 
 Castle of St. Angelo .... 133 
 Pantheon, at Rome . . . .133 
 
 St. Peter's Church, Rome ... 134 
 
 Papal Tiara and Keys .... 134 
 
 Pontifical Mass in St. Peter's, Rome . 135 
 
 Monks at Study 135 
 
 Arch of Titus 136 
 
 Farnese Palace 136 
 
 Arch of Drusus 137 
 
 Colosseum at Rome — Exterior . . 137 
 
 Ancient Venetian Wine-glasses . . 138 
 
 Roman Biga, or Two-horse Chariot . 138 
 
 Ancieut Forum, Rome . . . 139 
 
 Venetian Costume in Sixteenth Century . 140 
 
 Costume of Milanese Ladies . . 140 
 Female Paduan Costumes in Sixteenth 
 
 Century 140 
 
 Verona Costumes in Fifteenth Century 140 
 
 Viol de Gamba ..... 141 
 
 Italian Servants in Sixteenth Century . 141 
 
 Fountain at the Villa Aldobrandini . 141 
 
 Etruscan Vase 142 
 
 Ancient Roman Couch . . . 142 
 
 Roman Lantern and Torches . . . 142 
 
 Misericordia at Florence . . . 143 
 The Crater of Mount Vesuvius . .144 
 Open-air Barber's Shop in the Piazza 
 
 Montanara, Rome . . . 145 
 
 Amphitheatre of Milan . . . .145 
 Vault of the Capvichins at Palermo, on 
 
 All-Souls' Day .... 146 
 
 Pompeii— Continued. 
 
 Steelyard from Pompeii . 
 
 Plaster Casts of the Victims 
 
 Interior of a House 
 
 Roman Triclinium, or Dining-room 
 
 Bird Chariot from Pompeii 
 
 Tomb of Scaurus, Hound Tomb, 
 
 Tomb of Calventius Quietus 
 Pompeian Building Tools 
 Mosaic of the Battle of Issus 
 Relics from the Ruins . 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 yAGB 
 
 from the Signal 
 
 POMPEIL 
 
 Excavr tion ia a street at Pompeii . .148 
 Excavations at Pompeii — Commencing a 
 
 Bore 149 
 
 Apartment in the ' ' House of the Hunter " 150 
 
 Portable Kitchen 150 
 
 Tepidarium, or Heated Room . . 150 
 
 Grecian Toilet Basin .... 150 
 Baker's Shop — Handing out the Loaves 
 
 Baked 151 
 
 Sword and Helmet .... 152 
 
 Bronze Kitchen Vessels . . . 152 
 
 Various Forms of Lamps . . . 152 
 
 Wine Pitcher 152 
 
 Glass Vessels 152 
 
 Urna for Warm Drinks . . . 152 
 Court of Quoestors' House . . .153 
 Amphitheatre . . . . . 153 
 Pompeian Lady at her Toilette . . 154 
 Pompeian Candelabra — Female Orna- 
 ments and Jewelry . . . 155 
 Roof of a House ..... 156 
 Interior of a House . . . . 156 
 Atrium in the House of Pansa . . 157 J Mussel-nets 
 
 Young Bull-fighters 
 Rock of Gibraltar, 
 
 Station . 
 Gralla House, at Barcelona 
 Court of Lions, in the Alhambra 
 Burial of the Poor at Seville . 
 A Bull-fight at Seville . 
 Dominique the Espada . 
 Madrid Crockery-merchant . 
 Girl of Cadiz .... 
 Madrid Bird-fancier . 
 Madrid Chair-seller 
 Spanish Fandango at Seville 
 Court of the Lioas 
 
 Escurial 
 
 Interior of Cathedi-al, Toledo . 
 
 Cataloniau Venta, or Inn . 
 
 Segovia and its Castle . 
 
 Traveling Tinker of Madrid 
 
 Madrid Broom-merchant 
 
 Fruit-seller of Madrid 
 
 Orange Girl of Madrid . 
 
 Madrid Pipe-seller 
 
 Pieman of Madrid . 
 
 Game-seller of Madrid 
 
 Mountain Traveling 
 
 Spanish Inn, Catalonia 
 
 Leaning Tower of Zaragoza . 
 
 Shooting Flamingoes on the Lake A! 
 
 bufera ...... 
 
 Balcony in Granada 
 
 Fire on the Dock of Gibraltar . 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Norman Bride with her Distaff 
 Fire of St. John, in Alsatia . 
 Shopping in the Seventeenth Century 
 Navarre Costumes, Fifteenth Century . 
 French Theatre in the Reign of 
 
 Louis XIII 
 
 Costumes of the Isle of Re 
 
 View of the Town of Pont-en-Royans 
 
 Shrimp-seller .... 
 
 Catacombs of Paris 
 
 Great Sewers of Paris — The Boat 
 
 Great Sewers of Paris — The Wagon 
 
 Artesian Well at Grenelle, Paris . 
 
 Railway over Mont Ceuis — View above 
 
 Lausebourg 
 Rack — French Instrument of Torture 
 
 in Use in 1765 .... 
 Church of the Invalides, Paris 
 La Roquette — Interior of the Chapel 
 
 during the Hours of Study . 
 La Roquette — Cells for the Solitary 
 
 Confinement of Boys 
 La Roquette, a Prison for Juveniles 
 
 and 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Fkanxe— Continued. 
 
 PAOE Gebmany— Continued. 
 
 Driving Horses ovit of a Leech Swamp . 196 
 
 Gathering Truffles .... 197 
 Cathedral of Chartres . . . .198 
 Church and Fountain of St. Sulpice, 
 
 Paris 199 
 
 Hotel de OluBy, Paris . . . .200 
 
 Fowling 200 
 
 Baths at Biarritz 201 
 
 "Walking Theatre .... 202 
 
 Breton Peasant Drafted into the Army . 203 
 
 The Gamin de Paris .... 203 
 Wood-cutters Keturning with Wood from 
 
 the Forest Bretonue, Normandy . 204 
 Cafe de la Cascade, Bois de Boulogne, 
 
 Paris 205 
 
 Shop in Paris in the Eighteenth Century 206 
 
 Extinct Volcanoes of the Chain of Puys 206 
 Procession Commemorative of the Plague 
 
 of 1720 at Marseilles . . .207 
 Benediction of la Garonne, at la Eeole, 
 
 near Bordeaux .... 207 
 Astronomical Clock in the Cathedral of 
 
 Strasbourg 208 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Prussian Bhenish Provinces — Sunday 
 
 Afternoon 210 
 
 Cobourg — Sunday Morning . . 211 
 Alsatian Mother Teaching her Daughter 
 
 the Alphabet 212 
 
 German Peasantry .... 213 
 Wendish Marriage in Lusatia — Bride Pro- 
 ceeding to the Husband's House . 214 
 Wendish Marriage — Bride and Bride- 
 groom iu Church .... 214 
 German Emigrants Embarking for Ame- 
 rica . . . ' . . . .,' 215 
 Colossal Statue of Bavaria — the Face . 't? 216 
 Colossal Statue of Bavaria — Interior of 
 
 the Head 216 
 
 Valhalla, Bavaria — Interior . . . 216 
 
 Colossal Statue of Bavaria at Munich . 217 
 
 Valhalla, Bavaria — Exterior . . 217 
 
 Koyal Palace at Potsdam, Prussia . . 218 
 Trarbach and the Ruins of Graefeuburg 
 
 Castle, Bhenish Provinces . . 219 
 Salt Caverns of Berchtozgaden, Bavaria . 220 
 Great Tun of Heidelberg ... 220 
 Bitumen Miners at Prayer before De- 
 scending the Mine .... 221 
 The Kursaal, Homburg, from thft Garden 222 
 Eoulette Table, Kursaal, Homburg . 222 
 
 Baden-Baden 223 
 
 Iron Arm and Hand of a German Knight, 
 
 in the Fifteenth Century . . 224 
 
 Finger, Showing the Mechanism . . 224 
 
 Hemp-steeping on the Banks of the Rhine 225 
 
 Salmon- watching on the Rhine . . 225 
 
 Marriage Scene 226 
 
 View of BerUn 227 
 
 Mining in the Opoi Air, at Rammelsberg, 
 
 in the Hartz 228 
 
 Students Fencing at Heidelberg . . 229 
 Town-hall at Bremen, formerly the Arch- 
 bishop's Palace .... 230 
 Tollgate at Frankfort .... 230 
 Castle of Heidelberg .... 231 
 JReichenbftch Falls .... 232 
 Tomb of the Three Kings, at Cologne . 232 
 Staubbach, or Dust Fall ... 232 
 
 PAGE Austrian Empihe— Continued. 
 
 233 
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 235 
 
 230 
 236 
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 241 
 241 
 242 
 243 
 
 243 
 
 View in Hildesheim, Prussia . 
 
 Barks on the Danube .... 
 
 Fishing Village at Apathin 
 
 German Hop-field in Winter 
 
 Stone on the Field of Lutzen where 
 Gustavus Adolphus Fell . 
 
 Klajiperstein — An Old Punishment 
 
 Charlemagne in his Tomb 
 
 The "Jungferu Kuss" 
 
 The Horn of Oldenburg . 
 
 A Saxon Lantern 
 
 Curious Oak-tree . 
 
 Schiller's House at Weimar 
 
 Festival of the Three Kings . 
 
 Marriage in Thuringia 
 
 Mill of Sans-Souci, Prussia . 
 
 Target-marker Announcing a Good Shot 
 
 Paying the Workmen .... 
 
 Royal Hunt in the Grunivale, near Berlin 
 
 Lager Beer Garden in Berlin . 
 
 Chamois -hunters on the Lookout 
 
 The Game Approaching .... 
 
 The Successful Chamois-hunter Return- 
 ing Home 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Harvesting Fruit 246 
 
 A Bernese Woman Beating Hemp . 247 
 
 Diligence Leaving Berne . . . 248 
 
 The MatterUprn, or Monte Carvino . 248 
 
 Interlachen, on the Aar .... 249 
 
 Glacier Table 250 
 
 The Great Aletch Glacier . . .250 
 
 Avalanche in the Alps . . . 250 
 
 Mont Blanc 251 
 
 Chamois-hunting in the Alps . . 252 
 
 Tourists on Lake Geneva . . . 253 
 
 The Man Mantuamaker . . . 254 
 
 Interior of a Grotto of Topazes . . 254 
 
 Valley of Chamouni .... 255 
 
 Covelo, a Fortress in the Tyrol . . 256 
 
 The Oberland Journey . . . 257 
 
 American Lady Ascending Mont Blanc . 257 
 
 Railway Tunnel in the Alps . . 258 
 
 Caille Bridge, in Savoy . . . . 259 
 Mont Blanc — Encamped on the Grands 
 
 Mulcts 260 
 
 Grand Plateau, Mont Blanc . . . 260 
 
 A Guide's Accident .... 261 
 
 Crossing the Glacier de Bossous . . 261 
 
 Huts ana Rocks of the Grands Mulcts 262 
 
 The Jungfrau Mountain . . . 203 
 
 Summit of Mont Blanc . . . .264 
 
 Mont Blanc and the " Mer de Glace " . 264 
 
 Via Mala, near the Source of the Rhine . 265 
 
 Mont Blano— Descent of Stones . . 260 
 
 Festival at the Men-at-arms, Neufchatel . 266 
 
 View in the Grisons .... 267 
 
 Ascent of Mont Blanc by Dr. Hamel . 268 
 
 Harvest in the Alps .... 269 
 
 Bridge over the Rhine at Basle . . 270 
 
 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 AusTEiA, Bohemia, Tyrol, Hungary, Croatia, 
 
 AND Galicia. 
 
 Castle of Durrenstein .... 272 
 
 Hungarian Shepherds .... 272 
 
 Czigany, or Hungarian Gipsies . . 273 
 
 Hungarian Costumes .... 274 
 
 Presbnrg, Ancient Capital of Hungary . 275 
 
 Vail Worn by Hungarian Peasant Women 276 
 Ancient Female Punishment in Hungary . 276 
 Saxon Girl in Transylvania . . . 276 
 
 Hermitage and Cave of Bucses . . 276 
 
 Austrian Peasants .... 277 
 Hungarians Singing, Followed by a Gipsy 
 
 Musician ...... 277 
 
 Abbey of Moelk, on the Danube . . 278 
 Mausoleum of Maria Christina, Arch- 
 duchess of Austria .... 278 
 
 High Mass in the Cave of San Servolo, 
 
 iu the Coast Mountains near Trieste 279 
 
 Hungarian Guard-house on the Danube 280" 
 
 St. Stephen's Crown .... 280 
 
 Bringing Hay from the Puszta by Boat . 280 
 
 Moravian Peasants Dancing . . 281 
 
 Recruiting for the Army . . . 282 
 
 Rifle Meeting at Vienna . . . 282 
 Types and Costumes of the People of 
 
 Bukowine . . . . . 283 
 
 Raft on the Danube .... 284 
 
 Austrian Military Post on the Bannat . 285 
 
 Scene in the Market-place at Pesth . 286 
 
 Swineherd on the Puszta . . . 280 
 
 Passenger Raft on the Danube . . 28T 
 Peasants from the Puszta Encamped in 
 
 the Market-place at Pesth . . 287 
 
 Market at Brunn .... 288 
 
 Austrian Passenger Steamboat on the 
 
 Balaton Lake, Hungary . . . 288 
 
 Fair at Pesth 289 
 
 Life iu Vienna 290 
 
 The Village King in Hungary . . 291 
 Csarda, Turkish Name of the Inns on the 
 
 Prairies of Hungary . . . 292 
 
 Hungarian Wedding .... 292 
 Presentation of Ladies of Ofen (Buda) to 
 
 Emperor and Empress of Austria . 293 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 Interior of a Harem 296 
 
 Mohammedan Tomb .... 297 
 
 Entrance to an Oriental Bazar . . 297 
 
 Tower of Galata 297 
 
 Guests in a Harem Entertained with 
 
 Music 298 
 
 Turkish Dinner Party .... 298 
 
 Women of Turkey — Visit of Ceremony to 
 
 a Harem ...... 299' 
 
 Gardens of the Seraglio, Constantinople 30O 
 
 Turkish Women in a Garden . . 301 
 
 A Turk and his Three Wives . . . 302 
 
 Turkish Ladies Seated at a Tandour . 302 
 
 Summer Saloon of the Sultan's Harem . 303. 
 
 Turkish Life — Gulbeyan Hanum . 304 
 
 Outdoor Costume of a Lady . . . 304 
 Kara Fatima, the Kurdish Princess, at the 
 
 Head of her Troops . . . 305- 
 
 Method of Flogging in Turkish Schools . 306- 
 
 A Bashi-Bazouk ..... 307 ~ 
 
 Balouk-Hame— Casting Dead Bodies into 
 
 the Bosphorus 30S 
 
 Muezzin Calling Men to Prayer . . 308 
 
 Rural Mohammedan Mosque . . . 308 
 
 Turkish Rural Ground at Scutari . 303 
 
 Turkish Bazjir at Constantinople . . 310 
 
 Gipsy Showman 310 
 
 Interior of the Mosque Achmed, Constan- 
 tinople 311 
 
 Running to the Firo . . . . 312 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 Turkey— Continued, 
 
 Street Scene at Constantinople 
 
 Turkish Barber-shop . 
 
 A Tatar, or Turkish Courier . 
 
 Turkish Ewer and Basin 
 
 Interior of a Turkish Bath . 
 
 Turkish Life— The Mansion 
 
 A Syrian Turk's Divan . 
 
 Koom in a Khan . 
 
 The Sick-room 
 
 Street Scene in Constantinople 
 
 The Turkish Banknote Counterfeited in 
 
 New York . . . . • 
 Mosque of Sultan Achmet, at Constan- 
 
 tiuo25le ...... 
 
 Turkish Scribe 
 
 Hammal, or Turkish Porter 
 
 Sapeur-Pompier 
 
 Subterranean Lake at Constantinople . 
 Turkish Letter .... 
 
 313 
 314 
 314 
 
 315 
 315 
 316 
 310 
 317 
 318 
 319 
 
 319 
 
 320 
 321 
 321 
 322 
 323 
 324 
 
 DANUBIA'N' PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 liouMANiA (Moldavia and Wallachia), 
 Seevia and Bosnia. 
 
 Porch of the Convent of Orezu, "Wallachia 32G 
 
 Bosnian Dancing-girl . . . 327 
 
 Granary for Corn, in Servia . . . 328 
 
 Flax-beaters, in Servia . . . 328 
 
 Wallachian Cemetery .... 329 
 
 Wallachian Devil Dance . . . 330 
 
 Hay-mow in Orezu .... 330 
 
 A Grave in Orezu .... 330 
 
 Slavonian Jlayah 331 
 
 Wallachian Nun 332 
 
 Croate on the Frontiers of Servia . . 332 
 
 Wallachian Peasant Girl . . . 333 
 
 Young Woman of Bucharest . . . 333 
 
 Woman of the Military Frontier . 333 
 
 House in the Suburbs of Bucharest . 334 
 
 Moldavian Bullock Caravan . . 335 
 
 Wallachian Shee^) 335 
 
 Wallachian Village .... 336 
 
 Fisherman's Hut on the Danube . . 337 
 
 Oven in the Woods of Servia . . 337 
 
 Village Church in Bosuia . . 337 
 
 Peasant Womo,n of Bosuia . . . 338 
 
 Inhabitant of Wallachia .... 338 
 
 Military Escort in Bosnia . . . 339 
 
 Interior of a Wallachian Peasant's Home . 340 
 Islands of St. George and the Virgin, in 
 
 the Bay of Cattaro ... 340 
 
 EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 Imperial Arms of Russia . . . 342 
 
 Anc'ent Kussian Crown . . . 343 
 
 Palace of Paul, St. Petersburg . . 343 
 
 Church of Our Lady of Georgia . . 344 
 
 Citizen and Family of Moscow . . 345 
 
 Academy of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg . 346 
 Hotel de I'Etat Major, and Alexandrian 
 
 Column, St. Petersburg . . . 347 
 
 Ancient Kussian Carriage . . . 347 
 
 Smolnoi Convent, St. Petersburg . . 348 
 
 Drosky 348 
 
 Scene in the Market-place, St. Petersburg 349 
 
 Ladies of Kourick and Oril . . . 350 
 
 Kussian Village Dance . . . 351 
 Great Bell of Moscow . . . .351 
 Bishop and Clergy of the Orthodox 
 
 Church 352 
 
 Empire of Russia— Contlaued. page 
 
 Ileception of a Bride by her Father-in-law 353 
 
 Russian Christening . ,• / • ■ 353 
 
 Lapland Jourde or Hut . . . 354 
 
 D'iving Bears to Market at Beiezow . 354 
 
 Russian Carnival at St. Petersburg . 355 
 
 Winter Amusement in St. Petersburg . 356 
 
 Street Venders at St. Petersburg . 356 
 
 Kussian Peddler ..... 357 
 
 Russian Family at Home . . . 358 
 
 Imperial Theatre of Moscow . . . 359 
 
 Omnibus and Sleigh, St. Petersburg . 359 
 
 Russian Village 360 
 
 Tomb of Queen Ann Jagellon in the 
 
 Cathedral of Warsaw, Poland . 361 
 
 Russian Navy Cadets .... 362 
 
 Emancipation of a Serf in Russia . 363 
 
 Women of Viatka and of Perm . . 3G4 
 
 Russian Post-house .... 364 
 
 The Kremlin, Moscow .... 365 
 
 Cossacks Dancing on a Wedding Eve 365 
 
 Bazar at St. Petersburg . . . 366 
 
 Russian Marriage Ceremony . . . 367 
 
 Imperial Family Sleighing on the Neva 368 
 
 Russian Nun ...... 368 
 
 Circassian Outpost .... 369 
 
 Court Reception in St. Petersburg . 370 
 Winter Palace of the Emperor, St. Peters- 
 burg ...... 371 
 
 Petty Traders of St. Petersburg . . 372 
 
 Chanvans, Siberian Tribe ... 373 
 
 Stag-hunt in Siberia .... 374 
 
 Traveling in the Russian Steppes . 374 
 
 Wolf-hunt 375 
 
 Tchuktchi, near the Cossack Jourdes . 376 
 Perilous Adventure over the Cataract of 
 
 Selo Keschemy, in Siberia . . 377 
 
 Finland Farmhouse .... 378 
 Gloves and Wooden Spoon of a Russian 
 
 Postilion 378 
 
 Siberian Convicts with Cossack Guard 379 
 Tartar Women of Kazan . . .380 
 Encampment of Gold Wagoners in the 
 
 Ural Mountains . . . . 381 
 
 Wolf-hunting 382 
 
 Village on the Banks of the Volga . 383 
 
 Lapland Family 384 
 
 Lapland Costumes and Customs . . 385 
 Fisherman's Hut in Lapland . . . 386 
 Interior of a Church in Lajjland . . 387 
 Skating in Lapland .... 388 
 Aurora Borealis Seen at Bossekop, Fin- 
 land, January 21, 1839 . 389, 390 
 Waterfall of Kvamararfoss, Iceland . 391 
 
 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 Oscar's Hall in Christiana . . . 394 
 Hosijitality in Norway .... 395 
 Dressing a Bride in Norway . . . 396 
 Wedding Costumes at Saetersdblen, Nor- 
 way 397 
 
 Church in Guldsbrandsdal, Norway . 397 
 
 Hell Fall, Christiansand, Norway . 398 
 Troll's Heart, Norway . . . .398 
 
 Pige Kelker in Norway . . . 399 
 
 Maelstrom 399 
 
 Aal Foss Rapids, on the Oxea, Norway 400 
 
 House in Guldsbrandsdal . . . 401 
 
 Bear Adventure in Norway . . . 401 
 
 Swedish Bride 402 
 
 Swedish Woman Dressed for Church . 402 
 
 NOEWAY AND SwEDEX.— Contlnuea. PAGt! 
 
 state Carriage of Gustavus III. . . 402 
 
 Swedish Marriage Procession . . 403 
 
 Hut in the Clearing, Sweden . . . 403 
 
 May-pole 404 
 
 An Early Scandinavian Vessel . . 40i . 
 
 Christmas Tree in Sweden . . . 405 
 
 Harvest-home in Sweden . . . 406 
 
 Lund Horse Fair in Sweden . . 406 
 
 Costumes of Various Provinces of Sweden 407 
 
 Swedish Funeral 408 
 
 DENMARK. 
 Copenhagen ...... 410 
 
 Costumes of the Danish Peasantry , 411 
 Public Carriage . . . . .411 
 
 Metal Font at Haderslov ... 412 
 Curious Ancient Golden Horn . . 412 
 Danish Ferryboat .... 413 
 
 Church at Faareville .... 413 
 
 Prison of Christian II. at Sonderburg . 413 
 The Slotsholm Side of Copenhagen — 
 
 The New Canal Bridge . . .414 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Amsterdam ..... . 416 
 
 Dutch Head-dresses .... 417 
 
 Dutch Villa on the Scheldt . . .418 
 
 Dutch Customs and Costumes . . 419 
 
 Household 420 
 
 Early Dutch Printing Office . . 420 
 
 Skate Race of Friesland Women . . 421 
 
 Vyverberg at The Hague . . . 422 
 
 Market-women at Amsterdam . . 423 
 
 Interior of an Orphan Asylum . . 424 
 
 Dutch Custom 424 
 
 Dutch Watchman at Scheveningen . 425 
 Dutch Gala Sleigh of the Sixteenth 
 
 Century 426 
 
 Ratcatcher 426 
 
 Woman and Girl of Hindelopen . . 427 
 
 Polishing Diamonds .... i28 
 
 Sizes of Diamonds ..... 428 
 
 Diamond Works on the Amstel . . 429 
 
 Jews' Quarter, Amsterdam . . . 430 
 Masks — A Noble Dutch Family Returning 
 
 Home at Night .... 430 
 
 The Little Match-girl at Amsterdam* 431 
 Albert and Isabella at the Studio of 
 
 Rubens 432 
 
 Annual Fair at Rotterdam . . . 432 
 
 Seaside Scene ..... 433 
 
 A Canal in Holland . . . . 434 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Great Chimney-piece in the Hall of Mar- 
 riages at Antwerp .... 436 
 Church of St. James at Liege . . 437 
 Luxemburg — View from the Port des 
 
 Moulins 438 
 
 Fort and Port of Luxemburg . . 438 
 Sham Battle on Stilts, at Namur . . 439 
 Inauguration of the Statue of King Leo- 
 pold, at Antwerp .... 440 
 Rubens's Chair, at Antwerp . . . 440 
 Magistrates' Hall, at Audenarde . . 441 
 Battle in the Stone Age .... 442 
 Carnival at Antwerp .... 443 
 Entry into Brussels of the Count of 
 Flanders and the Princess Mary de 
 HohenzoUern 444 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Belgium— Continued. page 
 
 Kew Aquarium at Brussels , . . 444 
 
 Cave near Rocliefort .... 445 
 
 Portrait of a Flemish Burgomaster . . 446 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Portuguese Pavilion at the Paris Exhibi- 
 tion 448 
 
 Portuguese Department at the Paris Ex- 
 hibition ..... 448 
 Toklo Boat of the Douro ... 448 
 Monaster}' of Santa Maria de Belem . 449 
 Demonstration in Favor of Saldanha, iu 
 
 Lisbon, in 1870 . . . .450 
 
 Bridge at Porto 450 
 
 BARBARY STATES. 
 MoRoooo, Algekia, Tunls and Tkipoli. 
 
 Moorish Lady in Walking Costume . 452 
 
 Sunrise on the Desert .... 453 
 
 Moorish Balcony ..... 454 
 
 Moorish Doorway .... 454 
 
 Algerine Moor ..... 455 
 
 Algeriue Jew 455 
 
 Vailed Woman of Algiers . . . 455 
 
 Terebinth, or Turpentine-tree . . 456 
 
 The Palace of the Governor of Mequinez 457 
 
 Panther-hunt in Algeria .... 458 
 
 Arab Race in Algeria .... 459 
 
 Negro Medicine Dance, Algiers . . 460 
 Inundation of the Plain of Kelizanne, 
 
 Algeria 460 
 
 Interior of a Cadi's Court, Algiers . . 461 
 
 Mulatto Girl in Tunis ... 462 
 
 Types of Tunisian Peasantry . . . 463 
 
 How a Great Lady Travels in Tunis . 463 
 
 Sponge-divers ..... 464 
 
 Fishermen Trampling the Gelatinous 
 
 Matter out of the Sponge . . 465 
 
 Market for the Sale of Sponges, Tripoli 466 
 
 Remains of Carthage — The Cisterns . 467 
 
 View of Tetuan 468 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Women of Abyssinia .... 470 
 
 Kassai, Prince of Tigre, Seated in State 470 
 
 Nati\a Plowing 471 
 
 Aggageers, or Sword-hunters . . . 471 
 
 Thief-smelling 472 
 
 Interior of an Abyssinian House . . 472 
 
 Abyssinian ~ 473 
 
 Palm Sunday in Abys.sinia . . . 473 
 
 Religious Ceremony at Wadela . . 473 
 Ankobar, the Residence of the Negus of 
 
 Choar 474 
 
 Weekly Fair at Antala . . . 474 
 
 Abyssinian Raw-meat Feast . . . 475 
 
 Woman Grinding Corn . . . 475 
 
 Abyssinian Soldiers .... 476 
 
 Theodore, Late King of Abyssinia . 476 
 
 Village under the Antala ' ' Amba " . 477 
 
 Group of Shohos .... 477 
 
 Funeral of the Widow of King Theodore 478 
 
 Church and Shrine of St. Romanus . 478 
 
 Abyssinian Oven 479 
 
 The Scene of the Late King Theodore's 
 
 Massacre 479 
 
 The Tigretier, or Abyssinian Dance . 479 j 
 
 Method of Protecting Crops . . . 480 1 
 
 Palace of Theodore at Gondar . . 480 I 
 
 LIBERIA. P-^GE 
 
 The President's House in Monrovia . 482 
 
 Blacksmith's Hut .... 482 
 
 Monrovia ...... 483 
 
 Family of Borlean Negroes . . . 484 
 
 Mammy Town 485 
 
 Superstition of the Devil's Bush . 486 
 
 GuadiLar Farm 487 
 
 View of Buchanan .... 488 
 
 Rock Town Warriors .... 488 
 
 MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 View of Ajaccio ..... 490 
 
 Fountain of the Corso, Ajaccio . . 491 
 
 Washerwomen in the Port of Ajaccio . 492 
 
 Sicilian Mother 493 
 
 Sicilian Tyjjes and Figures . . . 493 
 
 Sunrise on Mount Etna . . . 494 
 
 Sicilian Peasant Boy .... 495 
 
 Island of Mare-Imo .... 496 
 
 Salt Springs in Sicily .... 497 
 
 Beggar's Stair, Malta .... 497 
 
 Queen Adelaide Church, Valetta, Malta . 498 
 
 View of Malta 498 
 
 Scene iu the Strada Mercanti, Malta . 499 
 
 Port St. Nicholas, Rhodes ... 500 
 Palace of the Grand Masters of the 
 
 Knights of St. John . . .501 
 
 Bird's-eye View of Rhodes . . . 502 
 
 Ancient Cannon of the Knights of St. John 503 
 
 Coat ot Arms of Villiers de I'lle-Adams . 503 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes .... 503 
 The Arms of PhiUp the Good in the Port 
 
 St. Nicholas 503 
 
 The Keep or Entrance to the Residence 
 
 of the Grand Masters . , . 504 
 
 Funeral Vase from Rhodes . . . 504 
 
 SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Hosa Fingoe Man 506 
 
 Beutchuana Wagon-leader . . . 506 
 
 Hottentot House-servant . . . 506 
 
 Dance of Zulus 507 
 
 Hottentot Woman 508 
 
 Fingoe Women 508 
 
 Elephant-shooting by Moonlight . . 509 
 
 Amakosa Caffre ..... 510 
 
 Tree in Natal 510 
 
 Native Mode of Hunting the Gnu . 510 
 Fingoe Herdswomen . . . .511 
 Interior of a Caffre Hut . . . 511 
 The Hopo, an African Method of Hunt- 
 ing in South Africa .... 512 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND. 
 
 The Pillory at Old London Bridge . . 514 
 
 The Royal Palace at Hampton . . 515 
 
 Old London Bridge .... 515 
 
 Elizabethan Furniture . . . 516 
 
 Sitting-room Furniture of the Fifteenth 
 
 Century 5 If) 
 
 Queen Elizabeth in State . . . 517 
 
 Queen Anne Going to Parliament . . 518 
 
 London by Night . . . . . 519 
 
 Bed in Shakespeare's Time . . . 519 
 Place where the Princes were Buried in 
 
 the London Tower . . . 519 
 The South Sea Bubble . . . .520 
 Sitting-room Furniture in the Time of 
 
 William and Mary . . . 521 
 Costumes of the Time of Henry V. .521 
 
 Gkeat Bkitaijj AMD IRELAND— Continued. taoe 
 
 Various Costumes and Head-dresses . 522 
 
 English Coach of the Time of Charles n , 523 
 
 Sedan Chairs 523 
 
 Two-horse Litters 523 
 
 The Ship Henri-Ordne-a-Dieu . . 524 
 
 War Galleys of the Fifteenth Century . 524 
 
 The Tower of London . . . 525 
 
 The Ducking-chair 528 
 
 A Flogging-horse .... 523 
 
 Pai-ish Stocks ...... 52G 
 
 The Penance of Jane Shore . . 527 
 
 A Peddler of Shakespeare's Time . . 523 
 
 London Street-hghts, 1760 . . . 523 
 Hackney Coachman of the Time of 
 
 Charles II 528 
 
 A Watchman of Shakespeare's Time . 528 
 
 London Lamp-lighter, 1700 . . . 528 
 
 The Great Bed of Ware . . . 529 
 
 Stage Barge of Richard II. . . . 529 
 
 Old Houses in Chester . . . 530 
 
 Royal Miracles 531 
 
 Odd Customs of English Theatres . 532 
 Clothing Shop in the Reign of Queen 
 
 Elizabeth 532 
 
 Costumes of the Time of Henry IV. . 532 
 
 An English Funeral 300 Years Ago. . 533 
 
 Giant's Causeway, Ireland . . . 534 
 Spearing Salmon on tne River Shannon, 
 
 Ireland 535 
 
 Hanging in Chains .... 536 
 
 The Iron Bridle 537 
 
 Woman with the Bridle on . . 637 
 
 "Peine Forte et Dure" . . . 537 
 
 Flogging Quakers in England . . 538 
 
 The Domesday Book .... 638 
 The New Tower Subway under the River 
 
 Thames 539 
 
 Interior of an Old English Farmhouse . 540 
 A Barber's Shop in the Reign of Queen 
 
 Elizabeth 5^ 
 
 Ballroom in the Year 1700 . . . 64f 
 The Great Fire of London in 1666 . . 548 
 Donkey Races at Blackheath , 543 
 An Old English Kitchen . . . 544 
 An Old Public Washing-ground . . 544 
 Copper- works at Swansea, Wales . . 545 
 Ancient Coracle, or Wicker Boat . 546 
 The Bank of England .... 647 
 The Royal Exchange .... 547 
 Eddystone Lighthouse - . . . 548 
 Shakespeare Reading before Queen Eliza- 
 beth 549 
 
 Egg-marketing in Ireland . . . 550 
 
 Duuloe Gap 550 
 
 Ancient Irish Harp .... 550 
 
 A Drag-hunt in Ireland . . . 551 
 
 Peasants Resting from their Labors . 551 
 
 Irish Turf-gatherers .... 552 
 Women Digging a Field for a Crop of 
 
 Potatoes ...... S.S3 
 
 Summit of Storr and Quiraug, Isle of Skye 554 
 
 The Bass Rock, Scotland . . . 555 
 
 Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh . . . 556 
 
 Highland Dance 556 
 
 Gathering Peat in Scotland . . . 557 
 
 Bringing Home the Bride . . . 558 
 
 UNITED STATES of AMERICA, 
 
 The White Hrmse 561 
 
 Landing of Governor Winthrop at Salem 561 
 
XTi 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 United states of amekica— Continued. page 
 
 First Sabbath of the Pilgrim Fathers in 
 
 America •'>'52 
 
 The Keceptiou of Columbus after his 
 
 First Voyage .... 563 
 The Deathbed of Columbus . . .564 
 
 The Charter Oak 565 
 
 The Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. 566 
 Washington's New Family Vault . . 567 
 Ante-chamber of the Tomb of Washing- 
 ton 568 
 
 Top of the Sarcophagus .... 568 
 
 Armorial Bearings of the Washingtons 568 
 Inscription over the Door of the House 
 
 of the Washingtons .... 568 
 
 Pohick Church 569 
 
 The Pulpit 569 
 
 Washington's Pew .... 569 
 
 Koger Williams's Departure from Salem 570 
 
 Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek . 571 
 Pocahontas Saving the Life of John 
 
 Smith 572 
 
 Masked Men Destroying Firearms on 
 
 Board the Steamboat Hesper . 573 
 
 John Brown 574 
 
 John Brown Burying the Dead Insur- 
 
 the 
 
 575 
 576 
 
 Morton Killing the Pawnee Indian . 
 The Murder of Jane McCrea by 
 
 Indians ' 577 
 
 The Mammoth Cave Hotel . . . 578 
 
 Entrance to the Cave .... 578 
 
 Inside View of the Entrance of the Cave 579 
 
 Devil's Armchair 580 
 
 Entrance to the Gothic Gate . . . 580 
 Wedding in the Gothic Chai>el . . 581 
 Descending to the Yo-Semite Valley . 582 
 Ascending the Lower Dome of the Yo- 
 Semite 582 
 
 The Yo-Semite Fall . . . .583 
 Upper Side of the Natural Bridge over 
 
 Cayotte Creek .... 584 
 
 Natural Bridge over Cayotte Creek . . 584 
 
 Monument Eock, Echo Caiion . . 585 
 
 Workmen Felling a Mammoth Tree . 586 
 
 The " Twins," Mariposa . . . 586 
 
 Scene in the Valley of the Yo-Semite . 587 
 
 Trial of Anne Hutchinson . . . 588 
 
 Desperate Conflict on the Prairies . . 589 
 A Typical Scene at a Florida Kailroad 
 
 Station 590 
 
 Mrs. Clayton Planting the National Flag 
 
 on the Summit of the Rocky Mount- 591 
 
 ains 58il 
 
 Old New Orleans — Governor Bienville's 
 
 House 592 
 
 A Tenrist Party in the Bocky Mountains 593 
 Old New Orleans — Scene on the Levee 594 
 View of the Roan Mountain, North Caro- 
 lina 595 
 
 The Old Stagecoach Days . . . 596 
 The Brooklyn Bridge . . . .597 
 
 Gaverns of Luray — The Organ . . 598 
 The Cafion of the Colorado . . .599 
 
 Camp in the Woods in Alaska . . 60D 
 
 Scenery oq the Stikeen Kiver . . . 001 
 
 St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet ... 001 
 
 Indian Dance at Unalachleet . . . 002 
 
 United States of America — Continued. page 
 
 Trolosk Indian 002 
 
 Interior of an Indian House . . . 603 
 
 Mount Edgecombe .... 604 
 
 Burial Monument 004 
 
 Telegraph Station at Fort Clarence . G05 
 
 Native Ounalaskan and Seal Dog . . 606 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 The House of Parliament, from the River 608 
 
 The House of Parliament, Front View . 008 
 
 The Opening of Parliament, Ottawa . 009 
 
 Government Hotise, Toronto . . . 610 
 
 Rideau Hall, Ottawa .... 610 
 
 Maisonneuve, First Governor of Mont- 611 
 
 real Oil 
 
 Residence of Maisonne\ive . . . 611 
 
 Scene on the Chaudil're River . . . 612 
 
 The Chaudiere Falls, Ottawa . . 612 
 
 Montmorency Falls in Summer . . 013 
 
 Design for the Brant Monument . . 614 
 
 The Brant Monument at Brantford . . 614 
 
 Horticultural Garden, Toronto . . 015 
 
 University, Toronto .... 615 
 
 M'Gill University, at Montreal . . 616 
 
 Ontario Ladies' College, Whitby . . 017 
 
 Faraday Hall, Victoria College, Cobourg 017 
 The Church of Notre Dame de Bon Se- 
 
 cours, at Montreal .... 618 
 
 Breakneck Steps, Quebec . . . 618 
 
 Champlain Street, Quebec . . . 018 
 
 Winnipeg 619 
 
 Fort Garry in 1870 619 
 
 View of Winnipeg, Manitoba . . 620 
 
 Grace Church (Methodist), Winnipeg . 620 
 
 Digby Harbor and Gut, Bay of Fundy . 021 
 
 CustoM-house, Windsor, Ontario . . 022 
 
 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA 
 AND THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 Custom-house and Landing, Vera Cruz . 624 
 Indians and Country Women in the 
 
 Market Square, Vera Cruz. . 025 
 
 End of the Aqueduct, City »f Mexico . 626 
 
 Cathedral, City of Mexico ... 627 
 
 The Castle of Chapultepec, Mexico . . 628 
 
 Portrait of President Porfirio Diaz . 629 
 
 The Ruined Palace of Mitla, Mexico . 030 
 
 Coffee Plantation, Costa Rica . . 631 
 
 Exterior of the Hotel Pasage, Havana . 032 
 Sitting-room in the Tomando Cafe, 
 
 Havana 632 
 
 Map of the West Indies . . . 633 
 
 Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies . . 633 
 
 Port Antonio, Jamaica . . . 634 
 The Wesleyan Church, Beechamville, St. 
 
 Ann's, Jamaica .... 6^5 
 
 Alley Church, Jamaica . . . 635 
 
 St. Pierre, Martinique .... 066 
 
 Former Basin of Boiling Lake, Do- 
 minica ...... 636 
 
 View of Cape Haytien from the Height 
 
 of Marchegalle . . . .637 
 
 National Bank of Hayti at Port-au-Prinx;e 037 
 The Great Water Cave near San Do- 
 mingo City 638 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. ^>^<^^ 
 
 View of Rio de Janeiro from Ilhas das 
 
 Cobras 640 
 
 Santa Catharina, Brazil . . . 040 
 
 Santa Praia de Fora, Santa Catharina . 640 
 Palm Grove in the Botanical Garden, 
 
 Rio de Janeiro .... 041 
 
 View of Menino Deos, Porto Alegre . 041 
 View of the City of Callao, Peru, from 
 
 the Mole G42 
 
 View of the City of Callao from the Sea 042 
 
 The Gorge of the Tunkini, Peru . . 643 
 
 View of the City of Lima, Pern . . 644 
 
 View of Cuzco, Peru .... 644 
 
 Boating on Lake Titicaca, Peru . . 645 
 South American Indians, Georgetown, 
 
 British Guiana 646 
 
 Monument to General O'Higgins, Sant- 
 iago, Chili 647 
 
 The Church of San Francisco, Santiago, 
 
 Chili 648 
 
 The Harbor and City of Buenos .\yrcs . 649 
 
 Florida Street, Buenos Ayres . . 650 
 
 Cathedral, Buenos Ayres . . . 650 
 
 Teatro Alegria, Buenos .\^yres . . 651 
 
 North -American Church, Buenos Ayres . 651 
 Views in Caracas, the Capital City of 
 
 Venezuela ..... 652 
 
 Burial-place of Indians near Atures, Vene- 
 zuela ...... 053 
 
 Statue of Bolivar, in the Great Plaza of 
 
 Bogota, United States of Colombia . 653 
 Volcano in Smyth Channel, Strait of 
 
 Magellan 654 
 
 Natives of Tierra d«l Fuego . . 654 
 
 AUSTRALIA AND NEW 
 
 ZEALAND. 
 
 Treasury, Melbourne .... 656 
 
 Public Library, Melbourne . . . 656 
 
 Law Courts, Melbourne .... 657 
 
 Botanical Garden, Melbourne . . 6fff 
 
 South Melbourne Bowling Green . . 657 
 View of Melbourne from the Exhibition 
 
 Building Gallery . . . .657 
 
 Law Courts, Sydney .... 658 
 
 Exhibition Building, Sydney . . . 658 
 
 Sydney Harbor 658 
 
 Town-hall, Sydney 659 
 
 Vice-regal Residence, Adelaide . . i960 
 
 Government Offices, Adelaide . . . 690 
 
 View of Adelaide .... 661 
 
 Supreme Court Hoase, Adelaide . . 661 
 
 North and South Brisbane, Queensland 661 
 The Town of Wentworth . . .862 
 
 Vineyard at Sunbury .... 662 
 Gigantic Gum - trees on the Northern 
 
 Railroad, Queensland . . . 663 
 
 On the Sands at Queen's Clifif . . 664 
 
 Katoomba Coal Mine, New South Walas 665 
 Christchurch Cathedral, Canterbury, New 
 
 Zealand 666 
 
 On the Huon River, Tasmania . . 667 
 
 On the Derwent River, Tsismauia . . 6C8 
 
 On the West Coast Road, New Zealand 669 
 Mount Egmont, New Zealan:!, from tii« 
 
 Recreation-ground .... 3?0 
 
The WORLD'S Great Nations. 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 J' 
 
 GKOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 CaBHMBKE Women— Persian Maukiage— The Shah of Persia— Peiisian Costdmes— Seraglio -The Tower at Key— Grand Mosqtte at Ispa- 
 BAN— A Persian Captive— Well in the Desert— Persian Women— Caravanserai— Portable Stove— Lantern— Arms, Dokestio 
 Articles- Parsees Worshiping the Setting Sun— Ki;ral Chariot— Persian Group— Sacred Tank— The tomb of Noah— Tumult ih 
 Tf^eran— Concluding Remarks 
 
 . E HAVE said in our pre- 
 face, that in beginning 
 our travels ' 'All Kound the 
 World," we have com- 
 menced in the East, be- 
 cause it is the birth-place 
 of civilization ; for, despite 
 the Darwinian theory, that 
 man is the modification of 
 the monkey, we hold that 
 every lover of h)5 kind 
 can extend his sympathy 
 to even such a strange caricature of the human 
 shape as the ourang-outang, chimpanzee, and 
 gorilla ; and however low our estimation may 
 be of the Darwinian race, we think our readers 
 will find, in their travels around the globe, that 
 there is as great a diversity in the human race, 
 between the highest and the lowest, as there is 
 between man and the gorilla. 
 
 That in the course of six thousand years man 
 has not progressed as an individual, is undoubt- 
 edly true. In physical force, no man we have 
 any record of exceeds Samron in strength; and 
 in intellectual acumen, Aristotle, Plato, and 
 Euclid remain unexcelled. Homer, Anacreon, 
 and .^chylus are still the rivals of our great- 
 est modern poets, and, with the sole exception 
 of Shakespeare, we can produce no man whoso 
 mental grandeur is not equaled or surpassed by 
 one of antiquity. Of course, when we come to 
 the practical arts and sciences, the wonderful 
 discoveries of the last century put the ancients 
 to considerable disadvantage ; and Kewton, 
 Watts, Morse, and Fulton belong, as it were, 
 to a race of giants in whom pure intellect is 
 subservient to that dual being which. Centaur- 
 like, is half science and half brain. 
 
 Considering the wonderful strides which sci- 
 ence has made, we do not think that man has 
 changed in accordance with the progress of 
 the age. While the discoveries of science and 
 modem appliances have elevated the masses of 
 mankind from a platform little higher than 
 that of the brute creation, or certainly from man 
 
 in his nomadic, or most brutal shape, to that 
 of a civilized being, we find, as we have already : 
 observed, no poets more eminent than Homer , 
 and Horace ; no historian superior to Tacitus 
 and Polybius ; no philosopher above Plato and 
 Aristotle ; no orators surpassing Cicero and 
 Demosthenes ; no mathematicians superior to 
 Euclid, and no warriors equal to Julius Caesar. 
 
 In selecting Asiatic Turkey for our starting- 
 place on this panoramic voyage round the world, 
 Vv'e hare not ignored the prior claims of Chaldea, 
 Assyria, and other countries, where, according 
 to Holy Writ, the human race became the 
 pioneers of civilization. 
 
 At the risk of misconstruction, wo may say 
 that the means of communication were so limit- 
 ed, that very little was known of the proceed- 
 ings of the human race, and that, when we 
 have a record of actual life in those days, it is 
 only to be compared to a sudden break in a fog, 
 or of getting a glimpse of truth by a flash of 
 lightning. 
 
 Asia is not only tlie oldest, according to chro- 
 nology, but the largest of the three great di- 
 visions of the Eastern Hemisphere. Separated 
 from Africa by the Red Sea and Isthmus of Suez, 
 and from Europe by the Ural Mountains, the 
 Ural Pdver, and the Caspian Sea, its proportion 
 to Europe may be estimated as tliat of throe- 
 fourths, the superficial contents ot Asia being 
 eighteen millions of square miles, to four mil- 
 lions in Europe. But the very variety and 
 magnitude of its capabilities diminished its 
 capacities, and honce we have found the smaller 
 size of Europe a provocative to tliat condensa- 
 tion of mental and physical energy which has 
 ever made Europe the brains, or might, of the 
 world, and enabled England, in the last two 
 centuries and at the present moment, to hold 1 
 dominion over two hundred millions of Asiatics, 
 with only one hundred thousand armed Euro- 
 peans to guard her military posts. The ener- 
 vating effects ot climate have much to do with 
 this ; and here we have, possibly, the root of 
 halt the evil ; for what enervates the body 
 
 will, necessarily, weaken the mind, and henot 
 the manners and customs of Orientalism havs 
 more to do than we are aware of with the ap- 
 parent decadence of Eastern nations, frooi 
 whence sprang Western civilization and power. 
 
 The physical conformation of Western Asia is 
 favorable to the growth of large empires, and,' 
 consequently, of civilization, which is, as Cole- 
 ridge said, " the better son of a good father," 
 since the inherent appetite for progress was of 
 itself an encouraging sign. 
 
 In the vast plains extending from the Ki» 
 phatesto the Persian Gulf, tlie Red Sea, and tha 
 Mediterranean, there are no natural fastnessei^ 
 and, consequently, the more numerous, or tha 
 most politic and warlike, race became, jper nc-~ 
 cessilalem, the lords of the soil. 
 
 By a like necessity, the form of government 
 became what they call "one man power," 
 which is really tlie natural shape authority 
 takes in the beginning, since a kingdom ia 
 merely a household on a large scale, and in 
 every well-arranged household, the master or 
 mistress must govern, and not the crude, ig- 
 norant children, or the corrupt and debaaed 
 servants. 
 
 Hence Aristotle, the soundest of all ancient 
 philosophers, says that, provided you get a 
 good and firm man, the happiest of all States is 
 that which is governed by a reasoning despot. 
 
 So far as uneducated man is concerned, and 
 even in our own free and famed republic, tta 
 welfare of the people very much depends upon 
 a firm hand ; yet the reasons for rigidity musS 
 always be duly put forth, and always recog- 
 nized by the governed classes, the mouthpiece 
 of which is the press. 
 
 One of the most appalling features in the 
 East, is the little regard paid to the sanctity c f 
 marriage, which the experience of all ages has 
 proved to be the palladium of civilization, and 
 the starting-point of progress. 
 
 The prevalence of polygamy is the corse of 
 Eastern nations ; and the nonchalance with 
 which our Government l)eholds the exist<^nof 
 
IS'..; ;• 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONo. 
 
 of that horrible cancer in our midst, as evi- 
 evidenced in Utah, is a striking proof of the de- 
 cadence of moral and religious feeling in our 
 Great Republic. 
 
 Polygamy necessitates a court of hangers-on, 
 whether democratic or noble ; introduces a 
 Krvile set to otttaal positions, and finally de- 
 j^rades the entire iiuman race, since it lowers 
 the sweetest and holiest portion — our mothers. 
 Kven the poorer classes, who cannot afford to 
 keep two wives, do not escape the pollution of 
 this baneful custom — the poverty of the parents 
 compelling them to sell their daughters to j 
 supply the harems of the rich. 
 
 The family bond is thus corrupted in its 
 holiest element, for the sellers of their cwn ' 
 
 of their predominance, whence the revolts and 
 revolutions so common in early and Eastern his- 
 tory, and which condition, in a modified manner, 
 exists in all communities of the present day. 
 
 The earliest of the Eastern monarchies spnmg 
 up at the head of the Persian Gulf. Moses 
 placed here the first kingdom — his words being, 
 Gen. X. 10 : " And the beginning of his king- 
 dom was Babel and Erech, and Accad, and 
 Caleb, in the land of Shinar." Here Berosus 
 recorded a Chaldean monarchy as existing 2000 
 years B.C. 
 
 The Hebrew historians regard Nimrod as the 
 founder of the first kingdom. An old record 
 names forty-nine Chaldean monarchs, who ruled 
 between 2000 B. c, to 1543 b. c, making a term 
 
 the Ottoman Empire— at once an anomaly sail 
 a disgrace to the Christian world. 
 
 Thb chief divisions of Asiatic Turkey are 
 Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria, and the southern 
 portion of Palestine. 
 
 The surface of Asia Minor is mountainooa, 
 with high table-lands, and rich plains along 
 the coast. The soil is very fertile, and abounds 
 in grain, cotton, and delicious fruits. 
 
 The population is of a very mixed character, 
 and, Mohammedism is the now prevailing 
 religion. 
 
 Agriculture is much neglected, the principal 
 attention being given to the rearing of live 
 stock. 
 
 The manufactories are not extensive ; among 
 
 COSTUMES OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN PERSIA. 
 
 flesh n^d blood cannot be expected to hesitate to 
 sell their country, and thus become the slavish 
 tools of a tyrant. 
 
 In the earliest ages Force was the great God. 
 Asiatic empires were thus always founded upon 
 military conquest. The mere fact implies the 
 possession of warlike qualities sujierior to 
 those of the vanquished nation. 
 
 At first, the conquering jxiople were simple in 
 their habits, brave, hardy, and, comparatively 
 speaking, poor, since it was not in human na- 
 ture to leave a superior dwelling for a poorer one. 
 
 Buteaso and luxury brought deterioration, and, 
 in the course oi afew years, the military classes, 
 which were the necessary adjuncts of the rulers, 
 allowed the natives to become part and parcel 
 
 of 457 years, which gives an average of a little 
 over nine years to every monarch's reign — a 
 very considerable reduction to the common rate 
 of human life. 
 
 The primeval monuments of the country have 
 yielded memorials of about sixteen kings> 
 which belonged to this epoch. 
 
 They were, at any rate, the builders of the 
 most ancient edifices now existing in these 
 lands. 
 
 After the Chaldeans had borne sway for 458 
 years, they were succeeded by the Arabs, who 
 held dominion for about 250 years. 
 
 Asiatic Turkey lies north of Arabia, and bor- 
 ders the Black and Mediterranean Seas. With 
 Turkey in Europe, it constitutes what is called 
 
 them are caps of silk and gold thread. The 
 exports are raw silk, cottt)n, goats' hair, raisins, 
 dry wood, and various articles of native manu- 
 facture. 
 
 The principal city is Smyrna, which Is, per* 
 haps, the chief emporium of Western Asia. 
 Trebizonde is a large fortified place on the Black 
 Sea, and Bagdad is noted for its manufactories 
 of red and yellow leather. Damascus, having 
 the reputation of being the most ancient city 
 in the world, is situated on a fertile plain oi 
 Syria, and is surrounded by a very ancient, curi- 
 ous, and dilapidated wall. 
 
 The city pecnliarly interesting to ali Chris- 
 tians is Jerusalem, which occupies the muol 
 important position in Scripture Histoiy. 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 19 
 
 Cashmere Women, 
 Cashmere has long been famous for its 
 beauty. " Who has not heard of the Vale of 
 Cashmere?" sings a poet. It is an irregular 
 oval, shut in by snow- 
 clad mountains, with 
 a ricli soil, yielding 
 flowers, fruit, and 
 grain, with useful min- 
 erals — iron, copper, 
 lead, plumbago. But 
 neither its beauty nor 
 its fertility could keep 
 out war and pestilence. 
 Scourged by these, the 
 kingdom of Cashmere, 
 of which the Valley 
 alone contained nearly 
 a million of people, 
 now sees all its prov- 
 inces number only 
 three-quarters of tliat 
 amount. The Cash- 
 merians are pre-emi- 
 nent among Indian 
 nations for their phys- 
 ical perfection. The 
 men are tall, well- 
 formed, robust, and 
 industrious, manufac- 
 turing shawls, guns, 
 paper, lacquered ware, 
 anil ottar of roses. 
 Tlie women are famous 
 for their beauty and 
 fine complexion. 
 They are a gay peo- 
 ple, fond of pleasiu"e, 
 literature, and poetry. 
 The men are distin- 
 guished by their mode 
 of wearing the tvirban. ' 
 The women wear a red 
 gown, with large loose 
 sleeves, a red fillet 
 
 on the forehead, over which is thrown a white 
 mantilla. Tlie Lair is collected in separate 
 plaits, then gatliered together, and a long tas- 
 sel of black cotton is 
 hung from it, almost 
 down to the ankles. 
 Cashmere was con- 
 quered by Akbar in 
 1586 ; by the Aflfghans 
 in 1752 ; by the Sikhs 
 in 1810 ; and by the 
 Kn^Ksh in 184G. 
 
 Stranger still to add, this custom is more prev- 
 alent among the Nestorian Persians than those 
 of the original faith. The parents of these 
 girls have not the least scruple In giving their 
 
 WOMAN OF CASHMEKK. 
 
 daughters in marriage to Europeans for a 
 limited period, from six months to as many 
 years, and for a stipulated sum. 
 
 Persian Marriage. 
 One of the most in- 
 telligent of modern 
 tr.ivelers. Dr. Wagner, 
 in his interesting 
 "Travels in Persia," 
 gives some curious 
 particularsof the semi- 
 morgantic marriages 
 m ide l)y tlie European 
 re.sideats in Persia, 
 which show how little 
 woman is regarded as 
 an intellectual and 
 tnderiendent being. 
 
 A PERSIAN WARKIAGB. 
 
 The affair is generally arranged in the most 
 regular and formal manner, always in the pres- 
 ence of the pxrents and the nearest relations o£ 
 the girl, and often under the sanction of a 
 Nestorian priest, act- 
 ing, perhaps, as no- 
 tary. In fact, there 
 is a complete compe- 
 tition for the prefer- 
 ence of every newly 
 arrived European who 
 is supposed to be about 
 to take up his resi- 
 dence for some time 
 in the countrj'. The 
 wealthiest g t r a n gers 
 have, naturally, the 
 best selection. As 
 soon as they have 
 agreed about the dura- 
 tion, and the terms of 
 these matrimonie alia 
 carta, the bride is 
 l)rought to her hus- 
 band with due cere- 
 mony, by her relations. 
 It is usual for the 
 family of the lady to 
 take up their residence 
 in the house of her 
 temporary lord, who 
 must certainly main- 
 tain them all. This 
 arrangement is often 
 expressly stated in the 
 marriage settlement. 
 Not only all the Greek 
 merchants, but most 
 of the members of the 
 Russian General Con- 
 sulate, were married 
 in this manner ; and 
 the practice is so usual 
 and long established, 
 that public morality 
 is not at all shocked at it. Tlie persons con- 
 cerned ask each other, without the least embar- 
 rassment, how their wives and children are. 
 Each of these gentle- 
 men had set apart a 
 portion of his house 
 for the women, and 
 called it the harem. 
 The ladies retained 
 the mode of life, awt^ 
 costume of native *» ■ 
 males, covered theijf 
 faces when strangers 
 appeared, kept away 
 from table when guests 
 were invited, filled up 
 their leisure hours 
 like Turkish women, 
 with devotion to, the 
 toilet and visiting the 
 baths, and when they 
 went abroad, appeared 
 like the other women, 
 in long envelopes ex- 
 tending from head to 
 foot. It cannot be 
 disputed that these 
 females are faithful- 
 and affectionate to 
 
20 
 
 lHE WOKIiDS Uiiiio.!' i».i.^*Oits5. 
 
 their children, but being totally deficient in 
 cultivation oad refinement, notwithstanding 
 their beauty, they can not compensate for the 
 life of intelligent female society in Europe. 
 It was evident, from the regrets expressed by 
 the gentlemen, for the tender reminiscences in 
 the West, that these Perso-Frankish weddings 
 did not satisfy the affections and the imagina- 
 tion. Young M. Mavrocordatj longed for Pa- 
 risian griaettes, M. Osserof for the refined fe- 
 males of the Petersburg salms. The physical 
 beauty of these Nestorian women, which, is 
 quite undeniable, w.as lost sight of in compari- 
 son with the delicacy and spiritual refinement 
 of the cultivated class of European women. 
 
 So soon as the interval specified in the con- 
 tract has elapsed, another agreement is made, 
 unless the gentleman is tired of his partner, 
 ■when he takes a new one. 'Ilie desert- 
 ed lady is sure of a settlement at 
 home, because she brings a good sum 
 with her, whereas most Nestorians 
 have to pay dearly in purchasing a 
 wife. Tlie children, the fruit of these 
 short-lived marriages, almost inva- 
 riably follow their mothers, and 1 
 was told that the Nestorian females 
 love them, almost more than those 
 bom in subsequent alliances. The 
 stepfathers are, also, s.iid to treat 
 them very kindly. Nor is it less 
 remvrkible, that the European fa- 
 thers are said to fo?l no scruple ia 
 abandoning their offspring without 
 taking a further thought about their 
 destiny. A long resideiice in the East 
 appears to blunt every sense of duty, 
 honor and affection. 
 
 of the valleys is very fertile. In the North the 
 climate is cool and pleasant, but in the South 
 the heats of Summer are very oppressive 
 Hemp, Siilt, cotton, tobacco, rice, corn, and 
 various fruits, drugs and gums, are produced. 
 In the North-eastern part are some mines of 
 that precious stone, the turquoise, a gem pecu- 
 liar to Persia. 
 
 The Parsecs, descendants of the ancient Per- 
 sians, are few ia number. Turks, Tart.irs, Ar- 
 menians, Arabs, etc., compose the bulk of the 
 population. Jews are numerous i:i all the 
 towns. The religion is Mohaumiedism. Tlic 
 chief pursuits of this listless people are manu- 
 factures and commerce. 
 
 Facilities for travelling are very meagre, the 
 roads being mere mule tracks, and the land com- 
 merce is carried on chiefly by means of caravans. 
 
 dwelt in towns and village:?, and the pastoral 
 tribes, whose habits were of a w andering kind. 
 
 Persia may be called the land of r<»nanc:> 
 and poetry. Much of the leisure cf the in- 
 habitants is passed in listening to the tales cf 
 professional story-tellers, who hold their hear- 
 ers entranced for hours with their romances 
 and recitations. 
 
 The Persians arc a very fine people, physi- 
 cally, but their minds are sensual and dieamy, 
 and, i:nder provocation, are capable of great 
 cruelty. Thc'lr females are well formed, and 
 are reputed beautiful. The curse of their insti- 
 tutions, however, degrades the natural nobility 
 of womanhood, and they arc considered more 
 as toys than as companions. Consequently, tho 
 race is rapidly degenerating. 
 
 The Shah. 
 
 TnR present king, Nasreddyn Shah, 
 Is an able man, of an intelligent 
 countenance, but, it is said, of great 
 natural timidity. The government 
 of Persia is of the most intangible 
 kind, confusion prevailing every- 
 where, and retarding the progress 
 ■which should attend a people so in- 
 genious and BO industrious. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 or all the ancient monarchies, 
 Persia was the most gorgeous and 
 luxurious. There was a splendor ia its sur- 1 
 roundngs, and aa effeminacy in the ruling 1 
 classes which strangely contrast with their j 
 spirit of military conquest and great success ; 
 for, some three thousand years ago, Persia 
 was a very mighty empire. 
 
 It is situated between Asiatic Turkey and Af- 
 ghanistan, and contains many beautiful cities, 
 famous ia history. 
 
 To the general reader it derives additional 
 interest, from the fact of having been the scene 
 of that wonderful book, the "Arabian Nights," 
 BO dear to every imaginative boy and girl. 
 
 The interior of Persia is an elevated plateau, 
 a large portion of which is a desert. Like all 
 arid laads, the great blessing — water, is 
 scarce. 
 
 The soil of the table lands is barren, but that 
 
 ■I.JB SHAU CV PEIvSIi. 
 
 Their most important articles of manufacture 
 are silks, shawls of goats' hair, and leather. 
 They export considerable quantics of dates and 
 other dried fruits, opium, saffron, pearls, and 
 various articles of native manufacture. 
 
 Teheran is the capital city. It lies oa an 
 elevated plain, seventy miles South of the Cas- 
 pian Sea. Ispahan, another celebrated city, is sit- 
 uated on a beautiful plain, and contains the most 
 skilled artisans of Persia. It is also the seat of 
 an important inland trade. Bushire, oa the 
 Persiaa Gulf, is the chief seaport. 
 
 The Persians appear to ha\ e formed a part of 
 a great Arian migration from the countries 
 about the Oxus, which began at a very remote 
 time, but was not completed until about b. c. 
 B-M. The nation was composed, at first, of two 
 classes — ^namely, tho settled popuLition. which 
 
 Costumes of Various Eaces in 
 Persia. 
 TirE Persians are a voluptuous and 
 polished race, and, consequently, their 
 dresses are very costly, partaking of 
 tho splendid languor of their manners 
 and the gorgeous nature of their cli- 
 mate. Both Lady Wortley Montague 
 and I.a(ly Hester Stanhope agree, in 
 declaring that they never imagined 
 there w.as on earth such a ■n'onderful 
 harmony between the scenery, archi- 
 tecture, manners and customs of a. 
 race, as ■well as the personal beauty 
 of tho higher classes, as they found, 
 in the land of the "Arabian Nights." 
 The costumes are very picturesque, 
 and made, in many cases, of the most 
 costly materials. There is a kind of 
 dreamy magnificence about th(» 
 dresses cf their women, which brings 
 before us, very vividly, the lovely 
 form cf Sherzerado, as she beguiled 
 the cruel Caliph Haroun Alraschid to 
 listen to one-thousand-and-one chap- 
 ters cf her continued story. 
 
 In the busy streets of Teheran, 
 Ispahan, or Sheray, amid the motley 
 crowd that throng by tho shops, 
 where the goods are as skillfully dis- 
 played as on Broadway, where tho 
 stern, turbaned Kurd, the laughing 
 Mirza, the wild Dervish, tlie Affghan 
 and b.is guards jostle each other, you 
 will see women, generally in parties 
 of two, three, or four, sometimes, 
 though not so generally, alone. Hero 
 you ■will see ■women ia their street attire, cov- 
 ered with the chader, a blue cotton, or else a. 
 silken vail, covering them from head to foot, 
 the face completely hidden by the rouliend, a. 
 band of white linen fastened at the back of the 
 head, over the blue vail. Just at the eyes a. 
 square piece is worked in needlework, so as to 
 enable them to breathe freely, and see quite 
 well. Under this vail, and over the skirts, is 
 worn a pair of ■n'hite trowsers, reaching to the 
 feet, and only put on when going out. 
 
 Thus attired, they glide along, dragging 
 their little slippers, do their shopping, and 
 bother the salesmen, ■without giving them th» 
 satisfaction of a look. Women marry young, 
 and are always sold, though the price generally 
 goes to adorn the bride. Divorce is. however, 
 frequent, and unions for a fpecified tim* ara 
 
PERSiA. 
 
 21 
 
23 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 tolerated by custom, though condemned by 
 the law. 
 
 The Persians are a gay, talkative people, fond 
 
 ot poetry, music, and painting. To many whose 
 
 ideas of the Oriental are drawn from the sombre 
 
 Turks, this may seem strange, but Turkey is 
 
 he wall, not tlie mirror, of the East. 
 
 Kiosque of the Seraglio. 
 
 SCENE OF THE TRAGEDY OF KEIKA-KADCV. 
 
 The kiosque in our illustration will give some 
 idea of the luxury that marked the epoch of 
 Solimau the Magnificent. Persian porcelains, 
 of the most harmonizing colors, arabesques of 
 blue-and-gold, carvings, inlaid work of silver 
 and mother-of-pearl, gushing fountains, atid the 
 
 At last her favor became a public scandal ; 
 the people revolted at being ruled by an old 
 Jewess whom they had seen a very beggar in 
 the streets. One day the janizaries inviided the 
 outer court with seditious cries ; they then at- 
 tacked the second door, but were held in clieck 
 by the faithful bastandjis. As the sultan sat 
 listening to the stories of Keirii-Kadun, the 
 grand vizier rushed in, announcing tliat the 
 janizaries were attacking the palace in over- 
 whelming force. 
 
 "What do they demand?" asked the padi- 
 sha, unmoved. 
 
 " The head of Keira-Kadun, and it must be 
 given them," replied the grand vizier, decid- 
 edly. 
 
 The Tower at Eey, the Ancient Eages* 
 
 Rages, which figures in the story of TobiaSj 
 was once indeed a great city, as its ruins attest, 
 'Ihe modem name. Key, retains enough of its 
 ancient form to serve to identify. The luins 
 lie at the foot of a mountain-range, on the road 
 from Telieran to Khorassan. The remains ex- 
 tend over several leagues, and among them 
 rises the peculiar structure shown in our illus- 
 tration, and which has, with great probability, 
 been decided to be the tomb of a Mogul king. 
 Nearer the mountain is another tower of similar 
 shape, built of rough stone below and brick 
 above. ' 
 
 But near these Mohammedan structures still 
 loom the monuments of an older creed — the 
 
 magnificent view of the Bosphorus, make it, 
 indeed, a scene of Fairyland. 
 
 In the reign of Achmet II. it was the scene 
 of the Tragedy of Keira-Kadun. She was an 
 old and by no means handsome Jewess, but 
 she had pleased the young sultan by reciting 
 talcs and adventures, and by secretly bringing 
 in to him flasks of Ohio wine, which he loved 
 dearly. Under a cheerful and deferential air, 
 she concealed excessive avarice, and a bitter 
 hatred for all who did not belong to the race 
 of Abraham. She traded on her favor at court, 
 and soon amassed wealth. Her insolence rising 
 with her fortune, she required tlie same respect 
 that was shown to the sultan's mother. 
 
 THE TOWER AT EEY, THE ANCIENT K.\GE3. 
 
 The wretched woman fell at her master's 
 feet, imploring him to save her life ; but the 
 Kiosque re-echoed the menacing cries of the 
 janizaries. 
 
 Achmet endeavored in vain to save his favor- 
 ite. Urged by tho grand vizier, he gave the 
 fatal order. A bastandji seized Keira-Kadun 
 and dragged her away, almost lifeless with fear. 
 In another instant, her liead, flung over the 
 wall, fell among the clamorous crowd. This 
 appeased the revolt ; but the young emperor 
 did not leave his old favorite unavenged ; and 
 ere long the grand vizier was secretly strangled, 
 his complicity in tho revolt being more tlian 
 suspected. 
 
 tower cemetery of the Guebres, or Fire WoBt 
 shipers. 
 
 From the mountain-top the eye surveys th» 
 whole plain of Teheran, hemmed in by the 
 snow-clad Elbus chain. 
 
 Everything in this land seems to have t.iken 
 the form of round towers. The mosques resem- 
 ble, greatly, tliis tower, capped witli a dome ; 
 and even villages assume a tower form, as at 
 Laskerd. 
 
 Men have hundreds of different languigee}^ 
 the winds and trees, and birds, and 'vavea. 
 speak but one over the whole eartli 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 23 
 
24 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 Inner Court of the Grand Mos4ue, 
 at Ispahan, 
 
 The Grand ilosque, at Ispahan, represented 
 In our illustration, is of a class of buildings 
 sxceedingly numerous in Persia. They exhibit 
 the peculiar cliaracteristics of all the Persian 
 arts— architecture, sculpture, painting— for they 
 are reared in massive splendor, enriched by the 
 carver's hand, and blaze with a thousand bril- 
 liant colors. On the walls are represented the 
 heroic adventures of Ferhand and Merin, with 
 the battles and victories of the illustrious kings 
 of Persia, of Shah Abbas the Great, and of the 
 still greater Nadir Shah. The ancient palaces 
 of Ctesiphon and Persepolis, as v.-cll as the more 
 modern structures in Ispahan, Teheran, and 
 Shiraz, abound in mural illustrations of this 
 character. The hereditary nobles, not less than 
 the princes of the empire, inhabit vast build- 
 ings of palatial beauty, with fountains, courts, 
 
 Surprised in some midnight foray, the Persian 
 is torn from his village-home, his wife, and 
 f.imily, and hurried off, bleeding from many a 
 wound, to a Turkoman station. Here, his 
 clothes are torn off and replaced by a few rags, 
 barely enough to cover what decency requires. 
 
 . His rough fetters gall his ankles, and every 
 step inflicts new sufferings. For days, and 
 even weeks, he is kept on the smallest allow- 
 ance that will sustiin life. At night, to pro 
 vent any attempt at escape, a harahogra, or iron- 
 collar, Ys put around his neck, and made fast 
 to a stake driven firmly into the ground, so 
 that the rattle of the iron betrays his slightest 
 movement. Thus he is retained for a time to 
 see whether his family are willing or able to 
 raise a sufficient ransom. If not he is sold on 
 
 I the spot, or driven off, with additional cruelty, 
 to Khiva or BokUhara. Vambcrry's host, 
 Khandjan, had two fine, young Persians as 
 slaves ; one of whom besought him to write to 
 
 Silk Cultivators in Persia. 
 
 The province of Guilan is the great centre of 
 the Persian s'.lk-growing, and it has for centu- 
 ries produced the valuable product in immense 
 quantities. 
 
 As soon as the v/orms have been hatched out 
 by artificial heat, about a month or six weeks 
 after the vernal equinox they are placed in 
 large earthen dishes, and fed on mulberry or 
 •coriander leaves, chopped up fine. AVhen thej 
 become torpid, they are taken to a "tilembar," 
 a structure sho\vn in our illuotration, an ele- 
 vated shed, the peak of the roof about nine 
 feet from the ground. Above the floor for the 
 worms is the ;)»«/, cross-pieces along which the 
 s;ilk-raiser crawls. 
 
 He begins by covering the floor with branchf* 
 of mulberry, and placing the worms on them. 
 As they revive, they devour the leaves, and 
 then the silk-raiser throws down gently a new 
 sot of branches, leaving the first. 
 
 A PERSIAN CAPTIVE VS. THE HANDS OF THE TURKOM.INS. 
 
 mosaic pavements, sculptured columns, roofs of 
 burning brightness, and apartments sweet with 
 perfume, and furnished in the most sumptuous 
 and luxurious style, with silk cushions, Turkey 
 carpets, rugs of the finest wool, and gilded lat- 
 tices shading the unglazed windows. A cen- 
 tral court or public hall, with a fountain playing, 
 opens into various apartments. 
 
 A Persian Captive in the Hands of the 
 
 Turkomans. 
 
 THB.Turkomans have long waged unrelenting 
 
 war on the Persians; and since Vamberry's 
 
 travels we know how cruelly they ill-treat the 
 
 unfortunate prisoners who fall into their hands. 
 
 his parents, and beg them, at all cast, to ran- 
 som him. This Yamberry did; but he dare 
 not show him any compassion. And, one day, 
 when, thinking that they were alone, he was 
 about to give him a drink of tea, a Turkoman 
 entered. Vambery, to escape suspicion, had to 
 apply to the man, whose rendition he pitied, 
 harsh words of insult. 
 
 The Turkomans recognize four sacred books 
 —the Pentateuch, the Psalms of David, the 
 Four Gospels, and the Koran. No one can 
 be enslaved who believes in any of those. 
 But the Persians being Shutes, or Sheas, are 
 deemed heretics or corruptors of the Koran, 
 and Russians are held not to be Christians ; so 
 they enslave both. 
 
 Dead worms, dung, etc., are let down through 
 traps in the floor. The whole upper part Is 
 inclosed with mats, and the roof thatched with 
 rice-straw, which affords a shelter from rain, 
 and gives the worms a suitable place for spin- 
 ning their beautiful cocoons. A movable lad- 
 der completes the simple yet very serviceable 
 establishment. The dwarf trees seen near the 
 tilembar are mulberries, set about three feet 
 apart. They are not allowed to grow over five 
 feet in height, and a good-sized tilembar re- 
 quires twenty-five thousand to feed its worms. 
 The mulberry thus treated has a fine, smooth 
 bark, with leaves of remarkable delicacy ; and 
 the worms, especially just before the fourth 
 change, are terribly voracious. The labor of 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 25 
 
 :? 
 
 O 
 
 to 
 en 
 
 W 
 
 C 
 
 t/. 
 
 H 
 H 
 
 ^- 
 Z 
 
 CO 
 
26 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 feeding, and the remov.il of their excrement, is 
 immensely increased. 
 
 The great enemy of the worms is the mus- 
 quito, which is smoked away. 
 
 When they begin to form cncoons, wisps of 
 traw are laid against the sides as hidders, and 
 the tilembarj closed for ten days. Then every- 
 thing is kept out but a kind of snake, which is 
 supposed to be the gtiardian of the silkworm. 
 At the end of the tenth day the Nougani or 
 silk-raiser makes presents to his wife and chil- 
 dren, whom he takes with him to witness the 
 result. 
 
 The floor is knocked away with one or two 
 blows of a hatchet, and then he looks up to see 
 the roof covered and incrusted with the precious 
 cocoons, which it then becomes the duty of the 
 women and children to take down and cure, 
 after the mohassj' or royal officer has paid his 
 visit, and determined, by a practiced glance, 
 
 fectly safe. The halt by the well breaks the 
 monotony of the travel, and a camel is at once 
 hitched on to draw up water so as to till up th 
 trough and leave it for the next comer as well 
 supplier" n« they found it. 
 
 Persian Women, 
 "The lot of women among the tribes, and 
 among the peasantry, is not, from all I hear, 
 an unhappy one. Their interests are idcntilied 
 with their husbands, divorce is rare, and the 
 number of wives does not often exceed one. 
 In the towns it seems to be otherwise. If they 
 are young, handsome, or powerfully connected, 
 matters are tolerably smooth. But when the 
 wife loses her personal attraction, she often 
 sinks down to household drudge, and, at the 
 best, is seldom free from contention with her 
 rivals in the harem. I do not think a Persian 
 woman ever feels the same affection for her hus- 
 
 " The complete envelopment of the face and 
 person disguises them effectually from the near- 
 est relatives, and destroying, when convenient, 
 all distinction of rank, gives unrestrained free- 
 dom. 
 
 "The bazaars are crowded with women in this 
 most disgraceful disguise. The weekly bath 
 and constant visits consume a large share of 
 their time ; and Thur.sday afternoon is devoted 
 to a mock pilgrimage to some shrine outside 
 the town, or else to the grave of some relation. 
 It was curious to meet a lady of rank, on an 
 occasion of this kind, mounted en cavalier on a 
 tall Toorkoman horse, which she managed with 
 skill. Her female attendants surrounded her, 
 riding in the same style ; and her other ser- 
 vants remained at a short distance, some ia 
 front, and some behind. If no Persians were 
 too near, they made little scruple of raising 
 their vails, f jr the indulgence of our and their 
 own curiosity. 
 
 A WELL IN THE BKSKRT UETWEEN SAMARCANB AND KAESHI. 
 
 the value, and thereby the tax, which amounts 
 lo a very considerable sum through'^nt, the 
 district. 
 
 A Well in the Desert between SamaroaflJ 
 and Karshi. 
 Thuee roads connect Samarcand with the 
 (own of Karshi - the longest, by Shehri Sebz, 
 makes a wide circuit, whilst the shortest leads 
 through a mountainous and rocky strip impas- 
 sable for heavy wagons. Thus the desert route 
 i.< most frequented. It is a prairie covered with 
 herds and flocks, which are attracted by the 
 numerous wells of almost drinkable water. 
 These herdsmen aie chiefly Ozbegs, and so well 
 enforced arc the laws; that the roads are per- 
 
 band as some Europeans do. But when a rival 
 wife is introduced into an establishment, her 
 pin-rmmey is decreased at Nowrooz (New-Year's 
 Day); her allowance for new clothes for herself 
 and establishment is lessened ; her children's 
 interests suffer, if she has any, and if not, per- 
 haps her more fortunate rival may have a son ; 
 besides a number of other annoyances. 
 
 '• A Persian woman of the upper class loads 
 a life of idleness and luxury, though rather 
 monotonous, according to our ideas of exist- 
 ence. No balls, plays, or operas, no dinners, 
 no new books, no watering-places, no Paris or 
 Rome, diversify the routine. Like the men, 
 talking, gossip, and scandal are the occupation 
 of their lives. All classes enjoy abundance of 
 liberty — more so, I think, than among us. 
 
 "AVomen of the higher classes frequently 
 acquire a knowledge of reading and writing, 
 and of the choice poetical works in their native 
 language, as well as of the art of reading, 
 though, perhaps, not of understanding, the 
 Koran. In the royal family, in particular, and 
 among the ladies of the tribe of Kajjar, these 
 accomplishments are so common that they 
 themselves conduct their correspondence, with- 
 out the customary aid of a mecrzan or secretary. 
 Cooking, or at least its superintendence, is 
 another of their pastimes, especially among the 
 Kajjar ladies. One of the princesses, %vhose 
 husband was of similar rank, and was on inti- 
 mate terms of acquaintance with my husband, 
 used frequently to send me savory dishes at our 
 dinner-hour. An intimation always accompi- 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 27 
 
 nied the viands of their beins; the preparation 
 of the ' Shazadeh Khanum,' tlic lady princess 
 herself. Sometimes a very young lamb, roasted 
 whole, decked with flowers, with a rich stuffing 
 of chestnuts or pistachios, would appear as cur 
 pUce de rSsislance ; or else dolraa, which consists 
 of cabbages or oranges stuffed with forced meat. 
 The latter is an achievement in the culinary 
 art." 
 
 PERSIAN WOMAN— UPPER CLASS. 
 
 A Persian Caravanserai.- 
 TimonanouT Persia places of accommodation 
 for travelers are still maintained, and are of 
 three kinds. 
 
 Caravanserais, large buildings in the desert 
 spots ; khans, which are similar structures in 
 towns ; and menzils, which are rather private 
 institutions. Eastwick thus describes a regular 
 caravanserai, or karwansarai, at Pachanau : 
 
 "The karwansarai at which we put up was a 
 Btrong building of burnt brick, standing about 
 two hundred feet above the river, and had been 
 built seventy-six years before by Haji Hadi, a 
 merchant of Miyani, a town on the road to Ta- 
 briz. The view from the karwansarai was 
 
 THE KANGRl, OR PORTABLE STOVE OF THIBBI. 
 
 striking. Looking down the road to Manzil, 
 the next stage in the direction of Eesht, my 
 eyes followed the defile through which flowed 
 the Elver Pachanau, closed in by a line of 
 
 mountains topped with snow. In the opposite 
 direction I saw a long gorge, down which 
 rushed the river with a loud noise. 
 
 " These karwansarais are quadrangular build- 
 ings, sometimes of great sizes, one at Jamala- 
 bad having a roof eight hundred feet long by 
 eighty broad, with arched recesses raised four 
 or five feet from the ground all round. In 
 these travelers lodge, while their mules and 
 other beasts rove about in the open space 
 below. 
 
 "There is some convenience and plenty ;f 
 filth in these resting-places, with very little 
 chance of getting anything to eat, so that the 
 traveler must depend on his own suppUes. Wa 
 couched in a recess black with smoke, and with 
 a rude aperture in the roof as a chimney, whic'.i 
 was also very handy for admitting the rain." 
 Tlie superior class of caravanserais appear very 
 striking objects to the stranger who approaches 
 them, whether seen in their own solitary mag- 
 nificence, or in contrast with the miserable 
 hovels which sometimes appear in their neigh- 
 borhoosJ. 
 
 PERSIAN WOM.VN— LOWER CLASS. 
 
 "A European who has had no previous ac- 
 quaintance with them is certain to take them 
 for palaces, fortresses, or castles ; hut this first 
 impression becomes fainter when a more delib- 
 erate observation shows that no inclosed build- 
 ings rise above the level of tlie inclosed wall. 
 Tills wall is very high — in general upward of 
 twenty feet, and it sometimes extends one hun- 
 dred yards on each side of the square which it 
 incloses. In the centre of the front wall ap- 
 pears the entrance, a tall and spacious archway, 
 over which are sometimes chambers crowned 
 with superb domes. 
 
 ■' On each side, under the extensively-arched 
 roof of the portico, are rooms which are usually 
 occupied by the keeper and his people, and some 
 of them are used as shops, in which are exposed 
 for sale such commodities as travelers most 
 require. On passing through this archway the 
 spectator perceives a sort of piazza extending 
 on every side of the interior of the quadrangle, 
 
 leaving a spacious area in the middle. On » 
 nearer approach, it appears that each of the 
 high arched recesses separated by piers is an 
 apartment, the floor of which is elevated three 
 or four feet above the ground, and divided frota 
 the adjoining apartments by walls, the ends of 
 which form what appear like the piers of ti 
 piazza. These apartments, which are open in 
 front, are neatly paved, and sometimes posses? 
 
 PERSIAN WOMAN. 
 
 a fii-eplace, while compartments cut out in the: 
 depth of the thick wall are serviceable as cup- 
 boards. A small door conducts to another more 
 private room behind this. It is commonly of 
 an oblong shape, with the chimney on the side 
 opposite the door, at which the only light en- 
 ters that the room receives. Along the walls, 
 about three feet from the floor, there runs a. 
 line of such ' topshehs,' or cupboards, as w« 
 have just mentioned, and which are considered 
 indispensable in all Persian apartments, but 
 vary in depth from three inches to a foot. 
 
 "The vaulted chambers, over the gates, whiclt 
 are found in the oldest and best caravanserais, 
 form the place of honor in such buildings. 
 Tliey are usually occupied by the persons of 
 
 A PERSIAN LANTKEM. 
 
 most note, particularly if females are wrtb 
 them ; but it sometimes happens that this por- 
 tion of the building is set apart for the purposes 
 of an oratory. 
 
28 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 INTERIOR OF A TILEinJAB. 
 
 SHiK CULTIVATORS IN PEESU 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 '2» 
 
 " The stables of the caravanserai extend I 
 along a covered lane, which is between the back 
 wall of the apartments and the outermost wall of 
 the building, and along this wall there extends 
 within the stable another series of cell4ike 
 apartments, destined for the accommodation of 
 muleteers, servants, and the poor people, who, 
 having no servants to attend to their cattle, 
 perform that duty for themselves. 
 
 "In the centre of the court appears an elevated 
 platform of masonry, which forms the roof of 
 a subterraneous chamber, called a ' zeera ze- 
 moun,' to which travelers retire during the 
 great midday heats of the Summer, and which 
 is then indeed a most refreshing retreat. Some- 
 times, however, the place of this platform is 
 occupied by the circular or square parapet of 
 the deep well, or reservoir, from which the 
 caravanserai is suppUed with water." 
 
 A Persian Lantern. 
 
 The East, with its warm climate, and its 
 open - air en joyments, soon adopted various 
 kinds of ornament- 
 al lanterns to light 
 up their gardens or 
 roofs, where, as 
 evening came on, 
 it was most plea- 
 B a n t to assemble 
 for converse. The 
 light was not need- 
 ed for study or 
 labor ; if work was 
 done, it was gen- 
 erally of a kind 
 that required but 
 little more than 
 the moon's rays — 
 spinning with the 
 distafif or s pi n d 1 6 
 being the chief em- 
 ployment of the 
 women. Some of 
 the lanterns from 
 Egypt and Persia 
 are quite handsome 
 and attractive, the 
 covering of paper 
 or muni J J being 
 prettily adorned, 
 and, though not 
 lasting, have a 
 very pleasing 
 effect, as long as 
 they can escape 
 fire and water. 
 
 Some such lanterns appear among us on the 
 Fourth of July. They might easily be intro- 
 duced on other occasions, and contribute to the 
 happiness of our young folks. For a Christ- 
 mas-tree or church - decorations, with proper 
 care, they would not be amiss. 
 ►-♦-« 
 
 •The Kangri, or Portable Stove of Thibet. 
 OuB present manner of protecting the person 
 against the cold by well-heated apartments, the 
 use of grates and convenient fireplaces, is of 
 quite recent origin. 
 
 _ In warmer countries, although the cold is at 
 timee severe, they have not yet relinquished the 
 
 old fashion. In Italy and Spain the only means 
 of heating a room is the system of an open 
 chafing-dish with live charcoal, a mode so dan- 
 gerous that, as we know, it is often resorted to 
 in France as a means of suicide. 
 
 Our grandmothers, in days when churches 
 were not heated, always carried a foot-stove — 
 a neat, square box of black walnut, with a 
 sliding drawer that contained a bottle of hot 
 water, well wrapped in flannel, a hot iron, or 
 sometimes a chaling-dish of hot coals, the heat 
 ascending through a symmetrically arraugeil 
 series of holes in the top. Something of this 
 kind prevails among the people of Cashmere. 
 
 Their chief means of artificial warmth is the 
 kangri, an earthenware jar covered with basket- 
 work, as shown in our illustration, which each 
 native possesses and carries about with him 
 wherever he goes. This is filled with charcoal, 
 and as the Cashmerians squat down on the 
 ground, they stick it under their long clothes, 
 where, until they again rise, it remains hidden 
 from sight, and forms a hot-air chamber under 
 their garments. 
 
 A PERSIAN CARAVANSEKAI. 
 
 The value attached to it may be seen by 
 these verses of a poet, given by Vigne, the 
 traveler : 
 
 "O Kangri I O Kangri! 
 Tfou are the gift of hourls ana fairies ; 
 When I lake you unrter my arm, 
 You drive away fear from my heart." 
 
 Persian Arms and Domestic Articles, 
 Peksia has never been a spot much visited by 
 travelers, and it is to be regretted. We should 
 know more of a kingdom where arts, cultiva- 
 tion and literature have so long flourished, 
 where woman has disinthralled herself from 
 Mahometan slavery, and where all is attractive. 
 
 We present some specimens of Persian work, 
 embracing swords, powder-flasks, drums, and 
 their less warlike implements, beautiful vases^ 
 I attractive both in form and decoration, bowls, 
 spoons, drinking-glasses, fruit-dishes, and evea 
 pastry. 
 
 Kashan is the great seat of Persian manufac 
 ture. Its hght, washable silks are extremely' 
 beautiful. Its works in copper, embracing 
 vases, tazzas, dishes, plain and ornamented 
 with paintings imitating enamel, produce a 
 very agreeable effect. 
 
 Of all the Eastern provinces, Shiraz yields 
 the most solid articles, including, especially, 
 sword-blades of remarkable beauty and very 
 high price. Here you find blades of splendid 
 workmanship, into whose steel, ornaments and. 
 arabesques of gold, containing, occasionally, 
 passages from the Koran, were inserted, and 
 which were valued at two hundred tomans, or 
 Persian ducats. 
 
 There is, indeed, no great profusion of Buch 
 articles in the bazaar of Tabris. For many of 
 the opulent Persians avoid purchasing them, in 
 order not to betray 
 their wealth, and 
 i ^S^.=i-, many artisana 
 
 avoid the manu- 
 facture of such ar- 
 ticles, in order not 
 to excite the covet- 
 ousness of the Sar- 
 dar, or of some Per- 
 sian prince, who- 
 are often collectors- 
 of curiosities, but. 
 seldom punctual 
 paymasters. Of 
 these Persian wea- 
 pons, it may b» 
 said, in general, 
 that the intrinsic 
 worth of the blade 
 exceeds that of the 
 decorations. Mag- 
 nificent sheaths, 
 splendid guards of 
 gold, ivory, or pre- 
 cious stones, sucli 
 as are encountered 
 in the bazaars 
 of Constantinople, 
 Cairo, and Tiflis, 
 as well as in the- 
 cities of Barbary, 
 are not at all, or- 
 rarely, in circula- 
 tion in Persia. 
 The chief attention of the Shiraz manufac- 
 turers is directed to the blade, which is com- 
 posed of a number of plates of steel, welded 
 together when cold, and requiring a most prac- 
 ticed and delicate hand. 
 
 The artisans of Tabris, Teheran and Ispahan, 
 have not yet been able to rival the mechanics 
 of Shiraz, who still enjoy the highest reputa- 
 tion in this branch of art. It is rare to meet 
 with arms of other descriptions. 
 
 A recent traveler, Eastwick, thus describes » 
 visit to the crown jewels of Persia 
 
 " I went with a Turkish minister, an Italian, 
 and a Kussian lady, to see the Shah's Jewels^ 
 
30 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 'which are certainly the greatest eight in their 
 ■way the world can show. We presented our ■ 
 celres at the palace at 3 p.m., and were received 
 hy Tahya Kh4n, who took us out of the second 
 and inner great court of the palace, into a 
 email quadrangle, not far from the sacred pre- 
 cincts of the Harem. 
 
 " We then went up a steep stair to a small 
 room ahout 20 by 14, where jewels to the value 
 of six or seven millions were laid out on car- 
 pets, at the far end of the room, while near the 
 door, fruits, coffee, and sweetmeats were placed 
 for us. The first thing that struck me was the 
 smallness of the door and the steepness of the 
 stairs. It was not a nice place to escape from, 
 if one had tried to make off with a crown or 
 two. 
 
 description to he possible. But I remember that 
 at the back of all was the Eaianain crown, and 
 on either side of it two Persian lambskin caps, 
 adorned with splendid aigrettes of diamonds. 
 I'he crown itself was shaped like a flower-pot, 
 with the small end open and the other closed. 
 On the top of the crown was an uncut ruby, 
 apparently without flaw, as big as a hen's egg. 
 In front of the crown were dresses covered with 
 diamonds and pearls, trays with necklaces of 
 pearls, rubies and emeralds, and some hundreds 
 of diamond, ruby, and turquoise rings. In 
 front of these, again, were gauntlets and belts 
 covered with pearls and diamonds, and conspic- 
 uous among them the Kaianain belt, about a 
 foot deep, weighing, perhaps, eighteen pounds, 
 and one complete mass of pearls, diamonds. 
 
 one side, and the inscribing this name reduced 
 the value of the diamond, so, at least, said 
 Yahya Kh4n, ' deux millions — mais deux mit 
 millions de quoi— de piastres, de francs — q\xt 
 sais-je ?' 
 
 "I was not prodigiously impressed with this 
 jewel. It is a monster diamond, but not very 
 brilliant. I could pardon a rustic who should 
 mistake it for glass. Nevertheless, it has a won- 
 drous history. The Persians say — and, to copy 
 the Jowettian expression, I partly agree with 
 them — that the Sea of Light and the Mountain 
 of Light were jewels in the sword of AfrftsiAb, 
 who lived three thousand years b.c. Rustam 
 took them from AfrAsiAb, and they continued in 
 the crown of Persia till they were carried away 
 by Timiir, from whom they descended to IIa> 
 
 "Several men stood at the door, and others 
 by the sweetmeats ; and near the jewels, on a 
 chair, sat the Mustaufiv'I MamAlils, or Persian 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, a very fit man to 
 be a keeper of the jewels, enonnously rich, 
 close, reserved, bigoted. 
 
 "Being a Saiyid, he wore the sacred color, 
 and was so full of sanctity and haughtiness, that 
 the very atmo-sphere around him seemed to 
 breath ' Noll me tangere.' It was thought a 
 singular proof of Sir H. Rawlinson's wonderful 
 popularity and influence in Persia, that this 
 man came to call upon him ; to no other infi- 
 del has such a favor been vouchsafed. 
 
 '* In such a show of gems as seemed to realize 
 the wonders of Aladdin's lamp, the eye was too 
 much dazzled and the memory too confused for 
 
 PERSIAN AEMS AND DOMESnC ARTICLES. 
 
 emeralds, and rubies. Still nearer to us stood 
 a drinking-bowl completely studded with enor- 
 mous jewels, a tray full of foreign orders set in 
 brilliants, and in front of all lay a dozen swords, 
 one or two of which are worth a quarter of a 
 million each. Along with these were epaulets 
 covered with diamonds, and armlets so con- 
 trived that the brilliants revolved and kept up 
 a continual shimmer. 
 
 "It was difficult among so many to single out 
 particular gems. Perhaps, however, the first 
 place ought to be assigned to the famous Daryd 
 • Nur, or ' Sea of Light.' the sister diamond to 
 tbe Panjiib trophy, the Niih i Niir, or ' Moun- 
 tain of Light.' It is an inch and a half long, 
 an inch broad, and three-eighths of an inch 
 thick. It has the name of Fath Ail ShAh on 
 
 hammad ShAh, King of Delhi, and NAdir 
 brought them from India ; but when he was 
 slain, Ahmed ShAh Abdalli carried off the Ktih 
 i Nur, which descended to ShAh Shuja, and 
 was taken from him by Ranjit Singh. 
 
 "The DaryA i Niir remained in Persia with 
 the greater part of the other gems that NAdir 
 brought from India." 
 
 Parsees Worshiprng the Setting Sun. 
 Asia is the home of creeds. Ohrisiian. Mo- 
 hammedan, Buddhist, the woishiper cf Brahma 
 and of Baai — all turn to Asia for the cradle of 
 their faith. The purest worship and the most 
 debased — ^religion spiritualizea and religion de- 
 graded, alike originated here. Of all the forms 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 SI 
 
 of error, none, perhaps, excites less repugnance 
 than the worship of the sun and other heavenly 
 bodies. Their splendor, their visible influence 
 on the earth, all contributed to give them, in 
 the eyes of the ignorant, the attributes of deity ; 
 yet. as the writer of the Book of Wisdom has 
 it "They should have known that He that 
 made them is mightier t.iaa they." The wor- 
 ship of the Sun and Fire has prevailed in Persia 
 and India from the earliest time, and although 
 Brahmanism lias overridden the simpler faith, 
 pilgrims still start from the Southern extreme 
 of India to visit and worship at the temples of 
 are in Northern Persia. Months, often years, 
 elapse before these pilgrims return to their 
 homes ; but they go cheerfully on— happy, in- 
 deed, were the object of their worship, the 
 "Sim of JuBtice." 
 
 from it till they have finished their religious 
 duties, the performance of wuich usually occu- 
 pies about a quarter of an hour. Their prayers 
 are not repeated distinctly, but are inarticu- 
 lately murmured through the teeth without 
 opening the lips. 
 
 Such is the worship of the descendants of the 
 mighty Persians, the believers in the Zenda- 
 vesta. 
 
 If we turn to China we find grosser forms. 
 Prayer here assumes a mechanical form, which 
 strikes us as indescribably absurd. To save 
 the lungs the bonzes have invented a wheel, on 
 the spokes of which printed prayers are in- 
 serted, and the revolution of the wheel is con- 
 sidered a prayer. Yet when we laugh at them 
 we must not forget that the uttering of words 
 is as purely a mechanical act, and tliat it is as 
 
 iron hooks, wliich seemed to penetrate deeply 
 into his bleeding flesh, lamps with three and 
 seven branches, which he kept burning for the 
 redemption of mankind. Another was stand- 
 ing up with his arms and legs stretched out, 
 and held in their position by heavy chains 
 fastened to the floor ; he was to remain in 
 this position for three months. It is not diffi- 
 cult to understand how these mortifications of 
 the flesh are effected. The bonze of the lamps 
 had a piece of flesh-colored skin secured upon 
 his forehead, into which the hook was fastened, 
 and the blood which flowed was, doubtless, 
 chicken blood ; and as ^ the fellow in the X 
 position, he was often to be seen among big 
 brethren ; yet the self-sacrifice of these two 
 bonzes for the sins of the world was truly admii> 
 able and mcritoriuus. 
 
 The Parsees, or Guebres, as the worshipers 
 of fire are called, form a considerable portion of 
 the population of Persia and of Western India, 
 where they strictly adhere to their religious 
 forms and ceremonies. The effect of large 
 orowds of Guebres standinGc on the sea shore 
 and praying aloud with uplifted arms is very 
 striking. The murmur of their voices is pow- 
 eiful and constant, and has a singular effect 
 when heard amid the dashing waves. 
 
 During sunrise and sunset they line nearly 
 the whole shore, and, from their dress, atti- 
 tudes, and occupat'oc form an impressive spec- 
 tacle. They stand with their faces directed 
 toward the sun, and never, for a moment, turn 
 
 PERSIAN ARMS AJJT) DOMESTIC ARTICLE3. 
 
 valueless as the revolving wheel if the prayer 
 does not spring from the heart. 
 
 A recent writer says of a bonzerie that he 
 visited : 
 
 In the grottoes live several fanatical bonzes, 
 who have become entirely estranged from the 
 outer world, and are so absorbed in an intimate 
 communion with the Bouddha that they are 
 never seen except in the most eccentric postures 
 of devotion. These are the holy saints of the 
 community, who are venerated by the faithful. 
 "Two of them." says a recent traveler, "were 
 voluntarily undergoing the most ridiculous 
 punishments. One of them had susnended to 
 his forehead and left, arm, by ueans of great 
 
 The bonzes have another very remarkabid 
 institution called the praying mill. This re- 
 volving prayer, as they call it, is much like a 
 spinning-wheel. They fasten upon it strips of 
 cloth or paper, upon which are inscribed the 
 prayers addressed to Heaven The interceder 
 turns the wheel with his right hand, while his 
 left rests upon his heart. At the end of a 
 quarter of an hour of this perfcrmance. if it is 
 done with contrition and rapidity, divine indul- 
 gence is secured. 
 
 There are some mills bo ingenious and coa- 
 venient that the lazy can lie on the ground and 
 .smoke their pipes, while the revnlvinjr prayei 
 intercedes in their behalf. These, being vay 
 
32 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 hlge and complicated, arc moved by the wind, 
 and often by water power. 
 
 Their style of sepulture is very peculiar. 
 The bonzes are buried in an upright posture, or 
 in the position they take in prayer, sitting upon 
 their feet, their hands folded, and heads bowed 
 down. Thus arranged, the body is placed in a 
 large earthen jar, upon whicli another jar U 
 reversed as a cover ; the whole is then hermet- 
 ically inclosed in mason work. 
 
 The rules of the order forbid the use of any- 
 thing for food whicli has been alive, of garlic, 
 and of oil. Yet it is surprising to see upon 
 their tables, chickens, roast pork, mutton, fish, 
 and birds' nests. But all their nutritive dishes 
 are only imitations, to please the eye rather 
 than the palate, prepared peaa and farinacious 
 materials, and molded in the desired form. 
 
 barism, and civilization can only be real and 
 true when it is harmonious. 
 
 A Group of Persians. 
 In general, it may be said of the Persians tliat 
 they are handsome, active and robust ; of lively 
 imagination, quick apprehension, and agreeable 
 and prepossessing manners. As a nation, they 
 may be termed brave ; tliough the valor they 
 have displayed, like that of every otlier people 
 in a similar state of society, has, in a great de- 
 gree, depended on the character of their leaders, 
 and the nature of the objects for which they 
 have fought. Unhappily, however, their vices 
 are far more prominent than their virtues. 
 Though the despotism to which they are sub- 
 ject be similar to that which weighs down all 
 
 Travelers are agreed that the Persians have 
 reduced dissimulation and falsehood to a sys- 
 tem, and practiced them so Ion;.; and so univer- 
 sally, that it is difficult for them, even if they 
 intended it, to tell the truth. Their whole con- 
 duct is a tissiie of fraud antl artifice. There is 
 no deceit, degradation, or crime, to whicli they 
 will not stoop for gain; and tlieir habits offal.se- 
 hocd arc so inveterate, that untruths flow, as it 
 were, spontaneously from their tongues, even 
 without any apparent motive . Mr. Kinnier' s es- 
 timate of their character is, if possible, still more 
 unfavorable. " They arc, " ho says, "haughty 
 to their inferiors, obsequious to their superiors, 
 cruel, vindictive, treacherous, and r-v.aricious, 
 witliout faith, friendship, gratitude, or honor." 
 
 Presents — a necessary instrument of business 
 over all the East — are expected in Persia, with 
 
 A Eural Chariot in Persia. 
 It is remarkable and almost inexplicable that 
 ■while most Eastern nations have reached unsur- 
 passed perfection in many of the arts, they are 
 80 rude and uncouth in otliers. In the manu- 
 fecture of silks, linens, and fabrics generally, 
 in embroideries, jewelry, etc., they surpass our 
 ovm workmen ; but all kinds of domestic or, 
 what we would be apt to call, useful instru- 
 ments and implements are clumsy and primi- 
 tive. This is illustrated in our engraving, 
 which represents a Persian agriculturist return- 
 ing home from a visit to the market town. His 
 rough cart is in striking contrast with the taste, 
 almost akin to elegance, of the costumes of him- 
 self aad family. Similar contrasts may be seen 
 in many parts of Spanish America. Great 
 luxury is not inconsistent with intrinsic bar- 
 
 A KURAL CHARIOT IN PERSIA. 
 
 the Eastern nations, they have a peculiar and 
 distinctive character. As compared with the 
 Turks, they are not unlike what the Irish are 
 as compared with the English or the Scotch, 
 being gayer, livelier, more active, more versa- 
 tile, and less to be depended on. 
 
 Though easily inflamed into passion, and, 
 when under its influence, abusive in the highest 
 degree, they are, generally speaking, courteous, 
 affable, and polite. They flatter with equal 
 skill and profusion of compliments. Their lan- 
 guage is extravagantly hyperbolical ; and a 
 stranger, ignorant of their character, would sup- 
 pose them ready to devote both fortune and 
 fame to his service. A foreigner, therefore, can 
 hardly avoid receiving the most favorable im- 
 pression of their friendly disposition ; but fur- 
 ther acquaintance proves their Insincerity. 
 
 j peculiar avidity. Without presents, no inferioi 
 can approach a superior, or any individual ask 
 a favor from another ; and the donation, being 
 : supixjsed to confer honor, is made in the most 
 public place and manner possible. They are 
 said to be, with few exceptions, incorrigible 
 spendthrifts; their dress, horses, harems, etc., 
 are generally arranged on a scale exceeding 
 their means, and intended for ostentation ; 
 and the difficulties in which they are thus in- 
 volved make them resort to any expedient, 
 however mean and discreditable, for raising 
 money. 
 
 The natives of Persia do not recline on cush- 
 ions, in the luxurious manner of the Turks ; 
 but sit in an erect posture, on thick felt, called 
 a numud. Tliey have seldom, if ever, fires in 
 their apartments, even in the coldest season. 
 
-L 
 
 PERSIA.. 
 
 33 
 
 A GROUP OF PEESUNB 
 
84 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIOxSS. 
 
 SACKED TANK AT CMRITZUR. 
 
 Rnd, in order to be warm, fold themselves in 
 a fur pelisse on a barounce, which is a handsome 
 robe of crimson cloth, lined with shawls or 
 velvet. Like other Oriental nations, they rise 
 with the sun ; and, having dressed and said 
 their prayers, talie a cup of coffee, or, perhaps, 
 some fruit. They then enter upon the business 
 of the day, if they have any ; and, if not, smoke 
 and converse until about eleven o'clock, at 
 which time they usually have their breakfast, 
 and then retire into the harem. Here they 
 remain until about three o'clock, when they 
 return to the hall and finish their business ; for 
 ■with these people, the most important affairs are 
 discussed and transacted in public. Between 
 ■nine and ten. the dinner, or principal meal, is 
 served up ; this chiefly consists of pillau-n, and 
 of mutton and fowl, dressed in various ways ; 
 of which, however, they eat but moderately. 
 Wine they never taste before company, al- 
 though, in private, they are the most noto- 
 rious drunkards, and invariably drink before 
 they eat. 
 
 They are passionately fond of tobacco, which 
 they smoke almost incessantly from the moment 
 they rise until it is time for them to retire to 
 rest ; it constitutes, indeed, the principal source 
 of amusement to a man of fortune ; and were 
 it not for his caica?i, one is at a loss to imagine 
 in what manner he would spend his time. 
 
 The Persian females, at least those of the 
 sedentary part of the population, are, for the 
 most part, closely concealed. The wives of the 
 wealthy pa.ss their time in visiting their friends, 
 and amusing themselves with diversions of one 
 kind or another, and with intrigues. The bath 
 is, however, the principal see le of their enjoy- 
 ment and relaxation, where, secure from inter- 
 ruption, they give full scope to merriment and 
 scandal JIarriages are usually celebrated with 
 great splendor, and often entail a ruinous ex- 
 pense to the parties. 
 
 sha^w^ls, etc., I reached the 
 entrance to the great tank, 
 the Mecca of the Sikhs. 
 
 In the centre of the tank 
 stands a temple of white 
 marble, from fifty to sixty 
 feet square, witli a .small 
 dome rising from each 
 comer, which is supported 
 by eight columns ; and from 
 the centre of the building 
 rises a large dome. The 
 upper half of the external 
 part of the building is a 
 mass of exquisite gilding, 
 even to the very dome it- 
 self; and, as if to make it 
 more brilliant from con- 
 trast, tlie lower half of the 
 building, from tlie edge of 
 the water, is of the purest 
 white marble, beautifully 
 inlaid after the Florentine style of mosaic, 
 with designs of vines and flowers in agate, cor- 
 nelian, jasper, and other similar and b?autiful 
 stones. 
 
 Near by 1.5 a bridge made of twisted twigs. 
 There is one very large rope, about a foot in 
 breadth, for path and two side ones, as a rail, 
 occasionally connected with the one you walk 
 on by short bars. It is a suspension bridge 
 over a rapid rushing torrent — the .Jhelum, or an- 
 cient Ilydaspes — al)Out three or four hundred 
 feet wide, and requires a steady head and gait 
 to cross it. 
 
 The bridge is secured on eitlier bank about 
 sixty feet above the water's edge, and in the 
 centre, the arc of the circle is great, being 
 only about eight foet above the water. 
 
 Sacred Tank at Umritztir. 
 UirarrzuR is the largest town in the Punjaub 
 /the Sikh county), and the most important, 
 commercially. The city is walled, and presents 
 a fine appearance from a short distance. The 
 streets are paved with brick, and some are quite 
 ■wide. After a circuit of the principal bazaars, 
 and seeing the natives working at the Cashmere 
 
 The Tomb of Noah. 
 
 'IHE great plain of Ararat presents a very 
 interesting and beautiful aspect. It is studded 
 with numerous villages, clothed with rich ver- 
 dure, watered by refreshing streams, skirted by 
 a subordinate range of mountains, and over- 
 shadowed by the awful monument of the ante- 
 diluvian world. In all its amplitude of gran- 
 deur this mountain seems to stand as a stupen- 
 dous link in the history of man, unitmg the 
 two races — the men before and the men after 
 the Flood. As you travel over that plain, and 
 gaze on the icy peaks of the mountains, rising 
 majestically into the cloudless heaven, your 
 Persian guide touches your sleeve, and mentious 
 that you are fast approaching Nakhtche'van. 
 
 " 'What is Nakhichevan ?" 
 
 " Is it possible that the Frankish gentleman 
 has never heard of that city ?" 
 
 " Not that he can remember." 
 
 "It is an old city with a still older tomb — 
 the sepulchre of our father Noah. When Noah 
 "ame out of the ark and descended the moun- 
 tain, he built a city, and called it by a name 
 which signified the first residence. Once upon 
 a time it contained 10,000 houses — that was a 
 long while ago ; it belonged to the Armenians, 
 then to the Turks, then to the Russians — but 
 they had all alike cared for the tomb of Noah." 
 
 The tomb of Noah is situated at the side of 
 the broken walls of an abandoned fortress, in 
 tlie midst of a vast plain covered with the 
 ruins of bygone glories, half buried in the 
 
 sand. It is a small round cell, the interior 
 forming an octagon, ten or twelve feet in 
 diameter, which has been cleared of the old 
 lamps and broken pots, and residuary grease, 
 the mementoes of the piety of the faithful. 
 Formerly the shrine was visited by pilgrims of 
 all faiths — Russians, Armenians, Persians, Jews, 
 Turcomans, and the rest, to do reverence to our 
 common father — since the Flood. The vie'W 
 on both sides of tliis ancient structure is very 
 fine, commanding an extensive prospect of the 
 plains of Armenia and the mountains of Ararat. 
 To these mountains you htisten forward, aftei 
 regarding with an unavoidable interest tha 
 ruins about Nakhtchevan, but still more inter- 
 ested in the spectacle of Ararat, awful in height 
 and beautiful in sliape, and whereon all of hu- 
 man flesh once had their home. 
 
 The curious aspect presented by the ruins of 
 the old Armenian fortress and the tomb of the 
 patriarch is correctly represented in our engrav- 
 ing. 
 
 A Popular Tumult in Teheran. 
 
 We transcribe from Eastwick's interesting 
 volume, entitled "Three Years' Residence In 
 Persia," the account of a popular tumult in Te- 
 heran, the capital of Persia, since 1786, when 
 it displaced Ispahan in that respect. It will be 
 seen how precarious are the lives and dignities 
 of the official in this ill-governed country: 
 
 ' ' Next morning I galloped back to Teheran, 
 a ride of about twenty-five miles, starting about 
 9 A.M., and getting in at noon. The ground 
 was white with snow, which fell fast, accompa- 
 nied by a terribly cold, biting wind. Eight 
 miles from Teheran the road enters a defile, the 
 mountain which overlooks the rinns of Rhages 
 being on the left. So ended in complete failure 
 what was intended as a sporting tour, but the 
 sportsman in Persia requires sinews of iron, and 
 an ardor not to be damped by heat, cold, 
 thirst, or starvation. 
 
 "The distress in Teheran was now culminating, 
 the roads being almost impassable, supplies of 
 food could not reach the city. The bakers' 
 shops were besieged by mobs clamoring for 
 bread. As soon as a European showed himself 
 in the streets he was surrounded by famishing 
 women, supplicating assistance, who were not 
 to be kept back by any scruples of their own, 
 or remonstrances of the me'n. Matters were 
 evidently growing very serious, and on the 1st 
 of March, as Mr. Alison and myself were sit- 
 ting at Mr. Dickson's examining the Nauroz pre- 
 sents for the servants, the chief Persian secre- 
 tary came in, pale and trembling, and said 
 there was an draute, and that the KalAntar, or 
 mayor of the city, had just been put to death, 
 and that they were dragging his body, stark 
 naked, through the bazaars. Presently we heard 
 a great tumult, and, on going to the windows, 
 saw the streets filled with thousands of people, 
 in a very excited state, surrounding the corpse, 
 which was being dragged to the place of execu- 
 tion, where it was hung up by the heels, naked, 
 for three days. 
 
 '■' On inquiry we learned that on the 28th ot 
 February, the Shah, on coming in from hunt- 
 ing, was surrounded by a mob of several thous- 
 and women, yelling for bread, who gutted the 
 bakers' shops of their contents, under the very 
 
PERSIA. 
 
 35 
 
 eyoj oi the king, and were i30 violent, that as 
 Boon as the Shah had entered the palace, he 
 ordered the gates of the citadel to be shut. 
 
 '• Next day, the 1st of March, the disturb- 
 ances were renewed, and, in spite of the gates 
 being closed, thousands of women made their 
 way into the citadel, and began to assail the 
 guards with large stones, being urged on by 
 their male relatives, who, under cover of this 
 attack, were looking out for a chance to effect 
 a more serious rise. Meantime, the Shah had 
 ascended the tower, from which Hajji Baba's 
 Zainab was thrown, and was watching the riot- 
 ers with a telescope. The Kaldntar, who had 
 been seen just before entering the palace, splen- 
 didly dressed, with a long retinue of servants, 
 went up the tower and stood by the Shah, who 
 reproached him for suffering such a tumult to 
 have arisen On this the Kalilntar declared he 
 would soon put down the riot, and, going 
 amongst the women with his servants, he him- 
 self struck several of them furiously with a 
 largo stick. One of the women so assailed ran 
 as far as the English Mission, and came in call- 
 ing out for help, and showing her clothes cov- 
 ered with blood. On the women- vociferously 
 calling {■)T justice, and showing their wounds, 
 the Shah summoned the KalAntar, and said, 
 ' If thou art thus cruel to my subjects before 
 my eyes, what must be thy secret misdeeds V 
 'ITien, turning to his attendants, the king said: 
 ' Bastinado him, and cut off his beard.' And 
 again, while this sentence was being executed, 
 the Shah uttered the terrible word, Tandb ! 
 ' Strangle him.' In a moment the execu- 
 tioners had placed the cord round the unhappy 
 mans neck, and in an instant more their feet 
 were on his chest, trampling out the last signs 
 of life. At the same time the Kadkhudas, rr 
 magistrates, of all the quarters of Teheran were 
 subjected to the bastinado, and at sight of these 
 punishments the frenzy of the populace was 
 for tliat day appeased, and Teheran was saved 
 by a hair's breadth from a revolution. 
 
 ' ' Tlie next day the Shah appeared dressed in a 
 red robe, as a sign that severe measures would 
 be adopted, and several other persons were pun- 
 ished, so that the mob, though terribly excited, 
 were kept in awe. Several tumultuous assem- 
 blies, however, took place, in one of which the 
 Imam Juma, or High Priest, was nearly 
 thronged to death, and was rescued in a swoon- 
 ing state from the multitude. It was also pro- 
 posed that all the women of Teheran should 
 divide themselves into two bodies, and go, the 
 one mass to the English envoy, and the other 
 to the Russian minister, and call on them to 
 speak to the Shah to give them food. Subse- 
 quently a multitude of women did actually 
 enter the English Mission witli the said inten- 
 tion, and were not got rid of without trouble, 
 and so excited were they that the law of the 
 ' vail ' was quite disregarded." 
 
 Concluding Eemarks. 
 Persia is a land we know something about 
 n-om our school days, and yet how scant the 
 knowledge regarding it. Persia figures in sacred 
 history, it figures in ^lohammedan history ; 
 but, as we have no direct intercourse, as we buy 
 few or no goods from Persian hands, our ideas 
 assume a dreamy sort of vague indistinctness. 
 They are a civilized and polished people, of 
 
 course, but how f.ir polished and civilized is not 
 definite. What they are, our types well show, 
 except the woman in her street attire. In the 
 busy streets of Teheran, Ispahan, or Sheraz, 
 amid tlic motley crowd that throng by the 
 shops, where the goods are as skillfully and 
 attractively displayed as on Broadway ; where 
 the stern, turbaned Kurd, the laughing Mirza, 
 the wild dervish, the Affghan, and his guards 
 jostle each other, you will see women generally 
 in parties of two, three, or four, sometimes, 
 though not so frequently, alone. They are all 
 covered with the Tchadtr, a blue cotton, or 
 occasionally a silk vail, covering them from 
 head to foot, the face completely hidden by the 
 roubend, a band of white linen fastened at the 
 back of the head, over the blue vail. Just at 
 the eyes, a square piece is worked in needle- 
 work, so as to enable them to breathe freely 
 and see quite well. Under this vail and over 
 the skirts, is worn a pair of wide trowsers, 
 reaching to the feet, and put on only when 
 going out. Thus attired, they glide along, 
 dragging tlieir little slippers, do their shopping, 
 and bother the salesmen, without giving them 
 the satisfaction of a look. The women marry 
 young, and are always sold, though the price 
 generally goes to adorn the bride. Divorce is, 
 however, frequent, and unions for a specified 
 time are tolerated by custom, though Ijy law 
 condemned. 
 
 The Persians arc a gay, talkative people, fond 
 of poetry, music, the drama, and painting. To 
 many whose ideas of the Oriental are drawn 
 from the sombre Turks, this may seem strange, 
 but Turkey is the wall, not the mirror, of tbe 
 East. 
 
 Mr. Eastwick gives the following a;couat 
 of the Shah already alluded to : 
 
 "Nasiru'd din ShAh, the present ruler of 
 Persia, is thirty-two years of age, five feet six 
 inches high, well and rather strongly made, 
 with black and long mustache, but no beard, 
 hazel eyes, and a mild, good-humored expres 
 sion. He stood to receive the foreign envoyi, 
 Hound liis nock were six strings of pearls and 
 emeralds, each gem of which might have been 
 an earl's ransom, and he also wore a diamond 
 aigrette in his lamb-skin cap that would have 
 been a dower for an empress. The scabbard ot 
 his sword was studded so thickly with diamonds 
 from hilt to point, that a ray of light could not 
 have entered between them, and was worth, 
 they said, a quarter of a million sterling. In 
 face of that blaze of jewels our European 
 Court costumes looked utterly mean. The 
 Russian Minister, who was our doyen, now said 
 a few words in French by way of congratula- 
 tion to the Shah, and the Russian head drago- 
 man, whose name appropriately signifies ' stur- 
 geon,' interpreted them. In return, the Shab 
 asked each of the foreign envoys, ahwdl i shumd 
 kliub ast, ' are you well ?' and then inquired of 
 the Russian Minister why he did not learn Per- 
 sian. The Russian answered that there waa 
 time yet to learn it, which, considering that he 
 was sixty years of age, and had been half his 
 life in Persia, soemcd a rather p'easant state- 
 ment. 
 
 ' ' We now went to see the Salam, or ' general 
 salute,' in the outer quadrangle of the palace, 
 which has an area of between one and two 
 acres, and was entirely surrounded by thre* 
 regiments of si.'ldip-s drawn up in sin^;lc line, 
 
 THE TOMB OF NOAET. 
 
86 
 
 THE WORLD'S GBEAT NATIONS. 
 
 with thett baciis to the wall. In the building 
 that faces down this quadrangle, the Shah's 
 throne was placed, a throne which was brought 
 from the golden halls of Shahjehanabad. We 
 all went into a small room on the left hand of 
 that in which the enthrouization was to be, 
 ,but in a story above it, and as none but the 
 Shah must be seen sitting on this solemn occa- 
 sion, the windows were shut upon us ; but the 
 mercurial Gaul broke out some panes to see the 
 ceremony more distinctly. On the tops of the 
 walls, and on the roof of the palace, hundreds of 
 people were clustered, while the great court 
 below them was filled by a multitude of the 
 higher officials of the kingdom, standing in 
 richly-dressed groups, according to their rank, 
 from the ministers downward. In the centre 
 of these a small knot of European officers, the 
 instructors of the Shah's troops, were conspicu- 
 ous, and among them England was well repre- 
 sented by Colonel Dolmage, formerly of the 
 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, a handsome man, 
 BIX feet and an inch high, looking more than a 
 match for any Saracen in the assembly. 
 
 " It would be vain, without the aid of the Muse 
 who indited Homer's catalogue of ships, to 
 attempt a description of all the dresses that 
 glittered, like beds of flowers, under our eyes 
 that day. On the left of the throne stood the 
 Sipah Salir, or Commander-in-Chief, a big, 
 broad, heavy man, blazing in gold and dia- 
 monds. On the right were the great civil 
 officers of State, with those tall, graceful Ara- 
 bian turbans. Lower down were rows of Mus- 
 taufis, or secretaries, Affghans and Sist4nis, 
 the latter remarkable for their vast turbans 
 of snowy white. Two dresses surpassed all 
 the rest in magnificence, that of the Ainu '1 
 Mulk, the 'Eye of the State,' who is the 
 king's brother-in-law, and that of the Shah's 
 son-in-law, the son of the Sipih Salar. The 
 former was such a dress as Nero might have 
 worn when he presided at the Olympic games, 
 or as might have glittered on Elagabulus as 
 priest of the Syrian sun-god. At the distance 
 at which we were, I could not distinguish the 
 material, but it sent forth purple and golden 
 flashes at every movement its wearer made. 
 
 " TiieShah'sapproach ta tlie throne-room was 
 announced by salvoes of artillery, and then a 
 
 clear, sonorous voice called, like a clarion, 
 GUtir, ' He has passed !' When the Shah had 
 taken his seat, all bowed the graceful Persi.m 
 bow, by stooping the body, with the palms of 
 the hands slightly resting on the knees. The 
 Ainu '1 Mulk, now walking backward from 
 the Shah, moved down the assembly, giving 
 handfuls of silver coins to all from a splendid 
 golden salver. Inferior officers distributed 
 sherbet from priceless vessels of gold, studded 
 with gems, and the most costly china. A Mula, 
 or doctor of Islam, then stood forth and ut- 
 tered, in a loud and melodious voice, the 
 KhvXbak, or prayer for the sovereign. After 
 this the Poet Laureate recited an ode, and with 
 this the ceremony ended. 
 
 " As a wind-up, we went to see the wrestling 
 and other games, which were to take place in 
 the great Maidan, or plain of the Ark. We 
 sate in the Teheran and Tabriz telegraph-office, 
 in front of which a place for the lists was 
 cleared and watered. About 2 p.m. a crowd of 
 wrestlers, jugglers, and mountebanks, dressed 
 as devils, of fighting rams and dancing mon- 
 keys, suddenly inundated the arena. This 
 plan of serving up all the entertainment at 
 once is very absurd, for the eye and the atten- 
 tion are sa distracted by the multiplicity of 
 objects that no one spectacle is thoroughly en- 
 joyed. For my part, I was most taken up with 
 the wrestlers, who were really very skillful, 
 and one or two of whom exhibited prodigies of 
 strength. In particular, a gigantic athlete from 
 Yezd attracted all eyes. With shaven head and 
 bare feet, he measured over six feet six inches, 
 and from the waist upward was magnificently 
 made. His chest was vast, and the ribs came 
 remarkably low down, while his arms resem- 
 bled the trunks of trees, rather than the limbs 
 of a man. Only his legs were not worthy of 
 the superb upper structure. He first exhibited 
 his skill in the use of the clubs, producing 
 several pairs of an enormous size, which he 
 used with wonderful dexterity, and finished by 
 throwing them under his legs for twenty or 
 thirty feet up into the air, and catching them 
 again. 
 
 " When the giant had ended his display, seve- 
 ral men advanced toward him, and challenged 
 him to wrestle. One by one they grappled 
 
 with their tremendous antagonist, and one 
 after another they were lifted from the ground 
 and thrown, sometimes with such force that 
 we expected them never to rise again. They 
 were fine, powerful men in general, from five 
 feet nine to six feet high, but they had no 
 chance with the Yezd champion. In the mean- 
 time the crowd had been gradually encroaching 
 on the arena, and it was evident that, imless 
 something was done, the games would be inter- 
 rupted. In particular, a body of matchlockmen 
 made themselves very obnoxious by pushing in 
 amongst the performers, and the Shah's far- 
 rashes, who were keeping the ring, were obliged 
 to make a combined onslaught on the intrud- 
 ers. With their long white sticks they raised 
 a merry clatter on the heads of the matchlock- 
 men, and drove them back many yards, when 
 they re-formed, and in turn charged the far- 
 reishes, and a sharp miUe ensued. But the far- 
 rashes were supported by the consciousness of 
 being in authority, and plied their staves with 
 still greater vigor, so that they at last chased 
 the rebels completely off the ground, amid a 
 roar of applause from the multitude. While 
 this was going on, the Tezdl had been wrest- 
 ling with his last opponent, who, next to him- 
 self, seemed to he the most powerful man 
 present — not tall, but prodigiously broad and 
 muscular, with a bull neck and loins of iron. 
 The struggle had been a prolonged one, and 
 occasionally the short athlete seemed to gain 
 the advantage, though I suspect the Yezdi 
 allowed the spectators to think his strength 
 was failing, in order to add to the piquancy 
 of the contest. At last, when expectation had 
 been well wound up, the Yezdi seemed to make 
 an immense effort, the muscles on his arms 
 stood out like cordage, he ^ / his opponent 
 in toward him, and then, slipping his right arm 
 down from the short man's shoulder to the 
 small of his back, bent him in, and, sweeping 
 his legs from under him, laid him flat on the 
 ground. This ended the show, and the giant 
 was led off in triumph, amid a crowd of ad- 
 mirers, to receive a dress of honor, and a 
 reward from some official, who, doubtless, got 
 the better of him in a wrestle for muddkhil."^ 
 
 • Tees. 
 
 X WIPIT B4ZAAB. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Phabaoh's Tbbabxjbb— l'ETin>i,E AT Petra— Door Pins and Hinqes— Promenading— Temple at Ellora— Indoor Life— Temple op V»nu9— 
 Zetnab— A Pbimitive Boat— Shopping — Drawing Water— The Pyramids— The Sycamore— Sawing Wood— Ancient Chart— Cotjchib- 
 Fercy BOAT— School in Egypt -Night Patrol- Memnon— Fetes of the Viceroy- Cobinthian Tombs— Cairo— Street Sprinkling— 
 Mamf.luke Tombs— Boulac— Dancing Dervishes— Sabre Dance— alma Dance— Sarcophagus— Battle-ax— Tables— Stone Knives, 
 Car, Nilometeb— ovens— The Great Sphinx— Metal Mirrors— Kebry-Redinz— Cups— Wine Bottlf.s— A Family Gbotjp- Lanterns — 
 Lady's Head - dress— Necklaces— Oenaments—Reception of European Ladies— A Bedouin Settlement— Gold Ckroors— Diamond 
 Ckroors— Lamps — Carrying Children- Helmet of Touman Bey— Houses and Furniture— Cairo Houses— Fountain— The SHADOor 
 —Filigree Works-Sacrifices— Mummied Bull— Mummy -case— Pyramid of Cheops— Rma or Cheops— Sugar - cane Sellep.— Tat- 
 tooed Lady— Schoolboy— PoTTEB—VouNG Arab girls. 
 
 GYPT, three thousand 
 years afco, was the seat 
 of ancient civilization, 
 and is still one of the 
 most interesting coun- 
 tries of the Old World. 
 
 Even ia the days of 
 Herodotus it was distin- 
 guished for the grandeur 
 of its architecture and 
 for the profundity of its 
 learning, wliich, in the 
 hands of its priests, maintained so deep a hold 
 upon the nations surrounding it. Fortunately 
 for the world, many of its marvels survive to 
 the present day. This is partly owing to the 
 peculiar nature of the climate, and the massive- 
 ness of their construction. The Pyramids still 
 exist in all their native sublimity, although 
 more than three thousand years have passed 
 since they were constructed, and well deserve 
 the apostrophe of the First Napoleon, when he 
 said to his troops, " Forty centuries look down 
 upon your valor. ' ' 
 
 This country is hounded on the North by the 
 Mediterranean, and on the South by Nubia and 
 Abyssinia, through which the Nile flows, carry- 
 ing fertility from almost the centre of Africa 
 to the Mediterranean Sea; it abounds in grain, 
 cotton, rice, indigo, and various drugs and 
 fruits. 
 
 Most of the inhabitants called Fellahs are of 
 Arabian descent, the remainder are Copts, 
 Turks, Greeks, Jews, etc. The prevailing relig- 
 ion is the Mohammedan, and agriculture forms 
 the leading pursuit, although large quantities 
 of linen goods, carpets, silk handkerchiefs, 
 jewelry, and pottery are manufactured. In 
 addition, they export quantities of rice, wheat, 
 Tose-water, indigo, dates, opium and coffee. 
 
 The capital of Egypt is Cairo — the largest 
 city in Africa. Alexandria, so named after its 
 founder, the great Macedonian conqueror, is on 
 the Mediterranean Sea, and about one hundred 
 miles from Cairo, and was formerly famous for its 
 Taluable library. Damietta, on the east branch 
 of the Nile, is largely engaged in trade with 
 Syria. 
 
 Tlie most important portion of Egypt was 
 the Delta, which contains about eight thousand 
 square miles, and was once studded with flour- 
 Tii-iiiiK cities. The chief towns, however, were 
 
 in the narrow valley: these were Memphis, Ele- 
 phantine, Panopolis, Heliopolis, Pelusium, and 
 several others. The principal river is the Nile, 
 and, indeed, may be called their only one, al- 
 though at the distance of about ninety miles 
 it divides into three distinct channels, while, 
 lower down, they still further sub-divide, so 
 that, in the time of Herodotus, the Nile waters 
 reached the Mediterranean by seven distinct 
 mouths. Egypt has one large and several 
 smaller lakes. The large lake is on the west 
 side of the Nile, and is called Mcsris. 
 
 The early establishment of monarchical gov- 
 ernment in Egypt, is indicated in Scripture by 
 the mention of a Pharaoh as contemporary with 
 Abraham. It is needless to call the attention 
 of the reader to the Bible account of Joseph's 
 sojourn, and the exodus of the Israelites. 
 
 Certain is it that, more than four thousand 
 years ago, the Egyptians had attained a high 
 degree of mechanical skill in quarrying, trans- 
 porting and raising into place the huge blocks 
 whereof the Pyramids are composed. 
 
 The reed pen and the inkstand were also 
 known to them, as they are depicted in their 
 hieroglyphics. 
 
 The people seem to have maintained, with 
 some occasional interruptions, a national inde- 
 pendence till they fell beneath the sway of 
 Rome. 
 
 Shakespeare has immortalized the last and 
 most famous of their sovereigns— the beautiful 
 Cleopatra. With her expired the ancient king- 
 dom of Egypt ; it is now a dependency of the 
 Turkish empire, although it seems to be fast 
 regaining its standing as an independent na- 
 tion. 
 
 Within the past few years a railroad and the 
 Suez canal have given new life to this ancient 
 empire, and there is little doubt it will soon be- 
 come the highway of commerce between Europe 
 and the Indies ; no less than seven hundred 
 ships having passed through the canal in one 
 year as early as 1870. 
 
 Nothing can exceed the degraded condition 
 of the people at the present time — their Mus- 
 sulman rulers treating them more as beasts of 
 burden than human beings ; but the influence 
 of commerce will slowly but surely elevate their 
 condition. 
 
 Our illustrations portray a graphic idea of 
 the ancient magnificence and present state of 
 
 the Pyramids, although the mystery which 
 enshrouds their origin will probably never be 
 dispelled. 
 
 Despite the learning and advancement of the 
 Egyptians in the Arts and Sciences, nothing 
 could be more debasing than their religion ; 
 the chief object of worship having been, appa- 
 rently, the sacred bull Apis, mummies of which 
 still exist. 
 
 Those who are curious in Egjrptian antiqui- 
 ties will be amply repaid by a visit to the Mu- 
 seum of the Historical Society of New York, 
 where they will find numerous Egyptian relics. 
 
 Pharaoli's Treasure. 
 
 A TEMPLE AT PETRA, ARABIA. 
 
 The temple of which we give a view has been 
 termed by the Arabs " Khasne Pharaoh" — 
 Pharaoh's Treasure— from their supposition that 
 here are hidden those stores which they have 
 vainly sought for elsewhere. In the sarcastic 
 words of Monsieur Laborde, " It was quite in 
 accordance with their character, after having 
 fruitlessly srwiled the monuments inclosed in 
 the tombs, to seek the spit where the con- 
 structor of such magnificent edifices had de- 
 posited his treasure. That spot they supposed 
 they had found at last — it was the urn which 
 may be distinguished on the top of the monu- 
 ment. This must contain all the riches of the 
 great king ; but, unhappily, it is out of their 
 reach, and only taunts their desire. Conse- 
 quently, each time that they pass through the 
 ravine, they stop an instant, fire at the urn, 
 and endeavor to break it, in the hope of bring- 
 ing it down and securing the treasure. Their 
 efforts are fruitless ; and they retire murmuring 
 against the King of Giants, who had so adroitly 
 placed his treasure one hundred and twenty 
 feet above their reach." 
 
 The temple is hewn in an enormous and ci m- 
 pact block of freestone, which is lightly colored 
 with oxide of iron. Its high state of preserva- 
 tion is owing to the shelter which the surround- 
 ing rocks afford it against the wind, and also in 
 preserving the roof from the rain. The only 
 traces of deterioration are in the statues at the 
 base of the column, which have been produced 
 by the humidity undermining the parts most 
 in relief, or nearest to the ground. To tb'- 
 
88 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONa. 
 
 to catch, or the door will not 
 catch at all. The carpenter is 
 Bent for, and he remedies it, by 
 planing off, leaving, conse- 
 quently, on the opposite side of 
 the door, a beautiful chink for 
 Jack Frost and Madame Wind 
 to walli in. Now, the Eg}-ptiaa 
 plan suggests a remedy. Let 
 the hinges be at the top and bot- 
 tom cf the door, extending along 
 the top and bottom BufBcient to 
 give a good purchase, and being 
 mortised in, they will not shov? 
 more than the ordinary bolt. 
 But, even on the Egyptian plan, 
 if mado ornamental, and more 
 triangular in shape, so as to hold, 
 the corner, they would bo ser- 
 viceablo and ornamental. 
 
 PHAnAOH S TREASURE. 
 
 ttltie canss maT be attributed the fall of one cf 
 the columns wuich was attached to the front. 
 Had the structure been built instead of being 
 Lewa, the fall of this column would have 
 dragged down the entire building. As it is, 
 it merely occasions a void, which does not de- 
 stroy the effect of the whole. "It has even 
 been useful," says Monsieur Laborde, " in so 
 far as it enabled us, by taking its dimensions, 
 to a.scertain the probable height of the temple, 
 which it would otherwise have been impossible 
 to do with precision." He calls the temple 
 "one of the wonders of antiquity," and apolo- 
 gizes for the expression in the following man- 
 mer : "We are apt, doubtless, to charge the 
 trav:^lcr with exagg-^ration who endeavors, by 
 high-sounding eulogiums, to enhance the merit 
 of his fatigues, or the value of his labors : but 
 here, at least, plates designed with care will 
 establish the truth of a description which 
 might otherwise appear extravagant. ' ' 
 
 ITie interior of the temple does not fulfill 
 the expectations created by the magnificence of 
 the exterior. Several steps lead to a room, the 
 door of which is perceived under the peristyle 
 " Although the chamber is hewn regularly, and 
 is in good proportion, the walls are rough, iis 
 doors lead to nothing, and the entire appears 
 to have been abandoned while the work was yet 
 in progress. There are two lateral chambers, 
 one of which is irregular, and the other pre- 
 sents two apertures, which seem to huve been 
 hewn ff,r two cofBns." 
 
 Ihe following description of this temple is 
 ^ven by Captains Irby and Mangles: " The po- 
 sition IS one of the most beautiful that could 
 be imagined for the front of a great temple the 
 richness and exquisite finish of whose decora- 
 □cns offer a most remarkable contrast to the 
 
 savage scenery that surrounds it. It is of a 
 very lofty proportion, the elevation comprising 
 two stories. The taste is not exactly to be 
 commended ; but many of the details and orna- 
 ments, and the size and proportion of the great 
 doorway especially, to which there are five steps 
 of ascent from the portico, are very noble. No 
 part is built, the whole being purely a work of 
 excavation ; and its minutest embellishments, 
 wherever the hand of man has not purposely 
 effaced and obliterated them, arc so perfect, 
 that it may be doubted whether any work of 
 the ancients, excepting, perhaps, some on the 
 banks of the Nile, have come down to our time 
 so little injured by the lapse cf ages. Tliero 
 is, in fact, scarcely a building cf forty years' 
 standing in England so well preserved in the 
 greater part of its architectural decorations. 
 Of the larger portions of the architecture 
 nothing is deficient, excepting a single column 
 of the portico ; the statues are numerous a»d 
 colossal." 
 
 iigyptian Door-pin.'], or Hinges. 
 
 f HIS door-- 'n and hinge may look clumsy, but 
 it is correct in principle, and our architects, in 
 the domestic line, would do well to profit by it. 
 In the olden time, the hinge was a genuine 
 article, spreading its broad and elegantly- 
 worked arm of iron, or brass, well across the 
 door, into which it was firmly set. It did not 
 look amiss, but ornament was not the object. 
 It solidified the whole affair. The door was 
 swung easily, and did not settle. In our days, 
 we have two slight metal plates at the end of 
 the door, held in by slim screws, and upon 
 which comes all the strain of the dotr It 
 gives, aa a matter of course; the bolt fails 
 
 Egyptian Vomon Fronienading 
 at Cairo. 
 In the hot climate of Egypt 
 the j,roves of tycamores, palm 
 trees, etc. , in the gravej'ards, are 
 a favorite promenade for the 
 women. It is a mistake to sup- 
 pose that all the women of the 
 East wear vails, when out of tho 
 Harem, for the middle and lower 
 classes often go without them. 
 The presence of the great, fat 
 and consequential major domo ii 
 absolutely necessary, and ho carries a long 
 bamboo staff to keep impertinent strangers 
 from tho bevy of damsels under his charge. 
 
 Great Eylas Templo at EUora. 
 
 Of the Temples at EUora, one has a spacious 
 court, seventy feet square, and an admirabl/ 
 constructed colonnade on the sides. In tho 
 interior of this some columns support a music- 
 gallery with a fine nave, surrounded on thrca 
 sides by triple columns supporting the sido- 
 walls, from which spring several noble arches 
 that extend round the templo ; at the extremity 
 of the latter a kind of dome, in front of which 
 Buddha sits on a throne, with an attendant oa 
 either side, and flying figures over his hea'i-- 
 this is called Biswarkama. 
 
 Then comes the grandest building ever 
 
 ""illllllll|l"'ll!l 
 
 (Ulllliii 
 
 BOYFTIAH SOOtt-PUiS, OK BIBOBS 
 
EGYPT 
 
 39 
 
 witnessed— a tem- 
 ple, called Kylas. It 
 is not only an exca- 
 vated temple, but the 
 whole face of the rock 
 has been removed, ex- 
 cept what was neces- 
 sary to work up into, 
 or sculpture out into, 
 a magnificent temple ; 
 for every part is just 
 where nature put it, 
 like a piece of statu- 
 ary. This has a court 
 forty feet wide on every 
 side, and the rock near 
 two hundred feet per- 
 pendicular height at 
 the deepest excavation 
 down to the courtyard. 
 The court is about one 
 hvmdred and fifty feet 
 wide by two hundred 
 deep. It is surrounded 
 by cells or viharas. 
 The temple, a succes- 
 sion of chapels and 
 verandas with finely 
 sculptured columns. 
 All around the exte- 
 rior are very elaborate 
 
 alto-relievos. Two elephants stand in the court- 
 yard ; besides, in various parts sculpture of 
 the most revolting description, as one of the 
 engines brought into the contest between the 
 Brahmins and Buddhists was sensuality, and 
 I)anderiug to the passions, as the Brahmins 
 
 EGYITIAN LADllS PROMENADING AT CAIRO. 
 
 did. This temple was finished by the Brahmins ' 
 just after the contest teimiaated. 
 
 One may live as a conqueror, a king, or a 
 magistrate ; but he must die as a man. 
 
 Egyptian Ladies 
 Indoors. 
 
 Onb of the most 
 striking peculiarities 
 of the customs of the 
 Orientals is the singu- 
 lar notions entertained 
 as to the social rela- 
 tions of women. The 
 dominion of the oppo- 
 site sex is an institu- 
 tion entirely Western. 
 In the Er.st a woman 
 is looked upon as the 
 slave of her lord, bom 
 only to do his bidding, 
 unworthy of his con- 
 fidence, and unfit for 
 honorable associetion. 
 The eye of the traveler, 
 upon first arriving in 
 Egypt, and circulating 
 among its singular 
 people, is first struck 
 by the vailed faces of 
 the women. Their 
 dress, upon the whole, 
 is a model of incon- 
 venience, but exempli- 
 fies at a glance tha 
 jealous subordination in which the female ; are 
 kept. A pair of neat feet encasetl in yellow or 
 red leather over-boots, the lower portion of 
 black or blue silk, balloon-shaped pants, and o 
 pair of sparkling, ofttimes bewitching, black 
 eyes peering from beneath a white vail and 
 
 CKEAT KTLAS TEMPIK AT EllOIlA. 
 
40 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Uack scarf, are all that escape once^lment. 
 The vail, which extends to the knees, is an evi- 
 dence of chastity, white indicating respecta- 
 bility. The poorer classes of women wear vails 
 of coarse blue cotton cloth. To see au Egyptian 
 foman in public without a vail is consid- 
 red highly indecent, and she is not secure at 
 against rude remarks and jeers of the crowd. 
 The higher the social standing of her lord, the 
 greater the seclusion exacted from the woman. 
 Frequently in the evening the gilded coaches 
 of the wealthy, with closed curtains, may be 
 seen driving along the bazaars, or in a more 
 humble attitude, a woman, or rather bundle of 
 Bilk, mounted astride a highly caparisoned 
 donkey, followed by a neatly dressed donkey- 
 boy and attendant. 
 
 In the sketch which we give, we represent 
 two Egyptian ladies of rank, as they appear 
 Indoors. In contrast with the rigid restrictions 
 placed upon women in public in the establish- 
 ments of the rich, great taste is displayed and 
 <io little expense is incurred to make their im- 
 
 prisonment attractive and luxurious. From 
 without, the buildings present no regularity of 
 design, and are enclosed within a blank wall 
 completely excluding the rude gaze of outsiders. 
 All that can be seen are a series of dormar-win- 
 dows, opening toward the wind for ventilation, 
 balconies and bay-windows, some beautifully 
 arched with stone or wood chiseled in the most 
 chaste forms of Saracenic designs, and in the 
 absence of glass, both balconies and windows 
 filled with very fine trelliswork, which com- 
 pletely obstructs the piercing curiosity of a 
 stranger. Within the walls and the courts, 
 however, art has often accomplished her best 
 efforts. 
 
 Fountains and innumerable alabaster and 
 plaster vases, filled with fragrant and blooming 
 flowers, niches, beautifully worked cornices, 
 baths, paved floors, frescoed and even gilt ceil- 
 ings, cabinets worked in arabesques, and divans 
 for indoleiit repose. Surrounded by these plea- 
 sures of the senses, woman of the better class 
 passes her useless existence to gratify the pas- 
 
 XGYPriAK LADIES IMDOOBS. 
 
 sions and dissipate the ennui of her lord and 
 master. 
 
 Wealth to an Oriental seems to have no other 
 value than as a medium for the indulgence of 
 indolence. While one man revels in unbounded 
 affluence, thousands struggle beneath the 
 scourge of filth, rags, and poverty and. hopeless 
 oppression. The markets of Constantinople, 
 with their Circassian and Georgian beauties, 
 bom and reared amid the romantic wilds of the 
 mountains of their native land, mostly supply 
 the demands of the Egyptian trade. 
 
 A Tisit to the Temple of Venus, at 
 Denderah, Egypt. 
 
 Crossino to the western side of the river at 
 Gheneh, a ride occupied three-quarter.s of an 
 hour. A portion of the road lay below the 
 telegraph wires, between two railway-like em- 
 bankments, modern and unromantic-looking in 
 the extreme, and little in accordance with the 
 train of thought and anticipation suggested by 
 a visit to the renovsTied ' ' Temple of Venus. ' ' 
 
 The embankment ceased in due time, and 
 nature appeared again clothed in fields of green 
 com, with peas and beans in variously- colored 
 blossoms, among which we found a very fine 
 specimen of the wild hyacinth. Wo had raised 
 our minds to the highest pitch of pleasurable 
 anticipation as we drew near the temple. Per- 
 haps this was the reason of the reaction that 
 ensued ; but when we entered the great portico 
 — shall I confess it? — we exclaimed simulta- 
 neously, with mingled feelings of disappoint- 
 ment and surprise, "How ugly !" 
 
 The sound of our own words startled us, and 
 we almost expected the ancient gods and god- 
 desses around to start into life and rebuke us ; 
 still the effect was the same. Heavy grotesque, 
 the portico appeared, though still a grand and 
 perfect specimen of the architecture of the age. 
 The hall beyond has much greater pretension 
 to beauty and elegance, but it is sadly defaced, 
 and so blackened that we could hardly make 
 out anything. The atmosphere in this and in 
 the succeeding chambers was so impure that we 
 could do little more than poke our heads in, 
 cough, and come out again into the portico, to 
 study its massiveness and perfect preservation, 
 if our taste would still refuse to perceive any 
 beauty in the style. 
 
 The portico was added to the temple by the 
 Emperor Tiberius ; the oldest names occurring 
 on the building are those of Julius Coesar, the 
 beautiful Cleopatra, and their son Cajsarion, or 
 Neo-Ca;sar, whose portraits are found on one of 
 the outer walls. It was extremely hot, and I 
 had a great deal of trouble in finding out these 
 figures, not knowing exactly where to look for 
 them. I did find them, however, and thought 
 that either Cleopatra could hardly have felt 
 flattered by her portrait, did she ever see it, or 
 the ideas of beauty in that age were no more 
 in accordance with modem taste than was the 
 temple of Denderah with our own. 
 
 The portico has twenty-four columns, six 
 across the front, closed half way up by screens. 
 Each pillar is surmounted by a woman's head, 
 four times repeated, so that it faces you every 
 way ; and these are again crowned with a largo 
 square block of stone, sculptured with hiero- 
 glyi)hics, and conveying the impression of a 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 41 
 
 far greater weight than the 
 four heads together are calcu- 
 lated to support. The winged 
 globes all along the centre of 
 the roof have a curious effect. 
 At the risk of breaking our 
 necks, we traced out a great 
 portion of the zodiac, painted 
 up there ; it has been proved, 
 like the rest of the temple, to 
 be of Roman origin, although, 
 both here and at Esneh, the 
 sign Cancer is represented by a 
 scarabeus, and not a crab. 
 There was an avenue of 
 sphinxes leading to the por- 
 tico, and extending to a gate- 
 way, which stands at some 
 distance. The ruins of various 
 other chapels or temples are 
 to be seen at short distances 
 from the Great Temple. On 
 these we could only cast a pass- 
 ing glance, and peep at the 
 ngly giant-monster Typhon, 
 represented upon one of them. 
 
 < (^i > 
 
 Zeynab. 
 
 A LADT who spent some time 
 In laboring among Egyptian 
 children, thus describes one 
 whom she met near the Vir- 
 gin's Tree : 
 
 " Presently a young girl, who 
 was strolling about, apparently 
 without anything to do, her 
 morning labors being over, as 
 it was now eight o'clock or 
 more, came up to our party and saluted tis 
 good-humoredly, looking curious enough to 
 see such unaccustomed visitors in her quiet 
 
 grove. Our friend, Mrs. R , invited her 
 
 to sit down beside us Eind entered into conver- 
 sation with her. She was a very interesting- 
 looking creature, though her features were not 
 particularly handsome, except her eyes, which 
 were full of intelligence, and of a sort of olive 
 color, which I never before saw in an Egyptian 
 girl, black being the universal hue. Her com- 
 plexion was darkened by exposure to the sun 
 to a much deeper brown than that of the 
 inhabitants of the city, and made her white 
 teeth more brilliantly white by contrast. She 
 might have been eighteen or more, to judge 
 by looks, but was, no doubt, at least, three 
 years younger. In the country the girls do 
 not appear to be so early married as in the 
 towns, for Zeynab (she said that was her name) 
 was uimxarried still. 
 
 ' ' Mrs. R read her a few passages out of her 
 
 Arabic Testament, but so utterly fallow was 
 the girl's mind, (not only ignorant of every- 
 thing beyond the narrow round of material 
 concerns in which she had been raised, but 
 unused to think at all), that she found it better 
 to talk than to read. The girl became inter- 
 ested ; she had intelligence, and she listened 
 and asked questions, and had evidently no 
 desire to go away, 
 
 " When the children could no longer be kept 
 from demanding their mothers' attention, and 
 she was obliged to leave her new pupil, instead 
 of taking her departure, Zeynab came to sit 
 
 TEMPLE OF VENUS AT BESDERAH — INTERIOR VIEW. 
 
 beside me and asked me what I was doing. (I 
 was drawing.) A picture of any kind was, of 
 course, a complete novelty to her, but on being 
 shown the trees, etc., and then told that these 
 marks and colors were to represent them, she 
 understood the object very readily, and watched 
 the process with great satisfaction. 
 
 " I then called her attention to the beauty of 
 the trees and talked about gardens (every 
 Egyptian delights in a garden beyond anything 
 else), and then related to her the story about 
 the garden of Eden, and Adam and Eve. 
 
 "When we came to the sentence of death, I 
 asked where she thought she would go after 
 she died. She opened her bright eyes very 
 wide, and then drooping the long black eye- 
 lashes over them and raising her hands with a 
 gesture between uneasiness and indifference, 
 replied : 
 
 " 'Marafsheh!' (the common Egyptian con- 
 traction of the word, meaning, ' I do not 
 know,' or, 'I know nothing of it.') 
 
 " ' You have a soul, Zeynab ; it is not only 
 men who have souls — every child, every girl, 
 has a soul.' 
 
 " 'Yes, lady, I know it.' 
 
 " ' Have you not heard that every soul must 
 go either to Heaven or Hell? Have you not 
 heard of Heaven and Hell ?' 
 
 " ' Yes, I know,' she said again. 
 
 ' ' ' Well, when this is all become dust (touching 
 her arm), where do you think your soul will 
 go?' 
 
 " ' Marafsheh,' she repeated, very sadly, 
 hanging down her head. 
 
 "After talking some little time, I took leave, 
 engaging her to come and see me, with her 
 mother, which she promised to do very soon, as 
 Ramadan was near at hand, and no Moslems 
 willingly undertake long walks or pay visits in 
 that month, as they dare not take anv refresh- 
 ment. 
 
 ' ' Early the following week my expected 
 visitors made their appearance between nine 
 and ten o'clock. 
 
 ' ' Zeynab and her mother walked into the class- 
 room where I was teaching, one bearing a jar 
 of new milk on her head and the other a cloth 
 in her hand, containing a number of fresh eggs : 
 they had walked at least three miles with these 
 as a present for me ! 
 
 " Zeynab' s eyes shone like opals in her brown, 
 sunburnt face, as she affectionately greeted me ; 
 and the old dame was as cordial m her own 
 way. I brought them up-stairs, and they were 
 as delighted and amazed at the sight of the 
 simple apartment as if it had been a room in a 
 palace. The dimity curtain, and clean, white- 
 waslied walls, the plain but commodious divan, 
 and a deal table, covered with a crimson cotton 
 cloth, appeared wonderful luxuries to eyes only 
 accustomed to dirty and unfurnished mud 
 cabins. 
 
 ' ' The mother was the most curious, and begged 
 permission to look behind the curtain, which 
 formed one end of the long room in*! a bed- 
 chamber. 
 
 " Here her surprise and admiration were in- 
 creased by the spectacle of a littls toilet-stand 
 of the humblest style possible, but above which 
 
42 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 hung a mirror longer than her hand, and in 
 which she could, for the first time, see her 
 whole face reflected. 
 
 " 'Zeynab, girl, come here !— come and look !' 
 she exclaimed. 
 
 ' ' The brushes and pincushion were scarcely less 
 marvels of curiosities ; and many were her ex- 
 clamations of ' Ma.shallah !' ('What God 
 willeth'— 'Cometh to pass' being implied or 
 understood) — ' wonderful !' 
 
 ' ' I asked if she had foun 1 any difficulty in dis- 
 covering the house ? 
 
 "'No,' she said: 'I did just as you told 
 me : came first to Bab-el Hadeed, then walked 
 up the broad road, and then asked for Bab-el 
 Baher, and they showed me : then, I came, as 
 you said, to the blacksmith's shop, i;nd he knew 
 you, and said this was the bouse. ' 
 
 ' ' Among the various articles in the room, none 
 more amazed my guests than the bookshelf, 
 with about two dozen volumes. 
 
 '■ ' Have you really read all those books ?' the 
 mother said, and was evidently amazed at the 
 amount of learning it implied ; she even rose 
 again from her seat, and went to the shelf to 
 look closer at the books, and count them over." 
 
 ^' ^ 5^ .-V 
 
 A Primitive Abyssinian Boat. 
 
 OcR Celtic ancestors in their coiTacks, wicker- 
 baskets covered with hides, ventured on distant 
 voyages to the coasts of Iceland, France and 
 Spain. Hora<» extols to the skies the unknown 
 hero who first had courage to venture upon 
 water, trusting to frail oak. How much greater 
 heroes were our Celtic sires! But their cor- 
 racks, frail as they were, yield to the Abyssinian 
 hokoomada, inasmuch as it is simply tlie hide 
 without a framework. 
 
 A traveler thus describes his crossing of the 
 small river Goante : 
 
 " A stiff hide is raised up on the edges so as 
 to form a sort of bowl, into which the passenger 
 gets carefully, and crouches down, still more 
 carefully preserving his equilibrium. Boat and 
 man are then launched, and a native, holding 
 the cord attached to the bark, plunges into the 
 stream and guides it on, or follows it, impelling 
 
 it with one hand. Sometimes botli motive 
 powers are employed. My servant, Enghedda, 
 firet essayed it, but the hokoomada was badly 
 managed. It took in water, and down went 
 sliip and passenger. Three men dashed in and 
 fished them up. 
 
 " My men began to rebel against undertak- 
 ing such a dangerous voyage, so I got in and 
 passed safely over, and on landing I turned 
 b.ick, smiling, to encourage them. In ten 
 minutes we were all ferried over, and giving a 
 heur to the native, for ho had assisted us, we 
 continued o)!r route to Goumara." 
 
 /, fRUUIlVii ABXSSIMIAN BOAT. 
 
 Shopping in Egypt. 
 The streets .tro generally crammed witb peo- 
 ple, and lined with busy shops, each s'lop being 
 a small open room, unconnected with the house 
 by any door or passage ; and closed in r,t night 
 by folding-doors, secured by locks and bolfcs 
 outside. It is fitted all round with shelves or 
 cases for merchandise, and has a floor raised 
 about two feet from t'.-c ground, wliich projects 
 about the same distance into the roadway, and 
 upon which carpets and cushions are jjlaced for 
 customers, who seat thomselves on this rude 
 divan while they arrange purchases. This is 
 always a lengthy business, and expected to be 
 so by buyer and seller, who quietly give them- 
 selves up to a half hour's " haggle" over every 
 trifle. The buyer seated, the seller offers a pipe, 
 and sends to the nearest coffee-house for cups of 
 the hot beverage. Tlien begins the exaltation 
 of the article to be sold, and an extravagant 
 price is named, to be succeeded by as great a 
 depreci tion of price and quality on the part of 
 the buyer. Then the subject is dropped, pipe;; 
 and coffee resumed, to be after a time renewed, 
 as before, until something like a fair medium is 
 reached, and the bargain concluded. There is 
 no fixed price for anything ; hence you cannot, 
 as in Europe, ask for an article, pay its value, 
 
 and leave a shop with it iu the course of five 
 minutes ; it is impossible thus to economise 
 time in the F-ast. The subdivision of trade, 
 too, is another hindrance. If a man wants a 
 turban, he has to go to one dealer for tlie scar- 
 let skuU-aip, fez, or tarboosh ; to another for the 
 heavy silk tassel, and to a third for the shawl 
 which he winds about it, and so makes it com- 
 plete. One man deals in pipe-stems, generally 
 made cf jasmin or cherry-stick; a second drills 
 them ; a third dcali in p.mbcr mouth-pieces ; a 
 fourth in the red earthen bowh from biout or 
 Stamboul ; a fifth in leaf-tob.-.cco, which a man 
 cuts up for you ; and thu.i half a day may be 
 easily consumed in obtaining what half an hour 
 would secure to you in Xew York. Each trade is 
 distinct, and has its own appointed distr ct, so 
 that much time i:i cccup-ed in visiting shops 
 widely asunder. 
 
 Scene near Alexandria— Women Drawing 
 "Water from a Well. 
 
 Standinq on the desert shore, which stretches 
 out one long waste, your eye will catch a few 
 solitary jjalms overhanging and announcing a 
 fountain, or well, rather, to wliich the women 
 come to draw water, that menial act so asso- 
 ciated with all our ideas cf E.TBtem life, and 
 entering into many cf the finest pictures pre- 
 sented to us by the Scriptures. 
 
 From such a point as we have selected, be- 
 yond these trees, and then a group of women, 
 will he seen the city of Alexandria. 
 
 There is nothing remarkable about it. Not- 
 withstanding the white palace, the old Bummer- 
 house cf the Pasha, and other distinguished 
 buildings, Alexandria looks like a long hori- 
 zontal streak of whitewash min;;led %vith brown, 
 .and crossed perpendicularly with the sharp 
 lines of ships' masts. The bay in front is now 
 plowed by modem steamers ; along the beach 
 hurry as modem land convcy;:nces. 
 
 Enter the town and you find that the quaint 
 and curious costumes of the people, the queer 
 shops, and the strongly-defined character cf the 
 whole place, a;; well as the busy, crowded ba- 
 zaars, all abound la interest. The long lines 
 
 SUOPPING IN EQTPT 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 of camels that slowly pace the streets give a 
 novel aspect to them ; they are melancholy, 
 half-dried looking animals, of solemn, heavy 
 gait, and pace on through the densest crowds, 
 utterly regardless of the people, who have to 
 look out for themselves, and hasten into the 
 aaarest shop, to avoid the blows of heavy 
 stones, or piles of wood, which are loosely hung 
 by palm-Topes to their sides, and sway about in 
 a dangerous way, sometimes scratching the 
 walls on both sides of the streets. Even in the 
 narrow »ookhs, or closed bazaars, these beasts 
 ire allowed to pass, to the great inconvenience 
 or everybody. 
 
 Their drivers sit on elevated seats upon their 
 humps, and swing backward and forward with 
 an uneasy motion that must be painful to the 
 back, and almost as disagreeable as that of a 
 vessel at sea. 
 
 The most pictuiesqus parts of the town are, 
 as usual, the most filthy. Every artist has had 
 abundant experience of this fact at home and 
 abroad. Thus some of the nastiest alleys of 
 Alexandria have "bits," that, reproduced in 
 pictures, might make a painter's fortune. 
 Gleams of sunshine, more intense than we 
 northern men ever see at home, dazzle the eye 
 here, almost like the Bude light ; and strike 
 iicross streets of richly-carved houses, lighting 
 up the gayly-colored dresses of the people, to 
 which the dark houses, and the dirt and dust 
 "verywhere. act as a useful foil ; tattered cloths, 
 1 1 strips of prismatic tints, hang across the 
 
 THE PTRAJITDS OF EGYPT. 
 
 wider streets to keep off the sun. All this is 
 delightful in pictures, where smells can never 
 be reproduced, nor dirt, nor flies, nor other 
 vermin that disgust strangers, and which no 
 care ou their part can prevent them from be- 
 coming painfully familiar with. Entomology 
 may be a pleasant study when properly con- 
 ducted, but as you are forced to study it in 
 Egypt it is simply disgusting. 
 
 Owing to the rough way in which the houses 
 are constructed, they have when new a half- 
 ruinous look. Some of the older ones have 
 elegant examples of woodwork in the project- 
 ing windows, formed by open 1 ittices of en- 
 riched geometric design. 
 
 The bazaars are generally gay with colored 
 wares ; those of the silk-merchants and the 
 shoesellers are the most picturesque ; the richly- 
 tinted silks, and the ranges of bright red and 
 yellow slippers, have a very gay effect. 
 
 The native coffee-shops are dark and dirty 
 (as, indeed, are most others) ; the jewelers' are 
 curious from the style of their designs, as well 
 as the cheap character of the finery, which the 
 poorest women will insist on wearing in pro- 
 fusion. 
 
 The provision-market is well stocked ; and 
 l.ere you may occasionally see how h<ird poor 
 women work as porters. Balancing upon their 
 heads a shallow, broad, wooden bowl, have 
 seen them loaded with the fore-quarter of an 
 ox, which they carry from the slaughter-houses 
 outside the town to the butchers' quarter in its 
 
 interior. They will ordinarily carry fifty okt 
 (the oke being about two and three-quarter 
 pounds English). 
 
 The male porters are generally supposed to 
 be able to carry about a hundred oke ; they 
 move very heavy building stones, by balancing 
 them on their backs, bending forward, ana 
 carrying the hands backward as a support for 
 the lower edge of the stone. They generally 
 place a cord over the shoulders, like a slinj, to 
 secure boxes, etc. 
 
 The Pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 The Suez Canal has lately attracted so miicn 
 notice to the grand old bnd of I'har.ioh, that 
 there is no telling what discoveries may not be 
 made there when once the stream of human 
 life begins to pour across that little isthmus 
 from the Mediternmean to the Bed Sea. 
 
 Egypt is distinguished for her vast antiquities, 
 large portions of which bear no marks of de- 
 cay, and yet display, in all their grandeur 
 and entirety, the arts and the power of the 
 first feneration of men. These remains are 
 remarkable for their magnitude, the aim of 
 their contrivers being apparently to astonish by 
 their immensity — which is particularly con- 
 spicuous in the pyramids. Tlie largest of these 
 measures nearly five hundred feet in perpen- 
 dicular height, and has a square base of seven 
 hnniJred. The greater part consists of a solid 
 masri of masonry, composed of " Syene marble,*' 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 45 
 
 Or red granite. The temples, though they can- 
 hot rival the stupendousness of the pyramids, 
 yet appear to exceed every other work of human 
 art. The site of Thebes exhibits a space of ten 
 miles, almost entirely covered with colossal 
 sacred ruins. Even the statues witli which they 
 are adorned always possess gigantic dimensions. 
 
 The Sycamore of the Virgin. 
 
 Tradition represents Matarieh, in Egypt, as 
 having been the residence of Christ and his 
 mother during tlieir exile in the land of Pharaoh , 
 and a sycamore is shown as having given its 
 refreshing shade to the Messiah and to Mary. 
 A French traveler says : 
 
 "Not f.ir from Mary's Fountain, I was led 
 within an inclosure set with trees; our Moslem 
 guide stopped us before a sycamore, saying : 
 ' This is the Tree of Jesus and Mary. ' Vansleb, 
 Cure of Fontainebleau, states that the ancient 
 sycamore fell of old age in 1058 ; and fragments 
 of it are preserved by the Franciscans at Cairo. 
 
 Only the stump remained, and from this the 
 present tree shot up." 
 
 Lady Herbert of Lea, in her recent work 
 "Cradle Lands," says of her p.rty: "They 
 passed through a sandy plain, full of cotton, 
 date-pdms, and bananas, and by a succession 
 of miserable native huts, which consist of mud 
 walls, with a roof of Indian corn, and a hole in 
 tlie wall for light, until they came to an obelisk, 
 and from thence to a garden, in the centre of 
 which is a sycamore tree, carefully preserved, 
 under which the Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph 
 are said to have rested with the infant Saviour, 
 on their flight into Egypt. It is close to a well 
 of pure water, and surrounded with the most 
 lieautiful roses and Egyptian jasmin." 
 
 Sawing "Wood in Ancient Egypt. 
 There is something very interesting in the 
 details of daily life and labor among the an- 
 cient Egyptians, so strangely preserved in their 
 pictured tombs. From one of these we take a 
 
 picture of an Egyptian carpenter using a saw, 
 thus showing how early the handsaw waa 
 known. Egyptian saws were of bronze, finely 
 tempered, and it will be noticed that the teeth 
 point to the handle, not from it. To this day 
 the Chinese and Japanese carpenters, like the 
 ancient Egyptians, saw toward them, not from, 
 them. The handle of the Egyptian saw is less 
 fitted to give purchase in working than that 
 which we have adopted. 
 
 Ancient Egyptian Chair. 
 It will surprise some of our readers to see so 
 modern-looking a chair ascribed to the ancient 
 Egyptians, yet it is accurately copied from a 
 mural painting on an ancient tomb in the land 
 of the Pharaohs. It shows, too, that in many 
 points early Egyptian civilization was nearer to 
 our own than other lands in far less remote 
 ages. This chair, evidently well- upholstered 
 and cushioned, would afford a more comroriable 
 seat in sickness, or in advanced years, vaaix 
 
 THK STCAMOKE OF THE VIEOnj. 
 
46 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 aonid be foiind in the palace of a Plantagenet. 
 Ouv modern cabinet.-maker8 would improve it in 
 some points, but not in many, for, with all 
 deference to them, we believe the art of manu- 
 f 1 jturing uncomfortable chairs seems, at the 
 present time, to have been more successfully 
 cultivated than its reverse. 
 
 So near are we to ancient Egypt, that a mode 
 of raising water, which is shown in ancient 
 Egyptian paintings, has been patented at Wash- 
 ington as original, and, of course, was carefully 
 axammed before the patent issued. 
 
 Ancient Egyptian Oonchu. 
 Very few individuals of this generation 
 Would consider the couches on which the 
 tmcients reclined as at all comparable to those 
 now in use ; and it is surprising how 
 the Grecians, Romans and Egyptians, could 
 relish a dinner taken in a recumbent position. 
 In the era of the Eoman Republic the people 
 Bat on hard benches upright as they do in our 
 owa country ; but as conquest corrupted their 
 manners, the wealthier classes imitated the 
 Asiatic nations, and reclined at their meals. 
 Our engraving represents the ancient Egyptian 
 couches, which were usee both for sleeping and 
 eating purposes. 
 
 < i^i > 
 
 An Abyssinian Ferry-boat. 
 
 The Abyssinians, whom the English so se- 
 verely chastised in 1868, are a curious com- 
 pound of barbarism and semi-civilization. 
 Their early acceptance of Christianity brought 
 some gleams of progress which have been lost 
 in the night of the native savagery. 
 
 A French traveler, Le Jean, gives an illustra- 
 tion of a feixy-boat in which he crossed the 
 Goumara. He had just crossed the Goante ic 
 a hokoomada, an OX hide made into a cup-shape, 
 and propelled from behind by a swimmer : 
 
 This might do /or a, small stream ; but the 
 
 ANcmn tarsTiAS cbahl 
 
 SA.WING WOOD IN ANCIE-VT EGYPT. 
 
 Goumara boasted a regular ferry and means of 
 crossing. This was a tankoa. It was not ex- 
 actly a steamboat, as our readers perceive ; it 
 was a rectangular raft capable of carrying si.x 
 or eight persons, and composed of bundles of 
 straw firmly bound together. It is quite thick, 
 and draws about twenty inches. Sink it can- 
 not ; the worst danger is that in a heavy sea 
 you may slide gracefully off, there being no- 
 thing at the side to keep the passengers in, or 
 water out. In a country where swimming 
 comes by nature, this is an unimportant omis- 
 sion. 
 
 The baggage was placed astern j the boatman 
 is at the bow, with no means of propulsion but 
 a pole. 
 
 In this respect the tankoa is a type of the 
 routine spirit of the Abyssinians ; they have 
 never learned, either from reflection or from the 
 example of the savages bordering on the Nile, 
 that a wide, thin paddle would give them 
 greater motive power. Hence the raft could 
 with difficulty combat the current, and, often 
 yielding in the struggle, was borne back near 
 the starting-point, the whole afternoon being 
 consumed in traversing the muddy river. 
 
 and then we both set to teaching the five firft 
 letters of their difficult alphabet, till thef 
 seemed to be getting tired ; they were then 
 allowed a rest, and afterward a singing-lessoa 
 was commenced. 
 
 ' ' The neighbors might have supposed a set of 
 cats to be the pupils, if they listened to the 
 discordant sounds which the first attempt at a 
 {;amut produced ; but as the proverb says, 
 ' Children and fools should not see things half 
 done.' 
 
 " Three months later, a stranger visiting the 
 school was delighted at the sweet singing of 
 the hymns ! The mewing and squeaking were 
 nearly forgotten by that time. 
 
 ' ' The children were delighted when the work- 
 hour arrived, the real inducement to most of 
 them and their mothers having been the needle- 
 work. Perhaps the teachers were not sorry 
 when every little brown middle finger was sup- 
 plied with a new thimble, and they could sit 
 down for a few minutes. No one who has not 
 tried it can conceive the difficulty of teaching 
 those who have not only no wish to learn, but 
 no idea of what learning is, or what possible 
 good is to bo gained by all this trouble ; and, 
 ot course, the strain upon the mind is greatly 
 increased when one's knowledge of the lan- 
 guage is very limited indeed. 
 
 ' ' The children all took willingly to sewing ; 
 indeed, they had many times in the course oi 
 the forenoon thrown down the cards, and cried 
 out : ' The work ! give us the work !' 
 
 •' The English needles and scissors gave much 
 pleasure, and were eagerly examined by some 
 mothers and elder sisters who paid visits to the 
 schoolroom in the course of the day to see 
 what the foreigner was doing with their little 
 ones ; for, if ignorant, they are usually very 
 fond parents. Some brought bread, bunches of 
 
 A School in Egypt. 
 
 Mrs. Parkes, wife of an English official, and 
 who resided in Cairo for several years, gives the 
 following graphic description of Egyptian school 
 life: 
 
 " At last the grown-up children departed, and 
 the two little scholars, with the two Syrian chil- 
 dren — sister to the young teacher — were estab- 
 lished on the mat, and were soon joined by 
 several more, till at length, by about ten 
 o'clock, we had nine pupils seated i;i a semi- 
 circle — all Moslems ! 
 
 "No recruiting-sergeant was ever liiilf so 
 pleased with a handful of future soldiers, for it 
 was beating up for recruits for the Lord ! Each 
 was now asked her name in turn, and then who 
 had made her, to which the older ones replied, 
 ' Allah.' Several little ones said ' Mohammed.' 
 
 " The first verse in the Bible, ' In the begin- 
 ning,' etc., was repeated to them, and they 
 were taught to say it, first each one by herself, 
 and then altogether. This was the beginning 
 of instructions for them, poor children ! The 
 young teacher was too inexperienced to be able 
 to explain it, so I did what I could in that way ; 
 
 ASCnUT EOYPTIAU COUCIIKS. 
 
EGYPT 
 
 4T 
 
 
48 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT JSATIONS 
 
 A SCHOOL IN EOYPT. 
 
 raw carrots, or some such dainty, and, aftcv 
 giving it to tlie cliildren. would squat down on 
 the mat to watch tlie proceedings. Of course, 
 it did rather interfere with business, hut it will 
 not do to strain a new rope too tight ; and, be- 
 sides, Eastern manners are unlike ours, and I 
 thought it wisest never to meddle with them, 
 unless some real evil wag in question. 
 
 " Though ragged and dirty, the children had 
 not in general the starved looks of too many 
 scholars in our beloved country ; nor do ragged 
 clothes and dirty faces imply such a degree of 
 p;>verty as with us. In the higher classes a 
 child is often intentionally kept dirty to avoid 
 the evil eye, and perhaps this feeling may have 
 given the idea that ragged clothes are no dis- 
 grace. 
 
 "In the country villages, a blue cotton shirt is 
 the unvarying costiune of boys and girls, the 
 latter having the addition of a vail, the former 
 of a cotton cap. But in the city the dress ii 
 more varied, and most of the scholars wore 
 colored print trowsers and little jiickets, or some 
 other article ; they looked much as if the con- 
 tents of an old clothesman's bag had been 
 scattered over tliem at random, as there was 
 not one of the nine in whole or well-fitting gar- 
 ments. Still, when— between coaxing and a 
 little manual aid — the young faces were all 
 washed clean, they were not a bad-looking 
 circle : several had very pretty features — the 
 soft, black eye of Egypt has great beauty, and 
 they all have white and even teeth." 
 
 rooms peacefully knitting stockmgs to sell to 
 European tourists, who give them three times 
 what the stockings are worth, being unable to 
 fight out the matter in Arabic." The people 
 of Cairo, except in the season of Ramadan, retire 
 to rest early, and their night patrol have little 
 to do beyond watching the mosques, and arrest- 
 ing prowlers who lurk in the bazaars, on the 
 look-out for plunder. 
 
 The Colossi of Menmon, in Egypt. 
 The easternmost of the two sitting colossi 
 was once the wonder cf the ancients. It has 
 been a subject of controversy among modern 
 writers, some of whom, notwithstanding t'.io 
 numerous inscriptions which decide it to have 
 
 been the vocal Mcmnon of the l!omai,_, nave 
 thought fit to doubt its being the very statua 
 said by ancient authors to utter a sound at the 
 rising of the sun. Strabo, who visited it with 
 ffilius Gallus, the Governor of Egypt, confesses 
 that he heard the sound, but could not affirm 
 whether it proceeded from the pedestal or from 
 the statue itself, or even from some of thosa 
 who stood near its base ; and it appears, from 
 his not mentioning the name Memuon, that it 
 was not yet supposed to be the statue of that 
 doubtful personage. The colossi measure about 
 eighteen feet three inches across the shoulders, 
 sixteen feet six inches from the top of the 
 shoulders, seventeen feet nine inches from the 
 elbow to the fingers' end, and nineteen feet eight 
 inches from the knee to the plant of the foot. 
 The thrones are ornamented with the figures of 
 the god Kilus, who, holding the stalks of two 
 plants peculiar to the river, is busy in binding 
 up a pedestal or table, surmounted by the name 
 of the Egyptian monarch — a symbolic group — 
 indicating his dominion over the upper and 
 lower countries. A line of hieroglyphics ex- 
 tends perpendicularly down the back, from the 
 shoulder to the pedestal, containing the name 
 of the Pharaoh they represent. Three hundred 
 feet behind these are the remains of another 
 colossus of similar form and dimensions, which, 
 fallen prostrate, is partly buried in the alluvial 
 denosits of the Kile. 
 
 Petes of the Viceroy of Egypt. 
 Tub Viceroy of Egypt celebrated the an- 
 niversary of his accession, on January 18th, 
 1869, by a series of festivities. A regatta was 
 held on Lake Timsah, which borders tlie town 
 of Ismailia, the central station of the Suez 
 Canal, and the boats were principally those 
 connected with the works on the canal. The 
 most interesting part of the entertainment was 
 the dromedaries' race, and the effect of the long 
 
 The Night Patrol of the City Guard 
 at Cairo, Egypt. 
 
 Tnii City Guard of Cairo, composed of Nu- 
 bians, whose business it is to patrol the narrow 
 streets between the setting and rising of the 
 sun, is a picturesque, if not particularly effect- 
 ive, body. Its costume is in a state — shall wo 
 Call it of "betweenity" — neither Oriental nor 
 Occidental, but, as it were, a moiety of each. A 
 writer in the Iiondou Graphic, speaking of these 
 watchmen of the night, says: " It is curious to 
 see blacIiLmen sitting at the door of their guard 
 
 TOE -MiCHX PATKOl OF TUB CITY GUAIOJ AT CAIBa 
 
EGYPTi 
 
 49 
 
 robes of the Arabs who rowed, and the trappings 
 of the animals flying behind, gave a very pic- 
 turesque appearance to the scene. 
 
 Oorinthian Tombs at Petra, Egypt. 
 In ascending Mount Hor and top of Aaron's 
 tomb, erected by the Mussulraen, on into 
 the surrounoing valleys, the traveller will 
 pass varieties ot facades of freestone tombs 
 in every tint. The El Dhir is an exquisite 
 fagade, the architecture of Eomc in its later 
 days, facing on an open, grassy plot of about 
 two acres ; the name signifies Convent, but it 
 was one of the many fine tombs of ?etra in its 
 pilmy days, when thoy appear to have made 
 more liberal provision for the dead than the 
 living. The interior is veiy rough, consisting 
 of two or three rooms on the first floor, though 
 the £ioade exhibits two stories. 
 
 . iii^i> 
 
 Cairo, 
 
 Caxro is called, by tlie natives, Masr : it was 
 originally known by the name of El Kahirah, 
 whence the Italian appellation of Cairo. It 
 was founded at night. Astrologers had beenl 
 consulted, and had fixed upon a propitious mo- 
 ment for laying the first stones of the city walls. 
 They were to have given a signal at that pre- 
 cise moment by ringing a number of bells, 
 which were suspended to cords supported by 
 poles along the whole circumference of the in- 
 tended wall ; but a crow happening to alight 
 upon one of the cords, the bells were put Ln 
 motion before the appointed time, and the 
 builders who were waiting the signal imme- 
 diately commenced their work. This contre- 
 temps caused the name of El Kahirah (Unpro- 
 pitious) to be given to it. Occasionally "The 
 Mother of the World" and other sounding 
 titles were applied to Cairo. 
 
 Cairo is of irregular form, about two miles 
 in length by one in breadth, with a population 
 
 FirTES OF TUB VICf:ROY OF EOYPT. — THE DROMEDARY RACE. 
 
 of two hundred thousand souls. The streets 
 are unpaved, and few of them are of sufficient 
 breadth to admit carriages. Here and there, 
 however, streets are met with broad enough to 
 allow them to pass conveniently by, and some- 
 times two abreast. The by-streets and those in 
 the quarters of the interior are very narrow, 
 generally only from four to ten feet wide, r.nd 
 in consequence of the Cairene mode of building 
 houses, each story projecting beyond that im- 
 mediately below it, two persons may with ease 
 shake hands acrosi the streets from the upper 
 windows. This narrowness of the streets i.> 
 common to many towns in hot climates, having 
 for its object greater coolness. Soma of the 
 bazaars, to protect those seated in the shops 
 below from the sun, have coverings of wood, 
 and the appearance of the street isnot.injured 
 
 by the effect ; but when of matting or sail- 
 cloth, their tattered condition and the quantity 
 cf dust they shower down during a strong wind 
 upon those below, add little either to tho 
 beauty cf the street or to the comfort cf tho 
 people for whoso benefit they are intended. 
 The bazaars are also kept cool by watering, 
 which, though it contributes to that end, has a 
 very prejudicial effect, the vapor constantly 
 arising from the damp ground in a climate like 
 that of Egypt aiding greatly to the increase of 
 ophthalmia. It is a startling fact that one out 
 of every six among the inhabitants of Cairo is 
 cither blind or has some complaint in the eyes. 
 The whole city is divided into quarters, sepa- 
 
 j rated by gates, which are closed at night. X 
 porter is appointed to each, who is obliged to 
 
 1 open the door to all who wish to pass through, 
 unless there is reason to believe them improper 
 persons, or not furnished with a lamp, which 
 every one is obliged to carry after the Esher, 
 or one hour and a half after sunset. 
 
 
 IB£ COLOSSI OF MEMNON, IN KQTPT. 
 
 Sprinkling the Streets of Ismailia. 
 
 The picture shows a strange result of the in- 
 fluence cf our Western ideas of comfort and pro- 
 gress on the stationary Orientals. In the days 
 of the Crusades, they gave our ancestors many 
 a valuable hint and suggestion, and here wo 
 have the streets of Ismailia, an Egyptian city 
 that dates but yesterday, regularly watered ; 
 and how ? By the Arab camel-driver adapting 
 his labor to new uses. 
 
 Ismailia has sprung up near Lake Timsah, 
 on the Suez Canal, half way between Port Said 
 and Suez, and, with its five thousand inhabit- 
 ants, is now the capital of the Isthmus, enjoy- 
 ing its modem luxuries — among them, a fresh- 
 water canal, bringing the waters of the Nile to 
 its people. As may be supposed, Ismailia is a 
 European city, transjiorted to the East by a 
 power as mighty and more real than that of 
 Aladdin's magician. 
 
 <c^i> • 
 
 That time is partly lost which could have 
 been better employed. 
 
CiO 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Tombs of the Mamelukes, 
 Cairo. 
 ^ At Cairo, that picturesque city of 
 filth and magnificence, a true sense 
 «f what the East really is begins to 
 dawn on the mind of the traveler. 
 No city is so truly Oriental as this 
 Eastern metropolis. She is splendid in 
 4ier delicate Saracenic architecture, 
 4)ut melancholy in her ruins and 
 squalor. Yet in that bright Egyptian 
 «unshine, war-worn and weather-worn, 
 nothing can deprive her of her in- 
 Aerest. 
 
 She sits, still a queen. She has van- 
 .quished the ages, and well deserves 
 her title, "Kahirah," or the Victo- 
 Tious. Cairo is neither paved, drained, 
 .nor lighted — that is, as a European 
 ■would understand these tenns. Thou- 
 sands of yellow dogs are her scaven- 
 •^ers, and so well are they regulated 
 vby a home policy of their own, that 
 .any dog straying into the district of 
 another will be torn to pieces by those 
 iha-.-ing the right to dwell there. Gas 
 lis not used except for the palaces ; and 
 no paving, at least in the more an- 
 cient parts, save that which remains 
 of the earliest which her streets wit- 
 messed. The traveler who is obliged 
 ito be out at night lights his way with a paper 
 lantern, and has to keep a sharp look-out for 
 iholes in his path. But the dangers are well 
 ■worth encountering, for the sake of the many 
 objects of interest on every side. Here are tlie 
 earliest known specimens of the pointed arch, 
 iiere the architectural masterpieces of the reign 
 
 Boulac, near Cairo. 
 BonLAC is about three miles from 
 Cairo ; it is the point of Cairo, and 
 was founded in the year of the Flight, 
 713 (A.D. 1313-14). The town is about 
 a mile in length, and half a mile is 
 the measure of its greatest breadth. 
 It contains ten thousand inhabitants. 
 At this place duties on exports and 
 imports to and from Alexandria are 
 levied. Boulac formerly stood on an 
 island where sugar-cane was culti- 
 vateJ, and the old channel which 
 passed between it and Cairo may still 
 be traced. The tilling up of this chan- 
 nel has removed Cairo further from the 
 Kile, and has given Boulac the rank 
 and advantages of a port of entry. 
 
 TOMBS OP TOE MAMELDKIS, CArKO. 
 
 of Saladin. Here rose and here fell the empire 
 of the MameluKes, those sovereign slaves, 
 "without father, without mother, without de- 
 scent. ' ' Here are their tombs, glorious in decay. 
 
 ♦-»-♦ 
 
 Men are never placed in such extremes but 
 there is a light to guide them. 
 
 Dancing Dervishes. 
 A LADY, writing to a friend from 
 Cairo, says: "At this very moment 
 tliere is a most extraordinarj' religious 
 ceremony going on under our win- 
 dow. It has continued for three even- 
 ings, and this, I am happy to saj', is 
 the last, as the horrid noise keeps one 
 awake all night. The ceremony be- 
 gins thus : A high pole, hung with col- 
 ored lamps, is fixed into the ground, 
 round whicli stands a circle of dervishes (a 
 dervisli is a kind of Moslem devotee), all hold- 
 ing hands. A dervish in a green turban, which 
 marks his descent from Mohammed, stands in 
 the centre of the group, and begins a swinging 
 kind of chant, which is taken up by the rest. As 
 they sing, they clap their hands together simul- 
 
 COBINTHIAN XOMDS AT FETBA. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 61 
 
 C^IBO. 
 
 taneously, swaying their bodies backward and 
 forward, and bending their heads almost to the | 
 ground. Then conies the most disgusting part 
 of the scene— each man makes the most horri- 
 We howl, something between the bark of a dog 
 Jind the cry of a wolf, and, foaming at the 
 mouth, he nods his head incessantly, first on 
 one side, then on the other, till one wonders 
 iiheir heads do not drop off. This goes on with- 
 out cessation, until, one by one, they fall ex- 
 hausted on the ground. The word of their mo- 
 notonous chant is merely a repetition of the 
 ■word Allah, which means God. This perform- 
 ance, in which men seem to wish to become 
 like wild beasts rather than anything else, is 
 supposed to be a religious service, and by it 
 they think they are doing honor to God and to 
 some saint of their own. How melancholy it is 
 that people should be so ignorant as to imagine 
 ■that such a devotion can be pleasing to God ! 
 
 "There are other dervishes besides these 
 howling men, whose religious exercises are 
 more elegant, though not more edifying. These 
 
 SPRINKUNO IHE STREETS Or ISM.\IUA. 
 
 are the dancmg dervishes, who mostly come 
 from Constantinople. They perform every Fri- 
 day, which is their Sunday, and a large party 
 of us went to see them. 
 
 "We were ushered into a room where was 
 the sheik of the sect, on a divan, as usual 
 smoking a chibouque. He politely saluted 
 every stranger who entered, and ordered coflFee 
 to be brought. Ali, our dragoman, who had 
 accompanied us, took off his shoes on entering 
 the sacred presence ! When all the sight-seers 
 had assembled we were taken into a kind of 
 circus, at the end of which the sheik was 
 placed, while we strangers were outside the 
 barrier. The dancing dervishes were dressed 
 in white felt hats like chimney-pots, and great 
 cloaks of bright cloth or silk, which they kept 
 on while they marched past the sheik, to whom 
 they made a profound obeisance as they passed. 
 In the meantime, a dervish in a gallery read 
 aloud some verses of the Koran, which were 
 followed by a monotonous chant to the music 
 of reeds and drums. Then the dervishes cast 
 
 BOULAC, XEAB OAIBO. 
 
52 
 
 THE WORIiD'S GEEAT NATIONa 
 
 off their cloaks, and ap- 
 peared in white cotton 
 dresses with hoops at the 
 hottom , lilie a modem steel 
 petticoat. They folded 
 their arms, shut their 
 eyes, stiffened their heads, 
 r.nd went off in a whirling 
 waltz. As they turned, 
 they extended their arms 
 quite straight, like the 
 Bails of a windmill ; and 
 when they took the final 
 epin, and stopped sud- 
 denly, they looked just 
 like children playing at 
 'making cheeses !' " 
 
 Babre-Dance of Egyptian 
 Almas. 
 TiiE dance of the Egypt- 
 ian Almas have become 
 better known as modem 
 facilities have increased 
 the number of travelers. Dances as old as the 
 Pharaohs, which were seen and imitated to some 
 extent, doubtless, by the Jews, though evidently 
 more licentious in their character than of old, 
 still prevail on the Nile. Some of these dances 
 are extremely striking, and of these cue of the 
 most thrilling is the sabre-dance. During the 
 festivities that accompanied the opening of the 
 Suez Canal, an entertainment was given to the 
 tourists by Mr. Bichara, the French Vice-Con- 
 tul, and in it was introduced the sabre dance 
 thown in our illustra tion. It was danced by a 
 Bcdouiah or Bedouin girl. When this beautiful 
 brunette, with a yataghan in each hand, the 
 point at her very eye, began her dance, her flue, 
 intelligent head swaying in that fearful limit, 
 the applause moved even Arab stolidity. In 
 the rapid evolutions of the dance, in the 
 various figures and postures in which, with the 
 ease and grace of a serpent, she alternately 
 glided these sabres, flashed in the light, cross- 
 ing, brandished, but as completely and easily 
 controlled as 
 the light casti- 
 nets of a Span- •7^. 
 
 ish dancer. 
 
 DANCLNU UEUVIBUES, CAIKO, EGYPT. 
 
 (castanets), from which vibrated a complete rush 
 of sonorous notes. All four of them had recently 
 been sent as a present to the princess from Con- 
 stantinople. They were attired in red silk 
 trowsers, trimmed with gold, and elegant blue 
 damask jackets, open at the chest, and which set 
 off their fine fi:nirc3 to the greatest advantage. 
 Their raven hair hung down their backs in long 
 curls, like that cf the other slaves ; but one cf 
 them was quite fair, and her hair was cut i:i 
 the Savoyard fashion. The most beautiful cf 
 the four, a charming creature of about twenty 
 years of age, led the dance & la mode Taglioni. 
 Nothing could possibly surpass the agility, nim- 
 bleness, and grace of all her attitudes ; her 
 whole contour was the personification of ele- 
 gance itself. Her head was thrown back, her 
 small mouth half open, the eyes half closed, 
 as she bovmded about the room like a graceful 
 gazelle ; and every time that her artistic enthu- 
 siasm led her in front of one of the immense 
 mirrors which reached from the ceiling down to 
 
 the floor, she glanced co- 
 quettishly at her owr, 
 figure — most assuredly ex- 
 cusable in so lovely a 
 creature ; for it was im- 
 possible to conceive a 
 more exquisite specimen 
 cf feminine beauty and 
 symmetry. 
 
 "The ballet was the 
 ' lion' of the fantasia, and 
 its representation took 
 place amidst a breathless 
 silence, only broken at 
 intervals by the clinking 
 of tlio smjanets, and it oc- 
 cupied a whole hour. 
 
 "The princess scarcely 
 bestowed any attention 
 upon an amusement which 
 was no novelty to her, ana 
 with which she had enter- 
 tained me as being a for- 
 eigner of distinction. As 
 her highness reclined in- 
 dolently on her divan, her red lips were placed 
 from time to time to the beautiful amber 
 iaouthpiece of her chibouk, from which sho puffed 
 forth light clouds of perfumed smoke. 
 
 "The slaves who were unemployed stood 
 r.t the end of the saloon, but many of them 
 kept constantly moving about ; and from the 
 number I sav/ that day, I should think that- 
 her highness must have had not less than a. 
 hundred white, and a much greater number cf 
 black ones. Some of them were not more than 
 six years old. While the dancing was going on, 
 some cf them were employed in handing us 
 violet, jesamin, and rose sherbet, with various 
 kinds of confectionery." 
 
 Alma Dance 
 at Oairo. 
 Miss Nott 
 thus describes 
 a dance of 
 these renown- 
 ed danseuscs, 
 given to enter- 
 fain her by the 
 Princess Epo- 
 US3 of the Is- 
 mail Pasha : 
 
 "After the 
 concert was 
 terminated, 
 then the ballet 
 began. Four 
 dancers glided 
 into the apart- 
 ment, holding 
 copper sapanels 
 
 SABRE DANCE OF EaTPTIAN ALMAS. 
 
 An Egyptian Sarcophagus. 
 
 The care taken by the Egyptians to preserre 
 their dead has been the wonder of succeedii g- 
 ages. Their tombs, cut in the rock, and elabo- 
 rately adorned, must have required the atten- 
 tion of many 
 a man during- 
 his lifetime. 
 Often, in the- 
 fine cemeteries, 
 growing in 
 various parts, 
 of the country, 
 we hear of pro- 
 death tombs 
 and coffins, 
 but what with 
 us is noted as 
 an eccentricity 
 was the rule 
 among the an- 
 cient Egypt- 
 ians. The cof- 
 fin, or sarco- 
 phagus, in the 
 tomb of one of 
 these wealthy 
 ■men, was a 
 massive work 
 of granite, ba- 
 salt or alabas" 
 ter, sculptured! 
 
EGYPT, 
 
 53 
 
 over with figures and inscriptions' detailing tiio 
 name, rank and deeds of Lira who was to sleep 
 his last Bleep within it. They fondly hoped 
 that this costly 
 ■work would pro- 
 tect their bodies 
 after death from 
 a n unhallowed 
 disinterment ; 
 hut the very care 
 taken to secure 
 their remains 
 from violation 
 Las often led to 
 the desecration 
 against which 
 they would 
 guard. The linen 
 "bandage around 
 the common 
 mummy of the 
 pits did not offer 
 anything to the 
 decipherer, while 
 ■the inscriptions 
 on th« sarcopha- 
 gus afforded to 
 the ior.lous anti- 
 quarian an oppor- 
 tunity not to l;o 
 neglected, of ad- 
 ding cliaracters to 
 lis hieroglyphic 
 alphabet, or 
 -words to his 
 Egyptian vocabu- 
 lary. Many of 
 the cabinets of 
 Europe can show 
 fragments of a 
 sarcophagus, 
 while but few 
 take the trouble 
 to preserve many 
 cpecimens of the 
 common mummy 
 ■of the pit. 
 
 Sometimes the 
 wealthy dead 
 were coffined in 
 a wooden case, or 
 double case of 
 sycamore, cover- 
 ed witli gilding 
 and painting. 
 These, as they 
 offered the same 
 temptation as tho 
 inscribed sarco- 
 phagus, have of- 
 ten shared the 
 :Eame fate. But 
 the tombs con- 
 tain, besides the 
 dead, other ar- 
 ticles, the re- 
 vival of which 
 involves no 
 charge of dese- 
 cration. With 
 the dead it was 
 usual to deposit, 
 :ia the tombs, ar- 
 ticles cf luxury 
 
 on which they had set a value while living; 
 and, in the case of the humble artisan, the 
 tools and utensils which he used in life were 
 
 
 laid with him when he rested from his toil. 
 Hence, various objects of interest have been 
 found in the tombs. Elegant vases of granite, 
 alabaster, metal 
 and earth are 
 abundant in the 
 various museums 
 of Europe. The 
 tools of the ma- 
 son and carpen- 
 ter, articles of 
 household furni- 
 ture, models of 
 boats and houses, 
 the palettes used 
 by the sacred 
 scribes, with their 
 cakes of ink and 
 reed pens or 
 brushes, with va- 
 rious other arti- 
 cles, are by no 
 means uncom- 
 mon. Books, writ- 
 ten on rolls of the 
 papyrus — which 
 was made from 
 the inner coat of 
 a species of reed, 
 once abundant in 
 the lakes and ca- 
 nals of Egypt 
 — are also found 
 ■ — sometimes in- 
 closed in the 
 Bwathings of the 
 mummy, some- 
 times in hollow 
 cases of wood or 
 in earthen jars. 
 
 Touman Bey's 
 Battle- Ax. 
 Among the an- 
 cient relics pre- 
 served at Cairo, 
 with the memen- 
 toes of Pharaohs, 
 Shepherd Kings, 
 Ptolemies, Rom- 
 an Emperors and 
 the early heroes 
 of Islam, are sev- 
 eral pieces of 
 arms, and armor 
 that belonged in 
 their day to Tou- 
 man Bey, the last 
 ruler of the Ma- 
 malukes, that 
 famous body 
 which, like the 
 Janizaries at Con- 
 stantinople, at 
 last became so 
 powerful as to 
 shake the throne 
 they were organ- 
 ized to uphold. 
 The battle - ax 
 
64 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATION& 
 
 shown in our illustration is of the finest 
 Damascus steel, inlaid and engraved 
 with that graceful outline and exquisite 
 finish wnich has so Ions rendered the 
 work of the Oriental armorers a matter 
 of universal admiration. 
 
 Egyptian Tables, 
 OniENTAi. houses are conspicuous for 
 the absence of furniture, as ours are 
 for their encumbered condition. The 
 tables shown in our illustration are a 
 specimen. A pedestal, sometimes with 
 a receptacle for a chafing-dish. The 
 table is simply a beautiful tray, which 
 is placed on the pedestal, and, as no 
 chairs are used, it is raised but little 
 on the ground, and to a certain extent 
 supported by the persons of those who 
 sit around. The group is graceful to 
 look at, if not very convenient for Euro- 
 peans to imitate. 
 
 Ancient Egyptian Stone Knives. 
 
 Fli.nt was at an early date used by man 
 for cutting instruments, and the remains in al- 
 most all countries of the world show that the 
 inhabitants, at some period more or less remote, 
 used stone implements, and the antiquarians 
 characterize this period as the Stone Age. In 
 
 BATTLE-AX OF TOtTMAN BEY. 
 
 side of the horses, letting the ends trail on the 
 ground, and then lay the load across, adopt 
 probably the most primitive form of convey- 
 ance. A branching bough cut off to form a sled 
 was doubtless the next invention. As the sled 
 
 The Nilometer, 
 On the end of the Island of Ehoda is 
 the ancient Nilometer used for centuries, 
 to perform the important ofiSce of ascer- 
 taining the daily rise of the river during 
 the inundation. 
 
 The Nilometer may be described as 
 an open, square, well-like chamber of 
 stone, which, at one time, was covered 
 by a dome. It has a Cufic inscription 
 round the upper part, and arched re- 
 cesses below. The researches of Wil- 
 kinson failed to discover a date on any 
 part. "The inscription," he says, "is. 
 not without its interest for architectural 
 inquiry, though devoid of a date, since 
 the style of the Cufic is evidently of au 
 early period, corresponding to that used 
 at the time of its reputed erection— the 
 middle of the ninth century — and as the 
 arches are all pointed, we have here an- 
 other proof of the early use of that form 
 of arch in Saracenic buildings." In the 
 centre is a pillar divided into cubits, 
 and digits, a staircase on one side lead- 
 ing to the water, which covers a deposit of 
 about six feet of mud. When David Roberts 
 visited this place, but a few years since, he was 
 obliged to watch an opportunity, leap the low 
 wall, and hurriedly complete his sketch of tha 
 
 EGYPTIAN TABLES. 
 
 this country that age extended to the coming of 
 the Europeans, and the stone arrow and spear- 
 heads, adzes, axes and knives are frequently 
 turned up by the plow. The Egyptians, skilled 
 as they were, seem to have retained the use of 
 stone knives to as late a day as that of Abraham, 
 and the sacred rite of circumcision, insti- 
 tuted in the family of that patriarch, was 
 ordered to be performed with a stone knife. 
 In Mexico, they used not flint but obsidian 
 or volcanic glass, which gave a very keen 
 edge. 
 
 assumed more skillful shape, it became the sled 
 used at quarries, and in Madeira to transport 
 wine: though the most elegant and graceful 
 form is that of our American sleigh, which, in 
 point ot fact, exceeds those ol Russia or any 
 other Eastern country. 
 
 Ancient Egyptian Oar. 
 
 AiTEn subduing certain animals and ren- 
 dering them beasts of burden, the next step 
 was to invent an article by which they could 
 convey greater burdens than could be plaeed 
 on their bodieS; or convey man in a con- 
 venient way. 
 
 The Western tribes who tie poles to the 
 
 AKCIBNT EGYPTLAN STONE KNIVES. 
 
 EGTmAN SABCOPHAGITS. 
 
 interior, "at the risk of being drowned in the 
 well of the Nilometer, or shot by the sentinel," 
 says the writer of the descriptive letter-press 
 accompanying the views made for his great 
 work on Egypt and the Holy Land. At that 
 time the large building beside it was used as 
 
 a powder-magazine, and all access denied 
 
 to strangers. 
 
 Nubian Ovens at Gournou. 
 
 The village of Gournou, in Upper Egypt, 
 is a mere collection of farms and hovels 
 sheltered by a few trees. We may trace 
 among them the homes of Nubian peasants 
 by the queer-looking gods of claj', stuck up 
 as protectors over their small possessions, 
 on the walls and gates of the hovels of 
 these poor Pagans. There is another pe- 
 culiarity to be observed in the villages of 
 Upper Egypt, that is, the groups of clay 
 ovens, of all sizes and forms, erected by 
 
EGYPIL 
 
 53 
 
 the people for bread-baking. No house is with- 
 out one of these, but iu many instances each 
 indulges in a group of them. The fire is made 
 below, the bread occupying the closed or open 
 receptacles above. Our illustration will give a 
 good idea of their structure. 
 
 Jocasta in marriage to him who should deliver 
 his country from the monster, by a successful 
 e.\planation of the enigjma. It was at '.ast 
 happily explained by Gikli;ius, who remarked 
 that a man walks on his liands and feet when 
 young, or in the morning of life ; when he has 
 
 brass laver or bcain ; whereas Moses said miiv 
 rors — which were of copper, lead, and tin — and 
 such as the specimens of ancient mirrors found 
 in more recent times. They are generally cir- 
 cular iu form, attached to an elaborately- 
 ornamented handle, either a beautiful femoleb 
 
 ANCIENT EOTPnAN CAR. 
 
 ,Tli6 Great Sphinx, near Cairo. 
 It had the head an(i breasts of a woman, the 
 body of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings 
 of a bird, the paws of a lion, and a human 
 voice. 'ITiis monster was sent into the neigh- 
 borhood of Thebes by Juno, to punish the 
 family of Cadmus, whom she persecuted with 
 immortal hatred ; and it laid this part of 
 Boeotia under continujd alarms, by proposing 
 enigmas, and devouring all those who at- 
 tempted to explain them without success. In 
 the midst of their consternation, the ITiebans 
 were told by one of their oracles that the 
 Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of 
 her enigmas was explained. In this enigma 
 she wished to know what animal walked on 
 four legs in the momiag, two at noon, and 
 three in the evening. Upon this, Creon, King 
 of Thebe^, promised his crown and his sister 
 
 attained the years of manhood, or the noon of 
 life, he walks erect ; and in the evening of his 
 days he supports the infirmities of his age with 
 the assistance of a staff. The Sphinx no sooner 
 heard this true explanation than she dashed 
 herself from a rock, and immediately expired. 
 
 Ancient Metal Mirrors. . 
 Beautt soon learned to admire her reflection 
 in the still stream or lake, and then won her 
 votaries to polish a metalic surface to produce 
 the same result. Job, in all probability the 
 most ancient of our sacred writers, alludes to 
 metal mirrors ; and Moses, the father of histo- 
 rians, does the same in the book of Exodu3. 
 Our common bibles have a curious bull, for 
 they make Moses say that the Hebrew women 
 melted up their looldng-glasses to make a 
 
 THE NILOMETER. 
 
 figure, or a mythological monster. The reflect^ 
 ing surface was carefully wrought, and highly- 
 burnished and polished. Silver was sometimeff 
 used, and gold mirrors are alluded to ; but they 
 were probably gold iu the sense that our gold' 
 spectacles are — a gold frame and handle. 
 
 To keep these mirrors bright required con- 
 stant polishing with pulverized pumice stono; 
 applied with a sponge. The coating of a plata? 
 of glass with an amalgam of mercury and tin- 
 foil, produces a mirror that is not dimmed by 
 the air, and, with its invention, tlie manufac- 
 ture of metal mirrors was abandoned. 
 
 The tongue of youth and health, speaking- 
 friendly sounds to the car of sicknass and age, 
 must be the last, the sweetest of all things' 
 which can smooth the soul's passage to eter- 
 nity. 
 
 I: 
 
 "z\: 
 
 THE OBEAT SPHINX, NEAR CAIRO. 
 
66 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 Inhabitants of Eerry-Eedintz carried 
 into Bondage. 
 
 In spite of the civilization of the pres- 
 ent century, slavery in its worst form 
 exists in many countries, which, from 
 their isolation, escape with comparatively 
 little notice. What is doing in Cuha and 
 many of the West India islands, and in 
 Brazil, is well known ; but the cruelty 
 and the magnitude of slavery among 
 many nations of the East are seldom 
 thought of, and, consequently, but rarely 
 condemned. The very spirited picture 
 representing the inhabitants of Kerry- 
 Kedintz being carried into bondage, may be 
 viewed as an illustrative example of the evils 
 to which we allude. Here may be seen the more 
 than brutalized soldiers of one of the governors 
 cf a distant Egyptian province, who have been 
 turned loose upon an inoffensive tribe, taking to 
 iheir tyrant master the fruits of their murder 
 and rapine. The poor wretches — who are bound 
 to blocks of heavy timber, and then fastened 
 to the camels or horses of their captors — first 
 witness the destruction of their homes, the 
 murder of their wives and children, and, as a 
 conclusion, they are tortured and driven like 
 wild cattle to a distant country, often to become 
 the tyrants of other hapless victims as misera- 
 ble as themselves. In the progress of these 
 unfortunates to the homes of their future 
 masters, they often fall dead by the wayside ; 
 or, if escaping such a merciful release from 
 their sufferings, the wooden timbers to which 
 they are lashed works its way into the groaning 
 fle.sh, causing tortures and sufferings which the 
 Christian reader can scarcely imagine. To 
 these horrors are to be added the lash, the 
 prick of the 
 bayonet, a trop- 
 ical sun, thirst, 
 and the accu- 
 mulated mise- 
 ries which seem 
 to crowd upon 
 the unhappy 
 inhabitants 
 bordering upon 
 the frontiers of 
 Egypt, sunk in 
 the lowest 
 depths of bar- 
 barism. For 
 thousands of 
 years civiliza- 
 iton has been 
 within the 
 reach, appa- 
 rently, of these 
 banighted re- 
 gions ; but it 
 has made no 
 impression, 
 ameliorated no 
 suffering : they 
 only sink into 
 lower degrada- 
 tion as other 
 Western na- 
 tions improve 
 in the arts of 
 civilization, 
 aided by rapid 
 intercourse. 
 
 bottle, as still used at the present time. 
 They are made of skins very carefully 
 prepared. Our readers will remember 
 that in the days of Cervantes, the inn- 
 keeper had sad havoc made among his 
 wine-skins by Don Quixote, who, mis- 
 taking them for enemies, cut and slash- 
 ed at them without mercy. 
 
 « ^»»>- 
 
 NUCIAN OVENS AT GOURNOU. 
 
 Egyptian Oups. 
 
 These cups are made of several materials, but 
 principally of a red earth, bakea almost into 
 the hardness and toughness of iron. Lane says 
 that he has seen some which were three thous- 
 and years old, perfect in form and color, and 
 although composed of clay, yet their prepara- 
 tion had given them a metallic ring that resem- 
 bled iron. It will be seen that their shape is 
 similar to the covered cups of the present day. 
 
 Wine Bottle of Egypt. 
 The tenacity with which Eastern nations cling 
 to their old customs and inventions is almost 
 incredible to an American, who outgrows his 
 own generation even before it has actually 
 passed away. Travelers of to-day are surprised 
 to find in Syria, Arabia and Egypt, the self- 
 same social appliances they read of in the 
 Sacred Scriptures, and other ancient histories. 
 Our illustrations represent an Egyptian woman 
 pouring out winC; and a man carrying a water- 
 
 Ascnaai sotftian heial mibbobs. 
 
 Egyptian Statnes— A Pamily Group. 
 WnE.v the dead man of the present day 
 is laid to his rest, in the quiet bosom of 
 mother Earth, amid the pomp of stately 
 hearse, weeping friends, and long trains of car- 
 riages, do we ever pause to think of the solemn 
 ceremonies and myriad forms with which tho 
 corpses of centuries ago were placed in cata- 
 combs and subterranean hiills, where even now 
 their black and shrivelled foi-ms make the 
 traveler start back with horror, as he meeta 
 the grin of their withered countenances, in dark 
 underground labyrinths ? 
 
 The most noticeable traits in Egyptian civili- 
 zation were its curious process of enibalming, 
 and its unique and singular system of funeral 
 ceremonies. The Egyptians determined to leave 
 no possible advantage or chance for human de- 
 composition. They warred against the resolu- 
 tion of "dust to dust," with eveiy imaginable 
 weapon, and this was the moie remarkable, 
 inasmuch as they were the only nation in the 
 world, existing at that time, who attempted to 
 interfere with the process of natural decay. 
 
 The stated period of mourning in Egypt 
 endured seventy days, and only ceased when 
 inhumation took place. The operation of em- 
 balming occupied, according to the Bible, forty 
 
 days, but Hero- 
 dotus stiites it 
 at seventy. The 
 latter historian, 
 as well as Dio- 
 dorus, has 
 handed down to 
 us an account 
 of the different 
 classes into 
 which Egyptian 
 funerals were 
 divided, in re- 
 gard to their 
 relative pomp, 
 costliness and 
 splendor. These 
 were three — 
 those of the 
 wealthy, the 
 middle classes, 
 and the poor. 
 For those who 
 belonged to the 
 patrician orders 
 of society, it 
 cost fully as 
 much to die and 
 be buried "in 
 style," as it 
 would now cost 
 to inter, in the 
 most splendid 
 and extensive 
 manner, a pro- 
 minent man ot' 
 
EGTFL 
 
 B7 
 
m 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT KATIONa 
 
 New York, London or Paris. No Booncr had 
 the breath of life fairly left the sick person than 
 an interview between the relations and the em- 
 balmers followed, in which proper directions 
 were given, and the price to be paid agreed on. 
 The corpse was then delivered to the embalmers. 
 The successive processes through which the 
 body passed while in the bands of these ghastly 
 oflScials of death were numerous and varied. It 
 lay swathed in bands and wrappings, saturated 
 in spices, and anointed in sweet aromatic 
 essences, while all around the labors connected 
 with its inhumation were gradually progressing. 
 The painter was busied in retracing every fea- 
 ture of the dead on the effigy wlXch was to 
 accompany it to the tomb, while the apprentice 
 mixed colors and compounded pigments at the 
 
 WINE BOTTLE OF EOTPT. 
 
 feet of the corpse. The moulder fashioned the 
 rude likeness of the dead with pumice, and the 
 potter formed the ornamented vases or urns, in 
 which every relic remaining from the body was 
 placed, and which was buried with the coffin 
 itself. 
 
 When the corpse had been fairly embalmed 
 and properly shrouded, it was returned to the 
 relatives by the priests. They had received a 
 man — dead indeed, but still wearing rather the 
 appearance of one fallen asleep with the breath 
 scarcely passed from between the still 
 lips— they gave back to the mourners a 
 marble statue wrapped in tight bands, 
 and beariag no traces of the lost friend 
 save the pinched and discolored features, 
 and the rigid outline. 
 
 The mummy w;is then placed on a 
 small car, which was drawn by cords to 
 the ceremonial altar. This altar was 
 loaded with offerings ; bread, libations 
 of wine, baskets of fruit, and bloomy 
 grapes wiiich were carefully arranged 
 with flowers and leaves. Here the priest 
 threw a shower of rich perfumes over 
 the body : it was then transferred to a 
 small chapel, closed by means of folding 
 doors, before which the priest solemnly 
 read a formula of prayers, while the 
 wives and female friends of the de- 
 ceased tore their hair, and rent the 
 heaven? with their loud shrieks and ex- 
 claro' vions of grief The mortuary pro- 
 cession was led by priests, one carrying 
 the vase of remains, the other bearing 
 a chalice filled with incense. Then fol- 
 
 EGYPTIAN curs. 
 
 lowed servitors loaded with offerings and objects 
 that had once been dear to the defunct ; then 
 came a group of young maidens dressed in long 
 white robes, with their hair anointed with pale 
 blue powder, who wept and lamented over the 
 many virtues of him whom tliey were accompa- 
 nying to the grave. The catafalque itself, in 
 the shape of a small barque or boat, placed on 
 a car, closed the procession. 
 
 At the doors of the hypogeum the last liba- 
 tions were made, the ceremonies completed, 
 and the mummy, placed in its coffin, was de- 
 posited in the subterranean halls below. 
 
 These immense buildings of death are many 
 of them decorated with frescoes and paintings 
 executed with remarkable skill and originality 
 of design. That of Thebes in particular attests 
 the splendor to whicli art had attained 1800 B.C. 
 Besides the frescoes which ornament the walls, 
 representing scenes in religious history as well 
 as real life, many paintings and statues adorn 
 the subterranean corridors, and appear above 
 the rows of the mummies in the tombs below. 
 
 Our illustration represents a skilfully sculp- 
 tured group which was found at the bottom of 
 the tomb of Ames, in the great necropolis of 
 Thebes. It represents a family group, and 
 apart from its merit as a work of art eighteen 
 hundred years ago, there is something very 
 touching in its silent vigil among the dead of 
 centuries, as an enduring emblem of domestic 
 affection. 
 
 There are many other objects of interest in 
 the recesses of these vast hypogeums, and the 
 traveler who seeks information there respecting 
 the funeral customs and manner of interment 
 peculiar to Egypt, will gather much instruction 
 from a journey through these catacombs. 
 
 Egyptian Lanterns. 
 The Egyptians use, very commonly, lantenS" 
 resembling in shape those stars-and-stripe ones 
 seen in the firework-shops about the Fourth of 
 July. They are, however, more substantial, 
 the top and bottom being thin copper-plates, 
 and the side, of muslin. But the most common 
 lantern is a bell-shaped glass, with a tube in 
 the bottom to receive the wick. In this cup 
 water is poured and then oil. A pyramidal 
 wooden cover protects the light from the wind, 
 and gives a hook to suspend it. Kandrels, as 
 these lanterns are called, are generally found 
 at doors. Our illustration shows a large, beau- 
 tifully arabe.squed lantern, such as are hung 
 across streets during wedding festivities. The 
 
 WATER BOrrLB OF EGYPT. 
 
 central lantern is very handsome, and the kan- 
 drels around it give it quite a pleasing appear- 
 ance when it is lit up. 
 
 Diamond and Gold Okoor's. 
 The rubtah, or headdress of an Egyptian lady 
 consists of a tackeeyeh, or close cotton cap, and 
 a turboosh, or close red cloth cap, with a mus- 
 lin or crape handkerchief wound tightly 
 around. On the crown of the turboosh 
 they wear the ckoor's, an oval ornament 
 about five inches in diameter. Of Ihis 
 . curious piece of jewelry we give tw> 
 illustrations, showing the ckoor's alma, 
 or diamond ckoor's, worn by ladies and 
 the wives of well to-do merchants, and 
 the ckoor's dah'ab, worn by those oi 
 less degree. The former is elaborately 
 ornamented and set with diamonds often 
 very poor. A moderaH^ely handsome one 
 is worth from $700 to 81,000. They 
 retain it on the head even at night, com- 
 plaining of headache if it is removed. 
 The gold ckoor's is of very thin em- 
 bossed gold, almost always with a false 
 emerald in the centre. 
 
 KOTPTIAN WATEB-CAEBIEBS. 
 
 Less than a hundred years ago the 
 Pennsylvania Legislature ordained that 
 '• no member thereof should come to 
 the House barefoot, or eat his bread 
 and cheese on the steps." 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 59 
 
 Egyptian Necklaces and Ornaments. 
 
 Among the Egyptian curiosities in the 
 Museum of the New Yorlc Historical So- 
 ciety is a necklace found on a daughter of 
 one of the Pharaohs, and the signet ring 
 of the great Siostris. They are made of 
 gold, and are in the highest state of preser- 
 vation. Our illustration represents neck- 
 laces even now used by the dancing-girls 
 of Kgypt. Strange to add, although their 
 dances excel the can-can in their features, 
 the girls themselves are generally of very 
 good reputation for the East. 
 
 Beception of European Ladies in Egypt 
 
 The reception of Princess Clotilde by the 
 wife of the Viceroy of Egypt, during the 
 visit of Prince Napoleon, was attended by 
 ail those domestic festivities which, like 
 other Egyptian institutions, are slow to 
 change, and seem almost indigenous to the 
 country. It is seldom that any very reli- 
 able account can be obtained of these oc- 
 casions, since neither author nor artist is 
 allowed to be present in the sacred pre- 
 cincts devoted to the Avomcn of the family, 
 .-(t is tnic that the wives of the Egypt- 
 ians pay visits, and arc subject to very little 
 restraint in their communications witli 
 their own sex ; but they have still a certain 
 portion of the house allotted to their use, 
 which is guarded with a reserve almost 
 amounting to the utter exclusiveness of 
 other Mahommedan countries. 
 
 A lady in the ^ite of the Princess Clo- 
 tilde, whose visit here must be fresh in the 
 minds of many of our readers, availed her- 
 self of her visit to sketch the scene of the 
 harem, which we present in our illus- 
 tration. The beautiful dancing girls so 
 characteristic of the East in their easy and 
 graceful movements, the band of girls perform- 
 ing on instruments which were strange enough 
 to a European eye and ear, the whole scene of 
 ladies and children with their attendants was 
 of that attractive Oriental character that could 
 
 EGYPTIAN STATCBS — A FAjntT GKOBP. 
 
 not but make a lasting impression on the prin- 
 cess and her attendants, thus permitted to 
 witness what is generally so carefully veiled 
 from foreign eyes. 
 
 The carpets, drapery, and decorations of the 
 harem, as seen in the picture, are perfectly regal. 
 
 A Bedouin Settlement in a Palm Qrovet 
 
 A LADY, sent by a charitable society to 
 Egypt, thus describes a visit to a Bedouin 
 camp : 
 
 " I had long promised to show the way 
 to a little Bedouin village on the desert to 
 a missionary, who had not been able to 
 find it out from my description. One fine 
 January day, accordingly, I found the scat- 
 tered group of mud huts and ragged tents 
 which composed that strange settlement, 
 if so it can be called, when the inhabitants 
 are only settled during part of the year, 
 and rove I know not whither during some 
 months of the year. 
 
 ' ' Having approached it from the side op- 
 posite to Wady Asfer, the cluster of huts 
 we first approached what was not the same 
 I remembered when I stopped there two 
 years before. Nor did I recognize any of 
 the few men that I had seen on that occa- 
 sion ; but a party of six or seven were 
 sitting on the gioimd wrapped in dirty 
 and ragged ahhas, close to the huts. The 
 donkeys and their attendants had pur- 
 posely been left behind a sand-hill, about 
 a hundred yards off. 
 
 " I did not feel very sanguine as to the 
 reception which awaited a stranger among 
 these ignorant and imcivilized people. To- 
 my great surprise, the men, on perceiving 
 us, immediately rose, which is a mark of 
 politeness, not often shown even by- 
 friendly persons on ordinary occasions — 
 and came forward to meet us. 
 
 "The missionary said, 'Peace be with 
 you ;' and they replied, ' Peace with thee 
 — thou art tcdcrnm.' This last expression 
 is used to a friend or guest, and is not com- 
 monly given to a passing stranger ; I never, 
 at least, heard it used in this way before, 
 and from their whole manner took it for granted 
 that one or more had previously met with the 
 missionary at Cairo, but I afterward learned 
 that he had never seen any of them. 
 
 " ' Come, sir, and sit with us,' they continued j 
 then, seeing me a little behind, they added. 
 
 aOTFTIAN LANTEKN. 
 
 BOYPTLAN WATER JXBS. 
 
60 
 
 THE WOBLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 ■* This shall be for the lady to sit on, ' and 
 epread a coarse brown taantle on the 
 ground." 
 
 Of a subsequent visit she says • 
 " In the course of the Winter and 
 Spring I paid several visits to the settle- 
 ment. On these occasions one poor blind 
 man would come up as soon as he heard 
 my voice, and grope with his hand in the 
 air, saying, 'Where is the lady?' and 
 smile with satLsfaction when he touched 
 my hand. His old mother was equally 
 quick in recognizing a voice, and would 
 always say, as she caught hold of my 
 dress : ' The Ijord preserve thee, my sister ; 
 thou art welcome !' On one occasion the 
 blind man was not to be seen among the rest, 
 and I asked for him : ' He is ycmder, ' said the 
 mother, pointing ; but I could not see any one, 
 except a fr,w half naked children. Presently, 
 however, the sand began to heave, and what 
 
 osososr^/- 
 
 GOLD CKOOKS WORN bl EGYPHAK WOMEN Or LOWER RANK 
 
 Ancient Swords and Daggers. 
 
 The sword is the most early weapon men- 
 tioned in Scripture ; and we may conclude, 
 hence, that it is the most ancient of all the 
 
 also with the sword that Simeon and Levi 
 did such terrible execution on the Shech- 
 emites, in revenge of their sister's wrongs. 
 — Gen. xxxiv. 25. And Jacob mentions 
 the sword as one of those weapons with 
 which he had defeated the Amorites. — • 
 Gen. xlviii. 22. 
 
 The swords of the ancients were gen- 
 erally made of brass or copper. This 
 may appear strange, but it is certain that 
 copper was wrought long before iron : 
 and it is also certain that it was applied 
 to every use, whether domestic, operative 
 or warlike. 
 
 We learn this from Homer, who applies 
 brass or copper in the "lUad," to almost 
 
 every use, and who describes the Bword of 
 
 Achilles as wrought out of that metal. 
 The forms of the sword, in ancient times and 
 
 different nations, are too numerous to mention. 
 
 It may be said of them, generally, that those 
 
 had seemed to be a small heap of rags on its 
 surface, moved and showed a head within them, 
 and proved to be a turban: then appeared a 
 brown bare arm, followed by a portion of a torn 
 shirt. The sand heaved more violently ; two 
 feet burst out of the ground ; and finally 
 our friend Suleyman emerged, in his 
 brown goat's-hair mantle, and, shaking 
 liimself, joined his neighbors, while tl^e 
 old woman explained that, feeling cold 
 and being ill-clad — it was during the cold 
 reason, and the desert is a good deal ex- 
 posed—he had buried himself to keep 
 warm ! She seemed to think the process 
 the most natural in the world, and spoke 
 of it just as we should of a person having 
 gone to the kitchen fire to warm himself." 
 
 EGTPTIAN KECKLACKS AND ORNAMENTS. 
 
 weapons which men have devised for the pur- 
 pose of defpnding themselves, or attacking 
 others. Of Esau, it was said, by the patriarch 
 Isaac, in his prophetic blessing, that he should 
 live by the sword. — Gen, xxvii. 40. It was 
 
 He who has so little knowledge of hu- 
 man nature as to seek happiness liy chang- 
 ing anything but his own disposition, vrill 
 waste his life in fruitless efforts, and mul- 
 tiply griefs which he proposes to remove. 
 
 DIAMOND CKOOES WORN BY EGYPTIAN LADIES ON THE HEAD. 
 
 of civilized nations were straight, .and those 
 of barbarous nations curved. As the ancient 
 forms of the most common articles are still re- 
 tained in the East, the Arabian dagger, which 
 is the most ancient of all modern Oriental 
 swords, has been pointed out as the 
 probable form of those used in the patri- 
 archal times. Then again, those which 
 the Israelites are thought to have used in 
 the Wilderness may have been such as we 
 find represented on Egyptian paintings, 
 one of which very much resembles the 
 sickle, and the other the broad-bladed, 
 curved knife. 
 
 Moreover, those which the Hebrews are 
 supposed to have used, after their settle- 
 ment in the land of Canaan, may have 
 been of all the different kinds used by the 
 modem Orientals, and such as were dug 
 up at Canna;, where the Romans, their 
 near neighbors, sustained their great over- 
 throw by the Carthaginian armies. Tl'.ese 
 latter are straight and tapering, with two 
 edges, and a sharp point, and are, thcro- 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 61 
 
 o 
 a 
 o 
 
 'WililililiilHHIH 
 
 I'lllll 
 
62 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 milk upon their head, so well bal- 
 anced as scarcely to disturb the 
 gathering cream. Lady Wortley 
 Montague, nearly a century ago, 
 also remarks upon the clumsy and 
 fatiguing method in which some, 
 European mothers more especially, 
 carry their children. The American 
 Indians very frequently cany their 
 children in a kind of long basket 
 slung down their backs. How they 
 carry them in the land of the Pha- 
 raohs our illustration will show. 
 
 ANCIENT SWORM AND DAGGERS. 
 
 fore, adapted for cutting and thrusting. Their 
 
 breadth is somewhat contracted toward the 
 
 haft. Specimens of swords like these have 
 
 been found in Ireland and Cornwall. It is very 
 
 fjrobable that the latter sword was used by the 
 
 Israelites ; for we gather from Scripture, that 
 
 some which they used had two edges : see Ps. 
 
 cxlix. 6. 
 
 ii^i i 
 
 Egyptian Lamps. 
 
 Ancient lamps were but poor contrivances, 
 giving feeble light and much smoke. The 
 most ancient Egyptian lamps, and those found 
 at Pompeii, resemble each other wonderfully, 
 showing that, in the centuries before the Chris- 
 tian era, no progress had been made in the 
 science of illuminating the houses of monarchs 
 ■or nobles, who were but little in advance of 
 the poorest peasant in this respect. The early 
 Egyptian lamps, as will be seen in our illus- 
 trations, lacked the graceful outline of the 
 Greek and Roman, and were more ham-shaped, 
 the outlines curving, and all with flat bottoms, 
 not graceful pedestals. 
 
 Christianity made the first great step in illu- 
 minating. The candle invented in the Cata- 
 combs of Rome by some early priest, who had 
 a store of wax and was unable to procure oil, 
 gave the early church a graceful source of light, 
 which she at once symbolized as a type of faith, 
 and continues to employ in her service. Threads 
 from his toga gave the wick, and the rude wax 
 candle poured its mellow light on the shrine of 
 some martyr. 
 
 TJndei Christian influence, the lamps that had 
 j)layed so great a part in the civil and religious 
 life of the old world, became things of the past 
 — D«w forms and new ideas prevailed. 
 
 Carrying Children in Egypt. 
 
 De Bougainville, in his travels, observes 
 that he considers, in all the physical appliances 
 of life, the savage excels the civilized just in 
 proportion to their civilization— an evidence of 
 the superiority of nature, in everything that 
 depends upon instinct, to artificial life. Some 
 of our readers may have remarked the ease 
 with which the country-women carry pails of 
 
 The Helmet of Touman Bey. 
 
 TuE Mamelukes, who played such 
 a conspicuous part in Egyptian his- 
 tory, were Circassians, twelve thou- 
 sand of whom were formed into a 
 corps by a Turcoman prince, in 
 1230. Twenty years after, their 
 chief or sultan was ruler of Egypt ; 
 and a race of Mameluke sultans 
 continued till 1517 ; when Egypt 
 was conquered by Selim I., who, 
 after defeating and killing Quanson, 
 near Halep, at last overthrew and 
 conquered Touman Bey, his nephew 
 and successor, putting an end to the 
 Mameluke rule. This unfortunate 
 though briive prince was hung over the gate 
 Biib Zouyleh, at Alexandria, and a race which 
 for two hundred and seventy-five years had 
 ruled the land of the winged Cymbal, ceased to 
 sway the sceptre. 
 
 The arms of this prince are preserved to our 
 day in a harem in Cairo. The helmet shown in 
 our illustration is of Oriental form, without 
 visor, of Damascus steel, bronzed, and inlaid 
 with gold. In front a small screw fastens a 
 
 Slandeb is the revenge of a coward, and dis- 
 Kmulation his defense. 
 
 ANCIENT EGTrriAN LAMPS. 
 
EG*5rPT. 
 
 63 
 
 kind of tongue that came down to protect the 
 face from a sabre-stroke. The rest of the licad 
 and neck were protected by ringmail, of which 
 little remains. On the escutcheons on the hel- 
 met are engraved sentences from the Koran. 
 All the arms are dated 917 or 921 of the Hegira 
 (1511 or 1515, A.D.). 
 
 Egyptian Houses and Puniitiire. 
 
 Tub picturesque doorway of an. Egyptian 
 house strikes us most favorably, as we see 
 only the graceful outlines of Moorish archi- 
 tecture, and escape the associations offensive to 
 all the senses that usually attend it. 
 
 The houses are often mere nuns, one part 
 inhabited, while the rest is a shapeless mass, 
 lying where it fell. The foundation walls cf 
 the houses, to the height of the first floor, are 
 cased with a soft, yello^vish stone ; the alter- 
 nate courses of the front being sometimes 
 colored red and white, especially in larger 
 hoiises. The superstructure, the front of which 
 formerly projected, till recent laws prohibited 
 it on p.ccount of the danger of fire, were quite 
 picturesque. The entrance door, in superior 
 houses, is very fancifully colored with red, 
 whito and blue, and inscribed with some verse 
 from the Koran, or moral maxim, the beautiful 
 Arabic letters being easily adapted to ornamen- 
 tation. 
 
 The windows of the ground-floor are mere 
 grated loopholes, higher than the heads of 
 passers-by. Those of the upper apartments 
 project, and arc covered with close wooden lat- 
 tice-work, glass being seldom used. 
 
 A BEDOUIN SBTTLEMENT IN A FALU GBOVB. 
 
 The houses generally are two stories high — 
 rarely three ; and almost every moderately- 
 sized house has an open court in the centre, 
 called a "k'hosh," which is entered by a wind- 
 ing passage from the street. In the passage is 
 the well, with water-jars for containing fresh 
 water. Beside the doorway we show, also, 
 Egyptian tables. 
 
 OAHRTlNa CHIIJ)REN IN EGTrT. 
 
 As elsewhere stated, Oriental houses are con- 
 spicuous for the absence of furniture, as ours 
 are for their encumbered condition. The tables 
 shown in our illustration are a specimen. A 
 pedestal, sometimes with a receptacle for a 
 chafing-dish. Tlie table is simply a beautiful 
 tray, which is placed on the pedestal, and, as 
 no chairs are used, it is raised but little on the 
 ground, and to a certain extent supported by 
 the persons of those who sit around. The 
 group is graceful to look at, if not very conve- 
 nient for Europeans to imitate. 
 
 Houses in Cairo. 
 
 The author of a recent work on Egypt, where 
 she resided for several years, says : 
 
 "The old houses are apt to be very old 
 indeed, very dirty, and the woodwork hope- 
 lessly full of vermin. The new, on the other 
 hand, are not furnished ; for it is usual in 
 Egypt to leave a house uncompleted until the 
 builder has secured a tenant — a plan very con- 
 venient to him, because he can thus leave many 
 little details and ' finishing touches ' to be 
 added at the expense of the said tenant (unless 
 he is more than commonly sharp in making 
 the bargain). 
 
 " Some of the streets to which we had been 
 directed were so narrow that the projecting 
 wooden lattices touched from opposite sides, 
 and only a small strip of sky appeared at the 
 top of the houses. As the inhaliitants keep 
 the ground perfectly sluiced with water, these 
 vers- narrow streets are damp even in this dry 
 climate, and except on the roofs no free air can 
 be obtained in them. 
 
 "After many failures and much fatigue, a, 
 house was at last found which possessed many 
 advantages. It was in a healthy, airy quarter ; 
 and though a Moslem quarter, many Syrian 
 families redded in it. It was also very near 
 the country, and yet quite in the town (which 
 for a school-house is a very important combi- 
 nation). This house was, moreover, so nearly 
 completed, that two days of active work would 
 
64 
 
 THE WOELD'S tJREAT NATIONS. 
 
 have sufficed to make it habitable, as no 
 paint was used. The Copt, to whom it 
 belonged, was a sly-looliiDg fellow, but 
 he promised ' on his head ' to have all 
 done in seven days. His future tenants 
 visited their intended abode nearly every 
 day during this period, to urge the work- 
 men to work. But when the eighth day 
 came, and they presented themselves, 
 humbly following on foot the ox-cart 
 which conveyed tlieir effects, the land- 
 lord appeared a good deal disconcerted 
 at being taken at his word." 
 
 "Yet it was the only chance for the 
 tenants to get all things finished, to be 
 act'ially on tlie spot, inhabiting such 
 rooms as were fit for use, otherwise the 
 house might have remained unfinished to 
 this very day. 
 
 "By sunset the rooms, if bare and 
 desolate, were at least clean and habit- 
 able ; the new cook, a respectable Syrian, 
 was calmly boilins; rice and milk for 
 supper in the kitchen, which had only 
 been finished an hour ago, and the 
 tenants sitting down on the palm-wood 
 frames, covered with mattresses, which 
 were the chief part of their furniture as 
 yet, could at least say they were monarchs 
 of all they surveyed ! The rooms were 
 whitewashed exactly like the outside, and 
 
 from the absence of paint on any of the 
 woodwork, and a certain deficiency in 
 straight lines and in general finish, which 
 is to be observed in most Egyptian handi- 
 works, the whole concern bad a bare ap- 
 pearance ; the only seats were the palm- 
 wood frames, already mentioned, like the 
 bedsteads (only smaller), and called ka- 
 Tasses (these are used for a hundred dif- 
 ferent purposes in Cairo) ; but, bare as it 
 looked, it was a home." 
 
 THI UELMBC or lOUHAN BEY. 
 
 Fountain of the Seby-el-Bedawyeh. 
 
 Cairo boasts of no less than three 
 hundred fountains, fed by cisterns filled 
 at the yearly invmdation. When these 
 reservoirs become exhausted they are re- 
 plenished with water brought by camels 
 from the banks of the Nile. These foun- 
 tains are not mere groups or masses of 
 statuary, but edifices erected generally 
 from money bequeathed by the charitable, 
 and frequently over the hall where water 
 flows for the weary is a school for the 
 children of its poor. 
 
 The fountain of Seby- el - Bedawyeh, 
 shown in our illustration, is situated on 
 the Soug-el-Ezzy, which leads by the 
 Bazaar of Arms to the Square of Eon- 
 melye, at the foot of the Citadel. An 
 
 DOOBWAT OF AN EQTPTIAN HOTTSB. 
 
 OPEN APAETMENT IN AN EGXPIIAN HOUSE. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 65 
 
 inscription tells that it was erected in tlie 
 year 1173 of the Hegira (a.d. 1759}, by oi Jer 
 Oi Setti Bedawyeh, sou of the Emir llouchouan 
 
 Feast of Beyrara. The architecture of this i 
 fountain is remarkable for richness and solidity. 
 The marble columns sustain arches rich in 
 
 resting on a row of pillars. A penthouse shades 
 the reservoir and jirotects those who come ta 
 draw water in the chain-fastened bronze basin. 
 
 Bey. Setti left several legacies to build foun- 
 tains, with funds to pay a schoolmaster yearly, 
 and buy suits of clothes for poor children at the 
 5 
 
 FOUNTAIN OF SKTTI BEDAWTF.H. CAIRO. 
 
 highly painted and gilded ornaments. The 
 beautiful gratework of the windows is of 
 bronze, worked in an exquisite arabesque and 
 
 The earth is a tender and kind mother to the 
 husbandman ; and yet at one season he harrows 
 her bosom, and at another plucks her ears. 
 
66 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 TLo Shadoof 
 
 OuB illustration is taken from 
 a sketch made on tlie spot by 
 a well-known traveler, which 
 painfully shows the disadvan- 
 tages under which Butiquity 
 labored, and which in many 
 lands exist to this hour. It 
 is really a wonder that the 
 world has got on so well as 
 it hp^s done, when we look at 
 Buch primitive expedients as 
 the one before us. 
 
 The Shadoof, like the Sakai, is 
 another method by which tho 
 Egyptians irrigate their coun- 
 try. This machine is con- 
 Etructed of mud, cane, and the 
 tranches of the palm. Tliese 
 instruments are worked in the 
 Bamc manner as the old-fash- 
 ioned wells in our country. 
 The heavy ends are loaded 
 with mud and roots to enable 
 the workers to bring up more 
 easily their buckets of water. 
 
 There are generally two of 
 these machines used to bring 
 the water to the surface of the 
 banks, and are worked by four 
 natives. The buckets are made 
 of the skin of the goat or 
 Bhcep. The lower range of 
 men raise the water half-way 
 up the bank, and deposit it in 
 a receptacle scaoped out for 
 that purpose ; and this, pro- 
 tected in front by a screen of 
 plaited cane, prevents the 
 liquid from running back 
 again. The upper range, ia 
 like manner, take.^ it up and 
 pours it on the land. This is 
 divided off into innumerable 
 little lots, constructed like 
 dykes, and which lead the 
 water off in all directions. 
 The natives who work 
 these Shadoofs are al- 
 most entirely naked, 
 and stand in the sun 
 from sunrise until 
 dark for the nominal 
 wages of a piastre or 
 BO per diem (three or 
 four cents). This pit- 
 tance, however, they 
 very seldom get. 
 
 Egyptian Piligree 
 Works, 
 
 At the grand Ex- 
 position in Paris in 
 1867, much curiosity 
 was excited by a room 
 fitted up in imitation 
 of the better class of 
 Filigree workers in 
 Cairo. The exquisite 
 neatness ^vith which 
 they manufacture 
 these ornaments, ren- 
 
 der the latter great favorites 
 with the ladies, not only in the 
 East but all over the world. 
 
 An Egyptian Sacrifice. 
 
 Wb are able to see ancient 
 Egypt in all the various affairs 
 of life. And monuments thus 
 record the worship of a race 
 that was in a high degree of 
 civilization while Abraham, 
 the father of the Jews, wasctill 
 leading a pastoral life. 
 
 Egypt was the school of 
 Moses. According to history 
 the Egyptians were the first of 
 all men to establish solemn 
 processions, holidays, and of- 
 ferings, and their sacred holi- 
 days were numerous and sol- 
 emn At the feast of Diana 
 at Babastis, sometimes seven 
 hundred thousand pilgrims 
 often assembled, coming from 
 far and near in boats on the 
 Nile, the women singing and 
 sounding castanets to the 
 music of the men. On their 
 arrival at the sacred city, the 
 passengers began to celebrate 
 the festival and offer sacrifices ; 
 and in this solemnity, says the 
 father of history, they con- 
 sumed more grape wine than 
 during all the rest of the year 
 
 THE SHADOOF. 
 
 EGYFTIAM FIUGBEE WOEKEBS. 
 
 A Mummied Bull- 
 To WHAT a strange depth of 
 degradation Egypt, with all its 
 learning, science, and art, sank 
 in its religious ideas! The 
 wild Indian of the western 
 world was a prince of philoso- 
 phers compared to the Pha- 
 raohs. And, then, what cara 
 they took to immortalize their 
 folly. A visitor to 
 the gallery and mu- 
 seum of the New 
 iTork Historical Se- 
 ciety will see a 
 Mummied Bull, such 
 as we depict, quite 
 accurately, the whole 
 body of the bull em- 
 balmed, and wrapped 
 in manifold pieces of 
 linen. 
 
 And this was once a 
 god ! He stood in the 
 mighty temple of Se- 
 rapis ; priests minis- 
 tered to him, and ex- 
 hibited him to the 
 worshipers who came, 
 prince and peasant 
 alike, to adore him. 
 It was believed that 
 the greatest of the 
 gods, Osiris, dwelt 
 among thorn in the 
 form of a pure white 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 bull, marked by certain 
 
 signs. Among tliese, 
 
 Herodotus mentions a 
 
 blaclv forehead, witli a 
 
 perfectly white square 
 
 upon it, and the figure of 
 
 an eagle on his back. 
 
 When found, the utmost 
 
 rejoicing tooli place, and 
 
 the deified bull was led to 
 
 the temple with every 
 
 pomp. 
 His death filled Egypt 
 
 witli mourning. His body 
 vas embalmed, wrapped 
 ■up in linen, and deposited 
 in the Apis sepulchres, a 
 little westof the Pyramids, 
 nnd beneath the temple 
 of Serapis. 
 
 -♦ 
 
 Mummy Oases. 
 HnscAN affection early 
 prompted attempts to 
 rescue the loved ones from 
 tlie disfiguring hand of 
 tlecay, but nowhere were 
 the efforts more success- 
 fully carried out than in 
 iEgypt. Yet, the success is a poor one. The 
 mummy or embalmed body is repulsive, more 
 S3 than a simple skeleton : the form to which 
 tlie Hurons at their '• Feast of the Dead " re- 
 duced their kindred: 
 
 Mummy is a name derived from an Arabic 
 •word mum, signifying wax, and which is 
 now applied not only to those dead bodies 
 of men and animals, in the preparation of 
 which wax, or some similar material was 
 used, but to all those which are by any 
 means preserved in a dry state from the pro- 
 cess of putrefaction 
 
 The art of embalming, by which the greater 
 part of the mummies now existing were pre- 
 pared, was practiced, with more skill than 
 has ever since been acquired, by the inhabi- 
 tants of ancient Egypt, of 
 whom whole geuerations 
 ctill remain preserved 
 from decay in the vast 
 hypogsea, or catacombs, 
 in the neighborhood of 
 'JTiebes and the other great 
 cities of that country. 
 
 The most authentic de- 
 scription of the Egyptian 
 
 method of embalming is 
 
 that given by Herodotus 
 
 (ii.86). In Egypt, he tells 
 
 us, "There are men who 
 
 professedly exercise this 
 
 art. When a corpse is 
 
 brought to them, they 
 
 show the bearers of it 
 
 wooden models of bodies, 
 
 painted in imitation of 
 
 reality. They say that the 
 
 most expensive of them is 
 
 His whose name I will not 
 
 in such a case mention. 
 
 They exhibit also a second 
 
 model, inferior to the first, 
 
 and cheaper than it ; and 
 
 a third, the cheapest of 
 
 ANCIENT BOTPTIAK SACBIFICIi. 
 
 A MUMMIED BULL. 
 
 MrTMMT CASES. 
 
 67 
 
 all. After this explana- 
 tion, they ask the bearers 
 of the dead body after 
 which model they wish it 
 to be prepared, and they, 
 havmg agreed upon the 
 price, depart. He em- 
 balmers proceed for the 
 most expensive plan in 
 the following manner: 
 First, with a curved iron 
 they extract the brain 
 through the nostrils, 
 partly by pulling it out, 
 and partly by pouring 
 drugs in. Then with a 
 sharp Ethiopian stone 
 they cut the body in the 
 flank, and through this 
 aperture they take out all 
 the viscera, which they 
 wash with palm wine, and 
 clean with powdered aro- 
 matics. Then they fill the 
 stomach with the purest 
 powdered myrrh and cas- 
 sia, and other perfumes 
 (frankincense excepted^ 
 and sew up the wound. 
 In the next place they cover the body witu 
 natrum (a mixture of carbonate, sulphate, 
 and muriate of soda), and burv it in the 
 same material for seventy day's, a longer 
 period not being allowe.l . When the seventy 
 days are passed, they wash the body and 
 envelop it all in bandages of fine' linen 
 covered with gum. Those who would avoid 
 the heavy expense of this method of em- 
 balming, have the bodies thus prepared: 
 'Ihey fill all the intestines with cedar oil, 
 without either cutting into the abdomen or 
 removing the viscera ; then preventing the 
 egress of the injected fluid, they salt the 
 body for the fixed number of days, and at 
 the end of that time they let out the cedar 
 oil, the power of which is such that it 
 brings out macerated in 
 ic both the intestines and 
 all the viscera ; it con- 
 sumes the flesh, and the 
 skin and the bones only 
 of the corpse remain. This 
 being done they return 
 the body. The third mode 
 of preparation is that 
 with which the bodies of 
 the poor are treated. 
 They wash out the ab- 
 domen with a cleansing 
 liquid, put it for seventy 
 days in natrum, and then 
 return it to the relatives." 
 The bandaging, to 
 which all the Egyptian 
 mummies were subjected, 
 was one of the most re- 
 markable parts of the 
 process. Their envelopes 
 are composed of numerous 
 linen bands, each several 
 feet long, applied one 
 over the other fifteen or 
 twenty times, and sur- 
 rounding first each limb, 
 
C3 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 and then the whole body They 
 are applied and interlaced so 
 accurately that one might sup- 
 pose they were intended to restore 
 to the dry, shriveled body its 
 orifjinal form and size. Tlie only 
 ilifference in the bandages of the 
 various Iclnds of mummies h in 
 their greater or less finenes3 of 
 texture ; they are applied on all 
 i a nearly the same manner. All 
 the bandages and v/rapping.^ 
 which have beea examined with 
 t'.ie microscope are of linen. 
 
 The body was tlien placed in a 
 wooden case or casket, in which 
 it set tightly. This was then 
 closed hermetically, and the pro- 
 cess of adornment and inscription 
 l)Cgan. This was an important 
 work, and ancient paintings show 
 lasn engaged in the task. The 
 coats of paint were laid on very 
 durably, and when the wood v/as 
 well painted with the ground, 
 the part answering in shape to 
 the head was painted to resemble 
 a human countenance. 
 
 Eut the rest v/as to a great ex- 
 tent filled with hieroglyphics, 
 describing the nr.me, country, 
 parentage, and occupation of the 
 deceased. But it is very evident 
 that old mummy-cases were stolen from time to 
 time and sold to the poor. 
 
 A mummy-case was publicly opened a few 
 years since in New York, and the best Egyptol- 
 ogist in America came t j decipher the inscrip- 
 tions. According tj them, the deceased was a 
 priest, a young man ; the case was then opened, 
 and the unrolling of the bandages began. At 
 last, the body was reached. It hail been that 
 of a poor person, embalmed in the least expen- 
 sive way apparently, and little remained, except 
 the bones. These showed, however, that the 
 body was that of an old woman. 
 
 THK TWO PTKAMID3 Or CUEOPS AND CEPHRENES, AT OIZEU, EGYPT 
 
 The Pyramids of Egypt. 
 Pre-eminent among the wonders of the world 
 stand the Pyramids, those stupendous archi- 
 tectural piles which have looked down upon 
 
 1\Ien look at the faults of others with a tel- 
 escope—at their own with the same instrument 
 reversed, or not at all. 
 
 /alllN 
 
 THE KING OF CUEOPS. 
 
 the ancient dynasties of Ethiopian and Egypt- 
 ian kings : upon Greek an<l Reman, upon Arab 
 and Ottoman coniiueruis ; upon Napoleon, 
 
 dreaming of an eastern empire ; 
 upon battle and pestilence ; upon 
 the ceaseless misery of tho 
 Egyptian race ; and still seeming 
 almost as imperishable as ."the 
 everlasting hills." 
 
 The two largest cf the Pyra- 
 mids of Jizeh are the most stu- 
 pendous masses cf building in 
 stone that human labor has ever 
 been known to accomplish. Iha 
 Egyptian Pyramids — cf which, 
 large and small, and in different 
 states cf preservation, the num- 
 ber is very considerable — are all 
 situated on the west side of tl.e 
 Nile, and they extend, in an ir- 
 regular line, F.nd in groups, at 
 some distance, from each ether, 
 from the neighborhood of Jizeh, 
 in £8" N. lat. as far south as 29" 
 N. lat., a length between sixty 
 and seventy miles. All the Pyra- 
 mids have square bases, and their 
 sides face the cardinal points. 
 
 The Pyramids of Egypt arc 
 nearly opposite to Cairo. Ihey 
 stand on a plateau or terrace of 
 lime f tone, which is a projection, 
 frcm the Libyan mountain chain. 
 The surface cf the terrace is bar- 
 ren and irregular, and is covered 
 with sand and small fragments 
 of rock ; its height, measured from the base of 
 the great Pyramid, is one hundred and sixty- 
 four feet above the Nile in its low state, taken 
 at an average oi the years 1708 to 1801. Iho 
 northeast angle ci the Great Pyramid is or.o 
 thousmd eight hundred yards from' the canal 
 which runs' between the terrace and the Nile, 
 and about five miles from the Nile itself. 
 
 Herodotus was informed by the priests of- 
 Memphis that the Great l^ramid was budt by 
 Cheops, King of Egypt, about "900 B.C. or about 
 450 years before Henxlotus visited Egypt. He 
 says that 100.000 mei were employed twenty 
 years in building it, and that-^he body oi 
 Cheops was placed in a room beneath the hot-, 
 tom of the Pyramid, surroxmded by a vault to 
 whidi the waters of the Nile were conveyed 
 through a subterranean tunnel. A chamber 
 
 .^^B9KX 
 
 •BCnOK OV THE OBEAT PTBAMID OP CSSEH, E«TPX. 
 
 SECTION OF PYRAMID OF SAKEAEA, EGYPT. 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 BOTPTIAN LADY TATTOOED. 
 
 under the centre of the Pyramid has indeed 
 l)ccn discovered, but it does not .appear to bo 
 •i,he tomb of Clieops. It is about fifty-six feet 
 above the low water level of the Nile. The 
 Eecond Pyramid was built by Cephren, or 
 Cepbrenes, the brother and Buccessor of 
 Cheops ; and the third by Jlycerinu?, the son 
 of Cheops. 
 
 Tlie vertical height of the Pyramid of Cheops 
 is four hundred and seventy-six feet, and its 
 
 BUClAr.-CAXE SEI.LEIl ;iT CAIRO 
 
 base covers thirteen acres; lilie all its neigh- 
 bors, it is built of limestone, and contains two i 
 principal rooms, called the King's and Queen's ; 
 Chambers. 
 
 The Queen's Chamber, as it is called by those i 
 r.ho fancy that the wife of King Cheops was | 
 :interred there, is situated directly beneath the 
 apex of the PjTamid ; it is entirely vacant. 
 
 The King's chamber, reached through an 
 ascending tunnel, is oblong in shape and Hat 
 ■toofcd, and is comj)osed cf red rjranite. In this 
 
 apartment stands a vast empty sarcophagus, 
 without any inscription. It is probable, from 
 the mysterious shape of the tunnel and other 
 obstacles, that the royal ashes were not de- 
 posited here ; and it is said thut the mon- 
 arch's body lies in a subterranean chamber 
 cut in the rock, deep enough to admit of the 
 tomb being surrounded by water from the Nile. 
 From the top of this architectural phenom- 
 enon is to be seen one of the grandest views in 
 the world, and thousands of Europeans and 
 Americans have scaled its sides, explored its 
 interior, and pondered on this mighty mauso- 
 leum of the Egyptian Pharaohs. 
 
 The Eing of Cheops. 
 One of the most remarkable curiosities, per- 
 haps, in tlie world, is the Eing of Cheops, which 
 we engrave the exact size of the original, and 
 whrch, it is with no small degree of satisfaction 
 we can say, exists in an American collection, 
 easily accessible to all. 
 
 AN EGYPTIAN ECIIOOL-BOY. 
 
 Cheops was the builder of a pyramid that 
 bears his name, and, as if to make the structure 
 record his name incffaceably till its component 
 parts had all crumbled into dust, the very stones 
 and bricks are stamped with his name. And 
 yet he lived 2,450 years ago, and his colossal 
 works were old when ancient nations flourished. 
 
 "IS AT CArao. 
 
 The boy Joseph, led a slave to the banks of 
 the Nile, looked up in wonder at them ; Moses 
 and the Israelites drew a breath of relief as 
 they receded from their gaze. 
 
 Yet here we possess the signet-ring of t! ;.■. 
 mighty monarch. It was the crowning prize ot 
 Dr. Henry Abbott's life of research in Fgypt. 
 The style of the hieroglyphics is in perfect ac- 
 cordance with those in the tombs about tho 
 Great Pyramids, and those within the oval com- 
 
 EGTPTIAN GIULS AT A RAIMOAD STATIOW. 
 
 prise the name of Cheops. The details are mi- 
 nutely accurate, and beautifully executed. The 
 ring is of the finest gold, and weighs nearly an 
 ounce. This remarkable antique was found at 
 Ghizeh, in a tomb, and now lies among the 
 treasures of the Abbott Collection in the musem i 
 of the New York Historical Society. 
 
 AN EOTPn.Ui BOfTTKB. 
 
 The pious man, even •when he is persecuted, 
 is a happy man. 
 
70 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEE AT NATIONS. 
 
 Tattooed Ornamenting in Egypt. 
 
 OcR readers may suppose this Egyptian lady 
 adorned with a fine glove, \fith figures em- 
 broidered on it. Not at all. The inhabitants 
 of the land of the Pharaohs believe that the best 
 ■glove is the most durable, and they tattoo, quite 
 neatly, handsome figures on the arm and hand, 
 to represent a glove or mitten. The effect, in 
 >a picture, is about the same, but we fear, in spite 
 of our suggesting a trial, American ladies will 
 adhere to Jouvin. The tattooing on the face 
 we cannot recommend. 
 
 This marking is usually grotesque; here it 
 has at least the recommendation of some grace 
 of delineation. 
 
 Sugar-Oane Seller at Cairo. 
 
 'fHE existence of the sugar-cane seller is not 
 as monotonous as might appear, for she talks 
 incessantly to any one who comes within ear- 
 shot, whether customer or not. 
 
 Late in the day, when sellers are making up 
 their accounts, and a few sharp bargainers trying 
 to get sugar-cane, oranges, &c., at a lower rate 
 than before, the clatter of tongues is quite as- 
 tonishing ; the ringing sound of slaps upon 
 some one's shoulders was added to the cries of 
 "You dog!" "You buffalo!" "Youass!" "You 
 Jew !" the last being considered the worst insult. 
 
 They are a meny as well as a quarrelsome 
 set, however, and at least as much laughter as 
 scolding went on: nor are the men graver or 
 more silent The traveler wonders who in- 
 vented the fable of Oriental gravity, or whether 
 some Eastern race really exists which is habitu- 
 ally grave, rilent, and solemn. 
 
 Egyptian Schoolboy. 
 
 The boy first learns the letters of the alpha- 
 bet ; next, the vowel-points and other syllabic 
 signs; and then the numerical value of each 
 letter of the alphabet. Previously to this third 
 stage of the pupil's progress, it is customary for 
 the master to ornament the tablet with black 
 and red ink and green paint, and to write upon 
 it the letters of the alphabet in the order of 
 their respective numerical values, and convey it 
 to the father, who returns it with a piaster or 
 two placed upon it. 
 
 The like is also done at several subsequent 
 «tagcs of the boy's progress, as when he beglos 
 
 to learn the Kur-iln, and six or seven times as 
 he proceeds in learning the sacred book ; each 
 time the next lesson being written on the tablet. 
 When he has become acquainted with the nu- 
 merical values of the letters the master writes 
 for him some simple words, as the names of 
 men ; then, the ninety-nine names or epithets of 
 God: next, the Fat'hah (or opening chapter of 
 the Kur-an) is written upon hi.-i tablet, and he 
 reads it repeatedly until he has perfectly com- 
 mitted it to memory. He then proceeds to learn 
 the other chapters of the Kur-An: after the first 
 chapter he learns the last ; then the last but 
 one ; next the last but two, and so on, in in- 
 verted order, ending with the second ; as the 
 chapters decrease in length from the second to 
 the last inclusiyely. 
 
 Egyptian G-irls at a Eailroad Station. 
 
 The march of improvement makes strange 
 changes in the Old World. Railroads now dash 
 along almost beneath the shadow of Pharaonic 
 structures, and modern dash and hurry bustles 
 effete Mohammedan and Coptism in the Valley 
 of the Nile. The sights are strange and con- 
 fused at a railway-station — the old and the new 
 seemed jostling strangely. Women are not al- 
 lowed to keep shops, but can sell in the streets 
 whatever they can carry on their heads. This 
 has forced the selling of fruit, sugar-cane and 
 water at the depots or stations into the hands 
 of what we would call girls, although the bright- 
 eyed one who lets down her water-pitcher to 
 give you a drink, as Rebecca did to Abraham's 
 steward, is, witii her thirteen years, a married 
 woman and a mother. The climate allows them 
 to live comfortably out of doors ; little clothing 
 is needed, and were cleanliness but cultivated 
 they would be an attraction. 
 
 An Egyptian Potter. 
 The East still affords us illustrations of the 
 Bible. The picture of the potter here given will 
 serve to explain the allusion of St. Paul in his 
 Epistle to the Romans (ix.), as he is handily 
 and rapidly making, in his rude, open shed, the 
 porous water-jars, here called gooleh, or more 
 properly, kulleh. These are generally of grace- 
 ful forms, and their manufacture comprise no 
 inconsiderable branch of commerce. The town 
 of Keneh, among others, is celebrated for their 
 manufacture. It is the staple trade, and hence 
 
 they are carried to all the others, where they 
 are sold. The clay used in their fabrication i* 
 obtained from the bed of a mountain-stream in 
 the neighborhood ; it is mixed with the ashes- 
 of the halfeh,^r coarse reedy grass of the desert. 
 These jars are formed on a potters' s wheel from, 
 a lump of clay thus prepared, with the assist- 
 ance only of a small piece of metal to trim them, 
 the potter's hand and eye enabling him to do the. 
 rest with such rapidity that more than fifty 
 may be made by a clever workman in an hour. 
 They are very cheap, but very fragile ; the least 
 collision injures or destroys them. 
 
 These gray pitchers cool the water deliciously 
 by evaporation, and when filled are placed in a 
 copper tray lined with tin, which receives the- 
 water that exudes, and set in a current of air. 
 The inside is sometimes blackened with the- 
 smcke of some resinous wood, and then per- 
 fumed. 
 
 Arab Boys at Cairo. 
 Among the tribes of ragged, vagrant boys 
 who swarm in the streets of Cairo, none are 
 more conspicuous than the well-known donkey 
 boys, for they are quite a feature of the city , 
 people are dependent on donkeys in a country 
 where few who can avoid it walk, and where- 
 driving is not only very expensive but imprac- 
 ticable in many of the streets. Every traveler, 
 even the Indian-bound, who lias but twenty- 
 four hours in which to "do Cairo," knows these 
 boys ; and we he.ar them spoken of as " Unmiti- 
 gated rascals!" and "The Pests of Cairo!" cr, 
 "Smart, clever lads!" and "Bright little fel- 
 lows!" according to the disposition of the Frank- 
 ish traveler, or the luck he has happened to 
 meet with among the species. But few Euro- 
 peans have time or interest for them beyond a 
 passing remark, and (heir life seems to shut 
 them out from the good influences of the very 
 few who do feel interested in their lot ; for 
 if a kind word is spoken by a philanthropic- 
 stranger who knows a little Arabic, or that the 
 boy thus addressed has picked up English 
 enough, as is often the case, to intelligibly un- 
 derstand what is said to him in that language, 
 the next traveler, perhaps, teaches him to swear ; 
 and as evil finds a readier entrance into the 
 natural heart than good, the consequence, c£ 
 course, is, that Egyptian donkey-boys can often 
 say many bad words in English, and rarely any 
 good ones. 
 
 EOYPTIAN LOTUS. 
 
GREECE. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 MODHBN ATHENS— Mount Parnasscs— task— Vintaof, in Cyprus— tVine-makino—Pokt of Khasia— Greek Peiest— CathedraIj at AtheSS- 
 Grotto pf Antiparos— Costumes ix Corfu— Street x::f ATUExa — Banditti Lying ix Wait near MAHATnox. 
 
 /HE country called Graeci.i by the Ro- 
 mans was denominated Hellas by the 
 inhabitants, in the historic times, and 
 the Greeks (Gra;ci) were known a:; 
 Hellenes. The Greeks, on the establishment of 
 their independence, and the organization of the 
 new kingdom under Otho, in 1833, reclaimed 
 the ancient name of Hellas. The South of Eu- 
 rope is divided into three largo and beautiful 
 peninsulas, the most Eastern of which includes 
 Greece. It takes the form of a triangle, the base 
 of which consists of the moimtain range of 
 Haemus. Scomius, and the Illyrian Alps, run- 
 ning from the Euxine to the Adriatic. Greece 
 
 proper, however, did not include Illyria, Mace- 
 donia, and Thrace. 
 
 Greece extends southward to lat. 3G°. Its 
 greatest lengtli from Mount Olympus to Capo 
 Tajnarus is 250 miles ; its greatest breadth from 
 the west coast of Acaruauia to Marathon, the 
 most easterly point of Attica, is about 180 miles, 
 and its surface is about 21,151 square miles — 
 viz., Tliessaly, 5,074; the central provinces, 
 0,288; Euboea, 1,410; Pcloponessus, 7,779. 
 
 The early history of the Greeks is covered 
 with the vail of fable. They belong to the great 
 Indo-European race, who, from the earliest 
 times, have been the conquerors and civilizers 
 
 of the world, and the Greeks proudly trace 
 their origin back to Hellen, the son of Deu- 
 calion and Pyrrha, the survivors of the deluge. 
 
 The heroic age of Greece is the legendary 
 period, in which flourished a race of men gen- 
 erally supposed to be descended from the 
 gods, and called by the name of heroes — a 
 term implying the possession of a nature su- 
 perior to that of common mortals— as Her- 
 cules, Theseus and Minos. 
 
 In this period were placed, by the poets, a 
 series of expeditions and exploits famous in 
 Greek literature, such as the voyage of the Ar- 
 gonauts in search of the golden fleece, the war 
 
 f 
 
 ATHENS IN MODERN TIKES, 
 
72 
 
 THE VTORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 MOUNT TiRNASSUS, OBKECE. 
 
 of the Epjgoni, the war cf tlie seven chiefe 
 against Thebes, and last, and most famous 
 of all, the siege and capture of Troy, and the 
 return of the beroes, which events farm the 
 conclusion cf the heroic ajre, the poems cf 
 Homer telling, as we all know, of its society 
 and manners. 
 
 The authentic history and chronology of 
 Greece commences with the beginning of the 
 Olympiads, 776 b. c, when we find it divided 
 into a number of small States, under separate 
 governments, united into confederacies for 
 permanent or occasional objects, but with no 
 central government to control the whole. 
 
 In the religious systems, particular deities 
 wore specially worshiped by pirticular tribes, 
 r.nd at particular places, but the general 
 principles were everywhere the same. 
 
 The establishment of oracles enjoying au- 
 thority over the Hellenic world was another 
 bond of union. The oracle of Zeas, at Do- 
 dona, of Apollo, at Delphi, of Amphianis, at 
 C>ropus, of Apollo, at Delos, were regarded 
 with general reverence, not only in Greece, 
 Lut among foreign nations. 
 
 Among the great names of Greece are Ly- 
 
 curguB, Leonidas, Homer, Tyrtasus, Aristo- 
 
 menes, Clisthenes, Draco, Pisistratus, Croesus, 
 
 Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides, etc., etc., 
 
 and the world still Vi^onders at the wondrous 
 
 battle of Thermopylae, where Leonidas and 
 
 his three hundred heroes made themselves 
 
 immortal. Byron, in his Ode to Greece, says : 
 
 " Of the three hnnrtred, grant hut three 
 To make a new Thermoiijlic." 
 
 IFtit 
 
 A GUKCK VASK. 
 
 Athens in Modem Times. 
 
 "A DAT or two afterward," says a letter 
 from Greece, ' ' having looked into Port Eaf ti , 
 the ancient PrasiiE, we doubled Cape Sunium 
 or Colonna, and the same evening were moored 
 into Leone, or the Pirajus. 
 
 "The sun setting behind Salamis was 
 throwing its last rays over the plain, at>d 
 lighting up the mellow ruins cf the Acropolis, 
 to which; as seen from a distance, ages and 
 weather have given the warm, ochre-like tint 
 of the surrounding soil. The view of the 
 Acropolis from the sea is always attractive, 
 whether seen with the rising or the setting 
 sun, when the hills which form the hack- 
 ground are bathed in hues from the faintest 
 yellow to the deepest purple, or in the calm 
 repose of noonday, or when, as I have some- 
 times seen it, the columns of the Parthenon 
 Btand out from the red disk of the rising 
 moon, which they half obscure. 
 
 " The temple of Tlieseus opens first to view 
 on entering Athens. On one side is an Eng- 
 lish garden, on the other a parade-ground, 
 where the modern soldier still exercises, as 
 did the old Athenian Hoplite. Here, too, on 
 Tuesday in Easter week, the young Athenians 
 meet to perform the Labyrinth dance, which 
 Theseus and the youths of Delos danced in 
 commemoration of the Cretan expedition. 
 Here, too, on the same day, nearly the whole 
 population assembles to start on the one ac- 
 customed pilgrimage to the Acropolis, the 
 Areopagus, the Pnyx, and other memorable 
 spots; but except on that day, hardly a 
 
GREECE. 
 
 73 
 
74 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 TUB VINTAGE, ISLE OF CYPRDS. 
 
 Greek, I believe, ever pays them a visit. 
 Hounding the Acropolis to the lately uncov- 
 ered Theatre of Dyonisus (or Bacchus), and 
 passing under the arch of Hadrian, the pilGrvim 
 stands beneath the gigantic columns of the Tem- 
 ple of the Olympian Jupiter. Passing the street 
 of the Tripods, and skirting the nortli walls of 
 the Acropolis, he enters the Propyliioa, passing 
 through which, he may survey all that Athens 
 has still to show of the temples of her tutelary 
 goddess." 
 
 Mount Pamasscs, 
 
 Pabnassus was one of the most celebrated 
 mountains in ancient Greece, sacred to the 
 Muses and Apollo, and from the numerous 
 objects of classical interest of which it formed 
 the theatre, considered "holy" by the Greeks. 
 On its side stood the city of Delphi, near which 
 flowed tlie Castalian spring, the grand source of 
 ancient inspiration, and from this circumstance, 
 in metaphorical language, the word Parnassus 
 is used to signify poetry itself. On the southern 
 declivity of the mountain is the Corycian cave, 
 a stalactite grotto three hundred and thirty feet 
 in length, and nearly two hundred in width. 
 From the summit of Parnassus can be seen a 
 most magnificent view, commanding, as it does, 
 nearly all Hellas, the Corinthian gulf, and the 
 northern part of tlie llorea. 
 
 A modem, more particularly an American, 
 traveling in Greece, cannot comiirehend the vast 
 importance which was given to certain objects 
 by the ancients, which have invested them with 
 an immortal mental interest, that far surpasses 
 the grandeur of vastly superior natural objects. 
 Mount Parnassus, but for the association of clas- 
 sic poetry, would attract but little notice of the 
 modem traveler, and the Castalian foimtain or 
 the Corycian cave would be passed by altogether, 
 not making even a momentary impression on 
 his mind. 
 
 A visit to Mount Parnassus, however, is viv- 
 idly recalled by all who have the opportunity 
 of treading its "sacred sides," and a memento 
 
 from its now sterile surface is treasured with 
 care. Peculiar to the mountain is a beautiful 
 wild flower, or "grass of Parnassus," as it is 
 poetically called, which, from its peculiarity, 
 and the fact that it is seldom met with else- 
 where than in Greece, is considered particularly 
 valuable ; and when pressed within the leaves 
 of a herbarum and well preserved, is shown with 
 greater pride than perliaps any other botanical 
 treasure, although more pretentious, and on 
 suparficial examination more likely to attract 
 the eye. 
 
 A Greek Vase, 
 
 From the tombs of Etruria have been brought 
 to the light of day some of the most exquisite 
 specimens of the ancient vase. The earliest of 
 these styles can almost be identified with the 
 Egyptian and Phcenician, evidencing clearly the 
 source from which the Greeks obtained their 
 knowledge of vase-making. 
 
 The paintings on the vases afford the greatest 
 amount of interest. The earliest decorations 
 were extremely simple, consisting mainly of 
 double bands, the more prominent parts being 
 ornamented with lines variously drawn, lines 
 embattled, indented, waved, and so on, the in- 
 tervening spaces being filled up with circles, 
 lozenges, stars, leafy and floral patterns, and 
 other simple devices. Then animals were at- 
 tempted, and next representations of the human 
 form, in which a gradual advance is perceptible. 
 With the progress of art we see the dispropcr- 
 tionate shape of the limbs disappear, and the 
 countenance assumes its natural form anci 
 expression. 
 
 The vase productions have been divided into 
 three main periods : the Archaic, extending to 
 B.C. 440; the second, from b.c. 440 to b.c. 330; 
 and the third, from the period 380 to the Birth 
 of Christ. 
 
 The subjects were generally taken from the 
 Theogony, and represent the adventures ami 
 amours of. the gods, sacrifices, libations, and 
 various other themes illustrating the heroic 
 events of the ancients. Many deal with domes- 
 tic life, and represent festivities, scenes from 
 comedies, processions, and other scenes taken 
 from the events of every day. The delicacy of 
 the carving, and the beauty of the form, remain 
 to this day models for all ages. 
 
 WINE-MAKINQ IN QREIXIB. 
 
GREECE. 
 
 75 
 
 Vintage in the Isle of Cyprus, 
 The wine of Cyprus, like the Falernian wine, 
 has passed to the classical coniiition, and 
 poets write of it more than epicures drink of 
 it. Still it is of good quality. Our engraving 
 represents a Cyprian vintage, and shows that 
 the wine-growers of that classic land retain a 
 Homeric simplicity, and probably gather their 
 grapes and make their wine very much in the 
 same manner as did their ancestors of two 
 thousand years ago. 
 
 Wine-making in Greece. 
 
 In each vineyard there is an oblong receiv- 
 er, six feet by nine in length, and three feet by 
 six in breadth, a couple of feet deep, and lined 
 with cement to make it waterpoof ; on one of 
 the narrow sides the floor is inclined, that the 
 expressed juice may flow though an opening 
 into another receiver, generally circular, which 
 is a few feet broad, and also made waterproof 
 in the same manner as the upper one. At the 
 time of vintage the ripe bunches are cut off 
 and thrown into the upper and larger receiver, 
 where they are trodden by the naked feet of 
 men and the oldest women. The juice runs 
 off into the lower cistern, whence it is drawn 
 off into aski. These are rough goat-skins, 
 turned with the hairy side inward, and bound 
 tightly together at the feet ; the liquor is pour- 
 ed in at the neck, which is then tightly tied. 
 One of these skins being tied on each side of 
 the pack-saddle, it is thus carried home. Be- 
 ing then thrown into the owner's cask — per- 
 haps he possesses but one — fermentation com- 
 mences. The better kind of wine is some- 
 times put into large jugs. Already in the vine- 
 yard, when, with the husks, fermentation has 
 commenced, some of the husks pass into thq 
 lower receiver ; but when at home, to assist 
 its progress, a quarter part of water is added, 
 and as no one knows how long the whole ought 
 to ferment, they wait until no more bub- 
 bles appear, and the small vinegar-flies are 
 
 found ; the cask is then closed, soon after 
 tapped, and the wine gradually drawn oif, the 
 dregs remaining. In order that the new wine 
 may keep, a number of green pine cones, or else 
 half fluid or grated resin, is thrown in. This 
 is the resinate, or krassik, a word generally 
 omitted. When no resin is put to the wine 
 they generally add, as soon as it commences to 
 turn sour, a considerable quantity of burnt gyp- 
 sum, which unites with the acid, forming an 
 acetate of lime, that is mixed with the wine and 
 makes it sweeter, but causes headache and ill- 
 ness. The resinous wine also at first induces 
 headache, but the action of the turpentine 
 causes it soon to pass away, llie new wine is 
 very tliick ; it induces colic and disordered 
 stomacli. 
 
 Port of Khania, Isle of Crete. 
 Khania is a fortified town and the cliief sea- 
 port in Crete. The island of Crete was, during 
 the times of antiquity, a most flourishing and 
 rich island Under the Moslem rule it has, 
 however, diminished greatly in importance, 
 though it will always bo a spot of the greatest 
 interest to classical scholars. 
 
 A Greek Priest Blessing His Garden. 
 
 Staktisq for an inland ramble one lovely 
 morning, we soon lost sight of the sea (says a 
 traveler in llhodes), and got into a wild and 
 lonely part of the country. On wc wandered 
 by ghostly houses where the owl and the raven 
 might hold council together, by clumps of pine- 
 trees, by forgotten tombs, by deserted draw- 
 wells, by desolate fountains, by pools of water 
 over whose still depths the cedar and cypress 
 cast their dark shadows ; over weird-like rocks, 
 where grew the red-fruited arbutus, down into 
 a lonely glen where the forsaken homestead and 
 broken water-wheel told of the life that had once 
 been there Beside that forsaken homestead 
 blossomed an almond-tree, the " avrakener" of 
 the Hebrews. It spoke of Spring and hope, 
 where all around was sad and droar as Autumn. 
 
 VIEW OF THE PORT OK KHANIA, ISLK OF CRETE 
 
 GREEK PRIEST BI.HSSINO HIS GARDEN WU'U 
 HOLY WATER. 
 
 Preseiitly the welcomed sound of a running' 
 
 stream brought us to the bank of a little brook, 
 where, beneath a perfumed myrtle, we had our 
 luncheon, and with our quaich quenched our 
 thirst from the clear sparkling water. 
 
 On our way homeward, by another road,, 
 the Greek villagers nodded and saluted us with- 
 Call Emera — " May this day be happy to you. '*■ 
 
 We met a Greek lad, with flowers in his 
 hair, riding sideways, and drumming with his 
 feet against the side of his mule — a common 
 practice here, instead of using the whip or 
 spur. Next came on mule-back a silver-haired 
 Greek priest of our acquaintance, with his 
 pretty arch-eyed niece seated beside him. 
 
 Turkish women shuflled along with their 
 bright children. Further on were herds of fine 
 goats, accompanied by a wild-looking goatherd , 
 a bell suspended to the neck of the handsomest 
 goat of the flook ; broad-tailed sheep dragging: 
 their unwieldy appendages over the neglected 
 graves of a Turkish cemetery, and searching 
 for food among the broken headstones. Men 
 were at work in the .fields with oxen and the 
 primitive wooden plows ; near the town were 
 mules carrying burdens of stone or grain. 
 
 Time would fail to describe the pretty birds, 
 brilliant butterflies, beetles, and other insects 
 of this sunny clime. A mason-bee made its 
 nest in the corner of the ceiling of our sitting- 
 room. Locusts sometimes fly in at the opeik 
 iwindows ; green frogs and spiders are not un- 
 common. Snakes and scorpions are found in 
 different places. Cockroaches are plentiful. 
 
 Early in April the gardens were charming — • 
 oranges, apricot and mulberry trees in blossom ; 
 wallflowers, gilliflowers, roses, geraniums, rose- 
 mary and many other flowers in bloom. 
 
 One Sunday morning a Greek priest, in gor- 
 geous robes, blessed and sprinkled holy water 
 I over the well and produce of his garden oppo- 
 site our house. Very picturesque he looked 
 as he moved from plant to plant, and lingered 
 lovingly by the well, evidently giving it a 
 double blessing. 
 
75 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Cathedral of Athena. 
 
 The cathedral of Athens is not more than fivc- 
 wnd-twenty years old. The architecture is mean 
 15y2Kintinc, the doorways of marble, the window- 
 frames of terra cotta, and the plastered outer- 
 walls of the church 
 are colored with al- 
 ternate bands of 
 palc-rcd and yel- 
 low, which has a 
 highly curious ef- 
 fect. The decora- 
 tions of the inte- 
 rior, which is also 
 .generally jilaster- 
 ed, are rich in 
 color, and the 
 Archbishop's 
 tlirone is tlie queer- 
 est, most uncom- 
 fortable high- 
 backed chair 
 imaginable. Econ- 
 cmically speaking, 
 Theophilus, Arch- 
 bishop and Metro- 
 politan of Atlicns, 
 sets a good exam- 
 ple to the digni- 
 taries of other 
 churches, for hi; 
 annual archiepisco- 
 pal income is no 
 more than six 
 thousand drachmas 
 (S1,08C). 
 
 In marriage, ac- 
 cording to the rites 
 of the Greek 
 Church, tliere are 
 tw o ceremonies, 
 the betrothal and 
 the marriage. 
 Sometimes, but not 
 .olways, the one 
 immediately pre- 
 ■cedes tlie other. 
 In the marri-.ge, 
 the most import.ant 
 ■ceremony is the 
 ' ' cro^vning, ' ' cm- 
 "blematically signi- 
 fying that th3 
 event is the crown 
 of life. Rich and 
 poor have wreaths 
 or crowns, which 
 are held over the 
 heads of the afBan- 
 •ced pair by the 
 groomsman and 
 bridesmaid, v.lio 
 ■cross and recross 
 them in a mystical 
 manner. The 
 crowns are gene- 
 rally made ofgilded 
 
 leaves ; in the recent marriages at the Russian 
 Court, they wore richly gemmed coronets. After 
 the "crowning" is concluded, the priest offers 
 a cup of wine to the bride and bridegroom, wlio 
 both taste of it, this ceremony Bigni'"ying their 
 common lot in after-life. 
 
 The Grotto of Antiparos. 
 
 Few caves have been longer or more justly 
 famous than the Grotto in the island of Anti 
 paros, one of the Cyclades, in an island so 
 insignificant ia itself that its very name makes 
 
 THE CtTHEmiAt AT ATITEXS, HRrErE. 
 
 it a mere appendage to the neighboring island 
 of Pares. 
 
 An old tradition affirms that some conspira- 
 tors, who failed in an attempt on the life of 
 Alexander the Great, took refuge in this grott.'i, 
 and a tablet still exists, with traces of an in- 
 
 scription, iiaid to have been the names of these 
 men. 
 
 In modem times we find the island long ruled 
 by Venice, from whom it was wrested by the 
 lurlvS in 1774 ; but when the new kingdom of 
 Greece arose, Antiparos became its great natural 
 curiosity. A curi- 
 ous stalagmite 
 near the entranccj 
 and which in form 
 somewhat resem- 
 bled a colossal 
 linraan figure, long 
 prevented the su- 
 perstitious from 
 entering or explor- 
 ing. This entrance 
 is on the side of a 
 hill, a sort of natu- 
 ral pillar dividing 
 it, and similar pil- 
 asters making asort 
 of rude colonnade, 
 all crowned with 
 creeping plants. 
 
 As the cave 
 yawns below you, 
 tlie pillar forms the 
 support for a rope 
 ta enable you to 
 descend. You thus 
 reach a platform 
 with a deep chasm 
 on eitlicr side. 
 Jlountin',' an al- 
 most perpendicular 
 rock on the riglit, 
 the traveler begins 
 a longer and much 
 more perilous do- 
 scent , practicable 
 onlv bv a ropo 
 ladder, and bring- 
 ing tne lover of the 
 picturcsaue to a 
 massy rock, whose 
 treacherous surface 
 slopes to caverns 
 deep. A long, low, 
 narrow winding 
 passage to the left 
 leads to the raai;i 
 chamber of the 
 grotto. 
 
 Monsieur Olier 
 dc Nointel, French 
 Ambassador to 
 Turkey, visited it 
 during the Clirist- 
 mas holidays in 
 1G73, and one of 
 his party thus de- 
 scribes the scene : 
 
 '•Our candles 
 being now all 
 liglited up, and tl;c 
 whole place com- 
 pletelyilluminated, 
 never could the eye be charmed with a 
 more glittering, or a more magnificent scene. 
 The whole roof hung with solid icicles, trans- 
 parent as glass, yet solid as marble. Ti:e eye 
 could scarcely reach tlie lofty ceiling; the 
 sides were regularly formed with spars ; and 
 
GEEEOE, 
 
 IT 
 
 THE OUOTTO OF ANTIPAKOS— EXTEKIOR. 
 
 THE GROTTO OF ANTK'AROS. 
 
■78 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 5 H 
 o CO 
 
 g o 
 
 ';i!!V;?7^^l,i\^ V '''i"l'i 
 
 '.'iill:l;lM 
 
GEEECE. 
 
 79 
 
 S 
 H 
 
 
80 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NAUOMS. 
 
 tho whole presented the idea of a magnificent 
 theatre, illuminated with an immense profusion 
 of lights. The floor consisted of solid marble ; 
 and, in several places, magnificent columns, 
 thrones, altars, and other objects, appeared, as 
 if nature had designed to mock the curiosities 
 cfart. Our voices, upon speaking, or singing, 
 were redouhled to an astonishing loudness ; and 
 upon the firing of a gun, the noise and rever- 
 berations were almost deafening. In tho midst 
 of this grand amphitheatre rose a concretion of 
 about fifteen feet high, that, in some measure, 
 resembled an altar ; from which, taking the 
 hint, we caused Mass to be celebrated there. 
 The beautiful columns that shot up round the 
 altar appeared like c.indlesticks ; and many 
 other natural oljjects represented the customary 
 ornaments of this lite." 
 
 To give brilliancy to the scene, five hvmdred 
 tapers and lamps were lighted up. 
 
 The altar will he noticed in the centre of our 
 
 illustration, and, like all the concretions that 
 
 adom this wonderful cave, is of inimitable 
 
 heauty in form and in purity of its snowy 
 
 material. 
 
 ^ — ■ — ) I ♦ > I 
 
 Costumes in Corfu. 
 The females of eacli village in Corfu have a 
 distinguishing costume, which they wear on 
 holidays ; and on these occasions the men also 
 put on their best attire, usually adding an 
 Albanian or other scarf, with a jacket suitable 
 to tho season. But the universal dress for the 
 men U the loose breeches and capote— a pipe 
 . being the indispensable companion. 
 
 Street in Athens. 
 Thebe is a strangeness and incongruity about 
 a street-scene in Athens which appeal to the 
 recollection of every weli-read person. Here, 
 beneath the shadow of the Parthenon and the 
 monuments of old, we come to modern housos, 
 some of them built with the stones of the 
 temple of Jupiter Olympus, and other relics of 
 antiquity ; while strolling about tlie streets are 
 men in their picturesque costumes, and women 
 in their semi-European dress, a few soldiers in 
 their hussar uniforms completing the picture. 
 
 Mr, R. Arthur Arnold, in his work entitled 
 "From the Levant," thus sketches the present 
 condition of modern Athens: 
 
 " When King Otho landed at the Pirseus, in 
 1834, a few wretched hovels were the only 
 habitations round the port. Now the town has 
 a popvdation exceeding 5,000, and there are 
 very many well-built houses. The plan is 
 evidently designed for a much larger population, 
 and every month new houses and pavements are 
 showing straight streets and handsome boule- 
 vards, long since marked out. Most of the shops 
 and all the cafes are provided with verandas 
 for shelter from the sun, which, even in the 
 
 month of March, was Buf&ciently powerful to 
 make me gladly seek their refuge. Olives, 
 tobacco, fruit, caviare, dried fish, and ship 
 chandlery, seem to be the principal articles of 
 commerce. The flags of tho protecting powers 
 are rarely, if ever, absent from the port. Now 
 as I look upon its waters, there, nearest the 
 mouth, lies the "Alexander Newsky," with the 
 Russian Admiral Boutakoft' on board, concern- 
 ing whose recent deportation of Cretans there 
 has been so much diplomatic correspondence 
 between the Courts of Constantinople and St. 
 Petersburg. Close behind her, with new copper 
 shining brightly, is moored the English " Lord 
 Warden," her iron bosom broadly settled, far 
 more like a swan's breast, in proportions, than 
 the lighter prows of wooden frigates. From 
 two large ships of war the French tricolor is 
 flying, and between these vessels and the quays 
 well-manned boats are constantly flitting. 
 
 "If the presence of these great patrons is 
 almost a menace to Greek independence, cer- 
 tainly the people of Piroeus do not object to 
 have such good customers. They are quite used 
 to the presence of strangers. In a small garden, 
 prettily planted and provided with seats, called 
 the Queen's Garden, I found the band of the 
 " Lord Warden' ' in occupation of the orchestra. 
 Their audience was the most mixod I ever re- 
 member to have noted. Round a table near- the 
 music, drinking Santorin, sat a party of English 
 officers, smart and clean-shaved, with a happy 
 air of patronage upon them, perhaps in right of 
 their own ship's band. Near at hand was a 
 bench crowded with Russian officers, several 
 almost English in feature, but their mustache, 
 tlieir loose-fitting, short frock-coats, and, more 
 than all, the flat Russian cap, proclaimed their 
 nationality. The Frenchmen walked* about, 
 whether better to display themselves or to sec 
 the one or two well-dressed ladies in the garden, 
 I could not decide. A party of Italian sailors 
 disturbed the music by loud chatter with a 
 cheap clothes man, who in vain tried to sell one 
 of them a pea-jacket, Greeks were numerous, 
 some in European costume, others in thejiretty 
 Albanian dress, which is so common in all Greek 
 towns. The head-dress is a tall fez — not a skull- 
 cap like the Turkish fez, .but standing high 
 aljove the head or bagged down at the side, and 
 always with a long tassel of blue silk. The 
 jacket, which barely reaches the waist and does 
 not meet in front, has long loose sleeves, show- 
 ing the arms covered with a white shirt, and is 
 plain or braided with worsted or golden thread, 
 according to the taste and the means of the 
 wearer. Beneath this, a vest, also braided, 
 closes to the throat with a long line of tiny but- 
 tons, many of which are unfastened, showing 
 the white garment beneath. From the waist, 
 which is encircled with a many-folded scarf of 
 bright color, descends to just below the knee 
 the fustanella , or petticoat, longer and very much 
 fuller than the kilt of a Highlander, made of 
 
 white cotton, fold upon fold in what milliners 
 call " gores, ' ' This petticoat generally contains 
 about forty yards of cotton cloth, and the whole 
 is divided into halves cr quarters, to render 
 washing more oafy. I have forgotten a leather 
 pouch usually buckled round the waist, in which 
 I have seen many carry silver-biltod daggers, 
 pistols, and tobacco-bags. Red drawers seem to 
 be favorite wear, and tho legs, from above the 
 knee, are always cased in cloth gaiters, often 
 bright red, richly braided with silk, and deco- 
 rated with bunches of silk broidery. Tliese 
 leggings are strongly buttoned round the calf, 
 and extend almost to tho toe of the leathern 
 slippers. The Greek women of the middle-class 
 in the garden at Pirteus were, according to last 
 year's fasluon, dressed in Parisian costume, and 
 they are never to be seen in any other ; but 
 veiy many wear the fez, which has a curious 
 and not pleasing appearance when it is seen sur- 
 mounting swelling crinolines and shawls of 
 Manchester. The fez of the Greek women gen- 
 erally differs cnly from that worn by the men 
 in having the cord to which the tassel is attached 
 bound with gold tlircad. 
 
 "Among the groups listening to the English 
 music was a picturesque crowd of distressed- 
 Cretans. They are refugees from the scat ot 
 war in Candia, and have recently followed the 
 example of some 40,000 of their rountrymen ia 
 accepting the hospitable invitation of their co- 
 religionists. Ko one would suppose from their 
 aspect thiit these people are the helpless depend- 
 ents upon a very precarious pittance. Certainly 
 the Cretans are distingiushed by the fineness 
 and intelligence of their features, and a softness 
 of manner quite unusual among an agricultural 
 population. In the group before me all had 
 bright, dark eyes antl features, such as in north 
 em countries would be taken to indicate mental 
 capacities of more than customary activity. In 
 the dress of tho women there is nothing strik- 
 ingly peculiar. Their hair was bound and cov- 
 ered with a white or colored handkerchief, and 
 their most valuable garment appeared to be a 
 long white jacket of thick woolen material, 
 sometimes ornamented with patterns worked in 
 colored worsted. Beneath this jacket, white 
 drapery hunjr to their stockingless heels, which, 
 however, peimitted me to see that they wore 
 Turkish trowsers, fastened, in Oriental fashion, 
 round the ankle. The men of Crete and many 
 of tbe peasants of Greece wear brown woolen 
 jackets, ornamented with worsted work, a red 
 waistband, baggy trowsers of blue cotton fast- 
 ened just below the knee, .and, while the cos- 
 tume of tbe Cretans is generally completed with 
 boots of Wellington pattern, made of soft, brown 
 goatskin, the Greeks wear white or blue gaiters. 
 Indeed, their poft, brown boots, exposed to the 
 knee, are generally accepted as the distinguish- 
 ing mark of the Cretans, and on asking several 
 thus booted if they came from Candia, 1- have 
 always found the test correct." 
 
HINDOOSTAN, SIAM, ETC. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Prikces or OuDE — Burmese Costumes— Official Types— Burmese People— The Rana of Oudipoor— Laotian Women— Hindoo Fakir- Carpenthrs- 
 lIoKSKS Bathing— Social Life— Sunrise— Dancing Girl -Burmese Women— Human Victims-Knife-grinder— Tambourines— Bombay Stkbets- 
 Nautcu Girl- Family Boat— Bkaumin— Hubble-bubble— Ewer and Basin— School. 
 
 IJHIS wonderful land, for so many ages 
 covered with a mysterious romauce, 
 more exciting than even that of the 
 chivalrio ages, and whose very name 
 is resonant of glittering gems and massive gold, 
 forma the southernmost portion of Central Asia. 
 
 Situated midway between Africa and the 
 more eastern parts of Asia, it seemed to be the 
 centre of the Eastern World, and there is every 
 reason to believe that a* one time it was distin- 
 guished for the extent of its commerce and the 
 enterprise of its inhaMlants. Next to China, it 
 is the most numerous and densely populated 
 portion of the globe, being estimated as con- 
 taining over two hundred millions of human 
 beings. In extent it equals about one-third of 
 Europe. 
 
 The northern part is a vast plain, the cen- 
 tral and southern portions consisting of high 
 plateaus, bordered by mountains. The soil is 
 Tcry fertile, although there are some barren 
 tracts in the interior valley lands ; but the val- 
 leys of the Ganges and Indus are very fertile. 
 In the central and southern parts the heat is 
 very great, and the year is divided into two 
 seasons — the wet and the dry. The woods and 
 the jungles abound in ferocious animals, such 
 as the lion, tiger and panther. The birds are 
 famous for the beauty of their plumage. 
 
 The vegetable and mineral productions are 
 rich and varied. Cocoanuts, pomegranates, 
 citrons, dates, figs, tamarinds, and every de- 
 scription of tropical fruits, grow there in great 
 profusion. 
 
 Indigo, opium, and rice, are extensively cul- 
 tivated ; and diamonds and other precious 
 stones are frequently found there — ' ' the gems 
 of Golconda" being a well-known phrase. 
 » One of the most remarkable productions of 
 this wonderfal country is the banyan, or Indian 
 fig-tree, whose branches extend to the earth, 
 take root, and form new trunks. A banyan- 
 tree has been known to have more than three 
 thousand trunks, and to cover eight acres of 
 ground ; thus forming, in point of fact, an en- 
 tire forest. About six-sevenths of the inhabit- 
 ants are included under the general name of 
 Hindoos. Among the native tribes, Brahmin- 
 ism and Mohammedanism prevail. Agriculture 
 is the leading pursuit, and its manufactures 
 consist of carpets, shawls, and silk fabrics. 
 
 Till within the last few years the roads were 
 
 mere tracks, and locomotion was conducted in 
 the rudest state. But under the fostering care 
 of the British Government, railroads run 
 through the land, where, even now, as Punch 
 humorously illustrated it, the Bengal tiger 
 stands gazing with a savage stupor upon the 
 notice, "Beware of the Locomotive," and that 
 ' ' Trespassers will be punished with the utmost 
 rigor of the law." It almost staggers belief, 
 that the whiz and the snort of the steam -car- 
 riage should disturb the sacred quiet of the 
 Garden of Eden, and that a long train of cars 
 should pass over the bridges of the Euphrates. 
 
 About two hundred and fifty years ago, the 
 British gained a foothold in India, and now it 
 is entirely under their rule, either as British 
 possessions, tributaries, or protected States. 
 Calcutta is the capital of British rule. Al- 
 though Bombay and Madras have governors, 
 yet they are under the control of the Governor- 
 General of India, the most important and lu- 
 crative position in the gift of the British Min- 
 istry. Calcutta is a magnificent city, and boasts 
 in the possession of the largest market on the 
 face of the globe. Benares, the holy city of the 
 Hindoos, is situated on the Ganges, and is the 
 noted resort of pilgrims from all parts of India. 
 It is also famous for its trade in diamonds. 
 
 The history of India, as given by the Sanscrit 
 writers, is lost in a fabulous antiquity more 
 remote than even the pedigree of a "Welsh 
 family. Their chronology mentions a race of 
 kings as reigning more than two thousand 
 years before the birth of Christ, and Buddhism 
 is said to be more than a thousand years older 
 than Christianity. Many ancient nations, par- 
 ticularly the Tyriansand Egyptians, carried on 
 considerable commerce with the Indians. Five 
 hundred and twelve years before Christ, it was 
 conquered by Darius Hystaspes, who formed an 
 Indian satrapy. It remained under the rule of 
 the Persians for one hundred and eighty-five 
 years, when, Alexander having overthrown the 
 Persian Empire, it fell momentarily under the 
 power of that human tornado of conquest. On 
 the death of Alexander, it seems to have recov- 
 ered its self-rule, and under the Eoman regime it 
 carried on a widely extending commerce with 
 surrounding nations. 
 
 The authentic history of Hindoostan com- 
 mences in 1004 A. D., when Mahmoud Ghazni 
 conquered it. This was the first inroad of the 
 
 Mohammedans, and the rule of the house of 
 Ghazni lasted till 1186, when another race 
 arose, which, under the name of the Slave 
 Kings of Delhi, became the masters of India, 
 till 1288, when the Khilgis ruled till 1412. 
 The Afghan Empire was founded in 1205, and 
 the inhabitants were called Patnese, under 
 which name Marco Polo mentions them, but 
 places their kingdom about five hundred miles 
 away. 
 
 India has had much to endure — its ordeal has 
 been something terrible, and only paralleled 
 by the Jewish race. The wealth of a nation, 
 like the beauty of a woman, tempts surround- 
 ers, and it is as perilous for a nation as for a 
 woman to have too many attractions — more 
 especially of riches. Heiresses and Indias are 
 always the Terrible Temptations, and the vic- 
 tims of the world. 
 
 In 1222, Genghis Khan, the most sanguinary 
 monster that the Deity created in human form, 
 invaded India, to establish the worship of his 
 god ; and the enforcement of the creed cost 
 fourteen millions of lives. This human atro- 
 city died in 1237, when, in 1398, the Mogul 
 Tartars, led by Tamerlane, took Delhi, and 
 remained masters of Hindoostan. 
 
 In 1407 a new era dawned upon India. Five 
 years after Columbus had discovered the out- 
 posts of the American continent, Vasco de 
 Gamo had solved another geographical diflBculty 
 or mystery ; he doubled the Cape of Good 
 Hoi)e, and the Ultima Thule of the Southern 
 World became the point d 'appui for mariners 
 to rest and start from again on their Indian 
 travels. Five years afterward the Portuguese 
 established a trading station at Cochin, just 
 about the time that Baber, the founder of the 
 Mogul Empire, took Delhi, and established his 
 power. 
 
 In 1556 was born Akbar, the beau ideal of all 
 Hindoo history, and his early death, in 1605, 
 was as great an affliction to the nation as the 
 death of any man can be to a community. In 
 1589, twenty-seven years before the death of 
 Shakespeare, the English arrived in India, and 
 since then the history of this country has been, 
 more or less, dependent upon that of British 
 progress. 
 
 It must in justice be said of British rule, 
 which has been so much, and, we doubt not, 
 so justly assailed, that while it has taken from 
 
82 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Bearly one-fifth of the human race its self-na- 
 tionality, it has carried on, in its capacity of a 
 Wind agent in the hands of Divine Providence, 
 human progression. For the national inde- 
 dendence of India — with its wholesale infanti- 
 cides, widow-burnings, wide-spread epidemics, 
 sanguinary conspiracies, and native-lwrn Mo- 
 J^ochs, wiUl their attendant rava:;es and confls- 
 
 Princes of Oude, 
 
 Tin! magnificently-dressed figures which we 
 give in our engravin;? represent the Princes of 
 Oude in their full court costumes, blazing with 
 diamonds, such as arc only worn on state occa- 
 sions. They each wear the s.amo sort of hijh 
 coronet cap of gold and jewels, but ornamented 
 
 spread terror through the world. Beside this, ft 
 dethroned monarch is always an object of com* 
 miseration, even when his conduct has mental 
 animadversion. When Charles X. quitted St. 
 Cloud for Holyrood, never to return, the lat» 
 Sir Walter Scott prepared the public of th» 
 northern mctropolia for his reception by aa 
 article cf a poetical and sympathetic character 
 
 cations — it has given them a steady, benevolent 
 government, enligntened education, railroads, 
 personal security, aa enlarged commerce, and 
 the gentle doctrines of Christianity. 
 
 1 » I 
 
 In society wo loam to know others, but )a 
 loHtude we acquire a knowledge of ourBell 
 
 PEINOES OF OUDE. 
 
 with a few small feathers. The young prince's 
 dress is most elaboratelv decorated with jewels, 
 the material on which thev are wrought Deing 
 composed cf the velvet clotli of gold. 
 
 The Princes of Uude are among the fe» living 
 representatives of those mighty Eastern sovc- 
 icigns that once reigned over the Indies, ana 
 
 in which he spoke of his " gray and discrowned 
 head." Itinerant sovereigns of all times, from 
 Mithridates dowii to the late Gustavus of 
 Sweden, have met with sympathy when th» 
 sceptre had passed from their hands. 
 
 Looking to laiglish authority, we leara tha4 
 the Hindoo settlement of Oude is of great an« 
 
_TINDOOSTAi«, 3IAM, ETC. 
 
 88 
 
 SYF£S Of GKEAT BDBUAN LOBSS AND iUQU OFflCIU/S. 
 
«4 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEF\T NATIONa 
 
 JiqTiity and obdcnrity ; but we find that at the 
 close of the twelfth century the Moslem con- 
 quest took place, and thenceforward it became 
 an integral part of the Mogul empire. The cx- 
 Toyal family were the vizers or ministers of the 
 ^eat Mc^ul during that interesting period of 
 iistoiy when the Clives in camp and the Hast- 
 ings in council added so unscrupulously to the 
 territories of the East India Company. But out 
 of the ruins of the Mogul Empire they rose to 
 royalty, under llie p.itronage of the Company. 
 
 of administration as should be conducive to the 
 prosperity of his subjects, and be calculated to 
 secure the lives and property of the inhabitants. 
 The king, moreover, undertook alwayj to advise 
 with, and act iu conformity to, the counsel of 
 the officers of the Company. 
 
 The treaty, however, proved to be a piece of 
 waste paper. No attention was paid either to 
 its provisions or to the counsels of the British 
 agents. In 1842, Mahommed All Shah died, 
 and his son ascended the throne, under the title 
 
 Band ponudo. The ex-royal family of Oude is 
 not of the Hindoo faith, but Moslem of the sect 
 of Shea, that is to say, those who acknowledge 
 the Imanati in the reputed descendants of AIL 
 To this sect belong the Persians, and many tribea 
 ia Syri:i, and other parts of the Eaat. 
 
 The nerve which never relaxes, the eye which 
 never blanches, the thought which never waa- 
 de:s— the93 are t^ie masters of victory. 
 
 THE OKEATEST OF HINDOO PRINCES, RANA OF OODIPOOE. 
 
 They could not, therefore, like many princes, 
 claim antecedent vested interests ; their royalty 
 "W.is of English creation for Indian purposes, 
 And the dynasty has had ah initio no locus standi, 
 «xcept that of stewardship for the suzerain 
 j)Ower. The frightful raisgovernmcnt of Oude 
 had for many years attracted the attention of 
 many humanely-disposed persons in the councils 
 •of India ; and over thirty years ago the father 
 of the ex-king came under the most solemn en- 
 gagement, by treaty, to establish such a system 
 
 of Aboonzuffer Muslah-ood-deen, to whom a 
 term was given for carrying out the requisite 
 changes. The ex-King of Oude was bound by 
 solemn treaty to particular administrative re- 
 forms ; but years of misgovemment having 
 passed over his head without adequate attention 
 being paid to the representations of the British 
 agents, it was found requisite to resort to the 
 extreme measure of raediatization. The family 
 Wiis dethroned, but the fall was softened by an 
 annual pension of one hundred and fifty thou- 
 
 Burmali and its People. 
 
 The recent war made by England upon • the 
 Burmese Empire, in that insatiate greed of ter- 
 ritory which is such a disease with English 
 statesmen, has drawn more attention to Bur- 
 mah and its people. That our readers may 
 know what manner of people they are, we give 
 tyixa of the upper classes, a group of great 
 lords and high functionaries o£ the court, and 
 two Burmese ladies. 
 
HINDOOSTAN. &IAM. ETC, 
 
 85 
 
 LAOTIAN WOMEN, NEAE PETCHABDEY. 
 
B6 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS 
 
 once. To personal charm she generally niiH«s 
 great energy of will ; and woman, in fact, RivfcS 
 the manners of the country their moat distino- 
 tive character. 
 
 +<.e>»» 
 
 The Eana cf Oodipoor. 
 OcR illustration is from li sketch of ihl 
 present Kana, Maharaji Uehraj Maharanaji Sri 
 Scroop Sing Ji Bahadur. The Hindoo trihes 
 yield unanimous suffrage to the Prince of Mewar 
 as the legitimate heir to the tlironc of Ramn, 
 and style him Hindua Sooraj, or Sun of the 
 Hindoos, and in their pictures he is always 
 represented with that luminary forming a halo 
 round his head. He is universally allowed to 
 be the first of the "thirty-six royal tribes," ncT 
 has a doubt ever been raised of the purity of hij 
 descent. The solemnity of being seated on tht> 
 throne of Mewar is so expensive that many ci 
 the rites and ceremonies have fallen into disuse 
 Juggat Sing was the last prince %¥hose corona- 
 tion was conducted with the ancient splendor of 
 this princely house. It cost the sum of ninety 
 lacs of rupees (six millions cf dollars), nearly 
 one entire year's revenue of the State in the 
 days of its prosperity, and which, taken into 
 consideration the comparative value of money, 
 would amount to upwards of twenty millions ot 
 dollars. Now, the whole revenue of Kana does 
 not exceed three hundred thousand dollars a. 
 year. The annals of this ancient race, and their 
 heroic struggles with the Mohammedans, form 
 ft most interesting chapter in the history of 
 India. The three Giegcsof Chectore, the ancient 
 capital of We war, hy Alia u deen, Bahadur r.nd 
 Akhbar, are full of romantic incident. Tlie first 
 took place in 1290, and lasted four years. Wbcn 
 all hope was lost, the women, headed by the 
 ([ueen, rctirel to a cave and were Braothered in 
 the flames kindled at its mouth ; t'.ie Eajah and 
 all hissons killed tlieraselves, witli the exceptica 
 of one, who was preserved to continue his race, 
 and escaped protected by a chosen band. A-- 
 the second siege, bj Bahadr.r. Kins cf JIandoo 
 
 PilIXCU 01" CUBE. 
 
 He country is rich and populous, the peo- 
 ple indnstrious, intelligent, and needing only 
 Christianity to give their civilization its full 
 development, by l>anishing barbarous supersti- 
 tions and giving human reason its iiighest 
 sphere. 
 
 A traveler thug describes Nanmadauwoon, 
 CloTemor of the Queen's palace: He wore an 
 organdy robe, and on his shoulder a (^al-wi, a 
 gcild chain oi several stran is, the insignia of 
 Bnrmese nobles. It is fistened on the left 
 shoulder and crosses the breast, ending on the 
 hack, behind the right arm. It is generally 
 regarded as a modification of the sacred Brah- 
 minical cord of the Hindoos. The apartments 
 to which the party were conducted was an im- 
 taense hall, seventy-five feet long. It was a 
 dining-room, and adorned with large china 
 Taset, containing artificial trees, covered with 
 Aowers and fruit. The fruit can scarcely he 
 called artificial, for though they imitated pine- 
 •giples, peaches, and other native productions, 
 Ciey were really eatable, being of sugar or can- 
 died fruit, hung there on wirea, and renewed 
 QBily as they were eaten . 
 
 Tit- floor waa covered with Chineoe matting ; 
 
 tables, chairs, and a pmtknh, with great Chinese 
 lanterns, v/ere the furniture of the agreeahie 
 room. 
 
 On state occasions the high dignitaries wear 
 a lar_e scarlet velvet mitre, with a tinsel crown 
 around the base, and folding back. The robe 
 was of the same material, with wide sleeves, 
 trimmed with brocade, and TesemblinT; the 
 capes worn by the Catholic clergy Eiich cne 
 carries an ivory instrument, like a paper-folder, 
 to keep his mitre on, and shows his rank by 
 the number of strands of his iaal-wi. 
 
 The costume of Burmese ladies may be seen 
 in tliat of the queen, v/ho wore a cap fitting 
 closely to the head, covering tlie hair and ears, 
 and rising in a spiral foim, curving over in 
 front like a horn. The sleeves and waist were 
 slashed like the dresses of the days of Queen 
 Bess, and a similarly-slashed collar encircled 
 the neck and descended to the belt. Her cor- 
 sagfe was adorned with precious stones, and 
 head-dress and robe were alike stiff with dia- 
 monds. The ladies attending lier wore nearly 
 similar dresses. 
 
 The Burman woman is not a creature shut up 
 in harem or zenana. She exorcises greet inllu- 
 
 A BrNDOO VAKIB 
 
HIND003TAN. SIAM. ETa 
 
 87 
 
 the gamr immolation took pliwe, and thtrtoen 
 thousand femaleg nre said to have perislied ; 
 and the young prince, Oody Bins, then an 
 Infant, was only preserved by his nuree substi- 
 tuting her ovra infant, and seeing him killeJ 
 tefore her eyes. 
 
 It was this child, who subsequently became 
 Hana, that removed the capital from Chectore 
 to Oodipoor after its third siege and sack by 
 Ahkbar. On this occasion many of the women 
 died fighting in the field, and the rest, among 
 them nine queens and five princesses, perished 
 in the flames. All the heads of clans, both 
 home and foreign, fall, and one thousand sev«x 
 hundred of the immediate kin of the prince 
 sealed their duty to their country with their 
 lives. 
 
 Laotian Women. 
 
 The peninsula between India and China, with 
 its population partaking of the characteristics 
 of both, has been known and unknown for 
 ages. India beyond the Ganges figures on the 
 earliest maps, and was so populirly known 
 that the lands discovered by Columbus were 
 described in early publications as being in this 
 convenient district, " India beyond thcGanges." 
 But although Laos and its neighboring coun- 
 iries were thus brought into close connection 
 ■with America, we know very little of our Lao- 
 tian neighbors, and our readers will view with 
 interest the sketch cf same Laotian women 
 iaken near Petchabury by Jlonoth, a French 
 
 IHE horses' morning BATH AT CALCUTfA. 
 
 naturalist, whose travels in these parts would 
 have thrown great light on all concerning them, 
 had not his premature death arrested his labors. 
 
 In the vicinity of Petchabury, about ten miles 
 apart, there are several villages occupied by 
 Laotians, settled there for two or three genera- 
 tions, preserving their own language, and keep- 
 ing aloof from the Siamese. They came from, 
 the north-east cf the great lake Sap, and the 
 banks of the Mekong. 
 
 Their costume consist.? of a long shirt and 
 lilack trowsers of the same cut as those of the 
 Cochin Chinese. The head-dress, of the women, 
 at least, resembles that of llic people of the 
 country. The men wear the Siamese tuft. 
 Their chants and mode of drinking, through 
 bamboos from large jars, a fermented liquor 
 made of rice and herbs, reminded me of tho 
 wild Stieng's, among whom may be seen tha 
 same, and also other, points of resemblance. 
 The young girls have a whiter skin than those 
 cf Siam, and very pleasing features, but these 
 soon grow coarse and lose their charm. 
 
 The Laotians seem to be the original stock of 
 a nation which is widely spread from the 
 Ganges to the Salven. Though inferior to the 
 Siamese, they have made some progress in ci ri- 
 lization, and in religion are Buddhists. Their 
 country is entirely inland, being bounded on 
 the south by Siam and Cochin China, whil« 
 China shuts it in on the north, and tlie Burman 
 Empire on the other sides. The country is said 
 to be fertile, and rich in mineral wealth. 
 
 BAST INDIAN CAEPEMTKK8 AT WORK. 
 
 The Prince of Oude. 
 This young prince, who succeeded to the 
 throne of his uncle in 1807, but who has sincS 
 been pensioned off by the British Government, 
 is now in his thirty-third year. The chiei 
 interest attached to liim comes from his mothcx, 
 the Queen of Oude, who, on the breaking otf 
 in 1858 of the SciMV rebellion, went to England 
 to demonstrate the innocence of herself and bob 
 in tiie atrocities of Nana Sahib. The ujihappj 
 princess died in Paiis coon jift«r. 
 
88 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 A Hindoo Fakir. 
 
 Tms is one of the so-called holy men of India. 
 According to the belief of tho Hindoos, these 
 are the very holiest characters, who cannot do 
 anything wrong, and are therefore worshiped 
 by the people. Tliey spend their time traveling 
 from city to city, and, in the guise of sanctity, 
 really do great harm wherever they go. They 
 carry a bag, in which they place the money and 
 food collected from their deluded admirers. 
 They are really great knaves, and would not be 
 tolerated in any country where superstition did 
 not sway the multitudes. 
 
 As their influence and existence depended 
 upon keeping the masses in ignorance, the 
 Fakirs have been found the most bitter op- 
 ponents to the progress of civilization and 
 Christianity. Our illustration shows the fan- 
 tastic dress and appearance of one of these im- 
 posters, and it is difficult for us to conceive how 
 Buch repulsive barbarians can secure the regard 
 and confidence which are so universally accorded 
 to them. 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE. INTEKIOR OF A HINDOO HOUSE. 
 
 East Indian Carpenters. 
 
 An American carpenter would smile if he saw 
 the tools used by one of his own craft, a native 
 of India, and still more so if he saw the native 
 carpenter at work, performing the operations 
 of planing, sawing, drilling, hammering, etc., 
 seated on his haunches, as shown in the illus- 
 tration. 
 
 His tools, which are always few in number, 
 are of the rudest description, and appear quite 
 past work, through age ; indeed, they have 
 probably descended from father to son for many 
 generations, and are regarded with superstitious 
 reverence. Their work is, however, performed 
 with wonderful neatness, and, though not so 
 durable as that done by an American carpenter 
 or upholsterer, is quite equal in the matter of 
 finish. 
 
 A person, who had a large number of Hindoo 
 carpenters at work, was desirous of having it 
 done in the best possible way and with this 
 view, wrote to Kngland for several complete 
 Bets of carpenter's tools of the first quaUty, 
 
 ' naturally thinking that his work, already done 
 well, would be so much better done with better 
 instruments. He thought to give the men .an 
 agreeable surprise, and so kept the matter a 
 secret until the arrival of his instruments. The 
 surprise was on his side, however, when h& 
 found that the carpenters would not use one of 
 the English tools, asserting most positively that 
 they could not work with them. 
 
 The reverence with which a Hindoo professes 
 to regard the instruments he works with, very 
 naturally assumes the color of his idolatrous- 
 religion, and, consequently, not only does he 
 make offerings of rice, fruit and flowers to- 
 them, which seems almost too absuril for belief, 
 acd would be very laughable, if it were not for 
 the pity we ought to feel for this blind supersti- 
 tion and ignorance of the true object of wor- 
 ship. 
 
 Tub easiest and best way to expand the chest 
 is to have a good heart in it ; it saves the cog* 
 of gymnastics 
 
HINDOOSTAN. SIAM. ETU 
 
 89 
 
 Horses Bathing at Oalcntta. 
 OlTR illustration represents horses bathing in 
 the Ganges, at Calcutta, in charge of the native 
 grooms. The animals appear to be enjoying 
 hugely their dip in the sacred river, and the 
 picture throughout has more life than is usual 
 in Oriental subjects. 
 
 Social Life iu India. 
 The engraving delineates tlie interior of the 
 usual Hindoo houses on the banks of a stream 
 running into the Ganges, a few miles above 
 Calcutta, which, some fifty years ago, was said 
 to be not only the grandest city in Asia, but 
 one of the finest in the world ; even now it is 
 popularly known as the City of Palaces — a title 
 which the European portion is not unworthy of. 
 The villages around Calcutta remain, notwith- 
 standing tlieir proximity to civilization, in 
 their primitive condition. The cottages of the 
 poorer Hindoos are, witli few exceptions, built 
 of mud and bamboo, thatclied with the leaves 
 of the graceful palm-tree. These huts have 
 only two chambers — one for the male, and the 
 other for the female members of the family. 
 
 Sunrise in Oalcuttft. 
 CALcmTA at early dawn presents a strange 
 spectacle, especially in the suburbs, such as our 
 illustration shows, where the old narrow streets 
 prevail, and the tall structures of brick and 
 stone are mingled with hovels of mud and 
 biimboo. The rich native merchant does not, 
 like the Englishman, take a fine, airy, salu- 
 brious site for his dwelling. The surroundings 
 are to him a matter of indifference. He escapes 
 the din of the thoroughfare, howevjr, for great 
 men's houses in Eastern cities usually turn their 
 baclis upon the public thoroughfare, that home 
 of the many. Where stores line the streets, 
 the shopkeepers, generally fruiterers, confec- 
 tioners, druggists, and cloth-dealers, close their 
 shops at nightfall and go elsewhere, making the 
 ground-floor perfectly dark. At niglit these 
 streets are lighted by floating lights set in large 
 pans of oil by the roadside and by colored, 
 Chinese-like lamps. The smell is terilble, and 
 is increased by the odor of the peoole, who 
 might well assume the name giver by our 
 people to the lower classes in Central . America, 
 "Greasers," for they really grease th imselves 
 with this oil. 
 
 The «treet is, to sutny persons, a home, yjho, A 
 night advances, stretch themselves on the pa7e» 
 ment to get a scanty repose, or, what is worse, 
 sit up all night singing "La! la! la! " at the 
 top of their voices. As morning comes the 
 lamps and cries die out, the dull, smoky smell 
 becomes more intense as the sun approaches the 
 horizon, and when at last he lifts his head 
 above it for the adoration of the Parsee, the 
 street population of Calcutta rouse them from 
 their lairs, a ragged, squalid crowd, such as 
 only Eastern cities possess. It is less ragged, 
 perhaps, than it would be had its members more 
 clothes ; in the majority of cases, the garment 
 is confined to tlie neighborhood of the waist : 
 where more is worn, it is generally in rags, and, 
 in fact, still less a covering for decency. 
 
 As the traffic of the day will require theil 
 bed-chamber, this crowd gradually rises and 
 disperses to its various paths of mendicity and 
 villainy. 
 
 Then the shopkeepers appear and open the 
 booths or verandas, which constitute their 
 shops, resembling our news-stands, and, creep- 
 ing in here, they stand ready to deal with theix 
 customers on the sidewalk. 
 
 STKBISE IN CALODTTA. 
 
90 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATlONa 
 
 A Tola Dancing-girl at Senegal. 
 The curioug attire of the dancing-girls at 
 Senegal will not fail to strike the reader. The 
 lair is hraided into a sort of Marie Stuart 
 jonne , the tress on tress giving the hair the 
 appearance of a cloise bonnet laid on the head. 
 Vhile the old lady in the nursery-rhyme had 
 rings n her fingers and hells on her toes, this 
 one ij profusely adorned with bells around her 
 waist ;'.nd skirt. She wears, of course, earrings, 
 armlets, \vTistlets, and anklets ; but her horse- 
 tail f.m and the wealth of cowries which stud 
 the front of her skirt, distinguish her from the 
 somewhat similar danseuaes of other tribes on 
 the African coast. With them the d ince to rude 
 music is everything. A dance will celebrate 
 the return of a friend, a victory or a wedding. 
 
 Burmese Women. 
 
 KowHERE, perhaps, in Asia is woman more 
 free than in Biirraah ; far from beinj a prisoner, 
 as in Mohammedan lands, or a slave, as in 
 others, she is sovereign rather than subject. 
 The women frequent all popular gatherings, 
 and give tone eveiywhere. Full of ease and 
 grace, polished, active, and very shrewd, they 
 exercise an almost irresistible fascination. At 
 bull-fights, regattas, the gaming-table, evon, 
 women hold the first place. She manages 
 business, builds houses or directs the operations, 
 and conducts commerce. They are endowed 
 with .sreat energy of will, and this, with their 
 real charms, makes then all-powerful. More 
 than one revolution has been their work. They 
 are, too, the main supports of the native idola- 
 try, and opponents of Christianity. 
 
 In costume, En jlish ideas are making some 
 progress. The native dress, though, not unbe- 
 
 coming, is much less so than the flowing and 
 graceful garments of the western nations of 
 India. The fabrics worn are comparatively 
 coarse and homely. Umbrellas, which are in 
 general use among all classes, are among the 
 principal insignia of rank and office, llie 
 figure leading a child is Anglo-Burmese ; next is 
 an unmarried Burmese girl, showing the native 
 dress with the open skirt, betraying the shapely 
 lej ; the figure carrying a tray is a Burmese 
 woman of the lower class ; and the sitting 
 figure is a market-woman, selling cheroots. 
 
 A Human Victim offered to the Gods. 
 
 HuM.\N sacrifice has prevailed in most part4 
 of tlie world, and seems to have sprung from ( 
 distorted tradition of the promise of redemption 
 by the blood of one of Adam's race. The last 
 place within the reach of Europeari civilization 
 where it was practiced was among the Khoonds, 
 in Hindoostan. The English Government 
 experienced great difficulty in suppressing the 
 barbarous custom, and deserves honor therefor. 
 
 Neither age nor sex nor religion were of 
 importance, yet they preferred adults to chil- 
 dren or the aged, as bringing a higher price, 
 and being more acceptable to the divinity to 
 whom they were offered ; the preference was 
 also given to a certain degree of corpulence. 
 They had professional agents for this odious 
 traffic generally belonging to the caste Panoo. 
 Without the excuse of superstition or igno- 
 rance, instigated by a mean spirit of gain, 
 these wretched purveyors, or these Asiatic 
 •'runners," a hundred times more deserving of 
 punishment than the Khoonds themselves, 
 took advantage of times of famine to visit the 
 villages of the plain and purchase the children 
 from the parents, who, overwhelmed with. 
 
 BDBUESE WOMSN. 
 
HINDOOSTAN, SIAM, ETC. 
 
 91 
 
'92 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 misarj, Bold them for the mer- 
 est pittance. The seizing and 
 carrying off is a familiar usage, 
 for, with the pretext of giving 
 them a lucrative employment, 
 they entice young girls and 
 boys to follow them into the 
 mountains ; when, once taken 
 captive, and treated with pe- 
 culiar attention, these unfortu- 
 nate creatures, sometimes for 
 many consecutive years, with 
 true Oriental fatalism, await 
 the moment of the fulfillment 
 of their destiny. In the mean- 
 while, these young people cul 
 tivate the soil for the benefit 
 of the Sirdar who has pur- 
 chased them. 
 
 The young girls, if the chief 
 of the village does not usurp I 
 over them all the rights of a 
 master over his slave, contract 
 marriages either with some of 
 the young Khoond mountain- 
 eers, or with some of their 
 companions in captivity, Meri- 
 aha, like themselves, while over 
 all, both parents and children 
 is suspended the terrible doom 
 The purchase-money, varjm.. 
 from sixty to a hundred rupc l ^ 
 ■was seldom paid in coin. 
 
 They preferred to give m 
 exchange some head of cattle, 
 pigs, goafs, vases, bronze oma 
 ments, etc. 
 
 For a month beforehand they 
 have innumerable festivals , 
 they become intoxicated, and 
 dance around the Meriah, who 
 is dressed in her best attire, 
 and crowned with flowers. 
 
 The evening before the sacri- 
 fice she is conducted, having 
 been previously stupefied with 
 liquor, to the foot of a stake, 
 which is surmounted by the 
 effigy of the divinity — a pea- 
 cock, an elephant, etc. The 
 multitude begin to dance to the sound of music, 
 and the words of their barbaric hymns, ad- 
 dressed to the earth, are somewhat in this wise : 
 " We offer you, god, this sacrifice ; give us 
 favorable seasons, rich harvests, and good 
 health." Speaking 
 to the victim, they 
 continue : "We have 
 obtained you by pur- 
 chase and not by 
 violence ; we are now 
 about to sacrifice you 
 according to our cus- 
 toms, consequently 
 no blame can be im- 
 puted to us." 
 
 The next day they 
 bring her again, in a 
 state of fresh intoxi- 
 cation, after having 
 rubbed with oil cer- 
 tain parts of her 
 body, which every 
 <me present touches. 
 
 officiating priest, or Zcmi, who 
 may belong to any caste what- 
 ever, brings back the procession 
 to the stake, which is always 
 placed near the idol of the 
 locality, Zacari-Penoo, repre- 
 sented by three large stones. 
 He then performs the ceremony 
 called pooga, which consists in 
 offerintc flowers and incense to 
 the idol through the mediation 
 of a child under seven years, 
 nourished and dressed at tho 
 expense of the community. 
 This child always eats alone, 
 and, in every respect, is con- 
 sidered sacred. It is called the 
 Zoomba. In the meanwhile a 
 kind of ditch is dug at the foot 
 of the stake. Then follows the 
 scene shown in our illustration. 
 While the priest raises his 
 hands for the last time in 
 adoration, every one whets his 
 knife, the poor Meriah looking 
 on from her large intoxicated 
 eyes. As the last word falls 
 from his lips, an answering 
 shout arises, and all rush oa 
 the victim, each eager to bo 
 first to slash a piece from the 
 living victim, the priest de- 
 jjositing bis at the foot of the 
 idol ; and each bears off to hia 
 own home a piece to bury, in 
 order to propitiate the deify, 
 and obtain favor and plenty. 
 The head is never touched. 
 That and the bones are buried 
 on the spot, a buffalo sacrificed 
 there, and the ceremony ends 
 amid dancing and festivity. 
 
 HINDOO KNIFE-ORIMDER. 
 
 and anoints himself by wiping his oily fingers 
 upon his hair. A procession is then formed, 
 preceded by a band of music, to promenade the 
 victim, who is carried in their arms all around 
 the village and the adjacent country. The 
 
 \ 4 
 
 OBIIDiTAL TAHBOtmnm 
 
 Hindoo Knife-grinder.' 
 
 Oke of the most remarkable 
 things, with respect to the va- 
 rious trades and crafts among 
 the people of India, is the sim- 
 plicity of the implements used 
 by them ; yet with these the Hindoos produce 
 excellent results. Tliis is true of the cabinet- 
 maker, the goldsmith, the blacksmith, the 
 spinner, and the weaver. So in agriculture ; 
 the plow is of the simplest kind, and is so light 
 that the husbandman 
 may be seen bearing 
 it on his shoulders to 
 the field, driving be- 
 fore him a couple of 
 bullocks that are to 
 be yoked to it on his 
 arrival there. The 
 boy turning the 
 wheel shows, as does 
 almost every other 
 sketch, the little 
 ^alue of time and 
 human labor there, 
 reversing our own 
 case, for here we 
 strive to save both 
 by mechanical inge- 
 nuity. 
 
HINDOOSTAN, SIAM, ETC. 
 
 «e 
 
 m 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 K 
 o 
 
 % 
 
• • /• ■ • 
 
 • •/ • • • 
 
 •■ • « • t 
 
 
 94 
 
 .THE MOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Oriental Tambourine. 
 The tambourine is one of the most orient.il of 
 musical instruments, as it appears in several of 
 the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Its light- 
 aess, and the facility with which it is played, 
 render it a favorite with dancers, who enliven 
 their performances by playing on it as they 
 dance. It is not capable of much musical 
 expression, but it is sometimes effective as an 
 accompaniment. 
 
 Street Scene in the Oity of Bombay. 
 
 Evert nation on the face of the globe has a 
 representative population in Bombay. Here 
 are solemn-looking Parsees — hooked-nosed 
 Jews, tawney Chinese, fresh-complexioned Eng- 
 lish — here are Catholic priests, turbaned Mus- 
 selmen, American clergymen, stealthy Arabs, 
 and mercurial Frenchmen, all pa.ssing one 
 another in the street with a matter-of-course 
 air, as if they were in the habit of daily wit- 
 nessing the miscellaneous jumble of humin 
 life. The women, too, have their distinctive 
 characteristics ; the poor daughter of the land, 
 bearing heavy jars of water on her head, and 
 clad only in a long garment, of some coar.je 
 stuff, twisted around her, trudged patiently 
 Uiward, while the wealthy raatrn, loaded with 
 
 nose-jewels, bracelets on arms and ankles, and 
 costly trinliets of gold, swept past, with a noisy 
 jingle accompanying every motion. 
 
 Foreign-looking figures in Oriental costumes 
 lounged about the bazaars, mosques, and cafes, 
 and haughty Turks aiid Persians reclined around 
 their doors, smoking from fragrant chibouks ; 
 while at daybreak and sunset the streets 
 swarmed with Parsees. Tliese fire-worshipers 
 wait with reverent aspect and meditative 
 silence long ere the faintest streak of dawn 
 appears, in order that the first ray of that star 
 
 OKIENTAL EWER AND ISASIN. 
 
 of fire, their divinity, may fall across their 
 brows ; and they assemble once more in the 
 evening to pray until the last glow of the 
 departing sun has died away. 
 
 Ghoolabie, the Nautch-Girl. 
 We dine in a spacious hali, open on one si 'e 
 to a mimic lake, bristling with water-spouts, 
 and fed by a prettily-managed waterfalL wliose 
 stream falls over uiclie.s in which little lamps 
 are gleaming, now briglitly, now dimly, as the 
 watery vail that covers them varies in its vol- 
 ume. On the other side a corridor leads out on 
 
 AN ORISS.i BRAHMIN. 
 
 spread, the orchestra is beginning to tune up, 
 and tlie merry prattle of women's voices tells 
 us that the fair artistes are only awaiting our 
 good pleasiire to commence their performance. 
 Apart from the strange beauty of the scene 
 around, tlie nauk/i itself was a vastly superior 
 performance to any I had yet seen. The 
 orchestra, of pipes and tabors, guitars and 
 drums, occupied the back of the stage ; in front 
 of them sat demurely about a dozen nautch- 
 girls ; and between the ladies and our arm- 
 chairs stretched the white floor-cloth on which 
 they were to dance While on either side was 
 a closely-packed row of turbaned heads, among 
 which vie easily recognize our friend Syf-oolah- 
 Baba ; and torch-bearers and boatmen, mingled 
 with our own servant.'*, are grouped at the back. 
 The musicians remained seated — a great im- 
 provement on the habits of their class down 
 country, who move backward and forward, as 
 the dancers advance and recede, singing louder 
 
 OHOOLABIli, THB NAUTCH-OIW,. 
 
 FAMILY BOAT. 
 
 to a Stone platform of some extent, whence a 
 long vista of lamps and sparkling Jets d'eau 
 stretches away down to the large lake. This 
 path tapers away till the eve loses it in the 
 distance ; the black sliadnws of tlie trees and 
 tangled thickets of the garden close it in on 
 either side, and above, in a sea of fleecy vapor, 
 floats serenely the lady moon. On this plat- 
 form preparations were being made for the 
 naiUch. Already has a white floor-cloth been 
 
 X niHDOO (iUIDE, WITH IIUBBLK-SlBBUt 
 
HINDOOSTAN, SI AM. ETC. 
 
 95 
 
 than the prima c'lonua herself; 
 here, however, they content 
 themselves with playing a low, 
 Boft accompaniment to the girls' 
 voices ; and their venerable 
 beards, finely cut features and 
 picturesque dress formed a pleas- 
 ing background to the picture. 
 
 The ballet commenced at a sigu 
 from the Jemadar, or master of 
 the revels — a little wiry, bright- 
 eyed old man, who seemed to rule 
 the corps tie ballet with a rod of 
 iron. Obedient to his nod, two 
 nautch-girls rose, the orchestra 
 played a wild prelude, and then 
 began a somewhat monotonous 
 pantomime of waving arms and 
 supple forms, in which (a strange 
 contrast to our notions of dan- 
 cing) the feet bore the smallest 
 part. The two danseusea moved 
 slowly and smoothly toward and 
 around and away from each other, 
 never allowing the feet to leave 
 the floor ; accompanying their 
 gestures, which are certainly 
 graceful and expressive, with a 
 low, plaintive chant, that at 
 intervals broke forth into a wild 
 burst of song, whose harshness 
 grated on our ears, but was re- 
 ceived with unequivocal signs of 
 approbation by the native au- 
 dience. Of the two first per- 
 formers, one, Ghoolabie, was a 
 beautiful girl, tall and gtelte, with 
 a complexion fair as that of 
 many of our own countrywomen ; 
 the other showed at a disad- 
 vantage by her side, and appeared 
 to have been selected purposely 
 as a foil by the proud beauty. 
 Their costume, with the excep- 
 tion of their head-dress, a little 
 fez-shaped cap of gold embroi- 
 dery, from beneath which their 
 dark hair fell in long plaits, was 
 hideous ; clothed from chin to 
 foot in a shapeless shroud of 
 stiff brocade and amber-colored 
 Batiu, which effectually concealed 
 any grace of form they might 
 possess, their attire was about as 
 comjjlete a contrast as is well 
 possible to the maillots etjupes de 
 gaze of our figurantes. 
 
 Oriental Ewer and Basin. 
 
 The Oriental ewer and basin is 
 of Oriental manufacture, and of 
 most elegant workmanship. They 
 are sold ia the bazaars of Con»tan- 
 tinople. and some of tham realize 
 very large prices. They are made 
 of various colors, the most beau- 
 tiful tint being a marine blue. 
 o 
 
 An author is known by his 
 writings, a fool by his words, and 
 all men by their companions. 
 
96 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 A Ganges Pamily Boat. 
 
 Thb Ganges is navigated by boats of small 
 size nearly fifteen hundred miles from its 
 moath, and the busy scene its surface exhibits, 
 formed with the great variety of craft and the 
 diversity of the population, is, perhaps, une- 
 qualed by any other river in the world. 
 
 An Orissa Eralunin. 
 
 The Brahmin priests of India embrace the 
 highest caste, and consider themselves a supe- 
 rior race. The undisputed exercise of authority, 
 a Jd the respejt shown to their official character, 
 have renderei them exceedingly arrogant and 
 bigoted. The illustration shows one of these 
 Brahmins oifering his devotion to the sun, 
 which, in India, is an object of worship, Jlany 
 of these men are well educated, and buing fond 
 of disputation, they hold long and able argu- 
 ments with the missionaries, who have endeav- 
 ored to teach them the tru'.hs of Christianity. 
 As a class, they are superetitious, and generally 
 averse to any chamres in their belief and forms 
 of worship, though the influence of European 
 civilization is gradually molding their social 
 and religious system into a modem type. 
 
 A Hindoo Guide. 
 
 An English traveler to Cashmere thus de- 
 scribes his Hindoo guide, Mr. Bajoo : "It was 
 his duty to make all necessary arrnagoments 
 for our transport and general welfare. He 
 acted to the expedition in the capacity of a 
 quartermaster-general, adjutant-general, com- 
 missary-general and paymaster to the forces, 
 etc. With the highest admiration foi England 
 and a reppect for the Englishmen, which ex- 
 tended t& the very lining of their pockets. Mr. 
 Rajoo posse.^sed, together with many of the 
 fikults of bis race, a ceitai& humor, and an 
 
 amount of energy most unusual among the 
 family of the mild Hindoo. He had, moreover, 
 traveled much with various masters, in what 
 are, in his own country, deemed ' far lands ' ; 
 and having been wounded before Delhi, he had 
 become, among the rest of his people, an au- 
 thority, and to the Englishmen in India an 
 invaluable medium for their coercion and gene- 
 ral management. 
 
 " To us he proved a most efficient incumbent 
 of the several offices we selected him to iill. 
 His administration, no doubt, did display an 
 occasional weakness ; and his conduct as pay- 
 master to the forces was decidedly open to 
 animadversion ; for, in this capacity, he seemed 
 to be un 'er the impression that payments, like 
 charity, began at home, and he also labored 
 under a constitutional and hereditary infirmity, 
 whicli prevented him, in small matters, from 
 disceining any difference between meum and 
 tuum. 
 
 "Having been employed collectively, how- 
 ever, it would be imfair to judge of his per- 
 formances in detail ; and from his satisfactory 
 management of the expedition, occasionally 
 under such trying circumstances as a break- 
 down in the land transport, or an utter failure 
 in his tobacco supply, we had every reason to 
 be satisfied with our choice. The latter misfor- 
 tune was the only one which really interfered 
 at any time with his efficiency, or upset his 
 equanimity, and it unfortunately occurred 
 always at the most inopportune seasons, and 
 at a time when he was undergoing his greatest 
 hardships, 
 
 ' 'As long as the supply lasted, the mysterious 
 gurglings of his 'Hubble Bubble,' or cocoanut 
 water-pipe, might be heard at almost any hour 
 of the day or night. ' Hubble bubble, toil and 
 trouble,' was the natural order of his existence ; 
 and when in some peculiarly uncivilized region 
 of our wanlerings, the compound of dirt, 
 sugar and tobacco, in which his soul delighted, 
 was not forthcoming, he and his pipe seemed 
 
 at once to lose their vitality, and to becoma 
 useless together. The temporary separatioa 
 which ensued, being in its way a mensa el ihoro, 
 was a source of trouble and inconvenience to 
 all concerned, and we had, more than once, 
 cause to regret not having given the tobacco 
 question that forethought and consideration to 
 which it would be well entitled by any one 
 undertaking a similar expedition. 
 
 "Overlooking these weaknesses, Mr. Kajoo'a 
 character, was beyond reproach, and for the 
 particular work he had to perform, bis combi- 
 nation of efficiency, portability, and rascality, 
 rendered him in every respect, ' the right man 
 iu the right place.' " 
 
 A School in Hindoostan. 
 
 A Mohammedan school in Hindoostan is not 
 fitted up like one of our New York Grammar 
 Schools — they used to be poor schools once, but 
 have grown out of that. The furniture, to tell 
 the truth, is not elaborate, nor the material 
 accompaniments very extensive. Teacher and 
 pupils squat on tlie stone floor, and the class- 
 books are not sufficiently numerous to cause 
 contention. They, in fact, restrict their teach- 
 ing to the one book, the Koran, deeming that 
 he who knows the Koran, knows all wisdom 
 and science. Holding a coppy in his hand, the 
 teacher will chant a sentence, which they chant 
 after him, or if it is one that his little naked 
 pupils liave written on their palm leaves, they 
 recite it from these books of their own manu- 
 facture, narrow slrips of the talipat palm strung 
 together on a cord passing through a hole in 
 the top of each, and protected above and below 
 by thin board-covers moving on the cord, as 
 some ivory tablets for ladies do among us. The 
 din of theso schools is, of course, de.ifenlng, 
 and the education of the most rudimentary 
 character. Entrlish influence seems to h^ve 
 effected little in elevating the eJucatiuoal 
 standard. 
 
 ELKPHANT OP THB KINO OK SliM. 
 
CHINA, TARTARY, ETC. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 T^EATiiE AT Macao — Holiday Scene — Chinese Pavilion— Balancing Accounts — Chow Chow — Tossing Sticks — Beeakfajt — Theatee at 
 Canton— GIRLS— Lady's Foot— Sukoeon's Hand— Tono-Chu Kiuno— Peaying foe Luck— Chinese TEADER-SALrTATioNS— ladies' Feet 
 —Men's Feet and Shoes— Rat Meechant— Wintee Ckadle— Tea Plant— DiNNEii at Mandaein's— Rowing-boat— Rain Jacket— Pagoda 
 —Pavilion— Tea Seevice— SvMiiEn Palace— Paeis and China— Chinese House— Concluding EEMAEiiS. 
 
 HINA, with the exception of the 
 United States and Russia, is the 
 most extensive empire on the glohe, 
 and the most populous of any — its 
 inhabitants numbering somewhere 
 Tibout four hundred millions. It constitutes 
 the chief portion of Eisteru Asia, being sit- 
 anted on the borders of the Pacllic, and extends 
 from about '20^ to 41° N. latitude, and from 
 98° to 124° E. longitude. Its greatest length 
 is about sixteen hundred miles, and its breadth 
 Varies from nine hundred to fourteen hundred 
 miles. Its area is about one million three hun- 
 dred thousand square miles. It is bounded 
 North and North-west by Tartary, and South 
 i^id Soutli-west by Cochin China, Siam, Bur- 
 mah, and Thibet. The Pacific Ocean is on the 
 East. 
 
 The Chinese entertain extravagant notions 
 concerning the antiquity of their country, but 
 all bafore the time of the Emperor Woo- Wong, 
 about 1100 B.C., is little better tlian fable. ITie 
 race of Chow governed for about eight hundred 
 years from tha time of Woo- Wong, when it 
 was succeeded by the race of Tsin, by whom 
 the Great Wall was constructed. Then suc- 
 eeeied the race of Hfin, who commencsd to 
 rule about two hundred years b.o. , to two hun- 
 dred years a.d. ; then succeeded another race 
 for about two hundred yeare. At the close of 
 this epoch China was divided into two king- 
 doms, of which the capitals were Nankin 
 and Honan. The two sections were re -united 
 AD. 58-5, and remained under the Tang dynasty. 
 About 897 a.d. the Tartars invaded China on 
 the North. The Soong dynasty reigned from 
 3oO to 1230, when it was extinguished by the 
 Mongols, Mongol power lasted eighty years, 
 whsn it was followed by the Ming dynasty of 
 the Chinese. The Manchows (formed by a union 
 of the Tartars with the expelled Mongols), 
 extinguished the Ming dynasty in 1044. and 
 since then China has been governed by the 
 Manchow dynasty of Ta-tsing. 
 
 Whatever may be the actual antiquity of the 
 Chinese people, no doubt seems now to exist of 
 their having been the authors of what are 
 justly considered in Europe as three of the 
 most important inventions, or discoveries, of 
 modem time, viz. : the art of block printing, 
 
 the composition of gunpowder, and the mag- 
 netic compass. They also were the iirst manu- 
 facturers of silk and porcelain. They have, 
 however, made but little progress in the Fine 
 .\rts, for although their colors in painting are 
 beautiful, their perspective is so erroneous as to 
 be ludicrous. In music, their instruments are 
 tuned in unison, and they have little idea of 
 accompaniment. Their instruments are numer- 
 ous, consisting of different species of lutes and 
 guitars ; flutes and other wind-instruments ; 
 they have also an harmonicou of wires, touched 
 with two slender slips of bamboo — bells, and 
 pieces of sonorous metals, and drums, besides a 
 sort of clarionet, which emits nearly the sound 
 of the Scotch bagpipes. 
 
 Numerous rivers drain and water China, but 
 the greater numlicr flow into the Hoang-ho .ind 
 Yang-tse-kiang, two of the largest rivers of 
 the globe. Among the streams which do not 
 belong to the systems of those two great rivers 
 are the Pei-ho and tlie Ta-si-Kiang. The Pei-ho, 
 or White River, rises in the mountains , North- 
 west of Pekin, and flows into the Sea eastward 
 of that city. It is navigated by more vessels 
 and boats, perhaps, than any other river in the 
 world. 
 
 China is a cold country in comparison with 
 others in the same latitude. In the southern 
 provinces, near Macao and Canton, the months 
 from November to February are intensely dry 
 and cold ; March and April bring fogs and a 
 milder temperature ; in May the rains are ex- 
 cessive ; from July to September the weather 
 is intensely hot, and accompanied by hurricanes 
 called typhoons, which are much dreaded for 
 their violence and devastating effects. In Octo- 
 ber there is a gradual autumnal preparation for 
 Winter. 
 
 The animals as well as the vegetables of 
 China belong principally to the temperate zone. 
 In a country so densely populated, of course, 
 there are few ferocious beasts ; and, conse- 
 quently, tigers, lions, panthers, and the wild 
 beasts so common to India are unknown. 
 Deer, antelopes, sheep, cows, buffaloes, drome- 
 daries, horses, asses, mules, and swine are met 
 with in the different provinces of the empire. 
 
 Tlie great plant in Chinese botany is the tea 
 plant, the trade in whic'a forms one of the 
 
 chief sources of the wealth of this remarkable 
 people. Almost every description of fruit ia 
 abundant, owing to its varied range of climate, 
 the natural result of its immense extent. 
 
 The Government of China is, in principle, 
 an absolute despotism, and the succession de- 
 pends on the will and nomination of the reign- 
 ing emperor. The authority of a father over 
 his family is the exemplar or type of political 
 rule in this country, It is the object of the 
 first of the "Four Looks" cf Ccnfucius to 
 inculcate, that from the knowledge and govern- 
 ment of oneself must proceed the proper econ- 
 omy and government of a family ; and from 
 the government of a family, that of a province 
 and of a kingdom. The emperor is Iiead of 
 the State religion ; and, as high-priest of the 
 empire, can alone, with his immediate repre- 
 sentatives, sacrifice in the government temples. 
 No hierarchy is maintained at the public ex- 
 pense, nor any priesthood attached to the Con- 
 fucian or State religion, as the sovereign and 
 his great officers perform that p.art. 
 
 With respect to the machinery of civil gov- 
 ernment, the emperor's principal ministers foim 
 the "interior council-chamber "; r.nd the chief 
 councilors are four in number, two Tartars and 
 two Chinese, the former always taking prece- 
 dence. Below these are a number of assessors, 
 who form the chief council of state. The dutiee 
 of government are conducteJ by six boards or 
 tribunals ; and besides these there is a 1 oard 
 of inspectors or spies. Each province is ruled 
 by a governor, a criminal judge and a treasurer. 
 The cities are governed by magistrates. The 
 various degrees of official rank ore partly indi- 
 cated by the dress. 
 
 The whole number of military throughout 
 the empire, including the militia of each dis- 
 trict, has been estimated at 700,000, of which 
 the largest portion are fixed to their native 
 districts, and cultivate the land, or follow some 
 other pursuit. The superior or Tartar troops 
 are about 80,000. Tlie principal arms of the 
 cavalry are bows and arrows, the bow being of 
 elastic wood and horn combined, with a string 
 of silk. Their swords are generally ill-made, 
 and their matchlocks are considered by them 
 as inferior weapons to the bow and arrow. 
 Some are provided with shields, composed of 
 
98 
 
 THE ^VORLD'S GREAT NATlONa 
 
 A CHINESE HOUSE. 
 
 ralans turned spirally round a centre. The 
 residence of the emperor and his court for 
 some hundred years p:ist has been removed 
 from Nankin to Pekin. 
 
 The code of laws by which China is governed 
 is spoke;i of highly by those Europeans who 
 have studied it, such as Staunton, Ellis, and 
 Davis. Mr. Ellis states that, in comparison 
 with other Asiatic countries, the laws of China 
 are more generally known, and more equally 
 administered ; those examples of oppression, 
 accompanied with infliction of barbarous pun- 
 ishment, which offend the eye and distiess the 
 feelings of the most hurried traveler in other 
 Asiatic countries, are scarcely to be met with in 
 China ; the proportion which the middling 
 orders bear to the other classes of the commu- 
 nity appears to be considerable ; and an im- 
 pression is produced hig'.ily favorable to the 
 comparative situation to the lower orders. It 
 is a popular maxim with the Chinese, that to 
 violate the law is the same crime in the emperor 
 as in a subject. The moral character of the 
 people is a good deal dependent on the laws by 
 which their daily conduct is molded. While, 
 on the one hand, they exhibit mildness, docility, 
 industry, and respect for the aged, they are, on 
 the other hand, insincere, distrustful, and 
 iealous. 
 
 The revenues of China are derived principally 
 from the laud-tax and the monopoly of salt, to 
 which are to be added somethin'.^ for customs 
 and transit duties. The treasurer of e.ich pro- 
 vince deducts the expenses of that province from 
 the receipts, and transmits the balance to Pekin. 
 The total revenue has been estiraited at 
 $300,000,000, and the surplus revenue, trans- 
 mitted to Pekin, at $00,000,000. 
 
 China is politically divided into provinces, of 
 which seven extend entirely or partly over ths 
 great plain : two comprehend the hilly districts, 
 two others the mountainous country along the 
 sea, and the others the mountainous country in 
 the interior. 
 
 In their physical characteristics, the Chi.iese 
 have been recognized as superior to many other 
 Asiatics. Though the Chinese are allied to the 
 Mongols in the general cast of their features, 
 the harsher points of the latter are softened 
 
 down considerably m the Chinese. The lips are 
 thick, anJ tlio nose is flattened and nostrils 
 expanded, lut less so than in the African ; the 
 hair is Link, black, and shinin r, and the eyes 
 an I eyebrows are turned upward at the outer 
 extremities. The beard is thin and tufty. The 
 hands and feet, and the bones of the body gen- 
 erally, are small compared with Europeans. 
 Among those who are not exposed to the cli- 
 mate the complexion is fully as fair as that of 
 the Portuguese ; but the sun has a powerful 
 
 effect on their skins. Up to the age of twenty, 
 or a little more, they are often very good-look- 
 ing ; but soon after that time the prominent 
 cheek-bones give a harshness to the features as 
 the roundness of youth wears off. With the 
 proj;ress of age the old men, in most cases, 
 become very ugly, and the old women, if pos- 
 sible, still mor*^ -,o. 
 
 The antiquity of Chinese literature is propor- 
 tionate to tliat of their language, and has been, 
 cf course, greatly promoted and increa.5ed by 
 the invention of the art of block-printing, 
 which tliey have now possessed for nine hun- 
 dred ye^.rs. Specimens of this literature in 
 various departments have been afforded to 
 Europe by the Libors of Staunton, Davis, Mor- 
 rison, Klaproth, and Remusat, who followed up 
 (he earlier investigations of the Jesuits at Pekin, 
 and have enabled us to form a judgment regard- 
 ing the merits of compositions which for a long 
 period were considered inaccessible, from the 
 diflxuliies of the language in which they wera 
 written. Tliis language is very remarkable. 
 While the letters of our alpbabst are mere 
 symbols of sounds, the Chinese characters or 
 written words are symbols of ideas, and alike 
 intelligible to the people of Cochin-China, 
 Japan, Loo-choo, and Corea, with those of China 
 itself. The uniformity, liowever, in the written 
 character, does not prevent the existence of 
 great diversities in the oral languages of the 
 neighboring countries and China, and even of 
 the separate provinces of the latter country. 
 These diversities are precisely analogous to the 
 different pronunciation given to the same nu- 
 meral characters in the various countries ot 
 
 4 OHINESB PATIUON. 
 
CHINA, TABTARY, ETC. 
 
 99 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 EC 
 
 C 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
JOO 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Bnrope. The Chinese from different provinces 
 could read from the same paper, but they might 
 not understand each other's pronuucintion of 
 the symbols used. The roots or original char- 
 acters of the Chinese are only two hundred 
 and fourteen in number, and might, indeed, be 
 reduced to a much smaller amount by a little 
 dissection and analysis. They are combined 
 with each other to form other words, or express 
 other ideas, very much in the same way that 
 the individual Arabic numerals are combined 
 to express the infinite varieties of numbers. 
 &3 the two hundred and fourteen roots, or radi- 
 
 Mnch consideration is attached by the Chinese 
 to the graphic beautj' of their written charac- 
 ters. The two most usual forms of their 
 character are the printed and the written, be- 
 sides which, there are the seal, or eugi-aved 
 form, and one or two others. The printed 
 form (analogous to our Roman type) lays claim 
 only to clearness and accuracy ; but the writ- 
 ten combines correctness with elegance. 
 
 >-<•<-< 
 
 ^ Oliinese House. 
 After visiting a few families in the imme- 
 diate vicinity of our own residence, we directed 
 
 the litter were two tablets, one of -which was 
 covered with the character for "longevity," 
 written in a hundred different modes; and 
 the other with the character for " happi- 
 uess," written also with several different modes. 
 Both scrolls had a highly oruameute;! paper 
 as a groundwork, and were sent as presents 
 from Pekiu by his son. On the table were 
 lying the cards of the city mandarins, sent out 
 of compliment to his rank, and containing the 
 usual good wishes of the season. Close to these 
 was the New Year's State Almanac, just received 
 from the capital. He took me into au ante 
 
 cal characters, whose combinations -with each 
 other form the whole language, singly express' 
 or represent the principal objects or ideas 
 that men have occasion to communicate in 
 the infancy of their knowledge, they comprise 
 within their number the heads of genera and 
 classes in nature, and thus afford the elements 
 and means of a philosophical system of arrange- 
 ment. Great facilities are thus afforded for 
 forming compound symbols. From the nature 
 of the language, the grammar is extremely 
 Jimited ; there are no inflections of words, and 
 the relations of words to each other in a sen- 
 tence can only be marked by their position. 
 
 A CHINESE HOLIDAY SCENE. 
 
 our steps to the house of the old merchant, 
 commonly addressed by the honorable title of 
 Ta-laou-yay. His house, of better exterior 
 and larger size than the generality, enjoyed 
 also the rare distinction of two lofty poles of 
 honor, commonly called joss-poles, and usually 
 placed in front of houses of mandarins and 
 temples of the first order. These were badges 
 of honor ceded to the old man on account of 
 the successful literary career of his son, then 
 absent at Pekin. The room into which we 
 were conducted was hung round with pictorial 
 representations of landscapes and fairy scenes, 
 and dcUcate specimens of calligraphy. Among 
 
 room to view his son's library, consisting o: 
 about two thousand thin volumes, an<l occupy- 
 ing a bookshelf of moderate size. Returning 
 into the larger room, we noticed a table at the 
 upper end, usually .assigned to the familj- idols 
 and the ancestral tablet, and bade me observe 
 that there were no idols. Two candle-stands 
 and a few incense-sticks remained on this altar- 
 table, with a cusliiou placed before it. 
 
 When a man attains power, he has all the 
 virtues of an epitaph : let him fall into misfor- 
 tune, he has more vices than the prodigal son. 
 
CHINA. fARTARY, ETC. 
 
 IM 
 
 Interior of a Theatre at Macao, China, 
 Otjr readers who are accustomed to the scenic 
 excellences cf the New York Theatres, more 
 especially those of Booth's, Wallack's and 
 Niblo's, will be, doubtless, amused by compar- 
 ing them with a nation which boasts a stereo- 
 typed civiliz-.tio'.i of four tliousand years, and 
 it will bo interesting to tliem to learn how the 
 Celestials man -.gj their entertainments. 
 
 A Chinese theatrical entertainment is, we 
 believe, rather disrespectfully, termed "sing- 
 song" — why, we are at a loss to imagine, unless 
 it be that the words are intoned or sinig, as in 
 
 cast or great "stars" engaged. Into the 
 quality of the acting or singing, however, Herr 
 Hildebrandt gives us no insight ; and, probably, 
 if we had witnessed the performance, we should 
 only be in the position of a French frienl of 
 ours, who, though he rather pridel himself 
 upon not understanding a word of English, 
 insisted upon accompanying us to see and hear 
 "Brother Sam," and whose visage — we mean 
 that of our French friend — was the "picture of 
 melancholy" during the whole evening. The 
 actmg or singing can hardly be bad ; for, judg- 
 ing by the "queue" outside and the crowd 
 
 appears that a sort of fire-engine, or hydropult, 
 forms part of the properties of a Chinese thea- 
 tre, and this machine supernumeraries bring to 
 play vigorously on the laggards, the result 
 generally being to effectusUly damp their enthu- 
 siasm and drive them out But should this 
 fail, resort is had to stronger measures— water 
 is exchanged for fire. Fusees, hand-grenadea, 
 or some such projectiles — in reality, we sup- 
 pose, a virulent sort of the pretty Chinese toy 
 fireworks — are discharged at or among refrac- 
 tory lingerers, who, we have little doubt, nisb 
 out from this final assault. 
 
 IMKUIOR OF A llii.^IR'i AT MACAO, CHINA, DURING A PERFORMANCE. 
 
 a Fiench vaudevilL^, or at the opera. But here 
 ail resemblance ends between the Celestial the- 
 atricals at Mac\o an 1 the gayety, and egacerie of 
 the Parisian vaudevilles. 
 
 Jlessrs. JoJiu Chinaman & Co., the proprietors 
 rnd managers, have certainly been at no great 
 expense in the construction and decoration of 
 "the house"; or, if it be owned and conducted 
 by a company, it is one formed on the strictly 
 "limited liability" principle. It seems to be 
 nothing more than a vast bjrnlike structure cf 
 bamboos, thatched with straw and f.iced with 
 calico or skins. Perhipj the funds are all 
 swallowed up ia th3 piymcnt of the strong 
 
 inside, it draws good houses. But whatever its 
 relative merits, there is one arrangement from 
 which even the m iniger of the perennial Bar- 
 ni:m'3 might take a hint. His Chinese brother 
 keep.5 open all day long ; the single perform- 
 ances of two hours' duration, immedi:itely suc- 
 ceeding one another ! Hence, however, some- 
 times arises a little difficulty ; the Macacese 
 (is that the proper adjective ?) are so passion- 
 ately fond of the drama or sing-song, that they 
 will not retire on tlie conclusion of the perform- 
 ance for which they have paid. Yet to this 
 emergency the manager is quite equal: and here 
 is another valuable bint tj J'r. Eamum. It 
 
 A Chinese Holiday Scene. 
 
 The Chinese are a laborious, economical peo- 
 ple, their dense population requiring great toil 
 to enable the earth to produce enough to support 
 its teeming millions. They are not, however, 
 sad or dejected, if they do work hard. They 
 arc fon 1 of amusements, and this holiday scene 
 shows their manner of enjoyment. Theatrical 
 amusements are much in vogae, but would fail 
 to interest a more civilized audience. The 
 drama is always a war of tyrants and demigods. 
 A Chinese dramatic company, which came to 
 the United States in hopes of giving profitable 
 
loa 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 tepresentations, failed utterly to interest the 
 public, and the unfortunate members were left 
 destitute. 
 
 The illustration shows a group enjoying a 
 puppet-show, in which the potty figures are 
 going through a terrible hand-to-hand combat^ 
 the exhibitor pulling tha strings without the 
 least pretense of disguise, anl supplying the 
 necessary dialogue, while the orchestra, a single 
 |)eiformer, is playin-; on a long I'amboo flute, 
 
 p.nd at the same time usinj both feet to elicit 
 from imique-looking drums what the Celestials 
 are pleased to consider music. 
 
 A OMnese .Pavil'on. 
 
 A TRAVELED ii Ja\a, on reaching one of the 
 
 towns, expres833 hi.i gratificition on enterin:; 
 
 the Chinese porLiph. Tlie lioii.?es of the wealthy 
 
 merchants ware all that could be achievel, of 
 
 light and graceful architecture, cool, and 8aite<i 
 to the climit: ; decorate!, too profusely, per- 
 liap', but with tiste and judginent. 
 
 Tlie arrangs r.c.it of a Chinese house, though 
 s'mplc. is ailmiralilc— tlie furniture light and 
 becominj;. All tend to give an idea of comfort. 
 I here is no heivy furniture, dense curtains, 
 dust-collecting carpjt. , In . many respects W8 
 might learn from the Chinese, and especially 
 in v.lla; or resorts for the Summer. Thrrt 
 
 BALANCING ACCOUNTS IN THE OFFirE OF A 0niNE97, MEIlCAMILb HOUSE. 
 
 A OIlINraE FAR»l-!10riSK 
 
CHINA, TARTARY. ETC. 
 
 103 
 
 indeed, many cf our appliances «.^^ vrhoHy out 
 of place. But tashion rules, and it would be 
 In vain to struggle azainst it. In decoration, 
 especially in japaneJ and lacquered work, the 
 Chinese have reached a point not attained by 
 our workmen, and apparently their processes 
 are effected by the simplest means. The gro.' 
 tegque figures of their mythology, especially 
 the serpent, enter into their decorations too 
 largely for our taste ; and their drawing is 
 peculiar, and not in accordance with the reality 
 cf DAture or the ideal of art. Whether this 
 *an be changed i ) problematical . But take a 
 Chinese house as it is, it is admirably suited for 
 the climate and land where it is seen. 
 
 Balancing Account.? in a Chinese 
 Mercantile House, 
 
 Thb Chinese understand the principles and 
 practices of l)u;iness quite as well r.s the men 
 of other nations. They are shrewd and :lose- 
 calculating in their dealings, and it ij no easy 
 matter to overreach them. Some of them are 
 very slippery ia making bargains, and it take.? 
 a long time to bring them to terms ; but when 
 they have once made ai p.greonient, they are 
 pretty certain to adhere to it without wavering, 
 even though a chmga in tha markets would 
 enable them to make money by breaking it. 
 
 'J'he Chinese merchants hav3 a mode of book- 
 keeping and casting up account.?, peculiar to 
 
 themselves, and quite incomprehensible to an 
 outsider. Their account-books are not heavily 
 bound, like ours, but are thin, and not firmly 
 stitched ; the leaves are of light papor, which 
 would bo quite unfit to receive writing from 
 American pens and ink. Instead cf pens, 
 the accountants usg ^mall brushes, which they 
 use vrith great dexterity. All Chinese writing 
 is done with these little brushes, and a page 
 can be covered with Chinese characters in a 
 very tihort time. The writing is done vertic- 
 ally, instead f f horizontally, and the reading 
 of the lines is from right to loft. What would 
 be to us the end of a book i> the beginning to 
 a Chincje, and when he is learning English it 
 is no easy mitter for him to get over this busi- 
 ness of reversal. In counting, the Chinese use 
 the Tartar aJncus, which was invented more 
 than three thousand years ago, and is in use, 
 nat only throughout China, but from one end 
 to the other of the Russian empire. It consist i 
 of a box containing a series of buttons strung 
 on parallel wires placed horizontally. It 
 requires a great deal of practice to be expert 
 in using it ; but when one becomes skillful in 
 its manipulation, he can add columns of figures 
 very rapidly, and with little liability to mis- 
 tvkcs. Russian accountants use it, and so do 
 many Anicricat.s and others living in Russia. 
 An enterprising Yanlcee has patente I an '■ add- 
 ing machine," which is based on the principle 
 of the very ancient and honoiable abacus. 
 
 A Chinese Ohow-OLow Supper. 
 
 The Rev. George Smith, an English mission- 
 ary, thus describes a Chow-Chow, or Chinese 
 Supper. Our readers will not fail to suspect 
 that our Clam Chowder feasts may have takei 
 their origin from the Chines* Chow-Chow, • 
 tei-m neaidy f jur thousand years old : 
 
 ' ' We had a fine opportunity a day or two 
 ago of witnessing one of th(» rorvrivial reunicae 
 which form the pleasantesi ot rihinese relaxa- 
 tions. After being eatertamea for some time 
 by the monotonous musical sounds in which 
 the Chinese delight, the party adjourned to the 
 supper-table, where spoons and chop-sticks were 
 in great demand. Immense politeness was 
 shown to the ladies. Tea formed the chief 
 beverage, served up in small China bowls or 
 cups; but their native wine was also on the 
 table. AH the viands were cut into small 
 square pieces, and put into a dish of rich soup 
 or gravy, and v.rious descriptiuns of dried 
 spices, preserved fruits, and sweetmeats were 
 tastefully arranged in carved baskets to tempt 
 the appetite. Sam-shoo, a spirituous liquoi 
 extracted from rice, was liber lly partaken of, 
 both hot and cold. There was also a great 
 variety of ripe fruit — pineapples, pomegranates, 
 sweet melons, oranges and last, though not 
 least, the delicious mango, no one that has not 
 tasted it can form the least I lea. 
 
 "There was a good deal of mirth among the 
 
 A CHUiESE IHEATKE IN CANTOS. 
 
104 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 A CHIjrESE TRADER AT THE AUAR OP JOSS, TOSSING STICKS FOE LUCK. 
 
 A CHINESE JIEBCHAST PRATING FOR SUCCESS. 
 
 little party seated around the circular table, and 
 to 'our foreign eyes they presented a singular 
 appearance ; the men with tlieir yellow, cadaver- 
 ous faces, and long Lraided tails of coarse 
 bl-ick hair, and the women with their locks 
 drawn ti^jhtly away from the forehead, heavy 
 jewels dangling in their ears, and loose, em- 
 broidered jackets decorating the uppi-r part of 
 their figures. Delicate gameand pastry were then 
 
 sewed up, and our spirits rose at a rapid ratj. 
 At tlie nex: course, brought in on colored por- 
 celain, appeare.I the o-lebrated bird's-nest soup, 
 made from the gelatinous lining of the swal- 
 low's nest. It is not uuiikeunflivured calf's-foot 
 jelly, ufitil the various sauces and condiments 
 ge;ierally use! are added. We concluded that 
 this new compjund was not so bad, after all, 
 and were just beginning to enjoy its flavor, 
 
 when aaothir dish made its appearance, wMc&, 
 'dij ' f:r the rect of the dinner, as far as w8 
 were concerned. It was a plate of worms- not 
 exactly earth-worms, but the small grubs which 
 are f jund at the foot of the sugar-cane. They 
 r.re carefully sought after, and considered a. 
 delicious morsel by the Chinese epicure. Ima- 
 gine our fe:l;ngs when pressed to partake of 
 this unaccustomed viand I" 
 
 ■ .iR'^'Mm -TTT^t 
 
 A CHIHBSE BREAKTAST — EUROPEAN VISII0B8. 
 
CHINA, TAETARY, ETC. 
 
 105 
 
 A Chinese Theat.e in Oanton. 
 
 The dramn, as might be expected, consti- 
 tutes a popular form of Chinese literature, 
 though it labors under great imperfections, and 
 is not exclusively given in public theatres, as 
 in this country. Its professors are generally 
 invited to private houses and paid for each 
 performance. It is reckoned that several hun- 
 dred companies find employment in Pekin and 
 along the rivers and canals, manj' strolling 
 companies living in barges. A troupe usually 
 consists of eight or ten persons, generally 
 slaTCS of the manager, and who. therefore, oc- 
 cupy a very low place in public estimation. 
 Scenery and stage effect, which, indeed, the 
 places of performance would render very diffi- 
 cult, are never attemj^ted. A theatre can, at 
 any time, be erected in two hours, being little 
 more than a platform of boards, elevated seven 
 or eight feet from the ground on posts of bam- 
 boo. Three sides are huug with curtains of 
 cotton cloth, while the front is open to the 
 audience. Occasionally a more substantial and 
 permanent structure is occupied for the pur- 
 pose. Under these humiliating circumstances, 
 there do not seem to have arisen any great 
 names which the Chinese people can refer to 
 with any pride, as national dramatists. 
 
 The illustration which we give, accompany- 
 ing, is one of the middle sort of movable thea- 
 tres, at Canton, the evolutions of the perform- 
 ers having the advantage of being seen from 
 both land and water, and the gaping coun- 
 tenances of the Chinamen at once furnishing 
 an index of the average intellectuality of the 
 entertainment and those who patronize it. 
 
 Chinese Breakfast— European Visitors. 
 In our travels we met an old gentleman 
 named Luh, who had been connected with the 
 English in the late war, and was only saved by 
 
 HAND OF Jl CHINESE BARBER-SrRGKON. 
 
 Iheir interference from losing his head in con- 
 sequence. He seemed very well acquainted 
 with my companion, and insisted upon our 
 Stopping i^ breakfast at his house. We 
 
 
 1^1. 
 
 il;: 
 
 ^==- 
 
 1 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 l! 
 
 '■ 
 
 
 CHINESE GIBI.S. 
 
 pleaded the necessity of going on to Ningpo, 
 lest we should lose the tide. He insisted, how- 
 ever, upon our stopping, and sent his servant 
 to tell our boatmen to jjroceed to Niugpo with- 
 out us, jjromisiug to procure seda-as for us, 
 and assuring us that we should find them a 
 more comfortable mode of conveyance, llr. 
 B., however, directed his servant to take the 
 boat by a canal to the main branch of the 
 river, and await us there, at a jilace about four 
 miles from Tsz-k'hi, not wishing to trespass too 
 far upon Mr. Luh's generous hospitality. 
 
 The breakfast consisted of stewed duck, fish. 
 biche de mer, and soup, with balls of hashed 
 pork, in addition to a bowl of rice and a cup of 
 wine for each one. The wine was a mild ar- 
 rack, fermented from rice, and was drunk 
 warm, our cups being replenished from time to 
 time by the servants. I found it rather difficult 
 to manage the chopsticks, and was still more 
 
 embarrassed by the politeness of Mr. Luh, who, 
 seeing my unsuccessful attempt to convey th» 
 food to my mouth, insisted upon helping me 
 with his own chopsticks. After breakfast tea 
 
 ANATOMICIL TIRllVIvn OF A CHIVKSE LADT's FOOTS 
 
106 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■widows, and a dispensary for the cure of oph- 
 thalmic diseases. We saur some gardens con- 
 taining that kind of artificial grotto work, 
 miniature lakes, fairy bridge*, and dwarfed 
 trees, such as are described in works on China. 
 At last we took leave of our host, and getting 
 into our sedans, passed at a rapid pace out of 
 the city. We paused a moment to look back 
 as we crossed the high stone bridge of a single 
 arch which spans the river to the east of the 
 city. Ee-entering our sedans, we arrived at 
 our boat, which had crossed the sluice and was 
 waiting for us in the river below. Our chair- 
 bearers refused to take any pay, saying that 
 Mr. Luh had arranged it all, and it was only 
 after some pressing that we prevailed upon 
 them to take even a small douceur by way of 
 " wine money." 
 
 A Chinese Merchant Praying for Saccess in 
 Trade. 
 
 The Chinese are not without many of the 
 characteristics of the Gael. They are indus- 
 trious, intelligent, secretive, saving and grasp- 
 ing. There are those who will dispute this last 
 assertion, but close observers of the Mongolian, 
 as he is seen in his various social grades in San 
 Francisco, arc convinced that he is as ambitious 
 us lie is cunning and persistent. 
 
 They may never be powerful enough physic- 
 ally, these Chinese, to wrest the western shore 
 of our continent from the XTnited States ; but, 
 numerically, thej' will so overcome the whites 
 that, to all practical intents and purposes, they 
 can, unquestioned, transplant and enforce the 
 laws, the customs and the religious ideas of 
 the vast em])ire from which Ihcy will pour 
 like a resistless torrent. 
 
 Unlike the Indians, the Chinese are a recu- 
 perative race. They multiply rapidly. They 
 are not effete ; and they are far from being 
 superstitious to the degree many suppose. 
 Eeligion with them is moral, philosophical, 
 ceremonial and theatrical. It satisfies their 
 intelligence. The teachings of Confucius are 
 the embodiments of Chinese thought, and it is 
 because of this they are so generally accepted. 
 Christianity, therefore, will never supplant 
 (he doctrines of Chinese philosojjhers, for the 
 reason that, while the former is of the heart, 
 the latter are of the head. The Mongolian has 
 
 TONG-CHU-KICNG, A NATIVE CATECHIST. 
 
 Vraa 'brought, and also a basin of hot water 
 with a single napkin, which was wrung out 
 and handed to each one of us in succession. 
 
 HINDOO THKESHINU. 
 
 Although in many things the Chinese differ, 
 very widely from us, yet .t is impossible to re- 
 fuse to acknowledge that politeness and cotir- 
 tesy are very widely diffused 
 among almost all classes, 
 and a stranger is treated 
 nowhere with more courtesy 
 than among these strange 
 people. Mr. Luh took us to 
 see various objects of in- 
 terest in the city, among 
 which were the halls of a 
 charitable institution for the 
 furnishing coffins for the 
 poor, where was also the 
 agency of another society 
 for the support of poor 
 
 CHINESE MAN OATHKRINO TEA. 
 
CHINA, TARTAKY, ETC. 
 
 lOT 
 
 neither ''heart" nor sentiment, and conse- 
 quently only worships — if worship it can be 
 called — the things which contribute to his 
 physical well-being. He " believes" — it is his 
 leading superstition — 
 in " luok," and very 
 much of his ' ' religion" 
 is confined to "ob- 
 servances" that may 
 bring him "famoai.d 
 fortune." But even in 
 seeking these he is 
 careful to put himself 
 to little trouble. As 
 seen in our picture, 
 he pastes his prayers 
 against the walls of 
 his temple, or up in 
 his counting - room ; 
 and then, thinking 
 that "he has done his 
 duty," goes cheerfullj' 
 to his work, as a good 
 Buddhist should, 
 wholly persuaded that 
 the "good time" is 
 surely coming for his 
 race in Ihis new world, 
 which he trusts will 
 *>e as Asiatic as it is 
 aow European. 
 
 A Obinese Tradar. 
 
 Ir would require a 
 great deal of space to 
 tell all about the Chi- 
 nese creed — what the 
 
 people believe and what they do not. There 
 are temples to Confucius and temples to Bud- 
 dha ; there are various independent sects, just 
 as in all other countries in the world. Even 
 after an explanation, many people can get no 
 very clear notion of whiit the Chinese faith 
 is, and a good many of the Celestials are not 
 exactly certain about it. Confucius is regarded 
 Tery much as the Western nations regard Christ, 
 and Buddha is looked upon in nearly the same 
 light. The story of Buddha is not unlike that 
 of Christ, and the similarity is so great that 
 there are many persons who believe that one 
 of them was borrowed from the other. Buddha 
 
 is reputed to have been bom of a virgin, and 
 to have astonished everybody by his remark- 
 able wisdom in his extreme youth, and by many 
 miracles which he performed. In many of the 
 
 CHINKSK MODE OF SALUTATION. 
 
 temples are statuettes representing a Chinese 
 woman holding a child in her arms, and the 
 thoughtful spectator at once perceives the 
 resemblance to the statues and paintings re- 
 presenting the Madonna and Infant Christ. 
 
 The Chinese have a great many inconsisten- 
 cies of character ; among these may be men- 
 tioned their economy and frugality, and at the 
 same time their inveterate passion for gambling. 
 Frequently before undertaking anything, a Chi- 
 nese will toss for luck, and decide, by chance, 
 what is best for hiui to do. Many of them will 
 lose in a single evenhig nil their earnings for 
 a week, and some of the heavier gamblers will 
 
 get rid of thousands of dollars in an hour or 
 two. Frequently a laborer, who is about to buy 
 something to eat, will gamble with the vender 
 to decide whether he shoU have the article for 
 nothing or pay double 
 for it. And so grave a 
 subject as matrimony 
 they sometimes de- 
 cide by a little game, 
 such as turning a 
 wheel, or drawing 
 sticks from a bundle. 
 
 Oh;Le:o Girls, 
 Mks. Mallisos, in 
 her book on China, 
 says : ' ' Some of the 
 Chinese belles are 
 really very handsome, 
 desi:)ite their swarthy 
 comj^lexions and al- 
 mond-shaped eyes. I 
 had an opportunity, 
 while Kate was making 
 a purchase at one of 
 the numerous little 
 fancy stores, of dash- 
 ing off a sketch of a 
 characteristic group 
 opposite, which I 
 could see through 
 a half- open door, 
 which may give your 
 lady readers some idea 
 of a Chinese ' fashion- 
 able ' in full dress, 
 with her fair hostess. 
 It will be perceived that she is very liberally 
 sprinkled with jewelry— rings, bracelets and 
 ear-ornaments being a prominent part of their 
 costume. The one in the foreground wears a 
 heavy blue silk, of extraordinary beauty, with 
 black trousers, and a plaid silk handkerchief 
 upon the head, and her companion has a simple 
 white tunic and hair arranged a. la Evgnie, 
 though it is more than doubtful whether sha 
 ever heard of that important personage." 
 
 It is stem adversity that tries the man, and 
 shows the world what metal he is of. 
 
 "^^^^^^^^^S^^-- 
 
 CHINESB LADIES' FBBT. 
 
 OBINBSE men's fist AND SBOISi 
 
108 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■'ML^^t 
 
 SCULLIXG A BOAT.— MAN WITH KAIN'-JACSET. 
 
 Chinese Eat Merchant. 
 
 OwrxG to the immense and dense population 
 of China, they resort not only to infanticide to 
 prevent too rapid increase, but the Hving, in 
 order to subsist, are compelled to resort to arti- 
 cles of food which men elsewhere instinct- 
 ively shrink from. The poorer classes eat 
 almost everything that comes to hand. Upon 
 the streets of the city, but particularly on the 
 large squares, you will find hawks, owls, eagles 
 and storks offered for sale. To an American 
 nothing is more laughable than to see a China- 
 man with a carrj-ing.pole supporting two bird- 
 cages containing dogs and cats ! The flesh of the 
 latter, well fed, is quite highly esteemed. But 
 while birds are comparatively rare, there is ouo 
 animal found everj'where. This is the rat, 
 which sometimes in Hindoostan and China 
 reaches an enormous size. The ratcatcher in 
 China seeks not so much to rid the housekeeper 
 of a troublesome pest as to supply the shambles. 
 They, of course, use no poison, but have inge- 
 nious methods of their own for catching the 
 animals. This enables them to keep up a 
 pretty regular stock. They may be seen with 
 their carrying-poles bearing several dozen rats, 
 which are drawn quite clean, and are hung up 
 as pigs are with us, by a cross-piece of wood 
 through the hind legs. 
 
 "These rows of rats," saj-s Megen, in his 
 " Voyage Round the World." " look very nice, 
 but they are eaten only by the poor." 
 
 There is, apparently, nothing unsavory or 
 unhealthy in the flesh of the rat. The writer 
 knew well a captain of a merchantman who 
 brought several cargoes of grain from Odessa, 
 and whose crews lived on rats almost entirely! 
 He represented them as having fattened on 
 the grain, and as being tender and palatable. 
 They occasionally found their way to the cap- 
 tain's table, but were always called squirrel 
 
 there. 
 
 »-«♦>-« 
 
 Feet and Shoes of Chinese Ladies. 
 
 The distortion of the feet of Chinese ladies is 
 
 a custom of great antiquity. It is said to have 
 
 had its origin in an edict is.sued to the ladies of 
 
 her court by an empress who was club-footed, 
 
 and that 
 people of 
 lesser de- 
 gree soon 
 followed the 
 fashion set 
 by the la- 
 dies in at- 
 tendance. Be 
 this as it 
 m ay, it is 
 certain that 
 the jealousy 
 of the men, 
 and the in- 
 dolence and 
 vanity of 
 the women, 
 have caused 
 it to be 
 adopted. T o 
 have a little 
 foot is a pa- 
 tent of vast 
 wealth, and that one can live without labor, 
 being incapable of work. A Chinese lady of 
 good family would consider herself inhumanly 
 treated by her parents if they failed to have 
 deformed her. Besides, her matrimonial pros- 1 
 pects would suffer if her foot had been allowed 
 to retain its natural shape ; for a foot of two 
 or three inches has an irresistible charm, which 
 native poets celebrate with the wildest enthu- 
 siasm. 
 
 When a girl attains the age of six years, her 
 mother begins to bandage her feet with cloths 
 saturated in oil. The large toe is turned 
 under the others, and then all five are doubled 
 under the foot. The ligatures are tightened 
 every month, and thus by the time the child 
 becomes an adult the foot resembles a closed 
 fist. The consequences of this distortion are 
 often grave, as by iuterraptiug the circulation 
 of the blood sores are produced which are fre- 
 quently difficult of cure. These produce a 
 demand for foot-doctors {pedicures), until there 
 
 is quite a corporation of . a women who follow 
 this calling, and who thus gain admission into 
 the best families, and act as intermeiliaries in 
 many a courtship and marriage. It is from 
 them that we have all our details concerning 
 feet ; for a Chinese woman, of whatever grade 
 of society, and however unscrupulous in other 
 matters, could never be induce<l to display her 
 foot. It would be almost an insult even to 
 attempt a glimpse of her shoes. With feet 
 such as those represented in our illustration, 
 the difficulty of locomotion will be readily 
 realized. The women move about by a species 
 of hop. their arms extended like bala'uce-poles. 
 One would fancy them on stilts. Nevertheless, 
 such is the force of habit, that young girls will 
 keep on their feet all day, executing the most 
 marvelous figures in dancing, and sending into 
 the air, with wonderful dexterity, a shuttle- 
 cock, by means of their tiny shoes, which serve 
 as battledores on the occasion. 
 
 A Chinese Winter Cradle. 
 The cradles or baby- frames of different conn- 
 tries are curious enough. Savage nations show 
 really more ingenuity, and are better enabled 
 to reheve the mother in the care of the child, 
 than many that boast of their civilization. 
 The Indian squaw puts her child in a safer posi- 
 tion while engaged in her labors than the poor 
 white washwoman. The Chinese Winter Cra- 
 dle is a kind of basket made of straw, very 
 thickly twisted. In shape it is something like 
 an hour-glass, and is open above and below. 
 The waist holds the child up, and in the Open 
 end below a sort of foot-stove is placed, to 
 keep the infant warm. In it is a well-padded 
 dress. The child is here kept warm, and enjoys 
 its toys without any fear of accident. 
 
 We are told in the Proverbs of Solomon that 
 wisdom is of more value than gold. Let us in 
 our youth endeavor to learn, although it be 
 painful : for it is less pain to learn in youth 
 than to be ignorant in age. 
 
 CHIKESE RAT MERCHANT. 
 
CHINA, TARTAEY, ETC. 
 
 109 
 
 The Tea Plant. 
 Te.v and coffee, without which Europe got 
 nloug for five thor-sand years, have become 
 necessaries of life. They aro not food, and, 
 therefor?, not essential; they give neither 
 fat, flesh, nor bone, but are simply stimu- 
 lants ; though, from its action on bile, 
 tea may be beneficial. 
 
 Considering the different sources from 
 which tea and coffee come, it is a curious 
 fact that they both acquire their stimulat- 
 ing power from a principle named theine, 
 common to both plants, and of which no 
 other plant is known to possess any marked 
 quantity. 
 
 There is a genus of plants of the tribe 
 Camellia. The seed is sown soon after it 
 ripens, in boles four or five inches deep, 
 and three or four feet apart. The plants 
 rise in a cluster when the rain comes on, 
 and require little care but weeding The 
 leaves are fit to gather the third year. A 
 plant is good from sereu to ten yeaVs, when 
 it is cut down and young shoots allowed 
 to rise. It blossoms along the branch, hav- 
 ing almost blossom for leaf, and thus giving 
 it quite a rich appearance. The gathering 
 of the leaves is an important matter. They 
 are taken off with great care, one by one. 
 Three crops are taken, in March, ilay, and 
 August, the exact period varying according 
 to the climate of the districts. When the 
 leaves are gathered, they are dried in small fur- 
 naces, each furnished with a small iron pan, on 
 which the leaves, being first dried in the sun 
 are thrown and stirred. V/hen dried thev are 
 cooled and rolled on a table, and then sorted. 
 
 A CniNESE WINTER CRADLE. 
 
 Hand of a Barber-Surgeon. 
 Vi'hile the Chinese ladies do their best to 
 disfigure theil feet by making them "small 
 by degrees and beautifully less," some classes 
 
 Ti,o i,„„* 1-1 . ' *-""• ! °^ '^'^ Chinese men emulate them in manv 
 
 Ihe best k:n.ls are put up choicely, while other respects Our illustration represents the 
 
 like bricks ''' """''' ^"'° ■'^asseslhandofone-abarber.surgoon. ^ '''"'' *^° 
 
 Of these the 
 
 Abbe Hue 
 
 gives an in 
 
 tcresting and 
 
 amusing d o- 
 
 scription in 
 
 his "Travels 
 
 through Tar 
 
 t'lry," where 
 
 they are most 
 
 chioflj' sent. 
 There have 
 
 been many 
 
 discussions as 
 
 to the green 
 and black 
 teas, but the 
 prevailing 
 opinion is, 
 that the dif- 
 ference does 
 not arise from 
 their being 
 taken from 
 different 
 plants, but 
 from the sea- 
 son in which 
 they are 
 gathered and 
 cored. 
 
 DINNER AT A CHINESB MANDARIN'S. 
 
 Modes of Salutation in Ohina. 
 From the exttevBgant titles bestowed 
 on their princes by the Chinese, it may at 
 once be inferred that in saluting a great 
 personage the most abject form is adopted. 
 As the Emperor is brother to the sun, and 
 Lis high officers are supposed to be in some 
 way connected with that great luminary, 
 the people, as they pass, prostrate them- 
 selves and vail their eyes, so as not to be 
 dazzled by such effulgence. Of all human 
 customs, none is more ancient or more 
 general than that of reciprocal salutation 
 between persons of equal rank in the social 
 scale. We find it among the people of 
 antiquity, as well as in every modem na- 
 tion. Salutation was, if we may so express 
 ourselves, the first smile of humanity in 
 its cradle ; it arose at the pure source of 
 the infancy of society, and it appears to 
 have become sacred to posterity the most 
 remote. In its origin, it was a kind of wor- 
 ship rendered by man to man, a homage 
 by \yhich he recognized something divine 
 in his fellow, and in progress of time it has 
 become a sign of peace and welcome, be- 
 fore which all distinctions of race and 
 country vanish, and the stranger becomes 
 invested with all the claims to hospitality. 
 k^ every nation has its own coin, it has 
 in like manner peculiar forms of salutation 
 which belong to it. In the East, the sign o£ 
 salutation is peace, the slialom of the Hebrews, 
 the salam of Arabs— "Peace be with you;"' 
 and the answer is, "With you be peace."' 
 
 This form perfectly expresses what is the 
 object of the desires and of the enjoyments of 
 the Orientals; it presents a vital feature in 
 The words peace and repose 
 include, with 
 the Orientals, 
 every species 
 of comfort 
 and happi- 
 ness ; and it 
 is with these, 
 therefore, 
 that they sa- 
 lute and wish 
 each other 
 well. The 
 salutation of 
 the Greeks 
 was almost as 
 directly con- 
 trary to that 
 o f t h e Ori- 
 entals ; and so 
 we might ex- 
 pect it, when 
 we reflect on 
 the charactei 
 of this acdTie 
 people, so eai- 
 tirely o p p o- 
 Bite to that of 
 those effemi- 
 nate nations. 
 The Greek 
 ■was active, 
 occupied, and 
 
 their character. 
 
110 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 fearing nothing but repose ; hence his salvi- 
 tntiou was, "Act successfully." And as 
 iie delighted in pleixsure and joy, he wished 
 them to his friends by saying, " Flesh, re- 
 joice I" Aud in accosting one, he would 
 ask. '■ What are you doing? what are yoa 
 busied in ?" 
 
 o 
 
 Ohiness Sculling-Boat— Mm with 
 
 Baia-Jacket. 
 The boat which was to convey us to 
 JJingpc was smaller and of a different 
 shape from the one which brought us from 
 Shaughae to Kan-p'hu. It was sculled by 
 n single man, and was provided with a 
 bamboo pole, to which a long line was at- 
 tached, by which the boat was tracked or 
 dragged along by the boatman's son, when- 
 ever the banks of the canal were such as 
 to allow it. After going in this way soma 
 dozen or more miles, we came to the end 
 of the canal, aud our boat was dragged 
 over a sluice into the river below. The 
 sluice was a sort of double inclined plane 
 of stone, covered with clay to lubricate it 
 and render it more easy for the boat to pass 
 over ; a sort of rude crab or windlass was 
 set up on either side of the bank, to which 
 bars were attached, and by means of straw 
 ropes passed over the stern of our boat, we 
 were dragged up to the top of the inclined 
 plane, and then launched with a tremen- 
 dous splash into the river below, reminding 
 us very forcibly of our youthf J experience 
 in coasting down-hill upon sleds. 
 
 juice. We tried the experiment, and wer© 
 satisfied that, although not equal to soma 
 beverages we had tasted, it was truly very 
 invigorating, although, doubtless, if in- 
 dulged in too frequently calculated to de- 
 range the nervous system. 
 
 It seems scarcelj' credible m this nge of 
 tea and coffee, with toast and bread and 
 butter, to realize the time when each of 
 the maids of honor to Queen Elizabeth of 
 England had an allowance of one gallon 
 of strong ale, with brawn, or chine, or 
 baron of beef, for their Dreakfast allow- 
 ance. One such meal now would nearly 
 kill the most robust fashionable woman 
 breathing. 
 
 Ohincse Garden Pavilion. 
 It is only of late years that travelers 
 have been enabled to get more than a 
 casual glance of the interior of China; 
 but, through the agency of England, her 
 wars, and Mr. Burlinganie — by his diplo- 
 macy — we are now becoming pretty well 
 acquainted with not only her customs, but 
 her domestic institutions. Every country 
 has its peculiar architecture, more or less, 
 modified by climate. Among the most 
 agreeable features of Chinese scenery are 
 the numerous garden pavilions which rise 
 around you in every direction. They have 
 little pretension to architectural maguifi. 
 cence, their character being very monoton- 
 ous ; but they are admirably adapted for 
 their purpose — to allow a free breeze, and 
 to afford a protection from the sun. 
 
 A Chinese Pagoda, 
 In China, pagodas form a very conspicuous 
 and characteristic feature of the scenery, and 
 are generally towers of nine stories in height. 
 The most celebrated of these was the porcelain 
 pagoda of Nankin, which was destroyed by the 
 Chinese rebels in 1856. This famous building 
 was begun in 1412, and finished in 1431. Hav- 
 ing been erected as a mark of respect to an 
 empernr of the Ming dynasty, it was called the 
 Temple of Gratitude. It was octagonal in 
 form, and two hundred and thirty-six feet 
 high, inclusive of an iron spire thirty feet in 
 height which surmounted it, and from the 
 summit of which eight chains depended, to 
 
 A CHINESE PAGODA, 
 
 each of which were attached nine bells, while 
 to each angle of the lower rcofs a bell was 
 attached, making the total number of bells one 
 hundred and forty-four, which tinkled in har- 
 mony to every breeze. The most striking pecu- 
 liarity of this pagoda, however, was, that its 
 brick walls were covered with porcelain, pro- 
 ducing a singular brilliancy lA effect. Almost 
 every town in China possesses one or more of 
 these structures — all alike in desigUj but differ- 
 ing in dimensions, and in the richness of the 
 material and ornaments. 
 
 CHINESE SARDRN PATILIOK. 
 
 Chinese Tea Ssrvice, 
 It is only those who have been in China, or 
 have seen thtm in some collection of 
 curiosities, that can form an idea of 
 what small and exquisite things a Chi- 
 nese tea-service is composed. 
 They are only about one-fifth 
 the size of our common break- 
 fast tea-cups, and of the most 
 delicate workmanship. Nei- 
 ther do the Chinese spoil their 
 tea with milk aud sugar, but 
 take it in its pristine purity. 
 
 Mr. Dent, of Hong Kong, 
 one of the most extensive tea 
 merchants in the world, told 
 US, some ye<irs ago, that the 
 most refreshing beverage he 
 ever tasted was some iced 
 green tea, flavored with lemon- 
 
 Summer Palace of Chinese Emperors 
 at Pekin, 
 
 DESTBOYED BV THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH TKOOP3 
 IN 18G0. 
 
 The Emperor of China cannot coi 'plain of 
 having nowhere to lay his head. TL^ Park of 
 Yuen Ming Yuen, or Hound and Si^lendid Gar- 
 dens, about eight mil s ..ortheast of the city of 
 Pekin, containing welve sqaare miles, diversi- 
 fied in sur'ace, ai d i-tersj. ersed with canals, 
 pools, lakes, ard r-vuie'-, "s well as with finely 
 cultivated spots, and o'^he s perfectly wild, 
 contains no lesa than thirty palaces. The glory 
 of these was the Summ r Palac , destroyed by 
 the FreuCii and English in October, 1860, aud 
 of which our illustration gives a correct view. 
 The entrance to this splendid structure was a 
 hall one hundred and ten feet long, forty-two 
 feet wide, and twenty feet high, paved with 
 
 31illBi»^ 
 
 OHINXSK TIA-SEBnCI. 
 
CHINA, TARTARY. ETC. 
 
 Ill 
 
112 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 marble, and painted in gold, azure and scarlet. 
 The throne was of elegantly carved dark wood, 
 covered with richly embroidered cushions. 
 
 The inner chambers were turuished with the 
 utmost splendor, and hung with silli, satin, and 
 crape. Jade china, of the oldest and rarest 
 lands, paintings and vases from Franco, Euro- 
 pean armor of the Middle Ages, and of the 
 most splendid descriptions— in a word, curiosi- 
 ties and riches of every kind — were crowded 
 within its walls. Its extent may be imagined 
 from the fact that the contents of this palace 
 were valued at several millions of dollars. 
 
 In revenge for the massacre of some European 
 prisoners, it was all given up to plunder. The 
 soldiers carried off all they could ; the splendid 
 draperies were used for turbans and ^Tappers, 
 for horse-cloths, and other vile uses; the splen- 
 did furniture broken up, including that of one 
 room completely and exclusively got up in the 
 style of Louis XV. 
 
 The palace was deserted, the Emperor, with 
 his ladies, having fled, and no living creature 
 appearing but the little Japanese lapdogs. 
 
 When the work of plunder was completed, 
 the palace was given to the flames, and soon 
 nothing but a heap of ashes marked the spot 
 where so recently rose a palace crowded with 
 almost fabulous Oriental luxury. 
 
 n ^ » 
 
 Oonoluding Remarks. 
 
 A TMP FEOM PAEIS TO CHINA. 
 
 The beautiful harbor of Hong Kong was 
 swarming with all sorts and varieties of vessels, 
 and the next morning after our arrival we all 
 sallied forth, determined to make ourselves 
 acquainted with the localities and geography 
 of this world-renowned city. Curious little 
 fishing, junks were darting from place to place, 
 with almost incredible speed, and the waters 
 were dotted with the plebeian-looking boats 
 commonly called sampnnn. We were much 
 amused by the expert and practiced manner 
 in which these sampans were managed by the 
 fairer sex — indeed, most of them were entirely 
 under the control of women, who stood or sat 
 around on their miniature decks with the 
 greatest ease and self-possession in the world. 
 These Chinese damsels who enact the part of 
 sailors so coolly are rather pretty and interest- 
 ing than otherwise ; they wear blue mantles. 
 
 j avA wide trousers to match, and either large 
 straw hats or colored handkerchiefs are bound 
 I in light and graceful folds around Iheir shapely 
 ' heads. 
 
 I Our guides (ladies) prove.l very useful auxil- 
 .iaries to us, in our rambles through the streets, 
 in aiding us to aiJjjreciate and xiuderstaud all 
 the minor details which a woman's quick eye 
 never fails to notice, particularly in the manners 
 and costumes of the Celestial ladies. Blue 
 seemed to be the fashionable color which they 
 most affected iu their dress; to be sure, we 
 wjuld occasionally see pink, white, or purple, 
 but blue was decidedly iu the ascendant, gayly 
 embroidered and decorated with gold. The 
 long robes which most of them wore just dis- 
 played an elegant skirt, below which it drooped 
 over the 2)oor little jirisoned feet, cased in 
 gilded shoes. Walking was by no means a 
 rapid or graceful affair : but from the number 
 of splendidly dressed ladies blazing in silks and 
 satins that we met, we concluded that the 
 Oriental daughters of Eve liked to see and be 
 seen, as well as their sisters in New York or 
 Loudon, and were willing to endure a little 
 incouvenienee for the sake of being in the 
 extreme of the fashion ; and the Chinese belles 
 are, some of them, really very handsome, iu 
 spite of their swarthy complexion and almond- 
 shaped eyes. They all regarded us with much 
 curiosity, and the exquisitely fair skin of our 
 female companions elicited many whispered 
 comments and remarks. 
 
 The streets of Hong Kong were full of novel- 
 ties ; and if, at an early stage of our adven- 
 tures, we had not come to the conclusion to 
 adopt the time-honored motto, "nil admirari,'' 
 we should have been nearly distracted by the 
 various sights and sounds which met us at 
 every turning. But the one which seemed the 
 most unusual to our foreign eyes was the insti- 
 tution of street barbers. People sit calmly 
 down to be "cut and shaved" iu the open 
 street with as much nonchalance as if they 
 were in a fashionable saloon, and a barber with 
 his small stock in trade occupies everj- available 
 nook and corner. 
 
 When a ''coolie" comes past, and signifies 
 his desire to have his pigtail attended to, it is 
 really amusing to see the alacrity with which 
 the barber falls to work. One little assembly 
 which we passed edified us particularlj' on 
 account of the busy industry of the Chinese 
 
 Phalons, and the indescribable air of contem,. 
 ment with which the coolies submitted their 
 shocks of coarse wiry hair to the professional 
 hands. The customer was sitting on a chest of 
 drawers which contained soaps, perrumes, and 
 razors— the worldly wealth ot our barber — with 
 his wide straw hat and bamboo cane at his feet. 
 k luxuriant banyan-tree, at no great distance, 
 afforded some little protection from the direct 
 raj-s of the burrning sun 
 
 The street doctors formed another important 
 element of life in Hong Kong. Posted behind 
 unpretending stalls, which were covered with 
 books on the science, they held forth to the 
 bystanders, and launched many astounding 
 medical trutlis at the stolid heads of the gaping 
 crowd. We are told that surgical operations 
 were also frequently performed in the open 
 thoroughfare, and that the medical knowledge 
 of the Chinese, regarded as a nation, was 
 unusually advanced. 
 
 We must not forget to mention the fortune- 
 tellers, who were thick as hops, and amused us 
 very much with their strange gestures , and 
 clamorous importuning. There was generally 
 quite a little crowd gathered around the stalls 
 of tliese itinerants, to inspect the hieroglyphic 
 inscriptions which uurported to be riativities 
 and fate-readers. 
 
 Toward evening, as we were retracing our 
 footsteps in a home direction, very much 
 fatigued and still pleased with our day's obser- 
 vations, our ears were feasted with the monot- 
 onous and yet harmonious music played at the 
 Chinese concerts. 
 
 The sky was of a brilliant orange when we 
 reached oar hotel, and the distant mountains 
 were wrapped in a sort of purple mist, probably 
 an illusive effect of the singularly transparent 
 atmosphere of this climate. The harbor, as 
 we beheld it from our windows, was as lively 
 as ever — people here seem to live on the v.'ater ; 
 you can behold all ages, sexes and sizes on 
 board the junks and sampans, and the child of 
 three years old appears as ambitious of attain- 
 ing nautical renowu as its grandfather. 
 
 Hong Kong, when lighted uji at night, has a 
 very cheerful and animated appearance. You 
 then lose the impression produced by the low 
 and dwarfish houses, and as the great heat of 
 the day has subsided into a delicious freshness 
 and calm, you are far more at liberty to enjoy 
 a meerschaum and a seat in the open air. 
 
 ON OCR WAY TO THE BOAT. 
 
PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 
 
 GEOGRAI'iriCAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 BXPLOEATIONS AT JEKUSALEM— CHRISTMAS FESTIVITIES— WATEK-POTS AT CANA— SHEW-BREAD AND ALTAR OF INCENSE— CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL Ar 
 
 JERUSALEM -House-tops— SiLOAM and Fountain op the Virgin— Trial of Jealooby— Mountaineers of Lebanon— Tribute Monet 
 —Women of Lebanon— Tomb of Noah— Tomb of Godfrey— Mountain Pass— The Scapegoat— Bethlehem— Chapel of the Burning 
 Bush- Fetes of Kourbas Beiram— Chamber in the Wall— Captive Israelites - Jews Praying — Jewish High Priest- The Makonites 
 —Woman at fountain— Courtyard At Damascus— The Takino of Jerusalem. 
 
 WE now arrive at a land which, more than 
 all others, claims the reverence and 
 study of every Christian, for it was 
 there that the Founder of Christianity was 
 born, lived, and finally consummated His 
 mission by dying for the regeneration of 
 the human family. 
 
 Palestine, or. as it is most commonly called, 
 the Holy Land, is a country of Western Asia, 
 now forming a part of the Turkish Empire, 
 bounded north bj' the Lebanon Mountains, 
 which separate it from Syria ; east, by the 
 desert now called the Hauran ; south by a 
 desert which separates it from Arabia and 
 Egypt, and on its western side by the Medi- 
 terranean Sea. It lies between latitude 30 deg. 
 40 min. and 33 deg. 32 min. North, and long. 
 33 deg. 45 min. and 35 deg. 48 min. East. Its 
 length is about two hundred miles, and its 
 average breadth sixty. It has an area of 
 about twelve thousand square miles, and the 
 population is estimated at about three hundred 
 thousand. The country is now divided into 
 the two Pashalics of Acre and Gaza, and a ] 
 part of it is included in the Pashalic of Damas- ■ 
 cus. It is also subdivided into seven districts, I 
 B8 follows : El Kods, including Jerusalem, 
 Jericho, and about two hundred villages, 
 Hebron or El Khaleel, embracing the south 
 part of Judaea ; Gaza on the south coast, with 
 the towns of Gaza and Jaffa ; Lood. or the en- 
 yirons of ancient Lydda ; Nabloos, or ancient 
 Bychar. and Samaria ; Areta, including Mount 
 Carmel, and a part of the plain of Esdraelon ; 
 and Safed, identical with ancient Galilee. 
 
 Palestine is a land of hills and valleys, or, as 
 more minutely described in Deuteronomy, 
 (chap. viii. verses 7 and 9) " a land of brooks, 
 of water, of fountains, and depths that spring 
 out of valleys and hills ; a laud of wheat, and 
 barley, and vines, and fig-trees, and pomegra- 
 nates ; a land of olive oil, and honey ; a land 
 wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarce- 
 ness ; thou shalt not lack anything in it ; a 
 land whose stones are iron, and out of whose 
 hills thou mayest dig brass." 
 
 From the seacoast on the west the land 
 rises rapidly to a mountainous height ia the 
 
 centre, and declines on the other or eastern 
 side to the low level of the desert. The coast 
 level varies very much in breadth, being in 
 some places only a narrow pass between the 
 mountains and the sea, and in others ex- 
 panding into plains of considerable width. 
 The southern portion of the coast level is 
 termed in the Scrijiture the Plain or Low 
 Country, and the western part of it was an- 
 ciently the abode of the Philistines. It ex- 
 tends from Joppa to Gaza, and lies between 
 the sea on the west and the hills of Ephraim 
 and Juda on the east. This plain is naturally 
 very fertile. 
 
 Palestine was first known as Canaan, from 
 the fourth son of Ham, fixjm whom the in- 
 habitants were supposed to be descended. This 
 name was, however, confined to the country 
 between the Mediterranean and the Eiver Jor- 
 dan, the principal region, east of that river, 
 being called Gilead. Palestine, subsequently, 
 was called the Land of Promise, the Land of 
 Israel, Judah, Judaea, though in the later 
 periods of Jewish history the term Jud;ea 
 applied to the whole country, although it 
 really only belonged to the southern portion 
 of it. The southern portion of the land was 
 occupied by the Philistines, and the northern 
 by the Phceaicians ; but when conquered by 
 Moses and Joshua, it was divided among the 
 Twelve Tribes, as related in Holy Writ. After 
 being conquered by the Romans, and then by 
 the Saracens, several times, it was retaken by 
 them from the seventh to the tenth centuries. 
 It then became the scene of the sanguinary 
 conflicts of the Crusades, in which so many 
 pious kings of England, France and Austria 
 shared. Finally it was united to the Ottoman 
 Empire in 1516 by Selim I. 
 
 The famous siege of Jerusalem, by Titus, 
 took place a. d. 70, when the cruel conqueror 
 destroyed the city, and scattered the Jews as 
 either slaves or exiles over all the world. 
 
 No country on the face of the globe bears 
 more the appearance of being a land of ruins 
 than does Palestine. The forests of cedars have 
 disappeared — the grass only remains. For want 
 of the trees which prepare and precipitate 
 
 moisture, the earth becomes sterile excepting 
 for the growth of those things which require 
 a powerful and quick nurture — such as figs, 
 grapes, and those particular fruits which have 
 been already mentioned in Holy Writ. 
 
 The inhabitants of Palestine are of a mixed 
 race and of a very varied origin. In religion 
 they are divided into Mohammedans, Chris- 
 tians and Jews. The Mohammedans are the 
 ruling and most numerous sect, and are com- 
 Ijosed of a few Turks, who occupy the highest 
 position, and the great body of the people who 
 are descended from mixed Arab, Greek and 
 ancient Syrian ancestors — the last element 
 greatly preponderates. They are a noble- 
 looking, graceful, and courteous people, but 
 fanatical, ignorant and indolent. 
 
 The Christians are almost entirely of Syrian 
 race, descendants of those who occupied the 
 country at the time of the conquest of the 
 Saracens. They principally belong to the 
 Greek Church, of which there is a Patriarch at 
 Jerusalem, who has ecclesiastical jurisdiction 
 over all Palestine. Under him are eight 
 bishops, whose sees are Nazareth, Acre, Lydia, 
 Gaza, Sebaste, Nabloos, Philadelphia and Petra. 
 
 There are also a few Maronites and Roman 
 Catholics in the large towns, and in Jerusalem 
 a few hundred Armenians, under a Patriarch of 
 their own faith. The Jews number about ten 
 thousand, and live almost exclusively in the 
 cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and Safed. 
 They are of foreign origin, mostly from Spain, 
 and a few from Poland and Germany. In 
 dress, manners, customs, and general appear- 
 ance, the natives of Palestine preserve to a 
 remarkable degree the peculiar characteristics 
 of primitive Oriental life, as described in the 
 Scriptures. Their modes of salutation are very 
 formal — some would call them verbose, and 
 even tedious. Their gestures used in saluta- 
 tion are also graceful, if a httle complicated. 
 The touching of the breast, the lips, and the 
 forehead, with the right hand, seems to say 
 that each one thus saluted is cherished in the 
 heart, praised with the lips, and esteemed with 
 the intellect. They are temperate and frugal, 
 which may be called Oriental virtwe. 
 
114 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 BOTAL CAVKRNS AT .lE'iUSAT.KM. 
 
 The Explorations at Jerusalem. 
 The topography of ancient Jerusalem, a sub- 
 ject of profound historical interest, has long 
 been disputed by learned men, without adding 
 much to our positive knowledge. The labors 
 of several officers, employed during the las' 
 few years by the Palestine Exploration Fund 
 have opened a new series of practical researches, 
 which will be found of great value to scientific 
 societies, and the public generally. The most 
 important part of these explorations is that 
 relating to the Jewish Temple, built by Herod, 
 which stood upon Mount Moriah. Here is the 
 Mosque of Omar, known also as the " Dome of 
 the Kock," and the ground inclosed by the 
 walls that surround the level summit of this 
 rocky eminence has not yet been opened. The 
 ground shown in the illustration of Robinson's 
 Arch is the present level of the surface in the 
 filled-up TyropcEon Valley. The view looks 
 northward, the Haram Wall being to the right 
 hand of the spectator. This piece is a very fair 
 sample of the masonry of the wall. The con- 
 cave front presented by two of the stones, be- 
 neath which the brush is seen growing, forms a 
 portion of an arch, which is supposed, by the 
 position and dejith of the foundations, to have be- 
 longed to a grand bridge or viaduct built across 
 the valley joining Mount Moriah to Mount 
 Zion. Portions of the arch have been discov- 
 ered sixty-three feet beneath the present surface 
 of the valley. In Eobinson's Arch there are 
 visible only the three first courses of the spring ; 
 but in Wilson's Arch, the whole structure is 
 complete. This latter is only one of a series 
 forming an approach from the western city to 
 the inclosure of the Temple. Descending a 
 shaft, sunk to the depth of forty-one feet under 
 Wilson's Arch, the explorers found a series of 
 vaults, tanks, and aqueducts, and a secret pass- 
 age between the temple and the city. Several 
 of the vaulted chambers are thought to be of 
 Saracenic origin, while others are Jewish. The 
 Koyal Caverns are situated at the head of the 
 Valley of Jehoshaphat, or Kedron Valley. The 
 entrance is close to the Damascus Gate, in a 
 
 scarped rock of limestone, upon which the city 
 walls stand. It was believed that these caverns 
 extended for miles iinder the city, and that 
 they had a passage beneath the Temple by 
 which the stones were taken for its erection. 
 
 Ohristmas Festivities at Jerusalem. 
 Although the Christmas season is always 
 observed by the Christians at Bethlehem with 
 solemn and interesting ceremonies, we are not 
 quite sure our young friends would be satisfied 
 if the Oriental customs were imported to our 
 own homes. We are too fond of a social inter- 
 change of friendly words and tokens to take 
 much pleasure in the rattling and banging of 
 firearms, and the endless confusion attending a 
 large procession of Turkish soldiers. The last 
 anniversary was marked with unusual interest 
 to the dwellers on the sacred soil of Jerusalem, 
 as it was associated with a national farewell 
 
 extended to M. Barrere, the French Consul, wno 
 had won for himself the affection and confidence 
 of the people during his residence among them. 
 The procession of Turkish and Arab soldiera 
 was quite lengthy, and eertainly presented a 
 most picturesque appearance. The French Con- 
 sul, who appears in the centre of our illustra- 
 tion, was preceded by a party of horsemen, 
 who kept swinging their heavy silver-mounted 
 staffs in the air in a manner perfectlj' fearful to 
 those unacquainted with the performance. The 
 excitement along the route was intense ; every 
 one in the vast assemblage appeared to exert 
 himself in the most boisterous and fantastic 
 manner. The flourish of arms and impetuosity 
 of the horsemen, joined with the shrill screama 
 of the Turks, gave a zest to the proceedings 
 which no one would care to have repeated. 
 
 Water-Pots at Oana. 
 
 Tababiah was the reputed Cana of Galilee, 
 called by the Arabs Kefr Kenna. We halted 
 by the fountain at the entrance of the little 
 village, that we might drink of the clearest and 
 most delicious water possible— the best, the 
 Christians of Palestine say, in the world. From 
 it were the vessels filled for the marriage- 
 feast. 
 
 The house is still shown in which the mira- 
 cle was performed, and as some earthen jars 
 are sunk into the floor, the devout searchers 
 for relics are made to believe that they are the 
 very jars in use on that day. A church was 
 built over the sjjot, which, like all others for a 
 similar purpose, is in ruins. 
 
 The road to Tiberias is full of interest. Be- 
 yond this village a path leads through fields of 
 grain where the apostles plucked the ears of 
 corn as they walked. Not very much further 
 is the Mount of Beatitude, whence our Saviour 
 delivered His sermon. It stands very little 
 above a green plain of the stillest possible ap- 
 pearance. There is a gravity about the scene 
 that would have struck us with peculiar awe, 
 even though we had not known the peculiar 
 
 THE EXPLORATIONS AT JKRUSALEM — WILSON'S ARCH, HARAM WALL. 
 
FAIiESILNK AND SYIUA. 
 
 115 
 
 solemnity attached to it. Whether the tradl- 
 tioB be true or not, it was just the place where, 
 in those primitive days, or even in the state of 
 society which now exists in the Ho'y Land, 
 Buch an event might have taken ijL.cr; the 
 preacher standing ujion the hill, and the multi- 
 tude sitting down below him. Indeed, so 
 strikingly similar in all its details is the state 
 of society existing here now to that which 
 existed in the time of our Saviour, that we 
 remember, when standing on the ruins of a 
 small church supposed to cover the precise spot 
 where Christ preached that compendium of 
 goodness and wisdom, it struck us that if we 
 or any other person should preach new and 
 strange things, the people would come out from 
 the cities and villages to listen and dispute, as 
 they did under the preaching of our Lord. 
 
 The Shew-Bread and Altar of Incens'. 
 
 "WoKSHip is, when we examine it, one of the 
 strangest incidents in human annals. The 
 honor paid by man to the Deity, or what 
 he took for the Deity, is a marked affair 
 in every land. It everywhere took the form 
 of sacrifice, the immolation of a living crea- 
 ture being from the earnest times, and in 
 all lands, deemed an essential part cf worship. 
 Abel, the typo of purity and goodness, offered 
 lambs on the altar, although it is commonly 
 supposed that no animal was used by man for 
 food till after the Deluge. Gradually the sim- 
 ple rites of early days gave place to a magnifi- 
 cent ceremonial, and nothing can exceed the 
 elaborate worship which Moses, by divine com- 
 mand, instituted among the Jews. Everything 
 connected with the ceremonial was rich, grand, 
 and symbolical. Before the vail which hid the 
 Holy of Holies, containing the Ark of the Cove- 
 nant, was the altar of incense, of pure gold, 
 with its rods to bear it along. On this, morn- 
 ing and evening, a priest, turn by turn, offered 
 
 CnRISTMAS FESTIVAL AT JEKPSAT.EJI. 
 
 incense to the Almighty, a simple rite, but one 
 of all time deemed by man to be an act of 
 worship. At this altar, Zachary tood when, for 
 want of faith, he was struck dumb. 
 
 In the sanctuary, also, stood the golden table 
 on which was laid the shew-bread. or loaves 
 of exhibition. These were twelve in number, 
 typifying the twelve tribes of Israel. They 
 were of unleavened bread, and were renewed 
 every Saturday. Those placed there the pre- 
 vious Sabbath could be touched only by the 
 priests, who ate them in the holy place. 
 
 THE EXFLOBATIOMS AT JERUSALEK— BOBIKSOK ABOB, HAKAM WALL. 
 
 House-top Terrace in the East. 
 
 The top of the houses in the East is always 
 flat, covered with a strong plaster -of trass, 
 whence in the Frank language it has attained 
 the name of " the terrace." This is usually 
 surrounded by two walls, the outermost 
 whereof is partly built over the street, and 
 partly makes the partition with the contiguous 
 houses, being frequently so low that one may 
 easily climb over it. The othei, the parapet 
 wall, hangs immediately over the court, being 
 always breast-high, and answers to the battle- 
 ment of Deut. xxii. 8. 
 
 The houses of the Greeks and Komans were 
 also built with flat roofs. We read of their 
 walking and taking air upon them, and also 
 standing there to see the shows and public pro 
 cessions, as well as sleeping upon them, as the 
 custom is in the East. Some of the houses, an- 
 ciently, were built without a parapet on om 
 side, and accidents would frequently occur: 
 hence arose the command in the passage ii. 
 Deuteronomy, "Make a battlement for thy 
 roof." 
 
 Instead of this parapet wall, some terraces 
 are guarded, like the galleries, with balustrades 
 only, or latticed work, in which fashion, proba- 
 bly, as the name seems to import, was the net, 
 or lattice, as we render it, that Ahaziah — II. 
 Kings i. 2 — might be carelessly leaning over 
 when he fell down thence into the court. Fur 
 upon these terraces several oflices of the family 
 are performed, such as the drying of linen >■' d 
 flax — Jos. ii, 6 — the preparing of figs »: d 
 raisins ; where, likewise, they enjoy the cool, 
 refreshing breezes of the evening — II. Sam. xi.. 
 2 ; xvi. 22 ; I. Sam. ix. 25, 26 ; converse with 
 one another, and offer up their devotions — Isa. 
 XV. 3 ; Zeph. 1. 5 ; Acts x. 9. In the feast oi 
 tabernacles, booths were erected on the roofi 
 of the houses — Neh. viii. 16. 
 
U6 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Siloam and the Fountain of the 
 Virgin. 
 
 I'KOCEEDiNQ onward through the valley 
 ^Bays a recent traveler), we found the 
 whole face of the precipitous loclc, 
 upon its eastern side, excavated into 
 one vast and almost oontinuous cata- 
 comb, consisting of chambers of various 
 size. Some of them were simple square 
 apartments, formed to contain a single 
 corpse, and closed by a stone door, fitted 
 into a groove round the entrance, so 
 accurate that a seal might have been 
 applied at the joining to secure the 
 sepulchre : and the first of them that 
 I visited at once explained to me the 
 form of the tomb of the Arimathean 
 nobleman. These sepulchral grots are 
 i»ntinued all down the valley of Siloam, 
 havinn; galleries, stairs, and small ter- 
 races cut out of the rock, leading from 
 one to the other. 
 
 They are all now inhabited, and they, 
 with some mud-built huts at the bottom 
 of the valley, constitute the village of 
 Siloam, which contains upward of one thousand 
 five hundred Arabs — a vicious, quarrelsome, and 
 dishonest set of people, and noted for such 
 propensities for centuries past. On my first 
 visit to this place, happening to poke my head 
 into one of the crypt*, I was startled not a 
 little by the wild, unearthly scream of an old 
 Arab crone who habited the interior. The noise 
 she made became the signal for a general out- 
 cry ; the dwellers in the different caves popped 
 their heads out from their holes, like so many 
 beavers reconnoitring an enemy ; the children 
 
 by two successive tiights of steps. The 
 water flows hence by a subterraneous 
 passage under the hill Ophel, to the 
 Pool of Siloam ; but whence does the 
 fountain itself derive its supply ? The 
 often -repeated quotation. 
 
 " Slloah's brook that flowed 
 Fast by the Oracle of God." 
 
 is hardly consistent with the idea that 
 the head of the stream should be so re- 
 mote from the temple as is this fountain ; 
 liut there is a tnadition among the in- 
 habitants of the neighborhood, that the 
 latter is connected by an artificial chan- 
 nel with a well placed within the en- 
 closure of the Mosque of Omar. 
 
 TUE FOUNTAIN OF THE VIRGIN, SIU)AM. 
 
 shouting in all directions ; curses fell fast and 
 heavy on the Giour and the Nazarene ; and 
 had I got into the harem of the pasha, the 
 alarm could not have been greater than that 
 which I excited among the whole Troglodyte 
 population of this cemetery of the living. I 
 made a hasty retreat amidst the general up- 
 roar ; and took good care never to venture 
 .again so far upon a tomb-hunting expedition 
 into Siloam. 
 
 The fountain of the Virgin is a deep excava- 
 tion in the solid rock, into which one descends 
 
 The Trial of Jealousy. 
 Among the rites of the Jewish law, 
 which, in these anti-ritual days, seem 
 to us so strange was the Trial of Jeal- 
 ousy, thus described in the Book of 
 Numbers: 
 
 " If the spirit of jealousy come upon 
 him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be 
 defiled ; or if the spirit of jealousy come upon 
 him, and he be jealous of bis wife, and she be 
 not defiled. Then shall the man bring his wife 
 unto the priest, and he shall bring her ofterinp 
 for her, the tenth part of an epah of barley 
 meal ; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put 
 frankincense thereon ; for it is an offering of 
 jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing in- 
 iquity to remembrance. And the priest shall 
 bring her near, and set her before the Lord. 
 And the priest shall take holy water in aa 
 
 1 IKIUi OF Ji:a LOUSY. 
 
PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 
 
 iir 
 
 earthen vessel, and of 
 the dust that is in the 
 floor of the tabernacle 
 the priest shall take 
 and put it into the 
 water. And the priest 
 shall set the woman 
 Before the Lord, and 
 uncover the woman's 
 head, and put the offer- 
 ing of memorial in her 
 hands, which is the 
 iealousy offering ; and 
 the priest shall have in 
 his hand the hitter 
 water that causeth tln^ 
 curso. And the pries? 
 shall cliarge her by an 
 oath, and say unto the 
 woman, ' If thou hast 
 not gone aside with 
 another instead of thy 
 husband, be thou free 
 from this bitter water 
 that causeth the curse.' 
 And the priest shall 
 write these curses in a 
 book, and he shall blot 
 f/hem them out with 
 the bitter water. And 
 h e shall cause the 
 woman to drink the 
 bitter water that 
 causeth the curse ; and 
 the water that causeth 
 the curse shall enter 
 Into her and become 
 bitter. Then the priest 
 shall take the jealously 
 
 offering out of the woman's hand, and shall 
 wave the offering before the Lord, and offer 
 It upon the altar. And the priest shall take 
 a handful of the offering. «ven the memorial 
 thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and after- 
 ward shall cause the woman to drink the 
 water. And when he hath made her to drink 
 the water, then it shall come to pass, if she be 
 denied and have done trespass against her hus- 
 band, that the water that causeth the curse 
 shall enter into her, and become bitter, and 
 the woman, sholl Ite a curse among the 
 
 WATER-POTS AT CANA. 
 
 people. And if the woman be not defiled, but 
 be clean, thca she sliall be free." 
 
 Mountaineers of Lebanon. 
 Lebanon is a name which always excites our 
 interest. It is associated so much with the 
 poetry of Scripture, that we could almost fancy 
 it a sort of paradise. Unfortunately, in our 
 day it has been the scene of bloody struggles 
 between the native mountaineers — the Maron- 
 ites, a band of faithful, simple Christians, and 
 
 the Druses, a fanatical 
 
 Turkish tribe, that 
 
 settled there a 
 
 centuries ago. 
 llhe dress of 
 
 mountaineer of 
 
 banon is highly 
 
 turesque. Living 
 
 of sil ver-mounted khEtn> 
 
 iars, yataghans, a.s well 
 as pistols. 
 
 The Maronites who 
 njmber about 300.000, 
 occupy all the nortnern 
 part of the mountain, 
 including the cantona 
 (if KeTGuan and Bsh- 
 erray. Lebanon may 
 ultimately be an in- 
 dependent Christian 
 State. It needs hut a 
 whisper from Paris c 
 St. Petershurgh to mak« 
 it so, for there is. per- 
 haps, no spot on earth 
 better adapted for 
 mountain independence 
 than I,ebanon. Detined 
 on every side by deep 
 and lofty barriers; laved 
 along its principal ex- 
 tent by the waves oi 
 the ocean ; ascending 
 in successive and dis- 
 tinct mountains to 
 heights where, fronr th8 
 nature of the ground, 
 every inch of the roct 
 may be contested ; con 
 taining within its limitf 
 innumerable plateaus, 
 covered with a deep ind 
 most fertile soil, with 
 abimdance of pura 
 water — a heavenly 
 climate— a simple, 
 high-minded, generors, 
 
 Christian people, it would seem created for a 
 
 little Christian realm amid that dreary wastt 
 
 of Mohammed8.nism. 
 
 It is the great disgrace of English diplomacy 
 
 that Christian progress is sacrificed at the 
 
 the shrine of national selfishness. 
 
 The Ooin of the Tribute. 
 From the collection of a gentleman in New 
 York we engrave a coin which will possess an 
 interest to aU. None can forget the passage iu 
 
 IHfiW-BRBdD, 
 
 few 
 
 the 
 
 Le- 
 
 pic- 
 
 in 
 
 constant war, he 
 always carries his 
 lung musket on his 
 )>ack, clearly relieved 
 against his brigh*, 
 embroidered jacket ol 
 scarlet and his snowy 
 turban. H i s parti- 
 colored -"At is em- 
 broidered, too, ir the 
 wearer is rich enough 
 and his crimson or yel- 
 low sash contains a 
 bttle portable armory 
 
 
 &I1TAB of inoxksk 
 
us 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 MOUNTAINEERS OF LEBANON. 
 
 St. Matthew's gospel where the enemies of 
 Christ gOHght to entrap him by a question 
 which would seem to leave him no alternative 
 between offending ttie Jews as a partisan of 
 Eome, or excitinsf Koman suspicion as an adhe- 
 rent of Judas, the Galilean. The Roman Em- 
 perors, by imposing a tribute on the Jews, had 
 roused all their national feeling, and Judas of 
 Gamalia had risen to oppose it. The sympa- 
 thies of the people for the insurgent were 
 unmistakpble ; and the craftiness of Christ's 
 enemies in asking, Whether is it lawful to pay 
 tribute to Csesar? is apparent. Our Lord de- 
 feated their cunning by a very simple course. 
 "Show me the noin of the tribute." And they 
 handed Him a coin like that shown in our en- 
 graving — a com recognized by Kitto and other 
 Biblical scholars as, beyond all doubt, that used 
 in paying the imposed tribute. 
 
 Looking on a coin like this, sbuck from tl.e 
 «ame dies, Christ asked: "Whose image and 
 superscription is this ?" And when they an- 
 swered, "Csesar's," He solved tlieir question by 
 the clear decision: "Render unto Caesar the 
 things that are Csesar' s, and unto God the 
 things that are God's.' 
 
 A coin thus associated with the Saviour will 
 possess an interest even for those who are not 
 
 generally given to numismatic studies. As far 
 back as the days of Valiant it is described as 
 
 Women of Lebanon. 
 EocENTRic as fashion has been in Western 
 Europe and the colonies for the last few centu- 
 
 THE ODIN OP THE TRIBOTE. 
 
 ries, there is nothing, as our lady readers will 
 admit, in all the vagaries of fashion to compare 
 with the horn of a Lebanon woman. 
 The Maronite and Druse women alike wear 
 
 BOUSB.TOP TERIUCiB IN THE JUlBL 
 
 ANCIENT TRrNKING JUQ. 
 
 this Singular lieadpiece, a conical tube of silver 
 or other metal from one to two feet long. This 
 is set on the head at an angle of forty-five de- 
 grees, sometimes pointing forward, some- 
 times to one side, and over it is thrown 
 a piece of muslin, reaching nearly to 
 the heels, and serving as a vail. 
 
 Though the Christian women are not 
 confined, as the Moslem are, they never- 
 theless adopt many of the 
 usages, or, rather, have East 
 em customs, common to all, 
 and no young woman of the 
 Maronites will see a man ap- 
 proach without dextrously 
 throwing the vail so as to 
 hide her sacred face from the 
 profane gaze of man. Of late 
 they are breaking through this 
 old custom, and you will occa- 
 sionally be favored with a good- 
 humored smile. 
 
 The usual apparel of the 
 women, both Maronite and 
 Druse, consists of an outer 
 pelisse, generally blue, and 
 frin(?ed with silk cord: \t u» 
 
 WOMAN OF LEBANON. 
 
 open in front, and has sleeves to the elbow, 
 under this is another robe, with sleeves open to 
 the wrist; a shawl round the waist, long and 
 full trowsers, with painted toes or yellow slip- 
 pers, complete the costume. 
 
 But the most remarkable peculiarities of their 
 dress are the immense silver earrings hanging 
 forward on the neck, the large bell - shnped 
 silver bobs they wear upon their long plaits 
 of hair, and above all, the tantoor. 
 
 The tantoor is a tube of gold, silver, or even 
 tin, according to the wealth of the wearer, 
 measuring in size from the diameter of an inch 
 and a-half at the smaller extremity to three 
 inches at the other, where it terminates like 
 the mouth of a trumpet. If the smaller end 
 were closed, it might serve for a drinking-cup ; 
 and, in Germany, glasses of the same form and 
 size are still occasionally used. 
 
 In some villages the tantoor is a gilded buf- 
 falo's horn. But whatever be the material, thiii 
 
 A OHAIIBER IN THE WAU>, 
 
PALESTINE AND SYRIA- 
 
 119 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
120 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE SUPPOSED TOMB 0* VOAH. 
 
 ornament is the peculiar and distinguisliing 
 sign of the matron condition. 
 
 Maidens are not allowed to wear the honored 
 emblem (at least not among the Druses), with 
 certain rare exceptions in favor of those belong- 
 ing to important families ; and those privileged 
 ladies wear their horns "with a difference," 
 80 that no native can mistalie them for married 
 women. The broad end of the tantoor is fixed 
 to a pad on the top of the head by two silk 
 cords, which, after being wound round the head, 
 hang behind nearly to the ground, terminating 
 In large tassels, that, among the better classes, 
 are capped with silver. Tlie narrow end com- 
 monly projects over the forehead, at an angle 
 of forty-fiye degrees, like the horn of a unicorn, 
 and in this position it might, indeed, serve as a 
 formidable weapon of defense. 
 
 But the mode of wearing it is subject to end- 
 less variations ; it points forward, backward, 
 directly upward, to the right or to the left: its 
 shape, too, is no less diversified ; 
 sometimes it assumes the form 
 of a truncated cone five or six 
 inches long ; sometimes of two 
 such figures joined at their 
 narrow ends ; sometimes it is iii 
 the shajie of a funnel, more 
 than a foot long, projecting 
 from the side of the head, with 
 the broad end outward, and 
 looking liko a very large hear- 
 ii:g-trumpet. 
 
 All these diversities afford so 
 many distinctive marks, by 
 which a person familiar with 
 tiie country and its customs can 
 at once determine to what dis- 
 trict or faction belongs the hus- 
 band of any woman he meets. 
 
 This grotesque accoutrement 
 which is not laid aside even at 
 night, has a very disfiguring 
 effect. The best that can le said 
 for it is, that it supports the 
 vail and prevents it from en- 
 cumbering the face ; but it gives 
 an ungainly stiffness to the mo- 
 tions of the head and neck. It 
 is certainly the most singular, 
 inconvenient, and inexplicable 
 costume ever worn by human 
 lieing. 
 
 Its weight, and that of the 
 
 heavy tassels, or metal balls, 
 attached to the silk cords in 
 order to counterpoise it. make 
 the wearers peculiarly subject to 
 severe headaches. The bead- 
 dress of the unmarried girls is 
 very becoming, and the whole 
 coquetry of the vail, like that 
 of the Spanish mantilla, admir- 
 ably adapted for manslaughter. 
 
 Supposed Tomb of Noah. 
 
 About two miles east of Zakhle 
 is the village of Kerak, not far 
 from which, on the last declivity 
 of Lebanon, there is a round 
 mosque. Thi.s is erected over 
 still older relics, which are 
 held in great reverence by Moslems and Chris- 
 tians, as being the reputed tomb of the Patri- 
 arch Noah. The structure is evidently the 
 remains of an ancient aqueduct, but popular 
 credulity has invested it with a character of 
 eminent sanctity ; walls have been built round 
 it, and at a certain season of the year the .VXa- 
 ronites, in particular, p rform pilgrimages to 
 visit it. In his old age, they relate, Noah 
 entreated of God, as a peculiar favor, that he 
 might be allowed to end his days on Mount 
 Lebanon, and there to prenare his place of 
 sepulture. The patriarch's prayer was granted ; 
 but shortly before his death he committe 1 some 
 transgression, and God cut off a part of his 
 tomb, by severing a huge mass from the moun- 
 tain Noah had chosen. He could not be buried 
 at full length, and it was necessary to double 
 his legs under his thighs, to fit his remains to 
 their diminished bed. Now, this so-called 
 tomb is at least sixtv feet long. 
 
 Tomb of Godfrey de Bauillon. 
 
 Godfrey de Bouillon found himself, after 
 the triumph of the Crusades, master of the 
 Holy Land, Imt almost alone in a city of ruins, 
 and with subjects so extremely poor that they 
 had no energy left to cultivate the land around 
 
 'Fx.wsDesnioiioh Mil ir- .,Sm\^ 
 
 m:^sssmfir.s^^ixismw^m^i-m:^ 
 
 TOMB OP r.OTlFREY DE BOUrLT/lN. 
 
 the capital ; yet such was the duke's wisdom, 
 which nas been compared to that of Solomon, 
 and the Latins who still remained behind 
 blessed his reign, and even forgot their native 
 country, so happy were they under his rule. 
 Tanired, who often re(iuired his aid when at 
 war with the Emirs of Galilee, assisted Godfrey 
 to conquer territories beyond Libanus. As 
 their warlike incursions always resulted in get- 
 ting booty from their captives in the shape of 
 camels and horses, such exploits were abso- 
 lutely necessary, as the Latins lived on their 
 plunder. The king was so poor, he had often 
 not enough money to pay his faithful soldiers. 
 The infidels, however, feared his power, and 
 dreaded the Latin name ; so that though Asca- 
 lon, Csesarea, and Fetolemais were all bettet 
 fortified than Jerusalem, their Emirs sent tril>- 
 ute to Godfrey, with abject messages. 
 
 This good soldier's end, however, was £/' 
 
 
 JHWISH PRrFSTS Rl!PI..\CnlO THE SHFT-"nEAr. 
 
;PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 
 
 121 
 
 hand. ITie duke had been on an excursion into 
 the country beyond the Riyer Jordan, when 
 he was taken ill at Joppa. The Emir of C»- 
 sare«, one of those who had submitted to hia 
 power, met him near the coast, with presents 
 of figs, and dried fruit ; but Godfrey could not 
 eat any of them, nor keep upright on his 
 hors<j. His faithful knights supported their 
 l)elove(? chief, rubbing his feet, and warming 
 them with their hands, all dreading his death, 
 so far away from his capital. 
 
 A Genoese fleet had previously arrived in the 
 port of Joppa with their bishop and doge on 
 board. Godfrey, still so eager to conquer fur- 
 ther portions of Palestine, accepted the offer 
 they made him of helping his soldiers, by means 
 of their ships, to subdue the seaport towns along 
 the coast, and had begun fresh preparations for 
 war. There was one enemy, however, approach- 
 in? whom he could not overcome or defeat, and 
 that was Death. He grew worse and worse, and 
 was carried back toward the Holy City in a 
 litter, the Christian population weeping and 
 praying for his recovery, as his true knighta 
 bore him along. He lay ill for five weeks, but 
 attended to the affairs of the Holy Land to the 
 last; and, lying on his deathbed, heard with 
 joy the news that a seaport town had fallen — 
 that being his last victory, for he died on the 
 18th of July, 1100, after a brief reign of one 
 year. He was buried in the Church of the Holy 
 Sepulchre, in great style, and on his tomb may 
 still be read an epitaph on one of the wisest 
 warriors of the first Crusade, the pious and just 
 Godfrey de Bouillon : 
 
 ■'Here lies the renowned Duke Godfrey of 
 Bouillon, who won all this land to Christ- 
 ianity." 
 
 «i^i» 
 
 Mountain Pass between Jerusalem and 
 Jericlio, 
 
 iL'^ENES and descriptions of the Bible lose 
 mucU of their force to those who have no defi- 
 nite conceptions of the country, the scenery 
 and the manners of the people. Mohammed- 
 anism has made a great change, doubtless, in 
 religion and manners ; but in the latter respect 
 
 MOUNTAIN PASS BBTWEEN JERUSALEM AND JEEICEO. 
 
 JEWISH IIIGn-PRTEST SENDING OFF THE SCAPE-flOAT 
 
 the change from ancient forms is less than Eu- 
 ropeans make in two or three centuries. 
 
 Who can look at this defile between Jerusa- 
 tem and Jericho without calling up and forming 
 a better conception of the parable of the Good 
 Samaritan? The rocky defile is jast such a spot 
 as has been in all lands the resort of the robber. 
 Bleak, desolate, full of lurking-places, with 
 no inhabitants at hand to answer a call for aid. 
 How completely is the scene oi' the parable 
 laid ; and how perfectly we appreciate the fact 
 that the traveler, robbed and stripped, and left 
 for dead, as Sir Frederick Henniker, *n English 
 traveler, was at the very spot in 1820, cculd 
 depend only on the ne.Kt wayfarer for aid and 
 success. How hard of heart, too, were tlicy 
 who saw the poor creature in his misery, and yet 
 could pass by heedless of the claims for relief ! 
 
 To this day the spot is the resort of bandits, 
 and the traveler, after winding along the val- 
 ley, sometimes <m one mountain, sometimes on 
 ' the other, leaves at last the scanty village of 
 j Bethany, that home of Christ's familiar friends. 
 I with misgiving, as he ascends to the dreade<l 
 hollow way or defile. 
 
122 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Jewish High Priest Sending off the 
 Scape Goat. 
 
 The Jewish ritual, as established by Moses, 
 was one of the most complete and striking that 
 the world had ever seen. No pagan rites com- 
 pared with it iu grandeur, in richness of dress, 
 in variety and extent of sacrifices, and espe- 
 cially in the variety of ceremonies, which — 
 strange and impress- 
 ive in themselves — 
 bore a mystic mean- 
 ing, being typical of 
 higher and greater 
 thought. 
 
 Among the most 
 curious is that of the 
 Scape Goat, or Emis- 
 sary Goat, as he is, 
 perhaps, more ap- 
 propriately termed, as 
 the animal is rather 
 sent out than escap- 
 ing. A goat was 
 brought to the door 
 of the tabernacle, 
 where the high priest 
 laid his hands upon 
 him, i!onfessing the 
 sins of the people, 
 and putting them 
 on the head of the 
 goat ; after which the 
 animal was sent into 
 the wilderness, bear- 
 ing the sins of the 
 people. The goat was 
 the type of sinners, 
 as the sheep was of 
 those faithful to God. 
 And this reputed 
 sinner, loaded with 
 the sins of the nation, 
 driven out, was but 
 a symbol of the 
 multiform character 
 of Christ, typified in 
 a hundred forms in 
 all the rites, cere- 
 monies and history 
 of the people. Reputed 
 sinner, loaded with 
 the sins of the world, 
 he is driven out to 
 die. 
 
 The Paschal Lamb 
 was another and 
 more pleasing type ; ' 
 but in that case the 
 lamb was slain, its 
 blood, betokening 
 innocence, becoming 
 a propitiation, which 
 the blood of the goat, 
 typifying sin, could 
 
 not be. The gorgeous service of the Jewish 
 temple ceased with its fall. 
 
 has been from an early period a place of wor- 
 ship. It appears to have been built by Empress 
 Helena over the spot which tradition indicated 
 as that on which the burning bush had stood, 
 and, consequently, preceded the erection of the 
 convent itself, and the great church, by Justi- 
 nian. It adjoins the church, and is counted 
 the most holy spot in Sinai. The walls are 
 
 to have occupied is marked by an oblong slnb 
 of white marble, over which is an altar stis- 
 tained by four small columns, also of yibt» 
 marble. From under the table of this kltar 
 are suspended three small lamps of silver, 
 which are kept always burning. That this la 
 the site of the burning bush is very doubtful ; 
 but much interest till attaches to the structure* 
 by which, amidst thesa 
 sohtudes, men haTS 
 sought to commem. 
 orate the remarka- 
 ble events Ivhich oc- 
 curred in them. 
 
 Pococke speaks of ft 
 bush planted in the 
 garden by the monks, 
 which they afiBrm to 
 be the real one in 
 which God appeared. 
 " There is no sign 
 of this at present," 
 says Mr. Arundel, 
 who has furnished 
 the drawing for th» 
 engraving. This is 
 true ; and Pococke 
 must have misvinder- 
 stood the monks, who 
 certainly never 
 pointed out any such 
 bush to the older 
 travelers any more 
 than they do now. 
 They have always de- 
 scribed this chapel as 
 covering the site of 
 the burning bush. It 
 seems to be now in 
 the same state as 
 when seen by Horisou. 
 
 The Ohapel of the Burning Bush, 
 The spot on Mount Sinai where, according 
 to tradition, the Almighty appeared in the form 
 of fire, enveloping but not consuming a bush. 
 
 WOMKN OK DKTHI.F.HEM. 
 
 covered with mosaics and old Greek paintings, 
 and from the ceiling are suspended thirty 
 silver lamps (presented to the chapel by dif- 
 ferent persons at different times), which are all 
 alight during the celebration of divine service, 
 which, in this chapel, is every Sunday, and on 
 the feast days of the Virgin. 
 
 The precise spot which the bush is supposed 
 
 Bethlehem. 
 Bethlehem is only 
 distant an hour's ride 
 from Jerusalem, along^ 
 the Plain, or, as it is 
 called in the Bible, 
 the Valley of Eephaim, 
 where so many of the 
 battles between David 
 and the Philistines 
 were fought : midway 
 is the tomb of BacheL 
 What a picture I could 
 describe for one of 
 your "Bible Scenes" 
 if I were at home 
 with you now. How 
 easy it is here to 
 realize Jacob's weari- 
 some journey from 
 Bethel, with his large 
 caravan and his poor sick wife pressing on to 
 reach the end of her journey, for " there wa* 
 but a little way to come to Ephrath." All a> 
 vain; she could travel no longer, and here 
 within sight of Bethlehem, or Ephrath, sfas 
 stopped and died, and the poor broken-hearted 
 husband buried her on the spot, and placed t 
 pillar to her memory. The pillar is gone aoT 
 
PALESTINE AND SYRIA. 
 
 123 
 
 WOMEN AT AN ARABIC FOUNTAIN. JIIRUSALEM. 
 
124 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE PETES AT KOURBAN-BEIBAM. 
 
 but the place has been remembered throughout 
 all ages, and over it stands a little xnely, or 
 Moslem tomb. 
 
 A step or two further, and there lies the 
 little town of Bethlehem, overhanging a broad 
 valley, in the fields of which Kuth went forth 
 to glean, while further on to the east are those 
 •other fields where the shepherds were keeping 
 watch over their flocks on that Christmas-eve 
 "when the angel brought them the message of 
 "good tidings of great joy to all people." 
 
 We rode through olive gardens and vine- 
 yards till a narrow pathway led us into the 
 town, and passing through its crowded streets, 
 we reached an open square where stands the 
 Convent and Church of the Nativity. The 
 square was filled with town people and pil- 
 grims, and we were quickly surrounded by a 
 crowd of Bethlehem boys, who, to our un- 
 accustomed eyes, looked very smart in scarlet 
 •dresses, the costume of the place. 
 
 The women, as seen in our illustration, re- 
 tain the dress and manners of centuries past. 
 
 A Chamber ii the Wall, 
 
 OuK illustration shows a chamber in the wall, 
 such as are alluded to in Scripture, and are still 
 seen in the walled cities of the East. 
 
 A lady who spent a Winter in Syria, in writ- 
 ing home to her children says, ' ' The street 
 called ' Straight ' yet exists in Damascus, and 
 one still sees here houses built along the top of 
 the city wall, reminding one of Rahab, who 
 lived upon the town wall of Jericho, and who 
 let the spies down by a cord through the win- 
 dow. Some of these windows project over the 
 wall, and probably from such a one St. Paul 
 was let down in a basket." 
 
 Owing to the limited traveling in the days 
 when our Bible translation was made, the terms 
 used were drawn from our everyday life, and 
 
 now mislead ; whereas, in this case, a single 
 glance at customs still prevailing in the East 
 
 explains it all. 
 
 «ia»i> 
 
 Captive Israelites before the King of 
 Assyria. 
 
 No DiscovEErES of modem times have, per- 
 haps, been more interesting than those made at 
 Nineveh, by the life-like i^icture they enable us 
 to form of many of the events in sacred his- 
 tory. No longer trusting to imagination or 
 analogy, but taking figures, dress, architecture 
 and furniture from exact models, we can repro- 
 duce the scenes, at least in the palaces of the 
 kings. Yet, except in richness of material and 
 ornament, there was, doubtless, little difference 
 between the homes of the king and his 
 peoi^le. 
 
 There is a broad line at once evident between 
 the Assyrians and other Orientals. They sat on 
 chairs like our armchairs, and ate like us, at 
 tables. Nay, these ver}' chairs and tables have 
 the claw feet and heads that will be foimd in 
 our own da)'. 
 
 The dress of those at court shows great lux- 
 urj' and wealth. Tunics and robes are the 
 chief articles of attire, with cloaks, scarfs, em- 
 broidered cinctures, all covered profuselj' with 
 ornament", producing a verj' fine effect. 
 
 The beard was curled in those long rows that 
 are now so familiar, while the hair was done up 
 behiud in a roll. 
 
 The arms and armor of the soldiers are all 
 known, and it is only in female dress that our 
 knowledge is limited. The only women shown 
 are captives. 
 
 With the knowledge thus acquired, Flandin 
 has reproduced the entrance of the captive King 
 of Juda and his princes before the Assyrian 
 monarch, and with a success that will make the 
 picture a studj'. Here every article of attire 
 and arms and furniture^the architecture, the 
 decorations, are all taken from Assyrian models, 
 and even the groups of figures and the attitudes 
 derived from the testimony handed down. 
 
 The Fetes of Kourb.in-Baram. 
 StTOCEEDiNO the Mohammedan fast of Eama- 
 dan, which corresponds to the Lenten season 
 in the Christian world, are the fetes of the 
 Kourban-Beiram, in which the followers of the 
 Prophet indulge with a gusto of which one 
 •would imagine, from their customary gravity, 
 they were wholly incapable. Our illustration 
 conveys a pretty accurate idea of the way in 
 •which the denizens of Jaffa, in Palestine, coun- 
 tenance the amusements of the hoijr. Gymnasts 
 Bhow their prowess, while less daring citizens 
 indulge in the swing ; and others, whose organ 
 of " alimentiveness " is marked " seven, ^to" 
 on the phrenologist's scale of mental forces, 
 feast on the sweets and sours the venders of 
 fruits, etc., offer them. The fetes are annually 
 liald without the walls of Jaffa. 
 
 COUKTYARD OF A HOUSE IN DAMASCUS. 
 
PALESTINE AND SYBIA. 
 
 125 
 
 Jews Praying at the Temple of Jerasalem. 
 
 The Jew is now a wanderer on the earth. 
 But from every land the Jewish heart turns to 
 
 Jerusalem, and be buried in the Valley of 
 Jehoshaphat. Prayer pierces the vault of the 
 heavens as well from the hovel or the open 
 air as from the vaulted church. There is no 
 
 course \nth his Maker, where vails and 
 clouds seem less, and prayer seems to spring 
 more absolutely from the sincerest heart- 
 springs, and to be liorne directly by angel 
 
 the city of their ancient kings and prophets, 
 the city of their temple, which, unrivaled in 
 its day of splendor, has lain in the dust for 
 eighteen centuries. Ever Jerusalemward tend 
 the unceasing lines of pilgrims from the four 
 quarters of the globe — Jews who wish to die at 
 
 inherent sanctity in places that gives prayers a 
 peculiar power with the Most High ; yet there 
 have always been " holy grounds " — spots tend- 
 ing from association or from subtle influence 
 to bring man to that state of mind which puts 
 him in more uninterrupted immediate inter- 
 
 hands to the throne of grace. This feeling 
 pervades all religions ; and there are spots 
 worn by the feet of generation after genera- 
 tion who have eome to kneel in succession. 
 What wonder if the Jew seeks to reach the 
 site of Solomon's temple to offer his prayer. 
 
126 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 and there recites the orisons which once re- 
 sounded within its walls. 
 
 The Jewish High-Priest. 
 
 Nothing can exceed the gorgeousness of the 
 worship which Moses instituted by divine com- 
 mand among the Jews. 
 Ceremony and ritual, 
 rich yestments, incense 
 — all were accumu- 
 lated, as though in the 
 divine worship there 
 could not be too much 
 to absorb the senses 
 and at the same time 
 give them a heaven- 
 ward tendency. 
 
 The vestments of the 
 high-priest, which were 
 made for '-glory 
 and for beauty," con- 
 sisted of eight articles, 
 some of which were 
 peculiar to him, and 
 others were com- 
 mon to all the priests. 
 The articles were, the 
 coat, the drawers or 
 breeches, the "girdle 
 orthe ephod," the robe, 
 the ephod, the breast- 
 plate, the mitre, and 
 the ' ' girdle of needle- 
 work"; all of which, 
 being very beautiful, 
 and some of them 
 made of gold, were 
 «alled by the Jews 
 "golden vestments." 
 
 On the skirt, at the 
 bottom of the robe, 
 there were figures of 
 pomegranates (which 
 are remarkable for 
 the beauty of their 
 leaves, fl o w e r s and 
 fruits) wrought with 
 blue, purple and scar- 
 let yarn. Between 
 these figures there 
 was a bell, or, in 
 other words, there was 
 a beU and a pomegran- 
 ate al t e r n a t e 1 y, al- 
 though some of the 
 Rabbins say that the 
 bells were inclosed 
 ■within the pomegran- 
 Ates. The breastplate 
 peculiar to the high- 
 priest 'nas a piece of 
 rich cloth, set with 
 twelve precious stones, 
 
 as follows : A sardius, a topa«;, a carbuncle, an 
 emerald, a sapphire, a diamond, a ligure, an 
 agate, an amethyst, a beryl, or aqua marine, 
 E.U onyx, a jasper. 
 
 The mitre of Aaron seems to have been a roll 
 ■at fine cotton, resembling a turban. It was 
 famished in front with a plate of pure gold, on 
 -vrbioh was inscribed these words, " Holiness to 
 
 the Lord." Such was the dress of the Hebrew 
 high-priest. Josephus informs us, such was 
 the venerable appearance of the high-priest 
 of the Jews when arrayed in his sacerdotal 
 dress, that, upon a deputation being sent 
 by the Jews to Alexander the Great, who 
 was advancing to the siege of Jerusalem, he 
 
 JEWISH HIGH-PRIEST, WITH AN ATTENDANT PRIEST. 
 
 was struck ■with reverence and awe, 
 bowed do^svn and saluted him. 
 
 and 
 
 The Maronites. 
 
 About fifty years after the birth of Moham- 
 med, and before the reformed religion taught 
 by him had made any progress beyond the im- 
 
 mediate neighborhood of Medina and Mecca, or 
 the confines of Arabia, one of those Christians 
 who had retired into a cave in North Syria, in 
 order to pursue his studies and meditations 
 uninterupted, made himself remarkable by the 
 peculiar sanctity of his life and wisdom. This 
 man was called Hana (the Arabic of John) 
 M a r o u n. The cave 
 where he dwelt was 
 close to one of the 
 chief sources of the 
 Orontes, the Ain or 
 spring mentioned in 
 Numbers xxxiv. 11. 
 
 About this time, the 
 quarrels between Con- 
 stantinople and Rome, 
 for the spiritual juris- 
 diction of the Chris- 
 tians in Syria, broke 
 forth, and emissaries 
 from each were spread 
 through the country, 
 for the purpose of in- 
 fluencing the people. 
 Hana Maroun was 
 at once elected by the 
 united voices of the 
 mountaineers as their 
 adviser and leader. 
 H e immediately d e- 
 clared himself for the 
 Latins, acknowledged 
 the Pope as his spiritu- 
 al master, and put 
 himself at the head 
 of a large body of 
 followers. 
 
 The tenets of the 
 Maronites are simply 
 those of Rome — their 
 colleges and schools 
 being presided over by 
 teachers and priests 
 sent from that city ; 
 they suVmitted more 
 entirely to the Pope in 
 1180, giving up at that 
 time the Mouophysit- 
 ism which had till 
 then tinged their 
 tenets, and obtaining 
 in return the immense 
 concession of retaining 
 many of their own pe- 
 culiar customs. They 
 have a very large num- 
 ber of monks, who, o 
 course, take vows o. 
 celibacy and poverty 
 but the parish priests 
 are almost always mar- 
 ried : the people coui- 
 municate in both kinds 
 and their service is conducted in Syriac — a 
 language till lately well understood by them, 
 but now disused, since only three villages 
 are existing where Syriac is still spoken ; the 
 gospels and other parts are read also in Arabic. 
 There are between ninety and a hundred con 
 vents, containing abou* one thousand five hun- 
 dred monks, and five or six hundred nuns : the 
 
PALESTINE AND SYKIA, 
 
 127 
 
 A MABONITE PBEACHEfi. 
 
i28 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 number of the Maronite population is differently 
 stated, but is most probably about two hundred 
 and thirty-three thousand souls. There are 
 large numbers of them at Aleppo, Tripoli, Bey- 
 rout and Saida, but they may be said chiefly to 
 inhabit the Lebanon, the Kesrouan district of 
 which is almost entirely occupied by them : 
 most of their convents are placed there, and 
 about the Cedars, and in the Kesrouan they 
 have their great priests' college of Autourah. 
 
 Hanua Maroun died in a.d. 701, and was 
 buried at Hamah, his tomb becoming at once, 
 and for a very long time after, a place of pil. 
 grimage to both parties among the mountain- 
 eers : his remains were believed to perform 
 miracles, and were visited by pilgrims from 
 even Egypt and all parts of Turkey. 
 
 A convent was soon founded beside the tomb, 
 the monks excavating cells in the living rock 
 for themselves, and 
 building up loopholed 
 walls overhanging the 
 ravine below — as in the 
 convents of Mar An- 
 t o u n and Khanobin ; 
 to this convent the 
 Pope Bent a present of 
 a fine library. 
 
 Between these Maron- 
 ites and the Druses, a 
 formidable Turkish 
 tribe in the Lebanon, 
 almost constant war 
 exists, and the Maron- 
 ites would have been 
 crushed but for the jjro- 
 tection of France. 
 
 Our illustration rep- 
 resents a monk preach- 
 ing to a congregation 
 on the mountain. 
 
 Jewish Priests 
 
 EEPLACING SHEW-BREAD. 
 
 Among the rites with 
 which Moses invested 
 the ritual of divine 
 worship which he estab- 
 lished among the Jews 
 was the Shew-Bread, 
 Loaves of Proposition, 
 
 placed on golden tables within the tabernacle. 
 These loaves represented the twelve tribes, 
 and were renewed every week. The use of 
 bread in this typical form was apparently new, 
 aixd the loaves were sacred. Kone but the 
 priests were allowed to touch them, and when 
 removed, to give place to the newly baked 
 loaves, they were eaten by the priests and their 
 families. 
 
 Only once in the Bible do we read that un- 
 priestly hands touched the sacred loaves. This 
 was when King David, with his starving band, 
 came to the spot where they were kept. And 
 Christ, in alluding to the act, justified it, the 
 life of man excusing the sacrilege. 
 
 Those who find all the rites of the Mosaic law 
 typical, find in these loaves, as in the manna, 
 a type of the Lord's Supper, and the ritual 
 instituted by Christ as the worship under the 
 new. Bread, as the fruit of man's labor, the 
 
 toil of his brain, is, perhaps, in itself, the most 
 appropriate type of the offering of the unre- 
 generate ; and the idea may be traced in Mel- 
 chisedek, as the opposite offering of the lamb 
 seems to mark the worship of the reconciled 
 coming with clean hands to lay his gift upon 
 the altar. 
 
 Women at an Arabic Fountain, Jerusalem. 
 Jerusalem has been so often laid waste by the 
 desolating hand of war, it has been so fre- 
 quently completely demolished, that little or 
 nothing remains on the surface to trace the 
 grandeur of the races that ruled there from the 
 day when God withheld the light of His coun- 
 tenance from His ungrateful j)eople. The early 
 Jewish structures have all disappeared ; no 
 marks remain of Assyrian or Egyptian con- 
 
 THE CHAPEL OF THE BrRNINO Rfsn. 
 
 quest ; even its Koman characteristics disap- 
 peared in its total ruin under Titus. Its present 
 impress is Mohammedan and Turkish, rather 
 than Saracen. 
 
 The graceful architecture of the latter, of 
 which Granada will always occur to the mind 
 as the most pleasing type, seldom meets the 
 eye at Jerusalem. 
 
 A photograph of an Arabic fountain, at Jeru- 
 salem, shows, however, that they still preserve 
 some monuments of considerable beauty. 
 
 The women are not out of keeping with the 
 scenes they revive — the early Bible accounts of 
 the heroines of the race, the Rachels proceeding 
 in their simple yet graceful dress, bearing on 
 the head the water-jar ; the jeweled bracelets 
 and armlets removing the suspicion of poverty 
 which the bare feet would suggest. 
 
 He who risks nothing can gain nothing. 
 
 A Courtyard in Damascus. 
 The entrance to some even of the finest 
 houses is by a low, mean-looking door in a great 
 blank wall, little according with the luxury 
 and splendor within, and seeming more likely 
 to lead to a cowshed than to a luxurious 
 mansion. This unpromising entrance admits 
 you through an outer court, into a spa- 
 cious quadrangle paved with marble, in the 
 middle of which a fountain throws up a con- 
 tinual shower, cooling the atmosphere, and 
 refreshing the evergreens and flowering shrubs 
 which are placed around it. In one corner 
 stands a tall, slender pole like a signal-staff, 
 for the purpose of hoisting up an earthen-jar 
 full of water, which is cooled b}' the evapora.. 
 tion that takes place through the porous sides 
 of the vessel. An arcade, supported by low, 
 slender columns, runs round the quadrangle, 
 giving admission to the 
 lower apartments; 
 t k e s e are elaborately 
 painted and gilded, and 
 the cornices are orna- 
 mented with Arabic in. 
 scriptions. Rich carpets 
 and deewans, and cush- 
 ions of damask or vel- 
 vet, embroidered with 
 gold, cover the floor, 
 and china plates, jars, 
 basins and bowls are 
 a d V a n t a geously dis- 
 posed in niches in the 
 walls, or on shelves. 
 
 In one of those apart- 
 ments the stranger is 
 generally received on 
 his first introduction, 
 but the places of com- 
 mon reception are the 
 arcades, one of which 
 is furnished with a 
 dee wan, which is 
 shifted as the sun 
 comes round. Here, as 
 the Turk reclines upon 
 softest cushions, the 
 mild air that fans hia 
 cheek, the delightful 
 mellowing of the light 
 by the evergreens, the 
 fragrance of the blossoms, and the plashing 
 of the fountain, all weave round him a charm 
 of the most voluptuous repoee. Even here the 
 same mysterious solitude prevails as in the 
 streets ; the sound of your own footsteps echoing 
 over the marble pavement seems to you a 
 rude intrusion on the genius of the jilace : and 
 you would almost fancy yourself iu one of the 
 enchanted palaces of the Arab romances. 
 
 A side passage from the outer court leads to 
 the harem, which has a court ajjpropriated to 
 itself. All the courts and the open rooms are 
 frequented by swallows and tame pigeons. To- 
 ward evening, the whole town is in a flutter 
 with innumerable flights of the latter, on their 
 return to roost : men stand in the neighborhood 
 of the city whistUug the birds in, or waving 
 white pennants attached to poles to lure them to 
 alight, which, after many graceful sweeps round 
 the decoy, they accomplish. 
 
PALESTINE, SYPUA AND THIBET. 
 
 129 
 
 
 JEWS PEAYING AT THE WALL OF THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON. 
 
130 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 TaMng of Jerusalem. 
 
 When Titus advanced against Jerusalem at 
 the head of sixty thousand men — Romans and 
 iiuxiliaries — multitudes of Jews were collected 
 da the city, from all quarters, to celebrate the 
 feast of the Passover. This (jircumstance greatly 
 enhanced the subsequent calamities of the 
 siege, as such vast numbers soon consumed the 
 provisions which remained in the city, and 
 speedily produced the most horrible famine 
 "that ever history recorded. It was probably 
 in contemplation of such a result that Titus 
 selected this time for his advance ; as he would 
 T;asonably calculate that the siege would bo 
 ■shortened by the besieged being forced to sur- 
 render for want of food. He needed all the 
 hope which might be derived from such a con- 
 sideration, fjr the enterprise which be had 
 undertaken presented great difficulties. The 
 city itself was strong from its situation ; besides 
 ■which, its fortifications were, for that age, of 
 rsmarkable strength, and of recent erection. 
 The ancient walls had indeed been demolished 
 by Pomp::y; and when Herod Agrippa under- 
 took to repair the foundations and raise the 
 walls, the governor of Syria took alarm, and 
 obtained an order from Rome, prohibiting the 
 continuance of the work. After Herod's death, 
 however, the Jews purchased permission from 
 the venal Claudius to resume the undertaking, 
 and availed themselves of the advantage with 
 Buch good effect, that the town came to be con- 
 eidered little less than impregnable. 
 
 The walls and battlements were completed 
 to the height of twenty-five cubits, and the 
 breadth of ten cubits, built with great stones 
 twenty cubits long and ten broad, so that tliey 
 could not easily be undermined nor easily 
 .shaken by military engines. This was the 
 outer wall (for there were two others), and it 
 ■was strengthened with sixty strong and lofty 
 towers. The two other walls were of corres- 
 ponding strength ; the second having fourteen 
 lowers, and the third ei,ghty. Also there 
 -were several castles of extraordinary strength, 
 ••such as those of Hippicos, Phasael, Marianne, 
 •and Antonia ; not to mention the royal palace 
 find some other:;, that were stately and well 
 fortified. The Temple itself greatly exceeded 
 dn strength ; and from its situation, with its 
 ■walls, towers, and other buildings, was at least 
 -equal to the strongest fortress then existing. 
 The defenders w«re numerous, wanting no armg 
 -or warlike engines, invincibly obstinate, and 
 hravc to desperation. But, on the other hand, 
 ihey wanted experience in the defense of towng, 
 and in the use of the warlike engines which 
 4hey had taken from the Romans ; their store 
 
 of provisions was utterly inadequate, and in a 
 cour.^e of rapid exhaustion ; and they were at 
 variance with themselves, and with the unwar- 
 like multitudes in the city, who sighed for 
 safety and peace. 
 
 However, the party differences of the defend- 
 ers were somewhat diminished almost as soon 
 as the Romans made their appearance, by the 
 suppression of the party of Eleazer, which put 
 John in sole posses.sion of the Temple, and left 
 him to act -n'ith Simon against the Romans, 
 and against Simon when the Romans intermit- 
 ted their assa'.;ltB. This was the principle of 
 contest throughout the siege. The two great 
 parties concurred in defense of the city ; but 
 when the urgent occasion had passed, they 
 turned their arms against each other. Thus 
 there was twofold war, and the life-blood of 
 Jerusalem was drained without respite. John 
 defended the Temple and the Castle of Antonia, 
 and Simon the rest of the city. The space 
 which their previous devastations bad cleared 
 within the city served them for a field of battle 
 against each other ; from which, when occasion 
 required, they unanimously hastened to act 
 against the common enemy ; after which their 
 mutual hostilities were resumed, as if they had 
 r-tudicd how to make their ruin more easy to 
 the Romans. 
 
 When Titus arrived before the city, he made 
 an ostentatious display of his forces, in battle 
 array, in three divisions ; the first itnd princi- 
 pal encamped at Scopas, about ssveh stadia 
 from the city, northward ; the second about 
 three stadia behind ; the third eastward, on the 
 Mount of Olives. The first week, being the 
 week of the Passover, he spent in making 
 such arrangements as the survey which he had 
 made showed to be necessary, and in preparing 
 the ground for future operations. The ground 
 between Scopas and the city was leveled and 
 cleared by the demolition of trees, houses, 
 hedges, and even rocks, which supplied mate- 
 rials to raise against the wall banks on which 
 the military engines were planted ; and the 
 overturee of peace having been rejected with 
 insult and soorn, he commenced active opera- 
 tions the day after the ending of the Paschal 
 week, being Sunday, April 22, a.d. 70. 
 
 The first breach was made in the outer wall 
 on Sunday, May G, •when the Romans, rushing 
 in through the breach, opened the gates, and 
 obtained possession of the New City, the Jews 
 retiring beliind the second wall. The second 
 wall was defended with desperate bravery ; and 
 frequent sallies were made on the besiegers. 
 The Romans, however, gained possession of 
 the wall in five days ; but the Jews made such 
 an obstinate resistance in the streets^ that they 
 
 drove back the enemy and took possession of 
 the breach, from which it took three days more 
 to expel them. 
 
 Titus being thus master of the Kew and 
 Lower Cities, turned his attention to the Tower 
 of Antonia ; and the stand here made by the 
 besieged extorted the admiration of their ene- 
 mies. John, who held the castle, dug a mine 
 therefrom to the banks, by which they were 
 destroyed ; and two days after Simon afsaulted 
 the remaining banks, and set fire to the enainea 
 which were planted on them. The flames 
 spread to the banks, which were chiefly con- 
 structed with felled trees, and destroyed them, 
 obliging the Romans to retreat to their camp, 
 where they had an obstinate and bloody con- 
 flict before they could drive back the Jews, who 
 had pursued them. 
 
 After this, and in order that famine might 
 accomplish all its work in the town, by the 
 besieged being shut up more closely and pre- 
 cluded from all means of escape, Titus built a 
 wall of circumvallation all around the city, 
 fortified at due intervals with thirteen towers, 
 in which strong guards were stationed. This 
 vast work, which was about six miles in extent, 
 was accomplished by the Roman soldiers ia 
 three days, by one of those exertions of a con- 
 centrated energy and application which they 
 alone, in that age, were capable of displaying. 
 
 Having accomplished this work, the Romans 
 resumed their operations against Fort Antonia, 
 which they took without much difficulty ; for 
 the garrison, being exhausted by famine, made 
 but a feeble defense. 
 
 The Temple now became the great object of 
 interest. Titus fixed on August 5th for storming 
 the Temple with all his army. But the night 
 before, two desperate sallies were made by the 
 Jews, and in driving them back the last time 
 the Romans rushed on after them into the inner 
 court. One of the soldiers then seized a fire- 
 brand, and mounting on the shoulders of a 
 companion, cast it through an open windo-w 
 communicating with the apartments en the 
 north side of the sanctuary. The flames 
 almost immediately burst forth ; on beholdmg 
 which the Jews raised a cry of despair, and raa 
 to extinguish them. Titus hastened to the 
 spot with his officers, and made every exertion 
 for the same purpose, both by voice and action. 
 — he entreated, promised, threatened, and even, 
 struck his men with his staff ; but for the time 
 he had lost all authority and influence, and 
 was not heeded by any. The .soldiers who 
 flocked from the camp eagerly joined those 
 already on the spot in destroying the Jews, in 
 increasing the flames, and in stripping the 
 burning pile of its treasures. 
 
 THS DAUASCDS OATB. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Home— Genekal View— CASTLE or St. angelo— Pantheon— St. Petek's— Papal Tiaba and Keys— Mass in St. Peteb'8— Monks at Studv— 
 ABOH OF Titus— Faknese Palacb— Oolossedm— Abch op Deusus— Milanese Ladies— the Miseeiooedia— Venetian Wine - glassks— 
 Pontifical mass in St. Peteb's— Easteen Lanteens and Toeches— The Villa Aldobbandini at Fbasoati— The Viol dk Gamba— 
 Yeeona Costumes— Paddan Costumes— Venetian Costumes— Italian Seevants, Sixteenth Centuet— Eteuscan Vases— Naples and 
 Mount Vesuvius— Ampiiitbeatee at Milan— ancient Couches— Baebee Shop— Combs— Capuchin Cemeteei— Eel Makket. 
 
 [IHIS famous country, which for eo 
 many ceaturies ruled the world, and 
 whose resuscitation as a United King- 
 dom we have lately witnessed, is a 
 peninsula in the south of Europe. It is about 
 eix hundred miles long, and three hundred 
 miles broad, iu its widest part. Its coast line 
 is estimated at two thousand miles, and includes 
 many spacious and convenient bays — among 
 which are Gaeta, Genoa, Naples, Salerno, and 
 Tarento, in the Adriatic. It has a popula- 
 tion of about twenty-five millions, which, 
 under one king, as they uow are, promises to 
 make it a very powerful element in European 
 politics. Till within the last ten years it was 
 divided into nine governments — Austria, Sar- 
 dinia, Naples, Papal States, Tuscany, Parma, 
 Modena, San Marino, and Monaco. The chief 
 rivers are the Po, the Tiber, the Adige, the 
 Rubicon, the Brenta, the Adda, the Arno, the 
 Oglio, the Mincio, the Tribia, and the Panaro. 
 The principal mountains are the Alps, which 
 ■on the north forms a natural ban-ier from the 
 rest of Europe ; the Apennines, which unite with 
 the Alps, and run southward along a considera- 
 ble portion of the peninsula. It is also famous 
 for its lakes, among which, and conspicuous for 
 their 'beauty, are the Como, Lugano, Lago Mag- 
 giore, Lecco, Perugia, etc. 
 
 The climate ia very delightful ; the moun- 
 tains and the sea, modifying the warmth of 
 ■Summer, and the Winter is very moderate. 
 Many districts are, however, unhealthy, owing 
 to the mcrshes, which emit pestilential vapors. 
 This, more especially, applies to the neighbor- 
 liood of Rome ; but since the removal of the 
 Italian government to the Eternal City, these 
 morasses will undoubtedly be drained, and its 
 miasmatic power destroyed. The forests are 
 not very eitetisive, but, small as they are, they 
 contain several kinds of savage beasts, such as 
 the wild boar, the stag, the wild goat, the tiger- 
 cat, the latter of which is found on the Abruzzi 
 mountains. The nautilus, which, perhaps, sug- 
 gested to man his first idea of navigating the 
 seas by means of sails, is foTind in great num- 
 bers on the Italian coast. Coral is also found 
 in many parts. 
 
 The soil of Italy is very favorable to fruits ; 
 
 and its grapes, olives, and figs have been cele- 
 brated by the poets of all ages, especially the 
 Augustan era. Tlieir meadows and pastures 
 are so extensive that grain of aU kinds is grown 
 in profusion. On the plains of the Po vast 
 herds of cattle are reared, and from their mUk 
 a peculiar kind of cheese is made. 
 
 Their chief mineral is marblCj and in the 
 north, toward the German frontier, as well as 
 in the Venetian and Genoese territory, and in 
 Tuscany, there are quarries of beautiful marble, 
 and caverns of stalactites of marvelous splendor. 
 In the Apennines are found alabaster, jasper, 
 agate, rock crystal, clialcedony, lapis lazuli, 
 with other precious stones. Alum, copper and 
 iron are also very often fovaid in the moun- 
 tainous parts. Their manufactures consist prin- 
 cipally of silk, linen, and woolen goods. The 
 establislied religion is the Roman Catholic. 
 
 The Italian people are passionately fond of 
 music, painting, sculpture — in a word, all that 
 cultivates the sensuous part of our nature. 
 Tlieir composers are the favorites of modern 
 times, and Verdi, Donizetti, Rossini, Bellini, and 
 Pacini are heard every night pouring forth their 
 meljdious thoughts to delighted thousands in 
 every part of the world. Even the common 
 peasants King the songs of Metastasio, and in 
 Venice the gondolier yet trolls the "Lay of 
 Tasso." 
 
 We must not forget to add that there are 
 about three hundred newspapers published in 
 Italy, but they are really rather literary jour- 
 nals than organs of public opinion or news. 
 
 So far as tradition is worth, we may add, 
 that the Italia of the ancients received its 
 name from Italus, who came from Arcadia. 
 There is every reason to hope that a people 
 enjoying such a climate, and endowed with 
 so many noble qualities, ■will yet regain their 
 lost ascendancy, and make their power felt in 
 the council of nations. 
 
 The inhabitants of Italy are a mixture of the 
 many different races who have successively 
 obtained the maflery of tlie country. The Gal- 
 lic and Roman elements are the chief ingre- 
 dients of Italian nationality, but few traces of 
 the Pelasgic and aboriginal can be recognized. 
 In upper Italy the German element has con- 
 
 tributed to materially mould th.c habits of th. 
 people — even the word Lombardy ig the name 
 of a Teutonic tribe. In Southern Italy and 
 Sicily the Arab element enters into the mix- 
 ture of nationaJ characteristics. A commoij 
 language is the great bond of the Italian peo- 
 ple, or, we should rather say, their writteu 
 language, which binds the educated classes 
 together, for the common people speak so many 
 different dialects, that the inhabitants of some 
 localities cannot understand the conversation 
 of others. 
 
 The Italian has, generally, a fine exterioi; 
 rather slim than stout, but strong and active. 
 
 When the military power of Rome declined, 
 tlie Italians became famous for their triumphi 
 in literature, art and science, and many of the 
 most illustrious names in the world are thosa 
 of her citizens. Their universities, in the mid- 
 dle ages, may bo said to have kept alive ths 
 lamp of learning. Lord Brougham well desig- 
 nates the Roman Church as the ark in which 
 the civilization of the world had floated down 
 to us. The chief universities are Bologna, 
 Pavia, Satemo, Naples, Padua, Rome, Perugia, 
 Pisi, Sienna, Turin, Parma, Florence, Catania, 
 Cagliari, Genoa, and Modena. Immense lite- 
 rary treasures aie stored in the'r public libra- 
 ries. The principal libraries are the Minerva 
 and the Vatican, at Rome. The Borbonioa, at 
 Naples, the University, at Bologna, the Ambro- 
 siau, at Milan, the St. Mark's, at Venice, the 
 Royal Library, at Turin, and numerous others. 
 In addition to these, immense quantities of 
 manuscript are deposited in the monasteries 
 scattered throughout the land. The number of 
 the Catholic clergy is very large — some have 
 estimated it as high as four hundred and eighty 
 thousand persons. This evil is, however, being 
 lessened every day under the reign of King 
 Humbert. 
 
 Italy, at one time, was the emporium of the 
 commerce of the world. The merchants of 
 Genoa and Venice were the money-changers of 
 the traders, just as England is now. The Wall 
 Street of London is called Lombard Street, as 
 a compliment to the merchants of Lombardy, 
 who were the richest and most enterprising 
 traders. 
 
132 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Borne. 
 
 Amomost the ancient cities still left to us, 
 •which recall the memories of a bygone age, 
 there is none which has more interest for the 
 
 her present condition. The causes which 
 threw her from her high estate were mani- 
 fold. The Goth, the Christian, time, war, flood 
 and fire, all lent their aid to render the 
 centre of the then known world, a ' ' marble 
 
 general traveler than the Eternal City. Few 
 more interesting studies could be found than 
 the varying fortunes of this seven-hilled city, 
 •which has passed through all gradations from 
 the proud title of Mistress of the World to 
 
 wilderness." But long before the name of 
 Alaric had become a terror to the inhabitants 
 of Italy the process of decay had commenced 
 in the imperial city. 
 The great flre which took place just before 
 
 the commencement of the reign of Augustus. 
 gave that emperor an opportunity of display- 
 ing the grandeur of his ideas in the restoration 
 of the city, which had been almost entirely 
 destroyed by the flames, and with such mag- 
 nificence was this restoration ex- 
 ecuted, that it was the boast of 
 Augustus, "that he had found 
 Rome built of brick, and that ho 
 left it marble." 
 
 All this magnificence was, how- 
 ever, destroyed by the fire which 
 took place in the reign of Nero, 
 and, by some writers, attributed 
 to the emperor himself, which 
 completely devastated Rome ; tea 
 out of the fourteen districts into 
 which Rome was divided being 
 destroyed, and the site of the city 
 was converted almost literally into 
 a tabula rasa, or level surface, upon 
 which the successive emperors 
 raised such gorgeous piles of 
 architecture as made the name 
 of Rome synonymous with every- 
 thing that is grand and mag- 
 nificent. To remove from his 
 own shoulders the odium of such 
 a disgraceful act as the firing of 
 the city, Nero contrived to lay it 
 on the Christians, ■svho were at 
 his time rather numerous, and to 
 give color to the charge he sub- 
 jected them to all manner of 
 torture. 
 
 Perhaps tlie most interesting- 
 locality, as well as the most splen- 
 did in architecture, is the Roman 
 Forum, so called from comprising 
 in its precincts the well known 
 Forum Romanura, now called 
 the Campo Vaccine, or Bullock's 
 Field. This was the spot which 
 in past times resounded with the 
 polished eloquence of Cicero and 
 others of the Padres Omscripti. 
 
 Here also stood the great marble 
 temple of Jupiter, and close at 
 h'.md were the temple of Saturn, 
 the temple of Fortune, of Janus, 
 of Castor and Pollux, the arch of 
 Tiberius, the temple of Vespasian, 
 the arch of Severus, the templa 
 of Vesta, the temple of Antoninus 
 and Faustina, the Julian Bafcil^ 
 ica, etc. 
 
 The Forum Romanum, of all 
 the remaining localities of ancient 
 Rome, presents the greatest con- 
 trast, in its present deplorable ap- 
 pearance, to its former magni- 
 ficence. Even by its modem nama 
 A Cow's Field (Campo Vaccine), 
 expressive as it is of degradation 
 and desolation, no adequate idea is 
 conveyed of the utter devasta- 
 tion which has overwhelmed the 
 Forum, obliterated its every line- 
 ament and feature, and made 
 exact boundaries a problem, and 
 it from being the grand central 
 nucleus of the splendor and beauty of the 
 most magnificent, powerful and populous city 
 that ever existed, to become an unsightly 
 
 even its 
 reduced 
 
ITALY, 
 
 13b 
 
 shapeless , baiTen field — c 
 very wiiste and wilcler- 
 Bess. The tourist, whose 
 intimate acquaintance 
 ■with classical literature 
 and history enables 
 him to picture vividly 
 to his mind the Forum 
 as the centre of the ex- 
 cessive and turbulent 
 -vitality of ancient Rome 
 in the days of Cicero, of 
 Cassar and Pompey, and 
 of the more placid but 
 equally intense spirit of 
 life which pervaded its 
 strong thoroughfares in 
 the time of Augustus, 
 can alone fully estimate 
 how vast is the desola- 
 tion of the Campo 
 Vaccino. 
 
 On the bank of the 
 liver is to be observed a 
 
 massive circular struc- ~- 
 
 tare; this is the castle 
 of St. Angclo, the key 
 to the city. In this 
 
 citadel Pope Clement VII. was besieged by the 
 C.oths in the year 1027, at which time the city 
 was occupied by the barbarians, who did incal- 
 ciilable injury to the buildings. The castle 
 has, at various times, been subject to many 
 vicissitudes, but, owing to its importance, in 
 the defense of the city, it has always been kept 
 in repair. 
 
 CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO. 
 
 The Arch of Prusus. near the Gate of St. 
 Sebastian, the last of all the triumphal arches 
 which sp:inned the noble thoroughfare which 
 ran through the ancient city from the Flam- 
 inian Way (now the Corso), southward to the 
 Appian Way, was erected in memory of Drusus, 
 the father of the Emperor Claudius, during the 
 reign of the latter, about a.b. 42 or 43. Its 
 
 appearance is seen in tlie 
 engraving, with the Gate 
 of St. Sebastian in the 
 background. 
 
 The Arch of Titns, 
 which is in tolerable 
 preservation, was erected 
 during the reign of Dom- 
 itian, by the Senate and 
 people of Rome, to 
 celebrate the triumph 
 of Titus over the Jews 
 and the destruction of 
 .Jerusalem. It is situated 
 on what was the highest 
 point of the Via Sacra, 
 thence called Summa 
 Via Sacra. It is a 
 lofty, massive structure 
 of white marble, pre- 
 senting a two-fold fa- 
 cade, looking north and 
 south. It is, however, 
 only pierced by one 
 arch ; the entablature is 
 supported by four co- 
 lumns on each facade. 
 There is no monument, 
 perhaps, of Imperial Rome still remaining, 
 which possesses so much interest r.s this arch ; 
 for amongst the various bas-reliefs upon its 
 exterior and interior, executed in a high style 
 of art, there is one representing the triumfihal 
 procession of Titus to the Capitol, on his return 
 to Rome after the destruction of Jerusalem, 
 which contains delineations of the sacicd 
 
 THE PANTHEON, AT ROME. 
 
134 
 
 THE WOBLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ST. rETEii'i cirjKcu, i;oaE. 
 
 utensils and i n s t r u- 
 ments of -worship ap- 
 pertaining to the 
 sacrificial rites ami 
 ceremonies of the Jews, 
 and other spoils of the 
 Temple of Jerusalem, 
 of which descriptions 
 are given in the Book 
 of Holy Writ. , . 
 
 A part of the east- 
 em side of the structure 
 having been destroyed 
 in the lapse of ages, it 
 was restored during the 
 pontificate of Pius VII. , 
 and the whole struc- 
 ture is now presented 
 to view in its original 
 proportions. 
 
 Beyond the Arch of 
 Titus, at less than a 
 furlong's distance, rise 
 the mighty ruins of the 
 Colosseum, or Flavian 
 Amphitheatre. It was 
 commenced by V e s- 
 pasian on the site of 
 an artificial lake con- 
 structed by Nero, and 
 it was afterward con- 
 tinued by Titus, and 
 
 finished by Domitian. It is of an oval form, 
 and when complete was able to contain eighty, 
 peven thousand spectators. 
 
 "I frequently visited these ruins," says an 
 
 THB PAPAL TIARA AND KBTS. 
 
 American gentleman, "but on two occasions 
 the difference and contrasts of my vi3itsjvere 
 so great, that I should like to describe them. 
 The one was by day, and the other by night. 
 
 The former occasion, 
 was on a Sunday after- 
 noon; the sun shone 
 brilliantly, though the^ 
 unclouded sky made it 
 unpleasantly hot. 
 When I entered the> 
 Colosseum, not a soul, 
 was there but myself, 
 and I stood beside a., 
 crucifix, or image of 
 the Virgin — I forget 
 which — which is placed 
 in one of the vaulted 
 passages that form tha 
 principal entrance at. 
 this end. At that mo- 
 ment a party of Komaa 
 peasants, both men and 
 women, dressed in their 
 very picturesque cos- 
 tume, came into the 
 Colosseum, and each 
 knelt and prayed, and 
 kissed the image before 
 they passed into the 
 interior. In the centre 
 of the arena stands a 
 large wooden crucifix, 
 and here also several 
 of the party knelt, and: 
 then pressed their fore- 
 heads upon the cross. I could not help think- 
 ing of the contrast between this scene and 
 such acts of worship and the scenes of horror 
 ' that had been so often enacted there, I thought 
 
ITALY. 
 
 135 
 
 of the cry of ' Chris- 
 tianos ad leones /' -with 
 which those walls had 
 re-echoed, when, whilst 
 every seat was crowded 
 with an eager multi- 
 tude, not of men only, 
 but women — of all the 
 rank and fashion and 
 beauty of Imperial 
 Eome — the Christian 
 martyrs stood on that 
 ■very spot, awaiting the 
 spring of the wild 
 beasts, whose roar was 
 heard i n the subter- 
 ranean dens, where 
 they were raging for 
 their prey. 
 
 " The other occasion 
 to which I allude was 
 when I went, with a 
 friend, to the Colos- 
 seum at night, just as 
 the moon was rising 
 above the east wall of 
 the ruins. We were 
 challenged, as we ap- 
 proached, by a French 
 sentry who is stationed 
 
 there, but were allowed to enter the arena. 
 The silence was unbroken by any sound except 
 that of the owls, which hooted in the most 
 orthodox manner, and the whole scene was in 
 perfect harmony with the idea of the fallen 
 
 PONTIFICAL MASS IN ST. PETER'S, ROME. 
 
 majesty of Eome. The reason why a sentry 
 keeps guard at the Colosseum is on account of 
 the assassinations and robberies which have 
 been committed in its gloomy recesses. A story 
 is told of an English traveler, who, one night. 
 
 visited it, and, as he 
 was coming out 
 through a vaulted pas- 
 sage, suddenly missed 
 his watch, and seeing 
 a person near with a 
 watch-chain hanging 
 from his pocket, ho 
 seized it, thinking that 
 it was his own, and 
 that the stranger was 
 the robber. On getting 
 to his hotel, he dis- 
 covered, to his amaze- 
 ment, that his own 
 watch was on the table, 
 where he had left it, 
 and that he himself 
 was the robber, in 
 having forcibly taken 
 another man's watch. 
 Next day he hurried 
 to the police - office 
 and there he found a 
 respectable priest, who 
 had just made com- 
 plaint that he had been 
 robbed of his watch, 
 the preceding night, 
 at the Colosseum." 
 The villas and palaces of the modem Ro- 
 mans constitute the characteristic distinction 
 of their city and its environs which calls up 
 the memory of their luxurious Pagan an- 
 cestors. They bear a great resemblance to 
 
 MONKS AT STUDY. 
 
136 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONa 
 
 ARCH OF TITUS. 
 
 the "Gardens" of Imperial Borne, by which 
 name the ancients used to designate their sub- 
 urban lesidences. 
 
 The Famese Palace, of ■which we give an 
 illustration, is especially desorving of notice, 
 not only on account of Ihe elegance of its plan, 
 and the great taste displayed in its construc- 
 tion, but also on account of its containing 
 some of Eafael's most exquisite decorations, 
 the principal of which are the frescoes on the 
 ceilings of one of the apartments on the ground 
 floor, representing the loves of Cupid and Psyche, 
 their nuptials, and the council of the gods — 
 the latter being a large central painting of the 
 size of life, around which are delineated, on a 
 smaller scale, the various incidents of the 
 fable ; and the frescoe of Galatea, on the wall 
 of another apartment adjoining, in which 
 the nymph is represented standing in an ex- 
 ultant posture, in a shell drawn on the waters 
 by dolphins, and escorted by Nereids, Tri- 
 tons, etc. In this same chamber of Galatea 
 the frescoes on the ceiling by Volterra and 
 Sebastian Piombo also attract attention ; and 
 all are remarkable for the freshness which the 
 colors preserve, being as little tarnished as 
 though they had been but just painted, instead 
 being nearly three centuries and a half in 
 existence. 
 
 The Famese Palace was built about the 
 year 1508, by Agostino Chigi, the friend and 
 treasurer of the Warrior Pope, Julius II. 
 
 The arrangemeni of the ornamental grounds 
 aroimd the mansion is the same in the modem 
 villa as it was in the ancient hortulus— viz. , 
 designed rather to afford the most eligible' and 
 varied jwints of view from which to contem- 
 plate the beauty and splendor of the prospect 
 without, than to present any particular attrac- 
 tion in the scenery within the limits of the in- 
 closure, local embellishments in groves, walks, 
 fountains, and pieces of water decorated with 
 statuary, being at the same time attended to ; 
 diffiering thus from our conception of a park, 
 where the views in the interior are the main 
 object, just as the Summer-house of a grirdcn 
 differs from the zakm, or drawing-room, where 
 
 the interior beauty is the great object, while 
 the Summer-house, however ornate in itself, 
 refers in its purpose chiefly to the eujoysient 
 of the exterior prospect. 
 
 Pre-eminent among the Christian churches 
 of the world is St. Peter's, of Rome, which 
 Gibbon calls " the most glorious structure that 
 has ever lieen applied to the use of religion." 
 Its foundation was laid by Pope Nicholas V., in 
 1450, on the site of r.n ancient Basilica, and 
 after a period of construction, carried through 
 the reigns of twenty popes, and directed by 
 twelve architects, among whom were Bramante, 
 Raphael, Michael Angelo, Giacomo della Porta, 
 and Mademo, it was dedicated by Urban VIII., 
 in 162G. Externally, the work, though mag- 
 nificent in materials and dimensions, is disfig- 
 ured by the prominence of the front added by 
 M.idemo, which almost hides from the near 
 spectator the principal feature, the vast and 
 towering dome ; while, had the original plan 
 of Bramante and Michael Angelo been followed, 
 the whole dome would have been visible from 
 
 the square before the church. But the dome 
 itself, and the interior of the edifice, are con- 
 sidered unrivaled in magnitude, proportion 
 and decoration. 
 
 In the church of St. Peter's the arts of 
 sculpture, painting and architecture are all ex- 
 hibited in the highest perfection. It has a 
 length of six hundred and thirteen feet, and a 
 breadth of two hundred and eighty-six. Its 
 height to the top of the cross is four hundred 
 and thirty-four feet nine inches. 
 
 The interior corresponds entirely with its 
 outward grandeur. The patriarchal chair of 
 St. Peter is a throne elevated to the height of 
 seventy feet. The high altar has below it St. 
 Peter's tomb ; above it, a magnificent canopy 
 of brass, towering to the height of one hun- 
 dred and thirty feet. 
 
 Few have ever stood beneath the dome of 
 St. Peter's without having felt the entliusiasm 
 which the place inspires. Eustace visited Rome 
 more than half a century since, and, in his 
 "Classical Tour," he thus describes the impres- 
 sion which it made upon his mind: 
 
 "As you enter you behold the most extensive 
 hall ever constructed by human art, expanded 
 in magnificent perspective before you ; advanc- 
 ing up the nave, you are delighted with the 
 beauty of the variegated marble under your 
 feet, and with the splendor of the golden vault 
 over your head. The lofty Corinthian pilasters, 
 witli their bold entablature, the intermediate 
 niches with their statues, the arcades with their 
 graceful figures that recline on the curves of 
 their arches, charm your eye in succession as 
 you pass along. But how great your astonish- 
 ment when you reach the foot of the altar, and, 
 standing in tlie centre of the church, contem- 
 plate the four superb vistas that open around 
 you ; and then raise your eyes to the dome, at 
 the prodigious elevation of four hundred feet, 
 extending like a firmament over your head, and 
 presenting in glowing mosaic, the companies of 
 the just, the choirs of celestial spirits, and the 
 whole hierarchy of heaven arrayed in the pres- 
 ence of the Eternal, whose ' throne, raised above 
 all height,' cro^i-ns the awful scene." 
 
 A very severe critic, the accomplished but 
 cynical Forsyth, who made his Italian tour 
 
 TABHESE PALACE. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 137 
 
 somewhat about the same time, indulges in a 
 burst of enthusiaem, as rare as, in this instance, 
 it was fully justified by its object: 
 
 "The cupola is glorious. Viewed in its 
 design, its altitntJe, or even its decorations ; 
 viewed cither as a whole or as a part, it en- 
 chants the eye, it satisfies the taste, it exhausts 
 the soul. The very air seems to eat up all that 
 is harsh or colossal, and leaves us nothing but 
 the sublime to feast on — a sublime peculiar as 
 the genius of the immortal architectj and com- 
 prehensible only on the spot. The four sur- 
 rounding cupolas, though but satellites to the 
 majesty of this, might have crowned four ele- 
 gant churches." 
 
 And Billiard, in his " Six Months in Italy," 
 writes with no less enthusiasm than his prede- 
 cessor Forsyth, whom he fully equals in his 
 appreciation of art and his grace of description, 
 without being in any way marred by the repell- 
 ing harshness of his unsparing censure. The 
 elegant and fair-minded American writer thus 
 treats of this matchless work of human art: 
 
 " ITie pilgrim is now beneath the dome. The 
 spirit of criticism, which has hither m attended 
 him with whispers of doubt, goes no further. 
 Astonishme.lt and admiration break upon the 
 mind and carry it away. To say that the dome 
 of St. Peter's is sublime, is a cold commonplace. 
 In sublimity it is so much beyond all other 
 architectural creations, that it demands epithetb 
 af its own. There is no work of man's hand 
 that is similar or second to it. Vast as it is, it 
 rests upon its supporting piers in such serene 
 tranquillity, that it seems to have been lifted 
 and expanded by the elastic force of the air 
 which it clasps. Under its majestic vault the 
 soul dilates. To act like the hero — to endure 
 like the martyr— ^seems no more than the natu- 
 ral state of man." 
 
 So majestic, so holy, did St. Peter's appear to 
 .JIadame de Stael, that she represents Corinne 
 and Oswald hushed into silence as Ciiey enter 
 thetemple, and first comprehend its sublimity. 
 The Pantheon, at Rome, which takes its name 
 from the Greek word ParUheos, meaning all the 
 gods, is the most famous structure of the kind 
 of ancient times. It stands near the centre of 
 the Campus Martins, and after a lapse of nine- 
 teen centuries, is the best pr-jserved of all the 
 wonders of antiquity. It was erected by M. 
 Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus Caesar, 20 B.C. 
 
 ARCH OF DEUSUS. 
 
 In 608 A.D., it was consecrated as a Christian 
 church by Boniface IV., under the name of 
 Santa Maria ad Martyres, but it is generally 
 called by its ancient name of the Pantheon. 
 The architect is said to have been one Valerius 
 of Cstia. It consists of a rotunda with a noble 
 Corinthi.an octastyle portico attached to it, and 
 resembles in its general mafs the Colosseimi in 
 the Regent's Park, London, except that the body 
 of the latter building is a polygon of nixteen 
 sides, and its portico (a Grecian Doric hexa- 
 style) is only a single intercolumn in depth. 
 That the portico of the Pantheon was erected 
 by Agrippa, the son-in-law of Augustus, is tes- 
 tified by the inscription on the frieze: " M. 
 Agrippa, L. F. Cos. Tertium Fecit." After 
 being robbed of its rich ornaments, gilded 
 bronze-work, and statues, it was consecrated as 
 a Christian church in the seventh centuiy. It 
 is by far the largest circular structure of ancient 
 times, the external diauieter being one hundred 
 and eighty -eight feet, and the height of the 
 summit of the upper cornice one hundred and 
 
 two feet, exclusive of the flat dome, which 
 makes the entire height about one hundred 
 and forty-eight feet. The portico, one hun- 
 dred and three feet wide, is octastyle, but 
 there are in all sixteen columns. The columns 
 are forty-seven English feet high, with bases 
 and capitals of white marble, and granite 
 shafts, each formed of a single piece. The in- 
 terior diameter is one hundred and forty-two 
 feet, the thickness of the wall being twenty- 
 three feet through the piers, between the ax- 
 hedriE or recesses, which, including that of the 
 entrance, are eight in number. The dome has 
 a circular opening in the centre, which lights, 
 the interior. The walls of the portico were 
 covered with the most beautiful marble basso- 
 relievos. The floor was of blocks of marble 
 and porphyry, more than seven feet in diam- 
 eter. The inside of the roof was covered 
 with plates of bronze, which were removed by 
 order of Urban VIII., to make the pillars and 
 the baldaccMno of the high altar of St. Peter's. 
 The bronze with wnich the other parts of the 
 building were ornamented had been carried off 
 by Constantine II., in 663, with the intentior 
 of taking it to ornament Constantinople, but 
 the vessels which were laden with it were plun- 
 dered by the Saracens, who carried them to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 COLOSSEUM AT KOHB — BXTEBIOO, 
 
 Costume of Milanese Ladies. 
 The people of Milan were remarkable for the 
 richness of the dress, and the magnificence of 
 their taste. The Milan armor was famous for 
 its temper and beauty of workmanship, and m 
 like manner the female costumes were equally 
 celebrated. The ladies of Lombardy were also 
 proverbial for their elegance, as well as for 
 the courtliness of their manners. A century 
 later, French fashions made their appearance, 
 and considerably disfigured the simple d'j.Tiiti' 
 of the Lombard matron. The costumes we 
 illustrate were worn at the palmiest period of 
 Italian art. 
 
133 
 
 THE WOBLD'S GREA.T NATIONS, 
 
 The Misericordia at Plorence. ~^ 
 
 Florence is one of the most luediEeval 
 of cities, and has, since the days of the 
 Medici, heen a perfect sanctuary of art. 
 Its glorious galleries have, however, been 
 scattered and sold to the wealthy col- 
 lectors of England and France. 
 
 The Middle Ages survive in many 
 monuments and institutions. Among 
 these is the Misericordia, and confrater- 
 nity for the care of those Injured by ac- 
 cident, or seized by jiestilence or sudden 
 disease, and for their decent burial in case 
 of death. The funerals, a sketch of cue of 
 which we give, remind one of the pes- 
 tilence described by Boccaccio. 
 
 The corpse is carried out at night by 
 members of the Confraternity, each 
 enveloped in a long black habit, the 
 head and face covered by a shapeless 
 hood, with merely apertures for the eyes. 
 Others, similarly attired, followed with 
 lighted torches ; they move not at a 
 Blow funeral pace, but quickly, chanting 
 as they go the funeral service. The scene 
 is strikingly impressive. 
 
 In case of accident, a sumnvons from 
 a church-bell, a peculiar mournful toll, 
 is sufficient to draw the brethren to the 
 This society, which, while performing; its duties, 
 thus defies individual identification, is com- 
 posed of gentlemen of every rank, as well as 
 members of the lower classes. The last grand 
 duke was a brother of the Misericordia, and 
 during the cholera was never absent from his 
 post, although it was i mpossible, or nearly so, 
 to detect him in the disguise assumed in the 
 work of charity. 
 
 spot. 
 
 Ancient Venetmn Wine-glasses. 
 Venice took up the manufacture of glass, the 
 rudiments of which were taught by Greek 
 workmen coming from Byzantium (Constanti- 
 nople), who in their turn had learnt it from the 
 ancient Roman, Greek and Phoenician workmen. 
 Even before the thirteenth century began, the 
 Venetians were in full activity supplying the 
 markets of the Medi- 
 terranean, principally 
 with ornamental ar- 
 ticles, such as beads and 
 imitation jewels. The 
 island of Murano was 
 given up to the glass- 
 workers, and remains, 
 indeed, to this day the 
 place where the Vene- 
 tian glass is still to ba 
 seen being manufac- 
 tured, though not in 
 the same state of finish 
 and taste for ornament, 
 nor to the same extent, 
 and was maintained up 
 to the eighteenth 
 century, when Bohe- 
 mian workmen became 
 rivals in the art and 
 competitors in com- 
 merce. Murano gra- 
 dualy lost its trade, 
 and the glasoworkers 
 
 . ANCIENT VENETIAN WINE-GLASSES. 
 
 those exclusive privileges which had been 
 granted them by the old republic of Venice. 
 At present it is occupied in prwlucing very 
 clumsy imitations of the beautiful old latti- 
 cinio (lace glass) and miUe-fiore (flowered-glass), 
 ■with occasionally some new application of 
 spun-glass, such as the pretty basket-work 
 articles -which have recently been introduced 
 into our chops. 
 
 In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the 
 great masters in the glassworks of Venice were 
 so esteemed that they were the rivals of the old 
 nobility, and filled tlie highest positions in the 
 State. The art was not confined to making 
 vessels for domestic use, such as those shown in 
 our ili'lstration, but the largest chandeliers 
 were made, and these were ornamented with 
 the most elaborate devices in flowers of every 
 color and form, with fantastic branches and 
 pendents in imitation of crystals and jewels 
 
 A BOMAN BIOA, OR TWO-HORSE CHARIOT. 
 
 Occasionally these magnificent chan- 
 deliers arc seen in the salerooms, and 
 many are still used in the old halls of 
 the nobility ; there are also several in 
 South Kensington Museum, London, 
 <!ome of which belonged to the Soul- 
 ages Collection, as the spedmenB of wine- 
 glasses did which we have selected. 
 
 The peculiarity of the Venetian glass 
 is its remarkable lightness, the elegance 
 of its form, and the purity of the col- 
 ored portions, especially where flowers 
 are imitated in opaque glass. A good 
 example is the wine-glass with the stem 
 formed in spikes and flowers, with 
 scrolls. The bowl of these glasses was 
 mide always as delicate as possible, and 
 there was a superstitious notion that if 
 poison, which in those days of Venice 
 was not uncommon, were in the wine 
 the glass would detect it by instantly 
 bursting. These glasses were much 
 larger than ours, being generally from 
 — eight inches to a foot or more ia 
 height. 
 
 The Venetians were fond of grotesques, 
 and frequently made vessels in the shape- 
 of animals, sometimes molded, but more 
 commonly blown into form. The goblet with 
 the stag is one of these, and it also shows a 
 contrivance like a syphon, of which the body 
 and neck of the stag are the short limb, 
 communicating witli (hi central tube by the 
 legs, through which the wine would flow by 
 the mouth of the stag into a small glass when 
 the goblet was slightly tilted, the object, 
 perhaps, being to obtain the wine without 
 disturbing any dregs there might be in the 
 liquor. 
 
 Large bowls or tazze were also made in various 
 ornamental shapes, and on these, frequently, 
 very beautiful patterns were painted in enamel 
 colors, some of the best being a very good imi- 
 tation of the eye of the peacock's feather, 
 beautifully arranged in circles round the vessel, 
 and giving a very charming etfect. But a most 
 pleasing kind of glasswork is that by which the 
 appearance of white or colored network, like 
 lace, is given, inclosed 
 in the transparent glass 
 which foims the vessel, 
 and leaving a small 
 air-bubble in th< 
 meshes. 
 
 Another effect is giveui 
 by inclosing slices of 
 colored strips, formed 
 of several different 
 colors melted together. 
 All these kinds of 
 glass manufacture have 
 been recently very 
 successfully revived 
 principally through the 
 researches of Mr. Aps- 
 ley Pellat, the well, 
 known manufacturer ; 
 but the characteristic 
 delicacy of thi- old 
 Venetian g 1 a o s has 
 never yet been equaled. 
 The first glass factory 
 in England appears to 
 
ITALY. 
 
 13» 
 
 have 'been established in 1557, it the Savoy- 
 House, in the Stnmd, and ia 1G35 a patent was 
 prrantcd *o Sir Robert Mansell for glassmaking, 
 and empowering him to import Venetian glass. 
 In IGVO, also, the second Duke of Buckingham 
 brought over some Venetian glassworkers to 
 settle ill London ; but 
 the great adranceo in 
 glassworii have been 
 made by our own 
 manufacturers during 
 the last thirty yeara, 
 tliough principally in 
 the direction of large 
 plate and every kind 
 of molded and cu '; 
 glass in pure crys- 
 'tal. 
 
 The colored glass 
 manufacture is still in 
 the hands of the French 
 and Germans for all 
 the superior kinds. 
 
 Eastern Lanterns and Torches. 
 It is very probable that the lanterns men- 
 tioned in the Bible were such as are now used 
 in Western Asia. These are of a very simple 
 construction. They consist of a round top of 
 
 Pontifical Mass 
 St. Peter's. 
 
 in 
 
 On Christmas Day, 
 the religious cere- 
 monies observed in the 
 basilica of St. Peter'a 
 were of a peculiarly 
 exalting character. 
 The ecclesiastical dig- 
 nitaries of the Catholic 
 world — venerable ser- 
 vants of God — were 
 assembled within hear- 
 ing of their aged 
 chief, who intoned, 
 with his rich and 
 still powerful voice, 
 the prayers and gospel 
 lessons that formed the 
 ante-communion ser- 
 vices. The engraving 
 includes only that part 
 of the hall in which 
 the archbishops, 
 bishops, etc., are as- 
 sembled. Before the 
 administration of the 
 communion, and in the 
 middle of the service, 
 the Pope retired from 
 the altar, and walking 
 to the throne, knelt 
 there, until, with the 
 Bicred vessels contain- 
 ing the consecrated 
 water and wine, the 
 sub-deacon and cardi- 
 nal deacon advanced, 
 when he partook of 
 the sacrament. Sub- 
 sequently he adminis- 
 tered the rite to the 
 cardinals, archbishops, 
 bishops, senators, etc., etc., in attendance 
 the close oi the Mass he retire. 1. 
 
 bottom and the cover, bo that the candle rises 
 through it, remaining as exposed as a candle in 
 a broad-bottomed candlestick. When raised by 
 the hand, however, the cloth cylinder is un- 
 folded, and the size of the lantern, which is 
 from two to three feet in height, by a'oout nine- 
 inches round, is then 
 seen. Such lanterns as 
 these are used in Egypt 
 and Persia. Speaking 
 of the traveling of the 
 people in the former 
 country, Pococke says, 
 " By night they rarely 
 make use of tents, but 
 lie in the open air, 
 having large lanterns 
 made like a pocket 
 paper lantern, the bot- 
 tom and the top being- 
 of copper tinned over ; 
 and instead of paper, 
 they are made with 
 linen, which is ex- 
 tended by hoops of 
 wires, so that, when it 
 is put together, it serves 
 as a candlestick, etc.,- 
 and they have a con- 
 trivance to hang it up. 
 abroad, by means of 
 three staves." 
 
 Of Oriental forchesi 
 it may be said that 
 those in modem uso 
 may also, like lanterns, 
 be such as were used, 
 anciently. They •con- 
 sist of a kind of grate, 
 iu the form of a cup,, 
 for containing the com- 
 bustibles, sometimes, 
 with, but more fre- 
 quently without, a re- 
 ceptacle below fcr 
 receiving whatever par- 
 ticles might fall from 
 the grate. They ara 
 mounted sometimes 
 (and more especially 
 when used in caravans 
 during an encamp- 
 ment) on very tall 
 poles, which are stuck 
 upright in the ground; 
 thus serving at once r.a 
 beacons, and for afford- 
 ing light to the ca- 
 ravan. 
 
 At 
 
 Pkovbrbial wisdom teaches more In one hour 
 than a largo volume of morality. 
 
 tinned copper, furnished with a handle, and a 
 similar bottom, also provided with a stand for 
 a candle. Between these is a cylinder of waxed 
 cloth or white paper, extended over rings of 
 wire. When rested on the ground, these rings 
 Iccome pressed, or folded down, between the 
 
 A Eoman Eiga. 
 The Eoman chariot- 
 is a vehicle with whose 
 form ancient coins and 
 sculptures have made- 
 us more familiar thaar 
 those of other nations. 
 The biga, or two-horse chariot, and quadriga, 
 or four-horse chariot, was so often represented 
 on their coins, that with the ancient Germans 
 these were the test of genuineness, and as the- 
 Chinese would recognize only the Spanish pillar 
 dollar, so the flaxen-haiied warriotsof Hennann 
 
14U 
 
 THE WOELD'a GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 lehook their heads at any Roman coin without 
 a chariot, and at least a pair of prancing steeds. 
 .Still we cannot but wonder that ancient inge- 
 nuity was never employed to give greater 
 •comfort to a vehicle which must have been 
 clumsy and unwieldy for the horses, and, at 
 the same time, terribly uncomfortable to the 
 rider. One of our fine modern ladies would 
 certainly die of shattered constitution after a 
 drive round Central Park in the finest Roman 
 chariot ever built for a Roman empress: which 
 induces the belief that the fashionable ladies 
 of the days of the Caesars were strong-nerved 
 if not strong-minded women. 
 
 Pountain at the Villa Aldobrandini, 
 
 at Frascati. 
 In a country like Italy, abounding in the 
 finest productions of ancient art, we should 
 expect to find pure taste prevailing in modem 
 works, as nothing further would be required 
 than to work in the spirit of the ancient mod- 
 
 VBNECIAN COSrUlCB IN SIXTEENTH CENTCKY. 
 
 are not of very recent proauction, but belong, 
 for the most part, to the last century, when 
 taste throughout Europe was at its lowest ebb. 
 A slow but gradual improvement characterizes 
 the works of art produced during the last five- 
 and-twenty years, and signs of still further 
 improvement are evident. 
 
 Taste has become more catholic, and artists 
 are no longer infatuated with one period of art, 
 but complacently identify themselves with the 
 genius and fancy of all ages. A complacent 
 disposition is always a very judicious thing, for 
 we deprive ourselves of many pleasures in de- 
 ciding that it is rational to .indulge in only 
 a single kind of pleasure. 
 
 Among the fantastic things stigmatised by 
 travelers, some are really very ugly when ex- 
 amined closely ; but the general efiect is almost 
 always agreeable and amusing to the eye. It 
 is in their gardens, especially, that the Italian 
 signiors display their wealth of puerile inven- 
 tion, which we could not see disappear without 
 regret: the great fountains— immense construo- 
 
 COSTUME OF MILAKBSR LADIES. 
 
 els constantly present, although we might not 
 liope to equal them. But the mind seems to 
 grow insensible to the higher influences, and 
 itakes pleasure in reveling in 
 its own puerile ties. Bad taste 
 prevails even to the extent of 
 mixing up puerile and gro- 
 tesque modem productions with 
 the excellencies of ancient sculp- 
 ture. 
 
 There is a fashion, too, in 
 these vagaries : at one time 
 Chinese models are followed, at 
 others Swiss or Dutch ; then a 
 classic period prevails, and 
 ■everything constructive is Greek 
 or Roman, caricatured ; but the 
 so-called Gothic afforded the 
 greatest scope for eccentricities, 
 and the absurdities perpetrated 
 Tinder this name afford an un- 
 bounded field lor amusement 
 and criticism on the part of 
 those whose taste is cultivated. 
 
 Tourists in Italy think it in- 
 cumbent upon them to rail at 
 
 FEMALE P.IDUAN C0STDME3 — SIXTEEKTH CENTCRT. 
 
 the bad taste displayed in the accessories of 
 Italian country villas ; but it must be ad- 
 mitted that the objects of their indignation 
 
 VEEONA COSTUMES IN THE FIFTEENTH OKNTCJlT. 
 
 tions of lava, mosaic, and cement — which frcjes 
 ^ the height of a mountain pour down the wateis 
 I of a torrent in a thousand rills and cascades 
 flowing past the very door oi 
 the house ; or the large interior 
 courts, a kind of country mu- 
 seum, where, alongside a vase 
 brought from the villas of Ti- 
 berius, grins a triton of the ag-> 
 of Louis XIV., and where th.* 
 Madonna smiles in a chapel 
 surrounded by mythological 
 fawns and dryads ; or the laby- 
 rinth of splendid staircases ii 
 the style of Watteau, wbicl 
 seem intended for some cere- 
 mony of a triumphant people, 
 but which lead to a Summer^ 
 house that appears astonished 
 and ashamed of its gigantk 
 pedestal, or to a bed of common 
 tulipS; or the flower-beds — a 
 work of patience, which con- 
 gists in designing upon the 
 pavement of a vast court, oi 
 •'Don the immense terraces of a 
 
ITALY. 
 
 141 
 
 VIOL DE GAMBA. 
 
 pardon, arabesques, designs of hangings, and es- 
 pecially the family arms, with compartments of 
 flowers, dwarf plants, marbles, china, slate, and 
 brick ; or hydraulic concerts, or figures in stones 
 and bronze playing upon various musical instru- 
 ments, by means of the waters of the fountains ; 
 lastly, grottoes of shells, Saracenic castles in 
 ruins, gardens in granite, and a thousand other 
 drolleries, which excite laughter by the thought 
 that they have made a generation more simple 
 than ours laugh heartily. 
 
 The finest fountains to the Campana di Roma 
 are in the gardens of the Villa Aldobrandini, 
 at Frascati. These gardens were designed and 
 adoraei by Fontana in the sides of a mountain, 
 admirably planted, and watered by running 
 streams. In a corner of the park, the rock has 
 been cut into the form of a mask, and the 
 mouth of this Polyphemus made into a cavern, 
 in which many persons at a time might find 
 Shelter. The pendent branches and parasitic 
 plants serve to form the eyebrows and beard of 
 this fantastic face reflected in the pool below. 
 
 The decay of these princely decorations, and 
 the state of neglect into which many of them 
 have been allowed to fall, impart to them a 
 great charm, and from playful buffooneries all 
 these allegories and surprises have become mel- 
 ancholy and austere. 
 
 Ivy frequently embraces the shapeless ruins, 
 giving them a most antique aspect, escaping 
 from their stone prisons to chant their per- 
 petual youth over the ruins of a luxury which 
 a day has seen bom and die. 
 
 AETiFinE. — A man of sense may disdain arti- 
 fice as a rich man may wear a plain coat. 
 
 Viol de Gamba,. 
 
 The viol is an ancient musical stringed in- 
 strument, long suparseded by the violin, and 
 other instruments of that family, of which it 
 may be considered the parent. Its general 
 shape was that of the violin, and it was furnished 
 with six, and sometimes with more, strings, the 
 tones of which were regulated by being brought 
 by the fingers into contact with frets placed at 
 regular intervals along the neck, and was 
 played on by a bow. 
 
 Viols were of three kinds: the treble, called 
 also the viola alto, or viola de braccia, which bore 
 some resemblance to the modern violin. The 
 viol de gimha, or viol of the leg, so called because 
 it was held by the performer between the legs, 
 was the survivor of its numerous kinds, and re- 
 mained in use until the close of the eighteenth 
 century, nearly one liundred years after all other 
 viols had disappeared. Tliis, in turn, has been 
 superseded by the violinccUo. 
 
 ITALIAN SEBVANTS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTUEY. 
 
 Verona Costumes. 
 Verona for several centuries remained under 
 the rule of Venice, and partook of the magnifi- 
 cent and festive character of that City of the 
 Sea. Our illustration represents costumes com- 
 mon in the fifteenth century. 
 
 Female Paduan Costumes — 16tli Century. 
 
 Padua, the birth-placa of Livy, the historian, 
 and Belzoni, the traveler, has likewise the 
 honor of having educated Tasso and Columbus, 
 since at its far-famed university those great 
 names in poetry and discovery finished their 
 academical career. It has, also, long been 
 celebrated for the beauty and elegance of its 
 women. How nearly the fashions of three cen- 
 turies ago resemble those now in vogue 
 reader's glance will at once discover. 
 
 Venetian Costume in tlie 16th Century. 
 
 Italian costumes were by far the most pictur- 
 esque in the Middle Ages, whether this is to be 
 ascribed to greater artistic taste, or to the influ- 
 ence of a few whose ideas guided the masses. 
 Our modem garb which has invaded all Euro- 
 pean nations — even the Turks, displacing their 
 flowing robes — has in its favor neither beauty, 
 convenience, nor working utility. Women fare, 
 perhaps, worse than men, and are doomed to 
 dresses utterly unsuited to their general duties. 
 The dress of the olden time seems certainly to 
 have been adapted to exertion and health. But 
 fashion has its vagaries, and there is no redress. 
 
 Just, for instance, as the Turks abandon the 
 loose, short trowsers for the more closely-fitting 
 pantaloon, and the coat for a looser jacket or 
 robe, the French army takes up the discarded 
 dress, and gives us Zouaves and Turcos. 
 
 Italian Servants in the Sixteenth Century. 
 We question if the social mind of Europe ever 
 moved in a brighter circle than in the sixteenth 
 century. It was the epoch of most of Shakes- 
 peare's plots, when the tendency of the age was 
 to adventurous intrigue and daring. The con- 
 sequence was, that those echoes of their masters, 
 1 the vtdela and confidantes, were really men of mark, 
 
 inasmuch as they represented their masters, and 
 consequently were the embodiments of the age. 
 All readers of Shakespeare will look with inter- 
 est upon our sketch of the Italian servants of 
 the sixteenth century. 
 
 Etruscan Vases. 
 
 The Greek and Roman vases serve a most 
 useful and valuable purpose ; they inform us of 
 the manners and customs of the ancients, especi- 
 ally the Greeks. Nothing can exceed the deli- 
 cacy of the design and the beauty of the coloring, 
 which retains its freshness undimmed to the 
 present time. Prom the fact that a very large 
 proportion of these vases were found in the 
 cemeteries of Etruria, tliey were formerly called 
 Etruscan, although they more properly belong 
 to the Greeks, the Egyptians, and the Phoeni- 
 cians, from the two last nations of whom the 
 Greeks receive 1 the art. 
 
 The paintings on the vases afford the greatest 
 amount of interest. The earliest decorations 
 were exceedingly simple, consisting mainly of 
 
 rOLXTAIX at THE VILLA ALDOBRANDINI. 
 
 double bands, the more prominent parts being 
 ornamented with lines variously drawn ; then 
 animals were attempted, and next the human 
 form ; in short, the progress of vase painting 
 was about concurrent with the advancement in 
 
 sculpture. 
 
 <i^i> 
 
 Naples and Mount Vesuvius. 
 
 Naples, witli its unrivaled beauty, its climate 
 unsurpassed, a sky that is a type of all that is 
 lovely — Naples, which the proverb says we may 
 see and then die, is, after all, one of those strange 
 contrasts of beauty and hideoiisness, life and 
 death. 
 
 The three hills on which the city stands, to say 
 nothing of Vesuvius on one side, the Solfatara 
 on the other, together with Agnano and Astruni, 
 are really three exhausted and worn down craters, 
 which may any day resume their o!d career, 
 and atoning for the sleep of centuries, hurl 
 Naples, her churches and nobles, her convents 
 and lazzaroni as summarily from their presence 
 
142 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■as the Neapolitans recently did their na- 
 tional existence. 
 
 Like Egypt, Naples seems doomed never 
 to have native rulers. France and Spain 
 for centuries battled for the crown of the 
 Two Sicilies, and when the Bourbons at 
 last ruled France and Spain, revolution and 
 a new race in France combined to hurl 
 the last Bourbon from the throne of 
 Naples, and the two kingdoms sunk into 
 provinces of the new realm brought to- 
 gether for a moment by the heir of the 
 Duke of Savoy. 
 
 As you tread the streets of Naples, every- 
 "thiag recalls these natural and moral 
 (Convulsions. Every street is paved with 
 broad flags of dark lava ; volcanic dibris 
 enter into the material of the houses, and 
 the working of lava into articles for use 
 and ornament gives employment to the 
 people. 
 
 The city rises like an amphitheatre at 
 the back "of a magnificent bay more than 
 thirty miles in circumference, which, from 
 the beauty and luxuriance of ita shores, 
 £,Qd the picturesqueness of its scattered 
 islands, is unrivaled. The view of the city 
 from the head of the bay, when seen for 
 the first time, appears too lovely to be real. 
 It runs in a long, gentle curve around the sea- 
 chore, rising inland up the declivities of the 
 gentle hills, which, above the line of the city, 
 are covercl with vineyards and gardens, and 
 speckled with villas and monasteries. To the 
 Tight of the city, four miles distant, rises the 
 conical shape of Vesuvius, with Portici and 
 Kesina reposing at its foot upon the grave of 
 Herculaneum. 
 
 Vesuvius, our readers are aware, is not an 
 ever-burning volcano, and history records its 
 first known outburst. The last violent eruption 
 ■WAS in 1872. We give a view of the mouths 
 feeding the great stream that ran down by 
 Hosiua. Few sights could exceed in grandeur 
 that of the two great streams of liquid lava 
 blowing down on each side of a ridge on which 
 stands the Observatory and Hermitage. 'Ihat 
 on the left, after running to a certain distance, 
 fell into a gigantic ravine, known as the Fosso 
 di Faraone, and thence coursed on toward Massa 
 di Somma and several other towns and villages. 
 That one on the right, equally destructive in 
 effect and terrible in form, dashed through the 
 Piano delle Ginestre, and falling over cascades, 
 descended into the Fosse Grande, which is traced 
 through cultivated grounds down to Kesina. 
 
 On no evening has the eruption been so fine 
 
 a fire that it might have issued from an 
 iron furnace ; and so it continued, as far 
 as the eye could reach, carrying with it 
 ruin, poverty, and all but death. 
 
 ANCIENT KOMAN COUCH. 
 
 ETRUSCAN VASE. 
 
 as it was when sketched. The fouutaius of the 
 fiery deep seemed to have opened up with fresh 
 vigor, and when the artist visited the fatal spot, 
 the work of destruction, a little above Eesiua, at 
 not more than an hour's distance, was going on 
 at a rapid rate. The vines were scorching and 
 lighting up like matches, whib the tall trees 
 shook like giants overcome with fear. There 
 was a perfect calm around, and yet the trees 
 waved backward an;l forward as though struck 
 by a heavy wind. The peasantry were running 
 about, some of them cutting down timber, and 
 taking up poles from the very edge of the fire, 
 for, with the sanguinencss of hope, they liad 
 left it to the last moment ; most, however, stood 
 by silent and overwhelmed with grief. 
 
 The width of the living stream was here about 
 eight hundred palms. It was black on the sur- 
 face for the most part, for a slight exposure to 
 the air hardens and darkens the exterior, but, 
 rolling on, the fragments fall off from the top 
 and face of the stream, and then the fire is seen, 
 and the intensity of heat is felt. Over this vast 
 black bed there ran, moreover, wide streams of 
 liquid fire, so rel as to dazzle the eyes, and so 
 fluid as to appear like gullies. On mounting 
 they passed by a house imbedded in the stream. 
 Close by it was a handsome villa, at the foot 
 of which ran the re I river, des- 
 troying all the grounds. Higher 
 up was a house which fell at 
 midday, and now could only be 
 discovered by the massive white 
 fragments intermingled with the 
 black masses. A short distance 
 higher, and they stood on the 
 spot of spots, from which one 
 could look downward on the roll- 
 ing streams of fire — for there 
 were two in the Fosso Grande — 
 and upward to the sources which 
 fed them. The lava was running 
 with the rapidity of a race-horse ; 
 it was running down in the form 
 of cascades, of so pure and liquid 
 
 The AmpHtheatre at Milan. 
 Tills city was originally called Medio- 
 lanum, and was the capital of Liguria, now 
 called Lombardy ; it is said to have been 
 built by the Gauls, four hundred and 
 eight years before Christ. It was plundered 
 ly Attila in 452 a.d. ; in 1101 it became an 
 i.idependent republic, but, in 1158, the 
 Emperor Frederick I., sumamed Barba- 
 rossa, took the city, and appointed a po- 
 desta. Four years afterward it rebelled, 
 when it was retaken by the emperor, and 
 totally destroyed. Seven years afterward 
 it was rebuilt, and fortified. Since then 
 it had a checkered existence, till, in 1395, 
 John Visconti assumed the title of Duke 
 of Milan. In 1499 it was conquered by 
 Louis XII. of France, who was expelled 
 by the Spaniards in 1525, and soon after- 
 ward annexed to the crown of Spain, under 
 whose rule it remained till 1714, when if; 
 was ceded to Austria. It was afterward 
 retaken by the French, and, in 1805, Na- 
 poleon I. was here crowned as King of Italy. 
 At the peace of Villafranca it was transferred 
 to Victor Emmanuel, and now forms part of the 
 United Kingdom of Italy. The Amphitheatre 
 was built by the First Napoleon, and has been 
 devoted to public games and spectacles, for 
 which it is admirably adapted. Its vast area 
 can easily be flooded with water, and naval 
 exhibitions have often been given there. It is 
 said to have been the site of a Boman amphi- 
 theatre, which is very probable. 
 
 Ancient Oouches. 
 
 OcR fashionable ladies will find it difficult to 
 realize how the women of ancient times could 
 taste the repose of sleep on the apparently 
 uncomfortable couches of their time, yet on 
 such as we represent did the Lucretias and Cleo- 
 patras rest their weary limbs. In those days 
 the wealthy citizens reclined at their meals, and 
 to accommodate these recumbent epicurian?, 
 the cups out of which they drank were made in 
 the shape of a horn, out of whose small end they 
 took their "potations pottle deep." The an- 
 cient writers abound in descriptions of their 
 costly workmanship, many of them being made 
 
 B0MAI7 I.ANTEEN AND TOBCHES. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 143 
 
 of ivory an<! clonj-, elab'j- 
 Tately carved and brilliiantly 
 gilt. LucuUus liad his ban- 
 quetin;^ room surrounded 
 with couclies of the most 
 ■expensive manufficture, and 
 those devoted to his most 
 illustrious guests wore orna- 
 mented witli i)recious stones. 
 
 ii 
 
 Open-Air Barber-stop. 
 
 The Ghetto, at Home, is 
 the Jewish quarter where 
 ihat race has long enjoyed 
 such privileges, that the act 
 of 1848, which threw it open 
 at night, and brought it 
 under the same rules as the 
 rest of the city, while viewed 
 abroad as a creat act of 
 liberality, was deplored by 
 the inhabitants of the Ghetto 
 Jis an abridgment of their 
 liberties. Rome permits the 
 Jews to keep their stores 
 open on Sunday, and does 
 not prevent Christians from 
 frequenting their shops, or 
 going to the Piazza Monta- 
 nara, to get shaved at one of 
 those open-air barber-shcps, 
 •ill the more agreeable in 
 ■tliat climate, where men so 
 patiently wait their turns, 
 v.hile gathering from the 
 lips of the inexhaustible 
 Figaro the news of the dis- 
 trict, cr, for that matter, the 
 news of the world. 
 
 These open-air shops are 
 formed by a primitive awn- 
 ing, supported by a couple of 
 poles, and anchored solidly 
 by some fragment of Rome's 
 pristine greatness. A chair 
 for the patient, and one more, 
 constitute the furniture ; the 
 barber's implements, easily 
 carried, take up little room. 
 Signs, glasses, and luxuries, 
 p.re dispensed with, and, like 
 the ambulant Chinese barber, 
 he does his work and goes 
 away. 
 
 Manufacture of Comba 
 in Italy. 
 
 The manufacture of combs 
 in Italy is carried on prin- 
 cipally in Lombard)', Tus- 
 cany, and the Neapolitan 
 provinces. In Tuscany, es- 
 pecially at Florence, Lcg- 
 liiorn, and Arezzo, they are 
 made chiefly of iron and 
 1x)ne. At Naples they manu- 
 facture excellent articles from 
 the hoofs of bullocks and 
 liorses, and also from tortoise- 
 shell. In Lombardy the ma- 
 nufacture of ivory and tor- 
 toiseshell combs is very 
 
 limited, whilst, on the other 
 hand, a great trade is carried 
 on in combs of bone. Milan 
 may be said to be the chief 
 seat of this manufacture, 
 supplying not only Lom- 
 bardy, but the whole of 
 Italy. 
 
 This industry has been 
 carried on in this city for 
 more than thirty years. 
 
 Formerly there were only 
 a few small manufactories, 
 where this industry was 
 carried on in a most primitive 
 manner, and the produce 
 was either bad or costly. 
 
 At the present time there 
 are two large manufactories 
 of combs, occupying about 
 two hundred workmen, and 
 eight smaller ones, occupy- 
 ing from six to eight men 
 each, and, besides, there are 
 many artisans who work at 
 their own homes for th3 
 manufactories. 
 
 The total number of work- 
 men employed in this in- 
 dustry is about two hundred 
 and fifty. In the other pro- 
 vinces of Lombardy there 
 are several small manu- 
 factories. 
 
 At Milan four thousand 
 horns are used per week — 
 that is to say, two hundred 
 and eight thousand yearly, 
 representing the value of 
 thirty thousand dollars. The 
 total value of the produc- 
 tion is estimated at one 
 hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 The principal part of the 
 raw material is purchased in 
 the country, but some is 
 obtained from South Amer- 
 ica, Brazil, Montevideo, and 
 Buenos Ayres. The refuse of 
 the manufacture, such as the 
 tips of the horns and the 
 Dcrapings, are used by turn- 
 ers, and also are employed 
 for manure for the cultiva' 
 tion of olives and oranges. 
 
 The Oapuchin Cemetery 
 at Palermo, 
 
 Amono all the receptacle^ 
 of human mortality none is 
 more strange than that be- 
 neath the Capuchin convent 
 at Palenno. A sketch by 
 Francesco Paolo Priola re- 
 presents it as it appears on 
 All Souls' Day, the second 
 of November, when many 
 visit to pray for their de- 
 parted relatives. 
 
 This convent was erected 
 in 1621, but the vaults have 
 been gradually enlarged, till 
 tbey are now a vast series ot 
 
14i 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE CBATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 145 
 
 colonnades lighted 
 from above. A flight 
 of marble steps leads 
 you down, and then a 
 curious and wonderful 
 spectiicle meets the 
 eye. 
 
 Ima-;inc thousands 
 of corpses in a mum- 
 my state, ranged along 
 the walls in three 
 rows, one above the 
 other, all dressed uni- 
 formly in gray, liold- 
 hig in their hands 
 labels designating 
 their name, birth and 
 death. 
 
 Coffins of mahogany 
 and other woods, 
 covered with velvet 
 and satin, with gdid 
 a.id silver trimmings, 
 coats of arms, etc., are 
 piled up on the floor. 
 These hold the illus- 
 trious dead jjrinces, 
 nobles, great officers. 
 But on All Souls' Day even these are opencil to 
 (he public gaze Among others is the crowned 
 mummy of Ajoja, son of Amida, Kin^j of Tunis, 
 vv'ho became a Christian, and died at Palermo, 
 Sept;-mber 20tli, 1052. 
 
 One hall contains fjmales. Uerc dead ladies, 
 under glass-ease3, will sport their court-dresses 
 or ball-costumes, or more modest attire- Tlieso 
 
 OPEN-AIR BAnCER S flloP IS Ti::: PIAZZA MOXTANARA, rO.ME. 
 
 bodies preserve the skin, hair, beard, and nails, 
 and have no effluvia whatever. 
 
 To prepare them, the dead body is placed in 
 a perfectly dark vavdt on a wooden frame over 
 a stream of water, and this vault is walled up 
 with lime for eight months. The body is then 
 drawn out perfectly dry The expense is about 
 ten d )llar.; 
 
 Eel Market. 
 Eels are a favorite 
 Neapolitan food, and 
 in Italy fish-culture 
 has long been prac- 
 ticed to insure a supply 
 of this kind at least. 
 The eel-bree<!ers of 
 Comacchio have long 
 been noted. The in- 
 come here derived 
 from this one fish is 
 said, by a late writer 
 on the " Harvest of 
 the Fea," to be some- 
 thing wonderful, em- 
 ploying a population 
 of seven thousand. 
 
 The fish season is 
 opened with great so- 
 lemnity of prayers, 
 and many of those 
 cei cmonies o i the 
 Cliurch peculiar to 
 r.oman Catholic com- 
 m u 1 1 i t i e s — o n e of 
 v.hich is the consecra- 
 tion of the lagoon. Tlie labyrinths, which have 
 Ijeen constructed from hurdles in each watery 
 field, are crowded with fish, so that there is 
 comparatively little tnmble in the capture, and 
 the Salter waters of the sea being let in, the 
 migratory instinct of the animal is excited, so 
 that it becomes soon after an easy prey to the 
 fls'.'.onnc-.i. 
 
 THB AMPHITilEATRE OP JIILAK 
 
146 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Q 
 
 O 
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 O 
 
 d 
 
 <<1 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 P 
 
 P-. 
 o 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 fa 
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 Ed 
 
POMPEII. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 BXOATATED STBEEnS- COSIMENCINQ AN KXCAVATION— THE HOUSE OF THE HUNTEB— POKTABLE KITOHEN-GRECIAN TOILkT BASIN— TEPlDASIom 
 BAKEBS Shop— VASES— UBNS— LAMPS— KITCHEN UTENSILS-SWOKD— STEEL HELMET— WINE-PITCHEB-GLASS VESSELS — UKN FOB WABM, 
 
 INQ DBiNKS— The QniESTOR's HOUSE— Amphitheatee—Plastee Casts of Victims— Pompeian Lady's Boudoib-Baths— Candelabra- 
 Female Jewelry and Ornaments— Mirboes, etc roof of House— intebioe — atrium in the House of Pansa— Steelyakd - 
 
 WKroHTs, etc.— Triclinium ok Dining-room— Bird Chariot- BniLDisa Tools— Public eoad»— Tomb of Scaubcs— Bound Tomb- 
 
 ToMli OF CALVESTIUS QutETUS— MOSAIC OF BATTLE OF ISSUS. 
 
 vius. I cannot give a more exact description 
 of its figure than by resembling it to that of 
 a piue-tree, for it shot up a great height in the 
 form of a truuk which extended itself at the 
 top into a sort of branches ; occasioned, I imag- 
 ine, either by a sudden gust of air that impelled 
 it, the force of which decreased as it advanced 
 upward, or the cloud itself being pressed back 
 again by its own weight, expanded in this man- 
 ner: it appeared sometimes bright and some- 
 times dark and spotted, as it was more or less 
 impregnated with earth and cinders. This ex- 
 traordinary phenomenon excited my uncle's 
 philosophical curiosity to take a nearer view of 
 it. He ordered a light vessel to be got ready, 
 and gave me the liberty, if I thought proper, to 
 attend him. 1 rather chose to continue my 
 studies ; for, as it happened, he had given me 
 an employment of that kind. As he was coming 
 out of the house, he received a note from Rec- 
 tina, the wife of Bassus, who was in the utmost 
 alarm at the imminent danger which threatened 
 her ; for her villa being situated at tlie foot of 
 Mount Vesuvius, there was no way to escape 
 but by sea ; she earnestly entreated him, 
 therefor«^ to come to her assistance. He accord- 
 ingly changed his first design, and what he 
 began with a philosophical, he pursued with an 
 heroical, turn of mind. He ordered the gallies 
 to put to eea, and went himself on board, 
 with an intention of assisting not only Rectina, 
 but several others ; for the villas stand ex- 
 tremely thick upcn chat beautiful coast. When 
 hastening to the place from whence others fled 
 with terror, he steered his direct course to the 
 point of danger, and with so much calmness 
 and presence of mind as to be able to make 
 and dictate his observations upon the motion 
 and figure of that dreadful scene. He was now 
 so nigh the mountain, that the cinders, which 
 grew thicker and hotter the nearer he ap- 
 proached, fell into the ships, together with 
 pumice-stones, and black pieces of burning 
 rock: they were liicewise in danger, not only 
 of being aground by the sudden retreat of the 
 sea, but also from the vast fragments which 
 rolled down from the mountain, and obstructed 
 all the shore. Here he stopped to consider 
 whether he should return back again ; to which 
 
 AILS most interesting city, which, after 
 a burial of eighteen centuries, has 
 l.ttely raised its form from the grave, 
 like an architectural Lazarus, was 
 totally de-itroyed on the 24th of August, a.d. 7'.). 
 It is so graphically descrilied by the younger 
 Pliny in a letter to the illustrious historian, 
 Tacitus, that we quote part of it : 
 
 "Your request that I would send you an 
 account of my uncle's death, in order to trans- 
 mit a more exact relation of it to posterity, 
 deserves my acknowledgments ; for, if this 
 accident shall bo celebrated by your pen, the 
 glory of it, I am well assured, will be rendered 
 forever illustrious. And notwithstanding he 
 perished by a misfortune, which, as It involved 
 at the sime time a most beautiful country in 
 ruins, and destroyed so many populous cities, 
 seems to promise him an everlasting remem- 
 brance ; notwithstanding he has himself com- 
 posed many and lasting works ; yet I am per- 
 suaded the mentioning of him in your immor- 
 tal works will greatly contribute to eternize his 
 name. Happy I esteem those to be whom Provi- 
 dence has distinguished with the abilities either 
 of doing such actions as are worthy of being re- 
 lated, or of relating them in a manner worthy 
 of being read ; but doubly happy are they who 
 are blessed with both these uncommon talents ; 
 in the number of which my uncle, as his own 
 writings and your history will evidently prove, 
 may justly be ranked. It is with extreme wil- 
 lingness, therefore, I execute your commands ; 
 and should indeed have claimed the task, if you 
 had not enjoined it. 
 
 " He was at that time with the fleet under 
 his command at Misenum. On the 24th of 
 August, about one in the afternoon, my mother 
 desired him to observe a cloud which appeared 
 of a very unusual size and shape. He had just 
 returned from taking the benefit of the sun, 
 and after bathing himself in cold water, and 
 taking a slight repast, was retired to his study. 
 He immediately arose and went out upon an 
 eminence, from whence he might more dis- 
 tinctly view this very uncommon appearance. 
 It was not at that distance discernible from 
 what mountain this cloud issued, but it was 
 found afterward to ascend from Mount Vesu- 
 
 the pilot advising him. ' Fortune,"* said be, 
 ' befriends the brave ; cany me to Pompo- 
 nianus.' Pomponianus was then at Htabias, 
 separated by a gulf, which ihesea, after several 
 insensible windings, forms upon the shore. He 
 had already sent his baggage on board ; for 
 though he was not at that time in actual dan- 
 ger, yet being within the view of it, and, indeed, 
 extremely near, if it should in the least increase 
 he was determined to put to sea as soon as the 
 wind should change. It was favorable, however, 
 for carrying my uncle to Pomponianus, whom 
 he found in the greatest consternation. He em- 
 braced him with tenderness, encouraging and 
 exhorting him to keep up his spirits, and the 
 more to dissipate his fears, he ordered, with an 
 air of unconcern, the baths to be got ready ; 
 when, after having bathed, he sat down to sup- 
 per with great cheerfulness, or at least (what is 
 equally heroic) with all the appearance of it. 
 In the meanwhile, the eruption from Mount 
 Vesuvius flamed out in several places with much 
 violence, which the darkness of the night con- 
 tributed to render still more visible and dread- 
 ful. But my uncle, in order to soothe the 
 apprehensions of his friend, assured him it was 
 only the burning of the villages, which the 
 country people had abandoned to the flames; 
 after this he retired to rest, and it is most certain 
 he was so little discomposed as to fall into a 
 deep sleep ; for being pretty fat, and breathing 
 hard, those who attended without, actually 
 heard him snore. The court which led to his 
 apartment being now almost filled with stones 
 and ashes, if he had continued there any time 
 longer, it would have beei impossible for him 
 to have made his way out ; i'; was thought 
 proper, therefore, to awaken him. He got up, 
 and went to Pomponianus and the rest of his 
 company, who were not unconcerned enough to 
 think of going to bed. They consulted together 
 whether it would be most prudent to trust to 
 the houses, which now shook from side to side 
 with frequent and violent concussions ; or fly 
 to the open fields, where the calcined stones 
 and cinders, though light indeed, yet fell in 
 large showers, and threatened destruction. In 
 this distress they resolved for the fields, as the 
 less dangerous situation of the two ; a resolu- 
 
148 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 tion which, while the rest of the company were 
 hurricl into by their fears, my uncle embraced 
 upon cool iiud deliberate consideration. They 
 went out then, having pillows tied upon their 
 lieads with napkins ; and this was their whole 
 defense against the Gtorm of stones that fell 
 around thorn. It was now day everywhere else, 
 but tliero a deeper darkness prevailed than in 
 the most obscure ni'^iit ; which, however, was 
 in some degree dissipated by torches and other 
 lights of various 
 kin Is They thought 
 prop3r tj go down 
 furlher upon the 
 shore, to observe if 
 they mi'jrht safely put 
 out to sea ; but they 
 founl ths waves still 
 run extremely high 
 and boisterous. 
 
 "There my inide, 
 having drunk a 
 draught or two of 
 cold water, threw 
 himself down upon a 
 cloth which was 
 spread for him, when 
 immediately the 
 flames, and a strong 
 smell of sulphur, 
 which was the fore- 
 runner of them, dis- 
 per.-^ed the rest of 
 the company, and 
 obligel him to rise. 
 He raised himself up 
 with the assistance 
 of two of his ser- 
 vants, and instantly 
 fell down dead ; suffo- 
 catel, as I conjecture, 
 by some gross and 
 noxious vapor, having' 
 always had weak 
 lung.-i, and being fre 
 queutly subject to a 
 difficulty of breath- 
 ing. As soon as it 
 was light a. 'ai 11, which 
 was not till tlie third 
 day after tlys melan- 
 choly acci'Jent, his 
 body was found 
 entire, and without 
 any marks of violence 
 upon it. exactly in the 
 same posture that he 
 fell, and looking moie 
 like a man asleep than 
 dead. During all this 
 time my mother and ^„ :' 
 
 myself were at Misc- 
 num. But as this has 
 no connection with 
 
 your history, so your inquiry went no further 
 tlian concei-ning my uncle s death ; with that, 
 therefore, 1 will put an end to my letter: 
 suffer me only to add that 1 have faithfully 
 related to you what I was either an eye-witness 
 of myself, or received immediately after the 
 accident happened, and before there was time 
 to viry the truth. You will choose out of 
 this narrative such circumstances as shall be 
 •nost suitable to your purpose ; for there is a 
 
 great difference between what is proper for a 
 letter and a history ; between writing to a 
 friend and writing to the public. Farewell ! ' 
 * Ci o o o 
 
 " The letter which, in compliance with your 
 request, I wrote to you concerning the death of 
 my uncle, has raised, it seems, your curiosity 
 tc knovf \7h^vt terrors and dangers attended me 
 while 1 continued at Misenum ; for there, I 
 think, the account in my former broke oflf. 
 
 BXCAVATION IN A STKBET AT POMPEII. 
 
 "My uncle liaving left us, I pursue 1 the 
 studies which prevented my going with him, ' 
 till it was time to bathe. After which I went 
 to supper, and from thence to bed, where my , 
 sleep was greatly broken and disturljed. There | 
 had been, for many days before, some shocks of j 
 an earthijuake, which the less surprised us as 
 they are extremely frequent in Campania ; but | 
 they wee so jiarticularly viohiut tlieit night, j 
 that tlicy not only shook everythin;,' about us, ' 
 
 but seemed Indeed to threaten total destruction. 
 My mother flew to my chamber, whce she 
 found me rising, in order to awaken her. We 
 went out into a small court belonging to the 
 house, which separated the sea from the build- 
 ings. As I was at that time but eighteen years 
 of age, I know not whether I shordd call my 
 behavior, in this dangerous junt re, courage 
 orrashness; butltookup " Livy," , ud amused 
 myself with turning over that author and even 
 making extracts from 
 him, as if all about 
 -^3C> me had been in full 
 
 security. While we 
 were in this posture, 
 ' afriend of my 
 
 uncle's, who was just 
 cc me from Kpain to 
 pay him a visit, joined 
 us ; and oViserving me 
 sitting by n)y mother 
 with a book in my 
 hand, greatly con- 
 demned her calmness, 
 at the same time he 
 repro\ed nie for my 
 carelrsa Eecurity. 
 
 "Nevertheless, 
 I still went on with 
 rny author. Though 
 it was now morning, 
 the light was exceed- 
 int;ly faint and lan- 
 guid ; the buiidingf 
 all around us tottered , 
 and though we stood 
 upon open ground, 
 yet, as the place was 
 narrow and confined, 
 there was no remain- 
 ing there without 
 certain and great dan- 
 ger: we therefore re- 
 solved to quit the 
 town. The people 
 followed us in the 
 utmost constercntion 
 and as to a mind dis- 
 tracted with terror, 
 every suggestion 
 seems more prudent 
 than its own, pressed 
 in great crowds about 
 us in our way out. 
 3eing got at a con- 
 venient distance from 
 the houses, we stood 
 still, in the midst or 
 I most dangerous and 
 dreadful scene. The 
 chariots which we had 
 ordered to be drawn 
 out were so agitated 
 backward and for- 
 ward, thoL ^ \.,jon the most level ground, that 
 we could not keep them steady, even by sup 
 porting them with large stones. The sea seemed 
 to roll back upon itself, and to be driven from 
 i s hmks by tlie convulsive motion of tha 
 ei-rth ; it is certiin at least the shore was con- 
 siderably enlarged, and severa sea animals were 
 left upon it. t)n the other side a l)la<k and 
 dreadful cloud, liursting with an igneous ser- 
 pentine vapor, darted out a long train of tira 
 
pompeh 
 
 uy 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 2! 
 
 > 
 1^ 
 
 ITS 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 *^ 
 
 !z! 
 O 
 
 'A 
 
 M 
 
 g 
 
150 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 resembling flashes of 
 lightning, but much 
 larger. Upon this our 
 Spanish friend, whom 
 I mentioned before, 
 addressing himself to 
 my mother and me 
 with great warmth and 
 earnestness : ' If your 
 brother and your 
 uncle,' said he, ' is 
 safe, hfc c er t a i n 1 y 
 wishes you may be so 
 too ; but if he perished, 
 it was bio desire, no 
 doubt, that you might 
 both survive him: why, 
 therefore, do you delay 
 your escape a moment ?' 
 We could never think 
 of our own safety, we 
 Slid, while we were 
 uncertain of his. Here- 
 upon our friend left 
 us, and withdrew from 
 the danger with the 
 utmost precipitation. 
 Soon afterward I he 
 cloud 83emed to de- 
 scend, and cover the 
 whole ocean ; a 8 
 indeed it entirely hid 
 the island of Capreae 
 and the promontory of 
 Misenum. My mother 
 
 PORTABLE KITCHEN. 
 
 APARTMENT IN THE " HOUSE OF THE HUNTER. 
 
 now began to fall upon us, though in no great 
 quantity. I turned my head, and observed 
 beliind us a thick smoke, which came rolling 
 after us like a torrent. I proposed, while we 
 hid yet any light, to turn out of the high 
 road, lest she should be pressed to deatli in the 
 dark by the crowd that followed us. We had 
 soiree stepped out of the path, when darkness 
 overspread us, not like that of a cloudy night, 
 or when there is no moon, but of a room when 
 it is shut up, and all the lights extinct. Nothing 
 then was to be heard but the shrieks of women, 
 
 the screams of chil- 
 dren, and the cries of 
 men ; some calling for 
 their children, others 
 for their parents, others 
 for their husbands, 
 and only distinguish- 
 ing each other by their 
 voices : one lamenting 
 his own fate, another 
 that of his family ; 
 some wishing to die 
 from the very fear of 
 dying; some lifting 
 their hands to the gods; 
 but the greater part 
 imagining that the 
 last and eternal night 
 was come, which was 
 to destroy the gods 
 and the world together. 
 "Among these were 
 some who augmented 
 the real terrors by 
 imaginary ones, and 
 made the frighted mul- 
 titude falsely believe 
 that Misenum was ac- 
 tually in flames. At 
 length a glimmering 
 light appeared, which 
 v^e imagined to be 
 rather the foreruimcr 
 of an appoaching 
 burst of flames, as in 
 truth it was, than the 
 return of day. However, the fir? fell at a dis- 
 tance from us : then again we were immersed 
 in thick darkness, and a heavy shower of ashes 
 
 A QREOIAJf TOILET BASIN. 
 
 strongly conjured me 
 to make my escape 
 at any rate, which, as 
 1 was young, I might 
 easily do: as for her- 
 self, she said, her age 
 and corpulency ren- 
 dered all attempts of 
 that sort impossible. 
 However, she would 
 willingly meet death, 
 if she could have the 
 Batisfaction of seeing 
 she was not the occa- 
 sion of mine. But I 
 absolutely refused to 
 leave her, and, taking 
 her by the hand, I 
 led her on : she com- 
 plied with great re- 
 iuctance, and not 
 without m a n y re- 
 proaches to heiself 
 for retarding my 
 flight, Thti ashes 
 
 TEPn>ARIDH, OR BEATKD ROOM- 
 
 rained upon us, 
 which we were 
 obliged every now 
 and then to shake 
 off, otherwise we 
 should have been 
 crushed and buried 
 in the heap. I might 
 boast that, during all 
 this scene of horror, 
 not a sigh or expres- 
 sion of fear escaped 
 from me, had not my 
 support been founded 
 in that miserable, 
 though strong, con- 
 solation, that all 
 mankind were in- 
 volved in the same 
 calamity, and that I 
 imagined I was 
 perishing with the 
 world itself ! At last 
 this dreadful dark- 
 ness was dissiDiited 
 
POM^Elt 
 
 i5i 
 
 by degrees, like a cloud of smoke ; the real day 
 returned, and even the sun appeared, though 
 very faintly, and as when an eclipse is coming 
 on. Every object, that presented itself to our 
 eyes (which were extremely weakened) seemed 
 changed, being covered over with white ashes, 
 as with a deep snow. 
 
 •' We returned to Misenum, where we re- 
 freshed ourselves as well as we could, and 
 passed an anxious night between hope and 
 fear ; though, indeed, with a much larger share 
 of the latter ; for the earthquake still con- 
 tinued, while soveral enthusiastic people ran 
 liP and down, heightening their own and their 
 friends' calamities by terrible predictions. 
 Hcwever, my mother and I, notwithstanding 
 
 great quantity of marbles, columns, and statues 
 for the adornment of Rome, but from that period 
 down to the middle of the last century the buried 
 city seems to have been entirely forgotten by 
 the Italian people. 
 
 Some traces of old buildings were found in 
 the year 1592, by Dominico Fontana, an eminent 
 architect, who had been employed to construct 
 a subterraneous canal under the site of Pompeii, 
 but no discoveries were made of sufficient inter- 
 est to awaken public curiosity. 
 
 In the year 1748, Don Kocco Alcubiere, a 
 Spanish colonel of engineers, was employed by 
 Charles III., the first Bourbon King of Naples, 
 to examine the subterranean canal constructed 
 by Fontana, and while engaged in that work he 
 
 medan slaves taken from Barbary pirates, who 
 were, of course^ strictly superintended. Th6 
 more valuable articles in gold, silver, and othef 
 metals were diligently searched for, to enrich 
 the royal collections, and great secrecy wag 
 maintained at the works, no strangers being 
 admitted to the ruins without paying most ex 
 orbitant fees. Nothing was done in a liberal 
 spirit, or from a real love of art ; in fact, the 
 excavations were a mere source of jobbing and 
 peculation. An improvement took place in 
 1806, when the French occupied Naples. It was 
 at this time that M. Mazios began his splendid 
 work on Pompeii, under the patronage of Queen 
 Caroline. After the restoration of the Bourbons, 
 however, the works were continued very much 
 
 BAKERS SHOP — HANDINa OUT THE LOAVES BAKED. 
 
 the danger we had passed, and that which still 
 threatened us, had no thoughts of leaving the 
 place till we should receive some account from 
 my uncle. 
 
 "And now you will read this narrative with- 
 out any view of inserting it in your history, of 
 which it is by no means worthy ; and indeed 
 you must impute it to your own request if it 
 shall deserve the trouble of a letter ; fare- 
 well." 
 
 Pompeii— The Excavations, 
 
 PoMPEn, though buried, was not immediately 
 
 forgotten. In the early part of the third 
 
 century the Emperor Alexau'ier Severus made 
 
 Pompeii a sort of quarry, from which he drew a 
 
 was told that the remains of a house, containing 
 statues and other valuable relics, had been dis- 
 covered in the neighborhood. He naturally 
 conjectured that one of the buried cities lay 
 there, and having obtained permission to under- 
 take certain excavations at the spot where the 
 ruined house had been discovered, he soon made 
 several important discoveries, althongh he was 
 ignorant of the name of the place in which the 
 explorations were carried on. 
 
 It was not till the latter end of 1756 that the 
 fact of its being Pompeii was first ascertained, 
 and even after this discovery was made the ex- 
 cavations were conducted foi 'many years on a 
 very limited scale. The workmen employed 
 were chiefly condemned criminals, and Sloham- 
 
 in the same spiritless manner as they had bee» 
 during the last century, 
 
 When Garibaldi became dictator of Naples, iB 
 1859, he ridiculously made the novelist DuraaK 
 director of the museums and excavations. Tho 
 author of "Monte Christo" lived in princely 
 style at Naples, but visited Pompeii only once, 
 and therefore great satisfaction was felt when 
 Victor Emmanuel bestowed the place of director 
 of the scav! upon Cavaliere Giuseppe Fiorelli, a 
 distinguished scholar and antiquary. 
 
 With this appointment a new era commenced 
 at Pompeii. Hitherto the excavations had been 
 carried on without definite or intelligent plan. 
 The aim of those who directed them was to find 
 as many objecis of value as possible, to add to 
 
m 
 
 THi; WORLD'S GREAT NATlONa 
 
 "Vases, Urns, X^a,m]}s and JMlscellaneous Articles. 
 
 SWOBB AND HELMET. 
 
 the already magnificent collection in the royal 
 museum. No very accurate observations were 
 consequently made whilst the earth and rubbish 
 were being hastily and carelessly removed. 
 
 Many important in- 
 cidents were left unre- 
 corded, and the means 
 of restoring many of 
 the architectural de- 
 tails of the buildings 
 discovered were ne- 
 glected. Signor Fiorelli 
 had percai ved how 
 much could be done 
 by removing the vol- 
 canic deposits with 
 care, and upon a re- 
 gular system, taking 
 note of every appear- 
 anceor fragment which 
 might afford or suggest 
 a restoration of any 
 pirt of the buried 
 edifices. The plan he 
 pursues is this: The 
 excavations are com- 
 menced by clearing 
 away from the surface 
 the vegetable mold, in 
 which there are no 
 remains. —- 
 
 The volcanic sub- 
 stances, either lapiJlo, 
 or hardened lava 
 
 mud, in which ruins of buildings may exist, are 
 then very gradually removed. Every fragment 
 of bricliwork is kept in the place where it is 
 found, and fixed there by props. When ' larred 
 
 BRONZE KITCHEN VESSELS. 
 
 wood is discovered, it is replaced by fresh timber. 
 By tlius carefully retaining in its original position 
 what still exists, and by replacing that which 
 has perished, but has left its trace, Signor Fio- 
 
 WINE PITCHEB. 
 
 VAKIOUS FORMS OF LAMPS. 
 
 relli has been able to preserve and restore a 
 large part of the upper portions of the buried 
 houses. 
 
 One of the first and most interesting results of 
 the improved system upon which the excava- 
 tions are tlius carried on, has been the discovery 
 and restoration of a Pompeim house, and es- 
 pecially of the menianum, a projecting gallery or 
 balcony overhanging the street. This part of a 
 Roman building, which is frequently represented 
 in the wall paintings, but the existence of which 
 at Pompeii had been doubte.l or denied, was 
 
 built of brick, and sup ;x)rted by strong wooden 
 beams and props. The masonry is still in many 
 places preserved. The carbonized wood had to 
 be removed. Some oi these galleries seem to 
 have been open, like a 
 modern balcony, and 
 as they are represented 
 in the frescoes ; others 
 formed part of the 
 upper chambers of the 
 house, and were fur- 
 nished with small 
 windows, from which 
 the inmates could see 
 She pa.ssers-by. In the 
 narrow streets of Pom- 
 peii these projecting 
 g.illeries must have 
 approached so nearly 
 as almost to exclude 
 the rays of even the 
 midsummer sun, and 
 to throw a grateful 
 shade below. The 
 upper stories, which 
 appear to have been 
 sometimes more than 
 one in number, were 
 reached by stairs ol 
 brick or wood. Some 
 of those in brick are 
 still partly preserved. 
 Those in wood have 
 perished ; but the 
 holes for the beams are tdere, and the diarred 
 beams themselves can be -enewed. 
 
 By Signor Fiorelli's careful and ingenious re- 
 storations, we can now, for the first time, picture 
 to ourselves the appearance of a Roman town. 
 Previously we had only tiie bare walls, forming 
 
 mNA n>K WARM DBINKS. 
 
POMPEIt 
 
 158 
 
 nothing b«t a collection of s'lapeless 
 ruins. Had his plan been adopt-d from 
 the commencement ; had the position of 
 every fragment been noted at the timi. 
 of its discovery ; and h :d the dooi s, win 
 dows, and other woodwork V)een restored 
 by the process we shall de ;cribo, Instead 
 of wanderhig amidst a confused mass of 
 crumliling walls, we should have found 
 ourselves in a Eoman town, the houses 
 of which might still have almost har- 
 bored its population. As far as we can 
 now judge, Pompeii mu; t have nearly 
 tesemble.l, in its principal features, a 
 modern Eastern city. The outside of 
 the houses gave but little promise of the 
 beauty and richness of the inside. The 
 Budden i;hange from the naked brick 
 walls facing the narrow street to the 
 spacious courtyard, adorned with paint- 
 ings, statues, and colored stuccoes, orna- 
 mented with flower-beds and fountiiins. 
 and surrounded by alcoves and porticos, 
 from which the burning rays of the sun 
 wjre warded off by rich tapestries and 
 embroidered hangings, will remind the 
 E istern tr<iyeler of Damascus or Ispahan, 
 overhanging galleries, with small windows ; the 
 moan shops — mere recesses in the outer walls of 
 the houses; ths brick-built counter, with the 
 earthern pans and jars let into it ; the marble 
 slabs on which th3 tradesman exposed his ware.j 
 and received his cash ; the awning stretched 
 across the street (the hoies by which it was 
 fastened are still visible) ; the caravauserai or 
 khan, outside the city gate, with its many small 
 rooms opening into a stable behind, and a court- 
 yard in f .-ont (the skeletons of horses and their 
 metal trappings were tbund in such an hostelry 
 on the Herculean way), are all characteristics of 
 a modern Eastern town. 
 
 One of the first private dwellings excavated at 
 Pompeii was discovered in April, 1769, in the 
 presence of the Emperor Joseph II., who was ac- 
 companied by his celebrated Minister, Count 
 Kausnitz ; the King and Queen of Naples ; Sir 
 William Hamilton, the English ambassador at 
 Kaples, and several distinguished antiquaries. 
 
 The pereons employed are chiefly women, of 
 
 COTJRT OF Qn.«STOES'HDUSS. 
 
 Tlio 
 
 the beautiful Grecian type of ;iouthern Italy, 
 graceful and striking even in the lowest ranks, 
 and this seems to elevate the labor, not degrade 
 them ; they are thus far difl'erent from the de- 
 based mining-women of England, or the coarse 
 laborers in other lands. The ashes and hardened 
 mud are carefully taken up, so as not to disturb 
 the f jrms of bodies, wood-work, etc., and carried 
 off in baskets. The illusfc-atioa will give an 
 idea of a Pompeian street, narrow and gloomy, 
 with its tall, ima lorned walls, made narrower in 
 reality by overhanging galleiues. 
 
 The pavement, ma le of lava, or irregularly- 
 shaped blocks of lava ingeniously fitted together, 
 seems to solve one of our problems, a good pave- 
 ment. These Pompeian streets are deeply worn 
 with tracks of wheels, aul tlie only difficulty 
 seems to have been the wearing into ruts where 
 several sharp angles met. Whenever this oc- 
 curred, the place is found to be repaired with 
 iron. 
 
 Many streets were so narrow as to allow only 
 one vehicle to go through, and at the crossings 
 
 AJiPtUTUEATKE AI FOMFEII. 
 
 a stone or stones were raised to the level of tho 
 sidewalk for the accommodation of pedestrianp, 
 the horses being trained to avoid them. The 
 workers seen in this illustration seem to hava 
 come upon a piece of statuary, which they arc 
 carefully raising. As the discovery of ancient 
 objects is one great end, these are sought per- 
 sistently, and not a handful of dust escanes 
 scrutiny. 
 
 » < ♦ > « 
 
 Plaster Oasts of the Victim-s— An Ovenfi:' 
 of Bread. 
 Some of the latest discoveries at Pompeii ar 1 
 among the most interesting of all. i if these, tho 
 greatest is that due to the ingenuity of Bign< j; 
 Eiorelli. 
 
 The showers of lapillo, or pumice-stone, ly 
 which Pompeii was overwhelmed and buried, 
 were followed liy showers of thick, tenacious 
 mud, which, filling up the crannies and inter- 
 stices in the coarser material, completed tho 
 destruction of the city. This mud enveloped 
 objects like a plaster mold, and, as it 
 hardened very speedily, and solid, the ob- 
 jects thus buried, when perishable like 
 human bodies, have, in tho course of cen- 
 turies, crumbled into dust, but still l:ave 
 left a cavity in which their forms are aa 
 accurately preserved as in the mold pre- 
 pared for casting a bronze statue. In 
 some, traces of wood, with bronze orna- 
 ments, show the object to have been a 
 piece of furniture ; in others, a skeleton, 
 and articles of personal adornment, show 
 it to be the grave of a human being. 
 
 It occurred to Rignor Fiorelli to fill up 
 these cavities with liquid plaster, and thus 
 obtain casts of the objects as enclcsed by 
 the fatal mud. 
 
 The first expriment was made in a 
 street leading from the Via del Balconc 
 Pensile toward the Forum. The bodiej 
 were on the lapillo, about fifteen feet 
 from the level of the ground. Evidently 
 they perished while trying to climb ever 
 the pile of pumice-stone in the street, 
 barinj lingered late, indeed. Tbe xacai 
 
154 
 
 Tfii; WORLD'S GREAT KATIONS, 
 
 Interesting casts are thoee Bhown in our illus- 
 tration : two women, probably mother and 
 daughter, lying feet to feet. Their garb marks 
 them out as of the poorer class. The older 
 woman lies quietly on her side. Stifled at last 
 by the noxious gases, she fell, and died without 
 a struggle. Her limbs are extendeJ, her left 
 arm dropped loosely. On one finger is still 
 seen a coarse iron ring. The other — a girl of 
 fifteen— had evidently struggled hard for life, 
 and died in agony. Her legs are drawn up con- 
 vulsively ; her little 
 hands clinched. One of 
 them still clasps a vail, 
 a part of her dress 
 with which she sought 
 to cover her head, to 
 shield herself from 
 the ashes and smoke. 
 The form of her head 
 is perfectly preserved. 
 Tlie texture of her 
 coarse linen garments 
 can be traced, and 
 even the fashion of 
 her dress, with long 
 sleeves down to the 
 wrists. Here and there 
 where it had been 
 torn the smooth 
 young skin appears on 
 the plaster like 
 polished marble. On 
 her feet may still be 
 seen her small em- 
 broidered sandals. 
 
 Thus we are brought 
 fiice to face with the 
 fearful, unutterable 
 death-throes of the 
 victims of that ancient 
 catastrophe. 
 
 Less saddening, bu.'' 
 not less interesting, 
 is fiorelli's discovery 
 of bread in a bakeshop. 
 The most comp'ete 
 bakery is in Hcrcul- 
 aneum Street — occu- 
 pying the whole house, 
 with four mills in the 
 interior court. Not 
 long since, he came 
 upon an oven , herme- 
 tically closed, so that 
 not a grain of ashes 
 had entered, and 
 ■within were, in their 
 rows, eighty-one 
 loaves, shrunken, 
 hard and black, butj 
 entire, arranged as 
 
 they where l>y the baker on November 23d, 79. 
 Pignor Fiorelli went into the oven himself, 
 and handed out these precious relics, 'fhey 
 weigh about a pound each, are round, depressed 
 in the centre, and made in eight lobes, in the 
 form still used in Sicily. 
 
 Our illustration gives this interesting scene. 
 The hour-glass-shaped objects at the right 
 are the hand-mills — about six feet high, made 
 of rough gray volcanic stone, full of crystals 
 of leucite. The upper stone was two hollow 
 cones, the one above being the hopper. The 
 
 lower moved on a solid cone at the base, crush- 
 ing the grain as it moved around. The whole 
 rude affair gives us some idea of the toil of 
 Eoman slaves. On the walls of bakeshops are 
 always guardian-serpents, and they can be seen 
 here. 
 
 We have thus led our readers through this 
 city of the past, and given, with description and 
 illustrations, a better ide i than can be obtained 
 from any but the most expensive foreign 
 works. 
 
 A lOMPEIAN LADY OF FASHION AT HER TOILETTE. 
 
 Eoman Lady's Boudoir. 
 
 Despite all that cynics and old bachelors say, 
 there is no truth more firmly rooted in the 
 human heart than this: that woman, and not 
 man, is the crownin'r work of the Creator ; and 
 that what the sun is to the earth, woman is to 
 the human race. Without the glorious orb of 
 day, the earth would be a sterile mass of rock 
 and ice, and without the softening and refining 
 Influence of women, men would only be wild 
 beasts ypun two legs, instead of four. In 
 
 every age woman has ruled man — the good, 
 by her virtues — the frivolous, common-place 
 and sensual, by her charms. There is scarcely 
 an instance of any man becoming great, except 
 those who had good mothers. A good woman 
 is truly the gravitating principle which keeps 
 home in order ; but for woman, society would 
 become a Pandemonium. 
 
 The force of woman is as different from that 
 of man as the Damascus scimitar is from that 
 of the crowbar. She does not crush — she wins. 
 In all ages she has, 
 therefore, made the 
 adornment of her per- 
 son a science, and a 
 history of fashion is 
 the mere record of how 
 woman rules the 
 world. 
 
 Pompeian Baths. 
 
 Italian cities in an- 
 cient times had their 
 public buildings, of 
 great architectural 
 beauty ; but as the 
 open Forum was the 
 great legislative hall, 
 the temples and baths 
 and ampitheatres are 
 the buildings whose 
 ruins most frequently 
 survive to give us an 
 idea of their ancient 
 splendor 
 
 The baths at Pom- 
 peii were long objects 
 of anxious search, 
 curiosity having been 
 stimulated by the 
 discovery, in 1749, of 
 an inscription record- 
 ing the fact that 
 January, a freedman, 
 supplied the baths at 
 Crassus with fresh and 
 salt water. 
 
 When at length the 
 process of excavation 
 revealed these long- 
 buried structures, 
 there was a burst of 
 admiration. Near the 
 Forum were a suite of 
 public baths admir- 
 ably arranged, spa- 
 cious, well decorated, 
 and superior to any 
 even in the most con- 
 siderable of our 
 modem cities. In care 
 for cleanliness we are behind the Italians of 
 eighteen centuries ago. Fortunately, too, these 
 baths are in good preservation, and enable 
 us to understand, at once, passages in Latin 
 writers, as to which the learned had wrangled 
 themselves into the most profound absurdities. 
 These baths could not have been completed 
 long before the ruin of the city, as the notices 
 were still up announcing the shows in the am- 
 phitheatre on the occasion of their opening. 
 
 These baths occupy an entire block, in front 
 one hundred and sixty-two feet, md in depth 
 
POMPEIt 
 
 156 
 
 POMPEIAN CANDELABRA —FEMALE ORNAMENTS AND JEWELS?, 
 
15b 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 one hundred and seventy-four. Of the 
 three separate compartments, one was 
 appropriated to the fire-places and ser- 
 vants ; while the others contained sets 
 of baths supplied from the same re- 
 servoirs and boilers, and evidently in- 
 tended on(! for each of the sexes. 
 
 The apartments and passages are paved 
 with white marble and mosaic. The 
 larger reservoir was in an arijoining 
 square or block, and the water was 
 brought across the street. Within the 
 baths the smaller reservoir of cold 
 water, and tlie copper boilers for luke- 
 warm and hot watci', were between the 
 men's and women's baths, supplying 
 both. In the furnace-room dry pitch 
 was found, evide itly used for firing-up. 
 Three entrances led to the men's baths, 
 end at one entrance were found the 
 sword and money-lio.\ which evi<lently 
 belong 'd t) the keeper. 
 
 The Apodyterium, or dressing-room, 
 was in sood preservation, with its lava 
 seats and foot- rests, at, v. all as the holes 
 which onoe held the pfJr.; to hang up 
 the clothes. It was hgidy decorated 
 and lighted from abov.-! by a large 
 plate of ground glass, ol which many 
 fragments were found. From it one 
 passage led to the Frigidarium, or cold 
 i)ath, a round chamber, with a beautiful marlile 
 ."lathin^j-tuli, nearly tlnrteen feet long an 1 three 
 ieet deep. Another passage led to the beautiful 
 t'epidarium, shown in our illustration. 
 
 This was a heated room to prepare the bather 
 cor the hot or vapor baths, and receive him on 
 Coming from them. The walls are of stucco, 
 with figures of relief, and all highly painted. 
 &. long bronze brazier and a bench are still 
 there. This led into the Caldarium, or vapor 
 bath, anl the Lavacrum, or hot bath. In this 
 last a large white mirble basin stood in the 
 centre, at wliich the bathers washed. A batli- 
 ing-tub was not used, l.ilie the others, it is 
 hanilsomely decorated. The women's baths 
 are smaller, but almost ruined. 
 
 These bath" are so well arranged, with so 
 prudent an econ- 
 omy of room and 
 (onvenient dlstri- 
 hutiou of their 
 parts, and are 
 adorned with such 
 appropriate 3 1 e - 
 gance. as to show 
 the work of excel- 
 1 e n t and expe- 
 rienced architects 
 and engineers. 
 
 Bird Chariot, 
 This charming 
 littlj b i t from 
 Pompeii, in wliic!i 
 a bird like a canary 
 is drawing a cha- 
 riot driven by a 
 cicada, is one of the 
 pretty, graceful 
 trifles that take ui 
 „.ack at onoe to the 
 {Btibionable liaijons 
 
 EOOF OF A HOCSK AT POMPEII. 
 
 of that luxurious city, and the rich boudoirs 
 of the ladies. Exquisite taste seems to have 
 prevailed. Everything that art could devise 
 to please and gratify the fancy was there, but 
 amid the sybarite life, with its pleasures and 
 aspirations knowing no object higher than 
 this life, came the terrible sentence that en- 
 tombed it alive. 
 
 Pompeian Vases, Glassware, Tools, Swords, 
 
 Kitchen, and Tombs. 
 
 The variety of vases in metal and terra-cott i 
 found at Pompeii is endless, and afford many 
 hints for modern use. Among these we select 
 a few to give general ideas Our seventh illus- 
 tration shows the arrangement of a beautiful 
 
 IKTEBIOB OF A H0D8B AT POUFBn. 
 
 urn, used for watm decoctions — in fact, 
 a Pompeian tea-urn, for the name of the 
 herb alone is to be changed. In the 
 centre is a hollow cylinder, tc receive 
 hot coals, the bottom represente I beneath 
 having four holes, to allov/ the ashes to 
 drop through into a receptacle. A funnel- 
 shaped mouth at the side enabled them 
 to our in the hot water. The faucet and 
 its tube, placed quite high, were on (he 
 opposite side. Beneath the outer cover 
 was a smaller one, to-.e'-ing tlie ]ii|uid, 
 but with an opening, lor tht; liic-chamber 
 Nos. 2, 8 and 4, on page 152, were 
 bronze kitchen vesse's, but, tborgh com- 
 mon, are not without a certain degree 
 of elegance, both ;u form and work- 
 manship. 'Ihe last especi lly attracts 
 attention by its massive leaves and 
 volutes beneath the rings and the ovolo 
 molding. No. 3. it will be observed, has 
 a double handle, one of which Pes on 
 the rim. No. 5 is quite curious. T'he lip 
 is e] gantly finished with a double row 
 of ovoli. 'Hie handle, mo.iele 1 after a 
 flower-stalk, is clal orate and elegant. 
 It divi 'es and ends on a cornucopia on 
 each side. Here two goats face each 
 other. At the bottom, the handle ends 
 in acanthus-leaves, around which a 
 winged child holds a wine-skin. It is a 
 handsome pitcher for wine or water, and, if 
 plated with silver, by a brief stay in a battery, 
 would pass in any house for a new style of ice- 
 pitcher. No. 1 is an ivory carving represent- 
 ing helmet, sword, and armor. No. is acuriout 
 specimen, indeed— ornamental drinking-glafses, 
 evidently cast in a mold. 'Phe art of glass- 
 blowing was known, but these Show the mold. 
 The ancients undoubtedly had attained great 
 perfection in glass-working. The Portland vase 
 lon.g deceived antiquaries, who pronounced it 
 cut from stone, and, when a madman broke it, 
 and proved it to be really glass, men began to 
 think that there might be some truth in the 
 story told by Dio Cassius, of a man who made 
 a flexible glass goblet, which he daslie 1 to the 
 ground in the presence of the Kmperor Tiberiu;; 
 and immediately 
 took up and res- 
 tored to its former 
 shape. I be Ro- 
 mans stained glass, 
 knew the power of 
 the prism to divide 
 a ray of light, and 
 the magnifying 
 I)ower of spheres of 
 glass. 
 
 The tombs at 
 Pompeii afford an 
 interesting study. 
 (.Hir illustration on 
 page 159 gives a 
 view in a street of 
 tombs. On t h e 
 right is the tomb 
 of Calventius 
 Quietus ; on the 
 left, that of Scau- 
 rus. The bas- 
 reliefs are very 
 remarkable. One, 
 
POMPEII. 
 
 157 
 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 •-c 
 
168 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 of a woman depositing a funeral-fillet on 
 Uie skeleton of a cliild, has touched all. 
 The tCirJj of Calventius has a bell- 
 «haped sepulchral chamber, reached by a 
 narrow staircase. The tomb of Scaurus 
 is coverei with bas-reliefs of combats in 
 the amphitheatre, and is one of the best 
 aids to understand those shows. The 
 sepulchral chamber was vaulted, aud the 
 pier has niches closed with glass. 
 
 These tombs had numerous niches to 
 receive urns containing the ashes of the 
 deceased, after they had been consumed 
 by fire. 
 
 The Koman Triclinium. 
 
 CoNTBART to what wc consider comfort, 
 several ancient nations, the Persians, the 
 Romans, and after a time the Jews, re- 
 3line<l at table. The arrangement of the 
 tables for this purpose may be seen in our 
 illustration. A table was flanked on 
 three sides by couches, the fourth side 
 bein;^ left open. From the fact of the 
 couches being limited to three, the dining- 
 room, such as we .show from one found at 
 I'ompeil, was called triclinium. In many 
 cases the couches were much higher 
 among the Romans, while the Asiatics 
 preferred them low. On these couches 
 were spread mattresses, at first clumsy 
 bags filled with straw or rushes, but in 
 later days such homely articles were su- 
 perseded by cusliioiis covered with the 
 most expensive cloths, and stuffed with 
 feathers or iraportod substitutes sutficiently 
 soft and dear to be f :shionable. 
 
 Among the Romans each couch held 
 three, who reclined on the left elbow, leav- 
 ing the right hand at liberty. The head was 
 a little raised, the back being supported by 
 cushions ; but the lower part of the body was 
 e.xtendel at f-ill length, inclining outward so 
 lu to give place to the one reclining below. 
 
 STEELYABD FIIOM l-OMPEII. 
 
 The place of honor was the centre of the i 
 couch at the head of the table. 
 
 The Jews adopted this custom from either the 
 Persians or the Romans, and In our Saviour's 
 time it was the prevailing custom ; this shows 
 
 how Magdalen anointed his feet as he 
 sat at the table, and, passing behind up the 
 side of the couch, anointed on another 
 occasion his head. Even in the important 
 religious feast of the Passover, or Pasch, 
 in which the law required them to eat 
 standing, staff in hand, like travelers girt 
 for a journey,' the progress of refinement 
 and ease seems to have gone so far that 
 the Jews all reclined: and there is in the 
 gospels no word of censure at the de- 
 parture from the letter of tlie law, a 
 departure sanctioned by the practice of 
 Christ. 
 
 Some writers, indeed, assert that at the 
 Passover it was made imperative on all 
 that they should recline on couches in the 
 manner we have described. T'he reason 
 for this was, that their posture should 
 indicate the condition of ease and freedom 
 into wliich they passed after thoy had been 
 delivered from Egyptian bondage. Ihey 
 held that, in every generation, a man was 
 obliged to behave at the Passover as if he 
 had himself been delivered from thral- 
 dom ; and, therefore, that at that feast a 
 man was, above all things, bound to eat, 
 drink, and sit in a posture of freedom. 
 
 Hence they were at this time even stu- 
 dious to devise, as they lav on their cou. 
 dies, new forms of ease, and to obviate the 
 least show of standing to attend, or ol 
 readiness to proceed, on any business, desii 
 ing in every way to indicate the condition 
 of freedom to which they had arrived 
 
 Interior of a House at Pompeii. 
 TuE houses would appear to our ideas to 
 be very uncomfortable ; but you must re- 
 member how very different the climate of Italy 
 is to what ours is now, and there is no doubt 
 that it differed still more two thousand years 
 ago, when Pompeii was a flourishing c.ty. Thf 
 great peculiarity in the houses is evidently tt. 
 
 PLA.9TKR CASTS OF TirE VICTIMS. 
 
POMPEIL 
 
 169 
 
 method in which 
 they were lit — 
 namely, chiefly at 
 the top, a plan now 
 followed very ex- 
 tensively in erect- 
 ing large halls. 
 
 Although most of 
 the housei were in 
 a very dilapidated 
 condition when 
 they emerged from 
 their sliroud of 
 ashes and rubbish, 
 yet from pictures, 
 and judging from 
 architectural sym- 
 metry, it is merely 
 a work of art and 
 calculation to re- 
 store them to their 
 original condition. 
 The domestic ar- 
 cliitecture of Pom- 
 peii is in keeping 
 with that of 
 
 its public buildings, a mixture of the Greek 
 and Roman methods wiUi respect to external 
 features and internal arrangements. Tliey r.re, 
 for (he most part, small and low, few exceeding 
 two stories i:i height. But it should be borne 
 i:i mind that the Pompeians passed very much 
 of their time in the open air. The front room 
 on (he ground-floor of many or most of the 
 houses, especially in the most frequented streets, 
 was very often used as a shop for the sale of 
 various commodities. The upper stories of most 
 of the houses being of wood, were speedily 
 ci-nsumed by the heated ashes, their being flat 
 re iderin^ them all the more liable to such an 
 acc' lent. 
 
 Pompeian Oandelabra.— Pemale Ornaments 
 and Jewelry. 
 
 One of the most elegant articles of furniture 
 in ancient times was the candelabrum — the 
 t;dl, slender stand on which a lamp was placed. 
 Pompeii has proved a rich mine of these. 1'hey 
 are of bronze or iron, on three lion's cr 
 griffin's feet, and often of very beau- 
 tiful design and workmanship. Some 
 had p. sliding shaft, so as to raise or 
 lower it as required. 
 
 Hmaller ones, intended to set on a 
 table, have been fcund, damasked or 
 inlaid with precious metftls, and remark- 
 able for the profusion of delicate orna- 
 ments bestowel upon them. 
 
 The Candelabrum marked 11 on page 
 155, and bearing heads of Mercury 
 and Perseus, is made so as to take 
 apart readily for removal, and could bo 
 raised or lowered at pleasure. Nos. 9 
 and 10 are also beautiful specimens, 
 while 13, 17 and 21, represent stan-Is or 
 brackets adapted for lamp, statuette ot 
 flower vase. 
 
 No articles of ancient manufacture are 
 more common than lamps. They are 
 found in every variety of form and size, 
 in ciay and metai, from the cheapest to 
 the most costly. In the corridor at the 
 entrance lo the baths, upward of five 
 
 IJJTEKIOR OP A HOUSE AT POMPEII. 
 
 liundred lamps were discovered, and as many 
 more in various i)art8 of the same structure, 
 mostly of terra-cotta, inferior in workman- 
 ship A large and handsome gold lamp, found 
 in 18(3.!, is preserved in the museum at Naples. 
 
 Some of these lamps were suspended, others 
 placed on tripods or tables. They liad the ordi- 
 n iry twisted wick, and no chimney, so that the 
 light must have boon very poor. They are 
 generally oval, and when not made to suspend 
 have a.i oriiamenteJ handle. 
 
 Our illustration introduces us into a lady's 
 Ijoudoir. No. 28 represents to us a toilet-table, 
 wit'.i doer-leg supports ; No. l-j, a beautiful 
 claw-foot stanrj to rest on it, with some fevorite 
 work of art, a charming statuette, or a mirror 
 like that shown in No. 24. Nos. 6, 8, and 25 
 sliow other mirrors, such as laflies used, of pol- 
 ished metal, covered at times with glass, to 
 preserve the lustre. Nos. 4 and 7 show us the 
 ornamental combs ; but the racre was not for 
 coml;s, but for hair-pins, of which t!ie variety 
 is infinite, and the woric often charming. Some 
 
 are comparativel5 
 plain, with well 
 known cmblematii 
 heads ; others, 
 beautiful female 
 figures. No. 12 is 
 quite curious — a 
 bacchantic figure, 
 with bat's wings, 
 holding a glass 
 and a patera, and 
 two cross-belts 
 with bunches of 
 grajjes. Her odor- 
 boxes and cosmetic 
 apparatus stand on 
 Clie table. 
 
 The earrings are 
 plain ; the bracelet 
 of gold, weighing 
 nearly a pound, 
 found in tlie House 
 of the Faun. Thg 
 serpent enters, too, 
 into rings; the 
 form of No. 19 
 is quite common ; No. 20 was found with pearl 
 earrings near the skeleton of a lady. No. 3 
 is a ring with an engraved stone found in the 
 street of the Augustals. 
 
 
 SOMAN lEICLINIUH, OB DrniNG-BOOK. 
 
 Court of the Qusestor's Housb. 
 One of the houses most noted at Pompeii is 
 that found on the street of Mercury, and called 
 by some the Quaestor's House, because a large 
 chest of money was found there, and by others 
 styled the House of Castor and Pollux, from 
 the pictures of those deities in the vestibule. 
 Its atrium, shown in our illustration, is one 
 of the few examples of what Vitruvius calls 
 the Corinthian. The roof was supported by 
 twelve columns, placed around the impluvium. 
 They were formed of tuf<\, and covered with 
 stucco. These columns were twelve feet high, 
 and about twenty inches in diameter — the lower 
 half colored red, the upper, white. In the cen- 
 tre was a small marble fountain, with a hand- 
 somely-carved water-plant covered with frogs 
 and lizards. The flow of water was re- 
 gulated by a bronze key ; and the basin 
 was so shallow that when the water was 
 turned off, it became part of the marble 
 floor. The little square block is the altar 
 of the Lares 
 
 i<::>^ 
 
 Amphitheatre at Pompeii. 
 
 The Amphitheatre at Pompeii, of 
 which we give a fine view, was an oval ; 
 the greatest length was 430 feet, and 
 the greatest breadth, 335. The tickets 
 were marked and numbered for the 
 seats Those who occupied the lower 
 ranges of seats passed through the per- 
 forated arcades, while stairs between the 
 seats and the outer wall led to the upper 
 seats, and women went still higher to 
 the boxes in the upper tier reserved for 
 them. 
 
 Here in fid! view of Vesuvius, when 
 It was not necessary to extend the 
 awning from its posts in the stone hooku. 
 the public sat to enjoy jierhaps tie death 
 
160 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 BIRD CHARIOT FIIOM I'OMl'EII. 
 
 throes of Roiijo primitive Cliri tian in t!-e 
 orena below ; while perfumed waters from a 
 thousand carved heads in the wall filled tlic 
 nir with a delicate aroma. 
 
 Here the f;ay voluptuous sat. eagerly looking 
 to the end of the oval for combatants to issue, 
 when Vesuvius, like the trump of the arch- 
 angel crave its blast of warning and cf woe. 
 
 Pompeian Art. 
 
 The raost remarUahle objects with which the 
 labors at Pompeii are rewarded are paintings and 
 mosiics. Tnese last must hive heen produced 
 in such profusion as to be witliin the reach of 
 IKsrsons of moderate means, whiU; tho:e in the 
 l)etter houses are amon;.; the fniest s;>eeimens of 
 ancient art. Tlie mosaic lloors were called litli- 
 ostrotos. The material is marble or glass. 7'l,e 
 most remarkal)lc mosaic pavement discovered i;i 
 that in the House of the Faun, of which we give 
 a correct illustration. It ii now in tho museum 
 r.t Naples, and is eighteen feet long by nine. 
 
 The broad subject is the liattlc of Issus, be- 
 tween Alexander the Great and I'arius. On the 
 loft is seen Alexander — drawn with great beauty 
 and vigor- charging bareheaded in the fight. 
 His lance has just pierced a Persian general, 
 whose horse has already fallen by a wound. The 
 agony of the wounded man as he clutches the 
 Gpear is well shown. D.irius, from his chariot 
 bahokU in disraiy the fall of his general and 
 the coi: e pient loss of the day. Flight alone re- 
 mains. The charioteer urges the horses to their 
 utmost to save the king, while the Koldier who 
 
 had brought up a fresh horse to 
 the fallen general looks like a 
 true soldier, ready to face all 
 odds. The Persian spears are 
 all lowering to check the fierce 
 onset of the (iroeks, but all 
 shows a day lost. 
 
 The border represents a river 
 —apparently the Nile with the 
 crocodile, hippojiot imus, ichneu- 
 mon, ibis, and lotus. 
 
 We know tint Vespasian 
 
 brought t) Rome an Egyptian 
 
 artist named Helena, who 
 
 painted this very battle, and the mosaic may 
 
 be a copy of her work. 
 
 Of the paintings we need say little; and give 
 a specimen of a decorated room, which will not 
 need any further description. 
 
 Ihe Greek and Roman painters had, as Sir 
 Humj)hry D.ivy assures us, almost all the same 
 colors as these employed by the great Italian 
 masters at the revival of art. Indeed, 
 painting seems to have been, like I'om- 
 [)!ii, dormant {>t centuries, suddenly to 
 l);'.r,:t forth and dazzle the world. 
 
 The "House of the Huuter." 
 
 Tub edilice called the House of tl.o 
 Hunter, discovered in 18-16. is one of 
 the finest in mural paintings. It was 
 evidently tho abode of a man cf wealth, 
 addicted especially to field sports, if we 
 may judge from the frescoes on tho 
 w.dls. One large and fine one shows a 
 Icn chasing a bull. Others contain 
 fjstoons and vases of flowers, with 
 birds ; another fresco shows a Summer 
 h;)use, and a gayly paintel column stiU 
 standing shows in its red and yellow festcj 
 the txsto of the owner. 
 
 was evidently made for roasting upon it, while 
 at the end a raised stand with holes was 6V\ 
 dently intended to receive pots for boiling. 
 
 Koof of a House at Pompeii. 
 KooFS seldom occur, having generally Ijeeii 
 crushed by the ma -s of ashes and scoria heapeij 
 suddenly upon them. The one we mustrate is 
 formed of tiles exactly one fo t cquare, laid 
 with coping tiles iietween them, the crest being 
 similarly protected and well cemented, thT 
 whole being as complete and durable a roof as 
 modern art can furnish. 
 
 fublic Eoads Streets of Pompeii. 
 In going from Naples to Pompf;'' the visitoi 
 follows the road to Noccra, through Portici 
 llesina. and Torre del Gieco, uritil lit comes 'a) 
 Torre dell' Anniinziata, distant anout eleven 
 miles from Naples, and one mile and a h'llf 
 
 Portable Kitchen. 
 Our illustration, taken from among the culi- 
 nary articles at Pompeii, is a curious portable 
 kitchen. It is an iron bed, on which the fire 
 
 »OMB OF SCAUBC8, ROUND TOMB, AND TOMB OF CALVENTTOS QUnTTCS AT POMPEH. 
 
 POMPEIAN BUTLBTXG TOOLS. 
 
 from the object of his curiosity. From hence he 
 may proceed either by the new road to Salerno, 
 which runs close paot the southern wall of the 
 city, or go across the country to the northern 
 suburb, called the Street of Tombs. The latter 
 route is, in all respects, preferable, and the more 
 so, liecause it was the ancient route from Home 
 and Herculaneum, and the chief entrance of 
 . . _ Pompeii. From Torre dell' AnBunziata 
 
 giK he walks aero, s irrigated cotton fields. 
 p;irtially shaded from the burning sun 
 of Italy by patches of the tall Indian 
 corn, or sheltered by umbrageous wil- 
 lows on the banks of a water- course, 
 which conducts the stream of the Sar- 
 nus to fertilize these fields, and supply 
 the wants of Torre dell' Annunziata. 
 Following this watercourse, he arrives 
 at the Street cf Tombs, now completely 
 excavated, which rises by an easy ascent 
 up to the city gate. The first striking 
 object, at the very commencement of 
 the excavations, is a htrse supposed to 
 have belonged to cne Arrius Dirmedes ; 
 it is of considerable extent, and is singu- 
 lar and interesting r s the only perfect 
 specimen of a suburban villa. 
 
 From hence to the gate, called ttie 
 Gate of Herculaneum. the road is lined 
 by tombs < f much beauty and interest, 
 and ether buildings, among which we 
 may specify an inn or hostelry of con- 
 siderable extent, and another villa 
 
POMPEIL 
 
 161 
 
162 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 called the suburban villa of Cicero. This has 
 been in jxirt filled up again. Opposite is a large 
 exhedra, or covered seat, of a semi-circular form ; 
 and a little further on there are others, on the 
 opposite side of the road, and behind them the 
 tomb of Mamia, who erected them for the pub- 
 lic convenience. Adjoining these, and close to 
 the city gate, is a niche for a sentinel. On 
 entering, the visitor finds himself in a street, 
 running a little east of south, which leads to the 
 Forum. To the right, stands a house formerly 
 owned by a musician ; to the left, a Thermopo- 
 lium or shop for hot drinks ; beyond is the 
 house of the Vestals ; beyond this the custom- 
 house, and a little further on, where another 
 street runs into this one from the north at a 
 very acute angle, stands a public fountain. In 
 the last-named street is a surgeon's house ; at 
 least one so named from the quantity of surgi- 
 cal instrumen'.s found in it, all made of bronze. 
 On the right or western side cf the street by 
 which we entered the houses are built on the 
 declivity of a rock, sloping down to where the 
 Bea formerly came, and are several ftcrics high. 
 The fountain is at)Out one liundrcd and fifty 
 yards from the city gate. About the same dis- 
 tance, further on, the street divideu into two: 
 the right-hand turning seems a by street, and 
 is but partially cleared, the left-hand turning 
 conducts you to the Forum. Tlie most impor- 
 tant feature iu this space is a house called the 
 ^ouse of Sallust, or of Actason, from a painting 
 in it representing that hunter's death. It 
 stands on an area about forty yards square, 
 and is encompassed on three sides by streets, 
 by that which we have been describing, by 
 another nearly parallel to it, and by a third, 
 perpendicular to these two. East of this island 
 of houses is an unexcavated space, beyond 
 which is another broad street, running parallel 
 to the first, the limit of the excavations in this 
 quarter. Between these two are indications of 
 another street, which is cleared out, south of 
 the transver e street. Still farther south these 
 streets all terminate in another transverse 
 street. Thus the whole quarter already de- 
 scribed is divideJ by four longitudinal and two 
 transverse streets, into what the Romans called 
 islands, or insulated masses of houses. Cneof 
 these is entirely occupied by the house of Pansa, 
 which witli its court and garden is about one 
 hundred yaidis long by forty wide. The average 
 
 interval between the western and eastern street 
 is not more than one hundred and fifty yards. 
 The islmd immediately east of the house of 
 Pansa has tliree housvs of considerable interest, 
 called the house of the tragic poet, from dra- 
 matic paintings on the walls ; the cloth-dyer's 
 house, from paintings illustrating the processes 
 and utensils of that trade ; and the house of 
 the mosaic fountains. 
 
 From the transverse street which bounds these 
 islands on the south, two streets lead to the 
 two corners of the Forum ; between them are 
 the baths, occupying nearly the whole island. 
 Among other buildings are a milk-shop and 
 gladiatorial school. At the north-east corner 
 of the Forum was a triumphal arch. At the 
 end of the broad eastern street, and higher up 
 in the same s'.reet, another triumjihal arch is 
 still to 1:0 made out, so that this was plainly 
 the way of state into the city. The Forum is 
 distant from the gate of Herculaneum about 
 four hundred yards. Near the south-eastern 
 corner two streets enter it, one running to the 
 south, the other to the east. We will follow 
 the former for about eighty yards, when it turns 
 eastward for two hundred yards, and conducts 
 us to the quarter of the theatres. The other 
 street which runs eastward from the Forum, is 
 of more importance, and is called the Street of 
 the Silversmiths. About two hundred yards 
 in length have been excavated, at the end of 
 which a short street turns southwards, and 
 meets the other route to the theatres. On both 
 these routes the houses immediately bordering 
 on the streets are cleared ; but between them is 
 a large rectangular plot of unexplored ground. 
 Two very elegant houses at the south-west 
 comer of the Forum were uncovered by the 
 French general Championnet, while in command 
 at Naples, and are Imown by his name. On the 
 western side of the Forum two streets led down 
 towards the sea ; i:h.c excavations here consist 
 almost entirely of public buildings. 
 
 The quarter of the theatres comprises a large 
 temple, called the Temple of Hercules, a tem- 
 ple of Isis, a temple of iEsculapius, two thea- 
 tres, and two spacious porticoes, inclosing op n 
 areas. On the north and east it is bounded by 
 streets ; to the south and we.-t, it seems to have 
 been inclosed partly by the town, partly by its 
 own walls. Here the continuous excavation 
 ends, and we must cross vineyards to the amphi- 
 
 theatre, distant from the theatre about flVft 
 hundred and fifty yards, in the south-east cor 
 ner of the city, close to the walls, and in an 
 angle formed by them ; on the other sides are 
 traces of walls supposed to have belonged to 
 cattle-markets. Near at hand, a considerable 
 building, called by the Italians the palace of 
 Giulia Felice, has been excavated and filled up 
 again. A considerable distance to the westward 
 is the first excavation made near the centre of 
 the city ; it ie surrounded by vines, which hang- 
 in festoons from the poplars on which they are 
 trained ; it is small, and appears to have been 
 abandoned on account of the few coins and 
 vessels discovered. From the amphitheatre, 
 we will return along the Street cf Silversmiths, 
 towards the Forum ; but before we arrive at the 
 latter, turn up a street running parallel to it. 
 Arriving at the end of it, we turn to the right, 
 and soon reach the tiiumphal arch of the Fo- 
 rum, having now traversed the whole excavated 
 portion, except a few insignificant streets. 
 
 The city was anciently surrounded by 
 walls, of which the greater portion has been 
 traced. 
 
 Six gates and twelve towers may be counted. 
 At the gate of Nola, the third westward from 
 that of Herculaneum, part of the street has 
 been excavated ; but the houses proved to be 
 of the lower class, and it was not prosecuted. 
 The general figure of the city is something like 
 that of an egg, v.'hose .--.pex is at the amphi- 
 theatre : its circuit is neirly two miles, the 
 greatest length little more than three-quarters 
 of a mile, and the breadth less than half a mile. 
 The area of the city is about one hundred and 
 sixty-one acres ; the excavated part, which 
 forms a slip along the western side, is about 
 a quarter of the whole, and has been eighty- 
 three years in excavating. Portions have been 
 begun and finished with energy and rapidity at 
 different times, especially by the French, who, 
 during their occupation at Naples, made great 
 exertions ; and to them we are indebted for the 
 most interesting parts yet discovered. 
 
 What remains of interest we know not ; but 
 it i 5 reasonable tr> hoiic that houses in size and 
 elegance equal to any yet found may exist to 
 reward the inquirer : for public buildings, it is 
 probable that nny still to be discovered are 
 equal in splendor to those around the Forum 
 and the theatres. 
 
 St^^ 
 
 BIUCS rBOU THE RUINS, 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Votwo BTTLL-noHTERS— The Gralla House;— The cockt of lions— Eock op gibbaltab— the fandanoo— burial of the poor— Thf. castui 
 OF Seoovia- Bull FiOHT in a Village— Dominique the Espada— The Girl of Cadiz— Madrid Street Characters : Crockery Mer- 
 chant, Chair-seller, Bird-fancier, Tratelinq Tinker, Broom Merchant, Fruit - seller, Orange girl. Pipe seller Pie-man, 
 Game seller— The Esourial— A Catalonian Venta— The Gipsy Girl— Mountain Traveling— The Gipsy Sisters— Granada and its 
 Balconies— The Leaning Tower of zabaqoza— Shooting flamingoes— Visit to Madrid. 
 
 THIS romantic land, which for a time 
 occupied nearly the same position which 
 England does now, as the conqueror 
 and colonizer of new countries, occupies, 
 ■with Portugal, the southwestern portion of 
 Europe, being bounded by the Pyrenees on 
 the east, by the British Channel on the north, 
 . by the Mediterranean on the south, and 
 westward by the Atlantic. Its greatest length, 
 north and south, from Cape Peftas in Asturias 
 to Tarifa Point on the Strait of Gibraltar, is 
 about five hundred and forty miles. Its great- 
 est breadth, east and west, is about six hun- 
 dred and twentj' miles. In extent it holds the 
 sixth place in European States. 
 
 Three centuries ago it was the dominant 
 power in Europe, but the indolence of the peo- 
 ple, and the debasing effects of priestly rule, 
 have made the kingdom which sent forth the 
 Invincible Armada a power of very little influ- 
 ence ; indeed it really now subsists merely by 
 the sufferance of stronger nations. 
 
 By the latest statistics, the population in 
 Europe amounted to sixteen millions, with 
 about six millions of colonial possessions. 
 
 In ancient times Spain was a very densely 
 populated country, for the Komau historians 
 ranked it in the days of Caesar at about forty 
 millions. 
 
 The temperature is subject to extremes — the 
 Summers being burning, and the Winters 
 piercingly cold ; but the weather of the Spring 
 and Autumn is very delicious. 
 
 Spain is eminently a region of lofty ridges 
 and broad, elevated plateaus. From near the 
 Mediterranean to the Atlantic, the whole pen- 
 insula is traversed by successive mountain belts, 
 including between them high lands, watered 
 by numerous small streams. 
 
 The Spaniards are a vigorous race. The men 
 are generally tall a»d thin, and their figures 
 well-proportioned. Their behavior is measured 
 and solemn. Their hair is black, and their 
 dark eyes flash with intelligence and passion. 
 From the Roman the Spaniard inherited his 
 pride and solemn austerity, while from the 
 Moor he got his passionate temperament and 
 his love of vengeance. 
 
 Their national amusements are singing. 
 
 dancing, and bull-fights. Their chief dances 
 are the fandango and the bolero. The women 
 are beautifully formed, and distinguished for 
 their graceful carriage. But both sexes display 
 a jealous and vindictive spirit, which forces 
 them into the most terrible crimes. Besides 
 the Spaniards proper, there arc three other 
 races — the Basques, the Modijars, and the 
 Gipsies. The Basques are probably the de- 
 scendants of the ancient Iberians. 
 
 The first settlers are supposed to have been 
 the progeny of Tubal, fifth sou of Japhet. 
 
 The PhcEuieians and Carthageuians (360 B.C.) 
 planted colonies on the coasts, and the Romans 
 conquered the whole country (206 B.c). Car- 
 thagena was founded by Hasdrubal, the father 
 of the celebrated Hannibal. It was from this 
 point that he marched upon Italy. 
 
 On the fall of Carthage, Scipio Africanus 
 took New Carthage, or Carthagena, and drove 
 the Carthageuians out of Spain (207 b.c). 
 
 For nearly seven hundred years Iberia, as 
 Spain was then called, remained under the rule 
 of the Romans, when the Vandals wrested 
 it from them. In 427 they passed over to 
 Africa. 
 
 The invasion of the Moors, about a.d. 1090, 
 ingrafted an element on the national character 
 which had more visibly improved their archi- 
 tecture than their national manners, although 
 physiologists maintain that their physique has 
 been materially modified by the blood of Mauri- 
 tania. The Moors had been originally called 
 in to assist the Saracens, but, as in other 
 similar cases, they seized upon the possessions 
 of the ally they came to defend. 
 
 In 1238, the Kingdom of Granada was 
 founded by the Moors ; but iu the year 1492, 
 the City of Granada, the last stronghold of the 
 Moors, was taken, after a two years' siege, and 
 the reign of the Moors was at an end. 
 
 This year was also more memorable from 
 being that in which Columbus sailed from 
 Palos, iu Spain, on that famous voyage which 
 resulted in the discovery of America. 
 
 In 1510, a prince of the House of Austria 
 ascended the throne of Spain, under the title 
 of Charles T. Three years later, he was elected 
 Emperor of Germany. In 1554, Philip II. of 
 
 Spain married Queen Mary of England, and 
 two years later, Cliarles V. retired from the 
 world to a monastery. In 1562, Philip com. 
 menced the building of the Escurial, in conse- 
 quence of his victory over the French, at Saint 
 Quentin, in 1557. In 1580, Portugal ieoame 
 a part of Spain, by conquest ; and in 1583 their 
 renowned Armada, commonly called the "In- 
 vincible Armada," was totally destroyed by the 
 English. In 1640, Spain lost Portugal, which 
 since then has remained an independent king- 
 dom, under the protection of England. 
 
 In 1704, the Spaniards sufi'ered another hu- 
 miliation from the hands of the English, in the 
 taking of Gibraltar, which has since remained 
 a dependency of the British crown. 
 
 In 1805, the battle of Trafalgar destroyed 
 the last of the Spanish n.avj', and from this 
 blow her naval power may be said to be all but 
 extinct. 
 
 In 1807, the French crossed the Pyrenees, 
 and soon afterward Ferdinand was depoeed, 
 and Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed King of 
 Spain. 
 
 In 1813, the French were entirely driven out 
 of Spain by the combined British and Spanish 
 armies, under the command of the Duke of 
 Wellington, and the infamous Ferdinand was 
 restored. In 1833, he died, and his wife Chris- 
 tina was made Regent till their eldest child, 
 Isabella, should be of age. In 1868, an insur- 
 rection occurred which resulted in the banish- 
 ment of Queen Isabella and her family, and 
 the establishment of a Regency ; but, after in- 
 effectual attempts to induce several princes, of 
 "blood royal," as they are called, to accept the 
 crown, it was finally offered to a son of the 
 King of Italy, who accepted the same ; Chris- 
 tina now rules as Queen Regent. It is hardly 
 necessary to remind our readers that the offer 
 of the Spanish crown to a prince of the House 
 of Hohenzolleru was the ostensible cause of 
 the war between the French and Germans, 
 which commenced in July, 1870, and ended in 
 the surrender of Paris. 
 
 Spain has long had more or less -ciouble from 
 insurrections in Cuba, and the time will come, 
 no doubt, when that island will become a part 
 of the territorj- of the United States. 
 
164 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Spanish Boys Playing Bull-figlit. 
 CinLDREN invariably imitate tlicir seniors ; the 
 little girl will begin to go through, with her 
 doll, all the operations she sees her mother per- 
 form for "baby"; the boy must ride, re-enact 
 the battles he reads of, or rehearse the part cf 
 firamin or soldier — noise and motion being es- 
 83!itial ingredients in a boy's felicity. Imitating 
 his fellows in other lands, the Spanish boy 
 
 exults to rehearse the 
 
 attraction of his land, 
 the scene of danger and 
 prowess, the bull fight. 
 We give a fine sketch 
 by Gustave Dore', the 
 iVench artist, now so 
 deservedly popular, 
 where a group re-enact 
 the flprht of the arena. 
 The father plays the 
 bull ; one boy, on the 
 shoulders . of another, 
 is the mounted bull- 
 fighter; wliile another, 
 on foot, mimics the 
 pose and thrust of a 
 genuine matador. 
 
 greatest architectural marvels, must at once 
 occur to every reader. Specially worthy of ad- 
 miration is the Court of Lions, btlonging to this 
 edifice — a quadrangle ninety-eight feet by siity- 
 five feet. 
 
 Ihis court is surrounded by a peristyle of 
 light columns, ornamented on two sides by ad- 
 vanced porticoes, like the bald portals of some 
 Gothic churches ; and is carved with wonderful 
 accuracy, skill, and elegance. 
 
 
 The Gralla House, 
 
 The Gralla, or Me- 
 dina Celi House, at 
 Barcelona, erected 
 about 1530, is more 
 remarkable for taste 
 and richness of ite 
 adornments than for 
 the beauty or extent 
 of its proportions. It 
 is much too little for a 
 palace, and moch too 
 large for a house. I he 
 people generally call 
 it the Gralla House, 
 although the family 
 of that name, its 
 original owners, has 
 long been extinct. 
 The actual proprietor 
 is the Duke of Me- 
 dina Celi ; but it is 
 not his resi lence. 
 
 The old Spanish 
 palaces have under- 
 gone the fate of those 
 in Italy. The nobility, 
 no longer able to fur- 
 nish and maintain 
 them in style, let them 
 out. 
 
 This fine ancient 
 structure is occupied 
 by the clerks of a 
 
 French piano-maker. The opening of a new 
 street, a few years ago, menaced this fine monu- 
 ment of architecture, but a young Catalan ar- 
 chitect saved it. 
 
 before the eyes of the traveler, and across the 
 long vaults of the porticoes he perceives other 
 labyrinths and new enchantments. The beauti- 
 ful azure of the heavens reveals itself between 
 th3 columns that sustain a chain of Gothic 
 arches. The walls, covered with arabesques, 
 seem to the view like those cloths of the East 
 which are broidered in the leisure of the harem 
 by the industrious hands of a female slave. 
 Evevything luxurious, religious, warlike, seems 
 to breathe in this 
 magnificent edifice. 
 It is a sort of a bower 
 of love in a myste- 
 rious retreat, in which 
 the Mocrish kings en- 
 joyed all the pleasures 
 and forgot all the cares 
 of life." 
 
 The decorations of 
 the Alhambra consist 
 of varnished tiles of 
 ail colors — yellow, red, 
 black, green, and white 
 — forming mosaics 
 which covered the 
 walls with i kind of 
 carpet-work in flowers, 
 knots, zigzags, and ia- 
 Bcriptions, sculptured 
 in low relief upon the 
 stucco and plaster. 
 Ivothing, for instance, 
 could be more charm- 
 ing than the walls of 
 the Halls of the Am- 
 bassKdors, inscribed 
 with verses of the 
 Koran, and stanzas of 
 poetry in the Arabic 
 caligraphy ; while the 
 ceiling of cedar- 
 wood, a marvel of 
 carpentry, presents an 
 actual problem of 
 geometric forms. 
 
 If we except a num- 
 ber of columns, some 
 flags, vases, basins, 
 and little niches for 
 placing Turkish slip- 
 pers, there is not per- 
 hops a single piece 
 of marble employed 
 in the interior decora- 
 tions of the Alhambra. 
 
 The Oourt of Lions in the Alhambra. 
 
 NowHEBE have the Arabs left greater proof of 
 
 their architectural genius than in Spain, where 
 
 their civilization flourished for seven centuries. 
 
 The Alhambra, which is, perhaps, one of their 
 
 YOUNQ BULL-FIGHTERS. 
 
 In presence of innumerable vistas of courts 
 and chambers, fantastic decorations of struc- 
 tures resembling the tents of the desert, and 
 terminating in conical vaults, the spectator 
 stands immovable and mute, and thinks him- 
 self transported to the entrance of one of those 
 fairy palaces of which we read in Arabian tales. 
 
 "Airy galleries," says Chateaubriant, "canals 
 constructed of white marble, and bordered by 
 citrons and flowering orange-trees, fountains and 
 solitary courts, present themselves on all sides 
 
 Bull-fight 
 The air of Spain, 
 and especially of An- 
 dalusia, teems with 
 tauromachy. It in- 
 fuses into the people, 
 from early youth, in hamlet as in city, a taste 
 and passion for the combat between man and 
 the sturdy bull. The gentle maiden of hiahest 
 birth and frailest organization cannot escape 
 the influence of the climate. 
 
 Large cities have their arenas fitted up for 
 the thousands of eager spectators ; but every vil- 
 lage will, at times, extemporize an amphithea- 
 tre for the great national combat. The Imll- 
 fights given under such circumstances are called 
 " Novilladas de lugar," the bulls being young 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 165 
 
 ones, styled "novil- 
 los." These " novilla- 
 das" are local enter- 
 tainments, in which 
 city foUv rarely take 
 part. 
 
 To gratify the in- 
 herent taste, a village 
 square will he Bar- 
 ricaded with carts and 
 vehicles of every kind 
 that can be forme 1 
 into barriers. The 
 fences, windows and 
 balconies overlooking 
 the narrow space, 
 afford ample accom- 
 modation for the 
 spectators, and the 
 applause is given as 
 heartily and more 
 unstudied than in the 
 more fashionable 
 gathering within the 
 Capital No one can 
 attend one of these 
 "novilladas" without 
 amazement at the 
 agility of the Andalu- 
 sian peasants, who, 
 in their contracted 
 
 sphere of action, always contrive to avoid the 
 bull, either by jumping up and grasping some 
 neighboring balcony, or by darting under some 
 
 r^« 
 
 THE BOCK OF OIBKALTAR, mOK THE SIGNAL STATION. 
 
 wagon or other defense. Such a scene Dor6, 
 the most popular artist of the day in Europe, 
 depicts, in the sketch which we give our 
 
 readers, and in which, 
 with all that writers 
 tell us of Andalueian 
 agility, we cannot but 
 feel some c( ncern for 
 the one who has fallen 
 beftre the bull. 
 
 The Pandango, 
 This illustration of 
 the Fandango ia 
 from a '-Voyage to 
 Spain," by Gustave 
 Dore and Ch. Davil- 
 lier, from wliich the 
 following accoint is 
 translated: 
 
 " At the commence- 
 irent of the last 
 century the ' sara- 
 band' and the 'cha- 
 B ccne ' were completely 
 abandoned, as well as 
 the other dances of 
 the same kind. At 
 this time appeared 
 new steps, which may 
 be considered as the 
 types of the dances 
 now in vogue, the 
 ' sequidillas,' 'fandango,' and 'bolero.' It 
 was during the early years of the last cen- 
 tury that the sequidillas was first danced. 
 
 THE OKAIXA HOUSB. AT BAHCEtONA. 
 
1«6 
 
 THE WORLDS GREiT NATIONS. 
 
 "The Bequidillas differs hardly any from the 
 bolero ; it has the same steps (passadas), the 
 same refrains (eitribillo'i) , and the same steps 
 {lieu parados) ; the principal difference between 
 these two dances consists in the fact that the 
 first is a quicker movement than the holero, 
 which now is almost entirely abandoned, except 
 on the stage. The name, which is sometimes 
 ■written voUro, is derived, it is said, from the 
 fact that it requires so much lightness, that tlie 
 dancer seems to fiy ; now the male and female 
 professional dancers who render it upon the 
 stage are cilled also boleros and bokras. 
 
 "The Fandango is celebrated among all the 
 Spanish dances . " 
 
 "What barbarous 
 country," says Toinas 
 de Triarte, "is there 
 whose inhabitants do 
 not become; animated 
 when hearing the airs 
 of their n a ti o n a 1 
 dances? The most 
 popular air among the 
 Spanish people is tliat 
 of the graceful fan- 
 dango, which enchants 
 us, as well as foreigners, 
 by its gaiety, and 
 transports the most se- 
 vere old men even." 
 
 An author of the 
 time of the Restora- 
 tion describes the 
 same dance as one, fit 
 to be performed at 
 Paphos or (Jnidos, in 
 the Temple of Venus. 
 "The national air of 
 the fandango, like 
 an electric spark 
 
 THE COURT OF LIONS, IN THE ALUAMDIIA. 
 
 strikes and animates ail hearts ; women, girls, 
 the young, the old, all seem to be revived, 
 all repe.it thi.i air, which has such power over 
 tlie ears and the soul of a Spaniard. The 
 dancers commence, some of them with casta- 
 nets, and tha others snapping tlieir lingers to 
 imitate their sound ; the wome.i especially are 
 distinguished by the tenderness, the lightnvss, 
 the tiexibility of their movements and thj 
 voluptuousness of their attitudes ; they mark 
 the time with great correctness by striking the 
 floor with their feet. 
 
 "The two dancers tease each other, flee and 
 pursue in turn ; often the woman, with an air of 
 
 languor, by glances full of lire, seems to an 
 nounce lier defeat. The lovers appear on the 
 point of falling into each other's arms, but all 
 of a sudden the music stops, and the art of the 
 d.,ncer is to rem lin mi tioiile.ss ; v.'hen the music 
 recommences, the fandango Icgns ag,:in also. 
 Finally, the guitar, tho \iolina, the taps of the 
 feet (tucoi.eos), tl.c clicking of tlie castanets 
 and the fingers, (ha iii;pple and voluptuous 
 movements cf the dancers, til (he assembly 
 with a delirium cf joy and pleasure. 
 
 "During thirty or forty years (he fandango 
 
 has been somewhat abandoned ; but formerly 
 
 there was not a single province of Spain in 
 
 which this dance was 
 
 unknown." 
 
 BURIAL OF THE POCK AT SBVILIE. 
 
 Segovia — Its Castle. 
 Built in a most 
 beautiful situation 
 among the mountains, 
 Segovia has suffered 
 less ficm foreign in- 
 vasicn or civil war 
 (ban Kny other city in 
 the peninsula ; it lives 
 within itself among 
 tlie mcuntains, sepa- 
 rated fcr a quaiter of 
 the year almost from all 
 inti rcouri-e, standing 
 as it does tliree thou- 
 sand three hundred 
 feet above the level 
 of the !oa. It was a 
 favorite towii with the 
 Romans, whn, under 
 Adrinn i r Vespasian, 
 built the noble aque- 
 duct now called the 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 lei 
 
168 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 DOMINIQUE THE ESPADA. 
 
 Bridge of Segovia, wliose dark-gray granite 
 blocks still fit closely together, not a blade of 
 grass springing from the joints. 
 
 The cathedral, commenced at the close of the 
 fifteenth century, contains many beauties. The 
 choir-stalls, carved by Bartolomeo Fernandez, 
 the altar-screens by Diego de Urbano, and 
 paintings by Pantoja de la Cruz, are remark- 
 able. Besides this are the remarkable churches 
 of La Vera Cruz and Smto Christo ; but the 
 most noteable building is the Alcazar, founded 
 by Alonzo el Sal)io, rising picturesquely from 
 the summit of an immense rock near the aque- 
 duct, and overlooking the deep ravine of the 
 Eiver Eresma. In the valley below are home- 
 steads and convents, and the traveler's eye rests 
 on a group of cypresses, marking the spot where 
 Marie del Salto alighteil. This heroine, of 
 Jewish birth, having secretly become a Chris- 
 
 UASBID CBOCKERT MEltCHANT. 
 
 tian, was accused of adultery, and no Danie! 
 arising to save this new Susannah, she was con- 
 demned to be thrown from the top of the Alca- 
 zar rock. By her faith, says the legend, she 
 was preserved from injury and reached the 
 ground in safety, and a church erected on the 
 spot commemorates tlie event. 
 
 Herrera, the architect of the Escunal, restored 
 and adorned the Alcazar, but as it was alter- 
 nately in the hands of Christian and Moorish 
 artists, it shows the double impress. From a 
 window in one of these elegant rooms, a lady, 
 in 1326, let the Infante Don Pedro, son of 
 Heriy III., fall from her hands, to dash to 
 pioces on the rocl^B of the winding Eresma. 
 
 Palace as it is the Alcazar has been a prison, 
 too. Here thr strange Duke of Eiperda was 
 confined, unde Philip V., and Carlists after the 
 
 THE GIRt OF CADZ. 
 
 convention of Vergara. It has, too, for a time 
 been a military school, and a few years ago the 
 students, in a freak of boyish folly, set fire to a 
 portion of one of the rooms. Tlie fire spread, 
 and all that is now left of this matchless palace 
 is a ruined shell, the faoade, the beautiful 
 Moorish towers and battlements, one or two 
 sculptured arabesque ceilings, and the portcul- 
 lised gateway, each and all testifying to its 
 former greatness and splendor. 
 
 Segovia is famous for its flocks and for the 
 beauty of its wool. The water of the Eresma 
 is supposed to possess pecidiar virtues. 
 
 MADRID BIRD FANCIER. 
 
 in the person of Dominique, the rival of Cu' 
 chares in celebrity at Madrid, looks at us in one 
 of our current illustrations. Though his busi- 
 ness is the deadly one of striking the death- 
 blow to the tortured and maddened bull, which 
 demands both extraordinary skill and almost 
 superhuman courage — yet Dominique comes 
 into the ring as neatly dressed as if going to a 
 ball, even though he goes out dirty, bloody, 
 soiled and draggled. A strange people, the 
 Spaniards, altogether, and stranger in nothing 
 else than their Ijull-fights, and their bull fight- 
 ers, of whom the espada is necessarily the lead- 
 ing person. 
 
 Dominique tlie Espada. 
 Few more picturesque figures are to be found, 
 than the espada (literally "swordsman") or makh 
 dor, of the Spanish bull-fights, one of whom 
 
 MADRID CHAIR-9EIXI&. 
 
THE SPANISH FANDANGO AT SE VILLA. 
 
170 
 
 THE WOKLDS GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 The EscTirial. 
 
 The pilace and monastery 
 of the Escarial is situated 
 about tweiiCy-four miles from 
 Madrid, in tlie village of the 
 same name, anl U one ol the 
 finest and most romarkal)Ie 
 Ijuildings in the world. The 
 palace was built by Phiiip II,. 
 of Spain, after the plan of St 
 Peter's at Rome, and in me- 
 mory of his victory over the 
 French at St. Quenthi in 1563. 
 It contains a celebrated cloister, 
 a college, a, world-renowned 
 library and gallery of pxint- 
 ings, several studios for artists, 
 innumerable apartments, with 
 a magnificent pirk an 1 girdens 
 adorned with fountain;, sane 
 of which are the work of 
 eminent sculptors. It is sur- 
 rounded by rugged mountains, 
 and built of gray stones, 
 which are found in the neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 The Escurial is often the 
 Summer residence of the mo- 
 narchs of Spain, and is reached 
 by a railroad, the fir t that ~ 
 
 was established in that 
 country. Its form is that of 
 a gridiron, on rxcaunt of its 
 being dedicated to St. Law- 
 rence, who was burnt on that ancient instru- 
 ment of torture, the battle alluded to being 
 fought on the day of that saint's fele. 
 
 It took twenty-two years to l/uild this palace, 
 
 
 COUUT OF THE LIONS. 
 
 which cost G,nOO,000.000 crowns. 
 800 pillars, 11,000 square windows, 
 doors. With reason tlie Spaniards 
 of this fine building. 
 
 It contains 
 
 and 14,000 
 
 are proud 
 
 A Oatalonian Venta, or Inn. 
 A u£CE.\T traveler thus de- 
 scribes a visit to one of those 
 Spanish ventas, that look more 
 romantic from without than 
 comfortable within: 
 
 "It was now time to be 
 thinking of night ([uaiters, and 
 having heard of a hamlet in 
 this direction, called La Hi- 
 mera, we inquired of the 
 people, to whom both the 
 venta and feiry belonged. La 
 Himera, they told us was about 
 a mile and ahalf distant on 
 that side of the river ; but natu- 
 rally desiroTis to take in so 
 large a party, they used their 
 best powers of pei suasion to 
 convince us we should be much 
 better off under the roof of the 
 venta than if we went on 
 further. 
 
 " Being decidedly skeptical 
 on this point, as the whole 
 premises appeared to contain 
 no more than two rooms, and 
 these on the ground-floor, like 
 most Spanish houses of ordi- 
 nary description, we declined 
 their invitation (at any rate 
 for the present, until we had 
 made a reccnnaissance), and 
 diverging from the bridle-road 
 about half a mile below, were not long in 
 reaching La Himera, which, in its breezy posi- 
 tion, upon a steep brow under a range of high 
 hills, had a far drier and healthier aspect than 
 
 XHB ESCCBIAIo 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 171 
 
 INTERIOR OF CATHEDRAL, TOLEDO. 
 
112 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 that damp and squalid verUa, close to the water's 
 edge, suggestive of nothing but mosquitos, 
 malaria, and low fever." 
 
 Madrid Street Characters. 
 The City of Madrid, or Majcrit, which, from 
 a mere Moorish outpost of Toledo, grew to be 
 the capital of Spain, in consequence of its high 
 situation suiting the constitution of Charles V., 
 is a wonderful place. There are the same con- 
 trasts of dirt and finerv, display and beggary. 
 
 of the Plaza de Toros when the Madrileneans 
 are crowding to the bull-fight, and the Calle of 
 Alcola is a scene of wil I confusion, as though 
 everybody had heard that somebody else had 
 taken illegal possession of the seats. All the 
 city is there : and tho itinerant who was bury 
 plying liis callin^o; nt the Puerta del Sol yester- 
 day, may tie seen ti-day, just below you, gazing 
 into the arena, and only talking hi.s cigarito from 
 his mouth to shout "Toro!" "Toro!" when 
 the bull makes an unusually grand onset. 
 One of these true Madrileneans, a fellow who 
 
 makes a good thing out of the profits. His 
 principal pergonal distinction must be allowed 
 to be his I'eet, which were surely provided for 
 him especially in reference tj his business ia 
 carrying such brittle wares as those he deals in. 
 To tumble down with such fe::t would be im- 
 possible, and they remind one of that wonder- 
 ful German toy where a broken-backed acrobat 
 performs several summersaults down a flight of 
 stairs by the aid of just such a pair of extremi- 
 ties These strange swathes and sandals are 
 the one remaining relic of the old Moorish rule 
 
 luxury and poverty, that characterizes most 
 capitals, but here they seem somehow to be 
 intensified. Although the Spanish costume is 
 falling into disuse, and the people are losing 
 many of their distinctively national character- 
 istics, there is still enough of the picturesque 
 to make life striking to the visitor, and the 
 photographs of outdoor scents at Madrid are so 
 Bharp and clear that they are never aft?rward 
 forgotten. Perhaps the bright sunlight devel- 
 ops them so strongly that tliey are warranted 
 not to fade from the tablet of my memory. 
 Certainly, no one would foon forget the aspect 
 
 C.MALONIAN VENT A, OR INN. 
 
 looks like Sancho Panza turned crockery-mer- 
 chant, is the vender of toilet-ware, china mugs, 
 gaudy ewers, and those cheap looking-glr,sses 
 which reflect your visage with the same kind of 
 distortion as may be noticed by regarding your 
 physiognomy in the bowl of a dessert-spoon, an 
 amusing occupation here recommended to any 
 one who is dining alone and without the solace 
 of a newspaper. To attempt to shave by one 
 of these mirrors would hs to run the risk of 
 losing a feature or two ■. but they sell, and very 
 probably the merchant, who affects a wonder- 
 fully-twiste J handkerchief for a headdress. 
 
 ai regards dress ; t .i., with men " on foot," and 
 in the tight drawers of galligaskins of modern 
 Spain, they have a hideously gouty or hospital 
 look. 
 
 Scarcely so prosper,ju.s in appearance is the 
 chair- mender, although he lia.i advanced to the 
 dignity of boots, and should pick up a fair live- 
 lihood among the cafes, where those rush-bot- 
 tomed seats are in constant wear. Wonderful 
 people for rush, and basket, and mat work are 
 the Spaniards ; for Spain may be said to be the 
 land of the fibre, as far as Europe is concerned, 
 and we have beiun to ancreciate the value o> 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 178 
 
 SEGOVIA AND ITS CASTLR. 
 
174 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE TRAVELING TINKER OF MADRID. 
 
 FRUIT SELLER OF MADRID. 
 
 THE PIEMAN OF MADRID. 
 
 it, since the Alfa Esperto, or Spanish grass, has 
 begun to supersede rags for paper-mrlcing, 
 though, curiously enougli, Spain is the land of 
 rags too. 
 
 There are few street shows, or street concerts 
 in Madrid, and the amusements are to found in 
 seeing and heing seen, or in watching the pro- 
 gress of the little private dramas that are en- 
 acted on the Prado or the grand promenade. 
 Still, there are wonderful little nooks and cor- 
 ners in the city which are as quaint and queer 
 in the manccrs p.nl customs of their haliitues 
 as the most inveterate flaneur could desire. 
 
 One such shady angle would recall every 
 visitor from New Yoi'k, to tlio days of his early 
 youth when the "happy family" was one of 
 the chief attractions for children ; for there, in 
 a sort of structure which looked like a cross 
 between a peep-show and a model pagoda, were 
 perched birds of prey, incluiiing an imbecile 
 vulture, a dispirited hawk, and an irritable owl, 
 while below tliem a few molten pigeons stood 
 under the miniature portico in company with 
 
 ORANGE GIRL OF MADRID. 
 
 some small birds, whose lives were evidently a> 
 burden to them. 
 
 The itinerant workmen and tradesmen of 
 Madrid form one of the most interesting por- 
 tions of the inhabitants, and among these the 
 chaii -sellers, one of whom forms the subject of 
 our illustration. The peculiar cry with which 
 they announce their coming, will be remem- 
 bered by every traveler who has visited the 
 Spanish capital, while the insignificant business 
 they seem ta do makes it a matter of wondei 
 how they live even in this home and centre of 
 poverty and beggary. Nature, however, is kind 
 in giving them, as a class, the easy disposi- 
 tions so common to all poor Spaniards, while 
 the moderation of the climate enables them to 
 enjoy existence without many of the comforts 
 deemed indispensable in more rigorous tempera- 
 tures. Tlicn, too, his position frees him from 
 the dcman 's of pride and show, which render 
 the generally impoverished hidiilgos so unhappy, 
 so that thougli most of ns would not probably 
 he eager to change positions with him, yet wo 
 
 KADBID BROOM UERCaAKT. 
 
 UADRID PIPE 
 
 •Jl&iU 8I(U4.CR Of MADRID. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 175 
 
 would find that he shares this opinion with U3. 
 Our own streets display every phase of the 
 peddler, Imt not of that marked national cliar- 
 acter found in the citie-i of the old world. With 
 us the larger portion of street peddlers are for- 
 eigners, but not so with them ; in the streets of 
 Madrid tlie native is seen in his full bloom, and 
 the vendor of 
 »ny description 
 of truck may 
 boast, possibly, 
 tlie pure Castil- 
 ian blood. 
 Everything 
 under the sun is 
 hawlted tlirough 
 the streets of 
 Madrid, from a 
 penny -wliistle 
 up to a sold 
 watch, and the 
 hawlier is of a 
 like character 
 with his goods. 
 Our illustra- 
 tion shows a 
 B3ller of brooms, 
 with his stock 
 manufactured, 
 perhaps, by his 
 family, in their 
 wretched but in 
 the suburbs. 
 While he is 
 peddling his as- 
 sortment, the 
 dirty tribe at 
 home are drows- 
 ing lazily over 
 their work, to 
 provide him 
 with goods for 
 the morrow. 
 When his days 
 trading is over, 
 bis earnings will 
 be spent in a 
 mess of fruit, 
 some meal, an 
 onion or two, a^ 
 bit of cheese, 
 and, perhaps, 
 if he is very 
 successful, a 
 bottle or two of 
 Bour red wine, 
 enough to set 
 the teeth on 
 
 the streets of JiadriJ, and when he cannot get 
 coin as a reward for hi.; exertion, a few jrrapes 
 or a bit of black bread will answer as well. 
 
 fivERY art h best taught by example ; good 
 deeds are productive of good friends. 
 
 The pipe-seller 
 or the fruit- 
 peddler is but a 
 repstition of the 
 other. The 
 first is ready 
 always for bu- 
 siness, either as sale or 
 
 occasionally. 
 
 a trade 
 perhaps, to pick a pocket. 
 
 The traveling tinker, like our own tramp of 
 that species, does not confine himself to cities 
 alone, but extends his travels to any part of the 
 kingdom where pots are bottomless and pans 
 want mending. Tlie chink of his hammer is 
 heard among the vine-clad hills, as well as i.n 
 
 MOUNTAIN ■niAVELi:.G IS SPAIN. 
 
 Mountain Traveling in Spain. 
 The muleteer {amero) is now about the only 
 person to be seen in Spain with his guitar in 
 his hand cr i lunj over h!s shoulder. Tlie gol- 
 den age of Eierena !es beneath balconies is passol, 
 and its traditions alone remain. Tho F-garos 
 .■Ml 1 Alm-.vivas charm us now only in cper.is 
 
 and comedies. Tha muleteer in his long and 
 solitary journeys has need of distraction and 
 amusement, and he alone chngs to the guitar 
 and makes it hij constant companion. Eeclin- 
 ing upon his animal's back, as shown in our 
 illustration, he makes the perilous ascent and 
 descent of the Sierra Nevada, singing to the 
 
 accompaniment 
 of his guitar 
 some impro- 
 vised refrain in 
 honor of his 
 mistress or his 
 mule. 
 
 Our muleteer 
 is acting as 
 guide and musi- 
 cian. The path 
 is so steep and 
 narrow that we 
 tremble at the 
 loose reign 
 given to both 
 animals alike by 
 gentleman and 
 servant. One 
 false step and 
 they would be 
 hurled into the 
 abyss below, 
 the mere con- 
 templation of 
 which induces 
 giddiness. But 
 in these perilous 
 mor.ntain paths 
 it is tl.e animal 
 that guides the 
 ma2. The mule& 
 are so accustom- 
 ed to the road 
 that they know 
 better than their 
 riders where to 
 place their feet. 
 Besides, the 
 mule is self- 
 willed and head- 
 strong ; if you 
 prick him with 
 a spur, he stops ; 
 if you lash him, 
 he lies down; 
 if you draw the 
 rein, he breaks 
 into a gallop, 
 and your secu- 
 rity lies in his 
 very obstinacy ; 
 give him his 
 own way and he 
 will bear you to 
 your journey's 
 end in safety. 
 
 The head 
 decorations oi 
 the mule in Spain are always very elaborate 
 and showy, and the rosettes, cords, tassels, 
 and other accoutrements frequently leave but 
 little of the profile of the rnimal visible. The 
 ordinary saddle is frequently replaced, as in 
 our illustration, by a kind of pack-saddle 
 with wicker baskets, which are made to carry 
 two travelers. 
 
176 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
sPAm, 
 
 nr 
 
 Granada and the Spanish Balconies. 
 
 Perhaps no city has been so much praised 
 as Grauada. ''A quien Dios le quiso bien, en 
 Oranada le dio cle comer." " Whom God loveS 
 he permits to live in Granada." 
 
 An Arab -writer, who lived in the fourteenth 
 century, calls Gra- 
 n ada the cap- 
 ital oi Andalusia 
 and the queen of 
 cities, and saya 
 that nothing can 
 be compared to its 
 environs, which 
 are beautiful g«vr- 
 den3 many mile3 
 In extent. " More 
 salubrious than 
 the air of Gra- 
 nada," is a pro- 
 verb still used in __. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 "Granada," says 
 an ancient Anda- 
 lusian poet, " has 
 not its equal in 
 the world. It is in 
 vain that Cairo, 
 Bagdad, or Damas- 
 cus, strive to excel 
 it. The best idea 
 we can give of its 
 marvelous beauty, 
 is by comparing 
 it to a young bride 
 resplendent with 
 charms, whose 
 domain consists 
 of the surrounding 
 country." 
 
 Many Arab 
 •writers call Gra- 
 nada " Sham-ul- 
 Andalus " — that 
 is, the Damascus 
 of Andalusia, 
 thus comparing it 
 to tlie most cele- 
 brated city in the 
 East. Some say 
 that it is part of 
 heaven descended 
 to earth. 
 
 "This place," 
 BXys another 
 writer, speaking of 
 the Viga, the plain 
 of Granada, sur 
 passes in fertility 
 the celebrated 
 Ganlah, or the 
 ^ prairie of Damas- 
 cus ; and he com- 
 pares the carmines 
 or- country houses 
 which adjoin the 
 
 city to BO many Oriental pearls enshrined in 
 an emerald! The climate of Granada is 
 very healthy. It is a perpetual Spring, and 
 they have lemon and orange-trees covered 
 simultaneously with blossoms and fruit. 
 
 The gardens, always green and always in 
 bloom, rival those of the Hesperides. 
 X2 
 
 The streets of Granada are very full of life. 
 The houses are painted delicate rose-color, 
 green, yellow, and other light colors, and appear 
 very gay in the sunshine. The windows arc 
 adorned with long mats made of the Spanish 
 broom, sheltering the balconies, from which 
 hang luxuriant and bushy pbnts, with scarlet 
 
 THE LEANdQ lOWEB OF ZAEAQOZA. 
 
 flowers. Sometimes the icndidos, great tents 
 striped white and blue, form over the streets a 
 transparent roofing, as in many other cities of 
 the South. 
 
 The ladies of Granada are celebrated for their 
 beauty, proverbially so: " Laa Granadinas son 
 muy Jlnas." 
 
 The Leaning Tower of Zaragoza. 
 Lady Hemjert, whose pleasant volume we 
 have heretofore quoted, gives a brief account of 
 her visit to Zaragoza, part of which we quote: 
 
 " The following morning found our travelers 
 again in Madrid, and one of them accompanied 
 the sisters of 
 charity to a ffito 
 at San Juan do 
 Alargon, a convent 
 of nuns. 
 
 " The rest of the 
 day was spent in 
 the museum ; and 
 at half-past eight 
 in the evening they 
 started again by- 
 train for Zaragoza, 
 which they reached 
 at six in the morn- 
 ing. One of tho 
 great annoyances 
 of Spanish travel- 
 ing is, that the 
 only good and 
 quick trains go at 
 night ; and it is 
 the same with tho 
 diligences. In very 
 hot weather it may 
 be pleasant ; but 
 in Winter and in 
 rain it is a very 
 wretched proceed- 
 ing to spend ha'f 
 your night in an 
 uncomfortable car- 
 riage, and the 
 other half waiting, 
 perhaps for hours, 
 at some miserable 
 wayside station. 
 
 "After break- 
 fasting in a hotel 
 where nothing was 
 either eatable or 
 drinkable, our 
 party started for 
 the two cathedrola. 
 The one called 
 the ' Sen' is a fine, 
 gloomy old Gothic 
 building, with a 
 magnificent relablo, 
 jn very fine carv- 
 ing, over the high 
 altar, and what 
 the people call a 
 media naranja (or 
 half-orange) dome, 
 which is rather like 
 the clerestory 
 lantern cf Burgos. 
 In the sacristy 
 was a beautiful os- 
 tensorium, with an 
 emerald and pearl cross, a magnificent silver 
 tabernacle of cinque cento work, another osten- 
 sorium encrusted with diamonds, a nacre nef, 
 and some fine heads of saints in silver, with 
 enamel collars." ' 
 
 Zaragoza has been twice subjected to fright- 
 ful sieges and sacking. 
 
na 
 
 THE WORLirS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Flamingo Shooting in Spain. 
 
 Oca illustration is taken from tlie account of 
 a voyage in Spain made by Gustave Dore and 
 Charles Davillier. The scene is on a lake neat 
 Valencia. The party having followed the grand 
 canal, called Acequia del Eey, whose waters 
 unite with the Albufera, came finally to the 
 lake bordered by the steep Sierra Falconera, and 
 the mountain of Monduber, which is said to be 
 one of the highest in that region. No descrip- 
 tion can give an idea 
 of the animation of 
 the scene around the 
 borders of the lake. 
 
 It was a sort of holi- 
 day ; the inhabitants 
 of the surrounding 
 country had come in 
 crowds'to the borders 
 of the lake, and, de- 
 spite the early hour of 
 the morning, were 
 formed in groups, pre- 
 paring for -the chase, 
 taking their breakfast 
 in the open air, pa- 
 tronizing the itinerant 
 ^ende^s of orange- 
 v ater c o ol e d with 
 Know, and other re- 
 freshmen ts always 
 found in any Spanish 
 fair ; while numerous 
 musicians were on 
 hand providing music 
 with their guitars and 
 dtaras. The signal for 
 pushing off in their 
 Vwats was finally given, 
 and the hunters 
 pushed off in a long 
 line, moving toward 
 the centre of the lake, 
 which was covered 
 with thousands of 
 birds clustered to- 
 gether in groups. One 
 of these groups soon 
 rose and filled ths 
 air ; then the slaughter 
 commenced. A regu- 
 lar fusillade was kept 
 up, growing more and 
 more furious as the 
 circle of the huntsmen 
 contracted toward the 
 centre. When the birds 
 finally sought shelter 
 in a distant portion of 
 the lake, the same 
 operation was re- 
 peated. In one of these encounters, Dor6 
 killed a maL'nificent specimen of a flamingo, 
 measuring more than a yard from the tips of 
 his wings. Ihis successful shot, which forms 
 the subject of our illustration, from the pencil of 
 'lie artist-hunter, was received with acclama- 
 lons from all sides. 
 
 toric jrt as a study of character, of race, of 
 nationality : and by one who has made the 
 study of Spimisli nationality all his own. The 
 deep meaaing in the eye, and the strongly- 
 marked features of the twp Gipsy Sisters, speak 
 of a hard destiny of bitter memories; of a 
 persecuted race, but of an intelligent and 
 deeply reflective one withal ; of a race in wbicli 
 there is much to admire, if not to love 'and 
 esteem. One has a transient smile, with a 
 smack of coquetry in her regard , as if she were 
 
 TLfi Burial of the Poor at Seville. 
 Tnjs forcible iliustiation by Gustave DorS 
 reprrisents a scene frequently seen in Seville — 
 the burial at night of the poor. A cheap wooden 
 cofEn is plated tpon an ordinary cart, drawn by 
 a horse, at full trot, and preceded by a precession 
 of the poor, who carry lanterns, and are headed 
 by one of their number bearing a cress. 
 
 The whole procession moves at the fastest 
 possible pace, as though engaged in a business 
 
 which they desire to 
 
 perform with the 
 greatest expedition. 
 Such a scene is just 
 the^ne as would 
 strike the grotesque 
 imagination of Dor^, 
 and he has cast a 
 fantastic air over it, 
 which heightens the 
 lugubrious effect of 
 the purpose in which 
 these weird figures are 
 engaged. 
 
 The Gipsy Sisters of Seville. 
 This is no ima^nary sketch, no mere effort 
 trf oenre painting ; it claims to rank in the his- 
 
 SHOOnXO FLAMINGOBS ON THE LAKE ALBUFEEA. 
 
 recognizing the fiatterini; salutation of some 
 passer by ; but the other is all sternness, and 
 repels with hollow scorn the idle compliment. 
 
 The ample fall of the rich dark tresses ; the 
 warm and swarthy complexion ; the truly na- 
 tional costume, and the glowing atmosphere, 
 are perfect in their general harmony. 
 
 Every one who has traveled through Spain 
 will, at once, acknowledge the faithfulness of 
 our picture. The execution is, in every part, 
 highly artistic, and commends itself to our 
 readeis as a perfect photograph of the original. 
 
 a A Visit to Madrid. 
 Lady Herbert says 
 of the Spanish capital : 
 " Apart from its gal- 
 leries, Madrid is a 
 disappointment ; there 
 is no antiquity or 
 interest attached to 
 any of its churches or 
 public buildings. The 
 daily afternoon diver- 
 sion is the drive on 
 the Prado ; amusing 
 from the crowd, per- 
 haps, but where, with 
 the exception of the 
 nurses, .all national 
 costume has dis- 
 appeared. There are 
 scarcely any mantillas ; 
 but Faubourg St. Ger. 
 main bonnets, in 
 badly assorted colors, 
 and horrible and exag- 
 gerated crinolines, re 
 platina; the soft, black, 
 flowing dresses of the 
 south. It is, iri fact, 
 a bad. richavffi of the 
 Bois de Boulogne. 
 
 '■ One of the chows 
 of Madrid is the royal 
 stables, which are well 
 worth a visit. There 
 are upward of two 
 hundred and fifty horses, and two hundred 
 fine mules ; the backs of the latter are invari- 
 ably shaved down to a certain point, which 
 gives them an uncomfortable appearance to 
 English eyes, but is the custom throughout 
 Spain. 
 
 " More interesting to some of our party than 
 horses and stables were the charitable institu- 
 tions in Madrid, which are admirable and very 
 numerous. It was on the 12th of November, 
 1856, that the M&re Devos, afterward Mfere 
 Gfen^rale of the Order of St. Vincent de Paul> 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 179 
 
 .4\lfK/;^''' 
 
 A BALCONY IN GBANADA. 
 
180 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GKEAT NATIONa 
 
 started witli four or five of her Sisters of Charity 
 to establisli their first house in Madrid. 
 
 "They had many hardships and diiSculties 
 to encounter, but loving perseverance conquered 
 them all. 
 
 "The sisters number between forty and fifty, 
 distributed in three houses in different parts of 
 the city, with more than one thousand children 
 in their schools and orphanages, the whole being 
 under the superintendence of the Scour Gotto- 
 Irey, the able and charming French ' provincial' 
 cf i^airi. There are branch houses of these 
 French s.'sters at Jlalaga, Granada, Barcelona, 
 and other towns ; and they are now beginning 
 to undertake district visiting, as well as the care 
 of the sick and the education of children — a pro- 
 C22ding which they are obliged to adopt with 
 cxution, owing to tlie strong prejudice felt in 
 ^paia toward any religious orders being seen 
 <^atsidc their cUmsura, and also toward their 
 *rass, the white cornette, which, to eyes unac- 
 customed to anything but black vails, appeared 
 outrageous and unsuitable. The Spanish Sisters 
 of Charity, though affiliated to them, follotving 
 t'.ie rule cf St. Vincent, and acknowledging 
 PL-re Etienne as their superior, still refuss to 
 ■wsar the comette, and substitute a simple white 
 cip and black vail. These Spanisli sisters have 
 tlie charge of the magnificent Foundl ing Hospi- 
 tal, which receives upward of one thousand 
 children ; of the hospital called Las Eecogidas, 
 iyr penitents ; of the General Hospital, where 
 th3 sick are admirably cared for, and to which 
 is attached a wing for patients of an upper class, 
 w!i3 pay a small mim weekly, and have all the 
 fclvantages of the clever surgery and careful 
 nursing of the hospital (an arrangement sadly 
 needed in our English hospitals); of the Hospi- 
 cio de S. Maria del Carmen, founded by private 
 <'harity, for the old and incurables ; of the in- 
 fant scliojl, or salU d'asile, where the children 
 are fed as well as taught ; and of the Albergo 
 dei Poveri, equivalent to what we should call a 
 
 workhouse in England, but which we cannot 
 desecrate by such a name when speaking of an 
 establishment conducted on the highest and 
 noblest rules of Clnistian charity, and where the 
 orphans find not only loving care and tender 
 watchfulness, but admirable industrial training, 
 fitting them to fill worthily any employments 
 to which their natural inclination may lead 
 them. The Sacrd Ccour have a large establish- 
 ment for the education of the upper classes at 
 Chaumarcin de la Rosa, a suburb of Madrid, 
 four miles from the town. It was founded by 
 the Marquesa dc Villa Nuova, a most saint-like 
 person, wlioso house adjoins, and in fact forms 
 part of, tlic convent — her bedroom leading into 
 a tribune overlooking the chapel and the Blessed 
 Sacrament. The view from the large garden, 
 with the mountains on the one hand, and the 
 stone pino woods on the other, is very pretty, 
 and unlike anything else in the neighborhood 
 of Madrid. The siijieridr, a charming person, 
 showed the ladies all over the house, which is 
 large, commociious, and airy, and in which they 
 have already upward of eighty pupils. They 
 have a very pretty chapel, and in the parlor a 
 very beautiful picture of St. Elizabeth, by a 
 modern artist. 
 
 " One more ' lion' was visited before leaving 
 Madrid, and that was the Armory, which is in- 
 deed well wortli a long and careful examination. 
 The objects it contains are all of deep historical 
 interest. There is a collar-piece belonging to 
 Fhilip n., with scenes from the battle of St. 
 Quentin exquisitely carved ; a helmet taken 
 from the unfortunate Boabdil, the last Moorish 
 king of Granada ; beautiful Moorish arms and 
 Turkish banners taken at the battle of Lepanto, 
 in old Damascus inlaid-work ; the swords of 
 Boabdd, and of Ferdinand and Isabella ; the 
 armor of the Cid, of Christopher Columbus, of 
 Charles V., of St. Ferdinand, and of Philip II,; 
 the carriagfe of Charles V,, looking like a large 
 bassinet ; exquisite shields, rapiers, swords, and 
 
 helmets ; some very curious gold ornament^ 
 votive crowns, and crosses of the seventh cen- 
 tury, and heaps of other treasures too numerous 
 to bo here detailed. But our travelers were 
 fairly exhausted by their previous sight-seeing, 
 and gladly reserved their examination of tne 
 rest to a future day. At all times, a return to a 
 place is more interesting than a first visit ; for 
 ill the latter, one is oppressed by the feeling of 
 the quantity to be seen and the short time there 
 is to see it in, and so the intense anxiety and 
 fatigue destroy half one's enjoyment of the ob- 
 jects themselves. That evening they were to 
 leave the biting east winds cf Madrid for the 
 more genial climate of sunny Malaga ; and so, 
 having made sundry very necessary purchases, 
 including mantillas and chocolate, and having 
 eaten what turned out to be their last good din- 
 ner for a very long time, they started off by an 
 eight o'clocli train for Cordova, which was to be 
 tlieir halting-place midway. On reacliing Alca- 
 z.ar, about one o'cloclc in the morning, they had 
 to change trains, as the one in which they were 
 branched off to Valencia ; and for two hours 
 they wore kept waiting for tlie Cordova train. 
 Oh ! the misery of those wayside stations in 
 Spain ! One long, low room, filled with smokers 
 and passengers of every class, struggling for 
 chocolate, served in very dirty cups by uncivil 
 waiters, with insufficient seats and scant cour- 
 tesy ; no wonder that the Spaniards consider 
 our waiting-rooms real palaces. You have no- 
 alternative in the Winter season but to endure 
 this fcetid, stifling atmosphere, and be blinded 
 with smoke, or else to freeze and shiver outside, 
 where there are no benches at all, and your only 
 liope is to get a comer of a wall against whicU 
 you can lean and be sheltered from the bitter 
 wind. The arrival of the up train brouglit, 
 therefore, unmixed joy to our party, who man- 
 aged to secure a compartment to themselves 
 without any smokers (a rare privilege in Spain), 
 and thus got some sleep for a few hours." 
 
 FIRE ON THE DOCK OF GlBBAtTAR. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 A NOEMAN BBIDE— THE FIIIE OF ST. JOHN, ALSATIA— THE CHUIICH OF THE ISVALIDES— FUENCH THEATRE— NAVARRE COSTUMES— SHOPPING IN THB 
 
 Seventeenth Century — A Scrimp- seller- Costumes of the Island of Ke — Artesian Wells — View of the Town of Pontes 
 
 EOYANS— THE CATACOMBS OF PARIS-THE GREAT SEWERS OF PARIS— A TORTURE RACK USED IN 1763— THE RAILWAY OVEE MT. GkNIS— 
 
 View above Lauseburo- The Gamin de Paris— La Roquette, interior of the Chapel-Cells for Solitary Confinement-Oit- 
 EiDE View of la roquette — The Grand goulet-^-drivino horses from a leech Swamp — truffles, and How to grow them— 
 mussel Nets — the Cathedral of Chartres — Church and Fountun of St. Sulpice, Paris- The Hotel de Cluny — Fowling— .v 
 Breton Peasant drafted into the army— The baths at Biarritz— The walking Manager with his theatre on his Back— Shop 
 IS Paris, Last Century— The Plague at Marseilljes -Wood cutters and Wood-carriers in Normandy-The Cafe de la Cascade, 
 1?^. Bois de Boulogne-Benediction of la Garonne-Extinct Volcvnoes of tze Chain c;? Puis-IHE Ice Cave or Vezy-Salmon Toass 
 
 J: THE ASTEONOMICAL CLOCK Oi' STRASBOUiUl. 
 
 RANGE is a country cf 'Westcm Eu- 
 boundcd on the North by the 
 jlisU Channel and Belgium ; on 
 the East by Germany, S^vitzerland, 
 and Italy ; South by the Mediterranean, and 
 on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. It is 
 separated on the North from England by the 
 English Channel. It is about six hundred and 
 fifty miles long, and six hundred and twenty 
 miles broad, and consisted, before the cession 
 cf Alsa33 and Lorraine to Germany, of about 
 two liundred and eight thousand square miles. 
 It has a coast of about one thousand two hun- 
 dred miles, formed by the Bay of Biscay,^ the 
 English Channel, the Straits of Dover, the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Lyons. 
 
 Its geographical features arc gently undulat- 
 ing. A striking feature in the face of the 
 country are the Landes, lying between the 
 Adour and the Gironde. They consist of heaths 
 or marshes, presenting nothing but a desert, 
 liere and there intersperse! with patches of pas- 
 tare or cultivated land. The fev; inhabitants 
 cf this region are mostly employed i:i rearing 
 theep, which they tend mounted on stilts two 
 cr three feet high. It ; mountains form rather 
 boundaries than inte.j;ral portions of the coun- 
 try, being principally the Pyrenees, the Alps, 
 and the Vosges. The principal rivers are the 
 Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhone, the Rhine, 
 IMeuse, Moselle, Sambre, Scheldt, Somme, Oise, 
 Ome, Marne, Aisne, Yonne, and numerous 
 others. Indeed, France may be called the land 
 of rivers, there being about four hundred navig- 
 able rivers, and five hundred smaller streams. 
 Many of the chief rivers are connected by 
 c.inals. It is also very rich in forests, the 
 p>incipal of which are tliose of Ardennes, Fon- 
 tainebleau, Compi6gne, -and Orleans. It is 
 estimated that over one-eighth of the superfi- 
 cial extent of the entire country is covered with 
 ■wood. The climate is somewhat various, the 
 South being very warm, while on the Northern 
 and Western parts it ij very frequently stormy 
 and cold. In the interior, however, the weather 
 is d.y and very pleasant, iiaving more equability 
 than any other p .rt of Europe. 
 
 Its wild animals arc the bear, fox, wild boar, 
 stag, roebuck, deer, chamois, beaver, rabbit, 
 and hare. Their domestic animals are the 
 horse, ass, mule, ox, sheep, goat and pig. 
 Among birds are t!ie eagle, falcon, jjartridge, 
 buzzard, quail, larU, and othir email birds, 
 
 Its agricultural productions embrace almost 
 every grain and fruit known to civilized man, 
 excepting the tropical. Their vineyards are 
 beyond those of all nations, and constitute a 
 great part of their we.^lth, as their exportation 
 of wines is immense. 'Iliey also grow much 
 timber, and in the South the cork-tree abounds. 
 
 Iron is over nearly t'lc whole of the country ; 
 copper, lead, silver, antimony, sulphur, gold, 
 coal and salt. The gold produced is compira- 
 tivcly insignificant, but the iron, coal and salt- 
 works are cf great value. Marble, alabaster, 
 slate, and a few precious stones, are also 
 found. 
 
 In the development of manufactures, France 
 was particularly active in the nineteenth cen- 
 tury. In the produce of iron and steel goods, 
 she made immense advances, without neglect- 
 ing other indui-trial arts, for which she has long 
 been famed. Her most important manufac- 
 tures are those of watches, jewelry, arms, cabi- 
 net-work, coach-building, pottery, glass, crys- 
 tal, musical instruments, chemicals, oils, soap, 
 beetroot sugar, dyeing, paper-making, printing, 
 woolens, silks, linens, cottons, carpets, shawls, 
 and lace. The chief commercial harbors of 
 France are Bordeaux, Marseilles, Nantes, Havre- 
 dc-Grace, St. Malo, L' Orient, Bayonne, Ehm- 
 kirk, Dieppe, and Rochelle. Marseille,! trades 
 with the West Indiss and the Levant; Bor- 
 deaux with the East and West Indies, and with 
 the North of Europe, to a great extent in wine. 
 Nantes has, liUcwis3, a share of the colonial and 
 wine trade. Havre is a principal seaport. Her 
 chief commercial relations arc carried on with 
 the following countries: Belgium, Switzerland, 
 England, Sardinia, Germany, Spain, the United 
 States of North America, and her own colonies. 
 With these places the imports and ■ exports 
 amount to absut one-sixth of th3 whole exter- 
 nal commerce of the country. Long irabuel 
 with the principles of protection and proliibi- 
 tion, it v/as only in 1830 that there was, under 
 Napoleon III., inaugurated a system approach- 
 ing that of the free-trade doctrines of England. 
 This commercial reform, in ths opinion of most 
 reflective minds, was destine! to be the start- 
 ing-point for a largely increased development 
 of t!ie internal and external resources of one 
 of the most skillful and industrious populations 
 on the continent of Europe. 
 
 We shall say nothing about the polities or 
 the government of this remarkable nation, 
 
 which has become proverbial for the rapidity 
 and frequency of their clumges. In seven y 
 years there have been somewhere about fifteen 
 mutations. The following succinct account of 
 the principal of these, forms a curious comment 
 upon the political versatility of this nation: 
 Louis XVI. and the Assemblies, May 5, 1789, 
 to August 10, 1792 ; the Convention, with its 
 revolutions and incessant changes, September 
 24, 1792, to October 5, 1795; the Directory, 
 October 5, 1795, to November 7, 1799; the 
 Consulate for a limited period, December 24, 
 1799, to August 2, 1802 ; the Consulate for life, 
 August 2, 1802, to May 18, 1804 ; the Empire, 
 May 18, 1801, to April 2, 1814 ; the- Restora' 
 tioD, April 24, 1814, to JIarch 20, 1815 ; tho 
 Empire, March 27 to June 22, 1815; the Resto- 
 ration, July 8, 1815, to August, 1830 ; the Gov- 
 ernment of July, Auu'ust 9, 1830, to February 
 24, 1848 ; the Republic, February 26, 1848, to 
 December 2, 1851 ; the Presidency for 10 yean, 
 December 20-21, 1851, to December 9, 1852 ; 
 the Empire, December 9, 1852. 
 
 From 1852, France remained under the rule 
 of Napoleon III., but upon his surrender at 
 Sedaij, and the flight of tlie Emperor, it feU 
 into the hands of several soldiers and politi- 
 cians, and is now, at the data of writing this, 
 January, 1888, a Republic, under the presidency 
 of Camot. 
 
 During the same period of seventy ye.irs, 
 there have been promulgated twelve constitu- 
 tions, which have had, in Prance, for a longer 
 or shorter period, the force of fundamental law: 
 The Constitution of September 14, 1790; tha 
 Constitution of June 24, 1793 ; the Constitu- 
 ti in of tlie 5th Fructidor, year III. ; the Con- 
 stitution of the 22nd Frimaire, year VHI. ; tho 
 Senatus - Consultum of the Kith Thermidor, 
 year X. ; the decree of tho Senate of the 28th 
 Flor^al, year XII. ; the Charter of 1814 ; tha 
 Additional Act of 1815 ; the republican Consti- 
 tution of- 1843 ; ths Constituti-n put forth by 
 the president, of January 14-22, 1852 ; the sama 
 constitution modified by the Senatus-Consult^i 
 of November 7th, 1852, and the Plebiscitum of 
 January 21-22, 1852. In all this we have a 
 specimen of the force and unity to which the 
 Revolution has sacrificed the rights and liberty 
 of France ! In both catalogues w3 have emit- 
 ted all that was simply ephemeral, with the 
 suspension by the revolutionary govemmeat o£ 
 the constitution of 1793. 
 
182 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 A Uonnan Bride with her Distaff. 
 
 Hebe is a Norman bride, returning from the 
 clmrch mth her new-wedded husband, wearing 
 the high cap that Longfellow's ''Evangeline" 
 makes so familiar to us. Doubtless, liis unfor- 
 tunate heroine, too, at her wedding, would 
 have borne this domestic implement, according 
 to the time-honored custom of Kormandy. 
 
 But why does the bride carry a distaff? And, 
 perliaps, some of the 
 younger readers will 
 have to' consult 
 Webster, or grandma, 
 the living dictionary, 
 to know vhfi.t it is. 
 It is simply a stick on 
 which the flax is put, 
 and spun off by hand 
 or by tlia wheel. It 
 marks tlic first step in 
 civilization, when men 
 laid aside skins to 
 weave cloth for their 
 covering. 
 
 The distaff is the 
 type of true woman- 
 hood — woman' s arm 
 and shield — the safe- 
 guard of the chimney- 
 comer, the companion 
 of solitude and nightly 
 vigils — tlie emblem of 
 patient toil. This is 
 all very learned and 
 gentimental, but does 
 not tell why Norman 
 brides should carry an 
 ugly stick. It is not 
 an ugly stick. There 
 is a grand collection 
 of distaffs in tlie Mu- 
 seum at Clugny, and 
 you will find them to 
 be often very rich and 
 elaborately carved. 
 
 But to the story. 
 Queen Bertha was a 
 Hungarian princes;, 
 and esteemed the most 
 accomplished princess 
 on earth, when Pepin, 
 King of the Franks, 
 asked her hand from 
 her father, the King 
 of the Magyars. Her 
 mother, Blanchefleur, 
 aot wishing to send 
 her away alone, gave 
 her as a companion 
 her foster-sister and 
 living image, Aliste ; 
 " but, unfortunately, her 
 nurse, Margiste, 
 
 Aliste' s mother, went also. When the Queen 
 parted with her daughter, she gave her a 
 beautiful carved distaff, which extended by a 
 Bccret -.pring, as needed, in spinning. 
 
 "^.y child," said she, "in the palace, as in 
 the cot, labor is woman's lot. Think of me 
 when you use this distaff, and if we meet again 
 on earth, this distaff will be our means of 
 recoPTiition." 
 
 Bertha reached France and married Pepin, 
 
 but at niglit was seized and carried off by Mar- 
 giste and her accomplices, who substituted 
 Aliste in her stead. Bertha, left in the forest 
 of Man's, a prey to the wild beasts, at last 
 readied a hermitage, and, guided by his direc- 
 tions, came tp the house of a good man named 
 Simons, who sheltered the poor stranger, for, 
 having vowed to live in her obscurity, she re- 
 presented herself as an Alsatian girl fleeing from 
 a harsh stepmother. 
 
 A jroRMAN nniDE with hee bistaff. 
 
 Meanwhile, the false queen had, by her 
 tyranny and avarice, become the object of uni- 
 versal hatred, and when Queen Blanchefleur, 
 uneasy at not bearing from her daughter, came 
 to France, she was met with curses. She reached 
 the Palace ; Pepin received lier, but tnld her 
 that Bertha had been taken suddenly sick. 
 
 Queen Blanchefleur at last made her way to 
 a darkened room, and, pushing away the atten- 
 dants, reached the bsdside. 
 
 Not a word would tlie false queen speak 5 
 Blanchefleur tore open the windows ; the flood 
 of light revealed the cheat. 
 
 " 'Phis is not my daughter," she cried, ' nc» 
 your wife. King Pepin ; this is her maia, 
 Aliste. " 
 
 The false queen and Margiste rose in fury, 
 and declared the queen of Hungary mad. 
 Pepin wavered, uncertain what to believe. 
 Suddenly Blanchefleur saw the distaff-case, 
 and, opening it, 
 handed the distaff to 
 AJiste, saying: 
 
 " If you are Bertha, 
 Bet up this distaff at 
 its full height. My 
 daughter and I alone 
 know the secret." 
 
 llie false queen and 
 her mother grew pale , 
 they could not. Blan- 
 chefleur at once did 
 it, and Aliste passed 
 from the -throne to a 
 dungeon, where she 
 and her mother, after 
 mutual recrimination, 
 confessed all. 
 
 Blanchefleur was 
 inconsolable for her 
 daughter. She went 
 with Pepin to the 
 forest of Mans, and, 
 day after day, rode, 
 with many attendants, 
 througli the woods, 
 asking in vain for the 
 Jost Bertha. 
 
 One day the king, 
 wandering moodi'y 
 along, met a charming 
 maiden, simply 
 dressed, spinning 
 under a tree before a 
 Madonna, and pray- 
 ing for the king. The 
 countenance sent a 
 strange thrill through 
 him. 
 
 "Wlio are you?' 
 she exclaimed. 
 
 '•I am Pepin him- 
 self; why are you oo 
 interested in him?'' 
 
 To keep her vow 
 she eluded his ques- 
 tion, but he discovers 
 that she dwells in 
 Simon's house. 
 
 Thither Pepin and 
 Blanchefleur go. She 
 is too changed for 
 them to recognize, 
 and she will give no 
 sign that she knows them. Then they departed 
 sadly, but Blanchefleur left the distaff witt* 
 Simon, and she and Pepin returned, in stealth, 
 to watch. 
 
 In vain did Simon's vrife and daughters try 
 to put the distaff in order for working. Bertha 
 long showed herself indifferent, but at last took 
 it up to try her skill. Unthinkingly, her heart 
 full of thoughts of the past, her fingers solved 
 '' the mystery. But the cries of surprise of the 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 183 
 
 gills around her had not died away before 
 Pepin and Blanchefleur rushed from their 
 lurking-place to claap her in her arms. 
 
 Good Queen Bertha rode back to Paris 
 in state, bearing her distaff. 
 
 not to the contrary. This ceremony is faith- 
 fully carried on by the villagers as part of the 
 festival of St. John's Day. The young people 
 seem to enjoy the saltatory exercise, and it 
 would not be a great stretch of the imagination 
 
 Laving many odd fancies and a terribla lan- 
 guage, being a commingling of the guttural 
 German with the nasal French, which cannot be 
 well understood by either French or Germans, 
 but which serves very well for the natives. 
 
 The Fire oi St. John in Alsatia. 
 OtiB illustration herewith represents a legend- 
 ary ceremony which now exists, and has long 
 existed, among the peasants of Alsatia, since 
 the time of which man's recollection runneth 
 
 to t appose that this couple that we see hand- 
 in-hand expected to pass their lives together. 
 Alsatia is the old German name of the two 
 French provinces called the departments of 
 the TJpper and Lower Rhine. The inhabitants 
 
 Shopping in the Seventeenth Century. 
 OuK illustration is taken from a quaint o' 
 picture representing the interior of a Parisi 
 shop, with a lady and gallant of the sevr 
 teenth century. The wares ar3 all tempting l 
 
!84 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 displayed, auJ the lady, in her curious pictur- 
 esque costume, ia looking nt them with quite 
 as deep an interest as the belle of to-day regards 
 the modem finery which lies upon Stewart's 
 counters. 
 
 It will he remembered that during the mi- 
 nority of Louis XIV. Cardinal Mazarin enforced 
 Eumptuaiy laws with great rigor, and that laces 
 and trimmings anJ embroideries cf gold and 
 silver came under a special Ian. Wh«n, how- 
 ever, IjOuIs assumed the reigns of govermnent 
 tiie misery of the lacemakers who were thrown 
 out of employment was represented to him, and 
 a royal edict permitted a^ain tlio use cf lace ; 
 nay, more, Louis took t'lis branch of industry 
 under his especial protection, and encouraged 
 the manufacturers of foreign countries to cmi- 
 
 moral code ; but where could we pick up a pic- 
 ture more stiff in its straight lines and right 
 angles, in its hatted men and prim women, 
 than is shown in this old cut of a French salle 
 de spectacle ia the reign of Louis XIII. ? Where 
 we expect graceful outlines, all is stiff and hard. 
 Really, the stylos and fashions of our day, with 
 all their absurdities, have at least some redeem- 
 ing traits, an J liere we have none. 
 
 The stage costume was conventional then in 
 France as in England, and t'.ie characters on 
 the stage, l)eriiffed ami bewigged, may be play- 
 ing a classic tragecly of Eacine or Corneille, and 
 wo really may have before us a Virginius, 
 Germanicus, or a Medea, or the lady may be 
 Judith or Athalia, and the scene, Jerusalem. 
 After all, wo do things less absurdly. 
 
 seem ; for we, too, love change, and borrow 
 not a little from ages that have preceded, evea 
 though we laugh at the general effect. 
 
 The Church of the Invalidea, Paris. 
 The Church of the Invalides is on the right 
 bank of the Seine, on the south side of Paris, 
 adjoining the hotel of the same name. That 
 grand refuge for the veterans of France is, of 
 recent years, an object of great interest, as the 
 church containing the tomb of Napoleon L 
 The wish which he expressed in his last days : 
 " I desire that my ashes rest on the banks cf 
 the Seine, amid that French people whom I 
 have so loved," was carried out during tho 
 reign of Louis Philippe. 
 
 grratc to and establish themselves in France. 
 Of course, after having long been deprived of 
 one of the most cherished articles of dress to 
 woman's heart, tho demand for lace became 
 unbonnded, and the court gallant of our illus- 
 tration has an easy assurance of manner which 
 prove.? that he knows ho has done wisely in 
 conducting the latly of his love to this shop, 
 where he will receive at least a reflection of her 
 adiHiratiun of the finery displayed. 
 
 Jrench Theatre in the E^ign of Louis XIII. 
 PcBLic amusements have naturally always 
 Viccn the place to study the fashionable follies 
 of the day. France is synonymous with ease, 
 gmee, aod polish, if not with the highest-toned 
 
 SHOPPING IX THE SEVENTEENTH ^ENTUET. 
 
 Navarre Costumes in the Pifteenth Century. 
 Navarue, as an independent kingdom— Span- 
 ish in its origin, French, by progress of fmc — 
 showed, in the costumes, a blending of tho 
 tastes and ideas of the two nations. Tho more 
 sombre ideas of the peninsula, the gravity and 
 austerity of tho Spanish, came, to tone down 
 the frivolous gayety of Paris. Hence, the Na- 
 varrese costumes were generally attractive ; 
 noble, without severity ; pioisinT, without 
 levity. But, at a later date, the Spanish ele- 
 ment alraoft entirely vanished, and the days 
 of the Heptemenn, and of Queen Margaret, 
 were days of mori than Parisian frivolity. 
 These costumes are not without interest to us 
 ia our days, practical and utilitarian as we 
 
 His remains were brought from St, TTolena tc^ 
 Paris on tho Belle Foul" commanded by tho 
 Prince de Joinville, and the body of the hero 
 now lies in a splendid tomb, executed by Yis- 
 conti, beneath the dome of this church, with 
 the sword of Austerlitz beside it. 
 
 The church— though they are now thrown 
 into one — really consists of two. The fiist 
 church, called I'Eglise Ancienne, is sixty feet 
 high, two hundred and ten feet long, by forty 
 in its least, and seventy-two feet in its greatest 
 breadth, and consists of a single nave, with low 
 side-aisles, supporting a gallery. Tlie flags 
 taken by the French frcm the enemy are de- 
 jKisited in this church. 
 
 During the empire, the nave of this church 
 was hung with nearly three thousand fla^s tf 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 185 
 
 every nation en the continent. 
 They were destroyed the evening be- 
 fore the allied troops entered Paris 
 in 1814. 
 
 The second, or Dome Church, i; 
 a square editice, one lumdred and 
 thirty-eight feet long, at the southern 
 extremity of the first church. It is 
 united to the old church by the arch 
 ia \Yhich the great altar stands. L\ 
 the centro of each front is a project- 
 ing mass, crowned by a pe iimeut. 
 
 The principal entrance is by the 
 portico on the south side, whicli is 
 composed of two ranks cf columns, 
 the lower ones of the Doric, and 
 the upper ones cf the Corinthian 
 order. 
 
 The circular tower, which rises from 
 the body.of the church, is surmounted 
 by forty columns of the Composite 
 order, arranged in pairs. An attic, , 
 
 adorned with circular-headed windows, 
 springs from the tower, and from this 
 rises the dome, the curve of which is 
 considered as peculiarly elegant. Its external 
 diameter is eighty feet, which h within thirty- 
 two feet of the diameter of St. Paul's. 
 
 The spaces between the twelve ribs, by which 
 the dome is divided, are decorated with project- 
 ing devices of military trophies, arms, etc. , and, 
 with the ribs themselves, are gilt. 
 
 The dome is smmoiinted by a lantern, which 
 
 NAVARRE COSTUMES IN TUB rirTEEXIH CESTUEY. 
 
 is crowned by a spire, globe, and cross, all 
 richly gilt. The total height, from the ground 
 to the summit of the cross, is three hundred 
 and twenty-three feet. 
 
 The pavement of the Dome Church is of 
 white marble, inlaid with lilies and ciphers, and 
 the cordon of the Order of the Holy Ghost. Tlie 
 ceiling is painted, and there are pictures in the 
 
 different chapels. The church, o/ 
 which our engraving wiil recall tho 
 reco'.lections of our traveled readers, 
 conveys a very good idea to those 
 whose travels have had a more limited 
 
 range. 
 
 • ( i^i i 
 
 A Shrimp-Seller ia Trance, 
 Shrimps are beginning to be p, 
 commodity seen on our streets, brt 
 the relish for them has ngt bccon:.e 
 general. 
 
 In Europe, especially in Kngland 
 and France, they are much liked, and 
 such a vender as here shown would 
 tend to give and retain popularity. 
 The shrimpers citch these animals in 
 large nets with a semi-circular mouth, 
 which they push before them along 
 the bottom of the sea at ebb-tide. 
 
 They wade nearly up to their 
 middle, raising the nets from time 
 to time and removing the shrimps 
 into a bag hung around the neck, 
 fishery gives employment to many 
 hundreds of men and women. 
 
 Shrimps are marine, never leaving the 
 water. They move forward by jumps, but 
 when in danger swim backward. 
 
 They do not turn red in boiling, as cr'al* 
 and lobsters do. Tliis fish make a delicate dish, 
 much appreciated by some people. 
 
 This 
 
 hiir7:iLr!M;,iuiiliiJi'iii!l;iililiiiiiil|l!li!|i!l!!h^^ 
 
 ^^^^^Wil^IlP 
 
 FEEKCH THEATEE IN THE EEIGN OF LOUIS XIII. 
 
186 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 Oosttimes of the Islo of Ee. 
 
 TiiE Isle of Ke furnished French history with 
 one of its most interesting episodes. In lCli7 
 the Duke of Buckingham liiid siege to it witli 
 a hundred and twenty vessels and eight hundred 
 men, under pretext of succoring the Huguenots 
 of Eochelle, from which place it is separated 
 only by a canal. The Marquis 6f Toiras, who 
 was in charge of the island, not having sufficient 
 forces a t h i s 
 command; was 
 compelled t o 
 retire to the 
 fortress of f-'aint 
 Martin. Buck- 
 ingham then 
 surrounded him 
 and prevented 
 all communica- 
 tion with the 
 outer world, 
 determining to 
 reduce the gar- 
 rison by famine. 
 
 To hasten 
 this crisis, all 
 the women in 
 the island were 
 assembled and 
 •were then 
 driven by force 
 of arms to the 
 citadel, and 
 being repulse 1 
 by the garrison, 
 v/ho had but 
 scanty provi- 
 Bionj for them- 
 salve.?, the Kn- 
 glish admiral 
 ordered his sol- 
 d i e r s to fire 
 upon the de- 
 fensele.ss crea- 
 tul*es and to 
 prevent their 
 retracing their 
 Btep>. The gar- 
 Tison was, of 
 course, obliged 
 to open the 
 gates of the for- 
 tress to those 
 tvho escaped 
 the murderous 
 fire. One un- 
 fortunate, who 
 bore an infant 
 in her arms, 
 was reached by 
 a bullet in her 
 flifjht, and fell 
 
 to the ground. Maternal tenderness triumphed 
 over the agonies of death, however, and, to 
 3till the cries of her babe, she placed it to her 
 breast. The soldiers of the fort, touciied by 
 the piteous Bijht, hastened to her relief, but 
 when they i cached her, the infant, smiling and 
 happy, was drawing nourishment from a bosom 
 from which the life had fled! 
 
 Ko provisions reached the devoted garrison. 
 Buclvingham's blockade by sea was effectual, 
 and it now became a question of immediate sur- 
 
 render or of death by starvation. In this emer- 
 gency, three bold spirits resolved to swim over 
 to the continent. One dark night the attempt 
 was made, and they plunged into tlie sea. One 
 was drowned, a second found his strength un- 
 equal to the task and he returned ; the third 
 persevered and succeeded in evading the pursuit 
 and bullets of the English, and in disembarrass- 
 ini; himself of tiie fish which impeded his pro- 
 gress, and, in a state of utter exhaustion, reached 
 
 COSTUMES OF THE ISLE OF r£. 
 
 the coast and dr.ngged himself on his hands and 
 knees to the quarters of tlie Duke of Angouldme. 
 Suspended around his neck was a leaden box 
 containing a letter from Toiras, Informing the 
 duke that unless help came within five days he 
 should bo compelled to surrender. Before the 
 e-piration of that time, however, a dozen ves- 
 sels laden with provisions and munitions of war 
 were enabled to make their way to the foot of 
 the citadel, as the English vessels had suffered 
 greatly in a storm. 
 
 I'ortune had now turned in favor of the be- 
 sieged, and within a wet-k the fort was relieved 
 of all its necessities, and the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham abandoned the hope of reducing it by 
 famine. His efforts to take it by assault prov- 
 ing equally futile, the English troops retired, and 
 were pursued, and their ranks so utterly deci- 
 mated by Schomberg, that the survivors speedily 
 returned to England. 
 Our illustration, from a drawing taken from 
 the life, repre- 
 sents the cu- 
 rious costume 
 of the women 
 o f this island, 
 which had such 
 a bitter expe- 
 rience of the 
 horrors of war. 
 
 Artesian Wells. 
 Aetesian wells 
 derive their 
 name from Ar- 
 tois, in France, 
 anciently called 
 Artesium, where 
 they have very 
 long been in 
 use. An arte- 
 sian well is a 
 small hole bored 
 in the er.rth to 
 a great depth, 
 till it strikes 
 one of the 
 strong under- 
 ground currents 
 of water. 
 
 To understand 
 this thoroughly, 
 it is well to 
 know that the 
 interior surface 
 is full of fis- 
 sures, channels 
 and basin s, 
 tArough which 
 the water is 
 gradually work- 
 ing its way 
 through pass- 
 ages it finds or 
 makes. Where 
 the current of 
 one of these 
 rivers U very 
 rapid, aad the 
 pressuro from 
 above great, 
 and the channel 
 thus tapped, 
 the water is forced up to the height nearly oi 
 the basin from which it started. An artesian 
 well must, therefore, be sunk in a lower ground, 
 BuiToundcd by a more elevated tract, which 
 can collect the water. 
 
 The deepest well of this kind in the UniteJ 
 States, and perhaps in the world, is that sunk 
 by the Belchers, at their sugar refinery in St. 
 Louis. It was driven dovm to the depth of 
 2.199 feet, and then, on March 12th, 1854, water 
 was reached, but so charged with mineral matter 
 
rRANOB. 
 
 18T 
 
 VIEW OF THE TOWN OF FONT-EN KO YAKS. 
 
188 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 as to bo unfit for use. That of Grenello In the 
 Paris basin, was commenced on the 24th of 
 December, 1833, and on the 26th of December, 
 1841, at the depth of 1,792 foet, the boring-rod 
 suddenly penetrated the rocky arch of the sub- 
 terranean aqueduct, and fell sorue 14 feet. Then 
 the w.iter gushed out, and after a short time 
 becama perfectly limpid It rises 34.10 metres 
 above the mouth of the well — that is. more than 
 103 feet-and the Btructure shown in cur illus- 
 
 duct the water to the nquaro at (ho junction of 
 the roads loading to the Milifcuy ir^chool and 
 the Invalides. Here the architect Delnperche 
 raised the strong yet graceful structure shown 
 in our illustration. It is of cast-iron, from the 
 foundry at Pourchambault, is 42.85 metres, or, 
 we may say, yards, in height, and 3.55 metres in 
 diameter at the base. It weighed 100,000 kilo- 
 grammes. 
 
 It is licht and grace ;'ul. 
 
 The church that cnce had its churchyard 
 around it, with trees and ficldr',, U hemmed in 
 by stores and dwellings ; the church loses its 
 congregation, is removed, and we call on the 
 dead to rise and begin their journeylngs. This 
 rr-moval is not always done creditably ; nor is 
 an appropriate place always given to the re- 
 mams of the dead of former generations. 
 
 The Indiana in this v/erc in advance of us. 
 Some tribes, eveiy ton years or so, gathered aU 
 
 tration was erected to support the pipe in 
 which it rises. It was essential to success that 
 it should attain such a height as to allow it to 
 descend to Paris. From this pijje it is drawn 
 off to the reservoirs in the Place du Pantheon. 
 Its importance in supplying water may be seen 
 from the fact tha.t it gives out 500,000 gallons 
 in tweut5'-four hours. The well was near the 
 Place Breteuil, and to make the structure both 
 useful and ornamental, pipes were Inid to con- 
 
 A SHRIMP SELLER. 
 
 The Catacombs of Paris. 
 How many human beings lie in the soil we 
 tread ? Has any reader ever thought of the 
 infinite host of those who have traveled down 
 the dark vallev and mingled with the dust 
 beneath our feet? Tne grave hides them, till, 
 gradually, slow decay removes all that is recog- 
 nizable. Yet ia dense countries men require 
 even the space allotted to graves. 
 
 the remains of the dead and committed then 
 to one large, decent grave, with what was, ia 
 their eyes, becoming ceremonial. 
 
 In Paris the remains of former generations 
 have become a show. That city of i'asiiioh baa 
 a subterranean world. Vast quanies, bearing 
 the name of Amerio.x, Montmartre, and Mont- 
 rouge, penetrate the rock. 
 
 The excavations below the plain of Montroiige 
 and the left bank of the S?ino, have, since the 
 
FKANCE. 
 
 189 
 
I'JO 
 
 THE WORLD'S " GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 THE QEEAT SEWEH3 Of PAKIS— THE BOAT. 
 
 last century borne the name of catacombs. 
 On tlis 9th of Kovember, 1785, the authori- 
 ties suppressed the cemetery of the Holy Inno- 
 cents, which had been a burying-ground for ten 
 centuries, and eight feet of elevation above the 
 surrounding lands were mads- up of departed 
 Immanity. The bones of the dead were re- 
 moved to the unused quarries, and the worli 
 once begun, the otlier cemeteries began to dis- 
 Xjorgc, till it was estimated one liundred millions 
 cf dead were accumulated in tlie catacombs. 
 
 The bones are not thrown in pell-mell. They 
 r.re rcC3ived at an entrance called I'uit de la 
 Tombe Issoire, and are thence carried to the 
 galleries, and arranged in piles about a yard 
 wide and two yards high. The tibia and 
 femurs form the outer wall, the skulls, the 
 coping and ornaments, and the other bones fill 
 i:p the space. 
 
 Streets corresponding to these in the city 
 above, lead you from one end to the other. Regu- 
 lar piles, altars, chapels, made of these relics of 
 Immanity, alone meet your eye, with occasional 
 monuments from the old cemeteries. Twice a 
 inonth the catacombs are open to visitors, and 
 on those days crowds flock to the entrance near 
 the old Barricro d'Enfer, each furnished with an 
 admission ticket from the Prefect of the Seine. 
 There, guides are ready, torch in hand, to guide 
 you to the most curious localities. No one is 
 r.llowed to enter without a guide ; f jr, though 
 the names of the streets arc put up, and a lon^ 
 Hack line leads to the entrance, people have 
 been lost and died of starvation. 
 
 The view we give of visitors preparing to 
 enter is of interest in itself, but the interior 
 tIjw is extremely curious, as having been taken, 
 •without the light of day, by Nadar's photo- 
 praphic light. Before the quarries were used 
 Tiy the city as catacombs, they were the resort 
 cf smugglers, who used to store brandy here, 
 nnd get up Inside the city through a house in 
 the St. Jacques suburb. 
 
 • ii^ii 
 
 The Great Sewers of Paris. 
 A srRANfiER to the ways of Taris would 
 bardly suppose that it counted amonj its 
 
 " Eights" its cowers. They may not ^ordinarily 
 be considered attractive, but they certainly, 
 from their extent, are worth visiting, and it 
 has been found that those most solicitous to 
 ride upon tlifiir turbid waters are the ladies. 
 Our engravings show the ' ' boat' ' and "wagon," 
 with their passengers, piissing down the main 
 sewer. It will be noticed that there ij a singu- 
 lar contrivance attached to these water-car- 
 riages. These are for removing from the bed 
 of the sewer the heavier filth, which is driven 
 onward to the places of deposit. It is only on 
 certain days of the year that the Paris sewers 
 are made show-places of. On these occasions 
 they are magnificently lighted up with some 
 thousands of moderator lamps, each provided 
 with its silvered reflector. TTie tickets issued 
 by the municipal authorities indicate the time 
 and place of rendezvous, and precisely at the 
 hour specified the large iron trap-door m the 
 centre of the pavement is raised, and the as- 
 
 sembled party descend to these truly gigantic 
 subways, of which an English writer remarks: 
 "The main artery is on the northern bank of 
 the Seine, and between three and four miles in 
 length, and extends from the Place de la Con- 
 corde to Asnieres, near to which well-known 
 suburb the principal southern artery, after cross- 
 ing the Seine in a monster tube close to the 
 Po:it d'Alma, will eventually form a junction 
 with it. Besides these principal arteries, which 
 have a height of close on fifteen feet, and 4 
 width of about eighteen feet, including a path- 
 way on each side nearly three feet wide, there 
 are thirty miles of secondary galleries of some- 
 what smaller dimensions, in addition to an 
 intricate network comprising nearly six hundred 
 miles of sewers proper. The principal purpose 
 served by these extensive sub- ways is the drain- 
 age of the streets, and the carrying off the 
 refuse water and the rainfall from the houses ; 
 cesspools, which require to be periodically 
 emptied, being still the rule in the French 
 capital." 
 
 A Back in TJEe in 1765. 
 
 The torture was abolished in France by Louis 
 XVI., and at thifftime the rack represented in 
 our illustration was consigned to an upper room 
 in the Chateau Royal at Moiitauban, France, 
 wliere it remained completely forgotten until 
 it was recently discovered. The rack was in 
 use nearly two centuries, and was an invention 
 which replaced the older and more clumsy 
 arrangement. The mode of torture previous to 
 its introduction was as follows : The person to 
 be questioned was bung by his bands to a rope 
 which passed through a pully in tlie ceiling, 
 while heavy iron weights were attached to his 
 feet, and the weights were increased until the 
 torture forced from him the desired replies. 
 
 In the rack the feet were placed through the 
 two holes seen in the cross-bar at the foot of tho 
 plank on which ho lay; and the cords tied to 
 his hands, which wore stretched above his head, 
 were passed over the cylinder at the top of the 
 plank, which was worked with the handles ac 
 
 THE ait£AT SEWZBS OP P4.KIS— THE 'WAGOB. 
 
FBANCE. 
 
 191 
 
 its sides. The holes seen along the plank 
 ■were used for the passage of the cords and 
 straps by which his body was firmly bound 
 to the plonk. The last lime this instrument 
 
 ARTESIAN WELL AT GRBNBILB, PARIS. 
 
 ■was used was in December, 1762, as the official | King's counselor, and Pierre F. AyroUe des An- 
 
 contemporary report shows. gles, lieutenant-colonel of cavalry ; that the said 
 
 This report sets forth that Pierre Delluque .Pierre Delluque having been condemned to 
 
 was brought before Dominique de Sadous, ' make an honorable amend, and to be hong, was 
 
102 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 first Bubjected to tlio 
 ordiaary and extra- 
 ordinary examina- 
 tion, r.s required by 
 bis sentence. 
 
 B i n r; , tiierefore, 
 stripped and fastened 
 to the r.;ck, and tlic 
 wheel being turned 
 three toctb, be an- 
 swered that be bad 
 CDmmitted no theft; 
 turning three more 
 teeth, lio said the 
 came; turning it 
 three more, ho said 
 he woull toil the 
 trath. if ho was re- 
 leased. Xlifiii being 
 r:;lease;l, he said he 
 bad told the truth, 
 and brid committed 
 no theft. Thereupon 
 being again subjected 
 to the rack, he an- 
 cwcred only v/ith loud 
 cries ; being turned "" 
 
 three more teetli, he said the devil might 
 take him if he had committed a theft; throe 
 more teeth being turned, he answered nothuig. 
 
 Thereupoa the doctors being called, said that 
 the action of his lungs was prevented, and tliat 
 he would die if not released. Whereupon he 
 was released, and being revive 1 with spirits, 
 denied that he had committed any theft. 
 
 Being again subjected to the rack, he an- 
 swered only with loud cries ; two more teeth 
 being turned, ho made no reply ; two more 
 teeth being turned, he still made no reply. The 
 doctors having again examined him, said that 
 the action of his diaphragm was prevented by 
 the tension of his nerves, that his thumb upon 
 the right hand had been earned away, and that 
 be was in danger of deatli, if not released. 
 
 Whereupon he was released, and being again 
 
 THE EAILWAT OVER MOUNT OENIS — VIEW ABOVE LACSEBOUEO. 
 
 revived by spirits, this statement was read to 
 him, and he again denied having committed 
 any theft. Tlio frightful reality of this legal 
 document is shocking, but serves to show what 
 advance has been made in the dispensation of 
 justice during the past century. 
 
 Th3 "Oamin de Paris." 
 The street-boy has always formed an obtru- 
 sive item in the population of all great cities ; 
 and in those several cities it will be found that, 
 though all are classed under the general term 
 of "street-boys," each is marked by the char- 
 acteristics of a distinct nationality. 
 
 These young scapegraces — though we are 
 accustomed to look upon them individually 
 with indifference or contempt — collectively 
 
 constitute no unim- 
 portant element in 
 tlie social fabric ; and 
 we are forced to ad- 
 mit that practically 
 they have more in 
 their power than wa 
 care to aclinowledge, 
 and perhaps, luckily, 
 than they are them- 
 selves at all awura 
 of. But among all 
 descriptions of street- 
 b o y s infesting tha 
 public thoroughfares 
 of a modern metro- 
 polis, where eball wa 
 find a rival to thcs 
 Gamin de Taris ? 
 
 MatchlcFS in all 
 that constitutes tha 
 nature cf the street- 
 boy, the (jamin is af: 
 once the most idio- 
 syncratic, the most 
 suggestive, a n d — 
 must we use tha 
 term ? — the most formidable. The gamin is a 
 type and an authority. "He is only a street- 
 boy, it is true, but a street-boy of that 'ocality 
 of which Sydney Smitli wittily said, en hear- 
 ing of tlie enceinte continue, that the " wickedest 
 old city ia the world had put itself into 
 prison." 
 
 His name is wonderfully expressive, and as it 
 is altogether untranslatable into any other 
 tongue, so are his characteristics wholly beyond 
 comparison with those of the corresponding 
 class in any other land. He is a compound of 
 incongruities and a combination of contrasts^ 
 the concentration of all that is heterogeneous. 
 Capable of noble and generous emotions far 
 Ijeyond his age or his class, be is at the same 
 time the embodiment of all that is reckless and 
 volatile. Impulsive and misguided, he is tha 
 
 THS E.iCK— FRENCH ISSTEIUIEXI OF TORTURE, IN USE IN 1763. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 193 
 
 CHUECH OF THE INVALIDES, PARIS. 
 
 ir 
 
194 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 incarnation of all that is mis- 
 chievous, the impersonation of 
 all that is desperate — the very 
 " devil's own." 
 
 Endowed with so hizarre a 
 nature, the gamin, it will be 
 seen, has plenty of stuff in 
 him, both good and bad ; and 
 •what he may ultimately be- 
 come depends on the accideuls 
 of his lot. 
 
 Those of our readers who 
 have had the good fortune to 
 study the wonderful ideal — 
 perhaps we ought to say the 
 " beau-ideal " — of him, as pre- 
 sented to us by Bouffe, will at 
 once have apprehended the 
 slippery and capricious type we 
 are attempting to describe. 
 
 With this inimitable render- 
 ing we are intimately ac- 
 quainted, and such as Bouffe 
 has represented this singular 
 specimen of the genus homo, 
 on the boards, such have we 
 recognized him in real life ; 
 headlong, volatile, reckless, im- 
 pudent to shamelessuess, and 
 yet, at the same time, if put 
 to the test, spirited, honora- 
 ble, brave, and generous. The 
 same idle, incorrigible fld7ieur, 
 ■who loves his mother while he 
 breaks her heart, throws him- 
 self out of a good placS for 
 the sake of a game at marbles", 
 offends his patron ' because he 
 cannot resist a practical joke, 
 and carries desolation into his 
 home as the price of a moment'ii 
 fun, will spontaneously lend a head to help 
 blind "Simon" over the crossing, will run to 
 console little , ' ' Jeannette " over her broken 
 pitcher, and tenderly dry her eyes with her 
 pinafore, will readily collect the scattered con- 
 tents of the old pie-woman's tray, though he 
 has many a time, him- 
 self, upset it in a frolic, 
 or jump unhesitatingly 
 ' into the canal to pick 
 out a child that has 
 slipped down the bank. 
 
 The leading motive' of 
 all his " mischievous- 
 ness" seems to be a 
 defiance of every de- 
 scription of authority. 
 
 Take him, therefore, 
 on the right side, and 
 with good words you 
 may do anything in the 
 world with him. The 
 inconvenience of such a 
 disposition under the 
 present organization of 
 society is obvious. 
 
 Many a gamin is the 
 toutien de la maison ; a 
 sick father, or a widowed 
 »n o t h e r, and several 
 young sisters, often da- 
 
 LA ROQUETTE. — IKTEKIOR OK TBB CUAPKL, DURINQ THE HOURS OF STUDV. 
 
 pend on his earnings for their daily bread ; of 
 course, it is only bread ; still it is he who gets 
 it for them, and gets it bravely, too. But, un- 
 happily — though also naturally — if a man, he 
 is also a child, and in growing into the one he 
 has not yet grown out of the other ; so that his 
 
 i,jL BOqUETTC— CELLS FOB THE SOLITARY CONFINEMKNT OF BOVS. 
 
 frolics, and the vagaries to 
 which, often in spite of him- 
 self, he is wont to yield, are 
 disastrous to others as well aa 
 himself, and, when the mis- 
 chief is done, he is the first to 
 lament it. 
 
 The Grand Goulet. 
 France is deficient in pic- 
 turesque scenery, except where 
 it reaches the Alps and the 
 Pyrc'ue'es. Among its most 
 diversified departments is that 
 of Dauijhiue', in the south- 
 east part of the republic, and 
 lying between the Ehine and 
 the Alps. It is also interesting 
 historically. When it was ceded 
 to the crown by its feudal lord, 
 Humbert of Vennois, in 1349, 
 it was on condition that the 
 eldest sons of the kings of 
 France should bear the title 
 of dauphin — a dolphin being the 
 device of the lords of Vennois, 
 The river Isere, a tributary of 
 the Ehine, runs through Dau- 
 phiue from east to west, re- 
 ceiving itself some considerable 
 mountain-streams from the 
 gorges of the spurs of the 
 Alps. On one of these is 
 situated the little town of 
 Pont-en-Eoyans, at a point 
 where the stream is narrowed 
 between i^recipitous walls, and 
 spanned by a single bridge. 
 The space between the mount- 
 ains and the stream is so nar- 
 row that, to afford room for 
 the single street of the town of Pont-en- 
 Eoyans, the buildings of the inhabitants ore 
 thrust partly into the steeps on one side, and 
 partly over the Bourne on the other — sustained 
 on their perches by walls of masonry and props 
 of timber. Just below the town, the Bourne 
 receives the waters of 
 another torrent like 
 itself, the Vernaison, up 
 the valley of which runs 
 the road from the Canton 
 of Vercors, over the Col 
 de la Croiy, into that of 
 Trievers. This valley, 
 in its upper part, is 
 simply a wild, rocky 
 gorge, through which a 
 road has beeu carried 
 only by bold and skillful 
 engineering. 
 
 In places it runs oa 
 mere shelves of the 
 rocky precipices, natural 
 or artificial ; in others 
 the roadway is built up 
 of masonry from the bed 
 of the stream to the 
 height of from one hun- 
 dred to two hundred 
 feet ; and in other 
 places the projecting 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 195 
 
 bnttressefi of rock ham hnd to bo tunneled to f 
 give a. passage. The points of greatest interest 
 are known as the Great and Little Goulets. 
 
 In commencing the tunnel at the right of the 
 bridge, it was necessary to swing the workmen 
 down the face of the rocks with ropes, who 
 then with bars and picks slowly and laboriously 
 acquired a foothold, whence their further op- 
 erations were directed. The Goulets are re- 
 garded by the people of Dauphine' as without 
 rivals in the grandeur of their scenery, and 
 attract many visitors from Grenoble, as well as 
 from Valence, and even from Lyons. 
 
 La Eoquette, the Paris Prison for Juveniles. 
 Pkobablt one of the most singularly inge- 
 nious prisons in the world is the Roquette, in 
 Paris, built for the confinement of juvenile 
 offenders. In several of the States in this 
 country there are penitentiaries where the sys- 
 tem of solitary confinement has been intro- 
 duced, but only for adults. In this prison the 
 youths, some hundreds, are kept in entire 
 seclusion from one another by means of cells, 
 in which they work and sleep, and from which 
 they are permitted to go for a short time in the 
 large yard within the walls for exercise, and 
 then only alone. In no case is one delinquent 
 permitted to see another. Even the infirmary 
 is divided into cells, and the sick are allowed 
 to see none but their medical attendant. The 
 cells for punishment ha\e b\it little light and 
 no furniture, except a stool and woolen blanket. 
 Here the offender is obliged to remain until he 
 strongly manifests his thorough repentance. 
 One of the most singular features of the insti- 
 tution is the method of religious instruction 
 adopted at the lloquetto. The vast corridors 
 are so arranged that each inmate of the prison 
 can see the clergyman while officiating, but not 
 one another. In fine, the Eoquette is the most 
 complete establishment in the world for the 
 solitary confinement of youth. 
 
 Driving Horses out of a Leech-Swamp. 
 
 A cuEiotJS branch of industry is followed by 
 certain inhabitants of the marsh lands in the 
 neighborhood of Bordeaux, France. Some years 
 ago a farmer observed that the leeches native to 
 these marshes attained a great size where cattle 
 ■were turned out to pasture, and this suggested 
 to him the idea of making leech-culture a spe- 
 cialty. He therefore rented a tract of marsh, 
 which he divided into ponds, with the water 
 sufficiently deep, so that the mud at the bottom 
 mightafford safe Winter quarters for the leeches. 
 To supply their natural aliment — blood — he 
 purchased a lot of old horses, which he drove 
 into the ponds, and which were immediately 
 fastened upon Ijy the leeches, whose voracious 
 instincts were aroused the moment the water 
 became agitated. But the poor horse is not al- 
 lowed to become a victim to his tormentors at 
 once. The affair is so managed as to furnish 
 three repasts to the leephes, which are too fas- 
 tidious to draw blood from the same spot a 
 second time. On his first introduction, the 
 horse is driven in only to his girth. The venom- 
 ous leeches fasten themselvtia on their prey in- 
 
196 
 
 THE WORLD'o GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■taatl;, and the poor animal is so covered tliat 
 kis strength soon fails from the loss of blood. 
 Before he is entirely exhausted, however, he is 
 driven froic the marsh by dint of blows, and food 
 piaced before him to restore his failing powers. 
 When he is somewhat recruited, he is again 
 driven into the marsh, until his back is covered. 
 The hungry leeches now fasten themselves on 
 every part of his body not previously touched, 
 «n(3 when they are gorged, or the horse nearly 
 exhausted, he is a second time driven out and 
 put into good pasturage, to recover his vitality 
 After a time he is once more forced into the 
 marsh, being allowed to have only his nostrils 
 out of the water. The leeches now i>rey upon 
 him until the last drop of blood is drawn and 
 the poor victim expires in fearful agony. Our 
 illustration shows the manner of driving the 
 ■wretched, half-dead creatures out of the swamp, 
 ihat, with a refinement of cruelty, they may 
 again be subjected to torture. It may be that 
 the interests of the healing art require such ap- 
 pliances, but one could hardly look upon a leech 
 without abhorrence if aware that it had been 
 grown by this extraordinary process. 
 
 Truffles, and How to Grow Them. 
 
 Theke is, perhaps, no edible delicacy so little 
 known to our people generally as that of truf- 
 fles, and scarcely one that is higher appreciated 
 
 MUSSEL-NET. 
 
 in France and Italy. A dish prepared with 
 truffles is one of the triumphs of the culinary 
 art. The perfume of truffles, newly exhumed, 
 is, to one previously ignorant of their aj)petizing 
 fragrance, an event for lifelong remembrance. 
 To many persons the very name of truffles is of 
 something unattainable, the purchass of them 
 a piece of extravagance not to bo thought of ; 
 and yet they ought to be obtainable certainly as 
 plentifully as mushrooms. 
 
 Wherever is thrown the grateful shade of ouk, 
 beech, chestnut, birch, and hazel trees, but 
 grown on calcareous soil —that is, soil abound- 
 
 ing in lime, chalk, and flint ; or on calcareous 
 clay ground — that is, calcareous matter mixed 
 with hue quartz-sand, lying on a bed of marly 
 clay, which easily splits into thin layers — there 
 truffles may be plentifully found. They disdain 
 all culture. The most careful attention to their 
 cultivation ends in disappointment, unless their 
 own wild habits are consulted and followed. 
 The shade of trees seems to be the first thing 
 needful for their production, provided always 
 that the ground be equal to their needs. 
 
 The growing of truffles in France on a regular 
 system of culture has been often tried, but with- 
 out success, and it is the opinion of those who 
 have made the experiment that the only means 
 of obtaining a supply is by planting fragments 
 of mature truffles in wooded localities, having a 
 care, however, that the soil be calcareous, or 
 calcareous claj'. 
 
 The most successful plan known is to sow 
 acorns for oaks over a considerable extent of 
 this kind of land, and when the young oaks 
 have attained the age of ten or twelve years, 
 truffles are found in the spaces between the 
 trees, and this without sowing any morsels of 
 truffles, or the spores. Acorns are planted, and 
 truffles come with the oaks — that is, they spring 
 up of themselves, probably from the spores lying 
 dormant in the soil. 
 
 Truffles were thus obtained from such planted 
 grounds for thirty years, when the plautatioo 
 
 DRrVINO HORSES OCT OP A LEBCH-SWAMP, NEAR BORDEACX. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 197 
 
 P 
 
IM 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ceased to be productlrft, it eotBoquence of tiic 
 trees Bhadiug the ground too much. 
 
 Many of the truffle-ground proprietojTi in the 
 districts of London and CiTray, iu France, make 
 periodical sowings of acorns, and thus bring in 
 a certain portion of the land as tnifflogrounds 
 each year The trees are thinned to about five 
 
 ward of gixty thousand pounds weight annually, 
 thus producing a very large revenue. 
 
 Four species of truffles are exclusively used in 
 France. In Italy there is one of a very large 
 si2e, the tuber magnaiwm, which commands a 
 higher price than any other ; and in the south 
 of Italy and Sicily, in Syria, and in Africa, is 
 
 inrging toward ihe frosty season ; then they 
 become hard, and are full of fragrance. They 
 are dug up a month before and a month aftci 
 Christmas. 
 
 M. Gasparin, who visited these grounds at 
 Carpentras, and from whose description the ia 
 formation is obtained, says: " There in not the 
 
 OT six yaids apart, and as soon as their branches 
 meet and shade the ground too muth, they are 
 pruned out. In the market at Apt, in France, 
 thirty-five hundred pounds of truffles are ex- 
 posed for sale every week in the height of their 
 Eeason, which is through December and January. 
 The department of Vaucluse is suiJ to yield up- 
 
 •TIIE CATIIEDRAI. OF CnAKTBES. 
 
 another species, the aerpaia leonis, which is in 
 common us? as v.n article of food. 
 
 The truffles are gathered a^' two periods of the 
 year : in May only a white spjcies is to be found, 
 which never blacken, and Live no odor ; they 
 are dried, and are sold fr.i seasoning. The 
 black truffled comuieuce fcw_iin;i in June, en 
 
 slightest doubt that truffle-plo*« can be formed 
 at will in the centre of France by ths acorns of 
 common or evergreen oaks. A sow is emplcyod 
 to search for the truffles. At a distance of 
 twenty feet she can scent them, and makes 
 r.npilly for the foot nf the oak, when slic dii^a 
 into (he earth \7ith her snout. Sho would sooQ 
 
FRANCE, 
 
 199 
 
 CHraCH AVD F0T7NTA1K OF ST. SULPICE. PABE. 
 
200 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 root up and eat her prize, were she not turned 
 aside by a light strolce of the stick on her nose, 
 and given an acorn, or a dry clicstnut, which is 
 her reward. In an hour was gathered one kilo- 
 gramme of truffles (upward of two pounds En- 
 glish), in a poor part of the field sown witli oaks. 
 M. Kosseau marked with white paint the foot of 
 the oaks where the truffles were found, so as to 
 obtain from them acorns for the new sowing, 
 and also not to sacrifice t\c trees when ho cleared 
 the woods." In some parts an artificial snout, 
 Buch as is ehown in our illustration, is fitted on 
 to the Swiss, an(l they then dig up the truffles, 
 Ibut cannot eit tbjrn. 
 
 The Hotel de Oluny, Paris. 
 
 The Hotel de Cluny, but recently destroyed 
 at Paris, was one of the most curious monu- 
 ments of that city, presenting a rare model cf 
 the civil architecture of the Middle Ages. It 
 shows the influence alre-idy acquired by Italy, 
 and marks the transition period. 
 
 It was erected at the commencement of the 
 sixteenth century by John de Bourbon, Abbot 
 of Cluny, and his successor, James d'Amboise, 
 Bishop of Clermont, for the temporary residence 
 of monks, who were summoned to Paris by the 
 royal will, or the affairs of the Order. 
 
 It consisted of a main building fronting the 
 
 street, with wings running up to the street line. 
 Three staircases led to it, one inclosed in a very 
 handsome octagon tower. 
 
 A strong effort was made to preserve this fine 
 edifice, but it hal passed into private hands, 
 and was purchased, with a joining property, for 
 a large liotel, and all the modern improvements 
 now replace the monastic buiklina: where the 
 monks of Cluny bo lonJT prayed and meditaled. 
 
 pGwling, in France. 
 
 French ideas differ from ours on the matter 
 of wild-duck. They are Winter game with us. 
 In France there are kinds sought in Summer. 
 But the greatest difference i.i in the cooking. 
 Listen ta this expeJitious rulo, which goes 
 bubbling on as tliough it was got up in a land 
 where railroads never made less than a hundred 
 miles an hoar, and steamboats blew up as a 
 regular mode of conveying passengers: 
 
 "Thivty minutes suffice to spit, roast, draw 
 ofTanl serve no a duck. In other words, the 
 cook must be expe litious, and the fire hot. 
 Serve the legs and wings properly arranged on 
 a dish, swimming in juicy blo(xl. Into this 
 squeeze half a lemon ; add plenty of salt, a 
 good deal of pepper, a whisper of clove ; stir it 
 up, and pass the dish to your guests. 
 
 Can the epicure sportsman do morel The 
 
 XHI UOIEI Di CLOHY, VARia, BECENTLt DESTROYED. 
 
 rOWUJJO IN FtANCB. 
 
 pursuit of snipe, will duck and other ar^uatfo 
 birds involves the long tramps through water 
 and oozy earth, with many a false step and aa 
 occasional fall ; but it has excitement, interest, 
 and often a generous reward. With -Jia, where, 
 since the old Colonial days, the voUe of tha 
 fox-hounds is unknown ; where tte stag ia 
 never pursued by the rattling army of the 
 gentry, or the timid hare followed by a crowd 
 whose very voices i;re enough to startle it out 
 of existence, the solit.uy sportsman's pursuit 
 of winged game is the only available, but not 
 less attractive, mode. 
 
 The constant and general use of fire-arms haft 
 nearly driven all game from the older parte oi 
 the country ; but game-laws, more and mor» 
 stringent each year, will at last recall birds, 
 which may afford occasional and limted sport. 
 The valu: of I)ird3 as enemies and conquer* 
 ors of destructive insects is now recognized, 
 and all are be,'inning to hold out the hand of 
 welcome. 'J here are seasons when certain birds, 
 must be proteciel by law, and we may ulti- 
 mately come to the course of making the use 
 of the fowling-piece a privilege to be obtained 
 by license, anl paid fc^r accordingly. 
 
 © 
 
 A Breton Peasant Drafted into the Army, 
 
 The Bietons, though subjects of France, are- 
 but a branch of tlie same old British nations 
 of which tlie Welsh are the English representa- 
 tive. Their name shows their origin, while the- 
 part that remained in England is known by a 
 nickname bestowed upon them Viy the Saxons. 
 These Germ in tribes in various parts gave thifl 
 namo to the Romans and to tribes held in sub- 
 jection by tliem. Tlie Anglo-Saxons called tho 
 Bretons. Welsh : the riemish Germans gave the 
 same name to theGajls ; and the Southern Ger- 
 mans still apply it to tlie Italians. 
 
 The Brstons are hardy, fond of the sea, de- 
 voted to their own land and its ancient liberties, 
 faitli and traditions Even now, after the great 
 revolution which France has undergone, the 
 
FEANCK 
 
 201 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 I— ( 
 H 
 tsi 
 
 O 
 g 
 
 w 
 O 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 
202 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Breton peasant is almost unchanged ; he wears 
 the same long hair, the same quaint dress as his 
 sincestors ; and, though ready to take to the 
 sea, has no liking for other parts of France or 
 the army. When the conscription drags the 
 young man from his home, the parting of the 
 jonng conscript from parents and friends is in- 
 deed touching. Their own province is their 
 ■world ; beyond it there is nothing that offers 
 «ny attraction. The Bretons are said to have 
 ^ye virtues and three vices, the former being 
 love of their country, resignation under the will 
 of God, loyalty, perseverance, and hospitality ; 
 and their vices, avarice, contempt of women, 
 and drunkenness. Among the 
 Bretons, both men and women 
 toil together in the field, the 
 bam, and the farm, so that fuller 
 •employment and more hardj' 
 liabits may tend to make them 
 more virtuous ; but still they 
 should not be denied the credit 
 of the above-ijnciiUonod dry sta- 
 tistical fact. Xlia country people 
 are uniformly courteous in 
 their demeanor, and civil to 
 strangers. At the inns, though 
 the accommodiition is somewhat 
 rough, yet tho traveler is always 
 sure of meeting with the greatest 
 attention to his wants, and of 
 being cheerfully provided with 
 ths best the hostelry will afford, 
 at a moiaonl'a notice, at any hour, 
 however nnreaaonablo. 
 
 The poor axe regarded in Brit- 
 tany VFith ofEexvtionate tenderness, 
 and arc rarely sent a.\fay from 
 the door suipty. They are called 
 "God's brethren," in allusion to 
 ■our Saviour's declaring that He 
 "will reward acts of charity done 
 to " the least of these His breth- 
 ren " as if done to Hiinself . They 
 find a welcome from the cottager 
 and Ruiall farmer, and in return 
 for the frugal meal, sing songs, 
 relate legends, and bring the 
 gossip from tie country round, 
 and tell the girls' fortunes. The 
 tailor, also, is an important func- 
 tionary, being the recognized 
 medium of all matrimonial con- 
 ti-acts. The Bretons have a great 
 passion for legendary lore ; so 
 much so, that when the cholera 
 araged among them it was found 
 the most efficacious means of 
 giving medical advice to follow the suggestion 
 ■of a bookseller, and turn the prescription into 
 Thymes, which were circulated throughout the 
 country, and to such good purpose that it was 
 said that the cholera had been sung out of 
 Brittany. 
 
 A Shop in Paris in the Eighteenth Century. 
 
 The interior view which illustrates ladies of 
 position shopping in the eighteenth century 
 ■gives us quite a glimpse into the fashionable 
 life of the period. 
 
 The first thing with which we are impressed is 
 
 the tinineas of the shop as compared with the 
 immen.se size of similar establishments of the 
 present time, which was patronized by all 
 grades of society. But in Paris, in tho eight- 
 eenth century, every class had its particular 
 streets for residences and for shopping, and its 
 favorite merchants with whom it dealt. The 
 shopkeeper of to-da}', having no exclusive or 
 special patrons, has enlarged his establishment 
 for the accommodation of all, in order to keep 
 pace with general progress. 
 
 The advantages to the public at large are 
 obvious. We now constitute an association of 
 purchasers, who, in multiplying the sales of 
 
 by an exchange of good oflBces. The shop, 
 woman then called to inquire for the health of 
 her titled customer in case of illness, sent her 
 bouquets on her birthday, procured her ser- 
 vants, and followed her to her grave in mourn- 
 ing robes. , In return for these little kindnesses 
 the aristocratic patron, when she made her pur- 
 chases, accepted a seat at the counter and 
 inquired for the health of the family, and not 
 unfrequently used her influence in obtaining 
 some employment for the sons and daughters. 
 The politeness and consideration of the upper 
 classes were reflected upon the shopkeepers and 
 elevated their tone. The conversation over 
 the counters stimulated their am- 
 bition and softened their manners, 
 and we find that in the eight- 
 eenth century the education and 
 cultivation of merchants w.as 
 second only to that of persons 
 of the highest rank. 
 
 The Walkirg Theatre. 
 
 In this sketch our readers will 
 recognize the wonderfully truth- 
 ful pencil of Gavarni. 
 
 The young Savoyard, with his 
 rags, his board on which his 
 puppets dance, his keen eye and 
 his tambourine, is a picture of 
 which all travelers will attest the 
 fidelity. 
 
 Little vranderers, found every- 
 where, living on Providence, bat. 
 tling for a sum ■which, small to 
 us, is, in their mountain-home, a 
 fortune, they often fall by the 
 wayside, and ofteuer still re- 
 turn to while away the evenings 
 of middle age by stories of the 
 wonders of tho land beyond the 
 seas and mountains. 
 
 The organ-boys have crossed 
 the Atlantic, but our young 
 children seldom sao tho puppets 
 dance and act on the imj)rompta 
 stage, to the sound of the Savoy- 
 ard's fife and tambourine. 
 
 THE WAI.KIXQ THEATKE. 
 
 the merchant, enable him to dispose of his 
 war"S at less prices, too, and give him a larger 
 capi-ie, in which to operate : a great advantage 
 to ai» parties. This is, of course, the bright 
 side of the medal, but it has, naturally, a 
 reverse. 
 
 In the eighteenth century a business was 
 established and conducted by an entire family, 
 and was handed down from generation to gen- 
 eration in the same manner as landed estates or 
 other property. Every merchant numbered 
 among his patrons rich and influential person- 
 ages to whom he could apply for material aid 
 if need be. Classes were thus drawn together 
 
 Tha Musfol-ITets, 
 Mussel-cul-it'i;e has been cavii-od 
 on with immense success on a cer- 
 tain part of the coast of France, 
 for a long period of no less than 
 seven centuries ! So long ago as 
 the year of gr.ace 1135, an Irish 
 bark was wrecked in the Bay of 
 Alguillon. The cargo and one of the crew were 
 saved by the humanity of the fishermen inhabit- 
 ing the coast. The name of the one man who 
 was thus saved from shipwreck was Walton, 
 and he gave to the people, in gratitude for 
 saving his life, the germ of a marvelous fish- 
 breeding idea. He invented artificial mussel, 
 culture. The net, or bag-trap, which he em- 
 ployed in catching the night-birds which floated 
 on the water, was fixed in the mud by means 
 of tolerably strong supports, and he soon found 
 out that the parts of his net which were sunk 
 in the water had intercepted large quantities 
 of mussel-spat, which in time grew into tha 
 
tRANCE. 
 
 203 
 
 finest possible mus- 
 sels, larger in size and 
 finer m quality than 
 those grown in the 
 neishboring mud. 
 
 From less to more, 
 this simple discovery 
 progressod into a re- 
 fuBir industry, whi;h 
 at present forms aliai-st 
 lie sole occupation of 
 the inhabitants of the 
 neighboring shores. 
 
 The apparatus for 
 the growth of the 
 mussel, with which the 
 bay is now almost 
 covered, is called a 
 boucbol, and is of very 
 simple construction. 
 
 A number of strong 
 piles or stakes, each 
 twelve feet in length, 
 and six inches in dia- 
 meter, are driven into 
 the mud to the depth 
 of six feet, at a dis 
 tance of about two feel 
 from each other, and 
 are arrange! in two 
 converging rows so as 
 to form a V, the sharp 
 point of which is al- 
 ways turne 1 toward 
 the sea that the stakes 
 may offer the least 
 jjossible resistance to 
 
 6 BREIOS PEASANT DHAFIED INTO THE AKMT. 
 
 
 IHB GAMIS DB PAEM. 
 
 me waves. These two 
 
 rows form the framo- 
 
 •work of the bouchot. 
 
 Strong branches of 
 
 trees are then twisted 
 
 and interwoven into 
 
 the upper part of the 
 
 stakes, which are dx 
 
 feet in height, until 
 
 the whole length of 
 
 the row is, by this 
 
 gpecies of basket-work 
 
 on a large scalci 
 
 formed into a strong 
 
 fence or paliBade. A 
 
 space of a few inches 
 
 is left between the 
 
 bottom of the fence 
 
 and the surface of the 
 
 mud, to allow the 
 
 water to pass freely 
 
 between the stakes 
 
 when the tide ebb« 
 
 and flows. 
 
 The sides of the 
 bouchot are fi-om 200 to 
 2-50 metres long, and 
 each bouchot, therefore, 
 forms a fence of about 
 450 metres, six feet 
 high. There are now 
 some 500 of these 
 bouchots, in the Bay of 
 Aiguillon, making a 
 fence of 225,000 metres, 
 extending over a space 
 of five miles. 
 
204 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Plague of 1720 at Marseilles. 
 EvEBY year occurs at Marseilles the proces- 
 sion commemorative of the plague which, in 
 1720, devastated that city. The ceremony was 
 instituted in that year by the Archbishop de 
 Belzunce, with the object o£ appeasing the 
 Divine wrath, manifested in the pestilence. 
 The custom, by the decree of the authorities, 
 and at the city's expense, has been perpetuated 
 to the present time, and on every anniversary 
 of the occasion the bishop of the diocese, pre- 
 ceded by his chapter and all the religious com- 
 munities, proceeds from the cathedral, the pro- 
 
 five hundred to one tbousiind feet, arranged 
 upon a granite plateau which overlooks the 
 city of Clermont-Ferrand. 
 
 Wood Cutters and Carriers in France. 
 
 The change of seasons requires, in almost 
 every part of the world, some uieaus of produc- 
 ing heat to protect the body against the influ- 
 ence of cold. In most lauds trees, or, at least, 
 brushwood, can be found, and this in nearly all 
 countries has been the prevalent fuel ; although 
 in the treeless plains like our Western prairies, 
 
 were blacked by the smoke that cometh out at 
 the temple." 
 
 The fuel most generally used among the 
 Greeks was green wood : on daj's of ceremony 
 they burned fragrant substances. The Romans 
 made fireplaces, but could not get rid of the 
 smoke nuisance. The principal fu"'rp!ace in a 
 Roman house Wiis in the ealdarium or sweating- 
 room of the bath. It was something like a 
 furnace, called a hypocaust, and had pipes con- 
 nected with it, which led into the upper stories, 
 giving warmth to them. These pipes had 
 covers over them while the green wood was 
 
 
 WOOn-CUTTERS RF.TTIKNINO WITH WOOD FROM THS FOREST ISRETOyvE, NORMANDY. 
 
 cession marching through the principal streets 
 to the shrine on the Place Belzunce, erected 
 opposite the statue of the fotinder of the cere- 
 BCiOny, where the benediction is pronounced. 
 
 ii^ii 
 
 Extinct Yolcanoes of the Chain of Puys. 
 The convulsions that have recently agitated 
 various quarters of the earth have called atten- 
 tion to the subject of volcanic formations in 
 Europe. The formation of extinct volcanoes is 
 represented in France by the volcanoes situated 
 in the ancient provinces of Auvergne. the Velay 
 and the Vivarais, but principally by about fifty 
 volcanic eones of eruption, of the height of 
 
 and desert tracts on the Eastern Continent, the 
 dung of animals is gathered and used, and in 
 other countries peat and turf. 
 
 The earlier races of mankind lived in caves, 
 making fires in the middle of them, the smoke 
 going out through a hole in the top. The 
 Egyptians had hearths in the centre of some of 
 their rooms, on which thej' made fires ; to warm 
 the others, they carried around lighted char- 
 coal from one room to another. 
 
 During the wanderings of the Jews they made 
 fires in the middle of their tents, letting the 
 smoke go out of an aperture above. Chimneys 
 were not known : and Baruch, in speaking of 
 Mount Sion, makes mention of ' ' the faces that 
 
 burning ; when it had burned to ch.arcoal the 
 covers were removed and th3 warm air allowed 
 to escape. Rooms which could not be heated 
 in this manner had charcoal burning in the 
 middle of thoii; on a brasier. Some of these 
 brasicrs displayed very fine workmanship. At 
 the present time there is one in the museum at 
 Kaples, twenty-eight inches square, which has 
 four towers, one at each angle, fitted with a lid, 
 that can be raised by a ring. 
 
 When the Romans landed in England they 
 found the inhabitants living in huts or caves, 
 withoiit chimneys to them. The Welsh his- 
 torian Gyraldus gives us the following amus- 
 ing fireside picture of life in that fashion 
 
iKANUE. 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 II lullUllllUU" 
 
906 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 A SHOP IN I'AItIS IN TBE EIOnTEENTH CBNTURY. 
 
 "Families inhabit a largo hut, or nouso, 
 ■which, having a firo iu Iho midst, serves to 
 •n-arm them by flay, and to sleep round by 
 night. Bands of young men, who follow no 
 profession, visit families to whom they arc 
 alwa3's welcome, and pass the day with the 
 most animated cheerfulness. At night, sinking 
 into repose on a thin covering of dried reeds 
 spread round the great fireplace iu the middle, 
 they lie down covered only by a coarse-mado 
 cloth called crychan ; and when one side loses 
 its genial heat, they turn about and give the 
 chilly side to the fire." 
 
 Yet Iho earth had laid uji in her treasures 
 immenso stores of fuel, tho apparently de- 
 stroyed vegetable matter of early ages. Those 
 have never been resorted to by man until a 
 comparatively recent period. And nowhere does 
 this ignorance of tho value of coal seem more 
 striking than iu America, where coal is often 
 found iu 1 locks on tho surface, as near Hud- 
 son's Bay, and on prairies at the foot of the 
 Rocky Jlouulains. Somo Frenchmen, compelled 
 to Winter at Hudson's Bay, years ago, when tho 
 Indians were actually perishing in numbers for 
 w.ant of fuel, found immenso blocks of coal, 
 and used it, to the amazement of the Indians. 
 
 In England the first mention of coal is made 
 in the year 1259, when Henry III. granted a 
 charter to somo citizens to dig for it ; but tho 
 prejudice against it was so great that it was not 
 used generally till tho seventeenth century ; 
 laws were passed to prevent its use 
 
 In the East, where tho fire is less important, 
 the wood used is generally mere brushwood, 
 Iwimd ia fagots and carried to the town for 
 
 sale by tho wood-cutters, whose avocation, 
 though not seen now-a-days, is familiar to us 
 from childhood from such old stories OS " Ali 
 Baba" and "Hop o' My Thumb." 
 
 Colder countries require more solid wood, 
 and our scene in the Forest of Bretonne, in orchestra of tho Philharmonic Society, while 
 
 Kormandy, shows how the- 
 peasants there carry in the 
 fuel. The poor wood-cutter, 
 his wife and boy, are going 
 to town with the wood piled 
 up on a very curious and 
 ingeniously contrived saddle, 
 into which tho horse's back 
 fits so nicely. The peasantry 
 engaged iu this traffic are 
 a simple, quiet race, with 
 few wants and little am- 
 bition. The women, like all 
 those in Normandy, are fond 
 of bright colors, especially 
 red. The petticoat is, per- 
 haps, of intense red, tha 
 neckerchief pink, the apron 
 striped with orange. Thus 
 attired, and crowned with 
 her immense Norman cap, 
 her wooden shoes concealed 
 in that ]»eculiar sort of pan- 
 nier that serves her as in 
 part a saddle, she goes cheer- 
 fully on, her husband tramp- 
 ing beside her. 
 
 o 
 
 Benediction of the Garonne. 
 LiA Eeole is one of the 
 most charming of the cities 
 of tho Department of La 
 Giroude, in France. It is 
 there that, on the Day of 
 the Ascension, the ceremony 
 of b le 8 8 i n g the Garonne 
 is performed. On that day, the clergy, the 
 civil and military authorities, and the dis- 
 tinguished personages of the city, embark in a 
 borgo decorated with flags, flowers and garlands 
 of foliage. Eeligious sougs alternate with the 
 
 BXTINCT VOLCANOES OF TUE CHAIN OF PDYS. 
 
FKANCE. 
 
 20T 
 
 the festival barge is being towed by ten active 
 Bailors, who, in another boat, row to the ca- 
 dence of the charmiug music. 
 
 The Oafe de la Cascade, Bois de Boulogue, 
 Our illastratiou represents one of those gay 
 scenes that constitute the charm of Parisian 
 society. All that is refined in taste, elegant in 
 style, joyous in intercourse, is here displayed in 
 its full attraction. One gazing at these careless 
 revelers would forget that the world had any- 
 thing but delightful pleasures. 
 < ■ » ■ » 
 
 The Ice-Oave of Vergy, Savoy. 
 
 Caves, where there is ice in Summer but none 
 in Winter, seem curious things, indeed ; but 
 such really exist, and have excited no little 
 discussion among the learned. 
 
 Among the most remarkable of these is the 
 Ice-Cave of Vergy, or, as the peasants call it, 
 Montarguy, not far from the village of Pralong. 
 
 The grotto is hollowed out in a yellowish 
 limestone, and forms a hall about fifty yards in 
 depth, with a sloping floor covered with frag- 
 ments of rock. All around you are stiilactites, 
 stalagmites, columns, platforms, so to speak, or 
 inclined planes, not of mineral, as in many 
 caves, but of pure, clear, hard ico. The forms 
 of the great icicles depending from the roof 
 ■were those of stalactites, but those rising from 
 the floor were often conical, paraboloidal, or 
 bottle-shaped ; sometimes like n top reversed. 
 
 This ice must bo formed at the period of the 
 year when the cold and water meet, iu the Fall 
 at the first approach of frost, and iu Spring 
 when he retires. Sometimes, though but rarely, 
 ice is found hero in Winter ; biit, as the jaeasuuts 
 say, " a true ice-cave has no ice iu Winter." It 
 is just this popular observation, generally cor- 
 rect, that gives interest to the discussions of the 
 learned. What influence is exerted by currents 
 of air ? what, by the cooling of the air caused 
 by the saturation of the vapors rising from the 
 ■water ? More connected facts are required to 
 establish a theory, and hitherto no man of 
 
 PBOCSSSION COMMKMORiTIVB OF THE PLAOUB OP 1720, AT MAKSEILLES. 
 
 science seems to have watched day by day the 
 formation of the ice, or its melting, so as to 
 give us an intelligent explanation of the fact. 
 
 Salmon-Traps in Prance. 
 
 To SOME it may be a mj'stery how the eggs of 
 fish ore procured to carry on the system of 
 stocking rivers, which has of late years been so 
 largely practiced. 
 
 At the spawning season the male salmon as- 
 cends the river first, as if to prepare a spawn- 
 ing-ground. Acting on this, the fisherman 
 secures a male salmon, and, muzzling it, 
 fastens it by a thread to a stone, which he 
 sinks near a spot that he prepares, as near as 
 his experience will enable him, in imitation of 
 
 BBMBDIOTION OF LA OAROMMB AT I^ BBOLE, HEAR BOBDBAtTX. 
 
 the spawning-ground. In front of this prisoner 
 is set the trap, open with its deadly point up- 
 ward, and a very slight catch only holding the 
 strong spring down. 
 
 The female coming up, filled with her roe, 
 sees the male, and supposes the ground ready 
 for the eggs. As she swims over the trap, she 
 strikes the upright needle, loosens the slight 
 catch, and the two sides fly together. 
 
 The fisherman then comes, takes her up, re, 
 lieves her of her eggs, impregnates them, and 
 sends them to Huningue to be hatched. Tho 
 females taken in nets contain eggs too young 
 to be artificially hatched. This method is ne- 
 cessary to the success of pisciculture, as no lesa 
 than two millions of eggs are procured by it, 
 which no other system has been successful ia 
 securing. ^^^ . 
 
 Mont Oenis Ear.road. 
 
 The Mont Cenis Railroad aud its famous tun- 
 nel stand among the great engineering works 
 of tho nineteenth century, incidents in tha 
 history of the new kingdom of steam. Onca 
 applied to travel, steam has compelled revolu- 
 tions in all departments. Telegraphs came — 
 mountains are leveled, or pierced — vallej'S 
 boldly crossed by almost aerial bridges. 
 
 AVhat would the ages past have thought of 
 an iron road over Mont Cenis, much mora 
 through it ? The road is peculiar, as are tha 
 locomotives and cars. Tho ordinary brake 
 would be of little avail in descending such a 
 slope. The centre rail is part of the machinery 
 for making the downward career moderate, as 
 well as for aiding the engine to secure its up- 
 ward course. 
 
 Mr. Fell is the engineer who triumphed over 
 aU obstacles, by establishing a satisfactory sys- 
 tem for this road, as a preliminary to serve 
 travelers until the tunnel should be completed ^ 
 a work now happily accomplished. 
 
208 
 
 TBE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Astronomical Olock of Strasbourg, 
 
 The great borological wonder of France, and, 
 indeed, of Europe, is the astronomical clock 
 placed in the interior of the Cathedral of Stras- 
 bourg. This piece of mechanism was con- 
 structed about the year 1370. It represents the 
 motions of the globe, the sun, and the moon, 
 in their regular circuit. The 
 day of the week, the circle of 
 the sun, the year of the world 
 and of Our Lord, the equi- 
 noctials, the leap year, the 
 movable feasts and the do- 
 minical letter, were all clearly 
 exhibited by this clock. The 
 eclipses of the sun and moon, 
 f.nd the weekly motions of 
 the planets, were also dis- 
 played. Thus, on Sunda3' the 
 sun is drawn about in his 
 chariot, and so drawn into 
 another place that, before he 
 is quite hidden, you had 
 Monday — that is, the moon 
 appeared full, and the horses 
 of the chariot of Mars 
 emerged and the scene was 
 thus varied on every day of 
 the week. There was also a 
 dial for the minutes of the 
 hour, so that you could see 
 every miniite pass. Two im- 
 ages of children appeared on 
 each side, one with a sceptre 
 counting the hours. The 
 motions of the planets, the 
 moon's rising and falling, 
 and several other a.stronomi- 
 cal movements, were exhib- 
 ited in this clock. Death 
 and Christ were also personi- 
 fied ; and at the top of the 
 tower was an excellent chime, 
 which played various tunes, 
 and, says an old German 
 chronicle, "At Christmas, 
 Easter, and Whitsuntide, 
 they sounded a thanksgiving 
 unto Christ; and when this 
 chime has done, the cock 
 which stands on the top of the 
 tower, on the north side of 
 the main work, having 
 stretched out his neck, 
 shakes his comb, flaps his 
 wings twice, and crows so 
 shrilly and naturally as to 
 be perfectly wonderful." 
 
 This celebrated clock was 
 constructed b y Dassipodius 
 and Wolkenstenius, two mathe- 
 maticians of the time. 
 
 During the late Franco- 
 Prussian Wpr this clock was not injured, but, 
 unfortunately, the library was destroyed. 
 
 It was commenced in 1655 by Anne of Austria, 
 but not finished until 1749. Its northern tower 
 was altered in 1777. The facade is very beau- 
 tiful. The jiortico consists of a double range 
 of Doric columns forty feet high, suyjporting a 
 gallery and cnlonnadeof the Ionic order, form- 
 ing an arched callery thirty-ei<?ht feet high. 
 Above the whole was a pjdimeut, which, how- 
 
 largest weighing twelve thousand five hundred 
 pounds. The plan of the building itself is 
 cruciform ; total length, four luindred and 
 thirty-two feet; breadth, cue hundred and 
 seventy-four feet ; height, niuety-niue. On the 
 pavement of the transept is traced a meriaian 
 line, by Lemonnier, in 1743. The rays of the 
 sun, passing through an aperture in a metal 
 plate in the window of the 
 southern transept, form on 
 the pavement a luminous cir- 
 cle about ten inches in dia- 
 meter, which moves across 
 the line, and at noon is bi- 
 sected by it. There are a 
 number of celebrated paint- 
 ings adorning the various 
 chapels, and the ceiling is 
 richly frescoed. St. Sulpiee 
 fronts on a square of the 
 same name, in the middle 
 of which is a grand fountain. 
 This is regarded as the 
 finest in Paris. It was erected 
 by Visconti, and consists 
 of three concentric octagonal 
 basins, intersected by sculp- 
 tured plinths. From the 
 centre of the uppermost 
 rises a quadrangular bod}', 
 flanked by fluted Corinthian 
 pilasters, between which are 
 niches filled with statues of 
 Fene'lon, Boss net, Fle'chier, 
 and Massillon. The upper 
 basin is decorated with four 
 vases, from which water 
 flows, and four recumbent 
 lions grace the intermediate 
 basin. In the square a flower- 
 market is held twice a week. 
 
 Ohuroh and Fountain of St. Sulpiee, Paris. 
 
 One of the finest churches of Paris is that of 
 Bt. Sulpiee, situated in the celebrated Quartier 
 St. Grenuain, on the left bank of the Seine. 
 
 THE ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK IN TBI! CATHEDRAL OF STRASBOUBO, 
 
 ever, having been destroyed by lightning in 
 1779, was replaced by a balustrade. 
 
 Before the introduction of the electric tele- 
 graph, the towers were crowned with signal 
 telegraphs ; on the northern one, two hundred 
 and ten feet high, was that communicating with 
 Strasbourg ; on the southern, one corresponding 
 with Italy. The church has three bells, the 
 
 The Cathedral of Ohartres. 
 The city of Chartres, built 
 on the site of the ancient 
 capital of the Camutes, re- 
 tains traces of its Gaulish 
 name. The great object of 
 interest to a traveler is its 
 cathedral, built over a cave 
 where the Druids in ancient 
 times performed their idola- 
 trous rites, and paid, tradition 
 - says, honor to the Virgin who 
 • was to bear a Son. The pre- 
 sent cathedral was begun in 
 the eleventh and finished in 
 the thirteenth century, ex- 
 cept one spire, which took 
 three centuries more to com- 
 plete. The rich portals, the 
 stained glass windows, and 
 the beautiful choir showu 
 in our illustration, elaborate in its workman- 
 ship, and adorned with valuable works of art, 
 make this church one of the most magnificent 
 in the world. 
 
 Beneath the church is a crypt, said to be 
 the Druids' cave, and in it is a labyrinth which 
 has excited the interest of antiquaries, and le(J 
 to long discussions. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 AUUTTAN MOTHEB TEACHIHa HER DAUGHTER TO BEAD — SUNDAY MOKNINO AND AFTERNOON AT COBnnO— GERMAN EMIORANTS EKBARKIWO FOB 
 AM KICA— MARRIAGE IN LUSATI A — GERMAN PEASANT GiRLS IN SUNDAY COSTUME— GERMAN GIRLS IN WORKING COSTUME — A WeNDISH 
 
 Bride and bridegroom in church— Colossal Statue in Munich— The Valhalla in Munich, Bavaria— Boyal Palace at Potsdam 
 
 — TRARBACH, and THE RUINS OF GBAEFENBURG CASTLE, RHENISH PROVINCES — SALT CAVERNS OP BERCHTEZGADEN — THE GREAT TUN OF 
 
 Heidelberg— BITUMEN Miners— The Kursaal of IIomburg— The Roulette Table at the Kursaal— Baden Baden— Iron Arm and 
 Hand of a German Knight, Thirteenth CENTUitY— Hemp-steeping on the Banks op the Rhine— Salmon-watching on the Rhink 
 -The Cask of schnapps- The barrel of Molasses— German Peasantry— Students Fencing- Town hall— The Toll^atbj— Thk 
 Castle op Heidelberg- Reichenbach Falls— The Staubbach, or Dust Fall— Tomb op the Three Kings— View in Hildesheim— 
 Barks on the D.^ncbe — FisuiNa-viLLAGE— Gurman Hop-field in 'Winter — Stone on the Field of Lctzen, where Gustavtjs 
 WX)LPHUS Fell in 1633— The Klapperstein— The Jungfebn Kuss— Charlemagne in his Tomb— The Horn op Oldenburg— Cubiods 
 ^ak-tree -Schiller's House at Weimar— Festival op the Three Kings — A Marriage in Thttbingia— The Mill of SansSouci— 
 Student Life in Heidelberg— Mining in the Open Air at Rammelsberg, in the Habtz— Target-maker ANNOUNcma A Good Baox 
 — PATiNO THE Workmen— The Royal Hunt— Laqeh Beeb Garden in Beblin— Saxon IiAST£BN— UHAUOis-BUHixtt. 
 
 THIS celebrated portion of Europe, which 
 has recently risen, after a short but 
 desperate struggle with France, to the 
 proud position of being the greatest military 
 power in the Old World, occupies the central 
 position of Europe : being bounded by Den- 
 mark and the Baltic Sea on the north; by 
 France, Belgium and Holland on the west ; by 
 Austria, Switzerland and Italy on the south, 
 and by Poland and Russia on the east. 
 
 Stretching from the lofty summits of the 
 Alps to the low beaches of the Baltic, from the 
 picturesque and diversified countries of Western 
 Europe to the monotonous steppes of the East, 
 Germany incloses a rich variety of mountain- 
 ous regions, terraced country, table-lands and 
 fertile plains. Though, mainly, an inland 
 country, it is not devoid of a coast configura- 
 tion which furnishes good outlets to its numer- 
 ous navigable rivers. Its climate unites the 
 different characteristics of the surrounding 
 countries ; holding a mean between the extreme 
 heat of Southern and the extreme cold of 
 Northern Europe ; between the excessive moist- 
 ure of the western coast countries and the 
 dryness of the eastern plains. 
 
 Owing to its important central position, Ger- 
 many has, almost invariably, been the theatre 
 of all the great European wars — no matter 
 where or for what cause begun. 
 
 The last census of the German Empire was 
 taken in 1880. At that time the population 
 was 45,194,172. Ovring to the large number 
 of immigrants that have come to America from 
 there since then, it is diflSeult to give an 
 exact statement. It is, however, certain that 
 about four-fifths of the population belong to 
 the German race, the remaining fifth belong- 
 ing to the Slavic. The number of Jews is 
 about five hundred thousand. In physical 
 development, the German race is far superior 
 to the Slavic or the Latin. Their frame and 
 muscular development are powerful, and they 
 are endowed with great endurance and courage. 
 As a general thing, the Northern Germans are 
 blondes, while the Southerners are very often 
 of a dark complexion. 
 
 The prominent features of the German char- 
 acter are honesty, fidelity, industry, thought- 
 fulness and valor. He favors a moderate 
 
 indulgence of the social pleasures of life, and 
 is remarkably fond of his wife and children — 
 almost invariably sharing his recreations with 
 them. In this he offers a pleasant contrast to 
 most other nations — especially the Americans, 
 the English, the French and the Irish. 
 
 Being of a scientific turn of mind, human 
 progression has been largely benefited by their 
 labors and discoveries. In point of fact, there 
 is scarcely a single branch of science in which 
 Germans have not excelled. In music, paint- 
 ing and sculpture, they occupy one of the 
 highest ranks among nations. 
 
 The German artisan is also famous for his 
 steadiness and dexterity. 
 
 The diversified surface of Germany is inter- 
 sected by many rivers. Their total number, 
 not including the small creeks, is about five 
 hundred — sixty of which are navigable by na- 
 ture, and many others by means of slack-water 
 canals. The principal river sytems are those 
 of the Danube, Rhine, Weser, Elbe and Oder. 
 
 The forest, and fields abound with wild ani- 
 mals ; chamois, ibex and bear are occasion- 
 ally met with in the neighborhood of the Alps. 
 The deer, the rabbit, hare, fox, marmot, mar- 
 ten, badger, weasel and otter are found nearly 
 everywhere. Their domestic animals are very 
 numerous : horses and cattle of everj' kind. 
 
 Till the close of the war with Austria, which 
 ended in Sadowa, Germany was merely a 
 maze of numerous little despotisms, among 
 which a few larger States were endeavoring to 
 obtain a voice in the councils of Europe. 
 
 Prussia was successful, through the genius 
 of Frederick the Great, in establishing a great 
 Protestant Power, able to cope with Austria, 
 but at the same time anxious to prevent the 
 reconstruction of a great united empire. Thus 
 the attempts of the Emperor Joseph II. to 
 re-establish the imperial power in Southern 
 Germany, with the Roman Catholic religion as 
 its dominant faith, were baffled by Prussia. 
 Within a few years we have seen Prussia 
 achieve the task of establishing a Northern 
 German Empire, with Protestantism as its 
 ruling religion. 
 
 The Emperor William I., under whom the 
 unification of Germany was accomplished, was 
 bom on March 22d, 1797, and succeeded his 
 
 brother Frederick William IV., January 2d, 
 1861. He was proclaimed German Emperor at 
 Versailles January 18th, 1871, and died March 
 9th, 1888, being succeeded by his son, " Unser 
 Fritz," who took the name Frederick III. 
 
 It was in 1790, that the tempest of the French 
 Revolution prostrated the tottering ruin of the 
 German Empire under the Austrian auspices. 
 Vanquished by the armies of France, the Em- 
 peror Francis II. , son and successor of Leopold 
 II. , ceded by the treaties of Campo Formio, in 
 1797, and of Lune'ville, in 1801, the country on 
 the left bank of the Rhine. The petty rulers 
 who were thus deprived of their possessions 
 were indemnified by the territories of ecclesi- 
 astic princes. In 1805 several States seceded 
 from the empire and became allies of France, 
 and when, in 1806, a number of German States 
 formed the Rhenish Confederation, under the 
 Protectorate of Napoleon I. , the Emperor Fran- 
 cis resigned the German crown, and the empire 
 was formally dissolved. A number of the 
 smaller territories were annexed to the larger 
 States, and most of the free cities, which, 
 under the nominal authority of the Emperor, 
 had enjoyed a sort of republican government, 
 lost their independence. 
 
 The Prussian effort to oppose to French 
 domination a North German League was futile, 
 and France became for some years the real 
 ruler of Germany. Napoleon, however, re- 
 moved many of the most glaring remnants of 
 feudalism, but substituted for it a military rrfr 
 gime scarcely less terrible. ^ 
 
 This state of vassalage was, however, put an 
 end to by the coalition of England, Austria, 
 Prussia, Russia and Sweden, in 1812, which 
 finally led to the overthrow of Napoleon I., in 
 1815, when, having invested a nation of shop- 
 keepers with sentimental magnanimity, he d»^ 
 livered himself up to imprisonment for life. 
 
 Since the battle of Waterloo, June 18th, 1816, 
 the Germans have been steadily gaining in solid 
 power. Their education system, while it may 
 be considered by a free people like ourselves 
 as being of too compulsory a kind, is cal- 
 culated to elevate the masses in the scale of 
 civilization, and their miUtary system is said 
 by their statesmen to be necessary to tbeit 
 national independence,. 
 
310 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS 
 
 An Alsat an Mother TeacMng her Daughter 
 the Alphab t. 
 Fashionabii! young ladies, who are perfect 
 mistresses of every mental accomplishment 
 before they enter their teens, will, no doubt, 
 smile to see our picture. The idea of a girl of 
 any period learning her ABC's when she ought 
 to be a leader of fashion, and dancing the Ger- 
 man with all the foreign noblemen in town, 
 aeems something too incredible for belief. 
 
 haps a small regiment of monosyllables, and a 
 copy of the Lord's Prayer ; and this leaf was 
 usually set in a frame of wood, with a slice of 
 diaphanous horn in front — hence the name 
 horn-hook. Generally there was a handle to 
 hold it by, and this handle had usually a hole 
 for a string, whereby the apparatus was Blung 
 to the girdle of the scholar. It ought not to 
 be forgotten ihat the alphabet on the hom-book 
 was invariably prefaced with a cross : whence 
 
 German EmigrLnts Embarking for 
 America. 
 Gebman emigration began in the last century 
 with the Palatines — Protestants who fled from 
 the Khenish Provinces which the fortunes of 
 war gave to Fr^ me. Some Bought refuge in 
 Ireland, more came to America. The banks of 
 the Mohawk, the Hudson in what is now 
 Dutchess County, and parts of Pennsvlvauia, 
 received many of them. The exiled Saltzburgera 
 
 Neyertheless, the majority of womankind, till 
 the seventeenth century, were born, lived and 
 died without being able either to write or read 
 a love-letter. The horn-book, which was then 
 the first step in tuition, is thus described by an 
 antiquarian writer ; ' ' The horn-book was the 
 Primer of our ancestors — their established 
 means of learning the elements of English 
 literature. It consisted of a single leaf, con- 
 taining on one side the alphabet, large and 
 small— in black-lottei' or ia liomau- with ver- 
 
 ntUSSIAN KHENISH PRO VINCES -SUNDAT AtTEUNOON. 
 
 it came to be called the Christ Cross Kow, or 
 by corruption the Criss Cross Row, a term 
 which was often used instead of horn-book. 
 
 Ehenish Provinces— Sunday Afternoon. 
 
 Sunday afternoon in the Rhenish Provinces 
 resembles rather our Puritan Sabbath than the 
 Sunday of the gayer French. Calm and quiet, 
 reading the Bible or books of devotion, charac- 
 teriza the seyera morality of these Germans. 
 
 sought a home in Georgia. Their sufferings in 
 that early day from oppression and fraud were 
 great. Christopher Saur, of Germantown, was 
 their great champion, and by his pen and press 
 sought to obtain redress against the evils of the 
 emigration system that prevailed in that day, 
 when passengers, in order to pay their fare, 
 were sold at auction as servants, for as low a 
 term as any one would take them. 
 
 The troubles in Germany in 1848 revived tha 
 spirit of emigration in all the States, but espe- 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 S11 
 
 coburo— stmrtAY morntng 
 
aia 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 cially in those of the North. Emigration to 
 the United States, from 1784 to 1859, gave 
 about five millions of sturdy hands to the 
 country, the great rush beginning about 1844. 
 Until then the masses of emigrants were 
 Irish : but soon, the Germans rapidly gained, 
 and in 1854, the German emigration was 
 215,000, while that from Ireland was not one- 
 half that number. For the protection of these 
 Tast moving armies, chiefly of ignorant men 
 and women, leaving the dull routine of a quiet 
 country village for the bustle, activity, craft 
 and wiles of great seaport towns, in a strange 
 land, laws have been passed in various Euro- 
 pean countries, as well as our own. New 
 York, which receives the largest number of 
 
 ceremonies. As soon as a young man has fixed 
 his affections upon a maiden, the young man's 
 father, in company with a married friend of 
 the maiden (Braschka), proceeds to the house 
 of the girl to whom the proposal is to be 
 made. After the usual salutations, and the 
 inquiries after the health and well-being of the 
 whole family, the youth's father addresses the 
 maiden's father in the following words : ' ' God 
 has given to me a son (naming him) ; he re- 
 quires a wife to take the cares of his house, 
 and thou hast a daughter, who is fit for matri- 
 mony, and, moreover, is willing. If it is God's 
 will and thy daughter's, let these whom I have 
 named become man and wife." Before an 
 answer is given, a general conversation ensues. 
 
 house, farm, or whatever property the yotingr 
 man has, the betrothal takes place, which in 
 many places is performed by the Braschka or 
 Probraschka; in others, by the priest, pro- 
 nouncing a short religious homily in presence 
 of the family and some of the relations of the 
 family. The betrothed not only give their 
 hands to each other, but a piece of gold or 
 silver money, and often some article of dress. 
 When the marriage-day is fixed, the business 
 of the Braschka begins, which consists in the 
 oiBce of bidder to the marriage and preparer of 
 the feast. In many places the office of Braschka. 
 is undertaken by the godfather of the bride- 
 groom ; in others there are persons who, in con- 
 ' sideration of a sum of money, charge them- 
 
 Ur 1L8ATIAN MOTHER TBAOHINO HER DiUOHTEB THl! «T,PWABET. 
 
 •migrants, has a special institution, the Com- 
 missioners of Emigration, which has, for a 
 series of years, rendered the greatest services 
 to the emigrants and the country, and which, 
 for the payment of f 2 by each emigrant, under- 
 takes, for five years, to stand between them and 
 destitution. It has a depot at Castle Crardeu. 
 
 1 ^1 1 
 
 A Wendish Marriage in Lusatia. 
 Althodqh the Vandal inhabitants of Tipper 
 and Lower Lusatia have lived and mixed with 
 the Germans, and have, more or less, adopted 
 the manners and customs of the latter, thev 
 still retain many peculiar to themselves ; and 
 Bome of these are their marriage customs and 
 
 and the subject is again mentioned. The father 
 then consults with his wife and daughter, and, 
 if agreeable to them, he says, ' ' I have no 
 objection if God so wills it." The portion of 
 the girl is then stated, and the prospects of the 
 young man, and if these are in any way con- 
 formable, the father of the young girl asks the 
 youth's father, " Does thy son know my daugh- 
 ter, and does she please him ?" The prelimi- 
 naries of the marriage are now made, and the 
 youth's father promises that on such a day 
 his son shall come in person to present his 
 addresses. In due time the youth arrives, 
 accompanied bv one of his godfathers, or some 
 friend : the yonncr peonle <jneak to each other. 
 and after the pareats of the girl bare seen the 
 
 selves with the whole preparation. The gayly 
 dressed Braschka invites the guests in the name 
 of the betrothed and the.r parents ; this is done 
 with great parade and with courteous speeches. 
 He waits upon those in the intermediate neigh- 
 borhood on foot, carrying a long white wand ; 
 to those who live at greater distances he pro- 
 ceeds on a gayly caparisoned horse. On the day 
 of the marriage he summons the bridegroom 
 and his friends. Here he makes a touching 
 address to the bridegroom, his parents, his 
 brothers and sisters, and other relatives, and 
 in the bridegroom's nam« begs forgiveness for 
 any injuries they mav have received, and with 
 many references to Holv Writ asks for theii 
 blessings. This is called the Act of Blesaiiiff' 
 
OEBM&NZ 
 
 ai8 
 
 I 
 
 ■a 
 
 K 
 
 •G 
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 •o 
 
 OS 
 
 •<3 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 p 
 
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214 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 A WENDIBH MARRIAGE IN LCSATIA — BRIDE PROCEEDING TO THE HUSBAND S HOUSE. 
 
 All then give their blessing, which is often 
 done with the greatest manifestation of feeling, 
 and teara often flow copiously upon the occa- 
 sion, more especially when eitlier or both of the 
 parents are dead. This ceremony 
 over, the bridegroom, with a rib- 
 bon in his buttonhole, and carry- 
 ing a sprig of rosemary in his 
 hand, takes his place in a carriage, 
 bareheaded, and wearing a chaplet 
 of myrtle. The horses are then 
 decked out with red ribbons, and 
 near the bridegroom sits the 
 Braschka and the musicians ; the 
 young friends of the bridegroom 
 on horseback siirround the car- 
 riage. While this is going on, 
 preparations are made at the 
 bride's house for his reception. 
 
 Th3 bride, as soon as the pro- 
 cession approaches the house, 
 retires to an upper chamber, in 
 which she is informed tliat she 
 must see her future husbana only 
 before the whole household. On 
 arriving at the house, the bride- 
 ifroom stands bareheaded at the 
 door ; but if the weather is not 
 propitious, he may stand under 
 the porch, but he must by no 
 means cross the threshold. The 
 Braschka then enters the house, 
 and makes inquiry after the bride ; 
 formerly it was the custom, when 
 he made the inquiry, to- bring 
 gome old woman to him as the 
 lovely bride, whom he would by 
 no means receive. This has, how- 
 ever, fallen into disuse in many 
 ttlaces. The bride at length appears. 
 
 whom he receives with an appropriate address 
 and a blessing. The company then proceed to 
 the church in the manner shown by the engrav- 
 ing, The procession is often interrupted by 
 
 A WENDISH HABRI AGE —BRIDE AND BHrDEOBOOM XH OHUROH 
 
 young people holding handkerchiefs across Qie 
 road, which they only loose on receiving some 
 uioney. The church ceremony being performed', 
 the company proceed to the rath-haus, where 
 the civil ceremony takes places 
 This done, the company partakf 
 of dinner, at which the Braschka 
 acts as master of the ceremonies, 
 appointing each bis place. Her* 
 the first course consists of butter, 
 bread, cheese, beer, brandy, and 
 cakes. This is succeeded by more 
 substantial fare in the shape of 
 beer-soup, broth, prepared buck 
 wheat, beef, with rice and horse 
 radish, boiled pork, with biack 
 sauce made from the blood of the 
 pig, roast goose, roast pork, sau- 
 sages, and millet boiled in milk. 
 Each guest brings his own knife 
 and fork. The Braschka takea 
 the charge of carving and placing 
 each one's portion on a plate. 
 
 Before and after dinner, grace is- 
 said by him, which is followed by 
 the verse of a song accompanied 
 by the music. The master of the 
 feast has to see that all is properly 
 conducted, that no disputes arise, 
 and when any of the guests have 
 drank too much, to have them 
 quietly removed. 
 
 At the dinner the marriageabia 
 girls of the place sing a chorale, 
 for which they receive from the 
 father of the bride cakes and beer, 
 from the bridegroom a piece ot 
 money. After the grand evening 
 repast, which, in kind, resembles- 
 the dinner, dancing begins. It !»• 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 215 
 
 
 
 P 
 
216 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREA.T NATIONS. 
 
 OOLOSSiL STATm OF BAVARIA— THB FACK. 
 
 hymn sung, the Bras- 
 chka brings a dish 
 and places it upon the 
 table before the newly 
 married pair, and ad- 
 dresses the guests: 
 "Listen to me awhile, 
 honored guests. The 
 newly married young 
 Christian couple, 
 know well that we 
 Christians, according 
 to the teaching of our 
 holy religion, do not 
 place our trust upon 
 earthly goods, neither 
 upon silver and gold, 
 but upon God and His 
 grace. 
 
 " But you know, my 
 friends, that during 
 his journey through 
 life, man cannot do 
 without these things, 
 and that on this ac- 
 count the wise men of 
 
 COLOSSAL STATUB OP BAVABIA— INTEKIOR OP THB HEAR 
 
 not allowed for the bride- 
 groom to be present in the 
 dancing-room the first day 
 of the wedding, but he is ex- 
 pected to entertain the elder 
 persons who are not inter- 
 ested in these youthful 
 sports, with conversation. 
 
 The Braschka, however, 
 leads the bride to the dancing 
 place and dances the first 
 dance with her. After she 
 has danced with some other 
 of the guests, her two brides- 
 men ask her hand, although 
 the bridesmaids have en- 
 deavored previously to take 
 off one of her shoes in order 
 to hinder it. Should they 
 Buooeed, she is obliged to 
 leave off, and return to her 
 expectant husband without 
 • shoe, in her stocking sole, 
 if the bridesmaids, in case 
 the weather is bad, do not 
 lend her an old slipper. 
 The rest of the guests enjoy 
 the dancing as long as the 
 BrEkschka, who always re- 
 mains in the room to keep 
 order, sees proper. They 
 then return to the bride's 
 house for supper, from which 
 the happy pair have retired. 
 On the following day the 
 festivities are kept up; the 
 married pair are allowed to 
 take part In the dance with 
 the rest. The re joicings 
 usually last two or three 
 days; on one of these days 
 the Presentation Feast takes 
 place, at which abundance 
 is provided. When this is 
 ended, and grace said, and ' 
 
 TALBALLA, BAVABIA— INTKRIOB. 
 
 the East brought to the 
 Mother of our Lord gold, in- 
 cense, and myrrh, as a 
 present. The young couple 
 who are now beginning to 
 keep house for themselves 
 not only require our hearty 
 good wishes, but our support 
 and assistance. "Whoever, 
 therefore, is willing to assist 
 them, let him please to 
 place in the plate, when I 
 have placed my gift, what- 
 ever he thinks good to give." 
 
 He then places a specie 
 thaler in the plate. He is 
 followed by the parents, 
 brothers and sisters of the 
 bride and bridegroom, and 
 the godfathers, and the rest 
 of the company lay their 
 gifts, either in money or 
 presents, in the plate ; the 
 Braschka announcing the 
 name and amount of each 
 party. The young couple 
 may press the hand of each 
 party, but they are not ex- 
 pected to speak, indeed, nor 
 to notice the gifts. The 
 gifts ended, the Braschka 
 returns thanks in the name 
 of the recipients, and con- 
 cludes by singing a thanks- 
 giving hymn, " Let all 
 thank God," etc. 
 
 It is generally midnight 
 before the feast is over. 
 Every one now prepares to 
 depart. The cars which are 
 to convey the necessaries for 
 housekeeping are loaded, and 
 those for the conveyance of 
 the guests. The bridesmen 
 saddle their horses. After 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 217 
 
 taking leave of the givers of the feast, the pro- 
 Mssion goes through the village. Arrived at 
 Hue l>ouse of the newly-married couple, the 
 
 COLOSSAL STATini OF BAVARIA, AT MUNICH. 
 
 bridesmaids hasten into the house before the 
 bride can get out of the car, and place 
 bread, butter, cheese, and cakes in the sitting- 
 
 room, and lay them on a table, together vnilb 
 knives, forks, and spoons, and then place twc 
 lighted candles on the table, in new candlesticks. 
 
 TAlHAt.TA. BAVARIA — EXTII2U0R. 
 
216 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 The bride then enters, and ■welcomes them with 
 her husband, and presses them to stop, while an- 
 9tber young woman of the company lets loose 
 a hen, which she has brought with her, in the 
 yard. If the hen is quiet, and does not fly at 
 the guests, it is a good sign that the bride will 
 be happy with her husband's house. After the 
 brido has welcomed her guests, she goes into 
 tile cow-stall, and lays fodder before the cows, 
 
 The Eoyal Palace at Postdam. 
 
 "Wheke the Havel forms a small lake stands 
 the town of Potsdam, which contains the palace 
 of the Prussian monarchs. The castle, begun 
 in 1C60, has become a palace, yet without ac- 
 quiring the beauty or grace of architecture that 
 the word palace naturally suggests. 
 
 Here Frederick William had his gigantic 
 guard. He had found Potsdam a poor place, 
 
 was burdened with a wife had a honse to Mnw 
 self ; of the other colossi, as many as foul' 
 lodged with one landlord, who had to wait upon 
 and provide food for them, for which he only 
 received some stacks of wood. The men of this- 
 regiment never had leave, could carry on no 
 public work, and drink no brandy ; most ot 
 
 them lived like students at the High-school 
 
 they occupied themselves with books, drawings 
 
 to show that she knows her household duties. 
 Tha newly married people, the Braschka, and 
 the rest of the company, have not much time 
 to rest. The Lord's Day has begun, and the 
 church-bells summon them to His temjile. Here 
 tho new couple never fail to come. When the 
 service is over, the musicians, who are awaiting 
 ths wedding-guests, accompany them to the 
 hns1),ind's house. There the feasting is again 
 resumed, which lasts till midday on Monday. 
 
 BOTAL PALACE AT POSTDAM, PRUSSIA. 
 
 situated between the Havel and a swamp ; the 
 king made it into an architectural camp ; no 
 civilian could carry a sword there, not even the 
 Minister of State. There round the king's castle, 
 in small brick houses, which were built partly 
 in the Dutch stj'le, were stationed the king's 
 giants — the world-renowned Grenadier regi- 
 ment. There were three battalions of eight 
 hundred men, besides six hundred to eight hun- 
 dred reserves. Whoever among the Grenadiers 
 
 and music, or worked in their houses. They 
 received extra pay — the tallest from ten b> 
 twenty thalers a month ; all these fine men 
 wore high, plated grenadier caps, which made 
 them about four handbreadths taller. 
 
 Whoever belonged to the colonel's own com- 
 pany of the regiment had his picture taken and 
 hung up in the corridor of the Castle of Pots- 
 dam. Many distinguished persons traveled to 
 Potsdam to see these sons of Aoak at parade or 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 ^9 
 
 TEABBACH AND THE KUINS OF GKAEFENBURG CASTLE, RHENISH PROVINCES. 
 
220 
 
 •THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 SALT CAVERNS OF BKKCHTEZGADEN, BAVARIA. 
 
 exercising. Bnt it was remarked that such 
 giants were scarcely useful for real war, and 
 that it had never occurred to any one in the 
 world to seek for extraordinary height as ad- 
 vantageous to soldiers; this wonder was re- 
 served for Prussia. But any one who 
 staid in the country did well not to 
 express this too openly ; for the Gre- 
 nadiers were a passion of the king, 
 which, in his later years, amounted 
 almost to madness, and for which he 
 forgot his family, justice, honor, con- 
 science, and what had stood highest 
 with him all his life — the advantage of 
 bis States. They were his dear blue 
 children ; he was perfectly acquainted 
 with each individual ; took a lively 
 interest in their personal concerns, 
 and tolerated long speeches and dry 
 answers from them. It was diflflcult 
 for a civilian to obtain justice against 
 these favorites, and they were, with 
 good reason, feared by the people. 
 
 Wherever, in any part of Europe, a 
 tall man was to be found, the king- 
 traced him out, and secured him either 
 by bounty or force, for his guard. 
 There was the giant Miiller, who had 
 shown himself in Paris and London 
 for money — two groschen a person- 
 he was the fourth or fifth in the line , 
 
 still taller was Jonas, a smith's journeyman, 
 from Norway ; then the Prussian Hohmenn, 
 whose head King Augustus of Poland — though 
 a man of fine stature — could not reach with his 
 outstretched hand • finally, later, there was 
 
 Jamts Kirckland, an Irishman, whom the 
 Prussian Ambassador, Von Borke, had carried 
 off by force from England, and on account of 
 whom -diplomatic intercourse was nearly broken 
 off. They were collected together from every 
 vocation of life — adventurers of the 
 worst kind, students, Roman Catholic 
 priests, monks, and even some noble- 
 men, stood in rank and file. 
 
 The apartments occupied in the 
 Palace of Potsdam by Frederick the 
 Great are preserved in the same state 
 in which they were left by him ; but, 
 as is well-knowr, R.xus-Souci was his 
 favorite resideucc. 
 
 THK ORKAT TUN- or tIEIDET.BKRO. 
 
 Salt Oaverns of Bsrchtezgaden. 
 
 One of the most curious salt mines 
 iu the world is at Berchtezgaden, in 
 Bavaria, and it deserves to be as well 
 kuown as those of Wieliczka. 
 
 The town lies twelve miles south of 
 Saltzburg, and has a population of two 
 thoufand, two hundred of whom are 
 employed in the royal salt mines. The 
 little town boasts of a royal palace, a 
 Franciscan convent, and a charitable 
 asylum. The mines are very prodnot- 
 ive, yielding sixteen thousand hundredi 
 weight of rock salt annually. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 221 
 
 BITUMEN MINERS OP BECHELBBCNN AT PRAYER BEFORE DESCENDINO THE MINK. 
 
 A lady ■who visited the mine says her party 
 repaired to the dressing - house, where were 
 dressing-apartments for each sex. The ladies 
 ■were nearly stripped and provided with loose 
 white pantaloons; then with a thick military tu- 
 nic and a blue cloth cap ; the gentlemen were 
 also transformed, though not so picturesquely. 
 li^h was suppUed with a lantern, to be held 
 in the hand or hooked to the belt. 
 
 i£ntering a gloomy portal, like an Egyptian 
 tomb, cbey 'found themselves in a chilly 
 
 atmosphere, though it was a sultry day. They 
 passed through many galleries cut in the tufa, 
 about two feet wide and six high, beautiful in 
 the flickering light as the salt in veins marbled 
 the surface, here opal white, then orange, then 
 red. The passages ascended gradually by steps. 
 At last, on passing an opening, there was a cry 
 at the beautiful vision that burst upon them. 
 
 "Before us," she says, " was a low but spa- 
 cious cavern, almost entirely filled by a smooth 
 lake of salt water of the blackest hue. In the 
 
 midst was the dark silhouette of the ferry, 
 boat being rowed toward us by a man, and 
 having on board a single hght; but as the 
 water dripped from his oars, it received the 
 gutter of some hundred lamps, forming a 
 cordon around the water's edge, and defining 
 the boundaries of the lake ; while they dimly 
 lighted the strange scene, each starry point 
 was reflected as a perpendicular line ^A light 
 in the still, deep waters of the yool. • 
 . "It was like an enchantment, and a mora 
 
222 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THB EUSSAAL, BOXBUBO— FROM THE GARDEN. 
 
 -startling and eflfeotive sight can scarcely be 
 imagined." 
 
 Crossing this, they reached a shaft, which 
 they descended in a strange way. The guide 
 ..«at in a sort of groove, and throwing a leg over 
 
 a rail on either side, made them take their 
 places in the same attitude behind him, each 
 holding the shoulders of the one before. Then 
 away they went, and before they could recover 
 their presence of mind, landed gently at the 
 
 lower extremity, about three hundred feet from 
 the starting-point. They had lauded in an illu- 
 minated cavern, lined with glistening tufa, the 
 crystal veins of which were of various shades 
 of semi-transparent orange and rich crimson. 
 
 THE RorLETTE TABLE, KnRSAAL, BOMBmO. 
 
GEKMANT. 
 
 223 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
224 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Another descent brought them to 
 the depths of the mountain, the 
 most spacious vault of all, where, 
 in a beautiful grotto adorned with 
 stalactites, the guide showed a 
 rock-salt medallion of the king, 
 which he had carved in a slab of 
 rock-salt; it was illuminated from 
 behind, and a stream of salt water 
 poured over it. 
 
 To reach the upper air was the 
 next step. For this purpose they 
 mounted wooden horses, each of 
 which took eight riders, who are 
 advised not to stick out their knees 
 or elbows. These run on rails, 
 and are impelled with great speed, 
 and at last wheel the traveler 
 into the daylight once more. 
 The salt is not mined here 
 as rock-salt, but vaults are 
 hollowed out, and then filled 
 with water from above by 
 turning in mountain springs. 
 This water dissolves the salt 
 and takes it up, depositing 
 the clay at the bottom. When 
 it has taken up all it will 
 hold, it is drawn off and run 
 in wooden pipes to the boiling- 
 houses, some of them as much 
 as forty-two miles distant, the vi- 
 cinity of wood-lands making the 
 boiling less expensive there. 
 
 The Valhalla, in Bavaria. 
 
 Few monarchs have done 
 more to elevate the patriotic 
 feelings of their people and 
 improve their tastes by the 
 noblest works of art, than Louis, 
 King of Bavaria. Of the insti- 
 tutions reared by him, chiefly at 
 his own cost, the most remarkable 
 is the Valhalla, or Hall of Heroes, 
 destined as an imperishable mon- 
 ument to the most celebrated 
 men of Germany in all ages. 
 The first stone was laid by the 
 king on October the 18th, 1830, 
 on a hill near the village of Do- 
 naustauf, about four miles from 
 Ratisbon. It is surrounded b y 
 a fine amphitheatre of hills, and 
 is approached from the Danube 
 by a vast flight of steps. 
 
 The Valhalla forms externally a 
 magnificent Doric octastyle peripte- 
 ral temple, with its principal front 
 facing the south. It is entirely 
 constructed of white marble, and 
 is nearly the same dimensions as 
 the Parthenon, being one hundred 
 and four by two hundred and 
 twenty-five feet; the columns and 
 entablature forty-five feet high, 
 and the pediment twelve ; making 
 with the substructure, a total 
 height of two hundred feet. 
 
 The blocKs of marble are of extracrainarv 
 dimensions, and those forming the archiiraveE 
 about eighteen feet in length. 
 
 There is a most magnificent display of scalp. 
 ture, and in a truly classical taste, in the two^ 
 pediments, after designs by Kauch, remodeled, 
 and executed by Schwanthaler. That of th» 
 south pediment consists of iifteen figures in 
 full relief, the one in the centre — of colossal 
 size and seated — representing Germania, and 
 the others symbolical of the different Ger- 
 manic States. The sculpture of the other 
 pediment, which is entirely the work of 
 Schwanthaler, consists of the same number of 
 figures, representing the victory obtained by 
 the Cherusci over the Romans. 
 
 The interior of the Valhalla is of most strikr. 
 
 FINGER SHOniSO THF UECHANISM, 
 
 ing splendor, most sumptuous in point of deco- 
 ration, and highly original in its design, which 
 exhibits great happiness of invention. It con-- 
 sists chiefly of a single hall, one hundred and 
 fifty by fifty-seven feet, with a space at its 
 north end, but separated from it only by a 
 screen of Ionic columns, which order is contin- 
 ued throughout in the antse at the angles of 
 the massive piers which divide the hall into 
 three compartments. The ceiling is of daz- 
 zling splendor, being almost entirely lined 
 with plates of gilt bronzes, and wilt, gold starr 
 and other ornaments on an azure ground in iti 
 coffres. Through this the light is admitted 
 from a skylight over each compartment. 
 
 The floor is inlaid with colored marbles froM 
 Tegernese, distributed into three larger com- 
 partments answering to those of the plan. Th& 
 shafts of the antse and columns arc of a brown, 
 ish red marble, resembling the antique African, 
 and their bases and capitals of white marble, 
 picked out with colors and gilding, while the 
 walls are lined with the same material, and of 
 nearly the same hue as the columns. In the 
 entablature the architrave and cornice are • 
 white, relieved by gold and colors on their - 
 moldings, but the frieze, entirely of white mar- 
 ble, forms a continuous bas-relief, representing 
 the progress of civilization in Germany, from . 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 ^2i} 
 
 HEMP STEEPING 05 THE BANKS OF THE RHINE 
 
 the earliest times to 
 the introduction of 
 Christianity by St. 
 Bonifacius Thi i piece 
 of sculpture, wliich ex- 
 tends altogether to 
 two hundred and 
 thirty feet, was com- 
 posed by Wagner and 
 executed by Pettrich 
 and Schopf. The three 
 pediments seen on 
 entering are orna- 
 mented with subjects 
 taken from the earliest 
 Scandinayian mytho- 
 logy, composed by the 
 painter Lindenschmidt 
 and Professor Stig- 
 limar. 
 
 Imperfect as it is, 
 this description of the 
 architectural decora- 
 tions has detained us 
 BO long that we may 
 seem to have over- 
 looked the principal 
 objects of all — the 
 very works for which 
 the structure was 
 erected as a repository, 
 namely, the effigies of 
 the illustrious persons 
 here commemorated. 
 
 SALMON WATCaiNO ON THE SHUnt. 
 
 They are skillfully 
 arranged in two rows, 
 the lower one of which 
 is placed upon a con- 
 tinued pedestal of 
 beautiful yellow mar- 
 ble, the others on con- 
 soles; and, as presiding 
 over the respective 
 groups of busts, there 
 is within each of the 
 six recesses a smaller 
 winged Valkyria, or 
 genius, also antique 
 marble seats and mar- 
 ble candelabra. 
 
 The memorials are 
 partly tablets and 
 partly busts, and many 
 blanks are yet left to 
 be filled up by pos- 
 terity 
 
 The tablets begin 
 with Hermann, or 
 Arminius, the German 
 prince who defeated 
 the Romans in the 
 year 21, and include 
 Bishop Ulphilas, the 
 apostle of the Goths, 
 Alaric, Hengist and 
 Horsa, Tohla, Pepin 
 Heristall, Bede, Mar- 
 tel, Charlemagne and 
 
226 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 o 
 
 PI 
 
 C5 
 
GEB3IANY. 
 
 227 
 
 O 
 
228 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 niired. Among the busts are not only the 
 warriors of Germany, but Guttenberg, Uurer, 
 Erasmus, Copernicus, Grotius, Kepler and 
 Rubens. 
 
 No other edifice of modern times is so in- 
 tensely Grecian, or so highly elaborated as a 
 monument of art. A truly monumental fabric 
 it certainly is, being sj constructed that it may 
 be pronounced imperishable ; as such, there- 
 fore, it will hand down the memory of its 
 founder and architect to a distant posterity, 
 which will place the names of Ludwig of Ba- 
 varia and Leo von Klenze with those of Peri- 
 cles and Phideas 
 
 Euins of Graefenburg Castle. 
 Tearbaoh is a little town in Rhenish Prussia, 
 rituated on the Moselle, in one of the most 
 picturesque parts of the valley. Two valleys. 
 
 dismantled it in 1794. The town thrives as 
 the depot of the celebrated vine-growing slopes 
 arounu it. It is well worthy of a visit, if only 
 to enjoy the curious architecture that prevails. 
 The houses shown in our sketch give some idea 
 of its quaintness ; the curious circular tower, 
 supported like a pulpit on a single shaft, would 
 alone repay the time and labor of a visit. 
 
 Colossal Statue if Bavaria, Munich, 
 Beyond the Ludwig suburb of Bavaria, at 
 the end of a plain, stands a portico with col- 
 umns modeled on those of Egina. Beneath it 
 are busts of Bavaria's great men. But the 
 great feature of the spot is the colossal bronze 
 statue of Bavaria, which stands before it. This 
 statue towers sixty feet above the psdcstal, 
 which is thirty feet in lieight. A lion crouches 
 at the feet of the figure, which holds aloft the 
 
 by a troop of children, boys and girls. Bare- 
 footed, bare headed, scantily -clad, but with 
 cheerful faces, they look cunningly at the 
 traveler, with an evident desire to amuse them- 
 selves at his expense in some innocent manner, 
 for the little urchins are really good at heart. 
 They are only actuated by a desire to frolic, and 
 laugh, and amuse themselves. If the traveler 
 gives them a smile, or manifests the slisbtest 
 disposition to talk with them, they question him 
 and l)ecome familiar at once ; and if he throws 
 them some fruits or nuts, they dance and shout 
 and scramble for them in the most amusing 
 manner. What picturesque, animated groups 
 do they form ! When the coach drives away 
 they run after it and follow it sometimes for a 
 quarter of a mile, with shouts and grimaces and 
 antics of all kinds. 
 
 " Woe to the sleeping driver if his cart contains 
 any objects capable of tempting the sportive 
 
 MINING IN THE OPEN AIR, AT EAMMELSBURY, IN THE HARTZ. 
 
 watered by charming streams, open to the 
 south ; the intervening liills are covered with 
 Tineyards and woods. 
 
 ~ Its walls, flanked by ancient towers, and the 
 ruins of Grsefenburg Castle frowning down 
 upon it, f,'ive the place an original aspect. 
 
 Grsefenburg was built in the fourteen cen- 
 tury by the Countess Lauretta de Salm, widow 
 of Henry II., Count of Sponheim, with the 
 ransom whic i t is strong-minded lady extorted 
 from Baldwin, Archbisho^) of Treve.?, whom she 
 had long detained as a prisoner in defiance 
 even of Papal excommunic ition. During the 
 Thirty Years' War Grcefenburg was alternately 
 occupied by Spaniards, French, and Sweiles ; in 
 1687, the French retook and rebui t it ; as they 
 did again in 1702. But after once more falling 
 into the enemy's hands, it was destroyed by 
 Marshal Pellisle, 1734. The rrench finally 
 
 crown of victory. A ttaircase leads up to the 
 head of the statue, wliich has seats arranged 
 on it. Some guide-books pretend that it will 
 hold thirty persons, but a recent traveler says 
 that ten is all that it will hold with any com- 
 fort. Air and light are admitted to the head 
 from an aperture, and the seats are generally 
 occupied at once after the fatiguing ascent. 
 
 German Peasantry. 
 
 A RECENT traveler gives an amusing account 
 of the rustics of the Rhenish Provinces. It 
 shows that children are the same " all round 
 the world." 
 
 " When the stage-coach stops to change horses 
 or to attend to commissions in any of the great 
 Vosges valleys, like Brusche, Munster, and St. 
 Marie-aux-Mines, it is immediately surrounded 
 
 troupe ! Our engraving represents one who has 
 fallen asleep through the effects of drink or the 
 heat ; liis bead is leaning over his knees, while 
 his four oxen draw the vehicle up the hill. 
 What a god-send to the little scamps! 
 
 ' ' On the top of the hay which he throws loosely 
 into his wagon, according; to the Vosges custom, 
 the countryman has placed a barrel of molasses, 
 some of which !s escaping through a fiss re. A 
 ttream of this liquid attracts the attention of 
 these little epicures, who are watching the 
 langwagm (this is the name given to tlie four- 
 wheeled vehicle which the Germans have used 
 all over Europe from time immemorial). The 
 little rogues do not allow this chance to escape 
 tlicm ; some go in search of jars and pitchers, 
 while others, more greedy or less provident, 
 allow their hands to serve as receivers. They 
 climb up behind the wagon, hastily provide 
 
GEKMANT. 
 
 229 
 
THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 TOWN-HALL AT lillEMXN, FOBMEBLY Till! AKCHBISlllll's TALACK. 
 
 " The l)oys, too, have 
 their frolics. Another 
 wa'-ton passes by, and as 
 the heat is very great, the 
 driver sleeps soundly. 
 
 "His broad-brimined hat 
 protects his face from the 
 rays of the sun. The 
 vehicle, drawn by three 
 horses, is laden not alone 
 with hay, but with a tree 
 which has fallen over to 
 one side. On the hay lies 
 a cask of schnaps. Perhaps 
 my reader does not know 
 what schnaps means. But 
 the little rascals are quite 
 familiar with this spirit 
 made of potatoes, plums 
 or gTjin. You would not 
 find it palatable, but they 
 are satisfied with it, as well 
 as their fathers, uncles, and 
 all their relations. Our 
 engraving represents three 
 urchins about to make a 
 hole in the cask. A fourth 
 has fallen backward ; a 
 fifth, thinking that his 
 wooden shoes do not wear 
 out fast enough, has seized 
 hold of the end of the 
 tree and gets a ride gratis 
 Others are attempting to 
 aiicend the wagon, but these 
 little knaves of the moun- 
 tain are as belligerent as 
 their brethren of the 
 p'ains. Two are struggling 
 
 ttemselvcswith wuat tbcy want, and then jump 
 down. With what r.n .■'.ir of c intentmcnt does 
 one of the little o -.os we have represent:id drink 
 the molasses from her ban s ! Another has 
 prudently gon3 (i;T by herself and tastes the 
 black p,mbrosia by th us'injf half her fice into 
 the pit her which she holds so carefully. A 
 third sucks her thumb i. w.,ile her comrade puts 
 her fingers into t'.ie j irof molas;es and manages 
 to cleanse t'aen wi:ho t wat r or tow Is ! 
 
 "But the remain "er if the pirty have not yet 
 had a taste of th2 tempting liqui 1. Two little 
 ones have s-icc^ie le 1 i i ra)untia^, the cart ; they 
 liave reached t'le bwrol an 1 are cli igin-^ to each 
 Other for sippirt. Thj/ are not wasting their 
 time, as you will pjrcoivs. A third, with a 
 pitcher in her ban's, ii endeavoring to j )in 
 thorn ; but this is ni eas/ matter, for they are 
 unwilling to "ivj up t'l ir adv ntagsous place. 
 One lit'le glutt.m who i3 rathor heavy, has 
 seized the enl of th ! poll t) wh'ch the two 
 ■wheels are fnstened and which extends behind 
 the wagm ; butfh'; 1 il'ors in vain— she cannot 
 Bucceod in axeiding even though a cnmr ide 
 lends her ass' stance, doub les^ i i the selfish hope 
 of being rera".mbo'e ' in tlie event of ler obtain- 
 ing some of the 'clicacy. B it wh it compensa- 
 tion is thore fir t'l ; litMe one whi ha; fallen 
 back ii he- attemnt *.t cM;nb into fie cirt? 
 M'ho will appease her gri 'f by offer ng ber some 
 of the bootv ? T' pse .iro qiiestims whi h we 
 cannot answer. The f 11 must hnve been a 
 severe one. for the f r- n'mother has dropped 
 her crutch to assist the little one in rising. 
 
 lOLLGATK AT lUANKTORl. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 S81 
 
 THE CASTLE OP HEIDELBERQ. 
 
282 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 
 id 
 
 ' ^^^^^I^H 
 
 t^/KSkt^f. 
 
 .91 
 
 HM 
 
 
 HH 
 
 PUP^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^i 
 
 m|HHb' 
 
 
 HHp^p; 
 
 yPu^3!|5^^^SgBQ 
 
 iflB^^^' 
 
 EElCXIt^•D.\ClI FALLS. 
 
 together, and one of the antagonists 
 is endeavoring to obtain such a 
 hold tliat his adversary shall fall 
 with him. Vain arc the efforts of 
 a mutual friend, who endeavors to 
 separate them. The mother, who 
 withdraws her son from tliis tumult, 
 is decidedly more successful. 
 With one hand she drags him 
 away, while with the other she ad- 
 ministers wholesome chastisement. 
 It is useless for him to bend down 
 his head and protect his face with 
 his right arm ; the blows come 
 thick and fast as he U led home- 
 ward. He will remain quiet for a 
 few hours, and then become more 
 mischievous than ever. 
 
 "There is a popular lej;end among 
 the Vosses which should serve as 
 a warning to naughty children. 
 It is reb-ted that in former times 
 a very malicious i:rchia gained 
 considerable notoriety by his con- 
 stant pranks. He thrcvir stones 
 under the millwheels, which either 
 broke them or prevented tlieir 
 turning. During the night he raised 
 the floodgates of the canals for irri- 
 gation and flooded the fields, and 
 opened tlie doors of the stables and 
 set the cattle at liberty. One day 
 he amused himself by setting fire 
 to a shepherd's house, which was 
 thus reduced to ashes. This was 
 rather too much. 'J he giant of the 
 Kideck s.ized him, carried him to 
 the mountain, and called his 
 mothei, who was a skillful ma- 
 gician. Khe left her iaboratory and 
 listened to the accusation. Vainly 
 did the little offender weep, scream 
 struggle r.nd make promises for the 
 future. ' You shall be transformed 
 into an owl,' said the sorceress, as 
 she touclied him with her wand. 
 Immediately he besan to diminish 
 in size, and gray feathers covered 
 
 him, while a yellow circle formed around his 
 eyes. Now, instead of vagabondizing through 
 the streets, he seeks shelter among ruins and 
 flies about in the darkness. He no longer laughs, 
 no longer sings, hut hoots monotonously, sad- 
 dening all who hear him. For the preservation 
 of tliis legend, and that it might become familiar 
 in every cabin, the Alsatian poet, Steuben, has 
 put it into verse. But the little scamps for 
 whose benefit it was invented are not to be in- 
 timidated by the old tradition, but are as noisy 
 and turbulent as before. 
 
 " But what has happened ? Why have those 
 little maidens whom we saw in the midst of their 
 sport suddenly become so grave ? Have they all 
 at once changed their nature ? Good heavens, 
 no ! but the little girls have become little wo- 
 men ; they are fond of dress, and as this day is 
 Sunday, they are in their best clothes. They 
 have caps, as you see ; dresses with sleeves, 
 capes around their necks, aprons, bows of rib- 
 bons, and even the rare luxury of shoes and 
 stockings ! They therefore are cautious in every 
 movement, lest their tine clothes should suffer. 
 To look at them now, with their demure faces, 
 
 TOHB OF THE THREE KINGS, A.T COLOaNIi 
 
 THE STATJBBACH, Oa DUST FALL. 
 
 would one ever believe them to bo 
 the little romps who were yesterday 
 scrambling into the cart without 
 the least fear of tearing or soiling 
 their dresses ? They appear now to 
 be holding a serious consultation 
 or deliberating about some matter 
 of importance ! Their gravity, 
 however, will not be permanent ; 
 to-morrow they will be as they were 
 yesterday. 
 
 But the time is fast approaching 
 when they must work in the field 
 with their sisters. Those repre- 
 sented in our engraving are thirteen 
 or fourteen years of age ; they go 
 to their work in the morning, but 
 return when the heat becomes too 
 powerful. They are now taking a 
 little rest, 'ihey wear a colored 
 bodice, a light petticoat and shoes, 
 to prevent their feet being lacerated 
 by the stones Following the cus- 
 tom of the Alsatian women who 
 work in the fields, they have shel- 
 tered their heads by large hats of 
 homemake, or those cast off by fine 
 ladies. They are very slender for 
 young girls, but would be still 
 more so if they inhabited the 
 mountainous regions, where pro- 
 visions are coarse and scanty. 
 When the young girls courtesy in 
 passing, or salute you with a timid 
 air, you stop almost involuntarily 
 to contemplate their delicate fea- 
 tures, their beautiful fair hair 
 floating over their shoulders, their 
 slender waists, their bare limbs and 
 their tattered dres.>-:es. They show 
 unmistakable signs of poverty, but 
 in its least sad and repulsive aspect ; 
 and yet you cannot avoid a feeling 
 of pity on reflecting that their lives 
 are one scene of privati<n. Had 
 they only wholesome nourishment, 
 now, on the verge of womanhood, 
 they would become lively, joyotis. 
 
GEBMANI. 
 
 and charming. That languid air would then 
 give place to strength and freshness and 
 dazzling beauty. But their meagre fare can- 
 not be changed ; they will continue to subsist 
 upon boiled potatoes alone, and a few years 
 
 A View in Hildesheim. 
 
 HiLDESHEiM is a towu of Prussia, in the 
 Province of Hanover, and has a population of 
 about 25,000. The construction of the town 
 
 see; and it continues to be the seat of • 
 Roman Catholic bishop. The cathedral con- 
 tains a treasury rich in antique church plate, 
 and many famous reUcs and works of art. It« 
 bronze doors, made in 1015, by order of Bishop 
 
 henot all the promise and the dawning 
 beaa^ in those young faces will have van- 
 ished ; the tender plants are already faded, 
 and Nature, constantly thwarted by their lowly 
 condition, has not been able to make good 
 ber riromises. 
 
 A VIEW IN niLDESHEIM, PRUSSIA. 
 
 is very irregular, but the crooked streets are 
 exceedingly quaint, and vestiges of remote an- 
 tiquity abound in every direction, especially 
 in the churches, many of which are Roman 
 Catholic, owing to the mediaeval celebrity of 
 
 Bernwald, represent in their basso-relievos Vb» 
 first and the second Adam. 
 
 Our illustration represents one of the an- 
 cient fountains with its pillared warrior, not 
 ill-placed, fo" the bnilding behind, with its 
 
 the place as the capital of a great episcopal ' lancet windows and its Oriental turrets, 
 
asi 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■■l-r=.S-rs^9^i./.s;s/Ml.^S 
 
 BARES ON THE IIANTBE. 
 
 •rected in the fourteenth century by the once 
 mighty religious military Order, the Templars, 
 ■whose fall is one of the vexed questions of 
 history. 
 
 The city is surrounded by ramparts which, 
 in the long years of peace, had become, like 
 other boulevards, favorite promenades. For 
 its size, it has a great number of churches, 
 schools, hospitals and asylums, thus showing 
 the religious and benevolent spirit of its 
 people. >-<•>-. — — — — 
 
 The Great Tun of Heidelberg;. 
 In a large under-room, in the castle or palace 
 of the Princes Palatine of the llhiue at Heidel- 
 berg, the eccentric traveler, Thomas Coryat, 
 found this vast vessel, in its original form, of 
 which he has given a picture representing him- 
 self as perched on its top, with a glass of its 
 contents iu his hands. To him it appeared the 
 greatest wonder he had seen iu his travels. Its 
 •onstruction was begun in the year 1589, and 
 finished in 1591, one Michael Warner being the 
 principal fabricator. It was composed of beams 
 twenty-eeveu feet long, and had a diameter of 
 
 eighteen feet. The iron hooj)iug was eleven 
 thousand pounds iu weight. The cost was 
 eleven score and eighteen pounds sterling. It 
 could hold one hundred and thirty -two fuders 
 of wine, a fuder being equal to four English 
 hogsheads, and the value of the Rhenish con- 
 tained in it, when Coryat visited Heidelberg 
 (1608), was close upon two thousand pounds. 
 
 " When the cellarer," says Coryat, "draweth 
 wine out of the vessel, he ascendeth two several 
 degrees of wooden stairs made iu the form of a 
 ladder, and so goeth up to the top ; about the 
 middle whereof there is a bunghole or venting 
 oriiice, into the which he conveyeth a pretty 
 instrument of some foot and a half long, made 
 in the form of a spout, wherewith he draweth 
 up the wine and so poureth it after a pretty 
 maimer into a glass." 
 
 Murray's " Handbook of the Bhine " repre- 
 sents the present tun as made in 1751, as thirty- 
 six feet long, and twenty-four feet in height, 
 and as capable of containing eight hundred 
 hogsheads, or two hundred and eighty-three 
 thousand two hundred bottles. It has been 
 disused since 1769. 
 
 Bitumen Miners of Bechelbmniii 
 
 Nkak V\'oerth, so famous as the battlefield 
 where France first gave way before the steady 
 skill, discipline and valor of Germany, is the 
 bitumen mine of Bechelbrunn. The mine was 
 discovered by means of a spring whose bitnmin- 
 ous waters won it the name of Bechelbrunn, ot 
 Pitch Spring. Petroleum was found here and 
 \ised before 1498, and the inhabitiiuts lit up 
 their cabins and lubricated their wheels with. 
 it before Columbus discovered America. 
 
 The bitumiuous sand next became on object 
 for industry, and finally the mines were begun. 
 There are two distinct group of mines, one 
 centring around the Salome Well, the other 
 around the Madeleine and Joseph Wells. As 
 the veins sometimes throw out a highly inflam- 
 mable gas, this, with the danger from water, 
 renders the work of the forty miners perilous 
 indeed. And our illustration shows how the 
 solid German qualities prepare the miners for 
 their work. They never descend without paus. 
 iug to give a few moments to reflection and 
 prayer. Honest, sincere, pious and laborious^ 
 
 A FISIUKQ TILLAOX AT ATATBUi, ON THB DAMUBX. 
 
GfiBMANT. 
 
 a» 
 
 they are a worthy set of men indeed. Half of 
 them are employed in the interior, while the 
 rest are without ; and they alternate their 
 labors. 
 
 The produce of these mines has amounted to 
 eight hundred quintals a year, the bituminous 
 Band producing nearly two per cent, of oil. 
 
 When our oil wells cease their immense yield, 
 
 we shall be compelled to resort to the system of 
 
 mines, and extract the sand saturated with the 
 
 petroleum. 
 
 > I ♦ > < 
 
 Tomb of the Three Zings, Cologne. 
 
 OuK readers have often met referonces to the 
 Three Kiugs of Cologne, but it mu.st not be 
 inferred that these three everruled in that city. 
 The cathedral of Cologne claims to possess the 
 relics of the Three Wise Men or Kings of the 
 East, who were led by a star to the crib at 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 The shrine of the Three Kings of Cologne is 
 in a small marble chapel, in the Ionic style, 
 behind the high altar. These kings, as tradi- 
 tion reports, were the Magi who came from the 
 East to bring presents to the infant Saviour. 
 The Emperor Frederic Barbarossa brought their 
 bones from Milan, after taking that city by 
 storm in 1170. They are placed in a case of 
 Bolid silver. The skulls, which are the only 
 parts that remain, were once crowned with 
 golden diadems, enriched with jewels. Each 
 BkuU is inscribed with a name written in rubies 
 — Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. The shrine 
 of the Three Kings of Cologne was once the 
 most famous in Christendom, and was profusely | 
 adorned with precious stones. In 1794 these i 
 relics were carried off by the Chapter to Aren- j 
 berg, in Westphalia, to prevent their seizure by 
 the French. They were brought back in 1804, 
 but in the meantime some of the precious 
 stones were taken away ; imitations in paste or 
 glass have been substituted, and the crowns of 
 the Three Kings are now of silver gilt. There 
 still remains a display of stones, gems, cameos, 
 and enamel-work sufficient to show the former 
 richness of the shrine. 
 
 Baden-Baden, 
 This celebfated watering-place and resort of 
 the fashion of Europe, is situated in the Grand 
 Duchy of Baden, in a valley of the Schwarz- 
 wald, eighteen miles from Carlsruhe, and has a 
 regular population of six thousand. In Sum- 
 mer, however, it averages nearly thirty-five 
 thousand visitors, who go for the purpose of 
 taking the waters, which are very medicinal, 
 flirting and gambling. Thither invalids resort 
 to get health, portionless girls to catch hus 
 bands, while younger sons and adventurers do 
 their best to catch heiresses. It is also a famous 
 place for games of hazard, being frequented by 
 all the most noted and fashionable gamblers on 
 the continent ; this, however, has been much 
 modified of late, but still the evil exists to a 
 »ery large extent. This will always be the case 
 where a miscellaneous crowd of idlers collect 
 for a given period to while away the time, for 
 dissipation is the invariable result of idleness. 
 The immense sums which change hands during 
 a fashionable season is almost incredible ; but 
 ft can be readily imagined, when it is borne in 
 ^aiod that in 1845 there were oyer thirty-four * 
 
236 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 arONB ON THE riELD OF LUTZEN, WHEUE GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS FELL. 
 
 thousand visitors, comprising tlic wealth, fash- 
 Ion, and vice of England, France, Russia, Gcr- 
 inany and Italy, with a moderate sprinkle of 
 onr own Kepublic. According to a statement 
 In a Vienna journal, there wore about five 
 thousand English, four thousand French, eight 
 hundred Russians, the balance being made up 
 of the other nations of the world. One great 
 evil of Baden-Baden is, that it is there consid- 
 ered en regie for ladies to gamble, and many a 
 fair dame owes her ruin to the treacherous 
 cards. 
 
 The town is situated about six miles from 
 the Rhine, and is connected by a branch with 
 the railway from Mannheim to Basic. On the 
 top of the bill there are th:; ruins cf r.n ancient 
 eastle, which dates from the tenth or eleventh 
 century. There is also a new castle, with sub- 
 terranean vaults, a hall cf antiquities, a pump- 
 room over the c'lief spring, the Conversation 
 House, as it is calle 1, and other e lificcs, for the 
 convenience of visitor.-^. The v^'ater, whieh is 
 C»mp3sed of saline ingredient.!, iron and free 
 
 carbonic acid, and va- 
 ries in temperature from 
 117 to 154 Fahrenheit, 
 is conveyed in pipes to 
 numerous hotels, in 
 whicli baths are fitted 
 up. July and August 
 are the most fashionable 
 montlis ; but there are 
 alwiys visitors arriving 
 as early as May, and 
 many remain as late as 
 October. Indeed, those 
 w'lio visit it merely for 
 sanitary motives gene- 
 rally prefer those seasons 
 of the year. 
 
 Baden-Baden is 
 allowed by tourists to 
 be the most beautifully 
 situated of all the Ger- 
 man watering-places. 
 Its ancient name was Civitas Anrelia Aquenas. 
 It is called Baden-Baden to distinguish it from 
 other towns of the same name in Germany. 
 
 THE KLAPrEBSTEIN — AS OLD PTTNISDMENT. 
 
 Tho Iron Hand and Arm of Goetzvon 
 Berlicliengen. 
 
 Go",TZ VON Berlichexgen was a German knight 
 of the sixteenth century, who assumed rather 
 a Quixotic career of redressing all wrongs. His 
 manner of doing so was so anomalous, that 
 higher authorities sometimes interfered ; for 
 Goetz did not adopt the modern plan of arrest- 
 in"!; a culprit, and handing him over to the judi- 
 cial authorities. His way was prompt. In some 
 of our misgoverned cities, such a 
 ma-i miiht do good. He would take 
 a do3en robbers of tlie public trea- 
 sury, and confine them on short 
 rations till they disgorged, and ap- 
 parently caretl little for any writ 
 in the nature of a habeas corpus 
 
 Goethe — perhaps 
 be:ause his name re- 
 se nbled the knight's 
 — modifies history so 
 as to mike him a 
 Bayard of chivalry, 
 but recorls show that 
 OJr German ruler 
 made the thing pay. 
 In the castb of 
 Jaxthausen, his des- 
 cendants still show 
 an iron hand and 
 arm wliich this con- 
 stant fighter wore, for 
 sixty years, to re- 
 place a right hand 
 lost in besieging 
 Landshut. It is a 
 remarkable piece of 
 work, as our sketches 
 show. It was made 
 by an armorer of 
 OlnhaMson a vi'.l ige 
 near the castle, and 
 w.is elaborately de- 
 scribed in an elegant 
 volume published in 
 181G. and dedicated 
 
 CHAELEMAGNE IN HIS TOMB. 
 
 to three emperors. By springs like those in a 
 gunlock, each finger, by pressing a knob, 
 opened straight ; but, without this, it grasped 
 firmly anything annmd wh-.ch the fingers bent 
 The thumb and wrists had peculiar works of 
 their own. 
 
 THIt "JUNGFERN KCHB." 
 
GEKMANY. 
 
 237 
 
 THE HOllN OF OLDE-NBUBG. 
 
 If the number of movements T"as not 
 ^eat, the grasp on rein or aword Wr>a firm ; 
 end the hand was so well made that it 
 enabled the fighting knight to caiiy on, for 
 over half a century, the strange career to 
 which he piously believed himself especially 
 ouUed by the Almighty — a sort of vigi- 
 lance committee of one. 
 
 are beginning tj t)e de- 
 serted by their scaly 
 denizens. Herrings no 
 longer ascenJ tlie Hud- 
 son, as of old. The 
 country is dotted with 
 salmon-falls, wiiere no 
 salmon are ever seen. 
 The luscious white fish 
 is vanishing from our 
 upper lakes. A new 
 system of legislation is 
 requisite to protect fish, 
 especially in breeding- 
 seasons, applying to them 
 the laws njw applicable 
 to oysters al;/ne. The 
 sale of fresh fish during 
 Summer might be safely 
 and profitably enjoined, 
 as there can be little 
 doubt that it is then 
 to many, esp3cially of 
 the female sex, a very 
 unsafe diet. 
 
 o 
 
 Hemp-Steeping 
 
 ON 
 
 The Biver Bhine. 
 
 The Rhineland is mt 
 a mere park for tourists. 
 It is a land of industry. Ai 
 the cars wheel you along from 
 Kehl to Appenweir, you notice 
 numbers of little ponds walled in by rude bar- 
 riers of stone ; a nearer approach shows them 
 teemmg with fish, ani evjn from the car 
 
 Salmon-Watclimg on the Ehine, 
 
 Omt of the results of modern improve- 
 inents in travel is the diffusion of food and 
 the more general distribution of articles 
 suited for the nourishment of mankind. 
 Formerly districts, scantily peopled, 
 Bwarmed with bird, fish, and animal far 
 beyond the wants of the population, but 
 which could not be taken to a market 
 profitably, because there were no con- 
 T'eyances capable of delivering them fresh. 
 Then these things were sought for sport, 
 or as a delicacy, by the few who could 
 steal away from the busy centres for a 
 few days' life in the mountain or moor. 
 Now every article of food becomes an 
 article of commerce, and we are menaced 
 with an absolute destruction of animal 
 life. 
 
 Our engraving shows a salmon-watcher's 
 tower on the Rhine, an excellent salmon- 
 stream, abounding in fishing-stations 
 which do a very lucrative business. But, 
 as we have said, they menace to destroy 
 tneir own trade. At certain seasons the 
 watcher can signal and count every fish 
 that passes in the water below him, and 
 eyery fish passing can be caught by those 
 oii'the look-out. The sketch of a salmon- 
 Watcher's tower on the great German rivd 
 will interest readers who have never seen 
 Ihat beautiful stream. 
 
 la this country our once-teeming waters 
 
 A SAXON LANTEBN. 
 
 CTIKIOUi OAK TREE. 
 
 you mark t!ie wagtails ever in motion. But il 
 late in the year you happen to pass, it seems a 
 very home of pestilence. These are the poolfi 
 of the hemp cultivators. Hemp {CannaMi 
 Saliva), a plant of the same family as thp 
 nettle and the Cannahk Indica, or hasheesh 
 came originally from Persia, and soon 
 became cultivated in Europe, far and 
 wide, as the best of the plants of coarsei 
 fibre for rope and cordwork. Hemp, left 
 to itself, grows tall and stout, with manj 
 branches. In cultivation it is sown broad 
 cast iH) as to crowd it and prevent branch 
 ing. When the hemp reaches its f .1 
 growth, it is cut and gathered in bundles, 
 in order to undergo in these ponds tho 
 steeping, which produces a fermentation 
 leading to tho dissolution of the vegetnblo 
 glue that holih the fibre, also deconjposi- 
 tion of the wo'»dy matter, and the reienci 
 of the fibre. The bundles are kepi under 
 water by piling stones on them, and after 
 twenty-four hours, tho riyng bubbles and 
 the emission of offensive gas show that 
 Nature has begun her chemical labors. 
 When the proper moment arrives, the 
 villagers gather, each bearing a etool : 
 the bundles arc tnken up, dried, and a 
 fire kindled, aiouud which they sit and 
 begin to separate the fibre by hand It is 
 like a corn-husking, merriment and labor 
 combining with some '•sparking," nn- 
 doubtedly. This hand-dreseed hemp of 
 the Rhine commands a high price ; Ae 
 coarser kinds are beaten with a fiat wooden 
 beetle, and produce an inferior article. 
 
 The principal hemp-producing countries 
 are Russia, Italy Holland, Turkey, the 
 East Indies, and the United States. With 
 US the cultivation of heaap datos back to 
 
THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 SCHILLEB S nOUSE, AT WEIHAB. 
 
 famous is that concerning tlie mill. The view 
 from the gardens was marred gieatly by an old 
 mill. The king resolved to buy and demolish, 
 it ; but, to his annoyance, the miller ol jected. 
 It had been his father's, and nis grandfather's, 
 and he wished to die as they had done — owner 
 of the mill. So he refused point blank to sell. 
 The king raised his offer, and as this failed, his 
 temper rose. He threatened to take it without 
 paying. At this the miller drew up. " What ! 
 take my mill! You might if there were no 
 courts of justice in Berlin." This settled it. 
 The king laughed to think that in his reiga 
 there was such confidence in the integrity of th& 
 judiciary, and, turning to his friends, h» 
 said: 
 
 " We must change our plana. KeighDor, keep 
 your own ; your answer is a good one." 
 
 Historians have endeavored to give the anec- 
 dote authenticity ; but, perhaps, the oest cor- 
 roboration is in the fact that the late King of 
 Prussia, finding the mill in a state of decay, and 
 the miller's descendants poor, rebuilt it at hia 
 own expense, and secured it to them. 
 
 1629 ; but more valuable crops have attracted 
 the attention of our people; and where raisel, 
 the object is frequently not the fibre but the 
 i, which gives a valuable oil. 
 
 The Mill of Sans-Souci, Prussia, 
 Sans-Sotjoi was the favorite residence of Fred- 
 erick the Great, where at one time gathered 
 around him the most brilliant literary cderie in 
 Europe, till quarrels and petty jealousies, from 
 which even the heroes of war and letters are not 
 exempt, broke up the circle. 
 
 All was here simplicity itself. The king lived 
 with no state whatever. At night a corporal 
 and four grenadiers came to guard it till day- 
 break, and this was all the sign of pomp to be 
 seen. One day a stranger whom the king had 
 invited arrived at Sans-Souci, entered, but foimd 
 nobody — so he knocked at a door. A little man 
 dressed in blue quietly opened it^Frederick 
 himself. On another occasion the king, pre- 
 serving his incognito, showed a tourist over the 
 grounds of Sans-Souci, and received an offer of 
 money from the delighteJ traveler. 
 
 Of all the .anecdotes of the place, the most 
 
 THE FESTIVAL OF THE TIIEEE KINGS, IN THE HARTZ MOUNTAINS. 
 
 A MARIlIAaE IN THCRINOIA. 
 
 Mining in the Open Air, at Eammelsnergv 
 in the Hartz. 
 
 Mining is generally associated in our ihinda 
 with subterranean working, with shafts or tun- 
 nels Slink into the bowels of the earth, running 
 at times even under the restless roaring ocean, 
 as in the famed Botall.ich mine in Cornwall, 
 where the miners at their work hear the raging, 
 tempest above them, as it tosses some ship as • 
 toy. 
 
 Mines for metals are generally worked in 
 steps, as the lodes usually have a high inclina- 
 tion to the horizon, and sometimes are even 
 vertical. According to the point struck, these 
 steps are either direct or descending, cr else re- 
 verse, or ascending. In either caee the pxcava 
 tions are disposed in steps, like afli;ht of st^rs. 
 The direct or descending steps are most profit- 
 able, as they enable the miner to make with 
 ease a preliminary sorting of the ore and rock 
 and collect the metallic dust. Occasionally, 
 though on rare occasions, superflcial deposii! 
 
GETIMATTT. 
 
 239 
 
 occur like those of nlluvial ores w'h\ch spread 
 out at the surface in gigantic out-crops, like (lie 
 Iron ore of Elba, or tiie cjpi)er-beds of lUin- 
 melsberg, in the Hartz Mountains, shown in 
 our illustration. Here minin:^ is robbet! of its 
 gloom, of its terrible fire-damp and explosions, 
 and of danger from fire. The miner works in the 
 open air, under the glad sky. isith tlie voices of 
 nature to cheer him on, and his humble home 
 'n sight, end not in a subterranean gloom. 
 
 the great national museum, -nhere many relics 
 of early Scandinavian art arc preserved. These, 
 with the jewels, mini itures and portraits, are all 
 arranged in chronolojiic il order. 
 
 Among the curiosities here preserved is the 
 celebrated Horn of Ol lenborg, which our readers 
 will perceive to be a most elaborate piece of 
 work'nanship. It was executed about 1455 by 
 Daniel Aretaens, a native of Corvey, in West- 
 phalia, hy commaad of Christian I. of Denmark, 
 
 enriched with ornamentation in green and tIo 
 let enamel, representing scenes of feudal domo^ 
 tic life at the time. 
 
 Student Life at Heidelberg. 
 
 The mode of life of the student varies with 
 
 his condition. Some live in style, having fine 
 
 suites of apartments, and keeping open house 
 
 from one year's end to another. Some Jive in 
 
 As wiii DC seen, they have cut away so much 
 of the mount lin-sido, and sent it whirling down 
 the long incline, that the superincumbent rock 
 lies like a c-ip on (h3 civity. 
 
 The Hom ot Oldenborg. 
 The Castle of Rosenborij;, at Copenhagen — a 
 palace of the Danish kings — is now in reality 
 
 THE MILL OF SANS-SOUCI, PRUSSIA. 
 
 who intended it as a votive offering at the shrine 
 of the Three Wise Men, or, as they are generally 
 called, " The Three Kings of Cologne." 
 
 Christian had been made mediator between 
 the Archbi hop of Cologne and his chapter, but 
 failing to restore peace between prelate and 
 canons, made no offering. And so the horn re- 
 mained as an heirloom. It is an exquisite 
 specimen of the goldsmith's art of silver gilt, 
 
 attics, paying about two dollars per month fiJT 
 their rooms, where they eat, sleep and studjT- 
 But the most usual plan is for a number of pta 
 dents to club together and rent several apart- 
 ments in the same house, with a " parlor " f'^r 
 the use of the entire party ; here they congre- 
 gate, keep late hours, smoke, drink, sing songs, 
 and do all in their power to "make night hide- 
 ous." Some of their songs, however, are really 
 
240 
 
 THE WOKLDS GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 beautiful. In the early part of the night, before 
 the fumes of the lager have affecteii their brains, 
 they sometimes sing touching melodies, which 
 fl,re charming to listen to. 
 
 The corps-students dress usually in high-top 
 6oot«, Bhort coats, and small, round, colored 
 caps. They wear badges across the breast to 
 denote the corps to which they belong. Every 
 time a student "fights a duel," two swords, 
 cros.sed. are stamped u;)on his badge. Fabricius, 
 the captain of tiie ' ' Sch waben ' ' corps, who was 
 considered the best duelist at the university, 
 had one hundred stamps upon the badge which he 
 wore daily. 
 
 The manner in whicli the duels are conducted 
 fs singular. They are often gotten up by the 
 dltfercnt corps as trials of slcill, but more 
 commonly proceed from some real or imagined 
 insult. , m^K 
 
 The Staubbach, or Dust Pall. 
 
 The famous Staubbach is one of the loftiest 
 waterfalls in Europe, measuring between eight 
 hundred and nine hundred feet in height. We 
 suppose the term cataract might be applied to it; 
 bat the stream is so thin anl broken in its de- 
 scent, that it has acquired the name of "Dust 
 Fall," and is altogether a very twiddling, misty 
 business. Byron, however, compared it to the 
 " tail of a white horse streaming in the wind," 
 suddenly enlarging the timile by adding, "such 
 as it might be conceived would be that of the 
 pale horse on which Death is mounted, in the 
 Apocalypse." 
 
 Wordsworth has called it a "sky-born" water- 
 Sill ; and, indeed, when the clouds rest upon the 
 mountains and cover the S'jot from which it 
 
 ■^nc. 
 
 TARGET-MAUKEK ANNOUNCINO A GOOD SHOT. 
 
 leaps, it seems to come from the skies. In 
 Winter this constantly falling spray makes a 
 pyramid of ice, which is said to accumulate 
 sometimes to the height of three or four hundred 
 feet. 
 
 The Klapperstein— An Old Punishment. 
 
 At Mulhouse, one of the Alsatian towns, is a 
 strange monument which we engrave, hung by 
 a chain beneath the window of the City Hall, 
 facing the street of William Tell, and bearing a 
 German inscription. It was a punishment for 
 scolds, and, until th3 cljse of the last century, 
 any woman convicted of the crime had to carry 
 it around her neck from the public square to 
 one of thD city gates, an 1 then, unless there was 
 
 another culprit to relieve her, back agun, 
 kneeling at the church-door to ask pardon. A 
 large label on the back gave the name and 
 offense of the woman thus disgraced. 
 
 llie word Klapperstein means Stone of Cack- 
 lers, or Evil Tongues. 1 he inscription may be 
 translated thus : 
 
 " I am called the ScuM'S ntone, 
 Vi'eU known to evil tongues ; 
 Whoever delights in quarrel and dispute 
 Kast wear me through the city." 
 
 The Eeichenbach Palls. 
 
 In the foreground, across the flat valley, are 
 the falls of the Reichenbach. In staying two or 
 three days in the valley, do not stop at this 
 latter place ; the view irom it is much less strik- 
 ing than that from Meyringen. 
 
 We walked to the falls after strolling about 
 the village. All the best points of appro.ich 
 have been taken possession of by chalets, the 
 occupiers of which make you pay for the view. 
 That which commands the principal fall is 
 skirted by a boarding so high and close that the 
 tourist is compelled to pay the fee or lose the 
 sight. Ton hear the roar of the cascade, and 
 go up some steps into a house, the back windows 
 of which open right upon it. Generally they 
 are closed by shutters, which arc not thrown 
 back till the spectator is placed in his propel 
 spot Then the attendant flings them wide 
 open, and you look. The suddenness of this 
 view does perhaps add to its effect ; but it is not 
 pleasant to force your way to any grand natural 
 sights through fees and flunkeyism. It is a 
 good thing to climb, or wait, or in any way work 
 hard for what you enjoy ; but this fashion of 
 
 PAYING THK WORKMEN. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 241 
 
 making a peep-show of the sublime, at sixpence 
 a head, is offensive. ITiey do not actually make 
 a charge in this particular chalet, but point 
 ou'. a book of fees on a table close by the open 
 window. Tliis plan is objectionable-, nor can 
 anything, in tlie world of small financial irrita- 
 tion, he more provoking than " We will leave it 
 to you, sir. " These people gave us the book, a 
 pen, and a smile. 
 
 The fall is very beautiful, and we know no 
 spot where the tourist can better study the 
 crrxxwy character of a waterfall. TTie stream 
 here is considerable, and takes a fine, buoyant 
 header off a shelf of rock upon the hard stone 
 floor of the chasm below. Of course it burst:* 
 and splashes off all round, with much noise, and 
 flings so much spray up the sides of the basin 
 into which it leaps, as to provide materials for 
 a number of baby falls, which run back like 
 young ones to their parent. These cascades 
 make a mist so thick as to wet you through in 
 a short time. But the most striking feature in 
 the composition of such a fall as that of the 
 Eeichenbach is its arrowy character. It is like 
 a sheaf of water-rockets, rushing downward. 
 The moment the stream leaps clear of the rock 
 it begins to form tliese barbed shoots, as if it 
 <jfished to pierce the stones beneath. 
 
 *Elie Swede Stone on the Pield of Lutzen, 
 where Gustavus Adolphus fell. 
 TiixT being gone, Wallenstein was appointed 
 to command the Imperialists. The opposing 
 armies met on the field of Lutzen, and on the 
 6th of November, 1682, Gustavus opened the 
 battle. In the morning, he knelt in front of his 
 lines and offered up a prayer. Then he gave 
 out Luther's Hymn, and a well-known hymn, 
 said to be his own, beginning — 
 
 ' "Fear not, thou little chosen band." 
 
 " God with us !" was the battle-word. All being 
 ready, he cried aloud: "Now, in God's name, 
 let us at them ! Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, let us fight 
 for the honor of Thy holy name ! ' ' and dashed at 
 the enemy. A pistol-shot broke his arm. " It is 
 
 TUE ROYAL HDNT IN THB ORUNIVALE, NBAE BERLIN. 
 
 nothing: follow me!" he exclaimed; but his 
 strength failing he turned his horse's head, and 
 muttered to the Duke of Lauenburg by his side: 
 " Cousin, take me hence, for I am wounded." 
 As he turned, an Austrian trooper shouted: 
 ' ' Art thou here ? I have long sought for thee ! ' ' 
 and discharged his carbine into the king's 
 shoulder. Gustavus fell from his horse, with 
 the last words, " My God!" The tidings flew 
 through the army that the king was slain ; that 
 he was taken prisoner ; and in revenge and 
 despair his men fought, as Schiller says, " with 
 the grim fury of lions," until victory crowned 
 the day. Defaced with wounds, trodden under 
 feet of boi-ses, the body of Gustavus was dra\vn 
 from beneath a heap of slain, and laid, amid 
 weeping, with his fathers in Sweden. The neigh- 
 
 lAGBR BIER GARDEN IN BERLIN. 
 
 borhood of the place where he fell is marked to 
 this day by a porphyritic boulder, with the 
 simple inscription, "G. A. — 1632." 
 
 Thus died Gustavus Adolphus, in his thirty- 
 eighth year, and in the third of his champion- 
 ship of Protestantism. His success had begun 
 to awaken alarms among his allies, who feared 
 in him a possible Protestant emperor ; yet oi 
 this ambition he gave no signs. "The devil," 
 he told his chaplain, who found him reading his 
 Bible—" the devil is very near at hand to those 
 who are accountable to none but God for their 
 actions.'' What might have been his dreams 
 we can never know, but he has left one of the 
 noblest and purest memories in history. Had 
 he lived, it is likely he would have ended (juickly 
 that awful war which afliicted Germany for six- 
 teen years after him. 
 
 >i^i» — — — - 
 
 Le Chateau de Heidelberg. 
 The City of Heidelberg was called, by the 
 Romans, Myrtiletum, and is celebrated for its 
 famous Tun, which was once the largest recep- 
 tacle for wine in the world. It is also equally 
 well known for its Chciteau, of which we give a 
 correct illustration. Heidelberg is a city of the 
 Grand Duchy of Baden, on the Lower Hhine, 
 and has a population of about fifteen thousand 
 persons. It is also noted for its University, which 
 was founded by the Elector Kupert I. in the 
 fourteenth century. In 1384 the Emperor Wen- 
 celas signed in the Chateau the celebrated Union 
 of Heidelberg, by which the different leagues of 
 German cities were united in one. 
 
 Saxon Lantern. 
 The magnificent lantern of which we give an 
 illustration is of Saxon origin, and tells of timea 
 When our forefathers had no paved walks, and 
 no lights in the streets. We can imagine that 
 this lantern was used by some rich old citizen, 
 who, with it in hand, led the "way to and from 
 
242 
 
 IHE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 church, his numerous family and retinue fol- 
 lowing in the rear. 
 
 Lanterns have not been long out of date. 
 They were common in London a century since, 
 and not fifty years ago they could be found sus- 
 pended beside the old "fire-buckets" in most 
 of the substantial houses of New York City. 
 
 Barks on the Danube. 
 
 The Danube is like our great American rivers. 
 It produces a feeling of awe and power, as it 
 rolls through the vast plains, deluging them at 
 times, and tearing away whole tracts with its 
 ■waves. In some parts, it, indeed, resembles 
 other European rivers, with its frowning for- 
 tresses, and its antique towns. 
 
 The river is motley with boats, new and old ; 
 the steamboat puffing along, carrying its varied 
 
 unprotected seas ; for after the Vikings, or sea- 
 kings, had carried dismay on every coast, the 
 peaceful mariner was harassed by their pirati- 
 cal successors, who, although comlucting their 
 plundering operations on a smaller scale, wore 
 scarcely less injurious to the rising interests of 
 commerce. 
 
 'ITie Hanseatic League was a confederation of 
 towns interested in maintainmg a safe inter- 
 course by sea, and from the period of its forma- 
 tion, at the end of the twelfth or the beginning 
 of the thirteenth century, the piracies and dis- 
 orders which it was intended to suppress grad- 
 ually diminished. 
 
 Toward the close of the eighth century, Bre- 
 men was made a bishop's see, its jurisdiction 
 including Greenland ; subsequently it was in- 
 corporated with the archbishopric of Hamburg ; 
 but this led to a series of contests which only 
 
 I The Weser divides Bremen into two unequal 
 
 ' portions — the old town, with its large suburbs, 
 
 ' containing handsome mansions and villas, bsing 
 
 ; on the right bank, and the new town, begun in 
 
 162-5, being on the left, without any suburbs. 
 
 The narrowness of the streets and the lofty 
 
 houses give a gloomy appearance to the more 
 
 ancient part of Bremen, though it also contains 
 
 some spacious streets, and in the new town they 
 
 are wide and straight. 
 
 Cemeteries have been formed outside the 
 town, and the deserted churchyards, no longer 
 employed as burial-grounds, allow of a freer 
 circulation of air, and as these are almost the 
 only open spaces of any magnitude in the old 
 town, they render it more healthy. 
 
 Tlie ramparts, as we frequently find in old 
 towns on the Continent, have been razed and 
 converted into agreeable promenades. Tha 
 
 freight, of European and Asiatic, the English 
 tourist, and the white-shrouded woman from a 
 Turkish harem. Then, too, will come the 
 heavy flatboat, such as our engraving shows, 
 worked by a sort of rudder-propeller— an odd, 
 cumbrous concern, contrasting strangely with 
 the modem steamer that passes it. Yet, such 
 as they are, the great bulk of the agricultural 
 produce of the lands along the Danube finds its 
 way to market by this slow transportation. 
 
 Town-Hall, Bremen, 
 Beemen, on the Weser, a port now one of the 
 great avenues of fierman emigration to Amer- 
 ica, is one of the old Hanseatic towns whose 
 history is connected with the commerce of that 
 period of the Middle Ages, when a solitary 
 vessel scarcely dared yet to venture on the 
 
 THE CHAMOIS HUNTERS ON THE LOOK-GOT. 
 
 terminated by Bremen being made the seat of 
 the archbishopric. 
 
 Bremen prospered under the government of 
 its ecclesiastical rulers, who favored its union 
 with the Hanse towns. 
 
 By the treaty of Westphalia, Bremen came 
 into the hands of the Swedes. In 1712, it 
 became a conquest of Denmark, and was sold 
 by that State to the Electorate of Brunswick. 
 
 It was not until 1731 that Bremen once more 
 enjoyed its former freedom ; which was again 
 subverted by the French, who, in 1810 made it 
 the capital of a department of the French 
 Empire. 
 
 Under the treaty of Vienna, Bremen, with 
 sixty-seven square miles of adjoining territory, 
 became a member of the Germanic Confedera- 
 tion, and one of three Hanse towns", Hamburg 
 and Lubeck being the other two. 
 
 quays on each side of the river afford a good 
 view of the town. 
 
 Bremen contains about five thousand nino 
 hundred houses and one thousand one hundred 
 granaries, manufactories, warehouses, mills, etc. 
 The population of the town amounts to about 
 fifty thousand, chiefly Lutherans. 
 
 The pathedral, built in the twelfth century, 
 and the church of St. Ansgar, with its hand- 
 some spire three hundred and twenty-four feet 
 high, arc the only ecclesiastical edifices possess- 
 ing much interest. 
 
 The Town Hall, a view of which is given in the 
 the cut, was the palace of the archbishops ; 
 it has been completely renovated within, 
 the last few years, and the piazzas have beea 
 opened to the public. Here is the former Towa 
 Hall, built in 1105, below which are the famous 
 wine-cellars of Bleikellero. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 243 
 
 Fishing Village at Apathin, on tne Danube. 
 The fishermen of the Danube love their river 
 OS the Csikos do the Puszta. Their coBtiime is 
 the Bame, though tlie hat is larger, and they do 
 not wear spurs Their boats are small, clumsy, 
 rudderless. Their villages seem to rise amid 
 the waters, with their spectral poles used for 
 drying their nets, and boat-houses or sheds, 
 more picturesque at a distance than inviting 
 when approached. These villages are found 
 near the city, and the class which inhabits them 
 eeem Inferior in many points to their country- 
 men of the Puszta, who seem the genuine off- 
 •pring of the hosts of Attila. 
 
 A Hop-Field in Winter. 
 
 The history of hops is inseparable from that 
 of beer, for it is to the property that they pos- 
 sess of imparting to the beer a bitterish taste, 
 and preventing it from souring, that the hop 
 owes the importance which it has obtained. 
 
 Germany is essentially the home of beer. 
 Tacitus, in his description of that country, 
 speaks of a beverage made of fermented barley, 
 in which we can trace the origin of beer. Tra- 
 dition attributes the invention of beer to a king 
 of Bravant, named Gambrinus, and the brewers 
 to this day are proud to count a king in the 
 annals of their trade. The Capitularies of 
 Charlemagne recommend cleanliness in the 
 preparation of malt, and also mention the man- 
 ufacturers of malt, in opposition to the manu- 
 facturers of ciiler and perry, or pear's juice. 
 The liquor obtained by fermented barley was 
 also known as oel (oil,) a name stUl preserved 
 
 English ale. 
 
 Cut these drinks cannot be called beer until 
 
 THE GAME APPBOACHINQ. 
 
 the hop enters into their manufacture. In the 
 year 822, we find an Act by which the Abbe 
 Adelard do Corvcy licenjes the millers of his 
 district to cultivate hops. In the tenth and 
 eleventh centuries the amount of hops to 
 be given to the churches and monasteries was 
 often made the subject of a special clause in 
 leases and contracts. In the thirteenth century 
 we find mention of hop-fields. 
 
 In the fourteenth century the growing of 
 hops became general throughout Germany ; and 
 in the fifteenth century they came into use in 
 England. 
 
 The manufacture of beer first came to perfec- 
 tion in the convents, where life in common 
 necessitated its production iu large quantities. 
 
 When the cities grew m importance, and trade 
 developed itself, corporations of brewers were 
 formed, and the commerce in beer became 
 vastly exten led. The beers of Bremen, Ham- 
 burg, and I.ul>eck obtained a great reputation, 
 and were largely exported, having grown into 
 the demand of foreign countries. 
 
 Bohemia and Pranconia, in Bavaria, were 
 celebrated for producing the best hops. 
 
 In Alsatia, the culture of the hop dates back 
 only fifty-one years, and yet the annual incoma 
 which the province now derives from thia 
 source is set down at one million of dollars. 
 
 The hop, of the nettle tribe, is a climbing 
 plant, whose leaves are dioecious: that is to say, 
 the males and females separate on two different 
 stalks. The shoots are hollow ; they contain a 
 sugary pith, and are provided with tendrils by 
 which they cling to the objects which they wind 
 about, climbing up from left to right. Tha 
 leaves are opposite to each other on the stalk, 
 two by two ; their surface is rough, and tha 
 edges cut like the teeth of a saw. The male 
 flowers are composed of a calix with five leaves ; 
 the calix or cup conceals five stamen, opening 
 in July ; these give forth a yellowish dust, 
 which the wind carries to the female flowers. 
 The female hops, which are almost exclusively 
 cultivated, bear flowers joined in amentum, oi 
 cat-kin, as it is sometimes called, and disposed 
 in clusters, each two opposite. B^ach flower is 
 composed of a little scale, at the base of which 
 is placed the ovarium. ITiese flowers produce 
 a fruit in the form of a cone, about a fifth of 
 an inch in length, of a bright green color, 
 which, at its maturity, is changed into a clear 
 or deep yellow. The^e cones are formed by 
 scales, each of which has inside its base a littla 
 
 TBf SUCCESSFUL CHAMOIS UUNTKU BETCBKING UOUU 
 
844 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 'grain wnicfl, at its matnrity, bears a yellow 
 flower containing an aromatic oil. This yellow 
 flower furnishes the matter necessary for the 
 production of a beer which shall have an agreea- 
 ble taste, and possess that important quality of 
 not turning sour. 
 
 Charlemagne in his Tomb, 
 Thb Rhine gives a charm to many of the 
 titles of Germany, which without this addition 
 would be passed by without notice. Among 
 these is Aix la Chapelle, which would other- 
 ynse appear as only a provincial town, kept 
 clean and well governed. It is not a large 
 city, but is filled with the memory of Charle- 
 magne. Here he was born, and here he was 
 buried in the church he had himself founded ; 
 and here, in the year997, the emperor Otho III., 
 Impelled by a strong feoling of singular cu- 
 riosity, visited him in his tomb. He found him 
 seated in his marble chair, his crown upon his 
 head, the sceptre in liis ban 1, and the imperial 
 mantle thrown around his shoulders. AH of 
 these paraphernalia of royalty had suffered some- 
 what from the lapse of time. The earth-worms 
 had not only attackel the mantle, but also t'.ie 
 face of the illustrious dead ; his nose had been 
 destroyed. Otho had it replaced with one of 
 gold, artistically worked, and then, after bend- 
 ing respectfully before the hero, after having 
 piously trimmed his nails himself, he retired, 
 shutting the door behind him, and supposing 
 that he sealed it for all eternity. 
 
 Two centuries afterward the tomb was again 
 visited. In 1165 Frederic Barbarossa, actuated 
 less by curiosity than the lust for lucre, opened 
 the doors which Otho thought he had shut so 
 securely. He took possession of the riches of 
 all kinds which the tomb contained, took the 
 body from the chair, and forced Charlemagne 
 to stand before him. In moving the liody t'.io 
 skeleton broke and fell into fragments, which 
 Barbarossa, under the pretense of having them 
 canonized, distributed about as relics. The 
 Saint-Chapelle kept a portion of them, as well 
 as some of the other articles found in the tomb. 
 There can be seen the large Roman chair, made 
 of white marble, upon which Charlemagne 
 remained sitting for three hundred and fifty- 
 One years. 
 
 Over his tomb is a black stone placed in the 
 middle of the church, with these two words: 
 Cabolo Magno ; and now after the passage of 
 ten centuries, these two simple words, this stone 
 ■which covers only an empty tomb, suffice to fill 
 the heart with profound emotion. The church 
 also contains the wonderful earrings in gold 
 ■which the tomb formerly contained. For the 
 small sum of five francs, the curious traveler is 
 shown these curiosities, which, besides their 
 intrinsic value are precious as showing the 
 
 condition of art at the commencement of the 
 ninth century. And besides this, if the guar- 
 dians are in good humor, or you chance to take 
 their favor, you will be allowed to see the bones 
 from the great man's skeleton ; and. perhaps, 
 to take his skull in your hands. Gustave Dore, 
 in the account of his trip, from which we take 
 this illustration, was allowed the privilege, and 
 was as much disgusted with the shameful trade 
 of making a show of a great dead man's bones 
 for money, as though he was not a European : 
 could not visit any place made sacred I'y being 
 the last abode of departed greatness, without 
 meeting some offensive sho^wman holding out 
 his dirty hand for a fee. 
 
 Lager Beer Gardens in Berlin. 
 Although we have made considerable progress 
 in this country in cultivating a taste for lager 
 beer, the temples of Gambrinus here cannot 
 compare with the immense and splendid estal> 
 lishments dedicated to the jolly monarch in 
 Vienna, Frankfort, Munich, and Berlin. Our 
 illustration represents avast beer-garden in the 
 list-named city during the season of Bock beer. 
 This is simply the March beer, which must be 
 drunk fresh in the Spring, and that lasts only a 
 fortnight or three weeks. But during that time, 
 immense crowds assemVile to enjoy the beverage, 
 and at night, as the "Bock" has considerable 
 strength, the scene is of the most lively and 
 noisest character. 
 
 Justice, so contrived as to clasp its ■victims in 
 literally an iron embrace, and that, when life 
 was almost extinct, the machine opened at the 
 bottom, and the unfortunate sufferer dropped 
 into a chamber below upon swords which 
 revolved in such a manner as to cut his body 
 into small fragments, and that a stream of 
 water carried these away. 
 
 The Pestival of the Three Kings m the 
 
 Hartz Mountains. 
 This illustration represents one of the tradi- 
 tions so common in the Hartz country. It is a 
 procession in honor of the advent of the Three 
 Kings, as they are called in Germany, or the 
 Magi, as we know them, who, following the 
 i tar, came to adore the infant Saviour. This 
 visit It supposed to have occurred on the eighth 
 day after his bir'Ji, cr New Tear's Day, which 
 is the eighth dr-y from Christmas. The Hartz 
 Mountains are the ccat of most of the traditions 
 which play so important a part in the life of 
 the German nation, and have had so marked 
 an influence upon their literature. 
 
 Koyal Hunt in the Grunewald, near Berlin, 
 The hunting-grounds of Castle Grunewald 
 were, on St. Hubertus's Day, 15th January, '70, 
 the scene of a great royal chase for black game. 
 King William of Prussia, the royal princes, 
 the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg, and other 
 princes, assisted by hundreds of sportsmen, 
 took part in the chase. At its close, all the 
 invited sportsmen and hunters partook of a 
 splendid collation in the royal hunting-castle, 
 at Grunewald, built in 1542 by the then reign- 
 ing duke, Joachim II., the first Protestant sove- 
 reign of Brandenburg, the mother-country of 
 the Kingdom of Prussia. 
 
 The "Jungfem Kuss." 
 Amono the instruments of torture used in 
 Germany was one called the "Jungfem Kuss." 
 It is believed that this method of execution 
 was practiced in most of the old corporate 
 towns of Germany, in the Castle of Koenigstein, 
 at Nuremberg, etc., etc. In the course of our 
 search we learned that the "Virgin" was by 
 some supposed to be in figure like the Virgin 
 Mary; by others, that it was a representation of 
 
 Bunting the Chamois in Bavaria. 
 Op all sports, hunting the chamois is one of 
 the most unprofitable, as well as the most 
 difficult and perilous. The chamois has been 
 called tlie "Alpine Antelope" of Europe, and 
 is about three feet long and a little over two 
 feet in height. Its smooth black hon\8 are 
 about six inches long, rising nearly perpendicu- 
 larly from the fore part of the brow. It is 
 beardless, but the body is covered with a short 
 thick fleoi; of fine wool, to protect the animal 
 from cold, and also with long and silken hair 
 of a deep-brown color in Winter, brown fawn- 
 color in Summer, and slightly mixed with gray 
 in Spring. The head is silvery-yellow ; the 
 inside of the thighs and ears white, and the 
 tail black. A small black band winds from the 
 corner of the mouth around each eye. The 
 kids are of a deep yellow-color. Impatient of 
 heat, the chamois remains in the Summer on 
 the topmost ridges, or in snowy valleys, clip- 
 ping for its food the mountain herbs, and the 
 tender shoots of shrubs, and rarely drinking. 
 It is remarkable for its agility, and for its keen- 
 ness of sight and smell. It scents a man at a 
 long distance, and bounds from rock to rock 
 with admirable grace, and ascends and descends 
 cliffs which few other animals would attempt. 
 The chamois is very easily tamed, and becomes 
 very familiar and fond of those who feed it. 
 The flesh is only moderately good, being far 
 inferior to venison. 
 
 Our sketches will afford the reader some idea 
 of theexcitement of hunting the chamois. Lord 
 Byron has made telling use of this sport u his 
 " Manfred.'' 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 KlBVBSnVO rRTTIT— BEKNESF, WOMEN BEATING HEMP— DILIGENCE LEAVING BEKNE— AN AVALANCHE— THE MATTEBHOEN— INTEELACHEN ON THB 
 
 Aab— A Glacieb Table— The Great aletch Glacier— Mont Blanc— Chamois-hunting— Tourists on Lake Geneva— The Man Man- 
 TCAMAKER— Interior of a Grotto of Topazes — Caillb Bridge — The Valley of Chamouni — The Oberland Journey— Covelo, a 
 Fortress jn the Tyrol— American Lady Ascending Mont Blano— The RAiLVfAY Tunnel of the Alps— The Grands Mulets-Grand 
 Plateau — Accident to Guide — Crossing the Glacier de Bossons — The Huts and Eocks op the Grands Mulets — The Junofrao 
 Mountain — The Summit of Mont Blanc- The Via Mala — The Mer de Glace — Fall of Rocks from Mont Blanc — View in the 
 Gbisons— Festival at Neufchatel— harvest in the Alps— Swiss Travels— Dr. Hamel's ascent, 
 
 ilLLIAM TELL 
 will always add 
 an additional in- 
 terest to the ro- 
 mantic and pic- 
 turesque country 
 with which his 
 Hime is connect- 
 ed. It is famous 
 also for having 
 preserved a re- 
 publican form of 
 5'overniiientamid 
 the changes o f 
 centuries and the 
 political muta- 
 tions of sur- 
 rounding nations ; is situated in i^e centre of 
 Europe, and has preserved its national inde- 
 pendence more by its inaccessibility and 
 poverty than by its strength. It consists of 
 twenty - five provinces — named cantons — has 
 an area of nearly 16,000 square miles, and a 
 population of 2,800,000 persons, of whom 
 about 1,000,000 are Catholics, and 1,600,000 
 Protestants. 
 
 Their diversity of language is re- 
 markable. On the north and northeast 
 cantons, the German dialect prevails. 
 The French prevails in the cantons of 
 Vaud, Geneva, Neufohatel, and in parts 
 of those of Valais, Freiburg and Berne. 
 The Italian, in the canton of Ticino and 
 part of the Grisons. 
 
 Switzerland is also famous for being 
 the home of the Alps. The Gla:;iers of 
 Switzerland are the reservoirs which feed 
 some of the largest rivers of Western Eu- 
 rope. The llhine and Ehone rise there. 
 It is also the land of lakes, the most im- 
 portant of which are Geneva, Constance, 
 Lucerne, Zurich, Neufchatel, and the 
 Lago Maggiore. Most of these lakes 
 are traversed by steamboats, crowded 
 with passengers and pleasure-seekers. 
 
 No country in the world possesses 
 greater interest for geologists than Swit- 
 zerland. Its military establishment is 
 upon purely democratic principles, 
 able-bodied citizen is a defender of 
 the Republic. 
 
 The federal army consists of citizens, from 
 twenty to forty-four years, and is divided into 
 three classes. All are required to devote a 
 certain number of days to drill. They are re- 
 nowned for their excellent marksmanship. 
 
 Their entire military strength is 202,397 
 men. The first inhabitants are supposed to 
 have been of Celtic origin, and to have immi- 
 grated from the northeast. Their collective 
 name was Helvetians. In 113 b. c, two tribes 
 of Helvetians, the Tigurini and Tugeni, from 
 which are derived the modern names of Zurich 
 and Zug, joined the Cimbri and Teutons in 
 their inroads into Italy. In this war the Hel- 
 vetian general, Divioo, in 107 B.C., completely 
 routed the Komans, under L. Cassius Lon- 
 ginus. In the time of the great Julius, the 
 Helvetians were defeated in their invasion of 
 Gaul, and from that day the Romans com- 
 menced to conquer them. Since then they 
 have passed through many mutations. Like 
 all mountaineers, their love for adventure 
 induced a military disposition, while their 
 
 based 
 Every 
 
 poverty and the want of agricultural employii 
 ment led them to offer their services to foreign 
 nations. About 1480 a number enrolled them- 
 selves in the bodyguard of Louis XL, as did 
 also some of the Scotch ; but readers will not 
 fail to remember Walter Scott's illustration of 
 this fact in " Quentin Durward," and how 
 nobly the Swiss mercenaries, three centuries 
 later, sealed with their blood their devotion to 
 Louis XVI. 
 
 In 1481, Fribourg and Soleuve were united 
 in one canton, and eighteen years afterward 
 Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, acknow- 
 ledged the independence of Switzerland. This 
 induced Schaffhausen to join the Union, which 
 now began to grow in exten't and strength. 
 This led them, like all young and ambitious 
 nations, to measure their swords against older 
 and stronger Powers, and they consequently, 
 in 1513, invaded Milan, then guarded by th6 
 French, and the result was the famous battld 
 of Novara, fought on the 6th of June of that 
 year. This triumph was balanced by the battle 
 of Mariguano, in 1515, when the Swiss wero 
 totally defeated by the French. This, however, 
 did not prevent France and other European 
 Powers following the example of Germany, and 
 acknowledging the Swiss Confederacy as an in- 
 dependent nation. In 1519, the Reformation 
 commenced at Basle. 
 
 With the exception of an attempt made by 
 Charles Emmanuel, of Savoy, to subjugate G*. 
 neva, in 1G02, this Alpine republic enjoyed a 
 tranquillity not shared by the rest of Europe, 
 until 1798, when the French overran the can- 
 tons, dissolved the Helvetic Confederation, 
 and proclaimed the Helvetian Republic. 
 
 In 1814, on the downfall of Napoleon, tha 
 allies occupied the country, abolished the Re- 
 public, and restored the Federal Government. 
 After the battle of Waterloo, when the star oi 
 the great Napoleon finally set, the five allied 
 and triumphant Powers guaranteed the inde- 
 pendence of " the Mountains of Freedom," aa 
 Rousseau called them, some generations ago. 
 The number of cantons had now been in- 
 creased to twenty-two, and their contented 
 poverty had become proverbial. 
 
24G 
 
 th:^ woklds great nations. 
 
 harvesting Pruit in Switserland. 
 Our. engjaving represents a Swiss scene fam- 
 iliar to travelers who h -.to journeyed through 
 Switzerland in the early Autumn. As soon as 
 ' Winter has invaded the peaks of the high 
 mountains, and his breath is beginning to 
 
 of apples is added to Ms store. A huge fire i:i 
 built in the oven, and the apples dried, after 
 being quartered, and the shinlz, as the fruit, 
 after it is submittal to this process, is called." 
 furnishes a pleasant relish for the family during 
 the long Winter months. The Swiss shore of 
 Lake Constance abounds in apple and pear- 
 
 invite 1, wagons are stocked with comestibles, 
 and young and old make the time of harvest- 
 ing the fruit a pk'asure rather tlian a labor, 
 .and enjoy their alfresco dinner with the relish 
 and appetite which only exercise and exertion 
 can give. A meal in the open air, in fino 
 weather, is always pleasant. 
 
 ^iM^^ 
 
 ■'V 
 
 be felt on the lesset elevations, the inhabitants 
 of tha Alpinn valleys hasten to house tlieir fruit 
 much after the fashion of tha resident* of a 
 town menaced by hostile soldiery. Tho agri- 
 culturist cast?, an anxious glance at the snow- 
 capped peaks which rise above him on all sides, 
 and indulges ia ft sigll of relief as each basket 
 
 BAEViSTlNO raUIT. 
 
 trees, and appears like a huge orchard, while 
 its inhabitants drive quite a flourishing business 
 in cider and dried fruit. The orchards are 
 in the immediate vicinity of the hoases of their 
 owners, but in cases where they are at a dis- 
 tance from any habitation, the harvesting 
 resolves itself into a frolic. Neighbors are 
 
 A Bernese 'Woman Beating Hemp. 
 Thkrs used tu be Swiss national costumes, 
 but they arc fast disappearing. The picture we 
 give will soon be of the past ; and this is to be 
 regretted, for these costumes were not only 
 pictviresque to the traveler's eye, but were 
 
SWITZEKLAND. 
 
 •247 
 
 k BKRNESK WOMAN BEATING HEMP. 
 
248 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 substantial, Trell-made, 
 and adapted to their 
 life. Their place is 
 poorly supplied by a 
 tawdry imitation of 
 expensive French 
 toilet. Cheap finery 
 is not only vulgar, 
 but sure to be per- 
 sonally unbecoming, 
 as we see in the case 
 of our own servants, 
 who flourish in ill- 
 made fineries for a few 
 years before descend- 
 ing to the rags of 
 tenement-liouse life. 
 
 In Switzerland the 
 shop- windows show 
 cards of the difierent 
 costumes, but except 
 on some special holi- 
 day they are seldom 
 seen. 
 
 Our illustration 
 shows the Bernese 
 house, and below a 
 Bernese woman in 
 
 her national costume, beating out hemp, as 
 they are often seen to do — a dusty, disagree- 
 able and laborious method, which, in other 
 lands, would be done by some mechanical 
 
 process. 
 
 — > < ♦ n . 
 
 An Avabnche in the Alps, Switzerland, 
 
 Poets have sung the beauties of Alpine 
 scenery, and tourists have related, in glowing 
 terms, their experience of the charm and tlie 
 peril of those grand old mountains, whose snon- 
 capped peaks tower above pleasant valleys an 1 
 beautiful lakes. Our illustration represents the 
 danger that attends the gratification of that 
 craving for the enjoyment of Alpine views, a 
 danger to which the traveler is often subjected, 
 in the neighborhood of the Orisons and Alpine 
 passes, after the snow has accumulated on the 
 heights. There are three sorts of avalanches. 
 
 The first is the drift, composed of the loose 
 snow which has accumulated in the upper 
 regions, anJ is put in motion by a strong wind, 
 and increases in volume as it descends. The 
 damage done by these falls is not very great, 
 since the snow is loose, and may be removed 
 from the places where it accumulates ; but the 
 compression of the air sometimes chokes men 
 and cattle, and has been known to overturn 
 houses by its force. The rolling avalanche is 
 more terrible, for it comes after a thaw, when 
 the clammy grains of snow begin to move and 
 form into a ball, which grows as it rolls down- 
 ward imtil it forms a destructive mass, carrying 
 all before it, silently, swiftly and surely. It 
 was one of these which, in 1749, involved the 
 whole village of Rueras, in the Orisons, covere;! 
 it in, and moved it from its site, without a 
 sound loud enough to awaken the inhabitants, 
 some of whom wondered what delayed the 
 morning light, and one hundred of whom were 
 dug out, sixty still living, saved by the air that 
 was in the interstices. In 1806. in Val Calanca, 
 a forest was moved from one side of the valley 
 to the other by a rolling avalanche, and a pine- 
 tree was placed on the roof of the parsonage by 
 
 DIUQENCE lEAVINO BEENE. 
 
 its vagaries. Sliding avalanches are awful 
 enough, but they are formed on lower slopes by 
 the gradual thawing of the foundations and 
 the slipping en masse of the upper accumulation 
 of frozen snow. They slide swiftly downward, 
 carrying everything before them. Sometimes, 
 however, they come to a steep place, topple 
 over, begin to roll, and becoming a great ball — 
 a rolling avalanche, in fact — may meet with 
 a hard rock, or some impregnable obstacle, 
 and be dashed to pieces, so as to resemble a 
 drift. Thus the traveler is never quite certain 
 h\ what form the avalanche may come upon 
 him, or whether a whisper, a footfall, the 
 cracking of a driver's whip, may not make such 
 a concussion of the light atmosphere as to 
 bring the enemy upon him unawares. This is 
 a strange fascination about danger which impels 
 human beings to delight in tempting it, akin, 
 to the moth's insane craving for the flame. 
 
 THE MATTERHORN, OR MONTB CARVINO. 
 
 Diligence ol Berne. 
 A TRAVBtER taking 
 the diligence at Beme 
 (for in a country that 
 defies railroads, dili- 
 gences still prevail) 
 thus describes Beme, 
 the seat of govern- 
 ment in Switzerland ; 
 
 "The twenty -two 
 cantons of which 
 Switzerland is now 
 composed were united 
 in 1814. The sufirage 
 is universal. There is 
 no regular army ; but 
 every man is a rifle 
 volunteer, and the 
 people are liable to 
 be called out to servo 
 in the militia, which 
 is a tiresome inter- 
 ruption to business. 
 There are no passports, 
 no customhouses, no 
 tolls to speak of — at 
 least, none that in- 
 terfere with the traveler's comfort and inde- 
 pendence. The inns and roads are good, and 
 the electric telegraph is established all over 
 the country, ordinary messages costing a franc. 
 " The coinage is the best in Europe, pence 
 and halfpence being clean and very light ; a 
 decimal system was adopted in 1850. The 
 change must have been very great in Switzer- 
 land, for almost every canton had a currency 
 of its own. Still, in six months after the new 
 system was introduced, almost all tiace cf the 
 old complicated denominations was gone. 
 
 "There used to be Swiss national costumes J 
 they are fast disappearing. The greatest dis- 
 tinction is now seen in the caps of the women, 
 which, in some places, are wonderful wisps. 
 
 "Men have no local dress, but wear either 
 undyed homespun woolen clothes, very clumsily 
 made, or suits of coarse blue frieze. In all 
 cases their coats are short in the waist, and 
 high in the collar. 
 
 " Berne is situated on the Aar, which nearly 
 surrounds it. The town is approached by a 
 stone bridge nine hundred feet long, across 
 both the river and the valley in which it flows. 
 It is solid and well-built, with arcades along the 
 streets, under which the principal shops are 
 found, and contains twenty-seven thousand 
 inhabitants. 
 
 " The three sights we were taken to see 
 were, the Bears, tlie Clock, and the distant 
 Bernese Alps, which show beautifully from the 
 high land about the town. 
 
 " The bear is the crest of Beme, and appears 
 everywhere, in stone, and wood, and in the 
 flesh. There is a pit in the town, where three 
 or four mangy brutes shuflle about, and open 
 their mouths to the public for sweet-cakes and 
 nuts, quite unconscious of their heraldic dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 " The clock-tower is in the middle cf the 
 town, and a parcel of idlers generally stop to see 
 its puppets strike the hour, especially at noon. 
 Just before the stroke, a procession of bears 
 come out of a hole, and move in front of a 
 wooden king on a throne, who marks the hour 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 249 
 
:250 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 A GLACIBB TABLE. 
 
 of the day by gaping and lowering his sceptre 
 as if he were rather bored with Time himself, 
 but graciously permitted it to pass on the un- 
 derstanding that it would make itself useful to 
 common people. Then, like a wise king, he 
 shuts his mouth, and looks straight before him 
 till he is wanted again. We went up to the 
 Enghe Terrace, outside of the town, to see the 
 Alps ; at least a dozen are visible from this place, 
 sometimes, at sunset, of a glowing rose-color. 
 
 " Here we hoped to look back upon the Ober- 
 land, or Highlands, in which we had spent so 
 pleasantly the last ten days; but there was 
 nothing to be seen of them, a cloud-curtain 
 shutting the distant view cmopletely out." 
 
 . >->♦>-< 
 
 Interiachen, on the Aar, 
 
 This place is famed for beauty, being set 
 upon the stream which connects the two lakes 
 of Thun and Brientz. Its scenery, however, is 
 above you. There is 
 nothing you can look 
 down upon without 
 first climbing to do 
 80. All the hotels are 
 set in a dead flat. 
 
 The views of the 
 Jungfrau are very 
 beautiful, especially 
 when its snows are 
 relieved by the deep 
 dark-green o f lower 
 hills. But the place 
 is desperately hot. 
 
 A recent visitor to 
 this spot says: "We 
 had been breathing 
 the fresh air of the 
 mountains for some 
 time, and now felt as if 
 we were being choked. 
 Interlaohen, however, 
 contains more Sum- 
 mer visitors, perhaps, 
 ^ban any place in 
 Switzerland. 
 
 "Thus we found ourselves all at once sur- 
 rounded by the abominations of civilization. 
 Here is the very metropolis of easy-going tra- 
 velers, timid ladies, and sick people. Swiss 
 tourists may be divided into three classes. The 
 most numerous confines itself to turnpike high- 
 ways, roads, and lakes, traveling altogether by 
 steamboat and axle. It contrives, however, to 
 see much, several of the most famous passes 
 being traversed by excellent macadamized roads. 
 Those who stick to the highways gather in large 
 numbers at Vevey, Thun, Interlachen, etc., 
 which are reached by carriage or steamer. 
 The worst of it is, however, that they become 
 dressy, and spoil the associations of Switzerland 
 with balls, and the jingle of second-rate dissi- 
 pation. Gambling-places have been opened — 
 or, if not opened, winked at in several jjlaces. 
 Thus, instead of gaining fresh health in the 
 glories of mountain scenery, some people wear 
 themselves with ' amusement,' which would 
 be better suited to the doubtful quarters of a 
 large city. But Interlachen is cheap. The hotels 
 are large and good ; and you may find several 
 comfortable places where you can live at five 
 francs a day, whereas in Geneva, in the Summer- 
 time, you will likely be charged as much as 
 that for a bedroom at the top of the house. 
 
 "Next to the tourists who drive about and 
 congregate in the principal places, come those 
 who ride and walk, and thus reach the most 
 beautiful j^art of the scenery. The greater 
 number of the passes are crossed by mere 
 bridle-paths, often hardly distinguished from a 
 goat-track. To me the effect of the mountains 
 is rather destroyed by the presence of a turn- 
 pike road and post-horses, though they may be 
 snufBng the air at a height of six thousand 
 feet or more above the sea-level. Nothing, on 
 the other hand, can be wilder than the course 
 of many well-known routes, which can be tra- 
 versed only on foot or horseback. 
 
 "The smallest— the select class of Swiss 
 visitors — are the climbers — the Alpine Club— 
 who often turn up their noses at the more fre- 
 
 THE UKEAT ALETCH GLACIBE. 
 
 quented spots, however established their mag- 
 nificence, and lead a life of enterprise in 
 higher and rougher places than the common 
 tramp aspires to. These mighty mountaineers 
 sometimes come down to the comfortable inna 
 of the towns, to relax, eat, and be admired." 
 
 AVALANCHE IN THE ALPS, 
 
 The Matterhorn, or Monte Oervino. 
 This mountain, which will long be famous 
 for a terrible disaster, is one of the Pennine 
 Alps, between the Valais in Switzerland and 
 the Val d'Aosta in Piedmont. The famous 
 pass, traversed in Summer by mules and horses, 
 is eleven thousand feet high, and the summit 
 towers nearly a mile above this dangerous pass. 
 This summit had defied the tourists, and was 
 deemed inaccessible, and was not reached till 
 18G5. At its foot is the little village of Zer- 
 matt. It stands near the junction of three 
 valleys, each with its characteristic glacier. 
 Monte Kosa looks 
 down upon it from 
 one side, the Matter- 
 horn from another. 
 
 Between these and 
 around them rise a 
 crowd of mountain- 
 tops, whose snows and 
 ice are threaded by 
 those trackless routes 
 which lie among the 
 higher Alp s — passes 
 which show with 
 tempting accuracy on 
 the map, but which 
 must be found and 
 followed not by the 
 steps of those who 
 have used them, but 
 by compass and land- 
 marks like the sailor's 
 course at sea — paths 
 that have been trodden 
 for years, but in which 
 the snow ever fills the 
 print >{ the faet. 
 
aWlTZEKLANi;, 
 
 251 
 
 MONT BIANa 
 
252 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 Ohamois-Htinting in the Alps. 
 
 There are yet in the Alps many pasturages 
 on high mountain ridges that neither cows nor 
 goats are able to ascend. These are the lonely 
 retreats of the grayish-brown chamois, that roam 
 in flocks from one rendezvous to another, and 
 there feed, after the guards have been posted, 
 80 that they may be made aware of any sudden 
 attack. For hours at a time these guards 
 stand on the summit 
 of a rock, where there 
 is barely room enough 
 for the feet of a cha- 
 mois. With its pointed 
 horns the chamois de- 
 fends itself from eagles 
 and vultures ; but from 
 the hunter's balls it 
 secures safety only by 
 vigilance and swift- 
 ness, as well as by bold 
 leaps up and down 
 eteep precipices, and 
 sometimes over wide 
 chasms. 
 
 It excites the greatest 
 astonishment to see 
 with what certainty 
 and adroitness these 
 animals, with the 
 smallest start, descry 
 and make use of an 
 almost perpendicular 
 wall as a means of es- 
 cape that man would 
 think an impossible 
 outlet. 
 
 The most courageous 
 inhabitants of the Alps 
 take a particular plea 
 sure in looking for and 
 killing the chamois in 
 the wilds of the high- 
 est mountains. 
 
 Great courage, great 
 presence of mind, and 
 great perseverance are 
 wanted in chamois- 
 hunting. With the 
 thick-soled shoes, the 
 iron-tipped stick, the 
 pointed hat, o r n a • 
 mented with a chamois 
 beard, and the double- 
 barrel rifle, the hunter 
 starts In the evening, 
 or very early in the 
 morninGf, to surprise 
 the chamois at their 
 pasturages. 
 
 The giddy path lies 
 up steep walls, over 
 masses of rolling 
 
 stones and fields of snow and ice. To help him- 
 self in danger, the hunter carries, also, an ax 
 and a rope ; with these he cuts steps or lets 
 himself down from rock to rock. 
 
 II he has finally reached the heights, where 
 the chamois feed, he must approach them with- 
 out 1 eing seen, and must take care that the wind 
 blows from where the chamois are. toward him. 
 It is often necessary to take a round-about way, 
 for many hours at a time, over cliffs and pre- 
 
 cipitous rocks, and it is not rare for a hunter to 
 be from eight to fourteen days before he can 
 obtain a shot. 
 
 In such a hunt it is not a rare occurrence if he 
 passes the night under the blue sky, between 
 high, snow-covered mountains. He generally 
 takes with him provisions for several days. If 
 the chamois have caught sight of him, tliey 
 escape up the rocks ; the hunter follows them, 
 often incurring great danger in climbing, wlien 
 
 pice ; and then, with from a hundred to a hvm' 
 dred and fifty pounds burden, he will return 
 home. 
 
 He binds the chamois's four feet together, and 
 places them so that they are on his forehead, 
 and the rest of the body is on his shoulders and 
 back. With this burden he goes up and down 
 precipitous cliffs, over slippery fields of snow 
 and dangerous glaciers. Often thick fogs come 
 up, so that he can see but a few feet ahead ; 
 or a furious tempest 
 breaks out, that 
 threatens to precipi- 
 tate the hunter into 
 the abyss ; cr vultures 
 hurl themselves down 
 on his shelter, when he 
 climbs a steep preci- 
 pice, and try to push 
 him down. 
 
 It is no wonder, 
 therefore, that, yearly, 
 chamois - huE ters lose 
 their lives in falling 
 down a gap in the ice, 
 or a precipice ; and, 
 nevertheless, other in- 
 habitants' of the Alpa 
 undertake this danger- 
 ous chase, that only 
 brings them a few 
 florins, as only the 
 skin and horns of the 
 chamois are bought. 
 
 CHAMOIS-ntTNTlNa IN THE ALPS. 
 
 he has reached a place where he can neither go 
 forward nor backward. 
 
 If the chamois have become quiet in the 
 meantime, the hunter looks for a hiding-place, 
 where he lurks until the chamois come near 
 enough to be shot at ; then it costs one or two 
 of them their life, as the chamois-hunter never 
 misses. If he has killed one, he commences a 
 new ar'i dangerous work. He must go in quest 
 of thepr^y, that has, perhaps, fallen into apreci- 
 
 Tlie Great Aletch 
 Glacier. 
 
 Glactees are not, as 
 was thought cf old, 
 mere fields of ice ; they 
 are icy rivers, moving 
 on and on with a 
 steady and tremen- 
 dous power. One of 
 the most striking is 
 the great Aletch gla- 
 cier, which from the 
 Bel Alp, near Brieg, 
 in Switzerland, sweeps 
 beneath, as it is turned 
 aside by the slopes of 
 the Aeggischorn, and 
 winds among the 
 mountains. Here it ia 
 a very river; its rippled, 
 channelly surface 
 speaks the tale. The 
 moraines, cr edges of 
 the branches cf thii 
 river, which feed its 
 current, show like 
 wheel-tracks. 
 As fresh ice accumulates above, this mass ia 
 pushed forward, showing far more elesticity 
 than would be supposed. The rocky barrier 
 that in its course deAes its power, sees it divide, 
 leaving it an island ; yet the ice will clcte again 
 below, leaving no trace of the fissure. * 
 
 Rocks thi.t fall upon or are borne along ar« 
 generally forced to the surface, where, some- 
 times protecting the ice on which they rest, while 
 that around melts, thej stand like pillared 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 253 
 
 •entinels. The rate of progress of glaciers is 
 various. On the glacier of Aar, Mr. Heagi 
 erected a hut in 1827, at the foot of a fixed rock. 
 In 183G the hut was two thousand two hundred 
 feet from the rock. In 1810 it had made as 
 touch more, showing more than double its 
 former velccity. A line of stakes across a gla- 
 cier will in a sliort time show that the centre 
 mores faster than the sides. 
 
 surface, wh'ich, in the middle of the day, "in the 
 hotter months, is wet, and covered with little 
 rills. Now, when a large stone lays on the ice, 
 it screens a portion of it from the heat. By 
 degrees the sunshine welts, and therefore lowers 
 the glacier round tlie etone, which then stands 
 upon a short column of chaded ice, until it 
 breaks, and the stone begins to construct 
 another base bv protecting it from the melting 
 
 man is occasionally elevated to the proud posi- 
 tion of mantuamaker! There are Worths in 
 quiet little Switzerland as well as in Paris, and 
 the rustic dame, whose measure the equall/ 
 rustic tailor is co consciously happy in taking, 
 will tio doubt glory over her gos.iiping friends 
 with the boast that her garb is the work of a 
 master. It is not long ago that an American 
 lady of some note astonished the ladies of New 
 
 A GHacier Table. 
 
 Ii is curious that the heavier stones do not 
 aink into the glacier which carries them ; 
 indeed, the bigger they are the less likely they 
 are to do so ; in some cases they rise. How so ? 
 Taus: T&ej^lacier shrinks, from several causes. 
 Tue gun hai; considerable etiect ut>on iu uptro^r 
 
 T0TJEIST3 ON LAKE GENEVA. 
 
 rays of the sun, and rises again. These mounted 
 stones are called glacier tables. 
 
 The Man Mantuamaker. 
 It is not alone in these degenerate days of fash- 
 ion and display, of folly and finery — ^it is not 
 alone in Paris and London and New York that 
 
 York, in her published letters, with tha reTe- 
 lation that she was assisted at her toilet, while 
 abroad, by men, and not by maids. "They are 
 much more apt, and do their work better," was 
 her compliment to their abilty. And as full- 
 grown men esteem it no derogation to sell pins 
 and ribbons, and keep miilineiy bhops, y>bj fJPi 
 fit lad'"?' dr^SSii. 
 
254 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 TUB MAX srANTUAMAKEB. 
 
 Grotto of Topazes. 
 A TEW years ago -. 
 grotto was discovere 1 
 In Switzerland that 
 might well be called 
 the Wonderful Grotto 
 It Is near the Pielfen 
 Glacier, at the height 
 of one hundred feet 
 In a part of the rock 
 hitherto Inaccessible 
 The grotto Is forty-fire 
 feet long, sixteen '3 
 height at the entrance, 
 twelve at the further 
 end, and twenty six 
 feet wide. After diffi- 
 culties almost insur 
 moun table, after the 
 most perilous toll, 
 which compelled the 
 workmen to remain 
 eight days and nights 
 on tlie glaciers, at- 
 tempting to enlarse 
 the entrance to the 
 grotto, they succeeded 
 in extracting some 
 iplendid blocks of 
 
 IHTEBIOR OF A GROTIO OF TOl' 
 
 topaz. With great 
 diiiiculty some of the 
 blocks were conveyed 
 acres; the perilous 
 glacier to the village 
 of Guttannen, the in- 
 habitants of which 
 were mostly all en- 
 gaged in the labor of 
 opening the cave. 
 
 Ihe value of the 
 stents is considerable, 
 and the villagers were 
 enriched in the pos- 
 session of the unex- 
 pected treasure. 
 
 Oailie Bridge. 
 BtTWEFN Chambery 
 and Geneva, beyond 
 the villages of Metz, 
 Ca\al, aiid Alouzier, 
 is an immense tleft 
 in the rock, such as 
 we have learned to 
 call a canon. At the 
 bottom murmurs, or 
 roars, according to 
 the season, a torrent 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 25S 
 
256 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 six hnndred feet below the surface of the 
 rocky wall. This is the defile of Usses, and 
 over this abyss modem engineering has thrown 
 a wire bridge known as the Charles Albert, or 
 Caille Bridge. This bold work was inaugurated 
 June 10, 1839. It is nearly six hundred feet 
 long by about eighteen wide. There are two 
 paths for foot-passengers. Travelers generally 
 stop to experience the effect of throwing a stone 
 from the bridge into the torrent. The sound, 
 reverberating from side to side, reaches the ear 
 like a peal of thunder or the roar of cannoa. 
 
 The Oberland Journey. 
 L» the journey of the European tourist the 
 Bernese Oberland plays a conspicuous part. 
 
 The Vdley of Ohamouni. 
 Chamouni is now so well known from the 
 accounts of various travelers that little need be 
 said of it here. It is a large and important 
 community, and in its bustle during the Sum- 
 mer months resembles an English watering- 
 place. With the exception of some enormous 
 hotels erected here, Chamouni, like other Swiss 
 and Savoy villages, retains its original appear- 
 ance. The greater portion of the place was, in 
 1855, burned down. The grand white mass of 
 Mont Blanc, and its accompanying aiguilles and 
 glaciers are very beautiful ; so is the valley of 
 which we give a view. By some writers it is 
 said to have a desolate air about it, but with 
 such an environment this can scarcely be the 
 
 gather from this document the origin of th« 
 name Chamouni. The words campus munitus, or 
 fortified field, come, as seems most likely, from 
 its mountain boundaries ; but this name does 
 not occur after the adoption of Prieurd. 
 
 The praises of the excursions around Cha- 
 mouni have been celebrated by writers of 
 various grades. The poets naturally feel en- 
 chanted in the midst of such scenery. 
 
 In the immediate neighborhood is the cele- 
 brated Mer de Glace, the enormous glaciers 
 which terminate in the Glacier du Bois, and tho 
 source of the Arveron, in the Valley of Cha- 
 mouni. From the Montaurent the Mer da 
 Glace is seen to an extent of two leagues up tho 
 valley, toward the Mount Periades and tha 
 Aiguilles of Lechand, on either side of which a 
 
 Pull of varied scenery, the eye has a continual 
 feast spread before it. But not without toil of 
 body is this feast to be obtained. Perilous 
 heights must be scaled, frightful chasms crossed, 
 fearfully frail bridges traversed, with the ter- 
 rible avalanche, continually threatening. 
 
 Our illustration represents the ascent of the 
 famous Jungfrau, one of the Bernese Alps So 
 steep and circuitous is the only path to the 
 summit, that the majority of venturesorrte 
 ladies can ascend only in chairs slung on f )oles, 
 and carried by mountaineers. Those who 
 attempt to ride are placed in great peril from 
 falling off the mules. In the picture one of 
 Uie ladins is just remounting by the aid of one 
 itf the guides. 
 
 COVELO, A FOKTEESS IN THE TYKOL. 
 
 general experience. The valley stands above 
 the level of the sea some 3,370 feet. 
 
 The village of Chamouni, or La Prieure, as it 
 has sometimes been named, from a Benedictine 
 convent established here about the end of the 
 eleventh century, was known at a very early 
 period. The original act for founding the 
 priory, according to the authorities on the sub- 
 ject, bears the seal of Count Aymen, and a refer- 
 ence to " Papa Urbano" (Pope Urban II.), 
 which fixes the date between 1088 and 1099. 
 This deed conferred a grant of the Vale of Cha- 
 mouni, from the Col do Balme to the torrent of 
 the Dioza, near Servoz — about seven and a half 
 leagues in length by about three in breadth, 
 including the mountain sides and slopes. We 
 
 branch continues ; that on the south-west form- 
 ing the great glacier of Jacul, and that on the 
 east and north-east the glaciers of Lechand and 
 Talfefie. The view of this enormous sea of ice 
 is one of the most striking scenes of wonder, 
 but its great extent, from the vast size of every 
 object about it, Is not appreciated at first. 
 
 The Eailway Tunnel of the Alps. 
 
 The works of the Grand Tunnel are now 
 constructed along its whole length, between the 
 valley of the Arc, in Savoy, and the valley ol 
 Kochemolles, opening into that of the Dora 
 Riparia in Piedmont. 
 
 The process of drilling a tunnel through tbf 
 
SWIIZERLAND. 
 
 257 
 
 Alps was commenCeii in 
 
 IfioT, and the special 
 apparatus for usino; the 
 force of compressed air 
 in boring was first 
 applied in June, 18(il ; 
 60 tliat the idea of con- 
 structing a railway tun- 
 nel through the moun- 
 tain had been conceived 
 long before. The arc of 
 the tunnel is nearly 
 semi-circular ; it is 25 
 feet 34 inches wide at 
 the base, 2G feet 2| 
 inches at the broadest 
 part, and 24 foot 7 inches 
 high at the Modane end, 
 but 111 inches higher at 
 the Bardonneche end. 
 Its roof and walls are 
 cased with masonry ; at 
 the Bardonneche end the 
 vault is of brick, and 
 the sides of stone, but 
 at the Savoy end the 
 whole is built of brick. 
 
 The boring apparatus 
 is used at the freshly cut 
 
 extremity of each gallery, and consists of an 
 iron frame or carriage, running on the rails 
 The boring-needle is simply an iron bar, with a 
 point two inches wide, shaped like that of a 
 chisel, and requires frequent sharpening. These 
 needles are connected with the propelling 
 cylinders by flexible tubes of india-rubber, so 
 that the men in attendance can direct the point 
 in any desired direction. A second pipe ac- 
 companies each 
 borer, and pours 
 in a little water 
 to moisten the 
 rock. 
 
 It is calculated 
 chat to bore 
 eight holes of 
 the required 
 depth, which is 
 about four feet, 
 the piston rod 
 must give .57,600 
 strokes. When- 
 ever the re- 
 quisite number 
 of holes have 
 been made, the 
 engine travels 
 back out of the 
 gallery, the men 
 cliarge the holes 
 wUh mining 
 powder, lay a 
 train, and retire 
 behind the 
 heavy doors, till 
 the rock is blown 
 up. A strong 
 jet of com- 
 pressed air is 
 then thrown in, 
 which disperses 
 the smoke ; 
 wagons are 
 broueht to re- 
 17 
 
 THE OBERLAND JOUKNEY. 
 
 move the broken stone, and the machine 
 driven forward for a new blast. 
 
 Mont Blanc. 
 
 In the September of 1850 a very interesting 
 ascent of Mont Blanc was accomplished by Mr. 
 Erasmus Gal ton. 
 
 We take from Mr. Galton's journal the sub- 
 
 AMESICAN LADY ASCENDING MONT BLANC. 
 
 stance of the narrative 
 of his ascent: 
 
 '•On Sept. 4th, 1850, 
 at seven o'clock in the 
 morning, the weather 
 looking fine, I made up 
 my mind to ascend ilcnt 
 Blanc. 
 
 "On the morning cf 
 the 5th the weather 
 looked doubtful, and it 
 was not, consequently, 
 until ten o'clock that 
 my party started. It 
 consisted of six guides, 
 named respectively, Jean 
 Tairray, Victor Tairray, 
 Alexander Dirousseux, 
 Joseph Tairray, Jean 
 Carrier, Basil Tairray ; 
 seven porters, one vo- 
 lunteer (a young guide), 
 and a German mechanic. 
 "I rode a mule for 
 the first hour, when, 
 the path ceasing, I had 
 to dismount; and 
 having stripped off my 
 coat, waistcoat, nccU. 
 clotli, and turned up my sleeves, etc., we began 
 the ascent in earnest, Victor Tairray guing first, 
 myself second, and the rest following. The 
 pace was slow but constant. At about one, T. si., 
 we reached the ice, wliich we never left again, 
 crossing the Glaciers de Bossons and Tacounez. 
 These glaciers are very dangerous, as on the 
 left above there is a succession of high preci- 
 pices, down which avalanches are continually 
 
 falling: they 
 come down at a 
 great pace ; and, 
 as the whole 
 glacier is full of 
 gigantic cre- 
 vasses, it is im- 
 possible to get 
 outof their way. 
 "At half past 
 4, p. M., on ar- 
 riving at a tre- 
 menduous cre- 
 vasse, we left 
 the porters be- 
 hind to return 
 t3 Chamouni, 
 and, loading 
 ourselves wit'.i 
 the provisions 
 and other re- 
 quisites which 
 they had brought 
 so far, we crossed 
 the crevasse 
 without acci- 
 dent, and stepped 
 out for the 
 Grands Mulets, 
 where we arrived 
 at 45 minutes 
 past four, p. M. 
 Here we were to 
 sleep; so we 
 all immediately 
 changed . OUT 
 
N 
 
 258 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 RAILWAY TUNNEL OF THE ALPS — SECOND WORKING OALLERV OF THE TUNNEL EXCAVATION. 
 
 clothes, and put on dry and extra ones. We 
 next had our supper, and then to sleep. The 
 guides rigged up a tent, made out of four 
 Alpenstocks laid against the rocks, and then 
 spread some light canvas. The whole width 
 of the place was five feet ; and as I slept the 
 outside man, by lifting up my head, without 
 moving my body, I could look down about 
 four hundred feet upon the glacier below. 
 
 '■ At eight p. M. the guides awoke me to see 
 the view at sunset. It was the most sublime 
 Bcene possible to conceive, all the valleys being 
 filled i^-ith clouds (we, being far above them, 
 had a perfectly clear sky) ; therefore, on look- 
 ing down, the whole world seemed gone, and 
 in its place a sea of clouds below us, with just 
 the tops of the mountains showing through 
 like small islands ; and the vapor being divided 
 into masses, looked like an immense sea of ice. 
 
 " It was a sight that no writing can explain. 
 The thought that crossed my mind at the time 
 was, ' O God, how wonderful are Thy works !' " 
 
 "At twelve o'clock, midnight, we again pro- 
 ceeded. No moon, but the reflection from the 
 snow gave considerable light. The leading 
 man, with a lantern, to be used at crevasses : 
 and all tied together, at about nine feet apart. 
 The rope to each person, after being knotted 
 round his own waist, was tied' to the rope at 
 the back of the next man. By this means, if a 
 mau fell into a crevasse, the next man to him, 
 both before and behind, must assist to get him 
 out, as by this plan they cannot release them- 
 selves, which an alarmed man might do if he 
 could, and the rope were fastened in front. 
 
 " We continued walking all night, steadily 
 but slowly, till about six a. m. , when my respi- 
 ration began to be affected (this was the Grand 
 Plateau). H«re our volunteer, the young guide, 
 and the German, gave out , they had plenty of 
 pluck, but were utterly exhausted. I was quite 
 grieved for them. We got on well till about 
 
 seven a. m., when I fell dovm on my face till 
 my lungs became inflated. From that time till 
 nine A. m. I continually became almost uncon- 
 sciotis and partially blind and stupefied, and 
 tumbled about like a drunken man ; but, in 
 every case, after lying down for about two 
 minutes, I easily got up and started without 
 difficulty. At half past nine a. m. we gained 
 the summit, when we all again la}- down for 
 about four minutes, and then got up much re- 
 vived. The sky was cpiite clear and the bound- 
 less view perfect, but on too great a scale for 
 the mind to take it all in. 
 
 ' ' I wanted so much to see everything, that I 
 could not calmly look at each point separately, 
 more particularly as one of my guides was 
 suffering very much from cold and difficulty 
 
 of breathing, and implored me to descend. 
 I think I could have staid on the summit 
 for an hour or two ; but the party who last 
 came up having had three persons frost-bitten, 
 I did not feel justified in keeping the guides 
 long on the sumraiC. In about fifteen minutes 
 we began to descend, which I found to be much 
 more dangerous than the ascent. I had ' two 
 ropes tied to me, very long ones, as it is ot 
 great consc-quencc not to give a sudden jerk to 
 your next man, in case you slip. In descend- 
 ing the steep slopes, one man goes first to cut 
 each step in the snow. It seemed to me a 
 service of great danger, as he is not allowed to 
 have a rope tied to him, the object being to 
 oblige him to cut each step deep and quite safe, 
 as the steps wear so fast from the friction of the 
 feet that the last mau would be in danger of 
 slipping down — a most serious matter, as he 
 would push the others before him, outward 
 from behind ; and, not having any one to check 
 him, if a second one slipped, all would probably 
 be carried away. We arrived at the Grands 
 Mulets by one p. M., where we took off our 
 extra clothing. The guides dined, and I slept 
 till two p. M., when we again descended, cross- 
 ing at our old route, the Glacier de Bossons, as 
 far as we were able ; but, in the few hours 
 which had passed since we had crossed it in our 
 ascent, many of the crevices had been much 
 altered — some closed, and one (a very large 
 one) fresh formed. At five we reached the 
 chalet at the foot of the mountain. At half- 
 past six p. M. we arrived at the inn in Cha- 
 mouui." 
 
 Another writer says : 
 
 " Whoever has made the tour of Mont Blanc 
 knows that it is but an easy journey round its 
 base, familiar to every mountain traveler in 
 Switzerland, and having its beginning and its 
 end at Chamouni. An ascent of Mont Blanc is 
 a very different, and, as the reader hereof will 
 presently be shown, a much more difficult and 
 dangerous matter. 
 
 ' ' First, the glaciers are to be encountered. And 
 now, before we go any further, let us come to a 
 
 EAILWAV TLNNKL OK TllE ALPS— SECOND AND THIKO UALLEEIES OF TUE TUNNEL EXCAVATION, 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 25» 
 
 OAILLE BKIBGE, IN SAVOY. 
 
260: 
 
 TEE WOKLDS GREAT NATlONd. 
 
 MONT BLAXC— ENCAMPED ON THE OEANDS MULEIS. 
 
 confusion by mingling their ruins. The mo- 
 raines with which the surface hfis been chargeil 
 are, as a matter of uecessit}', dispersed into 
 every fissure by the discontinuity : and the 
 masses thus fallen, and ground by the press- 
 ure of the ice, are from time to time rolled 
 down the rocky steep, and finally are borne to 
 a certain distance by the impetuous torrent 
 which flows from its base. 
 
 " 'Among the most dangerous accidents of 
 glacier traveling are the fragments of stone 
 which, during the heat of the day, are discharged 
 and roll down from the rocks al:ove. A stone, 
 even if seen beforehand, may fall in a direction 
 from which the traveler, engaged amidst the 
 perils of crevasses, or on the precarious footing 
 of a narrow ledge of rock, cannot possibly with- 
 draw in time to avoid it. And Eeldom do they 
 come alone ; like an avalanche, they gain others- 
 during tlie descent. Urged with the velocity 
 acQuued in half rolling, half bounding down a 
 precipitous slope of a thousand feet high, they 
 strike fire by collision with their neighbors, are 
 split, perhaps, into a thousand shivers, and 
 detach by the blow a still greater mass, which, 
 once discharged, thunders with an explosive 
 roar upon the glacier beneath, acccmpanied by 
 clouds of dust or smoke, produced in the col- 
 lision. These dry avalanches are among the 
 most terrible of the ammunition with which the 
 genius of these mountain solitudes repels tl:c 
 appro.^.ch of curious man.' " 
 
 This especial danger is so well illustrated by 
 Mr. Hinchliff, in " Peaks, Passes and Glaciers," 
 a volume recently published in London by mem- 
 bers cf the Alpine Club, that we cannot forbear 
 extracting his very graphic account. The party. 
 
 right understanding of the answer to that in- 
 teresting question, 'What is a glacier?' pro- 
 fessor Forbes, in his capital little book, 'The 
 Tour o) Mont Blanc and of Monte Rosa,' has a 
 chapter on 'Glaciers and their Scenery,' a 
 caadensation or which will give the reader all 
 the information required on this point: 
 
 " ' When a glacier descends a steep mountain 
 ravine, traversed by one of those majestic frozen 
 torrents which course down the tremendous 
 gorges which the chain of Mont Blanc presents 
 on its southern side, the condition of the ice 
 differs considerably from that which we have 
 described. Urged onward in its flow upon the 
 immense bed of rocks on which it reposes, 
 forced sometimes to discharge itself over the 
 bank of a precipice, the rigid mass is fissured in 
 all directions. Swayed hither and thither by 
 the uneveiinesst- its base, the fissures maintain 
 no constant direction, but subdivide the ponder- 
 ous mass into rude, prismatic fragments, whose 
 height is the thickness of the ice, and the form 
 of their bases is determined by the melting of 
 the fissures which form them. These fissures 
 become transformed into pyramids more or less 
 rude by the action of the atmospheric waters, 
 the contact of air and evaporation which soon 
 sharpen their summits, rising in a thousand fan- 
 tastic forms, whilst their bases here and there 
 irregularly cut through by the escape of glacier 
 torrents, become excavated into not less fantas- 
 tic labyrinths in the deep, blue depths of the 
 ice, which often preserves here its most charac- 
 tenstic purity. As the excavation proceeds, 
 these pyramids, doubly acuminated above and 
 tclow, topple over and increase the apparent 
 
 OBAND PLATKAC, MONT BLANC. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 261 
 
 of which Mr. Hinchliff formed one, had reached 
 the Trift Pass on their perilous ascent. Mr. n. 
 
 says: 
 
 "The continuous exertion and great excite- 
 ment of the three hours and a half since leaving 
 the Col were admirably calculated to put the 
 •whole party in a high state of satisfaction at 
 coming to so smooth an anchorage, and in the 
 highest spirits we pripaied to improve the occa- 
 jsion to the uttermost. The provision knapsacks 
 were emptied and used as seats ; bottles of red 
 wine were stuck upright in the snow ; n goodly 
 Jeg of cold mutton on its sheet of paper formed 
 "the centre, garnislied with hard eggs ancJ bread 
 and cheese, round which we ranged ourt.<jlves in 
 A circle. High festival was held under the deep 
 blue heavens, and now and then, as we looked 
 up at the wondrous wall of rocks which we had 
 descondel, we congratulate J ourselves on the 
 victory with a quiet nod, indicative of satisfac- 
 tion. M. Seller's beautiful oranges supplied the 
 Tare luxury of a dessert, and we were just in' the 
 full enjoyment of the delicacy when a l)ooming 
 sound, like the discharge of a gun far over our 
 iieads, made us all at once glance upward to the 
 tjp of the Trifthorn. Close to its craggy sum- 
 mit hung a cloud of dust, like dirty smoke, and 
 in a few seconds another and a larger one burst 
 forth several hundred feet lower. A glance 
 through the telesc3pe showed that a fall of rocks 
 had commenced, and the fragments were leap- 
 ing down fro;ii led:^e to ledge in a series of cas- 
 cades. Each block dashed off others at every 
 point of contact, and the uproar became tre- 
 mendous ; thousands of fragments making 
 every variety of noise, according to their size, 
 *Jid producing the effect of a fire of musketry 
 
 MONT BLANC — A GUIDE'S ACCIDENT. 
 
 
 UONT BLANC — CBOSSIMC T'dE QLASSIEB DE B0S80KS 
 
 and artillery combined, thundered downward 
 from so great a height that we waited anxiously 
 for some considerable time to see them reach 
 the snow-field below. As nearly as we could 
 estimate the distance, we v/ere five hundred yards 
 from the base of the rocks, so we thought that, 
 come what might, we were in a tolerably secure 
 position. At last we saw many of the blocks 
 plunge into the snow after taking their last fear- 
 ful leap ; presently much larger fragments fol- 
 lowed, taking proportionably larger bounds ; 
 the noise grew fiercer and fiercer, and huge 
 blocks began to fall so near to us that we 
 jumped to our feet, preparing to dodge them to 
 tlie best of our ability. 
 
 " ' Look out !' cried some one. and we opened 
 out right and left at the approach of a monster 
 evidently weighing many hundredweight, which 
 was coming right at us like a huge shell fired 
 from a mortar. It fell with a heavy thud, not 
 more than twenty feet from us, scattering lumps 
 of snow into the circle where we had just been 
 dining ; but scarcely had we begun to recover 
 from our astonishment when a still larger rock 
 fiew exactly over our heads to a distance of two 
 hundred yards beyond us. The malice of the 
 Trifthorn now seemed to have done its worst : 
 a few more blocks dropped around us, and then, 
 after an incessant fire for about ten minutes, the 
 fallen masses retired in rsgular gradation, til! 
 nothing remained in transitu but showers of 
 stones and small debris pouring down the side of 
 the mountain ; the thundering noise died away 
 into a tinkling clatter ; and, though clouds cl 
 dust still obscured the precipice, silence was 
 soon restored." 
 
2G3 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 "Just attei- crossing the Glaicer de Bbs- 
 8ons, while we were crossing a steep slope of 
 snow, one of the porters (the man who carried 
 the ladder) slipped and fell. He first shot down 
 along the snow about thirty feet, then, ounding 
 off the edge, fell headforemost into a crevasse, 
 about thirty more. We all thought that he was 
 killed. After some minutes we got round to the 
 other side of the crevasse : we looked down and 
 saw him lying insensible He had fallen on a 
 ledge of snow and ice, about four feet wide, with 
 the ladder propping him up. Had he not 
 
 cautious we must be. By this accident my 
 thermometer was unfortunately broken, so that 
 I had no means of registering the degree of cold 
 which we experienced. 
 
 "At half-past four p.m., on arriving at a tre- 
 mendous crevasse, we left the porters behind to 
 return to Chamouni, and, loading ourselves with 
 the provisions and other requisites which they 
 had brought so far, we crossed the crevasse with- 
 out accident, and stepped out for the Grands 
 Mulcts, where we arrived at forty-five minutes 
 past four P.M. Here we were to sleep ; so we 
 
 possible to conceive, all the valleys being filleA 
 with clouds (we, Deing far above them, had a. 
 perfectly clear sky) ; therefore, on looking down, 
 the whole world seemed gone, and in its place 
 a sea of clouds below us, with just the tops of 
 the mountains ■ showing through like small 
 islands." 
 
 Oovelo. 
 
 OoYELO, or Kofel, is a Tyrolese fort, between 
 Primolano and Cismone, in the wild ravino 
 
 bounded off the edge of the glacier with great 
 velocity, and so fallen on this ledge on the op- 
 posite side of the crevasse, he must have gone 
 to the bottom, a distance little short of sixty 
 feet. After a little time he revived, and, being 
 tied to the ladder, wo all got hold of the rope 
 and hauled him up. He was much shaken, and 
 his arm so painful that we were obliged to leave 
 him behind, with a porter to take care of him, 
 and then we proceeded. This catastrophe de- 
 tained us nearly an hour, and showed ub how 
 
 HDTS AND ROCKS OP THE ORAND9 jrULETS. 
 
 all immediately changed our clothes and put on 
 dry and extra ones. We next had our supper, 
 and then to sleep. The guides rigged up a tent, 
 made out of four Alpine stocks laid against the 
 rocks, and then spread some light canvas. The 
 whole width of the place was five feet ; and as I 
 slept the outside man, by lifting up my head, 
 without moving my body, I could look down 
 about four hundred feet upon the glacier Ijelow. 
 At eight P.M. the guides awoke me to see the 
 view at sunset. It was the most sublime scene 
 
 watered by the Brente. Cut in the i-ock, a hun^ 
 dred feet and more above the lower surface o£ 
 the valley, it commands the valley, and is in- 
 visible, except when quite near. Its garrison is 
 five hundred men. Tlie Emperor Maximilian 
 took it from the Venetians in 1509. In Sep- 
 tember, 1796, General Augerau took it, and, in. 
 1848, it was the scene of a struggle between the 
 Austrians and Italians. Around it lie sevea 
 settlements, called the Selle Commune, thoroughly 
 German. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 2G3 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 
 5 
 
234 
 
 THE WORLD'S GBEAT NATIONS. 
 
 SraUII OF UONT BLANa 
 
 from a world of beauty— the vale of Domschleg, 
 under the old Etruscan castle of Eealt, spiked 
 in the cliff like a war club, four hundred feet 
 above you and totally inaccessible on every side 
 save one— and are plunged at once into ascene 
 of concentrated and deep sublimity, such awe- 
 inspiring grandeur, such overwhelming power, 
 that you advance slowly and solemnly, as if 
 every crag were a supernE.tural being. The 
 road is carried with great daring along the. per- 
 pendicular face of crags, cut from the rock 
 where no living thing could have scaled the 
 mountain, and sometimes it completely over- 
 hangs the abyss, a thousand feet abcve the 
 raging torrent. Now it pierces the rock, now 
 it runs zig-zag, now spans the gorge on a light 
 dizzy bridge; now the mountains frcivn en 
 each other like tropical thunder -clouds about 
 to meet and discharge their artillery, and now 
 you come upon mighty insulated crags, thrown 
 wildly together, covered with fringes of mces 
 and shrubbery, constituting masses cf verdure. 
 Nothing can be finer than the effect where ycu 
 look through the ravine, as through a mighty 
 perspective, with the Eealt Castle hanging to 
 the clifif at its mouth, and the t-i.nny air and 
 earth expanding in such contrast with the 
 frowning, gloom invested, tremendous passage 
 behind you. We leaned over the parapet and 
 endeavoreJ to guess at the depth of the chasm. 
 It was very dizzy to look at. The tall black fir 
 forests on the mountain shelves, and the blasted 
 pines on the inaccessible peaks, seemed to gaze 
 gravely at us, as if we had come unauthorized 
 into a sanctuary of nature too deep and awful 
 to be trodden by the foot of man. 
 
 The Via Mala. 
 
 The Rhine ceases to be navi- 
 gable above Lake Constance. 
 The main point of interest in 
 the upper part of the stream 
 is, unquestionably, the Via 
 Mala. The noble river is here 
 in its infancy. Coruijressed 
 between the rocks which in- 
 close its bed. it is scarcely 
 wider t'lan a rivulet, but the 
 chasm which it has cleft for 
 itself is one of the most ira- 
 posing and awe-inspiri ng 
 gorges in the world. The 
 valley seems to be absolutely 
 closed up by an impenetrable 
 barrier of rofk, and it is only 
 on a neir approach that a 
 narrow rift is discovered, out 
 of which the infant river 
 bursts. Entering this gorge, 
 the mountains on either side 
 rise higher and higher ; the 
 chasm becomes narrower ; far 
 below the raging torrent roars 
 and thunders in its rocky bed, 
 sometimes at a depth so great 
 as to be almost inaudible ; a 
 narrow strip of sky is all that 
 can be descried overhead, and 
 the ravine beneath lies in im- 
 penetrable darkness. In soma 
 places the cliffs on either hand 
 rise to a height of sixteen hun- 
 dred feet. 
 
 You enter this savage pass 
 
 HOKT DLAMO AND TUB " uer riu OI.»CE.' 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 265 
 
 THE VIA MAIiA, NEAE THE SOTJECE OF THE RHINE. 
 
266 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 a:id crawls upward till you look back and 
 admire the labor and skill which permits tho 
 heavy diligence to thread its way through such 
 a hopeless-looking cleft. We strolled along, 
 now pausing to fix the memory of some sudden 
 corner of the route upon our minds, now to- 
 throw pebbles down the gorge — ;n doing which 
 I most unluckily and stupidly pitched away a 
 pet pencil case — now to peep over the parapet, 
 •where the river rushed immediately under our 
 elbows at a depth of about four hundred feet. 
 Close to this a bridge steps across the ravine, 
 and ' the climax of stern sublimity is attained.' 
 An old man who was mending the roads, seeing 
 us approach, waited with a huge stone, ready 
 to heave it over the brink the very moment w» 
 looked an assent. So we treated ourselves to 
 twopenny-worth of the loudest splash 1 ever 
 heard. The smack of the stone upon the water 
 was like the report of a gxin. Then our friend 
 gave a grunt, as if s;iying, ' I suppose that is. 
 what you like,' did » profound obeisance for 
 the twopence, and shambled back to bis work." 
 
 MONT BLANC — DESCENT OF STONES. 
 
 The Jungtrau Mountain. 
 
 Travelers wlio have visited the Swiss Alps 
 have boon warm in their expressions of admi- 
 ration of this grand and stupendous mountain. 
 It is hardly possible to conceive a more sublime 
 and imposing sight than is presented by the 
 towering height of the snow-capped Jung- 
 frau. On all sides it is surrounded by immense 
 masses of rocks and vast and dizzy precipices, 
 which cause a tlirill and a shudder as we look 
 down. Its height is 13,671 feet, and the snow 
 on its summit is perpetual. But vast as is its 
 height, and insurmountable as would seem to 
 be the difficulties and dangers of the ascent, the 
 top of the Jungfrau, or "Maiden Mountain," 
 has twice been reached, once in 1812 by the 
 brothers Meyer, of Aarau, and also in 1841 by 
 Agassiz and Professor Forbes. 
 
 Its position is on the boundary line between 
 the cantons of Berne and Valais, about seven 
 miles west of the Finster^aarhorn. 
 
 although it lies between rugged mountain pre- 
 cipices, which seem sometimes as if they met 
 in front, and had swallowed the intruding road 
 which crept within its jaws. But what with 
 bridges and tunnels, and great grooves along 
 the face of the sheer, upright rocks, it dodges 
 
 Festival of the Men-at-Arms, at Neufchatel. 
 The ancient "armorers'' festival at Neuf- 
 chatel, which had, for some time, been allowed 
 to fall into desuetude, was revived on the 31st 
 of October, 1868. The origin of this public- 
 holiday is thus related: "Between the four- 
 teenth and fifteenth centuries the Dukes of 
 Savoy, who possessed the territory on the south- 
 ern banks of the lake, at present represented by 
 the Cantons of Vaud and Freibourg, were un- 
 able to contemplate without envy the towers 
 and turrets of the old castle of Neufchatel, 
 which commanded the town. Long considera. 
 tion had brought them to the conclusion that it 
 might easily be take nby surprise, if only a few 
 determined retainers could be introduced with- 
 in its walls : and the result was. that on a cer 
 tain day, some boats were seen oil the lake, 
 approaching from the direction of Yverdon. 
 
 View in the Orisons. 
 " It was a threatening day," says a tourist in 
 Switzerland, "when we started from the excel- 
 lent Steinbock hotel, at Coire. in a little one- 
 horse chaise, for Thusis. We reached it in 
 alxjut three hours, and, after a hasty luncheon, 
 set off to walk through the defile of the Via 
 Mala, which begins at once above the village. 
 "We had heard and read so much about the 
 ' terrible sublimity' of this famous gorge, that 
 we were rather disappointed with a capital 
 macadamized road, as good as in England, 
 
 FESTrVAL OF IHS «EN-AT-ABMS, STECFCHATH:, 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 26T 
 
 ■whenffG the-y hnri brought n present o? a few 
 tuns o£ wine for tlio Governor's table. These 
 tuna were deposited in the courtyard of 
 the castle, and left there without suspicion; 
 but in the evening soino of the children, who 
 ■were playing at hide-and-seek in the open 
 
 like the horse of Troy, the tuns contained 
 stout Savoyard soldiers. The red stream that 
 ran from the broken staves was not wine, but 
 blood, and every foe were slain." 
 
 This was the origin of the festival, an il- 
 lustration of which we present to our readers. 
 
 fi,Ked. The alps are generally considered a» 
 divided into throe terraces or sections, the 
 highest of whicn cannot be occupied before- 
 the month of August. 
 
 The hay gathered in ispots which cattle can- 
 not reach is called tcildheu, and the reapers,. 
 
 space of the old fortress, fancied they heard a 
 strange sound in one or two of the big casks, 
 and ran off to tell their fathers, who at once 
 snatched up such arms as they could mo.st 
 readily find, and went up to the castle, lighted 
 by the children, who carried torches. The 
 present was intended to be a fatal one, for, 
 
 - VIBW IN THE QKIS0N3. 
 
 The Harvest in the Alps. 
 Alp means properly the mountain pasturage 
 to which the shepherds lead their cattle in 
 Summer, and where butter and cheese are 
 made. These spots are precious, and the cattle 
 each may place there is carefully estimated and 
 
 wildheuer. Yet, as the grass here is finer, green: 
 and aromatic, and prized by the cattle, there is 
 no lack of men to gather it. The Swiss and 
 Tyrolese mountaineers climb the most abrupt 
 summits to gather it, using their iron-shod 
 stock, and irons on their feet. The ascent, 
 when loaded with merely a sickle, is dangerou* 
 
^68 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 cnougli ; but the descent, loaded with the hay, 
 is enough to make the coolest and most expe- 
 rienced falter. to t 
 
 Eeminiscences of Swiss Travels. 
 In 1865, a very intelligent clergyman made 
 a prolonged tour amidst the wildest retreats of 
 this wonderful land 
 — and, giving more 
 lime to his task than 
 the majority of trav- 
 elers, has written one 
 •of the pleasantest 
 books about the sub- 
 ject that we have 
 seen. We make room 
 for a few extracts 
 from his three trips : 
 
 WKESTLING MATCH. 
 
 "There is a beau 
 tiful w.alk just abo\e 
 the Alpbach, up some 
 broad zigzags, from 
 which the scenery of 
 the valley shows its 
 special charms. In- 
 deed, there are nvi 
 merous varied ex 
 cursions around 
 Meyringen, which ^^e 
 staid there long 
 enough to appreciate, 
 though not to e\ 
 laust. It is the centre 
 of six well-known 
 roads, but there aie 
 many more used by 
 the country people 
 and quite easy. 
 
 "After dinner the 
 waiter told me that 
 the Schwing-feste, or 
 wrestling- match be 
 tween the men of 
 H a s 1 i and Unter 
 walden, was to be 
 held the next morning 
 on the Eugsthlen Alp 
 about two hours and 
 & half abovo the 
 ■village; so I desired 
 him to get brealifast 
 ready in good time, as 
 I should go myself 
 
 "It was aboiit 
 half-past seven, how 
 «ver, the next moin 
 ing, when I walked 
 lip the zigzags 
 beyond the Alpbach 
 fall, in the direction 
 indicated by the 
 •waiter. As the 
 ■day was a great 
 
 ;one for the Meyringen people, I expected to 
 have seen many on the road ; but I was late and 
 alone. The path soon reached a table, or rather 
 shelf of land, and then, traversing this, I 
 mounted the hillside beyond it. The scenery 
 was lovely. Picturesque cottages and park-like 
 grass, with irregular groups of large trees, lay 
 
 immediately around me ; in front the hills rose 
 again, huge swells of alp or pasturage : be- 
 neath me was the vale of Hash, and beyond it 
 the opposite low range, above which the snowy 
 peaks of the Vvetterboru shone white in the sun. 
 But they were soon all hid, for clouds came 
 down, and though they were dry .■non.r),. ti,,,^ 
 
 ASCBNT pP MONT BLANC BY Dg. HAMEL 
 
 off not only the view of the mountain, but that 
 of the path. While it was clear, I had made my 
 way toward a summit near which I knew the 
 gathering was to be held. Now the summit 
 was gone, and I had got fairly into the cloud 
 region with the smallest inkling of my path, 
 and no compass. After looking and turning 
 
 round several times, I had not the slightest ii»ea 
 which way to go. Presently I came to a cluster 
 of chalets, but there was not a soul in or near 
 them. At last I heard a great hallooing at a 
 distance. It proceeded from rustics who were 
 guiding some companions to their path. ' Are 
 ^•.„, r,„jug to the Schwing-feste?' said I. 'Yah,' 
 they replied ; so I 
 shortened sail and 
 followed astern. Pre- 
 sently we emerged 
 from the stratum of 
 clouds upon tho 
 shoulder of a hill, 
 over which, my 
 friends told me, tho 
 games were held. In 
 a few minutes we 
 came upon tho place, 
 a small, flat plot of 
 grass with rLsing tuif- 
 lianks, on which the 
 people of Hasli and 
 Uuterwalden respect, 
 ively sat, tier above 
 tier. We found our- 
 selves on the Hasli 
 side. The great body 
 of the Unterwaldeu 
 people had not ar- 
 rived, though their 
 opponents were pre- 
 sent in force. My 
 companions greeted 
 friends, and I — looked 
 about me. 
 
 "The grass arena 
 was surrounded, at 
 the height of about 
 twenty feet up the 
 bank, by a fringe of 
 wine-casks under um- 
 brellas. They had 
 been brought up on 
 men's shoulders, and 
 were thus shaded 
 from the sun. The 
 arena itself was oc- 
 cupied l>y three or 
 four couples, who 
 danced upon the 
 green. A thin sprin- 
 kling of Uuterwalden 
 peoi^le sat on the 
 opposite bank, every 
 now and then look- 
 ing up the range of 
 grass-hills behind 
 them, over the ridge 
 of which they ex- 
 pected to see their 
 friends and cham- 
 pions approach. 
 Presently they came 
 almost all together, and charged down the 
 slope with a howling chorus. It was a defiant 
 war-cry, and I could hear strife in the sound. 
 ' ' The friends of the rival wrestlers soon settled 
 themselves down on their respective banks, and 
 the umpires cleared the arena ; the last to move 
 off it being some pigs, which snouted away and 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 20» 
 
 flicked their tails in total uiiconcera of the 
 whole matter. The pigs belonged to a solitary 
 chalet which stood some hundred yards off, and 
 which v.-as made, for the day, into a pablic- 
 bousc. 
 , " The whole affair was a genuine one, and 
 
 TBS HABTESI IN THE ALPS. 
 
 quite unlike some which are occasionally got up 
 for show ia places where tourists resort. The 
 chatter of the crowds soon ceased, and the 
 rulers of the games brought forward the first 
 two pair of wrestlers. They wore tlieir ordinary 
 shirts and trowsers, but over these last they put 
 
 on very strong drawers, by the w.iistband of 
 which each man held his opponent. None wore 
 any shoes. There was perfect silence when the 
 first pair came together. Each washed his arms 
 with white wine, shook hands, knelt down, laid 
 hold of the waistband of his adversary before 
 
270 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 end behind, and tried to turn him on his 
 ■back. It was a graceless exhibition as long as 
 ihe men remained thus writhing on their knees, 
 but occasionally, when they rose to their feet, 
 there was an exciting struggle. All was con- 
 ducted with fairness and proprietj'. Whenever 
 a champion was victorious his friends on the 
 bank yelled applause : and then he went round 
 among them with a hat, and got a heap of cop- 
 pers. There was no sport but the wrestling ; no 
 races, leaping, or hurling. Pair after pair came 
 down into the grass-jilot and tugged at their 
 respective waistbands. Some of the men were 
 Vv'ell built, and showed remarkably muscxilar 
 forearms. I noticed this to a German gentle- 
 man who sat by me on the grass, and spoke 
 English well. ' Ah,' said he, ' that is caused by 
 milking ; when a man milks for hours every 
 'day, he gets such muscles as you see.' 
 
 ' ' There was only one reall j' fine figure among 
 the WTestlers, and he was apj^arently the best 
 man on the Unterwalden side, for they kept him 
 to the last. The Hash representiitive was a 
 clumsy, round-shouldered fellow, but with an 
 ominously dogged look, and limbs like a cart- 
 horse. He walked up with a straw in his 
 mouth ; and the excitement of the day rose to 
 its highest pitch when this pair were locked in 
 silent grapple. Three times they hugged and 
 spent their breath, being obliged to unclasp 
 without an inch of gain on either side. Then 
 -the Unterwalden champion lost his temper, and 
 the umpires coming forward, forbade him to try 
 again. I never saw a man in such a rage. He 
 shook like one in a fit, and it took four of his 
 friends to keep him down. He tried, among 
 other things, to throw his boots at his rival — so 
 fierce was his resentment. This closed the 
 games, which I was glad to have seen, as they 
 take a high place in Swiss life ; but they were 
 very dull and monotonous. The victory re- 
 sulted slightly in favor of the Hasli people, who 
 probably prized it all the more. An easily won 
 triumph has few charms." 
 
 ' ' There is a proverb here which says, ' No 
 money, no Swiss.' It may be doubted whether 
 they have, as a people, any natural enterprise 
 about their mountains, and ever took seriously 
 to climbing them till they began to be paid by 
 "tourists for doing so. What does a goatherd 
 ■care about the top of the peak ? He toils after 
 iiis froward charge because they bring ..im a 
 
 living ; but why should he be more adventurous 
 than they ? Wh}' should he go v,'here there is 
 no grass ? All at once the peasant awakes to the 
 fact that foreign, ruddj^ - faced, long - pursed 
 tourists want to find their way mainly where it 
 is least plain, and that, though they possess 
 knapsacks, they seldom carry them themselves. 
 Thus the crags and glaciers become fruitful, and 
 i the lad qualifies himself as a guide or porter, in 
 places the only attraction to him of which is, 
 that some one will pay him for going there. 
 The scenery he cares most for is a handful of 
 money. No doubt there are a few enthusiasts 
 among the Swiss themselves ; but you may 
 depend upon it most of them would make their 
 peaks into turniji-fields if they could, and 
 change their Summer snow into manure. 
 
 "I was riding once by moonlight through a 
 famous valley, when I fell into conversation 
 with a Swiss about his native land. ' Do 
 you live in this part of the country ? I asked. 
 ' Yes,' he reijlied. ' It is very beautiful,' I 
 said. 'Ah!' ho rejoined, with some show of 
 enthusiasm, ' it is indeed, monsieur : it bears 
 excellent potatoes.' '■' 
 
 Yv'e cop}' an amusing account of Mr. Jones's 
 ascent of the Titlis : 
 
 ' ' There was nothing for it but to go on to 
 the little inn on the Joch, which we found quite 
 full. However, the landlord gave us a bed in 
 one of the chalets, over a cow-shed, and some 
 clean linen of his own. The bedroom, which 
 opened far out into the starlight, and indeed 
 was the whole house, had a rough wooden 
 fastening to its door, like that of a clumsy field- 
 gate, and was reached by a sort of loft-ladder. 
 It was, however, welcome enough, and we had 
 a pleasant chat with a party of people who filled 
 the little inn, several of whom had been up the 
 Titlis that day. This, though something short 
 of 11,000 feet in height, commands superb 
 views, being at the end of the great chain of 
 snow-mountains. As we were so near it, I de- 
 termined to make the ascent the next morning, 
 if the weather should be fine and the landlord 
 could provide me with a guide. ' Oh, by all 
 means,' said he ; 'I have an excellent guide. 
 He shall be prepared, and call you at two to- 
 morrow morning.' This sent me off to the cow- 
 shed at once, to get as much sleep as I could 
 summon. It was necessarv' to stir betimes, in 
 order to traverse the snow before the sun had 
 
 power upon it. Besides, as I wanted to go 
 down to Meyringen after ascending the Titlis, 
 which latter business generally consumes somo 
 nine or ten hours, an early start was good 
 economy of the day. 
 
 ' ' Between two and three we set off, my guide 
 affecting to show the way with a lantern swing- 
 ing at his knees. 
 
 " Leaving a large lake on our right, we soon 
 reached the notch in the ridge ovei' which the 
 path leads down toward Eugelberg. This is the 
 top of the Joch. Here we turned to the right. 
 
 " After a succession of rock, slopes of dihris, 
 grass, and a small patch of bastard glacier, we 
 came to a saddle, which led away from our right 
 toward the great rounded snow-summit of the 
 mountain. The view was magnificent. Toward 
 the Bernese Oberland the air was clear ; beneath 
 us, over the Lake of Lucerne, lay a sea of clou'^ , 
 out of which Pilatus and the Eighi rose lit 3 
 islands. 
 
 ' ' Beyond, the more level land toward Stras- 
 bourg, from which it is said the summit on 
 which we were standing is sometimes visible. 
 It consists of a grand swell of ncte, or frozen 
 snow, approached on one side by snow-slopes, 
 and on the other flanked b}' a series of preci- 
 pices down which avalanches continually fall 
 during the day, starting from the great cake of 
 ice then beneath our feet. There is a little bit 
 of rock on the summit ; here I sat down and 
 looked around. I enjoyed the grandeur of the 
 jianorama for an hour, and got back to the inn 
 on the Joch by twenty minutes past eleven. I 
 should have returned sooner, but my man, hav- 
 ing brought far more provision than was needed, 
 insisted on stopping several times, apparently 
 with the sole object of consuming it. Guides 
 have wonderful capacity. This one ate, and 
 ate, and ate again, the whole way back. When 
 we were about a quarter of an hour off from 
 the inn, on our return, he finished the last 
 mouthful of his store, and set up a salute of 
 announcing howls, as if to show that he had 
 come back \inchoked. But he was a good- 
 huEQored, sturdy fellow, though greedy. I 
 found my wife at breakfast, so I joined her in 
 that meal, and we both set off to Meyringen at 
 half-past twelve. We passed through Wyler and 
 Imhoff on our return, and got to the ' Hotel du 
 Sauvage,' after several paxisos to rest and look 
 about us, between five and six in the evening." 
 
 BBIDOE OVEK THK BHINE, AT BASLS, 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 AUSTRIA, BOHEMIA, TYROL, HUNGARY, CROATIA AND GALICIA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 rrHE CASTLE OF DrKRENSTEIN-UUNGAIUAN SUEPHERDS-THE CZIGANY. OK HlINOAEIAN GIPSIES-HUNOAKIAN COSTUMES-PRESBURO. T.IE CAPITAL 
 OF HUNGARY -HOTGABIAN VAIL WOKN BY PEASANT WOMEN-ANCIENT FEMALE PCN SHMENTS-SAXON GIRL IN TKANSYLVANIA-HERMITAOE 
 AND CAVE OF BUOSES-DANUBIAN LIFE - AUSTRIAN PEASANTS - HlNGAEIANS SINGING, FOLLOWED BY A GIPSY MUSICIAN -THE ABBEY OF 
 MOELK ON THE DANUBE - MAUSOLEUM OF MARIA CHRISTINA - THE MASS IN THE CAVE OF SERVOLO, IN THE COAST MOUNTAINS, NEAB 
 TRIESTE-GUARD-HOUSE ON THE DANUBE-ST. STEPHEN'S CROWN-HAY-BOAT-MORAVIAN PEASANTS-EECRUITINO THE AKMY-RIFLE MEET- 
 ING AT VIENNA-COSTUMES -RAFT ON THE DANUBE-MILITARY POST ON THE BANNAT-SCENE IN THE MARKET-PLACE AT PESTH-PASS- 
 ENGER STEAMER-SWINEHERD ON THE PUSZTA - MARKET-PLACE AT BRUNN-THE CSARDA-PEARANTS ENCAMPED-A PASSENGER EAFT-THE 
 
 ^^^Ssja Village Kinq-JC».ib at pesih-life in Vienna-Hungarian Wedding-A Codbt ^cene-Costumes of bdkowlne. 
 
 J rIE Austrian Empire is a vast aggre- 
 gation of States and nationalities, 
 united under a common ruler, but 
 imperfectly fused as respects political 
 institutions. Taken at its full extent, it 
 stretches through nearly nine degrees of lati- 
 tude from the extreme south of Dalmatia to 
 the frontier of Saxony, and through seventeen 
 degrees of longitude from the Lake of Con- 
 stance, in the West, to the outer bend of the 
 Carpathians in the East. It has an area of 
 about two hundred and forty thousand square 
 miles, and a population of over thirty-two mil- 
 lions. The empire falls into two great divis- 
 ions, which meet at the river Leitha, in the 
 neighborhood of Vienna, to- wit: Austria, the 
 empire proper, comprising the Cis-Leithan, or 
 German provinces, together with Galicia, Buko- 
 wina, and Dalmatia ; and Hungary or theTrans- 
 Leitha section, which forms a separate kingdom, 
 independent of Austria, as r.>gards its internal 
 administration, but united to it by the personal 
 fcond of a common ruler, as well as by various 
 common interests of a financial or military 
 character. 
 
 Austria is pre-eminently the empire of the 
 Danube. She holds the entire ceniral basin of 
 that river where its expansion is greatest, and 
 ite boundaries best defined, and, consequently, 
 she exercises vast influence along that stream. 
 
 Both name and State of Austria originated in 
 the establishment of a border province between 
 the Enns and the Kaab by Charlemagne, in 791, 
 which was the most Easterly portion of his 
 vast empire, Oesterreich, which means the Eastern 
 Kingdom. 
 
 From 984 to 1246, this province was held by 
 the Bavarian Courts of Babenberg, who atided 
 to it Austria above the Enns, in 1156, and Styria 
 in 1192. On the extinction of the Babenbergs, 
 the sovereignty was given, in 1251, to Bohemia, 
 but was wrested from that power in 1273, by 
 the Hapsbnrgs, in whose hands it still remains. 
 Our space will not allow us to give in detail 
 the date of each addition to this empire. Suf- 
 fice it to say that in 1772, the first partition of 
 Poland was effected, and that Venetia was ceded 
 to Austria by the peace of Campo Formeo. 
 Both Lombardy and Venetia have been given 
 to the King of Italy — the former in 1859, after 
 the battle of Solferino, and the latter in 1866, 
 after the battle of Sadowa. 
 
 The population of the Austrian Empire is 
 
 composed of the following principal elements — i account, and seeks its outlet chiefly by way of 
 
 Germans, nine millions ; Slavonians, seventeen 
 millions ; Magyars, six millions ; Koumans, 
 two and a-quarter millions, and two and a-quar- 
 ter millions of sundry races. 
 
 Austria is a constitutional monarchy, with a 
 representation of a somewhat complicated char- 
 acter. Hungary is also a constitutional mon- 
 archy, with its own separate Diet, which was 
 re-established in 1867. This meets at Buda, 
 and is composed of the four States of the king- 
 dom — prelates, magnates, representatives of 
 the nobles, and of the royal free cities. 
 
 The great bulk of the population is attached 
 to the Roman Catholic Church. Primary edu- 
 cation is very general i'l the German provinces, 
 but is much embarrassed in the East and South- 
 east, by the great diversity of language.:!, which 
 sometimes necessitates the use of three or four 
 languages in a single school. The higher edu- 
 cation is conducted in two hundred and fifty-six 
 public schools, and the seven universities, of 
 Vienna (1365), Prague (1348), Cracow (1343), 
 Pesth (1794), Innspruck (1826), Gratz (1826), 
 and Lemberg (1816). 
 
 The natural resources of the empire are of 
 the highest order, but are very imperfectly 
 developed. The soil varies, but is generally 
 fertile. The most fertile regions are the plains 
 of Lower Hungary, particularly the Bannat, 
 Moravia, parts of Bohemia, T^ower Austria, and 
 the coast-land of the Adriatic. 
 
 Bohemia abounds with valuable mineral 
 springs — among which, those at Toplitz, Ma- 
 rienbad, Eger and Carlsbad are best known. 
 Baden, in Lower Austria, Gastein, in the Tyrol, 
 and the Hercules Baths, near Mehadia, in the 
 Bannet, are also much frequented. 
 
 Hungary possesses some of the finest vine 
 districts in the world — the most noted being 
 about Tokay, on the slopes of the Euygalle. 
 Tokay U considered one of the finest wines in 
 the world, and is proportionally costly. The 
 peculiar wine called Johannisberg, which is 
 from a vineyard on Prince Metternich's estate, 
 has acquired great renown. 
 
 The manufactures of Austria are almost 
 wholly confined to the German provinces, and 
 even there are carried on languidly. Bohemia 
 is the most manufacturing district of Austria. 
 Its glass enjoys great reputation. Moravia is 
 largely engaged in the woolen trade. 
 
 The foreign commerce of Austria is of little 
 
 the Adriatic. Trieste is its only seaport oi 
 importance. 
 
 Vienna, the capital of the Austrian Empire, 
 stands on the right bank of an arm of the 
 Danube, about two miles south of the main 
 stream. It consists of two parts, the old town, 
 which is circumscribed by the line of the old 
 fortifications, and the suburbs, which surround 
 the old town in all directions, with broad and 
 regular streets, radiating from it as from a 
 centre. The glacis of the old fortifications, 
 which are now demolished, is converted into 
 ornamental grounds. One of the subuiis lies 
 across the arm of the river, and contains the 
 Prater, or Park, and the Augarten, or Public 
 Gardens. The whole town is surrounded by 
 fortifications. 
 
 Prague, the ancient capital of Bohemia, is 
 centrally situated on the Moldau. the bulk of 
 the town on the right bank, the Hradschin, or 
 Palace, with other buildings, on the left bank. 
 The ground rises from each side of the river, 
 and gives the place a verj' imposing aspect, 
 which is enhanced by the numerous spires and 
 domes of the buildings. It is the focus of the 
 commerce of Bohemia. 
 
 Trieste is the only seaport possessed by Aus- 
 tria, and is regarded as the "Southern Ham- 
 burg." It stands on the East shore of the gulf 
 named after it, in a crescent form — the old town 
 on rising ground ; the new town on a small 
 plain between the old town and the sea ; the 
 harbor is forme 1 by a mole 2,290 feet long. It 
 is a free port, and carries on a large commerce, 
 not only with the Levant, but with distant 
 countries. 
 
 Gratz, the capital of Styria, owes its pros- 
 perity to its favorable position, midway between 
 Vienna and Trieste, 
 
 Briinn, the capital of Moravia, is the first 
 purely manufacturing town in the empire. 
 
 Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, is well 
 situated at the Point where routes converge to 
 the Danube from Bohemia, and is an important 
 military post. 
 
 Innsbruck, the capital of Tyrol, is situated 
 on the river Inn, as its name implies, and is 
 surrounded by magnificent scenery. 
 
 Salzbarg, on the Salza, is yet more beauti- 
 fully situated. Trent, the chief town in the 
 Italian Tyrol, is on the Adige. Ohnutz is a 
 strong fortress in Moravia. 
 
372 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 Castle of Durrenstein. 
 
 DiTHRBSSTErN is a town of Lower Austria, and 
 is situatecl. on the Danube, about forty miles 
 from Vienna. It belongs to the House of Star- 
 hemberg, and its population is about five hun- 
 dred. The old castle in the centre is famous as 
 the prison-house of Richard Coeur de Lion, held 
 ciptive there for fifteen months by Leopold, 
 Duke of Austria. Richard was seized by the 
 duke on his return from the crusades in 1193, 
 and the spot will ever be interesting to lovers 
 of romsince and to 
 admirers of faithful 
 friendship, for it was 
 here that Blondel, 
 Richard's favorite 
 minstrel, sung the 
 romaunt which spoke 
 of the heart of the 
 imprisoned king, and 
 from those old loop- 
 holes in the keep the 
 voice of Richard leaped 
 out to meet the wel- 
 come tones of the 
 gentle troubadour, who 
 had traversed Europe 
 to find his master, 
 singing the same 
 strain, 'neath the 
 stancheons of every 
 fortress and castle on 
 nis way ! , 
 
 By this touching 
 and romantic mode, 
 Richard was again 
 restored to liberty, 
 and Durrenstein will 
 
 CASTIJC or DUBKKNSrnSIII, ON THE DAKUBB. 
 
 ever be memorable, if only for this charming 
 epi.<ode of King Lion Heart and Blondel. 
 
 Hungarian Shepherds. 
 Odr engraving represents a picturesque scene, 
 illustrative of the primitive life of tlie Hunga- 
 rian peasantry. The vast plain watered by the 
 Danube, where it leaves the hills below Pesth, 
 is like the pampas of America, so great is its 
 extent. It contains vast areas of fertile land, 
 but thinly inhabited and poorly cultivatad, and 
 
 BTmOARIAN SHZFHBRDS. 
 
 in many places only occupied by Immense tloc%s 
 of wandering sheep, tended by shepherds, who 
 make their homes in the wilderness. The vil- 
 lages on the banks of the river are little more 
 than collections of huts, built of c\ay and wood, 
 and thatched with reeds. For nearly four hun- 
 dred miles the banks of the Danube are dull 
 and monotonous, but after its union with the 
 Drave, the stream changes its character, ana 
 its course is fringed with those great forests 
 that furnish timber to the dockyards of Europe. 
 In those solitudes may be seen sometimes 
 groups of Hungarian 
 peasants, such as are 
 represented in our en- 
 graving, with swarthy 
 skins, wild features, 
 and beard and hair 
 unshorn, who, in spite 
 of their savage ap- 
 pearance, are more 
 honest and gentle 
 than the polished po- 
 pulation of more 
 enlightened and intel- 
 ligent communities. 
 
 The Ozigany. 
 The Czigany of the 
 Hungarians are our 
 gipsies, for it is im- 
 possible to doubt their 
 identity. There is thf 
 same dark eye and 
 curling black hair — 
 same olive com- 
 plexion and small; 
 active fono. 
 
THE AUSmiAN EMPIKE. 
 
 273 
 
 THE CZIGANY, OK HUNGARIAN QIPSIBS. 
 
274 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Then their occupations and manner of life, 
 different as iire the countries and climates 
 they inhabit, still remain the same ; fiddling, 
 fortuiie-telliag, horse-dealing, and tinkering are 
 their favorite employments — a vagabond life 
 their greatest joy. Though speaking several 
 tongues, they have all a peculiar language of 
 their own, quite distinct from any other known 
 in Europe, and have a ruler whom they honor 
 and respect. 
 
 They first made their appearance in Hungary 
 from the East, about the year 1423, when King 
 
 covering, and their elders with much loss tii.in 
 the most unfastidious dei.enfy requires. Fillli 
 obstructs the passage ints every hut. As the 
 stranger ai^proaches, crowds of black urchins 
 flock around l:im, and rather demand than beg 
 for charity. The screams of men and women, 
 and the bark' \g of dogs — for the whole tribe 
 seems to be in t, state of constant warfare— 
 never ceasing from morn to i:ight. It is rare, 
 however, that when thus settled, they can 
 remain the whole year stationary ; they gener- 
 ally disappear during part of the Summer, and 
 
 seigneur's— not the peasants' — of the village to 
 which they belong. In fact the gipsies have a 
 most profound respect for aristocracy, and thej 
 are said to be the best genealc^ists in tie 
 country. y 
 
 Their skill in horseshoeing — they are the 
 only blacksmiths in the country — and in brick- 
 making, renders them of considerable value to 
 the landlord. What is the eiiact state of the 
 law with respect to them we know not ; lut we 
 believe they are absolute serfs in TYansylvania. 
 We know the settled gipsies cannot legally take 
 
 Sigigmund grsmted them permission to settle. 
 Joseph Uie Second tried to turn them to some 
 account, and passed laws which he hoped would 
 force them to give up their wandering life and 
 betake themselves to agriculture. The land- 
 lords were obliged to make them small grants 
 of l.rnd. and to allow them to build houses at 
 the end of their villages. 
 
 It i-i impossible to imagine a more savage 
 scene than these Czi/jdvy vdros, gips;| towns. 
 Children of both sexes, to the aije of fourteen, 
 are seen rolling about witb a mere shred of 
 
 HtTNGAKIAN COSTCMES. 
 
 only return when Winter obliges them to seek 
 a shelter. They are said to amount to sixty- 
 two thousand three hundred and fifteen in 
 Transylvania. 
 
 The Austrian Government, we believe, is the 
 only one in Europe which has been known to 
 derive any advantage from its gipsies. By (he 
 tax for gold-washing, it must derive a consid- 
 erable revenue from this people. They are often 
 taken for soldiers, and are said to make nretty 
 good ones. Most of them are christened and 
 proiesfi some religion, which is always the 
 
 permanent service out of the place he was bom 
 in. without permission, or without the payment 
 of a certain sum of money. 
 
 Hungarian Costumes. 
 KosstJTH has made Hungary a country familiar 
 to us, by exciting an interest in its struggle for 
 a separate national existence. It is a kingdom 
 in itself, and its Magyar population do not 
 sympathize with the German rulers or the Ger- 
 man element which has gradually entered tho 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 a75 
 
 S^SSi^^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
276 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GKEAT NATIONa 
 
 VEIL WOKN By BUNOARIAN PEASANT WOMEN. 
 
 country. One great hindrance to Hungarian 
 progress is the broad hne of distinction between 
 nobles and the common people. The more 
 democratic ideas in Germany have piven the 
 Teutonic nation greater power and strength ; 
 and till the common people in Hungary and 
 the Sclavonic countries rise, and the nobles are 
 shorn of their privileges, there can be little 
 real progress. Much of Hungary consists of 
 prairies, and the wealth of the people is their 
 herds. 
 
 All Hungarians are fine riders, bold and 
 
 brave. Our illustration shows well-drawn spe- 
 
 ' cimens of the costumes to be seen in various 
 
 parts, from the hussar-dressed noble to the 
 
 herdsman of the jilains. 
 
 In early days the noble dress of the country 
 smacked strongl3' of Turkish taste iu the gaycty 
 of its colors, and the quantity of jewels with 
 •which it waa loaded. During the reign of 
 Joseph it received a most unnatural and 
 
 ANCntNT FEMALE PCNlSHaENTS IN HUNQARr. 
 
 Frenchified cut, and the coat and its wearers 
 were very near losing their nationality to- 
 gether. It has now again as-sumed its antique 
 proportions and original form ; and, while all 
 its peculiar beauties are preserved, its uncouth 
 inelegancies have been gradually softened down. 
 
 It now consists of the attilla, a frock-coat, 
 reaching nearly to the knee, with a military 
 collar, and covered in front with gold lace ; over 
 this is generally worn, hanging loosely on one 
 shoulder, the mente, a somewhat larger coat, 
 lined with fur, and with a fur cape. It is gen- 
 erally suspended with a massive jeweled chain. 
 The tight pantaloons and ankle-boots, with the 
 never-failing spurs, form the lower part. The 
 kalpak, or fur-cap, is of innumerable forms, 
 and ornamented by a feather fastened by a rich 
 brooch. The white heron's plume, or aigrette, 
 the rare product of the sauthern Danube, is the 
 most esteemed. The neck is open, except for a 
 black ribbon loosely passed around it, the ends 
 of which are finished with gold fringe. The 
 sabre is the shape of the Turkish scimiter ; 
 indeed richly ornamented Damascus blades, the 
 spoils of some unsucccessful Moslem invasion, 
 are very often worn and highly prized. 
 
 The sword-belt is frequently a heavy gold 
 chain, such as ancient knights wore over their 
 armor. The colors, and in many resiiects the 
 form, of the Hungarian uniform depend entirely 
 on the taste of the individual, and vary from 
 the simple blue dress of the hussar to the 
 jeweled costume of the Prince Esterhazy. 
 
 Austrian Peasants. 
 
 A Fkench traveler, after speaking with little 
 enthusiasm of the Austrian peasant women, 
 says the men make a better appearance. The 
 Austrian type is generally mild, the eye pale- 
 blue, the nose long and somewhat pendent, the 
 mouth pouting, but lacking in firmness. You 
 cau here see the origin of the heavy lip of the 
 Hapsburg family. 
 
 The Austrian peasant wears his tall, steeple- 
 crowned hat on the back of his head, loves 
 feathers, and uses them profusely. The man 
 who kills an owl or a hawk adorns his hat with 
 the feathers, using the head, or flowers, as a 
 rosette at the base. Some go so far as to stuff 
 the bird, insert enameled eyes, and set it on the 
 side of the hat, head downward, with wings 
 widespread, and the tail forming the plume. 
 The effect of these eccentric trimmings, when 
 a group gather together, is very striking.. 
 
 Danubian Lifj and Scenes. 
 The Puszta. avast plain in Hungary, is occu- 
 pied during the Summer months by immense 
 herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. In Winter 
 these are brought up into the villages, or stabled 
 in those solitary farms which form auothci- 
 striking iieculiarity of the Puszta. Far from 
 any beaten track or village, the traveler ob- 
 serves a collection of buildings inclosed by a 
 thick wall of mud or straw, with an arched 
 gateway, and containing a large court, sur- 
 rounded by stables, barns, sheep-houses, and a 
 shepherd's cottage or two. Here the sheep and 
 cattle are wintered, and here their guardians 
 remain the whole Winter without^exchanging 
 
 KA-XON GIRL IN TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 a word with any other human beings than 
 those comjiosing their own little domestic com- 
 munity, for the trackless snow renders commu- 
 nication extremely difficult. In Summer the 
 shepherd's life is even more monotonous. He 
 often remains out for months together, till Win- 
 ter comes on and obliges him to seek shelter. 
 
 Almost all the inhabitants are true Magyars ; 
 and nothing is so well adapted to their disposi- 
 tion as the half-slothful, half-adventurous life 
 of a Juhasz or Puszta shepherd. 
 
 His dress is the loose linen drawers and short 
 shirt, descending scarcely below the breast, and 
 is sometimes surmounted by the gayly embroi- 
 dered waistcoat or jacket. 
 
 His feet are protected bj' long boots or san- 
 dals ; and his head by a hat of more than 
 Quaker proportions, below which hang two 
 broad plaits of hair. The turned-up brim of 
 the hat serves him for a drinking-cup-, while 
 the bag which hangs from a belt round his 
 
 HERHITAOB AND GATE OF BU0SE3, 
 
THE AUSTRIAN ErilPIRE. 
 
 21T 
 
 neck contains the bread 
 and bacon which forms his 
 scanty meal. Over the 
 whole i.i generally cast 
 the bundu, or hairy cloak. 
 
 We must not forget, 
 however, that his shirt ami 
 drawers are black. Before 
 he takes the field for the 
 season, he carefully boils 
 these two articles of dress 
 in h ig's lard ; and, anoint- 
 ing his head and bo<ly with 
 the same precious unguent, 
 his toilet is finished fcr 
 the next six months. Wo 
 feel assured that the pe- 
 netration of our shrewd 
 readers will never divo 
 into the motive f..r all this 
 careful preparation, and 
 that they wi';l be little 
 inclined to believe iis 
 when we tell them it is 
 cleanliness ! Yet so it is, 
 for the lard protects him 
 against a host of little 
 enemie;; by which he would 
 otherwise be covered. 
 
 To complete his accoutrements, he must nave 
 a short pipe stuck in his boot-top ; and in hi.i 
 belt a tobacco-bag, with a collection of instru- 
 ments — not less iacompre'.iensiblo to the unini- 
 tiated than t!ie attendants of a Scotch mull — 
 Intended for striking fire, clearing the pipe, 
 stopping tlie tobacco, pricking the ashes, and 
 we know not what fumitory refinements beside. 
 
 But the bunda deserves a more special notice ; 
 for in the whole annals of tailoring no garment 
 
 AUSTEIAN PEASANTS. 
 
 ever existed better adapted to its purpose, and 
 therefore more wortliy all eulogy, than tlie 
 Hungarian bunda. It is made in the form of a 
 close cloak, without collar, and is composed of 
 the skins of the long-wooled Hungarian sheep, 
 which undergo some slight process of cleaning, 
 but by no means sufficient to prevent them 
 retaining an odor of the most aromatic kind. 
 
 The wool is left perfectly in its natural state. 
 The leatlier side is often prettily ornamented ; 
 
 the seams are sewed with 
 various-colored leather 
 cords, bouquets of flowers 
 are worked in silk on the 
 sides and borders, and a, 
 black lamb's-skin from 
 Transylvania adorns the 
 upper part of the back 
 in the form of a cape. 
 To the Puszta shepherd 
 the bunda is his house, 
 his bed, his all. Rarely 
 in the hottest Jay of 
 Summer, or tiie coldest 
 of Winter, does he forsake 
 his woolly friend. 
 
 A traveler thus describes 
 a scene which gives some 
 idea of their herds and 
 flocks: 
 
 "One morning as we 
 were dozing over this 
 wearisome interval, and 
 just as the sun began to 
 show his pleasant face at 
 the far end of the village, 
 we were roused by a 
 clattering of hoofs, tink- 
 ling of bells, neighing of 
 horses and lowing of cattle, as though a four- 
 footed army were about to take the village by 
 storm. A troop of several hundred horses, and 
 almost as strong a homed corps, headed by the 
 parish bull as drum-major, soon came galloping 
 liy, and then filed off each to his respective 
 quarters, as regularly as so many soldiers to 
 their billets. 
 
 "They hiid been grazing all the night in the 
 rich Puszta p.astures, and were now driven up 
 
 BVttaABlAJiia SINGING, FOI LOWED BY A GIPSY MUSICIAN. 
 
278 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIOXa 
 
 1 . 
 I 
 
 lUK ABBEY Ot MOELK, ON TUE UANUBE. 
 
 for the work of tiie 
 day. Scarcely were the 
 Ktable doors fairly 
 opened for the horses 
 and cattle than the 
 pigs and geese rushed 
 out, and grunting and 
 cackling their satis- 
 faction they started 
 off to the well-known 
 rendezvous, where 
 their leaders would be 
 ready. 
 
 " Pesth is the great 
 resort to the inha'ji- 
 tants of ths Puszta. 
 There you may see 
 them in the markets, 
 on the quays, present- 
 ing the a;)pearance 
 seen in our illustra- 
 tion. Long rows oi 
 wagons are ranged 
 along the river. All 
 these vehicles are of 
 the same form. Lonrj. 
 narrow, four-wheeled, 
 they are behind a 
 liind of tent, in which 
 hang great baskets of 
 fruit and vegetables, 
 or cages oi poultry. 
 While the husband 
 di8p!ays and sells his 
 produce, the wife— for 
 the whole family come 
 
 — goes down to th« 
 river side to establish 
 her temporary kitchen, 
 fet up her iron pot 
 and cook the dinner. 
 A mat spread on the 
 ground, with hoops 
 ]'laced over it on 
 which another mat is 
 spread, furnishes a re- 
 treat for the children, 
 play or sleep, while 
 the horses nibble at 
 the scanty grass, their 
 strange collars tower- 
 ing on high, and the 
 metal plates rattling." 
 
 UACS <LEUM OF .i.\l!l.\ DlUUSTl.NA, .II'.UIIDLCUI.S? Vt ALSLliiA. 
 
 The Saxon Girls in 
 Transylvania. • 
 
 A RECENT traveler 
 thus den^ribes these 
 royal looking peasant 
 girls: 
 
 "It was Sunday 
 when I strolled ovei 
 to the neighboring 
 village of Harameis- 
 dorf, so I had an op- 
 portunity of seeing the 
 rich dress of the vil- 
 lage lasses when going 
 to church. 
 
 ' ' Over the blue 
 woolon skirt thev havo 
 
THE AUSriilAN EMPIRK 
 
 278 
 
280 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 HL'NGAKIAN (il'AKII-noi-SK ON THE UANL'BE. 
 
 a large white muslin apron, the border fancifully 
 and deftly worked. But what is especially 
 remarkable is a broad girdle of bronze, thovigh 
 sometimes, and more frequently, of silver gilt, 
 and dotted all round with high knobs or but- 
 tons set with turquoises, amethysts, garnets, 
 and old pearls. Some are handsomely wrought 
 with filigree-work in dead gold. At the house 
 of a rich peasant I had an opportunity of 
 examining one more minutely. The clasp in 
 front was embossed and massy ; the whole was 
 BO handsome that an emperor might have worn 
 it at his coronation to belt on his sword. 
 
 " In dimension they arc generally larger than 
 sufficient for the waist, and from the arrange- 
 ment of the clasp were evidently intended to 
 fall downward from the hips in front, as we see 
 in pictures of Venetian dames when Venice was 
 still a queen. Indeed, these girdles have so 
 noble an air, and from the broad metal and the 
 stones, and the cunning workmanship, look 
 so regal, that one cannot help wondering how 
 BO costly an ornament came to belong to the 
 adornment of a peasant girl. 
 
 " With the girdle is worn a brooch, around a 
 gilded metal disk, variously ornamented ; and 
 
 ST. STEPHEN'S CROWN. 
 
 this, too, is studded with garnets and other 
 stones. Sometimes these stones are massed 
 together, producing a fine effect. The whole is 
 
 the size of a small plate ; and being thus SOm»» 
 what out of proportion to its purpose and to- 
 the wearer, this shield-like thing has rather a 
 barbaric air. Its metals and jewels contrast 
 strangely with the woolen web and other simple 
 ornaments of dress. A small sheepskin jacket 
 is worn either open in front or fastened at the 
 side, and when new, the bright red and olive 
 embroidery shows on the white ground right 
 gayly. A strange cylinder of pasteboard, cov- 
 ered with black velvet, is perched on the head, 
 and from the plaited tresses a whole collection 
 of tape-bands — red and green and blue — fall 
 low down over the dress. This black cylinder 
 is like our own black hats without the brim. 
 "The married women also have, and they 
 only, a cloak of black cloth, plaited together 
 in innumerable folds, siich as we see in old 
 Flemish pictures. But this does not close round 
 the neck, which it might be supposed a cloak 
 was intended to do for warmth's sake. Through 
 the collar is passed a strip of board, so that, 
 when worn, the xipper part forms a straight 
 line from shoulder to shoulder. The whole 
 garment is merely an ornament — a sign of 
 matron state — and if warmth is needed, th». 
 
 BBINGINO HAT FROM THE PUSZTA DY BOAT. 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 281l 
 
 p 
 
 g 
 
:282 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 EECEUITINQ lOK THE ARMY. 
 
 large sheepskin ooat is put on underneath. Im- 
 mediately on returning from church, the cloak 
 and girdle and brooch are taken off and care- 
 fully laid aside in the large long locker, ■which 
 forms part of the furniture of every peasant's 
 
 liouse." 
 
 » » » 
 
 Vail Worn by Hungarian Peasant Women. 
 
 '• In the valley of the Gran, which is in some 
 parts so beautiful that I am inclined to compare 
 it with that of the AVaag," says a traveler, "we 
 more than once observed a curious custom, 
 which, but that the Turks never advanced into 
 this part of Hungary, I should have attributed 
 to their influence — viz., that of the women 
 vailing the lower part of their faces. 
 
 ' ' The girls conceal only the chin, but the mar 
 ried women the mouth also. This covering, 
 like the vail of the East, is forme 1 of a long 
 piece of white linen cloth, passed round the 
 head so as to bind it tightly, and then turned 
 round the neck, crossing the face, and h:vngmg 
 down over the bosom. 
 
 "It is worthy of remark, that, by the same 
 persons who would consider it immodest to go 
 with the whole face uncovered, the petticoats 
 are worn so short that they do not reach to tlie 
 top of the boots, and, inconsequence, the brown 
 knees filling up the interval are exposed with- 
 -out a suspicion of impropriety." 
 
 life on the very highest pinnacle of the rock, 
 looked as though gratitude to the Dispenser of 
 that something had been there to hallow the 
 possession. 
 
 We pissed the gate, and mounting a steep 
 and narrow footpath, soon came in sight of the 
 cavern and hermitage of Bucses. 
 
 "And is it possible that any human beings can 
 have selected so wild and solitary a spot as this 
 for their abode?" was the inquiry of all when 
 we first caught a glimpse of the gaping cave, 
 and of the small line of white buildings which 
 incloses it from without. 
 
 Our guide soon furnished an answer to the 
 question ; for he knocked so loudly at the little 
 door t'.:at an old monk speedily answered Uie 
 summons : and, learning the object of our visit. 
 
 welcomed us in Wallai;hian, and invited us to 
 enter the callugcrie, or liermitage. In the inte- 
 rior, under the arc'.ied v.iult of the civern, we 
 found a small Greek chapel, and two other 
 buildings of wood, containing cells for seven 
 or eight hermits. 
 
 At the present time there were only three of 
 them at home, two old men. wliose gray beards 
 we took as testimonies to their ^•irtue, and one 
 neophyte, .a half-cunning, half-foolish-looking 
 lad of sixteen. One of them was busily em- 
 ployed in superintending the Vioiling of a pot, 
 wliich hung from three sticks over a wood-fire 
 in the open air, and formel their only kitchen, 
 while another was cutting mushrooms and some 
 other species of fungus into slices, and hanging 
 them up to dry. 
 
 I at first imagined all this preparation was 
 for making Schramm for tinder ; but no, it was 
 a Winter stock of provisions they were saving. 
 
 Our friend assured us that, except this dried 
 fungus and Indian corn, and a little goat's 
 milk, these men probably tasted nothing but 
 water the whole Winter tlirougli, and they were 
 happy when they had a sufficiency of these. 
 In Summer, the shepherds sometimes bring 
 them fresh food, and they themselves collect 
 fruits and roots among the mountains near ; 
 but their .chief support is derived from the pro- 
 cee Is of their begging, in the form of maize, 
 with which the wanderers return in Autumn. 
 All they .ould offer us to aid our own supplies, 
 was some of ihis fungus, toasted, with a little 
 grease and salt. The fungus was decidedly 
 good, as far as it went, and we believed we could 
 have eaten up the whole store, without feeling 
 .satisfied. 
 
 The cave of Bucses, though high and fine, is 
 not extensive ; at least, it is not possible to 
 penetrate more than a hundred yards from its 
 entrance, however nu.cli further it may really 
 extend. 
 
 The monks pointed out to us an opening in 
 
 Hermitage and Gave of Bucses. 
 
 An hour's descent on the Wallachian side 
 "brought us to the bottom of the first valley, 
 where a clear rivulet, the course of which we 
 followed, led us on to a second, which was termi- 
 nated by a narrow cleft of the rocks, somewhat 
 like that we have already seen in the Thoadai 
 Hasadek, and the cavern of AlmAs. 
 
 Here, almost for the first time since we had 
 left Terzburg, did wo meet a sign of man's 
 domination. At the entrance to the cleft, a 
 fence of firs and a little gate showed that there 
 was something within considered worth protec- 
 tion ; and a small cross, placed at the risk of 
 
 EIFLE MEETING AT VIENNA. 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 388 
 
 M 
 
284 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 the direction in which the rest of the cavern 
 goes, and by which a small brook makes its 
 way out to the d:iy ; but they have blocked it 
 up so high, to render their cave warmer, that it 
 is no longer possible to reach. 
 
 Ancient Female Punisliments. 
 The castle of Altschl, in Hungary, is now 
 used only as a prison and steward's house ; and 
 its solid gateway is, as usual, hung with hand- 
 cuffs, leg-irons, whips, and other instruments 
 of torture, "one of which," says a traveler,' 
 " was new to us, and excited our curiosity. It 
 was a flat board, of the shape of, and, from the 
 resemblance, called also the violin, with a hole 
 in the centre, and two smaller ones at the end ; 
 the former, we ascertained, was for tlie head, 
 and the latter for the hands of unfortunate 
 transgressors of the law. ' ' 
 
 peasant, he is a cavalier. He has his minstrel 
 to sing for liim. 
 
 The musicians are generally Tsigane (gip- 
 sies), and when the Hungarian young men will, 
 when mellowed by the wine, sing their national 
 songs, they will, as in tlie sketch, press into the 
 service a Tsigane to accompany them on tzim'- 
 baloum' or cymbal, a flat case with cords, on 
 which they play with two very flexible sticks, 
 terminating in balls. ' This instrument is very 
 ancient, and may possibly have accompanied 
 the first gipsy hordes from their Indian home, 
 when they first set out on their migrations. 
 
 A scene like this depicted is by no means 
 unfrequent in the vicinity of Pesth, about mid- 
 night, the hour when the Hungarian, in prefer- 
 ence, gives himself to the charms of music and 
 conversation, accompanied witli frequent liba- 
 tions of a certain healiiiy bever.-ge, composed 
 of white wine and a farraginous mineral water. 
 
 continued to advance until, from a compara- 
 tively unimportant town, it is now the finest 
 port in the Austrian Empire. The scenery 
 aroimd Trieste is of the most picturesque and 
 romantic character, and in the mountains, 
 which look out upon the gulf near the city, is 
 the celebrated Gave of San Servolo, which is 
 noteJ for its beauty and also for the reli- 
 gious worship celebrated within its dark walls. 
 No cathedial in tlie world rivals this cave for 
 its dim religious light and magnificent aisles, 
 its inspiring high arched roof. The altar is 
 erected in a place strikingly picturesque, and 
 the i5ervic.=, Mf High Mass is always attended by 
 a crowd of persons, generally the best people 
 of the surrounding country. Tlie usual solem- 
 nities of the occasion are heightened by the 
 surroundings, an 1 a deep religious awe inspirea 
 the hearts of the most frivolous ami gay 
 when once they come within the solemn in- 
 
 The Tiolin is used only for women ; and they 
 are generally made to promenade the town, 
 bearing this clumsy instrument of torture. 
 
 Our readers have seen descriptions and illus- 
 trations of the hideous masks and bridles which 
 women wore condemned to wear, but they will, 
 probably, find the violin a new form of ancient 
 barbarity to the gentler sex. * 
 
 Hungarians Singing, followed by a Tsigane. 
 
 The Hungarians are as fond of music as the 
 Germans, but are not themselves musicians. 
 This comes from the difference in the two 
 nations. The German is essentially a dreamer. 
 The Hungarian a man of action. 
 
 The songs of Hungary are the old war-songs 
 of the race— the march of Ra.coczy, the air of 
 Rakos, of Mohacz. But even here the Hunga- 
 rian is often not the singer himself ; noble or 
 
 R.\Fr ON THE DAxNUBK. 
 
 Gave of San Servolo, near Trieste. 
 
 The City of Trieste is the principal seaport 
 city of the Austrian Empire, in Illyria. The 
 city consists of an old town built on the de- 
 clivity of a steep hill, crowned by a nearly 
 ruined castle, and inclosed by old walls, and the 
 new city, bordering on the sea, on the plain at 
 the foot of the castle. The new town especially 
 is well built, and few cities on the continent 
 can vie witli it in the solidity and comfort of 
 its private dwellings. Trieste is a bishop's see, 
 the seat of an imperial academy, a school of 
 navigation, and contains many fine churches. 
 The city existed imdcr the sway of the Romans, 
 but never rose to much celebrity until about 
 the middle of the last century, when it attracted 
 the attention and shared largely in t!ie munifi- 
 cent patronage of Maria Theresa, who liid the 
 foundation of it« prosperity, and it has ever 
 
 fluence of a religious service celebrated to 
 the Cave of San Servolo. 
 
 St. Stephen's Crown. 
 
 The crown of Hungary is regarded with su- 
 perstitious reverence and veneration. It is one 
 of the oldest in Europe, having been granted 
 by Pope Sylvester XL, in the year 1000, and 
 hence called the " Holy and Apostolic Crown." 
 It is looked upon as the emblem of nationality, 
 and hence is regarded with jealous care. li 
 ancient times the crown, the regalia, the sword 
 and mantle of St. Stephen, were watched over 
 by a body of veterins ~ a guard of honor who 
 kept them cirefully locke I in an iron chest, 
 the two keys of which were confided to two 
 grand dignitaries of the re-ilm, elected by the 
 Diet. The circlet or band which rests upon 
 
THE AUSTKIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 S86 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
286 
 
 THE WOKLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 the forehead was sent by the Greek Emperor, 
 Michael Ducas, to the King Gesay, from Byzan- 
 tium. Two ribs of gold which span the crown 
 are the workmanship of the angels ! — so it is 
 Baid, and so believed by the peasantry. It has 
 at times been seized by usurpers to the throne, 
 been hidden for years, removed tj foreign coun- 
 tries, but recovered, to be regirded with in- 
 creased admiration. When Joseph II., son of 
 Maria Theresa, came to the throne of the Aus- 
 trian Empire, he carried it to Vienna, a pro- 
 •jeeding which came near producing an insur- 
 "sction. The Hungarians had saved the empire 
 from ruin by the fiery patriotism which granted 
 all that Maria Theresa had asked, and to be 
 Tobbfid of their crown was too much for human 
 nature to bear. Of all the oppressive measures 
 of Joseph II., this was most deeply resenteri, 
 and it has rankled in the hearts of the Hunga- 
 rians to the present day. 
 
 In 1849 Kossuth carried off the crown, and 
 caused it to be buried n^ar Orsova, when he saw 
 that the independence oi the State was lost. It 
 was recovered, and to-day rests upon the brows 
 of the Emperor of Austria. 
 
 SCaSNE IN THE M.\RKEr-PLACE AT PESTH, HUNGAKT. 
 
 represented in our engraving. ITiere the traveler 
 can see all the varieties of the costumes of the 
 Tcheque country, which is one of the finest and 
 richest of Central Europe. 
 
 Austrian Passenger Steamboat on the Balaton 
 Lake, Hungary. 
 Our engraving shows the motley group of 
 people sometimes assembled on the deck of a 
 Balaton Lake steamboat, in Hungary. The 
 passengers, gay cockneys of the Austrian me- 
 tropolis, Magyar farmers or shepherds, and 
 traveling peddlers from the remoter provinces, 
 are mingled in the same narrow space, though 
 not in company with each other. On the left 
 hand we see a party of the peasant women of the 
 district, who have brought a quantity of their 
 vegetables, fruit, and poultry, for sale to the 
 stewardess of the vessel. 
 
 The Maiket-place at Brunn, Austria. 
 Brunn is the capital of Moravia, in Austria, 
 and is a charming and picturesque city. The 
 Spelberg towers above it, once a State prison 
 (celebrated by the writings of Silvio Pe'.lico), but 
 now an ordinary fortress. The inhabitants- are 
 simple, honest, and industrious. To study them 
 *?eU they should be seen in the market-place, as 
 
 Mausoleum of Maria Christiana, Archduchess 
 of Austria. 
 
 This Inonument is considered the master-piece 
 of the great Italian sculptor, Canova. To typify 
 the bsneficence of the princess. Virtue stands at 
 one side, in the costume of a matron crowned 
 with flowers, attended by two maidens with 
 funeral torches, and supporting the ends of the 
 garlands which descend from the urn containing 
 the ashes of the princess, which Virtue is bear- 
 ing into the open tomb. Charity follows, leading 
 a blind man, to show the good deeds of the 
 
 deceased. On the other side, the winged figure 
 reclining on the lion, to typify the valiant 
 woman, symbolizes her husband's grief. On tha 
 Egyptian tomb itself. Felicity bears up the por- 
 trait of the prhicess, surrounded by the emblems 
 of immortality, wliile a winged figure holds tha 
 palm. The whole design and execution render 
 it a most beautiful poem in marble. 
 
 The Abbey of Moelk. 
 
 As Tou descend the Danube toward Vienna, 
 you pass the rapids below He Woorth and come 
 upon a promontory of massive granite, towering 
 bleak and bare, and on its summit, almost at the 
 very brink, stands the large and magnificent 
 Abbey of Moelk crowned with a ccpper cupola 
 of turban shape, that glitters like fire in the 
 rays of the sun. 
 
 A German tra iition, which rather violates the 
 truth of history, makes the name of Moelk 
 come from '' Jleadileda,'' the expresaonof Ceesar 
 on approaching it in one of his campaigns. This 
 became tlie name, and, corrupted into Medlik, 
 at last become Moelk. 
 
 Monasteries are generally placed on pictur- 
 esque sites, and even tha gro\\th of population 
 around seems not to make them less fitted for 
 solitude and thought. The library of the Bene- 
 dictines of Moelk consists of twenty thousand 
 volumes, and the wine-cellars contain enough 
 to supply an army for days not figuratively, but 
 really, the abbey having for four days dealt out 
 sixty thousand pints a day to the French troopa 
 in 1809. 
 
 A SWraE-HERI) ON THE PUSKTJu 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 28T 
 
 The abbey was built 
 by the architect Pran- 
 dauer, and contains 
 three hundred and 
 Bixty-five windows. 
 From them the view 
 is beautiful up tlie 
 river toward Mariaferl 
 and Vachlam, and 
 down tlie river toward 
 Schoembuchel, the fine 
 ruins of the Castle 
 of Aggstein and the 
 Devil's Wall, a very 
 singular agglomera- 
 tion of rocks. 
 
 A Passenger Eaft on 
 the Danube. 
 Odr engraving does 
 not exactly represent 
 a floating palace. On 
 the contrary, nothing 
 could be more primi- 
 tive, rude and in- 
 elegant than the pas 
 
 senger raft that we picture on the broad bosom 
 of the Danube, depending upon the rapid cur- 
 rent of the stream to be conveyed to its des- 
 tination. The pjssengers seem to be as uncouth 
 as their unwieldy bark, and are evidently 
 making the mcst of their limited opportunities 
 to enjoy themsel\-es. These rafts, having reached 
 their destinations, are sdd as lumber, as they 
 are scarcely fitted to ascend the stream. Their 
 errand of transportation ia socn over, and, 
 after claving the waters of the Danube, they are 
 knocked to pieces, and the fragments subjected 
 to inglorious repose in the lumber-yard. 
 
 The Osarda. 
 
 In the "Puzstas" of Hungary can be found 
 small houses standing alone, and often frorn 
 five to ten miles separated from each other. 
 These houses are prairie-taverns, and called by 
 the Hungarians by the Turkisli name Csarda. 
 The interior aud exterior of such csarda arc 
 very simple ; the exterior shows a very ne- 
 glected coat of whitewash, and the interior is 
 generally divided into three rooms : the saloon 
 — if wo may call it so — for customers and pat- 
 eengers ; the kitchen and the bedroom for the 
 
 A PASSENGER RAFT ON THE DANUBE. 
 
 landlord and his family. The servants have 
 their apartments in the hor.^e-stable, and, if 
 some stranger should be obliged to stay during 
 a night in a csarda, he is obliged to sleep as 
 well as he can on the floor cf the saloon. The 
 csarda is the place where the farmer boys from 
 the neighborhood come to drink " slibowits," a 
 very strong liquor distilled out of the kernels of 
 plums and peaches, and tj quarrel. But as 
 often as a gang of gipsies enters the csarda with 
 their musical instruments, consisting of violins, 
 base, piccclo and cimbal, the quarreling ceases, 
 ;;11 tables and chairs are put oside, and the 
 dance begins with thit passion and vehemence 
 for which the hot-bloode! Hungarian dancers 
 are known all over the world. 
 
 A Timber Eaft on th3 Danube. 
 
 The Danube has not been the theme of poets 
 and travelers, like the Khine and PJione, yet it 
 is a noble river, flowing through many of the 
 most picturesque situations in Europe. The 
 fact that its mouth is in the hands cf the torpid 
 Turk robs it of half its value, in a commercial 
 point of view. It has no New Orleans at its 
 mouth to gather and distribute the wealth 
 
 accumulating on it» 
 banks. The variety 
 of nationality and 
 religion in the valley 
 of the Danube would 
 rather increase the 
 commerce than other- 
 wise. Our r e a d er s 
 know the old French, 
 epigram on the river, 
 which, alternately Pro- 
 testant and Catholic,, 
 at last turns Turk. 
 
 The Upper Danube, 
 with its forests, sup- 
 plies much of thp 
 valley and neighbor* 
 hood with timber, and 
 rafts pass by you from 
 time to time as tha 
 steamer speeds on het 
 way. They look mora 
 compact and seem- 
 mor.: fitted for human 
 habitation than those 
 on our lakes andi 
 rivers, and take their 
 rank as passenger vessels. As the Danube is 
 not free from rapids an! difficult passages, the- 
 still life on a raft is occasionally roused ta 
 excitement as the foaming water looms up 
 before the ill-fastened craft. 
 
 Presburgi the Ancient Oajital of Hungary, 
 This city, the ancient Posonium, is the legis- 
 lative capital of Hungarv, and is situated on the 
 Danube, thirty-four miles K st South-east ol 
 Vienna, with which city it is connected by rail- 
 way. There is a bridge of boats over the river. 
 Tlie population is about forty-three thousand, 
 excluding the Austrian gairiscn, which varies 
 with political emergencies. The piincijal struc- 
 ture is a ruined castle on a hill mar the town, 
 memorable as the scene of the appeal made in 
 1741, by Maria Theresa, to the Hungarian 
 States. There is also a fine Gothic cathedral, ir 
 which the kings of Hungary were crowned 
 Hall of the Diet ; the County Hall, a German 
 theatre, barracks, and the Archljishop's palaca 
 It has al-io a Kcman Catholic academy, a Cal- 
 vinist college — both of which institutions have 
 excellent libraries. There are also many othei 
 educational a.nd charitable buildings. The 
 principal manufactures are silk and woolea 
 
 PEASANTS FROM THE PUSZTA ENCAMPED IN THE MARKET-PL.\CE AT PESTH. 
 
-288 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THB MARKET AT BKLNN. 
 
 goods, nitre, tobacco, leather, etc. It has nlso 
 
 a large transit trade in Hungarian wines, corn, 
 
 ^and linen. The treaty giving Venice to the 
 
 French, and Tyrol to Bavaria, was concluded 
 
 .here in 1805. 
 
 ►-•^ 
 
 Eecrniting for the Austrian Army. 
 - Hecbtjitijjg is much the same all over the 
 ■world in civilized countries, especially where 
 Ihe conscription laws are not in full force, and 
 when a sxidden emergency calls for an addition 
 to the army. In England and Germany the 
 traps for these raw votaries of Mars are in 
 ■wine-saloons and beer-houses. Our sketch 
 represents the recruiting officer handing the 
 " bonus " to the future warrior. 
 
 from the hands of a mounted standard-bearer 
 the flag that he holds. The distance to be run is 
 about a mile and a half, and the successful rider 
 must either distance all the rest, so as to capture 
 it before they can come up, or, as more fre- 
 quently happens, use all his skill and address to 
 thwart others who are close uj^ou him, and so 
 bear off the prize : watchful even in his struggle 
 that others do not suddenly dash up aud outwit 
 him. The successful champion is then put to 
 another test, requiring still greater strength aud 
 
 valor. This is, to catch a wild bull, selected fo* 
 the purpose, without any aid or help, and bring 
 it, bound and obedient, to the village — a very 
 dangerous feat, often ending in the defeat of the 
 aspirant. If he succeeds, he enters the village 
 in triumph, attended by his less fortunate com- 
 fietitors, and is declared King of the Village for 
 the ensuing year. His prerogative is not empty. 
 He can ruu wp a bill at the inn, during his 
 reigu, at the expense of the village ; and ho 
 begins by a ball, to which all are invited, and 
 dance and song and merriment run riot as th« 
 wine flows freelj'. 
 
 ►-♦-« 
 
 Moravian Peasants Dancing. 
 In connection with the spirited engraving of 
 Moravian po-^sants dancing before a party of 
 ofticers, vie may indulge in a few remarks on 
 German dances. Thewultzis, indeed, essentially 
 the German dance, but the most peculiar dance 
 performed at social gatherings is that which 
 passes by the name of the German cotillon, and 
 which consists of a series of games, rather than 
 figures, superadded to the old French measure. 
 This dance is always reserved for the conclusion 
 of the evening's entertainment, when the ladies 
 and gentlemen draw their chairs from the side 
 of the room and seat themselves in a large circle 
 toward the centre of the dancing-hall ; after 
 which one of the young ladies j^roceeds to tie 
 a liuot in one corner of her handkerchief, and 
 then, doubling the knotted end into the form of 
 a bow, do the like with the other three corners, 
 in which no knot has been made ; so that the 
 several ends being held iu the iialm of the hand. 
 it shall be difficult to tell which is the knotted 
 coruer and whicli the unknotted ones belonging 
 to the bows left projecting above. Thus pre- 
 pared, the damsel ajjproaches any gentleman 
 whom she may please to seek for a partner, and 
 
 Austrian Military Post. 
 Few spots are more dreary than an Austrian 
 military post in the marshy land of the south- 
 ern provinces. Vast flights of storks and 
 ■cranes frequent these banks of the Danube, and 
 become so accustomed to the presence of man, 
 ■that they tranquilly build their habitations 
 and stalk aboxjt amid the soldiers. 
 
 • The Village King in Hungary, 
 ' In Hungary, where long border war with 
 Turkey gave constant exercise to the courage, 
 skill and address of the young men, personal 
 valor and physical strength are still the titles 
 to public esteem. 
 
 Games that recall, in spirit, the Olympic 
 games of Greece, are still held, to test the 
 prowess of the young men, and decide on the 
 champion. Whitmonday is the national day, aud 
 then the whole village, led by a band of gipsy 
 musicians, proceed to the ground. The first test 
 is a horse-race, in which the object is to ■wrest 
 
 AUSTRIAN PASSENGER STEAMB0.^T ON THE BALATON LAKE, H0NGABT. 
 
THK AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
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290 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 presenting to him the several bows of the hand- 
 kerchief, he selects one of them ; and while the 
 lady holds the ends still firmly clasped in her 
 palm, the gentleman is thus led, with his finger 
 and thumb grasping the bow he has chosen, to- 
 ward a second partner, to whom the handker- 
 chief-ends are in the same manner presented. 
 
 tha hand, and the gentleman who has selected 
 the corner with the knot to it is claimed as the 
 lady's partner for the dance. 
 
 The others are left to try their luck once more 
 with some other fraukin, or to console them- 
 selves with the brief pleasure of an extra tour, 
 OS it is called, during the pauses of the dance ; 
 
 beg that he may be allowed — if the frauiein 
 be not too tired — the honor of dancing an 
 additional round or two with her. 
 
 Another pastime indulged in during this same 
 cotillon is to lead one of the most admired of 
 the German coquettes out into the middle of 
 the room, and to arrange a table and toilet-glasa 
 
 LIFE IN VIENNA. 
 
 'When he in his turn has taken hold of another 
 of the bows, the couple are conducted by the 
 lady, as before, to a third cavalier, and imme- 
 diately this one has grasped the remaining bow 
 (tor the lady keeps one of the unknotted 
 corners for herself), the ends are drawn from 
 
 for it is the custom in Germany for gentlemen 
 who are unable to procure partners for the 
 waltz or polka that is about to commence to 
 wait until some of the couples halt for a few 
 minutes' rest, and then to approach the gentle- 
 man to whom the coveted lady is engaged, and 
 
 there, in front of which the saucy, clumsy flirt is 
 seated. Then the gentlemen are brought forth, 
 one by one, and presented to her behind her 
 back, and, as she sees their figures reflected in 
 the mirror before her, she either shakes her 
 head or bows toward the looking-glass as a sign 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
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 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 CSAEDA— TURKISH NAME OF THE IKNS ON THE PRAIRIES OF HCKGART. 
 
 that such company is either displeasing or ac- 
 ceptable to )icr. It usually happens, however, 
 that the head is shaken as repeatedly as the 
 gentlemen arc successively presented to the 
 damsel at her back ; for the vain young boor of 
 a fraulein loves to hear the titters and jeers of 
 the people in the room, as the liand of each 
 swain after the other is indignantly rejected by 
 her. IndeeJ, for the mere sake of displaying 
 their power on such occasions, some of the more 
 bold young ladies will shake their head at a 
 whole roomful of gentlemen successively, as 
 much as to say they considered there was no 
 one present who was wortliy of being their part- 
 ner — even for that brief occasion. 
 
 A third sprightly variety of the same dance 
 consists in the removal of the toilet-glass, and 
 in placing upon the little table before described 
 n large papier-muchi model of a heart, a small 
 velvet slipper, made after the fashion of a watch- 
 pocket, and a tiny basketful of artificial flowers. 
 Then the lady being seated in front of these 
 three different articles, a fresh triad of gentlemen 
 are conducted to the table before her, when she 
 presents the slipper to the one whom she thinks 
 is likely to be ruled by his wife — the monster 
 brownpciper heart to him whom she desires to 
 dance, and the basket to the one whose hand 
 Bhe desires to reject with scorn, for in Germany 
 it is the same insult — in the vernacular — to give 
 a gentleman " the cori," or basket (since it is 
 supposed to be the special office of women only 
 to carry burdens in that country), as in our own 
 land it is, vulgarly speaking, " to give him the 
 sack." 
 
 market-places in Vienna, where all descriptions 
 of fruit, vegetables and food may bo purchased, 
 saying notliing of peddlers — male and female — 
 who deal in everytliing, from a bodkin to an 
 oven. Tlie time is the sunny part of the day, 
 and the display of umbrellas shows that the 
 season is Summer. On the right hand, a dealer 
 in children's toys is offermg to the fair American 
 lady a doll, but she has not succeeded in gaining 
 her attention. Behind the toy-dealer is her 
 baby, tied up in a bundle, leaving only the face 
 exposed. Altogether it affords a very complete 
 and striking contrast to market scenes in 
 
 America. 
 
 ii^i » 
 
 The Spring Pair at Pestli, Hungary. 
 
 '•As I happened to be at Pesth during the 
 great Spring fair,'' says Spencer, in his Travels, 
 ' ' I was not only provided with ample materials 
 for amusement, bat an opportunity of seeing 
 the motley population of the natives and stran- 
 
 gers which are usually attracted on this occs^ 
 sion ; for though the Magyars, who have giveui 
 tlieir name to Hungary, are the greatest landed; 
 proprietors, and holil the reins of government, 
 yet they are inferior in numericd force to the- 
 Sclavonians (or Totoks), the original inhabi- 
 tants. These are divided into at least lialf a 
 dozen separate tribes, each speaking a difl'orent 
 patois ; and if to them we add the colonies cf 
 Germans, Wallachians, Greeks, Armenians, 
 French, Italians, Jews and gipsies, speaking 
 their own languages and retaining their na- 
 tional manners, customs, and religions, we may 
 term Hungary a miniature picture of Europe. 
 
 "My first lounge was through the fair, which 
 afforded as many groups for the painter as fcr 
 the ob.server of life and manners. The Babel- 
 like confusion of tongues was endless ; and the, 
 costume and appearance of the motley tribeg 
 could not have been equaled in variety by any 
 other fair in Europe, or even by the most enter- 
 taining maskers that ever trod the Piazza San 
 Marco, or the Corso at Rome ; because here each 
 person performed his natural character. Thc- 
 most prominent figures in the group were ever 
 the proud Magyars, particularly those just 
 arrived from the provinces. The dress of some 
 of these noblemen was indeed singular, con- 
 I sisting of a tight sheepskin coat, or mantle, 
 the woolly side inward ; while the other was 
 I gaudily embroidered all over with the gayest 
 flowers of the parterre, in colored silk, among 
 which the tulip was ever the most prominent. 
 Tliose whose wealth permitted it, were to be 
 seen habited in their half-military, half-civil 
 costume, and you might in truth fancy, from 
 their haughty demeanor, that you were behold- 
 ing a feudel lord of the Middle Ages, as, 
 mounted en their fiery steeds, and armed with 
 sword and pistols, they galloped through the 
 parting multitude, upon wiiom, when -the 
 slightest interruption occurred, they glanced 
 with scorn and contempt. 
 
 ' 'Among crowds of Jews, Turks, Greeks, Arme- 
 nians, Tyrolians, Germans, Sclavonians, Ital- 
 ians, and Hungarian peasants, were groups of 
 gipsies, their black, matted locks shading their 
 wild, sunburnt countenances, exhibiting their 
 
 Life in Vienna. 
 
 One of tho great moral results of traveling is 
 the enlarged ideas it gives of human life. No- 
 thing teaches toleration more than a calm 
 survey cf the varying manners and customs of 
 humanity when divided into races, nations and 
 religions. Foreign travel is, therefore, a great 
 corrector of egotism, and teaches forbearance. 
 
 Our scene represents an American lady and 
 gentleman visiting one of those numerous 
 
 BUNQAfilAN VTEDDWOl, 
 
THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 293 
 
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 THE WOELDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 dancing-dogs, bears, and monkeys, or playing 
 a lively tune for the amusement of the sur- 
 rounding multitude, these itinerants being the 
 popular musicians of Hungary. In another 
 part of the fair, mountebanks on elevated plat- 
 forms were relating the exploits of the famous 
 robber Schrubar in the great forest of Bakony ; 
 or the ravages committed by the dreadful mon- 
 ster, half-serpent, half-flying dragon, that lately 
 rose out of the Balaton lake, together with the 
 most veritable history of the reappearance of 
 the renowned Merman, who had inhabited, for 
 the last two years, his own extensive domain, 
 the H msag marshes. All these astonishing mar- 
 vels, besides hundreds of othors, were listened 
 to by the peasants not only with attentive ears, 
 but open mouths, and were Illustrated by paint- 
 ings as largo as life, depicting the extraordinary 
 wonders, executed Ln a etyle which set all imi- 
 tation at defiance. 
 
 "Bread, cakes, cheeses, vegetables, etc., were 
 heaped on higii i;i tlie streets, with the owners 
 of each separite pile squatted in the midst. 
 The savory odor of frying sausages attracted 
 some gourmands, whilst others feasted on the 
 lighter refreshments of pastry which the accom- 
 plished cuisiniers were preparing for their gratifi- 
 cation But the popular viand was evidently 
 the cray-fish, which all ranks, however other- 
 wise engaged, were incessantly consuming; nor 
 did thsy in this manifest any deficiency in goiU, 
 as the flavor of the little dainties was really 
 excellent, and I have rarely seen them exceeded 
 in size. Indeed, to tliread the mazes of this 
 great Hungarian fair, so as to obtain a view of 
 its rarities, was an undertaking of no little 
 difficulty, on account of the immense pyramids 
 of wool, hides, tobacco, etc., which ever stool 
 in the way ; and a3 the articles were most 
 tempting baits to tlio cupidity of the Jew- 
 ish traiirs, they might constantly be seen 
 nxakinj us3 of all their cajoling eloquence, 
 while prevailing upon the artl-ss peasant to 
 dispose of his w.ares at a price little more than 
 nominal. When, however, the case was re- 
 versed, and the gaudy merchandize of the Jew 
 and Armenian traders induce 1 the peasant to 
 become a purchaser, the balance of trade was 
 considsrably against him. 
 
 "But, perhaps, of all the groups over which 
 my eye wandered, none more strongly arrested 
 my attention than the Saxon colonists ; these 
 were attired in the samo costume in which their 
 ancestors, some centuries gone by, had emi- 
 grated from their fatherland, their blue eyes and 
 heavy, quiet count ^nan-^es forming a striking 
 contrast to the vivid glances of the half-Asiatic 
 people around them. Nor were their normal 
 / traits les! distinctly defined ; for the prudent 
 German, well knowing he was in the society cf 
 some of the most nccomplished pickpockets on 
 the continent, wisely determined that they 
 should not prey upon him ; he did not once 
 remove his hand from his pocket, while his 
 good woman never failed to keen watch behind, 
 
 attended by her little ones, who, on the ap- 
 proach of the half-wild gipsy, timidly covered 
 their flaxen heads in the many folds of mam- 
 ma's cumbrous petticoat. 
 
 ' ' I would, above all things, recommend every 
 traveler who may visit Pesth during the Spring 
 fair, not to leave it without taking a morning's 
 ramble through the toivn. He will then see 
 thousands of men, women, and children lying 
 about the streets, beneath the piazzas, or in the 
 numerous barks on the river, with no other 
 covering save the canopy of heaven and their 
 own sheepskin mantles. Ho will, also, still 
 more to his surprise, behold them anointing 
 their persons with lard, in order to protect 
 themselves during the day from the effect of 
 heat, and the bites of vermin and insects." 
 
 Types and Costumes of the People of the 
 Circle of Bukowine. 
 
 The Bukowine, which, in the language of its 
 people, means "Red Fore.^t," is, with Galicia, 
 the most easterly of the Austrian States, touch- 
 ing on Russia and Moldavia, to the latter of 
 which it be longed till 1776, when it passed 
 under the Austrian rule. 
 
 The people strikingly resemble the Moldo- 
 Wallachians. The men, booted and spurred, 
 spend whole days on horseback, overseeing their 
 vast herds of cattle, in this respect resembling 
 the pamperos of S»uth America As they are 
 often exposed to cold and stormr, they dress in 
 sheepskins. The ax is almost always in a 
 man's hand, and it is in their bands, as in those 
 of a Russian peasant, a whole tocl-chest. In 
 building their log-huts they handle it most 
 skillfully, and it is the great weapon against the 
 wolves that annoy their herds. Here, as in the 
 Roumanian rrincipalities, are many gipsies, 
 without hearth or home. 
 
 Tlie chief town is Czemowitz, on the right 
 bank of the Pruth, a place of twelve thousand 
 inh.abitants. It is the seat cf a bishop, and has 
 a philosophical and theolojical institute, llje 
 commerce is limited, but it is the centre of a 
 lively trade in jewelry and other trinkets. 
 
 A Hungarian "Wedding. 
 Like most peasants in Europe, the Hungarians 
 have n picturesque dress, simple habits, love of 
 music, and innocent enjoyments. Their mirth 
 and hilarity are not bridled down or hedged in 
 by codes of etiquette, and of all joyous gath- 
 erinsrs a wedding i; the most merry. Our illus- 
 tration depicts it well, but instead of describing 
 it, which is scarcely necessary, we give a lovc- 
 lecrend of Trentsin Castle, that is often heard 
 at the fireside on a wedding-day in Hungary: 
 
 ' ' It was in the reign of Mathias Corvinus 
 that Trentsin was in the possession of Stephen 
 Zapolya, a powerful chief, who added much to 
 the strength and magnificence of the noble pile. 
 Like many other castles, however, placed on 
 
 the summit of rocks, Trentsin paid dearly for 
 the advantages of its situation, by having no- 
 supply of water but what was afforded by cis- 
 terns, evidently insufficient to enable a largo 
 garrison to support a long siege. To Zopolya 
 this deficiency in his favorite castle was a source 
 of deep disappointment, nor had any one been 
 able to propose an effectual remedy for it. 
 
 "Musing one day on this mortification, as he 
 saw his new works nearly completed, he was. 
 roused by the announcement of his attendant* 
 that a Turkish merchant had arrived, who 
 wished to treat with him for the ransbm cf 
 some prisoners whom he had captured, and 
 brought home with him in slavery. As a sol- 
 dier alive to the courtesies of war, Zapolya at- 
 once expressed his willingness to take ransom, 
 for all such as remained in his hands; 'as for 
 those I have given to my followers, they are not 
 in my power, any more than the young girl whom, 
 my wife has cliosen for her handmaid ; for the 
 former, you must treat with their present mas- 
 ters ; for the latter, she is become such a favor- 
 ite w ith her mistress, that I am sure no sum 
 would ransom her.' ' But might I not see tins-, 
 maiden .'' anxiously demanded the Turk. Tho 
 girl was sent for; 'Omar!' 'Fatime!' burst at 
 the same moment frcm their lips as they rushed 
 into each otlicr'3 anno. 
 
 " Fatime, it appeared, was the daughter of a 
 Pasha, and the affianced bride cf Omar, who 
 lost licr in tho night when Zapolya had attacked 
 the Turkish camp, and her lover, disguised as- 
 a merchant, had undertaken this journey in 
 search of her. 
 
 " Enraged at the Turk's presumption, Za- 
 polya ordered Fatime back to the countess'^ 
 apartments, and, deaf alike to the entreaties 
 and higli offers of tho lover, positively refuFed 
 to deprive his wife cf an attendant she liked. 
 In vain Omar supplicated, in vain he threw 
 himself passionately at the feet of Zapolya, and' 
 begged of him his mistress. At last, angered 
 at his perseverance, the haughty lord swore be 
 might more easily obtain water from the reck 
 they stood on, than compliance from him. 
 
 "'Try,' said he, in seem, 'and when tl:e- 
 rock yields water to your prayers, I give up- 
 Fatime, but not till then. 'On your honor !' 
 exclaimed Omar, springing to his feet, ' voir 
 give up Fatime, if I obtain water from this 
 rock?' 'If you do,' said the knight, aston- 
 ished that the Turk should have understood 
 him literally, ' I pledge my knightly word to 
 release your mistress, and ell my prisoners, ran- 
 som free.' 
 
 "■^^hat is impossible to youth and love? 
 Omar, aide 1 by the captive Turks, set to work, 
 and long and patiently did they labor at the 
 unyielding stone. Three wearisome years were 
 passed, and they saw themselves apparently as 
 far from success as at the commencement, when, 
 almost exhausted with fatigue and despair, the^ 
 joyful cry of 'Water! water!' burst on their 
 ears. The spring' was found— Fatime was free '. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 GALiTA — InTEBIOB OF A HaREM-A MoaAMHEDAU ToMB— ENTRANCE TO ORIENTAI, BAZAR— TBBKISH UNDIES AT TAKDOTTB— TOWEB OF GALATA 
 
 —Guests in a Harem Entertained with Music — Tdbkish Dinner Party— Visit of Cebehony — Turkish Life — Gardens of the 
 Seraglio— Turkish Women in a Garden— Turk and his Three Wives— Summer Saloon of the Sultan's Harem— Gulbeyah hamum: 
 
 —Outdoor Costume of a Turkish Lady- Kara Fatima, the Princess op Kurd- Floooinq in a Turkish School— a Bashi Bazouk 
 
 Casting Dead Bodies into the Bosphorus— Calling to Prayer- A Rural Mosque— Cemetery at Scutari— A Street Scene— BAzar— 
 Gipsy Showman—The Mosque Achmed-Eunning to a Fire— Barber's Shop— courier — bath- Ewer and Basin— Turkish Mansion 
 —A Syriak. Turk's Divan— Koom in a Khan— The Sick-room— A Turkish Banknote— Scrie-, or Usn'ER-WRiTEB — Pobteu- SAPBua. 
 POMPIER— Subterranean Lake at Constantinople. 
 
 THIS barbarous empire, 'which for more 
 than four centuries has presented the 
 anomaly of an Asiatic people possessing 
 some of the fairest portions of Europe, has 
 been chiefly upheld, for the last century, by 
 the selfish policy of England, -which regards it 
 as a bulwark between Russian ambition and 
 British India. 
 
 The Turks were originally a tribe of Tartars, 
 but by inoorjwration with the peoples they have 
 conquered must be regarded as a mixed race. 
 About 760 A. D. they obtained possession of 
 part of Armenia, called by them Turcomania. 
 In the thirteenth century, Othman assumed the 
 title of Sultan, and made iJrusa, in Bithynia, 
 his capital. The Turkish Empire included Mol- 
 davia, Wallachia, Servia, Bosnia, Montenegro, 
 and Egypt; but these were only nominally 
 Tinder the rule of the Sultan, being, in most 
 respects, independent States. From their first 
 Sultan, Othman, the Turks derived their title 
 of Ottoman. In 1453 they, under the com- 
 mand of Mohammed II. , besieged and took Con- 
 stantinople, which ended the Eastern Roman 
 Empire. Five years later they subjugated 
 Greece, and in 1480 invaded Italy, from which, 
 however, they soon retired. In 1516, Selim I. 
 added Syria, Egypt, and the islands in the 
 Archipelago, to his empire. From that time to 
 the present their jiower has slowly declined, 
 and they would long ago have been driven into 
 their native Asia, and Constantinople have 
 fallen into the possession of Russia, but for 
 the determined support always afforded by 
 England, and occasionally by France. 
 
 Tue Crimean War of 1854 was undertaken 
 by France and England expressly to save 
 Turkey from becoming the prey of Russia ; but 
 sooner or later so gross an outrage on civiliza- 
 tion as the " Turkish Ecampment " in Europe, 
 as Gibbon happily phrased it, must expire ; 
 but whether the beautiful countries now 
 enslaved by the hideous creed of Mohammed 
 -will fall into the hands of Austria, Russia or 
 Prussia, is, of course, matter for conjecture. 
 The climate of Turkey in Europe is very salu- 
 brious, and its soil one of the most fertile on 
 
 the face of the earth. Every description of 
 fruit and grain grows in abundance, and de- 
 spite the paralyzing influence of its government, 
 its natural riches are so great, that its trade 
 with European countries is very considerable. 
 
 Its chief city is one of the largest and most 
 famous in the world. Its ancient name was 
 Byzantium, and it was founded, 607 B.C., by a 
 colony of Megarians under Byzas, their chief. 
 It was taken successively by the Medes, 
 Athenians, and Spartans. 
 
 In 340 B.C., in alliance with the Athenians, 
 the Byzantines defeated the fleet of Philip of 
 Maeedou. In 73 A. d., it was taken by the 
 Romans, in whose hands it remained till 194 
 A.D., when it threw off the yoke of those mas- 
 ters of the world, who, however, took it after 
 two years' siege, when it was, by the command 
 of the Emperor Severus, razed to the ground. 
 Byzantium was refounded by Constantine in 
 324, and received the name of Constantinople. 
 Six years afterward it became the seat of the 
 Roman Eastern Empire. 
 
 It has thus been, at three different epochs, 
 a great city under the Pagan, the Christian 
 and the Mohammedan religions. 
 
 Nothing can exceed the natural beauty of its 
 situation. It has been the admiration of every 
 poet and traveler that has ever visited it. 
 
 Miss Pardee says that "a sunrise and sun- 
 set looks more like a dream of beauty than 
 a thing of earth ;" but the illusion is dispelled 
 when you enter the city ; then you see how 
 man has defaced this lovely spot. The streets 
 are narrow and filled with garbage, the only 
 scavengers being the dogs, which look more 
 like famished wolves than the noble animals 
 we see every day around us. It is chiefly 
 remarkable for the amazing variety of nation- 
 alities it presents. Here, in one bazar, you 
 meet with almost every costume — the indolent 
 and lordly Turk, seated in' tailor-fashion, smok- 
 ing his hookah; the picturesque Greek, the 
 rugged Russian, the stolid German, the viva- 
 cious Frenchman, and the serious Englishman. 
 Situated between Asia and Europe, of which it 
 may be said to be the connecting-link, it seems 
 
 I'ormed to be the capital of a mighty empire, 
 not only for trade, but for dominion. 
 
 Oalata. 
 
 ■What Oxford is to England, Nuremberg to 
 Germany, or Assisi to Italy, Galata ij to the 
 East — viz., an almost perfect city of the Middle 
 Ages. 
 
 Again, like all medifieval communities, the 
 inhabitants had a more than doubtful story of 
 their descent. As the Britons and the Paduans 
 were the descendants of the Trojans, so the 
 inhabitants of Galata claimed descent from tho 
 companions of the renowned Brennus who 
 destroyed Rome. They were Galatians, hence 
 Galata. Seme went even so far as to assert that 
 they alone were the Galatians to whom the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles wrote his Epistle. 
 More sober authors, however, tell us that the 
 name signifies a place where milk is sold. 
 
 Although a suburb in the time of Justinian, it 
 owes its importance to the Genoese, who settled 
 here during the Latin occupation. When tho 
 Greek dynasty was restored, they held it as a 
 fief from the emperors. Then they alternately 
 assisted and bullied their benefactors, but 
 being without fortifications, were obliged to 
 knock under, until, happening to be on tho 
 right side against the Venetians, the latter burnt 
 the town. The consequence was that tho 
 Genoese got permission to fortify it. Then they 
 increased it with more fortifications. Then 
 they got the whole of the trade of the Black 
 Sea into their hands. And when the emperor 
 refused them a further space to be fortified, tho 
 entire population turned out and worked at the 
 walls, and inclosed the space without his per- 
 mission ; in fact, they went on very much as 
 the East India Company did in India during 
 the last century. 
 
 We fear their conduct during the siege by 
 the Turks will not bear examination. History 
 accuses them of trying to make a separate treaty 
 with Mohammed, and with neglecting to inter- 
 cept his ships when they were hauled over dry 
 land from the Bosphorus to the Golden Hcrik 
 
296 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIOKS. 
 
 However, Mohammed dismantled their fortifica- 
 tions ; and of the three parts into which the 
 waJls divide GalatJ, one is now entirely inhabited 
 by the Turks. 
 
 The wallo are erea at the present day exceed- 
 ingly perfect ; they are about eight feet thick 
 at bottom, and six feet at top, where a broad 
 space is got by means of arches supported on 
 corbels. Many of thise corbels are fragments of 
 ancient columns, showing the haste of their 
 erection. All parts of the walls contain inscrip- 
 tions, with coats of arms, telling us the date of 
 the building, so that their whole history might 
 thus b3 collected. The walls are flanked at 
 short distances by square and round towers. 
 The most conspicuous of all was the large tower 
 
 workmanship ; the church itself has been en- 
 tirely rebuilt. The modern churches do not 
 show at all ; a passenger mi:j;ht pass them 
 fifty times, and never know that they were 
 churches. 
 
 Tlie great Armenian church, built only a few 
 years ago, is surrounded by an immensely high 
 stone wall, secured by iron doors. 
 
 Interior of a Harem. 
 
 A RBX3ENT lecturer has made our citizens more 
 familiar with Turkish institutions than many 
 who have traveled in that country. Our illus- 
 tration represents the interior of one &f their 
 
 ace and has the title of Sultana- Valide. She ia 
 tlie only woman who is allowed to appear with- 
 out a vail ; none of the others, even when sick, 
 are permitted to lay aside the vail in the pres- 
 ence of any one, except the sultan. 
 
 When visited by the physician, their bed is 
 covered by a thick counterpane, and the pulse 
 felt through gauze. 
 
 The life of the ladies cf the imperial l.arcm 
 is spent in bathing, dressing, walking in the 
 garden, witnessing the voluptuous dances ] er- 
 formed by their slaves, etc. 
 
 The women of other Turks enjoy tlie society 
 of their friends at the baths or at each other's 
 houses, appear in public, accompunied by slaves 
 and eunuch.-;, and enjoy a degree of li'jeriy 
 
 placed on the highest point, and forming the 
 citadel. 
 
 Within the walls the most observable thing 
 is the immense number of old stone houses. 
 As to the churches, they have entirely disap- 
 peared ; the only exceptions are, first, St. 
 Peter's, which preserves its entrance gateway, 
 probably of the time of the Latin occupation. 
 The central tower is also original ; all the rest 
 of the church having suffered by fire was re- 
 paired by Louis XIV. of France. The other 
 church has also a square tower, with a stunted 
 spire covered with lead. 
 
 Upon close inspection it appears that it is 
 now a mosque, the only ancient remains being 
 a few carved strings, evidently of Byzantine 
 
 INTERIOR OF A nAKESI. 
 
 harems. A harem, as everybody knows, is the 
 apartment, or apartments, in which the Turks 
 confine their women, who are prohibited from 
 the society of otners. Tliey are waited on by 
 female slaves and guarded by black eunuchs. 
 The head of the latter is called Kizlar-Aara. 
 Tliere are two kizlar-agas. one of the old, the 
 other of the new palace, each of v/hich has its 
 harem. 
 
 The one is occupied by the women of former 
 sultans and those who h.ave incurred the dis- 
 pleasure of the reigning prince ; the other by 
 such as still enjoy his favor. The lady who 
 first presents him with a male heir is styled the 
 sultana, by way of eminence. She must then 
 retire into the old palace ; but if her son 
 ascjnds the throne, she returns to the new pal- 
 
 which increases as they descend in rank. But 
 those of file sultan have none of the;e privi- 
 leges. It is. of course, only the richer Moslems 
 who can maintain harem", ; the poorer classes 
 have generally but one wife. 
 
 A Mohammedan Tomb. 
 
 The Mohammedans show great care in the 
 entombment of their dead. The grave is s 
 sacred place, and death does not end all asso- 
 ciation. They meet beside it to renew in soc'd 
 entertainment their once happy intercourse. 
 
 Their cemeteries are, consequently, often very 
 attractive. Each tomb, in some places, is 
 arched over in stone or stucco, and stands lil-.e 
 a little mosque in its own plantation of accacia 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 297 
 
 trees ; and not nnfreqiiently a 
 fountain, for the benefit of the 
 wearv pilgrim, is added to the 
 Utile building. 
 
 The illustration in our article 
 shows one of the finer tombs, 
 an 1 will be a^hnitted to Le grace- 
 ful anl tasteful. No absurd or 
 fals >:iie epitaphs adorn the tombe. 
 Tex s from the Koran are the usual 
 inscriptions, and, in the beautiful 
 Arabic letters, these become orna- 
 ments. 
 
 Entrance to an Oriental Bazar. 
 
 A TRAVELER thus describes an 
 Oriental bazar: 
 
 '• The lodges occupied by tho 
 Persian shopkeepers seemed rather 
 more roomy than usual. The goods 
 on sale weia displayed to as much 
 alvantx;;e, and with as much taste, 
 as perhaps could anywhere be 
 exhibited with the same materials, 
 an 1 certainly with more than 1 
 had ever -witnessed in Turkey. 
 There was an obvious intention to 
 renler the display of wares as 
 
 attractive as nossibls to these who 
 
 passed bj'. — ;; 
 
 "This pleased me, as every 
 t'ling pleises a stranger in a 
 foreign land which helps to remind 
 Lim, however remotely, of any 
 iisaie or feeling which exists also 
 in his own coun'.ry. It seems per- 
 fectly natural that a tradesman should, in 
 every proper way, endeavor to draw custom to 
 his shop ; but this is by no means a general 
 
 
 A MOHAMMEDAN TOMB. 
 
 rule. A shopkeeper in a Turkish bazar, for 
 
 instance, seems not to care whetlier you come 
 
 to his shop or go to another, and he hands you 
 
 for examination the articles 
 
 you requir.e in a manner so 
 
 listless and indiflferent as 
 
 to convey the impreasion .that he 
 considers he does you a high favor 
 in so far attending to your 
 wishes. I was, therefore, much 
 rjeased to find the behavior of 
 ihe shopkeepers in Persian bazaig 
 quite in accordance with the im- 
 pression which the studiously at' 
 tractive display of their wares 
 conveyed. 
 
 " Some of the men who noticed 
 that I was observing their shcps, 
 invited me to sit down on thj 
 bench, and, with great alacrity, 
 bestirred themselves in producing 
 for my inspection, or in directing 
 my attention to such articles rs 
 they imagined best calculated to 
 attract my liking ; nor am I aware 
 that, in any instance, the least dis- 
 s itisfaction was exhibited if I made 
 no purchase after all the 'trouble 
 they Ind taken. Kven such men 
 as were engaged in operative labors 
 at the same time that they 
 attended to their shops, and who 
 seemed very busily occupied, diJ 
 not appear in any degree reluctant 
 to suspend their labors for the 
 purpose of attending to me." 
 
 Turkish Ladies Seated at a 
 
 Tandour. 
 
 TirE inner life of seraglios has 
 
 had much light thrown upon it 
 
 by European ladies, who, as 
 
 governesses or artists, have resided for a time 
 
 among the Turkish ladies of royal families. 
 
 .The glamour of Eastern wealth and splendor 
 
 fades before the stern reality of actual disccm- 
 
 fort, untidiness and indolence, . mental and 
 
 physical. 
 
 KNTRAKOE TO A.N 0RIT;\TA1 C.VZATl. 
 
 TOWER OF GALATA. 
 
298 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The tandour, or table, is an illustration. To 
 secure warmth, a brazier, filled with coals, but 
 having these so covered with ashes as to pre- 
 vent danger of fire, is placed under the table-lid, 
 and this heat, kept in by 
 their dresses, gives the neces- 
 sary warmth to those seated 
 around. 
 
 How little does such a 
 poor contrivance answer our 
 ideas of the luxury, ease and 
 voluptuous enjoyment of the 
 East"! 
 
 Turkish Life. 
 
 The houses which line the 
 shore.s of the Bosphorus are 
 generally overhanging, as it 
 were, the very stream itself, 
 and only approachable on 
 the front by cayiks, wliich 
 are the most popular con- 
 veyances. Thus the Imstle 
 of the busy world seems to 
 subside into the more mu- 
 sical splash of the rippling 
 waters, the ru.sh and turmoil 
 of human affairs are sub- 
 merged in the gliding mo- 
 tions of the delicate crafts 
 which noiselessly speed on 
 
 QUESTS IN A EABEM ENTBBTAINED WITH MISIC. 
 
 their varied missions. Merchandise and provi- 
 sions are afloat under your windows, visitors 
 step from their cayiks upon your very door- 
 stone, and the blue wave tenders its buoyant 
 
 TURKISH DINNEE PARTY. 
 
 bosom to the lover who dares to whisper l.i9 
 
 hopes under the lattice. 
 
 But the dwelling cf Zeid Pasha, to which v.e- 
 
 were conducted on tlie day of the royal visit to 
 the Medical College, w s 
 not, as usual, built on the- 
 water's edge. 
 
 It stood upon a high banic 
 which overlooked the stream, 
 and upon disembarking tlie- 
 access was by a long flight 
 of marble steps to the portul 
 cf the mansion. 
 
 Tliis palatial residence was. 
 most conspicuous from th : 
 symmetry of its crchitectun-t 
 beauty and the exquisite- 
 loveliness cf its site. 7h3 
 extci-nal surroundings wero 
 the blue and rippling waters, 
 the gently sloping hills of 
 eld Asia, and a pure atmc- 
 sphere, laden with the ] cr- 
 fumes of rare and cdori- 
 ferous plants, and vibratirg 
 with the notes of the song- 
 sters of the neighborinij 
 groves, the far-famed bu!- 
 buls who, free in their 
 native air, were warbling all 
 the long nights their sweet 
 and plaintive trills cf 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 209 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 !25 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 k! 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 *^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 K! 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 >■ 
 
SOO 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 melody. Ihe declivities of the adjacent hill- 
 sides were adorned by a succession of terraces 
 covered witli rare exotics, interspersed -with 
 marble vases, playing fountains, cool grottoes 
 and sliady groves. 
 
 The beautiful saloon of the harem, notwith- 
 . ■standing its peculiar Oriental style and ap- 
 pearance, presented a most happy combination 
 of European and Eastern luxury. 
 
 In old-fashioned Turkish houses the rooms 
 are surrounded on 
 three sides by low 
 sedirs or wide sofas, 
 the windows ex- 
 tending only half 
 way to the ceiling, 
 and having over 
 them a species of 
 deadlights, made of 
 stained glass. 
 
 The floors are 
 covered with native 
 matting or carpets, 
 and the walls de- 
 corated with tho 
 most elaborate 
 landscapes and 
 arabesques ; other- 
 wise they are des- _ _ ^ 
 titute of furniture. ^ — ^" 
 
 But the apart- 
 ment in question 
 contained one 
 single sedir, ex- 
 tended below the 
 w- i n d o w 9 and 
 ■covered with heavy 
 blue satin, embroi- 
 dered in variegated 
 silks and gold, with 
 a massive fringe 
 of the same pre- 
 cious metal. The 
 cushions which 
 leaned against. the 
 wall were of uncut 
 velvet from the 
 looms of Brusa, 
 the ancient capital. 
 This sedir, of ample 
 ■width, softly yield- 
 ing buoyancy, and 
 surrounding cush- 
 ions for comfort 
 and support, 
 seemed to invito 
 to a voluptuous 
 repose. Besides 
 the external lat- 
 tices, the windows 
 were shaded with 
 draperies of yello'W 
 
 silk and white muslin, bordered with fringes 
 of silver. 
 
 The other sides of the room were adorned 
 with European couches and chairs of the most 
 •elegant workmanship, mirrors and pier-tables, 
 on which were displayed various articles of 
 virtu, collected from all parts of the world. A 
 beautiful mosaic table of Carrara occupied the 
 centre of the room, upon which were placed a 
 variety of lamps and candelabra. The various 
 
 chairs and couches were most decorously ar- 
 ranged along the walls, for no attempts are ever 
 made at elegant confusion liy the Osmanlis ; the 
 ceiling and walls were painted in fresco and gold, 
 and the floor covered with the finest matting. 
 
 Toilet-tables, with their mirrors conveniently 
 suspended, were there ; neglected, however, by 
 the fair beauties, who preferred to sit upon their 
 sofas with a little glass upon the cushions before 
 them, where they might leisurely braid their 
 
 GARDENS OP THE SERAGLIO, CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 tresses, tinge their eyebrows, and languidly 
 consider the pose of the glittering jewels upon 
 their gossamer turbans. VVashstands, with their 
 gilded and snowy porceliiin, can never tempt 
 these naiads of the fountain from the running 
 stream which carries away all impurities in its 
 crystal flowing ; and great beds of state, with 
 gilded cornices and silken draperies, are re- 
 tained in all their grandeuv '.inteuanted ; for 
 they only create a sensation of dizziness in 
 
 those who love to sleep upon a great pile of 
 downy mattresses, in the middle of the floor of 
 any apartment they happen to fancy. 
 
 Zeid Pasha, referred to, cannot be termed 
 one of the upstarts ; for he is the son of a man 
 of letters, who was a distinguished poet, and 
 much esteemed by the people. His origin is 
 not, therefore, to be traced to obscurity, and 
 the circumstance of his being the son of a cele- 
 brated man contributed greatly to his advance- 
 ment in life. In 
 addition, his own 
 personal attain- 
 ments, combined 
 vdth 15 o 1 i t i c a 1 
 events, hastened 
 his rapid promo- 
 tion until, from 
 being a clerk at 
 the Porte, he be- 
 came ambassador 
 to several foreign 
 courts in succes- 
 sion, and subse- 
 quently a Minister. 
 ^ --.. ■ But notwith- 
 
 standing his supe- 
 rior mental cul- 
 ture, and extended 
 intercourse with 
 foreign courts, this 
 pasha resembles 
 his fellow-beings, 
 and the love of 
 display has become 
 the more intense, 
 apparent!}', iu pro- 
 portion to his facili- 
 ties of communion 
 with society and 
 general observa- 
 tion. Considering 
 the small portion 
 of this world's 
 goods which fell to 
 him by inheritance, 
 without any other 
 api^arent means for 
 amassing wealth, 
 it would seem 
 that the owner of 
 this palatial resi- 
 dence and princely 
 retinue must be a 
 second Aladdin and 
 his enchanted 
 lamp. 
 
 It is a common 
 -^il'"-"'- saying that wealth 
 
 is power ; in Turkey 
 it is equally true 
 that power is 
 wealth ; for a man there in any public ofiice 
 whatever, and even with the smallest salary, 
 makes a display in his style of living ten 
 times greater than his income can sustain. 
 
 Zeid Pasha, when at the acme of his ambi- 
 tion, could not be satisfied until he was at 
 least ui>on a par with his equals, if not sur- 
 passing them all, in luxury. Not to mention 
 his mansions in Stamboul and other places, 
 this residence on the Bosphorus seemed to bid 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 301 
 
302 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 defiance to all competition ; 
 "while the bustle of preparation 
 ■within its walls, and the gayly 
 dressed servants loitering 
 around, betokened a princely 
 menage. 
 
 Like those of all other 
 grandees, the principal officers 
 of Zeid Pasha's houshold were 
 the Mohiirdar, the Sir-Keatiby 
 and the Keahya. Every trans- 
 action in Turkey, financial and 
 oificial, must be authenticated 
 by affixing a seal. The general 
 ignorance of the people, and 
 the multiplicity of the affairs 
 of the grandees, have created 
 •the necessity of having Mii- 
 iiirdars or seal-bearers. This 
 «ervice is performed for tho 
 Sultan by the Grand Vizier. 
 
 The harem is the home or 
 sanctuary of every Osmanli, for 
 it is written in the Koran, 
 " The interior of thy dwelling 
 is a sanctuary ; speak unto 
 the true believers that they 
 restrain their eyes and keep themselves from 
 immodest actions. 
 
 " This will be more pure for them, for God 
 is well acquainted with that which they 
 4o ; and speak unto the believing women, that 
 
 A TURK AND HIS THKKE WIVES. 
 
 they restrain their eyes, and discover not their 
 ornaments (personal charms), except what ne- 
 cessarily appeareth thereof ; and let them 
 throw their vails over their bosoms and not 
 show their ornaments unless to their husbands, 
 
 or their fathers, or their hus- 
 band's fathers, or their sons, 
 cr their husband's sons, or 
 their brother's sons, or unto 
 children." 
 
 Hence, the concealment of 
 the women from the public 
 f-aze being a religious injunc- 
 tion, (heir seclusion became a 
 matter of necessity ; and as 
 they were commanded to be 
 always vailed in the presence 
 of men, a place of retreat was 
 indispensable for them. 
 - Apart from the hosts of 
 male attendants, the innumer- 
 able visitors coming and going 
 would compel them to wear 
 their vails from morning till 
 night. The houses are, conse- 
 quently, so constructed as to 
 promote this separation, and 
 certain apartments in them 
 are exclusively kept for the 
 ladies. There are two claKses 
 of Osmanlis : those who have 
 been transjiorted from the in- 
 terior of the Mussulman dominions to posts of 
 rank and power near the court, and others 
 who have always resided in the metropolis, and 
 in contact with this progressive refinement and 
 civilization. The former identify the enjoyment 
 
 TmtEISa LADIES SEATKD AT A TAMDOUB. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 308 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 en 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 in 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
S04 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 niRKISII LIFE — GULBEYAN IIASCM. 
 
 of wealth vnth sensuality, and as soon as 
 they acquire the means, not only marry all the 
 wives allowed them, but add innumerable 
 Odaluks and slaves to their harems. But more 
 enlightened views of life and superior mental 
 culture generally refine the animal desires, 
 create new channels for the love of luxury and 
 display, and nurture tastes for a higher order 
 of pleasure. Of this latter number was Zeid 
 Pasha, whose harem consisted of one wife, two 
 sons and a daughter. Nazyr^ Hanum, in 
 the absence of other wives, and in contra- 
 diction to her daughter, was entitled BSyuk 
 Hanum, or the lady superior. She was the 
 daughter of a wealthy merchant, and was mar- 
 risd to Zeid Effendi ut tlie early age of fourteen. 
 Of Georgian descent, she was tall in stature, 
 v.ith a well-developed Jonn, her complexion 
 vr.is fair, her features regular, her eyes black, 
 and her hair, of the same dark hue, hung in 
 long braids over her shoulders. There was in 
 h ^r whole air and demeanor a degree of refine- 
 ment and elegance not excelled by the most 
 aristocratic European lady, though she was not 
 versed in polite literature, and scarcely knew 
 her own alphabet. Slie is the mother of three 
 children, two sons and a daughter. One of 
 the sons, Nessim Bey, eighteen years of age, 
 was married to the daughter of a pasha. Ho 
 followed the same diplomatic career as his 
 fatlier, and was a clerk at the bureau of the 
 Amedgee, or state chancellor. The younger 
 brotlier, Mahmoud Bey, was of a more bellicose 
 temperament, and had entered the Royal Mili- 
 tary College at I'era. Mahmoud Bey was six- 
 teen years old, and, though not married, had, 
 us is customary, a favorite odalisk, the gift of 
 his mother, who thus hoped to retain him in 
 the fiimily circle. 
 
 The harem being the counterpart of the 
 selamluk, had also its complement of ofiScers. 
 The Hasnadar Ousta, or keeper of the jewels 
 and other treasures, the lady of the wardrobe, 
 the coffee-server and the mistress of the bath, 
 which is always attached to the houses of 
 the great ; there were, besides, 
 numerous inferior slaves and 
 servants. There were in reality 
 three or four establishments 
 combine 1 in one, for the 
 Biiyuk Hanum, the two sons 
 and the daughter, each had 
 their suite of apartments and 
 separate retinue. 
 
 So that Zeid Pasha, with 
 his own selamluk and its 
 officers, his own wife and his 
 harem, with its innumerable 
 members, liis servants and 
 slaves, carriages and hor.-ics, 
 and nearly every other chattel 
 under heaven, must have pos- 
 sessed all his heart could desire 
 or his brightest ambition covet 
 
 A lady traveler thus de 
 scribes a dinner: 
 
 "The halayiks proceeded to 
 form a hollow square in th 
 angle of the sofa, by placing 
 extra cushions on the floor 
 over the whole of which they 
 spread a large crumb-cloth of 
 crimson silk bordered with 
 gold. In the middle of this 
 square they placed a low stand, 
 and upon it a large circular 
 tray of highly polished brass. 
 There were no plates, knives, 
 
 forks, or glasses ; around the edge of the tray 
 at intervals were rolls. of bread, and spoons 
 made of tortoise shell, with carved and crni> 
 mented handles of ivory tipped with coral. 
 A second circle was formed of little plates 
 containing pickles, preserves and fruit, and 
 other condiments. We all perlormed our ablu- 
 tions, and when the round silver tureen of 
 soup was placed in the centre of the tray, we 
 took our seats and spread our napkins over 
 our laps. 
 
 " When the cover was removed from tne tureen, 
 the lady superior, taking her spoon with an 
 invitation to us all to help ourselves, showed 
 us the modus operandi. Her example was easily 
 foUowe I, and'the next disli that was served was 
 not difficult to man:ige witli the fingers, as it 
 consisted of small bits of roast meat or kebab ; 
 but upon the appearanc:; of an extremet, or cc m- 
 position of meat anl vegetables, my awkwaul- 
 ness in conveying the food to my mouth was so 
 apparent that Adile ordered the attendants to 
 bring me a fork— the appearance of wliicli im- 
 mediately excited the disdain of Gtilbeyaz Ha- 
 num, who insisted that fingers were made before 
 forks, and wondered why I did not relinquish 
 such an inconvenient habit. 
 
 " The fact Ls, that if a lady is known at a Eu- 
 ropean table by the manner she uses her knife 
 and fork, or conforms to other little matters cf 
 etiquette, the same is equally true of the stylo 
 in which the hanums use their own fingers, and 
 their general deportment while eating. 
 
 " The two fore-fingers and thumb are the pin- 
 cettes ; a small piece of bread is used to give a 
 certain stability to the morsels of food, and they 
 are so expert that no particle ever soils the 
 polished surface of the tray. Nor are they 
 guilty of indi.-criminate exploration in the dish 
 — each person limiting her spoliations to a 
 
 TCBKISH LUE — OUI-SOOB COSTDIU Of A I>U>T. 
 
TURKET. 
 
 305 
 
 21) , KAUX I'ATIMA, TIIE KUEDISH PKINCESS, AT THE HEAD OF REE TEOOPS. 
 
soe 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 particular spot. Each variety of food is par- 
 taken of sparingly ; the succession is both 
 numerous and la^iid, and the food is transferred 
 from one table to another, according to the 
 different grades of the members." 
 •-♦-♦ 
 
 Kara Fatima, the Kurdish Princess, at the 
 Head of her Troops, 
 The Kurds, or more properly Kermanji, for 
 the Europem name is unknown among them, 
 
 feet in length, and slung at his side ready for 
 use, with a supply of arrows in a leather quiver 
 at Ills back. 
 
 In addition to the javelin and bow, the sling 
 mentioned by Xenophon, in his " Expedition of 
 Cyrus," is still used in many parts of the 
 countiy. The stones selected are rather large, 
 and are thrown to a considerable distance from a 
 leather case of suitable size, open at the sides, 
 and having attached to it two strong cords. Of 
 these three weapons, the javelin continues most 
 
 There are many different tribes in Kurdistan; 
 these are generally divided into small chieftain- 
 ships, forming separate patriarchal govern- 
 ments, under an hereditary chief, called Uereh 
 Beg (Lord of the Valley). The rent - charges 
 drawn by the local chieftains from the people are 
 on a moderate scale, and the taxes paid to the 
 sultan do not appear to be by any means exces- 
 sive. Kara Fatima (Fatuna the Black), whose 
 veritable portrait we give, is a Kurdish prin- 
 cess — that is to Siiy, slie is chief of a clan of 
 
 are a very remarkable people. Nearly every 
 male Kurd is mounted, and is armed generally 
 with a gun and sabre, or pistols stuck in a 
 showy vest ; his dress usually consists of loose 
 robes and stout leggings, while on his head ho 
 wears a gaudily striped turban, hanging loosely 
 on one side in a fanciful manner. Occasionally 
 he is to be seen with javelins about three feet 
 nine inches long, which weapon he hurls with 
 great dexterity ; or else he is a-^ed with a bow 
 resembling that of the Turko -ns, nearly six 
 
 METIIOD OF rLOGGINO IN TURKISH SCHOOI£. 
 
 in use ; but even this, like the bow and the 
 sling, is rapidly giving way to the firearms of 
 civilized warfare. The women are allowed greater 
 license than among most Eastern communities. 
 They do not enshroud themselves with apparel 
 to the same extent, nor do they keep so much 
 to themselves as do Oriental ladies in general. 
 Cookinc; and other domestic duties devolve upon 
 them, but in the evenin;j they join the guests 
 and the rest of the family round the large wood 
 fire blazing on the hearth. 
 
 some importance in Kurdistan. She and he? 
 followers created a greit sensation in Constanti- 
 nople at the time of the Crimean war, with their 
 gay dresses and Damascened arms, and the 
 princess herself was the lion, or rather lioness, 
 of the day at Stamboul, as s'le rode into the city 
 at the head of the warriors whom she led in 
 person to answer the call which the Chief of 
 Islam made on all the followers of Mohammed 
 to rally in defense of the European conquests of 
 the Crescent. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 307 
 
 A BASHI-BAZOUK. 
 
30S 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 BALOUK-HANE — CASTING DEAD BODIES 1>T0 THE BOSPHORUS. 
 
 Street Scene in Constantinople, 
 This is a most excellent picture of street life 
 in Constantinople. Close to where the curb- 
 stone should he, if curb-stone there were, 
 stands our cobbler's stall. But no margin for 
 the convenience or safety of foot-passengers 
 runs lotween the houses, shops,' stalls, and 
 other iixtures, and the rolling tide of the street. 
 Great cities have their physiognomy as well as 
 individuals ; . and engravings, pictures, and 
 Eketches, into -which human action enters as a 
 fnain element,' furnish to the distant reader a 
 Eource of information very different from that 
 derive J from statistics, but without whicli sta- 
 tistical knowledge is, after all, but an imprac- 
 tical guide. Men of business never think that 
 they understand a man because they may have 
 heard his story up to that moment, and may 
 even have verified it by documentary evidence 
 — thev want next to see the individual. - Yet 
 
 THE MCEZZIN CAIXISQ ME.N TO PllATEE. 
 
 they would be puzzled to specify what precise 
 additional facts the person's general appearance 
 can reveal. In fact, more than one-half of the 
 impressions which govern the proceedings of 
 life defy analysis, and almost elude description. 
 .(\jid so with countries, races, and centres of 
 authority and resort. Those wlio read that a 
 people called the Turks had settled in a very 
 fertile land — one of the spontaneous gardens of 
 nature, amid a thick cluster cf commercial 
 nations, with a vast and profitable seaboard, 
 and that this people — these Turks - had made ' 
 nothing out of so many advantages — that the 
 land was languishing and the se.^ idle around 
 them : those who read such f.icts have a sort of 
 negative knowledge about tjieso Asiatic con- 
 querors. But if they then see the Tuika, or 
 even but study lively representations of them 
 as they act, move, and look, in the habits and 
 usual current of their daily existence, that 
 which was hut the eidolon and skeleton of an 
 idea puts on flesh and blood, and a species of 
 abstract knowledge becomes v'vid, realized, and 
 practical infoiination. 
 
 There they are, without tne tricks and changes 
 of an extraordinary occasion ; there they are, 
 as they appear diurnally ; no exaggeration in 
 any point, favorable or adverse ; it is after 
 nature, a common, a characteristic scene, and 
 a fair study (to recur to our metaphor) of na- 
 tional pliysiognomy. In the distance a couple 
 cf lounging men gossiping at the street comer, 
 one wearing the tarljoosh, the other the turban, 
 both fine-looking, lazy creatures; a crowd of 
 white spectres, all sheet except the black star- 
 ing eyes, and a bit of the sallow nose — women 
 who may see, but must not be seen— <:ounting 
 for very little — having no souls, at least none 
 that are immortal, in the opinion of their lords 
 — movable property, worth wliat it may fetch 
 at market, no more ; a common man with a 
 basket on his head: a rather Calmuck-faceJ 
 young Turk, shouldering his way, ho also wear- 
 ing the more cnnvenient tarboosh, instead of 
 the onco universal turban ; and, finally, the 
 cobbler and tli" group aroimd him, with a spe- 
 ' ciman cf not the bast remarkable class in Con- 
 
 stantinople, the street-porters, passmg at » 
 swing-trot under a heavy load. 
 
 Wlierever these stalls are pitched— whether 
 they be the workshop,=i of a cobbler, or the little 
 repertories of the scent-seller antt the druggist, 
 or anything else— they are centres round which 
 all idlers a,ssemble to stare, rather than to talk. 
 Staring and smoking are the most approved 
 style of conversation among these lounging 
 street-groups of- Stamboul. To stare and smcko 
 in company— that is life, that is society. Our 
 shoemaker and slipper-mender by no mean"? 
 kills himself with hard work. He dees not look 
 
 KUllAL 3!OII.\5IMEDAN MOSQCZ. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 809 
 
 ■*— I 
 
 a 
 
 ■a 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
310 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIOKa 
 
 m iiitfiihliiiii|''l|! 
 
 f «r :;ii 
 
 *-=:>- --,-.--' 
 
 TURKISH BAZAR AT CONSTANTINOPLE:. 
 
 like a man who would do so. He is (jlad to 
 have gazers about him, cveu though there be 
 not a purchaser amon,'^ thera all. His nar^iUy 
 is beside him ; and, without breaking silence, 
 he will put down his work, and pay his sociable 
 attendants a compliment of rood-f ellowship by 
 taking a smoke himself. 
 
 There is a prevalent impression that the 
 Turkish ladies are always imprisoned at home, 
 tut nothing is more erroneous ; for, since the 
 destruction of the Janissaries, who molested 
 everybody in public, they are to be seen every- 
 where, and on all occasions. The only requi- 
 site for their appearance is to be vailed, and 
 wear the feradje or cloak. Thus accoutred, 
 they wander through the bazars and frequent 
 all rural places of resort, and scarcely a day 
 passes when they stay at home. Nor is it to be 
 supposed that they are closely muiHed, and 
 saunter along in spectral form, ^'"ormerly, 
 owing to the barbarous nature of the people, 
 tht' :iulios protected themselves from the ruJc 
 
 and impudent gaze of the rabble by wearing 
 vails of the coarsest fabric, and concealing 
 their features as much as possible ; but the 
 stride of civilization having guaranteed to 
 them the respect due to their sex, the yashmak 
 or veil of the pi-esent day is of the lightest 
 India muslin, and has little power of conceal- 
 ing their charms ; but, on the contrary, seems to 
 brighten their beauty by its transparency. 
 
 The arched eyebrows, through this decep- 
 tive vail, seem more delicately curved ; the 
 large and lustrous eyes shine more darkly from 
 its snowy folds, and the delicate hue of the 
 complexion is rendered tenfold more lovely. 
 
 The texture of this yashmak is now so exqui- 
 sitely line, that the two square yards of muslin 
 which compose it do not weigh more than a 
 single drachm. 
 
 'Slho feradje, or cloak, is an ample outer gar- 
 ment, made of fine colored Bombazine, or Thi- 
 bet, lined with silk, and the edges are trimmed 
 witu embroidery. 
 
 Their feet are clothed with yellow morocoo 
 buskins, over which is worn a slipper of the 
 same color. 
 
 Thus equipped, the Osmanli ladies are the 
 most independent creatures in the world. 
 
 As no one dares to look them in the face» 
 from a sense of respect, it has been customary 
 for them slightly to encourage their timid 
 admirers by furtive glances, if not positive 
 attacks— so that, on all public occasions, an 
 attentive observer may detect them in some of 
 the wiles of coquetry, or iinmeaiiint] flirtation. 
 
 The Osmanli ladies are never attended by 
 their husbands, or any other gentlemen, when 
 they walk out ; public sentiment entirely pro- 
 tects them ; for, if any one should accost them 
 rudely, the commonest citizen would imme- 
 diately turn avenger. Nevertheless, ladies of 
 distinction are attended by black eunuchs, who, 
 besides being mere appendages of rank, serve 
 also to protect them from the too familiar 
 approach of any witless knight who may 
 iguorantly trespass the limits of Oriental 
 decorum. 
 
 Turkish Method of Hogging. 
 
 The rod has played a conspicuous part in 
 history ; it enters into scholastic, religious and 
 civil discipline. With the ax, it was the em- 
 blem of the power of life and death at Eome, 
 and in our ornamentation the ax and rods, the 
 fasces of the lictor, still enter. 
 
 How the rod is used in Turkish schools ia 
 shown in our illustration. It will be new to 
 our young folks. ■ The unfortunate culprit is 
 laid on his back, and a pole, with cords fixed iu 
 it, is used to raise up his feet, so as to be within 
 convenient distance of the teacher's ferule. 
 
 
 GIPSY snOWSIAN IN TUUKET. 
 
TUKKEY.. 
 
 311 
 
 Tntfirior of the Mosque Aohmed. 
 TnEnn are three hundred and forty-five 
 /nosqucs in the city of Constantinople;, forty 
 Mohammedan colleges, and thirty-six Christian 
 cnwclies. The principal mosques are built in 
 the squares and public places, and are generally 
 Burrouadod with cypresses, and provided with 
 
 raTEEiOR or THE mosque acimed, coxstastinopie. 
 
 fountains. The largest and most interesting I 
 is the Mosque St. Sophia, which was orisinally 
 Imilt by Constantine the Great, and used as a 
 Christian Church. When it was bume 1 down 
 the Emperor Justinian had it rebuilt with addi- 
 tional ma.jcnificence. 
 
 It is sttuated ne^r the Hippodrome, of 
 ancient fame, and is, with the sole exception 
 
 of the Mosque of Solyman the Magnificent, 
 the very finest of all the Turkish mosques. 
 
 ITiere are others, however, of great beauty 
 and elegance, and one, called the ■•Yalido 
 Mosque," contains pillars taken from the 
 ruins of Troy. 
 
 The Mosque of Achmed is the ciily cao 
 which h?.s six steeples. 
 
812 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■^■^//'■iy//v/////ff///. 
 
 Turkish Barber's Shop. 
 
 It i3 in Turkey, in the land of 
 the caliphs, that we meet with the 
 barber in his proper soil, enjoying 
 r.ll the dignity of his sharp profes- 
 sion, looked up to sind honored by 
 the multitu'le, and admitted to tho 
 confide!iCe of the pasha. 
 
 He is the advertiser cf all tha 
 baths in the neighborhood, tho 
 terror of youn; gentlemen with a 
 weak growth of beard or a tender 
 head, and the aversion of laborers, 
 who are compelled to sul-mit an 
 eight-day beard t ) his rough man- 
 agement ; yet all flock to him and 
 pay him lip homage. 
 
 Besides other things, the barber 
 in Turkey is generally the vender 
 of cunning drugs and charms, anti- 
 fleabite mixtures, deadly doses for 
 rats, with occasionally some favor- 
 ite remedy for dangerous diseases. 
 Exercising as he does such diversi- 
 fied functions, the Turkish barber 
 has little spare time on his hands. 
 He is always an early riser and 
 commences his day's operations by 
 experiments upon himself. His 
 mustache is a perfect pattern for 
 curl and gloss and enormous length ; 
 his head is as smooth and hairless 
 as a monk's at eighty ; his costume 
 is in the height of Turkish fashion, 
 and in the season he is sure to have 
 a bouquet of sweet-smelling flowers 
 in his bosom. Thus equipped, and 
 having partaken of his early coffee 
 and pipe, the barber sets forth for 
 his shoj), which is usually in the 
 heart of the most thronged bazaar ; 
 and there, long before the busy 
 world is astir, he and his assistant 
 have set all things in apple-pie 
 order; they have swept the floor, 
 dusted the shelves, spread out 
 fresh napkins, rinsed the pewter 
 basins, set on the fire huge caldrons 
 of water to boil, garnished the 
 soap dishes with sweet - smelling 
 herbs and flowers, set forth chairs 
 and stools in goodly array, in prep- 
 aration for the business of the 
 day. 
 
 Foremost among the customers is 
 an old gentleman who is sadly tor- 
 lucinted with rheumatism ; he is 
 very jjarticular that not one item in 
 the etiquette of Turkish shaving 
 operations be omitted ; the barber 
 is aware of this, and prizes him as 
 a regular customer that may be 
 counted upon for at least ten paras 
 (about one cent a day). 
 
 After a long string of compli- 
 ments have been exchanged, and 
 the fineness of the weather adverted 
 to, the old man seats himself in 
 the barber's state chair, and there 
 groans involuntarily as he sees the 
 mighty preparation going forward 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 318 
 
 for an attack upon his 
 iead and beard. The 
 barber next, drawing 
 near, respectfully relieves 
 liim of his weighty turban, 
 which is carefully laid upon 
 a shelf and covered over 
 ■with a white napkin. 
 Then he is enveloped from 
 his neck to his heels in a 
 huge apron that tics be- 
 hind, pinning his arms to 
 his side. In this defense- 
 less condition he immedi- 
 ately becomes the victim of 
 half a dozen flies, which 
 tickle his nose and flap 
 <!gainst his eyes till he is 
 Toiuced to the necessity of 
 calling the barber to h;^ 
 assistance. On hearing the 
 e u m m o n 8 , this worthy, 
 ■who lip.s been preparing 
 a huge basin of hot suds 
 and sharpening his nrk- 
 couth razors, rushes to the 
 rescue, and in about a 
 minute afterward wo have 
 lost sight cf the old 
 victim, whose whole face 
 and head, and every visible 
 portion of the necic, prc- 
 62nts one extensive field of 
 soap - bubbles, froth and 
 Lot vapor. 
 
 Now the barber may be 
 eoen scrubbing away, with 
 a huge hair bag on cither 
 hand ; then he darts to one 
 side and fetches a huge 
 basinful of very hot water ; 
 and the next instant the 
 victim's head, soapsuds 
 and all, arc forcibly im- 
 mersed in this. 
 
 In a few seconds it 
 emerge:;, red and inflamed, 
 ■with the eyes d tar ting 
 nearly out of their sockets, 
 the victim meanwhile sput- 
 tering and grunting for 
 breath. Scarcely has he 
 had time to implore a few 
 moments' respite "before 
 another basin is produced, 
 and the liead again disap- 
 pears beneath its depths. 
 This time the wat^r is cold 
 almost to freezing, and the 
 -whole frame quivers again, 
 as though quite electrified 
 hy the sudden shock. On 
 heing withdrawn a death- 
 like pallor has taken the 
 place of the rubicund com- 
 plexion so lately exposed 
 tj view. Soon, however, 
 the friction of a dry towel 
 restores the circulation, 
 succeeded by tlie applica- 
 tion of lukewarm soap and 
 •water ; after v.-hich tlio 
 lazor almost imperceptibly, 
 certainly ur.felt l:y the 
 
314 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREaTx NATIONS. 
 
 TUEKISH BARBER-SnOR 
 
 The Zingarri of Turkey. 
 
 In Turkey the gipsy rendezvous is n certain 
 quarter of Constautiuople, called Ayvassar. 
 
 Wherever they go they maintain the same 
 lawless life and depredatory habits, and, 
 though tolerated, are everywhere detested. In 
 cities they dwell in the very meanest hovels, 
 and camp out under mere rags stretched over 
 a few poles. Their wardrobe is as scanty as 
 their household furniture, and their progeny 
 more resemble a troop of imps than naked 
 cherubs. 
 
 When first introduced into Egypt, being of 
 the Circassian race, they were white, but by 
 intermarriage with the Arabs they have ac- 
 quired the tawny hue which characterizes the 
 gipsy race. This similarity to the Hindoo race 
 has led many to suppose that they were from 
 the banks of the Indus. 
 
 Although originally educated in the Moham- 
 medan faith, they have no religion at all. 
 But, to avoid persecution, they made it a 
 policy, like the Druzes of Lebanon, to adopt, 
 for the time being, the religion of the country 
 where they happen to be sojourning — Chris- 
 tians in Summer, Mohammedans in Winter — 
 in reality. Atheists at all seasons. 
 
 Destitute alike of principle and of humanity, 
 like brutes they live, like brutes they die, and 
 are buried in a hole within their tents, with- 
 out priest, coffin or shroud. 
 
 When they move, a miserable donkey or a 
 jaded horse suffices to carry the tent or kettle. 
 The mother's back transports her offspring, and 
 the whole gang travel on foot. They saunter 
 along in a nonchalant style, indifferent to 
 progress, halting at sunset on the confines of 
 some town or village, with the hope of exer- 
 cising the various professions to which they 
 arc addicted, such as the anvil, basket-making, 
 tinkering, and larceny in general. The men 
 sometimes follow the trade of musicians and 
 showmen, and the women turn a penny by for- 
 tune-telling or singing. 
 
 As soon as the tent is pitched they establish a. 
 
 CTistomer passes from the crown of the head 
 and rounds the promontory of the chin witli 
 marveloiia sp^-ed, leaving only a small tuft on 
 the crown and the much-prized Oriental mus- 
 tache. Turks who wear beards seldom, we may 
 observe, resort to a barber's shop, as their heads 
 only require to be manipulated, and to dress 
 these is a departmsnt in the barber's art which 
 is generally left to youn;,' practitio.:ers. 
 
 The ordeal just described having been passed 
 through, the napkin is removed, and the custo- 
 mer is at liberty to rinse his handd and face ; 
 but before the turban is restored to his head he 
 again submits himself to the barber's care, for 
 the purpose of having all his minor joints 
 cracked. 
 
 First, the head is seized, and wrenched 
 with such violent jerks from side to side, that 
 one unaccustomed to the spectacle would think 
 the barber intent on violence. After this, 
 every tender bone of the ear undergoes a simil- 
 lar process, and the joints of the fingers go off 
 like a small battery of Chinese crackers. This 
 completes the cracking process, which is any- 
 thing but agreeable to those who have not been 
 for years inured to it. The Turks, however, 
 like it , 
 
 A XATAK, OK ICKKISU COUXUiiB. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 315 
 
 temporary forge. A charcoal flro is kindled on 
 the ground by the aid of bellows made of a 
 couple of bags, which the -nomen, squatting 
 down, work with their hands. The dusky forms 
 of the half-naked men, illuminated by the red 
 forge-light, as they strike the sciutilliiting 
 iron, seem to reproduce the famous jjicture of 
 The Blacksmiths of Vulcan, by Velasquez. 
 
 The children wander about, attacking every 
 passer-by for alms, and the pretty youug girls, 
 seated on the ground in front of the houses, 
 begin to sing and clap their hands in unison. 
 Their voices are wild and sweet, and the burden 
 of their song is plaintive and sentimental, and 
 they seldom fail to attract every one to the 
 windows, and to reap a plentiful harvest. 
 
 Notwithstanding their constant exposure to 
 the sun, the women are often very fino-looking. 
 Their features are regular ; their teeth white as 
 ivory ; their hair is long and black ; their eyes 
 possess a brilliancy and roguishness peculiar to 
 their race ; and the scantiness of their drapery 
 renders their jiersons charmingly statuesque. 
 These gipsy girls, with an air of mock-modesty, 
 conform to the prevailing usage, and veil their 
 attractive charms with one piece of rag over 
 their heads, and another over their backs and 
 shoulders. 
 
 The wiser and older women follow iu train, 
 pretending to read the destiny of unborn hours, 
 which all human beings love to jn-y into, thus 
 taking the gloss from happiness which may bo 
 realized, and suffering the jjoignanoy of misery 
 which may never be endured. 
 
 As necromancy was cradled in Egypt, the 
 gipsies were there initiated into its mysteries. 
 Hence they are all great adepts in palmistry, 
 and road as well in the lines of the baud as 
 certain otlier necromancers do in the inequali- 
 ties of the cranium. The professors of both 
 these arts iu reality only read human nature ; 
 the result of their penetration, being always 
 highly flattering, with a mere spice of original 
 Bin to make it natural, does not fail to render 
 the practice of their skill verj' acceptable. By 
 telling you what you are, an agreeable condi- 
 tion of self-complacency is created, and the 
 prognostications of what you are to be induce 
 you to shape your ends to that intent. The one 
 counsels a sjiecies of moral engineering by which 
 
 INTEBIOB OF A TtJBKISH BATH. 
 
 TDREISB EWEB AND BASIN. 
 
 hills and valleys are to change places, and 
 human ambition to be at last perched on its 
 coveted summit ; and the other points to a lino 
 iu your palm which is a sure 
 indication of success, even 
 though "it should take the 
 whole Summer" of one's life. 
 For all this information a 
 trifling ])ittauce is an equiva- 
 lent. The phrenologist and 
 the gipsy alike say ' ' Presto ! " 
 to your money. ' ' Now you 
 see it; now you don't !" The 
 one befools j'ou with a piece 
 of parchment, the other with 
 a piece of bread. 
 
 These gipsy women ask for 
 a piece of bread and a gold 
 coin. The coin is molded into 
 the bread, a solemn incanta- 
 tion is pronounced over it ; it 
 is thou thrown to the mnds, 
 and the Evil Ono gets it, of 
 - course ! All ill omens being 
 
 thus averted, the book of fato is laid open for 
 inspection. The beautiftil JIanums surrender 
 their hands to these dirty gipsies, who assume a. 
 very patronizing air as they trace the fortunato- 
 lines in the delicate palm which thej' hold in 
 their bony fingers. To lookers-on, from tho 
 happy expression of the features of the young 
 ladies, and the very blushes which suffuse their 
 cheeks, it is evident that the sorceress is fore- 
 telling what is most desired. These predic- 
 tions are apt to be realized, for the gipsies are 
 famous go-betweens, and know how to work 
 out the fulfillment of their own prophecies. 
 
 A Tatar, or Tuvkish Courier. 
 '' You meet with a great variety of companj'' 
 on this important thoroughfare," says a lady 
 traveler iu Turkey, making her way to Olympus. 
 ' ' Sometimes you may encounter a wandering 
 Arab household, or a Turkish family of th& 
 lower ranks, the women sitting astride, or on a 
 pile of carpets and cushions, the children stowed 
 away iu panniers, and the master of the house- 
 
81' 
 
 THE WOBLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 hold (liis long pipe fastened through his belt 
 behind, when not in use), slowly leading the 
 procession. 
 
 "Now a party passes you at a smart gallop ; 
 they have a strong guard of cavasses. From a 
 considerable distance 
 you have decided that 
 they are 'Franks,' 
 nltliough the various 
 and grotesque head- 
 dresses, adapted to the 
 peculiar taste of each 
 as a protection from 
 the sun, make it diffi- 
 cult to determine their 
 nationality. 
 
 "They raise a great . 
 cloud of dust as they 
 dash by, and there is 
 considerable pi'ancing 
 and curveting amongst 
 the horses cf their 
 armed guard, whose 
 bi illiant Albanian 
 dresses and glittering 
 belts of -weapons im- 
 press you with a feel- 
 ing cf the .importance 
 of the expedition. 
 
 " It must be some 
 political mission int<? 
 the interior --some 
 emissary of France or 
 Bussia — connected 
 with the troubles in 
 Jlontenegro ond Servia 
 — some one, in short, 
 who is 'somebody.' 
 No! it is 'nobodv,' 
 
 TDKKISH LIFE— THE MANSION. 
 
 only a party of grainiers from France — agents 
 for the sale or purchase of the silkworm seed. 
 They carry large sums of money, and therefore 
 need a considerable escort where the qiuet 
 tourist can pass almost without riek. 
 
 A SYRIAN Turk's divan. 
 
 " Again there is a cloud of dust, with loud 
 shouting. You turn quickly to the side of thtf 
 road, and the 'Tatar' (the Turkish post^ clat- 
 ters by, throwing his arms into the air, and 
 screaming a salute without stopping, the sides 
 of his poor horse 
 probably bleeding 
 from the merciless 
 use of the cruel shovel 
 stirrups." 
 
 o 
 
 Pire Department. 
 
 Just now, when the 
 principal cities of the 
 world are making 
 great reforms in their 
 Fire Departments, it 
 will be of interest to 
 know how far off 
 places are progressing 
 in their efforts to ex- 
 tinguish conflagra- 
 tions, The City of Con- 
 stantinople has always 
 been affected in a 
 chronic way by fire. A 
 conflagration of 1,000 
 houses is not an un- 
 common occurrence, 
 and within one 3'ear 
 four fires have oc- 
 curred, the largest of 
 which consumed 600 
 houses. Of course, 
 under these circum- 
 stances, it is natural to 
 inquire what means 
 they have taken 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 317 
 
 03 
 
 « 
 
 E 
 
 I 
 W 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 25 
 f»5 
 
S18 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 to put down their great enemy. The question 
 is answered by saying tliat, up to within a few 
 years, tiiat great city has depended on the 
 bncltet system that went out with our grand- 
 fathers, and at an alarm which, possibly, before 
 a dozen budgets could be brought to bear, 
 would have a hundred houses in a blaze, 
 there were not mjre than a dozen two-gallon 
 buckets to quench it. 
 
 Now they have adopted a mode of extinguish- 
 ment, the old French mode, which to us looks 
 little better than a pocket syringe. The method 
 -which they have taken up from the French has 
 been discarded by the City of P.iris ia favor of 
 the English method. It is simply a hand- 
 engine carried upon the shoulders of men, and 
 is entirely dependent upon Uie promiscuous 
 crowd to operate it. 
 
 At an alarm of fire the " vielleur," or police- 
 man, announces it by crying, as with us in the 
 ()lden time. At this the engines are seized by 
 <he first able-bodied men who appear, and are 
 liurried to the fire. They have certain regular 
 
 per thousand. The work was executed, Mr. 
 Harrison supposing them to be labels for some 
 Chinese invention, and four hundred and fifty 
 thousand of them were taken by the lady, who, 
 paid for them, and arranged that the remainder, 
 with the plates, should remain for a while in 
 Mr. Harrison's keeping. 
 
 Tlie "labels" thus openly manufactured were 
 no other than counterfeit paper money, each 
 piece representing the value of twenty piastres, 
 or about tight dollars. The total amount 
 forged, therefore, (twelve million piastres) is 
 about five millions of dollars ! 
 
 Yet, with the folly which so often goes hand in 
 hand with crime, Madame Sevesti took precisely 
 the course best fitted to insure her detection. 
 Purchasing three large trunks with false bot- 
 toms, she packed her counterfeit treasure in the 
 hidden compartments, and secreted a quantity 
 about her person. On arriving at Constantino- 
 ple, the custom-house officers at once detected 
 tiie false bottoms to her trunks, and their con- 
 tents, and she was arrested. When examined 
 
 held sacred in Turkey, which the Government 
 alone is permitted to use. On the top and 
 sides are the following words, in Turkish: 
 
 "To be paid to the bearer, without interest, 
 twenty piastres." 
 
 At the top of the note is the Sultan's toghra, 
 surrounding which is a quotation from the 
 Koran. Underneath are the words: 
 
 "Twenty piastres, paper money, to be used 
 in the place of gold at the Bank of Constanti- 
 nople." At the base of the note is the seal of the 
 mint, and on the back the seal of the Minister 
 of the Treasury. The toghra is considered 
 sacred, and is guarded by the three highest 
 officials of the mint, whose sole duty it is to 
 watch it. 
 
 Until 1857, the penalty for uttering base 
 money in Turkey was death. It is now im- 
 prisonment, and Madame Sevesti is probably 
 undergoing many years' incarceration as penalty 
 for her daring attempt. The crime of counter- 
 feiting is more destructive to morality than ia 
 generally conceived. 
 
 attaches, but tJiese arc seldom on laud when 
 "wanted ; the only ones that seem of real use 
 being the " sapeurs-pompier.s," who act as 
 handlers of axes, or superintendents of ladders. 
 We suppose that the day is rapidly coming 
 ■when American engines will find their way to 
 •Constantinople, as they have already to London 
 and Paris, and show the Turks that fires are an 
 Tjuneccssary luxury. 
 
 ■« « ■ I 
 
 A Turkish Bank-Note Oounterfeited. 
 
 O.vE of the most extensive and audacious 
 counterfeiting operations ever ven'ured on was 
 perpetrated in New York some years since. 
 
 A Moldavian lady, named Sevesti, who was 
 staying at the St, Nicholas Hotel, under the 
 assumed name of Madame Garfiner, called 
 ■on W. L. S. Harrison, proprietor of a printing 
 establishment at No. 82 Duane Street, and con- 
 tracted with him for the execution of a large 
 quantity of " labels," of which he agreed to 
 j>rint six hundred thousand copies, at one dollar 
 
 TURKISH LIFE — THE SICK ROOM. 
 
 before the Pacha of Police, she confessed the 
 manner in whicli she had procured the manu- 
 facture of the bills, and the Ottoman Consul of 
 tills city was, therefore, directed to olitain the 
 airest of Mr. Harrison. Tlie printer was ac- 
 cordingly arrested ; but it was so evident that 
 he executed the work in entire ignorance of its 
 nature, that a certificate of his entire exculpa- 
 tion was voluntarily given him by Mayor Tie- 
 mann, and he w.is discharged. ITio bills slill 
 remaining in hi.s possession, together with the 
 plates, etc., were taken possession of by the 
 Turkish Consul, to await the orders of the 
 Porte. The property consisted of thirty-eisht 
 copper plates, twenty s:als of the Minister of 
 Finance, and thirty stamps for impressing the 
 Sultan's toghra, or si,'nature. 
 
 The counterfeit was pronounced perfect by 
 Turks who have seen it. It is only paper cur- 
 rency in Turkey, and being without date or 
 number, would undoubtedly have passed with- 
 out question. 
 
 The bill is on imperial-green paper, a color 
 
 The Muezzin Galling Men to Prayer. 
 
 The Mohammedan uses no boll to call men 
 from the thou.;hts of tliis world to raise theif 
 minds to God, and when the Pilgrim Fathers, 
 renouncing the bells around wliich clustered so 
 many Catliolic memories, substitute'd tlicdrum, 
 they were very far from making as impressive a 
 change as the followers of Mohammed. 
 
 There the Muezzin, high in air, from the min- 
 aret of the mosque overlooking the city, five 
 times eacli day, at dawn, noon, four o'clock, 
 sunset, and nightfall, calls men to prayer, 
 chanting in a loud voice the following formula: 
 "God is great! Tliere is no God but Allah, 
 and .Mohammed is the prophet of God. Prayer 
 is bettor than sleep. Come to prayer ! " 
 
 The fidelity of the Mohammedans to this call 
 is patent to every one that travels in the East. 
 Prayer is offered in every place — not in the 
 mosque only, but in the field, on the ship's 
 deck, in the shop, and amidst the confusion and 
 bustle of the railway station. The worshipei 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 319 
 
 goes about it in the most methodical manner. 
 While the Catholic, at the sound of the Angelus 
 bell, merely pauses and murmurs his prayer, the 
 Turk spreads his carpet on the ground, if he 
 fcas one, and turns toward Mecca ; then, after 
 meditating a moment, puts a thumb close to 
 «ach ear, erects his fingers fan-like, and prays in 
 nilence. Then he bends down, touches his fore- 
 head to the ground, and, after some other cere- 
 'nonies, rises. 
 
 A Rural Mohammedan Mosque. 
 
 Tnz wayside chapel is not peculiar to me- 
 <iieval Christianity. Mohammedanism, in its 
 origia the creed of a barbarous, roving, desert 
 -tribe, became soon the religion of polished 
 races, to whom Europe owes much of her 
 modern science. In the architecture which it 
 created, the dome, minaret and round arch 
 bDcame characteristic, combined witii an elabo- 
 rate orna;nentation, from which all figures of 
 men cr animals were banished. 
 
 Spain still teems with beautiful spscimons of 
 Jlohammcdan art, and as an illustration, we 
 give a little forest mosque, a graceful little 
 structure, an admirable model in itself for a 
 vault in one of our cemeteries. The graceful 
 ■dome and ornamented door would, amid over- 
 shadowing trees, make a home fjr the dead 
 neither too sombre "sor too full of unseemly 
 ornament for such a tsp^*t. 
 
 Tho Summer Saioon of the Sultan's Earem. 
 
 If anything could cure the frivolous portion 
 cf our beautiful sex from pining after splendor, 
 it would be the monotonous magnificence of a 
 harem life. 
 
 Our engraving will enable our readers to form 
 ■some idea of the grandeur of the gilded cages of 
 these hapless birds of beauty. 
 
 A recent l.^dy trav- 
 eler gives the follow- 
 ing account of her 
 visit to one of the 
 sultan's harems : 
 
 "A great variety 
 of small colored illu- 
 mination lamps were 
 hung in festoons 
 suspended from the 
 gilded pillars. Large 
 mirrors hung down 
 the sides, in which 
 the exotics were 
 reflected. At the 
 bottom, on each side, 
 were two pure white 
 marble fountains, 
 whose waters, as they 
 played, formed repre- 
 sentations of pea- 
 cocks, with their 
 superb tails. Around 
 them were placed 
 variegated evergreens 
 and prettily - con- 
 structed rockeries. 
 Over the door of the 
 entrance to the palace 
 hung a very handsome 
 crimson cloth cur- 
 tain, embroidered 
 with gold crescents, 
 and fringed with a 
 deep gold border. At 
 the top of the door 
 >wcre placed the sul- 
 tan's arms, and two 
 standards with gilt 
 spears. 
 
 " We then descended 
 two marble steps. 
 
 8TEEET SCENE IN CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 which led us into a small marble- 
 paved hall, which, owing to the 
 large orange-trees andslirubs and 
 exotics it contained, presented 
 a very sombre appearance, but 
 which, when lighted by means 
 of the superb lustre that hung 
 suspended from the ceiling, which 
 was dome-shaped and most beau- 
 tifully painted and gilded, gave 
 it a truly fiiry-like coup d'ceil. 
 
 "It was such an entrance into 
 n, palace as tlie polishing of A' ad- 
 din's wonderful lamp might 
 really have produced, but not 
 outvied ; in short, an Arabian 
 Ni'jht-lilce creation. It was 
 enriched with mirrors which 
 reached from the ceiling down 
 to the floor, between all of 
 which hung white lace and crim- 
 son silk curtains, which gave 
 them the appearance of window^. 
 
 " ITpon numerous gilt brackets 
 stood white marble vases, filled 
 with moss and artificial flowers. 
 Between the evergreens stood 
 several marble statues, some 
 bearing colored globes in their 
 hands, and others holding bou- 
 quets of flowers. Here and there 
 
 THE TURKISH BANK-KOTE COUNTERFEITBD IN NEW YORK. 
 
 were placed gilded chairs, the cushions being 
 covered with crimson velvet. 
 
 "The effect, as the spectator entered, was 
 extremely pleasing, and the gentle trickling of 
 the water from the fountains in it produced a 
 most delightful sensation. 
 
 ' ' Then we passed into an immense marble- 
 paved hall, having raised banks all around it, 
 covered with beautiful, velvet-looking green 
 moss, interspersed with natural and artificial 
 flowers most tastefully blended together. The 
 walls were hung with large mirrors which 
 reached half-way down them and rested on the 
 raised banks, and a hanging terrace of flowers 
 ran round the apartment on the top of the 
 mirrors. 
 
 " On the banks were placed vases of the 
 rarest exotics, interspersed with statues, on 
 whose heads were placed rustic carved baskets 
 of blooming flowers, each holding in the hand 
 colored globular lamps. Down the entire 
 centre of the room ran a huge bank covered 
 with moss interspersed with flowers, creepers 
 and orange-trees, amidst which, dotted about, 
 stood numerous statues, and which divided the 
 apartment into a double promenade, at each 
 end of which was a pure white marble fount- 
 ain, bordered with flowei's. 
 
 '• The ceiling was magnificently painted, sur- 
 mounted with a gilt beading. The room was 
 lighted with twelve huge silver candelabras 
 
320 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 fixed in the sides of the walls. Here and there 
 rout-seats were.scattered about, alt covered with 
 crimson Tel vet, to match the hangings, which 
 were bf; crimson silk." 
 
 The Mosque of the Sultan Aclimet, 
 
 \ , ' j at Oonstantiiople. 
 
 Tub whole circuit of Constantinople, which is 
 calculated !\.t somewhat more than twelve mile?, 
 ofiers, even to diligent reseai-ch, veiy-'fewre- 
 maihs of antiquity. The truth is, the'^Turks 
 have availed themselves of the marbles "and 
 
 some of the imperial mosques Virhich have risea 
 in their places, are distmguished by grandeur 
 and beauty. Of these imperial mosques there 
 are fourteen, each lofty tad magnificeat in its 
 general dimensions, and built, from base to 
 dome, with excellent and enduring materials — ■ 
 chiefly cf^wliite marble, slightly tinged with 
 gray., Be.ades these, there are siity ordin.iry 
 mosques, v.iryirig in size and beauty, but all 
 considerable edifices ; abd then, two hundred 
 and more inferior mosques and messdgids. 
 which latter are only distinguished as being 
 places of worship by having little minarets or 
 
 twenty hours, the Muezzin calls the Mohamme- 
 dans to prayer. Tlie grand mosques have some 
 two, some four, and one has even six minarets. 
 The mosque which has been most talked of — 
 because it was anciently a Christian temple, 
 and was supposed to have suggastod .to the 
 Turks the grand dome, or cupola, which pre- 
 dominates in all the rest of their religious edi- 
 fices — is that of Santa Sophia. Several of the 
 imperial mosques, however, far excel Santa 
 Sophia in situation, boldness, and beauty. If 
 the Turks borrowed the dome from it, they 
 have immefisely improved on the original. 
 
 fragments of the Qreeks in the construction of 
 their own public edifices ; and the antiquities 
 of Constantinople are reproduced to the eye 
 under entirely different forms and combinations 
 in the mosques and minarets, the cemeteries, 
 and the fountains of the Csmanlis. 
 
 Many a beautiful work of the ancient Greek 
 chisel has thus been embedded in a wall, or cut 
 down and defaced to make a Turkish tomb- 
 stone; and many an edifice, constructed in 
 (ujcordance with the pure styles of architecture, 
 has been leveled, and u.scd as a quarry. 
 
 But still it must be confe&sed that some of 
 the Turkish buildings, and more particularly 
 
 MOSQnE OF SULTAN ACnMET, AT COX'STANTINOPLB. 
 
 towers contiguous to them. Tne Turks may 
 have borrowed these beautifiii, light, arrowy 
 towers from some Kastem nations, but they 
 certainly did not copy them from the Greeks. 
 
 The minarets form undoubtedly one of the 
 most striking and pleasing features in the 
 architecture and scenery of Constantinople. 
 Nothing, indeed, can surpass the effect produced 
 on the nights of the illumination at the Turk- 
 ish capital, when long strings of lamps are hung 
 in festoons from one to tlie other of these slen- 
 der lofty towers. Near the summit of these 
 minarets there is a little gallery, from which, 
 at the five appointed seasons in the four-and- 
 
 which is comp^ratiTely low ana heavy, whil« 
 their cupolas are lofty, light, and graceful. 
 This is particularly the case with the mosque 
 of Sultan Achmet, which may be deemed, alto- 
 gether, the grandest edifice in Constantinople. 
 It stands on one side of the ancieri square of 
 the Hippodrome, from which it is separated by 
 a low wall or screen, with three gates and sev- 
 enty-two grated windows. Within this wall is 
 a large court paved with marble, and orna- 
 mented in the midst by a beautiful fountaitt 
 of the same material, and of hexagonal form, 
 Tlie basis of tUe mosque occupies a stately 
 square. 
 
TUEKEY. 
 
 321 
 
 to 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 O 
 
 21 
 
322 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT iSATIOT^a 
 
 A HAMMAL, OR TURKISH PORTER. 
 
 The Bashi-Bazouk. 
 Among the tribes of semi-savage men which 
 inhabit the confines of the Turkish Empire, 
 none are more remarkable for their love of free- 
 dom than the Bashi-Bazouk. Since the war in 
 the Crimea commenced, efforts have been made 
 at various times to reduce them as soldiers 
 into discipline, but every effort has failed. 
 Fight they will, but come under the restrictions 
 of military rule, they will not. The conse- 
 quence is, that every organization of BashiBar 
 zouk has, sooner or later, been broken up by 
 desertion, the guilty pxrties fleeing into the 
 desert for sufety. Our illustration, from a draw- 
 ing by Jamas Uobertson, Esq., of Constantino- 
 ple, represents one of these men enjoying the 
 happiness of being gazed at by the admi.ing 
 inhabitants of that city. His attitude, his 
 arms, the whole man, in fact, are calculated 
 to inspire respect, and confirm the idea that, as 
 with our Indians, the restraints of high civili- 
 Eatioa would be death. 
 
 A Syrian Turk's Divan. 
 The lower rooms of the rich are, like the 
 courtyard, paved with marble, and have each a 
 fountain, and the walls are adorne I, breast- 
 high, with marble or beautiful woodworlv of 
 yellow cedar ; tliey are furnished with cup- 
 boards for the stowage of bedding, and open 
 uiches or ornamental slabs for vases with water, 
 sherbet or flowers. The floor is divided into 
 two parts — a lower and a smaller one next the 
 court, where the servants stand with folded 
 
 arms, watching their master's 
 looks ; and a raised platform, 
 like the dais in an old baronial 
 hall, separated from tlie lower 
 p.xrt by a handsome balustrade. 
 The higher portion is called 
 the "leewan," and the lower 
 portion the "doorckaah." The 
 former is reserved for the 
 master of the house and his 
 friends. AVhen the attendance 
 of the servants is required, if 
 they be not in the "door- 
 ckaah" they are summoned by 
 clapping the hands, for house- 
 bells are unknown ia the 
 East. 
 
 The "leewan" may be ren- 
 dered delightfully cool by lay- 
 ing the ' ' doorckaah' ' under 
 water. No one steps on the 
 "leewan" without taking off 
 his outer shoes, under which 
 it is usual to wear a pair of 
 thin leather slippers, without 
 soles. The ladies themselves 
 recline on the divans, with 
 bare feet, or shod with em- 
 broidered velvet slippers. 
 
 The "leewan" is covered 
 with a mat in Summer, and a 
 carpet over this in Winter ; 
 and a sofa, raised from si.x 
 inches to a foot, runs round 
 its three sides, forming what 
 is called the "deewan" or 
 divan. The sofa is a little 
 higher before than behind, and 
 is about four feet wide ; cushions four feet 
 long and two feet high lean against the wall. 
 The angles are the saats of honor, as among 
 the ancient Greeks ; the right corner is the 
 chief place ; then the sofa along the top, and 
 general proximity to the right corner. But 
 even here the Eastern's respect for man above 
 circumstances is shown. 
 
 The relative valufi of the positions all round 
 
 the room i.> changed, should the person cf tho 
 highest rank accident:illy occupy another place. 
 The ceiling is highly piiinted and adorned , 
 the part over the "leewan" is sometimes 
 vaulted, and decorate J with pendent ornaments, 
 particularly in the liouses of the Turks ; more 
 commonly the beams are left uncovered, and 
 are carved, partially painted, and sometimes 
 gilded. But the ceiling over the "doorckaah," 
 which is higher than that over the "leewan,"' 
 is usually more richly decorated, with small 
 strips of gilding, and in various gay colors, 
 arranged in enviously complicated patterns, ye'; 
 perfectly regular, and having a highly orna- 
 mental effect. The ceiling of a projecting wir.- 
 dow is often adorned in the same manner. 
 Good taste is evidenced by thus decorating only 
 such parts as are not always before the eyes ; 
 for to look long at so many lines intersecting 
 each other in all directions would be painful. 
 
 The Scutari Turkish Burial-Ground. 
 
 From the outskirts of Scutari, tho great 
 cemetery stretches over the plain where repose 
 half of the generations of Stamboul. Some of 
 the tombs and monuments are very beautiful ; 
 they are generally of white marble, covered 
 with verses of the Koran, durably and massively 
 gilded, on a light-blue ground, or according to 
 taste. Tha name of the deceased only is in- 
 scribed, without the many virtues which occa- 
 sionally shine over the Christian grave. Tho 
 nature of the head-carved stone, whether it be 
 a turban or a fez, denotes the rank and occupa- 
 tion of the deceased. 
 
 The tombs of women are distinguished by a 
 lotus leaf, painted green ; at other times by 
 roses, forming a circlet round the headstone, 
 beautifully gilt, with some bright color to give 
 etfect. Some graves 'are covered with marble 
 troughs, filled with earth to grow flowers in ; 
 while others have an orifice in the centre of the 
 marble slab, through which may be seen grow- 
 ing the budding rose and the evergreen. The 
 effect created by this contrast is very pretty. 
 
 It is touching to observe the tender solicitude 
 
 COSSTANTINOPtE FIRE DEPARTMENT. — SAPEUR-POMPIEB. 
 
TURKEY. 
 
 323 
 
 of some Turkish females in connection witli 
 these loiiely spots, where they generally pass 
 Bome part of the day. 
 
 The impressive silence of this vast forest of 
 cypresses and tombs ad'ls to the beauty of the 
 scene, and teaches a sublime lesson of human 
 nolhing icss. 
 
 *<^ 
 
 The Seraglio at Oonstantinople. 
 Wf. are now under the walls of the far-f:imed 
 mysterious Seraglio, where so many sultans 
 have lived and died, so many viziers and 
 nlema have whispered their intriguing plots, 
 and 80 many ladies with all their exquisite 
 
 monarch no lon:;er loves the halls of his ances- 
 tors, and builds for himself palaces and homes 
 unstained by the blood of his fathers, and pure 
 from the memories of deeds of horror and 
 human massacre. 
 
 The Marmora flows on one side of the apex of 
 the triang'.e where the Seraglio stands, and the 
 swift current of the Bosphorus sweeps round the 
 other. Its precincts cover the ground upon 
 v/hich stood the ancient Byzantium, inclosing 
 an area of four miles in circumference. Three 
 distinct walls divide this area into as many 
 separate compartments. 
 
 The first is entered by a lofty gate called 
 Baabu - Iluntayoun, or Imperial Gate, in contra- 
 
 Close by is the royal mint, an immense es- 
 tablishment built of stone, where not only the 
 current money is coined, but the private 
 treasure of the sultan is deposited. A large 
 apartment of this edifieo is devoted to the 
 jewelry of the sultan, where the royal insignia 
 are manufactured, as well as the tiishans, or 
 badges of honor. 
 
 Kext to the mint stands the department of 
 the evkvf, or the bureau of the takvfs. All the 
 mosques are largely endowed, and this property 
 is termed vakvf. This bureau not only controls 
 the vakufs, but is the principal court of chan- 
 cery, where all suits of real estate are disposed 
 of. In the mi<ldle of tl:e square of this first in- 
 
 toveliness have disappeared lilce brilliant stars 
 from the firmament, or were extinguished like 
 the bright lights of the palace halls. But the 
 days of the glory of t!ie Seraglio are departed. 
 Sultans no longer sit upon its desolated thrones, 
 ministers and favorites no longer stroll through 
 its winding passages, nor do lawless janissaries 
 any more rush along the halls with savage reck- 
 lessness, seizing even sultans themselves from 
 the sacred retreat of the harem. 
 
 The vast gardens of delight which exhaled 
 the perfumes of attar gul, and re-eehced the 
 notes of the bulbuls, where the royal lovers ware 
 wont to toy with the fairest of earth's daughters, 
 by the side of playing fountains and rippling 
 brooks, are desolate and deserted, for the 
 
 SDBTERR.\NEAN LAKE AT CONSTAKTINOPLE. 
 
 distinction to the Baabu-Aali, or Sublime Porte. 
 In the wall on each side of this gateway are 
 deep niches, where, in former times, the heids 
 of political offenders of inferior grade were dis- 
 played, startling the passers by with the idea of 
 awful and summary punishment. Witliin this 
 gate, on the right hand, is the treasury depart- 
 ment, an immense pile of frame buildings. On 
 the left is the ancient church of St. Irene, now 
 converted into an armory containing curious 
 specimens of the armors and weipons of the 
 crusaders, arranged in the most elegant style. 
 
 In front of this edifice are placed several 
 beautiful sarcophagi of red stone, lately exca- 
 vated and transported from the site of the 
 ancient Troy. 
 
 closure, when the Seraglio was the seat of arbi- 
 trary power, a hoslangy, or lifeguard, might Le 
 seen standing on an elevated platform, with a 
 rod in his hand portentously pointing to the 
 heads of pashas and other dignitaries of distant 
 provinces there displayed in trenchers, at the 
 same time proclaiming the crimes of each un- 
 fortunate victim. A yaftah or placard was also 
 upon the wall, on whicli were inscribed the 
 titles, crimes^etc, of the decapitated. But this 
 platform now constitutes a halting-stone for the 
 heavily laden hamah. 
 
 Such human butchery and scenes of blood 
 were, indeed, once the delight of the Turks- 
 Death in its most horrid forms, without a warn- 
 ing to its victim, cfttime.^ with no tcll-talf 
 
S&4 
 
 THE "WOELD'S GREAT NATlOXa 
 
 teads or prostrate bodies as signs where the 
 arrows had hit, was to this semi-barbarous 
 people a mere accident of a day, only a. token of 
 the absolute power of the sultan.'', Tlie deposed 
 dignitary used to sit in a certain keostc close by 
 ine Seraglio walls awaiting his destiny, uncer- 
 tain, when" the'do6r"of the' apartment opened, 
 whether his eye should rest upon his exe- 
 cutioner, or the harbinger of new honors and 
 promotion from his 'royal master. So many 
 were tfie occasions when the services of these 
 public executioners were needed, that their sUill 
 became most excellent. ' 
 
 As the doomed man, with his hands tied be- 
 hind him, was ordered to kneel down, the ex- 
 tended neck in that act received the keen edge 
 of the yataghan, and the unerring hand with one 
 fell blow severed the heiid from the shoulders, 
 ere the knees touched the ground. 
 
 Less than half a century ago such scenes 
 were enacted, but now they are unknown. The 
 last execution took place some twenty-five 
 years since. An Armenian fireman seeing his 
 comrade, a Mussulman, molested by another 
 Mussulman, interfered, and was so unfortunate 
 as to kill his aggressor during the affray. 
 
 The Armenian was arrested, tried, and found 
 guilty. The penalty of the law was death, but 
 as the penal code had been reformed, the Gov- 
 ernment wished to send him to the Ba]^io, or 
 state prison, for life. 
 
 In Turkey, the criminal code is derived from 
 the Koran, which sanctions the ancient and 
 Jewish practice of blood for blood, eye for eye, 
 and tooth for tooth. Hence, in cases of murder 
 the relatives of the victim are consulted, and 
 they thus become the real prosecutors, and not 
 •he Government. 
 
 In this case it was the mother of the deceased 
 Mussulman, who cried kissass, blood for blood. 
 But as the sultan was entirely averse to capital 
 punishment, the Government tried to dissuade 
 her from the exercise of her right of sanguinary 
 vengeance, by citing to her the alternative 
 which the Koran itself proposes — that is, a ran- 
 som for the crime. She was offered the sum of 
 thirty thousand piastres, or about twelve hun- 
 dred dollars, which she steadily refused. Find- 
 ing t'aat there was no reasoning with this woman 
 of h'vih temper and desperate purpose, it was 
 docidei to sentence the "young man to be ex- 
 ecuted. 
 
 His yafta, or sentence of death, was accord- 
 ingly written, and, as is always customary on 
 
 such occasions, the reed that traced its charac- 
 ters was broken and cast away, as polluted for 
 any further use. 
 
 The'youn'g man was led forth accompanied by 
 the trembling old vixen, his prosecutrix^ whtt' 
 tottered along leaning upon a staff". 'When they 
 arrived at the place of execution,'"she seemed to 
 have attained the acme" of her ambition. Her 
 breath came short' and heavy from tTie tumult 
 of Iier emotions, and' her eyes flashed with 
 demoniacal delight. '_ The longed-fcr hour of 
 vengeance was hers", and she cried out for tiie 
 sacrifice. But no knife was raised, no hand 
 appeared. , . 
 
 " 'Where is the Jdlad?" or public executioner, 
 she exclaimed. 
 
 ' ' There is no jettad now, " they tell her. 
 
 "'Who, then, is to behead the wretch ?" 
 
 A shrug of the shoulders by the officers in 
 attend-ince informs her that it is none of their 
 business. 
 
 In dismay she tries to persuade one of the 
 kavasses, police officers, to do the deed. She 
 offers money, but all in vain. The men, 
 shuddering, draw back, exclaiming, " Islah-f Ur- 
 iah! Istah-fur-lah .'" (God forbid ! God forbid !) 
 
 In agony of despair she beats the eartli with 
 her staff and wildly she rushes to and fro, curs- 
 ing all about her, and even bestowing merciless 
 blows with her slippers on the affrighted and 
 helpless kavasses. 
 
 The crowd recoiled from her witli horror, nnd 
 in audible whispers mutter to each other, 
 " Ilafiz- Allah ! chilirmush ! " (God preserve us ! 
 She raves, she is mad !) 
 
 With the hope of convincing her that no 
 other executioner could bo found, a sword i3 
 placed ill her own hand, ami she is ordered to 
 use her risht to revenge, to kill. 
 
 Startled at the novel idea of becoming a 
 public executioner, and yet impelled by disap- 
 pointment, she, trembling with rage, seizes the 
 weapon, and brandishing it, threatens to pro- 
 duce an indiscriminate destruction upon all 
 around, until, overwhelmed with rage, shame, 
 and decrepitude, she flings down the sword in 
 disgust and disappears from the scene. 
 
 The poor young man is reconducted to prison, 
 and hopes are entertained of his ultimate com- 
 mutation. 
 
 Time passes — the horrid affair is the theme of 
 all tongues, and the old crone sits brooding in 
 despair, when lo ! her reveries were one day in- 
 terrupted. Oue of those outcasts from society. 
 
 who rove from the affinities of the human race^ 
 who fear hot, shrink not from the shadow of 
 crime, a wandering gipsy, knocks at her door. 
 
 "Give me but five hundred piastres," he 
 cries, ' ' and lead ^him forth — his blood is 
 yours !" 
 
 To the cismay of all, the fated man is, at the 
 instance of his unrelenting persecutrix, again 
 led forth into the public square, to be beheaded, 
 but not now as formerly, the executioner was 
 there also. • ■ 
 
 Tlio victim knelt, the yataghan was raised and 
 fell, but the h'ead wa^ not severed— six several 
 strokes successively were hurled by that unskill- 
 ful fiend, until-the horror-stricken multitilde cry 
 out, "For mercy sake, butcher him, butcher 
 him !" and he was lite'fally hacked to pieces ! 
 
 This, we believe, was the last public executioD 
 in Turkey. '> 
 
 >-»-o-»-« 
 
 The Turkish Scribe, 
 
 The desire to communicate with friend? 
 at a distance is not cruslie:! out, although the 
 possibility of doing so is difficiiH in the 
 extreme. ' , 
 
 With Americans, correspondence is a part of 
 every-day lifei and few are so poor tliat they 
 cannot pay the postage, or so ignorant that 
 they cannot indite their own epistles. In Eu- 
 rope, however, this is not the case. In Spain, 
 in Italy, even in the enlightened City of Paris, 
 are still to be found the letter-stalls occupied 
 by professed scribes, who put upon paper offer- 
 ings of affection, or the claims of business, for 
 the many who would otherwise be altogether 
 unable to correspond with di t;nt persons. 
 Tliess "scribes" are important personages; 
 they know the secrets of the young people, 
 and the cares of the old. To gain a reputation, 
 they are oliliged to be faithfid, and never 
 betray confidence. 
 
 The scribe has a religious character, for so 
 ignorant are the people that they c.annc.t 
 look upon one who can put words on pajer 
 otherwise than inspired. To such an extent is 
 this carried, that if an unlettered Turk pick 
 up a piece of written paper, he carefully puts it 
 away, fearing lest it may have tlie name of Ali 
 upon it. His writing implements are displayed 
 with creat care on the table before him. The 
 narghille' and chibouque are freely plied by 
 himself and his customers, who always form s 
 picturesque group. 
 
 TPRKISU LETTER, 
 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 ROUMANIA (MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA), SERVIA AND BOSNIA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 rnr: Convent or OKEzr— A Wallaceiak Cemetekv— Corn Gbanakies— Sekvian Flax-beateks— Bosnian Dancino-giel— The Devil Dance 
 — Hay-mow— Gk AVE — Peasants House — A Slavonian Eayah — 'Wallachian Xun— A. CaoATE — Wallachian Peasant Giei,— Youko 
 
 \703IAN OF BrCHAEEST— WOMAN OV THE MiLITAEY FEONTIEE— A GIPSY'S GEAVE— HCTS ON THE DANUBE— HOUSE IN BUCHAEEST— MiLITAET 
 ESCOET IN EOSNIi--BrLI,OCK CAKAVAN— Vi'ALLACHIAN SHEEP— TTALLACHIAN VILLAGE— OVEN IN THE 'WOODS- ■WALL.'.CHIAN MAEEIAGE— 
 
 Village Chcech— Caui'.CH festivals— Bosnian rEASA>-i: Oiel— Vvallachiak VoiiA:-:- Inteeioe of Wallachia:; P easan t's HoaiE. 
 
 fT'\HESE provinces, though formerly a 
 I part of the Turkish Empire, have now 
 a separate existence and government, 
 and from the fact that their possession is a 
 matter of jealousy among the great Poweri of 
 Europe, enter frequently into the negotiations 
 and wars between them. The navigation of 
 the Danube, and. in a manner, the supremacy 
 ■of the East, depend on them. 
 
 Roumania consists ct the united principalities 
 ■of Wallachia and Moldava, the former occupy- 
 ing the rich plain between the Carpathians 
 and the Lower Danube, the latter stretching 
 northward along the course of the Sereth, 
 whose affluent, the Mold.ava, gives name to the 
 country between the eastern Carpathians and 
 -the Pruth. The area of Roumania is 49.2G2 
 square miles, and its population .5,370.000. The 
 "Wallachian plain possesses a remarkably rich 
 j-.oil, 'and under good management would be- 
 •come the granary of Eurojie. Minerals abound 
 in the Carpathians, but, with the exception of 
 «.ilt and petroleum, which exudes in the valleys, 
 ■they are turned to no account. The inhabit- 
 iiuts of Roumania are styled Roumans, and are 
 varmly attached to the Greek Church. In 
 point of race their afHnities would lead them 
 lo a union with the Hungarian portion of the 
 Austrian Emi^ire ; but, in point of religion, 
 Itussia, jis v-the patron of the Greek Church, 
 claims their sympathy. The towns of Rouma- 
 nia are poor. 
 
 Bucharest, or the ".City of Enjoyment," for 
 that is tlie meaning of its appellation, is in,' the 
 cistern part of Wallachia, is the capital of Rou- 
 mania, and contains 221,805 population. It is 
 agreeably situated in a rich and spacious plain 
 diversified by hills, on the eastern bank of the 
 river Dumbovitza. which flows into the Danube. 
 S3en from one of the neighboring eminences, 
 Bucharest appears to extend itself to the very 
 verge of the horizon ; and standing as it does 
 
 in the midst of countless gardens, it really 
 does cover an immense extent of ground. Its 
 general aspect is very picturesque, from the 
 mixture of its roofs of all colors, from the 
 appearance of the towers rising from above 
 sixty churches, and from the verdure ■which 
 every here and there appears through the mass 
 of buildings. The interior of the city presents 
 a very different appearance. The greater part 
 of the houses are only little barracks of rotten 
 wood, from among which rise the chief archi- 
 tectural edifices ; the streets are of unequal size, 
 badly laid out, and either altogether unpaved, 
 or merely faced with trunks of oaks ; and 
 many even of the better houses of the boyards, 
 or nobles of the country, owing to the unfitness 
 of the materials to resist the climate, present a 
 very dilapidated aspect, which not all their pro- 
 fusion of roses and other flowers can conceal. 
 The shops are numerous and tolerably -n-ell 
 furnished ; and one entire quarter is filled with 
 the 'warchou.scs of the furriers and the work- 
 shops of the tailors. The place is also full of 
 coffee-houses, having generally a billiard or 
 g.ambling table attached, and of shops for the 
 sale of sherbet and m inc. Among the principal 
 edifices, wo maj' mention the King's Palace, a 
 vast old pile, and the Metrojiolitan Church, 
 both situated in a large square, on a hill in 
 the centre of the town. 
 
 The Roumans claim descent from the Ro- 
 man colonies, but are doubtless of .a mixed 
 racCvaud occupy a middle ground between the 
 Greeks and Slavonians. 
 
 ^.-Servia.is aless interesting region to Europe 
 generally than Roumania, but has a special 
 interest for the Slavonians as the scene of a 
 contest between two great sections of that 
 nationality, one of which aims at a union of 
 the whole SLavouian family under Russia (Pan- 
 Slavism), the other at the establishment of a 
 separate South Slavonian State, which shall 
 
 include the members of that branch now living 
 under Austrian rule. Servia (with an area of 
 18,787 square miles and having a population of 
 1,720,270) comprises the mountainous region 
 surrounding the basin of the Morava froin tho 
 Drin in the west to the Timok in the east. It 
 opens out northward to the Danube, with 
 which and with the Save it has its communica- 
 tions. Much of the surface is covered with 
 forests, sustaining vast herds of swine, and 
 yielding the very valuable valonea acorn. Tho 
 resources of the country, which include miner- 
 als, are undeveloped ; the state of morality is 
 very low, and the interior of tho country i3 ia 
 ■a disorderly state. Belgrade is the capital, 
 with a population of 27,605. As long as ihi 
 Turks held the fortress, the Servian Government 
 used Kruschovatz (3,904), centrally situated on. 
 the Morava, as its cai^ital. Servia is governed, 
 by Milan IV. , of the House of Ob renovich, which 
 has been the ruling dynasty since 1815. 
 
 Belgrade is a jilace of great historical 
 interest from the frequent sieges it has sus- 
 tained, particularly in 1455, when it resisted 
 the Turks, and in 1522, when it was tahea 
 by them. 
 
 Bosnia, the,.gxtreine northwestern Danubiaa 
 province, joins Servia on the east, and Alba- 
 nia and Montenegro on the south, while much 
 of its frontier faces Austria. It has a popula- 
 tion of .about a million and a "half, .the Bos- 
 nian^ proper comprisiui^ only one-fourth. 
 
 Like the Servians, the Bosnians are Slavonic, 
 and belong to the Greek or Latin Church, 
 though some few have adojited the creed of 
 Mohammed, .The Bosnians are industrious, 
 temperate, and domestic, good horsemen, and 
 much given to hunting and fishing, as the for- 
 ests and rivers afford them ample sport. 
 
 After the Russo-Turkish War, Bosnia was 
 taken under the protection of Austria, being 
 practically absorbed by that empire; - 
 
32G 
 
 THE "U'OELD'S QEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 Porcli of the Convent of Orezu, 
 Like most Cliriistian lands, in time.-) past, 
 :Wallachia has been covered with stately monas- 
 teries, of which some, even now, have escaped 
 the destructive hands of time and government. 
 In wild times of invasion and feuds, they 
 served as a refuse for the poorer classes, and 
 were the churches and schools of the country. 
 1 hese monasteries are of three kinds— the first, 
 subject to convents in tlie Holy Land ; the 
 second, national, such as are found in other 
 countries ; while the third belong to special 
 
 rORCH OF THE C0NV«NT OV OREZTI, WALLACHIA. 
 
 families. A family in olden time, when rich 
 and powerful, established a convent, the in- 
 mates of which were to be directed by the heads 
 of the family, an 1 were to devote their time 
 and means to works of charity. 
 
 The monastery of Orezu, one of the richest 
 and most I'OiratifulIy situated religious houses 
 of Wallachia, belongs to this class, having been 
 founded by the Broncovano family. It stands 
 on the slope of the Orezu Moimtain, overlook- 
 ing the valley of Bistritza. A fine avenue of 
 fir-trees leads up to the porch, the monastery 
 running around the second story, inclosing a 
 
 court on which open the various offices. TI e 
 church is in tlrj secjnd court. The porch shown 
 in our illustration is rich in fine and I'.elicato 
 sculpture, and gives a favorable impression of 
 the Wallachian architecture of the time. 
 
 A Wallachian Cemetery. 
 Like the Turks, the Wallachs ornament their 
 burial-places with trees, often iilanting one at 
 the head and another at the foot of every grave '. 
 but instead of tlie funereal cypress, they plant 
 the plum-tree, a f.ivorite with them, its fruit 
 
DANUI3IAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 S£7 
 
 wimmm 
 
 BOSNIAK DANCING GIEL. 
 
82S 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Berving not only for a dessert, either ripe or 
 dried, or preserved, but also fumishitif;, by dis- 
 tillation, a kind of brandy. The apple-tree and 
 the pine-apple are also sometimes planted. 
 
 The crosses erected at the head are, as our 
 readers see, curious in 
 form. 
 
 The upright piece is 
 surmounted by a cross- ^ 
 piece, from which one, iS; 
 and more frequently 
 three crosses rise ; and 
 this is capped by two 
 slanting pieces meet- 
 ing in an ornamental 
 top. 
 
 They are decorated, in 
 brilliant colors, with 
 paintings of Christ, the 
 Virgin or some of the 
 saints, sometimes oa 
 a background of gold, 
 with texts of Scrip- 
 ture interspersed ; and 
 in this and their 
 general style they 
 recall the Byzantine 
 and otlier medieval 
 manuscripts. A fence 
 of stout posts, with 
 branches interwoven, 
 protects the homo of 
 the dead from the ia- 
 
 A GRANARY FOR CORN," IN SERVIA. 
 
 vasion of the cattle. Here you will often see 
 young women leaning against tlie trees, calm 
 and haughty as Greek caryatides, spinning, or 
 watching their children. 
 The grave in the front was opened and filled 
 
 HAT BEAtEM, IN SiaiVIA. 
 
 np in the artist's presence. Four weather- 
 beaten gipsies lowered an open bier, showing 
 the emaciated , bony face of an old woman. A 
 poor, ragged, tattered girl of ten was the only 
 mourner, rending her hair amid her sobs and 
 cries. 'Wlien the grave 
 - ' was filled up, the men 
 
 -r =-rt placed a stone at tho 
 - - head ; they planted a 
 r willow branch at tb« 
 - foot, and placed over 
 her breast an earthen 
 : dish containing some 
 S live coals. This duty 
 _f done, they moved 
 _^ silently off, leaving 
 the child seated on 
 the socred grave. 
 
 Wallacliian Devil 
 Dance. 
 
 Daxcing is one of the 
 !il lest and most uni- 
 ■\erfal of the fine arts. 
 It seems a natural act, 
 the poetry of motion. - 
 It has been in vogue 
 from the earliest times 
 equally among savage 
 and civilized nations. 
 Like music, it entered 
 into worship no less 
 
DANUBIAN PKINCIPALITIES. 
 
 A WALLACHIAN CEMETEEY. 
 
330 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 than the amusements of 
 the ancients. Our readers 
 will at once recall the 
 dance of Miriam, of Jep- 
 tha's daiigliter, and of 
 David, in Hebrew annals. 
 The Wallachian dance 
 is a dance of men, and is 
 thus described by Paget : 
 "A party of idle young 
 fellows sell themselves, as 
 they say, to the devil, for 
 a term of three, five or 
 seven years — the number 
 must be unequal, or the 
 devil will not hold the 
 bargain — engaging to 
 dance without ceasing 
 during the whole of that 
 period, except when they 
 sleep ; in consideration of 
 which they expect their 
 infernal purchaser will 
 supply them with food and 
 wine liberally, and render 
 them irresistible among the rustic belles. Ac- 
 cordingly, dressed in their gayest attire, these 
 merry vagabonds start out from their native 
 village, and literally dance through the country. 
 
 WALLACHIAN DEVIL DANCE. 
 
 Seen from the summit of the Metropolitan 
 Church of Bucharest, the city, with its many- 
 colored roofs, its lofty towers rising from more 
 than sixty churches, and its verd.ant trees and 
 
 of Bucharest, it is sur- 
 rounded by spacious clois- 
 ters, the entrance to 
 which is by two soliit 
 gateways, surmounted by 
 towers, which formerly 
 enabled them to carry on 
 a protracted defense. 
 
 In a building forming 
 part of the cloisters at 
 the Metropolitan Church 
 stands the Hall of Assem- 
 bly, in which the delibe- 
 rations of the B o y a r d 9 
 were held up to the ar- 
 rival of the Russian army 
 of occupation. The Metro- 
 politan is the constitu. 
 tional President of the- 
 Assembly, which consists 
 of forty-three members. 
 A few of the older Bo- 
 yards take their seats in 
 the ample and majestic 
 costume worn by them 
 under the Turkish rule ; 
 
 they still retain their beards and voluminous 
 
 kalpaks. 
 
 The military chiefs of Walliichia take part 
 
 in the deliberations, dressed in their uniforms^ 
 
 "■'.-*'♦?& 
 
 A HAT-MOW IN OltEZB. 
 
 Every where they are received with open arms ; 
 the men glad of excuse for jollity, the women 
 anxious, perhaps, to prove their power, all unite 
 to feed and fete the devil's dancers ; bo that it 
 is scarcely wonderful there should be 
 willing slaves to so merry a servitude. 
 When their time is up, they return 
 home and become quiet peasants for 
 the remainder of their lives." 
 
 glades mingling with the mass of buildings, 
 presents a most picturesque appearance. The 
 Metropolitan Church stands upon a hill com- 
 manding the city. Like all the other churches 
 
 A Young Woman of Bucharest. 
 Since the war in the Crimea com- 
 menced, attention has been turned 
 to the Danubian Principalities, and 
 among them, Wallachia more par- 
 ticularly, from the faot that the Rus- 
 sians made their headquarters while 
 they occupied them at the City of 
 Bucharest. This city contains over 
 seventy thousand inhabitants, and 
 covers an immense area, owins to 
 the number of gardens with which 
 It is interspersed. 
 
 ENTBANCE TO A WALLACHIAN PEASANT S HOUSE, 
 
 A GRAVE IN OREZU. 
 
 and wearing their swords. Bucharest no longer 
 possesses a princely palace for the Wallachian 
 princes. A splendid building, formerly occu- 
 pied by the Hospodars, was burnt down in 1812. 
 The city contains luxurious baths, 
 upon the Turkish model ; a theatre, 
 in which opera and comedy are per- 
 formed ; a museum devoted to 
 natural history, r.nd a public li- 
 brary. The streets, tortuous and of 
 unequal width, are irregularly built 
 and ill paved. 
 
 The bouses are, many of them, 
 little better than lams of rottea 
 timber. Edifices of a more pretend- 
 ing character are to be found ; but 
 the finest houses in Bucharest are 
 woefully dilapidated in their exterior, 
 notwithstanding their luxurious dis- 
 play of flowery ornament. The Hos- 
 podars of Wallachia used to be elected 
 for life: they were chosen among thb 
 Boyards of the first class. By the 
 convention concluded between iha 
 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 iSh 
 
 
 Porte and Eussia, May 1, 1849, the Hospodnra 
 were only elected for seven years. The popu- 
 lation of Wallachla is about two millions and 
 a quarter. The religion of the Greek Church 
 is professed by the inhabitants of both prin- 
 cipalities. 
 
 A SLAVONIAN KAYAH. 
 
 A Hay-Mow. 
 
 A RECENT French traveler in Tartary gives 
 an account, with a sketch, of what is called 
 with us a hay-stack, but which is termed by 
 the Tartars a hay-mow. They are much smaller 
 
 than our farmyard stores of provender, but 
 have a much more graceful appearance. We 
 have seen in the New England States hay made 
 up in the same shape, but larger than the Tar- 
 tar hay-mows, and, consequently, lose much 
 of their picturesque appearance. 
 
332 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
DANUBIAN PKINCIPALITIE3. 
 
 333 
 
 
su 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 • A Gipsy's Grave at Orezu, in Wallacliia. 
 A LADy traveler ia that little-visited land, writing to a 
 sister in New York, says: "I send you a sketch of a poor 
 gipsy-woman's grave. Two men carried the bier carefully 
 enough, and after filling up the grave, as it is clone with us, 
 rolled a large round stone to the head, and set before it an 
 earthen dish, in which they placed some lighted coals. They 
 then stuck a pole just behind the stone, and tied a handful 
 of grass to it. Thej' then went off, leaving the only mourners, 
 two little girls of eight and ten, who threw themselves on the 
 grave, and chanted, amid sobs and tears, a kind of funeral 
 song, ending in loud cries. The meaning of the curious ad- 
 ditions to the grave I could not discover, as those I asked 
 seemed to be unwilling to give any explanation." 
 
 A WallacWan Peasant Girl, 
 
 The dress of the Wallachian peasant women recalls the 
 classic days of Grcec3 and Italy, and affords fine studies for 
 painting and sculpture, showing the proportions of the body 
 and graceful outlines. Although it varies according to district, 
 especially differing in the plains and mountains, it is always 
 a full linen chemise, gathered at the neck, with wide flowing 
 sleeves, devoid of wristbands. This is confined at the waist 
 by a sash, generally red. From this hangs, before and behind, a 
 woolen apron, woven by the women themselves— ornaments, 
 richly shaded and sometimes gracefully designed, being skill- 
 fully introduced into the tissue ; a sleeveless jacket or vest, 
 richly embroidered, completes the attire. 
 
 Married women cover tlieir heads with a light white linen, 
 gracefully framing tha face and falling on the shoulders in. 
 points. Young girls go bareheaded, with garlands of flowers 
 falling in clusters behind the oars. 
 
 Their countenances usually express a stronger will and more 
 intelligence than those of the other sex. On Sundays they 
 may be seen in groups dancing under the trees, their attire 
 brilliant and neat. 
 
 M » > I 
 
 Fishermen's Huts on the Danube. 
 
 The fisheries of Apathin, on the Danube, are a curious sight. 
 A village, like those whose relics are now the object of study 
 at the Swiss lakes — a village built in the water, and contrast- 
 ing strangely with the monotonous landscape. Temporary 
 sheds on the shore and island, such as seen in our illustra- 
 tion, appear here and there, as you approach a village. The 
 river is alive with boats flashing on all sides, the boatmen 
 standing ; and, as the language is peculiar, the traveler thinks 
 himself for an instant in Polynesia. 
 
 Steamers going up and down have time to study these 
 primitive structures, as they almost always stop to lay in a 
 pro\-ision of the magnificent fresh fish which these hardy 
 water-folk draw from the great river. 
 
 A Military Escort in Bosnia. 
 
 The bazars of Eagusa always contain great quantities of 
 goods of all kinds, the value of which is very considerable. 
 It is the same in almost all the towns on the coast of Dalmatia. 
 
 It is no unusual thing for a traveler to meet, in the winding 
 mountain-paths, long lines of pack-horses loaded with bales 
 for these bazars. The caravans always contain two or three 
 hundred horses, and sometimes far more. If they come from 
 a distance, they have to travel by night, so as to arrive in 
 season for the opening of the great fairs. In that case, the 
 merchants cross through Bosnia ; and, aware of the danger of 
 attack from brigands, they obtain from the authorities, at a 
 heavy expense, escorts of Pandours, armed to the teeth. 
 
 Besides these escorts, squads of soldiers are stationed on 
 the roads, dangerous defiles, and even in the open field. 
 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 
 A Slavonian Eayali. 
 
 Eatah, though it means simply 
 a subject, and was originally 
 applied to all those under the 
 rule of the Turkish Sultan, came 
 finally to its present signification 
 
 that of a non-Mohamtnedan 
 
 Bubj33t. It is a term of contempt 
 for Jew and Christian. 
 
 The Slavonian rayahs, in the 
 -northern parts of Turkey ara no 
 very contented subjects. With 
 many faults of the other Slavo- 
 nian branches, thsy show more 
 than others the eSfects of the en- 
 ' slaved state which has so long 
 been the fate of their race ; but 
 they have noble instincts, a fine 
 and manly physiqus, and, under 
 a generous rule fostering their 
 better qualities, would be one of 
 the most happy and contented 
 of people. 
 
 They are industrious, and easily 
 ruled, content with simple fare, 
 fl,ttached to religion, and easily 
 influenced by itij appeals. But 
 under the rule of the Turkish 
 governors, they are fearfully op- 
 pressed, not in the open way that 
 Tvould draw down the indignation 
 n' Europe at large, but when a 
 murder is committed, if the victim 
 to a rayah, justice is slack in pursuing the 
 murderer, and often too indifferent to make 
 an effort. While, should a Turk fall, the slight- 
 tsi suspicion suffices to hurl a rayah into prison 
 And to hurry him to the scaffold. 
 
 No wonder that these rayahs, men who would 
 
 MOLDAVIAN BULLOCK CARAVAN. 
 
 form a splendid army, pant for the time when, 
 under a national banner, they may aid in driv- 
 ing the Crescent out of Europe. 
 
 This is not so unlikely as it was ten years 
 ago, since France has lost much of her aggress- 
 ive force, and in addition has not the same 
 
 desire to support England, and the latter powei 
 would not be supported by public opinion in 
 going to war with a Christian nation, to sup- 
 port a Mohammedan rule. 
 
 WALLACnLlN SHEEP. 
 
 A Nun of the Convent of Surpatela, 
 Wallachia. 
 
 "The little Convent of Surpatela " (says the 
 artist), "looks without like a French farm. A 
 large gateway opens into a court, surrounded bp 
 buildings with Moorish arches ; the church 
 being in the centre, and beside it the tombs of 
 the Calongaritzes, or nuns, with a lamp kept 
 perpetually burning. 
 
 " Facing the church are the reception-rooms 
 and around, the apartments of the choir-sisters 
 — the lay-sisters living in another court. 
 
 "The prioress, a cheerful, elderly nun, received 
 us with a hearty welcome, and invited us to a 
 breakfast, in which she tempted us with a series 
 of preserves for which these nuns are famous — 
 duchidzi pelli and kerbetes. ' ' 
 
 But his object was to make our sketch ; and, 
 in spite of the allurements of these delicacies, 
 he wished to sketch his hostess. She would not 
 consent. It was not worth while to draw an old 
 woman like her. So she summoned one of the 
 younger members of the sisterhood. 
 
 Her costume consists of a very full, wide- 
 sleeved habit, bound at the waist with a woolen 
 cord, from which depend the beads. The head- 
 dress is a round, hard cap, like a smoking-cap, 
 but with a flat top. Over this is a black shawl, 
 with long fringe, tied under the chin, and fall- 
 ing over the left shoulder. 
 
 Tlie whole habit has a sombre look, the bl.nck 
 not being relieve'!, as is often the case, by white 
 linen at the neck. 
 
836 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 An Oven in tKe "Woods, 
 TnE abolition of serfdom has given an impulse 
 to the lower classes, whose great desire is to 
 possess land, and every Government which 
 wis'ics permanence must use its influenca to 
 make as many landed proprietors as possible. 
 Those who own the soil are always conserva- 
 tive, and were the soil of Ireland in the hands 
 of the population, the most rovolutionsry would 
 become the most CDns3rvative. 
 
 The forests nenr the Danube now feci the 
 woodman's as clearing a place; for a farm' and 
 Lome. *As thes3 cleiringj are ofton far from 
 
 A WALLACHIAN VILL.\GE. 
 
 villages, the traveler will meet in the woods 
 a rude oven, where several will bake. They are 
 curious structures, of wood below, on which a 
 heavy bed of clay is spread, and the clay dome 
 reared. 
 
 "Wallachian Marriage. 
 
 The wedding ceremonies are a little drama. 
 On the day fixed, a party of friends of the bride- 
 groom are sent to ask, in figurative Eastern 
 style, for the bride, describing, but not naming, 
 her. The family do not understand. They 
 bring out the oldest woman, some great-great- 
 
 gran'mother, bending beneath the weight cf 
 years. "Is this the one you wish?" Of course 
 not. Then follows a glowing account of tha 
 beauties of the one desired. Another is pro- 
 duced, sometimes an old servant, all in rags. 
 She is refused ; and, at last, after many trial-, 
 the girl, beautifully arrayed, appears. The 
 bridegroom then enters, and a solemn betrothal 
 takes place in the room, which the bride-elect 
 retains till her marriage. 
 
 On the day of the marriage, messengers are 
 sent by the bridegroom, who are waylaid and 
 captured by the bride's friends. Both parties 
 then meet, and a sort of tournament takes 
 
 nauEBjiAN's HCi on the sanube. 
 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 33T 
 
 place, the bride rewarding the victors. Then 
 they proceed to the church, where the bride and 
 groom stand on a carpet on which money is 
 thrown, to show that it is as naught compared 
 to domestic happiness. 
 The priest then crowns 
 them, while nuts are 
 thrown around to 
 show that the amuse- 
 ments of childhood 
 are now laid aside for 
 the realities of life. 
 
 Festivities close the 
 day, with suitable 
 speeches and addresses. 
 
 Flax Beaters, sig 
 
 The Servian women 
 in their rural labors 
 wear simply a long 
 chemise, embroidered 
 with openwork or 
 colored designs. 
 
 This garment, loose 
 at the neck, would 
 reach the ground, but 
 to run around briskly, 
 they tuck it up by 
 ineans of a colored 
 girdle wound two or 
 three times around 
 the waist, giving the 
 13 
 
 AN OVEN IN THE WOODS OF SERVIA. 
 
 drapery elegant and symmetrical forms, reach- 
 ing to the ankles in front and to the middle of 
 the calf behind. 
 The head is covered with a white kerchief, 
 
 which, on Sundays and holidays, is embroi- 
 dered with silver and gold. This is worn to 
 suit the fancy. To complete their dress they 
 add a cloth apron reaching to the knees, and 
 a sleeveless jacket, 
 also embroidered with 
 gold thread. 
 
 In Winter a sheep- 
 skin coat is worn 
 over this. All the 
 articles of attire are 
 jjj I spun and woven by 
 the women. By the 
 road-side you often see 
 women beating flax by 
 the simple machine 
 shown in the illustra- 
 tion, a sort of walk- 
 ing-beam which rises 
 and falls as she ad- 
 vances or steps back, 
 while a child at their 
 feet passes the fiax 
 through. A pole on 
 ^ two supports gives the 
 woman a rest during 
 the operation. 
 
 TILLAGE CUUBCU Ui BOSNIA. 
 
 Com Granary, 
 
 The grain most nsed 
 is Indian com, bo that 
 a clearius resemblei 
 
338 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 one on our frontiers in many respects. The 
 granaries are well made, and are raised from 
 the ground, with a good plank floor, and sides 
 of wattles, covered by a good roof, protecting 
 their supplies from vermin and the elements. 
 
 Oliurcli Pestivals in Eoumania, 
 The Uoumanian Church celebrates a great 
 many festivals. The chief are Christmas (Creci- 
 ime, or the Crib), Easter (Pashtelor), and the 
 Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (Adormire— 
 the Sleep). Each of these holidays is marked 
 by certain traditional usages, scrupulously 
 banded down trom remote times. 
 
 Among other popular feasts are St. Basil, Jan- 
 uary 1st, and St. George, April 23d. 
 
 Women of the Danubian Provinces, 
 The dresses of the women of Wallachia and 
 Bosnia resemble those of the Slavonian prov- 
 inces of Austria in their general appearance. 
 The apron which is always worn is, perhaps, less 
 varied and striking in color ; and they adorn 
 their heads with large bouquets of natural 
 flowers, hanging over the temples. 
 
 Some make a perfect helmet of glittering 
 disks of metal, which has a most singular 
 effect. 
 
 founded in it, and the barbarous hordes in 
 some measure civilized. Hence, to this day, 
 the Wallachians call themselves Roumans. 
 mount the eagle on their arms, and exhibit in 
 their language, games, customs, etc., imdoubted 
 traces of the origin they claim. On the decline 
 of the Roman Empire, Dacia was successfully 
 overrun by the Goths, Huns, Tartars, and other 
 barbarous tribes. From the seventh to the 
 ninth century, its possessors were the Slavo- 
 nians and Bulgarians. By the thirteenth cen- 
 tury the successive invasions of the Scythians, 
 and of the Tartars under Ginghis Khan, had 
 driven away most of the ancient population of 
 Dacia, when the kingdom itself became divided ; 
 and the two portions, afterwards resBectivelj 
 
 PIASANT WOMAN Of BOSNIA. 
 
 Christmas has its masquerade to represent the 
 birth of Christ, the crib in which he was laid, 
 the visit of the Wise Men. In the latter a boy 
 carries a large star of gilt paper ; the Wise Men 
 are attended by an escort of Roman soldiers, 
 each armed with a lance. The whole party, 
 bearing lanterns, go from door to door reciting 
 kolinde, a kind of carol. 
 
 For Easter all the houses are whitewashed 
 and scrubbed. The double Winter windows are 
 replaced by blinds ; new clothes are l)Ought or 
 made, and when the day arrives every bell is 
 rung with glee, and it is like our New Year's, 
 a day of mutual visits and felicitations, the 
 salutation being, "A inviat Kritlu" — "Christ 
 bas risen." 
 
 Much has been done of late for the moral im- 
 provement and elevation of women in these 
 provinces, but in the military frontier the num- 
 ber of young officers maintained there continues 
 to exercise an evil influence, and contributes to 
 much misery, which the Government wink at 
 and allow to pass without investigation. 
 
 Wallachia and Moldavia. 
 The whole of that immense district which 
 lies between the river Dniester as the one lins 
 of boundary, and the Lower Danube, Hungary, 
 and Transylvania as the other, was originally 
 called the Kingdom of Dacia. Having been 
 conauered b.v Tnuan, Roman colonies were 
 
 INHABrrANT OP WALLACHIA. 
 
 known by the names of Wallachia and Moldavia, 
 were erected each into a principality. They con- 
 tinued to preserve their character as indepen- 
 dent states until near the close of the fourteenth 
 century, when Bajazet compelled Wallachia to 
 pay him tribute. For nearly a century Walla- 
 chia. sometimes alone, sometimes assisted by 
 the Hung.arians, essayed, but in vain, to shake 
 off the Turkish yoke. 
 
 The people of Moldavia are robust, sober, 
 and hard-working, and bear well the variations 
 of climate to which they are subject. In ap- 
 pearance they differ materially from the Walla- 
 chians ; their look is less open, and their habit 
 of wearing the hair of the head and the beard 
 long, give them almost a Mvage aspect Tb( 
 
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 339 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
S40 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Moldavians, preserving apparently better than 
 the Wallachians the influenco of the nomade 
 condition originally common to both, are par- 
 ticularly attached to the taking of long jour- 
 neys on foot. United in immense caravans, 
 they roam over a vast extent of territory, 
 transporting, in the vehicles shown in our illus- 
 tration, provisions and a variety of useful arti- 
 cles to the cities scattered about the vast plains 
 of Moldavia. 
 
 About 1520, Mohammed 11., having driven 
 away the Voyvode, or ruler of Wallachia, im- 
 posed a new governor oa its iuhabitaute, vrith 
 
 INTEEIOR or A WALLACHIAU PBABANT S HOME. 
 
 the title of pasha, and concluded with him a 
 treaty, of which the principal features still 
 remain inherent in the national Constitution. 
 In 1536, Moldavia, to avoid the greater evil 
 of being compelled to submit through the con- 
 quest of the country, placed itself in the same 
 position as Wallachia with regard to the Otto- 
 man rule. From this period the influence of 
 the latter extended itself so greatly, that in 
 1544 some territory of Wallachia was ceded to 
 the Sultan, who then raised on the banks of the 
 Danube the fortresses of IbrniT, niourj^vo, and 
 Toumo, and placed ganisoa in each. Such 
 
 was the state of things in 1593, when the Voy- 
 vode Michel drove the Turks from the fortresses 
 of the Danube, and held them completely in 
 check. But the death of Michel soon restored 
 matters to their former state : confusion and 
 dissensions prevailed in the councils of the 
 clergy and of the boyards, and thus the Sultan 
 was enabled, whilst reasserting his authority, 
 to punish the inhabitants by no longer allow- 
 ing them to elect the Voyvode. 
 
 In 1710, Peter the Great of Russia made a 
 campaign with a view r{ possessing himself at 
 Moldavia, but was uusuccessfuL 
 
 ISLANDS OF BT. OEORaB AND THE TIBOIN, IN TBI BAT OF CATTABO. 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 IStPEItlAL AEMS~. ANCIENT CnOVTH — P\I^\CS OF PAUL, ST. PETERSBUBO — CHURCH OP OUR LADY OF GEORGIA — CITIZEI? OF MOSCOW ANI> HiB 
 FAMILY — ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS, ST PETERSBURG— HOTEL DE L'ETAT MAJOR, AND ALEXANDRIAN COLUMN, ST. PETERSBUKG — ANCIENT 
 CAKBIAGE-CONVENT— DROSKY— THE MAKKET-PLACE— WOMEN OF KOURICK AND ORIL, SOUTHERN RUSSIA— VILLAGE DANCE— THE GREAT 
 BELL OF MOSCOW— BISHOI' AND CLEUGY OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH— A BRIDE'S KECEPTIOK BY HER FATHER-IN-LAW -A CHBISTENINO— A 
 LAPLAND HUT— DRIVING BEARS TO MARKET- CARNIVAL— A COURT RECEPTION— WINTER AMUSEMENT— STREET VENDORS— PEDDLEB—EMAN- 
 CIPATION OF THE SERFS- FAMILY AT HOME— IMPERIAL THEATRE OF MOSCOW— OMNIBUS AND SLEIGH— BUSSIAN VILLAGE— TOMB OF QUEEN 
 ANN JAGELLON IN THE CATHEDRAL OF WARSAW, POLAND— NAVY CADETS— THE KREMLIN— WOMEN OP VIATKA AND OF PERM— POST-HOUSE 
 
 —Cossacks" Wedding Dance— Bazab at St. Petersbueo— A Russian Marriage— The Romance op a Letter— The Imperial Family 
 
 SLEIGHING ON THE NEV.\— A NUN— CIRCASSIAN OUTPOST— WOLFHUNTINO—THE WINTER PALACE— PETTY TRADERS OF ST. PETERSBURG— 
 
 The Chanvans, a Siberian Tribe— Stag-hunt in Siberia— A Legend of Siberia- Traveling in the Russian Steppes— The Tchuktchi, 
 HEAR the Cossack Jouudes— Perilous adventure— Traveling down Siberian Rivers-A Finland Farm-house— Gloves and Wooden 
 Bpoons— Cossacks guarding Siberian Convicts— tartar Women op Kazan— Encampment op Gold Wagoners in the Ukal Mouns. 
 
 AINS— ViLL.tGE ON the BANKS OF THE VOLOA— A LAPLAND FAMILY- LAPLAND COSTUMES AND CUSTOMS-A FISHERMAN'S HUT IN LAPIAND 
 
 -Interior of a Church in Laplasu — Skating in Lapland — The Auboba Boeealis in Finland-AN ACVENiufiii-WAiEiiiALi. o» 
 
 KVABN ABABJ! OOS. 
 
 /USSIA, as a civilized country, undei 
 sovereigns keeping pace with the 
 civilization, science, and progress 
 of the age, is the mightiest empire 
 'Ivins' in one compact whole, and exercising its 
 influence on the aflfairs of the world. Euro- 
 pean Russia alone comprises over two millions 
 of square miles, and strotching beyond this is 
 the northern half of Asia, nearly six milUons 
 more, including together a population of over 
 seventy millions. To realize the vastness of 
 tliis empire, we need only reflect that it repre- 
 sents in its inhabitants nearjy one-eighth of Ihe 
 whole population of the earth ; so that one 
 man iu every eight on the surface of our planet 
 recognizes as sovereign the Czar whose son has 
 lately been among us. 
 
 Russia is divided into Great and Little Rus- 
 sa. South and West Russia, the Baltic Pro- 
 \rince8, and the Kingdoms of Kasan, Astrak- 
 han and Poland. 
 
 Traversed by navigable rivers, with a sea- 
 coast on the Baltij, Black, and Caspian Seas, 
 the Pacific and the Arctic, it has every element 
 for successful commercial progress ; while its 
 mouQtain-ranges are rich beyond all descrip- 
 tion in precious metals and stones. 
 
 The ancient history of Russia before the time 
 of Rurik is little known. That prince, in 861, 
 founded the Russian Empire, which grew and 
 augmented till the days of Alexander Newskoi, 
 who died in 1263, revered by his people as a 
 saint and a hero. 
 
 Ivan III., who reigned from the middle of 
 the fifteenth to the commencement of the six- 
 teenth century, added many provinces, and 
 delivered his country from a hateful tribute to 
 the Tartars. 
 
 Again vicissitudes came. The Poles con- 
 iquered Moscow, and a Polish Czar ruled. But 
 ilu,?sia rallied, the Poles were expelled, and 
 .Michael Federovitch Romanoff, the founder of 
 ithe present dynasty, was raised to the throne 
 ,in IC'2. He was a descendant of Rurik, and 
 his a^ le rule, conquering a favorable peace from 
 .the Poles, and extending the Russian power to 
 the Pacific, cemented his new throne. 
 
 Peter, who came to the throne in 1682, won, 
 by his able generalship in the field, his sagacity 
 fls a ruler, his love of progress, and the impulse 
 bs gave to industry of every kind, the title of 
 
 Great — a title which the world has ratified ; 
 for, if he was not free from faults, his eminent 
 qualities as a ruler mark him as one of the great 
 m'jn who have helped to better the condition 
 of mankind. 
 
 Since his day, Russian history is well-known, 
 and we need not refer to the struggle of Alex- 
 ander against the first Napoleon, or of Nicholas 
 with the third of that name. 
 
 Under the present Emperor and his prede- 
 cessor, every effort has been made to render 
 Russia a great country, and American energy 
 has found no more congenial field than Russia, 
 or patrons who showed greater appreciation 
 than the Czars. 
 
 The inhabitants of this vast empire are of 
 different races ; but the Russian is gradually 
 becoming dominant, all others conforming to 
 its language, customs and habits — this uni- 
 formity being one of the objects most persist- 
 ently followed up by the different rulers, the 
 immense importance of having all one homo- 
 geneous people having been recognized at a 
 very early day. 
 
 A stranger accustomed to the crowds and 
 bustle of London, Paris, or New York, is struck 
 on his arrival at St. Petersburg by the empti- 
 ness of the streets. He finds vast open spaces 
 in which at times he beholds nothing but a 
 solitary "'drosky," that wends its way along 
 like a boat drifting on the open sea. He sees 
 spacious streets bordered by rows of mute 
 palaces, with only here and there a human fieure 
 hovering about, like a lurking freebooter among 
 a waste of rocks. The vastness of the plan on 
 which the city has been laid out shows that its 
 founders speculated on a distant future. Rap- 
 idly as the population has been increasing, it is 
 still insufficient to fill the frame allotted to it, 
 or to give to the streets that life and movement 
 which we look for in the capital of a j,ieat 
 empire. On the occasion, indeed, of great 
 public festivals and rejoicings, and at all times 
 in the Nevskoi ProspeH and about the Ad- 
 miralty, the movement is very considerable, 
 but this only tends to leave the throng and 
 bustle of the other quarters of the town far 
 below the average. 
 
 The population of St. Petersburg is the most 
 varied and motley the mind can imagine. To 
 begm with the military. We have the CftUCS' 
 
 Bian guards, the Tartai guards, the Finland 
 guards, besides a fourth and fifth division of 
 the guards for the various tribes of Cossacks. 
 Of these nations the Slite are thus always 
 retained as hostages iu the capital, and tlieii 
 several uniforms are alone sufficient to pr 6ent 
 an ever-changing picture to the eye of an 
 observer. Here may be seen a Cossack trotting 
 over one of the PlaU Farads with his lance in 
 rest, !vs though in imagination he were pursu- 
 ing a flying enemy. Yurther on, perchance, a 
 Circassian cavalier, in his shirt-of-raail, and 
 harnessed from head to foot, is going through 
 his warlike exercises. The Moslem from the 
 Taurus may be seen gravely moving through the 
 throng ; while the well-drilled Russian soldiers 
 defile in long columns through the streets. 01 
 all the endless variety of uniforms that belong 
 to the great Russian array, a few specimens are 
 always to be seen in the capital. There are 
 guards, and hussars, and cuirassiers, and grena- 
 diers, and pioneers, and engineers ; horse-artil- 
 lery and foot- artillery ; to say nothing of dra- 
 goons, lancers, and those military plebeians, tha 
 troops of the line. All these, in their various 
 uniforms, marching to parade, returning to 
 their barracks, mounting guard, and passing 
 through the other multifarious duties of a gar*- 
 rison-life, are in themselves enough to give Ufa 
 and diversity to the streets. 
 
 If, then, we turn to the more pacific part of 
 the population, devoted to the less brilliant but 
 certainly not less useful pursuit of commerce, 
 we find every nation of Europe, and almost 
 every nation of Asia, represented in the streets 
 of St. Petersburg. Spaniards and Italians, 
 Engli^ and French, Greeks and Americans, 
 may be seen mingling together ; nor will the 
 silken garments of the Persian and the Bokha- 
 rian be wanting to the picture, nor the dangling 
 tail of the Chinese, nor the pearly teeth of the 
 Arabian. 
 
 The infima plebs bears an outside as motley 
 as the more aristocratic portion of the com- 
 munity. The German batter (peasant) may 
 be often seen lounging among the noisy, 
 bearded Russians : the slim Pole elbows the 
 diminutive Finlander ; and Esthonians, Lettes 
 and Jews are running up against each other, 
 while the Mussulman studiously avoids all con- 
 tact >rith the Jew, Yankee sailors and dwarfish 
 
U2 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Kamtschatdales, Caucasians, Moors and Mon- 
 golians — all sects, iHces an i colors contribute to 
 make up the populace of the Russian capital. 
 
 Nowhere does the street-life of St. Peters- 
 burg display itself to better effect than in 
 the Nevfkoi Proyiekt. Tliis magnificent Bt'e::t 
 intersects all the rings of the city — the suburbs 
 of (he poor, the showy regions of commerce, 
 and the sumptuous quarters of the aristocracy. 
 A walk along the whole length of this street is 
 one perhaps as iutertsting as any that can be 
 made in St. Petersburg. Starting from the 
 extreme end, where a monastery and a cemetery 
 remind you of death and solitude, you arrive at 
 little low wooden houses, which lead you to a 
 cattle market, where around the spirit-shops 
 may be seen swarms of noisy, singing Russian 
 peasants, presenting a picture not unlike what 
 may daily be seen in the villages of the inte- 
 rior. A little further on, the houses improve 
 in appearance: some are even of stone, and 
 boast of an additional floor; the houses of 
 public entertainment are of a better description, 
 and shops and warehouset are seen, similar to 
 
 IMPERIAL AUMS OF RUSSIA. 
 
 those cf the small provincial towns. Next 
 follow some markets and magazines for the sale 
 of invalided furniture and superannuated appa- 
 rel, which, having spent their youth in the 
 service of the central quarters, are consigned in 
 old age to the mercy of the suburbs. The houses, 
 in the old Russian fashion, are painted yellow 
 and re 1, and every man you meet displays a 
 beard of venerable length, and a yet longer 
 caflan (jacket or roundabout). A little further 
 on, and you see a few ivoshlshiks (drosky- 
 drivcrs) who have strayed by chance so far 
 from thoir more central haunts ; a shaven 
 chin anl a swallow-tailed coat may be seen at 
 intervals, and here and there a house assumes 
 somethiLig like an air of stateliness and splen- 
 dor. On arriving at a bend in the street, the 
 huge gilt spire of the Admiralty is descried at 
 a distance, floating apparently over the inter- 
 vening mist. You cross a bridge, and begin to 
 feel that you are in a mighty city. The man- 
 sions rise to three and four stories in height, the 
 inscriptions on the houses become lirger and 
 more numerous, carriages-and-four become more 
 
 frequent, and every now and th^n the wavw^ 
 plume of a staflf-officer dashes by. At length 
 you arrive at the Fontanka Canal, cross the 
 Anitshkof Bridge, and enter the aristocratic 
 quarter of the capital. From this bridge to 
 the Admiralty is what may be called the 
 fashionable part of the Prospekt ; and as you 
 advance, the bustle and the throng become 
 'jreater and greater. There are carriages-and- 
 four at every step ; generals and princes elbow- 
 ing through the crowd ; sumptuous shops, 
 imperial palaces, and cathedrals and churches 
 of all the various religions and sects of St. 
 Petersburg. 
 
 The scene in this portion of the street, at 
 about midday, may challenge comparison with 
 any street in the world, and the splendor of the 
 spectacle is enhanced by the magnificence of 
 the decorations. This part of the thoroughfare, 
 though about a mile in length, does not contain 
 more than fifty houses, each of which, it may 
 easibly be inferred, must be of colossal magni- 
 tude. Most of these buildings are the property 
 of the several churches thvt border the street— 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSTA. 
 
 MH 
 
 the Dutch, the Catholic, the Anne, 
 nian and others — that received from 
 Peter the Great large grants of land, 
 of little value, probably, when first 
 bestowed, but from which, as they are 
 now in the heart of the city, splen- 
 did revenues are derived. 
 
 The street from the Anitshkof 
 Bridge to the Admiralty is the fa- 
 vorite promenade with the beau monde 
 of St. Petersburg. The buildings are 
 magnificent, the equipages roll noise- 
 lessly over the wooden pavement of 
 I the centre, and the trottoirs (foot- 
 pavements) on each side are broad and 
 commodious. The northern, being 
 the sunn)', is the favorite side of the 
 street for the promenaders, and on 
 that side, accordingly, are the most 
 magnificent shops. The people are 
 civil, and quarrels and disputes are 
 seldom heard. The Slavonians are, by 
 nature, ductile and tractable, and 
 from their childhood are taught to 
 behave respectfully toward their more 
 fortunate fellow-men. 
 
 It would not be saying too much 
 to aflSrm that half the inhabitants 
 of St. Petersburg are clad in a uni- 
 form of one sort or another ; for, in 
 addition to the sixty thou.sand soldiers, 
 there are civil uniforms for the public 
 
 
 
 
 
 r ii-ti-i-'Hs;:' 
 
 ANCIENT RUSSIAN CROWN. 
 
 oflScers of every grade — for the police, 
 for the professors of the university, 
 and not only for the teachers, but 
 likewise for the pupils, of the public- 
 schools. Nor must the private uni- 
 forms be forgotten that are worn by 
 the numerous servants of the noble 
 and wealthy families. Still there re- 
 main enough of plain coats to keep up 
 the respectability of the fraternity. 
 
 The whole body of merchants, the 
 English factory, the German barons 
 from the Baltic Provinces, Russian 
 princes, landowners, foreigners, pri- 
 vate teachers and others, are pleased 
 to be exempt from the constraint of 
 buttons and epaulettes. Indeed, so 
 much that is really respectable walks 
 about in simple black and blue, that 
 a plain coat is felt by many to be 
 rather a desirable distinction, although 
 the wearer is obliged, on all public 
 occasions, to yield the pas to the 
 many-colored coats of the civil and 
 military emplo)'es. 
 
 The seasons and the variations of 
 the weather bring about many and 
 often very sudden changes in the 
 street population of St. Petersburg, 
 where the temperature is always 
 capricious and unstable. In Winter, 
 every one is cased in furs ; in Summer, 
 
 FALACB OF FT. PAUL, ST. PETERSBURG, 
 
841 
 
 THE WORLD'S GBEAT NATIONS. 
 
 Ught robes of gauze and silk are seen flutter- 
 ing in the breeze. 
 
 lu the morning the costumes are, perhaps, all 
 liglit and airy, and in the evening of the same 
 day none will venture to stir abroad otherwise 
 than in cloaks and mantles. The sun shines, 
 and Bwarms of dandies and petites^naUressea 
 come fluttering through the fashionable tho- 
 roughiares: it rains, and the streets are aban- 
 doned to the undisputed possession of the 
 " black people." One diy all snow and sledges, 
 the next all mud and clatti^riag wheels. 
 
 cuuacii or oub lady cf geoi'..gia. 
 
 In a country most of which lies in the very 
 coldest portion of the Eastern Continent, where 
 Winter prevails rather than Summer, we find 
 its influence shown in architecture, as well as 
 in the mode of traveling and living. 
 
 As specimens of their architecture, we give a 
 type of the older Muscovite style, in the Cathe- 
 dral of the Kremlin at Moscow, in the magnifi- 
 cent Church of Our Lady of Georgia — than 
 which no better representative can be given of 
 the more splendid and elaborate ecclesiastical 
 edifices — and in the Smolnoi Convent. 
 
 Tlie influence of Western ideas is shown mon 
 in the Winter Palace, Burial-place of the Czara, 
 the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, with ita 
 world-wonder, the tall, tapering spire, gilded 
 from top to bottom, and in the Academy of 
 Fine Arts, while the Palace of Paul I. a noble 
 building, is still peculiarly Ilussian. 
 
 A few words will suffice as to these, 'ihe 
 Church of the Smolnoi Convent is in the north- 
 east part of the peninsula on wliich St. Peters- 
 liurg stands, and is built of white marble, sur- 
 mounted by five domes, of the Oriental ahnpe 
 
EMPIRE OF EUSSIA. 
 
 345 
 
 so much liked by Euseians. These are painted 
 bine, and spangled with golden stars. 
 
 Tlie Winter Palace of the Czars u the most 
 splendid and largest royal editice in the world. 
 It is entirely modem, and is indeed com- 
 manding. The former Winter Palace was 
 destroyed by fire in the reign of Nicholas I., 
 and the present edifice was erected by the archi- 
 tect Kleinmichael, in two yeirs, for in Russia 
 such structures rise as if by magic, and r.r > not 
 the growth of years. 
 
 Tills wondrous 
 structure presents to 
 the Neva a front of 
 seven hundred feet, 
 and is nearly a com- 
 plete square. Its 
 halls are of wonder- 
 ful beauty, filled 
 ivith the richest of 
 statuary, gems and 
 pictures, with mag- 
 nificent tables, vases, 
 and mantels of 
 malachite. 
 
 The Empress's 
 drawing - room is a 
 perfect jewel of 
 taste, and the chapel 
 is one of the most 
 gorgeous and impos- 
 ing in Europe. 
 
 Adjoining the 
 Winter Palace, and 
 connected with it, 
 is the Hermitage, 
 erected by the great 
 Empress Catharine. 
 
 The hall of St. 
 George is the apart- 
 ment on the splen- 
 dor of which the 
 Russians most pride 
 themselves. It is 
 here the Emperor 
 gives audience in 
 solemn state to 
 foreign ambassa- 
 dors. Near it is the 
 gallery of the gene- 
 rals, containing por- 
 traits of all the 
 distinguished oiBcers 
 ■who served under 
 the Russian colors 
 during the war cf 
 the French invasion 
 and the subsequent 
 hostilities, till Na- 
 poleon's final over- 
 throw. The most 
 striking picture is a 
 full-length of the 
 ] mperor Alexander 
 on horseback, of 
 
 gigantic dimensions, and said to bj the best like- 
 ness of him now in existence. At the entrance to 
 this long gallery stand two sentinels of the Rus- 
 sian guard, still and motionless, looking as if 
 they also were creations of art ; and at each end 
 are suspended French eagles, the names cf the 
 principal battles that occurred in the war being 
 Written in large gold characters on the walls. 
 Jilany of these pictures must be copies, as the 
 
 soldiers they represent found a warrior's death 
 on the field of honor before this collection was 
 begun. Beyond this gallery is the field-marshal's 
 saloon. Here the portraits do not exceed eight 
 or ten in number, for that rank is as rarely be- 
 stowed in Russia as it is in England. The 
 Duke of Wellington is among the distinguished 
 few ; the portraits teing almost all connected 
 with t!ie empire of wliicli it is to be the great 
 military gajlsry. 
 
 MOSCOW — CmZKN AND TAMILT. 
 
 Beyond thi.i is the S;ille Blanche, the most 
 magnificent apartment in this most magnificent 
 of palaces, and so called from its decorations 
 being all in pure white, relieved only with gild- 
 ing. The dimensions are nearly the same as 
 those of the hall of the generals. Here the 
 court fetes are held, which are reputed to form 
 the most brilliant p:igeantof in-door palace-life 
 to ha found in Christendom. 
 
 The diamond-room, containing the crowns 
 and jewels of the imperial family, deserves 
 notice. Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are 
 ranged round the room in small cases, of such 
 dazzling beauty, that it is almost bewildering 
 to look at them. 
 
 The crown of the Emperor is adorned with a 
 chaplet of oak -leaves, made of diamonds of an 
 extraordinary size ; and the imperial sceptre con- 
 tains one, with a single exception the largest in 
 the world, being the 
 celebrated stone pur- 
 chased by Catha- 
 rine II. from a Greek 
 elave, for four 
 hundred and fifty 
 thousand roubles 
 and a large pension 
 for life. 
 
 BrulofTs picture 
 of the "Raising of 
 the Serpent in the 
 Wilderness" is to 
 be seen here. It 
 has great merit and 
 some d'.;fect8 ; tlie 
 figures are for the 
 most part portraits 
 of Israelites who 
 inhabit the Ghetto 
 at Home, and the 
 result therefore is 
 really a Hebrew 
 crowd. There is, 
 also, if not recently 
 removed, the famous 
 Chinese cabinet of 
 Catharine, and 
 a small room to 
 w hi c h Peter the 
 Great used to retire 
 from the turmoil of 
 public affairs. 
 
 The Palace of 
 Paul I., or Michailoff 
 Palace, is regarded 
 as the most elegant 
 building in St. Pe- 
 tersburg. It stands 
 on the site of the 
 old Summer Palace, 
 on the Fontanka 
 Canal, which Paul I. 
 demolished to make 
 way for this grmite 
 structure, which he 
 dedicated to St. 
 Michael the Arch- 
 angel. It was built 
 with extraordinary 
 rapidity, and at 
 enormous expense. 
 It was subsequently 
 restored and beau- 
 tified, and was for a 
 time the residence of the Grand Duke Constan- 
 tine. 
 
 The Academy of Fine Arts is an imposing 
 structure, situated on the VasilUstrov, on the 
 banks of the great Neva, opposite the Admi- 
 ralty. Here has been gathered, in magnificent 
 and well-lighted apartments, a picture-gallery, 
 comprisinz a perfect history of art, in paintings 
 representing; the different periods. Here art- 
 
846 
 
 THE WOKLD'd GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 students are not only taught, but are also main- 
 tained. 
 
 The Academy nas a fagade fronting the Neva, 
 four hundred feet long and seventy feet high, 
 adorned with columns and pilasters, and sur- 
 mounted by a central cupola, on which stands a 
 colossal figure of Minerva. 
 
 rhe far-famed Summer Garden of St. Peters- 
 burg is situated on the Neva, close to the 
 Troitzka Bridge, an.d bovinds the eastern end of 
 
 other divinities belonging to the same coterie. 
 On the northern siJe is t!ie celebrated iron rail- 
 ing wiiich it is said an Englishman once traveled 
 all the way from Lon Ion to see and make a 
 sketch of, r.nd then returned, satisfied with his 
 journey, not deigning to cost an eye on any of 
 the other marvels of the northern city ! This 
 railing, which is about sixteen feet in height, is 
 gr.ind and massive ; it extends nearly a quarter 
 of a mile. 
 
 mcr, and the paths carefully cleaned and 
 trimmed. And the g irden gratefully repays the 
 pains expended on it, for, throughout the fine 
 season, it forms a delightful retre;it ; and its 
 turf and its trees in Sprin; are green an i smil- 
 ing before any of the other gardens have been 
 able to divest themselves of the chill-hardened, 
 frrain into which their features have beeo. 
 stiffened during a six-months' Winter. 
 In one comer of the Summer Garden Btaui^a 
 
 the Champ de Mars. It is half a mile in length, 
 and a fourth in breadth, and is the oldest in the 
 city. It contains a number of fine old trees, 
 and is, therefore, of incalculable value in the 
 centre of the stony masses of the capital. The 
 irrounds are laid out in a number of long ave- 
 nues, intersperse,! with flower-beds, somewhat 
 In the ancient style of gardening, with an 
 abundance of marble statues of "Springs" 
 ijid " Summers." "Floras" and "Fauns," and 
 
 ACADEMT OF FINS AHTS, ST. rETBRSSURQ. 
 
 The g rden is attended to very carefully. In 
 iiutumn all the statues are cased in wooden 
 boxes, to protect them against the rain and 
 snow of Winter, and all the tender trees and 
 shrubs are at the same time packed up in straw 
 and matting, in wliich they remain till the re- 
 turn of Spring, when statues, trees, and men 
 liy their Winter garments aside nearly at one 
 and the same time. 
 
 Th» grassplots are regul.irly watered ia Sum- 
 
 the palace in which dwelt Peter the Great. It 
 is a little, low white house, with a few tasteless 
 !>as-relte/s painted yellow. On the roof, betweea 
 the chimneys, St. George, mounted on a tin 
 horse, is in the act of piercing the dragon. In 
 the interior, a few articles of furniture, formerly 
 used by Peter, are still preserved The house 
 seems to have grown ashamed of its littleness, 
 for it hides itself completely among the tall 
 linden-trees of the garden, as though fearful of 
 
EMPIRE OF EUSSIA. 
 
 347: 
 
 HOTEL DE L ETAT MAJOR, AND ALEXANDRIAN COLUMN, ST. rETERSBHSO. 
 
 introiin^ into the company of the stately 
 palaces that have grown up around. How dif- 
 ferent it must have looked when it wa.s yet sole 
 lord of the wilderness — when it stood alone 
 amid a mob of fishermen's huts ! 
 
 This garden is the great lounge of the popu- 
 lation of St. Petersburg ; it is the afternoon re- 
 sort of crowds of the most charming children, 
 who repair thither, escorted by their mothers 
 and nurses, to peoplj the solitary walks, and 
 jaake the sbiubbeiies lesoimd with their inno- 
 
 cent mirth. Fifteen or sixteen years later, these 
 children reappear upon the same scene, but this 
 time with less artless intentions, and to play a 
 more perilous game. 
 
 On Whit-Mond.iy a strange spectacle is to be 
 seen here, for on that day the celebrated festi- 
 val of the wtfe-market tnkes place. Here, ac- 
 cording to ancient custom, the sons and daugh- 
 ters of the tradesmen assemble in all their 
 finery, to pick and choose a partner for life, or, 
 at any rate, to lay the foundation of a future 
 
 marriage ; for, though this class still muster ins 
 great force on Whit-Monday, the practice is not* 
 so thoroughly carried out as it used to be. In 
 former days the girls, on this momentous occa- 
 sion, were dressed from head to foot in all their' 
 best apparel, and decorated with every orna- 
 ment they could borrow from their family. It" 
 is even said that " a Russian mamma once con- 
 trived to make a necklace of six dozen gilt tea- 
 spoons for her daughter, a girdle of an equal' 
 number of tablespoons, and theu fastened, at 
 
 ANCIENT BCSSIAN CARKIAQX. 
 
.348 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 itoaple of punch-ladles behind, in the form of a 
 •cross— Greek, of course." 
 
 The illustrations give glimpses here and there 
 ■ of the city dwellings of Russia. 
 
 Religion is intimately connected with the 
 jBOcial life of the people. The established ghurch 
 of Russia is the Greek. Tliis, in all material 
 •points except the recognition of the Pope as 
 primate of Christendom, closely resembles the 
 Latin Church The Orthodox Greek Church of 
 Russia recognizes Seven Sacraments, and honors 
 the Blessed Virgin as zealously as the Latin 
 Church does, while its calendar is full of holi- 
 .days in honor of the saints. 
 
 The great act of worship is the Mass, in 
 "which, however, unleavened bread is used, and 
 the laity receive both bread and wine in com- 
 munion. The language of the Mass is the ver- 
 nacular, but the service, though differing 
 in details, both of vestments and language, 
 •corresponds in nearly all parts to the Latin 
 rite — the Gospel, Epistle, Creed, Canon, 
 and Lord's Prayer entering into both. 
 
 The Russian clergy are divided into two 
 
 .classes, the "white " or secular clergy, 
 
 :and the "black" or cloistered clergy. 
 
 The appellations are derived from their 
 
 respective dresses, the one l>eing clothed 
 
 . from head to foot in black, the other 
 
 performing divine service in white robes 
 
 ; adorned with gold. Of the cloistered 
 
 . clergy, or monks, the Eastern Church has 
 
 .only one order, instituted by St. Basil, and 
 
 these monks are either novices, monks, 
 
 iiiietomonacbs (chief monks, a sort of 
 
 SMOLNOI CONVENT, ST. PETERSBCKG. 
 
 prior), or archimandrites (abbots). From among 
 the white clergy, who must be married, the paro- 
 chial clergy are taken, as are the other ranks of 
 the hierarchy below the rank of bishop. All 
 bishops must be unmarried, and monks. The 
 membars of the whits clergy must be married, 
 or at least engaged, before receiving the final 
 consecration ; but they cannot marry twice, and 
 on becoming widowers are obliged to enter a 
 monastery. Thus a priest takes most devoted 
 care of his wife to the utmost of his means and 
 power. 
 
 The code of law, the Sivod Zakonqf, gives the 
 following definitions of the position of the 
 clergy: 
 
 The monasteries and convents are divided 
 into three cUxsses, and the dignity and prece- 
 dency of their respective abbyts and abbesses 
 
 THE OR08KT. 
 
 accords with this arrangement. The higher 
 clerical hierarchy, formed from the monks, con- 
 sists of the metropolitan, the archbishop, the 
 bishop, the igumen or abbe, etc. 
 
 The titles of the white hierarchy are: Proto- 
 presbyter, superdeans, deans, presbyters, proto- 
 deacons, deacons, subdeacons, and common 
 priest. 
 
 Any one who takes monastic Orders must re- 
 ceive the permission of the synod. The men 
 must be thirty years of age — women, forty. If 
 the candidates belong to the taxed class — that 
 is to say, if they are burghers, or peasants — 
 they must produce a permission from their 
 special superior. Married persons, or those not 
 divorced, cannot take Orders unless both parties 
 do it, and when there are no ciiildren under 
 age. One can leave the Order by permission of 
 the superiors, and return to the social 
 class to which he belonged before. For 
 seven years, however, he cannot live in 
 the country where he was a monk, nor in 
 either of the two capitals. Monks are ex- 
 empted from military service, from the 
 capitation tax, and from corporeal punish- 
 ment. They cannot carry on trade. 
 
 The order of the white clergy can be 
 entered by any one. The wives and chil- 
 dren of the clergy enjoy the privileges of 
 this class, though they may personally 
 belong to a lower order. Thus the chil- 
 dren of priests, with few exceptions, are 
 not obliged to look for another social 
 position. They are also exempted from 
 military ssrvice. 
 
EMPIBE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 34&- 
 
 The omnibus is generally a sleigh, open, of 
 course, and what used to be the scene on Broad 
 way, is the constant spectacle during the long 
 Russian Winter. The omnibus sleighs, if not 
 as overcrowded as ours used to be, are fully as 
 merry. 
 
 cent horses and splendid trappings, will dash 
 the fleet-footed reindeer, driven by the Lap- 
 lander, as much at home here as in his northern 
 home. 
 
 The hack-carrise, or cab, of St. Petersburg, 
 and other large cities in Russia, is the droaky ; 
 
 the odors of garlic, their favorite seasoning. 
 Moreover, the wooden pavement is, at the best, 
 indifferent, and when out of repair, which ia- 
 frequently the case, most abominable, and eveik 
 worse than the stone pavement. 
 Droskies for hire stand in the most principal- 
 
 Then, t» len the icy surface of the Neva offers 
 such a spiendid drive, all ages and ranks, and 
 every conceivable style of sleigh may be seen — 
 We might almost say, every possible means of 
 locomotion. 
 
 Betid* th« imperial deif^h, with its mognifl 
 
 but it is a most comfortless conveyance, consist- 
 ing merely of a bench upon four wheels, on 
 which the fare sits astride, as on a velocipede, 
 and immediately behind the driver, who is not 
 an aarreeable person to be in very dose contact 
 with — at any rate, to those who are not fond of 
 
 streets. There is no fixed price whatever, as to 
 distance or tiine ; a most extraordinary thing iir 
 a country where the police seem to busy them- 
 selves about everything. To do the ivoshishiks, 
 or drivers, justice, they do not impose very ex- 
 orbitantly, seldom afiking more than twice ar- 
 
350 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 (much as they will willingly take if a bargain is 
 jnade before starting, and never attempting to 
 •iemantl more wlien the ride is finished than 
 they have previously agreed for. The usual 
 f.ire in St. Petersburg from one quarter to 
 another is about twenty cents As the dis- 
 tances are great, the most inveterate pedestrian 
 ■Oivill soon find these bsarded Jehus, the ivosht- 
 .shiks, his best friends, and he will seldom have 
 occasion .to sing out, "davi" ("here") a second 
 ttime ; indeed, he need scarcely look at tliem ; 
 and if he only pause for a moment, peeming to 
 muse upon the expediency of hiring one, half a 
 
 bridle and other parts of the harness are orn:i- 
 mentod with small bits tf brass and silver. 
 
 If two horses are driven, the second is always 
 placed on the near tide, his head drawn a little 
 down and outward by a rein attached to it for 
 the purpose ; he is trained to canter and show 
 himself off, while the other does nearly all the 
 work at a rapid trot. When tliere are three 
 horses, the one on the off side is also harnessed 
 with his head downward, and capers in the 
 same way. 
 
 A dros/q/ well turned out in this manner is by 
 far the prettiest equipage of the three, and 
 
 rain, and mud, till the end of his journey, 
 where the dirty rind is peeled off, and the siiid 
 kernel steps forth clean and unspotted from his 
 muddy covering. 
 
 The ivoshlshih of St. Petersburg appear to be 
 a race of Hamaxobites (dwellers in wagons), 
 leading a sort of nomadic life among the 
 palaces of the capital. They encamp by day in 
 the streets, and so do many of them during 
 the night, tlieir sledge serving them at once 
 ai house and bed. 
 
 Like the Bedouin Arabs, iney carry the oat- 
 bag constantly with them, and fasten it, during 
 
 idozen will luBtantly dart to the spc* where he 
 stands and offer their services. 
 
 In Southern Russia the drosky lias a back, and 
 the driver sits on a seat in front, at a more 
 acTceable distance from his fare. On a good 
 j-oad, and with three horses attached to it, which 
 are always placed abreast, the pace is grand, and 
 ihe motion very ea~y ; the wheels are small, 
 and the body, which is hung on C-springs, is 
 •very low. This 'vehicle is driven with one, two, 
 or three horses; in either case one is in the 
 shafts, to which a light piece of wood is at- 
 tached, forming an arch over his head; the 
 imces draw from the naye of t&e wbeel; the 
 
 LADIES OP KOUKICK AM) ORIL, SODTHEEN ECSSIA. 
 
 when going at speed, which is the usual pace, 
 the horses have the effect of those in an ancient 
 car. Droskiea ply in all the large towns. 
 
 In Winter the ivoshishik uses the favorite 
 national vehicle of a sledire, with which he 
 continues to grind the pavement as long as the 
 least trace of snow is to be felt under the Spring 
 mud. 
 
 A covered carriage he never uses. The cloaks 
 and furs of his passengers must do the service 
 that the roof of the coach does with us ; and 
 when well wrapped up in a series of protecting 
 folds, the warm nucleus of life that occupies the 
 centre, pAtieatlj suffers the pelting of suow, 
 
 their interval of leisJire, to the noses of their 
 steeds. In every street arrangements have been 
 made for the convenience of the ivoshtshiks. 
 Every here and there mangers are erected for 
 their use ; to water their horses, tliere are, in 
 all parts of the town, convenient descents to 
 the canals or to the river ; and hay is sold at a 
 number of shops in small bundles, just sufficient 
 for one or two horses. 
 
 To still the thirst and hunger of the chariot- 
 eers themselves, there are peripatetic dealers in 
 quass, tea, and bread, who are constantly wan« 
 dering about the streets for the charitable pur« 
 pose of fee^g tbe tmng]7. 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 891 
 
 The animals are as hardy as their masters. 
 Neither care for cold or rain ; both eat as oppor- 
 tmiity serves, and are content to take their 
 sleep when it comes. Yet they are always cheer- 
 ful, the horses ever ready to start off at a smart 
 trot, the drivers are at 
 all times disposed for a 
 scng, a joke, or a 
 gossip. AVlien they are 
 neither eating nor en- 
 gaged in any other 
 serious occupation, they 
 lounge about their 
 sledges, singing some 
 simple melody that they 
 have probably brought 
 with them from their 
 native forests. 
 
 When several of them 
 happen to be together 
 at the corner of a street, 
 they are sure to be en- 
 gaged in some game or 
 other, pelting with 
 snowballs, wrestling, or 
 bantering each other, 
 till the '^Davai ivosht- 
 shxk!" of some chance 
 passenger makes them 
 all grasp their whips in 
 a moment, and converts 
 them into competitors 
 
 for the expected gm. 
 
 A RUSSIAN VILLAGE DANCE. 
 
 These men are, for the most part, Eussians 
 from all the different Governments of the em- 
 pire ; but among them are also Finlinders, 
 Esthonians, Ijettes, Poles, and Germans They 
 arrive at St. Petersburg generally as little boys 
 
 1HE CZ&S KOIAKAI, OB QBEAT EELL OF SKIEOOVir, 
 
 of ten or twelve years old, hire themselves aS 
 drivers to owners of hackney-carriages, whom 
 they continue to serve till they have saved 
 enough to buy a horse and vehicle, when they 
 set up in business on their own account. 
 
 Their trade, as are all 
 trades in Russia, is un- 
 controlled by corpora- 
 tion laws ; and, should 
 fodder grow dear, or 
 business slack, the ivosht- 
 shik packs up the few 
 worldly goods be pos- 
 sesses, drives away to 
 the south, and reappears 
 in the streets of Nov- 
 gorod or Moscow ; thus, 
 in pursuit of fortune, 
 they emerge now in one 
 town, now in another, 
 till enabled somewhere 
 to form a profitable and 
 permanent establish- 
 ment. 
 
 In some of the pro- 
 vinces and cities remote 
 from the capital, the 
 ladies and wives of the 
 burghers retain their an- 
 cient dress, quite pictur- 
 esque, as will be seen 
 to the or turn 08 of 
 Tlatka and Pena. 
 
352 
 
 ^HE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS 
 
 Tomb of Queen Ann Jagellon. 
 
 Few tombs are grander than that of Queen 
 
 Ann Jagellon, a queen ■whose dynasty not only, 
 
 but whose kingdom, is of the past. If is in the 
 
 chapel of the Kings Sigismund. Above the 
 
 BISnOP AKD CLEBQS OF lUK ORTHODOX CHimCU. 
 
 chapel-door are three ancient paintings. The 
 central one represents Sigismund I., the other 
 two are portraits of Ann Jagellon, as queen- 
 regnant and as a widow. The tomb has a 
 recumbent statue of the queen in her royal 
 attire, exceedingly well cut in red granite. Be- 
 
 hind the tomb is a marble throne, above which 
 two angels of gilt bronze support the crown ol 
 Poland. An altar stands in front in an arch 
 rich with baaso-relievos, two massive candle- 
 sticks facing it almost on a line with the head 
 of the tomb. 
 
EM PIKE OF KUSSIA. 
 
 U 
 
 A KCSSIAS CUBISimUiQ. 
 
35 i 
 
 THK WOHLDS GREAT NATlONa 
 
 Street Vendors at St. Petersburg, Eussia, 
 Like all gi-eat cities, the Eupsir.;i capital has 
 
 its hosts of stre:'t vendors, and among these we 
 
 group, on ona of the 
 
 quays, a wator-carrier, 
 
 with his fresh supply 
 
 from tlie icy Neva ; a 
 
 glazier, equipped as 
 
 becomos one ■whose 
 
 lesoundin.:^ call of 
 
 "Glasi put in !" en- 
 livens our quiet 
 
 Btreets ; the third is 
 
 an important person- 
 
 B^e — the itinerant fisli- 
 
 deiler. 
 
 Tlie Greek Church, 
 
 lilce that of Rome, 
 
 uphok's fasting aid 
 
 ahstinence from flesh 
 
 meat. Lent is strictly 
 
 kept, ar.d there aro, 
 
 l)esides, otlier seasons 
 
 and days devoted to 
 
 fastinij. Hence the 
 
 fish trade thrives, ,".nd 
 
 butchers cannot get as 
 
 fat r.s becomes their 
 
 calling. 
 
 In some of our great 
 
 cities, where a large 
 
 Catholic population 
 
 has gatliered, a similar 
 
 effect is felt in tlie 
 
 markets. Ignorant of 
 
 church calendars, a 
 
 New England butcher 
 
 A LAPLAND JOnilDE OR UUT, NOIITUERN EUSSIA. 
 
 opened store in a locality well stocked with 
 cl;ildren of the old Church, and soon became 
 popular. He could net understand how or 
 why, but he found that they would not buy on 
 
 DBIVINa BEAKS TO MAKKEI AI BEfiJiZOV. 
 
 Friday. After some little loss, he modeiated 
 h's stock on that day, and thought lie had 
 weathered the difficulty ; but toward the close 
 of cold weatl'.er came a Wednesday, and not tk 
 Boul visited his well- 
 filled stall. He looked 
 at his meat — it waa 
 piime ; he Icoked for 
 bis purchasers — tliey 
 were not there. 
 
 Wjtli many a sigh 
 lie waited for Thurs- 
 day, but, as before, all 
 was desolate. A stray- 
 call made a poor com- 
 p( nsation for his heavy 
 loss of traue. Friday, 
 of course, he expected 
 to sell little, but if 
 Saturday did net make 
 up, he felt sure some 
 rival bad been ruining 
 his moral character, 
 and that he must yield 
 to the public judgment 
 condemning him. Sat> 
 urday morning was no 
 better, and his dejec- 
 tion grew desperate ; 
 but as the day waned, 
 one smiling face and 
 another appeared, aud 
 cheerful buying waa 
 the order of the day; 
 Ihey seemed hungry 
 for his best cuts. Now 
 thoroughly puzzled, 
 hu began to ask ex- 
 
EMPIKE OF BUSSIA. 
 
 355 
 
 planatlons for their desertions. A'l ho couhl 
 gt was, "Why, it's Lent." What Lent was, 
 l;e did not know — he folt that lie was sold, but 
 r.t last got posted, and was able to lay his plans 
 ijsuit liis trade. St. Petersburg, lyiiij? between 
 a lalse and a gulf, is well supplied with excellent 
 fi;h at reasonable prices. 
 
 A Court iieception in Enssia. 
 
 The Czar cf Eussia has a military household 
 composed cf two hundred and si.\ty officers of 
 different regiments and grades. His civil house- 
 hold is still more numerous, r.nd the number of 
 dignitaries composing it are infinite. Chamber- 
 
 lains, masters of ceremony, gentlemen of the 
 bed - chamber, physicians extraordinary and 
 ordinary, confessors, inspector*, directors, and 
 masters of the chapel, ladie3 and maids of 
 honor ; cf these latter there are a hundred and 
 sixty-three, only eleven of whom lodge in tha 
 palace. In a word, the household of tha 
 
 i 
 
EjQ 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 ■Emperor and 
 Jimpress is com- 
 posed of eight 
 iandred and 
 eighty digni- 
 i-'.ries 
 
 In addition to 
 t'-.is, there arc 
 e^jhtcen small 
 p -laces, with 
 their respect^v:,- 
 liousohol 's, be- 
 lonsing to the 
 grand-dukes 
 anJ duchosres 
 of imperial 
 blood. 
 
 The vaiets 
 and menials 
 en:ployed in 
 the various 
 departments are 
 counted by 
 thousands. The 
 immense re- 
 tinue of the 
 Russian court 
 gives to the re- 
 ceptions in the 
 palace a stamp 
 <,f strange ori- 
 ginality not to 
 
 WIXTEE AMUSEMENT IN SI- PrTEr.SrjBG. 
 
 oe net with ia 
 any other royel 
 
 residence. 
 
 The variolj' 
 of costumoa, 
 and particularly 
 of uniforms, 
 impress tha 
 stranger very 
 forcibly. Tha 
 ladies wear the 
 most elegant 
 Parisian toilets, 
 with hardly leS 
 grace than da 
 the charming 
 Frenchwomen. 
 
 The Emperor 
 and Empress 
 mingle among 
 their jjuests and 
 speak with them, 
 with the utmost 
 freedom , seem- 
 injr like parents 
 sunounded by 
 their children 
 rather than 
 sovereigns giv- 
 ing audience. 
 
 The Empress 
 ic said to be a 
 
 SrUEET VENS0B8 AT 8T. VKneSSBOBO, 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 357 
 
 marvel of tender-heartedness, and uses her 
 influence over her husband to the great benefit 
 of even the very humblest of his subjects. The 
 emancipation of the serfs had no more ardent 
 advocate than in the Empress. 
 
 Emancipation of the Serfs in Eussia. 
 
 Pkevious to the sixteenth cent>iry the Russian 
 peasant was free to carry his labor to any 
 domain where it was required, but on St. 
 George's Day, 1598, the Czar Borris Goudanofi 
 
 KUSStAX PEDDLER. 
 
 pronounced the ukase which from that time 
 attached the serf to the soil on which he lived, 
 and made him part of the estate of the proprie- 
 tor, where he was doomed to remain irrevocably, 
 since he could not be sold unless the land itself 
 was disposed of with him. This, however, was 
 altered by Peter I., and the serf became subject, 
 at the will of his proprietor, to be dragged from 
 his cottage and from his family, and sent every- 
 where at the pleasure of his master, who could 
 even send him to Siberia, or kill him by sys- 
 tematic rigor. 
 
 Some of the Czars, however, seemed to apprew 
 ciato the revolting injustice of this servitude, 
 which carried barbarism to the very confines of 
 European civilization. Peter III. conceived tho 
 project of emancipating the serfs. Paul I. bail 
 thought to realize the same idea, proceeding so- 
 far as to cause the peasants to take the oath of 
 fidelity, and both Alexander and Nicholas wera 
 disposed to abate the power of the nobles and 
 to raise the peasant. But it had been reserved 
 for the present Emperor's father, Alexander 
 II., to abolish this anomaly, Which made 
 
358 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 eervitnde a shame. Alexander II. had the 
 courage, voluntarily to enfranchise the serf. 
 On the day when the ukase was to be put in 
 force, the peasants were to be informed of the 
 enfranchisement by the lips of the master him- 
 self, and were summoned to meet their lord at 
 sunset, the usual hour for quitting their labor. 
 There was little need to comment at any length 
 on the subject of the ukase. The peasants were 
 apprised of its extent in a few words, and, in- 
 stead of a peroration, the lord produced some 
 of that spirit which the lUissian loves. This he 
 poured into a glass, and, touching his lips with 
 the burning liquor,'presented it to the peasant, 
 •who came, perhaps for the last time, to kiss 
 the feet of his lord. In many cases this abase- 
 jnent had been the preliminary salutation to a 
 
 ally examined by a number of women, in order 
 to discover if she has any bodily defect, and, if 
 any, to remedj' it if possible. When the jiriest 
 has tied the nuptial knot at the altar, the clerk 
 or sexton sjirinkles on her head a handful of 
 hops, wishing she may be as friiitful as that 
 plant. 
 
 She is muffled up and led home by a certain 
 number of old women, the priest carrying the 
 cross before, while one of his subalterns, clad in 
 a rough goat-skin, prays all the way that she 
 may have as many children as there are hairs 
 on his garment. After this ceremonj', the hus- 
 band takes his bride home to his parents. She 
 is received by her father-in-law with numerous 
 wedding-gifts, and by her mother-in-law with 
 exhortations to be obedient to her husband. 
 
 and the Holy Ghost. It is then anointed by 
 the holy chrism, while being held by the god- 
 father, and finally it is taken by the godmother, 
 in whose arms it receives the commanion. 
 
 There is always something interesting in 
 tracing the relation between the baptismal 
 ceremonies of different nations, more especiall , 
 those of the lloman and Greek Churches. 
 
 Market-Place in St. Petersburg, 
 
 There is a market-place in St. Petersburg 
 called the Apraxiu Dvor, which, during the in- 
 cendiary fires of 18C2, was burned down, but 
 was rebuilt on the same spot, nrach as before. 
 It may cover fifteen acres of ground, and is iu 
 the very centre of the city. The shops and 
 
 master ready to sympathize with and ameliorate 
 his condition, and to interfere, it might be, be- 
 tween the exactions of an urgent major domo 
 and his peasantry ; but now all servitude of serf- 
 dom was over, and master and slave might 
 drink together in the equality of freemen. 
 
 It was on the 17th day of March, 18G1, that 
 the "imperial manifesto" emancipating the 
 aerfs was promulgated. 
 
 Eeception of a Bride by her Pather-in-Law. 
 The nuptial ceremonies of the Russians are 
 very singular. When the parents have agreed 
 upon the match (though the parties, perhaps, 
 have never seen each other), the Iride is critic- 
 
 RfSSIAN FAMILY AT HOME. 
 
 The Oeremony of Baptiim. 
 
 A iVEEK after the birth of an infant, it is 
 taken to church to be christened. The god- 
 father places himself to the right of the god- 
 mother, who bears the infant in her arms. 
 
 The child is taken by the priest, who stands 
 with it facing the east. He blows in its face, 
 makes the .sign of the cross npon its forehead, 
 mouth and breast, and pronounces, in a loud 
 voice, the name it is to bear. The priest then 
 turns to the west and addresses the god- 
 parents. 
 
 Then follow the blessing of the water and 
 baptism by immersion. The child is dipped 
 three times— in the name of the Father, tho Son 
 
 stalls contain every known and unknown article 
 under tho sun, second-hand. 
 
 Tho merchants here are all pure Kussians, 
 from the old woman with a few rabbit-skins to 
 the merchant with a large stock of furs ; but 
 they are all a set of the most arrant chaffers and 
 traffickers in stolen goods. The old glorj' of 
 Field Lane, in London, where one might loso 
 his watch or handkerchief at one end, and find 
 it ticketed for sale by the time he got to tha 
 other, is the glory of this Loose Market. 
 
 Here come the household servants to sell their 
 plunder , and here, also, come their masters and 
 mistresses to buy it back, if possible. Endless 
 old curiosity shops ; old birds of every plumage 
 and young bears, dogs, cats, rabbits, poultry. 
 
EMPIRE OF KUSSIA. 
 
 359 
 
 IMPERIAl THEATRE OP MOSCOW. 
 
 /Jf OHXIBtrS AND StEIOH TS ST. PETEHSBITRiI. 
 
360 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Blfcolge&,' ctirKii^es, furniture, kitchen uten;ils, 
 cutlery, Tartar and Circassian caps, belts, 
 Bwords, pistols, every musical instrument pro- 
 Ouced since Pan made his own pipe, and tens of 
 thonsandj of unmentionable articles heaped in 
 glorious confusion in the stalls. 
 
 Perhaps nothing more completely illustrates 
 the crude condition of Russian society than the 
 corruption which permeates every departa-ent 
 «£ the State. 
 
 A Eussian Village, 
 
 TteE ■wife of an American engineer, who spent 
 Gotne years in Bussia, thus describes a village 
 near Moscow : 
 
 "After passing through the crowds of serfs, 
 
 the road 1 y a close high paling, which extends 
 to the next hut. Those allotments being of 
 considerable breadth, a village spreals over a 
 great space of ground. In some p irts of Kus- 
 sia tlie huts have a low imder-story for shelter- 
 ing cattle during Winter. It admits horses, 
 cows, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry. J he 
 flooring is open, and the animal heat from so 
 many bodies, ascending to the inmates above, 
 helps to Iceep them warm. In the Summer the 
 quadrupeds go to the field, and the bipeds 
 above take possession of tlie vacant cellar as 
 the coolest place for the hot weather. A traj)- 
 door admits from above to' tliis ground-floor, 
 and a long sloping board outside, with cross- 
 pieces of wood nailed on it, like the temporary 
 ladders used for building purposes, is the way 
 
 markahle for its vast extent and singular arclA. 
 tecturai ornament of a chariot of victory, drawn 
 liy ei^ht horses, wl^ich are rearing and plimging 
 in all idrecdons. 
 
 Krom the arch over which the group is placed, 
 one of the most pleasing views of the limperor's 
 Winter Palace, and likewise of the adjacent 
 buildin:.^s, may be obtained. In the open spaco 
 belween tlie Elat Major and the Winter Palace 
 stands the column erected to the memory of the 
 late Emperor Alexander— a single shaft of red 
 granite, which, exclusive of pedestal and capi- 
 tal, is upward of eifjhty feet in height. This 
 beautiful monument is the work of Montferrand, 
 the architect of the church of St. Isaac. The- 
 shaft originally measured one htmdrcd and two 
 feet, but it was subsequently shortened to its 
 
 we proceeded- down the hill, crossed a morass 
 which ciused the horses some trouble, and then, 
 over a low wooden bridge, spanning a frozen 
 r.tream, passed to the outskirts of the village 
 cf Evanofsky. The peasants who Mowed list- 
 lessly, sauntering and silent, gradually vanished 
 into their wooden huts. These thatched village 
 huts are so low, that one wonders how such 
 well-gro\vn men stand up in them, e.:pecially as 
 their walls are sunk at all manner of angles off 
 the square. The gables face the street or road ; 
 no doors are visible, but there is a large wooden 
 Cateway next the house, and a small door lead- 
 ing to the dwelling somewhere in the rear. The 
 gateway is for horses, cattle, carts, etc. ; and 
 the allutmeut of each peasant is fenced in from 
 
 A nUSSIAN VILLAGE. 
 
 out into the open air. In some villages, the 
 cattl.e of the peasants are housed in out-build- 
 ings, immediately a'ljoining the low huts, the 
 communication between them bcin^; always 
 open It follows that the men and women and 
 the cattle live very much on the social princi- 
 ple, and have all things in common. 
 
 Hotel (le I'Etat Major, and Alexandrian 
 
 Oolumn, at St. Petersburg. 
 
 The Hold de l' Elat Major, or head department 
 of the army, immediately fronting tlie Winter 
 Palace, is one of the many striking piles of 
 buiklings in the "City of Palaces," and re- 
 
 present dimensions from a fear that its diameter 
 wivs insufficient for so .;;reat a lengtii. The basa 
 and peck^stal are also composed of one enormous 
 blocls. of the same red granite, of the height of^ 
 about twenty- :ive feet, and nearly the sama 
 length and breadth; the capital measures six 
 teen feet, the statue of the angel on the sum- 
 mit fourteen feet, and the cross, seven feet — in 
 all, about one hundred and fifty feet. 
 
 As the whole of St. Peterslinrg is built on a 
 morass, it was thought necessary to drive no 
 less than six successive row-" of piles, in order to 
 sustain so immense a weight as this standings 
 upon so confined a base ; the shaft of the. 
 column alone is comjiuted as weighing nearly, 
 four hundred tons, and the massive pcdesto. 
 
EMPIKE OF RUSSIA, 
 
 
 mt 
 
 TOMB OF QUEEN ANN JAGELLON IN THE CATHEDRAL OP WAESAW, POLAND. 
 

 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONa 
 
 
 tnust materially increase the tremendous pres- 
 sure. The statue was raised in its rough state, 
 and polished after it was firmly fixed on its 
 present elevation. The capital and ornaments on 
 the pedestal were formed from Turkish cannon. 
 On the pedestal is the following inscription : 
 " To Alexander the First— Grateful Russia." 
 
 The eye rests with pleasure on this polished 
 monument ; and in any other city its enormous 
 size would make a greater impression. In St. 
 Petersburg, however, where the eye expands 
 ■with the vast surroiiuding spaces, it is seen 
 under a smaller angle of vision. The place on 
 •which it stands is so vast in its dimensions, the 
 houses around are so high and massive, that 
 even this giant requires its whole one hundred 
 and fifty feet not to disappear. But when the 
 stranger is close to it, and becomes aware of its 
 circumference, while its head seems to reach 
 the heavens, the impressiou is strong and oyer- 
 poweriag. 
 
 RUSSIAN NAVY CADETS. 
 
 Already, however, it is said that a worm is 
 gnawing at this beautiful monolith, and it has 
 likewise received a very sad and offensive rent 
 from above toward the middle. It may be that 
 the stone was at first badly chosen, or that the 
 cold of St. Petersburg will not tolerate such 
 monuments of human art. There are those 
 among the inhabitants who think it a patriotic 
 duty to deny the existence of the rent, which 
 has been artfully filled with a cement of granite 
 fragments. But in the sunshine, when the 
 polish of the rent shows differently from that 
 of the stone — or in the Winter, when the hoar 
 frost forms in icicles on the cold stone, but not 
 ou the warmer cement — the marring line is but 
 too apparent. 
 
 p~»-^ 
 
 The Kremlin, Moscow. 
 
 This celebrated fortress of Moscow is inti- 
 mately associated with the history of the Rus- 
 
 sian Empire, the residence of its ancient czanf, 
 and the heart of its ancient capital. It wa» 
 first built of stone, at the end of the fourteenth 
 century, after having previously existed in a 
 temporary form, and is situated on an eminence 
 at the foot of which flows tho Moskva River. 
 It is surrounded with walls from twelve to 
 sixteen feet thick, and from twenty-eight to 
 fifty feet high, with battlements, embrasures, 
 numerous towers, and five gates ; and forms, 
 with its beautiful gardens, nearly a triangle of 
 somewhat more than a mile in circumference. 
 The Kremlin contains very many cathedrals, 
 churches, monasteries, and some of the finest 
 public buildings and monuments of Moscow, 
 which, together with its commanding situation, 
 its lofty walls, with its colored towers, steeples, 
 and domes, present a peculiar and imposmg 
 aspect. The paved court of the Kremlin is sur- 
 mounted by the walls of tho tower of Ivan Ve^ 
 lekoi (the Great), presenting from its summit 
 
EMPIBE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 363 
 
 « 
 
 Q 
 
 >■ 
 ■§ 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 xo 
 
S64 
 
 THE WORLD'S GRE.IT NATIONS. 
 
 their network around it, and the scene, 
 at a distance, is of a most charming 
 nature 
 
 Vomen of Viatka and of Perm. 
 
 The City cf Peim is situn.ts.l en the 
 riglit hack of the Kama, below tlie con- 
 fluence of tlie Tchysovaia, nine hundred, 
 and fifty miles east by south cf St. Peters- 
 burg. It is built with considerable re- 
 gularity, in straight and spacious streets, 
 r.nd it is the seat of an aichljiphcpric. 
 It has two churches and several other 
 public edifices, surmounted witli spires, a 
 gymnasium, theological seminary, a civil 
 ar.d military hospital, extcneivo copper 
 and iron smelting and lefining works, 
 which give employment to the greater 
 part of the population. 
 
 Tlie inhabitants number about ten 
 thousand. 'I ho wcmen are remarkabla 
 for their grace and taste in dres:s. 
 
 Viatka lies a little to the west of Perm, 
 and is more severe in "Winter, but still is 
 healthy. Agriculture is the principal oc- 
 cupation of the inhabitants. They aro 
 also extensively cultivating woolen and 
 linen manufactures. 
 
 The inhabitants consist of various race* 
 — I'lUssians, Fins, Tartars, Bashkirs, etc. 
 
 The population of Viatka is about; 
 eight thoiisand. It has a fine cathedral 
 and several handsome churches. It has 
 also numerous convents. 
 
 We present the picture cf a lady in h'-v 
 Winter costume. 
 
 WOMEN OF VIATKA AKD OF PEBAf. 
 
 EuEsian Carriages and Sleigh, 
 
 We present our readers with engrav- 
 ings cf Russian vehicles, which illustrate 
 the difference a few years have made in 
 their mode of locomotion. The four- 
 wheeled carriages were i:sed by the nobles 
 a century ago, and were of a very lum- 
 bering build. In "Winter, however, the 
 sleigh or dro^skj' is invariably used by 
 the richer classes, who delight in its rapid 
 motion ; but \vc need not, in America, 
 dwell upon the pleasant excitement of a 
 sleigh-ride, it being familiar to all. 
 
 one of the most remarkable views in the 
 ■world. On a granite pedestal, at its foot, 
 stands the monster bell. In one of the lower 
 stories of the tower is another bell of remark- 
 able weight, and in the other stories are at 
 least forty or fifty smaller bells, all of which 
 are rimg during the whole of Easter week. 
 
 Napoleon, after the invasion of Russia, took 
 up his residence in the Kremlin, September l-j, 
 1812. The place is pointed out in the Terema 
 palace from which he is said to have watched 
 the progress of the fire, which compelled him 
 to leave it on the evening of September 16th. 
 He returned to it September 20th, and finally 
 departed October 10th. 
 
 The coronation of the present emperor took 
 place in t'.io Kremlin, in 1856. Itisregardei 
 ■with considerable interest by all patriotic Rus- 
 sians, who still look with reprrct at the removal 
 ot the ancient Moscow to the modern St. Pc- 
 
 tersDurs. 
 
 A Eussian Post-house. 
 
 The picturesque build- 
 ing represents a post- 
 house in Russia. It is 
 drawn from one on the- 
 high road between Kos- 
 troma and Yaroslav. 
 These are two important 
 cities on the Volga, of 
 considerable antiquity 
 and wealth. Tliey are 
 the great manufacturing 
 towns, and, conse- 
 quently, have a thriv- 
 ing, active appearance. 
 The post-house, where 
 relays are furnished, is 
 there as it was with us 
 in former days. The 
 railways have not spread 
 
 A RUSSIAN POST-HOCSa 
 
EMPIEE 0? RUSSIA. 
 
 3G5 
 
 ^£ii**wis^--" 
 
 Rassian Village Danes. 
 
 - Holiday in the Czar's domains ! After hear- 
 ing Mass, the peasants have gathered near the 
 door of the drinking-shop. Groups of men 
 chat and drink. A musician, seated on the 
 ground, or on a low stool of whitewood, tor- 
 tures the strings of 
 a long-handled banjo, 
 ■which he holds on 
 his knees. The dancer 
 strikes, "first with 
 heel - tap, and then 
 ■with the toes." 
 
 At this moment 
 the lazy instrument 
 scarcely gives forth a 
 few plaintive notes , 
 the dancer seems to 
 deliberate where to 
 set his foot. Wait! 
 the musician rouses 
 up, the notes rush 
 forth, the dancer 
 raises his head, and 
 gambols and gesticu- 
 lates as he keeps time 
 to the music. If there 
 happens to be a girl 
 in the circle around, 
 stout enough to keep 
 Tip ■with him — and it 
 ■will be a wonder if 
 
 THE KKEMI.IN, MOSCOW. 
 
 there is not — he rushes to her, encircles her 
 waist with his right arm, while she seizes his 
 belt in her right, and they dance up and down 
 a straight line in perfect time. Suddenly she 
 bursts away, and dances off in flight ; he pur- 
 sues, nears, grasps her ; she eludes him and 
 dances off, casting him a flower from her head- 
 
 COS8ACK3 DANCING ON A WEDDING-EVE. 
 
 dress. Without losing his step in the dance, 
 he picks this up, and renews his pursuit till 
 he overtakes her, when they begin again to 
 dance their best. Other couples join in this 
 festive sport. The steps are not varied, and 
 the figures are left to the imagination of the 
 dancers, some of them resembling the cotillion. 
 The barrel near at 
 hand supports the 
 samovar, a copper 
 urn for tea, to which 
 the dancers resort 
 for refreshment in 
 (he vigorous amuse- 
 ment, and when the 
 dance has ended, 
 the barrel of whisky 
 serves for a long 
 debauch. 
 
 We must remember 
 that the love of 
 ardent spirits is not 
 the taste of Russia 
 alone, but in all nor- 
 thern countries it is 
 the prevailing habit ; 
 for latitude has a 
 great influence upon 
 the bibulous inclina- 
 tions of a people, 
 the greater cold 
 requiring greater 
 stimulant. 
 
S66 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIOKS. 
 
 The EuESian Church and Clergy. 
 The Russian Churclies differ from the ricman, 
 in making the Holy Spirit proceed from the 
 Father alone, and in denying Purgatory, for 
 which it does not find authority in the Bible. 
 It admits the same number of Sacraments r.s 
 do the Roman, but holds that Baptism should 
 be performed by immersing the whole body 
 t'.iree times in water. Confirmation is admin- 
 istered after the ceremony of Baptism, by any 
 priest, and not as with the Romans, exclusively 
 by the bishops, Transubstantiation is recog- 
 nized in the administration of the Communion 
 as well as in the Sacrifice cf the Mass, without, 
 however, making the Host an object of special 
 •worship. The Communion consists in partak- 
 ing of both bread and wine, the first leavened, 
 
 offering of sacrifice, the reading < f the Gospel, 
 the Kpistle~, the recital of the Tx)rd's Prayer, 
 the Miceno Creed, and other piayeis, aloud 
 wit'.i the congregation, as was practiced by 
 Ciiiysostom, a;id many other primitivj fathers. 
 Preaching is considered as a secondary matter. 
 No instrumental music whatever, but only 
 choral singing, i.i used in the churches ; and no 
 stools, chairs, or benches are allowed. P;iint- 
 ings are admitteJ, but no sculptures of stone, 
 metal, or wood. 
 
 1 I » I ( 
 
 Eussian Carnival. 
 On the morning when thr; carnival is to be 
 celebrated, St. Petersburg would teem to have 
 quadrupled its population during the night.. 
 Not a square but is teeming with figures. 
 
 Czar. What Russian would presume to toncli tt 
 in an irreverent manner? However, to prevent 
 mishaps — they sometimes occur— three or four 
 officials ot tlie pjlice force each of them armed, 
 may be seen following the Czar at a respectful, 
 but by no means too great a distance. Tha 
 crowd keeps out of the way alto. 
 
 The Czar h is passed. The stir and hum of 
 the bubbling crowd comiEei^ces again. But the 
 night is foiling. The g s hiis already been lit, 
 and countless oil-lamps illuminate, one by one, 
 the various stands and booths. No one seems 
 to pause If one man sleeps, another fills his 
 place, ani so it continues through the night 
 and the next day, and the next night, until at 
 last the curtain falls upon the last day of th» 
 week, and the wearied-out thousands that hav» 
 been active during the whole, of that period. 
 
 the second mixed with water. Confession is 
 obligatory j but it may be special or general, or 
 auricular, as the penitent chooses. Extreme 
 TJnction is bestowed not only on the dying, but, 
 •when desired, on persons who are ill to any 
 extent. Predestination is not admitted, nor 
 the transfer of superabundant merits from one 
 einner to another, nor special indulgencies for 
 the dead or living. This Church raises the 
 Virgin above angels, seraphim and cherubim, 
 and lecognizes the worship of saints, relics, 
 aud hcly places. It abounds in holy days, and 
 observes and prescribes more fasts thau the 
 Eomsn Church. 
 
 The liturgy and ceremonies claim to be 
 wrictly conformed to those used in the earliest 
 i.mes et Ciixistiauity, Xlie Musti consists in the 
 
 BAZAR AT ST. PETERSBURG. 
 
 Our engraving shows the bustle and excite- 
 ment necessitated by preparing for the coming 
 holiday. 
 
 All sorts of carriages and vehicles are com- 
 pelled to pass through the nanow tracks, 
 which are the only ones left open to them. 
 
 At a certain hour of the day, the rush to the 
 ice-hills begins. Arrived at the top of one, 
 men and women embark themselves upon the 
 small sledges piovided. Down they go, gaining 
 additional impetus with each second. 
 
 It is understood that, during this holiday, no 
 one notices or knows the Czar, if his imperial 
 fancy ciiooses to mingle with the trowd. Nev- 
 ertheless, no one jostles him. They may run 
 against a chamberlain, or overthrow a prince, 
 but therj is a sanctity in the pcrduu yf the 
 
 The Russian carnival is over. The people 
 have spent their money. They will retire and 
 work for another year, with memory of tliis 
 pleasure, and their anticipation of the next. 
 First, however, they will attend their churches, 
 to thank God for the week's happiness — coarso 
 but thorough as it was— which He has permit- 
 ted them to enjoy. 
 
 **^>^ • 
 
 The Great Bell of Mascow. 
 
 Close to the Tower of Ivan Veliki, in Moscow, 
 and reared on a massive pedestal of granite, 
 stands the mighty bell, justly named " The 
 Monarch " iCzar Ko!okal>. for no other in th» 
 world may dispute its sovereignty. 
 
 It nas tust Liy the comman.l of the Empress 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 367 
 
 ^ Anne, in 1730, and bears her figure, in flowing 
 robes, upon its surface, beneath which is a deep 
 border of flowers. 
 
 The Cxar Kolokal is highly venerated, for the 
 religious feelings of the people were called into 
 action when it was cast, and every one who had 
 a fraction of the precious metal threw into the 
 melting mass some offering of either silver or 
 gold. ^ ' 
 
 The bell has ons great defect — its decorative 
 parts are in low relief, and extremely badly 
 executed. 
 
 THE RUSSIAN ILVKRIAGE CEREMONY. 
 
 The Eomance of a Letter. 
 
 An English merchmt who was resident in 
 St. Petersburg during the Crimean war, pays a 
 high tribute to the moderation and forbearance 
 wliich the Russians displayed toward his coun- 
 trymen under the provocation of the seige of 
 Sebastopol and the blockade of Cronstadt. He 
 gives the following instances of their post-office 
 officials: 
 
 ; "One letter of mine to a friend in Moscow 
 Inclosed a fifty rouble notf . The keen Euseian- 
 
 money-scent was too much for my poor envei 
 ope. As I stood at tlie counter of the St. Peters- 
 burg post-office, sticking on the double-eagl« 
 stamp — price ten kopecks — I felt that I tru* 
 doing a foolish tiling in sending off an nnin- 
 sured letter. I looked suspiciously at the seeav 
 official, luxuriating in a salary of twenty ronblee. 
 a month, who had sold me the stamp, and I aa 
 sure my tell-tale face informed him that 1 wa« 
 passing a money-letter through his hands. 
 When my friend wrote that he received th» 
 empty note, I drove to the poatmaster-genenU 
 
■308 
 
 THE ^OELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE IMI'EBIAL FAMILY SLEIliUINCJ ON THE NEVA, NEAK Br. I'ElliKoliLKO. 
 
 attacked his assistant, whom I found coolly cut- 
 ting his nails, vrith the wrath of an injured 
 man ; and was told by him, as he carefullj- 
 nipped off the corner of the nail of the little fin- 
 ger of the left hand, that it served me right for 
 trying to defraud the Government of the insur- 
 tJS.?.e, and that I was liable to prosecution. 
 
 " On the other hand, I once sent a sum of 
 money to a person in the interior, but this time 
 I insured it, and got a receipt. When it reache.l 
 its destination the man had removed ; in trying 
 to find him the packet traveled to all the Evan- 
 ofifskys in Russia, to Siberia, to Odessa, to Kief, 
 to Karkoff, crossed the Ural Mountains into 
 Asia, and back through all the offs and skys in 
 ■every government of the empire. After having 
 made the tour of the Russian dominions, it was 
 returned to St. Petersburg at the end of fifteen 
 months. But as my friend to whom it was ad- 
 dressed was by that time toasting his toes at an 
 English grate, I presented my receipt, and re- 
 ceived the letter with the money inclosed just 
 as I had put it in. The large envelope was 
 covered, back and front, with the seal of every 
 government-town through which it had passed. 
 From this I could calculate pretty nearly that 
 my letter had traveled thirty thousand miles for 
 f ourpence. It may not be generally known that 
 the Russians had a cheap, uniform postage be- 
 fore us — five kopecks, or two pence, for town 
 letters and letters in one government or 
 county ; and ten kopecks, or fourpence, for 
 any letter all over the empire ; and if the 
 quality as well as leogtb of roads are taken into 
 
 account, and that all the mails are carried on 
 springless carts by horses, and sometimes dogs, 
 deer, and other quadrupeds, when vehicles are 
 impracticable, the cost will appear even less 
 than the celebrated penny-post in England. 
 "I can say, too, for the Russian Post-office 
 officials, that in civility, activity, and business 
 habits, they offer a very striking contrast to the 
 
 officials of any other department of the Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 ' ' Foreign newspapers are obtained through 
 the Post-office only, by paying a year's ad- 
 vance." 
 
 A RCSSIAN NTM. 
 
 Palac3 of Paul I., St. Petersburg. 
 The jmblic buildings of St. Petersburg, and 
 the palaces of the princes and nobles, are mostly 
 in the Roman-Greek style of architecture — that 
 of Paul I., shown in our illustration, being a 
 fine example — having been princij^ally erected 
 from the design of Italian architects, who have 
 had the principal hand in most of the improve- 
 ments of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and have 
 given to the latter more of the air of an Italian 
 city than seems well to befit a climate the in- 
 clemency of which is in the most striking con- 
 trast with that of the bland regions where this 
 style originated, and to which it is adapted. 
 
 The Imperial Theatre of Moscow. 
 This is a noble specimen of modern ar- 
 chitecture, and is situated in one of the largest 
 and finest squares in the world. The fa9ade has 
 a portico of the composite order, surmounted 
 by a magnificent and colossal group of statuary, 
 representing Apollo seated in a triumphal car, 
 drawn by four horses. In the evening, just be- 
 fore the doors of the theatre are thrown open, 
 the portico is illuminated in the most brilliaat 
 manner. 
 
EMPIRE OF BUSSIA. 
 
 369 
 
 tHircassian Ontpost. 
 
 CiucAssiA contains 
 about forty thousand 
 ■square miles of terri- 
 tory ; it occupies all 
 tlie north and part of 
 the south side of the 
 Caucasus, and it is in- 
 tersected throughout 
 by branches of that 
 mountain chain, sepa- 
 rated from each other 
 by deep, precipitous 
 ravines, which, in 
 general, are only wide 
 enough to form the 
 bods of foaming tor- 
 rents, but occasionally, 
 after commencing 
 ■with narrow gorges, 
 spread out into valleys 
 of some extent and 
 great fertility. The 
 highest summits are 
 for nine months in 
 the year covered with 
 snow, some of them 
 never altogether part- 
 ing with this cover- 
 ing. At a lower level, 
 ■where the surface is 
 not Eo precipitous as 
 to Lave no soil for 
 vegetation, m a g n i fi - 
 cent forests, chiefly 
 oak, prevail ; and 
 lower still, grassy 
 slopes appear, suc- 
 ceedeJ occasionally by 
 cultivated fields— the 
 whole uniting to form 
 a scenery which, ac- 
 cording to all ac- 
 counts, is of the most 
 magnificent descrip- 
 tion. The climate is 
 temperate and salu- 
 brious. Agriculture 
 and the rearing of 
 cattle are the only 
 occupations attended 
 to by the mass of 
 the people. 
 
 In domestic lifs the 
 Circassian very much 
 resembles the Turk. 
 His authority in his 
 own house is absolute, 
 but there is the re- 
 deeming feature that 
 polygamy is unknown. 
 
 The Circassians have 
 no annals, and very 
 few traditions ; their 
 early history is almost 
 a blank. The nation 
 was evidently from 
 the East. In personal 
 appearance they are 
 the finest in the world, 
 and are the original 
 stock from which the 
 races now dominant 
 weis derived. 
 
 15 
 
S70 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 In inodem times between the tenth and t'.iir- 
 tdrntli centuries, the ('ircassians l>ecaine subject 
 to the liingdom of Georgia, wiiose Queen, 
 Tamar, is said to liave been instructed in Chris- 
 ti :nity. 
 
 In 1424 they threw off the Georgian yoke, as- 
 serted their indepondance, and not only main- 
 drained it, but extendjd their boundaries so far 
 that they were at la t brought into fierce con- 
 flict witli the Tartars, wlio ultimately prevailed, 
 and made the Circassians their tributaries. In 
 1705 they rose i:gain3t their oppressors, an 1 by 
 a decisive victory gained their freedom. In 
 1781 Kus.sia acquired the Kooban as a frontier, 
 and in 1784 the TurliS built the fort Anapa, and 
 
 ravening' masses. Tl:cy are the terror of the 
 plains, and their depred2,tions involve every 
 year a large sacrifice of human lite. But the 
 hardy Uuss is a mighty hunter amo.jg men, and 
 no danger, present or possible, deters him from 
 braving the hordes of wolves and attacking 
 them in their strength. 
 
 There are many methods of hunting these 
 gaunt beasts, but the one we are about to de- 
 scribe is the most exciting and the most 
 riskful. 
 
 Three or four men place themselves in a 
 sledge drawn by two swift horses, and, choosing 
 some wild, rnow-covered steppe, start across it 
 at tlie full speed of their steeds. One of the 
 
 notwithstanding the thrusts from the fork of 
 the driver, they return again and again to the 
 charge. 
 
 'ihe horses, triinol for the purpose, ne'Uier 
 swerve to the ri^ht nor left, nor relax Uieir 
 speed, but continue a straightforward C( uise. 
 Soon the sledge threatens to be entirely sur- 
 rounded. If, unfc. tun .tely, cne of the steeds 
 should stumble and fa'l, nothing on earth can 
 save horse or man. A f;:\v minutes would suf- 
 fice for the wolves to make clean bone.; ol 
 both. 
 
 This is the exciting moment of the chase. The 
 huntsmen fire right and left into the swarming 
 horde, bringing down one or more at eacli shot 
 
 ihence directed their efforts to stir np the Cir- 
 cassians against the Czar. 
 
 After mjny fortunes, good and bad, Anapa 
 finally fell into the hands of the Russians, and, 
 by the treaty of Adrianoplc, they also acquired 
 all othsr possessions on the coast. 
 
 Wolf-Hunting in Eussia. 
 In the wild, vast, and almost endless plains 
 of Russia, amidst wastes of snow and Arctic 
 cold, the wolves exi.st in countless numbers. 
 They roam in packs, an 1 in seasons of unusual 
 eevodty they congregate ia vast howling and 
 
 A CODRT BECBPTION IN ST. FETEESBUHO. 
 
 party places himself in front as driver, having 
 witliin reach a long, two-pronged fork. Two 
 more, armed with rifles, place themselves in the 
 body of the vehicle, wliile a fourth, standing in 
 the back, hulds aloft a young pig, the squealing 
 of which soon brings the wolves from their 
 lairs. 
 
 At first they follow the track of tlie sledge in 
 scanty numbers, and at a respectful distance, 
 but as they increase they become very daring. 
 From half a dozen they speedily multiply to 
 fifty, tlien to a hun !red, then to a thousand, 
 until at last their red backs, surging on every 
 side, totally obscure the snow. The leading 
 wolves now spnng at the horses' headii and, 
 
 Still the onward course h as furious as e^^'^T, • 
 line of red marking the trail of sle ige and car- 
 rion across tlie plain of snow. 
 
 When the huntsmen have glutted their nppe- 
 tite for slaughter, the driver of the s'edge 
 suddenly brings his horees round, and with 
 undiminished speed cuts through the troop of 
 pursuers. 
 
 Surpris d by this abrupt movement, the 
 wolves hesitate a moment, and lose some few 
 minutes before forming their ranks ; but these 
 few minutes have sufficed ; time has been gained 
 by the huntsmen to a'low the'r i-ledge to get a 
 good advance, and c. few versts place them out 
 of danger. 
 
EMPIKE OF BUSSIA. 
 
 37t 
 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 t-H 
 
 
 g 
 
372 
 
 THE WORLD'3 GREAT NATIOXa 
 
 A Eussian Nun. 
 
 "MoN^vSTic life prevaiLi in HuSDia after the 
 Greek type, but, like evorytliin ^ else, modified 
 bj a government which ia all iu all. Who may 
 entsr, and who may leave ; what t'.wy are t} 
 recjiv'O, an I how to dress, is r.ll laia down by 
 thf- law of t'.)C land. 
 
 Onr nun in the engraving is beating Iha hour, 
 e r.-jbstitute for the bell, and a custom long 
 prcTale.it \:\ Kome Latia convents, having been 
 establishe 1 by a hermit who burie 1 himself in a 
 forest and hung up a board, the striking of 
 Tvuich called him forth to human converse. 
 
 STThere is not much romance about the Russian 
 convents. It is impossible to get up enthusias- 
 
 gird'es, purses, and ot'.ier articles of clothing, 
 and, as a matter of course, church vestments. 
 
 Female Costumes of Orel ejid Eowisk, 
 Bussia. 
 Tie: dress of the ladies and the higher pGr.sant 
 class cf these Russian provinces, as shov.n in 
 our illustration, is striking and picturesque. 
 The physiologists who have been so Ion;; de- 
 iioun.'ing the tight waists of our ladies' attire, 
 would be enraptured at th^ sight cf these 
 dresses, for they are innocent of a waist. Tlic 
 Winter waJking-Jress, and the birdlike, vailed 
 form, with the head- tiring that seems borrowed 
 from Lebanon, are neither of tliem ungraceful, 
 
 final ceremony. All fhe friends of the brid^— 
 that is, of her own sex — assemble at her house 
 in the morning, to work at her bridal outfit. 
 In the evening the young men join them, and 
 seat themselves around the room ; the girls 
 stand together in the middle space. One of 
 them offers a glass of wine cr brandy to one of 
 the young men, and asis his baptismal name, 
 and that of his father. Thej then commence 
 to dance in a circle, mingling the names with 
 their songs, and keeping time with their feet. 
 This dance, though it would seem ridiculous if 
 performed by the best dancers at a fashionable 
 ball, is, as executed by those Cossack girls, at 
 once graceful and natural in its simplicity and 
 eamestneKS. At noon on the wedding-day, all 
 
 ■fac sympathy for the unfortunate fair ones, 
 TThi/TD we may figure to ourselves as shut up by 
 cmol parents, and ready to marry any man on 
 sight, or i-un off without marriage, for the mat- 
 ter of that. There c m bo no such romance 
 about a Eussiiin nun. The fair recluse must be 
 f-.rtv. and must get permission of the synod to 
 «ntei, and then the government liberally allows 
 hsr five dollars a year to live on. leaving her 
 t J work out or beg the rest. They may be 
 eoen sowing and digging tlie scanty convent 
 fidds, repairing the walls ; indeed, a church is 
 pointed out at Niznei Novgorod built by the 
 li.a;id8 of nuns from the ground to the summit 
 of the tower. But their more usual labors arc 
 knitting and woftvinjt stockings, silk and woolen 
 
 PETTT TKADfiBS Ot ST, FKT&BSBUUG. 
 
 the long lines falling easily, and the monotony 
 of outline broken by the overdress. 
 
 There is a lady-Uke absence of ornament 
 which speaks well for the prevailing taste. In 
 the dress of the rich peasant-wife, we find, as 
 we would naturally expect, less of this refined 
 taste, and more simple ornament, subdued so as 
 not to mar the picturesque and descend to the 
 tawdry, 
 
 ■^■•»»- 
 
 A Cossack Wedding. 
 OuK illustration represents the festival on the 
 wedding eve. The nuptial festivities generally 
 commence five or six days before the marriage- 
 day, and continue from night to night, till the 
 
 the guests assemble at the residence of the 
 bride, arrayed in their holiday suits. The 
 young girls surround the bride, arrange her 
 apparel, dress her hair, and wipe away her tears. 
 None speak except in whispers. All are calm 
 and serious. There being such a bewildering 
 superfluity of tirewomen, the toilet of the bride 
 occupies an hour and a-half. The bridegroom 
 takes the hand of his betrothed, and prostrates 
 himself three times before the chief magistrate 
 of the place, who attends on such occasions. 
 The latter holds an image of some saint, 
 which he presents to the yonng couple, and at 
 the same time hands them a dish containing a 
 large loaf of bread ; then the parents of the 
 bride take the image mi the loaf, wi the 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 319 
 
 young coaple arise and kis:; 
 devoutly those consecrLited 
 symbols of religion and 
 abundance. The ceremonies 
 at the churoh are much 
 the same as in other Chris- 
 tian lands, and need not be 
 described. 
 
 The Ohanvans. 
 
 Siberia was as much un- 
 known as America to the 
 ancients, and it lay an un- 
 explored track long after 
 Europe had poured its armies 
 of adventurers and colonists 
 into the New World. Russia 
 pushed a sort of coloniza- 
 tion into Siberia ; and her 
 penal colonies have given it 
 the nucleus of a civilized 
 population, who may one day 
 make its dreary wastes a 
 land of comparative comfort, 
 wherever, araid the barren 
 steppes, an oasis of fertile 
 land appears. 
 
 Now it io the roving ground 
 of savage tribes, who more 
 nearly approach our Indians 
 than any other dwellers of 
 the continent which was the 
 primitive home of our race. 
 
 Any one gazing on the 
 striking picture we give as 
 a type of the Chanvans, one 
 of these tribes, can hardly 
 fail to mistake it for an 
 Indian brandishing his scalp 
 trophies and giving the yeU 
 of triumph as he bounds in 
 joy over his victory. 
 
 A Stag Hunt In Siberia. 
 
 The English traveler, At- 
 kinson, describes the follow- 
 ing scene which took place 
 in Siberia: 
 
 " Two hunters were chasing 
 a stag, and followed him 
 from valley to valley until 
 they arrived at a rocky por- 
 tion of the country. Un- 
 daunted, they kept on, and 
 toward evening liad driven 
 him to a pass, with a pre- 
 cipice upon one side and a 
 deSIe upon the other. Here, 
 while in hot pursuit, they 
 saw the animal hesitate, as 
 though afraid to advance. 
 Supposing that some wild 
 animal barre^l his passage, they kept on, when 
 suddenly two bears leaped out cf the bushes, 
 and joined in the chase of the stag. The 
 poor animal, turning short to one side, leaped 
 the precipice, making a bound of thirty-three 
 feet, and lan-ling upon the summit cf a rcc'.; 
 detached from the principal mass. 
 
 One of the bears attempting to follow him, 
 over-calculating bis strength, fell into the abyss, 
 while the other stopped upon the edge of the 
 
 THE CnANVAUS, A SIBEKIAN TRIBE. 
 
 precipice, growling with rage. Our Cossacks 
 sent him to rejoin his comrade in the heaven 
 of bears, by shooting him. 
 
 A Legend of Siberia. 
 
 Many years ngo, the ostrogs en the banks of 
 
 the Ana'yr Piver were densely packed with 
 
 loyal Cossacks, who possessel thousands of 
 
 reindeer, and cared not whether B:'Jiaon were 
 
 abundant or not in its waters — ^men who hnnted 
 for pastime only, and enriched the chapels c£ 
 Russian priests. The furious Tchuktchi had notJ 
 yet appeared among them, and the men hunted 
 in peace, or roamed with their Vv ives and diil- 
 dren along the winding Anadyr, and followed 
 its course from the headwaters to its confluence 
 with the boisterous gulf beyond. Far down 
 this rixer, wi'.hin several hundred miles of tb« 
 Bay cf Kaachalan, a number of these wandcre* 
 
874 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT KATIOKa 
 
 A ST/G-HUNT IN SIBERIA. 
 
 discovered a site whicli ple.isccl them, and here 
 tliey built their hoices and a fort besides. 
 
 Vv'lieu the Vvinter had frozen the river, the 
 f imilies of the pioneers and numbers of others 
 traveled over the ice in sledges to the near 
 v'.'.l.igc. The name selected for it was Urch- 
 ucteclia. 
 
 But, alack, the life of Urchustecka and the 
 pror^perity of her population were doomed to a 
 short continuance. The swarthy nomad.'i of the 
 great deserts beyond discovered the new ar 
 riv.ils, and the invaders crossed the boundaries 
 sinT besieged the Cossacks. They hoped to 
 Bocnre an abundant harvest of plunder. Flocks 
 of_decr, caches running over with salmon, furs, 
 autl nets, and implemtn's of the chase — all 
 these good things invited the Tchuktchi. 
 
 A war ensiled — a long, slow, disastrous war — 
 but the enemy was superior in strategy, and the 
 Cossacks were in a bad strait indeed. The war 
 vas hardly fought by the brave Cossacks, but 
 their foes jjossessed the advantage, because 
 even in the level snow they made hiding-places. 
 'They fought the fight of the Indian— a fight of 
 n:iibu8cades and massacre. Stubbornly were 
 their encroachments resisted, but inch by inch 
 thej' drove the Cossacks back to the head- 
 vaters of the Anadj'r. 
 
 Another enemy appeared in the Cossack 
 eamp ; it was famiuo ; their flocks were gone, 
 their storehouses despoiled, and their teams set 
 at liV)erty. Sharp-faced children and maidens, 
 Bot less than haggard women and gaunt Cos- 
 jsacJis with bloodshot eyes, betokened the ap- 
 
 pearance of this pitiless scourge. It was worse 
 than famine — it was despair — for with the 
 pangs of hunger was born the resolve to perish 
 rather than yield to their merciless foe. 
 
 This was the state of affairs at Urchustecka ; 
 and destruction the most complete must have 
 overtaken it, but for the bold device of a man 
 who was a favorite with the good spirits 
 above. 
 
 This man was Vasilee Sherepoi". It was 
 
 said that it. sliaidow hovered around his. Head! 
 
 always, antl shielded him from harm. 
 
 While yet an infant, Vasilee, like Moses, of 
 old, was. set afloat on a cradle of reeds, toidrift 
 with the waters wherever fate might ordain. 
 The women ©f an ostrog on the Mine Eiverhad. 
 discovered the waif a.she floated past in his.un^ 
 certain eraft. They took him to their Itomes,, 
 and all irt turn nursed him. A nomad Tungusi,. 
 who hapjjened in the ostrog shortly after;, re- 
 lated that the child was born of a maideni of his 
 tribe, who had been compelled to forsake- her 
 babe, as the i^enalty of her crime — " for,."' said 
 the traveler, " it was said amongst us that a 
 being of a white color was the child's father, | 
 and that he spoke a singular language-"' 
 
 Some said that he came from a place Ueyond, ] 
 whence a large baidarka conveyed himi away. ' 
 The girl's father concluded that it was.tlifi. child 
 of a sprite, and he ordered its destruction.. 
 
 AVith this web of my.stery woven around hia 
 young life, and a singular intelligence^, Vasilee-, i 
 started in the world. 
 
 The Cossacks had learnt to reverence him a& ' 
 a being from another sphere, placed among ' 
 th m as a mark of the Great Spirit's favor. Hia 
 reserved character, too, and mysterious ways, 
 enhanced this superstition. He had encountered 
 the bear of the North in single combat, and 
 with no other weapon than his own right hand 
 he destroyed the monster. When the lapravnic 
 was within the very jaws of death, this Vasilee 
 had effected his cure by miraculous means. 
 
 Within the yourta, too, his accomplishments 
 and superiority were no less marked. 
 
 Sherepoff's life was replete with incident, and 
 by the most simple means he had wrought out 
 wonders. By clever devices he retained the 
 halo of mystery which had shaped his career. 
 He it was who advised the settling of Urchus- 
 tecka. Now that the invaders were at the very 
 threshold, it is not strange that to this man 
 alone every one looked for relief. He had 
 tried every measure to stay the encroachment 
 of the Tchuktchi. 
 
 He had gone to their camps, and held parley 
 with the clilcfs ; and the Tchuktchis, without 
 
 TBWELINO IN laS JlUSBJiN STBFPISS, 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 375 
 
 A WOLF-IIUNT IM RrSSIA. 
 
 themselves knowing wLj', had allowed him to 
 come and go at his own good pleasure, without 
 jnolestiition. 
 
 With despair Sherepoff beheld the flocks de- 
 cimated or captured, and the helpless families 
 around him stricken with hunger, while the 
 enemy rejoiced in plenty. The confidence of 
 his people nerved him to seek assistance from 
 Heaven, and his prayer was answered. 
 
 One night, when matters had arrived at this 
 crisis, and the Cossacks were assembled in the 
 big yourta, discussing their terrible situation, 
 Vasilee entered noiselessly, and removing his 
 fur cap, he shook off the snow, and laid it be- 
 eide the fire to dry. The eager conversation 
 had been silenced upon his entrance, and all 
 ■waited for the speech of the chief. 
 
 But Vasilee Sherepoff was unusually silent 
 that night. He walked over to a comer of the 
 room where the arms were arranged, and 
 selected for himself a bow and a quiver-full of 
 barbed arrows. He then approached the fire, 
 and adjusted the bowstring. 
 
 The Cossacks preserved silence ; but their 
 eyes implored W esplaiiatiou, as Sherepoff 
 
 never carried arms on any occasion. He vouch- 
 safed no explanation, however, but quietly com- 
 pleted his preparations. 
 
 Presently he donned his cap, which had now 
 become dry, and withdrew in the same manner 
 that he had entered. But on reaching the door 
 he turned back, and said to the men who had 
 risen as if to follow him : 
 
 ' ' My brothers, you are anxious to learn my 
 movements ; seek not to know, O Cossacks ; do 
 not follow me ; I know your valor, but I pray 
 you do not follow me. I have spoken with the 
 spirit, and he has revealed his presence to-night. 
 Stay rather in the yourta and make ready, be- 
 cause to-morrow's dawn will see our tribes on 
 their journey to Markova. Betray not the 
 women by deserting them, but await my return 
 in patience." 
 
 Sherepoffs will was law. The Cossacks would 
 fain have followed his footsteps. 
 
 Outside of the yourta all was still — no human 
 being could be seen for miles around. The sun 
 was slowly sailing away from view, while the 
 moon arose in the east and journeyed swiftly 
 toward the sun. The great Anadyr la^ calm 
 
 and glassy in the chill Winter embrace. Tha 
 snow was caked hard upon the river, and 
 glistened under the light of the two great orbs, 
 and the imprints of deer-hoofs were frozen on 
 its surface and presented a perfect mold. Shere- 
 poff moved carefully along, regarding every 
 snow-bank and ice -boulder suspiciously, as 
 likely to conceal a foeman. Thus he traveled, 
 sometimes stopping for several minutes and 
 listening with jealous ear to the wailing of tha 
 breeze, till he arrived at the base of a steep 
 hill. Here the would-be-deliverer of Urchus- 
 tecka halted, and bending down on one knee 
 he gazed over into a hollow hewn out of tha 
 frozen earth, and half concealed by an over- 
 hanging shelf of snow. In the hollow a dim 
 light cast a fUcker over the snow-walls, and 
 clustered around this light were a dozen or 
 more savages. Sherepoff appeared satisfied 
 with the discovery, and retreated swiftly to a 
 boulder near by, which offered a safe retreat. 
 From this hiding-place he gazed eagerly to the 
 eastward, as though he awaited aid from that 
 quarter. The adventurer was conscious of the 
 dangers of to scheme, but a holy pity for hia 
 
37S 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 THE TCnCKTCni NEAH THE COSSACK YOURTAS. 
 
 helpless tribe nerved him to success. Presently 
 the light of the moon shot fieross the flaming 
 track of the setting sun. Vasilee gazed more 
 eagerly than before, but a smile of joy and 
 triumph now flashed over his face. Slowly the 
 giant orbs approach each other, and a singular 
 darkness spread over ice and plain. Still Vasi- 
 lee's gaze fastened on the scene above. The 
 orbs drew nearer and nearer, until a collision 
 seemed inevitable ; but suddenly, from some 
 mknown regions beyond, the Aurora sprang 
 
 between the sun and the moon. Its long, 
 luminous limbs embraced the two, but tliey 
 were drawn closer together in the embrace. 
 
 They seemed within an inch of each other — 
 the giant orbs. The moment had arrived for 
 which Vasilee Sherepoff had waited so long. 
 He now arose and hastened to the aperture in 
 the Tchuktchi's retreat. He then detached a 
 strong barbed shat. from the quiver at his back, 
 and bent his whole body over the hole. The 
 savages detected the shadow across their thresh- 
 
 old, and leaped to their feet 
 as one man. Swift as thought, 
 Vasilee aimed at the foremost, 
 a slight touch of the bow- 
 string, and the leader rolled 
 back in the death-struggle. 
 
 Another followed, and an- 
 other, but presently the sav- 
 ages gained a foothold out- 
 side. They glanced at the 
 daring man who alone attacked 
 a dozen of their number, and 
 their malicious smiles told of 
 the terrible vengeance in stora 
 for Sherepoff. He, however, 
 stood calm and unmoved amid 
 the uproar around him, and 
 silently pointed to the combat 
 above. The savages gazed for 
 an instant, and the next they 
 ■were flat on their faces, rending 
 their hair and howling for 
 mercy. Sherepoff smiled 
 sternly, and offered to stay the 
 convulsion they had witnessed 
 if the flocks were restored to 
 Urchustecka and the inhabit- 
 ants allowed to depart. 
 
 Rapidly the treaty was con- 
 cluded ; the savages would 
 accept any conditions. 
 
 Vasilee raised his head again, 
 and the last ray of the setting 
 sun disappeared. The Aurora 
 lost its vivid tints, and the 
 moon sailed triumphantly 
 through the floating clouds. 
 
 The conquest was complete. 
 TheTchuktchi muttered " Kal- 
 muk " softly, and withdrew in 
 silence to their own camps. 
 
 When Vasilee returned to 
 the yourta he discovered the 
 Cossacks and women straining 
 their eyes on a far distant col- 
 umn of men and women. It 
 was the retreating foe. 
 
 A Finland Farmhouse. 
 After leaving Ofvre Tornea 
 there are no regular post- 
 houses, but the peasants drive 
 to a farmhouse. Here is a 
 description of one ■ 
 
 "A large fire blazed, that 
 made even the great room 
 Tincomfortably warm. Divers 
 trades are going on in different 
 parts of it; in one corner a 
 man was finishing a set of 
 harness ; in another, the runners of a sledge 
 were receiving that peculiar curve that dis- 
 tinguishes them in Finland ; and a number 
 of lasses, with their shoulders troubled with 
 very little clothing, were keeping half a dozen 
 «piuning-wheels in constant motion. 
 
 ■• As soon as they perceived that I wanted a 
 relay, one of the girls put on a little jacket, 
 and, without waiting to button it over her 
 breast, ran to a house a quarter of a mile off to 
 fetch a Horse. 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 377 
 
 "I entered a few houses where there were 
 shelves on each side of the fire, bearing forty or 
 fifty birch pans filled with cream an inch tliick ; 
 and they contrive to make butter the wiiole 
 Winter through. 
 
 " The houses are not dirty, though the rooms 
 »re generally darkened by smoke. In lieu of 
 
 wood, and glazed. They arc themselves indus- 
 trious and well clad." 
 
 Traveling Down the Elvers of Siberia. 
 The great plain of Siberia, extending from 
 the Chinese frontier and gradually descending 
 
 The preparations for descending one of these 
 rapids, or poroga, as they are called, are 
 made with a solemnity which fills the mind 
 with an undefined sense of dread. As soon as 
 the boat arrives near the falls, and the white- 
 crested waves are visible, breaking in spray on 
 the rocks, and overwhelming every obstructioa 
 
 PERILOUS ADVBUniEB OVEB THB CATABACT OF SELO KESCHB.TT, IN SIBEBIA. 
 
 candles, they use laths of fir, planted obliquely 
 in a stand ; these give a cheerful but unsteady 
 light, and require replacing almost every second 
 minute. Although laboring under such disad- 
 vantages, both as regards soil and climate, their 
 state is infinitely preferable to that of the Irish 
 cotters. Their habitations arc roomy, built of 
 
 to the marshes on the shores of the frozen sea, 
 is intersected by numerous rivers, rising in tha 
 Altai mountains, on the southern border of the 
 plain, traversing its extent in a northerly direc- 
 tion. These rivers are remarkable for being 
 cut up by rapids and disfigured by rocks, which 
 makes tlie navigation exceedingly difficult. 
 
 in their precipitate course, the captain cries ou€ 
 Sadiles! (sit still!) The rowers rest on their 
 oars. 
 
 The next order is Moliie Bogo! (pray to 
 God !) on which the crew bow down before th« 
 image of a saint elevated in their sight, and tha 
 pilot pronounces a prayer in a loud voice. Tb9 
 
378 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 A FINLAND FABM-H0U8E. 
 
 oailors immediately resume their position at 
 tlie oars, and at the words Grebile silno ! (pull 
 hard!) strilve with all their Btrength. A deep 
 anxiety takes possession of every one present^ 
 an anxiety which increases as they near the 
 fall.; ; they seem alive ta nothing but tlie dan- 
 ger which lies before tliem — to Ee3 nothing but 
 boiling water — to hear nothing but the voice of 
 the waves. 
 
 The pilot stands at the prow, holding in his 
 hand a white handkerchief, with which he sig- 
 nals to those on tlie poop when tlie sound of 
 his voice is lost in the roar of the falling 
 waters. Four men stand at t'.ie helm, prepared 
 ta obey instantly tlie first signal. When the 
 fall is unusually dangerous, two or more of the 
 crew manage an oar, at the decisive moment, 
 rapidly turning the prow of the boat i:i the 
 direction of the current: a turn in the wrong 
 direction, and every soul on board must perish. 
 
 Suc'.i is a general description of the perils 
 suffered by travelers in this distant country, 
 which are brought more vividly before us by a 
 letter from a correspondent, recently in Siberia. 
 Among other things he says : 
 
 " I floated down one of these rivers in a boat 
 resembling Noah's Ark, the vast proportions of 
 this unwieldy vessel increasing my anxiety ; 
 but a day's peaceful navigation gave me time 
 to recover myself. Finally, however, I beheld 
 the great waves: the oars were lifted ; the boat 
 was borne on the current ; the rapidity of its 
 motion increased every moment ; the tumult 
 of the wavej was deafening ; every nerve in 
 the body was affected ; the sjnsation was 
 indescribable. 
 
 " I flew over the waves ; the waters ceased to 
 bellow ; the pilot descended to the prow, 
 turned his face towards us, and in a cheerful 
 voice called out to the priacipaj sam oa board, 
 
 ' I give you joy, my lord ;' he paid a similar 
 compliment to the captain, and we all exclaimed 
 together, ' God be praised !' and the profound 
 silence which had prevailed amongst us in tlie 
 moment of danger was broken by a loud and 
 joyous shout. 
 
 " Such an expression of feeling was but natural 
 after so temble an adventure had been accom- 
 plished with safety. The descent of a jmrog 
 in one of these ark-like contrivances, is incon- 
 cievably exciting. You descend, as it were, 
 between two perpendicular walls of rock, with 
 a celerity which can be compared to notliing 
 but the MoTiiagne Riisse on a gigantic scale. 
 
 The peril of the:5e descents is less where the 
 water is deep and unbroken by rocks ; but 
 where the waters are shallow, and rocky points 
 abruptly rise in close proximity, and lie perdu 
 beneath the foam a:id spiMy, the danger of the 
 passage can hardly bo over-estimated. 
 
 " On the morning of the Gth of June I sent 
 to Bratzkei one of my Cossacks, with a letter 
 for the Governor-General, requesting that the 
 number of my men might bo increased by eight. 
 The Pilot of Padinakoi, a venerable old man 
 with white locks, camo on board, and we con- 
 tinued our route. For about nine hours we 
 descended Poehelemie, and in an hour after- 
 wards had cr.)ssed the rapids of Pianoi, with 
 the customary ceremonial. 
 
 "Next day we approacliel Padun, the fall 
 par excellence. The pilot and captain declared 
 that we needed a more favorable wind and a 
 calmer water for the descent of thft terrible 
 cascade ; that our difficulties were increased l>y 
 two rocks placed at a short distance only from 
 each other, and between which it was necessary 
 we should pass. AVe cast anchor on the left 
 hank of the river, where we escaped in some 
 de£;rug from the violence of the current, Qu 
 
 the day after I went ashore. The little island 
 where I pitched my tent was covered with ver- 
 dure and folia3:e, refreshed by the showers of 
 the preceding day ; the landscape, lighted by a 
 brilliant sunshine and backed by a sky of 
 intensest blue, presented a scene fully as 
 delightful as could b? aiforded by the favored 
 regions of the earth. The deep silence that 
 reigned in the wood was only broken by the 
 rustle of the foliage, as f omo serpents, alarmed 
 at my approach, glided away and hid them, 
 selves imder the withered leaves of the preced- 
 ing Autumn. The solitude in which X found 
 myself sent my (hougl;ts homeward ; I felt the 
 sorrow of separation ; but it was one of those 
 moments of sweetened nie'.ancholy when, by 
 the beauties of nature and its calmness and 
 grandeur, the heart is sootlied and comforted, 
 and feels that peace within wliich it would not 
 barter for a monarch's diadem. 
 
 ' ' In Siberia, as well as in Norway, it is still the 
 practice to burn the grass under the trees, for 
 the purposo of improving the next year's crop. 
 Under the l)ranches, therefore, the soil presents 
 a peculiar appearance, bein? covered with a sort 
 of very fine reJ sand. Tliis sand contains small 
 quantities of quartz, and, it is believed, gold- 
 dust, as it is exactly similar to that of the 
 Ural Mountains. For a distance of several 
 verets, the rocks, formed by horizontal beds of 
 sandstone, present a jierpendicular wall to th« 
 river. The bed of the torrent offers, there is 
 no doubt, a valuable le: on to the mineralogist, 
 as the banks contain innumerable pebbles, 
 agates, wliite as milk, and as large as an 
 ostrich's egg ; other stones, of different colors, 
 beautifully veined ; in a word, an infinite 
 variety, the exact scientific value of which is 
 yet to be ascertained. 
 
 "When I returned on board I was apprised 
 the popoB, the captain and tlie two pilots 
 were of ttie opinior. that we should attempt the 
 passage of the Padun. I wint into my cabin, 
 packed up my instrum'—.ts, together with a 
 rouleau of notes, and armed myself with a 
 poinard, which I thought might be useful in 
 the event of shipwreck. I was interrupted in 
 my preparations by Gustave, my interpreter ; 
 he came to tell me that the pilot refused to take 
 the boat over the falls, unless the master would 
 give him a blesiang. Gustave showed me how 
 this ceremony must be accomplislied. I made 
 the sign of the cro.ss on the oM man's forehead, 
 and he was then quite satisfied. The sailors 
 demanded the image of their saint, but in tha 
 confusion it was impossible to find it. 
 
 GLOVKI AHB WOODEN SPOON OF A RCSSIAM 
 fOSIlLLION. 
 
EMPIEE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 379 
 
 "The boat during this time had been put in 
 motion ; the ol 1 pilot with his white locks, 
 stood immovable at the prow ; one of my 
 SJrvanls held in his hand a white cloth to serve 
 as a sign;! ; a lishcrmin stuod at the rudder ; 
 and the crew went to prayers. The silence was 
 deep and solemn ; there was something death- 
 like in the scene. We approached the falls ; 
 the white spray was around us ; we were in the 
 midst of the boiling flood. The sun shone oa 
 us, and the moon appeared on the horizon. 
 Suddenly the keel cf our boat grated on the 
 rocks ; at one stroke we were stopped in the 
 very midst of the precijtitate torrent. The 
 ierror had something awful in it, as the sailors 
 
 should steer to the right, the other to the left. 
 The question w.is soon decided, and with a 
 cheer that rent the air, we passed close under a 
 black rock that threatened us on the right. At 
 the same instant another rock was seen to the 
 left ; this was also passed with sifety. We had 
 weathered the falls ! The old pilot quitted the 
 prow ; the terror which had strained our eyes 
 was over, and the blood came back to cheeks, 
 which, a few moments before were pale as 
 death. ' Slava leba, Bogu!' (God be praised) 
 was heard from every tongue ; and we warmly 
 congratulated each other on our safety, as men 
 only can who have shared a common danger. 
 ' ' I afterwards descended a longer but less dan- 
 
 Siberian Convicts. 
 
 Immediately after condemnatith all prisoners 
 are hurried off to some one of the headquarters 
 of the Ivussian empire, where, a large number 
 being assembled, they are classed according to 
 their sentences, whether of simple transporta- 
 tion (possilenii), or of hard labor in the pullio 
 works (kalorga). Thus classified, they are told 
 off into gangs of a hundred at the least, and ol 
 two hundred and fifty at the greatest computa- 
 tion. The gangs thus formed then separate for 
 Siberia, and the time which is spent on the road 
 is one of the greatest elements of suffering ic 
 thoir painful lot. 
 
 SIBERIAN CONVICTS WITH COSSACK OCARD. 
 
 glanced around them on the whirling waters, 
 and t'.ie waves beat with frightful violence on 
 this new obstacle in their course. • Pul! — pull 
 h.ird !' roared the captain. The men fell to 
 work vigorously, and the oars were plied 
 heartily enough. We moved — but so trilling 
 was 'hat movement, that our case seemed 
 utterly hopeless. The oars dipped again and 
 again ; ' a long pull, a strong pull, and a pul! all 
 together,' and we were out again on the torrent, 
 borne onward with irresistible impetuosity. At 
 this critical moment a misunderstanding arose 
 between the old pilot at the prow and the fish- 
 orman in the poop — the one of opinion that we 
 
 gerous cataract — that of the Seh Keschemy 
 which is upwards of a Norwegian mile in 
 length. The peculiar character of the Siberian 
 rivers varies very considerably at different parts ; 
 sometimes they are encumbered by a redun- 
 dancy of vegetation ; sometimes blocked up by 
 masses of ice ; in some places rendered particu- 
 larly dangerous by rocky points and small 
 islands. As most of these rivers pass through 
 a desolate waste, and have their embrochure in 
 a frozen sea, they have never been thoroughly 
 explored, and the survey ordered by the Russian 
 Government is very incomplete, even with 
 respect to the great river Yenisei ' ' 
 
 For exampx, to go from Kiow tu Tobolsk re- 
 quires a long year ; and if the gang has a 
 further destination (say the mines of Nertchinsk, 
 in the government of Irkoutsk), the journey 
 will take moro than two years. 
 
 Criminals condemned to hard labor are placed 
 under a stronger escort, and under a more severe 
 watch th m those who are simply deported, and 
 they generally form a brigade by themselves. 
 These caravans always travel in the following 
 order: 
 
 In front rides a Cossack at a walk, completely 
 armed, and with a lance in his hand ; after him 
 come men, either singly or chained togetbei bj 
 
380 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT KATIONa 
 
 hands and feet ; these are followed by twenty, 
 all fastened at the wrists to long iron rods ; the 
 next are fettered in the same way, with their 
 feet chained in addition, hut the women do not 
 wear any irons. On hoth sides of the ganp; 
 march soldiers with loaded arms, while some 
 Cossacks ride up and down. After the prisoners, 
 and in the first carriage, one may see the officer 
 in charge, with his head down, and smoking his 
 pipe ; the other carriages bring the baggage and 
 the sick, who wear a collar by which they can 
 be chained to a pole fixed in the vehicle. 
 
 A mournful silence reigns in these groups, 
 and it is only broken by the dull noise of their 
 chains. Thus none of these unhappy creatures 
 can stir in his sleep without awakening com- 
 piwiions fastened to the same V>ar, and indeed 
 without causing them sharp pain, -f the move- 
 ment should happen to be a rough one, as often 
 is the case in sleep. 
 
 At the times for halting and eating, the 
 prisoners are huddled together in a circle, while 
 the foot soldiers watch them, and the Cossacks 
 stray round them on horsebick. 
 
 The column walks for two days and rests on 
 the third ; and for this purpose, beyond Nijni- 
 Novgorod, where the villages are few and far 
 between, houses havo been constructed to 
 
 TARTAR WOMEN OP KAZAN. 
 
 shelter the gangs, at distances calculate 1 to suit 
 the recurrence of these days of rest. 
 
 These buildings, long and low (for they are 
 only one story high), extending in the middle of 
 wide and desert plains, and only inhabited at 
 intervals, are calculated to leave a strange im- 
 pression. Military stations are also established 
 at unequal distances along the route from Kiow 
 to Smolensk and even to Nertchinsk. In each 
 of these stations is to be found an offirer with a 
 number of soldiers sufficient to replace the escort 
 which arrives. The officer is in all cases respon- 
 sible for the prisoners, and has over them a 
 perfectly discretional power. He may punish 
 them with the bastinado, the rods, and the 
 plite; and abuses are, as maybe supposed, in- 
 evitable, though, to the honor of humanity, it 
 must be said that very many of these officer;, 
 far from making a crnel use of their dictaorship, 
 often show themselves full of care .and compas- 
 sion for the unhappy beings whom they are 
 obliged t ) conduct. 
 
 At time:; of severe co'd or of r.ny great flood, 
 the cohmns are obli -ed to stop at any station 
 where they may happen to be. These expedi- 
 tions are sent off in such a way that every week 
 one gang enters Tobolsk as another leaves it to 
 continue its march. At Tobolsk sits what ij 
 
 called the Commission of Deportation, whose 
 business is to assign a definitive destination to 
 each man, according to local convenience, or 
 the necessities of the public works. It has beea 
 calculated that the number of transported per- 
 sons amounts every year to a little short of tea 
 thousand. 
 
 The Bazar at St. Petersburg 
 
 Is an enormous circular building, containing 
 
 nine hundred and thirteen shops, provided with. 
 
 all classes of wares. Tlie building is fire-proof. 
 
 The staircase and railings are of iron, and tho 
 
 doors and gratings of bronze. The shops are all 
 
 sliut at the close of the day, and neither fire nor 
 
 light is permitted within the walls. The clerks 
 
 are either paid a fixed salary or are allowed a 
 
 percentage on profits. They are, usually, mea 
 
 of liberal education and acquainted with several 
 
 languages. 
 
 > « ♦ ) < • 
 
 A Marriage Ceremony, 
 An American lady thus describes a marriagA 
 
 which she witnesse;! : 
 
 " A small temporary altar was brought oat 
 
 into the body of the chapel, and the wedding- 
 
EMPIRE OF EUSSIA. 
 
 381 
 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 Q 
 
 
 I 
 
382 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 party moved from the high altar and stood 
 before it. The priest places himself on the right 
 hand cf Viatcheslar, and the paranymphs being 
 immedi.-.tcly lehind thera, ho held over the 
 head cf each a gilt crown ; gilded tapers were 
 then lighted, and put into t';e hands of bot'.i 
 brice and bridegroom; the bridesmaids stooj 
 near them, but the four paranymphs were their 
 real attendants. 
 
 "A cup of wine was now presented to the 
 espoused cou[.le, from which they drank three 
 times. Joyous chants then tilled the air, and 
 made Vera's heart be^t, especially when she and 
 Viatcheslav, having their hands tied together 
 
 Traveling on tlie Steppes. 
 The Winter of the Russian steppe, in inten- 
 sity of cold, frequently surpasses the severest 
 seasons known on the shores of the Baltic ; and 
 the cutting blasts from the North, sweeping 
 huge masses of snow into the Black Sea, often 
 cover it witii a thick coating of ic for many 
 leagues from the shore. Xhe steppe, accord- 
 ingly, participates in all the severity of a Rus- 
 sian Winter, but enjoys few of the advantages 
 which to the Norihern Russian go far to 
 redeem the intensity of the cold. In Nortliem 
 Russia, and even in the Ukraine, the snow 
 
 the snow in a constant state of agitation, and 
 pje vent it from ' ■ caking' ' on the ground. The 
 snow, in consequence, never uniformly covers 
 the steppe, but seems to lie unequally scattered 
 over it in drifts, according as the wind may 
 waft it abv,ut. 
 
 Vv'licn the snow mcUs en the steppe, the 
 Spiing may be said to commence, 'ihij usually 
 take! place in April, but May is someti-iits f.r 
 advanced before the mass of water has had 
 time to find its way into tlie rivers. During 
 this "melting season," the whole surface of the 
 steppe is converted into a sea of mud, through 
 which neither man nor beast can wade without 
 
 with a silk handkerchief, were conducted by the 
 priest three times round the little altar, the ir 
 par.anymphs following them, and bearing their 
 crowns an 1 tapers behind them. 
 
 "A veiy soft, joyous chant accompanied this 
 part of the ceremony, which constitutes the 
 positive binding; together of man and wife, in 
 the name of the Blessed Trinity. 
 
 " A Bible was now presented to the newly- 
 married pair to kiss. This being done, they 
 were unti-d, solemnly ble.«5ed, and, the great 
 event over, the whole company returned to 
 the:r homes." 
 
 WOLF HTNTING IN RUSSIA. 
 
 remains on the ground during the greater part 
 of the Winter, and the sledges quickly wear 
 the surface of the road into a smooth mass of 
 ice, over which the heaviest goods may be 
 transported with a speed and facility surpassed 
 only by a railway. 
 
 The Russian, therefore, usually prefers the 
 Winter months, not only for traveling, but also 
 ffir the conveyance of heavy gootls from one 
 place to another. 
 
 To the denizen of the steppe this natural rail- 
 road is unknown. The storms that prevail 
 throughout the greater part of the Winter keep 
 
 positive danger. Through every ravine rushes 
 a torrent of the dirtiest water that can well be 
 imagined, and about the dwellings of men the 
 accumulated filth of the Winter is at once ex- 
 posed to view, by the disappearance of the snowy 
 mantle that, for a season, had charitably cov- 
 ered a multitude of sins. 
 
 Tliis operation is frequently inteirupted by 
 the return of frost and the descent of fresh 
 masses of snow — for there is no country, per- 
 haps, where Winter makes a harder fight for it 
 bef.ire he allows himself to be beaten out of the 
 field. When, at last, boisterous old Hyems has 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 383 
 
384 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 supply their place vy an ingenioiis 
 device. A Lapp's trowsers reach 
 hia ankles, and he puts into the 
 shoes, so as to enfold the feet and 
 ankles, a kind of grass, the caret 
 acuta, which they cut in Summer, 
 dry, rub down, and afterward card 
 and comb. Thus defended, he 
 never suffers from the severest cold. 
 A Lapp never has chilblains. They 
 use -the grass also to fill their 
 gloves. 
 
 The women wear dark woolen 
 robes, sometimes ornamented with 
 silver trimmings. 
 
 The Lapps on the sea-coast are 
 permanent in their abodes, but the 
 mountain Lapps are nomadic, driv- 
 ing their herds of reindeer from 
 Swedish territory to Russian with 
 very little ceremony. 
 
 The sketches we give, taken 
 from life by G. Janet, a French 
 artist, show one Lapp on his sleigh, 
 another returning from a hunt on 
 Bnow.shoes, which are different from 
 the raquotte, or Canadiin snow- 
 shoes. 
 
 The attire of the women will be 
 noticed, with the curious mode of 
 disposing of the rising generation. 
 
 A LAPLAND FAMILY. 
 
 really been forced to beat his retreat, a most 
 delightfiJ period of the year succeeds, and the 
 steppe, covered with a beautiful and luxuriant 
 herbage, smiles like a lovely oasis between the 
 parched desolation of the Summer and the 
 dreary waste of the Winter. The whole earth 
 seems now clad in the color of Hope, while the 
 sky assumes that of Truth ; and though it is 
 certainly monotonous enough to behold nothing 
 but the blue above anl green below, yet the 
 recollection of past hardships, and the conscious- 
 ness of present abundance, make the season one 
 of rejoicing to the native, and even excite for a 
 while the admiration of the stranger. The 
 latter, however, is certain, before long, to grow 
 weary of a Spring unadorned by a single flow- 
 ering shtab, unvaried by a single bubbling 
 brook. 
 
 The Laplanders. 
 
 The Laplanders, now reduced to some eleven 
 thousand, form, with the Esquimaux, the only 
 connection between Europe and America. TTie 
 Lapps are of low stature, seldom exceeding four 
 feet nine inches in height, but of great strength, 
 hardy, and active. They havj large heads, wide 
 mouths, prominent cheek-bones, long-pointed 
 chins, small, obliquoly-placed eyes, a swartliy 
 complexion ; long, dark, glossy hair, but a thin 
 beard. Their precarious life is detrimental to 
 health, and they very seldom reach the age of 
 fifty. 
 
 The dress of the Lapps is seen in our illustra- 
 tion. That of the men consists of a sheepskin 
 coat, tight leather or woolen trowsers, reindeer 
 boots, and a cap. They wear no stockings, but 
 
 Fisherman's Hut in Lapland. 
 Four nations now inhabit Lap- 
 land — the true Lapps, Swedes and 
 Norwegims, Finlanders and Rus- 
 sians. The original Laplanders 
 now occupy only the more sterile 
 inland parts beyond the Polar 
 circle. Their number docs not 
 exceed seven thousand, and they 
 are divided into those who live on 
 the produce of their herds of rein- 
 deer and the fishing Lapps, who 
 are mostly dispersed among the 
 lakes and along the banks of the 
 rivers in Russian Lapland. The 
 number of the Swedes and Nor- 
 wegians is very considerable, and 
 they subsist for the most part on 
 the produce of agriculture. The 
 true Lapp is almost as much a 
 sivage as the ancient Scythian, 
 and is easily recognizable by his 
 dwarfish stature, broad cheek-bones 
 and coarse features — the originals, no doubt, 
 of the elfs, trolls, and dwarfs of Northern 
 Mythology and Eddas. 
 
 This fisherman and his pretty wife are evi- 
 dently only Swedish settlers in Lapland. Be- 
 sides the physical superiority of this youivg 
 couple, there are the conical head-dress, tht 
 bag, worsted balls, and various artich s of the 
 chatelaine or "housewife" hanging from the 
 girdle of the woman, and other points of detail 
 which will be identified as Swedish. The rein- 
 deer dog is, of course, common in all these high 
 Is titudes. 
 
 We might, from the vagueness of our know- 
 leilge, imagine that the Lapps passed a miserable 
 existence, especially during the long and dreary 
 Winter. But we should, as all experience tendf 
 to show that happiness is pretty equally dis- 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 385 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 <=! 
 cc 
 H 
 O 
 
386 
 
 THE WORLDS OBEAT NATIONS. 
 
 tributed, in all probability find that they are 
 not more, or so much, perhaps, to be pitied as 
 the reeidents of Fifth Avenu3. Tlie ties of 
 rela'.ionship are tlie more tender and deli^'htful 
 in proportion as the family is cut off from the 
 r3st of the world ; and there are the indoor 
 amusementi, the story of adventure, and the 
 ■wild Scandinavian tales, legends and songs, to 
 ■whil:) away the time round the cheerful Winter 
 fire , not to speak of the grand aspect of nature 
 and the sublime phenomena incidental to the 
 cibaate 
 
 At all events, our poor fisherman seems to be 
 contemted with his pipe, his Het-making, his 
 
 FISHERMAN S HOT IN LAPLAND. 
 
 you g wife, and his baby ; 6ur lady readers will 
 
 say we ought to have put the last first. As for 
 tlie pretty mother, with her infant in its birch- 
 bark cradle, swithed like an Italian bam'iino, 
 with her foot on the has.sock to get purchase 
 for swinging it ti sleep, we have seldom seen 
 maternal felicity more happ'ly expressed. 
 
 The climite is, of course, extremely cold, the 
 frosts between November and March being very 
 intense, and in the northernmost part of tlie 
 country the ground is covered with snow three- 
 fourths of the year. After the short Sprini, 
 which lasts only a fortnight, the heat of Rum- 
 mer in July and August is, however, very great. 
 
 Tlie days at this period, in the most Southeru 
 districts, last nineteen or twenty hours ; in the 
 Northern, several weeks; and in the extreme 
 North there is day for three months. 
 
 "Winter Amusement. 
 One of the most popul ir Winter amusement* 
 of St. Petersburg consists in skimming up and 
 down on the artificial esplanades (that are there 
 prepared), on sleds. The participants in this 
 sport start from the top of a descending esplan- 
 ade, and gaining sufficient momentum before 
 reaching the bottom, ascend to the top of the 
 
EMPIRE OF RUSSIA.' 
 
 38/ 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 IS 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 
S88 
 
 TEE WORLD'S GKEA.T NATIONS. 
 
 next without difficulty. On a clear, bright day 
 many spectators assemhle to look upon this 
 lively diversion. 
 
 <i^i > 
 
 An Adventure in Eussia. 
 "Whirlkjo over the snow, througli the wood, 
 the stem and cold magiiitioence of the scene 
 p.TSsed all powers of description. It was evident 
 from the division of trees that we were follow- 
 ing some known track, though it was sometimes 
 6j narrow and circuitous that we wore often in 
 danger of collisions with the trunks of old oaks 
 and their branches. 
 
 " Shall we try the pig as a decoy?" I said to 
 Saunderson. 
 
 " By all means." 
 
 Tiie pig war dragged from under the seat, 
 where he had lain very quiet, and, by dint of 
 pinching his tail, was made to perform a solo of 
 pig music, with variations, wliich resounJed for 
 miles through the stillness of the forest. 
 
 For some time we could discern no wolves ; 
 but at length we caught sight of two skulking 
 among the underwood, in a parallel line with 
 our path, but at a respectful distance. Although 
 we kept up the decoy music, they were shy of 
 approaching within shot. 
 
 position, put new zeal into his music. The 
 wolves left the cover with springs and jumps, 
 an 1 soon approached the poor pig, who was im 
 no greater danger than ourselves. 
 
 As they were on the point of springing on the 
 bag — in fact, one of them had made the jump 
 —a sign caused the driver to move on with his 
 horses, thus pulling the prey out of their reach, 
 and setting them both wondering what this 
 could mean. The wonder did not last long, for 
 the wolves distinctly had smelt pork, and they, 
 no doubt, meant to dine on it. 
 
 They again approached the bag, and the bag 
 again receded, while the most vociferous &ni 
 
 ^ow and then we emerged from the trees into 
 n wide open of, perhaps, one or two hundred 
 ncres, with here and there a magnificent oak, 
 CDvered with hoary foliage, towering in soli- 
 tary grandeur. 
 
 In Summer, these opens have the appearance 
 of parks, artificially laid out, surrounded by 
 dark forests on all sides. The driver was never 
 at a loss. 
 
 "I know these trees, baron. There is no 
 danger with such angels of horses. Noo ! noo ! 
 Step out, my deam. We shall soon get among 
 the wolves. I think I see their marks. 
 
 SKATINQ IN LAFLAKD. 
 
 One end of a long, white cotton rope was 
 then attached to the mouth of the pig's bag, the 
 other end to the back of the sleigh, and, as we 
 slowly turned a bend in the track, the bag was 
 dropped behind. 
 
 We slackened pace, and, as the rope ran out, 
 the pig became, of course, stationary. When 
 the rope was all run out, we relaxed our speed 
 to watch the result, taking our station about 
 two hundred yards from the pig, behind a tree, 
 with our eyes on the place where we had last 
 seen the two wolves. 
 
 The pig, meantime, finding himself in a new 
 
 resounding shrieks proceeded from the pig 
 inside. 
 
 The wolves made a furious run, and again the 
 driver gave reins to his horses till he had pulled 
 the pig nearly on a line with the place where 
 Saunderson and I were standing, the wolvee fol- 
 lowing with tongues out and glaring eyes. 
 
 Both rifles went off at the same moment, and, 
 strange to say, only one wolf rolled over. We 
 had both fired into one. 
 
 The other wolf sprang for cover, b«t was 
 stopped and brought to l)ay by the three dogs, 
 who very soon made an end of him, receiving In 
 
EMPIEE OF RUSSIA. 
 
 3S9 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 O 
 CO 
 
 a; 
 
 IS 
 
 IS 
 o 
 
 
 or 
 
 CO 
 
390 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 iTie struggle a few sharp bites from his strong, 
 ii^ly tooth. 
 
 This method of decoying wolves is common 
 in that part of the country, and it is not unat- 
 tended with danger, for, in case of a large pack 
 being attracted, nothing but fleet horses can 
 save the hunters. We had this advantage, 
 besides rifles and dogs, and were prepared for 
 'as many wolves as might show themselves. 
 I " Do you hear that ?" said Saundorson, as an 
 .'unmistakably howling yelp was borne to us on 
 the wind. " We have only killed the advanced 
 guard ; the pack is iu full cry. Be quick ; fetch 
 in the pig, and let us drag these two wolves be- 
 . hind the sleigh." 
 
 horses, and pull up very gradually when I cry 
 
 'Stop!'" 
 
 "I hear." 
 
 A detachment behind were now coming up. 
 
 " Slower, Mattvic." 
 
 "I hear." 
 
 We got on our knees on the seat of the 
 sledge, with our faces to the apiiroachiug wolves, 
 about fifteen in number ; we rested our rifles on 
 the back, and, as the wolves came up, Saunder- 
 son said : 
 
 " Now, take one on the left, and I'll take one 
 on the right, and. as soon as you see their teeth, 
 fire." I 
 
 "Stop, Mattvic." I 
 
 We went more and more slowly, and at length 
 
 stopped altogether and waited; but no mora 
 
 wolves came up. 
 
 «.«.«». 
 
 Aurora Boreal s at Spitzbergen. 
 Here other lights replace the moon ; the 
 aurora borealls, clear or faint, nightly meet the 
 view of the observer. Now tbey are simple 
 gleams or luminous plates, now rays quivering 
 with brilliant white, crossing the firmament 
 from the horizon, as if drawn by an unseen 
 pencil. Sometimes tbey stop, the uufiuLshed 
 rays do not reach the zenith, but the aurora 
 continues at another point. A cluster of rays 
 appears, opens fan-like, and vanishes. Again 
 
 AUUOKA BOKEAl.IS f^hli.S A I i:i)SSKK()l', JANl-AKV i;, 183'.). 
 
 We tied the rope round the neck of each wolf, 
 and dragged both as fast as jaossible, secured the 
 dogs iu the sleigh, and jumped in ourselves. 
 Then, off we sped again, wolves by this time 
 visible on each side of us and behind us. We 
 soon found we could sustain a pace of three feet 
 to their two, and this cleared ixs of all risk. All 
 we had to do was to prevent their getting ahead 
 of us. Having reloaded our empty barrels and 
 lighted our cigars, we kept watch on either 
 side for a good shot; but it is not easy to 
 get a good shot in a running sleigh, unless the 
 object be stationary, large, and near. 
 
 "Mattvic, go slower; keep your eye on the 
 
 Gradually the sleigh came to a stand. The 
 wolves were by this time within twenty yards of 
 us, and we could see their grinning and sharp 
 grinders, and the light in their fiery eyes. 
 
 '•Are you ready? Fire! Twodown. Again! 
 The other barrel. Heady ? Fire ! Other two 
 down. Drive on, Mattvic, slowly ; it will take 
 them some time to consider of that." 
 
 The wolves all stopped, and seemed to gather 
 round their fallen friends. A turn in the wood 
 hid them from view. Even our enemies on the 
 right and left flanks paused at the xinexpected 
 reports of the guns, and allowed us to proceed 
 without molestation. 
 
 golden draperies float above you, waving as if 
 agitated by the wind. They are, apparentlj-, 
 but a short distance above you, and you wonder 
 not to hear the folds brush against each other. 
 Generally a luminous arc appears in the north ; 
 a dark segment divides it from the horizon, 
 setting out the clear white or brilliant red arch, 
 which diCFuses its rays, extends, divides, and 
 soon becomes a luminous fan, covering the 
 whole sky, grar'-ially ascending to the zenith, 
 there to unite -n a crown, which then scatters 
 its pencils of licht in every direction. Then th9 
 heavens seem a cupola of fire ; blue, green, red, 
 yellow, white, play in the rays of the aurora. 
 
EMPJKE OF KUSSIA. 
 
 391 
 
 WATRRFAUi OE KVARNARARFOSS. IN ICELAND. 
 
S9S 
 
 im 
 
 This brilliant spectacle lasts but a moment ; 
 the crown ceases to dilluse its rays of light, unl 
 gradually dims ; a diffused light fills the sky ; 
 here and there luminous plates, like tiny clouds, 
 expand and contract with incredible rapidity, 
 like a palpitating heart. They, too, soon pale 
 and vanish. The aurora seems in an agony ; 
 the stars, obscured by its brilliancy, shine forth 
 Trith new lustre, and the long Polar night, deep 
 ■ ^d gloomy, reigns once more iu the icy soli- 
 ; jdes of earth and ocean. 
 
 The electro-magnetic character of the aurora 
 has been proved beyond doubt. 
 
 Almost every Polar night has its auroras, 
 more or less brilliant, but they arc chiefly seen 
 between the middle of January a.id middle of 
 
 Axiril. 
 
 ii^ii 
 
 Palls in Iceland— Oatiract oi 
 Kvamararfoss. 
 
 In a country like Iceland, combining the vol- 
 canic structure of Sicily with more than Alpine 
 cliffs and snows, we may naturally expect on a 
 gigantic scale the scenes which have so long 
 filled generations with wonder, at Mount Etna 
 and Mount Blanc. The glaciers, those frozon 
 cataracts, are here seen side by side with nvers 
 of lava, apparently as frozen as the watery tor- 
 rents beside them. 
 
 No wonder St. Brendan, as he approacbel the 
 coast and beheld Hecla hurling forth its rocks 
 and fire, and lava seething and roaring down its 
 Ice-cla 1 sides till it plunged into the sea, took 
 the island for the home of Satan, and the people 
 who flocked to the shore for so many imps of 
 darkness. 
 
 Yet, water is not all arrested there by the 
 stony hand of ice. The waterfall of Kvamarar- 
 foss, near Skogar, which we illustrate, is one of 
 the lUDSt beautiful and romantic that meets tlie 
 eye of the traveler in any latitude, Wild as the 
 land ii, it has none toe.tceed this in the majesty 
 and grandeur of desolation. Deep abysses of 
 extinct craters yawn amid broken fields of lava, 
 where lieaps of ashes rise on one hand anl 
 gigantic masses of rock or ice on the other ; 
 agiin, a streaming pool with its sulphurous 
 water.5 spreads out boiling and bubbling; again 
 you will find a mammoth cave, where ice and 
 stalactites vie, or, as in this case, where, amid 
 caves and yawning abysses, this beautiful stre 'ni 
 comes dashing and plunging, its beautiful sheet 
 sparkling and flashing in the light, as it 
 descends opposite a mighty cavern, to le lost in 
 the abyss. 
 
 Tartar Women of Kazan. 
 The City of Kazan, the ancient capital of the 
 Tartar khans, and, next to St. Petersburg, Mos- 
 cow, Warsaw, and, perhaps, Odessa, the most 
 important city in the empire, is situated be- 
 tween the left bank of the Kasanka (about four 
 miles above where it empties into the Volga), 
 and its tributary, the Bulak, occupying a tongue 
 of land which gradually rises like an island to 
 a i»nsiderable height above low plains subject 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 to inundation. It is four hundred and sixty 
 miles East of Moscow. Kazan covers a space 
 nearly six miles in circuit, and consists, like 
 most other Russian cities, of three parts — the 
 Kremlin, or fortress, on a considerable emi- 
 nence ; the town, properly so called ; and the 
 slobodes, or suburbs, inhabited principally by the 
 Tartar population. 
 
 The costume of the Tartar women of Kazan 
 belungin ; to the higher classes is very rich and 
 elegant. They wear a species of robe of rich 
 thick silk or satin, the sleeves being very large 
 and long— sometimes even falling as low as 
 the ground ; the upper part of these robes is 
 embroidered in front with gold. Over this they 
 wear a kind of capote, very wide, and generally 
 made of gold brocade or some similar stuff gor- 
 geously embroidered. They wear on their head 
 a silk cap bordered with fur, which hangs down 
 on one side and ends in a point having a golden 
 tassel attached to it. This cap is, also, some- 
 times adorned with precious stone s and ancient 
 gold and silver coins. Their hair falls behin I 
 in long tvesses, the ends of which are tied up 
 with bows of ribbons. 
 
 Sometimes these tresses are covered with long 
 bands, to which are attached various coins and 
 ornaments. The Tartar women wear, moreover, 
 a profusion of poarls, necklaces, gold and silver 
 bracelets, finger-rings, ear-rings, chains, etc. 
 The dress of one lady of rank, including her 
 jewelry, sometimes costs not loss than tw > 
 thousand dollars ! 
 
 The Tartar women, as in all Mohammedan 
 countries, are kept secluded in the houses and 
 harems of their husbands and parents. They 
 are allowed to remove their tliick vails in their 
 bedrooms alone: not their husbands' brothers, 
 nor even tlieir own uncle? and cousins are per- 
 mitted to behold their features. They perform 
 no labor of any sort, the concerns of the house- 
 hold being confided to old women and male 
 attendants ; the younger fomales having no- 
 thing to do but to dress, cat, drink, sleep, and 
 please their husbands. They marry very early, 
 •jometimes in their twelftli year! A rich Tar- 
 tar woman has hardly left her bed, wlien she 
 begins her daily task of painting h::r face re 1 
 and white ; then she clothes herself in her 
 gaudy vestments of goLl an 1 silver texture, 
 and puts on her vari )us ornaments ; and then 
 throws herself on the soft Turkish sofa, on 
 which she lies almost buried. The samovar (tev 
 urn) is then bnjuglit her. She makes the te.a 
 herself, and drini s cup after cup of it iintil the 
 perspiration floivs down her face, washing away 
 at the same tin'e all the piint with which she 
 had adorned her face ; this necessarily requires 
 two more hours it the toilet, when she is ready 
 for her breakfast, which consists of a variety of 
 greasy dishes. This over, she again throws 
 herself on the sofa, and remains there, half- 
 sleeping, half-waking, till a female friend prob- 
 ably drops in to see her, upon which the somo- 
 mr again makes its appearance, and our fair 
 Tartar drinks again as much tea as she did in 
 the morning— to say the least, not less than 
 seven or eight cups. The harmony of her face 
 
 is again destroyed by the copious flow of perspl* 
 ration that ensues, and she is forced to paint 
 her face afresh, in order to appear at dinner in 
 all her charms in the presence of her husband. 
 
 Skating in Lapland, 
 
 The Lapliind skate, or rather snow-shoe, for 
 it is made to travel over snow more than ice, 
 bears little resemblance either to our skate <,r 
 the Canadian snow-shoe. 'Hie frozen lake or 
 river is not the prevailing feature of the 
 country ; man needs an instrument to enable 
 him to travel over the vast steppes of snow ; 
 the desert, not waterless, but of water in th& 
 state of snow. 
 
 The Canadian snow-shoe, which has been 
 adopted from the Indians, is called by the 
 French raguelte, from its resemblance to the 
 racket or battledore, being a light wooden frame 
 crossed by a network of catgut. In the centre, 
 at an opening, the foot is attache<l, leaving the 
 heel loose. With this, these accustomed move 
 very rapidly over the snow, the breadth of sur- 
 face preventing the person from sinking in it. 
 
 The Lapland article is different. It is like a 
 small sleigh-runner, narrow but flat, and from 
 its skate-like shiipe is more adapted to speed 
 than the Canadian. For sport it acts both as 
 skate and sleigh, and it is a favorite amusement 
 tj go down the declivity of a hill as boys do on 
 their sled among us. Some Norwegians intro- 
 duced this plan in this country a few years 
 since, but it does not seem to have met with 
 
 much favor. 
 
 <i^i> 
 
 A Village on the Banks of the Volga. 
 
 The appearance of this village is not very at. 
 tractive, and we may readily credit the asser- 
 tion of a recent traveler, that drunkenness is 
 very common among all the inhabitants of the 
 towns on the river, and that the lower classes 
 are, generally, very degraded and immoral. 
 All here bear marks of unthrift and untidiness. 
 These vilhiges are almost entirely inhabited by 
 fishermen of various r.aces. These fisheries are 
 of great value -no stream in the world being 
 more abundantly stocked with fish — particularly 
 between tlie city of Astrakhan and the Caspian 
 — a distance of twenty-five or thirty miles. On 
 t'.:is groun J an immense number of vessels and 
 boats, and many thousand persons, are employed 
 'n the Spring, Autumn, and Winter, in taking 
 fish — chiefly sturgeons — from the roes and 
 bladders of which large quantities of caviare 
 and isinglass are manufactured, while the flesh 
 is cured for home consumption and for expor- 
 tation. 
 
 East of the Volga, the surface is a wide, tree- 
 less steppe, dotted with salt lakes. On the west 
 it is hilly, stony toward the south, though 
 tolerably fertile to the north, producing rye, 
 wheat, oats millet, and peas in sufficient quanti- 
 ties to allow exportation of breadstuffs. Wood* 
 of oak, poplar, Siberian .accacia, and fur ard 
 found ; Init not of sufficient exte'it to bo A 
 Bourc* of much wealth. 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY,' 
 
 OSOAB'8 HALL, IN CHBISTIAKA— THE AAL FOSS KAPIDS— NOBWKOIAN HOSPITALITY— THE MAELSTROM— DRESSING A BKIDB— WEDDINO COSTUMB* 
 
 —Church in Guldsbrandsdal— a Bear adventure- Hell Fall of Chbistiansand— Trolls Heart— A PioB Kelkbb— Early Scan- 
 dinavian VEseEL— A Swedish Bride— a Swedish Woman Dbessed for Church- State Carriage of Gustavus III. of Sweden- 
 Swedish Marriage Procession- Hct in a Swedish Clearing -The Maypole— Sater Stdga- The Chbistuas Tebe— Habtbst Boms 
 —Lund Hobse Fair in Sweden— a Swedish funebal— Costumes of Vabious Provinces of Sweden. 
 
 "lyTORWAY and Sweden jointly occupy the 
 V whole of the Scandinavian Peninsula. 
 -^ With the exception of the Interval be- 
 tween the Gulf of Bothnia and the Arctic 
 Ocean, the peninsula is surrounded by water 
 — west by the Atlantic, south by the Skager- 
 Kack and the Baltic, with the intermediate 
 channels, and east by the Baltic and Gulf 
 of Bothnia, from the northern extremity of 
 which the boundary on the side of Russia fol- 
 lows the Tornea to the crest of the Kiolen 
 Range, and then strikes eastward along the 
 crest to the southern coast of the Varauger 
 Fiord. The length of the peninsula is about 
 one thousand one hundred and fifty miles, and 
 the extreme breadth along the sixtieth parallel 
 about four hundred and fifty miles. The two 
 countries are divided from each other in the 
 Borth by the Kiolen Mountains, and south of 
 these by a somewhat conventional line which 
 makes for the inmost angle of the Skager-Rack. 
 Sweden lies east of this boundary, and ex- 
 tends south over the peninsula between the 
 Kattegat and the Baltic to fifty-five degrees 
 twenty minutes north latitude. Norway, on 
 the other hand, overlaps Sweden in the north, 
 and entirely shuts it off from the Arctic Ocean. 
 The area of Sweden in square miles is one 
 hundred and seventy thousand six hundred 
 and twenty-nine, and the population over four 
 millions. Norway has an area, in square miles, 
 of one hundred and twenty-three thousand, 
 two hundred and ninety-one, and a population 
 < i about one million and a-half . 
 
 Norway and Sweden are entirely separate 
 and independent states, the only bond of union 
 between them being of a personal nature, in 
 that they have and are obliged to have the 
 same sovereign. This arrangement has been in 
 force since 1814. It is not the first time that a 
 similar union has existed : from 1397 to 1523 
 they were united along with Denmark by virtue 
 of the Union of C&lmar. Norway's greatest 
 prosperity commenced in 885, when Harold 
 Haarfagar consolidated the various tribes into 
 a single state, and it continued to the end of 
 Hako IV.'s reign in 1263, during which period 
 her fleets ruled the seas of Western Europe, and 
 hsr settlements extended over the Hebrides, 
 Shetlands, Orkneys, and Iceland. From 1523 
 to 1814 Norway remained an appendage of 
 Denmark. The period of Sweden's greatness 
 c«mmeiio«s with the reign of Gustavus Adol- 
 pkus in 1611. In 1645 sha acquired from Dea- 
 
 mark the Norwegian districts of Jemtland 
 (about Ostersuud) and Herjeadalen, and the isle 
 of Gothland, and in 1658 the southern dis- 
 tricts of Bohus Schonen and Blekiugen. 
 About the same period she also conquered the 
 greater part of Pomerania, Esthonia and 
 Livonia. The two latter were ceded to Russia 
 in 1710, and Further Pomerania to Prussia in 
 1720 ; but Hither Pomerania and RUgen re- 
 mained to Sweden until 1814. Finland, which 
 had belonged to Sweden for above six hun- 
 dred years, was acquired by Russia in 1809. 
 The Swedes belong to the Scandinavian 
 branch of the Teutonic family, and entered the 
 country as conquerors probably about the third 
 or fourth century of our era. They fell into 
 two divisions : the Goths of the south, and the 
 Sviar or Swedes proper, who emigrated north- 
 ward to Lake Malar. They now occupy the 
 whole of the south and central districts and 
 the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia. Finns, to 
 the number of about twelve thousand, belong- 
 ing to Quiin tribe, penetrate from the north 
 between Sweden and Norway as far south as 
 the sources of the Klar ; and Lapps, about 
 five thousand, occupy a belt between the Upjjer 
 Dal and the Tornea. The Swedes are amiable, 
 industrious, hospitable and light-hearted : the 
 Dalecarlians retain many jjeculiarities of dress 
 and language. The people are divided into 
 four classes — nobles, clergy, burgesses, and 
 farmers. The small freeholder is a very nu- 
 merous class in Sweden, in consequence of the 
 law of inheritance, which enforces the subdi- 
 vision of a property equally between the chil- 
 dren. The nobility are also numerous, inas- 
 much as the rank is not limited to a single line, 
 but descends equally to all children. 
 
 The Norwegians belong to the same stock as 
 the Swedes, and speak a language which differs 
 only dialectically f rom the Danish and Swedish. 
 There are about twenty-two thousand Finns 
 and Lapps in Norway ; the former on the Swe- 
 dish frontier, and the latter in Finland. The 
 Norwegians are a fine, athletic race, patriotic 
 and hospitable, and particularly jealous of all 
 encroachments on the part of Sweden. The 
 small resident freeholders are the most import- 
 ant social and political element in Norway : 
 large estates are rare. The people are very 
 tenacious of old customs, and retain peculiar 
 costumes in several districts, particularly in 
 Tellemarken, Bergen, and Hardanger. 
 Norway, like Swedea, i» a coustitutipnal mon- 
 
 archy. The nation acts through a parliam«ntr 
 named Storthing, or " great court," elected by 
 a system of indirect voting. The Storthing, 
 when met, selects out of its own body the Sen- 
 ate, or Lagthing, to form an upper chamber, 
 comprising one-fourth of the whole number of 
 representatives. The remaining three-fourths 
 constitute the lower chamber, or Odelsthing. 
 The power of the King in the House is limited 
 to a suspensive veto : a Bill which has passed 
 the Houses in three successive Storthings be- 
 comes law without his assent. The established 
 religion is Episcopal Lutheranism, and th& 
 country is divided into five bishoprics and 
 three hundred and forty-two parishes, many of 
 which are of great extent. Religious toleratioik 
 has been legalized since 1844 (Mormonisra ex- 
 cepted), but the established Church is almost 
 universally followed. Education is very gen- 
 eral, and there is a university at Christiania. 
 
 Agriculture and fishing are the leading oc- 
 cupations in Norway. The cultivated ground 
 is only about one per cent, of the area of the 
 country, and of this the greater portion ia 
 under pasture. The best farming is in thfr 
 southern provinces of Hedemarken and Smaal- 
 ehnen. Barley and oats are the chief cereals ; 
 rye and a little wheat are also grown, and a 
 very large amount of potatoes. The grain is. 
 insufficient for the wants of the population. 
 The farming methods are antiquated and unsci- 
 entific. The farmers derive large profits from 
 their timber, particularly in the valleys that 
 converge toward the Christiania Fiord. Fish- 
 ing is prosecuted along the whole coast. Mana- 
 facturing industry is at a low ebb : the absence 
 of coal and prudent restrictions as to the 
 demolition of the forests check the development 
 of the mineral resources of the country, and 
 leave the manufacturer mainly dependent on 
 water as his motive power. Distilleries, brew- 
 eries, and tobacco manufactories, with a few 
 ironworks (the Fritzo, near Laurvig, in particu- 
 lar) are the chief establishments. Commerce 
 is active. The exports are timber and deals, ' 
 fish, and minerals ; the imports, colonial pro- 
 duce, salt, coal, and Manchester goods. 
 
 The roads in Norway are good, considering^ 
 the diflScult character of the country : in some 
 instances, as on the Christiania and Drontheim 
 road, north of the Dorrefield, great engineer- 
 ing skill has been exercised. Railways hav» 
 been made from the capital to the Swedish 
 frontier near Kongsvinger. 
 
894 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GEEAT NATlONa 
 
 Hospitality in Norway, 
 
 Hospitality is a distinguishing virtno among 
 the peoiile of Norway— a virtue which gave a 
 certain nobility to their character even in the 
 days of their paganism, and which Christianity 
 has strengthened and encouraged. 
 
 The children of frigid Norway do not emi- 
 grate as do those of the smiling plains of Baden 
 and the verdure-clad hills of Wurtemberg. 
 They do not cross the Atlantic and seek on our 
 shores a more grateful soil and more genial 
 climate. No dreams of well-filled j^urses for 
 scanty labor tempts them from their country. 
 There is not a poet from Iceland, Denmark, 
 Sweden or Norway who has not praised en- 
 thusiastically the marvelous beauties of his 
 country, the brilliancy of the glaciers, the 
 mysterious depths of the forests, the charms of 
 the long Summer days, the magic of the 
 AVinter nights, illuminated by the fantastic 
 light of the aurora borealis ; and their verses 
 are the expression of the instinctive poetry 
 and patriotism of the Scandinavian people. 
 
 When premature cold chances to blight the 
 crops, when in a single night the hoar-frost 
 banishes all hope of a harvest, the farmers of 
 the North are forced to desert theif fields and 
 to seek, in some distant province, other means 
 of earning their subsistence. Frequently in the 
 
 Autumn hundreds of people — men, women, 
 and children — will be seen on the highways, 
 who, from the very heart of Dalecarlia, are 
 journeying to Stockholn in search of work and 
 a home during the Winter. In Norway the 
 inhabitants of the northern districts frequently 
 emigrate to the southern provinces for the 
 Winter, and offer, their services from door to 
 door, and are accepted, where labor is needed, 
 without other recommendation than their 
 poverty and honest faces. 
 
 Often lone women who. through the death of 
 a husband, father, or brother, have lost their 
 support, make journeys of a hundred leagues in 
 search of employment. They walk without fear 
 through the dark forests, and over the barren 
 mountains, knowing that their very weakness 
 is their safeguard against insult, and whenever 
 they see the smoke rising from a chimney they 
 feel that they will be welcome to a seat by the 
 fireside and a crust from the table. 
 
 One of these poor lone travelers is represented 
 iu our engraving. She has stopped at a Nor- 
 wegian house, where there is an air of ease and 
 rustic comfort. She has entered, cold and 
 weary, her babe upon her shoulders, while the 
 woman who is welcoming her has a child in her 
 arms. The two have a bond of sympathy 
 in their maternal affection. Tlie charitable 
 mistress of the house cannot, on account of 
 
 the child upon her breast, a-ssist her poOf 
 visitor, but her little daughter, in whom 
 principles of charity and hosi)itality have al- 
 ready been inculcated, is bringing the stranger 
 a bowl of porridge. 
 
 She will remain under this hopitable roof 
 until she is sufficiently rested to continue on 
 her journey. She will sit at their board, and 
 have a comfortable bed, and her generous 
 hostess will see, on leaving, that she takes with 
 her a plentiful supply of provisions, while the 
 little girl will doubtless attend to the babe, and 
 furnish him with whatever warm garments can 
 be spared from her own wardrobe. Then they 
 will bid the poor wanderer a cordial good-by, 
 and she will go on her way blessing the homa 
 in which she found such kindly welcome, and 
 imploring God's benediction upon the good 
 people whose house and heart bad so gener- 
 ously opened to the poor and weary. 
 
 Th3 Aal Foss Eapids, on the Oxea. 
 
 A SPORTSMAN, one of a party who visited the 
 river to enjoy salmon-fishing, that no stream 
 in Britain would approach, writes : 
 
 " The rapids of Oxea are perfectly safe. It ia 
 impo.ssible that an accident can happen in them, 
 except from carelessness ; for the water, though 
 swift, is everywhere deep. The stream fall* 
 
 Oscab's hall in chbistunia. 
 
NORWAY ANB SWEDEN. 
 
 895 
 
 with some force over a slanting ledge of smooth, 
 Blatj rock some three or four hundred yards 
 Ion;,', or perhaps more, and acquires in its slide 
 con- iderablc velocity ; hut the hottom is smooth 
 a&d tbc surface nowhere hroken hy sunken 
 
 rocks. Tbf etre»a, tberefQrQi U ft steady curi 
 
 HOSPITALITT IS NOKWAT. 
 
 rent, surging up against the numerous islands 
 which dot the river, as if they had heen pieces 
 of a ruined bridge. Each of these -were created 
 with its half dozen or so of ash or birch, which 
 loked as if it was they that were in motion, and 
 
 not tbe clear etrean (bat ^as racios past then. 
 
 "The passage was a sheer trial of strength^ 
 requiring no gre?.t amount of pilotage, or local 
 experience, or even skill. The ropes were got 
 out and made fast to two or tlirec thwarts, to 
 take ofif the strain ; the boats were lightened of 
 
 tbeir Uviag eaeutabrosc^s, pseept fso far m tha 
 
396 
 
 THE WORLDS GKEAT NATIONS, 
 
 stoorsmen were concerned, and were then 
 tracked by main force, one by one, every one 
 of the party lending a hand. 
 
 " The principal difficulty arose from the un- 
 certainty of the footing among the crags, and 
 the gnarled ash-trees that every lierc and there 
 shot almost horizontally from between the 
 fiosures of the rock, dipping their branches into 
 thf; stream. Tliese rendered it nece-sary every 
 now and then to make fast the boat to tlie tree 
 itself, and then to float down a line to it from 
 some point above the obstacle, for the river 
 fortunately ran in a curve to that place. Thus, 
 by giving a broad sheer into the stieam, while 
 
 between a fall and a rapid, sailed 'The Aal 
 FosB.' in the middle of wliich was a picturesque 
 rocky island, covered with trees, and on the left 
 liank an equally picturesque peninsula, which 
 was destined to he thj headquarters of the 
 expedition, and the basis -of subsequent ope- 
 rations." 
 
 The Maelstrom. 
 
 One of the most remarkable whirlpools is the 
 
 tnaektrom or mahhlrom, off t'nc coast of Norway. 
 
 There are two islands, called Lofoden and Mos- 
 
 koe, between which the depth of water is about 
 
 an hour, at the turn of the ebb and flcxd. 
 When the stream, heightened by a storm, is at 
 its greatest violence, it is dangerous to come 
 within two or three miles of it ; boats, ships, 
 and yachts having been drawn in before they 
 were aware of their danger. 
 
 Whales have been known to be drawn into 
 the vortex, notwitlistanding all their efforts to 
 extricate themselves ; and on one occasion, a 
 bear, in attempting to swim from Lofoden to 
 Moskoe, to prey upon the sheep who were pas- 
 turing on the latter island, was similarly en» 
 gulfed, roaring terribly when he found Ut 
 danger. 
 
 tlie rest of the party hauled upon the rope, the 
 boat would swing clear of the impediment. 
 
 "But all this- was very hard work, and, as the 
 Bun was now iiigh in heaven, very hot work ; 
 and, moreover, it had to be repeited three 
 times before ali the boats were in safety. Fully 
 as much justice was done to breakfast as had 
 been done to supper on the preceding evening. 
 
 " The remaining part of the voyage was easy ; 
 there was a sharp current, no doubt— too sharp 
 for anything to speak of to be done with the 
 flies— but it wiib all plain traveling, and, with 
 an occasional hein from the ropes, before noon 
 their destination hai been readied. 
 ^ "This was the foot of a low fall, or something 
 
 DRBSSINQ A BRIDE IN NORWAY. 
 
 forty fathoms ; but on the other side of the 
 Moskoe the depth is scarcely sufficient for the 
 safe passage of a vessel. 
 
 At flood-tide the water rushes between the 
 two islands with great force ; but at ebb-tide 
 the violence is so extreme that scarcely any 
 cataract equals the roar which is heard, and 
 wliich is aulible for several leagues ; and it 
 forms vortices and pits of such an extent and 
 power, that if a ship comes within their attrac 
 tion. it is drawn in, carried down to the bottom 
 of the sea in a whirl or spiral, and dashed to 
 pieces, the wrecks lieing thrown up again when 
 the sea becomes calmer. 
 
 This calmness only exists about a quarter of 
 
 Branches of firs and pines, after being ab» 
 sorbej by the vortex, rise a^ain, torn to pieces ; 
 which seems indicative of the rocky nature of 
 the bottom. 
 
 In 1045. early in the morning of Sexagesima 
 Sunday, the whirlpool raged with such noisa 
 and impetuosity, that, on the islmd of Moskoe, 
 the very stones of the houses fell to the ground. 
 
 An American captain visited the Maelstrom 
 at one of its calmer moments, and thus de« 
 scribed it: 
 
 "We began to near it at 10 a.m., in th« 
 month of September, with a fine North-west 
 wind. Two good seamen were placed at the 
 belia, tbo mat* on the auarter-deck, all hasda 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 397 
 
 'ftt their siation for workin;; ship, and the pilot 
 standing on the bowsprit between the night- 
 heads. 
 
 "I went on the main-topsail yard, with a 
 good glass. I had been seated but a few min- 
 utes when my snip entered the dish of the 
 whirlpool. 'Ihe velocity of the water altered 
 her course three points toward the centre, al- 
 though she was going eight knots through the 
 water. 
 
 "This alarmed me for a moment. I thought 
 "that destruction was inevitable. She, however, 
 answered her hehn sweetly, and we ran along 
 the edge, tlie waves foaming around us in every 
 form, while she was dancin<i gayly over them. 
 Imagine to yours(!lf an immense circle of water 
 rutming round, of a diameter of a mile and 
 a-half, the velocity increasing as it approxi- 
 mated toward the centre, and gradually changing 
 its dark blue color to white ; foaming, tum- 
 bling, rushing to its vortex ; very much con- 
 cave, as much so as the water in a fimnel when 
 half run out ; the noise, too, hissing, roaring, 
 dashing— all pressing on the mind at once, 
 •presented the most awful, grand, and solemn 
 sight I ever experienced. 
 
 " We were near it about eighteen minutes, 
 and in sight of it two hours. From its magni- 
 tude, I should not doubt that instant destruc- 
 tion would be the fate of a dozen of our 
 largest ships, were they drawn in at the same 
 moment." 
 
 Opinions as to the cause of the Mael-trom 
 are not free from the contradiction which may 
 •be expected where the danger of a near approach 
 is so great. 
 
 Kircher entertained the extravagant opinion 
 that there was an abyss at the bottom of the 
 maelstrom, which, after penetrating a consid- 
 erable distance into the earth, communicated 
 ■with the distant gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 Mr. M. Schelderup, however, conceives that 
 nothing more is necessary for explanation than 
 
 WEDDINO UOSTCMES AT SAETEBSDBLEN, KORWAT. 
 
 CHUECH IS GtILDSBEAia)SDAl, KORWAT. 
 
 the admission of two opposing currents con- 
 tending with each other. It is found that 
 wliile th3 tide is flowing from north to south, 
 in the neighboring ocean, a stream or current 
 is flowing from south to north between the two 
 is]ands ; and it is believed that the periodical 
 change of the tide every six hours, the change 
 in the opposite direction of the current between 
 the isles, and frequent collision between them, 
 are sufficient to occasion a whirlpool between 
 the islands. Nothing, however, but a know- 
 ledge of the nature of the bed of the sea be- 
 tween the islands will fully explain the whola 
 
 phenomenon. 
 
 1 ^ 1 
 
 A Bear Adventure Near a Ticklisli Bridge. 
 " While hunting in Norway," writes a trav- 
 eler, " I hit on that fearful Tellmark dis- 
 trict — seemingly unknown even to English 
 sportsmen, far a traveler is never seen or heard 
 of twice a year. It is as wild as man can de- 
 sire, and consequently the seat of romance and 
 tradition. Bear and wolf swarm on every side, 
 and game of all kinds is so abundant that the 
 very birds are audacious and independent in 
 their attitude to you. Government gives a 
 bounty for bear and wolf-heads, as we did in 
 old times in New England, so the peasants are 
 always rcvd^ \q joia you ia a b«air-huat, aod 
 
398 
 
 THE .WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 let you talte the 
 skin of the animal 
 if you give them a 
 chance to get five 
 specie for the head. 
 " It wao hardly 
 bear season, and 
 therefore I had 
 not got up a bear- 
 hunt ; but one day 
 Iwent out to shoot 
 capercaillies, with 
 a Norwegian as my 
 guide, a fellow 
 with BO short a 
 jacket that he 
 seemed a mere 
 schoolboy who had 
 shot up suddenly 
 to man's height. 
 Wild scenery I was 
 prepared for, but 
 unless you hara 
 been, over the 
 Sogne-fgeld toiling 
 for hours in sight 
 of the summit of 
 fika,:;stols Tend and 
 its attendant crags, 
 the horribly-dis- 
 torted Horungens, 
 you can have no 
 idea of the scene 
 in that wild chaos 
 of granite rock. 
 At every few yards 
 chasms yawn, iind 
 test your nerve and 
 
 your leaping powers. Here and there some 
 a Iventurous or kindly hand has thrown a rude 
 bridge across. 
 
 " When well worn down by the toil of the day, 
 I came to a bridge of the most 
 primitive construction. Tried as I 
 was, I wished to gain the top of a 
 Tery remarkable precipitous roclc, 
 from the crest of wbicli, my guide 
 told me, I would be rewarded with 
 the grandest view in Norway. A 
 long, steep up-hill pull brought 
 US to the chasm over which the 
 bridge lay. The chasm was not 
 very wide, but it yawned two 
 hundred feet down, and the bridge 
 was only a fur-tree, felled so as to 
 fall across, a rope a few feet above 
 serving as a handrail. 
 
 "We had met some bear-tracks, 
 but in my eagerness to enjoy the 
 fine view, I gave them no heed. 
 What was my horror when, just as 
 I had got over, looking carefidly 
 as I went on, I heard the guide 
 call me in a tone of the greatest 
 terror ! I did not at first catch his 
 words, BO startled was I, and I 
 turned to face him. 
 
 "'Come back,' I sow made 
 out; 'back, or the bear will be 
 upon you.' 
 
 ''At the same instant I heard a 
 very ominous growl, which did 
 much to quicken my apprehen- 
 sion. Looking fonnd, I toua4 <V 
 
 THE UELL PALL, CHKISTIANSAND, NOEWAY. 
 
 bear, vastly too big and fierce to bo pleasant, 
 making rapidly upon me, I had no time to 
 consider my pirns. There was, indeed, no 
 great choice in the matter. I might stop and 
 
 
 be hugged, or run 
 and be hugged, 
 perhaps, in thff 
 very middle of the 
 chasm ; or I might 
 show fight, and try 
 to win the race, if 
 flight had to be 
 resorted to at last. 
 So I unslung my 
 gun as quickly as 
 1 could, and I 
 thought I never 
 knew no clumsy a, 
 fellow as I decided 
 myself to be then. 
 But it did get to 
 my shoulder, and 
 with one hand on 
 the rope-rail, ready 
 to ^^heel and start, 
 I pulled bo'.h 
 barrels and drov* 
 both ':harge3 of 
 buckshot full into 
 the face of my 
 friend. My guess 
 aim told. I did not 
 stop to examine the 
 result, but pitching 
 my double-barrel 
 at his head with 
 all my might, I 
 made over thai 
 bridge with » 
 rush. 
 
 It took ma but 
 an instant to got 
 over. Then I turned to look, and thanktul 
 was I that, instead of following me, Bruin, 
 with his face well pitted and cut up, sat oa 
 his hind quartern hugging and crunching my 
 gun in a way that made mo thank* 
 ful I was not his baby. 
 
 XUE IBOIX S UEAUT, KOBWAT. 
 
 The Troll's Heart. 
 "Climbixo t'-ie steep cliffs abors 
 the village of I'yellebacker," says 
 a lady, who witli her mother mads 
 a tour through the wildest part of 
 Norway, "we saw the teriible 
 coast, for miles r-nd miles around, 
 lashed by enormous wliite waves 
 on a sea of deepest blue ; while 
 from distance to distance, rock 
 after rock, mountain after moun- 
 tain, each in its own isolation, 
 rose to the very horizon, the occaa 
 rushing, rolling, and ed 'ying 
 amongst them, a boiling mass be- 
 neath us, save where the fearful 
 S6te Bay, scooped out, trcaobcr- 
 ously concealed its roci\8. The 
 mainland was splendid in forma- 
 tion — grand and fantastic ; one 
 near ravine especially was so 
 narrow that one must enter side- 
 ways, grope for the path between 
 two lofty rocks, guided by a small 
 lipeck of light and sea at one end, 
 aiiil '- telescopic view of the village 
 at the other. In the centre, high 
 up Kii one could lift ouc'a eyes, a 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 i«je he»rt-sbaped rock was supported between 
 bie two sides, having a crushing look to those 
 leneath ; a bgend was attached to this stony 
 tiCart and its elerated position. 
 
 " A Troll fell in love with a beautiful north- 
 em mermaid — to approach the rock where she 
 ao sweetly gang was death : to be away from 
 her was death also. Poor Troll ! how melan- 
 choly for vou to watch her trom a distance, 
 neither daring to move backward or forward, till 
 at length, mighty thoup;h you were, you pined 
 away, and your faithful he.irt, turned into 
 stone, was placel by fellow-trolls where it 
 would be an everlasting sign that even giants 
 can be overcome by love." 
 
 The Hell Fall. 
 
 Onb of the best spots in that "land of the 
 moimtain and tlie floou," Norway, for Salinon- 
 flshini, is a gigantic mill-race called Hell Fall, 
 in the province of Christiansand. It is a fall 
 terminating, not as falls generally do, iu a huge 
 basin, but in a shoot or rapid of considerable 
 length, which, after a straight but turbulent 
 course of a couple of hundred yards, sheets all 
 at once into the middle of a round and eddying 
 pool. It is cilled the Hell Fall, probably. (I'om 
 its fury, for the word is Norso ; but posilily, 
 also, from Hela's Fall — Hela being the Goddess 
 of Darkness ; and well does the yawning c'lasm, 
 through which the waters rush, deservt that 
 name, overshadowed as it is by its black waiJs 
 of rock. 
 
 To the left of our illustration may be seen 
 the only mode of ingress and egress, by whic'.i 
 enthusiastic piscators can approach to despoil 
 the turbid waters of their finny treasures. 
 
 A Pige Kelker in Norway. 
 
 We fear those who have not enlightened 
 their minds by going to Norway will naturally 
 ask, "What, in heaven's name, is a pige 
 kelker?" 
 
 Well, it is a grand invention ; the body is 
 l^ke a little sledie, with u place inside where 
 the " pige " (which means peasant girl) caa stow 
 
 THE MAELSTROM. 
 
 away her marketings, and then sit on the box, 
 and, with two little sticks with iron on the 
 ends, push herself and her things along as fast 
 as any skater, with hardly any exertion. They 
 are also used by the poor fishermen, whose only 
 chance of earning anything during t'.ie long 
 Winter is to cut a little hole in the ice, and sit 
 on their kelUers, and fish. We have seen dozens 
 of strong, able-bodied men sitting, nearly 
 
 perished with the cold, fishing at eaeli of thasrf 
 little holes, bis only remuneration at the end of 
 the day being one or two dozen small whiting, 
 or a handful of shrimps. Of course, under 
 these circumstances, fish is only for the rJcb, 
 while the ice lasts, and, as lobsters cannot be 
 got at, there is hardly employment left for the 
 poor fisherman during the cold ; and, but for 
 their most excellently managed soup-kitchon, 
 which is one of their charities, and is nobly 
 supported, they would be extremely badly off 
 indeed. 
 
 A riQE K£LTEB IN KOBWAT, 
 
 An Early Scandinavian Vessel. 
 Odr illustration shows the sort of galley in 
 which the Northmen reached Iceland and 
 Greenland, and doubtless skirted along the 
 coast of Labrador. It was a great Improve- 
 ment on the hide corrachs in which the adven- 
 turous Irish had sailed to the continent on their 
 predatory expeditions and struck out into the 
 ocean, discovering Iceland, wKh Its volcano, and 
 the immense icebergs which they were the first 
 to describe. Even Hengest and Horsa, in their 
 invasion of England, had no better craft than 
 the wicker-work boats, covered with skins. The 
 Northmen, however, seem to have revived and 
 improved those fine war-galleys of Northern 
 Gaul, which so attracted the admiration and 
 tested the military ability of Caesar. Thoy 
 were long, low galleys, high in front and stern, 
 combining sails with oars, and, about the four- 
 teenth century, furnished w**h the rudder aa IL 
 substitute for the great tweenng-oors dlfmy* 
 
400 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ^yreriously in use. In these they poured their 
 destroying bands on England, Ireland, and 
 even on the more attractive fields of the 
 countries in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Traveling in Norway. 
 BuKTON, the traveler, says: " The day after 
 •we arrived at Christiania, Mr. F. volunteered 
 to act as cicerone, proposing to visit several 
 points of interest in and about the city. We 
 first paid our respects to the palace, which is 
 seldom occupied by the royal family, and when 
 it is, I learn that the King shows the good sense 
 to assimilate his habits and style of living as 
 nearly as possible to the simplicity and repub- 
 lican tastes of his Norwegian subjects. The 
 palace is a handsome structure of considerable 
 extent, but in- 
 ferior to the one 
 «t Stockholm. 
 In the after- : 
 
 noon we made -l, 
 
 an excursion to r 
 
 Oscar's Hall, a - ^- ^z^ ^ jS^'^ 
 
 private villa of 
 the King. It is 
 of moderate ex- 
 tent, but most 
 beautifully situ- 
 ated on a spur 
 of land running 
 out into the 
 
 ' Fiord, com- 
 manding a fine 
 view of the city 
 and its sur - 
 
 ' roundings, a s 
 well as of the 
 Fiord for a 
 great distance. 
 
 "From the 
 royal residence 
 in the city to 
 this point there 
 is a succession 
 of pretty villas, 
 built of wood, 
 with quite a 
 ■variety in their 
 styles of archi- 
 tecture, in gen- 
 eral appearance 
 
 frequently resembling some of our villas upon 
 the Hudson. 
 
 " The eminence upon which Oscar's Hall is 
 ■built is about three hundred feet in height, de- 
 scending precipitously to the water. The in- 
 terior effect of the villa is particularly good : the 
 floors are liiid in mosaic of elaborate designs 
 and highly polished. The wainscoting in some 
 of the apartments is very elaborate in carving 
 and beautiful in design. There are a few 
 pictures by Norwegian artists scattered through 
 the rooms, but by far the crowning glory of the 
 mansion is a series of medallion paintings 
 which adorn the dining-saloon. These are by 
 an eminent Norwegian artist, Carl Haag. The 
 series delineates various scenes in the humble 
 iife of the Norwegian peasant, commencing 
 ■with ehildhood and extending to old age. 
 " It WM nine o'clock when we left the Hall 
 
 to return to the city. As we passed through the 
 park, says my Norwegian friend, ' Do you not 
 think the flowers of Norway are more beautiful 
 than any other ?' I was hardly able to appre- 
 ciate their vast superiority, and had not then 
 learned the necessity of praising everything 
 Norwegian to gratify the vanity of the people. 
 
 ' ' Here are , also, a crown, girdle and frontlet, 
 such as are still worn by brides among the 
 peasantry of the interior, where no. greater dis- 
 grace can occur than for the unhappy fair one 
 to be compelled to make her marriage vows 
 uncrowned, as this is the test of the bride's 
 reputation for chastity. 
 
 ' ' The streets of Christiania present, at times, 
 a novel sight : gangs of prisoners from the 
 Castle of Agersbuus are often seen, heavily 
 ironed, engaged ui various public works. One 
 
 " I had made at Christiania, among otiier 
 pleasant acquaintances, that of a young student 
 of the University. It being his vacation, he 
 gladly accepted an invitation to accompany me 
 on my journey north as far as Trondhjem. 
 
 ' ' The houses of Norway are universally log 
 or timber houses ; the roof is frequently of turf. 
 They are rarely painted, and if at all, they are 
 painted red. A considerable number of out« 
 buildings are usually seen. The sketch which 
 I present is one of the better cla.s8 of tbt 
 houses of the bnoder in GuldsbrandsdaL* ^ 
 
 THB AAL FOSS KAPrOS, ON THE OXEA, NORWAY. 
 
 noted robber was, until recently, confined in 
 this fortress, ).n a cage formed of thick bars of 
 iron. This Norwegian Kobin Hood was a de- 
 cided character. He seldom, if ever, trespassed 
 upon the property of the humble classes, but 
 confined his robberies to the rich, often extend- 
 ing the helping hand to the poor and suffering. 
 He prided himself greatly upon his affairs of 
 gallantry, and is said to have had remarkable 
 tact in gaining the affections of any woman 
 whom he set himself at work to entangle. His 
 repeated escapes from the hands of justice were, 
 doubtless, often attributable to his fair inamo- 
 ratas, who gave him warning of danger in time 
 to insure his escape. Again, the suffering 
 peasantry to whom he so often extended a 
 generous hand in the hour of need afforded 
 him an asylum when pursued by the officers of 
 justice. 
 
 Sunday in Sweden, 
 
 The bell of the neighboring church began to 
 ring musically, and we all prepared to set forth. 
 Our host was a splendid old man, with hoary 
 
 locks, falling 
 on his fresh 
 cheeks;his 
 *■ snowy shirt 
 
 __^^ j was fastened up 
 
 "'^E5_jv; .^ by rows of sil- 
 
 '-■^ ver buttons; the 
 
 white cloth coat 
 fwaist of mode- 
 rate length) em- 
 broidered with 
 green ; black 
 velvet smalls 
 were fastened 
 by garters at the 
 knees; and high 
 to]i-boots, for 
 going through 
 the woods, con 
 cealed his 
 knitted stock- 
 ings. The wife 
 had a russet 
 gown and velvet 
 bodice, trimmed 
 with silver ; her 
 head bound by 
 a handkerchief 
 knotted on the 
 forehead. The 
 young daughter 
 followed in the 
 same costume, 
 only more oo- 
 quettish in hues. 
 On reaching the church, from all sides were 
 seen approaching bands of rustics in the like 
 becoming attire, greeting them and ourselves 
 with pleasant salutations. As we loitered in the 
 churchyard among the graves, the scene was 
 inexpressibly touching : the advancing groups, 
 the ringing bell, the deep glades and seclusion 
 of this little forest church, far, far away, 
 sheltered by Scandinavia's noblest firs, beneath 
 which the peasant stretches himself in his long 
 rest. Solemn spot ! while we are musing on 
 thee, can it be possible that others are sweeping 
 to church in gay towns, Ln all the pomp of 
 crinoline and the Tom Thumb bonnets ? — that 
 we should ever ourselves do so again ? Slightly 
 shuddering, humbled, we walked up the sacred 
 ai.sle and joined in the simple service. That 
 over, all went silently out. At the door, neigh- 
 borly greetings were first exchanged ; then tha 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 401 
 
 HOUSE IN GULDSBEANDSDAL, KORWAT. 
 
 bandkerchiefa of the women, which 
 had heen taken off during divine 
 eervice, were replaced over pretty 
 white caps ; the male legs enc:ised 
 in top-hoots again, to resist the 
 prickly paths. All slowly vanished 
 in the woody shades, the priest 
 coming home to refresh himself 
 with our family at a midday meal, 
 after some interviews with those 
 wlio wished to see him. 
 
 The patriarchal host presided at 
 the head of the tahle, the priest 
 at the other end ; the family sat 
 round on a fixed wooden hench, to 
 a repast of simple but good mate- 
 rials, hacon being the dish of 
 eminence. 
 
 "Do you speak Latin?" said the 
 pastor. "No." But the "blue" 
 query brought on a discussion of 
 Oxford and Cambridge deeply in- 
 teresting to him. He could not 
 comprehend the reason of such a 
 numher of specie dollars being ne- 
 cessarily expended to fit a man for 
 teaching the truths of Christianity 
 to his fellow-creatures. 
 
 A Swedish Bride. 
 Wrna us a bride is a pyramid of 
 ^auzy, airy white lace, flowers, 
 ti.'isue, aU of spotless white. A 
 Swedish bride is quite another 
 matter. In a land so near the 
 region of snow, white seems to he 
 eschewed, and the bride comes 
 forth in a dark-blue cloth dress, 
 17 
 
 BEAR ADVENTCBB IN NORWAY. 
 
 fitting tight to the bust, body and 
 skirt both trimmed with black 
 velvet. In guise of buttons down 
 the front are leaf-shaped buckles 
 of gold or silver, spreading wider 
 than the brass ones that used to 
 adorn cloaks. As she moves, these 
 rattle gayly above her black silk 
 apron. But her head-dress, how 
 describe it? A perfect Cheops 
 pyramid of artificial flowers towers 
 half a yard above her head. A 
 white collar alone looks bridal. 
 
 And the wedding or Boriullup? 
 A traveler thus describes one he 
 stumbled upon: 
 
 " The dancing was nearly over, 
 and giving his arm to a bridesmaid, 
 he struck up a lively conversation, 
 he rattling off English with a very 
 sliglit sprinkling of Swedish, and 
 she as glibly replying in her own 
 tongue pure. Tliis was better than 
 the supper, which was stui'id, all 
 the people standing, and with long 
 intervals between liot courses of 
 strong food, well enough for noon, 
 but not just the thing for mid- 
 night. Several speeches were made 
 and healths proposed. 
 
 "After the lapse of time the 
 bride and groom appeared at a 
 window to display themselves to 
 a large crowd, which had, ac- 
 cording to the custom cf the 
 country, gathered to glance at 
 the bride ; and she was worth 
 looking at. I certainly thought, so 
 I give the sketch." 
 
402 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 bitter enemy of England, he made overtures to 
 Dr. Franklin, in Paris, to recognize American 
 Independence, six months before the peace with 
 England, and subsequently, in flattering terms, 
 requested th;it it should not be forgotten by 
 Congress that ho was tlie first European moved 
 to volunteer the recognition. This was in 1783 ; 
 but next year he wrote to two of his noblemen, 
 forbidding them to wear the badge of the Cin- 
 cinnati, which Washington had conferred upon 
 them. " It is," said he, '' a mark of successful 
 revolt, whose cause and motives were unjust 
 and unfounded. The success which legalizes an 
 enterprise cannot justify it." 
 
 The picture of the carriage we give was that 
 which he was in the habit of using, and doubt- 
 less conveyed him to the fatal ball. 
 
 A SWEDISH BRIDE. 
 
 State Carriage of Gustavns III,, of Sweden. 
 The unhappy Gustavus III., of Sweden, whose 
 assiaination by a pistol shot, by Ankerstiocra 
 at a bal musqui in Stockholm, on the 16th of 
 March, 1792, is doubly familiar to the public 
 thrcu,'h the music of Verdi and the pen of the 
 novelist, was one of the vainest and insincerest 
 of men. His conduct with reference to our own 
 vepublic is characteristic of his nature. When 
 it suited him to court the French Government, 
 toen the ally of the United States, and the 
 
 Swedish Peasant Marriage. 
 
 Amongst the well-to-do peasants in Sweden, 
 the proposition of marriage is seldom made by 
 the young man in person ; but after an object 
 for his devotion is found — or rather after hav- 
 ing found one who possesses as much property 
 as himself, or more, if possible, — his next step 
 is to enlist in his service some shrewd old wo- 
 man who will undertake the mission to find out 
 if he would be accepted in case he should pro- 
 pose. If the answer is favorable, the young 
 man will some fine day, dressed in his best suit 
 and mounted on a fine horse, call on the parents 
 of the maiden and make a formal proposal ; 
 after the consent of the parents and the daugh- 
 ter, refreshments are taken and the day for the 
 wedding acrreed upon, and a great number of 
 guests are inv'ted. who never fail to bring a 
 good supply of eatables. 
 
 On the day of the wedding, when all the 
 guests are assembled, the procession is formed. 
 At the head rra two young men oji horseback, 
 
 A SWBtlSH WOMAN DBESSED FOR CHtlBCH. 
 
 next two musicians, playing clarionets ; next 
 comes the bride, one of her bridesmaids, and 
 parents ; the bride is dressed in a jacket of 
 dark-blue cloth, trimmed with black velvet and 
 fastened with large clasps of gold or silver, in 
 the shape of two leaves, below which hang two 
 plate-like pieces, making a jingling sound when 
 the person is in motion ; skirts of the same 
 material and color as the jacket, with a wide 
 border of black velvet, and a Mack silk apron ; 
 on bei bead is a crown made of artificial floweis^ 
 
 SIAIB OABKIAaS Ot 0CSIATC8 III. OF SWSDSN. 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 40S 
 
 k SWEDISH MAKKIAGf! PBOCiiSSION. 
 
 remarkably high, gay 
 from twelve to eight- 
 een inches, and very 
 much lilte a good-sized 
 rosebush ; the bride 
 and parents riding in 
 a gayly-painted car- 
 riage. Close behind 
 18 the bridegroom and 
 quite a number of his 
 friends, all on horse- 
 back, and dressed in 
 dark-blue, all the rest 
 of the guests follow- 
 ing, either in wagons 
 or en horseback, the 
 you ig men firing 
 pistols in quick suc- 
 cession. Last of all 
 are several parties 
 armed with large 
 flasks of brandy and 
 enormous pieces of 
 bread, cheese and 
 cakes, attacking every 
 one in their way, and 
 none will refuse their 
 polite invitation to 
 drink to the health 
 of the happy pair. ' 
 
 HUT IN THE CLEABING, SWEDEN. 
 
 Arrived at the church 
 or parsonage, the mar. 
 riage ceremony is per- 
 formed, and when 
 over, the procession 
 returns in the same 
 order, perhaps accom- 
 panied by the good 
 minister and his 
 family. A few women 
 left at home, assisted 
 by the best cooks in 
 the vicinity have, in 
 the meantime, been 
 busy to get dinner 
 really, which is served 
 on large tables, extend- 
 ing from both ends of 
 the room. Here are 
 huge earthen dishes 
 filled with grot, a kind 
 of mush made of rice 
 boiled in milk, boilef* 
 hams, large bowls of 
 soup, called brown 
 soup, made of the 
 blood of geese ; wine- 
 raisins, prunes, and a 
 number of diickt ns 
 boiled in it. Here 
 
404 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 his feet. Dancing, eiting, aud drinking are 
 kept up until exliaustiou compels them to 
 cease ; and now every one will have to take the 
 hest quarters he can get We recollect on one 
 Buch occasion an old man. who, either by acci- 
 dent or choice, iiad mistaken a large deep bas- 
 ket for a bed, and, with his head and feet in 
 close proximity, slept soundly till daylight. 
 
 On the second day the spealier takes up a 
 collection for the married couple, and all give 
 liberally, generally money, butBometimes catUo 
 or horses. The second day is a repetition of the 
 first, and in this way it is continued for one, 
 two. anJ even three weeks. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact that no disturbances 
 occur ; perhaps an occasional explosion, caused 
 by a careless mixing of gunpowder and matches 
 in the sime pocket, may happen. When all 
 the festivities are ended, every one, with light 
 heart and heavy head, seeks his own home. 
 
 THE MAT-POLE. 
 
 are also fish, puddings and cakes, and an in- 
 exhaustible supply of brandy. When the fish 
 Is served, the speaker makes a short speech. 
 We recollect the following, although made 
 many years ago: 
 
 "My dear friends, we are here assembled 
 together to celebrate the marriage of Nils Pehr- 
 8on and Kama Jonson. Yes, my friends, God 
 said to Adam, ' It is not good for man to be 
 alone,' and therefore He gave him a. wife. Yes, 
 my friends, these two are now one flesh, and 
 ■we all hope and pray that their descendants 
 may become as numerous as the stars under 
 heaven and the sands in the ocean ; and for 
 ibis purpose we now drink to the health of the 
 married pair." 
 
 Every one now empties his glass Dinner 
 being finished, but the tables, with their con- 
 tents, left standing, eg that during the festivi- 
 
 Sater Stuga. 
 
 The taier is a clearing of some little extent, 
 and is usually fenced off into small allotments 
 pertaining to several inhabitants of the hamlet. 
 On each of these allotments is a so-called mter 
 stuga, or hut, which serves as the temporary resi- 
 dence of those who tend the cattle. It is con- 
 structed of logs ; sometimes they are square ; it 
 is roofed over with turf, shingle, or layers of 
 birch-bark. 
 
 Tlie removal of the cattle from the homestead 
 usually takes place during the first week of 
 June, and is of itself quite an event. The prepa- 
 rations made by the women keep pace with the 
 bleating of the sheep and the goats, and the 
 bellowing of the cattle, whose endeavors to 
 break through the small inclosures, near the 
 house, in which they are confined, are incessant. 
 Two or more girls, called Wallhjon, accompany 
 the cattle, all of which, as well as the sheep and 
 goats, are marked on the forehead by a tar- 
 brush with the sign of the cross, which is 
 believed an infallible means of protecting them 
 from evil spirits. 
 
 The herd is led by the "bell-cow," selected 
 
 ties the guests can help themselves at pleasure, 
 the company now withdraw to a larj^er room 
 prepared for the dancing. The musicians ttrike 
 up a lively tune, and the ball is opened by the 
 bridegroom and some venerable old lady. He 
 has also to dance with all the ladies present, be 
 they ever so many. Next comes the bride, 
 whose duty it is to dance with all the gentle- 
 men. As many others as can get room now 
 join in, and the dancers are soon in full glory. 
 Refreshments are served at short intervals ; 
 the musicians, soon getting elated, commence 
 to treat the poor violins most unmercifully. 
 Keeping time with the stamp of the foot, the 
 dancers increase their speed fearfully, clap their 
 hands, give the hoot-heel a slap, as a kind of 
 encouragement, and some happy fellow will, 
 with the assistance of his partner's strong arms, 
 make a terrible leap, touching the ceiling with 
 
 AS EARLY SCAJvDlKAVIAS VESSEL. 
 
NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 405 
 
 for her docility. When the herd has arrived at 
 
 the sdter, the girls regularly take up their abode 
 
 at the sluga, which is of very small dimensions — 
 
 not exceeding fourteen feet in length by ten in 
 
 width. 
 
 » ♦ « 
 
 The May-pole in Sweden. 
 St. Hans'sEvc is, in Sweden, the most joyous 
 niy;ht of the whole year. In parts of the coun- 
 try, more especially in ihe provinces of Bohus 
 and Scania, and in districts bordering on Nor- 
 way, in which country Balder was worshiped, 
 it is celebrated by the frequent discharge of fire- 
 arms, and also by huge bonfires — formerly 
 called Balder' s Balar, symbols of the obsequies 
 of that god, whose body was consumed on an 
 immense funeral pyre — which are kindled at 
 dusk on bills and eminences, and throw a glare 
 
 akimbo. From top to bottom not only the 
 " Maj Stang" itself, but the hoops, bows, etc., 
 are ornamented with leaves, floweis, slips of 
 various cloth, gilt egg-shells, etc. ; and on the 
 top of it is a cock or a large vane, or it may be 
 a flug, commonly white or red, on which is 
 inscribed the name of the Apostle John, or that 
 of the hamlet, and date. 
 
 Some of these votive pillars, if the expression 
 may be used, are thought to be symbolic of 
 sun-worship ; as, for instance, the garlands 
 being made to represent triangles and wheels 
 with spokes, these forms being known to repre- 
 sent the sun, at least amongst the Egyptians 
 and Phoenicians. The wheel with rays being 
 still the sign of t'le sun, and the obelisk, or 
 pointed pillar, is also supposed to have had the 
 same signification. 
 
 The raising of the "Maj Stang," which has 
 
 In the town of Lulea, in Norrlands, families 
 on St. Hans' g Eve are accustomed to repair to a 
 hill in the vicinity called "Mjolkudds Berget," 
 where tliey light a number of small fires. 
 Those that now blaze, however, are not fires iu 
 honor of god Balder, but simply to prepare 
 coffee. Each family party collects around its 
 own little fire ; but the coffee-pan must not be 
 placed on it till the sun is about to siak below 
 the horizjn : and before the coffee is boiled that 
 luminary has again risen ; for at this season of 
 the year, in these high latitudes, the queen of 
 light is so unwearied in illumining the inhabi- 
 tants of the Fjalls that she hardly gives herself 
 a moment's rest. 
 
 Some, again, direct their steps to certain 
 
 mystic fonts called " Offer Kallor," or sacrificial 
 
 springs, so named liecause in heathen times the 
 
 1 limbs of the slaughtered victim, whether man 
 
 of light over the face of all the surrounding 
 country. It is remarkable that it is still the 
 custom to dance around, and jump over and 
 through, these fires, reminding one of the an- 
 cient feasts of Baal or Moloch, when the wor- 
 shipers are described as passing through the 
 fire to Moloch. 
 
 The great attraction of the evening, however, 
 is the " Maj Stang." one of which in the rural 
 districts is raised at Midsummer in nearly every 
 large hamlet, as also near to the residence of 
 most large landed proprietors. 
 
 This consists of a straight and tall spruce- 
 pine tree — often of the thickness of a man's 
 body at the base — divested of its branches. At 
 times hoops, and at others pieces of wood, 
 placed crosswise, are attached to it at interviUs ; 
 whilst at others it is provided with bows, re- 
 Bieeenting, bo to Bay, a man with his arms 
 
 THE CHBISIUAS TBEE IN SWEDEK. 
 
 been previously decorated by the maidens of the 
 village, is attended with much ceremony, and 
 to the sound of the violin or other musical 
 instrument, in which while guns, or it may be 
 small cannon, are repeatedly discharged. 
 
 People from all quarters flock to the ' ' Maj 
 Stang," and, after forming a great ring, dance 
 around it. " Every one enters into the amuse- 
 ment, from the grandmother to the child three 
 years old, the unrestrained wing of gladness 
 being extended over all. Every care is then 
 forgotten, and one abandons oneself solely to 
 the enjoyment of the hour." 
 
 The dance over, for the time at least, they sit 
 down to the evening repast, and when this is 
 ended, they cither dance again or amuse them- 
 selves as best they may, it b2ing the custom for 
 every one on this festive occasion to remaiu up 
 and moving during the whole night, 
 
 or beaist, were here washed prior to immolation. 
 Here, also, the priestesses of the neighboring 
 temple counseled the people both in regard to 
 their sicknesses and worldly affairs, and as a 
 consequence these fonts were looked on as holy. 
 When Christianity was introduced into Swe- 
 den, now, as said, upwards of a thousand years 
 ago, the monks erected near to each of tlis^e 
 springs the image of one or other of their 
 saints, making the people believe the waters 
 were under the special protection of the latter, 
 and encouraged them to make gifts to them- 
 selves in like manner as to the priestesses of old. 
 
 Blotter 01, or Harvest Home in Sweden. 
 
 " Slotter 6l," answering to our "Harvest- 
 home, ' ' is in several provinces of Sweden a grea* 
 " people's festival." 
 
406 
 
 •IHE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 "In Scania, and elsewhere," says a Swedis^h 
 vyriter, '■ it has been the custom, from time im- 
 memorial, for the peasantry on the occasion to 
 devote a day to pleasure and festivity. To them 
 it is one of the happiest in the year. Their joy 
 is loud and general. All are animated by the 
 gratification which is the reward of every honest 
 man on the successful completion of his labors, 
 The festival takes place when the fields aie 
 shorn of their treasures and the grain safely 
 housed. The peasants, as with those in a 
 higher position in 
 life, express their 
 delight in tlie plea- 
 enres of the table. 
 
 A well-furnished 
 one has always been 
 with us a needful 
 adjunct to social 
 comfort and plea- 
 sure. By eating and 
 drinking we praise 
 the care of Provi- 
 dence ; we express 
 our loyalty as sub- 
 jects, our gratitude 
 toward our bene- 
 factors, and our 
 sympathy with the 
 important oc- 
 currences of the day. 
 By it we honor our 
 contemporary cele- 
 brities, and show 
 OUT affection toward 
 ourfriends ; and our 
 gratitude, our re- 
 spect, our love, and 
 our delight, are not 
 ttnfrequently mea- 
 
 HARVEST-HOME IN SWEDFJJ. 
 
 sured by the quantity and quality of the vianrls 
 iin 1 liquors set before us. We must not, there- 
 fore, blame our more humble peasant friends 
 when, after their labors are ended, they cheer 
 their hearts with a meriy meeting. 
 
 "T/ie guests on these occasions are numerous, 
 because relations, friends, and neighbors have 
 all aided in gathering the corn into the gamer ; 
 and now, by the invitation of the host, come to 
 discuss the contents of his larder. And we can 
 assure our readers that this is most effectually 
 
 accomp'ished. Tlie repast lasts a long tima^ 
 during which Swedish nectar— potato brandy — 
 is forthcoming in abundance ; and the dance 
 that succeeds, which is kept up until a lat© 
 hour, concludes the festivities." 
 
 LUND nORSF.-FAIR IN SWEDEN. 
 
 A Swedish Funeral. 
 When a death has taken place amongst the 
 peasants in Sweden, two of the nearest male 
 relatives go to the minister of the parish and 
 state the facts, and 
 receive from him 
 the keys of the 
 church and belfry. 
 When arrived there 
 they will ring the 
 bells for half an 
 hour, and in this 
 way the people for 
 miles around will 
 know that one of 
 their number has 
 departed ; and it 
 always seems that 
 the bells on such 
 occasions have a 
 melancholy sound, 
 as if it were to warn 
 the still living of 
 the uncertainty of 
 this life. 
 
 When the ringing 
 has ceased, the same 
 per-ons will take 
 the spades — always 
 kept in the belfry 
 — and dig the grave. 
 This finished, they 
 wni order a cofBn. 
 
NOBWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 40T 
 
 l^f^l^lf/l 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ■o 
 
408 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 "^.m 
 
 The funeral generally takes place on a^unday, 
 vhen the deceased is carried by his relatives 
 and friends, sometimes a distance of four or six 
 miles, to his last resting-place. When near 
 the church the bells are again rung, and only 
 cease when the procession has arrived at the 
 grave, where the minister performs the funeral 
 ceremonies. The procession is always headed 
 by the oldest men, and next to the coffin three 
 or four women, dressed in black, with large 
 white aprons, and their heads and shoulders 
 covered with handkerchiefs of the same color. 
 Many years ago the funerals were in some 
 Instances ended with music and dancing, but I 
 have only seen one myself, and in this case 
 the departed was an old toper, who left be- 
 hind him a young and handsome widow, but 
 not to monm his loss, as she married not very 
 
 long after. 
 
 ♦ « ♦ 
 
 Lund Horse Fair, 
 One of the most celebrated fairs in the coun- 
 try is that held annually in the cathedral town 
 cf Lund, in Scania. It lasts from the begin- 
 ning of Ijeut to Easter Week ; " and this merry 
 time," we are told, in substance, "is to the 
 lower classes what the carnival is to the inhabit- 
 Bnts of the southern countries of Europe. The 
 great days are Wednesday in mid-Lent and Ash- 
 Wednesday ; and these two days are as much 
 
 A SWEDISH FUNERAL. 
 
 renowned amongst the peasantry in Scania as is 
 Beaucaire Fair among the French and Italians. 
 Ash - Wednesday is in Lund — on account of 
 the horse-fair— turned into the noisiest day in 
 the whole year. People from far and near, 
 landed proprietors, bailiffs, and peasants, flock 
 by thousands to the town. One also sees there 
 numbers of horse-jockeys, and amongst them 
 not a few gipsies and Bohemians. He who, 
 like Borrow and Eibert Smidt, delights in the 
 gibberish of these people — a lingo called ' Mo- 
 inani,'' derived from Sanscrit, and interlarded 
 with the slang of all nations — ought to go to 
 Lund. These men curvet about the streets on 
 steeds that are made up, and look well enough, 
 for the occasion ; but when one has purchased 
 them they turn out the veriest jades, and full 
 of cleverly concealed defects." 
 
 The fair, besides, presents to the beholder an 
 endless variety of amusing scenes and incidents. 
 Grave citizens, at inns and eating-houses, in 
 cloaks and ^ galloslies,'' or overshoes, the latter 
 being looked on as the greatest of luxuries ; the 
 lower class in tents that the market people and 
 the jugglers have erected in the street ; the 
 exchange of watches here and there between the 
 peasantry, who ratify the bargain by knocking 
 their hats together with such force as not in- 
 frequently to leave ineffaceable indentations on 
 them ; the most determined bargaining, but 
 still the most exorbitant prices paid. 
 
 The Ohristmas Tree. 
 
 On the evening of St. Stephen's Day, the iiw' 
 habitants of the village assemble either at one- 
 or other of their own homes, or at a so-called 
 Lek Stuga, literally play-room or house, that 
 is supported by subscription, and where the 
 inhabitants amuse themselves with music and 
 dancing. 
 
 Prior to the commencement of the latter-^ 
 such, at least, used to be the pleasing custom 
 some years ago in the more wooded parts of Os- 
 tergotland — four maidens, clad in white, with 
 tinsel coronets on their heads, and various other 
 ornaments, enter the apartment. Two of them 
 carry refreshments for the company, whilst the 
 other two carry between them a tub filled with 
 soil, in which is planted a so-called Jul Buske, 
 that is, the upper part of a young spruce-pine, 
 to the graceful branches of which are appended 
 numerous lighted tapers, party-colored ribbons, 
 etc. This tub is placed on the floor in the 
 middle of the room, when the four maidens in 
 question form a ring around it, and sing the- 
 following lines : 
 
 " To greet our host and hostess here. 
 Behold a burning bush appear. 
 'Tls borne alott by maidens twain, 
 Belonging to our village train. 
 Sans root, with crown and branches greexu- 
 Thus growing now this bush is seen. 
 May God our host and hostess blesB, 
 And send them every happiness." 
 
DENiMARK. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL- AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY.^ 
 
 Copenhagen -The Chfroh of Faareville— Danish Costumes— Pubi^ic lyARRiAoE— The Metal Font at Haderslev— Citriotts ANcrENT Goldbw, 
 HoKNs— Danish 1'ebbyboat— pbison of Chbisiian II, at sondebbuko— The palace of CaaisTiANSBoao — Elsinobe— Danish missions. 
 
 /HIS kingdom lies Korth of Germany, 
 between the Baltic and North Sea. It 
 comprises the peninsula of Jutland 
 in the North, the Duchies of Holstein 
 and Lauenbeig in the South, and a group of 
 islands Ij'ing in the Baltic Sea. The surface is 
 almost a perfect flat, and in some parts the 
 coast is protected from inxmdation of the sea 
 by dykes. 
 
 The soil is good near the coasts, but in the 
 interior there are large tracts covered with 
 heath. Tlie climate is humid, but mild for the 
 latitude, and wheat and oats are extensively 
 cultivated. Geese, ducks, and other birds are 
 numerous, and tlie exportation of their feathers 
 forms a very profitable branch of commerce. 
 Peat is the principal fuel — all coal being im- 
 ported, is, consequently, very expensive. The 
 supply of wood is limited, there being but few 
 forests in Denmark. Pastures are the chief 
 sources of wealth. 
 
 The inhabitants belong to the Teutonic or 
 German family of nations, and their leading 
 pursuit is agriculture. 
 
 The roads in Zealand and other islands are 
 generally good, but in other parts are very 
 poor. Railroads are introduced but to a limited 
 extent. 
 
 As Denmark contains neither iron, coal, nor 
 water-power, its manufactures are few. Cheese 
 and butter are made in abundance, and distilla- 
 tion and brewing are extensively carried on. 
 The exports are agricultural products, live 
 stock, fish, beer, and brandy. 
 
 Copenhagen, the largest city and capital of 
 the kingdom, is situated on the eastern coast of 
 the Island of Zealand, and partly on the adja- 
 cent Island of Amak. Elsinore is on the Island 
 of Zealand, and is twenty-five miles North of 
 Copenhagen. It is a small commercial town 
 where, formerly, all merchant-ships passing in 
 or out of the Baltic, excepting the Swedish and 
 Danish, had to pay sound dues. This impost 
 was, however, abolished about twenty years 
 ago — the Danish Government receiving, in lieu 
 of it, a certain sum of money down as an 
 equivalent. Elsiuore is also remarkable as 
 
 being the scene of Shakespeaie's grand tragedy 
 of " Hamlet." 
 
 Horace Marryat, in his chatty work, entitled 
 "Jutland and the Danish Islands," gives the 
 following pleasant account of the capital of 
 Benmark : 
 
 " Among the earlier events of interest which 
 took place at Copenhagen, I find mentioned 
 how, in 1363, there was a ' right goodly royal 
 party of prindsen, kings, and illustrious princes, 
 as well as nobles from all parts, assembled to 
 witness the nuptials of the Princess Margaret, 
 daughter of King Valdemar Atterdag, with 
 Hakon, King of Norway.' Swedish historians 
 declare Margaret to have heen of a dark com- 
 plexion, by no means well-looking. After her 
 marriage she went, accompanied by her husband, 
 to Norway, where, on account of her tender 
 years, a governess was placed over her, the 
 Iiady Martha, daughter of St. Bridget ; very 
 strict, too, she was, and often made Margaret, 
 a married queen, smart under the rod. In 
 after life a steady affection continued to exist 
 between the queen and her early castigatrix. 
 
 ' ' Of the endless and innumerable sieges this 
 devoted city has undergone, I will merely call 
 to mind that which took place in the days of 
 Philippa of England, worthy sister of the hero 
 of Agincourt. 
 
 " Copenhagen was attacked by the Hanseatic 
 League, and the town would have fallen had it 
 not been for the courage of Philippa. ' Queen 
 Philippa,' say the Chronicles, ' held Princes' 
 Day at Copenhagen, and invited to the castle 
 the soldiers and young men of the city who 
 had fought against the Wends and Hanseatikers, 
 and, after counseling them to render good 
 service to the lord their king, dismissed them 
 to enjoy something which we cannot find in the 
 dictionary, but imagine to be "a regular good 
 blow-out." ' Her conduct inspired the citizens 
 with such enthusiasm, the enemy were com- 
 pelled to retire. Joyful at her success (Erik, 
 her husband, was then absent in Sweden, or, as 
 Swedish historians assert, lying concealed in the 
 convent of Soro), Philippa invested Stralsund 
 with » fleet of seventy-five ships : fortune 
 
 declared against he?; after a hard-fought 
 battle she returned to Copenhagen, her fleet 
 destroyed : and now it is related how Erik, un- 
 mindful of her former success, in his rage 
 struck the queen, at that time advanced in, 
 pregnancy. Indignant at this treatment, she 
 retired to the convent o" Vadstena, where she 
 died some few months after, and was buried in 
 the chapel of St. Anne, which she herself had 
 founded, and where her sepulchral slab may 
 still be seen. I 
 
 " Erik caused a Domkirke to lie, built at 
 Vadstena in her honor. ' 
 
 ' ' Some historians affect to deny this story, or 
 urge in Erik's defense the Jutland law, by 
 virtue of which a man was authorized to flog 
 his wife and children with his hands, but not 
 with weapons." kj 
 
 The Danes aro a hardy and industrious race, 
 and, after the English and Americans, are tha 
 finest sailors in the world. The population is 
 about two millions. 
 
 Sunday is nearly as much a work-day as any 
 other, yet the wages of laborers do not usually 
 amount to more than $75 a year. Womea 
 earn about ten cents a day. The united earn- 
 ings of a family, consisting of a laborer and 
 his wife with three or four children, will not 
 enable them to purchase anything better aa 
 food than rye-bread, bad milk-cheese and butter 
 and poor coffee ; to which must be added to- 
 bacco and snuff, and cheap bad spirits, which, 
 they consume in large quantities. The weekly 
 earnings of a spinner are $1.50 to $2, and 
 those of a weaver are from $1..J0 to $3. In tho 
 most favorable situations, the diet is not so bad 
 as we have mentioned. 
 
 The religion of Denmark is strictly Lutheran, 
 and apostacy from it entails loss of civil rights. 
 Education is carefully followed up, and the 
 poorest peasant will be found able to read and 
 write. 
 
 The early history of Denmark was very mucU 
 connected with that of England, upon whos» 
 shores they were in the habit of making frequent 
 invasions — the Danish King, Canute, occupying 
 the throne for a time. 
 
-no 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Oopenhagsn. 
 
 Copenhagen, tlie capital town, or, al 
 It is spelt, in Danish, Kjobenhavn, is 
 said to have been founded by Bishop 
 Azel in 116B, when it was only a mere 
 hamlet of fishermen, but, as a town, It 
 dates only from the thirteenth century, 
 anl, as a city, sines 1443. Being well 
 adapted for commerce, it rapidly in- 
 creased, and soon became the seat of 
 government, its population in 1852 
 being 138,140, mostly Protestants. It 
 is built on a piece of very flat ground, 
 slightly raise! above the surface of the 
 sea, and is intersected in several direc- 
 tions with canals, along which are nu- 
 merous quays and wharfs. Tlie form 
 c f the city is that of an irregular circle. 
 With a diameter of about two miles, 
 circur^^ference rather more than six 
 mi. js. 
 
 Copenhagen, which has sustained a 
 prominent position in the militaiy 
 annals of Europe, is strongly fortified, 
 being surrounded on the land side with 
 a lofty wall flanked with bastions, and 
 by a ;jroad, deep ditch, filled with water 
 from the Baltic, and defended toward 
 the sea by most formidable batteries. 
 It contains many handsome edifices of 
 modern construction, usually of brick, 
 but occasionally of Norwegian granite ; 
 as a general thing, the pavement of the 
 streets is very indifferent, and the city 
 suffers much bv the worst of evils to 
 which a large community can be sub- 
 jected — a deficiency of good fresh water. 
 
 The city possesses numerous hospitals 
 and asylums, in which no kind of 
 disease, poverty, or wretchedness ap- 
 pears to be forgotten ; a imiversity 
 founded by Christian I. in 1478, a mu- 
 seum of Northern antiquities, cele- 
 brated throughout Europe for its valu- 
 able collection of Scandinavian remains, 
 and is well provided with educational 
 institutions. 
 
 Copenhagen, from the prominence it 
 has had in the belligerent aimals of 
 modem Europe, has stood some stout 
 sieges, especially that in 1801, when, 
 after one of the most desperate actions 
 on record, Nelson, who was second in 
 command to Sir Hyde Parker, sank or 
 burnt all the Danish ships, and com- 
 pelled Denmark to abandon the allianca 
 she had entered into against England. 
 Again, in 1807, Copenhagen was bom- 
 barded by Lord Cathcart, and forced to 
 capitulate. For this siege, and th« 
 destruction of the fleet, the Danes still 
 dislike the English, and these things 
 may have had some effect upon the 
 nation's refusal to join tl:3 Western 
 Alliance against its most dangerous 
 enemy — Alexander 11. 
 
 The Ohurch of Faareveile. 
 
 Is the year 1567, the sentence of deafk 
 
 was passed by the Scottish Parliameok 
 
 on the I<2arl of Bothwell. who had COK^ 
 
 polled Mary, Queeu of Scote, to marry 
 
DENMARK 
 
 411 
 
 him. The earl was 
 then in the Orltney 
 Islands, and succeeded 
 In making his escape 
 to Denmark. Here he 
 declared himself to bo 
 the husband of Mary, 
 Queen of Scots, and 
 demanded to he con- 
 ducted into the pre- 
 sence of the king. 
 
 Frederic II. feared 
 that the earl would 
 go over to Sweden, a 
 country at war with 
 Denmark. On this 
 account only was he 
 Bent a prisoner to Co- 
 penhagen. Bothwell 
 died at Draxholm two 
 years after liis removal 
 thither, and was in- 
 terred in the parish 
 church of Faareveile. 
 On the iron-bound 
 door of the church 
 appears the dragon — 
 titular patron, I sup- 
 pose, of the place. The 
 interior is simple, of 
 good architecture, 
 with pulpit and altar- 
 piece of Christian IV. 's 
 date, and in sound 
 repair — telling of a 
 resident landlord who 
 prides himself in the 
 prosperous appearance 
 of all around him. 
 And now they raise a 
 folding trap in the 
 chancel ; a ladder leads 
 
 to the vault below: on the right lies a simple 
 wooden coffin encased in an outer one for 
 protection ; the lid is removed, a sheet with- 
 drawn, uncovered within which lies the mum- 
 my-corpse of Scotland's proudest earl. The 
 coffin, in earlier times, reposed in a vault of 
 the chapel of the Adeler family, but was re- 
 moved by the baron to its present place for 
 the convenience o^' thoeo who desire to visit it 
 without intruding on bae djrmitorj of the 
 family. It has 
 always for cen- 
 tur ies been 
 iknown as the 
 tomb of ' ' Grev 
 Bod veil" by 
 sacristan and 
 peasant. When 
 the wooden 
 coffin was first 
 ) p e n e d , the 
 body was found 
 mveloped i n 
 Jhe finest linen, 
 the head repos- 
 ing on a pillow 
 of satin. There 
 was no inscrip- 
 tion 
 
 We are no 
 enthusiasts, and 
 tako mattero 
 
 COSTUMES OF THE DANISH PEASANTET, 
 
 quietly enough, but we defy any impartial per- 
 son to gaze on this body without at once declar- 
 ing it to be that of an ugly " Scotchman." It 
 is that of a man of the middle height — and 
 to judge by his hair, red mixed with gray, of 
 about fifty years of age. The forehead is not 
 expansive : the form of the head wide behind, 
 denoting bad qualities, of which Bothwell, as 
 we all know, possessed plenty ; high cheek- 
 bones; remarkably prominent, long, hooked 
 
 PUBUC CARBIAOE. 
 
 nose, somowhat do- 
 pressed toward the 
 end (this may hava 
 been the effect of ema- 
 ciation) ; wide mouth ; 
 hands and feet small, 
 well shaped, those of 
 a high-bred man. 
 
 We have examined 
 the records of the 
 Scottish Parliament, 
 caused researches to 
 be made at the British 
 Museum — the copy of 
 his " Hue and Cry" is 
 not forthcoming : no 
 description of Both- 
 well exists, save that 
 of Brant6me, who saw 
 him on his visit to 
 Paris, where he first 
 met Mary during the 
 life-time of King 
 Francis, and he de- 
 scribes him as "the 
 ugliest and awkward- 
 est of men." Con- 
 cerning his grace we 
 can say nothing, but 
 we do not think his 
 corpse belies the de- 
 scription of the French 
 historian. And now, 
 satisfied with the 
 inspection, having first 
 severed a lock of his 
 red and silver hair as 
 a souvenir, we let close 
 the coffin-lid, and 
 again mounted the 
 staircase. Bothwell's 
 life was a troubled 
 one ; but had he selected a site in all Christen- 
 dom for quiet and repose in death, he could 
 have found none more peaceful than that 
 where he lies. 
 
 ii^i> 
 
 Ourious Ancient Golden HomSi 
 In 1802, these two horns of solid gold were 
 stolen from the Kunst cabinet of Christiana- 
 borg, Denmark, by a jeweler named Heiden- 
 
 reich, and were 
 melted down 
 before the rob- 
 bery was dis- 
 covered. The 
 robber was im- 
 prisoned for 
 life, and a long 
 detention it 
 proved, for he 
 lived to be 
 dghty years of 
 age. 
 
 The circum- 
 stances attend- 
 ing the original 
 finding of thesa 
 golden horns 
 were singular. 
 In the year 1639, 
 near Tender, In 
 Slesvig, a young 
 
412 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 peasant girl, by name Katharina, as she was 
 returning home one evening, remarked some- 
 thing sticking up out of the ground by the side 
 of the road. Imagining it to be a piece of wood, 
 Bhe passed it by without examination. Some 
 days later, walking along the same road, she 
 struck her foot against the same object. Seeing 
 it to be something curious, she endeavored to 
 pull it from the earth, and having, after great 
 efforts, succeeded in extracting it from the 
 ground, called to her companions to look at 
 what she had found. They all laughed at her, 
 declaring it to be an old hunter's horn, and 
 advised her to leave it where she found it. This 
 she refused to do. Having had the trouble of 
 drag;^ing it out from the earth, she determined 
 to carry it home. She then washed it in the 
 river, and, when rubbed and freed from the 
 mud which adhered to it, it was believed to be 
 brass. Everybody ridiailed her ; but she took 
 one of the rings attached to the horn and sold 
 it to a goldsmith in the village, who discovered 
 it to be of gold. The mayor of Tonder, having 
 questioned the girl, caused excavations to be 
 made at the same place, without success. At 
 last the rumor came to the ears of Christian IV. , 
 then on a visit to his son, the Crown Prince at 
 GlUckstadt. Christian purchased the horn from 
 the girl and presented it to the prince. The 
 prince placed it on his buffet, and amused him- 
 self with his court in endeavoring to quaff its 
 contents at a draught. This feat, however, no 
 one could accomplish, as the horn contained 
 three pots and a-half of wine. It weighed 
 Beveu pounds, and was worth $2,250. It is now 
 supposed to belong to the first or an earlier Iron 
 age. 
 
 In the year 1737, twenty-five steps from the 
 place where the first horn was found, a peasant, 
 by the name of Erik Lauritzen, whilst removing 
 mold, at six inches from the surface, struck 
 against the second horn and took it up. Find- 
 ing it to be of gold, he presented it to Count 
 Schack, owner of the land, who gave it to 
 Christian VI. The king sent the peasant $125, 
 the value of the horn being $2,500. The 
 man was so delighted with his majesty's liber- 
 ality, that he wrote twice to thank the king 
 for his kindness. 
 The celebrated poet, 
 Adam Oehlenschla- 
 ger, composed a 
 funeral elegy on 
 these horns, when 
 they had been stolen 
 and melted down, 
 so touching that it 
 brought tears into 
 the eyes of all anti- 
 quaries who read it. 
 
 Public Oarriage. 
 OuE accompany- 
 ing sketches display 
 the usual modes of 
 Inland communica- 
 tion by ferry-boat 
 and public carriage, 
 crossing the Belt to 
 KorsSr, in Zealand, 
 a distance of about 
 eighteen miles. 
 These and the 
 
 THE METAL FOXT AT UADEHSLEV. 
 
 numerous other feiTies in Denmark are all 
 regulated by Government, and the fares are 
 very moderate, and the attendants always 
 respectful 
 
 The Metal Pont at Haderslev, 
 The bell-metal fonts of Danish churches are 
 a feature in themselves — ivasi in form, gene- 
 ally supported on the shoulders of three monks, 
 or grinning monsters of some kind. They are 
 too large for present use, and inside is gene- 
 rally fitted a metal dish en repomsi, with Adam 
 and Eve, the spies, or three fishes, thereon, 
 rude in workmanship, though they are of more 
 recent date than is imagined, showing the art 
 to have remained in statu quo later in these 
 Northern climes than in the South of Europe. 
 
 The general style and form, however, is not 
 without its striking features, and may suggest 
 new forms in our o^vn churches. 
 
 Tie Prison of Christian 11. 
 The career of Christian n., first Protestant 
 King of Denmark, was a strange series of con- 
 trasts. As a favorite of the Pope, he drove 
 
 CVBIOtrS ANCIENT OOUDEN HORNS. 
 
 Sweden into revolt and reform, and then him- 
 self renounced the faith he had been so earnest 
 for. He was bom to three kingdoms, and died 
 deprived of them all. A slave to a mistress, 
 his rule was beneficent — he fell before the power 
 of the barons, yet was hated by his people. 
 
 "In contemplating the character of Christian 
 II., one knows not what most rivets the atten- 
 tion," says the historian Geijer, " his multiplied 
 undertakings, his audacity, his feebleness, or 
 that prolonged misery of years in which he 
 expiated his short-lived and mach-abused tenure 
 of power." 
 
 After many attempts to recover at least one 
 of his kingdoms, he was taken prisoner in 
 Norway by the Danish Admiral, under a prom- 
 ise that he should bo set free. But his suc- 
 cessor, Frederic, was compelled by the noble* 
 to give them another assurance that Christiaa 
 should be kept in perpetual imprisonment. The 
 document containing the pledge was committed 
 to the custody of eight barons, and the ill- 
 starred king was conveyed to the castle of Son- 
 denburg, on the island of Alsen. Here he was 
 placed in the vaulted apartment shown in our 
 illustration, all the windows being walled up, 
 except a small aperture near the ceiling for air 
 and light and the introduction of his food. 
 Here, with no companion but a Norwegian 
 dwarf, who for a time was allowed to attend 
 him, he passed seventeen years. A stone tabla 
 still remains in the castle, around the edge of 
 which is a groove worn by the hand of the 
 king ; and our illustration shows the deep circle 
 worn as he paced around the table, day after 
 day, for the long period of his incarceration. 
 He died a prisoner in 1649, in the castle of Kal- 
 lundborg, in Zealand. 
 
 Danish Missions. 
 In a pleasant volume entitled "The Eol» 
 Roy on the Baltic," the author gives some pai>- 
 ticulars which will doubtless interest the gen- 
 eral reader: 
 
 "Christianity was introduced into Denmark 
 in the ninth century. Harold was the first king 
 who openly professed it. Many English name* 
 come from DenmarK. 
 All the cinque porta 
 have names of 
 Scandinavian origin; 
 and the name of 
 Havelock is en- 
 shrined in a strange 
 old story of th* 
 twelfth century. 
 
 "The incident 
 about Canute and 
 the tide reminds us 
 that, there being no 
 ebb and flow in the 
 Baltic, the courtiers 
 would naturally 
 have their attention 
 drawn to the rising 
 tide in England 
 
 "In the royal 
 library at Copen- 
 hagen I saw the old 
 MS. of part of the 
 Old Testament in 
 Danish, written ia 
 the fourteeatb 
 
DENMAEK. 
 
 418 
 
 tsenttiry, on goatekinB dyed red. In 1515, Peter- 
 sen, and in 1524, Mikkelsen, gave a complete 
 Danish translation of the whole Bible, ■which 
 appeared two years before Tyndale's English 
 New Testament in our own country ; but it was 
 not published as a whole until 155G, under 
 Christian III. In the seTenteenth century, 
 Trederiek IV., a great Danish monarch, made 
 fresh efforts to circulate the Bible in his terri- 
 tory. He used to read several chapters of the 
 holy book every day. 
 
 " Viborg was the first Protestant town. In 
 1688 each church had a ' Kirke Gubber,' or 
 ' church-pusher,' whose duty it was to wake up 
 sleepers ; while an hour-glass placed on the 
 pulpit told the preacher he must not speak 
 too long. 
 
 "Numerous family ties have unitert the royal 
 families of England and Denmark, from the 
 time when Gorme, a Danish king, a thousand 
 
 grand battle of 
 the Cross may 
 be briefly 
 noticed, even 
 while we pause 
 in our journey 
 to gaze back 
 into past cen- 
 turies. 
 
 " With respect 
 then, first, to 
 the mission 
 work in India: 
 we may pass 
 over the labors 
 of Xavier, as 
 their true char- 
 acter has been 
 exposed on ex- 
 amination: and 
 
 THE CUUECH OF KAARVII.LE. 
 
 DANISH FEBBYBOAT. 
 
 years ago, married Thyra, daughter of Ethelred, 
 King of England. 
 
 " The Scotchmen, Henderson and Patterson, 
 in 1805 commenced a Bible Society in Denmark. 
 The grandson of George II. of England became 
 its president, and used to preach from selected 
 texts. Various persons of distinction aided 
 these efforts in more modern times ; and now 
 there is a regular agency for Bible distribution 
 and for the circulation of tracts among all 
 classes of the people. 
 
 " But it is especially in the foreign missionary 
 field that the early, active and successful exer- 
 tions of the Danes deserve to be recorded. They 
 were, in many cases, the pioneers of the Church, 
 and labored out a way for the Gospel through 
 endless obstacles, and in dark and weary days, 
 when man did so little to help and so much 
 to hinder. 
 
 " A few of their splendid achievements in this 
 
 ike other Popish conversions, 
 nearly all the alleged instances 
 of it seem to have been merely 
 external changes of form, and 
 not internal conver- 
 sion of heart; and the 
 Jes u it s themselves 
 allow that their mis- 
 sion efforts at that 
 time ended in failure. 
 ' ' Frederick IV. of 
 Denmark aided Zie- 
 genbalch and Pluts- 
 cho to go as missionaries, in 1705, 
 to Tranquebar, and their work was 
 helped by the Society for the Propa- 
 gation of the Gospel in Foreign 
 Parts, which had been set on foot 
 four years previously; and by the 
 Christian Knowledge Society, estab- 
 lished two years before that. 
 
 ' ' The King began a missionary 
 college at Copenhagen. War forced 
 the missionaries to go to Calcutta, 
 where they soon began to preach, 
 and were protected by Lord Clive ; 
 but the East India Company re- 
 solutely strove to debar all Christ- 
 ians from work of this sort ; and 
 it was only by claiming protection 
 under the Danish flag that English 
 Christians were allowed to proclaim 
 the Gospel in & British possession. 
 
 The first English missionary to India was tha 
 Eev. A. Clarke, in 1789. In 1814 Tranquebar 
 was sold to England, and the mission property 
 was then transferred to a Saxon society. 
 
 PRISON OP CHRISTIAN' II. AT SONDBBBURQ. 
 
414 
 
 THE WORLD'S GSEAT NATIONa 
 
 . " At Tanjoro, a native prince introilneed the 
 Gospel in 172-2 : and then came the great 
 Swartz, who, witli the aid ol Colonel Wood, the 
 conqueror of HyJer Ali, erected a church and 
 school at TricL.nopoIi. He obtained great in- 
 fluence over the heathen princes, and died after 
 long service, and after he had given much 
 money to the missionary cause. 
 
 "William Carey, a cobbler, determined to 
 become a missionary to the Hindoos; and, 
 Deing refused a passage in the East India Com- 
 pany's ships, he appealed to a Dane, who took 
 him out willingly, with his family, to Seram- 
 pore, a Danish colony, where the mission was 
 firmly established ; and Carey died in old age, 
 after building a college on the Hooghly for four 
 hundred and fifty missionary students, which 
 was endowed and protected by the King of 
 Denmark, and was specially provided for when 
 Serampore was transferred to England in 18457 
 Marshmau, Judson and Henry Mar'tyn were 
 aided in their work from hence ; and an unsuc- 
 cessful effort was made to establish a station in 
 Bhootan, where so much trouble has been 
 caused within the last few years to the British 
 interests. 
 
 "•Turning now to Greenland, we find that in 
 A.D. 1023 it became tributary to Norway ; but 
 for a long time the place was forgotten, until 
 Frederick IV., instigated by Hans Egade, estab- 
 lished a mission station there, after repeated 
 failures, shipwrecks, and famines, in 1721 ; and 
 the work being continued by Stach and Count 
 Zinzendorf , the Moravians took up the mission 
 and zealously labored for years with the most 
 wonderful perseverance, and amid dangers and 
 diflSculties quite appalling. 
 
 " In the West Indies, also, the Danes were 
 moved to preach Christ to the wretched slaves 
 in their settlements ; and Dober began, in 1732, 
 at the Island of St. Thomas, amid dreadful pri- 
 Tations and discouragements ; but the persecu- 
 tion by the Governor was mitigated through 
 the intervention of the good Count Zinzendorf ; 
 and in twenty years Christian teachers were 
 even sought for by many of the planters. 
 
 " F. Martin preached in St. Jan, and others at 
 St. Croce ; until from those Danish islands the 
 Gospel was first sounded forth to the people 
 of Jamaica, Antigua, St. Kitts, Barbadoes, and 
 Tobago. 
 
 "The Church of the United Brethren has 
 314 missionaries in foreign lands, with 80,000 
 people under their charge, and 200 schools." 
 
 The Palace of Ohristiansborg. 
 
 In the year 1720 the old edifice was de- 
 molished by Frederick IV. of Denmark, and 
 while yet scarcely raised from its ruins was 
 again laid low, to satisfy the craving for mag- 
 nificence and luxury, the besetting sin of Queen 
 Sophia Madaleua. It was again consumed by 
 fire in the year 1794, and for some time re- 
 mained a heap of ashes. But Frederick VI. , it 
 appears, had received a promise from the 
 Emperor Napoleon that, in reward for his so- 
 called neutrality, he should receive the Kingdom 
 of Sweden, and be crowned King of all Scan- 
 dinavia. "King of Scandinavia!" exclaimed 
 his majesty; "and no palace to live in! send 
 for the court architect at once." His orders 
 were obeyed ; they planned and planned, and 
 the present unsightly Palace of Chrlstiansborg 
 is the result of their consultations. 
 
 Do not, however, imagine the Palace ot 
 Christiansborg to be a building as useless as it ii 
 ugly. Besides the state apartments, not often 
 occupied by the royal family, it harbors within 
 its walls the two Chambers of Parliament, the 
 Gallery of Pictures, and, in a building apart, 
 the Koyal Library. 
 
 The outer court, circular in form, is the 
 remains of the earlier edifice of Madalena. To 
 the right lies the splendid riding-school. This 
 court is muddy in Winter, dusty in Summer and 
 always untidy ; it is used for exercising the 
 royal stud. The Danes do not understand the 
 adaptation of unoccupied space to the ornament- 
 ation of their capital. A fountain, however, 
 has lately been erected in the centre, and cut 
 limes have been planted round the edge, which, 
 
 after a time, will take away from the deserted 
 look of this dreary waste, and give even the 
 palace a more habitable appearance. 
 
 A bridge across the Frederiksholm Canal 
 connects the He du Chateau with the town ; 
 and, turning to the right, we arrive at the 
 Prindsens Palais, a handsome edifice, now the 
 receptacle of the numerous museums — ethno- 
 graphic among the rest, the finest in Europe ; 
 the dresses, etc. , of the Greenland and northern 
 tribes are especially worth visiting — under the 
 direction of Professor Thomsen, who, with other 
 learned men, has apartments allotted to him 
 
 within its walls. 
 
 •-»-• • 
 
 Elsinore. 
 
 Elsinobe boasts of nothing remarkable ; its 
 streets are narrow ; the long, low, many-win- 
 dowed houses are of respectable appearance; 
 many very spacious, boasting an air of better 
 days. 
 
 The lately built Kaadhuus is a building of 
 considerable pretension, modeled on the red 
 brick Gothic peculiar to these northern climes — 
 a most creditable edifice, but (there is always ft 
 butj badly placed in the centre of a long street, 
 halt concealed by the adjoining houses. Its 
 consiruction was a regular job ; one side of the 
 neighboring square was offered to the authorities 
 for a trifling sum ; the proposition was, how- 
 ever, negatived by the chief magistrate of tho 
 place — " It would be too far removed from his 
 own dwelling ; he had become fat and unwieldy, 
 and could not bear moving." 
 
 Elsinore possesses two churches, both of great 
 antiquity, of red brick, well proportioned, but, 
 externally, fearfully degraded. That of St. Olaf 
 once piqued itself on its spire, which was blown 
 down, in 1737, during a hurricane, which seems 
 to have sent half the church- steeples in Den- 
 mark toppling over like ninepins ; either the 
 hurricane was very violent, or the spires badly 
 built. The interior is rich in carved and gilded 
 altar-piece and ornaments. 
 
 Dyveke, the celebrated favorite of King 
 Christian II., died in that city. 
 
 THE SLOTSBOLU EIDB OF COFENHIOEK— THB NEW CANAL BBISOB, 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 GEOGR -VPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. . 
 
 AiTBTEBDAM— Female HEAD-rnESSES— a villa on the Scheldt— Skate- race— Customs and costumes— Eably Pbintinq OmcE— A HoirssBOia 
 IN Amsteedam— The VYVEBBEKa AT The Hague— Friesland women— dutch Watchman— Market-woman at Amsterdam— In lEBioa 
 <JT AN Orphan asylum- dutch Nurse and Child— a gala Sleigh of Sixteenth Century- The Eat-catcher— Woman and Girl or 
 Hindelopen— Polishing diamonds — eoses and brilliants — diamond Works on the Amstel— Masks— Seaside Scene— Albert anu 
 Isabella in the Studio of Eubens— The Jews' Quarter- A Noble Dutch Family Eetubnino Home at Niqht— XBB IiIXIIiX matwh. 
 
 OISI* 07 AMSTBBDAM- THE ANNUAL FAIR AT E0IT£SI)A2[— Yl£W OB SCa£V£t<INa, SOCXS HOLLANS—f £A£ 
 
 70LLAND, or the Kingdom of the 
 Netherlands, lies North of Belgium, 
 and West of Germany and Prussia. 
 The surface is low and flat, inter- 
 sected hy numerous canals. Being below the 
 level of high sea-tides, it is protected either by 
 Band-banks thrown up by the sea, or by artifi- 
 cial dykes. The soil is very fertile, and tlie 
 climate mild and humid. The Winters, how- 
 ever, are generally severe. The productions are 
 similar to those of Belgium. The cattle are 
 very numerous, and grow to a large size. Im- 
 mense quantities of butter and cheese are made, 
 and the trade with foreign countries in these 
 articles and herrings is very great. 
 
 The inhabitants chiefly belong to the German 
 stock, with a strong mixture of the Flemish. 
 Their plodding habits of industry are prover- 
 bial. The Hollanders have a strong claim upon 
 our sympathies, since the g»eat State of New 
 York was founded by them, two hundred and 
 sixty years ago, and many of the old Knicker- 
 bocker customs still rule among us. Holland 
 has, also, a numerous class of Jews, whose 
 habits of thrift mak.e them very valuable mem- 
 bers of society — chiefly devoted to commerce. 
 Their main pursuit is rearing cattle, rather than 
 the cultivation of cereals. 
 
 They are a very moral, dogged people, some- 
 what given to schnapps and smoking, but slow- 
 tempered ; although when a Dutchman is in a 
 passion, so Dumas says, " it is the perfection of 
 ■white heat." The majority of them are Protes- 
 tants. They are excellent sailors, and for many 
 years contested the empire of the seas with 
 Great Britain. The exploits of their famous 
 Admiral, Van Tromp, is fresh in the recollec- 
 tion of every student of history. It must be con- 
 fessed that he "outheroded the Herod" of the 
 seas when he saUed up the British Channel with 
 a broom at the masthead of his admiral's ship. 
 As Charles Lamb said, ' ' this was treading on 
 the pride of Plato with greater pride." 
 
 Our excellent friend, W. T. Adams, better 
 known to the popular heart as Oliver Optic, on 
 his return from his tour in Europe, told us 
 that ' ' what struck him so strangely in Holland 
 was that when you looked for 07ie thing, you 
 found another. When you look for a diy road, 
 you find it, but it is water, since their high- 
 ways are canals. I almost expected to find the 
 
 sky made of earth, by way of consistency, but 
 it wasn't." 
 
 But, raillery apart, no nation has done so 
 much, with so little, as the founders of the Em- 
 pire State of the New World, despite the time- 
 laughed-at-jokes of John Dryden and Andrew 
 Marvel! — two very dissimilar writers, but who 
 concurred in a devoted dislike to Holland, which 
 was, perhaps, patriotism, if not rational, seeing 
 that at this very time — the reign of that Jim 
 Fisk, Jr., of history, Charles II. — the famous 
 Van Tromp, already alluded to, was brandish- 
 ing his Dutch broom in the very chops of the 
 Channel, or, in other words, in the face of Bri- 
 tannia. 
 
 The chief manufactures of Holland are linens, 
 velvets, paper, leather, earthenware, and gin. 
 
 The Hague, go celebrated in the days of Marl- 
 borough, is the capital, and also one of the 
 finest cities on the Continent, considering its 
 size. The largest city is Amsterdam, which is 
 the chief commercial emporium, and stands at 
 the confluence of the Amstel and a branch of 
 the Zuider Zee. It is built on piles, and inter- 
 sected by numerous canals. Rotterdam, the 
 second commercial city in size and importance, 
 is on the Meuse, and is famous for its canals. 
 
 Holland is a country in which, if we may 
 employ the expression, the rivers flow suspended 
 over the heads of the inhabitants: where large 
 towns stand below the level of the sea, which 
 commands and menaces them: where portions 
 of the cultivated soil have been in turn in- 
 vaded, surrendered, and recaptured by the 
 waters : where the natural course of the rivers 
 has reattached ancient isles to the continent by 
 a bond of sand, and where old portions of the 
 continent, destroyed and wrecked, have formed 
 recent islands. At the sight of such a strange 
 geographical constitution, which diverges from 
 all known laws, we can hardly feel surprised 
 that, with a handful of men, Holland should 
 have seized and maintained her independence : 
 that, without stone quarries, she should have 
 built cities and remarkable edifices ; that, 
 almost without wood, she should have built 
 vessels which disputed the lordship of the seas 
 with the most formidable fleets ; nor are we 
 astonished that, with sterile, inundated fields, 
 which defy the plowshare, she should have 
 rendered her cities cattle-markets and granaries 
 
 of abundance. What astonishes us above all 
 is that such a country exists, and that which 
 interests the traveler more than the variationa 
 of landscape, the character of the inhabitante, 
 the extent and' prosperity of the territory, is th» 
 mystery of a singular formation and destiny, 
 which are explained partly by nature and partly 
 by human industry. 
 
 Flat and level as a perfectly smooth sea, in- 
 dented by gulfs and bays, occupied by internal 
 lakes, and irrigated by rivers which ramify into 
 several small streams, the soil of Holland 
 appears to have been the theatre of a struggle 
 between land and water. The present state of 
 the country — a species of compromise between 
 the two elements — is evidently the consequence 
 of curious events and peculiar causes. But 
 these events are not so old as might be believed. 
 When science wishes to go back to the geologi- 
 cal cradle of the other parts of Europe, it is 
 compelled to appeal to those memorials about 
 whose interpretation history is dumb. Human 
 genius follows through darkness and ruins the 
 thread of those events which must have been 
 accomplished on the earth at a period when, ac- 
 cording to all probability, man was still absent 
 from creation. In Holland a more singolar and 
 moro novel spectacle is presented ; the gulls, 
 lakes, groups of islands, and alluvial soil which 
 constitutes entire provinces, man saw spring 
 into existence. During the historic period he 
 has witnessed the mouths of rivers closed by 
 the constantly growing deposition of sand, ho 
 has watched the land being converted .'lo^o 
 water, and the inner seas being dried up. 
 
 Several of these physical causes to which 
 naturalists refer the very ancient changes that 
 have taken place in the economy of the terres- 
 trial globe — such as deluges, winds, tides, move- 
 ments in the level of the land and sea — have 
 remained in full activity on the soil of the 
 Netherlands, even since the establishment of 
 cities. • ) 
 
 Long after the structure of the European 
 continent was arrested more or less, Holland 
 began, pursued, and even at this day is pursuing 
 the course of her geographical formation. The 
 natural history of the variations of the soil in 
 this country, therefore, offers a peculiar interest. 
 This history is connected with the social desti- 
 nies of the people inhabiting the Netherlands 
 
416 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS 
 
 it IS the geology ot yesterday and to-day, 
 igeology in action, and even, from a certain 
 point of view, political geologj'. 
 
 Hitlierto travelers and annalists h?,ve too 
 mucii neglected the reconstruction of the phys- 
 ical stage on which the various civilizations of 
 Europe have established themselves. The date 
 -and nature of this stage, the conditions amid 
 ■which it was formed, are, however, allied with 
 the essential facts of the nationality. The 
 peoples are what the external influences of the 
 country they inhabit determine them to be, or 
 vhat . the water, sky, and land make of them. 
 The value of these topographical causes is 
 
 It at present covers a surface of about eight- 
 een thousand seven hundred and ninety geo- 
 metrical feet, and is said to be larger than Haar- 
 lem, Leyden, Delft, Eotterdam, and Dordrecht 
 together, although these are considerable towns. 
 It is nine miles and a half in circumference, and 
 is surrounded by a ditch eighty feet wide, full 
 of running water, and with a rampart' faced 
 with brick, having twenty bastions, on eich of 
 which a windmill has been placed. Toward 
 the land the town has eight magnificent gates 
 of ston3 and one toward the shore. The forti- 
 fications are now much neglected, and have 
 been partly converted into public walks. 
 
 bridges, some of stone and s.ome of wood : tha 
 river Amstel itself divides the town into two 
 parts — the eastern, or old, and the western, or 
 new part — the communication between which is 
 by a bridge, partly built of brick and partly of 
 stone, with thirty-five arches. This bridge is 
 about six hundred and ten feet long, sixty-four 
 and a half wide, and furnished with iron balus- 
 trades. The largest ships may pass through the 
 eleven central arches, Tlie town itself is, in- 
 deed, built in the midst of a salt-marsh. la 
 consequence of this, the foundation of all tha 
 houses and public buildings is formerl by driving 
 piles, of from fifty to sixty fpot ia length. 
 
 fur ,her augmented, when a nation is placed in 
 the unique conditions of a position between the 
 continent and the sea. The geography of such 
 a people, in this case, Ijecomes the preface of its 
 history, and the root of its manners, institu- 
 tions, and genius. 
 
 > OM ' 
 
 Amsterdam. 
 Ai/THOUOH New York, in its ancient days, was 
 styled New Amsterdam, the original Amsterdam 
 is not one of those cities that can vaunt of being 
 very old. Early in the thirteenth century it 
 was a little gathering of fishermen's huts, like 
 New Amsterdam four centuries later. 
 
 AHSTERDAH. 
 
 The town of Amsterdam itself, in the simple 
 circumstances of its existence, is one of the 
 most striking monuments of human industry 
 and power that the world affords. Tlie adja- 
 cent country, along the banks of the Y, is four 
 or five feet below the level of the river, from 
 the irruption of which it is preserved by massy 
 and ponderous dykes ; and only an immense 
 dam of the same kind secures the town itself 
 from inundation, with which it seems every 
 moment threatened by the brimful canals and 
 waters which surround it. Canals, indeed, 
 intersect the town itself in every direction, 
 dividing it into ninety islands, which are con- 
 uected by meaua of two hundred and ninety 
 
 through the swampy ground, until they rest 
 firmly on a solid bank of sand below the mo- 
 rass. The upper ends of the piles are thea 
 sawed to a level, and thick planks are nailed 
 to them, on which the masonry is constructed. 
 
 Some buildings have declined very much from 
 the perpendicular, but are considered quite as 
 secure from falling as before ; they are not 
 thought equally secure from sinking, in case the 
 sand should give way on which the piles rest. 
 An event of this kind happened a few years 
 ago, when a stack of warehouses, heavily ladea 
 with corn, sunk and totally disappeared. This 
 mode of foundation gave occasion to the witti* 
 cism of Erasmus, who said that ia his wwiirf^ 
 
HOLLAND, 
 
 417 
 
 great multitudes of people lived upon the tops 
 of trees. 
 
 The streets of Amsterdam arc, in general, 
 very narrow. Many that contain the houses of 
 the most opulent merchants are not more than 
 S3venteen feet wide. Tlicre are, however, some 
 very fine streets : Kiezer's Gragt, or Emperor's 
 Street ; Heeren Gragt, or Lord's Street ; and Pris- 
 sen's Gragt, or Prince's Street, are upward of 
 one hundred and forty feet wide, and are lined 
 with houses, the splendor of which would do 
 honor to any town in Europe. 
 
 All tlie streets are paved with hrick, and a 
 few of them have raised foot-paths for passen- 
 gers ; but as wheel-carriages are neither numer- 
 ous nor allowed to be driven with speed, the 
 ways are nearly as safe as the flag-stone pave- 
 ments of New York. Most of the private 
 houses are built of brick, painted and orna- 
 mented with different colors. Tlieir exterior 
 is usiialy plain, anl the architecture recalls 
 that of the old Dutch houses in New York, 
 ■which have now all been swept away ; the 
 interior of the houses, however, is sufficiently 
 splendiJ, decorated very much in the French 
 stylo, and the sides of the rooms are generally 
 painted v.ith landscapes in oil-colors. 
 
 DUTCH HEAD-DBBSSB8. 
 
 Head-dresses of the Dutch, 
 He.u)-duesse3, or head-gear, are more or less 
 characteristic all over the world. Sometimes 
 they distinguish nations, tribes, and families. 
 Indeed, in olden days, they were rigidly regu- 
 lated by law or custom ; but with the emanci- 
 pation of the individual has come individuality 
 in ornament, as in most other things. In Hol- 
 land the adornment of the head is a passion 
 pervading all classes, more especially the lower 
 orders, who cling to old customs most tena- 
 ciously. Almost all the women in Holland, 
 but particularly those in Bort and Eotterdam, 
 wear spiral ornaments of gold or silver on their 
 temples, or on the top of their heads. The 
 variety of head-dresses increases as one pene- 
 trates the country, and it is easy to determine 
 the birthplace and condition of every woman 
 and girl from her head decorations. 
 
 In the province of Noord Holland (North 
 Holland) the head-gear is very rich and very 
 complicated, the hair being cut short and cov- 
 ered vrith a cap, frequently of white satin, 
 richly ornamented with rings of gold and silver 
 and flowers. Unmarried women and servants 
 wear ornaments of silver, but people in easy 
 
 circmnstances wear gold. Our illustrations, 
 convey, however, a better idea of the peculiari- 
 ties of these head-decorations than could possi- 
 bly be obtained from any pen-and-ink descrip- 
 tion, however minute. 
 
 A Dutch Villa on the Scheldt. 
 
 A LAND may become prosperous that haa 
 neither a fertile soil, nor mines, nor coal, nor 
 facilities for manufacturing. And while, with- 
 out any of these advantages, cne gy, thrift and 
 judgment can raise a nation to power and opu- 
 lence, as in the case of Holland, we see Mexico, 
 with the richest mines in the world, a soil pro- 
 ducing every variety of :rops that are found in 
 the temperate and torrid zones, wallowing in its 
 poverty, simply from the lack of energy, thrift, 
 and sound political judgment. 
 
 The opulence of Holland when her merchant- 
 ships were found in every sea, and her navy was 
 second to none in the world, can scarcely be 
 realized. Her cities teemed with beautiful 
 public and private structures. The villas of the 
 merchant-princes on the banks of the streams 
 and canals variel with the ideas of the owners, 
 and architects full of taste combined in the 
 
 27 
 
 DDTCII HEAD-DBESSia. 
 
418 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 structures the reminiscences brouglit by the 
 successful merchant from the far-off land where 
 he had laid tlie foundation of his fortune. Thus 
 these villas eml)raced the architecture of all 
 lands, and' the gay gondolas with which they 
 Tisited each other were no less attractive, while 
 the walls were adome J with paintings by artists 
 whose fame lives to attest tlie fact that these 
 merchants could inspire art and encourage 
 genius. The nation of shoplceepers boasts of 
 some of the highest names ia art, in science, 
 and in philosophy. 
 
 Our charming illustration, from an old-time 
 engraving, shows how incorrect is the idea of 
 the Dutch which, in early life, we drew from 
 the attractive but merciless pages of Irving. 
 
 tenderly upon him, her eyes full of pride. His 
 mother's hand is raised with a gesture of 
 wonder and admiration. His sister, too, is 
 listening eagerly to liis recital as to how the 
 feat was accomplished, and even the old father, 
 who is less demonstrative than the female 
 members of his family, is smoliing his pipe and 
 thinlcing that any parent in all Holland might 
 envy him such a son. 
 
 This charming little domestic scene has given 
 our artist an opportunity to reproduce some of 
 the curious costumes of Zuid-Reveland, where 
 the young girls wear a light-blue silk cap, 
 bordered with lace, and entirely concealing their 
 hair, and ornamented with golden buttons and 
 pendants. This cap has a lace covering. A rich 
 
 Skate Eace of Friesland Women. 
 
 Ii i.-i difficult to have seen the province ol 
 Friesland, in Holland, and not speak of the 
 women, whose beauty is no less celebrated than 
 their head-dress. The origin of head-dresses has 
 puzzled antiquarians. Formerly, the women ot 
 the North, especially those of noble birth, wore 
 golden coronets on their heads, and this species 
 of diadem was probably the prototype of the 
 "irons," which are worn by peasant women 
 nearly throughout Holland. The character of 
 the different provinces may be recognized in the 
 various forms of this head-ornament ; for the 
 choice of the national costume, in fact, expresses 
 tlie feeling for beauty in races. 
 
 There are a few households more delightful 
 than that of a Knickerbocker. 
 
 Dntcli Oustoms and Oostnmes. 
 In Holland the out-door sports and games 
 which were the delight of our English and 
 French ancestors are ctill kept up. Target- 
 shooting is very popular, and the most intense 
 enthusiasm and emulation exist among the 
 young men in regard to hitting the mark. The 
 best shot is quite the hero of the hour, and is 
 decorated with insignias of victory, and no 
 warrior returning homo triumphant from the 
 battle-field is prouder of his laurels than our 
 young villager, who has just won the prize at 
 the village /ele. His young wife is leaning 
 
 A DUTCH VILLA OS IBB SCHELDT. 
 
 necklace sets off the whiteness of the throat. A 
 plaited chemisette is worn with a fichu of some 
 brilliant color. 
 
 The holiday costume of the men is peculiar, 
 principally from the brocaded or striped damask 
 waistcoat, trimmed with sixteen silver filigree 
 buttons ; the colored silk cravat, of which the 
 bow is fastened with a silver chain, and is sur- 
 motmted by two golden buttons at the opening 
 of the collar. There are silver buttons upon 
 the pantaloons, and, could we peep into the 
 pockets, we should see there a wooden case for a 
 pipe, and a silver-handled knife. The hat, en- 
 circled with a velvet ribbon, is quite stylish. 
 
 The Island of Eeveland (Zuid, or South Eeve- 
 land), has only become detafched from the main 
 land since the terrible tempest of 1532. 
 
 In North Holland, the gold irons (it is thus 
 they are called by virtue of a figure of rhetoric) 
 are oblong and Cat ; in Groningen they termi- 
 nate in a sort of flower or flower-pot ; in Over 
 Yssel in conical spirals ; and in Friesland in an 
 ornamental button. The Frison women have 
 two sets of irons — one for full-dress, the other 
 for ordinary wear. When they wish to do honor 
 to a visitor, they don their gold plates. This 
 head-ornament has even become a language: if 
 a young man visits a family to ask a young 
 woman in marriage, he knows at once the 
 nature of the feelings he inspires, and that 
 without the utterance of a syllable. If the 
 maiden leave the room and return adorned with 
 her diadem, it is a sign that the lover is ac- 
 cepted ; if, on the other hand, she rcmalu 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 419 
 
 seated before him without that ornament on 
 her brow, it is a proof that she is unwilling to 
 be his queen. These head-dresses are of con- 
 siderable value, costing from two to three 
 hundred florins a piece, and hence the farmer 
 who has a family ol daughters is compelled to 
 be rich. 
 
 The true footgear of a Frison woman is not a 
 shoe, but a skats. In a country of lakes, the 
 necessity of walking and running on the water, 
 hardened by Winter, has been felt from the 
 earliest ages. This art is very ancient, for they 
 show a pair of bone skates, which were found in 
 one of the mounds on which the Friscfc villages 
 are built. These bones seem to be petrified, and 
 they were fastene.l to the feet by straps passed 
 through holes made in the hard substance. 
 
 There are in Fricsland clubs of male and 
 
 DDTCH CUSTOMS AKD COSTUMES. 
 
 female skaters, just as there are rowing clubs at 
 Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Boards are laid 
 down to prevent the skaters running into each 
 other, and each returns on the opposite side, so 
 as to equalize the race. The Frison girls in 
 skating do not aim at elegance so much as 
 speed ; and this is again a trait of the national 
 character, which seeks usefulness more than 
 ornamentation. It is, besides, amusing to see 
 these daughters of the North in their pictur- 
 esque dresses, warm, close-fitting leggings and 
 floating skirts, glide over the ice like appari- 
 tions ; lovely, brave, and serious, they pass in 
 a cloud, with their heads adorned with a halo 
 of gold and lace. Fastening the skates on the 
 feet of one of these rustic queens is an honor 
 greatly sought by the young fellows, for the 
 pretty skater requites this service with a kiss. 
 
 An Early Dutch Printing Office. 
 
 Thb profession of the printer has descended 
 to be a trade. It was not so in the olden time, 
 when the Dutch print was struck, of which wo 
 give our readers a correct reproduction. Thj 
 copyists and illuminatore who had preceded 
 printing had been men ot mark, lookel up to 
 with respect by meaner men ; and the early 
 printers were gentlemen. 
 
 Our compositors now are not the ruffled and 
 doubleted gentry of this scene, with dirk at the 
 girdle and sword, leaning by the pillar ; nor dc 
 our modem type-setters sit down to their work, 
 although the rooms they occupy have shared 
 somewhat in the improvements of the time, and 
 they can boast less cold and chilly apartments 
 than that here depicted, where the whole procets 
 
iao 
 
 THE -WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 of book -making i.5 done in a single room. Here 
 th3 hand-press is doing its worli well, but 
 slowly ; the boy is toiling over the horrid 
 printin;;-balls, which 
 wjre, fifty years ago, 
 the terror of the ap- 
 prentice, till that 
 happy day when some 
 one in the West Indies 
 thought of combining 
 molasses ani glue to 
 form a roller, a victory 
 for which all printers' 
 devils should swear 
 perpetual allegiance to 
 molasses candy. The 
 re.ider seams precise 
 jind close enough, and 
 tli3 boy lays up the 
 eheets more carefully 
 nnd reverently th,in 
 the machine does. 
 
 A nocsKnou) ix Holland. 
 
 being u.3 residence of the king, of the foreign 
 ambassadora, and the place of assembly of the 
 States-General, may be considered the diplo- 
 
 Tho Vyverberg at 
 
 The Hague. 
 Thocoh Amsterdam, 
 from its size and im- 
 portance, may be con- 
 sidered the commercial 
 capital of the kingdom 
 cf Holland, as it is 
 also of the province 
 of N^orth Holland, yet 
 liha Hajue, from its 
 
 AS EABIY DUTCH PEIIITINO OFTICE. 
 
 matic and legislative capital, resembling, in this 
 respect, Washington. It was originally only a 
 hunting-seat of the Counts of Holland, built 
 first in 1250, and 
 thence derives its 
 name, in Dutch 'S 
 Gravenhage, the 
 Count's Lodge, from 
 which we have formed 
 The Hague, and the 
 French, La Haye. 
 
 Notwithstanding the 
 drawbacks of its titua- 
 tion, it is a epleudid 
 town ; the public build- 
 ings stately, the streets 
 broad and regular, 
 well paved with Email 
 bricks, travel scd by 
 canals, crossed by 
 bridges, and lined with 
 trees, and surrounded 
 by a moat with draw- 
 bridges. The prin- 
 cijial streets are the 
 ^'oorhout, containing 
 many fine hotels ; the 
 Prinssengracht, Kneu- 
 terdyk and Noor- 
 deende. A trifling rise 
 in the ground, hero 
 dignified with the 
 name of a hill, forms 
 the site of the Vyver- 
 berg (the hill of the 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 42L 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
422 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 pond), which is a square or place, planted with 
 trees in formal avenues on one side, which is the 
 public promenade, and the pond on the other, 
 into which, as we have already stated, the water 
 of the lower ponds is discharged. Tame storks 
 are seen parading about the lish-market, and a 
 residence, something like a dog-kennel, has 
 been built for them 
 
 The Binnenhbf (inner conrt), which stands on 
 one side of this square, is an irregular building, 
 of various eras. It formed originally the 
 inner-court of the palace of the counts, but the 
 Gothic hall in the centre is the only remaining 
 fragment of the old building, and is the most 
 ancient structure in The Hague. It is a pointed 
 roof, supported by a Gothic wooden framework, 
 and is a handsome apartment ; in it the State 
 lottery is now drawn, or was within a few years. 
 On a scaffold opposite the door the Pensionary 
 
 been induced to visit him, and most inhumanely 
 murdered them under circumstances of the 
 greatest barbarity^literally tearing them to 
 pieces. 
 
 The house in which the elder De Witt lived, 
 an humble dwelling, is within a few yards of 
 this spot, in the Kneutcrdyk. 
 
 A Dutch Watchman. 
 Our sketch is not an illustration of life in 
 Kew Amsterdam ia the days of Wouter Van 
 Twiller, or Wilhelm Keift, though it is doubt- 
 less nearer the truth than some that modem 
 artists draw. This watchman, or clapperman, 
 was drawn from tlie life, in the year 1870, at 
 Scheveningen, a fashionable watering-place in 
 Netherlands. From eleven at niglit to seven 
 in the morning, the clapperm:in is on his beat, 
 
 whence really Kew York, and America gene- 
 rally, took the p..tteins of their sleighs ar.d 
 cutters. The body of the dragon, except the 
 scarlet tongue and glass eyes, is gilt. Between, 
 the two breasts hangs a blue glass ball on a- 
 blue ribbon. It is lined with blue silk, quilted. 
 
 There are no shafts, and no place for any- 
 thing to be attached in order to draw it, except 
 a ring and staple on each side of the runner. 
 
 It was probably got up for some royal file, 
 or some grand occasion, and laid up as too pre- 
 cious for meaner use; the fact that the runners 
 are not supplied with irons shows that it could 
 not have been intended for any severe or long 
 protracted use. 
 
 It is a curious specimen of the bizarre taste of 
 the time, and is preserved in France, where ■ 
 sleigh-riding is unknown. In America, it. 
 would have come to baser uses, and been often 
 
 Bameveldt was beheaded in 1618, at the age of 
 Beventy-two, and Prince Maurice is said to have 
 witnessed tho execution from an octagon tower 
 overlooking the spot. The ch.^mbers of the 
 States-General a.re situated in this building, and 
 the public are admitted to the debates of the 
 Second Chamber, but not to those of the First or 
 Ijpper Chamber. The officers of several other 
 departments of the Dutch Government are also 
 in this building. 
 
 Among the most remarkable public buildings 
 may be noticed the Maurits Huis, the old palace 
 of Prince Maurice of Nassau. 
 
 Between the Binncnhof and the Vyverberg is 
 the Gevangepoort, or prison gate -house, in 
 which Cornelius de Witt was confined on a 
 charge of conspiracy against the Prince of 
 Orange in 1072, and whence the infuriated mob 
 dragged him and his brother John, who had 
 
 THE VTTEKBEEO AT THE HAGUE. 
 
 making night hideous with the click-clack of 
 his wooden rattle, and his curious cry at each 
 successive liour. If he sees a window open, ho 
 must inform the people ; and in case of fire he 
 gives the alarm. Each one is on duty four 
 hours, and must go all over his beat four times 
 during that term. Such as he is, such were the 
 watchmen who perambulated our city streets 
 during (ho seventeenth century, even after the 
 British flag had supplanted the Orange, White 
 and Blue below the Bowling Green, New York, 
 and the fort adopted an English name. 
 
 A Sleigh of the Sixteenth Oentnry. 
 
 The Museum at Cluny contains this curious 
 
 sleigh, generally supposed to be Russian, but 
 
 really Dutch, Holland having then been the 
 
 country where such forms were adopted, and 
 
 whirled over the enow of a moonlight night, 
 contributing to entrap two unsuspecting mortals i 
 into dangerous susceptibilities — love and mar- 
 riage. It deserves to have at least a few 
 matches interwoven into its history ; but such 
 good material is sometimes, like other good 
 things, sadly wasted. 
 
 — — — <i^i i » — 
 
 Woman and Girl of Hindelopen, 
 Hindelopen is situated in the province ofi 
 Frise, on the Zuider Zee, between Workum and ' 
 Stavoren ; although it is a mere town, number- 
 ing at the most eleven hundred inhabitants, its i 
 charter, dating back to the tliirteenth century, 
 confers upon it extraordinary privileges, and 
 among others, the right of being called a city, 
 and classing itself vrith Amsterdam and The - 
 Hague. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 4'a 
 
 The (ravc'or passing in a baat this pretentious 
 little village where the herring fishing-smacks 
 harbor, will ho struck with the very peculiar 
 appearance of such of the women who are still 
 faithful to the national costume, and whose 
 picturesque garb is better illustrated in our 
 engraving than it possibly could be by any 
 description, however faithful. In common with 
 the people of other pirts of Holland, those of 
 this neighborhoorl regard skating as a useful 
 art as well as graceful accomplishment, for 
 whic'.i their numerous canals offer ample fields 
 of exercise. Ths/raufoi delightj to show her 
 
 skill and grace, and, possibly her ankles, on 
 skates ; V)ut when she rises to the dignity of 
 frau, and besides, possibly, becoming a little 
 stout and less graceful, she is content to seat 
 herself comfortably in a little sledge, often 
 elegantly carved and ornamented, and set on 
 fine steel runners, sharp as knives, which glide 
 so easily over the ice that she has no difliculty 
 in propelling herself, with the swiftness cf the 
 wind, by means of two steel-pointed sticks, one 
 held in either hand, as shown in the engraving. 
 Matches of speed are often made up, in which 
 the sledge frequently outstrips the skate. 
 
 The Little Matct Girl of Amsterdam. 
 It was the last night of the year, bitterly cold, 
 snowing fast, and nearly dark. In the cold and 
 darkness a poor little girl, with bare head and 
 feet, was passing down the street. She had 
 slippers on when she left home — but what was 
 the good of them ? They were very big, big 
 enough for her mother, who used to wear them. 
 She lost them as she ran across the street in 
 front of two carriages, which came teaiing 
 along at a fearful pace. One of them she could 
 not find r.gain, and the other a boy snatched up 
 
 UAKEEI WOMAN AT AUSTEBDAM. 
 
424 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 INTEEIOR OF AN OEPHAN ASYLUM. 
 
 and ran off with ; he thought it might do for a 
 cradle when he had children of his own, some 
 day. 
 
 And there went the little girl, with her little 
 bare feet all blue and red with the cold. She 
 had a lot of lucifer matches in an old apron, 
 and a bundle of them in her hand. That whole 
 long day she had sold none, and no one had 
 given her a penny. She crept along, shivering 
 with cold and hunger, the picture of misery 
 — poor little soul ! The snowflakes lay 
 thick ou her long fair hair, which fell 
 on her shoulders in beautiful curls, 
 but she never thought of them. 
 
 All the windows were bright with 
 lights, and there was a glorious smell 
 of roast goose, for it was New Year's 
 Eve. She did think of that. In a niche 
 formed by two houses, one of which 
 stood a little more forward than the 
 other, she crouched down with her feet 
 under her ; but it only made her colder. 
 And yet she did not dare to go home ; 
 she had sold no matches, and had not a 
 penny ; her father would be sure to 
 beat her, and at home it was cold, too, 
 for there she had nothing over her 
 head but the roof, and tlie wind came 
 whistling through it, thouih the biggest 
 rents were stopped up with straw and 
 rags. 
 
 Her little hands were almost numbed. 
 Oh, what a comfort it would be to pull 
 one match out of the bundle, strike 
 it on the wall, and warm her fingers 
 
 at it ! She did so. Ssht ! how it splutters and 
 flashes, as she holds her hands over it ! Such 
 a warm clear flame, like a candle — a wonderful 
 flame! It really seemed to the little girl as 
 if she were sitting before a big iron stove 
 with polished brass edges and feet. The 
 fire burned so gloriously, and sent out such 
 a heat. The child stretched out her feet to 
 warm them, too ; but suddenly the flame was 
 gone, the stove had vanished, and she had 
 
 DUTCH CTJSIOM. 
 
 nothing but the little burnt stick of the lucifer 
 in her hand. 
 
 Tlicn a second was struck on the wall ; it lit, 
 and just where its light fell the wall seemed to 
 become transparent like a vail, and she could 
 see into the room quite plain. A snow-white 
 cloth was spread on the table ; all the bright 
 china dinner-servico stood shining upon it, and 
 the roast goose, stuffed with apples and dried 
 plums, was sending forth the most heavenly 
 odors. And, what was still more de- 
 lightful, the goose jvunped down from 
 the dish with a knife and fork in its 
 breast, and came waddling across the 
 room toward the poor child ; but at 
 that moment the match went out, and 
 there was nothing left but the hard, 
 damp, cold wall. 
 
 She lit another. And now she was 
 sitting under the most splendid Christ- 
 mas-tree, much bigger and finer than 
 the one she had seen through a glass 
 door in the great shop of the place. 
 Thousands of little tapers burned on 
 the green branches, and bright pictures, 
 like those in the shop windows, looked 
 down at her. S'ae stretched out her 
 hands toward them, but just then the 
 match went out ; the lights rose higher 
 and higher, till she saw them like stars 
 in the sky, and then one fell, leaving 
 a long trail of glory behind it. " Some- 
 body is dying .'" said the little girl : for 
 her old grandmother, the only being 
 Trho bad ever loved her, and who was 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 435 
 
 A DUTCH WATCHMAN AT SCHEVENINGEK. 
 
i26 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 dead now, ■used to tell her that when a stnr 
 falls, a soul goes xtp to God. She struck another 
 match on the wall ; and again it grew bright, 
 and in the brightness stood her old grand- 
 mother, 80 clear and dazzling, so gentle and 
 loving. " Oh, grandmother !" cried the child, 
 " take me with you. I know you will go away 
 when the match goes out ; you will disappear 
 like the warm stove, like the delicious roast 
 goose, like the great splendid Christmas-tree !" 
 And she struck the whole bundle of matches, 
 for sbewantel to hold her grandmother fast. 
 And the matches burned so bright that it was 
 lighter than midday, and the grandmother had 
 never before seemed so great and so beautiful. 
 She took the little girl up in her arms, and 
 away they flew in light and joy, higher and 
 higher ; and there was neither cold, nor hunger, 
 nor sorrow up there— they were with God. 
 
 But in the cold dawn, leaning against the 
 wall, with frozen cheeks and smiling lips, sat 
 the little girl — frozen on the last night of the 
 year. The New Year's sun rose over her little 
 corpse. There sat the child motionless, with 
 her lucifers, and awhole bundle of them burned 
 up. " She must have wanted to warm lierself," 
 thoy said. No one guessed what splendors she 
 had seen, and in what glory she had passed 
 away with her grandmother into the bliss of a 
 
 New Year ! 
 
 "»«»«» ■ 
 
 The Eatcatcher. 
 
 Bats, though popularly supposed to know 
 when a ship will sink and a house fall, are no 
 favorites ; a singular disregard of the rights of 
 property, and a propensity to gnaw away wood- 
 work that separates them from a meal, array 
 mankind agaiast them, and the utility of their 
 skins in the manufacture of kid gloves for the 
 fairest hands of the fairest ladies, in some 
 plaecs, gives a monetary zest to the war. 
 
 Our newspapers now teem with advertise- 
 
 A DUTCH GALA SLEIGH OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTUKT. 
 
 ments of pills, powders, salves, and nostrums, 
 which, harmless as milk to tlie human race, 
 bear death and desolation amid the kingdom 
 of latopolis. Poisoning rats, thougli, has its 
 objections. The decaying bodies of the rodents 
 are not savoiy filling for our walls. Traps do 
 better, though the process is slow. A cat is 
 tometimes a thief. In old times there were 
 
 THE BAT CATCHER. 
 
 professional ratcatchers, and art has preserved 
 some of them. 
 
 Annibal Carocci depicts a Belogna ratcatcher 
 with his pole and flag blazoned with rats and 
 mice. We give a copy of a rare and exquisite 
 engraving of Cornelius Vis'cher, of Harlem, a 
 Dutch Ratcatcher, in the seventeenth century. 
 It is so lifelike and characteristic that its fidelity 
 cannot be doubted. An old soldier, with one 
 leg gone and the other not sound, he bears the 
 sword, and though his once showy apparel is 
 in rags and tatters, he adorns his attire with 
 trophies of his art. Tlie original inscription, 
 in Latin, translated, reads thus: 
 
 "Yon rout your mice with cats : but folly 'tis 
 Small thieves with greater to expel. Give but a few 
 Vile c=ia, and of both rats ana mice I free you." 
 
 PolisHng Diamonds. 
 
 In these days when diamonds are much 
 sought and admired, our readers will take plea- 
 sure in knowing something of their source and 
 treatment, before tliey are ready to fparkle 
 in their golden setting. The first diamonds that 
 were known to the European trade were brought 
 from the kingdom of Visapoor and Golconda. 
 The discoveiy of the mine that has given such 
 celebrity to Golconda, is attributed to a poor 
 shepherd, who, while attending his flocks, 
 stumbled upon what appeared to him a pretty 
 pebble: this pebble he bartered to some one, a» 
 ignorant as himself, for a little rice. After 
 passing through several hands, it fell into 
 those of a mercliant who knew its worth, and 
 who, after diligent search, succeeded in finding 
 !he mine. 
 
 The discovery of the diamond mines of Bra- 
 zil, which occurred in the year 1730, was, like 
 that of the East Indian mines, the result oJ 
 fortuitous circumstances. Shortly after the 
 establishment of Villa del Principe, the aiinenj 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 427 
 
 searching for gold ia t'lie rivulets of Milho 
 Verde and San Gonzalez, in the district of Serro 
 do Frio, met witli some singular pebbles of 
 peculiar hue and lustre, which they carrie Jhome 
 to their masters as curiosities. Considered 
 merely as pretty baubles, the stones were given 
 to the children and used as counters. They at 
 last attracted the attention of an officer, who 
 
 equal to the Golconda diamonds of the first 
 water. 
 
 Tlie diamond, when first taken out of the 
 mine, is covered with a thick crust that scarcely 
 permits of any transparency being visible ; and 
 even the most practiced eye cannot then tell its 
 value with certainty. It usually resembles a 
 clear, semi-transparent pebble, well-worn by tlie 
 
 Bruges, who is said to have constructed in 1476 
 a polishing-wheel, which was fed with diamomi 
 dust instead of corundum, which the Chinese 
 and Hindoos had been long accustomed t/t 
 employ. Berquen was led to this discovery by 
 observing the action produced by rubbing two 
 rough diamonds together. 
 Diamonds are cut in various ways, generally 
 
 sent a handful of the singular stones to a friend 
 in Lisbon, with a request that they would have 
 them examined. But tlie lapidaries of that 
 city, who never wrought diamonds, and proba- 
 bly had never seen one in its rough state, 
 replied that their tools could make no impres- 
 sion upon them. A few were sent to Holland, 
 where they were cut as brilliants, and pro- 
 nounced by the astonished lapidaries to be 
 
 WOMAN AND GIRL OF HINDKLOPBN. 
 
 waters, a bit of unpolished glass, or of gum-ara- 
 bic. Thus coated, it is called a rough diamond. 
 
 This crust is so hard that there is no sub- 
 stance save that of the diamond itself that can 
 take it oflf. The diamond cuts everj- substance 
 in nature, and can be cut but by itself. 
 
 The discovery of the art of cutting and pol- 
 ishing the diamond by means of its own dust 
 was loag ascribed to Louis de Berquen, of 
 
 with great regard to the shape of the rough 
 stone, and assume different names in conse- 
 quence ; as a brilliant, rose, table, and lasqua 
 diamond. Of these, the most splendid and 
 valuable is the brilliant, from its superior 
 sparkle and the number of its reflections and 
 refractions. 
 
 The brilliant is formed of two truncated pyra- 
 mids by a common base ; the upper pyramirt 
 
428 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 POLISHINQ DIAMONDS. 
 
 being much more deeply truncated than the 
 5ower, the upper side of the stone prescntin;; a 
 table of thirty-three facets, inclined under differ- 
 ent angles, and the under side twenty-five facets. 
 
 The brilliant is the form most esteemed, as 
 exhibiting to the best advantage the peculiar 
 lustre of the stone ; but while it insures the 
 best possible effect, it also entails a much larger 
 waste of the material. Brilliants are for the 
 most part made out of the octahedral crystals, 
 and r03e diamonds from the spheroidal varie- 
 ties. The rose diamond is the shape given to 
 those stones, the spread of which is too great in 
 proportion to their depth to admit of their 
 being brilliant cut. It is formed by covering 
 the rounded surface of the stone with equilat- 
 eral triangles, placed base to base, making the 
 figure of a rhomb. 
 
 The art of cutting, sawing, or polishing 
 diamonds, requires great skill, practice, and 
 patience. It is seldom that the same workman 
 is a proficient in all these branches, but he gen- 
 erally confines himself to one. In cutting and 
 polishing a diamond, the workman has two 
 objects in view ; first, to remove any flaws or 
 imperfections that may exist on the stone, and 
 secondly, to divide its surface into a number of 
 regulaily shaped polygons. The removal of 
 :9aws seems to be the most material object, 
 aince the smallest epeck in some particular 
 parts of the stone is infinitely multiplied by 
 reflection from the numerous polished surfaces 
 of the gem. 
 
 Whea the shnpe of the rough stone is par- 
 
 ticularly unfavorable, the -workmen ha* to 
 resort to tlie hazardous operation of splitting. 
 When the direction in which it is to be split is 
 decided on, it is marked by a line cut with a 
 iharp ; the stone is afterward fixed with a strong 
 cement in the proper position in a stick, and 
 then by the application of a fpUUing knife, the 
 section is effected by a smart blow. 
 
 Sometimes, when the section must cross the 
 crystallized structure of the gem, recourse must 
 be had to sawing; this is performed as follows: 
 
 The diamond is cemented to a small block of 
 wood, which is fixed firmly to a table, and a 
 line is made witli a sharp where the division id 
 intended to take place ; this Ime is filled with 
 diamond-powder and olive-oil : the sawing is 
 then commenced, and if the stone is large, tlie 
 labor of eight or ten months is sometimes 
 required to complete the section. The saw is 
 made of fine brass or iron wire attached to the 
 two ends of a piece of cane or whalebone, the 
 teeth being formed by the particles of diamond- 
 powder which become imbedded in the wire as 
 soon as it is applied to the line. 
 
 The cutting the facets en the surface of the 
 rough stone is a work cf labor and skill ; tha 
 polishing is performed in a mill. 
 
 The diamond trade is not now, as formerly, 
 entirely monopolized by the Dutch ; but tlio 
 cutting and polishing of the gems is in general 
 done in Holland, on account of the lower price 
 of labor. The Amsterdam diamond - cuttem 
 have always been renowned. In a Jewish pop- 
 ulation of twenty-eight thousand souls, ten. 
 thousand devote themselves entirely to th^t 
 trade. 
 
 The General Company of Diamond Workers 
 possesses several engines of a hundred horse- 
 power each, setting in motion four hundred 
 and fifty machines, and gives employment to 
 one thousand workmen. 
 
 Our illustrations show the Great Diamond 
 Cutting Works, on the Amstel, in HoUr.nd, and 
 also splitters and polishers at work. 
 
 Diamonds are always weighed by carafe, 
 carat being a small seed in India, used to 
 weigh diamonds. Four carats make a grain, 
 and six carats a pennyweight. Five diamond 
 grains are, however, equal to four grains troy. 
 One of our illustrations shows brilliant and 
 rose-diamonds, from one to ten carats weight;. 
 
 Interior of an Orphan Asylum. 
 
 At Katwyk-on-the-Sea the Khine, subjected 
 by man, flows between two solid walls, in a 
 channel framed by art, from lock to lock, till 
 its last barrier, six colossal flood-gates, through 
 which it peacefully enters the North Sea. 
 
 It is a quiet fishing-town, this Katwyk : ex- 
 cept around the docks, there is little Etirrinjj 
 
 BSILUANTS. 
 
 1 Oaiat. 2 Carats. Z Carats. 4 Carats. 
 
 SIZES OF DIAHOKDe. 
 
 C Carats. 
 
 10 Carats. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 429' 
 
 ■wlthout-doora, bat there is stcaJy work witiiin. 
 Take, for example, this cell wiiere Cliarity trains 
 to a life of industry tlie orplian girls of Kitwyk. 
 They are always in threes, each room being oc- 
 cnpied by that number ; one to mark out and 
 cut the work, and two to sew. They may con- 
 Terse while working, providing it is in a low 
 tone ; only the scissors and the bobbin have 
 the riglit of speaking out in meeting. 
 
 And of tliis bobbin there is a quaint story 
 told. Tlirce orphan girls, each of whom had 
 lost her father at sea, were working and talking 
 of them, when the bobbin sang out : 
 
 " Do your duty, strict and true, 
 And la faith I promise jou 
 ■\Vlien the thread your fingers shall have passed 
 Your dear lost parents you'll see at last." 
 
 ambition among certain classes cf society. 
 Henry III., of France, slept in a mask lined 
 with pommadc. Later, persons of rank, re- 
 strained by etiquette from mixing in popular 
 festivals and enjoyments, availed themselves of 
 the mask as a disguise. Charles II., of Eng- 
 land, and his queen, protected by masks, were 
 accustomed to visit public places, and mingle 
 in the dances of the populace at fairs and otiier 
 places ; glad, no doubt, to lay aside the irk- 
 some etiquette of the court. 
 
 Seaside Scene. 
 
 Seaside sketches and views are often but 
 pictures of the costume of the day, and add 
 
 more repose ana shelter, when they come on* 
 of doors than may be found upon the hard 
 wooden benches or rickety little seats too oftea- 
 provided for them on the sea-beach, or in thes 
 public parks and gardens of American watering- 
 places. 
 
 Albert and Isabella, in the Studio of Eubens. 
 
 Peter Paul Rubens was born in Westphalia,. 
 June 29, 1577, and died in Antwerp, May 30, 
 1640. In his thirteenth year he was taken by 
 his mother to Antwerp, and ".vas placed under 
 the tuition of Van Hacght, a landscape painter. 
 After a year or so he was placed in the studio 
 of a fine painter, Van Oost, but he completed 
 
 This startled them at first, but still the bobbin 
 hummed its song, and their grief gradually 
 vanished. They worked on steadily, but the 
 thread never ended ; they grew up, married, 
 but there was always thread on the bobbin. At 
 List the day came when there was no more 
 t!;read for them ; the bobbin was empty. They 
 Lad gone to rejoin their loved and lost. 
 
 Masks. 
 Mases, in the olden time, were confined to 
 the nobility, and prohibited to the common 
 people. Tliey were not used for disguise so 
 much as to protect the faces of the wearers from 
 the sun and weather, and to preserve that 
 pnrity of complexion which, then as now, is an 
 
 DIAHOm) WORKS ON THE AHSTEL. 
 
 little to our information. In the scene of quiet 
 and genteel enjoyment shown in our illustra- 
 tion, there is, however, something to be learned. 
 The small town of Schevening, in South Hol- 
 land, on the coast of the North Sea, is a fashion- 
 able watering-place, much frequented in the 
 .season by the Dutch nobility and gentry. It is 
 but two or three miles distant from The Hague, 
 the royal and aristocratic capital of the king- 
 dom, where the Court usually resides. The 
 ladies who visit Schevening are fond cf availing 
 themselves of those peculiarly shaped arm- 
 chairs, made of wicker-work, several of which 
 arc shown in our engraving. The chairs, being 
 cheap and light, and not likely to be much 
 damaged by exposure in the open air, seem well 
 adapted to the use of invalids, who require 
 
 his art education in the studio of Otto Van 
 Veen, by whose advice he repaired, in 1600, to 
 Italy, furnished with letters of recommendation 
 from the Archduke Albert, then Viceroy of the 
 Netherlands, and his consort, Infanta Isabella. 
 Our illustration represents those illustrious per- 
 sons paying a visit to the great painter in his 
 studio at Antwerp. After visiting the chief 
 cities in Italy and France he returned to Ant- 
 werp, and in 1G09 married his first wife, Eliza- 
 beth Brants. In 1620 he was commissioned by 
 Maria de Medicis to decorate the gallery of the 
 Palace of the Luxembourg. In 1626 the death, 
 of his wife plunged him in the deepest sorrow. 
 In 1630 he married Helena Formaii, a beautiful 
 girl of sixteen, with whom he lived in the 
 greatest felicity, despite the difference in their 
 
430 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 ages, he being then 
 forty-nine, or tliirty- 
 three years her senior. 
 He died in his sixty- 
 third year. He was 
 not only distinguished 
 as an artist, hut as a 
 diplomatist. 
 
 Pair at Eotterdam. 
 The holiday scenes 
 in Botterdam, at the 
 annual fiurs in that 
 city, are truly ani- 
 mated. The entire 
 populace, abstaining 
 from all rastomary 
 labor, pour out from 
 the narrow streets 
 into the broad avenues 
 and market-places, 
 and indulge in the 
 utmost hilarity. At 
 the Groot Market, 
 the assemblage is 
 ■very large during the 
 entire day. There the 
 denizens take posi- 
 tions pretty much as 
 we do on Broadway, 
 
 watching each other closttly, and gathering all 
 the news of the suburban villages possible. 
 The earnest conversations of plain, mercantile 
 gentlemen, the giggling, rollicking gossip of 
 
 lUE JEWS QUARTER, AMSTERDAM. 
 
 f.iir maidens, the noisy prattle of little children, 
 the harsh clamor of fruit-vendors, and the 
 ludicrous antics of merry-andrews, are all char- 
 acteristics of these fair days. 
 
 Dntcli Scenery. 
 Anyone who travels 
 in Holland must 
 always expect to come 
 across prairies. On 
 tlie green meadows of 
 Over-Yssel a clump of 
 trees grows, beneath 
 wliich the cows rest 
 and enjoy the fresh 
 air during the heat 
 of the day. While 
 these trees are still 
 young they are pro- 
 tected against the 
 teeth of the animals 
 by trellis-work. This 
 foresight toward the 
 beasts is touching, 
 and evidences a kind- 
 lieartcd people. Grad- 
 ually the meadowa 
 give way to steppes, 
 and in the midst of 
 the desolate heath 
 tlie eye rests from 
 time to time on a 
 natural prairie, like 
 t'lose found in Texas. 
 The very landes of 
 Over-Yssel do not remain unproductive under 
 the hand of the Dutch ; for heath is cut from 
 them for fuel, and pebbles obtained to mend 
 the roads. What was my surprise to see the- 
 
 JSIASKE— A NOBLE DUTCH FAMUT EEIUBSIKa HOME AT NiaHT. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 431 
 
 jBods of turf {plaggen) removed to feed fires! 
 The strips of dry grass, or rather of roots, in 
 •which the unaided eye can trace the delicate 
 network, mixed with a crust of earth, are car- 
 ried to town at the rate of a florin a cartload, 
 where they are used for baking bread. The 
 ptiasants of Over-Yssel even employ these sods 
 of moss and withered grass instead of thatch to 
 cover their cottages. Nothing is lost ; but 
 what a distance is there between this savage 
 economy and the wealth cultivation is about to 
 develop before us ! 
 
 Dedemsvaart is a canal ; nothing more or 
 Vjbs. The creator of this cana] , Mr. Van Dedem , 
 
 THK UTTLB MATCH-GIEIi AT AMSTERDAM. 
 
 died a few years back, poor, heart-broken, and 
 misunderstood by the injustice of man. He 
 watched in silence the birth of an agricultural 
 world for which he had paved the way, but his 
 fate was that of all initiators. Happy that 
 there was still one heart to appreciate him, one 
 hand to press his, he sat down proud and 
 gloomy by the hearth of his few friends. The 
 truth is that the Dedemsvaart has been a useful, 
 excellent work, not for the undertaker, alas ! 
 but for the adjacent colonies which have now 
 emerged from the desert. The water-way has 
 insured the circulation of peat, manure, and 
 produce created by human industry. 
 
 At Hoogezand and Sappemeer, we have seeai 
 old colonies, created by the men of the seven- 
 teenth century ; but Avereest is a rising colony, 
 the work of men of our day. A few years back 
 the only tree that formerly grew on this old 
 heath was pointed out ; it was, we think, a birch. 
 This tree has disappeared ; but rich plains, with 
 clumps of verdure, orchards, and new planta- 
 tions spring up as if by enchantment. On all 
 sides fields are formed ; nature, a fertile chrys- 
 alis, daily puts off her larva, and displays 
 proudly a face embellished by art. The vital 
 action of all this agricultural prosperity is the 
 Dedemsvaart ; into this canal an infinity of 
 
4S2 
 
 TEE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The old race of Troglodytes has disappeared, to make room fol 
 an ever-growing, industrious, well-lodged, and well-clotbed 
 population. 
 
 In this colony the visitor goes through a course of political 
 economy in action. The division of labor and commerce has 
 but slightly progressed as yet ; the same shop sells everything, 
 and a milliner keeps, in addition to bonnets — clocks, spices, 
 flour, and feet-warmers. Moral development is ever associated 
 in Holland with that of material comfort, and there are four 
 schools in the colony. Such an association of facts as land 
 being reclaimed and youth educated, is pleasant to look upon. 
 There is no greater or more moral spectacle than that of man 
 extending by labor the domain nature has given him. When 
 we now reflect that it is peat which has done all this, we ask 
 why the inhabitants of the Old World rush to the deserts of 
 America, instead of coming to transform the plains of Drenthc 
 or Over-Yssel. The first colonists who arrived to work this 
 great California on the banks of the Dedemsvaart were gener- 
 ally foreigners ; there were among them Germans, Poles, and 
 Greeks, but the land exercises a power of rapid assimilation 
 over these heterogeneous elements, and Avereest at the present 
 day is, to all intents and purposes, a Dutch colony. 
 
 ALBERT AJJD ISABELLA IN THE STUDIO OF BTTBENS. 
 
 The Jews' Quarter, Amsterdam. 
 
 It is the custom to call Amsterdam the Venice of the North, 
 on account of its canals ; with a good reason might it be called 
 Little JeriLsalem, on account of its population. As oil floats 
 on the water, so the Jewish population seems to swim upon 
 the surface. Kone else, api>arently, is seen or heard. Its 
 twenty thousand throats make more noise than the rest of 
 the one hundred and ninety-eight thousand Hollanders ia 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 They are found everj'where, those children of Israel, gesticu- 
 lating, bargaining, on the wharves, in the streets, doing all 
 kinds of work, selling and buying, touching anything and 
 profiting by everything. 
 
 Our engraving represents the quarter iu Amsterdam where 
 these active and intelligent denizeng cf the old city most do 
 congregate. 
 
 smaller canals leading to the peat-beds debouch, 
 in proportion as the clearings are effected. The 
 water vivifies everything in its passage along 
 the banks, prairies emerge from the old heath, 
 flocks spring into life, and houses start up. The 
 canals trace the development of all this agri- 
 cultural prosperity, just as in the embryonic 
 formation of the human body the blood-vessels 
 trace the phj'siological development of the 
 organs. 
 
 We visited a farm having 750 acres of culti- 
 vated land, on which ninety cows and forty 
 p'gs tranquilly enjoyed life. The stables, cow- 
 houses, and instruments of labor, all displayed 
 true rustic opulence. When we reflect that this 
 wealth dates from yesterday, we recognize with 
 a feeling of sympathy what human industry is 
 capable of Twenty to twenty-five years back, 
 only goats were to be seen in the colony, but 
 now farms and houses succeed each other, pos- 
 sessing an air of elegance and cleanliness. The 
 first colonists dwelt in holes dug in the ground ; 
 these were followed by cabins, and these again 
 by neat brick houses. None of the old sub- 
 terranean abodes remain, in which the first in- 
 habitants of the colony hid their misery and 
 their hopes a quarter of a century ago; very 
 few of the cabins, tlie monuments of the second 
 stage of things, are left, but liouses are spring- 
 ing up on all sides with astounding rapiditv. 
 
 THE ANNUAIFAIE AT EOTTrKDAM. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 438 
 
484 
 
 lfl£ WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 Peat. 
 
 PBAT-itD>s are distributed over several regions 
 of Europe, but nowhere are they so abundant 
 as in the Netherlands. In digging canals or 
 laying the foundations of houses, veins of this 
 combustible, which lias been buried for centu- 
 ries, are daily laid bare. The extraction of peat 
 supplies labor for thousands of arms. When 
 the owner of a peat-bed has resolved upon 
 working it, he must in the first place drain 
 the ground of the water, which impregnates it 
 like a sponge. Removing the water by skillful 
 and methodical tapping generally takes eight 
 yeare. 
 
 The field being prepared and the water dra^vn 
 oflf, the extraction of tlie peat matter is pro- 
 ceeded with. Division of labor is the funda- 
 mental principle of all industry. The workmen 
 are distributed in gangs of six or seven men, 
 but the duties they perform may be divided 
 among four. A first workman divides the sur- 
 face of the peat-bed with a sharp instrument 
 called in Dutch a stikker. A second workman, 
 with that certainty of eye which practice gives, 
 lifts the cut sods with a little spade. A third 
 workman receives from the second the divided 
 glebe, which he pricks with a species of fork 
 and deposits it in a wheelbarrow. This barrow 
 is wheeled by a fourth man to an open part of 
 the field, where the sods, still saturated with 
 moisture, are piled. There is a knack in up.-et- 
 ting the barrow, so that the pieces of vegetable 
 mud may be arranged in a species of wall, 
 without touching them with the hand. 
 
 So soon as they have acquired sufficient con- 
 sistency to be handled, they are arranged with 
 singular art so as to be exposed on all sides to 
 the sunbeams and the influence of the wind. 
 The workmen form mounds, being careful to lay 
 one sod sideways on every two bricks, much as 
 the molder lays the liricks and exposes them 
 before baking. The lickl then disjilays sym- 
 metricil rows of squares, with small paths 
 between them, along which the women and 
 children, employed in preference for this work, 
 walk. Each piece is moved several times, so 
 that the air may play freely over all the sur- 
 
 faces of the peat. When the top sods begin to 
 dry, they are placed at the bottom, and those 
 are raised which contact with the earth has 
 prevented from obtaining inflammable quali- 
 ties. When, after having been several times 
 moved, the lumps of peat have attained the 
 necessary stage of drjness, they are formed into 
 large square or round heaps, which are covered 
 with reeds, hay, or straw, to defend them from 
 the rain and frost. They are placed also in 
 sheds on laths or planks, so laid that the wind 
 can freely circulate through them. The peat 
 does not leave these sheds till it is transferred 
 to the long barges that carry it to market. 
 
 When all the peat is extracted, trees, gene- 
 rally belonging to the pine family, are found at 
 the bottom of the bed. The resinous branches 
 of these pines serve as torches to illumine the 
 winter nights. Enormous stems, slightly black- 
 ened, are also sometimes dug up, which may 
 still be employed for industrial purposes. This 
 is also the period to say a word about the light, 
 porous substance, which acts as a roof to the 
 peat bed, and which wa> at the outset thrown 
 away by the workmen as unfit for burning. 
 ITiis upper crust is now about to play a part: 
 when mingle 1 with sand it will become the 
 basis of the arable land in which potatoes or 
 wheat arc grown. It is interesting to see thus, 
 by the side of the peat-beds which are in full 
 operation, others which have been exhausted 
 and at once converted into a fertile field. 
 
 One of the dangers incurred in extracting 
 peat, is setting fire to the peat-beds. At the 
 works lighted coals are generally kept for do- 
 mestic purposes, and they may become the 
 cause of great misfortunes. Not only the peat 
 extracted and exposed to the air, but also the 
 marshy soil which is drained by the preparation 
 it has undergone, is susceptible of being fired. 
 
 Tlie fire, in such cases, spreads dully, to the 
 great injury of those who live by the peat-beds, 
 and the great terror of poor persons who dwell 
 on an inflammable soil, for at any moment their 
 cabins may be reduced to ashes. There are 
 instances of fires that have lasted there for 
 from twelve to fourt3en days ; the earthy mat- 
 ter burned slowly, and the flame, incessantly 
 
 finding nourishment, advanced under the cfieok 
 of the ravages it committed. The sad and 
 lamentable sight of a Vesuvius wa« there 
 offered on a flat soil. These fires in the high 
 peat-beds would la.st not merely for days, but 
 for months and years, if means were not sought 
 to check their progress. In burning coal-mines, 
 the flames are drowned, but here the employ- 
 ment of water, which besides is not always 
 ready to hand, would prove but a poor defense. 
 The only mode of stopping the progress of the 
 scourge is to dig up the surrounding land, and 
 in this way the fire is imprisoned in a circle, 
 when it must exhaust itself. 
 
 History has preserved several instances of 
 burnt peat-beds. In Friesland, not far from 
 the Zuider Zee, you are shown a rather deep 
 lake called the Jonker Meer. Tradition has it 
 that in olden times this lake was a high peat- 
 bed. The carelessness of a workman, who was 
 warming himself, produced such a tremendous 
 fire, that all efforts to suppress it were in vain. 
 The peaty matter was entirely consumed, and 
 the waters gradually collected in the vacant 
 space, and thus in time a lake was formed 
 where sheep had formerly browsed. 
 
 Such accidents have not always been th« 
 result of negligence. In 159.3, the Spaniards 
 had formed near Schoonebeek a road by which 
 to cross the marshes. The Dutch tried to stop 
 their passage by hurling on the road trees they 
 extracted from the bottom of the peat^beds. 
 They collected these trees and fired them, but, 
 as the atmosphere was dry. the flames pene- 
 trated the ground, which was rich in combusti- 
 ble matter. The fire reduced all the peat to 
 ashes ; it hollowed gulfs and ravines, and the 
 road became impracticable for the hostile army. 
 This perfectly novel defense doubtless origi- 
 nated the infernal idea which was attributed to 
 one of the agents of Philip II. Having heard 
 that the soil of the Netherlands burned, ho 
 resolved to destroy this rebellious country by 
 fire. He did not abandon his plan till he learnt 
 that a portion of this inflammable earth was 
 buried under water, and that the rest (the high 
 peat-beds) could be defended against flie bf 
 the spade. 
 
 A CANAI, IN HOLLAND. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY.^ 
 
 THK GBEAT CHnrmTTPIECE IN THE H\LL OF MARRIAGES, ANTWERP— CHURCH AT LlEOB— CAVE IN ROCHEFORT— BATTLE ON STILTS AT Tf AMTTR — 
 
 View of Luxemburg— Inaugueation of the Statue of Kino Leopold, Antwerp— Fort and Port of Luxembubo— the New AquAs ( 
 Binn-RrBENs-.s CHAIR— The stone Age-Carnival AT ANTWERP— BausaELS— Magistrates' Hall at Audenabde— Emtbx ihio Bbusssui . 
 
 ) — The Flemish burgomasteb. "^ 
 
 ^^^ELGIUM, the youngest kingdom in 
 
 liV.^ Europe, is situated between Holland 
 
 'ii& fi^'id France. On the downfall of Na- 
 
 I poleon I. it was united to Holland, a 
 
 uation to whom it was utterly alien in manners, 
 
 customs, religion, and even language, as the 
 
 Belgians spoke French — their faith being, like 
 
 that of France, Eomaa Catholic. 
 
 In 1830 they revolted from the authority of 
 the King of Holland. France and England 
 then interfered, and declared it an independent 
 kingdom ; aaid at the instigaticn of Lord Pal- 
 mcrston, the then Foreign Minister of Great 
 Britain, Prince Ixjopold was declared the king. 
 
 In order to conciliate the Catholic population, 
 he married the Princess Louise, the daughter of 
 Louis Philippe of France, and soon afterward 
 they were crowned in Brussels as King and 
 Queen of the Belgians. King Leopold, although 
 a Protestant, acted with so much impartiality, 
 that lie endeared himself greatly to his sub- 
 jects, and earned the reputation of being the 
 most jjopular sovereign of Europe. 
 
 The surface of Belgium is very level, and 
 alt lOugh the soil is not naturally fertile, the 
 industry of the people has made it very produc- 
 tive. The coasts are low, and, like Holland, it 
 requires dykes to protect them from the inroads 
 of tlie sea. It is also well-watered with small 
 streams and canalo, which are carefully kept 
 up. Tlie climate is cool and moist, and pro- 
 duces abundantly grain, hemp, flax, hops, 
 beetroot, chickory, cloves, and tobacco. Coal 
 and iron are also found there in g^eat quanti- 
 ties. The people are verv industrious and 
 export largely. 
 
 The Belgians aro for the most part Flem- 
 ings, of German origin — the rest are Walloons, 
 the descendants of the ancient Belg£e. Agri- 
 culture and manufactures form their leading 
 pursuits. 
 
 Their roads, canals, and railroads are numer- 
 ous and excellent, and the people excel in mak- 
 ing fine linens, paper, and hardware. 
 
 Their cities are very admirably built, and 
 display much architectural elegance and de- 
 sign. Brussels, the capitid, is situated on the 
 Sennc, and is celebrated for its lace, which is 
 the finest in the world. It is also f imous for 
 its carriages, which are unequaled for beauty 
 
 of form and workmanship. Printing and pub- 
 lishing are extensively carried on. About ten 
 miles south of Brussels is the field of Waterloo, 
 memorable for the great battle fought there on 
 the 18th of June, 1815, when the allied troops, 
 under the command of Wellington, totally 
 defeated the French army, led by Napoleon 
 thl Great. 
 
 Ostend is an important seaport, on the coast 
 of the North Sea, whUe Antwerp, on the right 
 bank of the Scheldt, carries on an extensive 
 trade, and is famous for its historical recollec- 
 tions. Litge, on the left bank of the Meuse, 
 being in the vicinity of tlie coal mines, is the 
 chief seat of the ironworks of Belgium. 
 
 The Great OMmneypiece in the Hall of 
 Marriages, Antwerp. 
 
 Reader, knowest thou Antwerp, the city of 
 the cathedral and of Charles V. , of the steam 
 packets and the picture-gallery — of the great 
 basin of Napoleon, and of the fortifications of 
 the Duke of Alva— and last, not least, of the 
 magnificent Town Hall ? 
 
 In this hall, this Hotel de Ville or Stadt 
 Huys — a monument somewliat heavy, but not 
 wanting in originality or grandeur, as a French 
 writer declares — there is a so-called Marriage 
 Hall, and therein is a chimney or mantelpiece, 
 wliioh for beauty and elaborate workmanship 
 is only inferior to that of Bruges. 
 
 Those were roaring old times, reader, when 
 they had such mantelpieces and chimneys 
 as these — hey ? Why, in that of Heidelberg you 
 might hold a small caucus ; but not when it 
 rained, for looking upward there is a patch of 
 clear sky, not only big enough to make a 
 Dutchman a pair of breeches, as sailors say, but 
 also to shape a kirtle for his wife and have 
 something left over for the Kinder. 
 
 The fireplace was an institution in those days, 
 before the times of stove coal grates, stoves and 
 furnaces. People sat in them or around them, 
 and sang in old ballads how there went a rider 
 through the land all in the month of May — 
 high hey ! or told long stories of fairies and 
 hid len treasure. Now-a-days the fairies wear 
 hoops, and the treasure they talk about is 
 
 hidden in Central Park lots aad railroad gtockS* 
 A has relief representing the marriage of 
 Cana forms the main part of this chimneypiece. 
 You will remember, if you please, that this is 
 the reason why they call this the Marriage HalL 
 Large Renaissance caryatides at either side 8np» 
 port the great double cornice, which inclosea 
 three sloping panels, on which are carved Christ 
 on the Cross, the Brazen Serpent and the Sacri- 
 fice of Abraham. If you reflect awhile yon 
 will see in all these the connecting idea c^ 
 sacrifice and of salvation. 
 
 This chimney-piece belonged originally to the 
 Abbey of Tongerloo, whence it was transferred 
 in 1828 to its present situation. It was a rich 
 old institution, that Abby of Tongerloo. 16 
 owned nearly all the Antwerpian Campine once, 
 and in 1789 equipped, at its own expense, a 
 regiment of cavalry for the Brabant army. 
 After the French invasion its Van Dycks, Vaa 
 Eycks and Rubens, with its sculptures, were 
 scattered far and wide, and with them went 
 sc.ittering a library which Miroeus compared to 
 that of the Vatican. " Madame, c'est la /ortvnt 
 de la guerre. ' ' 
 
 "Ihe abbey is in ruins, fire and gunpowder 
 have worn black devilish grotesques in its walls, 
 and of all the glorious works of art heaped to- 
 gether by the disciples of Jansenius, there only 
 remain rare relics." 
 
 Such has been the fate of many a fine abbey 
 and fair maiden. Oh, madame, when you sea 
 a red coat, or a blue one, with military buttons, 
 think of the Abbey of Tongerloo, and of its 
 fireplace, which was obliged to flee for refuge to 
 the headquarters of justice, and to the Town 
 Hall of Antwerp. 
 
 Church of St. James, at Liege, Belgium, 
 Thk comer-stone of this fine church was laid! 
 April 26th, 1016, by Bishop Baldric, who built 
 a little crypt where service was held while lh» 
 noble structure was gradually attaining its miv<- 
 jestic proportions. His successors, WallxxJoil 
 and Durand, carried on the work, and Bishop 
 Reginard completed it, August 2.'5th, 1030. A 
 Benedictine monastery adjoining it was finished 
 at the same time. The church stood the shock* 
 of time for nearly five hundred years, when ik 
 
436 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 was nearly all rebuilt except the spire, the im- 
 provement being due to the zeal of the Abbot 
 Kicholaa Polls. 
 
 It has three naves, the middle one, the more 
 vast and lofty, runs to the choir, while the 
 lateral naves only extend to tlie transepts. 
 These naves are separated by rows of clustered 
 columns. Like all the churches of Liege, the 
 interior is remarkal)le for the delicacy, taste, 
 and airy grace of the ornamental work so pro- 
 fusely lavished by the architect, embodying, 
 Eomewhat un- 
 tisually, texts 
 from Scripture. 
 
 The organ rests 
 ra a mass of little 
 c )lumnB, niches, 
 Biatues, and ara- 
 besques. It is now 
 ! ilent, but was 
 once regarded as 
 a masterpiece. 
 
 Magistrate's Hall 
 at Audenarde. 
 
 The City Hall in 
 IMs place is 
 famous among 
 connoisseurs for 
 the chimney- 
 piece and the 
 door in the Magis- 
 trate's Hall. They 
 are beautiful 
 works of art, 
 carved by a Flem- 
 ish artist, named 
 Paul Vander 
 Schelden. 
 
 The chimney, of 
 Avesnes freestone, 
 is a fine specimen 
 of the g i V a 1 
 style of the early 
 part of tlie six- 
 teenth centnrj'. 
 
 The statues are 
 a Madonna, with 
 Justice on one 
 Bide and Hope 
 on the other. They 
 are full of grace, 
 being far superior 
 to the works of 
 the period, in con- 
 ception and exe- 
 cution, due to the 
 Italian training of 
 the sculptor. Tlie 
 ornamental part is 
 inferior, and was, 
 perhaps, the work 
 of his pupils. The door-case is, in all its 
 details, extremely beautiful, not only in the 
 charming little figures at the top, but in all 
 the graceful and multiplied details. It was 
 executed about 1534. 
 
 one, a natural one, toward Beauregard, and two 
 otliers, where Art seems to have aided Nature. 
 One of these is called the Garden ; but if it 
 attracts you by its title, it leads you soon to an 
 almost unfathomable abyss, the Hollenthal, or 
 lUouth of Hell. On one side is one cf those 
 cave formations that seems the stitue of a 
 giant, and on the other, a beautiful cascade 
 seems bursting from the rocky wall. Steps 
 then leid down to the Arcade, below which is 
 a subterranean lake, in which an English trav- 
 
 idea how fir beneath 
 have wandered. 
 
 the earth's surface von 
 
 GEEAT CHIMNEY-PIECE IN THE HALL OF M.\RRI.VGES, AT ANTWEEP. 
 
 Gave in Eochefort, Belgium. 
 Not far from Namur, in Bel','ium, is the very 
 curious cave of Rochetort, which well repays 
 the tourist for a visit. Jt has three openings — 
 
 eler resolved to try his luck as an angler, and 
 soon drew up a fine pond-t.out. A path around 
 this leads to the f?abbat ^aal, a beautiful hall, 
 three hundred and fifty yards long by one hun- 
 dred and fifty wide, fdled with the most curious 
 and beautiful stalactites and stalagmites, which 
 flash in the torchlight like crystal, as the trav- 
 elers move among them. Returning hence, you 
 come upon the fire lighted by the lake, and 
 watch the smoke, seeking, like yourselves, tlie 
 outlet, and, by it§ \aH columa, giying you aa 
 
 Battle on Stilts, at Namur. 
 The city of Namur was famous for its ath- 
 letic gimes. The city was divided into two 
 factions — the Melans and the Avresses— repre- 
 senting the old and new towns. On the day- 
 fixed for the battle, fifteen or sixteen hundred 
 young men divided into brigades, attired ia 
 costumes of differ- 
 ent colorti, ad- 
 vanced upon e>ch 
 other to the found 
 of military music, 
 drums, fifes, cym- 
 bals and trumpets. 
 T"lie stilts were 
 about four feet 
 high. The battle- 
 ground -was the 
 square before the 
 town-liall. Each 
 a r m y was well- 
 formeii, with 
 lipavy-wcigbts in 
 Iront, to bear the 
 first onset, and 
 bodies in reserve 
 to retrieve the 
 day. 
 
 The combatants 
 had no arms, and 
 were, indeed, for- 
 bidden to carry 
 any. They could 
 use their hands 
 and aims, and trip 
 each other up, if 
 they could. 
 
 Wrestling oa 
 foot is bad enoughi 
 but wTcstling on 
 stilts is a feat in- 
 deed. The battle 
 would last some- 
 times for two 
 hours ; the com- 
 batants reeling- 
 from side to side, 
 leaning over, 
 staggering, but re- 
 c o V e r i n i: their 
 erect position with 
 wonderful agility. 
 Some, of course, 
 went down ; now 
 and then, two 
 would go down 
 together. 
 
 The women were 
 there, encouraging 
 their si'e by gestures, and cries of joy, and 
 cheers, and rushing into the miUe to assist the 
 fallen to rise again, and save their heads from 
 lieing crushed in the rush of this strange, but 
 hot and furious contest, in which life wag 
 rarely lost, though bruises were plentiful 
 enough. 
 
 The frequent inundations of the Sambre and 
 Meuse made the use of stilts a necessity in tha 
 neigborhood of Nnmur, and hence every voung 
 jaau was an adept in their use, and it was 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 4S» 
 
 CHUECH OF ST. JAMES AT LIEGE, 
 
438 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 LUXEMBCRG— VIEW FROM THE FORT DBS HOULINS. 
 
 accordingly not without an object that public 
 tri lis of skill were thus maintained. Stilts do 
 not seem to be in much favor with us, as we 
 .hear of no races or games on theni. 
 
 Here is certainly a new field for our young 
 iftthletes. 
 
 Inauguration of the Statue of King 
 Leopold, at Antwerp. 
 
 A COLOSSAL bronze equestrian statue of Leo- 
 'pold I., the late King of the Belgians, was 
 publicly unvailed at Antwerp, on Sunday, 
 August 2d, 18G8. The monument was erected 
 by a subscripiion from the citizens of Antwerp, 
 jUnder the patronage of the Chamber of Com- 
 Imerce. llie municipal council, owing to an ill- 
 , feeling toward the kte king, not only refused 
 to grant a site in the public square for the 
 statue, but caused large placards to be posted 
 .about the city, urging the citizens to abstain from 
 any demonstrations on the day of the inaugural 
 ceremony. The day appointed for its inaugura- 
 tion was the anniversary of the lib -ration of 
 the Scheldt — that memorable act of the reign 
 of Leopold I , which blotted out forever the 
 Btigma inflicted upon Antwerp and Belgium by 
 the treaty signed at Munster, in lG-18. The 
 festivities commenced on Saturday, on the quay 
 of the Place St Walpurga, where thousands oi 
 patriotic spectators had assembled On Sunday, 
 the day of the inauguration, neither the bells 
 of the cathe'.ral, nor those of the Hotel de 
 Ville were allowed to be rung ; but the city 
 was full of other festive tokens. Multitudes of 
 people came in from Ghent, from Brussels, 
 li&ge, and Verviers, with official deputations 
 from those towns After an oration by the 
 Venerable Baron Nottebohm, the statue was 
 unvailed, amidst the cheers of t!ie people, and 
 the National Anthem was played and sung. A 
 musical cantata, specially composed f jr the oc- 
 casion, was performed, after which the Civic 
 Guards defiled past (he st.itue, each man salut- 
 ing, and heaps of bouqi:.'ts and g.irlands were 
 thrown upon it, to lo picked up afterward by 
 the ladies and girls. 
 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 LrxEMBURO, formerly a Grand-Duchy in the 
 kingdom of the Netherlands, but now divided 
 between Holland and Be'gium, is bounded East 
 by Prussia, North by Li&ge, West by Namur, 
 and South by France. Dutch Luxemburg, the 
 possession of which gives the King of Holland 
 the title of Grand Duke, and a voice in the 
 German Confederation, lies East of Belgian 
 Luxemburg, and h is an area of nine hundred 
 and eighty-six square miles, with a population in 
 1848 of one hundred and eighty-six thousand 
 and sixty-two. Belgian Luxemburg is the largest 
 and more western part of the former Grand- 
 Duchy ; it has an area of one thousand six hun- 
 dred and ninety-four square miles, with a popu- 
 lation, in 1846, of one hundred and eighty-six 
 thousand three hundred and ninety-four. The 
 principal rivers of Luxemburg are the Moselle, 
 the Sure, and the Our, which form the boundary 
 
 between Dutch i^uxemnurg anil Frrgja ; the 
 Elze or Alzette, a feeder of the Sure ; the Sc- 
 mois, which rises near Arlon, and flows West 
 into the Maas ; the Ourthe, which rises near 
 Bastogne, and falls into the Maas near Lifege ; 
 the Lesse, which rises near Neufchfiteau, and 
 falls into the Maas near Dinant. 
 
 Luxeinlairg is crossed from South-west to 
 North-ease by a range o( high ground, part of 
 the Ardennes, which separates the valley of the 
 Maas from that of the Moselle. The soil of 
 this elevated region is calcareous, and is princi- 
 pally occupied as pasturage. The lower lands 
 are productive, and yield abundant harvests of 
 wheat, rye, flax, hemp, mangel-wurzel, etc. 
 Such of the high lands as are tilled rarely yield 
 anything but rye, oats, and potatoes. Luxem- 
 burg contains many large forests. Agriculture 
 is in rather a backward state all through Lux- 
 emburg. The vine is cultivated on the banks 
 of the Moselle and the Sure. The quality of 
 the wine is inferior. In Dutch Luxemburg 
 there is a great number of distilleries, and soms 
 iron-works. Horses, horned cattle, swine, and 
 sheep are numerous. In Belgian Lirxemburg 
 there ai"e iron-works, slate-quarries, potteries, 
 tanneries, cloth, and paper-mills. Iron and 
 lead mines are worked ; copper is found in 
 Dutch Luxemburg. 
 
 <l«»r» 
 
 The New Aquarium at Brussels. 
 An aquarium has been recently constructed 
 in the Royal Zoological Garden of Brussels, 
 which is quite novel in its leading features. It 
 is placed at the foot of a hill, into the side of 
 which excavations have been made. Beneath 
 this hill, artificially arranged, fresh and salt 
 water reservoirs are built. In these preserves 
 fish of almost every variety — from the river, 
 the lake and the sea — worthy of cultivation 
 for the table, are placed, and rapidly propagate. 
 These reservoirs are nurseries for the waters of 
 the kingdom of Belgium The basins are 
 supplied by cascades, and thus the useful is 
 subserved by the ornamental. The Garden of 
 Zoology is a favorite resort for the citizens. 
 
 FORT AND PORT OF LUXEMBURG. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
440 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Eubens's Chair at 
 Antwerp. 
 
 At Antwerp all 
 breathes of Eubens. 
 i'Tom the cathedral to 
 the smaller chapels, all 
 have paintings from 
 his hand, and one par- 
 ades an altar-piece in 
 which the artist has 
 introduced not only 
 the two wives whom 
 he successively mar- 
 ried, but some of his 
 mistresses. Fewartists 
 have passed through 
 life with such magnifi- 
 cence ; his only trouble 
 seems to have been the 
 religious troubles 
 which drove him from 
 his obscure W e s t - 
 phalian home to fame 
 and fortune at Ant- 
 werp. Handsome, ac- 
 complished, dignified, 
 he was a courtier and 
 diplomatist, as well as 
 a most untiring 
 painter. A friend of 
 
 the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella, 
 through their favor he won a cordial reception 
 from the Italian princes, and proceeding to 
 Spain as ambassador was successful both in 
 diplomacy and in art. 
 
 Returning to Antwerp, he filled his elegant 
 home with the richest collection of curiosities 
 and worlvs of art yet gathered. He then visited 
 Paris to lend his pencil to the embellishment 
 of the Luxembourg ; and was again twice em- 
 ployed ill negotiations with England, 
 distinguishing himself in that uncon- 
 genial climate both by his diplomatic 
 finesse and by masterpieces of art, which 
 made him extremely popular. King 
 Charles 1. knighted him, and for a new 
 coat-of-arms gave him some of the royal 
 arms. He was also ambassador in Hol- 
 land. He died at Antwerp, in 1G40, at 
 the age of sixty-three, and the chair 
 which Antwerp still preserves with 
 reverence, was accordingly one made for 
 him in his later years, when, with a 
 world-wide fame, he was surrounded by 
 the affection and respect of his country- 
 men. 
 
 < i *>i» 
 
 A Battle in the Stone Age. 
 
 JIosT of our readers have seen, or per- 
 haps turned up, stone arrow-heads, axes, 
 and other implements. They are re- 
 mains of the Indian tribes who preceded 
 ns in the land. It may be new to some 
 that such relics are found .also in Europe, 
 showing that the predecessors or ances- 
 tors of the present inhabitants of those 
 countries were once no higher in the 
 grade of civilization than the Indians 
 whom our ancestors found on these 
 shores. 
 
 Ibis period is called the stone age, ana 
 research has been carried on with zeal 
 sad QQ littlQ wild enthusiaeia to recall 
 
 INAUGUBATION OP THE STATUE OF KING LEOPOLD, AT ANTWERP. 
 
 this European of the stone age, and show us 
 the animals he hunted, the home lie lived in, 
 his wars, his plcisures, his death and burial. 
 
 Belgium contains rude stone forts, of a very 
 early period of human history ; those of Fur- 
 fooz, Pont de Bonn, Jcmelle, and Poilvache, 
 enable us to form some idea of the wars of 
 those days, when more sedentary, and hence 
 agricultural, tribes required defense against the 
 lawless, roving hordes, that relied on the chase 
 
 and plunder. These 
 
 camps have the suma 
 character. They ar* 
 generally on rocky 
 promontories, c o n - 
 nected with the adja- 
 cent plateau by a 
 narrow tongue of land. 
 A deep ditch intersecta 
 this narrow pass, and 
 a thick wall of rough 
 stones, piled up with- 
 out mortar, surrounds 
 the camp. 
 
 Doubtless a palisade, 
 as a second line of d» 
 fense, stood within 
 this, within which 
 were the rude huts of 
 the tribe. Such, at 
 least, our American re- 
 ma i n s induce us t»> 
 imagine. 
 
 The>e walls haye 
 been found still stand- 
 ing to the height of 
 nine feet, and from 
 them, in case of attack, 
 the besieged hurled 
 down stones on their 
 assailants When the arrows and javelins were 
 invented, they, too, were launched from this 
 height ; an earthen step within the wall afford- 
 ing a standing-ground for the warriors, and 
 thus giving them the protection of the wall, oa 
 which only the rash and • defiant actually 
 mounted. 
 
 So well were these positions chosen, that, as 
 in the case of Poilvache, a Roman titatlel finally 
 grew up within the ancient circle fif stone, and 
 on the ruins of the cit.ndel finally rose 
 the castle of a medieval baron, whicli 
 now, too, mingles its debris with thos» 
 of the earliest races. 
 
 Excavations reveal remains of early 
 pottery, stone arrows, knives and 
 hatchets, rude ornaments, all, in fact, 
 that serves to characterize primitive 
 
 BUBESS S CHAIB, AT ANTWEBP. 
 
 Tie Carnival at Antwerp, 
 
 What a mass of grotesque figure* 
 meets the gaze of the puzzled reader 
 on referring to our engraving on page 
 443. 
 
 The carnival procession in Antwen 
 begins at two o'clock in the afternoon, 
 and marches on a route through the 
 city. 
 
 The masked forms of male and female 
 participants add to the unique aj.pear- 
 ance of the whole. 
 
 The Animil Kingdom is well rspre- 
 sented in these processions; bears, 
 wolves, dogs and hor.ses form no sm.all 
 feature of this merry scene. The at five 
 members of the throng are not the only 
 ones who enjoy the mirth of the day. 
 Brieht smiles and ple.nsant laughter 
 indicate plainly tliat lookei-s-on from 
 windows and balconies appreciate tia>i. 
 frolic ia no less a degree. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 4.41 
 
 Brussels. 
 
 A RECENT traveler in Belgium says: " Brussels 
 is very favorably situated, being partly built on 
 the plain crossed by the Seune (a small tribu- 
 tary stream of the Scheldt at Antwerp), and 
 partly on the side of irregular hills, ■which 
 
 MAGISTRATES HALL AT AUDENAEDE. 
 
 border the shore of the same river, and extend 
 toward the Field of Waterloo. When viewed 
 from the west, the city, with its lofty cathedral 
 and fine old churches towering up above the 
 antique dwellings of the lower town, would 
 remind one of Genoa or Naples. 
 
 " In the lower part of the town are the pic- 
 
 turesque, lofty old houses, with gable fronts, 
 and seven or eight stories high, a great manf 
 of which were formerly occupied by the Bra- 
 l)ants. In this quarter also may be seen the 
 Grand Place, which is, with the exception of 
 St. Mark's at Venice, second in interest to none 
 in Europe, as far as tragic and romantic hiatorj' 
 
442 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 A BATTI^ IN THE STONE AGE. 
 
 is concerned. No other has probably remained 
 60 entirely unchanged in its prominent features. 
 The massive Hotel da ViUe, admired chiefly for 
 its graceful gotbic spire, the Maison du Eoi, 
 opposite to it, in front of which a fountain has 
 ■been erected to commemorate the execution, in 
 1508, on the spot, of the Counts Egmont and 
 Home, and the other surrounding edifices, all 
 very well pre;ierved, present the curious style 
 of architecture characteristic of the old Dutch 
 and Flemish, and full of interest and quaintness, 
 as compared with the more modern styles of the 
 present day. 
 
 " llie upper and comparatively new portion of 
 the city contains the park (in which the Dutch 
 were intrenched at the tim» of tlie comhats of 
 
 1830, many trees still bearing the traces of 
 shot), the Royal palaces, the largest and finest 
 squares, hotels, and the residences of the richer 
 class. 
 
 ' ' A curious fact, and one I have noticed here 
 and wondered at more than a little, is that the 
 magnificent and stately mansions of Counts, 
 Barons, Dukes, and royalty of all kinds, are 
 mixed in with the bouses of shopkeepers and 
 working people. For example, from where I 
 am now writing I can see opposite, on the left, 
 the palace of the wealthy Countess de Jung, 
 and adjoining it a public driiiking-house. On 
 the right hand can be seen a stove store, and 
 the next door the large pahiHal residence of 
 Baron de Viuck, Many oth:r illustr.iti.ons of 
 
 the same character go to show that people live 
 on more equal ground here than in tngland or 
 other European countries, where a title entirely 
 separates its owner from the common poopie, 
 and shuts his mansion up from their gaze by 
 high walls and wooded drives. 
 
 "The Belgians are a hot-headed, fiery class of 
 beings, having, like the French, a passionate 
 fondness for equality and social liberty, always 
 displaying a most restless, luimanageable, tu- 
 mult-loving nature — an impatience of restraint 
 that is forever the cause of politiciU broils and 
 commotion. Tliey are perfectly satisfied with 
 their king, though if he in any way disiileased 
 them trouble would ensue at once. 
 
 ' • In the disturbance here some time since, a 
 large party assembled in front of the Hoyal 
 Palace, and in their usual impetuous manner 
 even went so far as to loudly cry out, within 
 his Majesty's hearing — if he didn't ccme out 
 they would fetch him out, and that they might 
 as well have a pasteboard king ; and threatening 
 him, if he did not accede to their demand, 
 which was to dismiss a certain official from the 
 Ministry, that they would compel him to leave 
 Belgium. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the impulsive nature of 
 the Belgians, they are kind, social, obliging, 
 exceedingly polite, and ever ready to extend 
 the hand of friendship to all strangers. 
 
 " The French language is generally spoken ; 
 the Court, the nobility, and the wealthy portion 
 of the middle class, employ no other. Flemish 
 or Walloon is used in the lower part of the 
 city, where a greater part of the operative class 
 of people live. Now, however, they are nearly 
 all beginning to speak French, and it is taught 
 in all the schools, together with the rudiments 
 of English. 
 
 "Leopold II., King of the Belgians, is a 
 solid, substantial-looking man, about thirty- 
 seven, and called by the ladies very handsome, 
 l>erliaps because he flourishes such a long, dark 
 and massive beard, and has such a military air 
 and swing about him. The Queen, Maria Hen- 
 rietta, who was a Princess of Austria, is one 
 year younger than her husband — large, queenly, 
 yet slightly masculine In general appearance, 
 and very independent-looking. Slie is a great 
 lover of horses and dogs, especially of the for- 
 mer, of which she has a great number ot 
 various breeds. She runs a large building 
 roofed with glass, called the Queen's Circus, in 
 which she trains her favorites, teaching them 
 numerous antics, and frequently gives a private 
 exhibition to her friends, acting a.s ring-master 
 herself. Very often she can be seen driving 
 furiously through the Boulevards with her four- 
 in-hand pony-team, managing the ' ribbons' full 
 as skillfully as an old experienced horse-jockey, 
 and unaccompanied by any servant except one 
 in saddle, who follows on at some distance 
 behind. In warm weather s'.ie rises very early,', 
 and is out before 6 a.m., taking her morning* 
 ride, which she often extends long into the 
 forenoon. Then, of course, she must t;ike her 
 airing in the afternoon, by driving out into 
 the country, or to ' Bois de la Cambre, a resort 
 similar to the ' Bois de Boulogne' at Paris, and 
 yielding nothing to that wood in respect to 
 beauty. This queen has been known to tire out 
 fourteen horses in one day by fast driving. 
 
 "The rluldren of Iieopr.ld are both girls '" e 
 son having died some yer.r.> a~o, transferring 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 i43 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 
444 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 ENTET INTO BEUSSELS OF THE COUNT OF FIANDEES AMI THE PRINCESS MARIE DE IIOHENZOLLERN. 
 
 the heirship of the throne to the Count de 
 Flanders, brother to the present king. 
 
 " A great many English and American fami- 
 lies reside here in Brussels. 
 
 " The fortifications, which existed half a 
 century ago, have all been razed to the ground, 
 and on their site liave been made beautiful 
 boulevards, extending six or seven miles around 
 the city in an octagonal shape. Being planted 
 with several rows of stately linden-trees, and 
 lined with the elegant mansions of the ' upper- 
 ten,' they form a promenade resembling the 
 Champs- Elys^es of Paris, and not to be excelled 
 even by the 'Unter der Linden' of Berlin. 
 
 " Brussels is more extensively known, and es- 
 pecially to the ladies, for the celebrate! lace 
 which bears its name. The flax use 1 in its 
 fabrication is of the finest and most delicate 
 cjuality, and is grown mostly near Hal, a town 
 not far south of Brussels. After being gathered 
 it is packed up and sent to England, there to be 
 converted into the lace thread, Nottingham 
 producing the finest quality, and command- 
 ing a higher price. 
 
 " The spinning is done in darkened rooms, 
 with a beam of light admitted only upon the 
 work, through a small aperture. The manu- 
 factories of lace wo found not, as one would 
 naturally suppose, large, busy-looking factories, 
 full of gills and machinery, but, on the contrary, 
 the tirst-class ones have the appearance of mag- 
 nificent private dwellinis, with stone fronts, 
 large entrances and massive oaken doors. Step- 
 ping in from the street, you find yourself in a 
 spacious front hall, paved and trimmed with 
 marble and overhung by stucco decorations. 
 From here you are shown up stairs into the 
 parlors, where every variety of lace, from the 
 smallest pattern of a collar to the most elaborate 
 and expensive shawl, are displayed to their 
 best advantage by fashionable ladies, who are 
 not wanting for words to magnify the superi- 
 ority of their goods, and to induce you to make 
 a purchase. 
 
 " After selecting what you intend to buy, an 
 attendant conducts you down stairs and through 
 a long corridor to another part of tlie building, 
 
 into a good-sized room where the lace is manu- 
 factured. In one we recently visited, th;re 
 were about twenty females employed, some witli 
 the work in their laps, making the bobbins fly 
 with wonderful rapi !ity, and some who were 
 working on shawls and large patterns, had it 
 spread out upon a table, while others were 
 straining their eyes over the fine " pMnt lace." 
 This kind of lace requires the most experienced 
 and patient workers, it being made entirely by 
 hand, with the very finest of common cambric 
 needles that can be made ! It is worked over a 
 1,'lue paper pattern, and very often it takes a 
 month to finish a single collar, so delicate is 
 the work and such care needs to be exercised 
 upon it. The cost of the thread used in this 
 
 kind of lace (which is the most expensive), iP, 
 for the first quality, about tliree liundred and 
 twenty-five dollars a pound, and, for inferior 
 qualities, down as low as seventy-five dollars. 
 
 "We were told by the attendant that nearly* 
 lifetime was required to learn the trade, and 
 that most of the women there wore put to work 
 when very young, and kept constantly at it 
 until they were thirty or thirty-five years of 
 age, all this time working up cheap sorts of 
 lace ; they were then deemed sufficiently skillful 
 to busy themselves on fine work. 
 
 " The wajres paid to those f oor lace-makers are 
 very trifling, and hardly worthy of credit or 
 belief when we think of the enormous prices 
 for which the article is sold: We learned that 
 the average amoimt earned by tliem, per day, 
 was about one franc, but that a few of the 
 oldest and most experience! could, by steady 
 application and diligence, reap the prodigious 
 sum of thirty cants! But few ever acquire 
 that amount, most of them being contented 
 with their common pay, and not caring to exert 
 themselves for more. 
 
 "Out of tliis insignificant sum they board and 
 clothe themselves as well as possible, though, 
 of course, never indulge in the luxury of wear- 
 ing any of their productions. 
 
 " The price of lace, of cour»e. v.iries, though it 
 is much cheaper than in America. A good lace 
 collar costing but five dollars here would be 
 considered cheap at home for ten dollars, while 
 a 1 ice shawl costing twenty -five dollars in 
 America, costs only ten dollars here. 
 
 "The city contains about one hundred and 
 forty lace manufactories, without counting 
 seventy rotail morchants. and twenty houses 
 that only do preparing, bleaching and mending 
 the lace, which is sent here even from Eussia. 
 
 "I can't say that actual living is much 
 cheaper here than in America. House rent may 
 be a little less, but provisions are the same, if 
 not a little higher. White sugar and eggs and 
 
 THE NEW AQUARIUM AT UKUSSELS. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 445 
 
 CAVE NEAR BOCHEFORT. 
 
446 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 PORTRAIT OF A FLEMISH BITROOMASTER, BY REMBEAKBT. 
 
 butter are considerably higher. We have our 
 dinners sent in from an establishment that fur- 
 nishes .about two hundred families, and a good 
 dicmer can be had for fifteen cents a head, con- 
 sisting of tliree or four courses. By payinot 
 twenty-five cents you can have dinner in ' table 
 d'iiOte ' Btjle, with a great variety. These din- 
 
 ners are about the only thing we have found 
 cheap, except clothing, which is amazins^ly so. 
 A good traveling suit that would cost thirty-five 
 dollars at home can be bought here for twelve 
 or tliirteen dollars. An overcoat costing fifty 
 dollars in America can be had for twenty-five 
 dollars. Boots and shoes cost about one-half of 
 
 what they do at home, and every other descrij*' 
 
 tion of wearing apparel in about the same ratio, 
 21. lady can buy a very good dress for but very 
 little more, if any, than what it would cost to 
 have it made in America. A good set of furs, 
 of most any kind, can lie got for half the money 
 here that it would cost in the States." 
 
PORTUGAL. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 BOUTH Front of the MoNASTERy of Santa Maria de BELEsr— Saldanha iv Lisbon — Toldo Boat of the Docro Lisbon- 
 Portuguese Language and Literature, 
 
 MlIS small kingdom of South-western 
 Europe occupies about one-sixth of 
 the Iberian Peninsula. It is agreeably 
 diversified and gradually slopes toward 
 the Atlantic Ocean. The soil is rich, and the 
 climate mild and healthy. The productions 
 are like those of Spain. The vine flourishes in 
 the northern provinces. The olive, orange, 
 citron, and other fruits in the southern. Iron 
 ore and fine marble and building-stones atiound. 
 
 The inhabitants are of the same lineage as 
 those of Spain, and belong to the Roman Catho- 
 lic Church. Agriculture is in a backward state. 
 The making of wine forms the chief branch of 
 industry. The traveling facilities are poor. 
 There are no canals or railroads at present in 
 the kingdom, and the navigation of the rivers 
 is sometimes prevented by droughts. Manu- 
 factures are not extensive. The exports are 
 mainly wines, salt, cork, drugs, and various 
 kinds of fruit. 
 
 Lisbon, the capital, on the right hank of the 
 Tagus, stands first in commercial importance ; 
 and Oporto, noted for its trade in port wine, 
 ranks second. Coimbra, on the high-road be- 
 tween these cities, is noted for its university — 
 the only one in Portugal. 
 
 Portugal possesses the Azores, Madeira, and 
 Cape Verde Islands ; some small settlements on 
 the coast of Senegambia, in Africa, together 
 with Mozambique, three small islands in the 
 Gulf of Guinea, and a few settlements in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 The coast line is about five hundred miles in 
 length, and is not indented by any great bay. 
 At some points it rises into cliffs of considera- 
 ble height, but the greater part is low and 
 marshy. The principal harbors are those of 
 Lisbon, Oporto, Setubal, Figueras, Averd, and 
 Viana. The principal rivers of Portugal flow 
 from Spain, and of these the Tagus, the Gua- 
 diana, the Douro, the Minho, and the Limas 
 are the largest. The Tagus separates the prov- 
 inces of Beira and Alemtejo, and passing 
 through Estramaduro falls into the Atlantic by 
 a mouth so wide that it is rather the arm of a 
 sea than a river. Its estuary forms the spa- 
 cious and convenient harbor of Lisbon. The 
 river is navi:.:able to Abrantcs, eighty miles 
 obove its mouth. There are many lakes on the 
 
 sea coast, but none of much magnitude. Min- 
 eral springs abound, and there are thirty-four 
 hot springs, many of which are celebrated for 
 their medicinal qualities. The mountain chains 
 of Portugal ar3 chiefly prolongations of a West 
 or South-west direction of the Spanish Pyrene'es. 
 Near the northern frontier is a lofty range called 
 the Sierra de Montezeulo, one of whose peaks, 
 Gavariane, is seven thousand eight hundred 
 and fifty feet higli, and is always covered with 
 snow. The mountain scenery of Portugal is 
 exceedingly fine, and few places in the world 
 equal in natural beauty the region around Cin- 
 tra, in the neighborhood of Lisbon. Cintra is 
 celebrated for the Convention, concluded August 
 30th, 1803, between Sir How Dalrymple, who 
 commanded the British troops in Portugal, and 
 Marshal Junot, the French commander, who, 
 when defeated at Vimeira, surrendered his army 
 to the British, on condition of being allowed to 
 evacuate Portugal in British ships, carrying 
 with them all their spoils. In its geological 
 character, Portugal resembles Spain — much of 
 the mountainous regions in the West being 
 formed of crystalline rocks. In tliis district is 
 the coal-field of Vallongo, which yields anthra- 
 cite coal. 
 
 In the days of the Romans, gold and silver 
 were found in Portugal, and gold is still col- 
 lected from the sand of the rivers. There are 
 mines of lead, plumbago, antimony, copper, 
 and iron — the last being very abundant. Beau- 
 tiful marbles abound, and there are quarries 
 of limestone, gypsum, slate, free-stone, mill- 
 stone, and black agate, together with vast beds 
 of potter's and porcelain clay, and common 
 salt. 
 
 There is a great inequality in the soil of Por- 
 tugal, but much of the land is exceedingly 
 fertile, and well adapted to the gro\vth of all 
 the productions of the Temperate Zone. 
 
 Among the trees are the cork-tree, and the 
 kermas oak, the bay-tree, Portugal laurel, 
 Spanish chesnnt, carob-trec, myrtle, pomegra- 
 nate, rosemary, lavender, and a variety of other 
 botanical productions. Tlie orange, the fig, 
 sugar-cane, and rice grow luxurifintjy, and the 
 beet, grapes, and olives of Portugal are unsur- 
 passed. Among the wild animal? of the coun- 
 try, wolvei, wild cats, wild goats, wild boars, 
 
 and deer are the principal, though none of 
 these are numerous. There are few birds ; the 
 most common are the partri<lge, and, in the 
 mountains, vultures and eagles. The coast and 
 the rivers abound with fish, but the trade ia 
 very imperfectly carried on. 
 
 Tlio northern provinces are the best culti- 
 vated. The great staples of tlie country are 
 wheat, wine and olive oil. The milk chiefly 
 consumed is that of goats. 
 
 Tlie common bread of the people is made of 
 Indian meal, the soil and climate being well 
 adapted to the cultivation of maize. Hemp 
 and flax are extensively grown, and vegetables 
 are raised in abundance. The wines of Portugal 
 have long been celebrated, the most famous 
 being port. 
 
 The Government cf Portugal is a limited 
 monarchy, under a constitution framed in 1826. 
 The legislative power is vested in a Cortes, 
 consisting of two houses — one of Peers, and the 
 other Deputies. The Peers are named for life 
 by the Crown, and the Deputies, chosen by t'.;e 
 electors, must at least have a yearly income of 
 one hundred dollars. The administration is 
 conducted by seven Ministers, who form the 
 Cabinet. 
 
 The population of Portugal in 1878 was three 
 million four hundred and twelve thousand 
 five hundred, and is now supposed to be Bouic- 
 where about four millions. The Portuguese 
 ditfer considerably from the natives of Castile 
 and Leon, both in their manners and character, 
 and the difference has forcibly struck most trav- 
 elers who have crossed the enstcrn frontier of 
 Portugal, which in some places is not marked 
 by any geographical boundary. On the Portu- 
 guese side of the line the villages are wretched 
 in the extreme ; the inhabitants are filthy both 
 in their houses and their persons, and the pea- 
 sants seem dejected, indolent, and spiritless. 
 The foreign trade is principally in the hands 
 of English merchants. Most of the Portuguese 
 wines and other produce are consumed in Eng- 
 land. Internal commerce suffers from tiie want; 
 of good roads. There are no c.mals, and the 
 few rivers which are navigable are not so at all 
 seasons. M ;nuf ;ctures aie in a very b.ickward 
 state. The whole Portuguese nation professes 
 the Roman Catholic religion. 
 
US 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 beautiful niche-like window, -vr/iich is sur- 
 rounded by statues in a series of gothio pilaster* 
 of great beauty and symmetry, forming to tb« 
 eye a most charming coup d'ceil. 
 
 Saldanha m Lisbon. 
 Opb illustration represents a political exato- 
 ment in the chief city of Portugal, following^ 
 the coup d'ilal of Saldanha. Tlie engraving 
 shows one of the most recent demonstrations in 
 favor of Saldanha in the streets of Lisbon. It 
 was held in 1870, and took the form of a 
 kind of torchliglit assembly, accompanied by a 
 band, for the purpose of serenading the chief in 
 whom the people were invited to put their trust. 
 
 THE POETCarBSB PAVILION AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 
 
 South Front of the Monastery of Santa 
 • Maria de Belem. 
 
 The Monastery of Betlilehem is one of the 
 finest specimens of the revival of architecture 
 in Portugal, and is a noble monument on a 
 famous spot, for here stood a little chapel dear 
 to mariners, built by the great navigator Prince 
 Henry, and in the walls of which the com- 
 manders and crows of all those great naval 
 exi)editions assembled to ask God's blessing 
 before they bore the standard of Portugal to 
 unknown seas. 
 
 Here, with a heart swelling with gratitude, 
 Vasco de Gama knelt, after returning from his 
 great voyage. The monastery which now occu- 
 pies the spot was begun January 6, 1500, by 
 the architect Boytaca, who was succeeded in the 
 great work by Joao Castilho and Rodrigo de 
 Pontezylha, the last of whom reared the splendid 
 south front shown in our illustration. Unfor- 
 
 tunately we know nothing of him beyond the 
 fact that he achieved this work. 
 
 It is built of hard liais, so common near Lis- 
 bon, so durable and so 
 agreeable to the eye. 
 
 Tlie circular arch is so 
 softened by gothic work 
 
 and relievos that it grad- 
 
 ually divides into two 
 portals, separated by a 
 column supporting a 
 statue of Prince Henry 
 in complete armor. On 
 the sides are the twelve 
 apostles, of the same 
 size. The main arch 
 has a gothic summit 
 crowned by a statue of 
 Our Lady of Kings, 
 which stands out from 
 a very peculiar but very 
 
 Toldo Boat of the Douro. 
 This boat is perfectly fiat-bottomed ; the sides 
 slope out, and the after-end is round and low, 
 but it rises at the bow into a sharp point, wide, 
 however, above, where there is a little deck, on 
 which one of the rowers stands. It is covered 
 with a wooden or canvas awning, supported on 
 stanchions, something after the fashion of the 
 Venetian gondola. The oars used are long, with 
 very broad blades ; the rowers stand up, and 
 push against the oars. One stands aft, and 
 
 rORnJQDBS:^ DEPAETMEJiX AT IHT PARIS EXHIBITION. 
 
 TOLDO BOAT OF THE DOTTBO. 
 
 steers the boat, sometimes shifting his oar right 
 aft for steering, and sometimes rowing. One or 
 two men row in the bow ; when there are two, 
 they cross oars — that is, the man who rows the 
 starboard oar stands on the port side, and the 
 man who rows the port oar on the starboard 
 side. A long, thin, rough pole is used as a 
 mast, on which a spreetsail is set. The toldo 
 behaves very well under sail. The passengers 
 sit along the sides, as do those in a gondola, 
 ITie roof is fiat and painted green ; it is used 
 by all classes. The commoner sort of toldo has 
 merely a white canvas awning, stretched over 
 a semi-circular framework. 
 
 The wine-boat of the Douro is shaped like a 
 toldo, but very much larger ; some carry eighty 
 pipes of wine. The crew row forward, standing 
 up, and pushing against very large oars. At 
 the after-part of the boat a high platform is 
 raised, on which the helmsman stands, with the 
 captain, and one or two other men. The 
 rudder is a great beam, extending a long way 
 astern, with a wide blade, shorter than that of 
 an oar. It works on a pivot at the end of the 
 stem-post, while the inner part rises to the 
 
POETUGAL. 
 
 449 
 
 29 
 
 MONASTERY OF SANTA MARIA DE BELEM LISBON. 
 
450 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 plaWbrm. The object 
 erf the long, oar-like 
 mdder is to steer the 
 boat while she passes 
 down the rapids, which 
 are to he found in 
 the upper parts of the 
 river Douro ; the blade 
 is thus beyond the 
 eidy, which would 
 otherwise twist rouni 
 ths boat. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 This capital of the 
 kingdom of Portugal, 
 Is situated on the 
 northern bank of the 
 Tagus, about nine 
 miles above the bar 
 or entrance of the 
 river, in 38 deg. 42 
 min. N. lat., and 9 
 deg. 5 min. W. long. 
 
 It rises in the form 
 of an amphitheatre 
 from the bank of the river, being built on a 
 succession of hills, the highest of which are 
 the hill of Buenos Ayres, or Estrella, to the 
 west, and the Castle-hill to the east. 
 
 Most of the streets are steep, irregular, and 
 tortuous, besides being ill-pave I and dirty. 
 The new town, built in a valley between the 
 hills, after the earthquake of 175-5, contains, 
 however, many fine streets. At the river's edge 
 is a fine square called Praga de Commercio, one 
 side of which is formei by the Tagus, and the 
 other sidei by the arsenil, the custom-house, 
 the exchange, royal library and other public 
 buildings. Other open places are the Praoa da 
 Figueira, or market-place, the Prago do Kocio, 
 and the Passeio Publico, or promenade. The 
 oldest part of Lisbon, east of the ca«tle, con- 
 sists of narrow streets of lofty houses. West- 
 ward of the new streets the town ascends a slope, 
 where are massive buildings, chiefly convents 
 and churches, which crown the summits of the 
 hHls, and tower above all the rest. The ex- 
 treme limits of Li.sbon extend about four miles 
 by one and a half ; but many parts of the in- 
 cluded area are occupied by extensive gardens, 
 plantations, and by ruins and rubbish. 
 
 DEMONSTUAIION IN F.IVOE OF SAIB.4NHA, IN LISBON, IN 1870, 
 
 Portuguese Language and Literature, 
 
 The language of Portugal, like those of other 
 kingdoms in the Peninsula, originated in a mix- 
 ture of the Latin, Teutonic, and Arabic. The 
 separation of Portugal from Spain, their wars, 
 and the little commercial intercourse which ex- 
 isted between them during the Middle Ages, 
 combined in course of time to make the Portu- 
 guese a different language. The Spanish, like 
 the Portuguese, has many words borrowed from 
 the Arabic. Their wars with the Moors of 
 Africa and the Mohammedans of India in the 
 fifteenth century, introduced into it many 
 others from the languages spoken in those coun- 
 tries. As a conversational language, the Por- 
 tuguese is considered superior to the Spanish. 
 It is more concise, easy, and simple, but not so 
 rich. The pronunciation is difficult for a for- 
 eigner, more particularly the nasal sounds, in 
 which it abounds. The gutturals, however, are 
 neither so strong nor so common as in the 
 Spanisli. 
 
 The literature of Portugal is complete without 
 being very rich. In all branches there have 
 been happy attempts ; in none is there an 
 
 abundance, except iu 
 lyric end bucolic 
 poetry, in both which 
 branches the Portu- 
 guese are richer than 
 their neighbors of the 
 Peninsula. Poetry 
 comprises the most 
 important part of 
 their literature ; prose 
 and eloquence have 
 been very little culti- 
 vated, owing to the 
 intolerance of the 
 Government. 
 
 After the fifteenth 
 century, poetry in 
 Portugal became and 
 remained bombastic 
 and affected, rnd its 
 ancient power and 
 natural grace were 
 completely lost. In the 
 time of Louis XIV., 
 the French were 
 copied, and many 
 Gallicisms were ad- 
 mitted. Under Pombal, Portuguese literature 
 revived, and poets strove to give elevation to 
 the language. Prose, too, became more simple 
 and pure by the imitation of the classics. Iliat 
 minister was the first who banished the schol- 
 astic logic and metaphysics from the lecture- 
 rooms of Coimbra. The study of the ancient 
 languages was always, and still continues to be, 
 neglected. 
 
 Among the most distinguished poets of Por- 
 tugal, given in chronological order, are — Gon- 
 zalo Hermiguez, Egaz MoBiz, King Dinis, the 
 authors of the " Cancioneiros Geraes," Bernar- 
 dim Ribeyro, Cliristovao Falcao, Jor;;e de 
 Montemayor, Saa de Miranda, Antonio Ferreyra, 
 Jeronymo Cortereal, Diego Bernaldez. Pedro de 
 Andrade Caminha, and, above all others, Luys 
 de Camoens, whose poem " Os Lusiadas," has 
 been translated into every language of Europe. 
 With the sixteenth century the brilliant 
 period of Portuguese literature passed away, and 
 tlie connection with Spnin, and the influence 
 produced at the beginning of the seventeenth 
 century by the fantastic school of the Gongor- 
 istas, almost entirely naturalized Spanish litt;:- 
 ature in Portugal. 
 
 BRmOE AT rORTO. 
 
BARBARY STATES. 
 
 ^lOROCCO, ALGERIA, TUNIS AND TRIPOLI. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 "YADACE," a MOOEIBH lady— SUNKISE O^ the DESEET— Tub TKREBINTn, OB TCBPENTlNE-TBEi;— NEGUO DAXCE IX THE STKEETa OF ALCIEltS— 
 
 A Panthee-ulnt in Algeria— The Aloekiax Races— A Cadi's Court in Algiers— Scenes in Ar,i-.iEu.s— Negbo Medicine DANCf>-Ilow 
 A Great Lady Travels in Tunis— Types of Tunisian PEASANxaY- Xuii ai'o:iuii Tiiade inJIeh-oli— Sanj> \ViiiBi<WiNi>s— Adventuilb 
 
 IN NOETUEKN AEEICA— ALUElilA— KUISS 01' CARXaAUli 
 
 ARBARY is the general title given to 
 the northern part of Africa, which 
 extends along the coast of the Medi- 
 terranean, and as far inland as the 
 Great Desert, from the frontiers of Egypt to the 
 Atlantic Ocean. The appellation of Barbary is 
 derived from Berber, thj name of the people 
 -who inhabited those regions before the Sara- 
 cen conquest. It comprise; fjur rreat States 
 or divisions — Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and 
 Tripoli. The length of Barbary, from East to 
 West, Is about two thousand miles, from Bom- 
 bay, the eastern frontier town of Tripoli, to the 
 coast of Mogadore, in Morocco. The breadth 
 v.iries greatly. It is greatest in Morocco, where 
 the extreme breadth is about four hundred ond 
 seventy miles. Tlie religion is Islamism. 
 
 Morocco is the most western part of the 
 Birbary States, forming the southern coast 
 of the Straits of Gibraltar. Its surface has 
 been estimated at two hundred and seventy- 
 f jur thousand square miles. The population is 
 variously estimated — some placing it at five 
 millions, and some as high as twelve millions. 
 They consist of various races. The empire is 
 •divided into two kingdoms —Fez and Morocco. 
 
 Fez, or Fas, the most industrious and com- 
 mercial town of the empire, is situated in a 
 valley which is drained by one of the upper 
 branches of the Saboo river. It contains up- 
 ward of a hundred mosques and seven public 
 schools, with numerous pupils. The imperial 
 palace, with thabuildings and gardens annexed 
 to it, occupies a great space. The number of 
 persons employed in manuiactures is considera- 
 ble. Every trade i.s earried on in a separate 
 street ; generally only one kind of goods is sold 
 in each shop. The commerce of this town -with 
 the seaports is very great. The streets are 
 narrow, and, owing to the groat hcnght of the 
 houses, also dark : there are numerous extensive 
 caravansaries, or public inns, where the travel- 
 ing merchants find lodgings. 
 
 Mekinez, or Miknas, west of Fez, is a large 
 manufacturing town, containing an imperial 
 palice. Tefza and Demnet are considerable 
 manafacturinT and commercial towns. 
 
 Morocco, the capital (jf the empire, and the 
 residence of the sultan, is situated on level 
 ground, four miles South of the river Tensift, 
 and is surrounded by a strong wall thirty feet 
 high, with square turrets at every fifty p;vces. 
 The streets are narrow and irregular. Several 
 open places are used as market-places. The 
 houses, which ar« only of one story, have Hat 
 roofs and terraces. Largs canals, which convey 
 the water of the river Tensift to the city, sur- 
 round it, and some of them arc ten or twelve 
 feet deep. On the South of the town, but with- 
 out the walls, is the imperial palace, a wall of a 
 quadrangular form, inclosing a space about fif- 
 teen hundred yards long by six hundred wide. 
 The inclosed space is divided into squares, laid 
 out in gardens, round which are detached i>T,vil- 
 ions, forming the imperial residences. There 
 are nineteen mosques, two colleges or me- 
 drasses, and one hospital in this town. The 
 principal mosque, El Kontubfa, is distinguished 
 by a lofty tower, two hundred and twenty feet 
 higli, a master-piece of Arabic architecture. 
 There is a fine bazar, and a few manufeictories. 
 
 As the inhabitants dress chiefly in wool, the 
 manufacture of woolen cloth is general, but the 
 material is principally coarse. In some places, 
 however, there are manufactories on a large 
 scale, which supply articles of export. A few 
 silk goods are also woven. The inhabitants of 
 Fez are distinguished as goldsmiths, jewelers 
 and cutters of precious stones ; many of them 
 are also occupied in making Morocco leather, 
 and different kinds of earthenware. Tanning 
 and leather-dressing are carried on extensively ; 
 and carpet-weaving is also much practiced. 
 
 The Moghribins carry on a very active com- 
 merce with Soud,in or the interior of Africa, 
 and with Egypt and Arabia, by caravans, and 
 with several parts of Europe by sea. From 
 Timbuctoo, as a central point, the merchants 
 traverse the adjacent countries, exchanging 
 their .^oods for those of Soudan. The caravans 
 whicl go to Mecca are chiefly composed of pil- 
 grims, and are much more numerous than the 
 trading caravans. They depart only once in the 
 year, vnd follow two routes. 
 
 European vessels visit the harbors of Tetuan, 
 Bibatt, Saffi, and Mogadore, and export the 
 proiluce of the empire to Italy, France, Spain, 
 England, and Holland, bringing in return tho 
 produce of European and other countries. 
 
 The government is absolutely despotic, even 
 more so than in the Turkish empire ; the people 
 are much oppressed, and the Christian mer- 
 chants much exposed to great losses by ca- 
 pricious ordinances. 
 
 Tripoli, which is called by the natives Tara- 
 bul, U a country of North Africa, forming one 
 of the Barbary States, and nominally dependent 
 on the Turkish Empire. It is bounded North. 
 by the Mediterranean, East by the State of 
 Barci, South by Fezzan and the Desert of Sa- 
 hara, and Tunis. Its extreme length is about 
 eight hundred miles, and its breadth from one 
 to two hundred miles. Its area is one hundred 
 and five thousand square miles, and its popula- 
 tion about one million fiv3 hundred thousand. 
 It only possesses o;ie good harlx)r, namely, Tri- 
 pjli. The soil is tolerably fertile, and much 
 grain is raised. On the sides of the hills are 
 vines, olives, figs, almonds, and other fruits. 
 
 Heavy rains fall ia the northern part of tha 
 country from November to March, but during 
 the rest of tho year, months often pass without 
 a single shower, and the heat becomes very 
 oppressive, especially when the sirocco blows. 
 
 Domestic animals of every kind are numer- 
 ous. The horses are distinguished for their 
 beauty — so much so, as to have passed into a 
 proverb. 
 
 Tho Arabs of Tripoli, who compose the bulk 
 of tho people, are of the same stock as th^ 
 Bedouins of Ar.ibia. There are two tribes, or 
 bodies, of them : one wanderer.?, and tho other 
 fixed residents in villages and sm;ill towns. 
 Jews are very numerous, especially in the towns 
 and villages. The Jloors, generally speaking, 
 are mostly landed proprietors or merchants. 
 
 The Pashalic of Tripoli, like the other Barbary 
 States, is a despotism, and, whether ruled by a 
 Turkish or Moorish chief, is chiefly conducted 
 with the single object of extorting money. 
 
452 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT lUTIONS. 
 
 "Tadace"— A Moorisli Lady. 
 
 In giving this slietcli of ii Moorish woman, 
 wscaauot better illustrate life in Algiers than 
 by a story. The game of yadace consists solely 
 in ahstaining from receiving anything whatso- 
 ev3r from the person with whom you play. ' At 
 the commencement of the game, each player 
 takes by the en 1 a piece of straw, a slip of 
 paper, or even, it may be, a blade of grass, 
 whic'.i is broken or torn in two pieces between 
 th3:u, the sacramental formula, " YaJace," 
 Tseing pronounced at the same time. After this, 
 the law of (lie game is in full 
 force — that is to say, the opposing 
 pirties are at full liberty to 
 cheat, swindle, deceive, and take 
 advantage of each other at the 
 earliest opportunity. If a Euro- 
 pean takes part in the game, ho 
 IJ Burc to be quickly beaten ; but 
 v.ith two Moors, or Jews, or 
 Moorish ladies, a struggle of 
 mutual astuteness, caution, and 
 circumspection begins, which ia 
 prolonged for days, weeks, 
 months, and, in many cases, 
 3'ears. 
 
 " Hassan- el -Djeninali v/aa 
 Tizier, and chief favorite to the 
 Tasha of the Oudjah of Constan- 
 t'.ne. He v.'a3 the fattest man i:i 
 tl'.c pashalic ; and, more than 
 •ihat, was reckoned the most 
 jealous husband in all Barbary. 
 
 "Gay young Mussulmans 
 trembled as they saw Hassan-el- 
 Djeninah waddle across the great 
 square of Constantine, or issue 
 from the barber's shop. He 
 walked slowly, for his breath 
 •was short ; but his yataghan 
 1V.1S long, and he could use it. 
 Hassan had four wives — a very 
 moder.ite and respectable number 
 for a Moor. The name of the 
 j'oungest was Lelia Kbanoum. 
 Now, if Hassan-el-Djeninah was 
 jealous of his wives, tliey, you 
 may bo sure, were jealous of 
 each other ; save poor little 
 Lelia, who was only sixteen, and 
 not at all of a jealous disposi- 
 tion ; but between the envy of 
 her Bister-wives, who hated her, 
 and the unceasing watchfulness 
 of her husband, who loved her '~, 
 
 ■with most inconvenient fondness, 
 she led a terrible life of it. Lelia 
 Khanoum was Hassan's favorite . 
 
 ■wife. Ho would suffer her, but 
 no cm else, to fill his pipe, to adjust the 
 jeweled mouth-piece to his lips, and to tickle 
 the sob; of his august feet, when he wished 
 t.) be lulled to sleep. 
 
 " He would loll for hours on the cushions 
 of his divan, listening while she sang monoto- 
 nous love-songs— rocking herself to and fro 
 the while, and accompanying herself upon the 
 guitar, in the manner of Moorish ladies. He 
 gave her rich suits of brocade and oloth-of- 
 gold ; he gave her a %vhite donkey from Spain 
 to ride on, je'n'els, scented tobacco to smoke, 
 henna for her eye.\ids and finger-nails — in short 
 
 he paid her every little delicate attention that 
 he could think of ; and, finally he condescended 
 to play with her for a princely stake — nothing 
 less than the repudiation of tlie other three 
 wives, and the settlement of all his treasures 
 upon her — at yadace. 
 
 "At the same time, as I said before, he wa^ 
 tiiribly jealous of her — watched her day and 
 night. He kept spies about her, bribed her 
 attendants, cime home at day-break after a 
 night of watching, silent and unobserved. He 
 studied the language of flowers, which, in the 
 East, is rather more nervous and forcible tliLm 
 
 TADACiS ' 
 
 -A M00KI3II LADY IM WALKING COSTUME, 
 
 with us ; finally, he took a lodging on the 
 opposite side of the street, that he might sit 
 and watch who went in or out when he was 
 supposed to be far away. 
 
 "One day, while employed in his dignified 
 pursuit, he saw his wife's female negro slave 
 emerge from his house, look round cautiously, 
 and beckon with her hand. Then from a dark 
 passage, a figure habited as a Frank followed 
 the slave into the house, and shut the door. 
 
 "This was quite enough. Up Jumped Has- 
 san, rushed across the street, and into his wife's 
 apartment, where the beautiful Leila was in 
 
 the act of bending over a large chest that stood 
 upon the ground. Hassan-el-Djeninah saw 
 the state of affairs in an instant.' The Giaour 
 must be in the chest 1 He knocked over the 
 wretched black slave like a ninepin, rushed to 
 the chest, and tried to raise the lid. 
 
 •' 'The key, woman ! the key !' he cried. 
 " 'My lord, I have it net. It is lest; it is 
 gone to be mended.' 
 
 "Has.san was not a man to le trifled witli ; 
 
 the trembling Leila knew it, r.nd seen handed 
 
 him the key. He rushed to the chest, i,nd toro 
 
 open the lid. There was certainly some one 
 
 inside, habited as a Giaour ; 
 
 but beneath the Frank halit 
 
 were discovered the face and 
 
 form of Sulee, Leila Kahnoum's 
 
 f.ivorite Georgian slave. 
 
 "'What — what weans this?' 
 asked Hassan, looking very 
 foolLsh. 
 
 "' Yadace \ Oh, my lord; fcr 
 you took the key !' 
 
 "'Yadace!' repeated the 
 Georgian sl-ave. 
 
 "'Yadace!' screamed the 
 negress. 
 
 "'Allah akbar !' exclaimed 
 the vanquished Hassan ; ' Allah 
 akbar! I've lost my wives'' " 
 . — ^ <4^ > 
 
 Sunrise on. the Desert. 
 SuNKiSE by the seaside is grand ; 
 still grander on the ocean itself, 
 where man, with the land he 
 clings to, are both lost to sights 
 and the great orb surges up from 
 the very bosom of the ocean. 
 But it is terrible on the desert, 
 whether of Asia, Africa, or 
 America. Our sketch is a sun- 
 rise on the desert of Mongolia. 
 Its chilling effect seems to deaden 
 the very suniays. Far r.s the eye 
 can reach, no grass, no water, no 
 tree ineets the eye, and these 
 must be reached after bearing 
 all the he.at yet to le poured 
 down. After galloping for hours, 
 tufts of grasi will at last meet 
 the eye, with yellow and purple 
 flowers, hailed more gladly than 
 the balmiest roses. Ihey are 
 si,gns of liope, and pushing on 
 the traveler will find some 
 valley, at the base of which 
 the silver ribbon aimounces the 
 desired liquid. 
 
 Horse and man gather new 
 strength, and, rapidly exerting 
 
 it, push on to the Irank, to s^.vallow with delight 
 
 and thanksgiving the gracious born. 
 
 The Terebinth, or Turpentine Tree. 
 
 Thb Wed al rlsa, is an Algerian river, travers- 
 ing the territory of Mzab, and finally disappear 
 ing in the Scbkhra, a Bandy basin of Ngousa. 
 In its bed, from time to time, you find reser- 
 voirs dug, where the rain is collected for the 
 dry season. In February all is in flower on tlio 
 banks of the Wed el Nsa, and the eye rests 
 
EAEBARY STATES. 
 
 ins 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
454 
 
 THE WOELD'3 GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 MOOEISU DALCONr. 
 
 with pleasure on the tamarinds, the rose-lau- 
 rels, and the Terebinth, or Turpentine Trees, 
 Bome of which, lilic that shown in our illustra- 
 tion, attain gigantic proportions, and the most 
 capricious forms. The Pistachia terebinthus is 
 the tree that furnislics the article known as Ve- 
 netian turpentine. It grows to a lieight of fifty 
 feet, bears leaves and flowers that are highly 
 resinous, and a fruit which, when ripe, is of a 
 blue color, and is enten I'y the Moors. 
 
 Uegro Dance in the Streets of Algiers. 
 
 On holidays and special occasions, Algiers 
 boasts as an attraction its negro minstrels, or 
 rather dancers. Each group of dancers consists 
 of six, eight, ten, or a dozen men and boys, 
 whose complexions range from the deepest 
 black to the lighest variation from the fair 
 flesh-color of the European race, most of them 
 wieMng in each hand a huge pair of iron cas- 
 tanets, which in their language are called hara- 
 keuh; whilst others beat lustily witli a curved 
 stick upon the ass's-skin parchment of a small 
 drum. They all sing in a monotonous, nasal 
 tone, a very unmusical and disagreeable ditty, 
 and at the same time perform the wildest and 
 most frantic gesticulations, often whirling round 
 upon one leg, or bending forward and backward 
 almost to the ground, as the excitement of the 
 dance leads them to increase their violent exer- 
 tions. 'ITiese festive capers are rewarded gen- 
 erally by liberal donations. 
 
 A Panther Hunt in Algeria. 
 
 One day in July the little town of Setif, 
 Algeria, was roused to the highest point of ex- 
 citement by the announcement that a lion had 
 attacked an Arab shepherd at Fermatou, a 
 neighborin'j village, and that the poor wretch 
 barely csoaped with his life, his shoulder being 
 badly torn by his ferocioiM assailant. 
 
 Some Frencn rhasseurs were stationed at the 
 place, anl the chtuice of ;; lion l;unt was too 
 
 great a diversion, amid 
 the emiui of garrison 
 life, not to be seized 
 upon with avidity by 
 all the officers who 
 made any pretext of 
 being chasseurs in fact 
 as well as in name. 
 
 Great was the sym- 
 pathy for the poor 
 Arab, and for those 
 who might at any 
 moment fall a prey 
 to the beast, which 
 was still prowling 
 around. 
 
 Lieutenants Bedot 
 and Moinot, of the 
 Sixty-third Foot, and 
 Quartermaster M i r a - 
 val, of the Third 
 Chasseurs, were the 
 first to reach a ravine, 
 which was already 
 surrounded by Arabs. 
 
 The three officers 
 dismounted and en- 
 tered tlie ravine in 
 search of the lion. 
 After an hour's search, Moinot saw, within 
 twenty paces of him, an immense panther, at 
 which he fired. 
 
 The animal, severely wounded, bounded away, 
 and crouched lower down in the ravine. Bedot 
 and Moinot, to prevent his escape, mounted 
 quickly and pursued him, while Miraval, still 
 on foot, kept in pursuit, and sent another ball 
 into him. As Moinot was crossing the end of 
 the ravine, a start of his horse showed him the 
 animal, quite near and on the spring ; he 
 fired, but tliough the ball struck the animal in 
 the air, it jilanted itself on 
 his horse, one fore-paw on 
 the saddle, the other on 
 the horse's haunch. Moi- 
 not drew back his leg, and, 
 aiming coolly, sent a ball 
 throiigh tlie panther, which 
 fell, as did the horse and 
 its rider, almost simul- 
 taneously. Bedot was 
 afraid to fire, so near was 
 the animal's head to his 
 friend's, but, aiming well, 
 ended the contest. 
 
 first (lay of the races, European riders, mounted 
 on native horses, display their horsemanship and 
 compete for the prize ; on the second, the native- 
 agas have the course ; and on the third day the 
 horses that have Iwaten in the two preceding 
 contend for the prize of five thousand francs, or 
 one thousand dollars. At intervals the Aral> 
 riders execute their wild feats of horsemanship 
 upon the plain, to the great delight and enter- 
 tainment of the European spectators. 
 
 A Cadi's Court in Algiers. 
 
 When the traveler enters the great bay of 
 Algiers, and sees the town standing like a whito 
 pyramid against the richly-adorned hills of the 
 Sahel, backed by the lofty snow-clad range of 
 Atlas, he must confess that the prospect is a. 
 fair one. The aspect of the town, from a dis- 
 tance, is quite Moorish. 
 
 We land in Maltese boats, fall into the hands 
 of Bishri porters .and hotel commissioners, thei» 
 ascend a long flight of steps from the quay, and 
 enter a " Place" thoroughly p'rench, excepting 
 at the angle to which we ascended, where stands 
 the large mosque Djami el Djedid. Three sides 
 of this "Place du Gouvernment," or "Plac9 
 Ivoyale," by both of which names it is called, 
 are occupied by houses four stories high, with 
 arcades under their front. Along the remaining 
 side runs a stone balustrade, open to the port -, 
 and nearly in the Cd^'je of the square is a 
 statue of the Duke of Orleans on horseback, by 
 Morochctti, made out of cannon taUen at Al- 
 giers. The inhabitants seem to pass most o*- 
 their time in this place, dawdling up and down, 
 or leaning over the balustrades, where, unde- 
 terred by driving gale and drenching rain, they 
 congregate, and stand three or four deep, to 
 watch the advent or exit of each steamer, nnl 
 see the latter pitch her bows under as she tuxis 
 
 The Algerian Eaces. 
 
 SoMKWUAT different from 
 tlio aspect of our Eclipse 
 and Fasliion Course is that 
 of the raceground apper- 
 taining to the Franco - 
 Moorish city of Algiers. 
 Racing is one of the in- 
 novations by the French 
 conquerors which has been 
 most willingly adopted by 
 the native population, and 
 for many years past a 
 course has been annually 
 attended by multitudes 
 from the city and the rur- 
 I'ounJin'T countr<'. On the 
 
 MOORISH I)O0!;W .1. 
 
BAEBAEY STATES. 
 
 4r.5 
 
 ALGEaiNE MOOR. 
 
 the end of the mole, and speculate -whether she 
 will continue her voyage, or be forced to return 
 after an hour or two's cruise. In this " Place" 
 a military band plays thrice a week for an hour 
 each day in fine weather. In the provincial 
 towns the music-loving population is treated 
 more liberally, and bands play every day, the 
 weather permitting, and for a longer period. 
 From the Place Royale run the thrt-e French 
 streets— the Eue de la Marin, the Hue Bab el 
 Oued, and the Eue Bab Azoun — each 
 of them to one of the three gates cf 
 the lower town. Tliey have arcades 
 on each side, under lofty houses ; and 
 imder these arcides French wares are 
 sold, in French shops, by French people. 
 In the Hue de la Marin everything is 
 French, except the great mosque, the 
 Djami el Kehir, half way down it. 
 The French have restored its faoado, 
 which con-sists of a long line of lofly 
 Moorish arches, supported on marl lo 
 columns, with a fountain in the centre. 
 In the Djami el Djedid, at the comci 
 of t'.ie square, is the court of the Hanci'i 
 Cadi, who dispenses justice to tho 
 members of his own sect. We give a 
 view of the interior of his court. lie 
 himself is seated in the centre, and on 
 the left a dwarf is pleading a cause. 
 with violent gesticulations and loud 
 and acrid tones. His witnesses are 
 behind him. The defendant and his 
 witnesses are seated on the floor, wait- 
 ing their turn for screaming and gesti- 
 culating. On each side of the room sit 
 two or three inferior judges. From 
 the courts of £ach of tlie Cadis there 
 ii an apical to a court which sits each 
 Thursday in the Great Mosque, and 
 i ; composed of both the Cadis and two 
 p;;:icip?.l menil:crj cf the Ulema. 
 
 Scenes in Algiers, 
 
 A MODBKN traveler gives some amusing anec- 
 dotes of the Algerines, some of which, to our 
 notions, appear almost incredible, but which 
 are undoubtedly true. He says : 
 
 "Algiers is a noble city, wholly inclosed by 
 an embattled wall. It is built somewhat in the 
 style of an amphitheatre, on the commanding 
 slope of Mount Boiijaria, and bears a -aost Im- 
 
 VEILED WOHAN OF AlOIEIU. 
 
 ALGERINE JEW. 
 
 posing appearance when seen .rom the bay. 
 The ancient streets are nearly all narrow and 
 gloomy, but new and spacious squares and 
 thoroughfares are still being constructed in the 
 neighborhood of numerous mosques, syna- 
 gogues, and fine public buildings, so that Al- 
 giers will be one of the finest cities of the East. 
 Its commerce is great ; it is also the headquar- 
 ters of the cavalry and infantry of Algeria, and 
 being the healthiest of any city in the colony 
 its population increases with every year. 
 The next day we strolled out beyond 
 the city gates, and were delighted with 
 the beautiful scenery around Algiers. 
 A lively and pleasant Portuguese sur- 
 geon of our acquaintarce, who had lived 
 here for some year<, was our companion, 
 and amused us very much with his 
 anecdotes and conversation. At length, 
 wearied with p:issing through fragrant 
 groves of orange trees and under the 
 shadow of fine old palms, we sat down 
 to rest on a spreading rock. 
 
 "We had not enjoyed this repose 
 long, when a white-bearded eld Moor 
 came hobbling past, leaning on his 
 staff. He was such a picturesque spe- 
 cimen that Walker 'mmediately took 
 out pencil and tablets to sketch him, 
 and the surgeon called out, as to aa 
 old acquaintanci', ' Stand still a mo- 
 ment, Sofi, and the American will make 
 you immortal !' 
 
 " Tlie old man nodded, smiled, and 
 stopped for my friend to complete his 
 sketch. When it was finished he in- 
 spected it with a critical air, r.nd pro- 
 nounced it ' pretty good.' 
 
 "'Well, Soft,' said the Portuguese, 
 'how are you getting along?' 
 
 " 'Very badly — very poorly,' muttered 
 the eld man. 'My ungrateful, Yuscf 
 
456 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Bcoids and upbraids me continually, and yester- 
 day he even beat me!' 
 
 " ' He lives wit'.i his son, who pays liim no 
 manner of attention, and they figlit from morn- 
 ing till night,' whispered the sargeon to me. 
 'But, Sofi,' he continued, aloud, 'why don't 
 you get married ? You are rich, and there are 
 many women who would take good care of you, 
 and make you much happier. ' 
 
 " 'I want neither wife nor poultry?' said the 
 old man, testily ; ' they cost too much to feed.' 
 And off he went. 
 
 you well !' I must say that I was rather taken 
 aback at this, but I soon recovered my self-pds- 
 session. 'Why, what's the matter?' said I; 
 ' don't you and your father agree ?' ' Oh, none 
 can agree better ! he is a fine old fallow, and 
 made a good father to me — got me a wife, gave 
 me .all he has, and we live together, and I sup- 
 port him without a word ; but he is so old that 
 he can't work, and yet ho won't die!' I wish 
 I could give you an idea of the injured air with 
 which the Moor pronounced these last words. 
 "'Well, what answer did you give him?' 
 
 seemed better. ' Don't, however, give up,' 
 said tliis good son ; ' try all your skill, and 
 give me something that shall finish him !' 1 
 compounded a third healing mixture, and gave 
 it, laughing in my sleeve. Nothing more was 
 heard of the Moor, until I met him in the 
 street, and inquired as to the s'locess of my 
 drugs. ITie man put on an air of religious solem- 
 nity. ' He is in good health,' he replied ; ' God 
 has made him survive all we gave him ; with- 
 out doult he is a saint !' 
 
 "This anecdote seemed at first perfectly iiv 
 
 " The stirgeon laughed he.artily. ' A regular 
 old raiser,' said he. 'By his squalid appear- 
 ance you would think him sunk in the deepest 
 poverty, hut he has laid up a very nice little 
 sum.' 
 
 " 'But how does it happen that his son can 
 be so brutal and unfeeling ?' I asked. 
 
 "'Parental tenderness and filial love seem 
 utterly omittel in the Moorish composition. 
 Not long ago a handsome Algerine Moor came 
 into my shop, and accosted me in the coolest 
 wanner: 'Christian barberos,' said he — that is 
 their way of addressing foreign surgeons — ' give 
 an ioaxe drugs to kill my father, and I'll pay 
 
 THI TEREBINTH, OR TUBPENTINE TREE, OF ALGIERS. 
 
 " I reflected a moment, and finally replied, 
 ' 'Tis a hard case — you shall have what you 
 want.' So I prepared a cordial drug that would 
 be rather beneficial than otherwise to the poor 
 old man, and gave it to him, knowing very well 
 that if it did not satisfy his wants, the savage 
 brute could get medicaments elsewhere. The 
 Moor paid me, and set off. In eight days, he 
 came back to tell me that his father was not 
 dead yet. 
 
 " 'Not dead?' cried I; 'but he shall die!' 
 and I gave him another soothing draught. In 
 a fortnight, back came my Moor, and assured 
 me that, so far from dying, bis perverse parent 
 
 credible, but the surgeon assured us that thLs 
 was by no means a solitary instance of the way 
 in which filial duties are here discharged. 
 
 ' ' Several times, in the course of our strolls 
 around Algiers, we met dark-browed Bedouins, 
 in their curious Oriental costume. These wan- 
 dering people encamp at will in the deserts, 
 and whenever displeased with the treatment 
 they meet from neighboring tribes fold their 
 tents in the dead of night and steal noiselessly 
 away like a flock of birds, taking with them 
 whatever they can lay their hands on. Haunt- 
 ing the neighborhood of Algiers, no one knows 
 whence they appear or where they dwell. 
 
BARHARY STATES. 
 
 457 
 
 THE TALACii 0¥ THE GOVEIlNOll OF MEQUINE2. 
 
458 
 
 THE WOBLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 V OrJ' ;'^;\( V|^^\['„ 
 
 "The Jews form another 
 prominent feature of Algerini) 
 life. The Israelitish population 
 is very large indeed, and moft 
 of the bazars and stores of 
 Algiers are owned and stocked 
 by Jews. But notwithstanding 
 their great wealth, they live 
 in the most abject submission 
 to the Mohammedans. They 
 are even pelte 1 by children in 
 the streets, without daring to 
 retaliate. An Algerine Jew 
 dare not approach a well or 
 fountain if a Moor or Moham- 
 medan happen to be drinking 
 there, and it is the business 
 of Jews to execute all crimi- 
 nals, and afterward to bury 
 their bodies. 
 
 "1 became acquainted with 
 a worthy old Jew, a man of 
 tapes, parchments and wafers, 
 whose services I happened to 
 require in some slight law- 
 matter, and observed with pain 
 the many slights and insults 
 to which he was subjected. 
 
 "'How can you remain 
 where you suffer so much ?' I 
 inquired of him. 
 
 " He shrugged his phoulders. 
 'It is true,' said he, 'but then 
 the money we make !' 
 
 " On one of my visits to his 
 house I saw his daughter, a 
 splendid girl with large black 
 eyes, and a rich olive com- 
 plexion. Like most of the 
 Algerine Jewesses, she was one 
 of the loveliest of her sex, but 
 she wore a subdued and timid 
 air, and hardly dared to lift up 
 her eyes in the presence of a 
 Christian. She was dressed in 
 a silk skirt and black velvet 
 jacket, with sleeves of tlie fineet 
 linen ; a jewel of immense size 
 and value sparkled in her 
 bosom, and a velvet cap with 
 a long drooping tasfel com- 
 plete! her attire. Everything 
 which wealth could purchase 
 surrounded her, yet there was 
 not an Arab serving - woman 
 in Algiers that would have 
 changed places with this 
 daughter of a despised race. 
 
 " We had the good fortune 
 to secure pleasant and airy 
 lodgings in a quiet street, 
 soon after our arrival. Oui 
 tenement, like all the dwell- 
 ing-houses of the city, which 
 are built with reference to 
 earthquakes, boasted only one 
 story above the basement, and 
 was adorned with a flat-roof 
 and water-tank. It was a 
 brilliant and dazzling white, 
 and its narrow court-yard was 
 full of pomegranate and 
 oleander trees, which affcrcVd 
 a grateful shade. Our native 
 servant, Mulcy, was a fiaithfiu 
 
BAEBAEY STATES. 
 
 tJjtf 
 
 fellow, and marvelously skilled in 
 every art from tliat of liair-drcsscr 
 and valet-de-cliambro to that of 
 butler and chief cook. Tlie dinnerj 
 which he contrived to get up aro 
 beyond praise. He particularly ex- 
 celled in the manufacture of deli- 
 cious ices, which he molded and 
 colored to represent grapes, peaches, 
 and every variety of fruit." 
 
 
 ITegro Medicine Dance. 
 A iiVDY who spent some lime la 
 Algiers thus describes what we mr.y 
 ■well call a negro medicine dance: 
 
 -"Learning that a negro dance 
 -was going on, we were led to tho 
 spot where the performance was 
 taking place, in a small and dilapi- 
 dated courtyard of a Moorish house. 
 Tho ceremony was something .so 
 peculiarly African as to merit de- 
 scription. 
 
 -"A large ring was formed of 
 intending performers, who were all 
 squatted on the ground. In the 
 centre were two old Africans with 
 huge drums, on which they played 
 p. rat-a-tat with ever-increasing 
 vigor. Facing them were some 
 younger negroes, with brass instru- 
 ments of a nondescript kind, which 
 they clashed together, in time if 
 not in tune, responsive, adding 
 considerably to the din. Behind 
 them sat two or three rows of im- 
 potent folks — maim, halt, and 
 suffering in various ways — -who 
 had come to be touched on this 
 auspicious occasion. In the outer 
 circle, which included lookers-on of 
 every description, we found our- 
 selves watching the strange pro- 
 ceedings with very painful interest, 
 mingled, perhaps, with scientific 
 curiosity. A small balcony looked 
 into this court, which was crowded 
 ■with Moorish women, who, 1 sup- 
 pose, had received special permis- 
 sion to witness this grand affair. 
 
 "As soon as the music began, 
 first one, then another negress 
 began swaying and rocking her- 
 self about, each as if winding 
 herself up to the right pitch of 
 excitement. At length one after 
 another arose and began makin,' 
 a few solemn and uncouth stcpj 
 in time to the jingling instruments, 
 and then usually sank down ex- 
 hausted into tho arms of her 
 sympathizing sisterhood, who ru'>- 
 bed and chafed her till she w.is 
 able to resume the exercise. 
 
 "Strengthened by their kind 
 ofBces, she would soon begin again 
 with greater vigor, and becomin'; 
 more and more excited, would take 
 off first one, and then another ( f 
 her many scarfs and coverings, till 
 she got into a kind of frenzy. 
 
 " Wc noticed one in particular- 
 most cf the performers y/evi cid 
 
 Si!lli!ii||i|ili|ii!'iliiili''" 
 
100 
 
 THE WOSLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 KEQRO MEDICINE DANCE, ALGIEBS. 
 
 •women, with hands and feet as like the web- 
 foot of an ostrich, or an old ti?rkey-cock, as 
 anything to which I can compare them— but 
 this was a brawny specimen of a strong, 
 healthy young Africaness, with arms mus- 
 cular enough to serve as a model for a Her- 
 cules. As soon as she had sufficiently disrobed, 
 and her discarded wardrobe had been care- 
 fully received by other negresses, she made her 
 way to the infirm patients opposite, and began 
 seizing on their limbs and pulling them about 
 most unmercifully ; finishing off in each case 
 ■with the head, which I expected occasionally to 
 see dislocated from the neck. However, the 
 rBufferers looked not only resigned, but most 
 grateful for the attentions bestowed. 
 
 ' ' The whole affair was clearer to us than I sus- 
 pect it was to themselves, for the beneficial 
 results, if any such ensued, were evidently, 
 though perhaps unknown to the actors, obt.iined 
 l>y animal magnetism. 
 
 "I remember a mesmerist in London telling 
 i;g that on one occasion, after he had been (!e- 
 livering a lecture on arfimal magnetism, an 
 African came up to him and said: 
 
 " ' Well, I dare say this may be new to you, 
 I ut in my country wo have always knoivn all 
 .t'jout it.' 
 
 "'Where did you iSara it?' asked the 
 lecturer. 
 
 '• 'Ob, wo never l.amt it. V/c always ha J it 
 
 in our tribes. Whenever any one is ill among 
 us, we send for a man who has tliis power, 
 
 you 
 
 and he comes and makes what 
 
 call 
 
 ' passes," and then he gets \7oll again. 
 
 " In Sweden so highlyis kinesipathyestimatafl, 
 that a professorial chair at Gottenburg rewards 
 .the attainment of this art; and certainly if 
 ever at a loss for a practical kinesipathist, gome 
 powerful ones might be secured from the negro 
 dancers of Medeah. The worst is, that amongst 
 the ignorant and uninformed, it is always 
 mixed up with much superstition." 
 
 ; How a Great Lady Travels in Tunis, 
 , The lady of the Lieut.-Governor of tlie tribe 
 of Oulaad Ayaar mounted on a camel ? Tlicse 
 words, unless explained, are likely to convey a 
 very erroneous idea to the general, reader's 
 mind. He will at once picture to himself some 
 majestic female in one of our parks, or some 
 belle, manipulating, with great skill and mar- 
 velous dexterity, the bridle of her prancing 
 steed. But there is no affinity between tliese 
 and the lady of the Lieut.-Governor of the 
 Oulaad Ayaar, except that she is a female, and 
 so are tliey, and that she was seated on a quad- 
 ruped, and so are they. The lady of the Lieut.- 
 Governor of the tribe Oulaad Ayaar might pasa 
 and repass Fifth Avenue a thousand times with- 
 out it being discovered, even by the most scru- 
 tinizing observer, whether she belongs to the 
 fair sex at all. How she looked, whether she 
 was young or old, whether she came up to the 
 complete standard and criterion of Barbary 
 beauty — extreme obesity — whether she aj)- 
 proached nearer the classic dimensions and 
 lines of gracefulness, and whether her drcsa 
 was gaudy or otherwise, we are unable to tell, 
 and for this simple reason, we never saw her. A 
 fine camel, led by two servants, had on its back 
 a kind of machine resembling the hood of a 
 cabriole, Imving a curtain carefully closed in 
 front. Within this hood, and behind the C!;r- 
 tain, we were told was seated this veritable lady 
 of the Lieut.-Governor of the Oulaad Ayaar. 
 The being in the hood we saluted, and the only- 
 proof wg had of the real presence c/ life within 
 was the shrill reply, "Bidama"— go in peace. 
 
 We know we were guilty of an act of great 
 indecency in saluting a laJy within her cage ; 
 
 INUNDATIO.N OF THE PLAIN OP EELIZANNE, AIGEKIA. 
 
BAEBAEY STATEa 
 
 m 
 
 f^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 b 
 
 to 
 
«S2 
 
 THK WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONa 
 
 ?>ut we could not help it, nor canM tlic, as \ras 
 apparent f:om acknowledging our jioliteness. 
 But certainly an Arab would never have been 
 guilty of such a breach of etiquette— etiquette, 
 do we call it ? We ought rather to have said a 
 breach of a religious precept, based on the 
 ■outhority of Mohammed himself. 
 
 Typss of Tunisian Peasantry. 
 
 Tunis, which li boundel on the north and 
 'east by the waters of the Mediterranean, has an 
 area of about seventy thousand square miles, 
 and a population of two million five hundred 
 thousand, an overwhelming majority of whom 
 are bigoted Mohammedans. The Tunisians are 
 Arabs, with a strono; inclination for the desert. 
 Necessity, however, compels them to cultivate 
 <he Boil, but in iv most slovenly manner, anJ ia 
 
 A MIILATTO GIEL IN TUNIS. 
 
 the towns follow, in a rude way, certain me- 
 chanical pursuits. 
 
 The higher and governing classes are polite, 
 but haughty, and all are courageous, Viut offen- 
 sively boastful, regarding as on a level with the 
 brute creation those who refuse to accept Mo- 
 hammed as the only and true prophet of God. 
 Kothwithstanding the shiftless lives led by the 
 larger portion of the inhabitants of the interior, 
 and the crude system of agriculture pursued, 
 the annual yield of wheat, barley, maize, 
 olives, etc., is large, and the duties derived from 
 these and the exportation of mc*als — principally 
 silver, lead and copper — are quite sufficient to 
 provide the government with means to enforce 
 the laws which the boy, a wholly irresponsible 
 officer, of his own motion may make. Tunis 
 is*iominally, tributai-y to the Bnltan of Turkey, 
 but, in reality, independent of every exterior 
 inllaenco. 
 
 The Tunisians are, in the agricultural and 
 mountainous districts, of Arabian origin ; while 
 in the towns, particularly on the coast, they are 
 not without negro and European blood in theii 
 veins. 
 
 The Sponge Trade in Tripoli. 
 It has long been a disputed point whether 
 sponges are animals or vegetables. Agassiz and 
 Gould think they belong to the vegetable king- 
 dom, but others decide in favor of their anim.d 
 nature. The common sponge, so familiar to 
 all of us, consists of a soft gelatinous mass, 
 porous and elastic, supported on a fibro-cor 
 neous skeleton. Tlicy have no organs or ves^ 
 sols, are capable of absorbing great quantities 
 of fluid, which is given out again on pressure. 
 They are also incapable of irritation and con- 
 traction. The jelly v.hijh tils the porcj of ths 
 
BAR BAR Y STATES. 
 
 463 
 
 Xiving sponge, and covers its surface, is Eccn 
 nniler the microscope to be filled with numer- 
 ous transparent spirical granules. Sponges 
 vary much in form, and are fixed l>y a kind of 
 root at the base. They are most abundant in 
 the Australian seas. In the Mediterranean a 
 jTroat trade is carried on in them, of which we 
 give several illustrations of the manner in 
 -which they are gathered. 
 
 Sand Whirlwinds. 
 
 We were crossing the desert which extends 
 south of Tripoli, a traveler says. 
 
 There was a large company — one might have 
 c.illed it a caravan in Egypt, for we had waited 
 eomc time for an expedition which was going 
 out under the charge of several Arab chiefs. 
 
 The old chief, intj whose hands we had 
 poured a liberal shower of roubles, felt that his 
 honor was called in question, and he determined 
 to carry out his promise, come what might. 
 
 Instead of making any great efforts to teach 
 the unwilling steeds their duty, he ordered out 
 more horses. They brought six other children 
 of the desert, apparently wilder and more un- 
 tamable than those already attached to the 
 tarantas. 
 
 Deaf to our expostulations, they hitched 
 t.icse six on ia front of the others, and we 
 jictually mounteJ into the vehicle behind those 
 twelve wild creatures, every other one having a 
 half-nakei native clinging to his back. 
 
 That time we diil start — to the left, to the 
 Tight, backward and forward, the horses neigh- 
 ing, the men shouting till the confusion became 
 inJescribable, and why we were not thrown out 
 and dashed in pieces is a mystery I have never 
 solved. 
 
 At length, after almost superhuman efforts, 
 wj started ; the twelve horses da.shed out in a 
 inad gallop, amid the fierce cries of their riders, 
 not less untamable and savage than they. 
 
 How we retained our seats, my companion 
 .anl I, neither could tell any more than one 
 •could keep track of the impossible means on 
 v.!i;ch a bad dream hinges itself. 
 
 When we reached the end of our journey, an 
 .affair of several hours, the horses were abso- 
 
 TTPES OF TUNISIAJt PEASANTRY. 
 
 lutely white with foam, trembling in every 
 limb, though with quite life enough to dash out 
 the brains of any person that came within reach 
 of their hoofs in the attempt to unharness 
 them. 
 
 We had ridden since early morning without 
 meeting the slightest adventure of any sort. 
 The sky was somewhat overcast, so that wo were 
 not troubled by the reflection of the sun upon the 
 sand, and had altogether been able to congratu- 
 late ourselves upon the good fortune which at- 
 tended us. My companion and I had loitered a 
 little behind tho general cavalcade, and were 
 talking, not of the sceno in which we found 
 ourselves, or of any subject of thought to 
 which a journey like ours might be expected 
 to give rise, but of the distant home across 
 de.=:ert and sea, wondering about the dear 
 
 now A GKEAT LADY lliAVIiLS Ul IL'MIS. 
 
 ones so v.idely separated from us, and inclined 
 to marvel at the odd fancy which had led us so 
 far from all which ought to make the chief 
 interest in men's lives. 
 
 Suddenly we heard ourselves summoned ty a 
 dozen voices. TTie guides were beckoning and 
 calling to us to hasten on. 
 
 My friend was pointing to the right, and as I 
 turned, my eyes caught the strange spectacle 
 which had excited the wonder and the fears 
 of the party, made more wise than we by ex- 
 perience. 
 
 A light wind had sprung up siiddenly ; the 
 hillocks of sand began to blow together, and to 
 twist themselves into columns, rising into the 
 air with s'larp hisses, like immense serpents 
 roused into sudden life by our approach. 
 
 On they swept like lightning, till there were 
 at least thirty of those spiral-shapes looming 
 down upon us, the smallest reaching to a height 
 of twenty, and the largest cf at least one hun- 
 dred feet, groaning and hissing, while the air 
 grew dark with the clouds of 6 md which blew 
 from their summits. 
 
 All this passed in a few seconds ; the cries of 
 those in advance rang out afresh ; we put spurs 
 to our horses and joined them, and the guides 
 ordered all to dash off toward the left, their 
 knowledge of the desert making them to decide 
 unerringly in which course tlie wind would lead 
 those giant forms, which menaced a death so 
 speedy and horrible. 
 
 Arrived in a place of safety, we turned again 
 to watch the strange spectacle, fuller of a 
 frightful majesty than any sight I ever beheld. 
 
 On sped the gigantic pillars, assuming all 
 rorts of fantastic shapes, one instant looking 
 nice great trees, with numberless branches 
 stretching out on every side, then turning into 
 spiral columns, immense towers, and all rushing 
 madly before the wind. 
 
 At last one mass rose to a height that towered 
 far above any of the rest, whirling tJong with 
 
4!!4 
 
 THE WOELDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 a sp3od which laaJo all the others socm to ztaad 
 motionless, absorbing into itsolf every ona that it 
 i'.pproached, wliilo tho air grow darker, and the 
 moans and liisses wero redoubled, till t>.e sounds 
 were lilce tliose of Pandemonium itself. 
 
 I conld not havo told whether I halted mo- 
 ments or hours, fascinated by tho scone, but ia 
 reility tho time was very brief. 
 
 The -wind lulled suddenly ; tho columns tot- 
 tered afid crumbled, tho air tlcure 1, and sooa 
 no trace was left of tho whirlwind- -the mounds 
 cf sand lay quiet and tmrippled as if they had 
 r.ever been stirre.!, and no dangerous power lay 
 hidden in their shining depths. 
 
 We spuiTed on our horses again, and socD- 
 overtook our companions, all of whom were 
 more impressed by our good fortune in esaiping: 
 than occupied with tho grandeur of the sight. 
 
 Adventure in Nortliem Africa. 
 
 A TRAVELER givcs the following thrilling 
 narrative : 
 
 "I had been for some months leading th& 
 wild, excited life of an African hunter, ameng' - 
 tho plains and forests. 
 
 " It was tho second expedition I had made, 
 and though on my return from my first voyage 
 I promised myself that nothing should ever 
 tempt mo to undertake similar hardships and 
 psrils, hero I was, back again in less than five 
 years after sailing toward home and the pleasure 
 of civilized life. 
 
 '• We had met with sucli ill-luck for ceveral 
 clays, that W3 had absolutely no meat left in the 
 camp ; each of u i had gone out in different 
 v/ays la search of something eatable, and we 
 had reached that stage of necessity where our 
 ideas took a range that would have made us 
 accept anytliing, from an elephant to a rabbit, 
 as legitimate prey. 
 
 "I had been riding for several hours, and 
 was disconsolately turning my horse's head 
 toward the camp, vexed to think I should be 
 the one to go back empty-handed, for the report 
 of several lifles at intervals had warned mo 
 that my companions had met with letter 
 success. 
 
 "Just then I saw, some distance in advance, 
 an immense ImffLdo, feeding tranquilly upon the' 
 short grass, and evidently as unconscious and 
 heedless of any danger as his ancestors might 
 have been In the days when the foot of no' 
 European adventurer had trodden these desert 
 wilds. 
 
 " I took aim and fired, wounamg Ihe beast 
 slightly in tho left shoulder. The sting of the 
 wound seemed to cause him more rage than 
 pain. He began running about in a circle, toss- 
 ing his head, pawing the ground and bellowing" 
 in tlio most outrageous manner. 
 
 " I was seized with a desire to drive the animal 
 into camp, and I spurred my horse toward hira, 
 brandishing my rifle, supposing that he would 
 take flight without delay, and that I should be 
 able to make him pursue the direction which I 
 desired him to take. 
 
 "Not a bit of it! The instant ue caught 
 sight of me he gave another bound that flung- 
 a cloud of dirt into the air, uttered a bellow- 
 fiercer than before, and darted toward me. 
 
 " My faithful liorse started on a ;r.ad gallop, 
 and for a Imndrcd yards the infuriate 1 buffiiio- 
 fDllowed in a chase that had assumed o very 
 
BARBART STATEa 
 
 466 
 
 different aspect from the one I had anticipate(i. 
 We dashed through a thicket of bushes covered 
 ■with sharp thorns, that cut my horse's sides 
 and literally tore the clothes from my hack, but 
 there was nothing else for it. 
 
 ' ' When the animal was not more than eight 
 feet behind, I turned suddenly upon the saddle 
 and fired, sending another ball through his 
 right ear and grazing his hip without wounding 
 him more seriously than the first had done. 
 
 " But this time fear overcame his rage ; he 
 rtopped short and showed symptons of fight. 
 I sprang from my horse, the admirably trained 
 creature stopping motionless as a statue at 
 my command, and reloaded my rifle with all 
 BpeeJ. 
 
 " I took a more deliberate aim and fired 
 again : this time my sight was surer ; the hall 
 
 me that the lion had been discovered several 
 miles down the river. 
 
 ' ' I left him to make the best of his way back 
 to the camp, and dashed along the bank with 
 all speed, anxious to arrive upon the scene of 
 conflict before the forest king should have 
 fallen. 
 
 " ^Vhen I reached the group I found that they 
 had missed the lion, and that they stood debat- 
 ing ; I rode on in advance for perhaps a quarter 
 of a mile. 
 
 " I began to fear that the beast had escaped 
 us altogether, and was on the point of turning 
 back to rejoin my companions, when, at a 
 BudJen turn in the path, I caught sight of the 
 object of our search. 
 
 " The lion — the largest I had ever seen — 
 lx)unded across the path, and plunged into a 
 
 an immense ant-hill ; I counted the chances of 
 being able to reach that elevation, and spurred 
 my horse closer to him to tal^e a surer aim. 
 
 " Suddenly, with a frightful roar, the lion 
 sprang up, made a bound forward ; my horse 
 leaped back and darted off with the speed of 
 the wind. 
 
 "But fast as he flew, the infuriated beast fol- 
 lowed still faster. But, forward in the saddle, 
 with my spurs buried in my horse's flanks, I 
 looked back. On dashed the lion, making two 
 bounds to one of my faithful steed — a frightful 
 cliase, a repetition of which no man would 
 desire. Could I turn in the sadJle and fire while 
 my horse was galloping at such a fearful pace? 
 Doubtful as was the chance-.- 1 must say it — iw 
 a few more of those terrible leaps and the crea,« 
 ture would be upon me 
 
 THE FISHERMEN TnAMPLl>0 Tn.J GELATIJJOUS MAITEB OCT OP THE SPONGE. 
 
 i»ssed through his lungs, and, with a last bellow 
 of pain, the enormous creature fell in an un- 
 wieldy mass, never to rise. 
 
 " This happened, as I siid, during mysecond 
 expedition, and not f-ir from the place of r.jy 
 first encounter, so that I began rca'.ly to be a 
 little superstitious, and to think that if a third 
 arrived, it was to bo the end of those wild ad- 
 ventures which caused so much anxiety to the 
 few who loved me. 
 
 " The guides had told me when I rose in the 
 morning that tliey ho/\ found the trades of a 
 lion, wlio had evidently been amusing himself 
 during the night by promenading as near our 
 fires as he considered prudent. 
 
 " We had all been out ia search of him. I 
 lost my way, and wlicn I found myself once 
 more in a known'latitude I overtook my servant, 
 whose horse was lamed by a fall, and he told 
 
 thicket not more than a hundred yards in ad- 
 vance of me. 
 
 " I rode up and dismounted from my horse. 
 Peering into the thicket I could dimly see his 
 immense form crouched among the dried grass 
 and weeds. 
 
 " I fired, and he fell so instantaneously, with- 
 out a single groan, that I supposed I had struck 
 him to the very heart. 
 
 "I reloaded my rifle, got on my horse, de- 
 scribed a half circle, raised myself ia my stir- 
 rups, and took a closer view of my victim. A 
 single glance sent the blood in a torrent to my 
 heart — I had missed him. 
 
 "There lie lay, crouched upon the ground ; 
 no sign of life except in the Tiptumed ears that 
 quivered slowly, and tlie terrible fire of his eyes 
 fastenei menacingly upon me. 
 
 " I was quite near him ; in front of me was 
 
 " To take aim was impossible. I was crouch 
 ing forward on the horse's neck upon my left 
 fide ; my right hand held the rifle above my 
 head in a last wild instinct of self-preservation. 
 
 "Another Bu'.len roar — a still wilder leap — 
 and the lion passed, one paw striking my 
 shoulder with such force that I nearly fell to 
 the ground. But, as he sprang, my horse 
 bounded to the left with a force which sent our 
 pursuer rolling over upon the ground. Before 
 he could rise I had reached the hill, managed 
 to dismount, and fired with an aim which it 
 seemed to me must have been directed by some 
 good angel. 
 
 " I broke the left paw of the brute, just at 
 the joint. 
 
 " He darted aside t„.id made for the thicket, 
 roarin™ till the very air shook, and even my 
 trained anJ courageous horse trembled ia eveiy 
 
466 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 limb, though, through all his 
 fright, he obeyed my slightest 
 word or signal. 
 
 " At that moment the rest of 
 the party rode up ; they had 
 followed me, and the sound of 
 my rifle had warned them of my 
 adventure. 
 
 "I could not think of danger 
 now ; the hunter instinct was at 
 its height. I could only remember 
 that my prey might escape. The 
 men surrounded the thicket. I 
 rode wildly over the trampled 
 bushes across which he had taken 
 flight. I saw him again cowering 
 for another spring, while he yelled 
 with rage and pain. I had 
 snatched a gun from somebody's 
 hand. I fired once mere, and a 
 deeper groan told with what suc- 
 ce s. Again the trusty bullet hissed 
 out ; the gisantic animal rolled 
 over upon his back ; there was a 
 last roar, a fierce struggle, then 
 he lay quite still. 
 
 "When we came to examine 
 the carcass we found that it was 
 an old lion, very fat, and enorm- 
 ous in size, his great yellow 
 claws worn, broken > and reduced 
 to four upon the forward paw. 
 
 "As we rode back to camp, 
 and I received the congratula- 
 tions and praise of my com- 
 panions, I felt no thrill of exulta- 
 tion — nothing but a deep sense 
 of thankfulness at having escaped 
 that horrible peril. Even to this 
 day, when I look at the glossy 
 skin which lies in my library, and 
 which my children regard with 
 such pride, I only wonder at the 
 daring spirit which could have 
 made me brave such hardships 
 and dangers in that far off land." 
 
 Algeria. 
 
 Aloekia, which is now a colony 
 of France, was formerly one of 
 the Barbary States, and was for 
 three centuries a nest of blood- 
 thirsty pirates. 
 
 In 181G it was bombarded by a 
 British fleet, under Lord Exmouth, 
 who compelled the Dey to sign 
 a treaty abolishing Christian 
 slavery. On July 5, 1830, it was 
 conquered by the French, and the 
 whole country around it made 
 into a French colony. It extends 
 along the Mediterranean about six 
 hundred miles; the surface is 
 mountainous, the inhabitants are 
 mainly Berbers, Jews, Moors, 
 Turks, Arabs, and Negroes, with 
 many French, and a few other 
 Europeans. Their manufactures 
 and exports ar much the same 
 as the other Barbary States 
 already mentioned. 
 
 A little to the east of Algier* 
 j( Tunis, prindpallj famous for 
 
13ARBARY STATE& 
 
 467 
 
 ^*;:**ilii!li».,. 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 OQ 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 
468 
 
 THE WOELD'S GBEAT NATIONS 
 
 being the site of the far-famed Carthage, the 
 rival of ancient Bome. 
 
 The climate, productions, and inhabitants are 
 much the same. The territories of Tunis and 
 Tripoli formed part of the Carthaainian State, 
 which was totally destroyed by the Romans one 
 hundred ani forty years B. c. Tunis was be- 
 siegel by Louis IX., who died before this place 
 in 1270 A. D. It remained under African liings 
 till takcin by Birbarossi, who was expelled by 
 Charles V. of Spain, in 1585, when ten thou- 
 sand Christian slaves were set at liberty. In 
 1653, that scourge of tyrants, Oliver Cromwell, 
 sent Admiral Blake to chastise the Bey for 
 holdins in bondaic some British subjects. The 
 Bey delivered them up, and made a treaty not 
 to capture any more Englishmen. 
 
 The Kuins of Carthage, 
 
 A DKBP and melancholy interest attaches to 
 the site ol the capital of that famous empire 
 which once disputed with nascent Bome the 
 Bovereianty of the world, but which has been 
 obliterate! from living history for nearly two 
 thousani years. The wonderful prosperity and 
 pow3r of the all-ambitious city, its commercial 
 magnificence, its heroic death-struggle, and the 
 mournful silence that has so long brooded over 
 its scircely remembered site, fill the mind that 
 contemplates them with a feeling alike of pity 
 and regret. 
 
 The mournful lament of Byron, "Assyria, 
 Rome, Greece, Carthage, where are they?" is 
 perhaps one of the mos-t melancholy lines in 
 the English laniruajre — silently hinting, as it 
 does, at the decay and annihilation which are 
 the destiny of all earthly things. The "firmly 
 rooted grandeur overthrown," which is so me- 
 lancholy a spectacle on the shore where once fo 
 great a commonwealth existed, is a lesson 
 
 pregnant with sadness. The present aspect of 
 the site of Carthage is one of exceeding 
 desolation. For centuries the great harbor has 
 remained unvisited, save by the galleys of the 
 Tunisian and Algerine navigators and pirates ; 
 and the only habitations in the neighborhood 
 were, within a few years, those of a few Arabs, 
 who pursued the avocations of fishermen and 
 cultivators of the soil. Of late, however, some 
 of the ministers of the Bey of Tunis have 
 established their palaces and gardens on the 
 banks of the old port, which is now partly 
 filled up. Beyond, in the bay, is the anchor- 
 age, which extends to La Goletta, where is the 
 entrance of the Lake of Tunis, over which, in 
 the far distance, is seen the Mountain of Zawau, 
 fifty miles away from whose springs Carthage 
 was supplied with water ; and in the plain, at 
 our feet, huge shapeless masses of masonry here 
 and there break the surface of the soil, where 
 stood of yore some gorgeous temple or vast 
 palace. The hill on which we stand is crowned 
 by a walled garden containing the Chapel of 
 St. Louis, built over the remains of that ill-fated 
 monarch, who ended here his career in A. n. 1270. 
 In the plain are the outlines of a circus and 
 amphitheatre. Half a mile to the north-west 
 is the village of Moalkah, constructed in and 
 upon the greater cisterns, which were supplied 
 by an aqueduct stretching for fifty miles to the 
 Mountain of Zawau, and whose vast masses now 
 lie prostrate in a long line across this plain. In 
 two of the plains which it crosses beyond 
 Tunis, hundreds of its arches are still erect, 
 the greatest number being in the plain of 
 Oudina, two hours south of Tunis, with the 
 jagged outline of Djebel Zawau rising beyond, 
 where stood a temple over the copious source 
 that supplied the aqueduct. The broken ground 
 at the opening of the plain is the further bank 
 of the Mileean, over whose deep bed the water 
 is carried on two rows of arches. 
 
 There are eighteen dstems, each ninty-thret 
 feet long, twenty feet wide, and twenty-sevea 
 feet high ; and a gallery runs down the build- 
 ing on each side, and communicates with th» 
 end of each cistern. These cisterns were 
 supplied by rain-water collected on the roof. 
 
 The British Government has, for some years 
 past, maintained an agent at Carthage, whose 
 excavations have been rewarded by the dis- 
 covery of magnificent statues and architectural 
 remains. They are shipped, as discovered, to 
 England, and placed in that grand collection of 
 the art and science of every age — the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Near the cisterns are the remains of a theatre ; 
 and below, near the shore, is the greatest of all 
 the piles of ruin. On the beach, at the foot of 
 the next hill, are the remains of the water 
 gate ; beyond which again, on a high cape, 
 stands the pretty village of Sidi Bon Said, 
 whose sacred precincts till within the last few 
 years no Christian foot was permitted to enter. 
 Groves and gardens sweep down the hill's 
 western face to Marsa, where are the Summer 
 palace of the bey and the villas of some of 
 his ministere, and of the consuls of foreign 
 powers. 
 
 The Punic city probably reached as far as this. 
 Tlie Roman town was not so extensive. Th» 
 ruins we have enumerated are all that remain 
 on the vast extent Carthaqre formerly covered, 
 and, with the exception, perhaps, of the cisterns 
 and aqueducts, nothing is Punic. All the re- 
 mains above ground are Roman. Far below 
 the soil there are traces of its earlier masters. 
 The Greek and the Arab, the Spaniard and the 
 Moor, each in turn used as quarries those ruing 
 which the storms of war had spared, and Africa 
 and Europe have alike adorned their cities with 
 the spoils of Tyre's fair dauerhter. All tho.-« 
 who know her past history will feel Bome inr 
 terest in her present state. 
 
 mW or TKTDAN. 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 GT50GRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL ?UMMART. 
 
 VIOBIEfl OP ABTSSINIA— TIEWS IN ABYSSINIA— TEIEFSMELLINO IN ABYSSINIA— SWOED-HUNTER KILLING AN ELEPHANT— PALM STTTTOAY IS ACTS 
 SINIA— CHURCH AND SHBINE OF ST. ROMANUS, NEAB SENAFE— A NATIVE PLOWING IN ABYSSINIA— A WOMAN GBINDINO COEN— FnNEBAL OS 
 THI WIDOW OF KlNQ THEODORE, AT AIKHnLLET— VILLAGE UNDER THE ANTALA "AMBA"— AN ABYSSINIAN 1?AW-MEAT FEAST— AN ABTS> 
 BINIAN HonSE-THE LATE KING THEODORE— GKOUP OT ShOHOS AT HAMHAMO SPBINO, TEKONDA PASS— ABY88IMIAN SOLDIBB8— AN ABSS. 
 SUUAM UVtM—LlUi AaiSamLiJi UMiO—THH BA:!lQUiU A\A1UA— ABUitiLtiiAJi M r-JHO It UJf ItUU/UitJUlSa UBOCS. 
 
 THIS African country is an elevated table- 
 land lying between 8 deg. 30 min. and 15 
 deg. 40 min. North Lat., and between 35 
 «md 42 deg. East Long. 
 
 The northeastern edge of the table -land is 
 directed toward the Ked Sea, and is from thirty 
 -to sixty miles from its shores; the other, or 
 inland edges, slope away to a lower level on 
 •every side, so that if the surrounding part of 
 Africa were covered with water to the depth of 
 •a few hundred feet, the whole of Abyssinia 
 -would form an island. Though Abyssinia is 
 •Bituated between the Tropics, its productions 
 rather resemble those of the Temperate than of 
 "the Torrid Zone. There are some small plant- 
 ations of coffee, and cotton is grown in the 
 Jower parts of the country. 
 
 The domestic animals consist of horses, 
 cattle, sheep, goats, mules, and asses. The 
 Sanga oxen are found in the countries south of 
 Antalo, and are remarkable for the great size 
 of their horns, which sometimes are nearly 
 four feet long. 
 
 Wild animals are very numerous ; there are 
 lions, elephants, buffaloes, leopards, lynxes, and 
 other ferocious beasts. There are also eagles, 
 ^vultures, ravens, parrots, geese, ducks, etc. 
 'Hippopotami are abundant in Lake Zana, and 
 -the larger rivers, where many are killed annu- 
 •ally for their flesh aud hides. Bees are so 
 •common in that country that honey is used 
 instead of sugar. 
 
 Gold has occasionally been found in Abys- 
 ;sinia, as well as iron. 
 
 The population has been estimated at three 
 millions. The bulk of the people belong to the 
 Caucasian race, and in features do not differ 
 from the Bedouin Arabs. Another race is 
 mingled with those, more resembling the negro. 
 There is also a third race, called the Gallas. 
 
 The southeastern portion of Abyssinia con- 
 •stitutes the kingdom or district of Shoa. The 
 Jamma, one of its rivers, is the largest tributai-y 
 which the Abai receives on the table-iand of 
 Abyssinia; it drains a wide extent of country, 
 and brings a great volume of water to the Abdi. 
 Hie valley of tije Jamma appears to ^R inciosed 
 
 on the north as well as on the south by high 
 mountains, which rise from four to five thou- 
 sand feet above its level ; the ascent is precipi- 
 tous, but there is usually a terrace between two 
 steep acclivities. The number of rivers which 
 join the Jamma from the south is very great. 
 Though their course toward the interior of the 
 table-land is not rapid, they run with great 
 velocity as they approach its northern edge, 
 and most of them fall precipitously several 
 hundred feet into a ravine, in which they con- 
 tinue to flow to their receptacle ; thus the edge 
 of the table- land is cut by narrow valleys into 
 a great number of comparatively narrow ridges, 
 which give it the appearance of a very mount- 
 ainous country. The southern edge of this 
 table-land is not well known ; but the eastern 
 edge descends by a slope from an elevation of 
 eight thousand to one of two thousand feet. 
 This steep descent is much broken, consisting 
 of a succession of valleys and hills, which are 
 partly wooded and partly cultivated. The vil- 
 lages are small, but numerous ; they consist of 
 a few houses, which have a circular form, with 
 a conical roof, and are perched on the sides or 
 summits of the hills. At the edge of the slope 
 is the town of Ankobar, elevated no less than 
 eight thousand one hundred and ninety-eight 
 feet above the sea ; a few miles from Ankcibar 
 are mountains eleven thousand feet in height. 
 The country which lies contiguous to the steep 
 ascent of the table-land (from 9 deg. 30 min. 
 to 11 deg. North Lat. 'i on the west continues for 
 a short distance to preserve the elevation of the 
 edge, and then slopes gently to the west. The 
 surface is generally level, forming plains inter- 
 spersed with small hills or short, low ridges, and 
 is distinguished for the deep depressions in 
 which the rivers run ; they fall down in cata- 
 racts several hundred feet high into deep ba- 
 sins, and below these basins they continue to 
 flow between steep and lofty banks ; the descent 
 to them is frequently five hundred or even one 
 thousand feet. The valley through which the 
 Eachena, an affluent of the Wanchit, runs, Is 
 three thousand feet below the upper edge of its 
 banks- and the general level of the country. 
 
 These valleys are generally well wooded : but 
 the table-lands between them are destitute of 
 trees and bushes, and are only used as pasture- 
 ground. 
 
 O' the manners of the Abyssinians of Groa> 
 dar we have an elaborate picture by Bruce ; 
 which has, however, always been received with 
 some doubt. He describes a feast of the higher 
 classes, in which a cow or bull is brought to 
 the door ; the feet are tied ; the skin is stripped 
 off the hind quarters, aud the flesh is cut off 
 from the buttocks in solid square pieces. Thaft 
 the Abyssinians eat raw flesh occasionally has 
 been proved by Pearce, who once saw soma 
 brutal Lasta soldiers, on a marauding expedi. 
 tion, while driving a cow, cut two steaks from 
 the rump, which they devoured raw, to satisfy 
 their craving hunger, the animal was then 
 driven on to the camp and killed. But Pearce, 
 who had been several years in Tigre, never 
 heard of such feasts as Bruce describes ; nor 
 did Salt meet with any corroboration of the 
 more highly colored portions of Brace's narra- 
 tive. Salt, who lived three weeks at Chelicut, 
 saw the Has, or chief, daily, and was often in- 
 vited to his evening repasts, saw none of the in- 
 decencies and grossness which Bruce portrays: 
 intoxication, however, is common at feasts. 
 
 Abyssinians even now are not without their 
 authors and painters, and they are generally 
 fond of pictures, with which they line the 
 inside of their churches, and de'.,orate their 
 chief apartments. 
 
 Of the languages of Abyssinia, ont. frJled 
 the Geez or Ethiopian, resembles the Sanscrit 
 of India in being a dead language, in which the 
 sacred books are written. The spoken languages 
 are derived from it, and constitute four dialects, 
 namely, the languages of Amhara, Tigre, Shoa, 
 and of the Yejjoos. They are comprehended 
 under the name of Amharic languages; and 
 differ considerably , but the people understanc/ 
 one another, and do not need an interpreter. 
 The language of Gondar is considered to be the 
 purest Amharic. The language of the Grallas 
 is radically different. There are also three 
 other languages spoken in Abyssinia. 
 
470 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 
 WOMEN OF ABYSSINIA. 
 
 Women of Abyssinia. 
 
 The women of high rank wear a taube of 
 brilliant white, with a broad scarlet band. 
 Silver bracelets adorn their wrists and ankles. 
 The nails are died red with henna ; and their 
 frizzled hair is kept stiff with butter ! which in 
 the heat streams down on the bronzed neck and 
 shoulders. 
 
 The dress of the women of lower rank differs 
 but little, diminishinjj only in quantity and 
 quality, 
 
 ■* « * 
 
 Views in Abyssinia. 
 
 In our engraving of the priests and villagers 
 of Wadella, singing the Song of Moses before 
 Sir Robert Napier, we represent a little musical 
 cntert linment got up by the natives of that 
 district to express their tkanks for their deliver- 
 ance from the yoke of Theodorug. 
 
 The Fair at Antala, which is one of our 
 Abyssinian subjects, ii held every Wednesdiy. 
 All the inhabitants within twenty mibs then 
 congregite at Antala to dispose of their grain, 
 vegetables, DuUocks, and other agricultural 
 produce, returnin-;; with bricks of salt, which 
 are the current coin of the realm. 
 
 In connection with our engraving of the 
 seen? where the mangled remains of the victims 
 of tho last massacre of Theo.iorus lay at the foot 
 of the precipice, the following narrative is so 
 interestini, that we publish it in full, as the 
 most terrible and revolting episode of the 
 Abyf i.iiau expaditioa: 
 
 The native captives were formed in line before 
 the quarters of the imprisoned Euiopeans. 
 King Theodorus arrayed himself in his state 
 robes and donned his imperial crown, and rode 
 
 to where the captives stoo<l in two parallel 
 lines, surrounded by his soluiers. After dis- 
 mounting, the king walked backward, up and 
 down the line, eyeing us sternly, and a sort of 
 barbaric majesty pervaded every motion. Seem- 
 ingly satisfied with his inspection, he strode 
 quickly and nervously to the centre of the line, 
 and impatiently throwing his silken togti over 
 his left shoulder, and pushing his crown from 
 his brow backward, probably so as to have a 
 clearer \ie\v of hia victims, he hirscd through 
 liis closed teeth to the native captives, saying: 
 
 " Behold, I am going to slay you, because I 
 called you, and you refused ; 1 stretched out 
 my hand i:nploringly to you, and you regarded 
 me not ; you set at naught all my counsel, and 
 would none of my reproof. Now I will laugh 
 at your calamity ; ha, ha ! I will mock as your 
 fear comes ; when your fear comes as destruc- 
 tion and your destruction comes as a whirlwind ; 
 when distress and anguish comes upon you." 
 
 Then, turning to his sok'icrs, he ordered 
 them to separate those whom he named, and 
 after ninety men, women and boys had been 
 separated from the rest, cocking his pistols, ho 
 shouted out: 
 
 " Now, who shall I destroy first ?" 
 
 No answer. 
 
 "■What!" said he, sarcastically ; " are thera- 
 none of these princes and warriors of Ethiopia 
 desirous of dying by the hand of Theodorus f 
 have you all turned women when the hour of 
 death is ni^h?" 
 
 " Hold 1" shouted Eas Ingerta, a Galla chief r 
 "I and my fellows are i:i your power new ^ 
 but, Kassai, why did you lie to me ? Why, oh, 
 why was I such an ass as to listen to your sublla 
 words? Wliy did I come and put my head ia 
 the lion's jaws? Oh, for one minute neck to 
 neck with you, Kassai I I would show you how 
 a Galla warrior meets his enemy. Give me ,1. 
 spear and a horse, and meet me fairly r.nd 
 equally here only for two minutes ; I woulj- 
 
 KASSAl. PKxKOB 09 TtOajt, 8EAIED Ui 8IAXB. 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 471 
 
 kill you and curse 
 you. You dare not. 
 Prisoner as I am, with 
 chains on my limbs, 
 I would fight you if 
 you dared to meet 
 me." 
 
 "No," returned 
 Theodoras, with in- 
 cre;ising warmth in 
 his countenance ; 
 "you tried to betray 
 me to my enemies ; 
 spy and traitor, you 
 phall be food for the 
 jackal to-night. On 
 the heads of all those 
 who have compassed 
 me about, the mis- 
 chief of their own 
 lips shall curse them. 
 Let them be cast into 
 the tire, into the f'eep 
 pit, that they rise not 
 up asjain. Strip these 
 fellows," said he, 
 "and let them behold 
 
 each other's shame, and give me their exact 
 number." 
 
 Their rags were torn from them, and each 
 man, woman and boy stood bofore him naked. 
 The number of those whom he had ordered for 
 execution was three hundred and eight — two 
 hundred and seventy-tive men, five women and 
 twenty-eight boys. He then said: 
 
 " Spear the Galla dog, Ingerta ! Spear him, 
 I say!" 
 
 And Eas Ourary Eurie, ever ready to obey 
 Theodorus, leveled a spear and flung it at his 
 breast. 
 
 A NATIVE PLOWrua IV ABYSSINIA. 
 
 " Thou hast done well." said the king, as he 
 saw the weapon had gone deep into his bosom ; 
 but Eas Ingerta plucked it out of the wound, 
 and flung it contemptuously at Theodorus's 
 feet. " Another one," shouts Tlieodorus, " spear 
 him again ! ' ' -and six chiefs immediately sank 
 their weapons into his body. 
 
 The wounded chief stood up bravely, and 
 drew them out one after anotlier, the blood 
 spurting from his wounds in crimson streams, 
 when he fell down and died. Impatient at the 
 slow progre.5s of the execution, the king shot 
 ten dead with his own hand, and, throwing his 
 
 revolvei away, he 
 drew his sword, and 
 leaped toward the 
 tremb".ing prisoners. 
 Eyeing them a mo- 
 ment, he seemed to 
 choose one for whom 
 he entertained a per- 
 fect hatred, for he 
 said to him: 
 
 " Ah, your hour has 
 come. I am going 
 to drink your blood," 
 and, raiiiing his 
 sword, he cut hisliead 
 off at one blow, and 
 then lie drew it again 
 across his abdomen. 
 
 Theodorus's fac« 
 and clothes were 
 covered with gore, 
 and, like a tiger who 
 had tasted blood, this 
 seemed to Increase 
 his fury. He foamed 
 at the lips, and his 
 eyes became blood- 
 shot. After stabbing and cutting about fifty 
 with his own hand, he rested, and ordered that 
 his chiefs should try their hands. Many of 
 them had personal hatred against t'icir captives, 
 and they proceeded with an astonishing alacrity 
 with the awful task of massacre. Whenever he 
 witnessed dextrous blows, he applauded, but 
 when he saw cuts given that but miiimcd the 
 poor wretches, the king would spring up and 
 demonstrate what an easy matter it was to send 
 a head clean off the shoulders, by choosing a 
 strong, sturdy prisoner and decapitating him 
 with his own hand. A young and beautiful 
 
 AflOAOEEBS, OK SWORD-HUVtERS IN ABYSSINIA. 
 
472 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 THIEF SMELLING IN ABTSBINIA. 
 
 woman of high rank, perceiving that her time 
 ■was coming rapidly, ran up to where Theodorus 
 leaned upon his dripping sword, and, throwing 
 herself at his feet, entreated, in piteous tones, 
 that he would spare lier life. 
 
 " No !" thundered Theodorus. "You came 
 to my camp twice as a spy. Once I spared 
 you, hecause one of my chiefs asked that you 
 might he his wife. Now, hy the Saviour of Ihc 
 world, you shall sleep below the cliff of Magdala 
 to-night." 
 
 So saying, while she yet hent with her face 
 to the ground, with his whole might he deliv- 
 ered a blow wbicli almost sjvcred her in two ! 
 Horrible as it may seem, a child pushed out of 
 the womb, and several of the European women 
 sickened and fainted at the sight. A boy prince, 
 son of one of the rebellious governors who was 
 still at large, was next -killed by a sweeping 
 blow, which took his heal and left arm off. In 
 about an hour and a half from the commence- 
 ment of the wholesale execution the massacre 
 was completed, and as fast as each one had been 
 sl.^in, the body was carriel to the edge of the 
 cliff and thrown down a height of fifty feet or 
 more. At the bottom of the cliff were several 
 great rocks, scattered hero and there, and these 
 were covered with brains and blood. A ghastly 
 heap of corrupting flcsli was all that was left of 
 three hundred and eight human souls, who but 
 shortly before had been the friends in captivity 
 of the Europeans. Tlie human shambles con- 
 tained ix>ols of blood and gore, in several places 
 nearly a foat deep. 
 
 to this country. Our own detectives are smart, 
 and, give them but the slightest clue, they are 
 supposed to be able to unravel the most intri- 
 cate affairs ; but they are nothing to the Leba- 
 shi of Abyssinia, for they know not of the 
 mode by which they shall track out a thief by 
 the smell. 
 
 Dr. Krapf, a hate traveler in Abyssinia, gives 
 us information on this point. He says: 
 
 "It is very noticeable the mode adopted in 
 Ghoa fcr the detection of thieves. The Lal)ashi 
 (thief-catcher) is Kiucb feared, and belongs to 
 the servants of the State. When a theft has 
 
 been committed, the sufferer gives information 
 to this official, upon wliich he sends his servant 
 a certain dose of black meal compounded with 
 milk, on which he mak.-s iiim smoke tobacco. 
 The servant is thrown into a state of frenzy, in 
 which state he goes from house to house, craw 1- 
 ing on his hands and feet like one out of his 
 mind. After he has smelt about a number of 
 house.? — the Lebashi all the time holding him 
 tight by a cord fastened round the body — he 
 goes at last into a house, lays on its owner's 
 bed and sleeps for some time. His master then 
 arouses him with blows, and he awakes and 
 arrests the owner of the house, who is forth- 
 with dragged before the priests, and they make 
 the victim cf the robbery swear that he will 
 not assess more than the real value of the arti- 
 cles stolen. The person into whose house the 
 entry is made is regarded as the thief, and is 
 forced to pay, whether he be innocent or guilty. 
 No wonder that the population trembles when 
 the I.ebashi i.s seen in tiie streets, and that 
 everybody tri:s to be on good terms with him, 
 as there is no saying when he will make his 
 appearance in the house." 
 i i^i > 
 
 Sword Hunters Killing an Elephant. 
 
 Among the Hanram Arabs is a class called 
 Aggageers, or Sword-hunters, who always go 
 three together, carrying no arms but a swonl, 
 and on a swift horse attack and slay at a single 
 blow the fierce African elephant. Sir S. Baker 
 witnessed one of these exploits, and thus he 
 describes the exciting scene: 
 
 "Having discovered the haunt of a large and 
 fierce brute, Rodur, mounted on a fleet mare, 
 proceeied to the spot with his two companions. 
 Taher Sherrif , and his brother Ibrahim, and pro- 
 ceeded to meet him in front while they operated 
 in the rear. 
 
 " With a shrill scream the elephant dashed 
 upon him like an avalanche. Kound went the 
 mare, as though on a pivot, and Rodur, looking 
 over his left shoulder, kept his distance so close 
 to the elephant that its outstretched trunk was 
 'within a few feet of the mare's tail. 
 
 Thief Smelling in Abyssinia. 
 In Abyssinia thr>y have a deliihtfu! mode of 
 finding out a thief; a mode, which, in spite of 
 <ta simplicity, wo should hate to see transferred 
 
 INTERIOR OF AN ABTSSINIAJI ROUSE. 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 413 
 
 "Taher Sherrif and his brother Ibrahim swept 
 down liko falcons in the rear. When close to 
 the tail of the elephant, 'laher Sherrif, grasping 
 his trusty blade, leaped nimbly to the ground, 
 at the siime time Ibrahim caught the rein.ol 
 his horse ; two or three bounds on foot, with 
 the sword clutched in both hands, and he wa> 
 close behind the elephint. A bright elance 
 shone like lightoing as the sun struck upon the 
 descending ste -1 ; this was followed by a dull 
 crack, as the sword cut through the skin and 
 sinews, and S3ttled deep in the bone, about 
 twelve inches above the foot. At the next 
 stride the elephant halted dead short in the 
 midst of its tremendous charge. Taher had 
 jumped quickly on one side, and had vaulted 
 into the saddle witli his naked sword in hand. 
 At the same moment, Rodur, who had led the 
 chaio, turned sharp round, and again faced the 
 elephant as before ; stooping quickly from the 
 saddle, he picked up from the groun 1 a handful 
 of dirt, which he threw into the face of the 
 vicious - looking animal, that once more at- 
 tempted to rush upon him. It was impossible ! 
 the foot was dislocated, and turned up in front 
 like an old shoe. In an instant Taher was once 
 more on foot, and again the sharp sword slashed 
 
 PALM SUNDAY IN ABYSSINIA. 
 
 door on the women's side of the church, where 
 the entire ceremony is repeated. 
 
 Ohurch and Shrine of St. Eomanus, near 
 Senafe, Abyssinia. 
 
 The old race of Abyssinians who claim to be 
 the descendants of the Queen of Sheba, by 
 Solomon, King of Israel, observe a creed which 
 is— as far as it goes— substantially that of the 
 Greek Church, but many Jewish rites and 
 articles of belief are still m untaiued in addition. 
 Among the historical reminiscences of this 
 strange people, none seem more sacred to them 
 than the legend of St. Romanus. This hermit 
 and martyr is believed to have penetrated into 
 Abyssinia early in the Fifteenth century from 
 
 Alexandria, and.after converting many heathens, 
 was seized by the tiatives, barbarously treated, 
 and finally driven to the rocks and caves sur- 
 rounding his shrine, which is sliown at the left 
 comer of our illustration. 
 
 Upon a rudL'ly-fashioned rock within the 
 little inclosure lie the bones of the marty^ 
 saint, over which a worm-eaten vail has been 
 cast. The double doorway is the entrance to 
 the church dedicated to the saint, and contains 
 some fine specimens of Byzantine carving in 
 wood, various paintings representing the ex- 
 pulsion of our first parents from Eden, and 
 other religious characters are depicted upon the 
 walls outside. There is a convent attached to 
 this humble-looking church, which contains ten 
 monks and twenty nuns. 
 
 ABYSSINIAN. 
 
 the remaining leg. The great bull elephant could 
 not move. The first cut with the sword had 
 utterly disabled it; the second was its death- 
 blow ; the arteries of the leg were divided, and 
 the blood spouted in jets from the wounds." 
 
 Palm Sunday in Abyssinia. 
 
 OcR engraving represents the native church 
 ceremonies of Palm Sunday : 
 
 The services began in the church shortly 
 after daybreak, and consisted principally of 
 singing, and a series of amusing contortions ex- 
 hibited by the men. As soon as the priests had 
 robed themselves, in the Holy of Holies, they 
 came from the church, and at a side-door bejan 
 that portion of the service which is represented 
 in our illustration. Leaves and small branches 
 of palm are presented to every one present, and 
 then a copy of the Scriptures in Coptic, written 
 on sheepskin, and bound in brown leather, is 
 held up by two of the younger clergy, while an 
 aged priest stands before it with a richly orna- 
 mented wooden cross, and reads selections from 
 the volume. A psalm is then sung, a little boy 
 marking the time with a bell, and the entire 
 party — priests and worshipers — march to the 
 
 RELIGIOUS CKBEHONY AT WADEL\. 
 
474 
 
 THE WORLD'S GRE\T NATIONS 
 
 ANKOBAB, THE RESIDENCE OF TUB NEGUS OF CHOAR. 
 
 A Native Plowing in Abyssinia. 
 The plows used by the natives of this now 
 interesting country resemble very closely those 
 employed throughout Hindoostan. In the In- 
 dian plow the blade is a separate piece, and the 
 handle is a piece of wood inserted into the end 
 of the ox-pole, usually standing upright. The 
 one shown in our illustration is of a more rur'e 
 construction, the handle held by the driver 
 going through the long pole and forming the 
 share. The point which cuts the ground is 
 capped with iron, and the handle is further so- 
 eured by a chain-work of rope. The driver is 
 clothed only with a pair of thin short breeches, 
 this simple costume being that of the Abys- 
 sinian peasantry. 
 
 A "Woman Grinding Oorn. 
 The operation of grinding corn is performed 
 by rubbing the grain between two stones. Tlie 
 lower stone, which in this case appears to have 
 been used considerably, rests upon a large block 
 made of clay, which is furnished with deep 
 holes, into which the flour is swept when 
 ground. The kernels, previous to being ground, 
 are roasted in a pan, which render them very 
 brittle. The woman is surrounded by the im- 
 plements necessary for her work, and carries her 
 infant on her back in a manner similar to our 
 Indian mothers. She is dressed in a petticoat 
 of coarse cotton, and an upper garment of 
 leather, which is formed into a sack for the 
 baby, and gathered at the wai^t with a strap. 
 The upper part of tins garment, as well as hex 
 head-dress, is ornamented with rows of chowries 
 
 or shells. 
 
 i i»ii 
 
 Puneral of the Widow of King Theodore, 
 
 at Aikhullet. 
 Walata Tekla Haimanout, the only legiti- 
 mate wife of the late King Theodore, died in 
 the camp of SirEobert Napier, at Aikhullet, on 
 May 15. 1868, just one month after the death of 
 her husband. 
 The late queen was about eighteen years of 
 
 age, and is said to have been the only person 
 in Abyssinia who was not afraid of the king. 
 For the last three years, she had beer, living 
 apart from her royal husband at Magdala, in 
 consequence of a severe quarrel which occurred 
 in the family. The funeral ceremonies were 
 observed at about seven o'clock on the day fol- 
 lowing her decease. The corpse was laid out 
 in a large tent, and long before the hour ap- 
 pointed for the service, the remains were sur- 
 rounded by all the queen's female attendants. 
 Who gave expression to their feelings of sorrow 
 in agonizing wails. Each of these mourners 
 bore some souvenir of her deceased mistress, 
 and portions of her wardrobe, her silver orna- 
 ments, golden slippers, charms for the preven- 
 tion of calamities, and elegant drinking-ciips, 
 were waved above the heads of the group on 
 short sticks 
 
 As the time approachei for the body to be 
 covered, the attendants stamped the ground 
 
 with their feet, tore their hair, and scratched' 
 their faces until the blood came. The body 
 was bound in several winding-sheets, and then 
 a beautiful Delhi scarf, of rich gold, presented 
 by General Napier, was spread over the remains, 
 and the religious exercises commenced. Prayers 
 were read, and psalms sung by the priests of 
 the church, and at nine o'clock, a party of the 
 40th (King's Own), attended by the band, sur- 
 rounded the tent, and prepared to escort the 
 remains to the grave. The body was placed 
 upon a bier covered with the Delhi scarf, and 
 was borne on the shoulders of four Abyssinians. 
 A richly ornamented umbrella was carried bo- 
 fore the bier, and the priests, with the symbols' 
 of their office, followed in close proximity. As 
 the procession moved off, the soldiers reversed 
 their arms, and the band played an appropriate 
 funeral dirge. Tlie remains of the queen were 
 deposited in the church at Chelikut, three miles 
 from Aikhullet. 
 
 Yillage Under the Antola " Amba." 
 Our illustration represents a village under 
 the Antola "Amba," or hill-fort, the houses of 
 which are built of mud, of a round shape, and 
 with thatched conical roofs. The town of An- 
 tola itself is situated on a terrace which j.ts out 
 from the side of a steep hill, and is a tumble- 
 down old place, and fully one-half in ruins. 
 Some of the ruins merely show the sites of 
 former dwellings ; others are a fevv feet above 
 ground, and some only unroofed. 
 
 An Abyssinian Eaw Meat least. 
 
 A French traveler thus describes a state 
 banquet which he attended at Sanibrd, the resi- 
 dence of Ato Kema, Governor of Salowa: 
 
 " A banqueting hall of a rustic description 
 was soon formed of boughs, and the interior 
 was traversed by osier t ibles, a'oout two feet 
 high. On those, before each guest, rose piles- 
 of teff cakes, wheaten biscuit, barley and beans. 
 Part of the guests were ranged in expectance 
 along the walls. 
 
 " The governor and his European guests wer* 
 
 WEEKLY FAIB AT ANTAUh 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 47S 
 
 at the head of the table on a sarir, covered with 
 rich carpet and cushions. 'I'lie other guests 
 squatted on the ground. A priest sail grace, 
 to which all responded with a hearty amen and 
 the sign of the cross. Then the servants 
 bro'ight in the viands. The first course was 
 broundou, the fivorite dish of tlie Abyssini n — 
 in plain English, raw meat, warm and fresh 
 from two large oxen, killed and quartered 
 before the eyes of the guests. 
 
 " The prince, from the first piece brought in, 
 cut off a couple of pounds ; and each, as it 
 passed around, cut off 
 his share. Meanwhile, 
 other servants carried 
 around at the lower 
 end whole quarters, 
 which diminished rap- 
 idly. The sight was 
 the more horrid and 
 sickening that guests 
 are required, by Abys- 
 sinian etiquette, to 
 throw back the tauhe, 
 or cloak, and thus the 
 whole upper part of 
 the body was naked. 
 
 "They looked like 
 demons, with their 
 bloody hands and 
 faces and flashing 
 eyes. Some cut off 
 pieces to thrust in the 
 mouth ; others caught 
 the meat with their 
 teeth anl cut off a 
 piece small enou.'jh to 
 master. The soldiers 
 around the room used 
 
 A^' ABYSSINIAN KAW MEAT FEAST. 
 
 their cimeters for this ofiice, apparently to the 
 constant peril of their nose and eyes. 
 
 "Dishes full of leef and mutton, variously 
 prepared, followed, in all cases hot with red 
 pepper, and when the insatiable appetites seemed 
 to be somewhat appeased, liquid appeared, for 
 they never eat and drink together. Tech, a 
 kind of hydromel, and bouza, a species of beer, 
 were brought on without stint ; and the horn- 
 cups were filled and emptied with inconceivable 
 rapidity, the hilarity of the guests increasing 
 till the confusion became fearful beyond all 
 
 WOMAN GBIXDING COEN IN THE PrOVINCB OF TIGRE. 
 
 power of description. If the scene was shock- 
 ing before, it had now become a perfect pande- 
 monium." 
 
 Bruce, in his travels, thus alludes to a similai 
 feast, on a grander scale: 
 
 "My melancholy, however, was in some 
 degree dissipated by t'.ie festivities which took 
 place at Gondar at this time, in consequence ol 
 the marriage of Ozoro Aya'.dar, the grand- 
 daughter of Michael, to Powussen, the governor 
 of Begender. 
 
 "The kin;j gave her extensive districts of 
 land in that province, 
 and Eas Michael a 
 large portion of gold, 
 muskets, cattle and 
 horses. All who wished 
 to be well looked upon 
 by either party brought 
 something as a present. 
 "The Eas, Ozora 
 Esther and Ozoro 
 Altash entertained all 
 Gondar. Large num- 
 bers of cattle were 
 slaughtered every day^ 
 and the town looked 
 like one great market 
 — the common people 
 in every street appear- 
 ing loaded with pieces 
 of raw beef, while 
 drink was distributed 
 with like profusion. 
 
 " ITie Ras inristcd 
 on my dining with 
 him every day, when 
 he was sure to give 
 me a headache witk 
 
416 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 ABYSSINIAN WARRIORS. 
 
 the quantity of meed or hydromel which lie 
 forced me to swallow. After dinner we slipped 
 away to parties of ladies, where anarchy 
 prevailed as completely as at the house of the 
 Has. All the married women ate, drank, and 
 smoked like the men ; and it is impossible 
 to convey to the reader, in terms of common 
 ■decency, any i'ea of this bacchanalian and ex- 
 traordinary gathering. 
 
 "I have witnessed in Abyssinia bloody ban- 
 quets, in which the live animal was fed upon ; 
 and certainly a more demoralized scene I have 
 never experienced. I will describe one of these 
 banquets and that only so far as decency will 
 i^rmit : 
 
 " A cow or bull (more than one if the com- 
 pany is very large) is brought close to the door 
 of the room- in which the guests are assembled, 
 and is l.iid upon the ground, with the feet 
 strongly tied. After inflicting a slight wound 
 in the throat, from which ii few drops of blood 
 
 fall to the ground, they proceed to strip off the 
 skin, and cut away the flesh in solid pieces, 
 without bones. The still quivering flesh is 
 carried at once to table, where it is eaten with 
 unleavened bread, made of a grain called teff'. 
 The particulars of these banquets are too dis- 
 gusting to admit of a more detailed descrip- 
 tion." 
 
 An Abyssinian House. 
 The Abyssinian house represented in our en- 
 graving was sketched by Mr. C. SlcDowall, an 
 assistant surgeon in medical charge of the Third 
 Light Cavalry of the Boral)ay army, at the camp 
 of Senafo. Tho owner of this habitation was a 
 deacon of the Church of Serafia, and a munici- 
 pal authority at Senate, wearing a black sheep's 
 wool comforter, with lianging tails, around his 
 neck, as a badge of office. This worthy played 
 the host very hospitably, and invited Mr. 
 
 McDowall to a repast of black bread and BOtQ' 
 whev, with raw meat, the guest, h nvever, de- 
 clining to partake of the latter delicacy. 
 
 In our engraving, the master of the house 
 stands holding the door open, while a girl 
 enters with a sliiu of water. His brother and 
 wife are upon the raised floor, another woman 
 is cooking at the fireplace, and a naked child 
 plays at the mother's feet. 
 
 The features of these people are of Indo- 
 Caucasian character, the complexion dark, and 
 their frizzly hair is worn in a chignon. Neither 
 the habitation itself, nor the garments of the 
 inmates, suggested cleanliness. 
 
 The Late King Theodore, of Abyssinia. 
 
 In presenting to our readers this portrait of 
 King Theodore, a slight sketch of his character 
 and life may not be out of place. 
 
 He was born at Tschergye, about the year 
 1821, in the western part of Abyssinia. His 
 father, a' descendant of the royal line of Ethio- 
 
 ABvsaINIA^ soldiers 
 
 THEODORE, LATE KING OF ABYSSINIA. 
 
 plan princes, died when he was very young, 
 and the propeity possessed by him was seized 
 by greedy relatives, and very soon dissipated, 
 leaving his mother and himself quite destitute. 
 He sought shelter in the Convent of Tschanger, 
 near Gondar, and remained there a considerable 
 time under tlie name of Kassa. But Dejatch 
 Marou, a defeated rebel, set fire to the convent, 
 and destroyed it ; fortunately, Kassa escaped to 
 his uncle, Dejatch Comfu, in whose home, the 
 residence of scheming and discontented rebels, 
 the youth received tliat training which made 
 him the cruel and merciless chief he afterward 
 w.as. Gathering a number of banditti around 
 him on the death of his uncle, he became 
 very formidable to the regnant powers, and aa 
 he was veiy successful in his war.-;, he sotn ao- 
 p.iea to 1 e the King of Abyssinia, which honor 
 he gained i;i 1855. At first he was under the 
 restraint of two Englishmen, Mr. BeJ and Mr. 
 Plowden, who curbed his blood-thirsty designs, 
 and while they lived he was very fortunate in 
 all his undertakings. But on the death of these 
 councilors Lis fortune?, turned, his later deeds 
 
ABYSSINIA, 
 
 lit 
 
 seemed to justify a comparison with the notori- 
 ous Kin;? of Dahomey, and it is stated that on 
 one occ.ision he killed three thousand people by 
 fire and sword in six weeks 
 
 Group of Shohos at Hamhamo Spring, 
 Tekonda Pass. 
 
 Th SE Shohos are a branch of the Danakil 
 tribe, who inhabit the country between the 
 Aby sinian tablo-Iand and the Red Sea. They 
 are repute i to be incorrigible thieves and beg- 
 gars ; but while acting as guides to the army of 
 invasion they are kept in siibjectbn by two 
 powerful chiefs, who have been won over by 
 the almighty dollar to accompany the recon- 
 noitering party. 
 
 The women are copper-colored, but comely, 
 with pleasing voice and manner, and their be- 
 havior is modest, though their dress usually 
 consists of a single petticoat oi two sheep-skins 
 
 sewed together. 
 
 1 * ♦ » < • 
 
 Abyssinian Soldiers. 
 Wk give an illustration of the Abyssinian 
 troops on the march, from a sketch by an Afri- 
 can traveler, which can be relied on as a cor- 
 rect representation. On entering Abyssinia the 
 traveler at once perceives that he is in the 
 midst of a race superior in every respect to all 
 the other tribes of Central Africa. The negro 
 cast of countenance— the stamp of Ham's op- 
 pressed descendants— almost disappear.^ on the 
 Alpine heights of Ethiopia, and instead of it 
 one sees features and symmetry cf form that 
 might justly be termed handsome. In size the 
 men are between five and six feet ; corpulence 
 is very rare ; the complexion is varied, light- 
 brown or bronze being the most common. The 
 costimie of the Abyssinian is exceedingly simple. 
 Men of rank wear a shama, or loose dress cf 
 white cotton, on their shoulders, so as to leave 
 the hands and arms free to carry spear and 
 buckler ; but th^ great chiefs, like the Spartans 
 of old, during battle, wear a scarlet cloak to 
 tonceal from the enemy the wounds inflicted in 
 a sharp hand-to-hand conflict. 
 
 tuxage unseb the antaia "amba.' 
 
 An Abyssinian Oven. 
 
 Mr. St. John, a recent traveler in Abyssinia, 
 gives us many very interesting reminiscences of 
 that land, from which wo select an account of 
 an Abyssinian kitchen and oven, with something 
 of the manner in which the palate is tickled in 
 that far-off country: 
 
 " Imagine a small room, about ten feet long, 
 six broad, and eight high, with or without a 
 window, according to circumstances, but more 
 usually, as in mine, without one, and at all 
 events without a chimney, so that the smoke, 
 which is always kept going, and that vigorously, 
 fin Is t'.ie door the nearest exit, and it may be 
 easily conceived that the atmosphere is so dense 
 as to render it difficult for any one but a native 
 to remain long in the room. Even the cook- 
 women, who pass the greater part of the day in 
 this smoke, never think of standing up to do 
 their work, but always remain squatted as low 
 as possible, either near the door or fire. Every 
 
 QBOVC OF SHOHOS AT BAHBAMO 8FBI.N0, TEKONDA PASS. 
 
 article the room contains becomes, like th* 
 apartment itself, of a pure soot-black. The- 
 kitchen utensils are, the ' raagogo' or oven, if 
 it may be so called, a few jars of different forms-. 
 and sizes, according to the use they are intended 
 to be put to— some with long necks and narrow- 
 mouths, for keeping water in ; others with wide- 
 mouths and no necks at all, for holding the- 
 liquid dough of which the bread is formed — 
 and the earthen dishes or saucers in which the 
 meat and other eatables are prepared and 
 served up. 
 
 "The 'magogo' U an oblong building, threft 
 feet by four, and about a foot high. It is con- 
 structed of clay and small stones, with a place 
 in the interior for a fire. The whole is covered 
 with a circular slab of a sort of pottery-work, 
 being nearly the same material as that of which 
 t'.ie dishes arc formed, nicely polished on the 
 upper surface, which U slightly concave in order 
 to receive more easily the liquid dough for the 
 bread. At the back is a hole by which the- 
 smoke may escape, and in front a sort of door- 
 way by which the fire is lighted, and which,, 
 being placed exactly opposite the kitchen door, 
 has always a draught of air to keep up a good 
 fire. Tlie cover is made of clay, and is used to 
 keep out the smoke and dirt, and retain the 
 heat." 
 
 The Abyssinian Eace. 
 
 This race inhabits the table-lands of Aby»- 
 sinia, and has disseminated into the interior. 
 Dr. Pickering thus describes the appearance of 
 three individuals of this race whom he met at 
 Singapore: ' 
 
 "The hair was much alike in all three, and 
 was crisped and fine, neither coarse enough nor- 
 in sufficient quantity to form a resisting mass. 
 The beard of one individual was in pellets abso- 
 lutely like the close wool of the negro, but :he 
 prominence of nose, greater even than usually 
 occurs in the white race, bore suificient testi- 
 mony to his purity of descent. 
 
 "The second individual had the face very- 
 much elongated, but the nose was not partictv 
 larly prominent. 
 
478 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS,, 
 
 "The third had a 
 •straighter beard, which 
 -was black and gray 
 an regular stripes. 
 The complexion was 
 the same in all three, 
 „ad though very light, 
 was by no means of a 
 sickly hue, and, in- 
 deed, these persons 
 might readily have 
 ibeen passed in the 
 streets as belonging to 
 the white race." 
 
 The Dancing Mania, 
 
 Most people have, 
 ,at one time or other, 
 t«een some poor crea- 
 ture affected with those 
 «uriou8 and painful 
 ■convulsive movements 
 •which are commonly 
 called Saint Vitus's 
 Dance, That, at least, 
 as the popular name 
 
 for the terrible affliction of which, even now, 
 "we have some instances among us; but it 
 must not be confounded with the dance of 
 Saint John or Saint Vitus, a mania in the 
 MiJdle Ages, although they have some points 
 of resemblance. There was the dancing mania 
 an Germany called Saint John's Dance, in Italy 
 called tarantism, from the supposed bite of a 
 spider. 
 
 As early as the latter part of the fourteenth 
 century, lirgo nam'oers of men aud women in 
 Germany, both in places of worship and in the 
 streets, behaved as if they were possessed by 
 devils. They danced in circles for hours to- 
 Igether, leapeJ high into the air with wild ges- 
 tures and contortions, and after raving for some 
 .time, they fell to the ground, completely ex- 
 •h.iusted. 
 
 Strange to say, in a few months this terrible 
 disease spread rapidly in the Netherlands, and 
 in most of the large 
 towcs i:i Ecig^um the 
 demoni.ical dancers 
 appeared. Everything 
 was done which the 
 wis.iom of t'.;e age 
 could suggest to put 
 a stop to them, but in 
 vain. T'he priest tried 
 exorcisms, and there 
 was even a law mode 
 that only square-toed 
 shoes bs worn through- 
 out t'.ie country, seeing 
 that the pointsd toes, 
 which were then po- 
 pular, were objects of 
 dislike to the fanatical 
 dancers. Certain 
 colors, too, thoy hated 
 anl shunned, and the 
 sight of anything red 
 was enough to throw 
 them into renewed 
 convulsions 
 
 The number of 
 people who v/ero pos- 
 
 FUNEEAL OF THE WIDOW OF KING THEODORE. 
 
 sessed in various places was enormous. Five 
 hundred were affected in Cologne, and the 
 streets of Metz were said at one time to have 
 been filled with eleven hundred cf them. 
 
 Many stories of dancing plagues were current 
 in medieval times, even before the isaint Jchn's 
 Dance broke out in Aix-la-Chapelle, A mad 
 rage for dancing had at various periods been 
 m.inifested by large bodies of men ; and even 
 children had caught the contagion in their 
 youth, and been afflicted with an incurable 
 tremor for the rest of their lives. 
 
 Music of a rude kind always accompanied 
 troops of Saint John's Dancers, and served by 
 turns to excite and soothe them. They did, of 
 course, an immense amount of mischief in 
 every town they visited, and had they not 
 found in Saint Vitus a patron saint, under 
 whose protection they supposed themselves to 
 be, it would have gone hard with them. More- 
 
 CEUBCU AND SHBINE OF SI. ROUANUS. 
 
 over, people believed 
 them to be innocent 
 victims to Beelzebub, 
 and to be possessed 
 with devils, like the 
 persons mentioned in 
 the Bible. 
 
 These fanatics were 
 luckier in Germany 
 than in other coun- 
 tries, where those pos- 
 sessed, and the people 
 charged with being 
 the authors of the 
 demoniacal possession, 
 were often persecuted 
 with all the cruelty 
 which couM be devised 
 by men who believed 
 that in such persecu- 
 tion they were ful- 
 filling a religious duty. 
 Even as late as 1697, 
 in Scotland, three men 
 and four women, the 
 supposed authors of 
 the demoniacal fits of 
 leaping and dancing in a girl named Christian 
 Shaw, were burnt at Paisley. 
 
 The dancing mania in Italy was attributed to 
 the bite of the "tarantula," or ground-spider, 
 an insect common in the Italian province of 
 Apulia, We say supposed to arise, for the 
 greatest authority on the sul ject believes that 
 there existed a nervous disorder, afterward 
 called tarantism, long before any connection be- 
 tween it and the spider was found out. The 
 bites, moreover, of scorpions and other venom- 
 ous insects were said to have much the same 
 effect, and people feared the tarantula so much 
 that the sting often existed only in their imagin- 
 ations. 
 
 Certainly every one believed, when this curi- 
 ous disorder first made its appearance, that the 
 tarantula was the cause of it. And exceedingly 
 strange the symptoms were, the most extra- 
 ordinary of them being an irresistible desire to 
 dance, and a wonderful 
 susceptibility to mu- 
 sical sounds. Some 
 held that the music 
 and dancing spread the 
 poison over the whole 
 body, and that it fin- 
 ally made its escape 
 through the skin, 11 
 any of the poison re- 
 mained in the body, 
 they believed that it 
 could at any time be 
 roused into action by 
 the music, which had 
 at one time been used 
 to mitigate its evil 
 effects. Hence various 
 pieces cf music, called 
 tarantellas, were 
 written, and even to 
 this day, in memory 
 of the famous spider, 
 there are many mu- 
 sical pieces of a light 
 and sparkling char- 
 acter, ffhicL composeri 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 419 
 
 still designate tarantellas, and which form the 
 national dance of the Neapolitans, compared 
 to which the liveliest and noisiest Eoman 
 Saltarcllo is but a dull affair. 
 
 The tirantellas of the Middle Ages had a very 
 different work to perform from that of amusing 
 an audience of pleasure-seeliers, which is their 
 only use at the present day. They were played 
 to assuage the pangs of persons suffering from 
 a terrible epidemic, which began with pain and 
 sickness, and ended sometimes in madness, and 
 even death. The patients, after the bite, or 
 supposed bite, of the spider, or having caught 
 the disorder from some one engaged in the mad 
 dance of tarantism, would exhibit hissitude, and 
 were tortured with pain. Wlien tlie dance be- 
 gan, they loved t'.ie sight of bright water or the 
 glittering of swords. They liked red colors 
 (the Saint John's dancers always detested 
 them), and generally wore Ihcm or carried red 
 handkerchiefs. Some preferred yellower green, 
 and this wild liking for special colors was car- 
 ried to an astonishing degree. There was 
 nothing could cure the patients but music and 
 the danco. They were happy and out of pain 
 when dancing, but when the music ceased they 
 relapsed into their old agonized condition. 
 
 THE SCENE OF THE LATE KING THEODORE'S MASSACRE AT MAGDALA. 
 
 AN ABYSSINIAN OVEN. 
 
 Even people who dared to set their faces 
 •gainst the popular belief, and allowed them- 
 selves to be bitten by the tarantula, were 
 obliged at last to submit to being cured by 
 music. Some of the clergy, who held dancing 
 in detestation, were in this plight. It is a very 
 curious fact, also, that about the time when 
 tarantism was at its climax in Italy, in all parts 
 of Asia the bites of venomous spiders were held 
 in especial dread. The Itilian symptoms, how- 
 ever, were absent ; and when the Persians 
 found a man suffering from an insect's bite, 
 they dosed him with milk and confined him in 
 a revolving box until he was sick — an un- 
 pleasant, but possibly effectual, method of 
 treatment. 
 
 AVith the advance of civilization and the 
 science of medicine, tarantism gradually died 
 out ; and we have now only isolated cases of 
 it, with very much modified symptoms. The 
 tarantism of moJem times, says an authority, 
 bears nearly the same relation to the original 
 malady as the Saint Vitus' s Dance which still 
 exists, and certainly has all along existed, 
 bears in certain cases to the original dancing 
 mania of the dancers of Saint John. 
 
 Tha tigretier (so called from the name of 
 
 the country — the Tigre — in which 
 it commonly occurs), commences 
 with fever and lingering sickness, 
 which makes the patient very 
 thin and debilitated, and causes 
 him to stutter in a curious way, 
 that no one but a person afflicted 
 with the same disease can unler- 
 Btand. When the relatives of a 
 patient have come to the conclu- 
 sion that he really has the tigre- 
 tier, they club their money 
 together to pay for the cure, 
 which is generally an expensive 
 process. 
 
 There is a cheap way, however, 
 which is first tried — a sort of ex- 
 orcism, and a tremendous drench- 
 ing with cold water. This may 
 be effectual, but it has also the 
 
 disadvantage of very often hastening the 
 patient's death. 
 
 The more approved method is a ceremony 
 of a curious kind, very much like that adopted 
 in the medieval cases of tarantism. 
 
 A number of musicians are hired, and the 
 friends and relatives of the unhappy patient 
 assemble with them in a circle, well supplied 
 with bowls of intoxicating liquor. The music 
 then strikes up, and the patient, at first only 
 slightly affected by it, in a short time com- 
 mences a violent dance. Women, as we have 
 seen in the case of other nervous disorders, are 
 oftener attacked by the tigretier than men ; 
 and when a woman has it, she is loaded with 
 all the bangles, amulets, and other rude speci- 
 mens of jewelry t'.iat her friends can supply. 
 
 During the dance, which often goes on for 
 several days, and when her gestures and con- 
 tortions reach a climax, she throws them off^ 
 
 SHfi Xia&BEUtK, OB. ABTSSINIAS DAKGS. 
 
480 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa. 
 
 ABYSSINIAN METHOD OF PEOTECIINQ CROPS FROM DESTKUCTIVB BIRDS. 
 
 and they are restored one by one to their 
 owners. 
 
 At the sunset of the day on which the treat- 
 ment ends, if it ends successfully, she will all at 
 once start off, running at a great pace for some 
 hundreds of yards, and then suddenly drop 
 down prostrate. A man comes up to her and 
 fires a musket over her head, strikes her on the 
 back with the flat of his sword, and calls her 
 by her Christian name. If she can answer to 
 it, she is considered cured, for those who have 
 the tigretier, says an eye-%vitness, are always 
 nnable to answer to their Christian names. 
 
 Abyssinian Method of Protecting Crops. 
 
 BiEDS in Abyssinia are the scourge of the 
 husbandmen, destroying, unless incessant efforts 
 are made to prevent them, whole harvests. 
 
 Our illustration gives a good idea of tlie 
 method adopted by t"ie inhabitants to protect 
 t'.ieir crops against the audacious enterprise of 
 their feathered plagues. That met'.iod, although 
 not always successful, is not without ingenuity. 
 In the centre of his field of maize the agricul- 
 turist drives a couple of stakes, sufficiently 
 strong to support a stage, lashed to each about 
 
 midway from the ground. From the top of 
 these, slender cords are stretched to other stakes- 
 erected, a few yards apart, all round the crop he 
 designs to save from attack and destruction ; 
 and on the cords are fastened shells, bits of 
 iron, and many-colored rags. 
 
 On the stage, protected from the hot Bun by i 
 covering of branches, day after day, from the 
 rising of tlie sun to i's setting, supplied with 
 food by his family, and almost imceasingly occu- 
 pied in shaking ihe cords, be sits like a hugo 
 spider in the centre of its web until the maizo 
 has ripened to maturity. 
 
 FALACE OF THSODOBB, AT OONDAB. 
 
LIBERIA. 
 
 GFOGTtAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Mauht Tows— Thb Scpkestition of the Devil's Busn — Guadillak Farm, St. Paul's Kivek— Buchanan in Libeeia- 
 
 Treed by a Tiqeb— Family of Boblean Negroes. 
 
 FIDER the name of Liberia are com- 
 prehended the territories of the re- 
 public and the Maryland colony founded 
 at Cape Palmaa. The experiment of found- 
 ing a black State, with white institutions, 
 was certainly a novel one, and calculated to 
 interest both North and South. The time it 
 has yet existed has not been sufficient to 
 give data for any positive opinion. The Con- 
 stitution of the Kepublic of Liberia provides 
 for the maintenance of the following funda- 
 mental principles : All men are born equally 
 free in the right of enjoying and defending 
 life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 
 All power of government is inherent in the 
 people. Slavery shall not exist in the repub- 
 lic, or be countenanced by any of its citizens. 
 All elections shall be by ballot, and every male 
 citizen possessing real estate shall have the 
 right of suffrage. None but citizens may 
 hold real estate in the republic. None but 
 persons of color shall be admitted to citizen- 
 ship, a provision which is intended to be of but 
 temporary duration. The legislative body is 
 styled " the Legislature of Liberia," and is 
 composed of a Senate and a House of Repre- 
 sentatives. Each county is entitled to two 
 Senators, who are elected for a term of four 
 years. Representatives are elected biennially, 
 every county being entitled to one Representa- 
 tive, and an additional one for every 10,000 in- 
 habitants. The President is elected by the 
 people for a term of two years. With the con- 
 sent of the Senate he appoints the Secretaries 
 of War, the Navy, Treasury, and State, the 
 Postmaster-general, the Judges, and many 
 other officers, civil and military. The judicial 
 power is vested in a Supreme Court and several 
 subordinate courts. 
 
 That our readers may understand perfectly 
 our artist's illustrations, of this remote and 
 almost unknown republic, which may be well 
 called a parody upon our own, since its Consti- 
 tution was modeled after that of the United 
 States, we preface some few particulars of the 
 22 
 
 country. About the year 1816, public attention 
 in the United States was called to the miserable 
 condition of the free blacks, and plans were 
 proposed in Washington which resulted in the 
 formation of the American Colonization So- 
 ciety. In 1817 they sent an agent to England 
 to consult the leading Abolitionists of Great 
 Britain. Wilberforce advised the sending of an 
 agent to the west coast of Africa, and his coiin- 
 sel was adopted. A settlement was commenced 
 in 1817 upon an island at no considerable dis- 
 tance from the Sierra Leone coast, but the site 
 was found so unhealthy even for negroes that 
 the settlers were removed to Cape Mesurado, 
 and the colony established there, but subse- 
 quently expanded into the present Republic of 
 Liberia. The colony remained for thirty years 
 under the tutelage of the American Society, but 
 in 1847 its independence was established, and 
 formally recognized by the Governments of 
 England and France. The Constitution adopted 
 in 1839 is modeled, as we have already said, 
 upon that of the United States, and provides 
 for a President, who must have resided in the 
 country for five years, be thirty-five years of 
 age, and possess the aristocratical recommenda- 
 tion of an annual income of five hundred dol- 
 lars. He is elected for two years, and is eligible 
 for re-election. The Senate consists of six 
 members, also trammeled with property quali- 
 fications, and the representatives are twenty- 
 eight in number. A Supreme Court and other 
 judicial tribunals are organized. 
 
 Liberia extends in a southeasterly direction 
 from Sierra Leone for about five hundred miles 
 along the coast, with an average breadth of 
 forty miles inland. The superficies of the 
 Republic is calculated at from fourteen thou- 
 sand to twenty thousand square miles, and its 
 population is estimated at some two hundred 
 thousand souls, of whom one hundred and 
 eighty to one hundred and ninety thousand are 
 natives. 
 
 The commerce of Liberia is already extensive, 
 and is almost entirely in the hands of Great 
 
 Britain, which has sedulously and wisely pro- 
 tected and aided the struggling republic. The 
 fertility of the soil is wonderful, and the spon- 
 taneous productions of the country, such as 
 sugar, cotton, coffee, indigo, palm-oil, dye- 
 stuffs, gold, ivory, etc., find a ready market 
 in exchange for European staples. Palm- 
 oil is the principal export of the colony, and 
 the development of this branch of trade is 
 rapidly proceeding. In 1855 more than thirtj 
 vessels sailed from Liberia with cargoes of this 
 oil, while in 1852 not more than one thousand 
 gallons were exported. The export at the 
 present time does not, probably, fall short of a 
 million gallons annually. Six years ago the 
 price of palm oil was one dollar per gallon, 
 whereas now it is bought for thirty-three cents. 
 
 It is estimated that at least one hundred ves- 
 sels, some of them of one thousand tons burden, 
 trade regularly between Great Britain and the 
 coast of Africa, of which a large proportion 
 take freight to and from Liberia, besides which: 
 there is a regular monthly line of steamers 
 between Liverpool and Monrovia. Nearly all 
 the cotton goods used are manufactured in 
 England, and a few articles of consumption are 
 alone imported from the United States. 
 
 Monrovia, with a population of two thousand 
 inhabitants, is a much smaller town than Free- 
 town, but gives a much better idea of what free 
 negroes can accomplish than that place. The 
 face of the country around is occasionally 
 varied, although, generally speaking, it is mo- 
 notonous from the very brilliancy of its natural 
 scenery. A sluggish stream called the Mesu- 
 rado empties itself into the ocean here, but, 
 is only navigable for vessels of light draught. 
 
 The coast of Africa can hardly be called at- 
 tractive to a traveler. Disease and savage bar- 
 barism appall all but the energetic explorer or 
 hunter. Yet, to the philanthropist, Liberia, 
 presents attractions, and we give a view in 
 Monrovia, the capital of the little republic, so 
 called in honor of James Monroe, President o^ 
 ths United States. 
 
182 
 
 THE \^ORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Mammy Town. 
 
 Mammy Town is 
 the oldest settlement 
 iu the Republic of 
 Liberia. It lies on 
 the Eiver St. Paul, 
 about six miles from 
 the bar at its mouth, 
 and is the first town 
 met with on entering 
 the river. There are 
 nine houses in the 
 town, whiuh is situ- 
 ated upor 1 sandy 
 3 p i ♦ or peninsula, 
 r I i n i n g out for 
 some distance into 
 the stream. Heavy 
 woods fringe the 
 shore in the back- 
 ground, and reach 
 within a few yards 
 of the habitations. 
 
 The leading 
 citizen of Mamiuy 
 Town was an old 
 negress, after 
 whom the place 
 is named. She 
 was said to be one 
 hundred and twenty 
 
 years old, and once was mistress, the natives 
 affirm, of all the territory now occupied by the 
 city of Monrovia and its surroundings. 
 
 Mammy's house occupied the centre of the 
 settlement, over which she reigned with an old 
 woman's despotism, and her palace was orna- 
 mented internally with great magnificence. The 
 
 A STKEET IN MONBOVIA— TUE PKESIUENT's HOCSE. 
 
 interior of the hut was festooned with wash- 
 basins of every shape, size, color, and material, 
 to the number of forty or fiftj', which had 
 been bestowed ui^ou her by visitors to her 
 domain. The inhabitants of Mammy Town 
 belong to the Vey Tribe. 
 
 The natives of Kock Town — one of the largest 
 
 native settlements on 
 the coast, near Cape 
 Palmas — differ in 
 essential partic- 
 ulars from the 
 other tribes of the 
 Liberian coast. 
 
 They are quite 
 numerous, and are 
 greatly addicted to 
 long and bloody war- 
 fare, being still 
 in aboriginal sav- 
 agery. They , dress 
 in skins, paint their 
 faces with ochre and 
 other earths, and 
 consider it a mark 
 of distinction to be 
 decorated with brass 
 rings, of which they 
 generally wear from 
 eight to ten about 
 their necks, arms 
 and legs. 
 
 The Rock Town 
 negroes are the dark- 
 est natives on the 
 western coast, and 
 are usually a tall, 
 powerful and well- 
 built race. They 
 are slow to adopt any of the customs of their 
 civilized brethren, except the use of firearms, 
 in which they display great aptitude. Their 
 own weapons,indeed, are sufficiently formidable 
 when wielded by their hands, and they display 
 great cleverness in all that they undertake. 
 Their canoes are of great size, containing from 
 
 A BLACKSMITH'S BUT— MATIVCS AT WOBC. 
 
LIBERIA. 
 
 488 
 
 ten to twenty men, of whom a part, in the 
 naval battles, in which they often engage with 
 neighboring tribes, manage the craft, while the 
 majority use spears, bows and arrows and 
 muskets, which they purchase of traders on the 
 coast. The chief is distinguished' from other 
 leaders by a long beard, and by a string of 
 bells about his neck. These bells closely re- 
 semble those used for sleighs in the United 
 States. This chief had between ten and twenty 
 wives, each of whom had her separate rank and 
 position in the royal household ; the youngest 
 and plumpest being chief in authority, and the 
 remainder graduated in a similar manner. 
 Number one remains prime favorite for several 
 months, and then becomes number two, until 
 again she is crowded down the scale and be- 
 comes number three, and so downward. Num- 
 ber one, during her short-lived reign, is called 
 by the Kock Town negroes the New Mammy. 
 The vicinity of this place is admirably 
 adapted to the growth of cocoanuts, of which 
 large quantities are exported. 
 
 ►-•-« 
 
 The Superstition of the Devil's Bush. 
 Like all savages, the negroes, on their 
 native soil, are very superstitious, and consult 
 •various wise men and women who are presumed 
 to get their knowledge from gods of their own 
 manufacture. The consultations of a spirit 
 called by them the Devil's Bush are held in 
 what is termed the inner sanctuary, where great 
 quantities of material for a bonfire are col- 
 lected. During the incantations, with the ex- 
 ception of a cloth around their middles, the 
 actors in this strange scene of witchcraft and 
 ignorance are quite naked. After some gut- 
 tural mumbling, which of course is quite unin- 
 telligible to a stranger, a light is placed to 
 the heap and the flames begin to rise, throwing 
 a lurid light over the dusky enchanters. It 
 is very difficult to make out what all this 
 mummery means; but it means something, 
 evidently, for all those around the Devil's Bush 
 keep their eyes intently fixed upon the burning 
 figure. The belief of these worthies is that 
 the next sleep they had would be enlightened 
 by dreams, which, next morning, they compare 
 together. Out of this jumble of nonsense they 
 make out their plans of war and council. 
 They sometimes consult the Devil's Bush be- 
 fore they take an additional wife. Trifling as 
 the circumstance was, the sketch of it here 
 given may be interesting as an illustration of 
 African customs. 
 
 Guadillar Farm, St. Paul's Eiver. 
 About twenty-one miles from Monrovia, on 
 the St. Paul's Eiver, is one of the most flour- 
 ishing farms in all Liberia. It is owned and 
 ■worked by William Eichardson, a practical 
 farmer of considerable experience. It would be 
 perhaps impossible to Andaman more univers- 
 ally respected than the owner of Guadillar 
 Farm. He was one of the first men who em- 
 ployed cattle on his fields, and sometimes he 
 employs as many as six yokes at the same time. 
 The manner in which his farm is laid out is a 
 model for all, and, indeed, is generally admired. 
 He principally raises sugar and coffee, and 
 owing to bis excellent method, they are the 
 
484 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 finest of their k.:idB. He trades very largely 
 with the natives, and has about forty head of 
 cattle, generally employed in his agricultural 
 labors. His workmen consist of from thirty to 
 fifty Americans and sixty natives. At a little 
 distance from his house he has a well-laid-out 
 and productive garden. 
 
 He has a boat that makes regular trips to 
 Monrovia, to carry passengers, fruit and vege- 
 tables. He is, in fact, one of the most enter- 
 prising men in all 
 these parts. The 
 buildings on h i a 
 farm consist of a 
 farm - house, sevea 
 rice-houses, a 
 sugar-house, and 
 some out-ho uses. 
 Such is the fertil- 
 ity of this soil, 
 that, although his 
 farm is only about 
 one hundred acres, 
 it produces such 
 an abundance of 
 crops, that Mr. 
 Bichardson is rap- 
 idly accumulating 
 a large fortune. 
 
 St. Paul's Kiver 
 runs into the 
 country from Mon- 
 r o V i a, Monrovia 
 being separated 
 from St. P a u I's 
 Island by Bushrod 
 Island, just as 
 Brooklyn is sepa- 
 rated from the 
 North Kiver b y 
 the Island of Man- 
 hattan, o n which 
 the city of New 
 York stands. 
 
 Monrovia is built 
 on the corner of 
 the ocean and a 
 river called the 
 Mesurado. In ad- 
 <li t ion to the 
 Americans and 
 natives engaged 
 c>n his farm, Mr. 
 flichardsou em- 
 ploys about 
 seventy natives in 
 bringing in goods 
 and produce from 
 the interior, which 
 
 he buys for ei&er -mm 
 
 cash or barter. In 
 a word, Guadillar 
 Farm is one of the pleasantest and 
 
 Buchanan, in Liberia. 
 
 The question of the disposition to be made of 
 the colored race so unfortunately brought to 
 these Western shores has been a difficulty 
 with statesmen and philanthropists. Sierra 
 Leone and our American attempt, Liberia, 
 are failures. Still some good hais been effected, 
 and, undoubtedly, wise and good men have 
 labored earnestly to create on the African coast 
 
 most 
 
 flourishing spots to be seen in Liberia. 
 
 Adjoining his stables is a blacksmith's shop, 
 which is managed by two natives, who can turn 
 out a horseshoe when it is wanted, or mend a 
 hook, make nails, repair wheels, or any other 
 work in which a blacksmith usually excels. 
 Of course these black blacksmiths do not work 
 very hard in such a climate, and a dozen nails 
 per diem is considered as a bard day's work. 
 
 A FAMILY OF BOBLBAN NEQROIS. 
 
 settlements of freedmen, who. Christianized and 
 civilized, may yet help to lift the vail that has 
 so long shut off Africa from modern culture. 
 
 Among the recent establishments is one por- 
 trayed in our sketch, and named after one of 
 the Presidents of the United States. This 
 town of Buchanan lies along Bassa Cove, and 
 bids fair to rise to a considerable degree of 
 prosperity. 
 
 Liberia is not without its romance. The 
 
 freed are sent from all parts, and each State 
 contributes its own colonies. A young colored 
 man, Henry Meade, found himself freed by the 
 early death of a young and dissipated master,. 
 Stewart Ashton, a native of Virginia, and own-^ 
 ing a large estate near Fairfax Court House. 
 The act was not that of Ashton himself, 
 but of his father, who had, by his will, 
 made the liberation of classes of his slaves de- 
 pend on the death of his children. The suc- 
 cession of partial 
 emancipations had 
 worked benefi- 
 cially, and bless- 
 ings showered oil 
 the name of Philip 
 Ashton. 
 
 Henry Meade 
 was free, and not 
 a pauper. By the 
 wise provisions of 
 the will, he had 
 been enabled t o 
 lay up a fund on. 
 which to start life ; 
 but he was un- 
 happy. For five, 
 years a gloom had 
 settled on his 
 brow, checking 
 the aspirations 
 that would other- 
 wise naturally 
 swell up in the 
 human heart 
 under ci rcum. 
 stances such aa 
 his. 
 
 "What was the 
 cloud ? Lucy Gray, 
 one like himself, 
 whose mixed 
 blood showed it- 
 aelf in her grace- 
 ful form, her ele- 
 vated mind, her 
 superior culture, 
 had learned to 
 love young Meade, 
 and, confident in 
 his love, they had 
 looked forward to 
 the day of his free, 
 dom to be herseli 
 free, and his wife. 
 But she, like her 
 betrothed, was the 
 property of an un- 
 worthy scion of a 
 noble race, who 
 sought to bring 
 her to degrada- 
 tion. In vain Meade endeavored to have hei* 
 purchased in another name. The baffled de- 
 bauchee, vowing vengeance, hurriedly«ent her 
 away, closely confined , Meade was unable to 
 obtain any clue to ner fate. 
 
 The war came on, and Meade joined one of 
 
 the first colored regiments, in hopes-ofone day 
 
 regaining Lucy, or, at least, perishing on tna 
 
 field. He did neither. 
 
 The peace found him u sergeant, honorably 
 
LIBERIA. 
 
 185 
 
 discharged. The South was no 
 longer a place for him. The North 
 repelled him. He was one of the 
 first of that early band of emi- 
 grants to Africa. In that new 
 land, where his color would work 
 faim no prejudice, he might hope to 
 achieve a useful future. But the 
 transition was a severe one. North 
 or South might be uncongenial, 
 but Liberia was a strange land. 
 Pushing on to Buchanan, be looked 
 around for a new home and fresh 
 occupation. 
 
 He entered a house to inquire, 
 tut no words came from his lips. 
 The mistress, apparently, of the 
 iouso turned to meet the stranger, 
 but seemed as paralyzed as he. The 
 next moment she uttered one long 
 •cry and fell back. He rushed for- 
 ward and clasped her in his arms. 
 It was indeed Lucy, but was it 
 his Lucy ? A thousand conflicting 
 thoughts whirled through his brain. 
 Was it his betrothed, or the vnfe of 
 another ? With a sigh she opened 
 her eyes — one look, one word, told 
 him that she was still all his own. 
 
 She had been sold in Louisiana, 
 eold by a plan to doom her to the 
 worst fate, but Providence had pro- 
 tected her. A lady had purchased 
 her as a companion, and, dying 
 after a few mouths, had enjoined 
 her executors to free Lucy, and send 
 her to Liberia at once, paying her a 
 certain amount within six months 
 after her arrival. 
 
 Her letters to Virginia had come 
 slowly, and arrived too late. News 
 •of the war destroyed all hope of 
 ever meeting her betrothed, and 
 while living a dreamy life, without 
 an aim or purpose, happiness in its 
 iEull effulgence dawned on both. 
 
 Tresd by a Tiger. 
 A TRAVELER in Liberia says : 
 "During my residence in the 
 oountry, near Guadillar, a friend, 
 whose acquaintance I had made, 
 proposed one day that we should 
 -take a stroll in the forests sur- 
 rounding that place. I assented, 
 and, with a couple of somewhat 
 rusty fowling-pieces in our hands, 
 •we carelessly lounged among the 
 trees, admiring the tropical vegeta- 
 tion, but cheerfully engaged in 
 conversation about the homes that 
 <were so distant from us. 
 
 " The scenery was indeed gor- 
 geous, but the tropical splendor of 
 an African forest reminds one of 
 toothing so much as of the rouge 
 and enamel that one sees in ancient 
 pictures upon the countenance of 
 Death ! Beneath all this luxu- 
 riance and color there lurk visibly 
 the seeds of pestilence and destruo- 
 
 ill 
 
486 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 tion in a thousand forms of animal lite. We 
 ■were painfully and ludicrously reminded of 
 this fact. 
 
 " W. and I had seated ourselves at the foot of 
 a stately tree which overhung a shallow ravine 
 in the forest, and were discoursing on matters 
 and persons at the other side of the globe, when 
 a rustling in the bushes near us caused me to 
 raise my eyes, and I saw a full-sized tiger just 
 emerging from a thicket on the opposite bank. 
 
 "At such times moments are hours. W. 
 
 ing eyeballs, while we ascended to the highest 
 branches we could reach. 
 
 " He was evidently preparing for a spring, 
 and in another minute would nave been up the 
 tree ; but as soon as we had gained a foothold. 
 I managed to take aim at him, and hit him 
 somewhere about the fore-shoulder. 
 
 A frightful roar told me I had inflicted some 
 injury on the beast, and I prayed it might at 
 least be sufficient to prevent his scrambling 
 after us up the tree. So it seemed to be, tor, 
 
 amused myself in speculations as to onr fatare^ 
 movements. The tiger remained immovable, 
 and I knew that further shots would only irri- 
 tate, without fatally injuring, his tawny high- 
 ness. 
 
 " At length, as the sun was just going down 
 behind the western tree-tops, I heard a distant 
 shouting in the forest. The tiger had heard it 
 before me ; for I had noticed a quick move- 
 ment of his ears, although his eyes remained, 
 fixed upon ourselves. The noise gradually in- 
 
 had seen the glaring beast at the same instant 
 with myself, and we both sprang to our feet 
 together. Animated with a common thought, 
 and while the tiger was yet ruminating on 
 our unexpected appearance, we both ascended 
 the tree behind us, and by no means slowly. It 
 was a scramble of the most decided nature, for 
 we had not raised ourselves a score of feet from 
 the ground, when the tiger emitted that terrific 
 roar which we had been anticipating, and 
 sprang, at one leap, to the foot of the tree. 
 " There be remained crouching, with glow- 
 
 THE SUPERSTITION OP THE PEVIL's BnSH. 
 
 after one or two ineffectual attempts, he gave it 
 up, and coolly limped back to the spot whence 
 he had first caught sight of us. There he stood 
 motionless, and eying us with an expression 
 that seemed to mingle cunning with fury. It 
 was a very pleasant situation for the three of 
 us 1 Four mortal hours the brute continued 
 thus to watch us, and we began at length to 
 get used to the state of affairs. W. actually 
 contrived to light a cigar, and smoked away, 
 with possible death within a hundred feet of 
 our refage. I did not imitate him in this, but 
 
 creased, and our watchful friend, I could see, 
 grew very uneasy. 
 
 W. threw away his cigar, for now or neve* 
 we were to be released. A screeching yell 
 shortly made the tiger bound, with a sudden, 
 revolving jerk, backward, and we could see by 
 the quick, sharp lashings of his tail, and the 
 manner in which his fore legs were planted, 
 that he had seen his pursuers. In another 
 moment he bounded sideways into the forast 
 and was gone I 
 
 " Our deliverance, it turned oat, came ai tbe- 
 
LIBERIA. 
 
 187 
 
 I 
 6 
 
 fed 
 
 H 
 S 
 
 p 
 
488 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 hands of a party of negroes who had met with 
 
 the animal's trail, and had followed it until 
 they suddenly came upon us, perched on our 
 lofty branch. We dreamt of tigers that night, 
 after we reached our quarters at Guadillar." 
 
 VIEW OF BLCUANAN, IN LIBERIA. 
 
 Family of Borlean Negroes, 
 The group here sketched are members of a 
 tribe iu the interior of Liberia, who seldom 
 come in contact with the belt of civilization of 
 
 the coast. They are distinguished for the 
 mildness of their manners, and are said to bo 
 little prone to engage in hostilities with neigh- 
 boring tribes. Their men, nevertheless, are a 
 fine, athletic set of fellows, and carry arms. 
 
 ROCK I'OWN WARBIOBS. 
 
MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 ^AOOIO, ISLE or CORSICA — Sunrise on Mount Etna— Sicilian Types and Costumes — a Sicilian Mother — Mount Etna— Palermo and its 
 
 LAZZARONI — THE SALT SPEINQB IN SICILY — GENERAL ASPECT OF MALTA — VALETTA — BUINED TEMPLE OF THE K.NIOHTS OF ST. JOHK, 
 
 Island of bhodis. 
 
 I^HIS famous sea, wliich Byroa apostro- 
 phizes as one ' ' whose shores were em- 
 pires," is a large iuland ocean, almost 
 landlocked, which divides Africa from Europe, 
 and touches Asia on its eastern extremity. 
 Its length from east to west is about two 
 thousand three hundred miles, with a breadth 
 varying from eighty to twelve hundred miles. 
 Its area is over one million square miles. Its 
 only outlet on the west is the Straits of Gib- 
 raltar, which connect it with the Atlantic. The 
 water is more saline than the Atlantic, and the 
 prevailing color is a deep blue. 
 
 One of the many peculiarities of the sea is the 
 frequent recurrence of electrical phenomena, 
 known as the Saint Elmo fire, being balls 
 of fire playing in mid-air around the masts 
 of ships. Of the many islands which dot 
 this beautful and celebrated sea, Sicily, Sar- 
 dinia, Candia, or Crete, Cyprus, Negropont, 
 and Corsica are the most extensive. Besides 
 these, the Balearic Islands — Majorca, Minorca, 
 and Ivi9a — Malta, and the Ionian Islands, are 
 situated in this famous " tideless ocean." 
 
 The Romans called the Mediterranean the 
 Mare Internum. On the shores of this sea rose 
 and flourished the Romans, the Carthaginians, 
 and the Saracens. These various and mighty 
 empires here lived, expanded, and finally per- 
 ished, wanting the saving life of Christianity. 
 Corsica. -The island was called by the Greeks, 
 Cymos. The ancient inhabitants were savages, 
 and are called by Seneca " the greatest liars, 
 robbers and atheists of the world." It was 
 colonized, and comparatively civilized, by the 
 Phoenicians in 564 e.g., and was held by the 
 Carthaginians till 231 B.C., when it was con- 
 quered by the Romans. In modern times it 
 has been held by the Genoese, who ceded it to 
 France in 1768, when their king, the celebrated 
 Paoli, fled to England, where he died. It is 
 chiefly celebrated for being the birthplace of 
 Napoleon I. , who was born in Ajaccio, August 
 15th, 1769. The soil is fertile, but very badly 
 cultivated, the rearing of live stock being their 
 chief branch of industry. Timber is very abun- 
 dant, and bees are numerous, and almost every 
 description of fruit-tree grows here. Beautiful 
 
 coral is found on the southern coast, and forms 
 an important article of export. 
 
 Sicily — This beautiful island, the largest in 
 the Mediterranean, was called by the ancients 
 Trinacria, or three-cornered. The earliest inhab- 
 itants, so far as we can learn, were the Sicari, 
 a people of Spain, and Etruscans, who came 
 from Italy 1294 b.c. A second colony, under 
 Siculus, arrived about eighty years before the 
 destruction of Troy, which happened 1284 B.C. 
 The Phoenicians and Greeks settled some colo- 
 nies here about 700 years B.C. It is supposed 
 that Sicily was separated from Italy by an earth- 
 quake, and that the Straits of Charybdis were 
 thus formed. Its government has very often 
 been joined to that of Naples, but in 1860 Gari- 
 baldi landed at Marsala with two thousand men, 
 and having conquei-ed it, annexed it to the 
 Kingdom of Italy, of which it now forms a part. 
 Its population is about tbr^q millions. The 
 climate is very warm in Summer, and the cold 
 in Winter never affects the verdure. 
 
 The sulphur mines are numerous and im- 
 portant, and immense quantities of sulphur 
 are exported. Palermo, on the nortu side of 
 the island, is a very beautiful city, and is con- 
 sidered as its capital. 
 
 Malta. — This island was originally called 
 Melita, and is named in the New Testament as 
 being that upon which the Apostle Paul was 
 wrecked, a.d. 62. In the Acts, chapters xxvii. 
 and xxviii. a more particular account will be 
 found. It was taken by the Vandals, 534 a.d., 
 and by the Arabs, 870 a.d. The Normans, who 
 then held Sicily, wrested it from them in 
 1090. In 1590, Charles V. gave it to the Knights 
 Hospitalers, who gallantly and successfully 
 defended it against the Turks. In 1798 it was 
 taken by Napoleon Bonaparte, on his way to 
 Egypt, June 12. On September 8, 1800, it 
 was captured by the British, who refused to 
 give it up, and it has since remained a part of 
 their colonial empire. La Valetta, the capital, 
 was founded in 1557 by the Grand Master, La 
 Valette, and was occupied by the Knights, Au- 
 gust 18th, 1571. The Protestant college was 
 founded in 1846. 
 
 The Knights of Malta was a military religious 
 
 Order, called also Hospitalers of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, Knights of St. John, and Knights 
 of Rhodes. Some merchants of Malfi, trading 
 to the Levant, obtained leave of the Caliph of 
 Egypt to build a house for those who came on 
 pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and whom they 
 received with zeal and charity, 1048. They 
 afterward founded a hospital for the reception 
 of pilgrims, from whence they were called Hos- 
 pitalers. 
 
 The military Order was founded 1099 ; con- 
 firmed by the Pope 1113. In 1119 the Knights 
 defeated the Turks at Antioch. After the Chris- 
 tians had lost their interest in the East, and 
 Jerusalem was taken, the Knights retired to 
 Acre, which they defended valiantly in 1290. 
 They next followed John, King of Cyprus, who 
 gave them Limiss in his dominions, where they 
 staid till 1310, in which year they took Rhodes, 
 under their Grand Master, De Valleret, and the 
 next year defended it, under the Duke of Savoy, 
 against an army of Saracens. Since then his 
 successors have used F. E. R. T. for their device, 
 that is, Fortitudo ejus Rhodum tenuit, or Valor 
 kept Rhodes." From this they were called 
 Knights of Rhodes ; but Rhodes being taken by 
 Solyman in 1522, they retired into Candia, 
 thence into Sicily. Pope Adrian VI. granted 
 them the city of Viterbo for their retreat, and 
 in 1530 the Emperor Charles V. gave them the 
 Isle of Malta. The Order was suppressed in 
 England in 1540 ; restored in 1557, and again 
 suppressed in 1559. St. John's Gate^ Clerken- 
 well, a relic of their possessions, still exists. 
 The Emperor Paul, of Russia, declared himself 
 Grand Master of the Order, in June, 1799. 
 
 Rhodes. — This island, which is on the coast 
 of Asia Minor, was peopled from Crete about 
 900 B.C. The inhabitants were famous naviga- 
 tors, and instituted a naval code, which was 
 adopted by the Romans. It was built about 
 430 B. c. , and flourished for two hundred years. 
 It was conquered by the Emperor Vespasian, 71 
 A. D. In 1309 it was occupied by the Knights 
 Hospitalers, who remained there till 1522, 
 when they retired to Malta, on the conquest of 
 the island by the Turks in that year. That 
 barbarous people stUI retain it. 
 
190 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 Ajaccio Island of Corsica. 
 
 The Island of Corsica is situated in the Mediterranean, lying 
 to the south of Sardinia, from which it is separated by the 
 Strait of Bonifacio, ten miles in width. It was first colonized 
 by the Phcenicians, who gave it the name of Cyrnos, and the 
 Komans altered it to Corsica. On the decline of the Iloman 
 Empire, it was seized by the Goths, and subsequently passed 
 from them to the Saracens. In 1451 it fell under the dominion 
 of the Genoese, who retained it till 1755, when a great part 
 of it was wrested from them, and made independent, by the 
 celebrated General Paoli. It was ceded to France (of which it 
 forms a department) by the Genoese in 1768. The department 
 is divided into five arrondissements : namely, Ajaccio, Bastia, 
 Calvi, Corte, and Sartena. Geographically, the island has some 
 striking features. The interior is traversed by a mountain- 
 chain running north and south, the culminating point, Monte 
 Kotondo, being near the centre of the island, and having a 
 height of nine thousand and fifty-four feet. The climate is one 
 of the finest in Europe, excejit in parts on the east coast, whtiti 
 lagoons and marshes have been formed by the torrents descend- 
 ing from the mountain-sides, which, having accumulated large 
 quantities of debris and alluvium, have thus interposed a barrier 
 to their egress into the sea. The heat is sometimes oppressive, 
 but the sky is generally clear, and the air bracing. Owing to 
 the mountainous nature of the surface, the greater part of 
 the country necessarily remains in a state of nature. 
 
 Numerous valleys, however, lie between the lofty ridges, 
 and, occasionally, plains of considerable extent occur, the soil 
 of which is fertile and well fitted for the growth of all the 
 ordinary cereals. Bearing live stock is the chief branch of 
 industry ; and next to cattle, the chief products are timber, 
 honey, wax, olive-oil, the fruits of Italy and South of France, 
 and fish — which latter, however, are mostly taken by Genoese 
 and Neapolitan fishermen. Corsica is rich in minerals, but 
 the indolent habits of the inhabitivnts render them averse to 
 working the mines ; and manufactures are nearly limited to 
 the production of coarse woolens, hardware &nd leather. 
 
 Ajaccio, the capital of Corsica, is a seaport town situated on 
 the west coast, and contains a population of about twelve 
 thousand inhabitants. It is built on an agreeable situation, 
 and contains a commodious port, which is protected by a strong 
 citadel. The city is an object of especial interest to the Euro- 
 pean traveler, on account of its being the birthplace of Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte, who was born there on August 15th, 1769 ; 
 the house is still standing, and is one of the best on the island. 
 The natural scenery surrounding the city presents many features 
 of especial interest, several of which we present. These draw- 
 ings are from the hand of nature, taken by the camera lucida. 
 It is to be regretted that in presenting outlines of undoubted 
 exactitude, the graver will not permit us to reproduce the rich 
 coloring of the mountains at the moment when the setting 
 siin diffuses its warm and luminotis rays amidst the blue-tinted 
 shadows of the rock. The point of view selected by our artist 
 is the border of a wood of wild olives, which is greatly admired 
 on account of its intermingled cactus and myrtles. 
 
 Quitting the city, on the opposite shore an equally interest- 
 ing character of vegetation meets the eye. On this side — where 
 formerly existed an infectious marsh — there is now established 
 ajardin des plantes, the elevated portions being covered with 
 pines, and a species of oak having a cork bark. In every 
 place where this latter tree grows in abundance, in the Depart- 
 ment of the Var or in Catalonia, its bark is an object of import- 
 ant commercial enterprise. It is used for the manufacture of 
 corks, and the tree, when deprived of its covering, assumes an 
 unnatural appearance which is peculiar to the locality. In 
 Corsica, where nothing tempts to enterprise, the cork-tree 
 preserves its covering, standing as nature formed it. This 
 circamstance being rare, our artist has sketched the natural 
 
MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS 
 
 491 
 
 state of the tree with admirable fidelity ; the 
 grouping of the visitors who frequent the jardin 
 desplantes being happily managed and forming 
 a pleasing picture. 
 
 Social life in Corsica presents some ciirious 
 and salient points to the American eye. An 
 unusual indolence seems to pervade the entire 
 masculine community; the men drink pro- 
 foundly and smoke tranquilly in the cafe's and 
 restaurants, devoting their entire lives to con- 
 viviality and inaction. The women are to be 
 seen at all times wading in the shallow streams, 
 kneeling, clambering, or 
 poising themselves on 
 blocks of granite stained 
 by the seaweed, busied 
 in washing their linen. 
 Young urchins seem am- 
 phibious in their attach- 
 ment to the refreshing 
 streams. Asses and horses 
 are also brought down to 
 them to bathe. These in- 
 cidents, characterized with 
 an incessant variety, and 
 heightened with a fine 
 picturesque beauty, are set 
 in a grand framework of 
 mountains, which are 
 everywhere present in 
 Corsica. Our imperfect 
 description is rendered 
 more vivid to the under- 
 standing b y t h e illustra- 
 tion which accompanies it. 
 
 The fountains in Ajac- 
 cio form a prominent 
 feature. That in the Place 
 de la Mairie is exceedingly 
 ornamental, and much 
 resorted to by the inhabit- 
 ants. Kumberless others 
 are placed in various por- 
 tions of the city, all alike 
 meagre in their supply of 
 water, but all rich in the 
 Scriptural accompaniment 
 of female figures, waiting 
 with an air of patience 
 their turn to fill their 
 pitchers. The fountain 
 built upon the O or so 
 is constructed against a 
 wall of granite, and orna- 
 mented, in a striking 
 manner, with cactus, aca- 
 cias, and the straggling 
 branches of a noble 
 cypress which surround 
 the ruined tower of a 
 neighboring windmill. This fountain, although 
 far surpassed by many others in architectural 
 display, has been selected by our artist for the 
 honors of illustration, on account of its very 
 original position. 
 
 ^-♦-♦^ • 
 
 Sunrise on Mount Etna. 
 
 A LADY describes her ascent of Mount Etna 
 OS follows : 
 
 "For two hours we walked with perfect 
 facility on crisp hard, snow, and saw, with ex- 
 
 ulting pleasure, that the ' Montagnuolo,' which 
 from beneath seems almost close to the crater, 
 was gradually losing its unattainable appear- 
 ance, and allowing us to sidle up to its base, 
 when an overpowering difficulty made itself 
 felt — the heat, which placed a fiery barrier on 
 our rising path, and during the whole ascent 
 made an almost invincible resistance to our 
 further advance. The shawls, one by one, were 
 thrown off ; handkerchiefs followed ; the heavy 
 cloth petticoats next, till the poor guides were 
 quite disguised with bearing the extra garments. 
 
 FOUNTAIN OF THK CORSO, AJACCIO. 
 
 and meekly quoted their former advice to leave 
 them with the muleteers. Yet they had no right 
 to be warm ; for if the heat of Africa breathes 
 over Etna's snows in Winter, can the imagina- 
 tion, even — that ardent burner ! — glow to the 
 slightest idea of what a Sicilian climate must 
 be in Summer, when they declared it was much 
 hotter ? 
 
 ' ' All the national fire of character became at 
 once comprehensible to us, and even infectious ; 
 as stifling heat spreads languor and exhausted 
 indifference around, so do the directly darting 
 
 rays stir up the soul to rage, and, maddbixing 
 the blood, make it impel the body on to oppo- 
 sition. No, Heat, you shall not vanquish! 
 though unexpected, determined, and ferocious, 
 you find \as without even the shade of IT tiny 
 umbrella against your attacks ! 
 
 "That hour's toil up to the column was in- 
 expressibly painful. We tried to walk in th» 
 guides' shadows, to gasp one panting breath of 
 air, to raise the swimming head — it was ardor 
 against ardor — and when, bathed in fire, on a 
 desert of snow, we threw ourselves at the bas» 
 of the lava pyramid, and 
 saw a great white Sahara 
 extending beyond, with 
 another Etna rising from 
 it in the steamy distance — 
 then, Heat, you had well- 
 nigh been conqueror, 
 
 "A quarter of an hour's 
 torpid rest restored to 
 us the power of move- 
 ment, and also made ua 
 sensible of a very light, 
 very sharp, and very re- 
 freshing wind, rushing 
 past from the north, and 
 which, when we had 
 donned the thickest 
 shawls, was as the Fount- 
 ain of Hope to a blistered 
 mind, or nectar sent 
 by Jove — that gallant god, 
 always touched by female 
 wishes, and who keeps the 
 hideous Titan Enceladus 
 out of the way, crushed 
 beneath the mountain, 
 since the war of the giants. 
 "This air brought on 
 a great appetite ; we told 
 the guides to light the 
 charcoal for warming the- 
 coffee ; they hesitatingly 
 said it had not been 
 brought ; they never ex- 
 pected we could possibly 
 reach the column, the few 
 who thought of trjdng the 
 ascent in Winter generally 
 giving way an hour below. 
 In Summer, the spot was 
 a favorite halting-place, 
 and, had we ascended » 
 week sooner, we could 
 have ridden that far. The 
 coffee had to be taken cold, 
 and was most reviving, 
 instead of getting into the- 
 head like spirits ; a n d 1 
 am happy to be able to quote Professor Forbes, 
 who also preferred tea to wine on his mountain 
 expeditions. The guides brought out bread 
 and oil, of course ; for dessert each had one 
 of our cold veal chops, which we found nice, 
 solid things, with a little fruit, making a. 
 strengthening and not too heavy meal. 
 
 "After the cooling air, refreshment, and rest 
 of an hour, things began to assume quite a 
 different appearance ; when two lovely yellow 
 butterflies came and flitted about, eight thoo 
 sand feet above that sea stretched below. 
 
J92 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 sprang up and felt as if we would fly also : for surely what 
 butterflies could reach, we could. 
 
 " The ' Piano delle Lave ' lay stretched out to the ' Casa degU 
 Inglesi,' the next goal. Angiolo and Georgio were hooked in 
 again, and soon covered with shawls, for when we moved, the 
 wind seemed to disappear, and the heat raged again undis- 
 turbed. The snow had now become soft, and at each step we 
 sank in ankle-deep, then knee-deep ; it was very, very hard 
 work ; while that 'Montagnuolo,' at first so advancing, seemed 
 as if it would accompany us, and never let us edge beyond 
 its shoulder ; the little ' Casa degli Inglesi,' instead of increas- 
 ing in size, remained the same insignificant distant dot ; even 
 the lovely appearance of the snow, whose alabaster surface 
 was shaded into deep sea-green wherever we had stepped, could 
 not charm us into thinking it less heavy than a dry sandy 
 beach. This was another two hours' probation, seeming never 
 to end, and, like the former, to be endured only by one of 
 those efforts which enthusiasm can force now and then in 
 a lifetime ; it felt rewarded when the little roof of the 
 highest-placed house in Europe sloped at touching distance 
 above the snow. As the frozen banks prevented the door 
 being opened, I at once seated mamma comfortably on an 
 icicle, to examine the effects of the last earthquake, which 
 had thrown down the back rooms — and rushed off with An- 
 giolo toward the crater, and was out of reach in a moment 
 
 "TJp and down the little snow-hills we ran with glee, the 
 good soul being as excited as myself, and not till we came to 
 the ascent of the funnel (of which only a gravel- walk outside 
 the dome of St. Paul's can give any idea) did I well understand 
 how that many people who even rode up to the Casa never 
 reached the crater of the mountain. Etna being a pyramid, 
 and towering above all nature within the vast horizon around, 
 the miserable beings on her summit are suspended in the air, 
 and merely cling, with a poor little pair of feet, to a few 
 shifting cinders, while all Sicily waits to receive theij 'ones 
 when, giddy-headed, they roll below. 
 
 "Such being the prospect, and the probable result of lookmg 
 round, it can be imagined that a good head is necessary, as it 
 is impossible, from the steepness, to take more than four steps 
 upward without stopping. The rarefaction of the air had not 
 the slightest effect upon us during the whole ascent ; poor 
 Italian travelers are quite torn in pieces by it ; they either drink 
 rum or suck lemons the whole way up. The ground was pleas- 
 antly warm beneath our feet, if we did not rest too long ; here 
 and there smoke came from slits in the sulphurous yellow 
 ground, called ' Papone del Cratere,' giving an a\vful sensation 
 of hollowness beneath. 
 
 ' ' Toil, toil, toil ; is this to be never-ending ? Hark, a sound I 
 it must be Vulcan's anvil preparing Jove's thunder in his crater- 
 forge — a few more gasps, a few more slips — backward, forward, 
 struggles — and inside a great basin of blue and yellow smoke I 
 see distinctly a Cyclop looking up at us ! Bewildered and 
 confused, oh 1 were there but a spot to sit down and think for 
 a moment. No, the edge is crust, and pressed, will crisply 
 crack into the gulf, where Bronte and Sterope have already 
 come to their companion's call. 
 
 " The view of sunrise from Mount Etna exceeds all descrip 
 tion. The gradual manner in which the curtain of the night 
 is drawn up, and the enormous landscape exposed to view 
 from such an elevated station as Etna, is what no imaginatioi- 
 can pretend to conceive — no experience in the smallest degree 
 prepare us for. The radius of vision from that spot is about one 
 hundred and fifty miles — or, in other words, that the eye takes 
 in at one view a range of the earth's surface three hundred 
 miles in width ! It will be easily understood that certain parts 
 of this gigantic panorama enjoy the touches of the coming day 
 long before others. The highest and most eastern, of course, are 
 the first lighted up — but, owing to the shaded sides of all ob- 
 jects sitaated in that direction being turned to the spectator, 
 
MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 493 
 
 very cnrions modificntions take place, 
 and give to those elevated spots which 
 lie to the westward a priority of distinct- 
 ness in their details which we should 
 not have anticipated. As the fields and 
 towns and the Yarious indentations of 
 the coast become visible, and the colors 
 of the foliage begin to show them- 
 selves, we are apt to fancy the sim must 
 be close at hand ; but it is generally 
 long after this period that he appears 
 — such is the surpassing splendor. This 
 effect is, perhaps, increased by the 
 clearness of the air at great altitudes." 
 
 Sicilian Types and Oostumes. 
 Sicily shows on her people the im- 
 press of the different nations that have, 
 from time to time, ruled its destinies. 
 It seems hard to realize that Theocritus 
 here wrote his exquisite poems, and 
 that Sicily in his day was as Grecian 
 as Athens. It grew Latin under the Ro- 
 mans, was ruled by tribes of northern 
 tarbarians, and then bowed to the Cres 
 cent. France gave her Normans to 
 rule Trinacria, and for centuries Spain and 
 France strove for the mastery. The Spanish 
 Bourbon has at length yielded it up to the 
 French Savoyard. In Sicily, life is generally 
 
 SICILIAN MOTBER. 
 
 retired. Visits are few, assemblies rare. The 
 great distractions are the promenade in the 
 cool of the evening, the passe grata, made from 
 nine to twelve, conventional fttes, and proces- 
 
 sions. The women wear a black man- 
 tilla, and great embroidered vails,, 
 white or red, sometimes with gold- 
 trimming. The mantilla cf the peasant 
 woman is of blue cloth, quite short, 
 and often serves as a cushion to place 
 on the head to receive a burden. 
 
 The sailors found here, as elsewhere, 
 are generally dressed in blue, even to> 
 their sash. Men in better classes wear 
 short breeches, and leggings tied with 
 leather straps. 
 
 Recent travelers are not too favor- 
 ably impressed with the education, 
 beauty or thrift of the Sicilian women. 
 One ungailantiy says that " he did not 
 see a single handsome one." 
 
 A Sicilian Mother. 
 OuB engraving represents a woman 
 carrying two children in a basket on 
 her head. This engraving is copied 
 from an etching by Pinelli, made about 
 sixty years ago. Of course, in real life, 
 the basket was not left open for the 
 cherubs to fall out of it. Cords or 
 straps passed across and across it, and the 
 basket was fitly lined with wool, like a nest. 
 A more agreeable mode of traveling can', 
 scarcely be conceived. 
 
 SICILIiN TYPES AND COSTUMES. 
 
4U 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Mount Etna. 
 
 Etna is a volcanic mountain in Sicily, about 
 ten miles from Catania. The circumference at 
 its base is sixty-three miles — its height, above 
 the level of the sea, ten thousand eight hundred 
 and seventy-four feet. It is divided by the 
 Sicilians into three regions, the lava, or 
 lower ; the wooded, or middle ; and the upper. 
 
 The lower contains vineyards, cornfields, 
 pastures, villages — even cities and convents. 
 The middle is crowded with forests of oak, 
 
 ania. Smaller eruptions took place in 1755, 
 1763, 1764, 1766, 1780 and 1787. 
 
 Since then there has been no eruption of fire, 
 although there is a constant issue of sulphurous 
 smoke from the great crater. 
 
 Palermo and its Lazzaroni. 
 
 Palermo, the capital of Sicily, lies grace- 
 fully at the extremity of a rounded gulf. In 
 the blue distance are seen mountains, while 
 on the -west towers Monte Pellegrino, with 
 
 Mechanics work before their shops by the light 
 of small lamps ; even a notary will be seen 
 seated in front of his ofiice, with a table full of 
 papers, attending to his clients I 
 
 The sobriety of the Sicilian can scarcely be 
 exaggerated ; bread and water for the most 
 wretched ; figs and other common fruits suffice 
 for those better off ; macaroni for the best. 
 The sky is so splendid, the evening breeze so 
 refreshing, the landscape so charming ! 
 
 The Palermitans are lively, and are given to 
 gesticulation. They seem proud, distrustful, 
 
 chestnut, ash, fir, pine, and numerous aromatic 
 plants. The upper is entirely destitute of vege- 
 tation, the summit being covered with snow 
 and ice, and a layer. of ashes. 
 
 The date of the first eruption is not recorded, 
 the date of the earliest known being 734 u.c. 
 From this period to the year 1447 there were 
 eighteen more eruptions. In 1536, after a 
 quiet of ninety years, another took place ; then 
 in 1554, 1567, 1603, 1669, 1682 and 1693. The 
 last was attended with an earthquake. These 
 combined visitations destroyed the City of Cat- 
 
 SUNBISE ON MOUNT ETNA. 
 
 its precipitous summit, its stern and sterile 
 sides. 
 
 The general aspect of Palermo is Spanish 
 rather than Italian. It is rectangular, one of 
 the narrow sides fronting on the sea. The port 
 is sheltered by a mole nearly a mile long on the 
 south, and half as long on the east. The city 
 is divided into four quarters, separated by 
 clean streets. 
 
 The Palermitans almost live in the streets. 
 At night groups of men asleep on the side- 
 walks, the steps of palaces and churches. 
 
 and quarrelsome. Almost all the inhabitants 
 show a bright, intelligent face, and the women 
 are distinguished by a natural elegance. 
 
 The Salt Springs in Sicily. 
 
 Salt is one of the necessities of man. Thd 
 higher orders of animals need it also, and 
 Providence in its overruling wisdom and good- 
 ness, has distributed it so generally, that it is 
 accessible in almost all parts of the world. 
 
 Salt, styled by chemists chloride of sodinm. 
 
MEDITERIUNEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 495 
 
 SICILIAN PEASANT GIBL. 
 
496 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Is a natural compound obtained from mines, or 
 by evaporating the water of the sea, or of salt 
 lakes, or springs. In Europe, the greatest rock 
 salt mines are those of Poland ; Sicily has a 
 number of salt springs or pools, of which we 
 give an illustration, lying amid the \olcanic 
 tracts of that island, while of salt springs, our 
 own country has every variety. Excellent salt 
 is made from the salt water in Florida, and at 
 Turk's Island ; Louisiana has mines of rock 
 salt of wonderful extent ; Texas has salt lakfis, 
 one of which for many years gave Mexico 
 almost her whole supply ; and New York State 
 possesses the Onondaga Salt Springs, discovered 
 by the Jesuits from Canada, in 1653, but the 
 existence of which seemed to the worthy Dutch 
 burghers of New Amsterdam so problematical, 
 that they shook their heads, thought it un- 
 sound doctrine, and never took the trouble to 
 
 characteristic of the Maltese ; and they spare 
 neither time nor expense in erecting and deco- 
 rating commodious places of worship. 
 
 Everywhere between the villages are hun- 
 dreds and thousands of stone walls. These 
 form the inclostues of the fields, or rather 
 plots, of thin rocky soil. There is scarcely such 
 a thing as a fine green meadow to be seen any - 
 where on the island ; but yet it is surprising 
 that from the scanty depth of earth so much 
 vegetable produce is obtained as is actually 
 grown. There are no oaks, elms, beeches or 
 other ordinary forest trees in Malta. A solitary 
 palm rears its feathery crown here and there, at 
 wide intervals, but these are indeed ' ' few and 
 far between." The only thing which relieves 
 the universal stony aspect of the landscape is 
 the frequent dotting of thick bushy carob-trees, 
 or an occasional patch of orange-trees. The 
 
 ing and interesting sea, and the ^^iil clearer 
 but less deep-blue sky overhead. 
 
 Vaietta. 
 
 Notwithstanding the uniform light-yellow 
 color of all the houses and fortifications of Va- 
 ietta, there is a constant interest of variety in 
 other aspects, and especialh' in the general 
 good architectural style of its buildings. 
 
 Throughout Malta the houses are substan- 
 tially built. The very poorest people live in 
 respectable stone houses, superior to those of, 
 perhaps, any country in Europe. The streets of 
 Vaietta present fagades and artistic effects 
 which would be ornaments to any English city. 
 In particular, there is much variety in the 
 doors and windows. Some of the latter are 
 long, projecting balconies, running nearly the 
 
 go and see. Yet, in 1861, these springs pro- 
 duced seven millions of bushels of salt, each 
 weighing about seventy pounds. 
 
 General Aspect of Malta. 
 
 Malta is a rock, a large inhabited quarry. 
 Look at it in whichever direction one may, it 
 has a stony aspect ; for everywhere stones are 
 the chief and conspicuous object of a Maltese 
 landscape. 
 
 In looking over the island we see numerous 
 villages. These are confined, however, to the 
 parts in the eastern and southern half of it, or 
 to the district mostly within sight of Vaietta. 
 
 There are twenty-two of these "casals," 
 as they are called. However small they may 
 be, they have a large and handsome church ; 
 for devotedness to their religion is eminently a 
 
 ISLAND OF MARE-IMO, OFF THE WEST COAST OF SICILT. 
 
 orange, lemon, fig and the prickly pear are all 
 cultivated in considerable quantity, but are not 
 large enough to figure conspicuously above the 
 lofty stone walls which surround every plot and 
 garden. These walls are of loose, naked stones, 
 and are necessary to afford protection from the 
 scorching sun in Summer, and from the delug- 
 ing rains in Winter. Otherwise the soil would 
 be washed away, leaving the close underlying 
 rock quite bare. 
 
 All Malta seems to be light-yellow — light- 
 yellow rocks, light-yellow fortifications, light- 
 yellow stone walls, light-yellow flat-topped 
 houses, light-yellow palaces and chxirches, and 
 light-yellow roads and streets. 
 
 To relieve this uniformity of color, there is, 
 besides, the occasional dark-green bushy trees 
 of carob, everywhere within sight some appear- 
 ance of the clear bright-blue of the suixound- 
 
 entire breadth of the houses ; others are tall, 
 rectangular windows, with wooden sideblinds, 
 painted green ; others combine the two, bal- 
 cony and window, in one ; others, again, are 
 inserted in receding arches, or niches, and are 
 themselves simple arches. The entrances are 
 variously arched or rectangular. Some serve 
 for both door and window to the ground floor ; 
 others have side-pillars and fronting flights of 
 steps ; whilst others are quite palatial, and are 
 surmounted by old, carved, heraldic escutcheons 
 of stonework, wrought in the pulmy days of 
 the Knights and Grand Masters. 
 
 Vaietta consists of "the four cities ' — Va- 
 ietta proper, Floriana,Vittoriosa, and Burmola ; 
 the latter includes Senglea. The two former 
 are on the same long tongue of land, and form 
 the division between the Grand Harbor and 
 the Quarantine Harbor. Vittoriosa occupies a 
 
MEDITERKANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 497 
 
 of ■which fort a lighthouse risea 
 conspicuously, and is a brilliant 
 beacon at night to ships approach- 
 ing the two magnificent and co a- 
 modious harbors. 
 
 SALT SPRINGS IN SICILY. 
 
 second steep peninsula, and Senglea appropri- 
 ates a third. Both of the latter are east of the 
 Grand Harbor, and stretch out into the water, 
 with their points toward Valetta proper. 
 Each of the points of these and other penin- 
 sulas in the harbors is fortified by powerful 
 batteries. Thus, at the point of Vittoriosa is 
 Fort St. Angelo ; at the point of Senglea is 
 Fort St. Michael; at the point of Valetta is 
 Fort St. Elmo ; and at the two side-points, 
 forming the north and south barriers of the 
 two entrances to the harbors of Valetta, are 
 Forts Kicasoli and Tigue. 
 
 Valetta Harbor consists of two main divi- 
 mons, but each of the two contains several 
 other smaller harbors ; so that in each direction 
 the sea branches and re-branches amongst the 
 land, producing great separateness of outline 
 as to the laying-out of the whole of the capital, 
 and also affording, as a set-off to the pictur- 
 esqueness, a very considerable daily amount of 
 petty inconvenience in the use of boats and 
 ferries. 
 
 These intersecting inlets form the natural 
 merits of Malta as a seat of navy and com- 
 merce. What nature has thus begun has been 
 added to by art, in the construction, through 
 successive centuries, of the most complete and 
 massive series of fortifications to be found in 
 the world. 
 
 Valetta proper consists of a peninsula, a 
 mile long, bordered on the east side by 
 the Grand Harbor, on the west by the Quaran- 
 tine Harbor, and on the north by the 
 Mediterranean. This peninsula is a long 
 hill, having the Strata Reale running along 
 its central ridge, and with four or five parallel 
 streets on each side slope. These streets run 
 23 
 
 lengthwise straight out from the inner part 
 of the peninsula to its extremitj', where is 
 situated Fort St. Elmo, from the loftv centre 
 
 Ruined Temples of the Znighta 
 of St. John, Rhodes. 
 
 The Order of the Knights of St.- 
 John of Jerusalem took its rise i^ 
 the Holy Land, as early as the 
 time of the conquest of the Holy 
 Sepulchre, a.d. 1099, by Godfrey 
 of Bouillon. At that memorable 
 epoch of faith and chivalry, Ghi- 
 rard, a native of France, a physi- 
 cian, arrived at the Holy City, 
 where he gathered together the 
 wounded and sick, and bestowed 
 on them the most charitable 
 offices. 
 
 Moved by this benevolence, and 
 touched by his piety, some knightsi 
 who had been cured at the hands 
 of the holy man, resolved to 
 imitate his charity, and, for the 
 love of Christ, follow his example, 
 in consecrating their lives to nurs- 
 ing the sick and relieving the 
 poor. Such w.is the origin of this 
 religious and military Order, 
 which placed itself under the patronage of 
 St. John, and who, under the name of the 
 Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, or the 
 
 THE BKaOABS' 8TAIB, HALTA. 
 
. THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Hospital, rendered 
 themselves famous on 
 all the battle-fields of 
 Palestine. 
 
 As long as Ghirard 
 lived, the Order pre- 
 served a pacific char- 
 acter ; but the warriors 
 of the Cross, wishing 
 to bear their share, in 
 spite of the rigors of 
 the discipline and the 
 TOWS they had taken, 
 the military element 
 w&s introduced 
 through the influence 
 of Raymond Dupuy, a 
 gentleman of Dau- 
 phiny. It was thus 
 that secular priests 
 Twere transformed into 
 a cohort which to the 
 rules and austerity of 
 the convent added all 
 the auxiliary virtues 
 which then animated 
 the fervent crusaders. 
 
 To strengthen this 
 Order then rushed from 
 ail parts of Franca 
 those who desired to 
 win heaven in defense "" 
 
 of the Holy Land. As 
 might have been ex- 
 pected, the Knights 
 
 of St. John soon became powerful, and in a 
 very short time they proved one of the stoutest 
 ramparts against the incessant attacks of the 
 Saracens. 
 
 The most brilliant records in history, gover- 
 ing a space of seven hundred years, are found 
 in the details of the Knights of St. John, mainly 
 recniited from the ranks of the French nobiUty . 
 In Palestine its members were conspicuous iu 
 every engagement, and shed their blood on all 
 the fields from Damietta to Antioch. Fightiug 
 always in the foremost rank, under the walls of 
 
 QUEEN ADEL.iIDE CmBCn, VALKTTA, MALTA. 
 
 Jeru.salem, they defended the crown of Godfrey 
 and of Baldwin; at St. Jean d'Acre they 
 promptly aided Philip II. and Richard I. of 
 England in captui'iug that city ; at Mansourah, 
 cut up and crushed by numbers, they could not 
 save the Count d'Artois, nor snatch St. Louis 
 from the hands of the Saracens. Often victori- 
 ous, sometimes hewn in pieces, always iu the 
 thickest of the fight, they never retired until 
 crowned with glory or made helpless by wounds. 
 The chances of war, the growing indifference 
 in Europe for the Holy Land, and the dissen- 
 
 sions among the cru- 
 saders, finally left tho 
 Knights of St. John 
 single - handed to con- 
 tend with the growing 
 power of the Mussul-- 
 man. Step by step they 
 were driven toward 
 the sea; the sacking 
 of St. Jean d'Acre was 
 the last act in the 
 drama of this heroio 
 Order, which had so 
 long been a terror to 
 the infidels in the land 
 of Syria. In one ter- 
 rible night of 1291 
 tho battlements were 
 lighted by the bonfires 
 of a victorious enemy, 
 and nearly all of this 
 noble and ancient 
 Order was e x t e r - 
 minated ; a feeble rem- 
 nant only escaped from, 
 the fury of Moham- 
 medan fanaticism. 
 Throwing themselves 
 into the sea, they 
 escaped the carnage. 
 
 The remains of tho 
 Ho.spitalers, the sur- 
 vivors of that bloody 
 day, with tears in their 
 eyes and sorrow in 
 their hearts, were obliged to abandon the soil 
 their valor could no longer defend. Palestine, 
 with all its holy associations, was lost to tho 
 Christian world and to the Knights of St. John 
 for ever. 
 
 But where were they to go? Where were 
 they to set up the shrine of their patron saint ? 
 Toward what shore could they carry those arms 
 which had so often made the enemies of the 
 Christians tremble ? Where were they to raise 
 the walls of a new hospital ? 
 
 After receiving the ungracious hospitality of 
 
 TIXW Of HALTA. 
 
MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS, 
 
 499 
 
tm 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 the King of Cyprus, Henry II. of Lusignan, they 
 turned their eyes to the coast of Khodes. That 
 island, by its situation between Europe and Asia, 
 and on the highway to the Holy Land, attracted 
 the attention of the Grand Master, Foulcjues 
 de Villaret, who, on the 15th of August, 1310, 
 after a blood J' battle with the Turks and Greeks, 
 succeeded in taking possesssion of it. 
 
 The Hospitalers visited upon the Turks the 
 disaster of Ptolemais, and to the manes of those 
 who perished on the day of that Christian holo- 
 caust they immolated every Mussulman they 
 found on the island. Thus was accomplished 
 the taking of Rhodes by the Knights of St. 
 John of Jerusalem. 
 
 Proud and hajipy in the victory, they set 
 themselves at once to work to secure the ad- 
 vantages of the success. To preserve the con- 
 quest, it was necessary to raise up a bulwark 
 against the menacing encroachments of the 
 Ottoman race. Under the direction of Helion 
 de Villeneuve, Rhodes was soon surrounded by 
 a strong rampart, defended by bastions and 
 ditches, and still further strengthened by the 
 measures of the Grand Master, bringing all the 
 experience of centuries to bear in the art of 
 defense. The walls were completed, churches, 
 the palace of the Grand Master, the convent, 
 the hospitals, forts, tower.^, and dwellings for 
 the commanders of different nations, grew in 
 rapid succession, until the city of Rhodes at- 
 tained that imposing religious and military 
 physiognomy which it retains. 
 
 Among its public buildings were the churches 
 of St. John, St. Catharine, St. Mark, St. 
 Stephen, and Our Lady of Victory. That one 
 placed under the invocation of the patron saint 
 of the Order was erected as a cathedral. Placed 
 upon the culminating point of the hill upon 
 which rose the city of Rhodes, its high tower, 
 seen from afar, indicated to the Christian trav- 
 elers of that day the first harbor opened to the 
 commerce of the East. 
 
 In the vaults of this church were entombed 
 the Grand Masters, and not long ago we were 
 e.ble to gratify a feeling of reverence by kneel- 
 ing on the funeral slabs which covered the tombs 
 of Aubusson, Amboise, Carette, and other dis- 
 ♦inguished chiefs. The Christian clock-tower 
 was no longer in existence ; it had fallen under 
 the cannon of Soliman, and upon its base rose 
 the minaret of the mosque. The Crescent re- 
 placed the Cross, the altar had been superseded 
 by the Arab shrine, and upon the Turkish car- 
 pets which covered the marble slabs of the 
 church, in place of the Gospel, a Mollah re- 
 cited the Koran. 
 
 By the side of the Cathedral of St. John, the 
 palace of the Grand Masters, still enshrined be- 
 hind its ramparts, rears its shattered walls and 
 round battlements, and the mutilated lances 
 and cross keys, still to be seen above the great 
 gate, showed plainly that they had not been 
 abandoned by the Hospitalers until they had 
 fought their last gasp. 
 
 Sad was the sight when the blazoned escutch- 
 eons of the nofllest families of France were 
 hidden and defaced, the sacred vaults burst 
 open, and the earth which covered the pave- 
 ment nourished the commonest vegetables of 
 the Turkish garden. This palace commanded 
 the city, and was the abode of the chiefs of th« 
 
MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 valiant militia of Ehodes, and tit the time of 
 its siege served as a symbol of courage, for it 
 stood like a sentinel on tlie edge of the ram- 
 part most exposed to the assaults of the enemy. 
 Thus it became almost a ruin ; the thickness of 
 its walls could not resist the enormous masses 
 of marble which were hurled at it from the 
 monstrous howitzers of the Turks. 
 
 The escutcheon bearing a shield, ornamented 
 by a cardinal's hat, recalls the dignity to which 
 Pope Innocent VIII. elevated Pierre d'Aubusson, 
 after the heroic defense that he made, in 1480, 
 against Moliammed II. The Voluntas Dei eat ot 
 Peter the Hermit, engraved upon the marble in 
 Gothic characters, with the date, 1495, attest 
 that at that epoch the Knights of St. John 
 were devoted to the defense of religion, and 
 were still victorious over their enemies. By the 
 side 01 this epigraph, which was for a long time 
 the triumphal cry of the Knights of St. John, 
 is the shield of Villiers de File-Adam, which re- 
 minds the spectator of that venerable and un- 
 fortunate Grand Master, who, in spite of his 
 superhuman efforts, his devotion, and numerous 
 wounds, was compelled, in 1.')'22, to capitiilate 
 to Soliman the Magnificent, and to open to that 
 monarch the gates of the city, his troops enter- 
 ing through breaches in the walls, clogged by 
 the dead bodies of Janissaries. 
 
 L'lle-Adam, vanquished by famine, over- 
 whelmed by the woes of a population which 
 had suffered everything, endured everything, 
 stipulated for the safety of the women, the old 
 men, and the children, who were really all that 
 remained of the defenders of Khodes. 
 
 As a touching example of the veneration in- 
 spired even among barbarians by heroism and 
 devotion, it is said that Soliman was as much 
 moved by the misfortunes of the Grand Master 
 as he was astonislied by his bravery, and that 
 he could not help shedding tears when he saw 
 this old man, covered with wounds, full of 
 grief, biit proud in the consciousness of having 
 done his duty to the end, cast a last sad look 
 upon the city which was llie grave of his noble 
 companions in arms. The Mussulman sovereign 
 conceived in that moment the idea of at- 
 taching I'lle-Adam to his service; but with 
 the pride insi)ired with the elevated sentiments 
 of a noble heart, he coiild not but admire the 
 noble reply of the Grand Master, who said to 
 him: "That he should be unworthy of his 
 favors if he were capable of accepting them, 
 and that so great a prince would be dishonored 
 by the services of a traitor and renegade." 
 
 Leaving the sad reminiscences of the j •\st, we 
 can now stop before the Fort of St. Nicuolas, 
 ■which defended the harbor of the cit}'. Stand- 
 ing out into the sea, it bore with ])ride the 
 arms of Philip the Good ; battered with fury by 
 the artillery of Mohammed, it was dismantled.. 
 It was against the walls of this fort that the 
 Turks advanced, only to be dashed to jiieces. 
 
 Like Syria, Palestine, and the Isle of Cyprus, 
 Ehodes for centuries, even upon its ruins, bore 
 the imprint of those heroic Christians, whose 
 zeal for reUgion and a love of glory had sent 
 them to those far-off shores. 
 
 The sacred impress, alas .' is not ineffaceable. 
 Two frightful catastrophes have recently hap- 
 pened which have nearly destroyed what time 
 and the barbarian bad respected. The Church 
 
602 
 
 THE WOKLDa GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 of 8t. John, used as a mosque, had stored in 
 its Taults many thousand pounds of powder. 
 By some unaccountable reason, it was ignited, 
 and blew the venerable pile into atoms. The 
 tombs in which the Grand Masters, for four 
 hundred years, had reposed in peace, were vio- 
 lently opened, and their sacred ashes are now 
 confounded with the dust of the ruins, or have 
 bean scattered by the intruding winds. Thus, 
 
 bikd'.s-2ve view of boodes. 
 
 nothing remains of the noble chiefs, nor the 
 sepulchral stones which had been, until within 
 a few years, preserved from profanation. The 
 temple has fallen — Mohammed, not more 
 than the holy patron of the Order, has not been 
 able to escape the universal wreck. 
 
 The Island of Khodes is chiefly famous for a 
 brass statue of Apollo, seventy cubits high, and 
 which was considered one of the wonders of the 
 
 world. It was made by Ohares, of Lindus, a 
 disciple of Lysippus, about 288 B.C. The figure 
 is said to have stood upon two moles, a leg 
 being extended on each side of the harbor, so 
 that a vessel in full sail could enter between. 
 A winding staircase led to the top, from which 
 could be discerned the coasts of Syria and the 
 ships that sailed on the coasts of Egypt. It was 
 thrown down by an earthquake 224 B.C., having 
 
MEDIIERRANEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 508 
 
 mood for sixty-four 
 years. Its ruins re- 
 mained on the moles 
 for nearly nine cen- 
 turies, when the Sara- 
 cens, having taken 
 Rhodes, pulled it to 
 pieces, and sold the 
 metal, weighing 
 nearly eight hundred 
 thousand pounds, to 
 a Jew, who is said to 
 have loaded nine 
 hundred camels in 
 transporting it to 
 Alexandria, about 
 653 A..D. After the destruction of the 
 Bepublic, Rhodes belonged successively 
 to the Grecian and Roman Empires, the 
 Genoese, and lastly, as we have de- 
 scribed, to the Knights of St. John of 
 Jerusalem, who held it for over two 
 canturies, when it passed under the 
 tyrannical yoke of the Turks. 
 
 Rhodes was inhabited in very early 
 times, and acquired considerable com- 
 mercial eminence several centuries be- 
 fore the Christian era. About C60 B.o. 
 
 AUCIENT CiNNON OF TU:-: KNIGHTS OF ST. JOBN. 
 
 COAT-OF-AKMS OP VII.LIERS DE l'iLE- 
 ADAU. 
 
 the ancient kingly form of government 
 ■which prevailed in the island, as in other 
 Dorian States, was abolished, and ma- 
 gistrates called Prytanes substituted. 
 In 408 B. c. the City of Rhodes was 
 founded, by collecting into one spot 
 the inhabitants of Lindus, lalysus, and 
 Camirus ; and from this time the history 
 of the city is identical with the history 
 of the island. In 357 Rhodes reverted 
 for a short time to the dominion of 
 Athens, against which State it soon 
 after formed a league with Cos, Chios, 
 and Byzantium. It submitted, like the 
 rest of Greece, to Alex- 
 ander , but having 
 struggled courageously 
 through the conflicts 
 consequent on A 1 e x - 
 ander's death, Rhodes 
 became the mistress of 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Rhodes first came into 
 connection with the Ro- 
 mans about 200 B.C. as 
 an allied power; but 
 afterward, left to her- 
 Belf; she gradually 
 
 declined in importance. 
 From 168 B.C. to tho 
 time of Vespasian, 
 Rhodes was seldom in 
 a condition to exhibit 
 any power inde- 
 pendent of Rome. 
 Vespasian incor- 
 porated this island in 
 a Provincia" I n s u - 
 larum, of which it was 
 probably the seat of 
 government. 
 
 In the r e i g n o i 
 Heraclius (a.d. C16), 
 Rhodes is mentioned 
 among the conquests of Chosroes, King 
 of Persia, but reverted to the dominion 
 of the Greek emperors shortly after- 
 ward. In the Caliphate of Othman, 
 A.D. G51, it was taken by one of his 
 generals. It afterward passed again 
 into the hands of the Greek emperors. 
 In the year 1310 Foulkes de Villaret, 
 Grand Master of the Knights of St. 
 John, carried into execution the design 
 of his brother, and made himself 
 master of the island, which became 
 
 THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES. 
 
 ANCIENT CAN.NON OF THE KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN. 
 
 THE ARMS OF I'HILIP THE GOOD IN 
 THE PORT ST. NICHOLAS. 
 
 from that time the place of residence 
 , of the Order, till their final expulsion 
 IX in the sixteenth century. Five years 
 after their settlement they sustained a 
 formidable siege from Othman, the 
 Turkish sultan, and notwithstanding 
 the unprepared state of their fortifica- 
 tions, succeeded in repulsing him, and, 
 a few years afterward, his son Orkan. 
 From this period they continued to 
 resist the constantly increasing power 
 of the Turks for about two hundred 
 years. In 1344 they attacked and 
 took Smyrna, which they maintained 
 as an outpost. In 1480 
 Mohammed II. laid 
 siege to Rhodes, and 
 notwithstanding the im- 
 mense force of artillery 
 employed a g a i n s t it, 
 could not take the place. 
 The last and most 
 memorable siege of 
 Rhodes was in 1522. 
 
 Rhodes has ever since 
 remained a province of 
 the Turkish Empire. 
 The greatest length of 
 
604 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONa 
 
 THB KBBP OB KNTKANCE TO TUK KESIUENCB OK TUE UKAND MASTERS. 
 
 Rhodes from north to south is about thirty- 
 six miles, and breadth eighteen miles. The air 
 is mild and healthy, and the soil fertile. 
 
 The population is variously estimated at 
 from twenty thousand to forty thousand. The 
 inhabitants are governed by a Bey, who holds 
 his office for life, a circumstance which is favor- 
 able to the inhabitants, who are less oppressed 
 than in other Turkish governments, where 
 there ie a more freij^ueut change of masters. 
 
 The Bey farms the revenues and pays a yearly 
 sum of half a million of piastres to the Porte, 
 besides fitting out a frigate every two or three 
 years. Shipbuilding is the chief employment 
 of the Ehodians. 
 
 Of the town of Rhodes there are no remains 
 earlier than the time of the Knights, but all 
 their works are interesting specimens of the 
 military architecture of the Middle Ages. On 
 entering lihodes from the sea, two harbors, 
 
 separated by a narrow quay, present themselveft 
 Attached to this quay is a curtain, which 
 connects it with the fortifications of the town 
 within. From the other side of the smaller 
 harbor another narrow quay juts out, on which 
 is a round tower. The Turks have suffered 
 the entrance to the larger harbor to be so much 
 obstructed as to impede its navigation. Th» 
 buildings of the town exhibit a curious mixtoifr 
 of European and Saracenic styles. 
 
 VCSSHki. TISK FROM RBOURS. 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 GEOGRAPinCAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 The znLiTs levvisq tbibute of the poktuqcese— A Gsoo-HDyT-A Caffre Hut— The hopo, an Afbicah Mode op Huktiiri 
 
 A 
 
 PKICA," The Dark Continent," the " land 
 of Ethiopia," although formerly in its 
 ^"^ northeastern portion the seat of the most 
 ancient civilization of the world, is still among 
 the least known of the great divisions of the 
 earth's surface, and is the home of the most 
 degraded and oppressed races of mankind. 
 
 And although in its northern regions Africa 
 was once occupied by energetic Churches, these 
 have been for so long overpowered by the faith 
 of Mohammed, that Christianity has, until a 
 very recent period, been represented only by the 
 half-heathen, half-Jewish Church of Abyssinia, 
 and by the superstitious and inert Coptic and 
 other small Eastern comranuities. So that by 
 the combined influence of Islam, degrading 
 fetichism, savage and cruel native powers, can- 
 nibalism in some regions, and tlie desoliting 
 slave-trade over a large extent of its surface, 
 Africa is truly described by the name of "The 
 Dark Continent '—dark alike in the color of its 
 people and in their brutal ignorance, in the 
 cruelties inflicted by them upon each other as 
 ■wall as by the lighter-colored races, and which 
 have made them for ages the slaves of all the 
 neighboring peoples. The object of the present 
 treatise, however, is only to describe the 
 southern portion of Africa. 
 
 South Africa may be defined as the obtusely 
 pointed triangle forming the southern ex- 
 tremity of the continent, and extending from 
 Cape Agulhas and Algoa Bay in the south to 
 the Zambesi River in the north ; and from 
 Cape Frio in the west to the delta of the Zam- 
 besi in the east. It includes, therefore, a ter- 
 ritory of about 1,500 miles long by 1,200 miles 
 broad, with an area of about 1,192,000 square 
 miles, or nearlj' ten times that of Great Britain 
 and Ireland. Here is a sketch of the inte- 
 rior of a Dutch Boer's house in the Transvaal 
 Eepublic . Time — sunset. The lonely traveler 
 has just " off -saddled "; his horse is "knee- 
 haltered," and enjoying a quiet rolling before 
 the door ; saddle and bridle are placed on the 
 step, under a rough veranda ; the old proprie- 
 tcr Ijiis shaken hands, and already handed out 
 Us tobacco-bag, and passed the weed. The 
 
 lady of the house is seated in a comer near the 
 little window ("four panes of glass), with her 
 feet on a stool. If cold weather, under the 
 stool burns a panful of ashes, the heat of 
 which penetrates through four holes on the top 
 of the stool, and warms her extremities; her 
 feet are cased in home-made shoes. She has 
 sundry small gaudily painted basins before her, 
 and a bright copper kettle perched on a stand 
 holding more ashes, full of coffee. She soon 
 gives you a basinful, and you sit, and chat 
 and drink with the old gentleman, while a 
 negro girl runs in and out, busily preparing 
 the evening meal, which is cooked outside in a 
 round hut or shanty, or at the further extremity 
 of the long general room. The daughters of 
 the house may be sewing in the corner, and the 
 sou may be making Veldt schoens (shoes of 
 rough leather), on a stool near the window. 
 Politics, the doings of the Assembly, market 
 prices, the length of time that Jan (the son) 
 has been gone to Natal for goods, the state of 
 the rivers, war in the Free State, probable yield 
 of grapes, etc., etc., all get handled in turn. 
 If the visitor has a store in a neighboring vil- 
 lage, the lady asks the price of every article in 
 and out of it, and may arrange for the sale of 
 cocks, hens, ducks, soap, and butter, at the 
 approaching visit to the church (for these 
 buildings are few and far between, and the 
 visit to the sacrament is taken advantage of 
 for sundry sales and purchases). She next 
 inquires about your mother, your ■wife, or chil- 
 dren, while the old man hands you the bag 
 again, and, j^erhaps, offers you a drink of home- 
 made brandy. As it is now getting dark, you go 
 and see how your nag is progressing, put him 
 in a shed, fasten him to the wheel of a wagon, 
 and treat him to two bundles of forage for his 
 supper. The maid has, by this time, prepared 
 the table for supper inside. The cloth is illus- 
 trated by sundry editions of the old willow plate 
 pattern, and knives and forks. If the people are 
 Doppers (a peculiar sect), forks alone, in which 
 case you use your own knife, which you carry 
 in your belt ; the small boy of the family is 
 summoned to the edge of the table to say 
 
 grace, which he does as quickly as he can, tritli 
 his eyes close shut. Then you all help your- 
 selves from the smoking dish of stewed goat's 
 flesh or mutton, which is in the middle of the 
 table. At the side is a dish of hot salad, com- 
 posed of potivtoes, sliced cucumber and onion. 
 Glasses of milk follow. All this time the maid 
 stands by you ■with a bunch of magnificent 
 ostrich feathers (an inexpensive article here), 
 and flicks the flies away. Then comes grace 
 again ; then the daughters eat with the children, 
 and after all is cleared away you resume your 
 pipe with the old man, and chat awuy till he 
 calls for the Bible. A chapter is read, a psalm 
 is sung, in which the daughters lead off — one 
 playing, perhaps, an accompaniment on a hand 
 harmonium (they all like notes), and thcD 
 the books are put away. You take a farewell 
 look at your horse, while your bed is being 
 prepared, either in a separate room, under the- 
 veranda, or it may be ou the ground, upon, 
 skins, in the gener.al room. The old "boss" 
 retires with his vrow to a chamber on one side 
 the middle of room, and the daughters and chil- 
 dren to one on the other ; sons in the room with. 
 visitors. Silence soon reigns, or is broken by the- 
 sonorous snoring of the old boss. At the first 
 glimpse of dawn you feel the cool air steal over 
 you, and you wake to find the door open and 
 the house up. You are soon up, too. The first 
 thing to do is to see your nag, who has, per- 
 haps, fifty miles to do before night, and want* 
 attention. He has his bundle, and you return 
 to dip your head in the -watercourse running 
 before the door, and drink a cup of coffee after. 
 Then you up-saddle, pay for the forage only, 
 and with many a "Thank you, uncle," and 
 " No need to thank, nephew," you ride off. 
 The ordinary game food is the flesh of thei 
 rooibok, springbok, and wildebeeste or " gnu." 
 The Boers go in parties, and return with wagons 
 laden with flesh. Quaggas, or zebras, are good 
 for the blacks. The meat is divided in these, 
 frequent hunts, and hung up to dry at home. 
 Hunters after the wildebeeste will tell you of a. 
 small bird that invariably chirps in warning oil. 
 your approaching the " troop." 
 
506 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 BOSA FINGOE MAN. 
 
 Some of the tales of adventures with lions 
 here are very amusing. Every tale of travel 
 has its great adventures, which, had it not been 
 for the rifle, or the cap, or the horse, etc., 
 would have led to the end of the writer and 
 the book. People in America must be gorged 
 with hunting-stories by this time, and quits 
 sick of the last looks of female giraffes, heights 
 and weights of elephants, and general 
 «nake - twists, but the few following are 
 rare incidents, and beyond the usual 
 stereotyped order : 
 
 We remember a Mr. Hartley, a great 
 hunter here, who, on on one occasion, was 
 seated near a pool behind a large ant- 
 heap, watching sundry animals come down 
 to drink. His son was posted near, when 
 suddenly the latter cried, "Look out, 
 father." The old man turned round and 
 «aw a lion sauntering down to the stream, 
 and within a few yards of the ant-heap. It 
 ■was moonlight, and the old man's beard, 
 no doubt, appeared exaggerated in its 
 length and shagginess. However, directly 
 the lion turned the corner of the heap -^ 
 Hartley dropped on his knees in front of 
 him, shook his beard and growled. The 
 lion, terrified, turned and fled. 
 
 Number two ; Mr. Pretorius was inside 
 his wagon on another moonlight night, 
 and had quietly settled down, when a 
 sudden commotion among the bullocks 
 warned him of the approach of danger. 
 He stepped out on to his wagon-box and 
 saw, close to the wagon, a lioness, about to 
 come in the spring time amongst the oxen. 
 The long bamboo whip, lying on the top. 
 of the wagon, was the readiest weapon. 
 He quietly unrolled the thong, gave it a 
 swing in the air, and dropped the lash 
 -somewhere ia the region of her nose witl) 
 
 such force that she 
 retreated, howling 
 
 dismally. 
 
 Number three : An 
 
 old Boer gentleman, 
 
 named Venter, 
 
 visited Pretoria in his 
 
 wagon, and having 
 
 disposed of oxen, 
 
 wool, tobacco, and 
 
 brandy, the produce 
 
 of his farm, he started 
 
 his driver homeward 
 
 with the wagon and 
 
 goods he had bartered. 
 
 In an unlucky mo- 
 ment he had consented 
 
 to stay behind, and 
 
 follow his property 
 
 in a small open cart 
 
 with a friend who had 
 
 purchased two horses 
 
 and a turn-out, and 
 
 was traveling the 
 
 same road. 
 
 They left Pretoria 
 
 some hours after the 
 
 wagon, in the buggy, 
 
 with blankets, a rifle 
 
 (not loaded), and a 
 small Caffre bay. The wagon, like the tortoise 
 in the fable, had crept a long way ahead, and 
 when the night eame.the buggy was still behind. 
 They slept a few hours at a friend's farm, a 
 gentleman called Lang Willem (Tall William), 
 a very hospitable fellow, and started again, long 
 before the break of day. After crossing a 
 stream called Pienuar's Kiver, they entered on 
 
 BEUTOHIANA WAGON-LKADEK. 
 
 BOTTENTOT BOUSE-SEBTANT. 
 
 a stretch of country called the Springbok flats, 
 because, we suppose, springboks are seldom seen 
 there, just as a Convolvulus Villa rarely jshows 
 any convolvuli. Lions used to be plentiful 
 there, when springboks were ditto, but of late 
 they had become so rare that the solitary 
 traveler — G. P. R. James — might have 'ridden 
 nightly aross the Flats with impunity. Not 
 BO, however, with Mr. Venter and his 
 friend, Cornelius. A few yards from the 
 drift, or ford, the horses came to a stand- 
 still, and the reins were jerked, and the 
 whip applied, to no purpose. 
 
 The little Caffre, being more akin to 
 darkness, saw better than his white com- 
 panion and cried, " Bass, daar is en leun !" 
 which, being interpreted, means, " Miister, 
 there is a lion," and, sure enough, with a 
 roar that might have shaken the little 
 buggy to its centre, a dark heap of some- 
 thing pounced upon one of the horses, 
 and dragged him to the ground. By 
 this movement the pole of the cart was 
 depressed somewhat, and the interior of 
 the vehicle became unpleasantly close to 
 the intruder. 
 
 The first thing to be done was to load 
 the gun, a new one, just purchased. This 
 gun had a patent nipple, with large open- 
 ing at top, and fiue-hair-breadth hole 
 underneath ; and from disuse, was, of 
 course, stopped. It was of no use. Cap 
 after cap exploded, but the gun was dumb, 
 and the lion only getting irritated, a rear 
 following each pop. A box of lucifers wao 
 produced, and one or two ctruck and 
 thrown over the splash-board, when a roar, 
 louder than ever, arose ; and lo, the dark 
 object is over the buggy. Luckily over 
 it, and not into it. In the lion's leap, one 
 paw took off old Veater's hat, ecrr.tchiaj; 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 507 
 
508 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 UOIl'ENTOT WOMAN. 
 
 his hand and face in passing. The lion dropped 
 on the ground, and returned to his feed. The 
 travelers, notwithstanding their terrific fright, 
 
 FINQOB WOHAN. 
 
 noticed that during 
 
 his temporary ab- 
 sence another lion 
 
 was growling over 
 
 the prostrate horse. 
 
 With scratched hand 
 
 and face and sad 
 
 heart, old Venter 
 
 told Cornelius to 
 
 cover himself in his 
 
 rug, and lie still. 
 The old gentle- 
 
 man did the same. 
 
 The little nigger lay 
 
 beneath the seat. So 
 
 they sat, for what to 
 
 them seemed an 
 
 age, with a gun 
 
 and ammunition a t 
 
 hand (perfectly use- 
 less), when d e 1 i V - 
 
 erauco came in the 
 
 shape of an a jj- 
 
 proaching wagon; 
 
 a crack of the whip, 
 
 and the yells of tho 
 
 driver sounding like 
 
 Theodore Thomas's 
 
 popular music to 
 their hearts. This was a wagou belonging to 
 a retired military gentleman, who had also 
 been to Pretoria for supplies. Now, what did 
 
 the lious do? Eun 
 
 away at once? Not 
 
 a bit of it. 
 
 Tho other horse, 
 
 which all this time 
 
 had been standing as 
 
 if petrified, g r i ml y 
 
 c o u t e m p 1 a ting his 
 
 mate under discus- 
 
 siou, was not to be 
 
 left in that state. 
 
 The}' broke his neck 
 
 and left him. 
 
 ^Vhen the wagon 
 
 arrived. Venter, Cor- 
 nelius and the nigger 
 
 got out and cut the 
 
 harness from the dead 
 
 and half - devoured 
 
 horse, and fastened 
 
 the little buggy 
 
 behind the wagon, 
 
 and traveled home- 
 ward at Parliament- 
 ary speed, twenty-five 
 
 miles a day, instead 
 
 of express, six miles 
 
 an hour. Next d a y, 
 
 nothing but the 
 
 horses' maues wore 
 
 left, ghost-like, to tell 
 
 the tale. These two 
 
 lions were killed a 
 
 few days after, and 
 
 near the scene where 
 
 Mr. Venter's buggy 
 
 stopped the way. 
 Mobal: Never 
 
 travel in wild parts 
 
 without seeing that 
 
 FINOOE WOMAN. 
 
 your gun is in good order, and always carrj 
 a nipple-wrench in your pouch. 
 
 From grave to gay, or lively to severe, tukft 
 
 
 riNaeE wouan. 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 503 
 
 a glimpse at courtship, the most important 
 sketch of character, the principal epoch in a 
 ■ young 15oer's existence. The following may 
 eerve as an encouragement to many : 
 
 A young Boer going a-oourting is often as 
 Solemn, silent and sedate as a mute at a fune- 
 ral. Having long cast sheep's eyes at a bloom- 
 ing young damsel of fifteen in church, he, at 
 last, musters up courage to go a-courting, and 
 this is the way he sets about it : He picks out 
 the most fiery young colt from his father's 
 Btud — one yery fond of prancing and capering 
 about. He rides it to the dorp, or village, and 
 tuys a new saddle and bridle, and a smart 
 saddle-cloth, jiaying ])articular attention to this 
 last article, for it must be very gay and at- 
 
 a hopeful sign, but it is all ; she does not 
 vouchsafe him a look or a word. She resumes 
 her seat, folds her hands over her lap, and, 
 with eyes downcast, and intently studying the 
 pattern of her apron, demurely listens while 
 pajia jiesters the young fellow with questions 
 about the rust in the crops, hoof and lung 
 sickness, etc., and mamma aunoj's him still 
 more with the inquiries about, and remedies 
 for, the sickness of his mother, and the measles 
 of his elder brother's young child. 
 
 After an hour's talk of this kind, and with- 
 out a word addressed to his inamorata, he rises 
 tremblingly, holds out his hand, and says, 
 "Good-day, good-da}'," all ronnd again, and 
 rides home, confident tltat he has passed the 
 
 she replies. The conrtship is at an end. They 
 go home and tell their parents ; the banns are 
 published, and they .are man and wife, after 
 three weeks, neither having uttered more than 
 a dozen words to the other during their time 
 of courtship. 
 
 — m t ^ 
 
 Zulus Levying Tribute of the Portuguese. 
 
 The Portuguese have, for centuries, had a 
 foothold on the African coast ; but, while 
 America has been discovered, colonized, and 
 grown, so as to number States rivaling Europe 
 in population, power, and progress, Africa re. 
 mains as she was : nay, more, she has lost — for 
 Portugal was once respected there — aud aow 
 
 tractive. We have seen the gaudiest of hearth- 
 rugs bought for the occasion, and ornamented 
 ■with huge tassels at the comers, still further 
 to increase its bewitching influence. Having 
 arrayed himself in gorgeous attire — and it is 
 Bometimes very gorgeous— the young Boer 
 rides twenty or thirty miles to the farm where 
 dwells the fair object of his affections. Beach- 
 ing it, he off-saddles and enters the house. The 
 young lady for whom the visit was intended, 
 her parents and her brothers and sisters, have 
 caught a glimpse of the saddle - cloth and 
 tassels, and all know what they mean. The 
 bashful wooer goes with a guilty look, holding 
 out a trembling hand, and saying, "Good-day, 
 good-day," all round, with a tremulous voice. 
 The maiden of his choice, mayhap silently 
 ^nds him a cup of tea or coffee. This is 
 
 ELEI'HANT-SUOOTING BT MOOXLIOUT. 
 
 Rubicon, and that his suit is prospering. He 
 repeats hii visits — all passing o1 iu the same 
 way — two or three times a week ; he meets his 
 lady-love at the catechism, and week after 
 week he and she keep up a silent telegraphic 
 communication with their eyes, instead of at- 
 tending to their prayer-books and their ps.alm- 
 singing, but hold no oral discourse. Both are 
 passed as fit candidates for the church and for 
 matrimony. As soon as the dread ordeal has 
 passed, the two manage to meet round the 
 corner of the church. 
 
 " Well, what do you think ?" says the smitten 
 swain. And, ' ' What do you think ?" says the 
 fair lady. " Well, I've got so many sheep, 
 how many have you?" The damsel has the 
 number at her fingers' ends. " I think that 
 will do," says the lover. "I think it will," 
 
 her petty colonies pay a heavy annual tribute 
 to t'-ie negro tribes. 
 
 A recent traveler depicts the war - dances 
 of the Landeens, or Zulus, a tribe who rul» 
 the right bank of the Zambezi, when they 
 come to exact from the merchants the two 
 hundred pieces of cloth, the beads and brass 
 wire, which are the rent they pay these dusky 
 landlords, who would seize all and evict them 
 for a refusal. 
 
 Indeed, the degenerate Portuguese dare not 
 extend their area of cultivated land for fear of 
 being compelled to pay a heavier tribute. They 
 cannot even cut timber in the woods without 
 paying this internal revenue, permission to cut 
 the Mokundu kundu, a tree used for shipbuild- 
 ing and medicinal purposes, costing thre* 
 hundred dollars per annum. 
 
610 
 
 THE WORLD'S GUEAT NATIONS. 
 
 A Qnu-Hunt. 
 
 Op all the antelopes, 
 n gmi jiresents the 
 most extraordinary con- 
 formation. At the first 
 sight the spectator 
 seems to doubt whether 
 it is a horse, a hull, or 
 an antelope, as it ap- 
 pears to partake nearly 
 equally of the nature of 
 these three animals. 
 
 The guus, of which 
 there are several species, 
 may be easily recognized 
 by their fierce-looking 
 head, their peculiarly- 
 shaped horns, which are 
 bent downward and then 
 upward again with a 
 sharp curve ; by their 
 broad nose and long, 
 hair-clad tail. They live 
 together in considerable 
 
 herds, often mixing with zebras, ostriches, and 
 giraffes, in one huge army of living beings. lu 
 their habits they are not uulike wild cattle. 
 Suspicious, timid, curious of disposition, and 
 irritable of temper, they display these mingled 
 qualities in a very ludicrous manner whenever 
 they are alarmed by a strange object. 
 
 '■ They commence whisking their long, white 
 tails," says Gumming, " in a most eccentric 
 manner ; then, springing suddenly into the air, 
 they begin pawing and capering, and pursue 
 each other in circles at their utmost speed. 
 Suddenly they all pull up together to overhaul 
 the intruder, when some of the bulls will often 
 commence fighting in the most violent manner, 
 dropping on their knees at every shock ; then, 
 
 K ^^:' 
 ^F ^ 
 
 AlUKOSA CAFFBE. 
 
 NATIVE MODE OF Ht'NTING THE ONP. 
 
 quickly wheeling about, they kick up their 
 heels, whirl their tails with a fantastic flourish, 
 and scour across the plain, enveloped in a cloud 
 of dust." 
 
 On account of these extraordinary inanceu- 
 vres, the gnu is called wildebeeste by the Dutch 
 settlers. 
 
 The faculty of curiosity is largely develoijed 
 in the gnu, which can never resist the tempta- 
 tion of inspecting every strange object, although 
 at the risk of its life. When a gnu first catches 
 sight of any unknown being, he sets off at full 
 speed, as if desirous of getting to the furthest 
 possible distance from the terrifying object. 
 Soon, however, the feeling of curiosity van- 
 quishes Va2 passion of fear, and the animal 
 
 halts to recon- 
 
 uoitre. He then 
 
 gallops in a circle 
 
 round the cause 
 
 of his dread, halt- 
 ing occasion ally, 
 
 and ever drawing 
 
 nearer By taking 
 
 advantage of this 
 
 disposition, the 
 
 native hunters are 
 
 enabled to a(tra<t ^s^.. 
 
 a herd of gnus 
 
 feeding out of shot, 
 
 merely by getting 
 
 up a clumsy imi- 
 tation of an o s - 
 
 trich, by holding 
 
 a head of that bird 
 
 on a pole, and 
 
 making at their 
 
 back a peacock's 
 
 tail of feathers. 
 
 The inquisi ti V o 
 
 animals a i e so 
 
 fascinated with the 
 
 fluttering lure, 
 
 that they actually 
 
 approach so near 
 
 as to be easily 
 
 pierced with a a 
 
 arrow. Several expert* 
 ments have been made 
 in order to ascertain 
 whether the gnu is 
 capable of domestication. 
 As far as the practica- 
 bility of such a scheme 
 was concerned, the ex- 
 periments were perfectly 
 successful ; but there is 
 a great drawback in the 
 shape of a dangerous 
 and infectious disease Uy 
 which the gnu is very 
 liable, and which would 
 render it a very undesir- 
 able member of the 
 cattle-yard. The animal 
 is frequently infested 
 with bot-flies, and suffers 
 from them to such an 
 extent that it ejects 
 them from its nose when- 
 ever it snorts, an act 
 which it is very fond of 
 I^erforming. Ordinary cattle have no love for 
 the gnu, and on one occasion, when a young 
 gnu of only four months old was placed in the 
 yard, the cattle surrounded it and nearly killed 
 it with their horns and hoofs. 
 
 The color of the ordinary gnu {Oonnochetes 
 Onu) is brownish-black, sometimes with a blue- 
 gray wash. The mane is black, with the excep- 
 tion of the lower part, which is often grayish- 
 white, as is the lower part of the tail. The 
 nose is covered with a tuft of reversed hair, and 
 there is a mane upon the chest. The brindled 
 gnu may be distinguished from the common 
 gnu, or kokoon, by its convex and smooth face, 
 the hair lying toward the nose, instead of 
 being reversed. There is no mane upon the 
 
 TREE IN NATAIa 
 
SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 511 
 
 chest, and the brown hiile is varied and 
 striped with gray. It is higher at the 
 withers thau the kokoon, aud its action 
 is ratlier chimsj'. It is very local in 
 its distribution, being found northward 
 of the Black River, and never being 
 known to cross that simple boundary. 
 It lives in large herds, and when ob- 
 served, the whole herd forms in single 
 file, and so flies from the object of its 
 terror. 
 
 A Oaffra Hut. 
 
 Thekb are some delectable regions 
 where the absence of dingy tenements 
 aud extortionate rents renders the solu- 
 tion of the problem " How shall we 
 live ?" quite easy and simple, where 
 the tax-gatherer is a myth, aud the 
 imperious demands of modern society 
 unknown. There maj', however, be 
 conditions connected with these exemp- 
 tions none of our readers would care 
 to obey, so we jiresent to them a phase 
 of life more curious than attractive. 
 
 In Caffre - laud the huts are from 
 eighteen to twenty feet in diameter, 
 and from six to seven feet high ; they 
 are generally built by the wonieu, poles 
 being first stuck into the earth, from 
 which flexible boughs are arched over 
 the top. This bower-shaped wattle- work 
 is thatched with straw, aud i^lastercd 
 over with clay or cowdung. A small 
 aperture is left for the door, which is 
 formed of b.osket-work, and usually 
 screened by a rustic sort of portal. The 
 fireplace is formed in the centre, and 
 the only outlet for the smoke is the 
 doorway ; to this may be attributed the 
 fact of the inmates of these dwellings 
 being so frequently aflflicted with weak 
 or sore eyes. The floor is usually 
 composed of the earth of ant-hills, which, by 
 loug exposure to the suu, has become dry and 
 hardened, being thus well adapted for the pur- 
 pose, and producing a 
 smooth and even sur- 
 face. A few mats to sit 
 and sleep on, a small 
 one to hold the food 
 when dressed, a few 
 coarse earthen pots of 
 native manufacture for 
 cooking, a basket of 
 peculiar workmanship, 
 and so closely woven 
 as to be capable of 
 containing liquor, and 
 a bundle of assagais 
 or spears, constitute 
 the furniture of a 
 Caffre hut. In that 
 of a wealthy Caffre, 
 there is usually a milk 
 sack made of bul- 
 lock's hide, so closely 
 sewn together as to 
 prevent leakage, and 
 capable of containing 
 several gallons ; but 
 the poorer classes are 
 
 description of unleavened bread mado 
 from a kind of millet called Caffre 
 corn, roughly ground between two 
 stones. 
 
 Meat is only eaten on great occasions, 
 such as marriages aud other festivities, 
 or when they are obliged to kill an ox 
 for the support of their wives while 
 engaged in the duties of cultivating the 
 land and suckling an infant ; or at 
 the time when karrosses are rcfjuired 
 for the use of the family, which seldom 
 happens more than once a year. 
 They never eat salt, to which they have 
 a decided aversion. 
 
 FINOOE HEIinSWOMAN. 
 
 content to keep their milk in calabashes. The 
 food of these people varies with the seasons ; 
 their principal support is milk and a coarse 
 
 INTSBIOR OF A CAFFBS HUT. 
 
 The Hopo, an African Method of 
 
 Hunting. 
 Savage tribes are wasteful in their 
 destruction of game, and the picture 
 presented in our illustration has its 
 counterpart in many of the works of 
 early travelers in America. Champlain 
 portrays and describes a similar trap 
 which he saw used in the peninsula of 
 Upper Canada, and the tribes on the 
 trans-Mississippi plains formerly slaugh- 
 tered herds of bisons in this waj'. 
 
 During the frequent droughts which 
 afflict the country of the Bakouins in Africa 
 gnus, rhinoceroses and antelopes come 
 down to (he never - failing springs of 
 C o 1 o b e n g . The people, themselves 
 suffering from the dearth which had 
 blasted their crops, could not behold 
 unmoved the manna (hus presented 
 from the ^vilderness. They resort to 
 the hopo— a sort of mammoth trap 
 composed of two hedges of trees cut 
 hastily and well filled in, thick and 
 high, and running together like the 
 two sides of a letter V. They do not 
 touch, however, but run along for fifty paces 
 straight, when they end on the edge of a pit 
 four or five yards square, and six or eight feet 
 deep. Trees are placed 
 on the edges to prevent 
 the escape of animals. 
 The whole affair is 
 covered with branches 
 to deceive the eyes of 
 the animals. As the 
 two hedges are about 
 a mile long, and the 
 base of the triangle 
 about the same length, 
 a tribe fr— ling a circle 
 of three or four miles 
 around the hopo, and 
 gradually narrow i n g 
 in, is sure to encircle 
 a great quantity of 
 game. The hunters 
 drive the animals to- 
 ward the mouth of 
 the hopo, and men 
 placed opposite drive 
 them into the only ap- 
 parent avenue of es- 
 cape, the path that 
 leads to destruction. 
 
M2 
 
 THE WOBLU-S QKEAT NATIONa 
 
 ■m ''mmwmw''WmM' 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 PM 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 [^ 
 
 tn 
 
 H 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 GEOCJRArniCAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HiSTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 Old London Bridgii-Elizabethan Furniture— furnituee of the Fifieekth Centubt-Queen Elizabeth ix State-Lottdok by Night- 
 Queen ANN GoiNO TO Parliament-murder of the Princes by Richard hi.- the South Sea Bubble— Costume of the Time oir 
 Henry V — he ad -dresses of the Eeign of Edward IV.— Costume of the Eeign of William HI— Vehicles and Carriages — Thb 
 Ship "Henki.Gkace-ad:eu"— A rLoaoiNG- horse — Whipping-post and Stocks— The Ducking-stool — The Bridle — a Watchma:?, op 
 Sh.ikespeare's Time— Penance of Jane Shore- Clothing Shop in the Eeign of Queen Elizabeth — Hackney-coachman of the 
 Time of Charles II.— An English Funeral Three Hundred Years Ago — State Barge of Richard ii. of England — Hanging in 
 Chains-Odd Ci-stoms of English Theatres— Flogging of Quakers in England— Costumes of the Time of Henry VI.— The Thames 
 Tunnel and Subway- The Domesday Book — And Old English Kitchen — An Ancient Coracle — Barber Shop in the Reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth -Royal Miracles-The Bed of Ware— Donkey Races at Blackheath-The Bank of England— Royal Exchange 
 — Eddystone Lighthouse- Egg-marketing in Irfland— Drowning the Shamrock on Patrick's Day— Drag hunt in Ireland— The 
 Giant's Causeway, Ireland— Irish Turf-gatherers -ancient Irish Harp— The Isle op Skye— The Bass Eock— Holyrood Pal.^ce 
 -iiioHLAND DANCE— Peat-gathering in Scotland— The Fishwives of Newhaven, neab Edinbuboh— Conclusion of Scootland 
 
 ENGLAND means the land of the Angles, 
 or Engles. Under the Romans it was 
 known as Britannia. Julius Coesar, in 
 his "Commentaries," describes the inhabit- 
 ants as naked barbarians, of a warlike disposi- 
 tion, and armed principally with spears. They 
 also used a species of sling ; but it was not till 
 the time of Agrieola that we read of their 
 having shields, or bows and arrows. 
 
 Their religion partook of their barbarous 
 nature, being Bruidism, wherein human sacri- 
 fices were offered. The measure of a people's 
 civilization, as well as its mental and moral 
 characteristics, has no truer standard than 
 their religious rites. 
 
 It took the Romans nearly eighty years to 
 complete the conquest of England, but not 
 without many desperate battles. One of their 
 most serious encounters was with the famous 
 Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, a tribe of Britons 
 inhabiting Norfolk and Suffolk. A gross out- 
 rage offered to the queen and her two daugh- 
 ters aroused the Icenians to such fury that, 
 joining forces with the Trinobantes, a tribe 
 dwelling in Essex and Middlesex, they flew 
 to arms, and slaughtered over eighty thou- 
 sand Romans and their allies. This battle was 
 fought a.d. 60. 
 
 After maintaining possession of the fairest 
 parts of England for nearly four hundred 
 years, the exigencies of the Empire compelled 
 the Romans to abandon this Ultima Tliule of 
 their dominions, and the Britons were left to 
 take care of themselves. The result was the 
 irruption of many German tribes, among 
 others the Frisians, from the western coast o. 
 Schleswig. Thus was introduced the Teutonic 
 l-mguage into the south of England, of which 
 Saxon was one of its many branches. 
 
 The first of the Germanic invaders that 
 
 arrived after the departure of the Romans are 
 
 described as having been a body of Jutes, 
 
 Onder Hengist and Horsa. They arrived in 
 
 21 
 
 Ksnt, a.d. 449. These were followed, in 477, 
 by a body of Saxons under Ella, who made 
 their descent on the coast of Sussex. In 527 
 the first Angles arrived, and in about thirty 
 j'ears they obtained possession of the whole of 
 England, with the exception of that part oc- 
 cupied by the Jutes and the Saxons. The 
 Angles also extended their settlements over a 
 great part of the south of Scotland. 
 
 A Heptarchy, or group of seven kingdoms, 
 was gradually formed by successive bodies of 
 invaders : 
 
 1. Kent, founded by Hengist and Horsa. 
 
 2. Sussex, founded by Ella and t'le Saxons. 
 
 3. Wessex, founded by Cerdic. His followers 
 were Saxons. 
 
 4. Essex, founded, by Ercenerine, whose fol- 
 lowers were Saxons. 
 
 5. Northumbria, founded by Ida and Ella, 
 whose followers were Angles. 
 
 6. East Anglia, including Norfolk, Suffolk, 
 Cambridgeshire, and part of Bedfordshire. 
 The inhabitants were Angles. 
 
 7. Mercia was founded by Crida, whose fol- 
 lowers were Angles. This was a.d. 585. 
 
 Egbert of "VVessex, although not strictly en- 
 titled to be called the first king of England, 
 certainly laid the foundation of what after- 
 ward became the English monarchy ; for, in 
 823, he annexed Kent ; in 828 he subdued 
 Sussex ; in 823 he overcame Essex : in 828 
 Northumbria ; in 823 East Anglia submitted, 
 and in 827 the only remaining one of the 
 Heptarchy, Mercia, was subjugated by Egbert, 
 King of Wessex. 
 
 The royal house of Wessex never lost the as- 
 cendency which it had acquired under the lead 
 of Egbert while the Anglo-Saxons remained 
 masters of England. Alfred the Great was of 
 his race. In 1017 Canute, the Dane, reigned 
 in England, and was succeeded by Hardi- 
 canute and Harold Harefoot. But in 1042 the 
 line of Egbert was restored in the person of 
 
 Edward the Confessor. In 1066 Harold, the 
 
 last of the Saxon kings, lost his life and crown 
 at the battle of Hastings, and the Norman line, 
 commencing with William the Conqueror, as- 
 cended the throne of England, which it has 
 occupied, with various modifications, up to the 
 present time, when Victoria the First reigns. 
 The Norman house remains in possession, 
 having passed through the intermediate stages 
 of Plantagenet, Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, 
 Orange and Hanover — the only break being 
 the interregnum of Oliver Cromwell, from 1649 
 to 1660. The number of sovereigns from 
 William the Conqueror to Victoria — a period of 
 seven hundred and seventy- one years — is thirty- 
 six, averaging a reign of twenty-two years, 
 the longest reigns being those of Henry III., 
 who reigned fifty - six years ; Henry VIII. j 
 who disgraced the throne thirty-eight years • 
 his daughter, Elizabeth, who ruled from 1558 
 to 1603, a period of forty-five years : then 
 George III., who was king from 1760 to 1820, 
 no less a term than sixty years, or two genera- 
 tions of men. It must, however, be remem^ 
 bered that for nearly twenty years of his 
 nominal reign he was a harmless lunntio in 
 Windsor Castle. The present occupant of the 
 British throne ascended it in 1837; she has, 
 therefore, been the reigning queen of tha 
 British Empire for fifty-one years. 
 
 In our description of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land we have i^urposely confined ourselves to 
 the nucleus of that remarkable congeries of 
 nationalities known as the British Empire. 
 Even a mere resume of that overgrown collec- 
 tion of discoveries, conquests and sjooliations 
 would altogether exceed our space, for it would 
 necessarily involve a condensed history of the 
 entire world, since in every quarter of the 
 globe its dominion extends, entailing ujion it 
 an incessant state of war. 
 
 In his History of France, Carlyle says that if 
 Great Britain had followed the i^recedeut of th« 
 
su 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Romans, %ad built a Temple ot Jantis. it wouW 
 not have lieen shut for the last tvm hundred 
 and fifty years, as there never has been a time, 
 during that period, when England has not been 
 ftt war with some Power, either great or small. 
 Philosophical historians differ as to the tendency 
 of an aggressive policy, which aatnrally enlarges 
 nn Empire day by day, until some timid states- 
 man resolves to contract this accumulation of 
 territory and population. 
 
 S'smondi, on the contrary, attributes the de- 
 cline and fall of the Roman Empire to the 
 contraction of its limits, and its refusal to make 
 any more conquests. It must 1 e confessed that 
 the withdrawal of Rome from England marked 
 Ihat epoch in lier history whicli might be called 
 the culmination of her power and splendor. 
 Wliile some contend tliat, aft'r a certain limit, 
 contraction of dominion is a wise husbanding 
 of vital Btreneth, others maintain it is the 
 certain sign of decaying energy, and is the 
 commencement of iJecline. 
 
 Buckle also argues that, as Nature never 
 contradicts herself, but governs invariably with 
 immutable laws, there is a distinct analogy 
 between all systems, whether a human body, 
 in empire, or a star, and that they have their 
 birth, growth, prime, gradual decay, and final 
 dissolution agre(ably to the universal law 
 which regulates all things. 
 
 Our object, in the present glance, has been 
 to (rive a few illustrations of Great Britain, but 
 principally England, showing isolat( d, and yet 
 connected passages in her national life, so as 
 to form a kind of pictorial history of her rise 
 end pro rrcss. 
 
 Altogether, castinc aside the stereotyped cant 
 of our sharing the same language, laws, religion, 
 
 manners, customs, and other habits, we may 
 yet observe that every Aaiorlcaii cannot fail 
 to be interested in a nation from which wc 
 originally sprang. 
 
 The Englisl; langnapre is eminently a com- 
 posite language, made-up of contributions from 
 other lan'_'uafrcs. It derives its origin from the 
 Celtic, the Latin, the Anglo-Saxon, the Danish, 
 the Norman, the French, and some others. 
 Indeed, their language, like their race, is 
 largely made-up of gatherings from all nations. 
 The result was a language which, under the 
 penius of Chaucer, became what m.ay bo called 
 the En^;lish Tonirue. Before the year l-lOO, 
 when Chaucer — that first bright star of Engiish 
 poetry — died, be had compored his "Canter- 
 bury Tales," besides numerous other poems, 
 all showing, more or less, a close observation 
 )f nature, and a deep insight into tljc liuman 
 heart. From his time to the dnys of Queen 
 Elizabeth English literature has Utile to show ; 
 but when Spenser appeared, he was the herald 
 of a great race of poets, culminating in Shake- 
 speare. Schlcgcl somewhat enthusiastically 
 says, that when the Deity made Shakespeare, 
 he indirectly named the English language as 
 being that intended as tlie universal tongue. 
 Te rather suspect that the immense com- 
 merce of England is the cause of the rapid 
 growth of the English language, and not tlic 
 influence of the author of "Hamlet" and "As 
 You Like It." 
 
 Bayard Taylor, in his last letter from Egypt, 
 gives some amusing instances of English and 
 American tlang on the Nile, and beneath the 
 very shadow of the Pyramids. Among others 
 were some little Btreet-Aral)S, who called out to 
 him and Colonel Knox, "Shine your shoes?" , 
 
 and various other friendly greetings, all mor> 
 or less connected with personal services 
 
 The origin and progress of the British 
 drama is very remarkable, and somewhat slow. 
 Like everything English, it has been very 
 gradual, never retroceding, even when the 
 Elizabethan dramas of Siiakespeare, Ma singer, 
 iVIarlowe, Webster, Ford, and their glorious 
 compeers, were succeeded by the flippant and 
 immoral writers of the Restoration. Th.c first 
 germs of that glorious creation were the 
 " Miracle Plays," which commenced ia the 
 reign of Edward III. The two pro:;:inent 
 persons in them were the Devil and a wftty, 
 mischievous, profligate character, denominated 
 the Vice. 
 
 The earliest comedy is the "Ralph Roister 
 Doister," by Nicholas Udall, and is at least as 
 ancient as the reign of E('.ward VI. Then came 
 "Gammer Gu: ton's Needle," by John Still, 
 which was acted at Cambridge University, in 
 luCG, two years after the date of Shakespeare's 
 l)irth. But, five years before this comedy, the 
 first English tragedy, called " Ferrcx and Por- 
 rcx," was acted before Queen Elizabeth. Then 
 came the great writ: r who made up what is 
 called the Augustan Age of the English Drama.' 
 
 This brilliant galaxy of mind includes Mt^ 
 lowe, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, Cliapman, Decker, Webster, Marst: n, 
 Massinger, Ford, Heywood, Shirley, and other-, 
 t.f almost equal ability. Among the precursors 
 of Shakespeare were John Lilly, Thomr.s Kyd, 
 Thomas Nash, Robert Greene, George Pcele, 
 Thomas Lodge, etc. The writings of these 
 men strengthened the language, and made it 
 what it is — one of the most com])lete exponents 
 of human thought ever giren to manj 
 
 iiiiimt'-iiiiiit.iiiiin 
 
 'jiiiiniDiiiiiJinbjiteii 
 
 ■•,iiii f "'■■■? •?;■ If '9:1 
 
 IBK riLLOBY AT OLD LONDON BBIDOK. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND- 
 
 516 
 
 Old London Bridge. 
 
 This bridge disappeared in 1832. Eight 
 centuries at least had elapsed since the com- 
 mencement of that bridge traffic. There were 
 three or four bridges of wood successively 
 built at this spot before 1176 a.d., in which 
 year the stone structure was commenced : and 
 this was the veritable "Old London Bridge," 
 ■which served the citizens for more than six 
 hundred and fifty years. A curious fabric 
 it was, containing an immense quantity of 
 atone arches of various shapes and sizes, 
 piers so bulky as to render the navigation 
 between them very dangerous, and (until 1754) 
 a row of buildings a-top. 
 
 So many were the evils which accumulated 
 upon, around, and under it, that a new bridge 
 ■was resolved upon iu 1823 — against strong op- 
 position on the part of the Corporation. John 
 Kennie furnished the 
 plans, and his son. Sir 
 John, carried them out. 
 The new bridge was 
 opened by William 
 IV., August 1st, 1831. 
 
 The Old London 
 Bridge, for a ■water- 
 way of nine hundred 
 feet, had eighteen 
 solid stone piers, vary- 
 ing from twenty-iive 
 to thirty-four feet in 
 thickness ; thus c o n- 
 fining the flow of the 
 river ■within less than 
 half its natural 
 channel. 
 
 That this arose sim- 
 ply from bad engineer- 
 ing is very probable ; 
 but it admitted of 
 huge blocks of build- 
 ing being placed on 
 the bridge, with only 
 a few interspaces, from 
 one end to the other. 
 These formed houses 
 of four stories in 
 
 TBS IWVAL r ALACK AT HAUl'ION. 
 
 height, spanning across the passageway for 
 traffic, most of which was, of course, as dark as 
 a railway-tunnel. Nestling about the base- 
 ment-floors of these buildings were shops, 
 some of which were devoted to the business of 
 bookselling and publishing. 
 
 It is obvious that the inhabitants of these 
 dwellings must have been sadly pent up and 
 confined ; it would be, above all, a miserable 
 field for infant life ; yet nothing can be more 
 certain than that they were densely packed 
 with people. 
 
 About the centre, on a pier larger than the 
 rest, was reared a chapel, of Gothic architecture 
 of the twelfth century, sixty feet by twenty, 
 and of two floors, dedicated to St. Thomas of 
 Canterbury, and styled St. Peter's of the 
 Bridge ; a strange site, one would think, for 
 an edifice of that sacred character, and yet 
 we are assured that to rear religious houses 
 
 upon bridges was by no means an uncommon 
 practice in mediaeval times. In the earlier 
 days of 0\u London Bridge, the gate at the 
 end toward the city was that on which the 
 heads of executed traitors were exhibited ; but 
 in the reign of Elizabeth this grisly show was 
 transferred to the "Traitors' Gate," at the 
 Southwark end. A representation of this gate, 
 ■with the rows of heads above it, is here given. 
 
 OLD LONDON E3I00B, 
 
 Elizabethan Furniture. 
 
 The little group of Elizabethan articles is 
 copied exactly from articles of that penodj 
 and in our fashions of to-day, amid the so- 
 called imitations and revivals, a study of the 
 genuine will not be useless. 
 
 The court-cupboard, sideboard,or buffet, stood 
 generally at the further end of the hall, and 
 on it were arranged the service of plate, such 
 as salvers and drink- 
 ing-cups. In the days 
 of Elizabeth the earlier 
 plain cupboard had be- 
 come an elaborate and 
 beautiful piece of fur- 
 niture, richly carved 
 in oak. On grand oc- 
 casions, such as wed- 
 dings, and the like, 
 when all display was 
 to be made, a t r i- 
 angular cupboard, seT- 
 eral stages high, re- 
 placed the court-cup- 
 board. 
 
 At the marriage of 
 Prince Arthur, son of 
 Henry VII., to Catha- 
 rine of Aragon, such a 
 structure was set up 
 in the hall, bearing 
 some ten thousand 
 dollars worth of oma> 
 mental plate, while the 
 rich sideboard itself 
 was removed to the 
 outer cliiim' er where 
 the princtsB dined, and 
 
B16 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 there dazzled tlie guests irith 
 gold plate, garnished xvith 
 stones and pearls, and valued 
 at twenty thousand pounds in 
 that day — equal to at least a 
 quarter of a million in ours- 
 part of the hoarded wealth of 
 the miserly Heury VII., which 
 ois son squandered. 
 
 • o 
 
 Purniture in the Fifteenth 
 Century. 
 
 In the fifteenth century the 
 furniture of the dining-room 
 was very limited. Boards on 
 trestles were in general use as 
 tables ; the huge saltcellar 
 ■was the chief ornament of the 
 board. At royal and notable 
 tables, silver goblets, plates 
 and dishes were seen ; but in 
 ordinary houses wooden bowls 
 and trenchers only were used. 
 Earthenware, though made in 
 the form of pitchers and jugs, 
 does not seem to have been 
 applied to the fabrication of 
 plates and dishes; indeed, in 
 remote parts of England, and 
 in institutions famed for their 
 conservatism (as the colleges 
 and public schools), the square 
 tfooden trenchard - board, the 
 pewter dishes, and the leathern 
 "Black Jack" for holding 
 beer, are scarcely out of use. 
 A constant current in improve- 
 ment was in motion during the Middle Ages, 
 and from these rude beginnings in the four- 
 teenth and fifteenth centuries a remarkable 
 progress was made, and a considerable degree 
 of splendor was attained. Defense began to be 
 not the only object studied in the construction 
 of buildings. The apartments expanded in 
 height, and were hung with 
 the newly invented tapes- 
 tries of the Netherlands, 
 called "Arras," from the 
 ;place of its origin. 
 , The Gothic paneUng of 
 the carved bedsteads, chairs, 
 etc., was dazzling with 
 scarlet, blue, and gold, with 
 costly embroidered h a n g- 
 ings and curtains heavy 
 ■with heraldic symbolism; 
 cabinets, reading-desks, 
 prie-dieu, ivory and ena- 
 meled coffers, fire-dogs as 
 andirons, elaborately chased 
 and gilt, began to appear, 
 and harmonized to a rich 
 glow of color by the gem- 
 med and jeweled light that 
 stole through the nmllions 
 of the storied windows of 
 " bower and hall." 
 
 Various articles now in 
 daily use were introduced 
 during the reign of Henry 
 VIII.; chamber-clocks, for 
 example, began to be part 
 
 ■working order is of the date 
 of 1540, and is at Hampton 
 Court. Looking-glasses, or 
 mirrors, were now made in 
 Italy, to be suspended on the 
 walls of rooms. With various 
 modifications, the Renaissance 
 style continued doiuinaut for 
 nearly two centuries. In Eng. 
 land it degenerated into po- 
 sitive ugliness, especially 
 during the reigns of Queen 
 Elizabeth and James I. 
 
 It is distinguished by a 
 mixture of overwrought heavy 
 moldings, combined with thin 
 spiral columns and twisted legs. 
 It was succeeded by the French 
 style, named after Louis XIV. 
 
 EI.IZABETnAN FUBN'ITCRE -SIDEBOAUD OB BUFFET. 
 
 of the usual furniture of a room. The famous 
 one of silver-gilt, designed by Holbein, and 
 presented by Henry VIII. to Anne Boleyn, 
 was purchased by the Queen at the sale of 
 Horace Walpole's effects, at Strawberry Hill, 
 for one hundred pounds, and is now at Windsor. 
 In England, the oldest clock now in fair 
 
 -i=£^ 
 
 5V<^l^^i^^v^ 
 
 8ITTniO>ROOM FtntNITtTRB IN THE FIFTEBNTH OBNTtTBT. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth in State. 
 We give an exact copy of a 
 curious picture by Zacchero, 
 representing the Virgin Queen 
 in one of her numerous state 
 progresses. When we recollect 
 that only three centuries have 
 passed since kings, queens, 
 and other notabilities, were 
 carried on men's shoulders, we 
 scarcely think that any ad- 
 vance had been made since the 
 days of Belus, if we can judge 
 from the sculptures exhumed 
 by Layard from the ruins of 
 Nineveh. Nor would it no-w 
 be considered a pleasant thing for any maids- 
 of-honor to walk after their royal mistress 
 through the dirty lanes and streets. 
 
 As a curious specimen of bygone times we re- 
 publish the picture for the amusement of our 
 readers. The researches of Fronde have throwil 
 quite a light upon the stormy times of the 
 Tudors. With a terribly 
 bold hand this admirable 
 historian has stripped oft 
 the tinsel with which careless 
 or corrupt partisans had so 
 plentifully bedizened the 
 characters of both Eliza- 
 beth and Mary. Of course, 
 we must not judge those 
 celebrated women by the 
 more fastidious standard of 
 the present days, yet wo 
 know enough of the danger, 
 ous seductions which pewer 
 and pleasure exert over the 
 human heart, more espe- 
 cially the female, to ho 
 aware that the moral stand- 
 ard is ever lowest in tho 
 highest station, and that it 
 we ■wish to find purity of 
 morals and intellectual 
 eminence, we must seek for 
 it in the middle classes of re- 
 fined society. It ir jnly in the 
 present age that the higher 
 classes of society aie amen- 
 able to the laws of moralitji 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 51T 
 
 London by Night. 
 
 There is a scant re- 
 oorl of the early City 
 Watch. The murder of 
 Lord Ferrie's brother, at 
 his lodLfing at the George 
 Inn, in Lombard Street, 
 his body being thrown 
 into the street, is said to 
 have originated Night 
 Watchers in 1175 
 
 In 1416, Henry Barlow, 
 then Mayor of London, 
 is found to have ordered 
 lanterns and lights to be 
 hangod out during the 
 Winter's evenings bet- 
 wixt Allhallowmas and 
 Candlemas. 
 
 In the Eighth Harry's 
 time, the ordinary light- 
 ing and watching of tha 
 streets were by one or 
 two cressets, whicli only 
 served to malce darkness 
 visible, and a few watch- 
 men armed with halberds 
 and dim lantern^i. But 
 once a year, on Mid- 
 summer Eve, the city 
 made a great show of 
 Marching Watcli, and 
 which King Harry wit- 
 nessed in 1510, having 
 come privily into West- 
 cheap of London, clothed 
 in one of the coats of his 
 guard. 
 
 On the occasion of 
 these night marches an 
 enormous bonfire blazed 
 away near to tha Cathe- 
 dral of St. Paul's, light- 
 ing up every pinnacle 
 and its many windows 
 ■s though a thousand 
 tapers burned within. 
 The streets were full of 
 iight ; over the doorways 
 of the houses were lamps 
 of glass, with oil bum- 
 lag in them all night, 
 and some hung out bran- 
 ches of iron curiously 
 wrought, containing 
 hundreds of lamps 
 liglited at once. 
 
 Tallies were set out 
 with ponderous cakes md 
 flagons of ale and wine, 
 and over the doors hung 
 branches of birch, with 
 wreaths of lilies and 
 John's-wort, " and pof» 
 of the srreen orpine, in 
 the beniing of whose 
 leaves the maiden could 
 read li t fat« in love." 
 
 The windows and gal- 
 leries, then common to 
 the houses of London, 
 were filled with ladies, 
 the taoa standing below 
 
■BIS 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ■within a barrier ; and between the gable roors 
 were servants and venturous apprentices. 
 Unsic within, and the cadence of sweet voices 
 Stnging in harmony. Then with trumpet and 
 Brum onward came the Marching Watch. The 
 pHtdl zopes which burued ia the cressets sent 
 
 QPEBN ANNE GOING TO PARLIAMENT. 
 
 lip their tongues of flame and wreaths of smoke. 
 Seven hundred cresset-bearers, besides two 
 hundred and fifty constables, minstrels and 
 henchmen to the amount of nearly two thou- 
 sand ! There were demi-lixncers, gunners with 
 their wheel-locks aa4 (trciuebuses, archers iu 
 
 white coats, with bows bent and sheavea ot 
 arrows by their side, pikemeu in bright cors- 
 lets, and billmen with aprons of mail. And bo 
 came and passed the Marching Watch. And 
 then for the rest ot the year was the old gloom 
 upon the city — the solitary cresset and the mire 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 619 
 
 tratchman. In 1540, 
 
 Henry put down tlie 
 Marching Watch, con- 
 Bidering the great 
 charge to the city; 
 but it was not until 
 15G9 that the lovers of 
 ol I pageants conseuted 
 to abandon it en- 
 tirely. 
 
 A substantial Watch 
 was then projecte I for 
 the safety of the city, 
 an 1 consisted of a.i 
 aged man armed, as 
 we have saiil, with 
 halberd and lantern, 
 Whose business it was 
 to parade the streets, 
 »nd see that the proper 
 tishti were hung out 
 by the housekeepers. 
 
 But in Qusen Mary's 
 time, they "made 
 night hideous" by one 
 of each ward who went 
 all night with a b::ll, 
 and at every lane's 
 end gave warning of 
 fire and candle, an 1 to 
 help tlie poor and to 
 pray for the dead. And 
 the breed did not im- 
 prove until the intro- 
 duction of the n;w 
 police ; for th^ gimrdian 
 of the night was, within 
 our recollection, merely 
 a great Witney coat 
 ituflfjd with a super- 
 annuated bricklayers laborer, having sufficient 
 Intelligence to bawl the hour, and to " wink 
 hard" (i. e. not see) when well paid for doins 
 BO. They had boxes to sleep in — absurdly 
 called watch-boxes— at'd it was said by Lord 
 Erskine that a friecd of his, who could not 
 obtain sleep by any of tlie usual me;ins, put 
 on a watchman's coat, pot into a watch-box, 
 and was asleep in five minutes. 
 
 Ill 1694 a company was formel to light the 
 streets with glass convex lights ; but the com- 
 pany's lease expired in twenty-one years, and 
 with it convex lights. Tb.en every person whose 
 rent was ten pounds was compelkd to Jiun;^ out 
 
 LONDON BY NIUHT, 1G05. 
 
 one or more lanterns, to burn from six o'clock 
 until eleven. So the ciit-throat-i and burglars 
 were kept out of bod till 5«st eleven, unless 
 there chanced to be clouds over the moon, or 
 the bouse they had selected to work in was 
 unler ten poun'ls a year, and without a lantern. 
 It was not until 17^4 that this str.ti of things 
 w s miterially altered. 
 
 seizing the crown, and 
 caused the Licutsnant 
 )f the Tower, Sir Ro- 
 Dert Drackenbur) , to 
 De sounded, r.s to 
 whether lie would un- 
 dertake to make away 
 with the young king 
 and his brother. 
 
 Bracken bury re- 
 'cived Richard's mes- 
 sage while kneeling at 
 his devotions in St. 
 John's Chapel, and re* 
 jected so dreadful a 
 task. Richard, in con- 
 sequence of his refusal, 
 gave authority to 
 James Tyrrell to re- 
 ctive from Bracken- 
 bury the tempory 
 charge of the Tower 
 and the prisoners n ith- 
 in its walls. This being 
 arranged, Tyrrell em- 
 ployed Dighton and 
 Forest, two unstiu; ul- 
 ous assassins, to take 
 the lives of the royal 
 ihii 'ren, which was 
 accomplished by smo- 
 tberins them with the 
 f-illows of their bed. 
 Their bodies were then 
 buried within the 
 Tower, nor does it ap- 
 pear that RIcl nrd ever 
 at any time alluded to 
 them afterward, or at- 
 tempted to account 
 for th ir disappearance. There was no an- 
 nouncement of their illness, or of their death 
 from natural causes, no ceremony of a funeral, 
 or any further public notice of the fate of the 
 roy.il children. 
 
 As tlie mr.rder of the princes has been called 
 in question, so the localities attribute. 1 to its 
 perpetration have been disputed on varionfl 
 
 Queen Anne Going to Parliament. 
 The modern course of English History may 
 be .sa d to have commenced during the rei^n of 
 Queen Anne, when the political union of 
 Eui^land and S.otland was completed. 'I'liis 
 event took place on May 1st, 1707. Scotland 
 retaine 1 her religious and civil laws, but her 
 political and commercial interests were com- 
 bined with those of England, and she was to be 
 represented in the Enizlish Parliament l.y sixteen 
 lords and forty-five commoners. Our illustra- 
 tion rpprosints t'.e Quocn o:i her way to open 
 the tirst Parliament un kr the new regime. 
 
 SSD m BHAKESFEASB 6 TIUE. 
 
 Murder of tbe Princes by Richard III. 
 
 One of the most terrible mysteries of the 
 Tower of London is the question how Richard 
 the Tliird disposed of his unfortunate nephews. 
 
 Taking the tradition generally received, 
 Richard, after giving all necessary orders for 
 the ceremony of his nephew's coronation (there 
 i.; evidence that even bis nil'es were prepared'), 
 somewhat suJdjnly declared bis intention oi 
 
 PLACE WHERE THE PRINCB8 WERE BURnO 
 IN XHB XUWSU OF LONDOMa 
 
620 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 grounds. A Email chamber in the Bloody 
 Tower has, by long tradition, being assigned 
 OS the spot where the barbarous deed was 
 done; and notwithstanding the professed 
 doubts of Bailey and other writers, no more 
 probable or likely place Las been named. We 
 know that this 
 chamber was closely 
 adjoining to the gov- 
 ernor's house, where 
 BO many prisoners of 
 rank have been con- 
 fined, when security 
 rather than severity of 
 Imprisonment was the 
 object in view. Indeed, 
 in the older accounts 
 of the building within 
 the fortress, wo fre- 
 quently find it called 
 the Garden Tower, 
 from its adjoining the 
 governor's private 
 garden. It is remark- 
 able that in a compli- 
 mentary oration in 
 Latin (still in preser- 
 vation), with which 
 the authorities of the 
 Tower received Jamesl. 
 at the gate, on hi< first 
 visit to the fortress 
 after his accession, ex- 
 press mention is made 
 of the Bloody Tower, 
 as the scene of the 
 princei's murder. 
 
 It was always a 
 sequel to the tra lition 
 of the murder of the 
 pri nces, that " the 
 priest of the Tower" 
 had buried their bodies 
 in some conceiled 
 place (Shakespeare puts 
 this fact in the mouth 
 of Tyrrell) ; an 1 surely 
 it was not unreasonable to infer, 
 when two children's bodies corre- 
 sponding in age, and period of 
 decay, with the date of the murder, 
 were discovered in Charles II. 's 
 timj, by some workmen, at the 
 foot of the staircase, about seventy 
 yards distant from the Bloody 
 Tower, that these were the bones 
 of th:; princes. There were two 
 consecrated burial-grounds within 
 the Tower, besides that of Barkin; 
 ChurvU on Tower Hill, close by ; 
 and what likelihood was there, 
 under those circumstances, of two 
 boys being buried in thissequestrel 
 nook, under a staircase, unless with 
 a view to secrecy and concealment ? 
 Ai.ii:i, had the bones been those of 
 grown persons, it might be con- 
 jecture! that two unfortunate pri- 
 soners had been quietly made away 
 with in those disturbed times, and buried in 
 secret ; but there is no probable cause for this 
 bavin; occurred in respect to two boys, even if 
 there were traces or records of any other youth- 
 ful prisoners, except Mward V. and his brother, 
 
 having been m the Tower at all. It was by 
 Charles II. 's orders, as the tradition went, that 
 Sir Thomas Chicheley, his master-general of 
 the ordnance, planted a mulberry-tree on the 
 the spot where the princes' bodies were found ; 
 but, with a vandalism to which the Tower has 
 
 THE SOLTtt SEA liLHDLE. 
 
 too often been subjected, a staircase wrrs built 
 up in 1674 against the wall, which caused tlie 
 rapid decav of the mulberry-iree. There was, 
 however, in 1853, an old warden who well re- 
 collected to have seen the stump still imbedded 
 
 in the landing of the stairs/^ If the tale bo trne 
 that Richard ordered their burial in consecrated 
 ground, it accounts for being laid here, becaugo 
 the stairs leading up to St. John Chapel would 
 be considered as imder the same consecration as 
 the chapel itself. 
 
 MissStrickland, with 
 her usual research and 
 accuracy, has traced 
 out the very important 
 details of the vast re- 
 wards bestowed by 
 Eichard on Tyrrell and 
 his assistants in the 
 murder. Tyrrell wa» 
 made captain or gov- 
 ernor of the town of 
 Guisnes, near Calais, 
 and further received 
 three rich stewardships 
 from Kichard, in the 
 Marches of Wales. 
 D i g h t o n was made 
 bailiff to the town of 
 Ayton, with a pension- 
 Forest's widow had a 
 pension given her on 
 his death, shortly after 
 the murder; and 
 ample general pardons 
 were granted to them — 
 whatever villainies 
 mi<;ht be laid to their 
 charge — all under the 
 royal hand and seal, 
 not naming for what 
 offense, but covering 
 any, and all. 
 
 Sir James Tyrrell, 
 according to Miss 
 Strickland's investiga- 
 tion, actually confessed 
 the murder, just before 
 he was beheaded by 
 order of Henry VII., 
 in 1502, for favoring: 
 the escape of John de 
 la Pole, on whom his uncle 
 Eichard had settled the succession 
 to the crown. Uighton also con- 
 fess d his part in the murder, when 
 hanged at Calais, soon after Tyr- 
 rell's execution ; and at the same 
 time declared his knowledge of an 
 old priest having buried the bodies, 
 first under the Wakefield Tower, 
 and a second time in some placo 
 of which he has no knowledge 
 
 The South Sea Bubble. 
 
 The painting by E. M. Ward, a 
 
 meritorious English artist, revives 
 
 the memory of that wonderful 
 
 period of stock-broking and mania 
 
 in Engliind, known as the South 
 
 Pea Bubble. It gave the pencil of 
 
 Hogarth the subject of his first 
 
 published work, and has been the 
 
 object of wit and sarcasm. Three of the figures 
 
 in the painting are sliown on a larse scale, to 
 
 give a better idea of the artist's handling of 
 
 the costnme and character of the time. Th« 
 
 central figure is the rich young city widow, lH» 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND TPiELVNIX 
 
 521 
 
 comes in the centre 
 of the painting, followed 
 by her footman. She is 
 in the tip of the fashion, 
 but sadly perplexed, as 
 she listens to the foppish 
 fellow who is reading 
 out the prospectus of a 
 new company. But his 
 chief auditor is the 
 country gentleman to his 
 right, whose daughter's 
 face, shown larger on the 
 right, above, is a charm- 
 ing picture of simplicity. 
 The sweet, sad face on 
 the left, above, is in the 
 original the companion 
 of the care-stricken war- 
 rior descending the steps 
 on the right, apparently 
 mined. In au evil hour 
 he has been temjjted to 
 embark his all, and 
 already, as the bill on 
 the door indicates, the 
 
 ■wreck is totiil. As souio of our readers may 
 not know what the South Sea Bubble was, we 
 give a short history : 
 
 In the year 1711, Harley, Earl of Oxford, 
 ■with the view of restoring public credit, and 
 dtecharging ten millions of the floating debt, 
 agreed with a company of merchants that they 
 should take the debt upon themselves for a 
 certain time, and at the interest of six per cent., 
 to provide for which, amounting to six hundred 
 thousand pounds per annum, the duties upon 
 certain articles were rendered permanent. 
 
 At the same time was granted the monopoly 
 of trade to the South Seas, and the merchants 
 ■were incorporated as the South Sea Company ; 
 and so proud was the Minister of his scheme, 
 that it was called, by his flatterers, ' ' The Earl 
 of Oxford's masterpiece." 
 
 In 1717 the company's stock of ten millions 
 ■was authorized by Parliament to be increased 
 to twelve millions, upon their advancing two 
 
 PITTING-KOOM FrKNimiK IK THK TIME OF WILLIAM AND MARY 
 
 millions to the Government toward reducing the 
 national debt. The name of the company was 
 thus kept coutmually before the public; and, 
 though their trade with the South American 
 States ■n'as not profitable, they continued to 
 flourish as a monetary corporation. 
 
 Their stock was in high request ; and the 
 directors, determined to fly at high game, pro- 
 posed to the Government a scheme for no less 
 an object than the paying off the national debt ; 
 this proposition being made just on the explo- 
 sion in Paris of its counterpart, the Mississippi 
 Scheme of the celebrated John Law. 
 
 The first propounder of the South Sea project 
 was Sir John Blount, who had been bred a 
 scrivener, and was a bold and plausible specu- 
 lator. The company agreed to take upon them- 
 selves the debt, amounting to thirty million 
 nine hundred and eighty-one thousand seven 
 hundred and twelve pounds, at five per cent, 
 per annum, secured until 1727, when the whole 
 
 was to become redeem- 
 able at the pleasure of 
 the Legislature, and the 
 interest to be reduced to 
 four per cent. 
 
 Upon January 22d, 
 1720, the House of Com- 
 mons received the pro- 
 posal with great favor; 
 the Bank of England 
 was, however, anxious to 
 share in the scheme ; 
 but, after some delay, 
 the proposal of the com- 
 pany ■was accepted, and 
 leave given to bring in 
 the necessary Bill. 
 
 At this crisis an inp 
 fatuation regarding tho 
 South Sea speculation 
 began to take possession 
 of the public mind. The 
 company's stock rose 
 from one hundred and 
 thirty to three hundred, 
 ^ and continued to rise 
 while the B 11 was in progress. Mr. Walpolo 
 was almost the only statesman in the House 
 who denounced the absurdity of the measure, 
 and warned the country of the evils that must 
 ensue; but his admonition was entirely dis- 
 regarded. 
 
 Meanwhile the South Sea Company directors 
 and their friends, and especially the chairman 
 of the company, Blount, employed every stra- 
 tagem to raise the price of the stock. It was 
 rumored that Spain would, by treaty with 
 England, grant free trade to all her colonies, 
 and that silver would thus be brought from 
 Potosi, until it would be almost as plentiful as 
 iron ; also, that for the latter's cotton and 
 woolen goods the goldmines of Mexico were to 
 be exhausted. 
 
 The South Sea Company were to become tho 
 richest the world ever saw, and each hundred 
 pounds of their stock would produce hundreds 
 per annum to the holder. By this means tto 
 
 COSTUMES OP THE TIME OF QCBEK ELIZAIIETH. 
 
522 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 COSTUMES OP THE TIME OP JAMES THE PIKST 
 
 ■took was raised to nearly four liundred ; it i cent. 
 then fluctuated, and settled at three hundred | Blouut, 
 and thirty, when the hill was passed, though 
 not without opposition. 
 
 Exchange Alley was the seat of the gambling 
 fever ; it was hlockeJ up every day hy crowds, 
 as were Comhill and Lombard Street with 
 carriag^es. 
 
 On the d*y the bill was passed the shares 
 were three hundred and ten ; next day they 
 fell to two hundreJ and ninety. Then it was 
 rumored that Spain, in exchange for Gibraltar 
 ond Port Mahon, would give up places on the 
 coast of Peru' ; also tiiat she would secure and 
 enlarge the South Sea trade, so that the com- 
 pany misht build and charter any number of 
 ships, and pay no per centage to any foreign 
 power. 
 
 Within five days after the bill bad become 
 a law, the directors opened their books for a 
 subscription of a million, at the rate of three 
 hundred pounds for every one hundred pounds 
 capitil ; and the first subscription soon exceeded 
 two millions of original stock. In a few days 
 the stock advanced to three hundred and forty, 
 and the subscriptions were sold for double the 
 price of the first payment. Then the directors 
 
 announced a mldsummeT 
 dividend of ten per cent, 
 upon all subscriptions. 
 
 In the' face of exposures, 
 tlie fluctuations of tlie South 
 Sja stock grew more alarm- 
 in:. On May 28, it was 
 quoted at five hundred and 
 filty, and in four days it 
 Jose to eight hundred and 
 ninety. Then came a tre- 
 11 en ions rush of holders to 
 sell out ; and on June 3, 
 so few buyers appeared in 
 the Ally, that the stock fell 
 at once from eiijbt hundred 
 and ninety to six hundred 
 and forty. By various arts 
 of the directors to keep up 
 the price of stock, it finally 
 rose to one thousand per 
 It then become known that Sir John 
 , the cuaiiman, uuu otherti, had sold 
 
 COSTt'MIS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTUBT. 
 
 I occisioned a great run upon the Bank, but th« 
 I intervention of a liol day gave them time, and 
 they weathered the storm. The South Sea 
 Company were, liowever, wrecked, and their 
 stock fell ultimately to me hundred and fifty ; 
 when tlie B,ink, finding its efforts unavailing 
 to stem the tide of ruin, contrived to evade 
 the loosely -made agreement into which it had 
 partially entered. 
 
 Investigation showed the whole scheme fran- 
 duleut, and thousands were utterly ruined. 
 
 COSTUME OP THE TIME OP WIltlAM THE THinD. 
 
 BBAS-DRESa or TBS TIME OP SDWAOO TUB POCKTU. 
 
 out ; and the stock fell throughout tlie month 
 of August, and on September 2 it was quoted 
 at seven hundred only. The alarm now 
 greatly increased. The South Sea Com- 
 pany met in Merchant Tailors' Hall, 
 and endeavored to appease the 
 unfortunate holders of stock, 
 but in vain : in a few days the 
 price fell to four hundred. 
 
 The ministers grew more 
 alarmed, the directors were in- 
 sulted in the streets, and riots 
 were apprehended. Dispatclies 
 were sent to the king at Hanover, 
 praying his immediate return. 
 Walpole was implored to exercise 
 his influence with the Bank of 
 England, to induce it to re- 
 lieve the company by circulating 
 a number of South Sea lends. 
 To this the B;ink reluctantly con- 
 sented, but the remedy failed : 
 the South Sea stock fell rapidly • 
 a run commenced upon the most 
 eminent goldsmiths and hankers, 
 some of whom, having lent large 
 amounts upon South Sea stock, 
 were obliged to abscond. This 
 
 Oostume of the Time of Henry V, 
 There was something very classical in the 
 female dress of the feudal times, more especially 
 that of the reign of Henry V. Contrasted with 
 those at the beginning of the present century, 
 they are positively most graceful and elegant 
 The attire of lady of rank in the days of the 
 Plantagenetsis thu^ described by a writer of thai 
 time : "A wimple, or gorget, is wrapped round 
 the neck, and is fastened by pins at the sides of 
 the face, which are covered above the ears ; a 
 gown of capacious size, unconfined at the waist, 
 and loose in the sleeves, trails far behind in the 
 dirt. The under-garment, which is darker, hao 
 sleeves, which fit closely, and it appears to be 
 turned over, and pinneil up round the bottom." 
 The unnecessary quantity of material used by 
 
 OOSTVMES OP THE BIOHTEENTB CENTUST* 
 
GKEAT BRITAIN AND IKELAND. 
 
 523 
 
 the ladies of that period was a favorite point of 
 attack upon them by contemporary writers. A 
 monliisli satirist says : '• I have iiearcJ vi a proud 
 woman who wore a white dress with so long a 
 train, which, trailing behind her, raised a dust 
 as far as the alt ir and the crucitix. But ;is she 
 left the church, and lifted up her train, on ac- 
 cotmt of the dirt, a certain holy man saw a devil 
 laughing, and having adjured him to tell why 
 he laughed, the devil said : ' A friend of mina 
 was just now sitting on the train of tliat woman, 
 using it as if it were his chariot ; but when she 
 lifted her train up, my friend Wiis shaken off into 
 he dirl, and that is why 1 was laugldng ' " 
 
 Head-dresses of the Eeign of Edward 17. 
 
 Is the Bil)Ie, it is sometimes said of a man 
 that his liorn is exalted, conveying the idea 
 that he has attained great prosperity and power. 
 The English women in the days of Edward IV. 1 
 most undoubtedly had their horns exalte J, and | 
 
 SEDAN-CHAIHS. 
 
 by silver staves, with four gold bells, ' that rang 
 at the comers.' " "Early in the reign of Richard 
 
 I excesse of apparel : in wide surcoatcs rcachinj^ 
 ' to their loins ; some in a gaimint reaching to 
 their heels, close before and sprowtinL' out at 
 the sides, so that on the backe they made men 
 seeme women ; and tins they call ly u ridicu- 
 lou.s name -gowne. Their hoodts are little, and 
 tied under the chin " 
 
 BN8LI8H COACH OF THE TIME OF CHAKI.ES THE SECOND. 
 
 eulvocateg of women's rights sliould certainly 
 lesume this style, as an assertion of iudepjn- 
 dence, at least. 
 
 Of dress at this periorl, it is sai 1 : " Cloth-of- 
 gold, satin, and velvet, enriched by tlie florid 
 decorations of the needle, were insuffi lent to 
 satisfy the pride of nobles. Robes formeJ of 
 tliese costly materials were frequently orna- 
 mented with embroidery of goldsmiths' work, 
 thickly set with precious stones, and tlie most 
 absurd and fantastic haliits were cont nuidly 
 adopted, in the restless desire to appjar in new 
 invon!ions. John of Glient is represented in a 
 habit divided strai:,'ht down the mi Idle, one 
 side white, the other lialf dirk-blue ; and his 
 Bon, Henry IV., on his return from exile, rode 
 In procession througli L )ndo:i in a j icket of 
 doth-of-gold, ' after the German fashion.' Ihe 
 dukes arid earls who attended his coronation 
 wore three bars of ermine on the left arm, a 
 qnarter of a yard long, 'or thereabouts ' The 
 Ijarons liad but two ; and over the monarch'e 
 hfiBid was borne a canopy of Wue silk, supported 
 
 IT began," says Stowe, "the detestable use of 
 piked shoes, tied to t le knees with chains of 
 silver gilt ; also, women used high attire on 
 their hea Is. with piked horns and long training 
 gowns. The commons also were besotte I in 
 
 Costume of the Keiga of William III. 
 The costume of the reign of William III 
 shows some taminir down of the cxtravaganca 
 that characterize 1 that of Charles II., when, by 
 a natural law, tlie revulsion against the Puritan 
 stringency, straitdaci-ig ami ttarclied primness, 
 carried men and women into exuberance of or- 
 namentation in dre-s. In the male sex we have 
 gradually come to a style even more unpictur- 
 esque than that of the Commonwealth, while 
 women out-dazzle even the days of which our 
 picture tells, and dresses, if not so quamt, are at 
 all events so trimmed as to leave the question 
 of the material of the garment a matter of doubt 
 to the ansophistic vted of the other sex, who 
 puzzles his head in v.iin to discover which ia 
 groundwork and which superstructure. 
 
 Vehicles and Carnages. 
 
 After .sul>duin,'cer.ain animals and rendering 
 them b.asts of burden, tlie next step was to itt- 
 vent an article 1 y which they could convey 
 greater burdens than could be placed on their 
 bodies, or convey man in a convenient way. 
 
 The Western tribes who tie poles to the sides 
 of the horses, ht.ing the ends trail on th« 
 
 two-hokse littek of the timk of richakd the second. 
 
m 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 EAKLV ENGLISH SHIPS — THE " HENKl-ORACE-A-DIEU." 
 
 ground, and then lay the load across, adopt 
 probably the most primitive form of con- 
 Teyance. 
 
 A branching bongh, cut off to form a sled, 
 ■was doubtless the next invention. As the sled 
 assumed more skillful shajie, it became the sled 
 used at quarries, and in Madeira to transport 
 ■wine; though the most elegant and graceful 
 form is that of our American sleigh, ■which in 
 point of beauty exceeds those of Kussia. 
 
 The next step from the sled was doubtless the 
 litter, carried by a horse before and behind. 
 This was a very simple machine, two poles, at- 
 tached to the horses' sides, required only bands 
 across to support comfortably the human bo-'v 
 or a quantity of goods. But in this arrangement 
 the whole weight of the litter has to be borne 
 by the animals. 
 
 A cross-axle with revolving wheels soon 
 lightened the load and enabled one horse alone 
 to do the work of two. At first the shaft_ 
 ■were long, and the axle at the end of the cart. 
 
 The ancient Egyptian car shows this, all the 
 ■weight being thrown forward. To distribute 
 this more equally was the next step, as shown 
 in the ox- car of India and the Portuguese cart, 
 or its American copy, the ox-cart of the 
 Pampas, in which the spoke-wheel replaces the 
 more cumbrous wheel. 
 
 In the time of Queen Elizabeth, sedans were 
 fashionable in France and England, a return 
 to primitive usage, in ■which men became the 
 beasts of burden ; but this was a fashion that, 
 from its very nature, could not last. To what 
 a point of hixury, and finally of absurdity, the 
 fashionable carriages reached in the time, of 
 Charles IT. and Queen Anne may be imagined 
 from our engravings. 
 
 Early English Ships— The " Henri-Graca-a- 
 Dieu." 
 While Sir Edward Howard was cruising in the 
 English Channel, in 1512, he fell in with the 
 French fleet ; and Sir Charles Brandon, after- 
 ward Duke of Suffolk, who was nearest the 
 enemy, without waiting for orders, bore down 
 on the Cordelier, of Brest, a large vessel, carry- 
 ing one thousand six hundred men. The fire of 
 the Cordelkr dismasted Sir Charles Brandon's 
 
 vessel ; and then the Regent, the largest vessel of 
 the English navy — the largest that had ever been 
 built in England — took the Cordelier in hand. 
 Both were huge, clumsy, unmanageable ships, 
 the production of a time when the art of ship- 
 building was just beginning to expand, and mere 
 bulk was held an extraordinary quality. The 
 two ships were engaged for upward of an hour, 
 when another vessel came to the assistance of 
 the Regent ; the French commander, unwilling 
 that his ship should be taken, set fire to it ; and 
 the flames communicating to the Regent, both 
 were consumed. This was a great disaster ; Sir 
 Edward Howard vowed that he would never 
 more see the face of the king till he had avenged 
 the loss ; and Henry VIII. ordered a new ship 
 to be built, which should, if possible, bo 
 superior to the vessel which had been lost. A 
 new ship was accordingly constructed, which 
 was named the Henri-Orace-d-Dieu. 
 
 The old picture in Windsor Castle, of which 
 there is a copy in the Naval Gallery of Green- 
 wich , representing Henrj' in this celebrated ship, 
 sailing across the Channel in 1520 for the inter- 
 view with Francis I. , has given rise to consider- 
 able discussion. The picture represents Henry 
 on board a large four-masted ship, with two 
 round tops on each mast. The king is standing 
 on the main deck, with attendants. The sails 
 and pennants of the ship are of cloth-of-gold ; 
 the royal standard is flying on the four corners 
 of the forecastle, and the arms of England and 
 France are depicted on the front of the fore- 
 castle, and also on the ship's stern. 
 
 On the right of the ship is a three-masted ves- 
 sel, with her sails furled, and decorated with 
 pennants and standards. A number of other 
 vessels and small boats, all crowded with pass- 
 engers, are introduced into the picture. In the 
 foreground are two circular forts, communicat- 
 ing by a terrace, situated close to the water's 
 edge ; these are firing a salute. Near the centre 
 of the terrace is a gentleman, supposed to be Sir 
 Edward Poynings, Constable of Dover Castle. 
 
 ▼AK 0AII.BT8 OF TUK FIFTEFNTH C^KNTCRT. 
 
GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 THE TOWEE OF LONDON. 
 
536 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Great Harry was 
 tateil at one thousand 
 tons, an 1 is >et down 
 ashavinir one hundred 
 and t\v nty-two guns, 
 but only thirty-four of 
 these were such as 
 would now be ad- 
 mitted into the rank 
 Df guns ; the rest were 
 pieces of small calibre, 
 the largest d-scrving 
 no higher name than 
 swivels, :nJ all of 
 them distributed about 
 so as to make it a very 
 harmless but fiercc- 
 laoking vessel. But 
 thouffh the Great Harnj 
 wag the wonder a d 
 admiratio:i of its day, 
 it was but a fair- 
 we ther vesel, fitted 
 cnly to mike people 
 stare, and lie the 
 cent.e of a holiday 
 picture. It was ill 
 adapte 1 to st; n 1 a 
 rolling sea or a gale of 
 wind ; while a broad- 
 side from a modern 
 
 ship-of-war might have sent it plunging to the 
 bottom. It was liut little used ; lasted for 
 thirtyeiKht years, and was accidentally burned 
 at Woolwich, Kent, in 1553. 
 
 A riogging-Horse. 
 We reproduce, in anenuravini?, oneof the many 
 relics cf medieval times still extant in the seats 
 of learning in Europe. Though now fallen into 
 desuetude, it was in active operation during the 
 lai.i generation, when bjth p irenti and pedii- 
 gf/gues were believers in the :ixiom, " Spare the 
 
 THB DUCKING CHAIR. 
 
 roi and spoil the child." The flogging-horse Is 
 one of the ancieut grammar-school customs of 
 England, more honored in the breach than in 
 the observance. Our illustration represents the 
 stool or altar of punishment, which was formerly 
 in use at thj free school in Lichfield — the school 
 at. which Addison, Ashmore, Garrick, Johnson 
 and Wollaston received their education. When 
 our artist visited this venerable temple of learn- 
 ui'i a few years ago, there was a head-master 
 receiving a good salary, hut no scholars. The flog- 
 gins-horse, here delineated, stood in the lower 
 room, covered with dust. 
 
 mpported the stoeka 
 beiuii made sufficiently 
 „igh, were furnished 
 near the top with iron 
 llasps to fasten round 
 ihe wrists of the 
 offender, and hold him 
 securely during the 
 infliction of thepuuish- 
 ment. Sometimes a 
 single post was made 
 to serve both purposes ; 
 tlasjis being provided 
 near the top for the 
 wrists, when nsed as 
 a whipping-post, and 
 similar clasps below 
 for the ankles when 
 used as stocks, in 
 which case the culprit 
 sat on a bench behind 
 the post, so that hts 
 'egs, when fattened to 
 the post, were in a 
 horizontal position. 
 Latterly, under the 
 influence, we may sup- 
 pose, of growing 
 humanity, the whip- 
 ping part of the ap- 
 paratus was dispensed 
 with, and the stocks left alone. The stocks 
 was a simple arrangement for exposing a 
 culprit on a bench, confinel Lj' having his 
 ankles laid fast in holes under a movable 
 board. Each parish had one, usually close to 
 the churchyard, but sometimes in more se» 
 eluded places. 
 
 There is an amusing story told of Lord Cam- 
 den, when a barrister, having been fastened up 
 in the stocks in the top of a hill, in order to 
 gratify an idle curiosity on the iiul)ject. Being 
 left there by the alisent-minde I friend who had 
 locked him in, he found it impo3sible to pro* 
 
 A FLOOOINO-HOR8B. 
 
 Whipping-Post and Stocks. 
 
 Threr centuries ago the flagellation of vag- 
 rants iind similar characters for slight offenses 
 was ccirrie I to a cruel extent. Owing to the dis- 
 solution of the monasteries in England, where 
 the poor h;id chiefly found relief, a vast number 
 of infirm and unemployed personswcre suddenly 
 thrown on the country without any legitimate 
 means of support. These destitute p3rsons were 
 naturally led to wander from place to place, seek- 
 in? a subsistence from the casual alms of any 
 benevolent persons they ;ni'j:ht chance to meet. 
 Their roving and precarious life soon produce 1 
 its natural fruits. 
 
 By an Act passed in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 vagrants were to be ' carried to some market- 
 town or other place, and there tied to the end 
 of a cart, nakel, and beaten with whips 
 throughout such market-town or other place, 
 till the body should be bloody by reason of 
 such whipping." Still vagrancy not only con- 
 tinued, but increased, although the punishment 
 was applied to both sexes, without regard to 
 ago. Whipping, hovevcr, was not always 
 executed at the cart's tail, and whipping- 
 posts came into use about the ycAr 1506. The 
 Stocks were often so cm tructed as to serve both 
 for stocks and whippin::-pi)sts. The postswhich 
 
 PARISH STOCKS. 
 
GREAT BKITAIN AND JKELAND. 
 
 537 
 
 OID ENGLISH PUNISHMBNTS.— THE rVSAVCE OP JANE SHORB. 
 
 cnre his liberation for th" greater part of a day. 
 Oa his entreat.iig ,i cliaiice traveler to release 
 him. tlip man shoolc liis lieail and passed on, le- 
 tnarking ihit of course he w;is not put there 
 without de ervin-t tue punishment. 
 
 No\v-a- !ays, the stocks are, in most places, 
 removed as an im opnlar oljcct, or we see little 
 m )re than a stump of t'lem left. 
 
 Tliew!iippinn;of famiil 'vatrrants was expressly 
 forbidden by a statute of 1791. 
 
 The Ducking Stool— The Bridle. 
 Nothing, perhaps, in the i)ast strikes us more 
 painfully than the cruelty of punishments in- 
 flicted on women. In our day the puhlic mind 
 seems to revolt, as if instinctively, from sub- 
 jecting to the highest penalty of tlie law even 
 those unsexe 1 women whose bands have been 
 dye 1 in human blood Our forcfatlurs were not 
 so scrupulous. Her sex never shielded the 
 
 woman guilty of crime, and the pnnishment, 
 no matter how cruel, was carried out to tha 
 letter. Unless we mistake, the last case of the 
 diabolical torture of the Peine forte et dure in 
 England was the case of Margaret Clitheroe, 
 pressed to death for refusing to plead, her love 
 for her chil Iren nervinor her to mret the linger- 
 ing death, in order to avoid the confiscation of 
 her property, which would have resiilt d from 
 her conviction for the crimeofharl'oringa priest 
 
628 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 X PEDDLER OF SHAKESPEARE'S TIME. 
 
 But besides these punishments, common to 
 both sexes, there -were others especially for 
 ■women, and used for the correction of scolds. 
 Woe betided in those days the woman who was 
 olcVand ugly, if she resisted oppression or spoke 
 too loudly of her grievances. Termagants there 
 are and were, doubtless, who so annoy neighbor- 
 hoods a.» to require some check, but brute force 
 of this kind seldom proves a corrective. Yet, 
 the poor old woman in those days was glad, 
 perhaps, to get off as a scold. The whisper that 
 ehe was a witch would entail certain death. 
 
 We illustrate for our readers the Ducking 
 Stool, an instrument not unknown even in 
 America. The last instance of its use known 
 in England was in 1745, when, according to 
 the London Evening Post, a woman that kept the 
 Queen's Head Ale House, at Kingston, was sen- 
 tenced to be ducked in the Thames, under the 
 bridge, and actually underwent the penalty. 
 
 Cole, the antiquary, writing in 1780, describes 
 a similar case, which he witnessed at Cambridge 
 in his boyhood : 
 
 ' ' The chair hung by a pulley fastened to a 
 beam, about the middle of the bridge, and the 
 
 liONDON STBEBT-LIOBTS, 1760, 
 
 woman, having been fastened in the chair, was 
 let under water three times successively, and 
 then taken out. The bridge was then of timber. 
 The ducking-stool was constantly hanging in it^ 
 place, and on the back panel of it was an en- 
 graving representing devils laying hold of 
 scolds. Some time after a new chair was erected 
 in the place of the old one, having the same 
 device carved on it, and well painted and orna- 
 mented." 
 
 This outrageous system, like the barbarous 
 shower-bath in our prisons, when applied to an 
 aged woman, often resulted in death. 
 
 It at last seems to have fallen gradually into 
 disuse during the early part of the last century, 
 but a new instrument of torture, called the brank 
 or bridle, came into use. 
 
 The brank was opened by throwing back the 
 sides of the hoop and the hinder part of the band 
 by means of the hinges. An official then forced 
 the knife A into her mouth ; this, as the witch's 
 bridle shows, was sometimes a terrible instru- 
 ment of torture. The hoop would then be closed 
 
 HACKNEY-COACHMAS OF THE TIME OF CHARLES II. 
 
 behind, the band brought down from the top to 
 the back of the head, and fastened at E. A 
 chain at D enabled the constable to drag her 
 along ; and the unfortunate presented the ap- 
 pearance given in our illustration. The Kurem- 
 burg bridle shows an ornamental, but no less 
 cruel, sample, in which every art was used to 
 render the punishment painful, and at the same 
 time ludicrous and shameful. 
 
 It will scarcely be credited that the brank was 
 used as late as 1824 ! 
 
 In our land scolding is no longer a crime, but 
 the terrible ' ' disorderly behavior " is the instru- 
 ment of tyranny to men and women which is a 
 disgrace to a civilized country. An ignorant, 
 brutal policeman often makes the law and the 
 case for himself, and the citizen, especially if 
 poor, gets no redress except to have his affair 
 ridiculed in the reports of cases before the Police 
 Commissioners. 
 
 A Watchman of Shakespeare's Time, 
 It is within the memory of the present gen- 
 eration, especially those who have reached their 
 sixtieth year, that the watchmen of their youth- 
 ful days, if less brutal than some of the police- 
 men are now, were utterly worthless either to 
 prevent arrest or punish crime. 
 The oldest inhabitants of Boston must remem- 
 
 A WATCHMAN OF SHAKESPEARE'S TIME. 
 
 ber the time when they were awakened every 
 hour of the night by the sepulchral tones of 
 drowsy watchmen, who made night hideous by 
 crying, "Past two o'clock, and a cloudy morn- 
 ing." This admirable jjlan for rousing the in- 
 habitants and letting the burglars and footpads 
 know the whereabouts of the guardians of the 
 night was satirized by Shakespeare in his ' 'Much 
 Ado About Nothing," wherein Dogberry and 
 Verges will stand for all time as the model 
 watchmen of the world. 
 
 The illustration on this page is copied from 
 an engraving in the British Museum. The long 
 pole was called a "bill" in those days. With 
 this and a lantern every one of the watchmen 
 was armed. In the Winter they had a warm 
 cloak, which mightily interfered with ti-eir 
 powers of locomotion. 
 
 The Penance of Jane Shore. 
 The woman convicted of adultery in old times 
 in England was compelled to go through the 
 street barefooted, to some a]5poinied church, 
 clad in a single garment, and bearing a lighted 
 candle. The illustration shows Jane Shore 
 
 LONDON LAUFLIOHTER, 1760. 
 
GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 529 
 
 performing this 
 penance in tiie 
 reign of Richard 
 theTliiid. 
 
 During the reign 
 of Ed -ward the 
 Fourth, in Cheap- 
 side, in the City 
 of London, hard 
 by the chapol of 
 the Mercers' Com- 
 pany, .there lived 
 a wealthy mercer, 
 name d Thomas 
 Wainstead. Pros- 
 perous, and of 
 good repute, this 
 citizen was a man 
 of mark in t!ie 
 commercial world; 
 no dealer in rich 
 cloth and costly 
 velvet being more 
 highly esteemed 
 by the lords and 
 ladies who clothed 
 themselves in 
 sumptuous fabrics. 
 Daily th; good 
 man exhibited 
 wares in the man- 
 sions of noble- 
 
 men ; daily, in the ordinary way of business, 
 lie had interviews with ladies of high degree. 
 His house and worth were the gossip of the 
 city ; and of his many admired possessions, a 
 lovely little girl, his daughter, was not the 
 jeast warmly praised. Winsome and delicate, 
 this surpassingly l>eautiful child won the heart 
 of everyone who belield her. Proud of the 
 charms of liis solitary offspring, Thomas Wain- 
 stead used to take his child about the town 
 whithersoever he went— to the neighbors' 
 houses which ho entered for chat, the grand 
 palaces in which he 
 sought money ; so that, 
 ere she liad entered her 
 thiitecnth year, she had 
 friends under nearly 
 every important roof in 
 London. 
 
 The pet of court-ladies, 
 she was a goddess in th3 
 eyes of city apprentices. 
 Nor was her personal 
 loveliness her only 
 cliarra. Her lively fancy 
 and quick wit astounded 
 persons thrice her age, 
 ■who had seen the life of 
 camps and courts ; and 
 men who wer? most 
 taken by lier cleverness 
 were loudest in praise 
 of her maidenly com- 
 posure and reserve. 
 MoroQver, her accom- 
 plishments were remark- 
 aljle. On her education 
 the mercer had lavished 
 money to such good 
 purpose, that at a time 
 wlien learning was rare 
 ?Lmongst women, she 
 34 
 
 THE GREAT liED OF WAEE, 
 
 could read poetry and romances with exquisite 
 feeling, could write with facility and correct- 
 ness, and was a skillful musician. The work 
 of her needle was perfect ; and when she 
 danced, gallants and dames were content to 
 stand aside and watch her. 
 
 Ere tlie girl had completed her fourteenth 
 year, suitors proposed for her hand, and the 
 young nobles of the court were constantly 
 lounging up and down Cheapside, in the hope 
 of seeing her in the parlor behind her father's 
 shop. One great lord, the king's chamberlain 
 
 STATE liAROE 01 RICHARD THE SECOND. 
 
 and peculiar 
 friend, the Lord 
 Hastings, had 
 sworn to win her 
 love ; but fearing 
 Buch suit as nobles 
 were wont to 
 proffer to the 
 daughters of 
 honest tradesmen, 
 fJid not wishing 
 at present to give 
 up his only child 
 to a husband of 
 her own or any 
 other degree, 
 Thomas W'ain- 
 stead sent her for 
 avihile into North- 
 amptonshire, 
 where, removed 
 from the perse- 
 cutions of her 
 lovers, she spent 
 some months in 
 the house of an 
 aunt. 
 
 On her returit 
 
 to town, Jane 
 
 Wainstead was 
 
 again the object 
 
 of many adulatory 
 
 suitors. Again the courtiers were at her heels, 
 
 kissing the hem of her skirt, and imploring 
 
 her to give hem private interviews. 
 
 Alarmed for her safety, Thomas Wainstead 
 determined to choose a husband for her, and 
 marry her out of harm's way without delay. 
 The fatlier's choice was unfortunate. It fell on 
 a dull goldsmith and jeweler of Lombard Street ; 
 a man very rich and well-respected, but an awk- 
 ward fellow, who was Jane's senior by fourteen 
 years. 
 After the fashion of the time, Thomas Wain- 
 stead told his daughter 
 to accept her suitor's 
 hand, and she, as was 
 her duty, obeyed. 
 
 A few days more, and 
 Jane Wainstead, aged 
 sixteen, became the wife 
 of Master Shore, gold- 
 smith, of Lombard 
 Street, aged thirty. 
 
 She marries as her 
 father wished, a man of 
 wdiom she knew just 
 nothing ; a man whose 
 love for her was but an 
 appetite ; a man upon 
 whom her graces and 
 purity and sunny in- 
 tellect were thrown 
 away. 
 
 There were merry 
 doings at the wedding — 
 music and dances, wine 
 and laughter ; but whilst 
 simple Thomas Wain- 
 stead watched the riot, 
 and rejoiced in the rare 
 luck of his daughter, 
 who had won a wealthy 
 goldsmith, there was 
 
530 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 coldness at the poor girl's heart, and a pre- 
 sentiment of evil made her tremble. 
 
 Suc'.i marriages were common in the fifteenth 
 century ; they are not uncommon in the nine- 
 leentli. They often turned out badly tlieu — they 
 sometimes turn out badly now. Jane Wain- 
 stead's turned out very badly. The rich gold- 
 smith wanted children, his honor requiring a 
 quiver full of arrows ; hut not a child came, and 
 he was discomfited when liis enemies looked 
 him in the face. If the music of babes had en- 
 livened her house in Lombard Street, Jane would 
 have been to the last 
 a good woman. _^ _, 
 
 Having few house- 
 hold care.i, she had 
 much time for visiting 
 and pleasure ; and her 
 husband's humor was 
 to take her much into 
 the world. The dif- 
 appoiniment of his 
 desire for children did 
 not kill bis pride in her 
 l/eauty. It tickled him 
 to take her from sight 
 to siglit, from house 
 to house, watching the 
 eyes of her admirers, 
 and knowing that all 
 men envied him his 
 lovely partner. Praise 
 of her per.sonal charms 
 was delightful to his 
 ears ; and to tliose who 
 praised them most 
 loudly, he listened 
 mo-t readily. 
 
 The story of her 
 temptation c:innot be 
 told at length. 
 
 Edward the Fourth 
 was ravished by her 
 beauty ; he visited the 
 shop in I/)mbard Street 
 In the guise of an 
 honest merchant ; he 
 bought a jewel of the 
 husban 1 and gave it 
 to the wife ; on sub- 
 sequent visits he de- 
 lighted her with bril- 
 liant words ; he met 
 her at the house of 
 Mistress Blague, his 
 lare-woman, and Tbo- 
 1 MS Wainstead's ally ; 
 Mistress Blague act«jd 
 t!ie part of romantic 
 and sympathizing 
 friend ; and with her 
 husband's permission 
 and througli Mistress 
 B'lewent to a grand court masquerade, where 
 her unknown lover danced witli her, to the 
 extreme delight of the court. 
 
 That masquerade was quickly followed by her 
 ruinous exaltation. 
 
 On leaving the gorgeous entertainment the 
 disguised lover put a hUlct-doux in her hosQm. 
 The sound of trumpets and cymbals followed 
 her to the city, and her heart beat quick when 
 she re-entered her home. 
 
 Flushed with triumph, giJdy from strong 
 
 emotion, maddened by excitement, the girl 
 seized a convenient moment and read the secret 
 letter where no eyes sought her. 
 
 What did slie learn from it ? — that her lover 
 was the king ! 
 
 Yes, it was the king who had won her heart 
 under the disguise of a private citizen ! It was 
 the king who hadwooel her patiently, submis- 
 sively, modestly, passionately, day after day ; it 
 was the king who had applaudel her wit and 
 merry humor, and wondrous cleverness and 
 delicacy ! Playfully she had flouted him a score 
 
 Blague's introduction, 
 
 OLD HOUSES IN CHESTER. 
 
 of times, and delighted him by her bravery. 
 And now tlie king implored her to fly to him, 
 and promised her wealth, influence, royal devo- 
 tion ! 
 
 Thus was Jane Shore ten\pted ! 
 
 She left her husband's bouse by night, and 
 never again crossed its threshold. Years after- 
 ward she stood before it, whilst a crowd watched 
 her doing penance, and enduring the insults 
 heaped upon her by an enemy. But the infa- 
 mous exposure was an aflfair of the future. 
 
 She be:ame Edward the Fourth's mistress. 
 
 and ia that position of splendid infamy she com- 
 ported herself so sweetly and generously, that 
 noble ladies hesitate! to remind her of her sin, 
 and proud barons ren lered her chivalric service. 
 Her naive talk and delicate drollery gave con- 
 tinual mirth to tlie court ; and it was observed 
 that her tongue, so quick and clever at raillery, 
 never caused pain to a bearer. 
 
 The desolate and distressed she steadily be- 
 friended ; and whoso had incurred the king's 
 displeasure found in her a willing and dextrous 
 assuager of royal wrath When Eilwar'l the 
 Fourth was no faiore, 
 Jane Shore's fortunes 
 ' fell, never to rise 
 
 again. Faithful to him 
 in death, even as she 
 had been faithful to 
 him in life, she used 
 her failing influence 
 in behalf of those 
 children whom Rich- 
 ard, notwithstanding 
 Horace Walpole's in- 
 genious pleading, is 
 believed to have 
 murdered. The hero 
 of Towton was cold 
 in his grave, and she 
 had placed herself in 
 opposition to his false 
 brother, who forth- 
 with resolved to crush 
 her. His measures to 
 effect that end were 
 alike contemptible and 
 successful. There was 
 the foolish charge of 
 sorcery, at which men 
 laughed aloud, asking 
 if every lovely woman 
 was not by necessity 
 of nature a sorceress ? 
 There was the exe- 
 cution of her old ad- 
 mirer and warm friend, 
 Hastings ; there was 
 the suit against her in 
 the Spiritual Court for 
 adultery and witch- 
 craft, in which Shore, 
 the goldsmith, joined, 
 either vindictively, or 
 through fear of the 
 usurper's power, or 
 tlirough mere wish to 
 free himself from i^ 
 wife with whom he 
 had resolved never to 
 live again. 
 The result of that 
 prosecution was a sentence of penance and 
 imprisonment. 
 
 Most touching is More's account of that spec- 
 tacle, which, even at this distance of time, can- 
 not be contemplated without indignation. 
 
 Clothed in scant raiment, of snowy white- 
 ness, bare as to her tender feet, without a vail to 
 hide her blushes, and bearing in her hand a 
 taper, the delicate gentlewoman was compelled 
 to walk through the streets of the city, and 
 stand before the rabble, whose conduct did not 
 on that occasion please Eichard. Jane Shore 
 
GKEAT BRlTAiJS AND IRELAND. 
 
 631 
 
 SOTAL MIIUCLS3. 
 
 was beloved by many persons ; even rigid pre- 
 cisians made excuses for her one great sin, and 
 had she been neither beautiful nor charming 
 in speech Englishwomen would have resented 
 the outrage on her— which was, in fact, an 
 outrage on her sex. 
 
 As she passed on with trembling limbs, 
 voices gave her blessing. She moved amongst 
 
 the poor, whose sufferings she had alleviated — 
 amongst the rich, whose wealth was her gift. 
 Her beauty and her sufferings were an elo- 
 quence that the English crowd could not resist. 
 Gentle and simple forbore from reproaches. 
 Many boldly wished her well. A sorceress tru- 
 ly ! She had bewitched the entire multitude. 
 Whilst Mrs. Shore was a prisoner in Ludgate, 
 
 she was examined by Richard's lawyers with 
 regard to the actions and aim of the Lancastrian 
 party, with whom she was suspected of holding 
 intercourse, and to whom, in her affliction, it is 
 not improbable that she looked for relief. 
 With such bewitching naivete did the captive 
 answer the questions of her examiners, that Sir 
 Thomas Lynom, the Solicitor-General, fell in 
 
532 
 
 THE WORLDS GIIEAT NATIONS. 
 
 love with lier. made 
 her an offer of mar- 
 riage, and was ac- 
 cepted. The marriage 
 did not take place. 
 Whether the Church 
 decidedthatadivorced 
 woman could not be 
 married in valid wed- 
 .lock; or Sir Thomas 
 Lynom was so affected 
 by the Lord Chan- 
 cellor's representa- 
 tions that he decided 
 to withdraw from his 
 imprudent engage- 
 ment ; or JanB Shore, 
 seeing how greatly 
 the marriage would 
 injure her generous 
 lover in his profession, 
 dismissed him, are 
 questions the reader 
 may answer agreeably 
 to his fancy or his 
 learning. It is known, 
 however, that Jane Shore was never again 
 married. 
 
 ,i'he course of her life, after her liberation 
 from prison, is uncertain ; and the exact time 
 of her death is unknown. On leaving Lud- 
 gate she probably took refuge under her 
 father's roof in Cheapside ; for though Eich- 
 ard wished to keep her in obscurity and dis- 
 grace, and would have repressed any attempt 
 to place her in power, it is proved by a letter to 
 the Chancellor that he was ready to allow her 
 the protection of her father's house. 
 
 The ballads and popular stories represent 
 that she died of hunger in a ditch, from which 
 occurrence the adjacent quarter of the town 
 took the name of Shoreditch. 
 
 It is needless to say that this statement is a 
 sheer fiction. The parish of Shoreditch took 
 its name from certain manorial lands at a date 
 long prior to Jane Wainstead's birth. 
 
 She lived to old age, and was personally 
 known to Sir Thomas More, who speaks of 
 her in his "History of Kichard the Third" 
 (supposed to have been writ- 
 ten about 1516-1519) as still 
 living. 
 
 >iti> 
 
 Olotliing Shop in the Eeipi 
 of Queen ElizabetL 
 
 The more comfortable con- 
 struction of our houses, and 
 greater facilities for insuring 
 a pleasant degree of tem- 
 perature within, have made 
 a great alteration in dress. 
 
 In the days of Queen Eliza' 
 beth, the frippery, or clothing 
 shop, had a very limite;! ranpjo 
 of garments, and these a still 
 more limited range of mato- 
 lial. It was a necessity to 
 dress more warmly ; and, as 
 may lio soen in very many 
 medieval illaminations, al- 
 Biost cveiy one of either sex 
 
 ODD CUSTOMS OP ENGLISH THE.^TKES.— ADDRESSING AX AUDIENCE FROM THE BACK OP AN ASS. 
 
 went with coversd 
 heads. Just in the 
 same way, in a modera 
 farm-house or cottage, 
 it is common enough, 
 for hats and bonnet* 
 to be worn habitually 
 indoors. 
 
 Tlie flannel in gen- 
 eral use, the waddeJ 
 petticoats, and worsted 
 stuffs and brocaded 
 silks — so thick as al- 
 most to stand alone — 
 for gowns, were much 
 better calculated to re- 
 sist cold and damp' 
 than the c o 1) w e 1> 
 fabrics worn by modem 
 females; and the 
 men's clothes were of 
 a more substantial 
 texture, and made 
 much fuller than the 
 scanty modern corre- 
 sponding garments of 
 thin superfine broad- 
 cloth. Woolen cloths were long the chief ma- 
 terial of male and female attire. When new, 
 the nap was generally very long, and after being 
 worn some time, it was customary to have it 
 shorn ; indeed, the process was repeated as 
 often as the stuff would bear it. Thus v/e find 
 the Countess of Leicester sending Hicqiie, the 
 tailor, to London, to get her robes rcshorn. 
 
 FRIPPERY OR CLOTHING SHOP, IN THE REIGK 
 OP HUEEN ELIZABETH. 
 
 COSTrMES OF THE TIME OF HENKT THE FOURTH. 
 
 Hackaey Ooaclimaii of the Time of Charles 
 the Second. 
 The print from which our ensraving on page 
 18 is taken is one' of a set published liy Over- 
 ton, at the sign of the "White Horse," with- 
 out Newgate ; and its similarity to the figures 
 given by Francis Barlow in his " .^op's 
 Fables," and particularly in a most curious 
 sheet-print etched by the artist, exhibiting 
 Charles the Second, tlie Duke of York, etc., 
 viewing the races on Dorset Ferry, near Wind- 
 sor, in 1687, sufficiently prove this hackney- 
 coachman to have been of the reign of that 
 monarch. The early hackney coachman did 
 not sit upon the box as the 
 present drivers do, but upon 
 the horse, like a postilion ; hi.* 
 whip is short for that purpose ; 
 his boots, which have large, 
 open, broad tops, must have 
 been much in his way, and 
 exposed to the weight of rain. 
 His coat was not according to 
 the fashion of the present 
 drivers as to the numerous- 
 capes, which, certainly, are 
 most ratidnal appendages, tor 
 the shoulders never get wet ; 
 the front of the coat has not 
 the advantage of the present 
 folding one, as it is single- 
 breasted. His hat was pretty 
 broad, and so far he wa» 
 screened from the weather. 
 Another convincing proof 
 that he rode as a postilion 
 is, that his boots are spurred. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
 
 533 
 
 In thr.t truly curious: print rcrrcscntiDg the 
 ■very iuteresticg Palace of Nonsuch, engraved 
 by Hoetuagle, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 
 ihe coachman who drives the royal carriage in 
 ■which the queen is seated is placed on a low 
 Beat behind the horses, and has a long whip to 
 command those he guides. How scon, after 
 Charles the Second's time, the hacknej'-coach- 
 man rode on a box we have not been able to 
 learn, but in all the prints of King William's 
 ■time the coachmen are represented upon the 
 box, though by no means so high as at present ; 
 nor was it the fashion at the time of Queen 
 Anne to be so elevated as to deprive the per- 
 sons in the carriage of the pleasure of looking 
 
 It is said that the sum cf one thousand five 
 hundred jjounds, arising from the duty on 
 hackney coaches, was applied to part of the 
 expense in rebuilding Temple Bar. 
 
 An English Funeral Three Hundred 
 Years Ago. 
 If the ceremonies and customs of remote 
 nations have their attraction, there is a still 
 greater one in those of our own ancestors. Wo 
 find a funeral one of the few opportunities 
 allowed us of honoring the great. 
 
 We give, from an old print in the British 
 Museum, a tyj^e of the way in which the great 
 
 loss been universally lamented, the spectacle 
 afforded by the grand funeral procession was 
 alone sufficiently attractive to account i'or th« 
 dense masses which lined the roadways of 
 Aldgate, Cornhiil, and Cheapside. 
 
 The dress of the pall-bearers is a relic of the 
 old Catholic times, resembling the Franciscan 
 habit, which it was so customary for the dying 
 to assume. »-K>t-« 
 
 State Barge of Richard II. of England. 
 
 Even at the present time, when everything 
 is done by steam, the Lord Mayors of Loudoiu 
 England, have a state barge, all gilt and finery, 
 in which they, with their attendants, make 
 
 over their shoulders. In 1637, the number of 
 liackney coaches in London was confined to 
 £fty ; in 1652, to two hundred ; in 1654, to three 
 hundred ; in 1662, to four hundred ; in 169i, 
 to seven hundred ; in 1'710, to eight hundred ; 
 an 1771, to one thousand; and in 1802, to one 
 thousand one hundred. 
 
 In imitation of the hackney coaches, Nicholas 
 S.iuvage introduced the fibres at Paris, in the 
 year 1650. The hammer-cloth is an orna- 
 mental covering of the coachbox. Mr. S. Pcgge 
 eays : ' ' The coachman formerly used to carry a 
 hammer, pincers, a few nails, etc., in a leather 
 pouch hanging to his box, and this cloth was 
 devised for the hiding of them from public 
 vie^r." 
 
 AN ENGLISn FUNERAL THREE nUNDRED TEARS AGO. 
 
 were honored in the days when Sir Walter Ka- 
 leigh visited Virginia. The quaint old cut 
 represents Sir Philip Sidney, the poet warrior 
 of Queen Elizabeth's reign, being borne in 
 state through the city. Killed on the Conti- 
 nent during a battle against the Spanish troops, 
 in 1586, he was mourned throughout England, 
 and " Good Queen Bess" ordered that his re- 
 mains should be inferred in St. Paul's — the old 
 cathedral — burnt down not long after the great 
 fire of London. It is said that while the body 
 was being removed from the Minories to St. 
 Paul's, the streets of the city were so thronged 
 ■with people that mourners had scarcely room 
 to pa-ss, while every window was filled Avith 
 i spectators. And bad not Sir Philip Sidney's 
 
 various voyagings up and down the Kiver 
 Thames. These are modeled upon the plan of 
 the same old barges which in the times of 
 Richard II. traveled on ihat '"silent highway," 
 as the poets called the river. 
 
 Our engraving represents the state barge of 
 the unfortunate Richard II. , son of the cele- 
 brated English hero, Edward the Black Prince, 
 and whose horrible death in Pontrefact Castle 
 reflects so much odium on his successor, Henry 
 IV. The picture we publish is taken from an 
 old illuminated volume of Gower's " Confessio 
 Amantia." The tradition is, that Richard II., 
 while in his state barge, met John Gower, the 
 poet, rowing upon the Thames, whereupon he 
 invited him into the royal barge, and, after 
 
034 
 
 THE WOBKD'3 GEEAT ISATIONS. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AKD IKELAND. 
 
 535 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 ■< 
 
 ts 
 
 w 
 
 50 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 / 
 
536 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 iDiiuh conversation, requested him '-to book 
 eome new tiling." 
 
 Gower was born in 1325, died in 1402, and 
 was nmch esteemed by his contemporaries. 
 
 Hacging in Chains. 
 
 Hanging in chains has been for so many 
 years discontinued, that the manner of it is 
 no longer generally known, and many might 
 imagine that a chain 
 was really used ^or the 
 execution of the crim- 
 inal, instead of a 
 rope. But this was 
 not so ; he was in the 
 first instance hanged 
 with a hempen cord, 
 and after ho was dead 
 and cut down from the 
 gibbet, a stout canvas 
 dress was put on the 
 body, well saturated 
 with tar ; the face, 
 hands and feet were 
 likewise daubed with 
 it, and then a light 
 frame of hoop-iron was 
 fitted round the legs, 
 body and arms, with 
 the object of causing 
 the ghastly remains to 
 hang together as long 
 as possible. 
 
 At the top of this 
 framework was an iror 
 hoop, which went over 
 the head, and to this 
 ■was secured the chain, 
 by which the corpse 
 was finally suspended 
 to a lofty gibbet 
 made of oak, and 
 studded with tenter- 
 hooks, to prevent any 
 one from climbing up 
 to remove the bod}-. 
 
 The last of these 
 hideous spectacles 
 might be seen in 
 England as recently 
 as the year 1816, on 
 the point formed by 
 the curve of the 
 lliver Thames, a mile 
 below Greenwich, 
 where the wasted 
 corpses of four Las- 
 cars, hanged for mu- 
 tiny and the murder 
 of the captain and 
 most of the crew of an Indiaman, were 
 hanging in chains from a lofty gibbet. 
 
 "Funny Joe Haines," as he was called, a 
 comedian, mountebank, and adventurer of the 
 close of the seventeenth century, has the honor 
 of inventing the absurdity shown in our cut, 
 of addressing a speech to the audience from the 
 back of an ass. The ludicrous character of the 
 rostrum, at first, undoubtedly was a hit, but by 
 repetition it lost all its point. The burlesqtie is 
 not often resorted to in America, and, although 
 the Germans have introduced or revived the 
 
 on soldiers, whether from military tradition or 
 a breaking out of old feeling is not easy to say. 
 
 HANGING IX CHAINS, AS FORMERLY FRACTICED IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Still 
 
 Odd Customs of English Theatres. 
 Among the odd customs of the English stage 
 is one which has, we believe, never made its 
 way across the Atlantic, the practical turn of 
 the land having apparently put a prohibitive 
 duty on all such burles^iues, as well as on 
 masks and pantomimes. 
 
 masquerade, the style of amusement seems to 
 have no attraction for our ])eople. 
 
 Kidicule formed no inconsiderable part in 
 old punishments, as the stocks, the pillory, 
 the scold's brank, and other similar insti- 
 tutions, attest, but there is, probably, no chas- 
 tisement known among us in which ridicule 
 is employed. Even in schools the dunce's 
 cap seems to have given place to a more sober 
 style of correction. During the late war ridicule 
 entered largely into the punishments inflicted 
 
 Flogging of Quakers in England. 
 
 The punishment of flogging was not only 
 awarded in England to vagrants and rogues, 
 but, in the time of the persecutions directed 
 against heretics, it was sometimes applied to 
 convert, or at any rate to punish, the obsti- 
 nate. Owen Hopton, 
 a Lieutenant of the 
 Tower of London, 
 caused one of his 
 prisoners, a young 
 lady of respectable 
 family, to be severely 
 scourged, because he 
 could not prevail on 
 her to attend the 
 public service of a 
 Church which she 
 deemed heretical. 
 
 The tenets of the 
 Quakers, when they 
 first made their ap- 
 pearance, were partic- 
 ularly obnoxious to 
 the Church party, and 
 the Friends suffered 
 much in body. Sewell 
 relates many examples 
 of the violent whip- 
 pings to which the 
 Quaker leaders and 
 preachers of were 
 subjected by the 
 Puritans, who deemed 
 tolemtion the worst 
 of heresies. In 1654, 
 one Barbara Blangdon 
 was an advocate of the 
 principles of the so- 
 ciety. She was taken 
 before the mayor at 
 Great Torrington, and 
 the preacher was very 
 anxious that she 
 should be whipped for 
 a vagabond; the 
 mayor, yielding to his 
 entreaties, sent her to 
 prison at Exeter, 
 twenty miles distant, 
 where she remained 
 until the assizes were 
 held. There she was 
 tried, and sentenced 
 to a whipping, which 
 sentence was carried 
 into effect immediately in the presence of the 
 sheriff, the executioner being a beadle, who 
 performed his duty so faithfully that the blood 
 ran down the poor victim's back in perfect 
 streams. She suffered the punishment very 
 cheerfully, the spectators being much more 
 affected than herself; and Barbara afterward 
 declared that she would not have been either 
 terrified or dismayed although she had been 
 whipped to death. 
 The same year, two male preachers, named 
 
GREAT BlilTAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 / 
 
 537. 
 
 "W. Caton and J. Stulig, were made to puflcr in 
 the flesh. In the course of their itinerant 
 preaching, they reached Maidstone, where they 
 were both arrested, and sent to the House of 
 Correction, in which their money, ink-horns, 
 Bibles, etc., were tnken from them. Afterward, 
 they were stripped, made fast in the stocks, 
 and desperately whipped. The historian adds ; 
 
 "A hard encounter, indeed, especially for such 
 yonng men as Caton was, but they were sup- 
 ported by an invisible hand." 
 
 In 1656 the mayor of Southampton, Peter 
 Seal, took summary vengeance on a Quaker 
 named Kigg, who came to visit soma of his 
 friends in the prison at Southampton. The 
 mayor dispenseJ with t'.ie formality of either 
 
 examination or trial, had Bigg fastened to the 
 whipping-post in the niarkct-pli\ce, and severely 
 lashed by the executioner ; then he was placed 
 in a cart, and sent out of the town, being 
 forbid to return under the penalty of being 
 wliipped again, and branded on the shoulder 
 with the lecter R, as a rogue. Ho did return, 
 and the m^yor would bare punished him, but 
 his brother magistrates would not consent ; 
 "and," says Sewell, "not long after, the 
 mayor died of a bloody fl'i>:." 
 
 Costumes of the Times of Henry the Sixth. 
 
 In the Chronicles of Froissart and Monstrelet 
 we find constantly recurring descriptions of the 
 extravagant style of dress indulged in by both 
 sexes. It must be confessed that in pioturesque- 
 ness of costume, the olden times far excelled 
 the modern ; but Philip de Comraines lamented 
 in turn the inferior romance of the days lie 
 lived in, compared to those of a few generations 
 back. The fact is, what we see every day be- 
 comes common place, on the piinciple that " no 
 man is a hero to his valet." This was well 
 ilhistrateJ by the Duke of Wellington's gioom, 
 who could not understand why the crowds 
 rushed to see tiie Duke when he rode out, 
 running a mile to get a good look at him. 
 
 When the late Macready, the well-known 
 actor, produced Marston's play of the "Patri- 
 cian's Daughter," many of the leading critics 
 expressed their surprise at any manager being 
 bold enough to bring out what they termed 
 "A Coat and Breeches Tragedy." That the re- 
 
 IRON BlUDLE FOR COXFIIIMED SCOLDS. 
 
 mote is a great source of the sublime and tha 
 pathetic is evident. A statue of Washington 
 in the old Continental uniform does not look 
 so heroic of one in the Roman toga, although 
 it is just as absurd reversing the order, and pul- 
 ing Julius C«-ar in the uniform of a modern 
 soldier. 
 
 'PEINE FOKTE ET DUKE. 
 
 - PRESSING MAKGARET CLITHEROE TO DEATH. 
 
C38 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Onr readers, by glancing at the 
 illustration on p'^g*' ^"52, will ob- 
 serve Low prevalent elastic gar- 
 ments were among the men, and 
 smile at the enormous headdresses 
 of the ladies, who towered a 
 whole head and shoulders above 
 the stature of their "lords and 
 masters," as the slaves of the 
 fair sex are facetiously called in 
 these modem days. 
 
 The Thames Tunnel and 
 Kubway. 
 Now that tinderground travel 
 has become a recognized necessity 
 in great cities, where the streets 
 are no longer able to allow mere 
 passers to be carried rapidly, and 
 land is valuable, it is interesting 
 to see the first great instance of 
 the kind. The recent opening of 
 a second passage under the Thames 
 gives an interest to that earlier 
 work — the Thames Tunnel. It 
 may be new to some of our readers 
 that the same engineer, Mark Isam- 
 bard Brunei, who carried out the 
 Thames Tunnel, performed his 
 first engineering in this country. 
 Such was, however, the case ; he 
 surveyed the Hudson and Cham- 
 plaLa Canal, built a theatre at 
 New York, and was employed in 
 erecting forts and other defenses 
 of the city. But America was not to be the 
 final home of this talented native of Eouen. 
 In England his inventions rapidly brought him 
 into notice, and in 1824 he attempted, and 
 »fter some years completed, his great work, the 
 
 FLOGOIsr, QrAKKlls IS- ENGLAND. 
 
 Thames Tunnel, consisting of a brick-arched 
 double roadway under the Kiver Thames, from 
 Wapping to Kotherhithe. 
 
 In 1799, an attempt was made to construct 
 an archway under the Thames, from Gravesend 
 
 to Tilbury, by Halpb Dodd, en- 
 gineer; and, in 1804, the 
 "Thames Archway Company" 
 commenced a similar work from 
 Kotherhithe to Limehouse, under 
 the direction of Vasey and Tre- 
 vethiok, two Cornish miners. The 
 horizontal excavation had reached 
 one thousand and forty feet, when 
 the ground broke in, under the 
 pressure of high tides, and the 
 work was abandoned — fifty-foxir 
 engineers declaring it to be im- 
 practicable to make a tunnel 
 nuder the Thames of any useful 
 size for commercial progression. 
 
 In 1814, when the allied sove- 
 reigns visited London, Brunei 
 submitted to the Emperor of 
 Russia a plan for a tunnel under 
 the Neva, by which the terrors of 
 the breaking-up of the ice of that 
 river in the Spring would have 
 been obviated. The scheme 
 which he was not permitted to 
 carry out at St. Petersburg he 
 executed later in London. 
 
 It was planned in 1823. Among 
 the earliest subscribers to the 
 scheme were the great Duke of 
 Wellington and Dr. WoUaston; 
 and, in 1824, the "Thames 
 Tunnel Company " was formed to 
 execute the work. A brickwork 
 cylinder, fifty feet in diameter, 
 forty - two feet high, and three 
 feet thick, was first commenced by Brunei, 
 at 150 feet from the Kotherhithe side of the 
 river; and on March 2, 1825, a stone, with a 
 brass inscription-plate, was laid in the brick- 
 work. Upon the cylinder, computed to weigh 
 
 DOMESDAY BOOK OF WILLIAM THBCONQUKROB. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 53& 
 
 one thousand tons, wan set a powerful steam- 
 engine, by which the earth was raised, and the 
 water was drained from within it. The shaft 
 was then sunlt into the ground <n masse, and 
 completed to the depth of sixty-five feet ; and 
 at the dv-'pth of sixty-three feet, the horizontal 
 roadway was commenced, with an excavation 
 larger than the intetior of the old House of 
 Commons. 
 
 The plan of operation had been suggested to 
 Brunei in 1814, by the bore of the sea-worm. 
 Teredo navaliz, in the keel of a ship ; showing 
 how, when the perforation was made by the 
 worm, tlie sides were secured, and rendered 
 impervious to water, by the insect lining the 
 passage with a calcareous secretion. With the 
 augur-formed head of the worm in view, Brunei 
 
 its completion, and above £5,000 were raised 
 by public subscription. By aid of a loan, 
 sanctioned by Parliament (mainly through the 
 influence of the Duke of Wellington), the work 
 was resumed, and a new shield constructed, 
 March, 1836, in whicli year were completed one 
 hundred and seventeen feet ; in 1837, only 
 twenty-nine feet ; in 1838, eighty feet ; in 1839, 
 one hundred and ninety-four feet ; in 1840 
 (two months), seventy-six feet ; and by Novem- 
 ber, 18-11, the remaining sixty feet, reaching to 
 the shaft which had been sunk at Wapping. 
 On March, 24th, Brunei was knighted by the 
 Queen ; on August 12th, he passed through the 
 tunnel from shore to shore ; and March 25th, 
 1843, it was opened as a public thoroughfare. 
 It is lighted with gas, and is open to p;is- 
 
 fourteen feet; thickness o? eaith between toe 
 crown of the arch and the bed of the river, 
 about fifteen feet. At full tide the floor of tho 
 tunnel is seventy-five feet below the surface of 
 the water. 
 
 The 'Jhames Tunnel did not, at first, prove 
 successful as a thoroughfare, people having a 
 natural repugnance to this underground travel ;. 
 hut when city railroads began to come into use, 
 its value was seen, and in July, 18C1, it was 
 sold for a million of dollars to the East London 
 Railway— commencing at the Wapping end of 
 the tunnel, and running through it to Rother- 
 hithe Station, connecting Wapping and Shad- 
 well with Southwark Park ; and the passage 
 thus made easy, has become popular, and led 
 to another tunnel — the Subway — under tb» 
 
 THE NEW TOWER SUBWAY, UNDER THE RIVER THAMES. 
 
 employed a cast-iron "shield," containing 
 thirty-six frames or cells, in each of which was 
 a miner, who cut down the earth ; and a brick- 
 layer simultaneously built up from the back of 
 the cell the brick arch, which was pressed for- 
 ward by strong screws. Thus were completed, 
 from January 1st, 1826, to April 27th, five 
 hundre 1 and forty feet of the tunnel. On May 
 38th, the river burst into the works; but the 
 opening was soon filled up with bags of clay, 
 the water pumped out of the tunnel, and the 
 work resumed. At the length of six hundred 
 feet, the river again broke in, and- six men 
 were drowned. 
 
 The tunnel was again emptied ; but (he work 
 was discontinued, for want of funds, for seven 
 years. Scores of plans-were now proposed for 
 
 sengors d.iy and night, at one penny toll. 
 The tunnel has cost about £454,000 ; to com- 
 plete the carriage -descents would require 
 £180,000; total, £634,000. 
 
 The dangers of the work were many ; some- 
 times portions of the shield broke, with the 
 noise of a cannon-shot ; then alarming cries 
 told of some irruption of earth or water ; but 
 the ex cavators were much more inconvenienced 
 by fire than by water — gas explosions fre- 
 quently wrapping the place in a sheet of flame, 
 strangely mingling with the water, and render- 
 ing the workmen insensible, 
 
 ITie tunnel consists of two arched passages, 
 one thousand and two hundred feet long. Tlie 
 width is thirty-five fret : hci-rbt. twenty feet ; 
 each archway and footpath, clear width, about 
 
 Thames, belov? the Tower. The work was 
 beamn in 1863, under the er.gineership of 
 Peter W. Barlow, and was rapidly carried out, 
 the estimate cost being less than $100,000. 
 
 The Domesday Book. 
 
 Our readers must not think that there is. 
 anything very terrible about this book, thoujarh 
 its name sounds so strange, and its appearance 
 is so bold. It is only a great record of lands- 
 snd tenantries, but it has always been regarded 
 as the most interestinsr and important of air 
 public registers, and it has a curious history. 
 
 About eisht hundred years aero, the famoni 
 Willi.am the Conqueror, who had subdued 
 England, and rewarded his followcis by 
 
540 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 An Old English Zitclien, 
 
 Tece kitchens of our ancestors were, of course, 
 destitute of many of our modern conveniences 
 and aids. Still in England the cottatjes and 
 farmhouses retain more of their ancient look 
 than more pretentious. Of old, cottages con- 
 sisted generally of a single room, rarely with a 
 second story. If other apartments were made, 
 they were on the ground-floor. The main 
 feature in this kitchen was the immense fire- 
 place, witli its andirons or dogs. Stairs, when 
 used, were heavy and massive. 
 
 The oven stood beside the chimney ; the 
 table, heavy and durable, was rarely moved, 
 and faced the fire, a long settle on either side 
 dispensing with the necessity of chairs. The 
 rafters above were a larder, hung with vege- 
 tables and smoked meats. 
 
 They lived well and were happy ; so much so 
 that a Spaniard, visiting England in Queen 
 Mary's time, said : " The English make their 
 houses of sticks and dirt, but they fare as will 
 as the king." 
 
 The fireplace was not generally level with 
 the floor, but slightly i-aisod, giving consi.'er- 
 able advantage in cooking, where appliances 
 for labor-saving were few, indeed. The floor 
 was of clay, well packed and beaten, till it was 
 almost like stone. 
 
 INTERIOR OF AN OLD ENGLISH FARM-HOUSE. 
 
 distributing among them the greater portion 
 of his new territories, made a survey of his 
 dominions, as to ascertain the exact quantity 
 of the lands held by his great nobles, the 
 extent of the services and revenues to which 
 he was entitled, as well as the number and 
 condition of all ranks and classes of his 
 subjects. 
 
 To effect this purpose, he appointed five com- 
 missioners for each county, who had authority 
 to summon before them the lords of manors, 
 the sheriffs and the bailiffs, and to examine 
 them upon oath as to the name of the place ; 
 its value ; the name of its holder ; its extent 
 jn meadow, pasture, woodland, waste and till- 
 age ; what mills and fish-ponds there were ; 
 what live-stock, of all kinds; how many 
 plows and teams; how many tenants, anil 
 whom they served. 
 
 When the commissioners had complete 1 tlieii 
 survey, they sent their returns to Winchester, 
 where they were condensed and abridged as 
 much as possible, previous to Ve'ng entered in 
 the Domes:iay register, which was kept in a 
 chapel of the cathedral called Domus Dei, 
 hence its name. 
 
 All the entries are made in Latin, and nearly 
 every word is abbreviated so as to save space, 
 which renders it impossible for any but adepts 
 in caligraphy to decipher the text of the 
 Domesday Book. The writing is in a firm, 
 bold, upright hand; every word is legible, and 
 ilie parchment is in a state of excellent preser- 
 vation, although it is about eight huudrcd 
 
 years old. The book is comprised in two 
 volumes. In 1783 it was printed, and copies 
 of it placed in all the public libraries. For all 
 practical purpose, these printed copies are as 
 useful as the original. 
 
 An Ancient Coracle, or Wicker Boat. 
 When we think how far the art of ship- 
 building had advanced before the flood, we can 
 scarcely realize the fact that our ancestry in 
 the British Isles and the coast of the North 
 Sea could have advanced no further than the 
 coracle, a sample of which is well shown in our 
 illustration. It was simply a large, lightly 
 woven basket, covered with the hide of an ox. 
 For a still river, this would seem by no means 
 a safe vessel, but we are amazed when we find 
 that the hardy rovers of the North ventured 
 out to sea in such craft. Fleets of such coracles 
 
 A BAKBER S SHOP IN THE REIGN OF QL'EEN EL1Z.!EBTU. 
 
GKEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 541 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 
542 
 
 THE WOELDS GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 bore the Irish in their v<redatory excursions to 
 ■England, Scotland and France. In such a fleet 
 Hengist and Horsa led their hosts to Britain to 
 eubdue the island. Turned to a better use, 
 •these coracles carried British and Irish mission- 
 aries to Iceland, Gaul, Germany and Scandin- 
 avia, to peach the gospel among tribes that 
 never saw the Roman Eagle. 
 
 The coracle is not yet wholly out of use. 
 Kingsley, in his " Boole of Boats," says : " I 
 "have myself seen it in use on the river Wye, in 
 South Wales, and have beard of it on some of 
 -the rivers on the east coast of England." They 
 are made as of old, and are so light that a man 
 43an easily carry one on his back. They have a 
 thwart across in the middle, and one aft; in 
 
 Many and long were the contests between 
 the barbers and the surgeons as to this last 
 claim ; and, tbougli the barbers lost it, they 
 still retain as their sign the badge they wore 
 of old — the red pole with tlie strip of linen 
 wound around — which they used to bind the 
 arm. 
 
 The basin was invariably carried by them, 
 and liow one of the fraternity fared who used 
 his to shield his head from the rain, the readers 
 of " Don Quixote " need not be informed. 
 
 In England the barbers were iii their zenith 
 in Queen Bess's days. Alter that the College 
 of Barber Surgeons gradually dropped the Bar- 
 ber, and now disdain all reference to the trade 
 from which they sprang. 
 
 prayer ; and the most distinguished physicians, 
 far from being incredulous of the existence of 
 this Ivingly power, were employed in sending 
 proper p;itients to the sovereign, and in recora- 
 ing the marvelous cures. 
 
 The early English writers, as may naturally 
 be supposed, made frequent allusions to tliesi" 
 miracles. 
 
 Shakespeare gives the morfiis qpera«(/i most ac- 
 curately in " Macbetli," Act iv.. Scene 3. 
 
 The monarchs of France claimed to exercise 
 the same power, and there was once a great 
 contest between the writers of the two coun- 
 tries as to the comparative power of tiieir 
 respective sovereigns in the cure of disease. 
 
 Philip of Valois is reported to have cured 
 
 ■the after one a strap is passed, which, when a 
 man is carrying it, fits over his head. They 
 are paddled with single paddles. 
 
 Barber's Shop in the Eeign of Queen 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 The barbers in olden times enjoyed a much 
 higher rank than we now allow to them. In 
 the East they were, and still are, to some ex- 
 tent, the great news-venders of the neighbor- 
 bood, and garrulity is universally attributed 
 to them. For a long time they not only trim- 
 med the beards of men, cut and dressed the 
 hair, trimmed the nails of both sexes, but acted 
 as dentists, and claimed the exclusive right of 
 using the lancet. 
 
 THE GREAT FIBE OF LONDON IN 1666. 
 
 Eoyal Miracles. 
 
 One of the most general, cherished and per- 
 sistent of English superstitions was the belief 
 in the supernatural power of their monarchs to 
 cure certain diseases. For centuries few Eng- 
 lishmen, learned or ignorant, doubted that the 
 touch of the hand of his king or queen was a 
 sovereign remedy for the scrofula, which was 
 therefore called the King's Evil, it being the 
 evil the king had most certain power to cure. 
 
 For a period of seven centuries — from Ed- 
 ward the Confessor to Queen Anne — the sover- 
 eigns of England were accustomed, at stated 
 seasons, and with solemn ceremonies, to heal 
 their subjects of loathsome and otherwise often 
 incurable diseases, by laying-on of hands and 
 
 fourteen hundred persons. Gernell, the trav- 
 eler, describes a ceremonial in which Louis 
 XIV. touched sixteen hundred persons afflicted 
 with scrofula, on Easter Sunday, saying : "Xs 
 Roi te touclw, Bieu te guerisse." 
 
 The French kings kept up the practice un- 
 til 1776, when republican principles were be- 
 ginning to interfere with many of the prerog- 
 atives of royalty. 
 
 King Edward the Confessor, as we are in- 
 formed in Collier's "Ecclesiastical History of 
 Great Britain," was the first king of England 
 who exercised this extraordinary power, and 
 from him it has descended upon all his suc- 
 cessors. "To dispute the matter of fact," says 
 this grave historian, " is to go to the excesses 
 of skepticism, to deny our senses, and be in- 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 513 
 
 o-eilulous even to ridiculousness." 
 'JTie authority of Sir John Fortes- 
 cue, Lord Chief Justice under 
 Henry VI,, is no less ixplitit : 
 
 "The kings of England, ""he 
 assures us, " at the time of 
 unction, received such a divine 
 power, that, hy the touch of 
 their hands, they can cleanse and 
 cure those, who are otherwise 
 considered incurable, of a certain 
 disease, commonly called the 
 king's evil." 
 
 The ceremony of touching, as 
 <le8crib(!d in Shakespeare, was 
 ficcompanied by the gift of a 
 small coin in gold, which was 
 worn as a medal by the patient, 
 and during some reisns, when 
 t!ie monarch was popular, or faith 
 active, or the scrofula prevalent. 
 
 Henry VII., to give the cere- 
 mony a greater solemnity, ordered 
 a form of religious service to ac- 
 company it. 
 
 , Queon Elizabetli is said to have 
 Iteen averse to the custom, as 
 cither suparstitious or dis-gusting ; 
 tut sh;; practiced it notwithgtand- 
 in:?, and with great success. She 
 was, however, ir.ore select than 
 had been the practice of foimer 
 eoversigns, either to save herself 
 trouble or expense to the trea- 
 sury ; for she required that every 
 one who presented liimself to be 
 touched should bring a certificate 
 Irom the Court surgeons that the 
 disease was scrofula, and that it 
 wds incurable by the ordinai-y 
 means ; and one of her Majesty's 
 surgeons, William Clowes, tes- 
 tifies that " a mighty number of 
 lier Majesty's subjects were daily 
 cured and hcalel, which other- 
 ^vi3e would have most miserably 
 perished." 
 
 The historians of the reign of 
 Charles L do not neglect to in- 
 form us that he excelled all his 
 piedecessors in the divine gift ; 
 ivnd so great were the numbers 
 who came to be cured, that out 
 of regard to economy, he used 
 silver medals instead of gold ; 
 and when these failed, sometimes 
 cured by mere praying, without 
 ■even ths laying-on of hands. 
 
 Among the State papers of this 
 reign, there is a proclamation 
 " for the better ordering of those 
 who repayre to the court for the 
 cure of the disease called the 
 king's evil." 
 
 Such proclamations were issued 
 from time to time, during all 
 those dark ages, of Spenser, 
 Shakespeare, Milton and Bacon, 
 and were oidered to be posted up 
 in every market town in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 During the Protectorate of 
 Cromwell — wlicn there was no 
 jting to cure it — scrofula appears 
 
 2! 
 O 
 
544 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 to have greatly tn- 
 creased, for no Eng- 
 lish monarch was 
 ever calietl upon to 
 touch so many as 
 Charles II. after the 
 restora tion . After 
 all the care of tlio 
 surgeons to see tliat 
 none but tlie really 
 scrofulous, and those 
 beyond their own 
 power to cure, ap- 
 proached him, the 
 numbers were almost 
 incredible. A re- 
 gister was kept at 
 Whitehall; and 
 though one day in 
 a week was ap- 
 pointed, and the 
 number limited, it 
 is set down in the 
 record that the 
 merry monarch, in 
 twenty years, 
 touched and prayed 
 over more than 
 92,000 persons. 
 
 In Evelyn's Diary, 
 March 28, 1684, a 
 sad accident is re- 
 corded, as resulting 
 from the crowdswho 
 pressei to be cured, 
 six or seven being 
 deatli " by passing at th 
 geon's door for tickets." 
 
 At tills time as many as six 
 hundred were touched in a day. 
 Soms were immediately relieved, 
 otliers gradually, and few are re- 
 portel as not benefited. The 
 king's surgeon, whose scientific 
 incredulity appears to have 
 yielded only to the stubborn 
 facts, confessed himself "non- 
 plussed," and asserted that "more 
 souls have been healed by his 
 Jlajesty's sacred hanrl in one 
 year than have ever been cured 
 by all tiie physicians and chirur- 
 geons of his three kingdoms ever 
 since his happy restoration." 
 ^Wiseman, a writer on surgery, 
 who declares that he was an eye- 
 witness of hundreds of cases, and 
 had account.s of others by letter 
 from all parts of the kingdom, 
 and also from Ireland, Scotland, 
 Jersey, and Guernsey, makes a 
 similar declaration. In fact, the 
 belief in this royal power appears 
 to have been almost imiversal, 
 and persons who denied it were 
 considered guilty of high treason. 
 It may well be supposed that 
 those who hail any doubts kept 
 them to themselves, when the 
 penalty for expressing them was 
 to be drawn and quartered. 
 
 "Imagination," says Lord 
 Bicon, " is next akin to a miracle 
 ~a worUlns faith," 
 
 AN OLD ENGLISH TAVERN. 
 
 crrshed to 
 chirur- 
 
 OLD ENGLISH PUBLIC WASHING-OROL'ND. 
 
 The ficts, so far 
 as they must be ad- 
 mitted, are usually 
 explained upon this 
 hypothesis ; but we 
 submit that a some- 
 what different one 
 is needed to account 
 for the cure of in-- 
 fants at the breast, 
 who were presented 
 in full proporticn of 
 numbers, and were 
 cured as often as 
 adults. 
 
 The Bed of Ware. 
 There is always 
 something interest- 
 ing in the relics of 
 a bygone age, espe- 
 cially when they arc 
 connected with the 
 every-day life of the 
 period they repre- 
 sent. They serve, 
 in some degree, to 
 show us the vast im- 
 provements we have 
 made, in the course 
 of time, in all things 
 pertaining to ordin- 
 ary domesticmattcrs^ 
 as well as to give us 
 a glimpse of the kind of hemes 
 our ancestors possessel, and with" 
 how little real comfort they wero 
 satisfied. In nothing is this more 
 remsy-kable than in their fur- 
 niture, which, tlioug'.i often 
 massive and costly, was very 
 seldom comfortable. 
 
 On page 19 vfc illustrate an old 
 carved bedstead, famous for its 
 large size, even in the days of the 
 immortal Shakespeare. It is in 
 good preservation, and has re- 
 cently been sold by auction, in 
 the ancient city of Hertford. The 
 price obtained was one hundred 
 guineas. 
 
 As will be seen from our illus- 
 tration, the posts representing 
 urns are of elaborate workman- 
 ship, and the back of the In- 
 stead is also finely carved. On 
 the tester there is carved work of 
 white and red roses, \Yhich arc 
 meant to represent the union cf 
 the houses of Yoi k and Lancaster. 
 The date upon the wood is 
 14G3. 
 
 Shakespeare's allusion to the 
 be 1 occurs in "Twelfth Night," 
 Act iii, scene 2. Sir Toby Tc^th 
 there says : " To write it in a 
 martial hand, be curst and bri !'. 
 It is no matter how witty, so it 
 be eloquent and full of invention. 
 If thou thoust him thrice, it shall 
 not be amiss. And as many lies 
 as will bo in the shi-ct of paper, 
 idthougU the sV.oet were big 
 
QpEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 545 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 > 
 
 a: 
 
.146 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATION^. 
 
 enoojrh for the bed of Ware, in England, tet 
 'em ouwn." 
 
 TTie great bed was formerly an article of fur- 
 nitore in the mansion house at Ware Park. It 
 wM removed from there to an inn at Ware. 
 
 The town of Ware is a place of considerable 
 antiquity, and is about twenty-one miles from 
 London, in a northerly direction. The in- 
 habitants are chiefly employed in the malting 
 trade, and most of the London brewers are 
 sapplied from this town. 
 
 Donkey Kaces at Blackheath. 
 
 In nothing are the English people more re- 
 markable than the tenacity with which they 
 cling to their ancient sports. At the present 
 time many of these traditional customs retain 
 much of their original popularity. Among 
 them is the 
 seemin ly ab- 
 
 surd pastime ^,£*s5^fc, 
 
 of the yovms; 
 people, of both 
 sexes, near 
 large towns, re- 
 pairing to the 
 nearest com- 
 mon, and there 
 spending an 
 hour or so in 
 riding on those 
 very stubborn 
 animals called 
 donkeys. 
 
 There are 
 very few of 
 them seen in 
 this country, 
 but in Bii.'land 
 and in France 
 they are very 
 common. 
 
 Our sketch 
 is one by the 
 famous Leech, 
 wlio, more tlian 
 any other ar- 
 tist, entered 
 into the spirit 
 of English 
 sports and pas- 
 times. 
 
 The spot on 
 which the scene is located is Blackheath, an 
 extensive common, about seven miles from 
 London, where a number of donkeys are con- 
 stantly kept on hand, ready saddled and 
 bridled, for all who choose to hire them. 
 
 It is a very common thing for the young 
 Cockneys and their sweethearts to repair on a 
 fine day, generally in the afternoon, and hire 
 a couple of these safe and useful animals ; 
 enthroning the sweetheart upon one, the love- 
 sick swain gets upon the other, and away they 
 gallop. Sometimes they keep on, and some- 
 times they do not ; but, whether they stay on 
 or are thrown, the whole effect is exceedingly 
 ludicrous, and a love of truth compels us to 
 admit that one of the chief virtues of a Cock- 
 ney is not only not minding being laughed at, 
 but joining in it himself as heartily as though 
 he was not concerned in the matter at all. 
 
 Blackheath is filled with historic recollec- 
 
 tions : there Jack Cade has a cave tacred to his 
 name, the rumor being that he concealed him- 
 self in it in his flight from London. On Black- 
 heath Wat Tyler marshaled his rebels ere he 
 advanced upon the same city. 
 
 The Bank of England. 
 
 This famous centre of the world's gold was 
 projecte:! by a Scotchman, William Pa'terBon, 
 in 109-1. It was opened for business July 27, 
 1G94. It is managed by a governor, a deputy- 
 governor, and twenty-four directors, who are 
 elected from among the stockholders for one 
 year. The Bank of England acts as the agent 
 of the Government in the management of the 
 national debt. It has branch banks established 
 in all the chief towns of the kingdom. In 1832 
 it maintained an establishment of over one 
 
 .iNCIEST COUACLi, OR WICKER llO.tT. 
 
 thousand persons ; but since then it amounts 
 to nearly twice that number. 
 
 Up to the establishment of the Bank of 
 England, the merchants used to deposit their 
 treasures either in the Mint or the Tower of 
 London ; but since the founding of the Bank 
 of England they have made that the deposi- 
 tory of their unemjjloyed capital. 
 
 The Bank of England, of which we give an 
 accurate view, is situated at the end of Cornhill, 
 occupying a site north of the Koyal Exchange. 
 Every night it is guarded by a company of 
 soldiers, under a tru.stworthy captain. 
 
 The Eoyal Exchange. 
 There have been three edifices erected in 
 London, and all of them on the same site, dedi- 
 cated to the worship of Commerce. The first 
 Royal Exchange was founded by Sir Thomas 
 
 Gresliam, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 Tliis was destroyed in the great fire of London, 
 and designed by Sir Christopher Wren. This 
 was in turn burnt down in 1838, and has been 
 rebuilt in a style of great magnificence. The 
 architect was Mr. Tite, whose death oaurred 
 about a year ago. In (he centre is a statue of 
 Queen Victoria, executed by John Graham 
 Lough. The Eoyal Exchange occupies the 
 western end of Cornhill, and midway between 
 the Biink of England and the Mansion House. 
 
 Eddystone Lighthouse. 
 Situated about fourteen miles south-west 
 from the port of Plymouth, and directly in 
 tlie path of English vessels returning home 
 heavily laden from foreign parts, the famous 
 Eddystone rocks were long the cccne of many 
 
 a story of nia- 
 riSme disaster. 
 The gnat seas, 
 bnraght up by 
 the south 
 westerly winds, 
 broke herewith 
 terrific vio 
 lence, often 
 carryingvessels 
 with irresistible 
 force on to des. 
 truction. At 
 other times, 
 during the 
 night or in 
 foggy weather, 
 or when the ex- 
 tensive rang 3 
 of these rocks 
 was covered 
 with high 
 water, lichly 
 laden vcs.sels, 
 guided even by 
 the most cau- 
 tious captains, 
 very frequently 
 came to sudden 
 shipwreck in 
 these treachep 
 ous places. 
 
 To erect a 
 permanent bea 
 con upon the 
 Etldystone was therefore from the earliest 
 times felt to be highly necessary ; but the task 
 which, even in these days of scientific engi- 
 neering, would be sufficiently formidable, was 
 two centuries ago considered almost beyond 
 the power of man. 
 
 At length it was undertaken by Henry Win- 
 stanley, of Littlebury, Essex, who had distin- 
 guished himself in a certain branch of mechan- 
 ics, the tendency of which is to excite wonder 
 and surprise. 
 
 He had at his house at Littlebury a set of 
 contrivances, such as the following : Being 
 taken into one particular room of his house, 
 and there observing an old slipper carelessly 
 lying in the middle of the floor, if, as was nat- 
 ural, you gave it a kick with your foot, up 
 started a ghost before you ; if you sat down in 
 a certain chair, a couple of arms would imme- 
 diately clasp you in, so as to render it im- 
 
GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 8i7 
 
 poseible for yon to dis- 
 engage yourself till your 
 attendant Eat you at 
 iiberty ; and, if you sat 
 down in a certain arbor 
 by the side of a canal, 
 you were forthwith set 
 out afloat into the 
 middle, from whence it 
 was impossible for you 
 to escape till the manager 
 returned you to your 
 Sarmer place. 
 
 Winstanley's design 
 was a picturesque and 
 fanciful structure of 
 many sides, somewhat 
 resembling a Chinese pa- 
 goda, with numerous 
 galleries, quaint projec- 
 tions, and fantastic or- 
 naments. Its sides were 
 decorated with numerous 
 pious inscriptions in 
 Latin and English. But 
 
 the most ominous part ""'^_ - ' 
 
 of the design was the 
 announcement that the 
 whole structure was to 
 
 be composed of no stronger material than wood. 
 Yet the result showed that Winstanley's ideas 
 were far from being so visionary as was sup- 
 posed. The lighthouse occupied more than 
 four years in building. No works were attempted 
 except in the Summer weather, and even then 
 the sea, though calm elsewhere, would rage 
 with such violence around the rock, that for a 
 whole fortnight together the works would be 
 covered, and all approacli to them rendered 
 mi possible. 
 
 I The first Summer was spent in making twelve 
 holes in the rock, and securing' twelve large 
 irons, on which Winstanley relied for holding 
 the work. It was not until the second Summer 
 that the indefatigable mercer and his brave 
 companions, after being a hundred times forced 
 to fly from their work, suc- 
 ceeded in making a solid 
 round pillar, twelve feet high, 
 which, for the first time, gave 
 the workmen some sort of 
 support and sheltc^r. In the 
 third Summer the edifice was 
 raised to the height of eighty 
 feet ; and Winstiinley, to his 
 ^reat joy, founl his work 
 stand out bravely against the 
 first storms. 
 
 ' ' Being all finishe 1, " he say.s, 
 ■" with the lantern and all the 
 rooms that were in it, we ven- 
 tured to lodge there soon 
 after midsummer, for the 
 greater dispatch of the work. 
 But the first night the weather 
 came bad, .ir.u so continued, 
 that it was eleven days before 
 any boats could come near us 
 again ; and not being ac- 
 quainted with the height of 
 the sea rising, we were almost 
 drowned with wet, and our 
 provisions in ae bid a con- 
 dition, though we worked 
 
 BANK OF ENGLAND. 
 
 night and day as much as possible to make 
 shelter for ourselves. In this storm we lost 
 some of our materials, although we did what 
 we could to save them ; but the boat then re- 
 turning, we all left the house to be refreshed 
 on shore ; and as soon as the weather did 
 permit, we returned and finished all, and put 
 up the light on the 14th of November, 1098." 
 
 The fourth year was spent in strengthening 
 the supports, and so confident did Winstanley 
 fe;;! of the stability of this edifice, that he de- 
 clared bis wish to be in it during the most 
 tremendous storm that could arise. This wish 
 he unfortunately obtained. 
 
 While Winstanley was there, in November, 
 1703, with his workmen and lightkeepers, a 
 tempest began. It raged most violently on 
 
 THE HOTAt EXCHAK08. 
 
 the night or the 2eth of 
 the month, and appeais 
 to have been one of the 
 most tremendous ever 
 experienced in Great 
 Britain. The next morn- 
 ing, at daybreak, the 
 hurricane increased to a 
 degre: unpiralleled ; and 
 the lighthouse, no longer 
 able to sustain its fury, 
 was swept into the deep, 
 with all its ill-fated in- 
 mates. When the storm 
 abated, about the 29th, 
 people went off to see il 
 anything remained, but 
 nothing was left save a 
 few large irons, whereliy 
 the work had been so 
 faster.cd into a clink 
 that it could never after- 
 ward be disengaged, till 
 it was cut out in the 
 year 1756. 
 
 The lighthouse had 
 
 not very long been 
 
 destroyed, before the 
 
 Winchelsea, a Virginia 
 
 ship, laden with tobacco, for Plymouth, was 
 
 wrecked on the Eddystone roeks in the night, 
 
 and every soul perished. 
 
 The next person who undertook to execute 
 the task of erecting a lighthouse on the Eddy- 
 stone rock was John Eudyerd, a silk mercer on 
 Ludgate Hill ; but Rudyerd bad raised himself 
 to a position of respectability, and by his in- 
 genious turn for mechanics, had won confidence. 
 Instead of a polygon, like Winstanley's erec- 
 tion, he chose a perfectly circular form for his 
 building, and carried up the elevation in that 
 shape ; and instead of mere wood, it was built 
 of granite and solid oak. Rudyerd' s lighthouse 
 was completed in three years, and successfully 
 resisted the storms of forty-six years. 
 For many years it was attended by two 
 lightkeepers only, whose duty 
 it was to keep the windows of 
 the lantern clean, and to watch 
 four hours alternately for the 
 purpose of snuffing and renew- 
 ing the candles. It was the 
 task of each, at the conchision 
 of his watch, to call the other, 
 and see him on duty before he 
 went to rest. For this pur- 
 pose two men were long con- 
 sidered sufficient ; but a tragic 
 incident, which occurred at 
 this period, led to a change in 
 this respect. It happened 
 that one of the watchers in 
 this lonely building was sud- 
 denly taken ill, and soon died. 
 The survivor, who had at- 
 tended his comrade in his 
 sickness without assistance, 
 had now no means of making 
 any one acquainted with his 
 situation. When the light- 
 keepers stood in need of any- 
 thing, it was their custom to 
 hoist a large flag fron a stafl 
 in the upper gallery, which 
 
548 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 could be seen in fine weather from tlic heights 
 0;i the mainland. A reward of half a guinea was 
 offered te the pe'son wlio, at any time, would 
 bring information of this flag being exhibited 
 to tlie agent at Plymouth ; and, on receiving 
 such information, the agent immediately sent 
 a boat, if the weather 
 would permit, to as- 
 certain the meaning of 
 the signal. Accord- 
 ingly, the surviving ^^^^' 
 lightkeeper lioistodliis . ^jw"""' 
 flag, which was speed- -^^^^ 
 ily observed on the ' *-~"' 
 shore ; but, unfortun- 
 ately, the weather was 
 lor a long time so 
 1x)isterou3 that it was 
 impossible for any boat 
 to approach the rocks. 
 During this perioJ, as 
 Siiieaton relates, the 
 living man found him- 
 self in a most awful 
 and distressing situa- 
 tion ; he knew n»t how 
 to dispose of the 
 €X)ipse ; for if he threw 
 it into the waves, 
 which was the only 
 means of getting rid 
 of it, he feared that he 
 might be charged with 
 the murder of his com- 
 panion, for stories hal 
 frequently been told of 
 quarrels between the 
 men, when shut up in 
 their singular prison ; 
 ind yet each day that 
 the body remained it 
 was endangering his 
 own life by the ex- 
 treratly offensive con- 
 lition to wliich it was 
 reduced. When, at 
 last, the people from 
 the boat effected a 
 landing, they found 
 the whole building 
 :lled with the most 
 insufferable odor, and 
 the dead body in such 
 a state, that it was 
 impossible to remove 
 it to Plymouth for in- 
 terment ; they there- 
 fore consigned it to 
 the sea ; but it was a 
 long time before the 
 rooms could be 
 purified. 
 
 While the workmen 
 were engaged in con- 
 structing it, a French 
 privateer suddenly ap- 
 peared off the rocks, 
 
 nd, seizing the men, with their tools and ap- 
 paratus, carried them to France. While Rud- 
 yerd's men lay in prison, the facts reached the 
 ears of the French king, Louis XIV., who not 
 only ordered their release, but restored all 
 their tools, and st'nt them back to their work 
 with presents, at the same time dccl irinj that 
 
 although he was at war with England, he was 
 not at war with mankind. 
 
 The lighthouse w^^s accidentally destroyed by 
 fire on the 2J of December, IToo. The fire 
 broke out in the lantern at the top of the light- 
 house, and the three men who now formed the 
 
 BDDYSTONK LICHTH0V8E. 
 
 complement of watchers, aft:r persevering at- 
 tempt-i to extinguish the flnmes, were compelled 
 to retire downward, from chamber to chamber, 
 as the fire crept on its way. Fortunately, early 
 in the morning some fishermen perceived the 
 strange light in the tower, and intelligence was 
 given of the perilous situation of the poor 
 
 lightkeep:;rs, but the fire had been burning no 
 less than eight hours before assistance finally 
 reached them. The frequent falling of red-hol 
 iron, molten le^d, and burning timbers, had 
 not only driven the men from the rooms and 
 staircases, but had compelled them to take 
 refugo in a hole in the 
 rock, where they were 
 found almost stupefied; 
 and whence, the surf 
 being very high, they 
 were only got off by 
 throwing to them a 
 coil of rope, which 
 they had fortunately 
 sufficient energy to tie 
 round their bodies 
 before jumping into 
 the sea. 
 
 An engineer, pre- 
 eminently fitted to un- 
 dertake the task of 
 rebuilding the Eddy- 
 stor.e liglithouse, wa» 
 scon found. This was 
 .John Smeaton, who, 
 like Watt, I egan life 
 ns a mathematical 
 instrument -maker; 
 but his highly in- 
 ventive and original 
 mind led him to un- 
 dertake works of more 
 importance, and finally 
 rendered him famous 
 a? the architect and 
 engineer of some of the 
 most important under- 
 tiikii gs in the king- 
 dom. 
 
 i-meaton took as his 
 nicdel the trunk of a 
 large tree. The stones 
 of each course are dove- 
 tailed together, and 
 the courses connected 
 by stcne dowels. Tlie 
 upper surface of the 
 work was cut into 
 steps, so that every 
 course rested on a horir 
 zontal bed. 
 
 The dianuter of the 
 lowest partial course is 
 thirty feet ; that of 
 the lowest entire one, 
 twenty-six feet. The 
 diameter of the course 
 under the coping is 
 fifteen feet, and tlie 
 whole height seventy- 
 seven feet. The tower 
 is surmounted by a 
 parapet wall about sis 
 feet high. 
 
 Three years after its 
 completion a storm, 
 scarcely less in its fury than that which had 
 swept the unhaiipy Winstanley and his com- 
 panions, with all their work, into the sea, raged 
 along the coasts ; but when it liad subsided the 
 stone lighthouse of Sraeaton still stood, as it 
 stands to this day, an enduring nn-numen.t of 
 its designer's energy and genius. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND' IRELAND. 
 
 5«9 
 
65a 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS, 
 
 Egg Marketing in Ireland. 
 
 BEfORE Bianconi gave an 
 impulse to internal commu- 
 nication in Ireland, tlie sup- 
 plying of the larger markets 
 with eggs was the laboriou* 
 work of women, often as 
 picturesque objects as tho 
 fair maid shown in our illus- 
 tration. 
 
 All over the south and 
 west of Ireland the farmers' 
 daughters would gather eggs 
 from tlie farm or the neigh- 
 bors in a kish or basket, 
 like that here shown, and 
 rairy them to market ; or. 
 if more successful and richer, 
 «liiig two with a straw rope 
 over the rough-coated fa- 
 vorite pony, and go gayly 
 on with her fragile load. 
 
 Drowning the Shanjrock 
 on Patrick's Day. 
 
 Mosr nations have some 
 great holiday - the birthday 
 of the reigning monarch, if 
 nothing better. Ireland has 
 no sovereign to whom its 
 psople give the homage of 
 their hearts, no government 
 entitled to their respect, and 
 in her dreary history, no 
 day of dazzling gloiy to he 
 remembered for ages. 
 
 Her holiday is the festival 
 of her patron saint, the 
 Breton who first bore tho 
 light of Christianity to her 
 shores. It is not, or rather 
 was not, formerly observed 
 ia a manner that seems consistent with a re- 
 ligious festival. 
 
 The squire gathered all his friends around 
 
 BOO MAKKETINO IN IRELAND. 
 
 him ; there was hard drinking in tho parlor, 
 j and great jollity in the servants' hall. The 
 ' ceremony of the day commenced with the pre- 
 
 sentation of shamrocks by 
 the servants, who always re- 
 coived gratuities for theii 
 attention. Tlien there was 
 a hunt, at which men rode 
 more desperately than usual. 
 This was followed by a 
 steeple-chase, when horses' 
 necks and riders' bones were 
 frequently broker. — four 
 miles over a sporting 
 country, interspersed witU 
 some sixty or seventy fences, 
 of all sorts ami siz s, quick- 
 set double ditches, and six- 
 foot walls. Night brought 
 its own amusements. Tha 
 piper played in the hall 
 during dinner, and was ad- 
 mitted into the parlor after 
 the ladies retired. The na- 
 tional and family tunes 
 came first, and these were 
 followed — as the guests 
 waxed warm — by the " Fox- 
 hunter's Jig," and the 
 " HareintheCom." Neither 
 was enjoyment confined to. 
 the upper regions of the 
 mansion There was a» 
 much happiness and more 
 boisterous merriment in tho 
 servants' hall. 
 
 Tho cottager imitated hi? 
 
 betters, and, after at- 
 
 _^ tending church in the 
 
 ;? morning to honor the saint, 
 
 the day was spent in revelry. 
 
 Even to this day, with a 
 
 large class, to drown one's 
 
 shamrock is a necessity. 
 
 How this is done is simple . 
 
 a glass of steaming hot 
 
 whisky, or "punch," is: 
 
 carefully prepared, due attention being paid to 
 
 the amount of water used in the manufacture. 
 
 Into this the shamrock, which has been norik 
 
 CUMLOB CAP, NEAR XIHABNEV, lEBLAND. 
 
 AKCIEM' HUSH IIABP. 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 551 
 
 all day, is plun^eJ, and the delicious liquid is 
 tlien imbibed at a, draught. Tlie shamroclt is 
 then t:ilien from the glass, and replaced in 
 hat or button-hole till again required. How 
 often this act is re- 
 peated alto;?ether de- 
 pends upon the means 
 and capacity of the 
 person interested. It 
 is needless to say that, 
 after a dozen immer- 
 sions and consequent 
 imbibition, both tlie 
 shamroclc and its 
 owner begin to look 
 rather tiie" worse for 
 wear," and sundry 
 attempts are made at 
 perambulation, which 
 ore found IneffectuaL 
 
 A DBAO-Hmrr in Ireland. 
 
 trayed in our cniraving, took place recently in 
 the County of Dublin, and excited a very large 
 amount of interest. It was exfjected to pro- 
 duce considerable sport, and those who drove 
 
 Brag -Hunt in 
 
 Ireland. 
 The practice is 
 adopted in Ireland of 
 dragging a red-herring- 
 along a particular line 
 of country, in order to 
 u'ct up a modi chase 
 when Ecynard or other 
 subjects of sport can- 
 not be got to rise. A 
 liunt of this ('escrip- 
 'ion, which ij por- 
 
 PSASAMTS IX A POIAIO-FATCU, AT CUOSSAKBEL, IBBLAND, BESTING FKOM lUEIB LABORS, AKU 
 
 Discussma politics. 
 
 to Ashbourne on that occasion were by no 
 means disappointed. Tlie day was clear, and 
 the sun shone brightly ; but there was a bitter 
 wind from the North, and all the wrappers 
 and overcoats of the 
 sight-seers were called 
 into requisition. There 
 was no lack of excite- 
 ment, nor were any of 
 the amusing accessories 
 of a great sporting 
 event wanting. 
 
 The arrangements 
 made by the stewards 
 were admirable. A 
 fine course of nearly 
 four miles was chosen, 
 commencing at the 
 eight-mile stone, on 
 the Ashbourne road, 
 and terminating at the 
 Fairy House, which 
 commanded a fine view 
 of the finish of the 
 race. There were 
 some very difficult 
 leaps, and not a few of 
 the starters came to 
 grief before tlioy had 
 completed the first 
 mile. The course wrs 
 nearly straight, anl 
 there were some capital 
 adjacent stand-points, 
 ■from which the 
 
552 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEE AT NATIONS. 
 
 spectators saw the running «o great advantage. 
 Half-past two arrived, and every one stood on 
 tiptoe, and strainei the eyes toward Aslibourne, 
 but for ten minutes or a quarter of an hour 
 tbere was no sigu of the red-coats. Then the 
 cry of the hounds was hoard at a distance, and 
 presently a man was seen running through the 
 
 horse. The crowd scattered away, and uboui; 
 forty horses, separated by long intervals, 
 crossed Morriu's licld at a pace by no means 
 rapid. The ditch brought one or two to grief ; 
 but the chestnut was still leading, and his 
 rider took matters exceedingly co^l, as he well 
 might, for his seotned about the freshest and 
 
 The Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 
 The entire coast of the extreme north of Ire 
 land presents a succession of pictures unspeak- 
 ably grand. The Giant's Causeway, which 
 forms a vast promontory, possesses all that 
 the imagination can conceive in its fantastic 
 
 field, trailing something covered up in canvas, 
 at the end of a long string. These were the 
 herrings ; but where were the hounds ? The 
 scarlet coats were seen in less than !i minute, 
 and a long string of riders descended a little 
 emineacc about half a mile away, led by 
 ten lengths or so by soaic qp« oa a cliasaut 
 
 IBISII TUBF GATHERERS. 
 
 best horse in the field. At length two or three 
 couple of hounds, completely puzzled, showed 
 among the last horse ; but by this time the 
 hunt was oyer, and t'le prizes were won. 
 
 'ITiere is always something bizarre in every 
 thing pertaining to the Irish «ports; it eeems 
 to Le A national characteristic. 
 
 developments. ' ' Imagine," says a traveler who 
 has well described this marvel, " imagine an 
 immense plm of columns sculptured with cd- 
 mirable precision, and projecting into the sea 
 until lost to the sight. These columns are in 
 turn pentagonal, hexagonal, or heptagonal, 
 but their surfaces ara fitted to e;ch other with 
 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 ^fVpf '!':.'% mil 
 
 553 
 
654 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 perfect symmetry. 
 The entire coast is 
 spread with these ad- 
 mirably disposed 
 basaltic rocks, each of 
 which has received a 
 picturesque name sug- 
 gested liy the form 
 which it presents to 
 the sight of the 
 natives. Hence we 
 hav» the Giant's The- 
 atre, the Crown, the 
 Bagpipe, the Giant's 
 Chair, etc. ; there are, 
 also, pointed out to 
 the beholder the Priest 
 and his Floclv, tlie 
 Nurse and her Child, 
 the King and his 
 Nobles." 
 
 o 
 
 Irish Turf Gatherers. 
 
 Ireland has for cen- 
 turies, under the most 
 wonderful misgovern- 
 
 mant, ra lintained an immense population, who 
 had become mere tcnants-at-will of absentee 
 landlords, chiefly, if not solely, by the potato 
 as food, and turf as fuel. The potato lias 
 failed, anl, l>y its failure, swept away a million 
 of people, wlio perished by starvation. The 
 fuel has not given out, nor is it likely to. 
 
 Much of Ireland is covered with bogs, which, 
 after the upper-crust of vegetation is removed, 
 consists of peat or turf, decayed vegetable 
 matter, which, when dried, makes a very good 
 fuel. It is cut with a spade, in brick-shaped 
 blocks, which are exposed to (he sun, and then 
 piled in open stacks. When very wet it is 
 trodden out by the women and children till it 
 will easily take shape. Women there do much 
 out-door work, and, during seasons when men 
 are off, even as far as England, in gangs, for 
 agricultural labor, most of the ■nork on their 
 miserable holdings ii done by women. At all 
 times they may be seen 
 gathering, in baskets 
 slung on their backs, 
 the fuel that is then 
 stacked by the cot- 
 tage doors. 
 
 What a government 
 can do that gives 
 people fair play, we 
 see daily. To the 
 English mind, the 
 Irish are a people who 
 connot be governed, 
 and will not improve. 
 To the American mind, 
 they are good mate- 
 rial, somewhat spoiled 
 by eight hundred 
 years of misgovern- 
 nient, but whom we do 
 not ask more than one 
 or two generations to 
 turn their worst types 
 to good account, and 
 find much that can be 
 made of use to them 
 selves and ihe world. 
 
 SUMMIT or STORR, ISLE OK SKVE. 
 
 Ancient Irish Harp. 
 
 Wherever the Celtic race has dwelt, hand-in- 
 hand with their valor has gone their love for 
 music. From the earliest history of the Green 
 Isle, dating back far beyond that of many 
 European countries, the harp is mentioned as 
 in requisition on .all festive occasions, whether 
 Oi war or marriage, christenings or holidays. 
 
 Our engraving represents one that might 
 have been played before the ancient kings of 
 Ireland on that Hill of Tara of whose halls Ire- 
 land's most gifted modem poet has so elo- 
 quently sung. 
 
 ' ii^ii 
 
 The Isle of Skye. 
 The Isle of Skye, located among the pic- 
 turesque Highlands of Scotland, is in every 
 respect a remarkable island. It is so irregular 
 in shape, that, though fifty miles long, and 
 
 aVIKANO, ISLB OF SKT£> 
 
 from ten to twenty- 
 five broad, there is no 
 part of it that does not 
 come within three or 
 four miles of ihe sea, 
 cither in open ocean, 
 or by means of some 
 of the numberless salt- 
 water lakes that in- 
 dent the coast. The 
 hills are more than 
 three thousand feet in 
 height, and run up 
 straifiht from the sea 
 with no intervening 
 rising ground to break 
 the effect of their full 
 height. The central 
 plateau in our engrav- 
 ing of Quirang is 
 n earl y a per feet oblon g» 
 and is covered with a 
 luxurious growth of 
 moss. The detached 
 masses of rocks, and 
 the overhanging pre- 
 cipices, are all of a. 
 basaltic formation. The Storr is not so fan- 
 tastically fasliioned, but is of equal interest tc> 
 the traveler. 
 
 The Isle of Skye has an interest attached 
 to it, irrespective of its striking natural fea- 
 tures. It is intimatejy associated with th» 
 escape and wanderings of Prince Charles Ed- 
 ward Stuart, at the time there was a premium 
 of £30,000 upon his head. 
 
 The Highlanders, though comparatively poor, 
 proved incorruptible, an<l after secreting the 
 prince until the linglish soldieiB had tracked 
 him to his place of concealment. Flora Mac- 
 donald, a remarkable young Scottish maid, 
 came to the rescue, and succeeded in eluding 
 the vigilance of the soldiers, and delivering 
 the disguised prince to the care of liis friends. 
 
 The use that Sir Walter Scott has made of 
 this famous heroine in his novel of " Waverly " 
 is too well known to need any reference beyond 
 the bare mention of 
 her name, which is 
 synonomous to all that 
 is charming in ro- 
 mance and inspiring 
 in patriotism. 
 o— - 
 
 The Bass Kock. 
 
 The Bass Eock is 
 a small green -stone 
 island, situated in the 
 Frith of Forth, on the 
 coast of Scotland. 
 
 It would be scarcely 
 any value were it not 
 for the immense num- 
 ber of solan geese and 
 other wild fowl which 
 make it their haunt, 
 as there is only about, 
 seven acres of pastur- 
 age land, the rest cf 
 the surface being a. 
 barren rock. 
 
 Numbers of men. 
 obtain a precarious. 
 
I 
 
 livelihooa by dsscending the face of the rock, 
 nnd taking from tho nests of the wild fowl the 
 e?gs and down, which form a not unimportant 
 branch of commerce. 
 
 The means adopted to reach the nests is 
 hazardous in the extreme. A sharp stake is 
 driven in the ground at the top of the cliff, and, 
 leaving a companion to watch the rope, le.st it 
 should chafe against the rock, the fowler lei- 
 surely descends, and gathers all the eggs within 
 hiii reach ; after which he is drawn up, and 
 
 GEEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 heritance ; and, should thcjr ho inherited by a 
 daughter, she is looked upon as a most desir- 
 ahlc match. 
 
 The solan goose is about the size of the com- 
 mon land goose, of a white color, except the 
 tops of the wings, which are black, and the top 
 of the head, which is yellow. 
 
 The bill is long and very sharp-'pointed. 
 The sharpness of the bill led to the practice of 
 fastening herrings on a board, and then setting 
 it afloat on the water, when the solan geese, on 
 
 S>5 
 
 of it. It stands on the plain, at the eastero 
 extremity of the rising ground on Trhich Eldin- 
 burgh was originally huilt. The more ancient 
 part of the palace, as it now stands, was built 
 by James V,, but it has since undergone many 
 alterations, and the identity of the present 
 building with the original structure is entirely 
 destroyed. It was burnt by the soldiers of 
 Cromwell, and rebuilt after the Bestoration of 
 Charles II. 
 The edifice is of a qu8,drangular figure, with 
 
 the rope removed to a different locality, where 
 the same process is gone over. 
 
 On the western coast of Ireland the same 
 means are adopted by the peasantry to reach 
 the otherwise inaccessible spots, and also in 
 the Orkneys and Western Isles. 
 
 The ropes by which the fowlers descend are 
 made of hide, carefully cut and twisted. They 
 sometimes constitute the greatest part of the 
 ■wealth of a family, and are hauded down from 
 the father to the son as a most valuable in- 
 
 THB BASS ROCK, SCOTLAWU. 
 
 seeing the fish, would dart down on it, and, 
 driving their beaks into the board, would be 
 held there until the arrival of the fowler. 
 
 This practice has of late years been prohib- 
 ited by an Act of Parliament. 
 
 Holyrood Palace. 
 The palace of Holyrood, in Edinburgh, has 
 been celebrated by many poets and writers, 
 but it is not known who was the first builder 
 
 an open court in the centre, with piazzas. Th& 
 chamber of Queen Mary is still exhibited in 
 the palace ; and the bed of that unfortunate 
 princess is to be seen, although in a decayed 
 state. 
 
 In a spacious hall or gallery, one hundred 
 and fifty feet in length, which is decorated 
 with upward of one hundred mythical por- 
 traits of Scottish monarchs, is held the elec- 
 tion of representative peers for Scotland. 
 
 Considerable improvements have recently 
 
S56 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 been made on the exterior 
 walls of the palace, and the 
 locality in which it stands has 
 also been greatly improve i by 
 the removal ot many sur- 
 rounding old houses, which, 
 with the numerous additional 
 repairs and alterations in the 
 p:ilace tliat have been made 
 lately, render it an agreeable 
 residence for the present Queen 
 Victoria. 
 
 Contiguous to the royal 
 palace stands the Abbey of 
 Holy rood, founded about the 
 year 1128. Within this sacred 
 building were interred David 
 II., James II., James V., his 
 queen Magdalen, and Darnley. 
 
 The most remarkable cir- 
 cumstance connected witli this 
 institution is its privilege of 
 affording p. sanctuary to 
 debtors. In 1544 it was sacked, 
 and in part destroyeJ, by the 
 Earl of Hereford when be .in- 
 Taded Scotland ; and it again 
 met with a similar fate jx few - ■' 
 
 years subsequently. Then.ive^ 
 used as a chapel, was desecrated 
 and dismantled by the mob in 1688, at the time 
 of the flight of Jaines II. of Biigliind ; and in 
 1768 the roof fjll in, and left it in the ruined 
 condition in which it now stands. 
 
 Highland Dance. 
 : 'iiiERE is a certain wild athleticism in all 
 .Vottis'i games. This is partly the result of 
 the climate, and their brawny constitutions, 
 which naturally require great muscular exer- 
 cise. Some of the favorite sports are Throwing 
 the Hammer ; but the most popular one is the 
 Sword D.ince, since it combines their love of 
 dancing and their passion for the inevitable 
 bagpipes. 
 
 The Broal Sword Dance consists in placing 
 two cliymores, or swords, across e:ich other 
 upon a platform, or a 
 piece of level ground, and 
 dancing between them 
 witliout touching or mis- 
 placing them. To win 
 tlie prize, one must be 
 Teiy nice and dainty ; 
 and while keeping lima 
 in th^ fantastic man- 
 oeuvres of a Highland 
 Reel, and excited by the 
 fioul-stirring melodies 
 of the pip.'r, it is very 
 difficult to step with 
 sufficient precision. 
 
 Peat Gathering in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Peat, the decayed ve- 
 getable matter that forms 
 the contents of many 
 swampy districts, is be- 
 coming in this country 
 an article of fuel, where 
 coal is too Tt mote or too 
 
 HOLYROOD PALACE, EDINBURGH. 
 
 dear. Yet, strange as it may appear, peat or 
 turf is coal in process of formation. In Ire- 
 land, turf is tlie fuel of the mass of the popula- 
 tion, and the bogs seem to furnish an inex- 
 haustible supply. 
 
 Scotland has its peat mosses, analogous in 
 origin to the Irish bogs, and resorted to for 
 fuel. 
 
 The Scotch, however, as will lie seen in our 
 illustration of a party working in a peat-ficld, 
 have brought inventive ingenuity to bear on 
 the subject, in a manner apparently almost 
 unknown yet in Ireland. If the moisture 
 could bo cxpellel from the peat in a shorter 
 time, it could be more iiromptly brought to 
 market ; and this is done in Scotland by using 
 a coniprcssive-machine, in lieu of the baio feet 
 and the field-drying of the Irish system. 
 
 raachiiio. 
 
 HIGHLAND DANCS. 
 
 It was considered that Euch 
 a machine ought to be so 
 simple that t'.ie rudest me- 
 chanic could make it and 
 keep it in repair, so portable 
 as to be easily moved about 
 from one part of a field to 
 another, and to be cheap in 
 construction, and expeditious 
 inaction. Mr. Tod's madiine 
 consii^ted of a stage on which 
 an oblong box t oiild be placed, 
 anc 1 a lever which pressed down 
 on this box with great power. 
 Tlie box was filled with moist 
 peat, and a solid block or 
 cover was pressed down upon 
 it with a force so sudden and 
 great as to squeeze out the 
 water, and leave the peat as 
 an oblong solid nia.ss. 
 
 Provided with two of these 
 boxes, the process went on 
 with great rapidity ; one man 
 digging out tlie peat, another 
 lifting it, and bringing it to 
 the machine ; two were empty- 
 ing, filling, and placing the 
 boxes, and one man working 
 the lever of the compressing- 
 Tlie peats, when taken from the 
 niacliiue, were built up like small stacks cf 
 bricks, but so open as to admit a free circula- 
 tion of air ; and the stacks put up in this way 
 became perfectly dry before being moved. 
 
 The Scotch Fishwives of Newhaven, near 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 I.N Europe women ply many trades that seem 
 
 strange to our American ideas. In some cases 
 
 tliis is revolting, as in the picture that Sala 
 
 fives of women digging a sewer in tlie streets 
 
 of Vienna. 
 But the fishwives of Frajice and of Scotland 
 
 do not strike us so repulsively. 
 
 The Scottish fishwomen, or " fishwives " of 
 
 Newhaven and Fisherrow, as they are usually 
 designated, wear a dress 
 
 ==i--i^^^ of a peculiar and appro- 
 
 priate fashion, consist- 
 ing of a long blue duffie 
 jacket, w'itli wide sleeves, 
 a blue petticoat, usually 
 tucked up so as to form 
 a pocket, and in order 
 to show off their ample 
 under petticoat of brigh t- 
 colored woolen stripe, 
 reaching to the calf of 
 the leg. 
 
 As the women carry 
 their loads of fish on 
 their backs in crcola, 
 supported by a broad 
 leather belt resting for- 
 ward on the forehead, a 
 thick napkin is their 
 usual hea d-d r e s c- , 
 although often a muslin 
 cap, or mutch, with a 
 very broad frill, edged 
 with lace, and turned 
 back on the head is seen 
 
GREAT BIUTAIN AND IBELAm). 
 
 557 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ''^fflmrnmnwriWFi'Wmi 
 
558 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 peepins'from under the napkin. A variety of 
 kerchiefs, or small shawls, similar to that on 
 the head, encircle the neck and hosom, which, 
 •with their thick worsted stockings and a pair 
 •of stout shoes, complete the costume. 
 
 Before the railway era, the Newhaven fish- 
 -wife was a great (act, and could be met with 
 in Edinburgh in her picturesque costume of 
 short but voluminous and gaudy petticoats, 
 shouting " Caller herrings !" or " Wha'll buy 
 my caller cod ?" with all the energy that a 
 strong pair of lungs could supply. Then, in 
 the evening, there entered the city the oyster- 
 wench, with her prolonged musical aria of 
 ••' Wha'll o' caller ou ?" But the spread of fish- 
 mongers' shops and the increase of oyster 
 taverns is doing away with this picturesque 
 hranch of the business. 
 
 Thirty-seven years ago nearly the whole of 
 the fishermen of the Frith of Forth, in view 
 «f the Edinburgh market, made tor Newhaven 
 -with their cargoes of white fish ; and these, at 
 that time, were all bought up by the women, 
 who tarried them on their backs to Edinburgh 
 in creels, and then hawked them through the 
 city. 
 
 The sight of a bevy of fishwives in the streets 
 of tlie modem Athens, although comparatively 
 rare, may still occasionally be enjoyed ; but 
 the railways have lightened their labors, and 
 ■we do not find them climbing the Whale Brae 
 with a hundred-weight, or two hundred-weisht, 
 perhaps, of fish, to he sold in driblets, for a 
 few pence, all through Edinburgh. 
 
 The industry of fishwives is proverbial, their 
 chief maxim being that "the woman that 
 •canna work for a man is na worth ane"; and 
 accordingly they undertake the task of dispos- 
 ing of the merchandise, and acting as Chan- 
 <:enor of the Exchequer. Their husbands have 
 only to catch the fish, their labor being finished 
 ■as soon as the boats touch the quay. 
 
 The Newhaven fishwives' mode of doing 
 business is well known. She is always supposed 
 to ask double or triple what she will take ; and, 
 on occasions of bargaining, she is sure, in allu- 
 sion to the hazardous nature of the gudeman's 
 •occupation, to tell her customers that " fish are 
 no fish the day ; they're just men's lives." 
 
 The style of higgling adopted when dealing 
 ^ith the fisher-folk, if attempted in other kinds 
 
 of commerce, gives rise to the well-known 
 Scottish reproach of " D'ye tak' me for a fish- 
 wife?" 
 
 The style of bargain-making carried on by 
 the fishwives may be illustrated by the follow- 
 ing little scene : 
 
 A servant-girl having just beckoned to one 
 of tlicm, is answered by the usual interrogatory, 
 "What's yer wuU the day, my bonnie lass?" 
 and the "miptress" being introduced, the fol- 
 lowing conversation takes place : 
 
 " Come awa", mem, an' see what bonnie fish 
 I ha'e the day." 
 
 " Have you any haddocks ?" 
 
 " Ay, ha'e I, mem, an' as bonnie fish as ever 
 ye clappit yer twa een on." 
 
 "What's the price of these four small ones ?" 
 
 " What's yer wuU, mem?" 
 
 " I wish these small ones." 
 
 " What d'ye say, mem ? sma' baddies ! they's 
 no sma' fish, an' they're the bonniest I ha'e in 
 a' ma creel." 
 
 " Well, never mind ; what do you ask for 
 them ?" 
 
 " Weel mem, it's lieen awfu' weather o' late, 
 an' the men canna get fish ; ye" 11 no grudge 
 me twenty-pence for thac four ?' ' 
 
 "Twenty-pence !" 
 
 "Ay, mem, what for no ?" 
 
 " They are too dear ; I'll give " 
 
 " What d'ye say, mem ? ower dear ! I wish 
 ye ktnt it; but what'll ye gi'e me for thae 
 four?" 
 
 "I'll give you a sixpence." 
 
 " Ye'U gi'e me a what ?" 
 
 " A sixpence." 
 
 " I d;iur say ye wull, my bonny leddy, but 
 ye'll no get thae four fish for twa sixpences 
 this day." 
 
 " I'll not give more." 
 
 "Weel, mem, gude-day" (making prepara- 
 tions to go) ; "I'll tak' eighteenpence an' be 
 dune wi't." 
 
 " No, I'll give you twopence each for them." 
 
 And so the chaffering goes on, till ultimately 
 the fishwife will take tenpence for the lot, 
 and this plan of asking double what will be 
 taken, which is common with tliem all, and 
 sometimes succeeds with simple housewives, 
 will be repeated from door to door, till the 
 supply be e.thausted. 
 
 Conclusion of Scotland. 
 
 In the fifth century we hear of the Scots as a 
 people inhabiting Ireland. About the year 60-3 
 a colony of the Scots from the north of Ireland 
 emigrated to North Britain, and effected a 
 settlement in the district now known as 
 Argyle. Here they remained for more than 
 three hundred years, during which tlie rest 
 of the island to the north of the Friths of 
 Forth and Clyde formed the kingdom of the 
 Picts, which nation, although governed by a 
 king, appears to have been divided into two 
 populations — the Lowland and the Southern 
 I'icts. Throughout the tenth century, North 
 Britain was ruled as one kingdom, under the 
 name of Albania ; but about a century later 
 we find the name of Scotland applied to this 
 land, and, from that time, the people were 
 generally designated as Scots. 
 
 Scotland was divided into three districts : 
 1. The Eastern portion called, Lodonia, a Teu- 
 tonic term signifying, the March, or Border 
 Land ; 2. The Kingdom of Strath Clyde, in the 
 North-west; and 3. The District of Galloway, in 
 the South-west. 
 
 About this time, the Norwegians took posses- 
 sion of the Orkneys and Western Islands. The 
 Norwegian kingdom thus founded lasted for 
 thirty years, and was routed by Macbeth, who 
 commanded the Scottish forces of King Duncan. 
 The readers of Shakespeare will remember the 
 use he has made of this episode in bis famous 
 plav of "Macbeth." We have not space to 
 record the numerous kings that reigned from 
 843, when Kenneth II. reigned, to 1567, when 
 James VI., son of the celebrated and unfor- 
 tunate beauty, Mnry Queen of Scots, a.'^cended 
 the throne of Scotland, wliich he held till 1603, 
 when the death of Queen Elizabeth made him 
 King of England. In all there were forty-four 
 sovereigns, which gives to each an averase of 
 seventeen years, a figure which demonstrates 
 the shortness of their reigns. 
 
 In the year 1707 the kingdom of Scotland 
 was united to England, the whole island being 
 called Great Britain. It is characteristic of the 
 Scotch that, witli the memorable exceptions of 
 1715 and 1745, the people have acquiesced in 
 the government of the British Parliament 
 without complaint. 
 
 rUK NEW U.MVKRSITY COLLEGE AT NOTTIHOHAM. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 ru£i Sabbath of the pilokim Fathers ly America— The Reception of CoMJMBrs after his first Voyagf^the deathbed of Ooldmbcs 
 —Mount Vernon — The Charter Oak — Kooer Williams s Departure from Salem— Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek- masked 
 Men Destroying Firearms on Board the Steamer " Hesper "— Pocahontas Saving the Life of John Smith— John Browns Raid 
 —Morton Killing the Pawnee Indian— Jake McCrea— The Mammoth Cave— The Yo-Semite Valley, California— Natural Bridge 
 IN California- Vigetation in California— The Mammoth Trees in California— Trial of A.nxe Hutchinson— Desperate Conflict 
 
 ON THE PKAIEIES— A. TOURIST PARTY IN THE ROOKY MOUNTAINS— MRS. CLAYTON PLANTING THE NATIONAL FLAG ON THE SUMMIT OF THB 
 BOCKY MOUNTAINS— OLD NEW ORLEANS— THE MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA— PROGRESS OF MEANS OF TRAVEL— THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE 
 
 —THE Caverns of Lurat, Virginia— The Royal Gorge of Colorado— Camp in the Woods— Indian Dance— Three months in Alaska 
 
 — IKTERIOE OF AN INDIAN HOUSE— CONCLUSION. 
 
 UPON (he discovery and progress of onr 
 Great Republic it is not our intention to 
 dilate. The history of the most won- 
 derful example of political growth in the 
 world is too well known to every citizen in 
 America to need anything heyond a brief 
 risumi of the chief events in the liistory of 
 OUT country. 
 
 When America was first discovered, the in- 
 liabita.its were a copper-colored race, and in a 
 etate of the grossest ignorance. They went 
 under the generic term of Indians, a-.d althongli 
 they spoke a great variety of dialects, (here 
 verc only eight distinct l^ngunges. They were 
 dividel into families, or tribes ; but in color, 
 eize, moral, character, religion and govern- 
 ment, they werj almost identicsd. In person 
 ihcy were tall, straight, and well formed. 
 Their eyes were black, their hair long, coarse, 
 and straight. The men employed their time 
 in war, hunting and fishing, ^^hile the women 
 did all t'.ie labor of every kind required by 
 family w.ants. Thoy livcJ in wigwams mado 
 of bark of trees, and skins of beasts, stretched 
 upon poles — in short, a species of tent. Their 
 food was the flesh of animals found in the forests, 
 •with fish and few a vegetables. Maize, com- 
 monly c died Indian corn, was in ordinary use. 
 
 In Summer they were generally naked, ex- 
 cepting a covering around their loins. In 
 Winter they were clad in the skins of wild 
 boasts. Their money was shells, and was called 
 tcampum. They had no written language, ex- 
 cepting a kind of rude hieroglyphics, or pic- 
 tures. War and plunder were the principal 
 business of the men — drudgeiy, that of the 
 women, who were the mere slaves of their 
 brutal masters. Their weapons were bows and 
 arrows, tomahawks, and scalping-knivos. They 
 tortured the prisoners they took in l>»ttlo, and 
 
 prized the scalps of their vanquished enemies as 
 so many trophies of valor. Their funeral cere- 
 monies were the sime among all the Indian 
 nations. The deal body was wrapped in skins, 
 when it was laid upon sticks in the bottom of 
 a shallo.v pit, or place 1 on a high scaffold out 
 of the reacli of wild beasts. 
 
 Their religion was simple in belief and cere- 
 monies. T"hey believed In a Great Good Spirit, 
 and a Great Evil Spirit, and considered the sun, 
 moon, stirs, meteors, fire, water, thunder, 
 wind, and everything they could not them- 
 selves control, as deities. 
 
 Pope makes the following use of their re- 
 ligious faith : 
 
 "I.o! tho poor Indian, whoso untutored mind 
 Sees God in clouds, and hears Hira in the wind; 
 His soul proud Science never taught to stray 
 Far as tho solar beam and Milky Way, 
 But thinks, admitted to that equal sky, 
 His faithful do^ shall bear him company.'* 
 
 The government was a mixture of family rule 
 and kingly use of authority. The Sachem was 
 tho Chief Ruler, chosen for his wisdom, while 
 tho Chief, who commanded the warriors, was 
 chosen for his deeds in battle. 
 
 Such were the inhabitants of the territory of 
 the present United States when discovered by 
 the Europeans. 
 
 On the 3d of August, 1492, Christopher 
 Columbus, a Genoese, i:i tlie service uf Fer- 
 dinand anl Isabella of Spain, embarked in 
 three small vessels from Palos, in Andalusia, in 
 his search for his "short cut "to the Indies. 
 After steering west for many days he flr^t saw 
 Ian 1 on the 11th October, 1492. It was one of the 
 Bahamas, now called Cat Island. Next day 
 he went ashore, rich!y dre:sed in scarlet rolies, 
 and took possession of the country in the name 
 of the King and Queen of Spain. The natives 
 received him with awe, and Columbus uamed 
 
 the island San Salvador. He then discovered 
 several other islands, and designated the group 
 as the West Indies. On his return to Spain he 
 was received with great honors. He made 
 several other voyages, and, in 1498, discovered 
 the coast of South America ; yet he died in the 
 belief tliat he had only found a portion of 
 Eivsteru Asia. One of his companions revealed 
 the secret to Ameriuo Vespucci, a Florentine 
 navigator, who explored the eastern coast of 
 South America, and on his return to Europe 
 he published a glowing account of the great 
 continent which ho claimed to have discovered. 
 In his honor the New World has been called 
 America, thus robbing the great navigator of 
 his due fame. 
 
 We must, however, confine ourselves to that 
 part of our continent which is known as the 
 United States. 
 
 On April 4, 1609, Henry Hudson, an English- 
 man, in the employ of the Butch East India 
 Company, sailed from Amsterdam, in a yacht 
 of eighty tons, named the Half Moon, and 
 steered for Spitzbergcn. The ice was im- 
 passable ; he therefore sailed west, across the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and, touching the Continent 
 of America at Penobscot Bay, coasted south- 
 ward to the Capes of Virginia. Retracing hia 
 course northward, he sailed into the harbor of 
 New Tork, in September, 1609, when'he cast 
 anchor. On his return to Holland his nar- 
 rative aroused the commercial enterprise of 
 the Dutch. The result was the founding of a 
 settlement they called Now Amsterdam, und 
 which is now New York. 
 
 After flourishing nnder the old Dutch Gov- 
 ernors, New Amsterdam was compelled to 
 surrender to the English forces in 1662, when 
 the renowned Peter Stuyvesant, tho last of the 
 Burgomaster-governors, piarched out, with the 
 
5fl0 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 lienors of war, and the English Governor 
 ■walked in with the honors of possession. What 
 human enterprise can accomplish, we have 
 only to give New York as an example. 
 
 Previous, however, to the settlement of New 
 Amsterdam was the English colony in Eoanoke 
 Island. In December, 1606, the London Com- 
 pany sent three ships, under the command of 
 Captain Christopher Newport, with one hundred 
 and five emigrants, to make a settlement on 
 Eoanoke Island. They did not arrive on the 
 American coast till April, 1607, when they 
 were driven by a storm into Chesapeake Bay. 
 They discovered and sailed up the James Kiver, 
 and founded Jamestov^n, so called in honor of 
 that miserable old pedant, the sou of Mary 
 Queen of Scots. Among this party was the far- 
 famed John Smith, a great military adventure r, 
 and a man of remarkable presence of mind. 
 
 Smith was a born adventurer, and on the 
 shores of the New "World he found full scope 
 for the exercise of his daring nature. His re- 
 markable exploits with the Indians are among 
 the most entertaining chapters of our early 
 history. Intimately associated with the name 
 of Captain Smith is that of Pocahontas — the 
 beautiful Indian maiden, daughter of King 
 Powhatan. How the intrepid captain fell into 
 the hands of the Indians ; how he was con- 
 demned to be brained by the war-club of the 
 chief ; and how Pocahontas braved her father's 
 anger, saved the captain's life, and eventually 
 married his friend John Kolfe, needs no reca- 
 Ijitulation at our hands. The tale is a gem of 
 poesy and romance set in the iron circumstances 
 of that time, and ha? ever since been a fruitful 
 theme for the sentimental pen. The marriage 
 was performed according to the laws of the 
 Church of England, and has been made the 
 subject of one of the superb paintings that 
 griice the walls of the rotunda of the Capitol at 
 Washington. 
 
 But the true backbone of our Great Republic 
 is the vitality breathed into the United States 
 by the Puritan blood, which, slowly emerging 
 from the merciless bigotry of the feudal ages, 
 gave a power and a grim intensity to the new- 
 born Eugland of America. 
 
 In 1620, on the 19th of December, the Pil- 
 grim Fathers (as they are popularly called) 
 arrived at Plymouth Eock, and certainly on 
 that Ri)ek a greater than St. Peter has founded 
 the Empire of the World. 
 
 It would require a volume to give in detail 
 the amazing growth of the Great Eepublic of 
 the West. From the germs of a few isolated 
 efforts in Virginia, New York, and Massa- 
 chusetts, respectively made "by those three most 
 discordant elements of colonization, the Cav- 
 aliers, the Dutch, and the Puritans, there has 
 grown out of these acorns of human enterprise 
 the most gigantic civilization the world has 
 ever seen. In about one hundred years, the 
 settlers of Jamestown, New Amsterdam and 
 Boston fomifid tb.e Thirteen Colonies, which 
 
 became the nucleus of the United States, and 
 waged a successful war with the greatest 
 Power then existing ; in 1783, it had gained 
 the recognition of the -world as an established 
 Power among nations, with about three millions 
 of people ; and it has in another century ex- 
 l^anded into thirty-eight States, and nearly 
 sixty millions of inhabitants. It is a spectacle 
 which history may well pause to contemplate. 
 
 There is also another aspect to re<^ard this 
 spectacle in ; there never has been a nation 
 which has combined so great a diversity of vari- 
 ous races. The experience of all nations proves 
 that human perfection, mentally, morally, and 
 physically, depends largely on the amalgama- 
 tion of the best races together, working out 
 the problem of a sane mind in a sane body. 
 
 The character of the present work does not 
 require either a geographical or historical 
 summary of the United States. Our intention 
 is to present a few scenes of the ever-moving 
 jjanorama of American life, with sufficient de- 
 scription to make the sketches intelligible. 
 
 General Viele, in a lecture, gives a pleasant 
 view cf the early condition of New Amsterdam. 
 After curiously glancing at the character of the 
 Stiite in its physical resources and its aboriginal 
 inhabitants, he gave a description of the tribes 
 at the time of the arrival of Hudson, in 1609. 
 The French had arrived in Canada the year 
 previous, and then began a struggle which 
 lasted a century between these two forms of 
 civilization. From the first there was great 
 cordiality between the Hollanders and the 
 Indians. They treated the Indian justly, and 
 retained his friendship so long as their occuj^a- 
 tion of the soil continued. The French, on the 
 other hand, landed with the cross in one hand 
 and the sword in the other, and attempted to 
 subdue the Indian by fear, which was a great 
 mistake. This island, when the Dutch first 
 came here, was inhabited by several small 
 tribes of Indians ; but in time these all became 
 tributary to the Iroquois, and this necessitated 
 on the part of the settlers the establishment of 
 settlements more in the interior of the State. 
 These men located at Albany, Schenectady, 
 and other places, and most of the names upon 
 the genealogical map exhibited by the lecturer 
 were names of the early settlers of these places. 
 General Viele here read a French account of the 
 mas.sacre of the inhabitants of Schenectady by 
 the French in 1689, which he said was the most 
 terrible calamity ever known on this continent. 
 Eeferring next to the genealogical chart, he 
 said the most striking feature of it was that 
 there was one woman who was the ancestress 
 of three of the largest families in the State 
 through three different husbands. 
 
 The first family upon the chart was the Vieles, 
 whose ancestor came to New Y'ork State in 1636. 
 The next was the Schermerhorus, the first of 
 which was John Jansen, who came here in 16-10. 
 
 The history of the early settlers showed that 
 a love of domestic life was a paramount quality 
 
 with them, neither men nor women remaining, 
 single long after the death of their partners, 
 and it was not an uncommon thing to find a. 
 widow of two or three husbands marry again 
 with a widower of a couple of wives. The 
 families were prolific, ten or a dozen children 
 being common. 
 
 As to the Knickerbockers, some had sup- 
 posed it to be simply a general term implying, 
 aa ancient New Y'orker ; but this was not so. 
 John Van Bergen Knickerbocker was the an- 
 cestor of the family, and he was a captain in 
 the army of the Netherlands. He had two 
 sons, one of whom died in Holland, and the 
 other settled here, and married. 
 
 The descendants of this union were Tery 
 numerous, and one of them was prominent as 
 a Congressman during the Administration of 
 Mr. Madison. He was a man of great humor, 
 and Washington Irving, then a young man, 
 was introduced to him in Washington, and 
 from that acijuaiutance obtained the material 
 for his "Knickerbocker's New York." 
 
 General Viele concluded by relating various 
 anecdotes of the early settlers among these 
 families, their difficulties, and the hardships 
 and privation they passed through during tho 
 early history of the State. Most of them^ he 
 said, passed through three great contests — tho 
 Indian, the French and the Eevolutionary 
 wars ; and there was scarcely a family but what 
 lost one or more members in those struggles. 
 
 The old family mansion of the Knicker- 
 bockers is still standing in a good state of 
 preservation at Schaghticoke, and in its rear i? 
 the old tree under which the counc^s of the 
 Indians used to be held. The old family 
 graveyard is near tha house, in which ara 
 buried six generations of the Knickerbockers. 
 
 The most remarkable feature about the Great 
 Eepublic is the wonderful elasticity with which 
 it recovers from reverses. We will not dwell 
 long upon the enormous vigor with which thej" 
 raised, in some six years, a sum more than hall 
 the amount of the British national debt, which 
 debt had been accumulating for nearly two 
 centuries. There is also another remarkable 
 fact connected with American elasticity — that 
 the bitterness of the most terrific civil war in 
 the history of the world has, in less than thirty 
 years, subsided, and the warring brothers, tho 
 victor and the vanquished, now are ready to 
 march side by side against a common foe. 
 
 There is another fact which we hope soon to 
 chronicle, and that is, the restoration of our 
 maritime sovereignty. In 1860 our tonnage 
 equaled— indeed it had a shght preponderance 
 over — that of Great Britain. The war, and the 
 depredations of the Confederate privateers, 
 caused tho transfer of nearly two millions of 
 tons into foreign ships, principally British. 
 We are, however, slowly regi ining our lost 
 ground, and ten years will, no doubt, place all 
 our commercial interests in a far more pros- 
 perous condition than they ever have been. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 561 
 
 piOXG tho names of the pioneers in 
 
 the settlement of this continent, 
 pre-eminently s ands that of John 
 Winthrop, the first governor of the 
 colony of Massachnsctts Bay. 
 
 Previous to the emigration to America under 
 Governor John AVinthrop, attempts had been 
 made to settle the country about the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, but which succeeded to a very 
 limited extent. The emigrants were com- 
 paratively few in number, and most of tliem 
 had either returned to England, or perished 
 through the hardships encountered — a small 
 number of colonists at Salem, without any 
 effective organization, being all that remained 
 of them. 
 
 But in 1C30, tne Massachusetts Kay Company, 
 under the direction of John Winthrop, obtained 
 from Charles I a confirmation of their patent 
 previously obtained fiom the Council of Ply- 
 mouth, Ki'tmting them all the territory extend- 
 
 THE WHITE HOUSE. 
 
 transportation to this new world of a noble 
 body of emigrants, under the lead of John 
 Winthrop. Among them were many persons 
 of wealth and distinguished reputation. 
 
 Previous to leaving England, John Winthrop 
 was chosen governor, and Thomas Dudley 
 deputy governor. These, with eighteen as- 
 sistants, appointed at the same time, and the 
 body of the freemen who should settle in the 
 province, were to constitute a legislative and 
 executive body, in which all the rights of tlic 
 colony were vested. On March 29, 1630, they 
 sailed from Southampton, and, after a pleasant 
 voyage, arrived in the harbor of Salem on tho 
 14th of June. It had been thdr design to 
 make Salem their principal settlement ; but on 
 landing there, Governor Winthrop and most of 
 his party were not pleased with its situation ; 
 and after a brief period of rest from the fatigues 
 of the voyage, they established themselves in 
 places about the bay, thus laying the founda- 
 
 and there, on the 30th of July, the foundation 
 of the first church in the settlement was laid. 
 
 A fine spring of pure water was discovered oa 
 the peninsula, on the opposite side of the river, 
 and most of the colonists changed their re- 
 gidence to that locality ; thither, also, the frame 
 of the governor's house was sulsequently 
 brought over and put up. 
 
 The peninsula jutted boldly out into the 
 broad bay of Massachusetts, and united by a 
 narrow neck to the main land. Three rounded 
 eminences, swelling from the water's brink, 
 gave the penmsula the name, by the colonists, 
 of Trimouutain, from which has arisen the 
 modern name of Tremont. 
 
 ■ » ^^i> 
 
 The First Sabbath of the Pilgrim Fathers 
 in America. 
 Eeligion was the prime and controlling mo- 
 tive of the Pilgrim Fathers in their transatlan- 
 tic emigration. To them the religion evolved 
 
 ing In length from three miles north of the 
 Merrimao River, to three miles south of Charlcg 
 Eivcr, and in breadth, from the Atlantic to the 
 Bouthern Ocean 
 Preparations were immediately made lor the 
 27 
 
 LANDING OF GOVERNOH WINTHROP AT SALEM, 1630, 
 
 tions of Charlestown, Watertown, Dorchester, 
 Roxbury, and other towns now forming the 
 suburbs of Boston. Governor Winthrop and a 
 material partion of his comnany first settled at 
 Charlestown, on the north side of Charles River, 
 
 by their own thought was all supreme. It con ■ 
 tained a scheme of domestic and social life, a 
 civil polity, as part of the preparation for a 
 hereafter. Amid the thousand forms of opln- 
 ica that had arisea bom the tim^ wbeo. tiiod 
 
563 
 
 THE WORLDS GREAT NATIONS 
 
 of nnity, the human mind spnng bade to the 
 period of creating deities and creeds, these 
 •nthosiasts saw their own theories so certain, 
 so true, tlmt nothing could instill into their 
 minds a drop of doubt or suspicion. They had 
 evolred tmUi in theory and in action. To them 
 
 sterile shore of the land that they had chosen. 
 A bleak Winter, a desolate, rocky, unpromising 
 land, could not quench in those hearts grati- 
 tude, religious fervor, boundless hope. They 
 were free ! No king, no parliament, was there 
 to interfere with their experiment. They were 
 
 trolled those inflnenccd by minds less energetic, 
 more tolerant. 
 
 Differ, as many, of course, must, all will, 
 nevertheless, respect those stem old enthusiasts, 
 as they bow in reverence to the only Superiof 
 they acknowledge. 
 
 WM the mission to create a State which should 
 surpass in purity that formed by the Almighty 
 through the ministry of Moses. 
 
 Beligion was to dominate, and the artist can 
 but feebly depict with all his ability the first 
 Bablmtb of these men as they gathered on the 
 
 free to follow the way which seemed right to 
 their eyes, even though the end thereof should 
 be death. 
 
 The determined character of the men gave 
 them success. They established a series of Com- 
 moawealths, which in their gpiiit have con- 
 
 Thus we see how strong an emigrating agenft 
 religion has been, especially In the past ; and, 
 although in modem times the ledger has walked 
 somewhat in advance of the Bible, yet the first 
 great impulse sprang from oppression, whicU 
 wag caused by religious intolerance. 
 
UNITED STATES OV AM£ItICA. 
 
 663 
 
 THB RBCBPTTOM Of OOLnHBCS AFTEB HIS FIRST TOTAaB. 
 
 The Reception of Oolumbus after his First 
 
 Voyage. 
 
 It was April, 1493, a beautiful Spring day. 
 
 Sarcelona's walls were draped with banners; 
 
 tht ahiiw riding iu the port gleamed vitb th« 
 
 of Europe. From rampart and from stately 
 shtp flashed gleams of light, followed by the 
 mimic thunder that silenced for the moment 
 the sonnd of bells and trumpets, the glad cries 
 of men. Then the great bell of St. Gulalia 
 would send out its deep chimes, to b« uiswered 
 
 by the musical tones of Santa Maria del Mar, 
 There was something imposing in all thig 
 gladness. The city was celebrating a festiv*l- 
 without a name, a feast never to be renewed. 
 
 Seven Indians, in a dress never before wit- 
 Bewedt ^tb aukieta of gold and ooroueta oC 
 
664 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 % 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 <J 
 
 R 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 S65 
 
 THE CHARTER OAK. 
 
 feathers of Tinimagined beauty, bore rare birds 
 from their native isles. The crews of the suc- 
 cessful ships followed with golden crowns, 
 rich idols, strange birds, animals and plants. 
 
 Then came the banner of Spain, and behind 
 it that of Columbus, inscribed : "Par Oastilla 
 y por Leon Nuevo Mundo hallo Colony In 
 the Casa de la Deputacion, in a gothic hall 
 newly adorned, two new thrones had been 
 erected, over which waved thirty standards, 
 taken from the Moors at Malaga and Granada. 
 Here sat Ferdinand and Isabella, kings of 
 Spain. When Columbus entered, they rose 
 amid the vi'cas of the assemblage of the proud- 
 est nobles of Spain. As he bent the knee in 
 reverence, Isabella at once prevented him : 
 
 "Don Cristoval Colon, our admiral and vice- 
 roy of the lands of India, rise." 
 
 " The queen and king, my sovereigns, have, 
 after God, aided and favored me. May it please 
 their highnesses to give me tiieir hands to kiss ?" 
 
 " Sir Admiral," said Ferdinand, " that were 
 a mark of vassalage ; ye shall here have but 
 ■marks of honor. Be seated, Don Cristoval." 
 
 Columbus kissed the hand of Isabella, and 
 took his seat amid the grandees of Spain. 
 
 The triumph of that day was undisturbed by 
 the clouds of the future. 
 
 The Deathbed of Oolumbuui 
 The sense of deep wrong on a sensitive, 
 imaginative man who, amid all the bustle of 
 an active and exciting life, ever seemed to 
 walk in an atmosphere of his own, could not 
 but be enduring. In Columbus it was in- 
 effaceable. 
 
 During the last years of his life the chains 
 he had so unjustly worn were ever before him, 
 and when the chilling hand of death set its 
 impress upon his frame, the chains still held 
 a prominent part in his thoughts. 
 
 When, as he lay on his dying-bed at Valla- 
 dolid, after having by his will disposed of all 
 his worldly goods, made provision for perpe- 
 tuating his name through his son Diego, and 
 commended to that eldest son his second wife, 
 Beatrice Enriquez and her son Fernando, he 
 
 seems to have devoted his last hours to prayer 
 and devotion. But the chains were ever before 
 him, and as his son Diego knelt by the side of 
 hi£ bed, the great discoverer pointed to his 
 chains, and, as his last injunction, required 
 them to be interred with him in his coffin, as 
 if to rise on the last day with this proof against 
 his enemies. 
 
 A French artist has seized this moment for a 
 touching painting, which we reproduce. It 
 deserves the study of every American, as a fit- 
 ting tribute to the first great wrong connected 
 with our history. 
 
 Thus died Columbus, on Ascension Day, 
 May 20th, 1506, in his seventieth year. Diego 
 faithfully carried out his father's wishes, and 
 the admiral was interred with his chains in the 
 Convent of St. Francis, amid the friars ■whom 
 he loved. 
 
 In 1513 his remains were transferred to So- 
 ville, thence in 1536 to Santo Domingo, and 
 when African rule began, they were removed 
 from that island to Ha'nu]«, vbazie Qis^ ooa 
 repose. 
 
566 
 
 THE TTOBLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 'lil!i!l!|||||fflBliil!lll||!!i''| 
 
THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 567 
 
 / 
 
 Mount Yemon. 
 
 MoPBT Vebnon is nine miles below Alexandria, 
 end is approached by land from that city by 
 means of a road almost impassable on account 
 of gulleys, washed from time to time by rains. 
 The most agreeable way to reach it is to tiko a 
 steamer, and go down the Potomac. By the 
 land route, which is, of course, the most varied 
 by incident, when within two miles of the 
 venerated mansion, you pass a large stone 
 \rhich denotes the boundary of the estate. 
 From this land-mark to the residence, the 
 road, imfenced and devious, passes through a 
 greatly diversified region, some of it cultivated. 
 
 trating only what we have deemed most worthy 
 of attention. 
 
 Washington's mansion from the lawn, looking 
 down the potomac. 
 
 This venerable building is of wood, cut 80 as 
 to resemble stone, and is two stories in height. 
 The central part of the building was erected by 
 Laurence Wiishington, the wings were added 
 by the General. Through the centre of the 
 building is a spacious passage, level with the 
 portico, and paved with tesselated Italian 
 marble. The hall communicates with three 
 large rooms and with the main stairway lead- 
 ing to the second story. From the observatory 
 
 me, though he he dead, yet shall he tUie." Intioetng 
 this tomb is a structure of brick twelve feet 
 high ; in front is an iron gateway, opening 
 several feet in advance of the vault door, and 
 forming a kind of ante-chamber. This gateway 
 is flanked by pilasters, surmounted by a stcno 
 coping, covering a pointed Gothic arch. On 
 this arcli is inscribed — " Within this inclosure 
 rest the emains of General George Washington. ' ' 
 The material of which this tomb is built is 
 perishable, and is altogether tm worthy of tho 
 dead. The origin of this tomb is to IJe found 
 in Washington's will, the clause referring to it 
 being as follows : "The family vault at Moimfc 
 Vernon requiring repairs, and being improperly 
 
 A 
 
 some of it returning to the wilderness state, 
 and some appearing as if never touched by the 
 hand of industry. Suddenly, on ascending a 
 low, but steep hUl, a mansion and its sur- 
 roundings are before you, and beyond, the 
 distant bay of the Potomac. 
 
 The Jlount Vernon estate was inherited by 
 Laurence Washington, who named it in honor 
 of Admiral Vernon ; he bequeathed it to George 
 Wafihington, into whose jwssession it passed at 
 Laurence's death, which occurred on the 26th 
 of July, 1752. Too much has been written 
 awire niotini Vernon to clemana a (letniieii 
 description of all the interesting rolics to be 
 met with, or the sacred associations Bug jested. 
 We shaU therefore confine ourselves to illus- 
 
 WASHINOTON S NEW FAMILY VAULT. 
 
 and cupola, in the centre of the roof, is com- 
 manded an extensive view of the country. 
 
 WASHINOTOn'S MANSION, WESTERN FRONT 
 
 This view is from the lawn looking east. The 
 buildings seen on each side connected with the 
 mansion by arcades, are the servants' houses. 
 
 Washington's new pamilt vault. 
 
 The new vault i.s built upon the side of a 
 steep hill, on tlie edge of a deep wooded dell, 
 leading toward the river. The front of the 
 tonib is rouga, and has a plam iron door in- 
 serted in the freestone casement. Upon a 
 stone over the r'.oor, ar<» in^f-'""! th*" words — 
 '■ lam t.'ie re.ur,ecl'OH and ttie UJe ; he that believetk m 
 
 situated besides, 1 desire that a new one of 
 brick, and upon a large scale, may be built at 
 the foot of what is called the Vineyard in- 
 closure, on the ground which is marked out, 
 in which my remains, and those of my de- 
 cease 1 relatives (now in the old vault) and 
 such others of my family as may choose to he 
 entombed there, m y be deposited." It should 
 be remarke J that the vault originally built wa« 
 found too small and too damp, and the exterior 
 structure was added for the accommodation atiH 
 preservation of the sarcophagi inclosed within it. 
 
 TKB ANTB-CHAMBBK OP THE rOMIi 
 
 Looking through the grating, you perc^iJty. 
 two marble sarcophagi, which contain tbo do i 
 
56^ 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 ANTE-CHAMBER OF THE TOMB OF WASHINGTON 
 
 of George and Martha Washington. That of the 
 patriot has a sculptured lid, on which is re- 
 presented the American shield suspended over 
 tlie flag of the Union ; the latter hung in 
 festoons, and the whole surmounted as a crest, 
 by an eagle, with open wings, perched upon the 
 superior bar of the shield Below the design, 
 and deeply cut in the marble, is the name of 
 Washington. 
 
 The sarcophagi of Wasliington consists of an 
 excavated, solid block of Pennsylvania marble, 
 eight feet in lengtn and two in height. ITie 
 marble cofBn of Martha Washington stands 
 upon the left, and is plainly wrought. Both 
 
 ikikik 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 iniy be seen by the visitor as re- 
 presented in our engraving. 
 
 POHICK CHURCH. 
 
 Al)Out seven miles south-west 
 of Mount Vernon, upon an ele- 
 vation, surrounded by ancient 
 oaks, chestnut and pines, is to 
 be seen the old Pohick church, 
 made memorable as the place 
 where George Washington wor- 
 shiped his Maker. It has of late 
 years been left to decay. In the 
 days of Washington it was con- 
 sidered a large and respectable 
 church, and had a large and 
 wealthy congregation in constant 
 attendance. Upon the walls 
 back of the chancel are in- 
 scribed the Law, the Prayer, 
 and the Creed, upon which the 
 eyes of Washington must have 
 rested whenever he attended 
 church His pew was near the 
 pulpit. 
 
 Washington's pew. 
 
 The pews were large and had 
 seats on three sides, and painted 
 lead-color. Upon the doors of 
 several of these pews are still to 
 be seen the initials of the former 
 occupants, among which are G. 
 Wm. Fairfax, George Mason, 
 who. with Washington, were the 
 leading men of the parish. 
 
 THE PtILPIT. 
 
 The pulpit is placed by itself 
 on one side of the church, away 
 from tlie chancel. It was in its 
 day considered a fine specimen 
 of church architecture, and p<5s- 
 sesses the peculiarity of a sounding board, once 
 considered so necessary to help out the voice 
 of the speaker, and also serve as an ornament 
 to the main structure itself. 
 
 Pohick Church derived its name from a small 
 river near it, called by the Indians Powheck, 
 which was finally corrupted into the present 
 name. Mount Vernon was in Truro Parish, 
 and in the affairs of the church Washington 
 took a lively interest. About 1764 the old 
 
 church, which stood in a 
 
 different part of the parish, 
 had fallen into decay, and it 
 was resolved to build a new 
 one. Its location became a 
 matter of considerable excite- 
 ment, some contending for 
 the old site, others for one 
 nearer the centre of the 
 parish. 
 
 Among the latter was Wash- 
 ington. A meeting for settling 
 the question was finally held. 
 George Mason, who led the 
 party favorable to the old site, 
 made an elegant harangue, 
 conjuring the people not to 
 desert the sacred spot, conse- 
 crated by the bones of their 
 ancestors. It produced a power- 
 ful effect, and it was thought 
 there would not be a dissenting 
 
 TOP OF THE SARCOPHAGUS. 
 
 Washingtoa then rose, and drew from his 
 pocket an accurate survey which he had made 
 of the whole parish, in which he had marked, 
 together with the place of residence of each 
 parishoner, the site of the old church, and the 
 proposed location of the new one. He spread 
 his map before his audience, briefly explained 
 it, expressed a hope that they would not allow 
 their judgment to be guided by their feelings, 
 and sat down. The silent argument of the 
 map was potent ; a large majority went in 
 favor of the new site, and in 1765 Pohick 
 Church was built 
 
 "»«>«»■ 
 
 The Charter Oak. 
 
 On the 20th of August, 1856, this noble old 
 historic tree was blown down by a tornado 
 which swept over Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Our engraving is the very latest taken of the 
 living Charter Oak, and therefore possesses a 
 
 
 _<^ 
 
 
 
 HX 
 
 in 
 
 i. ; 
 
 f 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 '.m 
 
 Am 
 
 UmOKIAL BBAKINQS Or TUG WASUINOTONg. 
 
 UiaCBIFnON OTBK THE DOOR OF IBE il0Cȣ OJi 
 WiSBINOTONa. 
 
CNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 669 
 
 Yalue that increases with years. It stood upon 
 the beautiful grounds of Hon. Isaac W. Stuart, 
 late the Wyllys estate, in the southern part of 
 the city. About twenty-eight years ago some 
 boys built a fire in the hollow of this tree, 
 ■which burnt out the jjunk, and though it was 
 feared that this would kill it, such was not the 
 tact. Fresh sprouts sprung out the next 
 
 poniCK CHUBcn, where WASHiNaroN worshiped. 
 
 I Spring, and Mr. Stuart took great pains to pre- 
 serve this valued relic of the original forests to 
 New England, but more especially interesting 
 ' as the tree in which the old British charter of 
 i Connecticut was secreted and preserved. 
 
 At this time the hollow in the trunk of the 
 old oak was so large that a fire company of 
 twenty-seven full-grown men stood up in it 
 together. Before Governor Wj'llys came to 
 America he sent his steward forward to pre- 
 pare a place for his residence. 
 
 As he was cutting away the trees upon the 
 hillside of the beautiful Wyllys Place, a depu- 
 tation of Indians came to him and requested 
 that he would spare this old hollow oak. They 
 declared that it had ' ' been the guide of their 
 ancestors for centuries." 
 
 It was spared, to fall on 
 the above day, having fin- 
 ally yielded to the process 
 of natural decay. 
 
 On the 31st of October, 
 1687, Sir Edmund Andross, 
 attended by members of his 
 council and a body-guard 
 of sixty soldiers, entered 
 Hartford to take the charter 
 by force. The General As- 
 sembly was in session. He 
 was received with courtesy, 
 but coldness. He entered 
 the Assembly - room, and 
 publicly demanded the 
 charter. Remonstrances 
 were made, and the session 
 
 was protracted till evening. The Governor 
 and his associates appeared to yield. The 
 charter was brought in and laid upon the 
 table. Sir Edmund thought that the last mo- 
 ment of the colony had come, when suddenly 
 the lights were all put out, and total darkness 
 followed. There was no noise, no resistance, 
 but all was quiet. The candles were again 
 lighted, but the charter was gone. Sir Edmund 
 Andross was disconcerted. He declared the 
 government of Connecticut to be in his own 
 hands, and that the colony was annexed to 
 Massachusetts and other New England colonies, 
 and appointed officers. 
 
 While he was doing this. Captain Jeremiah 
 Wadsworth, an ardent patriot of those troubled 
 times, was concealing the charter in the hollow 
 
 TrASBINGTON'S FKV. 
 
570 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONa j 
 
 of Wyllys Oak, now known as the Charter 
 Oak. 
 
 In 1689 King James abdicated, and on the 
 9th of May of that year. Governor Treat and 
 his associate oflScers established the govern- 
 ment of Connecticut under the charter which 
 had been preserved in the old hollow oak. 
 ►-•-< 
 
 Eoger Williams's Departure from Salem. 
 
 In the early history of New England there is 
 no more interesting character than Koger Wil- 
 liams. At that time in our history, the great 
 interest of men was in theological subjects, and 
 their differences arose from disputes on points 
 of doctrine, the meaning of which the mo- 
 dem world can scarcely comprehend. 
 
 his own, the fundamental article for the gov- 
 ernment of which estabUshed a pure democracy 
 with absolute inhibition of control over the 
 consciences of those who joined it. 
 
 This character remained with the colony 
 during the remainder of Williams's life, the 
 history of which for nearly half a century is 
 the history of Providence and Ehode Island. 
 
 Natural Bridge over Oedar Oreekj 
 This bridge is as perfect as if made by man. 
 Everything is on so grand a scale, that we hardly 
 imagine it two hundred and fourteen feet from 
 the roadway to the bed of the stream, and 
 about the height of a three -story house from 
 the centre of the span to the top Then glancing 
 
 so, when standing at the top and looking 
 down. 
 
 A number of years ago, a young man from 
 one of the neighboring counties came to visit 
 the bridge, and, after looking around, com- 
 menced the usual operation by carving his 
 name, when the initials " G. W.," high up on 
 the face of the rock, met his eye, and imme- 
 diately the desire seized him to carve his own 
 name still higher. By digging holes in the 
 soft sandstone, and taking advantage of the 
 little tracks in the rock, he worked his way 
 step by step until the desired height was 
 reached. When it is remembered that this was 
 greater than that of an ordinary three-story 
 house, some idea can be formed of the under- 
 taking After cutting his name he tried to 
 
 Early in 1631 Eoger Williams arrived in Bos- 
 ton with his wife Mary, having the reputation 
 of a "young minister, godly and zealous, hav- 
 ing precious gifts," but soon incurred the hos- 
 tility of the authorities by his religious opinions, 
 and chiefly by denying that the magistrates had 
 a right to punish for any but civil offenses. 
 
 He soon left Boston and went to Salem, 
 where he was settled as an assistant minister. 
 
 His ministry here was brief, and he retired 
 to Plymouth for ten years. 
 
 Keturning then to Salem, he became the 
 Buccessor of Skelton, whose assistant he had 
 formerly been, but in the Autumn of 1635 was 
 banished by a decree of the General Court, 
 who ordered him to depart in six weeks from 
 its jurisdiction. 
 
 Being thus forcibly ejected from the colony, 
 Williams retired to what is now the State of 
 Jihode Island, and there founded a colony of 
 
 BOOEB Williams's defabtitre fboh balem. 
 
 from the massive walls of rock to the little 
 stream bubbling at our feet, we wonder if it be 
 really possible for that slender thread of water 
 to have worn its way through so much solid 
 rock. From almost every possible crevice hang 
 fern leaves, or bunches of wild flowers, and the 
 various greens of the foliage around contrast 
 very beautifully with the cool gray of the lime- 
 stone, which is itself, in many places, frescoed 
 over with lichens. 
 
 Directly under the arch is a stain, by some 
 thought to be a very good representation of 
 the American Eagle conquering the British 
 Lion, and by others to be an excellent likeness 
 of General Washington. We could not our- 
 selves see much resemblance to either, and so 
 refrain from an opinion. 
 
 A story is told and vouched for, whichOs 
 very thrilling as one stands at the bottomvof 
 the chasm and looks up, or perhaps even more 
 
 descend, but here was the trouble ; he could 
 not put his hands in the same hole wher.e his 
 feet were, and so, in an instant, the terrible 
 nature of his situation flashed across him : he 
 must climb to the top Being "blessed with a 
 stout heart and a good knife, he again com- 
 menced his fearful climb. Quickly the news 
 spread, and groups of men collected to watch 
 this struggle for life, and, «Sf possible, lend 
 their aid. As he climbed higher, the rock grew 
 harder, and slow and difficult his progress, 
 until at last his knife broke ; then he had to 
 take the smaller blade, and work still slower 
 and more carefully. 
 
 The day passed on, and the sun was sinking, 
 when, weary and exhausted by hard labor and 
 mental torture, the poor fellow reached a.point 
 so as to be visible from above, when a rope 
 was let down over his shoulders, and h6 WSB 
 drawn up. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIOA. 
 
 571 
 
 , NATURAL BRIDGE OVER CEDAR CBEEK. 
 
672 
 
 THi WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
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 a 
 
 o 
 
 >-a 
 O, 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 OS 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 57S 
 
 Masked Men Destioyinf: Firearms on Board 
 the Steamer " Hesper." 
 The steam-tug Nettie Jones, Captain Ford, 
 left the wharf at Memphis, Tenn., on Thursday 
 afternoon. October 15th, 18G8, for Pickering, 
 having a barge in tow. The tug reached her 
 destination and landed a line, but had scarcely 
 made fast when the scene was covered with 
 men, securely masked, probably one hundred 
 in number. They quietly boarded the tug, 
 took possession of the pilot-house and engine- 
 room, and ordered the captain to start down 
 the river. When approaching Cat Island, 
 twenty-five miles below, and near the Arkan- 
 
 in an attack on Jamestown, and the expulsion 
 of the colonists; being offered, as an induce- 
 ment, as much land and as many wives as he 
 chose to demand. He refused the proposal, 
 when a solemn assembly was held of all the 
 chiefs, over whom Powhatan presided, and 
 they decided on his death. 
 
 ' ' After so many escapes, he now felt that his 
 doom was sealed. Two long stones were placed 
 at the feet of the king, on which Smith was 
 stretched. The chiefs stood round him ; be- 
 hind them were the common people ; there was 
 profound silence. Powhatan himself claimed 
 the right of being the executioner. Ho rose 
 from his seat, lifted his club, and was about 
 
 liberty, and two Indian gnides conducted him 
 to Jamestown. As a gage of peace he sent 
 back to the king two muskets, some lead, and 
 a mold for casting bullets. 
 
 "Pocahontas was not thirteen years of ag© 
 when she saved Smith's life. On Smith's death, 
 the colonists seized and detained her as an 
 hostage, to secure themselves against violence 
 or treachery from the savages, and at length, 
 with her own consent and that of her father, 
 she married a Mr. Rolfe, who took her to Eng- 
 land. She lived some years in London and. 
 Brentford, but died of consumption at twenty- 
 two years of age, at Gravesend, as she was 
 preparing to start to America, the physicians 
 
 MASKED MKN DBSTROfTNO PIBBAKMS OV BOARD THE STEAMBOAT " HESFEK." OFK CAT ISLA;«D, ARKANSAS SHORE. 
 
 sas shore. Captain Ford was ordered to run 
 the tug alongside the little steamer Hegper, 
 which was tied up wooding. This was no 
 sooner done than the men, leaving a party on 
 guard, sprang aboard the Hesper, placed the 
 crew under surveillance, and then proceeded 
 to throw into the water all the firearms and 
 ammunition they could find in tha steamboat. 
 The party returned to the tug, and it was run 
 ashore at a point below Memphis, the masked 
 men effecting their escape in a skiff. 
 
 Pocahontas Saving the Life of John Smith. 
 
 This interesting event in the early history of 
 Virginia is thus related by an American writer : 
 
 "After being led from tribe to tribe, he was 
 asked to live with the savages, and lead them 
 
 to strike the fatal blow, when a young girl 
 sprang forward and placed her head between 
 the head of Smith and the impending club. 
 She was the eldest daughter of Powhatan, his 
 favorite child, the beautiful Pocahontas. She 
 stretched out her arms toward her father, and 
 besought him to spare the prisoner's life. 
 
 "At first the king was highly incensed at 
 this interruption, but he was too fond of Poca- 
 hontas to be untouched by her tears. He looked 
 round the circle of his warriors, and sought in 
 the expression of their countenances a stern- 
 ness of resolution in which he had faUed. In 
 fact, they all evidently compassionated the 
 victim whom a short time before they had 
 doomed to sacrifice. 
 
 " ' Let him live !' at last exclaimed Powhatan, 
 On the following day Smith was restored to 
 
 having recommended a return to her native 
 air. She left a son, who, twenty years after his 
 mother's death, established himself in Vir- 
 ginia, and to this ancestry many Virginian 
 families are proud of tracing their origin. 
 
 " Smith is considered the real founder of 
 Virginia, for he gave it stability and a durable 
 organization. He afterward explored the shores 
 of New England ; and his name will always be 
 remembered in American history as one ot 
 the most enterprising and able pioneers (A. 
 
 civilization." 
 
 . > > < 
 
 John Brown's Eaid. 
 On the 17th of October, 1859, this country- 
 was astonished, to learn by the electric tele^ 
 graph that a well-known politician, Johi^ 
 Brown, sumamed Ossawattomie Brown, bad. 
 
574 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 at tbe head of some twenty or thirty enthusi- 
 asts, seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and 
 bade defiance to the State authorities. 
 
 The attempt was so unexpected and daring, 
 that, for the moment, the GoTernment was 
 paralyzed ; but soon regaining its presence of 
 mind, troops were dispatched to the scene of 
 action, and after a desperate resistance on tbe 
 
 gnished all the lights in the town, and then 
 took possession of the armory, which was only 
 guarded by three watchmen. At half-past 
 ten o'clock the watchman at the Potomac 
 Bridge was seized and secured. A little after 
 midnight the house of Colonel Washington 
 was visited by six of Brown's men, who took 
 him prisoner. 
 
 sabre-cut in the face. AH of tbe insnrgentl 
 would have been killed on the spot had the 
 Virginians been able to distinguish them from 
 their prisoners. 
 
 On October 19, the four surviring prisoners 
 were conveyed to the jail at Charlestown. Oa 
 the 1st of November, after a short trial, Brovm 
 and hia fellow-prisoners were found guilty, 
 
 part of John Brown and his little band, the 
 arsenal was stormed and the conspirators were 
 taken prisoners, several of them having been 
 killed in the action. It was then discovered 
 that Brown's forces amounted to but seventeen 
 white men and five colored men. The entry 
 of this petty army into Harper's Ferry, on 
 Sunday evening, October 17th, was effected 
 frithout causing any alarm. .They first extin- 
 
 JOHN BBOWN. 
 
 About one o'clock p. m., a militia force of 
 one hundred men arrived from Charlestown, 
 and was so stationed as to completely com- 
 mand the armory, so as to prevent the escape 
 of any of Brown's followers. At seven o clock 
 the next morning the door was broken open 
 by the militia, using a ladder as a battering 
 ram. Several were kiUed and wounded, and 
 Brown himself received two severe stabs and a 
 
 and on the 2d of December Brown was pxfti 
 cuted at Charlestown, about eight miles from 
 Harper's Ferry. Brown met his fate with the 
 greatest dignity and courage, winning the re- 
 spect of even Governor H. A. Wise of Virginia 
 — who, some two years afterward, lost his 
 son in the battle of Koanoke, fighting against 
 the Bepublic. The rest of tho coospiratora 
 were executed soon afterward. 
 
CNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 675 
 
 Morton Killing the Pawnee Indian. 
 
 The mawMah sentiment evinced for the cold- 
 blooded red men is a disgrace to humanity. 
 They have not one redeeming virtue. The 
 infamous manner with which they treat their 
 own females shows that they are many de- 
 grees below the beasts of the field. Much of 
 this imbecile sympathy with the " red devils," 
 as they are truly called by those who know 
 them best, is the result of those distorted fic- 
 tions with which, fifty years ago, Fenimore 
 ■Cooper inundated the public. The creed of 
 those goriUa-like beings is murder and theft, 
 and the candid inquirer will not be able to find 
 a single virtue except a brute indifference to 
 physical suffering. It must be confessed that 
 ihey both know but to 
 ■endure and inflict. 
 
 We illustrate one of 
 those thrilling scenes 
 with which our border 
 history is so rife. The 
 occurrence happened 
 eome twelve years ago 
 in the neighborhood of 
 the Eocky Mountains, 
 where a tribe of Pawnee 
 savages had located for 
 some time. A settler 
 named Morton dwelt in 
 a log hut with his 
 brother, and both of ' 
 them had for years been 
 on good terms with the 
 chief and his tribe. A 
 quarrel had, however, 
 arisen between the Mor- 
 tons and the chief, who 
 had been accused by 
 the elder one of stealing 
 one of his horses. With 
 the usual vindictiveness 
 of the redskin, Big 
 Thunder, the chief, 
 threatened vengeance — 
 but he had to deal with 
 men as fearless and 
 sagacious as himself. 
 
 One day, the elder 
 Morton got a glimpse of 
 Big Thunder hiding be- 
 hind some foliage, and he at once suspected 
 his errand. His brother being at a distant 
 part of the ranch, he had only his own arm 
 to depend on. With that instinctive sagacity 
 ■which living in these wild parts gives to our 
 countrymen, he knew the Indian would en- 
 deavor to steal a march on him by furtively 
 getting in at the loft-window. Quick as a 
 thought Morton seized a heavy and sharp axe, 
 and climbing up the ladder that led from the 
 lower floor to the upper, he awaited the com- 
 ing of his cowardly assassin. He had not 
 long to wait. Noiselessly and slowly the 
 «hutter of the loft was opened, and the dusky 
 form of Big Thunder was about entering when 
 tia eyes caught the upraised axe of the 
 -white man. The next instant it fell, and the 
 baflJed brars lunk dsad into the loft with a 
 claft ikttll. 
 
 Jane McOrea. 
 
 There are few American woman around 
 whom more interest has centred than Jane 
 McCrea, her sad fate amid the complexities of 
 civil war investing her career with everything 
 that can awaken the sympathy of the human 
 heart. 
 
 Born in the parsonage of a little Episcopal 
 church in New Jersey, over which her father 
 presided till his death, a few years before the 
 outbreak of the Revolution, she had grown up 
 a beautiful blue-eyed girl, with auburi hair 
 and a fresh complexion. Her brother having 
 resolved to try his fortune in Northern New 
 York, she accompanied him to the Upper 
 Hudson, the old battle-ground between New 
 
 JOHN BROWN BtTBTIKG THE DEAD INSURGENTS. 
 
 York and Canada, now, with both colonies 
 under one rule, promising to grow in popula- 
 tion and importance with inconceivable rapid- 
 ity. Settling near Fort Edward, the McCreas 
 became general favorites, and Jane won the 
 heart and devotion of a young man named 
 David Jones. 
 
 The fair horizon began to cloud over ; war 
 was again to sweep over the frontier. The 
 Eevolution began, and before the revolted 
 colonies declared independence, when their 
 officers scarcely knew in whose name they 
 acted, their troops were marching, as of old, 
 on the Canada borders. Families divided, 
 friends parted for ever, to side with king or 
 colony. 
 
 Young Jones hastened to Canada, to give his 
 arm to the royal cause, and when Burgoyne 
 advanced into New York Jones was a captain 
 
 in a Loyalist regiment. As the British forces 
 approached the scene of his former life, the 
 spot where she, whom he prized above life, 
 still lingered, his fears were awakened for her 
 safety. And Jane, on her side, lingered at the 
 house of Mrs. McNiel, a widow lady, whose 
 house stood near the foot of a hill, a shorti 
 distance north of Fort Edward. Captain Jonesf 
 at last sent some Indians with a letter to her, 
 in which he entreated her to put herself under 
 their guidance, as he saw no other means by 
 which she could safely reach him, any attempt 
 on his own part being too perilous, frcm the 
 hatred felt for him by his old associates. She 
 accordingly started with Mrs. McNiel, and had 
 proceeded about a quarter of a mile to the 
 summit of the hill, to a fine spring near a huge 
 \)ine-tree. Here her In- 
 dian guides halted, and 
 were suddenly joined by 
 another party, who bad 
 attacked a neighboring 
 picket of American 
 soldiers, killing the lieu- 
 tenant and five others. 
 These men, flushed with 
 victory and heated by 
 the sight of blood, had, 
 it seems, been included 
 by CaiJtain Jones in those 
 to whom he promised a 
 reward for bringing in 
 Miss McCrea, whom they 
 supposed some prisoner 
 of importance whose per- 
 son he desired to secure, 
 and apparently quite un- 
 conscious of his real 
 wishes. 
 
 They began to quarrel 
 about the fair division 
 of the expected reward, 
 and even came to vio- 
 lence and blows. In the 
 midst of it, a chief coolly 
 drew a pistol and fired 
 at Miss McCrea. Pierced 
 to the heart, the poor 
 girl fell and expired 
 without a struggle. 
 
 The bloodthirsty brute 
 then seized her long 
 auburn locks, and in a moment bounded 
 up with the scalp-cry, as he tossed the bloody 
 trophy in the air. It was all he bore to Cap- 
 tain Jones to prove that he had fulfilled his 
 commission. 
 
 The body of the murdered girl, left under 
 the tree, gashed and mangled, was found by 
 the American party sent out in pursuit of the 
 savage assailants. Her brother soon hastened 
 to the spot, and bore her remains to a quiet 
 resting-place on the river-side. 
 
 Mystery long hung over the cause of her 
 death, but the return of Samuel Standish, a 
 picket taken by one of the parties, and a help- 
 less, wounded spectator of the scene, rsmoved 
 all doubt. 
 
 The Loyalist captain never recovered from 
 the shock ; he lived a few years^ and soon diad 
 broken-hearted. 
 
676 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 04 
 
 M 
 o 
 
 E-t 
 
 o 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 577 
 
 MUKDER OF JANE MoCREA BY THE INDIANS. 
 
6T8 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Mammoth Cave. 
 Ahong the great wonders of the world the 
 Mammoth Cave of Kentucky stands prominent. 
 It is In Edmondson's County, and is on the line 
 between Nashville and Louisville, the railroad 
 between these two cities taking the traveler 
 within eight miles. The country around is 
 very romantic — now ascending lofty mountains, 
 and now traversing dense woods, of almost 
 primeval appearance. Near to the Cave is the 
 well-known 
 
 CAVE HOTBX, 
 
 which is two stories high, and two hundred 
 feet long, with brick buildings at each ex- 
 tremity. Our engraving is a faithful represen- 
 tation. The 
 
 BNTKANCB TO THE CAVE 
 
 is about two hundred yards from the back of 
 the hotel. To reach it, the visitor has to pass 
 down a romantic ravine, whose towering trees 
 form a fine arch overhead, so dense as to throw 
 a sombre shade over the daylight. A descent of 
 about thirty feet of rude stone steps leads to a 
 small stream of water. Here the guide puts 
 into the hands of each explorer a small lamp. 
 After a short progress, a doorway is reached. 
 It is called ''the Narrows," and leads into the 
 great ante-chamber of the Cave. Here now the 
 visitor finds himself in complete darkness. The 
 Audubon Avenue is over a mile long, about 
 fifty feet wide, and as many high. In it a well 
 twenty-five feet deep, and containing the 
 purest water, has been discovered. It is filled 
 with innumerable stalagmitic columns — the re- 
 flection of the lights from which is very beauti- 
 ful. The Little Baboon is a branch of this 
 avenue, and contains a pit two hundred and 
 eighty feet deep. Here, during the Winter, 
 thousands of these ominous-looking birds, 
 which the vulgar mind associates with vam- 
 pires, bang in a torpid state. When Spring 
 comes thcv mysteriously disappear. 
 
 from the vestibule the grand gallery takes its 
 
 THE CAVE HOTEL. 
 
 way. The exact length is not precisely known, 
 but it must extend many miles. It is about 
 fifty feet in height, and the same in width. 
 
 In leaving the grand gallery, or main ctive, 
 as it is sometimes called, and ascending a flight 
 of steps of about thirty feet, the visitor comes 
 to 
 
 THE GOTHIC AVENUE, 
 
 SO called from its strong resemblance to a 
 Gothic building. The dimensions are forty feet 
 in width, fifteen feet in height, and two miles 
 in length. The appearance of the ceiling is 
 quite smooth, while an excellent road has been 
 in;ide underneatli ; the atmosphere is very tem- 
 perate. Near the entrance, some years ago. 
 
 ENTRANCE TO THE CAVE. 
 
 two mummies were found ; one was that of a 
 woman ; a third mummy was founi bv some 
 minens, in 1814 ; but it is not known what has 
 
 become of them. At tiie side of one of the 
 liodies were found a pair of moccasins, a knap- 
 sack and a kind of bag. The mocciisiiis were 
 made of wove or knit bark ; the workmansliip 
 was very neat ; the knapsack was also made of 
 the same material. The has,' containeil beads, 
 strings, the claw of an eagle, some needles of 
 horn and bone, two whistles made of cane, and 
 two rattlesnake skins. 
 
 Thes>; were all to mark the date when this 
 now discolorel dry bit of dead humanity walked 
 the earth. The Gothic Avenue is sometimes 
 called the Haunted Chamber ; why, there is no 
 special reason to give, since only one of the 
 mummies referred to was found in it. 
 
 In it are a number of stalactites— one of 
 which is called the Bell, from its formerly sound- 
 ing like one, when struck with any heavy sub- 
 stance. An enterprising tourist from Penn- 
 sylvania, however, by his violent efforts to get 
 a louder sound out of it, broke it some twenty- 
 four years ago, and since then it has 1 een quite 
 mute. 
 
 The tourist now comes to Louisa's Bower, and 
 Vulcan's Fiunace ; then come the New and 
 Old Eegister Booms. The ceiling of these rooms 
 is perfectly smooth, and would be of an un- 
 sullied white, had not numerous persons, witli 
 a vulgar and disgusting egotism, traced their 
 obscure names upon it with the smoke of a 
 candle. 
 
 When the visitors leave the Old Register 
 Boom, they give up their lamps to the guide, 
 who retains his own for the purpose of explora- 
 tion. In the Cave are signs and tokens of 
 other days, and of uses ditferent to those which 
 pertain to it at present. Here are the ruins of 
 old nitre works, vats, pump-frames and wooden 
 pipes. It has been stated that the nitrous 
 earth in the Mammoth Cave is sufficient to 
 supply the whole world vlth saltpetre. So 
 deeply impregnated with tht nitrate of linif 
 is the earth in the Cave, that it yields from 
 three to five pounds per bushel. During tl.e 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 679 
 
 I 
 
 war of 1812, the works here were in full blast, 
 and yielded a large profit ; but the return of 
 peace brought the saltpetre troin the East 
 Indies, and drove the American article entirely 
 from the market. An idea may be formed of 
 the extent of the numufacture of saltpetre in 
 these years, from the fact that the contract for 
 the supply of the fixed alkali alone from the 
 Cave, in 1814, wi.4 $27,000. 
 
 TIIK fiOTIIIC CMAPF.I. 
 
 is one of the greatest natural architectural curi- 
 osities in the world. It is elliptical in form, its 
 dimensions being eighty feet long 
 by fifty wide. The two ends are 
 ncirly blocked up by stalagmitic 
 colunms of large size ; two rows of 
 pillars smiller than the others 
 reach from the tloor to the ceiling. 
 Thay are equi li.stant from the wall 
 1)11 cither si le, and extend the full 
 h'iigth. We have already men- 
 tioned that the guide took all the 
 li'4"hts aw.iy excoiit tlie one he 
 cirried. 
 
 The reason is n')W apparent. He ■"'-'Vsi' 
 
 has, in the intervid of departure 
 from the old Register Hall to the ( ^,. 
 arrival in the present portion of v' 
 the cave, so dispose 1 of the lamps 
 as to cause their reflections to fall 
 ipon the pillars and ceiling, bring- 
 in!; out every detail of the chapel. 
 
 The I'lfjct is very striking. You 
 ' bok around, and you see before y 
 ^ou what so:!ms the fli'st grand, 
 rough idei of a Gothic cfithedVal, 
 with all the delicite unfinished 
 tracery ere it b;comes waked up 
 1 1 artistic nicety by the hand of 
 mm. Nature, whose common 
 function is to supply the material Iq 
 tor human skill to work upon, has -' 
 acted a double part here, for she ; ' 
 has not only given the means, lut y^ 
 has blende 1 them into rocognize 1 
 form and proportion. 
 
 Here i-i situated the curie sity 
 calle 1 th3 
 
 devil's Al!M-CH.\tR, 
 
 which is a large stalagmitic column, 
 the centre of which forms a spacious 
 seat. When visitors are shown this 
 chair, and are told whose it is, 
 there is a great desire to rest in it. 
 After proceeding a short distance 
 along gloomy corridors, the tourist 
 comes to the 
 
 STAR CHAMBER, 
 
 which is undoubtedly one of the 
 most curious sights there. It is a 
 m i'.;nificent long hall, with perpendicular arches 
 oneitherside, and a fiat ceiling. The side rocks 
 ire of a light color, and stand out in relief 
 against the dark ceiling, which is studded with 
 innumerable sparkling substances resembling 
 stars. 
 
 The guide, on approaching the chamber takes 
 the lanterns from each visitor, and places them 
 in a hole in the rock, to-subdue the light, and' 
 make the illusion more perfect. 
 
 The side rocks do not reach within three feet 
 of the ceiling, and no connection can be seen 
 bHween it and the sides ; the contrast between 
 
 the dark ceiling and the light side rocks is so 
 great that the ceiling appears to be at an im- 
 mense distance, and after gazing at it for a few 
 minutes the spectator fancies he is standing 
 beneath the starry canopy of heaven. 
 
 Leaving the Star Chamber, the visitor will 
 perceive, in the cavity of the wall, an oak pole, 
 about ten feet long and six inches in diameter, 
 witli two round sticks about half the thickness, 
 and three feet long, tied to it transversely, at 
 about four feet apart. An ascent to this cavity 
 is made by means of a ladder ; the visitor then 
 finds the pole to be firmly fixed, one of its ends 
 
 rNSIDE VIEW OF THE ENTRANCE OF THE CAVE. 
 
 resting on the bottom of the cavity, the other 
 reaching across and forced into a crevice about 
 three feet above. The general supposition is, 
 that this was a ladder used by the former deni- 
 zens of the place, in procuring the salts which 
 are encrusted on the walls in several parts. 
 A different opinion, however, was entertained 
 by Dr. Locke, who came to the conclusion that 
 a dead body had once been placed on it. 
 Quartz, chalcedony, red ochre, gypsum, and 
 salts, are found in some parts of the cave. 
 
 In the vicinity of this place is a room called 
 the Salts Boom, the ceiling and walls of which 
 
 are covered with salts hanging in crystals. 
 These frequently fall like flakes of snow, 
 through the agitation of the air. In this room 
 are the Indian houses. These are built under 
 the rocks ; many of them contain burnt ashe i 
 and other charred remains. The next portion 
 of these subterranean regions are aiUed the 
 Black Chambers. They contain several ruins, 
 which consist of large blocks of different kinds 
 D. strata. They are cemented together, and 
 bear a striking resemblance to the walls and 
 po lestals of the old baronial castles of Euro- 
 pean countries. The low, plaintive murmurings 
 of a distant waterlall are heard as 
 the visitor proceeds. They grow 
 louder and louder, until we find 
 ourselves close to the cataract, when 
 a perfect roar breaks upon our ears. 
 Very large perforations are seen in 
 the roof, on the right hand side, 
 from which water is always falling, 
 generally not in considerable quan- 
 tities, but after heavy rains in com- 
 plete torrents, and with a roar that 
 resounds afar, and thunders 
 through the cave. The water falls 
 into a funnel-shaped pit, and is lost 
 immediately to sight. 
 
 Continuing our course a little 
 further on, we come to the Humblo 
 %■ Chute, and the Cataract. The 
 Humble Chute is the entrance to 
 ■^''- the solitary chamber, but before 
 entering it we find it necessary to 
 crawl on our hands and knees about 
 eighteen feet under a low arch. In 
 this cave is the Fairy Grotto, a 
 place worthy its name. Tens of 
 thousands of stalactites are sten ft 
 various distances, reaching from tht 
 roof to the floor. They assume 
 every possible shape, some of them 
 ranging themselves like the root*-, 
 of trees TTie lights here are rr- 
 fiected in numerous colors, and 
 resemble a kaleidescope more than 
 "a fixed fact." 
 
 We are now near a place called 
 
 THE BOTTOMLESS PIT, 
 
 which is like a horseshoe in form, 
 having a tongue of land twenty- 
 seven feet in length, running into 
 the middle of it. From the ex- 
 tremity of this land a bridge ol 
 substantial workmanship has been 
 ;hrown across to the other side, 
 jome idea of the depth of the pit 
 may be formed when we state that 
 it is the practice of the guides to 
 let down lighted pieces of pejxjr 
 into the abyss, which take some 
 
 considerable time before they go out of sight 
 
 entirely. 
 
 THE BIVBR STYX AND DEAD SEA. 
 
 The most curious features in the case aie the 
 rivers, which are called Ekiho and Styx. There 
 is a boat here which will hold four, and the 
 whole appearance is eminently ghastly. When 
 the visitors embark in this spectral barque, 
 the guide puts a lamp at the prow of the boat, 
 which throws its ghastly image in the stream 
 below. Sometimes the persons in the boat sing 
 a song while gliding down this river Lethe 
 The effect is very impressive. 
 
580 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIOXS. 
 
 An English traveler 
 thus describes the 
 Dead Sea and the 
 Btyx: 
 
 "After a fair sliaro 
 of ups and downs, we 
 came under the iJam- 
 moth Dome, which is 
 one h u n dr e d and 
 twenty yards high, 
 and covers an immense 
 Epaee with its cupola. 
 Notwithstanding the 
 many oiled-paper 
 lights which we made 
 use of, it was impos- 
 iible to discern the 
 peculiar structure of 
 the dome. It was lost 
 in profound darkness. 
 A man is but a small 
 affair in presence of 
 these grand works of 
 Nature. 
 
 "A stone fragment 
 detaching itself from 
 the vault, and falling 
 upon the contem- 
 plative traveler, would 
 finally extinguish his 
 ecstatic curiosity. This 
 reflection made me 
 take to the slippery 
 path which leads 
 almost to the summit 
 of the dome. 
 
 " At a short distance 
 I remarked an arched 
 vault of black stone, 
 glittering with bril- 
 liant substances. 'We are now,' 
 said my guide, ' in the Star Cham- 
 ber. Wait a moment and I will 
 show you something, the like of 
 which you never witnessed in all 
 your travels.' 
 
 " Saying which, he slipped behind 
 a rocky column, and I immediately 
 saw millions of diamonds, upon a 
 black background. While I looked, 
 I could have sworn I was con- 
 templating the firmament and all 
 the stars which spangle it. Sud- 
 denly the light disappeared. 
 
 " Mat then proposed that we 
 should see daybreak and rughtfall ; 
 and instantaneously a gentle light 
 stole feebly along the cavern — it 
 increased and faded; and as it 
 gradually declined, a million stel- 
 lated fires covered the celestial 
 vault. For truth and effect, this 
 natural diorama exceeded anything 
 that art has yet been able to effect 
 in the same way. From this enchant- 
 ing spot we directed our steps toward 
 the shores of the Dead Sea. Its 
 dimensions — some eight or ten 
 yards — illustrated the tendency of 
 the Americans to bestow grand 
 names upon small objects. Soon, 
 however, we found our passage 
 interrupted by a rivulet, to which 
 has been given the name of 'The 
 
 DEVII. S MIV-OHAIR. 
 
 B«TKANCE TO THE GOTHIC OATS. 
 
 Styx.' 1 entered the 
 great baigeot' Charon ; 
 my black, navigator 
 shouted in a loud 
 voico, and the vast 
 concave returned a 
 volley of echoes, 
 which conveyed the 
 ilea that they were 
 the groans of ron- 
 do m n e d souls in 
 eternal darkness ! 
 
 ' ' Our tlambeau cast 
 a red hue on tie 
 rocks, throwing them 
 into a variety of cu- 
 rious fcrnis. and ex- 
 hibithig the reflecticn 
 of the negro's .stalwart 
 figure in tl.e waters, 
 which glittered like 
 the overhanginj: dome. 
 These strango eouibi- 
 nations threw nu' into 
 a reflective mood, 
 from which I was 
 startled by a sudden 
 loud noise, rcscmliling 
 a peal of thunder. I 
 fancied a porticn of 
 the cavern must have 
 fallen in. But it was 
 merely an innocent 
 trick of Mat's, who, 
 wishincr to surprise 
 me, had quietly disem- 
 barked, and, striking 
 his oar upon a piece 
 of rock, hail produced 
 the awful leverlierii- 
 tion which had disturbed nii\ 
 When I had recovered from my 
 astonishment, I found Mat grin- 
 ning and showing his white teeth, 
 in delight at the success of his little- 
 scheme. 
 
 ' ' After half an hour's navigation , 
 we grounded close to the shore. 
 on a fine bed of sand, which con- 
 stitutes the bottom of the river at 
 high water. The traces of the diff( r 
 ent levels are perfectly discernible. 
 "A little further on, we came 
 upon a small sulphurous sprini , 
 and then upon Cleveland Avenue, 
 the walls of which iippear to le 
 covered with charming flowers of 
 extraordinary delicacy. This c beer 
 vation is made by everyl ody, m t 
 even excepting the most prosaic 
 travelers. 
 
 " The avenue is terminated by 
 the Snowball Room, so called le- 
 eause of the snowy whiteness of 
 its walls. I'ussaies, by turns broad 
 and narrow, rugged or scraped, led 
 us to the Rocky Mountains, where 
 we werR obliged to clamber over 
 huge reagments of rocks Jetached 
 from the roof. 
 
 "Over these asperities, and; 
 through liirg" fissures whieh ap-3 
 peared to presige other jonsider-f 
 able breakages, we came at last tol 
 
I 
 
 tites, ranged in colonnade-s, lormeJ elegant 
 arches of a truly fairy character. Un all sides 
 water leaked in ; drippings might be heard in 
 every direction, which resounded sonorously in 
 the dark, retreats. At the bottom of the grotto, 
 there is actually a group of stalactites resem- 
 bling the top of' aa immense palm-tree. The 
 branches, gracefully inclined, appear to have 
 been carved out of a blojk of Oriental alabaster. 
 ^ "From the summit of this beautiful eimmble 
 H: gushed a fountain, the secular creator of all 
 K t;ie calcareous deposits, which sparkled with 
 ^E the reflection cast by our torches. The whole 
 ^kgrotto resembled a marble tunnel, by which 
 
 tTNITED STATES OF AMERTOA. 
 
 derives its singular name from its obvious re- 
 semblance in lorm to a coflSn. It is an object 
 of great interest, and cannot easily be passed 
 Ijy without commanding the notice of even the 
 most careless of tourists. 
 
 In this portion of the Mammoth Cave begin 
 those incrustations which have struck so m luy 
 thousands with wouder and admiration. How 
 varied are they in form ; and, separately, how 
 changeable ! Y onder you recognize what appears 
 to be the frame of some huge animal. Look 
 again, and you fancy a group of birds are before 
 you ; viewed from another point, and some of 
 the finny tribe may be suggested to you. All 
 is wonderful, indeed. 
 
 581 
 
 with the visitors, when gazing on the brilliant 
 scene before them : well have they proved its 
 existence ; some by loud expressions, others by 
 sileucd ; some, too, have wept, and many have 
 prayed. How sublime must be the scene to 
 elicit all this ! 
 
 Tlie Sick Room Cave is opposite to the Great 
 Bend. It bears the name from the sudden sick- 
 ness of a visitor some years since, it is supposed, 
 from his having smoked, with others, cigars iii 
 one of its most contined nooks. A row o< 
 cabins, built for consumptive patients, would 
 be found immediately beyond the Great Bend. 
 Two are of stone, the rest are frame buildings. 
 Standing in a line from thirty to one hundred 
 
 I 
 
 uame it ij d ^signaled by different tourists. The 
 Fairy Grotto U situated at one of the extremi- 
 ties of the cavern, at a distance of nine miles 
 from the opening. I reached the latter after 
 having passsd ten hours in ths subterranean 
 abodes. I had need of the sight of the sky, 
 and I saluted it gratefully. When I set foot 
 upon the upper earth, the light and the land- 
 scape appei.red to me particularly charming — 
 doubtless owing, in a me-xsure, to their con- 
 trast with tiie darkness in which I had passed 
 an entire day. But, in truth, the evening was 
 beautiful " 
 
 The visitor will now pass the Well Cave, 
 Eocky Cave, etc., and arrive at the Giant's 
 Coffin. This is a large rock on the right, and 
 
 WEDDING IN THE GOTHIC CHAPEL. 
 
 Proceeding about a hundred yards beyond 
 the "Coffin," the visitor will perceive that the 
 Cave takes a curve, swepping round the Great 
 Bend or Acute Angle, and then continuing its 
 proper course. On entering this vast and 
 matnificent amphitheatre, the guide always 
 ignites a Bengal light. The effect is brilliant- 
 such, indeed, as a poet may reidily imagine, 
 but with difiSculty describe. Enchantment is 
 the only word we can apply to the scene thus 
 presented. As in other portions of the Cave 
 which, like the present, exhibit characteristics 
 of the beautiful or the sublime, we have seen, 
 in the place we mention, the various ways in 
 which a single feeling or passion may be 
 manifested. Delight has been in the ascendant 
 
 feet apart, their appearance is picturesque 
 although the visitor cannot divest his mind o) 
 melancholy impressions while contemplating 
 them ; for the malady which brings so many 
 persons to those habitations is one that attacks 
 the young, that withers lieauty and destroy;; 
 life in its early phase. These houses for the 
 ailing are well furnished ; and though we 
 believe that there is no cure for confirmed de- 
 cline, we are confident that it is to be eradi- 
 cated in its young or mild stages. The genial 
 quality of the air is so favorable to all lung 
 complaints, that a physician of high repute, 
 who lived for many years in the neighborhood, 
 and tested its curative properties, announcee it 
 a certain cure for consumption. 
 
M 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 DESCENDINQ THE YO-SKMITK VALI.KY. 
 
 The To-Semite Valley, Oalifornia. 
 
 As A subject of always abiding interest, we 
 give several illustrations of this wonderful spot, 
 and at the same time we know that we are only 
 skimming the surface of the wonders of this 
 lately opened world. 
 
 The Yo-Semite was first Drought to the notice 
 of the civilized world by a party of explorers, 
 in the Summer of 1850, under Captain Boiling 
 and Lieutenant Chandler, who penetrated that 
 region not only for the purposes of discovery, 
 but to put an end to Indian outrages upon the 
 whites, who were anxious to settle thereabout. 
 We shall take a few points of illustration from 
 it, without attempting to follow out any succinct 
 description of its beauties, commencing with an 
 account of the descent into the valley from 
 the mountain. The traveler says: 
 
 " About a mile further on, we reacSed that 
 point where the descent of the mountain com- 
 mences, and wh„/e our guide requires us to dis- 
 utoBot, wliile be ucxa^^ the eaddle-bkaketo 
 
 and cruppers, and tightens the saddle-girths. 
 Some persons, perhaps, are for walking down 
 this precipitous trail to the valley, but the guide 
 informs us that it is nearly seven miles to the 
 foot of the mountain ; when such a desire, for 
 the time being,"is overcome. 
 
 ' ' Yet, in some of the steepest places of the 
 trail, one or two of the most timid of the party 
 ■will be disposed to dismount and walk, as at 
 some points the descent is certainly very trying 
 to the nerves. 
 
 ' ' We will here remark that there are but three 
 localities by which this valley can be safely en- 
 tered — two at the lower or western end, on 
 which the Coulterville and Mariposa trails are 
 laid ; and one at the upper or eastern end, by 
 a tributary of the river which makes in from 
 the main ridge cf the Sierras, and which is 
 traveled mostly by persons going and returning 
 to and from the Walker's Kiver mines." 
 
 The next remarkable spot is the South Dome, 
 and our engraving represents it as seen from 
 the canon of the iSonth is'otlt. Tliis Dome is 
 
 known by the Indian name of Tis-sa-ack, and 
 from that point of view presants a most sia- 
 f 'i^ax', conical shape, unlike any other mountain 
 in the world. 
 
 '-L he South Dome is so named to distinguish it 
 from the To-coy-ac, or North Dome, a still more 
 remarkable mountain, the ascent of which we 
 illustrate. Our traveler says: 
 
 " On, on, we march, in Indian file, until wt 
 are nearly on the margin of the river. When 
 we reach it, we find that a small yet tall tree 
 has fallen across to form a bridge, over which we 
 walk, while the thundering water splashes, and 
 surges, and eddies, as it sweeps against the 
 rocks, much.tothe discomposure of the nervous 
 system of some, knowing that we have to follow 
 suit or stay behind. 
 
 ' ' This accomplished , we soon begin the ascent 
 of the mountain, over loose fragments of dibrts 
 and among huge masses of fallen rocks, lying at 
 the side of the mountain, and in the bed of a 
 small but very deep canon ; but these are soon 
 left behind, and we have to commence climbing 
 around and over points of rocks, walking on 
 narrow edges, or feeling our way past some pro- 
 jecting point, or tree, or shrub ; steadying our- 
 selves by a twig, or crevice, or jutting rock ; or 
 holding on with our feet, as well as our hands, 
 knowing that a slip will send us down several 
 hundred feet into the deep abyss beneath. 
 
 ' ' In some places, where the ledges of rock are 
 high and smooth, broken branches of trees 
 have been placed, so as to enable the Indians to 
 climb above them ; and then, by removing the 
 means of their ascent, cut off the pursuit of 
 any advancing foe. These, although risky places 
 to travel over, and in no way inviting to a 
 nervous man, are of considerable assistance in 
 the accomplishment of our task. 
 
 " After >«l exciting and fatiguing exercise of 
 
 i^SNDIKe TBB LOWIS SOUS OF THB XO-SEUITB. 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 
 
 Md 
 
 I 
 
 about three hours, we reach a large projectinfc 
 rock, that forms a cave, Here we take a rest of 
 % few minutes, and then renew our efforts to 
 reach tlie top iif the mountain. A little before 
 noon this is accomplished. 
 
 "To our great comfort and satisfaction, a cool 
 and refreshing breeze is blowing upon us us soon 
 as we reach the summit ; and this is especially 
 welcome, as the heat, on tlie sheltered side, by 
 which wo liave ascended, has be n very oppres- 
 sive potning down upon xis from a hot sun, 
 without the sliglitcst breeze to fan, or shadow 
 tvj filielter us, as wc climbed. 
 
 "The realer must not anticipate our nar- 
 rative, by supposing that the difficult tisk of 
 ascending the Great Dome is now accomplished ; 
 far frum it ; for, althou'rh we have reached the 
 top of tlie elevated plateau, or mountain ridge, 
 to the height of about three thousand seven 
 liundred feet above the valley, the great, bald- 
 headed object of our aspirations is still lifting 
 its proud summit more than a thousand feet 
 »boTe us. 
 
 "An abundance of gool water being fcjund 
 issuing from a crevice in the rock, a Bli')rt dis- 
 tance down the mountain, we repair thither to 
 fini.-h our repast, and take a good, hearty 
 draught, before attempting the ascent. Here 
 v,o find several new varieties of flowering 
 shrubs, in addition to some bulbous roots, a;id 
 very pretty mosses. 
 
 "'ITie inner man being satisfied, the rapidly 
 descending sun admonishes us to make the best 
 of daylight t> accomplish the task we have set 
 our.Kelves^ Accordingly, we repair to the Lower 
 Dome, which is one immense spur of granite, 
 belonging to the Great Dome ; and, as its sur- 
 face, by time an 1 the elements, is made toler- 
 ably rou'ja, there is found comparatively hut 
 little ditfioidty in climl>ing it, especially with 
 a little assista.ice. 
 
 " In some of the fissures or searasof this rock, 
 some low. stunted shrubs are growing. When 
 we raach the top of the Lower Dome, which is, 
 perhaps, about four hundred and fifty feet above 
 t!ie average level of the main ridge, to our 
 dismay and disappointment we find that not 
 only is tlie g.'ntly rounding surface of the Great 
 Dome itself at an angle of about sixty-eight or 
 seventy degress, but it is overlaid and over- 
 lapp3d, so to speak, wit'.i vast circular granite 
 shingles— as smooth as glass — ;:bo"t eighteen 
 inches in thi(,!cness, and extending around the 
 Dome as far as our eyes can reach. These 
 put every hop^ to flight, of our feet, or those 
 of any o;her visitors, ever treading upon the 
 lofty crown of this I.)ome, without extensive 
 artificial adjuncts to aid in its i-xomplishment. 
 On the top of this immense moimtain of smooth 
 rock, one solitary pine is grow ing ; and although 
 it is barely discernible from tlic valley (and not 
 at all from the Liwer Dome, where we are 
 sta :ding), by the aid of a telescope, it is seen 
 to be a tree of goo Uy Bize. 
 
 " Much disappointed at the failure of the 
 V.incipal object of the enterprise, we will place 
 our national banner upon the highest point 
 attainable, in the hope that the day is not far 
 distant when (he n_mber of visitors who shall 
 annually come to worsliip at this sublime 
 temple of nature, may create the necessity for 
 the construction of a strong iron staircase to 
 the very summit of Mount Tis-sa-ack ; and, 
 that from the topmost crown of Jier noblr 
 
 
 yO-SEUJTE JTAU. 
 
R«4 
 
 THE WORLD'S GBEAT NATIONa 
 
 head, the Stars and 
 Stripes may wave tri- 
 ■umphantly — as from 
 this elevation the 
 whole surrounding 
 country can be seen 
 afar off — and a thou- 
 sand times fully re- 
 ward the perseverance 
 and fatigue of the 
 ascent." 
 
 From the valley of 
 the Yo-Scmite we will 
 transport our traveler 
 to the Frczno Grove. 
 
 " About 6 p. M., we 
 arrived at some of 
 the mammoth trees, 
 that stood on the 
 ridge, like sentinel 
 guards to the grove. 
 These were from fifty 
 to sixty feet, only, in 
 circumference. 
 
 "As the sun was 
 fast sinking, we 
 deemed it the most 
 prudent course to look 
 out for a good camp- 
 ing-ground. Fortu- 
 nately, we discovered 
 at first the only patch 
 of grass to be found 
 for several miles ; and, 
 as we were making 
 our way through the 
 forest, feeling that 
 most probably we were the first whites 
 had ever broken its profound solitudes, 
 heard a splashing sound, proceeding from 
 direction of the bright 
 green we had seen. 
 This, with the riistling 
 of bushes, reminded 
 us that we were in- 
 vading the secluded 
 home of the grizzly 
 l)ear, and that good 
 sport, or danger, would 
 soon give variety to 
 our employments. 
 
 ' ' Hastily dismount- 
 ing, and unsaddling 
 our animals, we 
 picketed them in the 
 swampy grass-plat, 
 still wet with the re- 
 cent spirtirgs of 
 several Ijears' feet 
 that had hurriedly 
 left it ; then kindling 
 a firo, to indicate by 
 its smoke the direc- 
 tion of our camp, we 
 started quietly out 
 on a bear-hunt. 
 
 " Cautiously peering 
 over a low ridge but 
 c few yards from 
 camp, we saw too 
 large bears slowly 
 tioving away, when 
 a slight sound from 
 "8 arrested their s.U 
 
 UPPER SIDE OF THE NATURAL BRIDGE OVER CATOTTE CREEK. 
 
 who 
 
 , we 
 
 the 
 
 tention and progress. One of our party was 
 about raisinpc his rifle to fire, when we 
 whispered : 'Hold, if you please — let us have 
 
 the first shot at tU't 
 immense fellow there. ' 
 ' With pleasure,' was 
 this response, and at 
 a distance of twentv- 
 five yards, a heavy 
 charge of pistol-balls, 
 from ar excellent shot- 
 gun, was poured ini.o 
 his body, just behind 
 the shoulder, when 
 he made a plunge a 
 lew feet, and, wheel- 
 ing round, stood for a 
 few moments as 
 though debating in 
 his own mind whether 
 he should return the 
 attack, or retreat ; but 
 a ball from the un- 
 erring rifle of our 
 obliging guide deter- 
 mined him upon the 
 latter course. The 
 other had preceded 
 him. 
 
 ' ' We immediately 
 started in pursuit : 
 and although their 
 course could readily 
 be followed by blood 
 dropping from the 
 wounds, a dense mass 
 of chaparal prevented 
 us from getting sight 
 of either again, al- 
 though we walked 
 around upon the look-out until the darkness 
 compelled us to return to camp, where, aftei 
 supper, we were soon soun lly sleeping. Early 
 the next morning we 
 followed up the diver- 
 tisement, for a few 
 hours ; but meeting 
 with no game larger 
 than grouse, we com- 
 menced the eiplora- 
 == tion of the grove." 
 
 NAIUHAL BBISOE OVER CAYOTTE CREEK, CALAVERAS COVMl'v 
 
 Natural Bridge in 
 California. 
 Nature has shown 
 her most sportive 
 moods in the land of 
 gol d . S u c E variety 
 and supplies of mine- 
 rals, such gigantic 
 trees, such stupendous 
 waterfalls, such su- 
 llime scenery, are 
 found in no other part 
 of the world. Verily, 
 it is a land of wonders. 
 We give two illustra- 
 tions of a remarkable 
 natural bridge over 
 the Cayote Creek, in 
 Calaveras Cornty. 
 
 Approaching it from 
 the east, along the 
 stream, the entrance 
 beneath presents the 
 appcarauce oi »«om«^; 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA- 
 
 686 
 
 MOKUJUENT iiDCK, ECHO CAlTOi}. 
 
5M 
 
 tfiE WOitiib'S GREAT NATIOKfa 
 
 WOKKMKN I'KI.I.INU 
 
 Gothic arch of mi^ssivc stono-work, tbirtj'-two , or flattf ueJ ; the skies are uuw ; the birds aud 
 feet in Iiiight above Uie water, and twenty-five I plants are new ; and grouping a few for ilUis- 
 feet in w idth at the abutments ; while the rock tration, we but carry the conviction deeper ; the 
 
 and earth above, supported by tlie arch, are 
 thirty or more feet in thickness, and overgrown 
 to some (extent with trees and shrubbery. 
 
 Passing under the bridge, the walls extend 
 tijiward to an almost perfectly formed and 
 jiointed arcli, and maintaining their width and 
 elevation, but with here and there an irreg- 
 ularity, serving to heighten the interest of the 
 beautifid scene presented. Along the roof hang 
 innumerable stalactites, like opa(pie icicles, but 
 solid as the marble of which they are formed. 
 As we advance, the width of the arch increases 
 to forty feet, ami its height to fifty feet, and 
 the spacious roof resembles an immense cathe- 
 dral, with its vaulted arches and numberless 
 colmiius, with here and there a jutting por- 
 tion, as though an attempt had been :uade to 
 rough-hew an altar and corridor, with massive 
 .';t<'i)s : while stalagmites, springing from the 
 bottom and sides, appear like waxen candles 
 ready to be lighted. Approaching the lower 
 side of this immense arch, its form becomes 
 materially changed, increasing in width ; while 
 the roof, becoming more iJattened, is brought 
 down to within five feet of the water of the 
 creek. 
 
 atmosphere, crisp, though warm, is unlike any 
 in the world but that of Southern Australia. 
 
 In the interior valleys not a sound breaks the 
 oppressive stillness that reigns, save the occa- 
 sional chirping and singing of birds as they fly 
 to their nests, or the low, distant sighing of the 
 breeze in the tops of the forests. Crystal 
 streams occasionally gurgle and ripple across 
 the path — their sides fringed with willows, and 
 wild flowers that are ever blossoming, and 
 grass that is ever green. 
 
 The Mammoth Trees of Oaliforn'a. 
 
 About ninety-seven miles from Sacramento, 
 in a gently sloping, heavy^mbered valley, are 
 the largest and tiiUest trees in the world. It is 
 rightly called the Mammoth Tree Grove. We 
 give a sketch of the method by which this giant 
 of the forest was felled, not by chopping it 
 down, but by boring it off with pump-augers, 
 and it employed five men for twenty-two days 
 constantly at work to effect it. Its height was 
 three hundred and two feet, and its circum- 
 ference at the ground was ninety-seven feet. 
 Upon the stumji, one 4th of July, thirty-two 
 persons were engaged in dancing at one time. 
 
 The bark was eighteen inches in thickness, 
 which gave it a diameter of over thirty feet. 
 But monstrous as were the dimensions of this 
 tree, at a short distance from it lies the prostrate 
 and majestic body of a still larger one. This is 
 known as the Father of the Forest. It is half 
 buried in the soil. It measured in circumference 
 one hundred and ten feet : it was four hundred 
 and thirty-five feet in height ; it is two hundred 
 feet to the first branch ; the centre of it is now 
 hollow, and a jjerson can walk erect through it. 
 
 A short distance from these immense trees is 
 a double tree, called the Siamese Twins. 
 
 Vegetation in California. 
 To AN English traveler much of our country 
 resembles, in its vegetable growth as well as in 
 the homes and language of the ])eople, parts of 
 the old land ; as to an American the English 
 village recalls the older and better cultivated 
 parts of our land. But in California we are all 
 in a new laud. The bills are weirdly peaked 
 
 IHB ''nnw," XABirosi. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICa 
 
 587 
 
 2! 
 
 W 
 
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 9 
 
 r/; 
 
 I, 
 
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 K 
 
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688 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Trial of Anne Hutchinson. 
 
 In the early history of stern Puritan New 
 England, woman does not play a very conspi- 
 cuous part. She is not the heroine, the mis- 
 tress of court or chivalry, nor, even in the 
 spiritual order, is she seen possessing that 
 liberty accorded in the older time and world 
 of female association in cloister for a religious 
 life, the works of charity, education, or labor. 
 
 One woman, who endeavored to be a power, 
 stands out with her strange history and tragic 
 death — Anne Hutchinson. 
 
 She was the daughter of a clergyman in 
 Lincolnshire, and having in England become 
 interested in the 
 preaching of John 
 Cotton and John 
 ^Vheelright, came to 
 -\merica in 1634. 
 
 On her voyage she 
 showed her religious 
 zeal, and her active, 
 energetic mind was 
 not slow in assuming 
 views different from 
 those of her guides. 
 Private judgment was 
 not broad enough for 
 her, any fettering of 
 church discipline was 
 wrong. 
 
 To her mind each 
 believer was not only 
 the unerring judge 
 in faith, but the abode 
 of the Holy Spirit, 
 whose inward revela- 
 tions were of para- 
 mount authority. 
 
 On arriving in Bos- 
 ton she began to hold 
 meetings of women, 
 and her views drew 
 to her side Vane, 
 Cotton, Wheelright, 
 and almost all the 
 Church in Boston, 
 The country Churches 
 rose against her. The 
 Synod of Newton, in 
 .\ugust, 1637, con- 
 ilemned eighty - two 
 opinions, including 
 
 hers. In the November following she was 
 brought to trial before the General Court. 
 She defended herself with great ability and 
 eloquence, but all in vain. She was sentenced 
 to banishment. With a courtesy that was un- 
 usual, they allowed her to spend the Winter 
 in Eoxbury, instead of ordering her instant 
 departure. 
 
 With the coming of Spring she retired to 
 Rhode Island, home of the Baptists, and after 
 losing her husband, sought a refuge within the 
 confines of the Dutch colony. 
 
 Unfortunately, at this time the Dutch had 
 provoked the Indians to war, and in August, 
 1643, a party of the red men assailed the house 
 in which she lived, in what is now Westchester 
 County, and there, doubtless, the heroic woman 
 pedslaed in the flames. 
 
 Desperate Oonfliot on the Prairies. 
 In the beginning of May, 1862, a party of 
 travelers had a very narrow escape from being 
 murdered by a band of hostile Indians, who 
 were on their usual war-path, seeking whom 
 they might rob and murder. The travelers 
 consisted of Mr. Somes, his wife, his wife's 
 sister, and her betrothed husband. They were 
 not far from a military camp of United States 
 soldiers, and they had pitched their tent in a 
 fancied security which very nearly proved 
 fatal to them. Fortunately, one of the ladies 
 was tempted by the beauty of the day to wan- 
 der about fifty paces from their tent, in which 
 
 alarm. The Indians, seeing the troops riding 
 toward them, left their dead and wounded 
 companions and endeavored to escape, but 
 they were pursued, and their entire band 
 was either killed or captured. 
 
 TRIAL OF ANNE HUTCHINSON. 
 
 Mr. Somes and his friend were taking a nap. 
 Of a sudden, she saw several Indians, about 
 two hundred yards distant, crouching down 
 among the grass. She immediately retreated 
 into the tent and aroused the sleepers. In an 
 instant they were both prepared for the en- 
 counter, and being well armed with revolvers, 
 they resolved to sell their lives dearly. 
 
 Telling the ladies to retire within the tent, 
 they took their post, revolvers in hand, and 
 awaited the coming of the savages. Perceiving 
 they were discovered, the Indians gave a loud 
 yell, and rushed on, but the greater part of 
 them fell before the steady and unerring fire 
 of the white men. How the conflict would 
 have terminated it is impossible to say : but, 
 most providentially, one of the soldiers had 
 been watching the red men, and gave the 
 
 A Tou'.ist Party in tha Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The English passion for travel has led somo 
 young English noblemen to peril life and limb 
 in the very wildest of our Western mountains. 
 Viscount Milton recently spent some time in 
 striking through from the Eed River Settle- 
 ment to Frazer's River, and his adventures 
 were, as might be expected, neither few nor at 
 all times agreeable. 
 He and his compan- 
 ion, Dr. Cheadle, had 
 as guides a family of 
 Assiniboins, as the 
 Algonquins style the 
 most northerly branch 
 of the Dakotas, from 
 the rocky territory in 
 which they live. The 
 weary way and its 
 hardships were en- 
 livened, too, by the 
 imf ailing wit and 
 never - failing contre- 
 temps of a clerical 
 Irish gentleman, who 
 joined them on the 
 route. Unlike most 
 of his countrymen, 
 he was not a horse- 
 man, and, after being 
 nearly drowned on 
 one occasion while 
 trying to swim a 
 stream, avoided care- 
 fully all display of 
 equitation. But after 
 a time riding was 
 abandoned. They 
 began to lose their 
 way: their horses 
 gave out, and they 
 could only lead them 
 along, often scarce 
 able to overtake them 
 when they strayed. 
 
 The dense woods 
 were gameless. In the 
 VH.st solitude, shut out even from light, they 
 expected to perish ; nor was hope infused into 
 their hearts by the first sign of hiimanity which 
 they met— the dead body of an Indian, seated 
 on the ground, with his hatchet and imple- 
 ments around him. Further on, similar relics 
 met their gaze. Fortunately, a couple of birds 
 were found at an opening, where their dazzled 
 eyes could scarcely stand the glare of day. 
 But, nevertheless, they were soon forced to 
 kill one horse. As the supply afforded by it 
 was running out, they came to a stream which 
 it was necessary to cross. O'Brien hung back. 
 The rest plunged in, and he stood hesitating 
 on the shore ; but when the last horse was a 
 yard or two from the bank, he ventured in, 
 and, grasping the tail, reached his bourne in 
 safety. The laughter that greeted bis feat 
 
CXITED SL'ATES C-F Arj-'-iL-i.. 
 
 589 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 !> 
 
590 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 diverted their luiuds from their hard- 
 ships, and the next day the smoke of 
 an Indian camp rose more welcome 
 on their view than Mecca ever did 
 to pilgrim of the Orient. 
 
 Our lively sketch from the doc- 
 tor's pencil shows his bearded self 
 in the foreground and the boyish 
 viscount beside him, questioning their 
 guide, whose sou leads the way as 
 the squaw closes the line, O'Brien s 
 position being well defined. • 
 
 Mrs. Olayton Planting the National 
 Flag on the Summit of the Eocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 On Friday, August 7th. 1868, thc' 
 last sjiike was driven in the last rail 
 on the Atlantic slope of the great 
 Union Pacific Kailroad. Captain 
 Clayton, who has superintended the 
 laying of the track from the com- 
 mencement, suggested to the em- 
 ployes and a party of excursionists, 
 the idea of erecting a monument 
 commemorative of the event, and 
 of planting the national flag on the 
 continental divide. 
 
 All parties concurring, prepara- 
 tions were made for the interesting 
 ceremony, and on Sunday afternoon, 
 August 9th, a goodly company as- 
 sembled at a point about seven 
 hundred and twenty-five miles from 
 Omaha. 
 
 The Kev. Mr. Gierlow was master 
 of ceremouies. A hole was dug by 
 Captain Clayton, and our national 
 banner was there planted by the 
 fair hands of his excellent wife. Mr. 
 Gierlow, Mrs. Clayton holding the 
 flag, pronounced the following 
 beautiful consecration ervice ; 
 
 ' ' In the name of Wisdom, 
 Strength and Beauty, in the name 
 of Faith, Hojie and Charity, in the 
 name of the Holy Trinity, we con- 
 secrate this flag to the glory of 
 God, the benefit of civilization and 
 the happiness of mankind. And 
 when this lone star shall have been 
 surrounded by the sister constella- 
 tions, may its ample folds protect 
 us in the path of virtue, so that at 
 last we may become worth}' citizens 
 of the land of the beautiful, the 
 land of the free." 
 
 The reverend gentlemtin thin 
 called upon General Estabrook, of 
 Omaha; Judge Wright, and E. S. 
 BaUey, Attorneys of the North- 
 western railroad ; W. A. Cotton and 
 M. E. Ward, in succession, who each 
 made appropriate speeches. Mr- 
 Gierlow then pronounced the fol- 
 lowing closing benediction ; 
 
 "May the blessing of God rest 
 upon us and oui- families ; may 
 brotherly love cement us, and evxy 
 
UNITED STATES Of AMeSiOA. 
 
 Ml 
 
693 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 moral and social Tirtuo adorn onr liTes, now 
 and for ever." 
 
 The spot where the flag is planted is the true 
 continental summit. A point much higher 
 above the sea-level was reached in the Black 
 Hills, but there the waters, though running 
 both ways, afterward meet in the Platte, and 
 go commingled to the Atlantic. But at this 
 continental divide, a drop of rain falling, un- 
 less carried back to its native cloud by the 
 process of exhalation, one-half of it would go 
 to the Atlantic and the other to the Pacific. 
 
 Old New Orleans. 
 In 1717, after exploring the banks of the Mis- 
 sissippi, Grovemor Bienville selected the present 
 
 erect cabins, Bienville returned to Fort Biloii 
 to make preparations for removing the colony. 
 Meeting with opposition from the Home Gov- 
 ernment, and unfortunate in having his work in- 
 terrupted by the overflowing of the Mississippi, 
 he did not succeed in actually getting New 
 Orleans settled untU 1723. In the meantime 
 he continued improving the then frontier town 
 of New Orleans, to which he had gradually 
 transferred the troops and Government stores. 
 Bienville erected for his own occupani:y a 
 brick residence, considered in that day a spa- 
 cious one ; this he took possession of in August, 
 1723, at the same time formally declaring New 
 Orleans the provincial seat of government. 
 
 Charlevoix, a chronicler of that day, writes : 
 •' There are in the city fifty log cabins, placed 
 
 to look new by contrast. Although they are 
 mellowed and furrowed by time, they seen 
 veritable parvenus who have encroached on 
 ground already made sacred by the history, 
 traditions and legends of a remote era. The 
 Governor's grim mansion was once the centre 
 of wealth and power ; there congregated the 
 beauty, fashion and chivalry of colonial days. 
 The mystic charm of a brilliant past hangs over 
 it and the narrow street where once resounded 
 the clink of cavaliers' swords, knightly spnrs, 
 and the tap, tap of red-heeled slippers worn 
 by highborn dames. The impress of former 
 grandeur is heightened by stepping within the 
 age-darkened house where are now offered for 
 sale quaint china, dusty bronzes, carved ftirni- 
 ture whose rich upholsterings are faded and 
 
 OLD NEW ORLEANS. — 80VERN0B BIENVILLE'S HOUSE, CHARTRE3 STKEET. 
 
 kite of New Orleans as the most appropriate 
 one whereon to build the chief city and capital 
 of the Province of Louisiana. He appointed 
 Sieur le Blond de la Tour to survey the ground, 
 stake off the squares and mark out the streets. 
 He ordered that the city be laid out in imita- 
 tion of Kochefort, the town from which he and 
 his brother D'IberviUe, with SauvoUe, had 
 sailed on leaving France to renew La Salle's 
 explorations on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The position of the Parish Church — now the 
 St. Louis Cathedral — was selected by Bienville, 
 and the exact location of the edifice was traced 
 on the ground by him with the point of his 
 trusty sword, which France had bestowed on 
 him and the Church had blessed. The Pres- 
 bytery, Conseil deVille and City Warehouses 
 were also assigned their exact situations by him. 
 J-ieuving fifty men (0 clear the ground and 
 
 with little order among the brambles and trees, 
 three dwellings — one of them was Bienville's — 
 a chapel and storehouse : a population of 200 
 men and a few women ; the town presents the 
 appearance of a camp in the wilderness." 
 Such was the foundation of the "Crescent 
 City" iu 1724. 
 
 The first residence of Governor Bienville 
 exists still in the ancient French quarter, on 
 the corner of Chartres and Ursuline Streets. 
 Though the oldest house in the city, it is yet 
 well preserved. It is a large, low, thick-walled 
 structure, time-stained and covered with pic- 
 turesque brick tiles ; a style of roofing not in 
 general use until after 1794, when the city had 
 been, for a second time, almost destroyed by 
 fire. This building is so antique in appear- 
 ance, that it causes others surrounding it, 
 which have themselves stood for over a century, 
 
 worn. These are relics of former greatness, 
 sad mementoes of the decay of noble families 
 whose descendants' dire poverty has compelled 
 them to part with their old heirlooms. The 
 whole form a mute, but eloquent, appeal to 
 our sympathy for a people whose grandeur 
 and influence have perished. 
 
 New Orleans is a city of strong contrasts, of 
 anachronisms, even ; the past exists ever here 
 in the present. An American city, yet its 
 Cathedral perpetuates the memory of a French 
 monarch. Its streets bear the names of the 
 great men of France and Spain. It has its 
 being under a republican form of government ; 
 but its society is controlled, to a great extent, 
 by the manners and opinions brought nigh twc 
 centuries ago from the courts of Paris and Ma- 
 drid ; a society which has its ancien riginu 
 of old-time aristocracy, to which birth and 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIC A. 
 
 593 
 
594 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Calturo, not gold, form the obligulory "open 
 sesame" as tnily as ever they did to the fa- 
 iaous salons of the Faubourg St. Germain. 
 Nor are the above facts ever regretted by those 
 who are so fortunate as to obtain admission 
 within the select circle -where gather the ante- 
 bellum Creole aristocrats, recognize the spotless 
 purity of their wives and daughters, the un- 
 tarnished honor of their men, and realize the 
 influence which they so fully exemplify of 
 noblesse oblige. , ^ ^ 
 
 The Mountains of Nortli O.irolina. 
 There is a country that '• lieth afar between 
 mountains " — as every fairyland should — which 
 
 prairie is surrounded by the balsam forest, 
 which, on the North Carolina side, gives way, 
 at a certain degree of elevation, to the decidu- 
 ous growth that clothes, luxuriantly, the lower 
 slopes of the mountain. On the Tennessee side, 
 however, an abrupt precipice descends into far 
 abysmal gorges. It is from the brow of this 
 stupendous cliff that the view is obtained of 
 which description can give no idea. 
 
 Progress of Means of Travel. 
 In these days of hurry and bustle, where time 
 is money, and the annihilation of space by sea 
 and land seems to have reached its utmost 
 
 system of stagecoach communication between 
 the cities and towns. Every morning, from 
 the different booking offices and taverns in 
 the larger places, long lines of great yellow, 
 thorough-brace coaches, drawn by splendid 
 horses, would rattle away to the music of key 
 bugles and snapping whips, bound for differ- 
 ent points near and far away. The inside and 
 outside seats would be full of passengers, and 
 the spacious leathern boots packed with trunks 
 and boxes. Comfortable vehicles were these 
 old stagecoaches of our fathers, strong and 
 massive, rocking in their great leathern springs 
 as easily, almost, as a palace car, unless the 
 roads were very bad, when the tendency of th 
 
 Is only beginning to receive the attention that 
 is its due from lovers of science as well as from 
 lovers of the picturesque. It is the culminating 
 point of the great Appalachian system, the r"- 
 , gion where peaks and valleys alike attain their 
 highest altitijde, and where Nature in her most 
 prodigal mood has lavished every gift that can 
 make a country desirable. One of its famous 
 mountains is the Eoan of the Smoky range. 
 Long known for its wonderful view, this noble 
 height has now become a place of Summer re- 
 sort since the erection of a hotel on its summit, 
 more than six thousand feet above the sea. 
 Like all the great peaks of the Smoky, its top 
 is a treeless expanso, covered with luxuriant 
 grass and mountain heather. This beautiful 
 
 OLD NEW OKLEANS. — SCENE On THE LEVEE. 
 
 bounds, when man lives at a rate of speed in 
 keeping with the times, and crowds a whole 
 life into a single year, it is restful and profit- 
 able to give retrospection full sweep, and re- 
 trace the years to those times when things 
 moved slower; and man had not become an 
 automaton, borne down the noiseless tide of 
 money-getting, but was content to glide easily 
 through life to a good old age, unhampered by 
 the rush of worry of this latter so-called pro- 
 gressive era. 
 
 At the opening of the present century, when 
 the populous portion of the Union comprised 
 but a comparatively narrow strip of country 
 along the Atlantic seaboard, the necessities of 
 the people demanded and obtained a very good 
 
 passenger's head would be to seek the roof, in 
 3pite of convulsive clutchings at the hand- 
 straps. The seats were covered with leather, 
 and the inside of the coach was upholstered 
 with the same slippery material as high as 
 one's shoulder. Thirteen people, nine inside 
 and four outside, made a good solid load, al- 
 though twenty and even twentj'-five passengers 
 were often accommodated. There w'as always 
 room for one more on the old stagecoach. 
 
 It was a very pretty sight, on a plea.so.ut 
 Autumn morning a half-century ago, to see a 
 coach of some popular line, well loaded with 
 passengers, speeding through the country 
 bound for some distant city, its four power- 
 ful horses guided by the subtle hand of an. 
 
UMTED Si'ATES OF AMERtUA. 
 
 VIEW OF THE ROAN MOUNTAIN, NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 595 
 
596 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 experienced "Jehu," whose lofty seat and ex- 
 quisite finger on the reins were the admiration 
 and envy of all hangers-on at the numerous 
 taverns along the route. Ten miles the hour 
 was schedule time on many a line, and to ar- 
 rive and depart " o. T." was the pride of every 
 driver's heart, while to the little hamlet for- 
 tunate enough to be on a stage route the ar- 
 rival of the coach was the event of the day. 
 
 The Brooklyn Bridge. 
 '. The Brooklyn Bkidge was completed and 
 opened to traffic on the 24th of May, 1883. 
 The Brooklyn terminus is in the square bounded 
 by Fulton, Prospect, Sands and Washington 
 Streets ; the New York terminus in Park Row, 
 opposite the City Hall Park. The supporting 
 
 feet. Each tower rests immediately upon a 
 caisson, constructed of yellow - pine timber, 
 which on the Brooklyn side is 45 feet and on 
 the New York side 78 feet below the surface of 
 the water. The Brooklyn caisson is 1C8 feet 
 long by 102 feet wide. The towers erected 
 upon these foundations are 140 feet in length 
 by 50 feet in width at the water-line ; below 
 the upper cornice at the top these dimen- 
 sions are reduced, by sloped offsets at in- 
 tervals, to 120 feet by 40. The total height 
 above high water of each tower is 272 feet. 
 At the anchorages each of the 4 cables, af- 
 ter passing over the towers, enters the an- 
 chorage - walls at au elevation of nearly 80 
 feet above high water, and passes through 
 the masonrj^ a distance of 25 feet, at which 
 point a connection is formed with th'^ anchor- 
 
 Each cable consists of 5,296 parallel (nofr 
 twisted) galvanized steel, oil - coated wires, 
 closely wrapped in a solid cylinder 15^ inches 
 in diameter. 
 
 Height of floors-at towers above high water, 
 119 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Grade of road, 'i\ feet in 100 feet. 
 
 Height of towers above roadway, 159 feet. 
 
 Sizetbf anchorages at base, 129 x 119 feet. 
 
 Size of anchorages at top, 117 x 104 feet. 
 
 Height of anchorages, 89 feet front, 85 feet 
 rear. 
 
 Weight of each anchor-plate, 23 tons. 
 
 The spans from the anchorages to the towcra- 
 are susjjended to the cables, and carried over 
 the roofs of the buildings underneath. The 
 ajiproach on the Brooklyn side from the termi- 
 nus to the anchorage measure 971 feet ; on tha 
 
 iower on the Brooklyn side is just north 
 of the Fulton Ferry House ; the New York 
 tower is at Pier 29, near the foot of Roosevelt 
 Street. The bridge maybe divided into five 
 parts : the central span across the river from 
 tower to tower, 1,595 feet long; a span on 
 each side from the tower to the anchorage, 
 930 feet long ; and the approaches from the 
 terminus to the anchorage on each side. The 
 whole length of the bridge is 5,989 feet. It is 
 85 feet wide, including a promenade for foot- 
 passengers of 13 feet, 2 railroad tracks, on 
 which run passenger-cars propelled by a sta- 
 tionary engine on the Brooklyn side, and 2 
 roadways for vehicles. From high-water mark 
 to the floor of the bridge in the centre is a dis- 
 tance of 135 feet, so that navigation is not im- 
 peded. The bridge is suspended from 4 cables, 
 each 15| inches in diameter, made of steel 
 wire. These cables have a deflection of 128 
 
 THE OI.D STAGECOACH BATS. 
 
 chains. The following table will give some 
 further interesting data in regard to the work : 
 
 Construction commenced January 2, 1870. 
 
 Size of the New York caisson, 172 x 102 feet. 
 
 Timber and iron in caisson, 5,253 cubic 
 yards. 
 
 Concrete in well-holes, chambers, etc., 5,669 
 cubic feet. 
 
 Weightof New York caisson, about 7,000 tons. 
 
 Weight of concrete filling, 8,000 tons. 
 
 New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards 
 masonry. 
 
 Brooklyn tower contains 38,214 cubic yards 
 masonry. 
 
 First wire was run oiit May 29, 1877. 
 
 Cable -making really commenced June 11, 
 1877. 
 
 Length of each single wire in cable 3,572 feet. 
 
 Ultimate strength of each cable, 12,200 tons. 
 
 Weight of wire, 12 feet per lb. 
 
 New York side, 1,562.6 feet. These approaches 
 are supported by heavy arches of masonry, 
 except at several street-crossings, over which 
 massive iron bridges are thrown. The spaces 
 under the archways are to be fitted up for 
 storehouses, which will be strictly fireproof. 
 The Brooklyn terminus is 68 feet above high 
 tide. The cost largely exceeded the original 
 estimate for the entire work, some $15,000,000 
 having been expended. The railroad was 
 opened to the public September 24,1883. Be- 
 tween that time and June 1, 1884, the number 
 of passengers carried was 5,324,140, and the 
 amount of money received in fares, $266,207, 
 the fares being 5 cents each. On March 1, 
 1885, the fare was reduced to Scents, packages 
 of 10 tickets being sold for 25 cents. For that 
 month the average number of passengers using 
 the road was about 47,700 a day. Up to May 
 1, 1887, the number of persons crossing the 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 691 
 
 tridge ■was 75,524,800. The fare for pedes- 
 trians is 1 cent ; packages, at the rate of one- 
 Cfth of a cent. 
 
 Tha Oaverns of Luray, Virginia. 
 In the Summer of 1878, Mr. B. P. Stebbins 
 conceived the idea of a more complete explora- 
 iioa of one of the caves, with a view of making 
 
 worth exploring. It was in the cleared land on 
 the northern slope, a few hundred yards from 
 the mouth of the old cave, and had long been 
 used by the farmers as a convenient place to 
 toss stones and rubbish, until it was completely 
 choked up. Upon clearing away some of the 
 rubbish, they fancied that they felt a cold, up- 
 rising current of air, and thus encouraged, 
 redoubled their exertions and laboriously 
 
 of the farmer who had almost given his la&d 
 away without knowing of its underground 
 value. During the two years of litigatioa 
 the price of the land swelle'd to $40,000, the 
 early vision of wealth had correspondingly 
 dwindled, and the three discoverers gave up 
 their claims to a party of Northern gentlemea 
 who had formed a company to buy up the uu- 
 derground wonder. This is its historj. 
 
 It an oJjJect of interest to tourists, and Tie in- 
 Tited the co-operation of the brothers William 
 ■and Ana'rew Campbell. They were imwilling 
 to do this, but agreed to search for a new cave, 
 and accordingly the trio went ranging over the 
 "neighboring hills, exploring every depression 
 and peering into all the dark comers. 
 
 But they met with poor success until one 
 iday, returning tired and almost discouraged, 
 tiiey came across a sink-hole which they deemed 
 
 THE BUOOKLV.N lilUDOE. 
 
 tumbled aw!>y the huge stones until they were 
 able to descend to the bottom by means of a 
 rope. 
 
 The two brothers went do'wn and staid for 
 some time, and when they came up looked 
 pleased, but said nothing. They went home 
 and dreamed ; and how glorious must have 
 been their dreams! But alas! their dreams, 
 so grand and wild, were destined to be but 
 dreams stUl. The cruel law came to the relief 
 
 The scenery of the valley is very diversified 
 and quite pretty. Instead of being in the side 
 of the mountains, as one might expect, the 
 cave is four or five miles from the mountains 
 on either side, having no obvious relation with 
 them. 
 
 Let us now enter this wonderful cave. As 
 you approach the low rolling hill where the 
 entrance is situated, you will see a house 
 liaving a decidedly public look. In tliis ORSt^ 
 
d98 
 
 THJi WOKLD'S GKJBAT NATIONS. 
 
 however, th« interest is centred in an nnusnal 
 part of the liause, its cellar. We first descend 
 a broad ttight of stone steps to a landing 50 
 feet below the surface, and the sudden change 
 from 96° to 56'^ Fahrenheit reminds us that our 
 heavy coat need no longer be carried on our 
 arm. The air is pure, but it is damp, and its 
 freedom from dust and water produces a most 
 peculiar effect. The light is not nearly as well 
 diffused as it would be at the surface, hence 
 dark shadows are formed, and an altogether 
 iveird effect produced. 
 
 ' The many and extraordinary monuments of 
 aqneona energy include massive columns 
 
 like the gnarled grain of costly woods. The 
 new stalactites are made of hard carbonates 
 that have been used once before, and are 
 usually white or snowy, though often pink, 
 blue, or amber-colored. Here in this dark 
 studio of nature are reproductions of all the 
 objects which are wont to fill the mind with 
 pleasure, wonder or alarm — crystal fountains, 
 spouting gej'sers and fiower - gardens trans- 
 formed to rock, cathedrals gorgeously sculp- 
 tured and frescoed, chimes and deep-toned 
 organs, thrones; spectral beings, terrestrial, 
 celestial and infernal — objects whose multi- 
 plicity, variety and splendor would exhaust 
 
 pointing upward, acquiring new height and 
 resting upon the same bro ul base as the other. 
 Nothing could be more fit. 
 
 The Eoyal Gorge of Oolorado. 
 If the first experience upon the brink of the 
 Grand Canon is startling, that of the Eoyal 
 Gorge is absolutely terrifying, and the bravest 
 at the one point become most abject of cow- 
 ards in comparison at the other. At the first 
 point of observation, the walls, though fright- 
 fully steep, are nevertheless sloping to more or 
 less extent ; here at the Koyal Gorge they are 
 
 CAVERNS OP LURAV.— TlIK GROAN. 
 
 ■wrenched from their place in the ceiling and 
 prostrate en the floor : the Hollow Column, 40 
 feet high and 30 feet in diameter, standing 
 erect, but pierced by a tubular passage from 
 top to bottom ; the Leaning Column, nearly as 
 large, undermined and tilting like Pisa's ; the 
 Organ, a cluster Of stalactites dropped points 
 downward and standing thus in the room 
 known as the Cathedral ; besides vast beds of 
 disintegrated carbonates left by the whirling 
 floods that have swept through the galleries. 
 
 The stidactic display exceeds that of any 
 Other cavern, scarcely a yard being unor- 
 namentod. The old n)aterial is yellow, brown 
 Gt red ; and its wavy surface cfteu shows layers 
 
 the whole literature of mj'thic and fairy lore 
 in providing names for their infinite diversity 
 and beauty. The size of some is something 
 startling. The Empress Column is a stalag- 
 mite 35 feet high, rose-colored and elaborately 
 draped. The double column called the Henry- 
 Baird Column, after the two Secretaries of the 
 Smithsonian Institution, is made of two fluted 
 pillars side by side, the one 25 and the other 
 CO feet high, a mass of snowy alabaster. All 
 the names are more or less suggestive, but this 
 has a peculiar fitness. There is the one, the 
 Henry, huge and full-grown, a monument of 
 acquired and lasting fame ; the other, the 
 Baird, a younger one, still growing and ever 
 
 sheer preciijices, as perpendicular as the tallest 
 house, as straight as if built by line. So nar^ 
 row is the gorge, that one would think the 
 throwing of a stone from side to side the 
 easiest of accomplishments, yet no living man 
 has ever done it, or succeeded in throwing any 
 object so that it would fall into the water be- 
 low. Many tourists are content with the 
 appalling view from the main walls, but others 
 more venturesome work their way 600 to 1,000 
 feet down tlie ragged edges of a mountain 
 that has parted, and actually slid into the 
 chasm. The gorge is 2,000 feet sheer depth, 
 and the most precipitous and sublime in its 
 proportions of any chasm on the continent. 
 
UNITED STATES OP AMEEICA. 
 
 599 
 
 THE CASON of the COLOEADO. 
 
600 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Camp m the Woods. 
 In the high latitude? of sixty-six degrees, 
 North, in the interior of Alaska, there are large 
 tracts of well- wooded country, which are usually 
 selected for camps. AiTived at these woods, 
 and having unpacked their sledges and let the 
 , dogs loose, -tiie hunters clear a place in the 
 snow, raise an enormous log-fire, sprod spruce-fir 
 hrush on the ground, lay their reinJesr and 
 bear -skins and their blankets over it, and sleep 
 in the open air at a tempsrature frequently 
 below the freezing point. Our sketcli represents 
 such a camp, with the additional feature of a 
 semicircular screen of canvas fixed to the trees, 
 or to the men's snowshoes stuck iri the ground, 
 and sheltering the tired anl sleeping explorer.s 
 from the fearful wintry blasts of that country. 
 It has been founl fr.im experience that tents 
 cannot be used to advantage in Winter, as 
 they cannot he placed with s.ifety sufficiently 
 near the camp-fire, 
 and thay are, accord- 
 ing'y, little used. A 
 ' ' watch "is Bometimej 
 tept, an Indian being 
 generally selected for 
 that office. 
 
 It is always neces- 
 sary to put everything 
 e;itable out of the way 
 of the dogs ; and as 
 they devour anything 
 — old boots, skin-cloth- 
 ing, and even their own 
 harness — this is fre- 
 quently a difScul t task. 
 
 Indian Dance. 
 
 York and Boston press, to the climate, face of 
 the country, and resources of Russian America. 
 Three months later, early on a Saturday morn- 
 ing of September, I awoke within the limits of 
 that far- off region, amid the quiet waters of 
 the harbor of St. Paul, the chief town of the 
 i-sland of Kodiak. The day was singularly 
 clear. The sparkling of deep, wide-spread 
 waters ; the long range of low mountains, the 
 variety of whose shapes and tints was almost 
 bewildering ; anJ the \yhite g'.eaming outline 
 of the distant giants upon the mainland, gave 
 to the scene a character of immensity, infinite 
 beauty, and vast grandeur. 
 
 Along the low beach, reaching up to a nar- 
 row terrace, lay the warehouses, cabins and 
 huts of the little town, so remote from the 
 business world that the arrival of a vessel had 
 collected one-half of its people in canoes around 
 the steamer, while the rest wore intently gazing 
 at us from the shore. Its entire population was 
 
 Our illustratic.i 
 presents one of 
 
 re- 
 
 ths 
 Indian dances which 
 are of frequent occur- 
 rence during the 
 Winter months. In 
 each village there is 
 always a building get 
 apart for such festivals 
 and for other gather- 
 ings of the people. 
 
 The entertainments 
 are commenced witli 
 
 a feast, and that over, a dance is begun to a 
 most monotonous chorus, with an accompani- 
 ment of gongs. ITie dancers, nearly all young 
 men and boys, are naked to the waist, wearing 
 cotton, or reindeer, or sealskin pantaloons, 
 with the tails of wolves or dogs depending from 
 their waistbands. Their heads are rather gro- 
 tesquely decorated with feathers, handkerchiefs 
 and strips of gxyly-colored cloth. In these 
 performances as much is done by contortions of 
 the body and arms as with the feet ; in some 
 of them there is much leaping and gesticulating, 
 and occasionally they burlesque the motions of 
 birds and quadrupeds. 
 
 Three Months in Alaska. 
 
 It was in the early part of June, 18G7, while 
 
 rr:visiting the hilly regions of New Hampshire, 
 
 that my attention was called, by the speech of 
 
 Mr. Sumner, and the discussions of the New 
 
 CAMI' IN THE WOODS. 
 
 less than four hundred, of whom one-fourth are 
 Russians, and the others are about equally 
 divided between the natives and the half- 
 breeds. The whole island has about 1,800 in- 
 habitants. From its irregular sliape it is diffi- 
 cult to estimate its area, but it is something 
 more than half tlie size of Connecticut. 
 
 Kodiak is, nnd probably will continue to be, 
 the most important of the islands of Alaska. 
 It abounds with goo 1 harbors. The soil is 
 black and fertile, and there is less waste land 
 than in any other portion of the territory. It 
 has no rugged mountains, no dense swamps. 
 About one-third of the island, chiefly its north, 
 ern side, is covered with forests. The trees are 
 spruce, cedar, and fir, straight and graceful, 
 and covering the mound-like hills with their 
 conical, symmetrical forms. The other two- 
 thirds of the island is covered with a thick, 
 fine grass, resembling the red top of the East- 
 ern States, with occasional patches of wild 
 
 gooseberry, currant, salmonDerry, and other 
 bushes. 
 
 As our tarry was only for four days, Lieuten- 
 ant Andrews, a Government naval officer, and 
 I, left early ca the second day, with a native 
 guide, for an excursion into the interior. As 
 tliere are no Iiorses or mules on the island, wr 
 were, of necessity, pedestrians. The trail was 
 not unlike such cs I had traveled in Northern 
 California. A walk of eleven miles, mostly 
 through a forest, brought us to a narrow inlet, 
 reaching inland from the ocean, on which is a 
 ranche of the natives, who here, as elsewhere 
 on the island, live mostly on fish, with seal 
 oil and a variety of vegetables as a relish. 
 Taking a canoe, we went five miles up the 
 inlet, and then ascending a ridge of open grass- 
 land, we traveled ten miles due couth, camping 
 at sunset on the green turf upon the south side 
 of a well-rounded hill, just such as Lieutenant 
 Andrews said was to be found in almost every 
 township in his native 
 State, Maine. In truth, 
 the whole face of the 
 country did strikingly 
 remind us of the cen- 
 tral and western sec- 
 tions of that State. 
 
 After breakfast the 
 next morning, we 
 turned to the north- 
 west, and keeping on 
 cpen ridges, made an 
 inland circuit, reach- 
 ing St. Paul at dark. 
 
 Kodiak has pasturage 
 and mowing lands to 
 support ten thousand 
 head of cattle. It has 
 now less than two 
 hundred. The quality 
 of the beef is equal to 
 the best on tlie Ver- 
 mont hills, riie few 
 Russians here make 
 use of it to some ex- 
 tent, but the natives 
 have never acquired a 
 taste for it. It is sel- 
 dom of late years that 
 a whaler visits the 
 island, and as there is 
 no market, there is no 
 inducement to raise this kind of live stock. 
 Mr. Sumner seems to have been led to think 
 that the hardier of the small grains have been, 
 and can be, raised on this island. This is a 
 mistake. The sea air forbids the maturing of 
 rye, oats and barley, and wheat does not show 
 a growth of straw. But the hardier vegetables, 
 potiitoes, turnips, cabbage, peas, and several 
 indigenous roots and plants, grow abundantly. 
 There are few wild animals on the island, 
 except the fox. But the sea abounds with the 
 sea-lion, seal, mink, and eveiy variety of palat- 
 alile fish. Ninety-nme years ago. Shelakoflf, 
 the founder of the Russian colonics in America, 
 came to this island and establishe 1 a trading- 
 post. Since then the natives have been chiefly 
 in the employ of the Eussian Fur Company, 
 retaining for the most part their previous mode 
 of life and costume. In Summer they wear a 
 broad-liriuimed hat made of braided grass, and 
 in Winter a conical fur cap. Kodiak will some 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA- 
 
 601 
 
 day b3 t'.ic home of a 
 v.ell-to-do farming 
 people. The climate 
 in Summer is dry and 
 •cooler than Mid- 
 summer i.i New Eng- 
 land. The Winters are 
 like those of southern 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 OUNAtASKA ANB ITS 
 VATEB8. 
 
 A lucky wind and a 
 Smooth sea brought us 
 in four days to Oun- 
 alaska, seven hundred 
 Tiiilcs west of Kodiak. 
 Like all of the numer- 
 ous group of Aleutian 
 Islands, of which it Is 
 the most important, it 
 is destitute of trees, 
 rough witli volcanic 
 mountains, abounding 
 with lignite and turf, 
 and covered with grass. 
 Its loftiest mountain is 
 an active volcano, its 
 aides glistening with 
 lava and sulphur. 
 lUalook, the only 
 
 town, has one hundred and fifteen inhabitants. 
 The entire population of the island is nine 
 hundred. 
 
 At that time tbere was only one pure-bloodei 
 Russian on tlie island. The Creoles (half- 
 breeds) — of whom there is quite a number— are 
 somewhat intelligent, and capable in the trans- 
 action of business. The climate of this and 
 all the Aleutian Islands is cooler than at Ko- 
 diak. The natives, however, raise excellent 
 potatoes, and cuUivate several indigenous roots 
 Though no cattle are upon this group, they 
 could be raised as 
 readily as in Canada 
 and Northern New 
 England. 
 
 The natives of Oun- 
 alaska are tlie finest 
 type of the Indian I 
 have seen. They are 
 of medium size, brown 
 compLxion, with small 
 nose and black eyes. 
 The men have scanty 
 bearJs, and from their 
 constant exercise in 
 rowing, have wide 
 chests and sturdy 
 arms, llie women are 
 what the Eastern 
 people call " chubby," 
 and, what is very rare 
 among the aboriginal 
 race, are rather pretty. 
 Some of tliem have 
 pleasant and expressive 
 faces. 
 
 In olden times their 
 clothing was the sea- 
 otter and sealskins, 
 but now the most of 
 them use woolen 
 blankets in Summer. 
 
 SCENERY OF THE STIKEEN ElVER. 
 
 Their touts are made of the thick skin of the 
 sea-lion. In wet weatlier, and when at sea, 
 they wear the "cawley," a kind of fabric well- 
 known to every mariner on this coast. It is 
 m?.do of the bladder of the halibut, the skin of 
 the whale's tongi;e, or more frequently of the 
 intestines of the seal. It is very thin and neat, 
 almost transparent, and impervious to water. 
 Tiie dress made of it covers the entire person, 
 except the face and feet. It has a hood for the 
 head, anl ties closely about the nock. The men 
 wear a wooden hat or cap with lai'ge visor, and 
 
 ST. NICOLAS, COOK S INLET. 
 
 ornamented with the 
 long " smellers" of the 
 sea lions. 
 
 The natives of this 
 island are ingenious 
 mechanics, and even 
 artiste, showing a skill- 
 ful tact in carving 
 wood, bone and ivcry. 
 They are apt in the use 
 of the needle made of 
 the wing-bone cf the 
 gull. Instead of an 
 fve, a nice groove is 
 cut around the head, 
 m which they tic the 
 thread so neatly that it 
 follows the needle 
 without any obstruc- 
 tion. Threa.l of the 
 fineness of a hair, to 
 the size of a cord, is 
 iiinde from the sinews 
 of the seal. 
 
 In capturing sea 
 animals, they chiefly 
 use the dart, having a 
 length of four to seven 
 feet. It is made of 
 drift-wood cedar, with 
 the lower end of bone 
 or ivory. In catching the seal or otter, they 
 use a false point, neatly barbed, and made of 
 ivory. This, inserted in the soc!;et at the end 
 of the dart, parts on the least effort of the 
 animal to dive, and remains in the body. 
 A string of considerable length is fastened to 
 this barbed point, and twisted around the 
 wooden shaft of the dart. In this way the 
 dart is dragged by the wounded otter, serving 
 as a float to direct the attention of the pursuer. 
 The animal soon tires and falls an easy prey. 
 Skill, however, like that of angling for trout, 
 is required to make 
 success certain. In 
 hurling these darts, a 
 socket-board is used to 
 enable the holder to 
 throw with exactness. 
 
 The ' ' baidarka, "the 
 native name for a skin- 
 covered boat, as made 
 by the Ounalaskans, is 
 far superior to those 
 of any other island. If 
 perfect symmetry con- 
 stitutes beauty, th y 
 are certainly beautiful ; 
 to me they appeared 
 so beyond any abori- 
 ginal workmanship I 
 had ever seen. Some 
 of them are as trans- 
 parent as oiled paper, 
 through which you 
 could trace the internal 
 structure and form of 
 the native sitting in 
 it, whose light dress, 
 painted and plumed 
 bonnet, together with 
 his or her perfect ease, 
 added to its elegance. 
 Both Bexes are equally 
 
602 
 
 THE YfOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 acCTistomett to rowing, 
 and handle the paddle 
 witli equal grace. 
 
 The common baid- 
 arka is sixteen to 
 eighteen feet lon'^, and 
 is entirely covered 
 with skin, except a 
 circular opening, 
 twenty inches in dia- 
 meter. This is sur- 
 rounded by a hoop. 
 The lower sits in it, 
 thrusting his legs for- 
 ward, and tying the 
 open skin, fastened to 
 the hoop, around lis 
 waist. This makes the 
 boat watertight, even 
 if it were sunk. I 
 bought one of these 
 baidarkas for a half- 
 eagle, which, with its 
 paddle, weiglis thirty- 
 eight pounds. It can 
 be readily carried 
 under the arm. 
 
 The houses of the 
 Ounalaskans are neat, 
 and have little of the 
 
 fish odor, so common and offensive in Indian 
 huts. They abound in their peculiar furniture. 
 The women braid very neat straw mats and 
 baskets, using the former for curtains, beds, 
 and seats — the latter to contain their work and 
 utensils. 
 
 In all their tents I noticed a basket contain- 
 in? two large pieces of crystallized quartz, a 
 large piece of native sulphur, with some dry 
 grass or moss. This serves them in kindling 
 fires. First, by rubbing the sulphur on one of 
 the quartz fragments, a fine dust is scattered 
 among the grass. Tlien, by striking the two 
 pieces of quartz together, the sparks ignite the 
 sulphur, which kindles a blaze among the 
 grass. 
 
 The only land animal of any size on Ouna- 
 laska is the fox. Its colors are blacK, silver, 
 ash, white, and red. The black is valued at 
 $50 each, the silver at $35. The others are 
 cheaper. The Ounalaskans cannot "run" them 
 down, as in England, but lie in wait with a 
 vigorou? bow, the back of which is strength- 
 ened liy a cord of sinew. Their arrows are 
 pointed with obsidian. 
 
 Some of the Creoles and several of the 
 natives of this island have been educated at 
 St. Petersburg, and are quite intelligent. The 
 tourist from the Atlantic States will find no 
 point on the Pacific coast abounding with 
 more interest than Ounalaska. 
 
 At St. Michael we met with a party of the 
 returning employes of the American-Russian 
 Telegraph Company, who, for two years past, 
 had been employed at Grantley Harbor, two 
 hundred miles northward, on the east coast of 
 Behring Straits. They were rejoicing in the 
 prospect of returning to the enjoyment of civ- 
 ilized life. 
 
 After the failure of the first Atlantic cable 
 \he prospect of connecting the two continents 
 by telegraph, via Behring Straits and the Amoor 
 River, was undertaken by a company of New 
 York caoitaUats. The Russian Government 
 
 INDIAN DANCE AT UXALACIILEET. 
 
 pledged assistance across Siberia. The work 
 was vigorously commencsd early in 18C5. A 
 large force was sent to open the route across 
 British Columbia. Anotlier party went to 
 Grantley Harbor, where they exhibited great 
 energy in exploring and partially opening a 
 route from the Straits inland to the Youkon 
 River. The wires were put in operation from 
 Grantley Harbor or "Port Clarence," as it is 
 now called, to " Yankee Jim's." fifteen miles 
 down the coast, in 1866. 
 
 But the subsequent success of the Atlantic 
 Telegraphic Line rendered this expensive route 
 useless, and after an outlay of $1,000,000, the 
 project was abandoned. But it was too late 
 for the force at Grantley Harbor to return in 
 the Fall of 1806, and they had wintered there 
 in the comfortable stone and log-house bar- 
 
 TKOLOSK INDIAN. 
 
 racks built m 1865. 
 They had ample lei- 
 sure to note the 
 weather. From them 
 I learned that the 
 spirit thermometer 
 alone was available fcr 
 measuring the Winter 
 temperature in this 
 high latitude. The 
 coldest "snap" during 
 the Winter of 1806 at 
 Port Clarence was 
 forty-three degrees 
 below zero. At Yankee 
 Jim's it was fifty-five 
 degrees below ; at the 
 Tipper Esquimaux 
 villages, sixty-three 
 degrees 1 elow ; and on 
 the Asiatic side, op- 
 posite Behring Straits, 
 it was sixty-eight de- 
 gress below zero. 
 
 cook's INLEl' AND SITKA 
 HARBOR. 
 
 Taking on board 
 thirteen hogsheads of 
 Walrus tusks and a 
 quantity of furs, our little steamer turned its 
 course toward Sitka, which port we were all 
 anxious to reach in time to witness the cere- 
 monies of the transfer of this region to the 
 United States. We passed down the eas'.ein 
 shore of Behring Sea, again sailed along the 
 coast of Alaska Peninsula, and entering Cook's 
 Inlet, anchored at Fort St. Nicholas, hitherto 
 a rather important Russian trading-post, and 
 probably at some future day the metropolis 
 of Alaska territory. It is on the east side ci 
 Cook's Inlet, upon the peninsula, enclosed 1 y 
 that inlet and Prince William's Sound. Tl;e 
 Russians call it the Kenay Peninsula. It is 
 twice the area of New Jersey, and in climate 
 and soil is the garden of Alaska — the only sec- 
 tion of her territory capable of maturing graim. 
 The land is moderately rolling, and the climate, 
 in both Summer and Winter, almost the ccut^- 
 terpart of Northern New England. 
 
 At a very late hour we returned to our owu 
 steamer. 
 
 Sitka has three hundred end forty -nine Rus- 
 sians, five hundred and thirty-seven Creoles, 
 and about one thousand Indians. It was built 
 sixty-eight years ago, and owes its origin to the 
 abundance of s a- otter then found in its vicin; 
 ity. Previously the headquarters of the Fur 
 Company had been at Kodiak. 
 
 Visiting the shore you pass a battery of anti- 
 quated guns, and come to the warehouses, con- 
 sisting of several long two-story buildings 
 painted a dull yellow, with sheet-iron roofs. 
 In these are stored all the skins from the other 
 trading-posts, and the goods and supplies fur- 
 nished to the employes and exchanged for furs 
 with the Indians. Next, on the right, is the 
 Governor's house, from the elevated plaza in 
 front of which you have a view of the whole 
 town. Prominent is the Greek Church, the 
 only structure ha\ing any claim to architectu- 
 ral beauty. In front it has an Oriental spire 
 with a chime cf bells and an ancient clock- 
 face, while a large dome rests on its centre. 
 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 60S 
 
 Beyond is the Lutheran church, the "club- 
 house," occupied by the unmarried officors ; 
 the hospital, foundi-y, and business offices. 
 There is l)ut one street, and the housej of pri- 
 vate families are built on alleys leading from 
 it. The appearance of Sitka is thoroughly Mus- 
 covite. The buildinc;8 are all made of hewn 
 timbers — no boards beinc; used except for roof- 
 ing and flooring. Mountains, lofty and pre- 
 cipitous, press closely upon the town. The 
 sinsla street of wliich I have spoken terminates 
 in a road — the only one in Alaska — which, 
 winding along the beach for a mile, is stopped 
 at the base of a rugged mountain. It affords 
 tlie only pleasant walk about the town, and 
 has b:en for half a century the fashionable 
 promenade of the aristo:?racy of "New Arch- 
 angel." 
 
 ALASKA BECOMES A TEBRITOBT. 
 
 Four days after our arrival it was announced 
 that the Ossipee had o.rrived in the outer har- 
 bor. Soon after she had come to anchorage in 
 our midst, having on 
 board the American 
 and the Russian Com- 
 missioner. They were 
 visited by every spe- 
 cimen of live stock 
 except the dogs and 
 poultry. 
 
 Up to the time of 
 the cession of the 
 country to the United 
 States, there was not 
 a hotel, store, shop, 
 meat - market, restau- 
 rant, tenpin alley, or 
 place of amu>iement 
 of any kind in Sitka. 
 
 But the American 
 flag was hardly raised 
 before the trading- 
 shops were opened, 
 vacant lots were 
 covered with the frame ■ 
 work of shanties, and 
 negotiations were en- 
 tered upon for the 
 purchase of almo-st 
 every kind of property. 
 Sitka, which for two- 
 thirds of a century 
 had known nothing beyond the unvarying 
 routine of labor and supply, at prices tixed by 
 a corporate body eight thousand miles distant, 
 was profoundly startled even by this small ripple 
 of innovation. In less than a week five stores, 
 three drinking-saloons, two tenpin alleys, a 
 restaurant, and a cigar-shop were opened. How 
 far the laboring class of the Russians and the 
 Cre;les were rejoiced by the advent of free 
 competition and un trammeled trade I do not 
 know ; but the natives, more independent, and 
 awake to the advantages of an improved mar- 
 ket, did not hesitate to avow their gratification 
 ftt the new order of events. 
 
 There has been a rapid advance in the esti- 
 mate of the value of all kinds of property. 
 Furs have gone up here to a figure rivaling the 
 price on Broadway. Lumber is held at $75 
 per thousand ; room rent has assumed a figure 
 decidedly metropolitan, and goods generally 
 are held at triple their former price. The 
 Bassians believe in a coming tide of emigra- 
 
 tion, and, like sensible fellows, intend to reap 
 tlic advantage of it. 
 
 It will readily be inferred that at Sitka a,T:ri- 
 culture can never be successful. The heavy 
 rains of August and September prevent the 
 maturing of grain, and destroy the nutritious 
 qualities of the grass. So continuous is the 
 cloudy weather, that it is laughable to see the 
 cattle, mules, dogs, cats, and hens, as well as 
 liumans, seek the brief sunshine, and bask in 
 its transient warmth. The amount of arable 
 land tlieie is very limited— hardly exceeding 
 a dozen acres. The soil needs under-draining 
 and a rich dressing to make it productive. I 
 have seen more value on a patch or fifty yards 
 square in New Jersey than is raised on this 
 island. Not over half a dozen families and a 
 few Indians pretend to raise anything. The 
 garden of the Governor is favorably located, 
 and has had the advantage of constant cire and 
 skill. I noticed that tlie cabbage, turnip, arti- 
 choke, parsnip, and cauliflower exhibited a fair 
 
 INTERIOR OF AN INDIAN HOUSE, UNALACHLEET KIVEB, NORTON SOUND 
 
 display of leaves ; but the cabbages were head- 
 less, the turnips watery, the artichokes tough, 
 the parsnips stale, and the cauliflowers taste- 
 less. Tlie predecessor of Prince Maksoutoff, 
 eight years ago, procured from British Colum- 
 bia apple, pear, and cherry-trees. They have 
 been carefully trained, and have a thrifty 
 growth. They blossomed during the first part 
 of June, and a few dozen apples and a fen 
 pears attempted to mature, but failed. A quart 
 of insipid cherries complete the yield of fruit 
 in the only orchard in Alaska. Whatever may 
 be done in other sections of the territory, who- 
 ever visits Sitka will not be long in deciding 
 that farming in that vicinity will always be 
 very incidental. 
 
 The Sitka group, however, is heavily tim- 
 bered. The prevailing growth is the " Sitka 
 spruce," the yellow cedar, fir, and hemlock. 
 Tliese islands have enough of this class of 
 lumber to supply the world for a century. The 
 Sitka spruce, differing from that of the Hiist in 
 
 having a larger growth, wider straw, and more 
 p'.tchy gum — is by far the most numerous tree 
 north of Columbia River. It is useful for 
 heavy timber and plank, bat is too splintery for 
 boards. The fir is of still less value. The 
 yellow cedar, however, is a valuable tree. Fcr 
 ages the natives liave used iti trunk for canoes, 
 and its bark for roofing. For ship-building it 
 affords the best of material. It is liard, firm, 
 and takes a fine polish. For furniture, when 
 varnished, it has as rich a lustre as mahoginy. 
 Yet it is not probable that for miny years 
 Alaska will furnish any lumbei; beyond, its own 
 consumption. Lumbermen say the seasons are 
 unfavorable for its economical manufacture. 
 The mud and moss are interijiinablo. About 
 Sitka there is no dry Summer, as in California ; 
 no fine skdding, as in Maine. When the Cali- 
 fornia lumber region fails, Puaet Sound and 
 Vancouver will for centuries afford an, ample 
 supply, cheaper than can be furnished from 
 Alaska. 
 
 GOLD PROSPECTS IK 
 ALASKA. 
 
 ITie discovery of 
 rich gold mines in 
 Idaho, Mohtano, and 
 British Columbia, has 
 led many of the ad- 
 venturous class of 
 miners on the Pacific 
 coast to look forward 
 to Alai^ka as a new 
 field for enterprise — a 
 rare opportunity for 
 taking tickets in the 
 great lottery of pioneer 
 research and specula- 
 tion. The Cascade 
 Mountain range, 
 famous for its Cariboo 
 diggings, in the north- 
 ern part of British 
 Columbia, runs in an 
 unbroken range to 
 Soutliem Alaska. 
 
 Through a deep 
 gorge of these moun- 
 tains runs the Sti- 
 ke^n, the second 
 largest river of the 
 territory, winding its 
 circuitous way to the Pacific. Previous to 1862 
 it had been traversed only by the trappers of 
 the Hudson Bay Company. But in that year 
 several explorers, returning from a visit to tlie 
 Cariboo mines, began to prospect on its bars, 
 and found a placer paying a handsome return. 
 Tills dust was sent down to Victoria late in the 
 Fall, and its arrival created quite an excitement. 
 Early in 18C3, about sixty adventurers, with 
 scanty outfit, hastened to the mouth of the 
 Stikeen, and ascended in canoes one hundred 
 and forty miles among the mountains, where 
 they separated into "prospecting" parties. 
 One of these was fortunate in finding a rich 
 "pocket," out of which they took several 
 thousand dollars' worth of dust, and hastened 
 back to Victoria. Hundreds now left Vancou- 
 ver for the new placers. They reached the 
 mouth of the Stikeen the 1st of September, 
 where they found the most of the prospectors 
 hastening homeward, destitute of provisions, 
 and disgusted with the country. A majority 
 
Wi 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 joined in the return, 
 tut nearly one hun- 
 dred of the more ad- 
 venturous pushed 
 their way up the river, 
 one hundred and sixty 
 miles, to a series of bars 
 where the "color' in- 
 dicated a paying husi- 
 nes3. But the Winter 
 was now upon them, 
 and they had scarcely 
 time to build cabins 
 and store supplies 
 before the rigorous 
 weather put an end 
 to all out-door labor 
 In January, eleven 
 fsct of snow fell in a 
 single storm, and the 
 ground was covered 
 to the depth of twenty- 
 five feet. Pathways 
 were made under the 
 snow from one cabin 
 to another. The heavy 
 snow was in one res- 
 pect fortunate — it protected them from the 
 intense cold which followed. Mercury con- 
 gealed, whisky-bottles burst, and alcohol was 
 as ropy as molasses. The Indians, fortunately, 
 were frienrlly, and in point of capacity, a far 
 higher type than those of California. In the 
 Winter they live on dried salmon, dried es- 
 culents, and especially upon the fresh meat of 
 the wild mountain sheep. 
 
 This animal is noted for the magnitude of its 
 horns, which, at the point of contact with the 
 head, have a diameter from seven to ten inches. 
 When pur.sued, they leap down from cliff to 
 cliff, thirty and forty feet, striking upon their 
 horns, and bounding upon their feet with f,n 
 agility equaled by no other animal. From 
 these horns the Indians manufacture a largo 
 share of their household utensils ^ ladles, 
 bowls, dishes, spoons, and cups. Many of 
 them are fancifully carved with representations 
 of beasts and birds. 
 
 Before March the weather on the Stikean 
 moderated, but the snow did not disappear till 
 May. The stock of provisions was now ex- 
 hausted, and as no supplies were received from 
 Victoria, the miners were compelled to return, 
 just as the season had arrive I when the explo- 
 ration could have been actively renewed. The 
 mania for gold-seeking on the Stikeen was now 
 exhausted. Yet the diggings have not been 
 -entirely abandoned. Some twenty of the^e 
 miners having afB^liated with the natives, and 
 taken to themselves dusky companions, are 
 still upon the Stikeen, raising families, and 
 alternating the Summer in catching salmon, 
 and hunting the mountain sheep and sluicing 
 f jr gold. With the dust they procure their 
 annual supply of whisky, ammunition and gro- 
 ceries. It is rather singular that one-half of 
 them are natives of Massachusetts. 
 
 Eventually the valley of the Stikeen, and of 
 the smaller streams emptying into the Pacific 
 between its mouth and Mount St. Elias, will 
 be more or less explored by experienced miners 
 from California. Should deposits be found 
 similar to those now being developed at Cari- 
 boo, where the tunnels are being successfully 
 
 MOUNT EDGECOMBJB. 
 
 worked during the long Winters, southeastern 
 Alaska will maintain a considerable mining 
 population. It is the only part of Alaska 
 which as yet exhibits any promise of remune- 
 rative mining. The islands and the western 
 coast are of recent volcanic origin — a forma- 
 tion not likely to abound with the precious 
 metals. 
 
 The question has often been discussed at 
 San Francisco, whether the newly-purchased 
 territory would furnish a quality of coal to 
 supersede the necessity of transporting it from 
 Pennsylvania and Australia. This is yet to be 
 determined. The great want of the Pacific 
 coast is deposits of valuable coal— such as are 
 found in Pennsylvania and northern England. 
 
 but the deposits have 
 never been explored. 
 At Cook's Inlet the 
 coal veins crop out on 
 the immediate coast, 
 having six to eight 
 feet thickness. They 
 appear to be inex- 
 haustible, are easy to 
 develop, and the 
 quality, as found on 
 the surface, is excel- 
 lent for household 
 use, but not for marine 
 navigation. 
 
 The investigations 
 made by the United 
 States Exploring 
 Expedition promise 
 Jhe ultimate develop- 
 'nent of valuable 
 mines of coal upon 
 the southern islands 
 of the Sitka group — 
 such as will be of 
 infinitely more per- 
 manent value to the 
 country at large than the richest mines of the 
 precious metals. So perhaps, after all, our 
 money was not wasted. 
 
 ■ )i^i > 
 
 Interior of an Indian House. 
 
 The Indians of Alaska almost universally 
 adopt underground houses for Winter use. 
 These are simply square holes, sometimes lined 
 with logs or boards, the roof alone raised above 
 the level of the soil. The entrance is often a 
 rude shanty on the surface. Passing into this, 
 the visitor finds a hole in the ground, dropping 
 into which, he makes his appearance in a sub- 
 terranean passage about three feet in height. 
 By crawling on hands and knees a short distance, 
 the main chamber is reached. The fire is made 
 on the floor of the room, and when the cooking 
 arrangements are over, the cinders are thrown 
 out of the smoke-hole in the roof, which is then 
 covered tightly with a skin. The entrance-hole 
 is covered in the same way, which, of course, 
 shuts in all warmth, and a good quantity of 
 smoke and carbonic acid gas besides. The 
 dwellings are frequently so heated, that, even 
 in the coldest weather, the Indians maybe found 
 living outside in a semi-nude condition. 
 
 BUaiAL MONUMENT. 
 
 California, as yet, only furnishes an inferior 
 quality, and Oregon yields none. Bituminous 
 coal and lignite have been noticed all along the 
 Alaskan coast from Portland Channel to Attoo, 
 
 Conclusion, 
 
 Mr. Whymper who visited Alaska recently, 
 says, in his popular "Travels in Alaska": 
 
 " That Russian America is likely to prove 
 a bad bargain to the United States Govern- 
 ment, I cannot believe. The extreme northern 
 division of the country may, indeed, be nearly 
 valueless, but in the more central portioni 
 of the territory, furs are abundant, and the 
 trade in them, which may probably be further 
 developed, must fall into American hands. The 
 southern parts of the country are identical in 
 character with the neighboring British terri- 
 tory, and will probaldybo found to be as rich in 
 mineral wealth ; while the timber, though of an 
 Inferior growth, owing to the higher latitude, 
 will yet prove by no means worthless. 
 
 " The fisheries may become of great value. 
 
UNITED STATES Or AMERICA. 
 
 60& 
 
 There are extensive cod-banlcs off the Aleutian 
 Isles, and iu many other parts of the coast. 
 Salmon is the commonest of common fish in 
 all the riverson the North Pacific, and is rated, 
 accordingly, as food only fit for those who can- 
 not get better. In Alaska, as iu British Colum- 
 bia, the fish can be obtained in vast quantities 
 simply at the expense of native labor. To this 
 add the value of salt (or vinegar), barrels and 
 freight, and one sees the slight total cost of 
 exporting to benighted Europe that which 
 there would be considered a luxury. 
 
 ' ' The chain of the Aleutian Isles, comprising 
 four groups (the Fox, Andreanoff, Eat and 
 Blignie Islands), is a valuable part of the new 
 purchase. The world owes their first discovery 
 to Behring (in 17-11). Almost immediately 
 after this (from the year 1745) Russian mer- 
 chants of Siberia commenced trading on them, 
 and to them we owe the discovery of the larger 
 part of the chain. 
 
 ' ' It tells us plainly how valuable were the car- 
 goes of furs, etc., then 
 obtained, when we find 
 that out of eleven re- 
 corded voyages from 
 1745 to 1778, five were 
 decidedly unfortunate, 
 either ending in ship, 
 wreck or in the 
 murder of part of the 
 crews, and that, never- 
 theless, the Kussians 
 persevered in the 
 trade. 
 
 Nowadays the Aleuts 
 are often to be found 
 serving as sailors on 
 whaling and other 
 vessels in the North 
 Pacific. Until now 
 they were looked upon 
 as the immediate 
 subjects of the Bussian 
 American Fur Com- 
 pany, and each male 
 v,'a5 required to pass 
 three years in its 
 service. The company 
 
 had several stations on these islands, the 
 principal of which was Ounalaska. The Aleu- 
 tian Islands, besides having some commercial 
 importance, yielding, as they still do, the furs 
 of amphibious animals to a large amount, have 
 many ijoints of interest. On nearly all of them 
 active or passive volcanoes exist, and one or 
 two geysers and hot springs have been dis- 
 covered. There are records of very severe 
 shocks of earthquake felt by the Russian 
 traders and natives dwelling on them. It is 
 more than i^robable that large deposits of 
 sulphur, as in Sicily, may be found there. It 
 need not be said that the Aleutian Islands, 
 lying as thej' do so closely together, could be 
 very easily examined by a scientific traveler 
 who should take up his abode on one of them 
 for a year or two. 
 
 " Tlie allusion to the Tchuktchis, to the trade 
 across the Behring Straits, and to the coast 
 peoples of Northern Alaska, serve to confirm 
 the observation and theories of many previous 
 travelers and authors. 
 
 " Scientific men are now agreed on the Asiatic 
 origin of the Esquimaux, even of those who 
 have migrated as far as Greenland. Of the 
 Mongolian origin of the Tchuktchis themselves, 
 no one who has seen individuals of that people 
 would for a moment doubt. A Tchuktchi boy 
 taken by Colonel Bulkley (our-engineer-in- 
 chief) from Plover Bay to San Francisco, and 
 there educated and cared for in the family of a 
 kind-hearted lady, was, when dressed up in 
 European clothes, constantly taken for a civil- 
 ized Chinaman, and two of our Aleutian sailors 
 were often similarly mistaken. This happened 
 in a city which is full of Chinese and Japanese. 
 That the Aleuts, also, are of an Eastern stock, 
 is, to my mind, undoubted. 
 
 ' ' The intertribal trade carried on so regularly 
 every year via Behring Straits (which is likely 
 now to receive a decided check from the Ameri- 
 can traders, who will crowd into the country) 
 proved with how little diflSeulty a colony of 
 ' Wandering Tchuktchis ' might cross from 
 
 TELEQRArn STATION AT tOBT CLAKENCE. 
 
 Asia and populate the northern coasts of Ame- 
 rica. Open skin canoes capable of containing 
 twenty or more persons with their effects, and 
 hoisting several masts and sails, are now fre- 
 quently to be observed among both the goa- 
 coast Tchuktchis and the inhabitants of North- 
 ern Alaska. I have seen otbers that might be 
 called ' full-rigged ' canoes, carrying main, gaff 
 and sprit sails, but these were probably recent 
 and foreign innovations. 
 
 " I may be excused if I here allude to two 
 well-authenticated and oft - quoted facts. In 
 the years 1832-3, two remarkable and uninten- 
 tional ocean voyages — one of them terminating 
 in shipwreck — were made from Japan to the 
 northwest coast of America and to the Sand- 
 wich Islands by ' junks.' The la.st-mentioned 
 is known to have been ten or eleven months at 
 sea, and had nine Japanese on board, who 
 nevertheless arrived safely, anchoring in the 
 harbor at Waialea, Oahu. The Sandwich 
 Islanders (Hawaiians, or, as they are called in 
 California, etc., ' Kanakas'), when they saw 
 
 these strangers mnch resembling themselves In 
 many respects, said, ' It is plain, now, we come 
 from Asia.' How easily, then, could we ac- 
 count for the population of almost any island 
 or coast in the Pacific ! 
 
 ' ' Such facts as these — the passage of compara- 
 tively frail vessels, blown from their native 
 coasts by typhoons or other usually violent 
 gales, buffeted about for long periods, yet 
 eventualh' reaching foreign coasts thousandsi 
 of miles distant — should make us cautious in 
 our ideas on the limit of native migrations. 
 
 " At what time, or by what route, the adven- 
 turous, discontented or rebellious Tchuktchis, 
 Onkilon or Tunguse first wandered, sledged 
 or paddled on his way to Greenland, it be- 
 hooves not me to say. Th subject has already 
 engaged the consideration of able and traveled 
 writers, and no one has more clearly treated 
 the subject than Mr. Markham ('Journal of 
 the Eoyal Geographical Society,' 1865). Ho 
 has shown us that the native migrations 
 which have peopled 
 the coasts of northorn- 
 m o s t America and 
 Greenland commenced 
 at the ijeriod when 
 Togrul Bey, Z e n g i s 
 Khan, and other chiefs 
 troubled Asia with 
 their lust for conquest. 
 ' Year after year the 
 intruding Tartars con- 
 tinued to press on. 
 Sheibani Khan, a 
 grandson of the mighty 
 Zengis, led 15,000 
 families into these 
 northern wilds, and 
 their descendants, the 
 lakhuts (Yakutz?) 
 pressed on still further 
 north, until they are 
 now found at the 
 mouths of rivers fall- 
 ing into the Polar 
 Ocean.' Neither were 
 they the first inhab- 
 itants of the country 
 along the banks of the Kolyma or Anadyr. 
 Other and older people, who have now dis- 
 appeared, have left their traces (ruined your- 
 tas, etc.,) in the whole of that country as far 
 north as Behring Straits and Cape Chelagskoi. 
 " Mr. Markham believes, in common with a 
 large number of our best Arctic authorities, in. 
 the existence of land round or near the Pole, 
 and which may nearly connect Siberia with 
 Greenland, and sees in that land the route 
 probably taken by the adventurous wanderers. 
 Between the traces of former life found at Cape 
 Chelagskoi, and those observed on the Parry 
 Island, a gap of 1,140 miles indeed intervenes, 
 in which no such traces have been observed ; 
 but this is, in all probability, simply owing to 
 our ignorance of those latitudes. 
 
 ' ' The Greenlanders may indeed have takes 
 such a route, but the natives of Northern 
 Alivska doubtless crossed by the ' direct short- 
 sea ' passage, via Behring Straits. 
 
 " In comparing notes with my brother, wh> 
 was pursuing his researches m Greenland dunug 
 
606 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 apart of the time that 
 I was in Alaska, etc., 
 -\ve have noticed many 
 .points of similarity 
 ■between' the Esqui- 
 imaux on the one hand, 
 and the Maleinutes or 
 Tchulttchis on the 
 other. Some resem- 
 blances are, of courso, 
 :sim ily on the surface, 
 are obvious at first 
 Eight, and have been 
 •discussad liefore. Tlieir 
 food, costume, houses, 
 implements, and wea- 
 pons are closely allied 
 iu character, and the 
 resemblances could 
 •well enough arisa from 
 identity of wants, and 
 from th2 similar nature 
 •of the countries they 
 inhabit. Were we to 
 transplant a colony of 
 Europeans to such 
 ■countries, and shut 
 them off from foreign 
 :and outside supplies, 
 in a generation or two 
 -they would be livinj 
 much as these native.? 
 do. These superficial 
 points can never, 
 -therefore, prove much. 
 Many of : our older 
 Arctic explorers, and 
 our more recent tele- 
 ;gr.iph explorers, have 
 been in those countries 
 more or less clothed, 
 fed and housed in 
 native fashion. 
 
 "That the Greenland 
 Esquimaux has some- 
 ■what degenerated, in 
 'both physical and 
 mental characteristics, 
 I can well believe. The - 
 .average height of 
 the Greenlander of to- 
 day is under the European ctandarJ, while 
 many individuals, at leasi of the Tcbuktchis, 
 are over it. This point is of it.?clf of no im- 
 .portance whatever. Greenland, may be, is not 
 ^a worse country than Northern Siberia ; but 
 who knows what these races endure 1 going 
 thither, especially if they went by Jlr. Mark- 
 iam's North Polar joute ; and how far less 
 
 NATn-E OUNALASKA AND SEAL DOG. 
 
 food and intenser cold than they were accus- 
 tomed to, with untold hardships superadded, 
 may liavc stunted and dwarfe:! them ? I am 
 told that t'ley arc excessively simple and child- 
 like, that they live in much harmony, quarrel 
 rarely, and have many other good features. 
 
 " Much has been written cf the community, 
 of goods enjoyed among them, how the hunter 
 
 supplies the whole vil- 
 lage crowd , as a matter 
 of course, taking end 
 getting no credit for 
 it ; and how the more 
 he gets, the worse l;o 
 is off. Tliis, which is 
 more or less a feature 
 of all the coast tribes 
 in the North Parific, i3 
 especially true in 
 Northern Alaska, on 
 the Tukon, and in 
 Norton Sound, where 
 the chiefs, wlio arc in- 
 variably good hunters 
 or fishermen, often 
 attain and keep tlieir 
 position by periodical 
 distributions of their 
 effects. UTiey are them- 
 selve.j often the worst 
 clothed and worst fed 
 members of their own 
 villages. Generosity is 
 among them the rule, 
 and not the exception. 
 No man, woman, or 
 child among them goes 
 unfed, unhou.?ed, or 
 unwarmed, if there is 
 food, dwelling, or fire 
 in the settlement. ^ 
 "The 'Schanian' 
 (pronounced exactly 
 like our word 'show- 
 man,' a very appro- 
 priate title!), the 
 conjuror-priegt, tha 
 'medicine-man' of tho 
 Tchuktcliis (and al^o 
 of the North Alaskan 
 peoples, who use the 
 same term), was, and 
 apparently still is, re- 
 presented in Greenland 
 by the ' Angekok,' who 
 held similar powers, 
 and was reverenced ci 
 fjaredaccordingly. Tbc 
 Danish pastors r.nd 
 missionaries believe that the Angekok is ex- 
 tinct. Publicly he appears to be so, but the 
 natives arc known to hold secret meetings, 
 about which, none of the Danes were able to 
 learn details, and at these it is believed Ange- 
 kokism is still practiced. Their profession, 
 besides including medicine and exorcism, madtf 
 a prominent feature of rain and wind-making.* 
 
CANADA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 The Capital and Paeliament— Winteb Scenes in Canada— Govebnob maisonnetive— Chaudiebb Eivee and falls— Montmobenct Falls- 
 Joseph Bbant—Toeonto— Education in Canada— religion in Canada— the Chubch of Notbe dame de Bon Secouks— Quebec- 
 Manitoba— acadia— National Spokts in Canada. 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA is a semi- 
 independent confederation composed of 
 tlie Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British 
 Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the 
 Northwestern Territories, with a total area 
 of 3,372,290 square miles, and embraces all 
 the British possessions in North America ex- 
 cept Newfoundland, and the Coast of La- 
 brador. 
 
 The Dominion was created by an Act of the 
 British Parliament passed in 18G7, after an 
 agitation of several years. The form of gov- 
 ernment is partly Imperial and partly repre- 
 sentative. The Imperial power is represented 
 by the Governor-general, who is appointed by 
 the British Crown, and who exercises executive 
 power in the name of the Queen. He has the 
 advice of a Privy Council, the members of 
 which he appoints and removes with the con- 
 currence of the House of Commons. The 
 Legislature is composed of two Houses of Par- 
 liament, the Senate and the House of Com- 
 mons. The Senators are appointed by the 
 Governor-general, on the recommendation of 
 the Privy Council, and are chosen from the 
 different Provinces as follows : Quebec and 
 Ontario, twenty - four each ; Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick, ten each ; British Co- 
 lumbia three, Manitoba three and Prince 
 Edward Island four ; making, in all, 78. 
 The tenure of office is for life. The House 
 of Commons is composed of elected mem- 
 bers, sixty - five from Quebec, ninety - two 
 from Ontario, twenty-one from Nova Scotia, 
 sixteen from New Brunswick, six from British 
 Columbia, six from Prince Edward Island and 
 five from Manitoba; in all, 211. Every ten 
 years, after a census, there is a redistribution. 
 
 Ottawa is the capital. Each separate Prov- 
 ince has its own Provincial Legislature and 
 Executive. The lower part of the vast region 
 known as the Northwestern Territory has 
 been divided and named. Assiniboia, Alberta, 
 Athabasca, Saskatchewan, and Kewatin, are 
 thus named. The total population, according 
 to the latest census of the Dominion, is 
 4,324,810. 
 
 Before the consolidation of the various Prov- 
 
 inces into one confederation, Canada was di- 
 vided into Upper and Lower, now the Provinces 
 of Ontario and Quebec. Of these. Lower Can- 
 ada — Quebec — was the earliest settled. It was 
 first discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot 
 June 24th, 1497. In 1524 a French expedition 
 under Verrazani formed a settlement called 
 New France. In 1535 Jacques Cartier entered 
 the St. Lawrence Kiver, on the festival of the 
 saint whose name is thus given, and took pos- 
 session of the country in the name of his King, 
 Francis I. He ascended the river :as far as 
 the site of Montreal. Quebec was settled in 
 1G08 by the French, under De Champlain, and 
 fifteen years later he built Pbrt St. Louis, and 
 with the exception of a short period, from 1629 
 to 1632, Canada was a French possession for 
 150 years. Montreal was settled in 1642, and in 
 1711 was unsuccessfully besieged by the Eng- 
 lish. The French extended their sway eastward 
 as far as Acadia — now Nova Scotia — and west- 
 ward to Lake Superior, then down the Missis- 
 sippi Kiver to Louisiana. The Kecollet and 
 Jesuit missionaries traversed the country in 
 their zeal for the conversion of the Indian, 
 and to Father La Salle, one of them, is due 
 the discovery of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 Meanwhile, the English gradually encroached 
 upon Canada, and in 1670 Charles II. granted 
 to Prince Eupevt and his company, known 
 ever since as the Hudson Bay Companj', the 
 perpetual exclusive right of trading in the ter- 
 ritory watered by the stream flowing into Hud- 
 son Bay. The bitter enmity that arose be- 
 tween the French and English traders gradu- 
 ally increased, and frequently led to bloody 
 struggles, in which the Indians took part. In 
 1756 war began between the French'and Eng- 
 lish, culminating in 1759 with the victory of 
 General Wolfe over General Montcalm on the 
 Plains of Abraham, Quebec, on September 
 3d. The capitulation, next year, of Montreal — 
 September 8th, 1760 — brought to a close the 
 long French rule in Canada. 
 
 A treaty of peace was signed by Britain and 
 France in 1703, in which Canada was formally 
 ceded to England and Louisiana to Spain. 
 In that year a small portion of the newly 
 acquired territory was organized by royal 
 
 proclamation under English laws. In 1774 the 
 new Province w s extended by Parliamentary 
 enactment, and that under French laws, down 
 the Ohio River to its confluence with the 
 Mississippi, and up the latter stream to its 
 source. But iu 1783 this portion — now form- 
 ing the six States of the United States, Min- 
 nesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana 
 and Ilhnois — was relinquished, and in 1791 the 
 remaining portion was divided into two sec- 
 tions, under separate Legislatures ; the east- 
 ern retaining French institutions, and the 
 western receiving English laws. 
 
 Lower Canada being principally French, has 
 never completely coalesced with Upper Can- 
 ada, which is entirely English. The settlers of 
 French origin, who retain to-day their lan- 
 guage and religion, are almost entirely con- 
 fined to the banks of the St. Lawrence and its 
 tributary streams. Quebec and Montreal are 
 practically French cities, the former espe- 
 cially so. Whole sections exist where the Eng- 
 lish language is unspoken and practically un- 
 known, and though over a century has passed 
 since England took possession of that country, 
 it remains as thoroughly French as it was origin- 
 ally, and in 1881 there were 1,300,000 French- 
 Canadians. 
 
 The Dominion has many mountains, lakes 
 and rivers. The mountains are not large, 
 though numerous. But the freshwater lakes 
 are the greatest in the world. A continuous 
 chain, including Lakes Erie, Ontario, Michi- 
 gan, Superior, Huron and St. Clair, occiipying 
 330,000 square miles, extends through Ontario 
 and the Northwest Territory in a northwest- 
 erly direction toward the Northern Ocean. 
 
 The chief rivers are the St. Lawrence, the 
 Saskatchewan, Winnipeg, Nelson, Red, Al- 
 bany, Churchill, Ottawa, Athabasca, Peace, 
 Slave, Mackenzie, Fraser, Thompson, Sague- 
 nay, St. John, and the great Eiver Yukon, 
 flowing through Alaska into Behring Straits. 
 There are many important islands belonging 
 to the Dominion, the chief ones being Anti- 
 costi, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, and the 
 Magdalen Islands on the Eastern Coast, and 
 Vancouver and Queen Charlotte's Islands, on 
 the Pacific Coast. 
 
608 
 
 THE WORI-D'S GRE\T NATIONS. 
 
 The Capital and Parliament. 
 OiTaWA, tbb political capital of the Domin- 
 ion, i? a city*of about 40,000 inhabitants, situ- 
 ated on the Ottawa lliver, in the Province of 
 
 TUK UOUSE OF I'AHLIAMli.NT, I'KOM THE BIVER. 
 
 Ontario, 126 miles from Montreal. It is di- tawa in 1854, and in 1858 was made the capL 
 
 vided into Upper and Lower Town by the Ei- tal of Canada. The fine Parliament and 
 
 deau Canal. The town was founded in 1827 Department Buildings stand on Barrack Hill, 
 
 under the name *of Bytown. It was incor- 150 feet above the river, on a bold cliff. The 
 
 porated as a city and its name changed to Ot- river narrows, when the stream rushes ever & 
 
 TUE UOLiE OF FAKUAMENT, FKONl VIEW, 
 
CANADA, 
 
 609 
 
 39 
 
610 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 steep ledge of rock 
 forming the Chauditre 
 Fulls. 
 
 The Govemment 
 buildings are con- 
 structed of a light-color- 
 ed sandstone, the walls 
 and arches being re- 
 lieved with dressings of 
 Devonian satidstone 
 from Ohio and red sand- 
 stone from Potsdam, 
 New York. The style 
 of architecture is the 
 Italian Gothic, the 
 Parliament building 
 being 500 feet in 
 length. The two De- 
 partment buildings are 
 375 feet long, contain- 
 ing in the aggregate 
 300 rooms, and are in- 
 tended to accommodate 
 all the departments of 
 
 the Government of the Dominion. The Li- 
 brary, a beautiful detached circular build- 
 ing, with a dome 90 feet high, is in the 
 rear of the central tower, 250 feet high. The 
 two Legislative Halls are on each side of the 
 Library, but in the main building. The build- 
 ings cover nearly four acres, and cost about 
 $4,000,000. 
 
 The windows of the Legislative Chambers 
 are filled with glass colored in Canada. The 
 columns which divide the wall space and rise 
 to arch in th£ galleries are of a gray marble 
 found at Arnprior. Between the Senate Cham- 
 
 GOVERNMENT HOUSE, TORONTO. 
 
 ber and that devoted to the House of Com- 
 mons are the library and reading-rooms. 
 
 Another Government building is devoted to 
 geology, and is under the superintendence of 
 eminent scientific gentlemen appointed by the 
 executive. Many geological specimens found 
 in the Canadian strata are stored and ex- 
 hibited here. 
 
 The Governor-general's house is an old man- 
 sion, which while not beautiful, is very com- 
 fortable. It is called Kideau House. The Mar- 
 quis of Lome, while Governor-general, wrote 
 an interesting description of this old mansion. 
 
 'Winter Scenes in 
 
 Canada. 
 To THE American 
 who visits Montreal in 
 midwinter for the first 
 time, this half-French 
 city presents a suc- 
 cession of surprises 
 that naturally causes 
 him to stare with all 
 his eyes. Provided with 
 the ordinary overcoat, 
 and a i^air of ear-flaps 
 as extra precaution, he 
 arrives in Canada to 
 find that his ulster, 
 albeit thick and woolly 
 and warm -lined, feels 
 like a linen duster, 
 and that the sooner 
 he becomes Canadian 
 in attire the less pros- 
 pect lies before him 
 of being nijiped to 
 death. Entering a clothing store, he boldly 
 invests, and emerges on the street to find the 
 air, that but a moment ago chilled him to 
 the marrow, brisk, exhilarating, champagny. 
 He feels, after he has buckled on his Canadian 
 armor, as though he had a bottle of Dry 
 Monopole beneath his vest. 
 
 In the mild and bi'acing intoxication of tha 
 wondrous Winter atmosphere, he regards tho 
 snow as maidens the Spring violets, and wan- 
 ders about the city in the joyous consciovisuess 
 of being "all there" and "immensely fit." 
 One of the first objects that attracts his cheery 
 
 BIDEAU HALL, OTTAWA. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 611 
 
 MAISONNEUVK, THE FIRST GOVERNOR OF MONTREAL. 
 
 attention is the ice-house ingeniously con- 
 structed by the cab-drivers as a shelter against 
 the weather. Passing a file of these fur-clad 
 Jehus, he penetrates the interior. What is 
 that well-known perfume that strikes his ex- 
 cited nostrils ? Yes ! No ! It is — it is ! and 
 groping his way to a bar, he friskily demands 
 the usual, which is furnished him from a re- 
 cessed cellar in the snow. Passing along the 
 tunneled streets, he beholds a runaway, and 
 perceives the occupants of the cozy sleigh de- 
 canted into snowbanks, from whence he assists 
 to dig them, to find them not 
 a whit the worse for the mis- 
 hap. He meets an itinerant 
 candy-vender, wrapped up like 
 a polar bear, his l)ipe giving 
 forth a volume of white smoke 
 that asceiads in rings and 
 spiral columns over his 
 shoulder. Our American 
 stands to gaze in wonder at 
 an old French sleigh that spins 
 dreamily along, and is fasci- 
 nated ojiposite the rude store 
 of a fish-seller, built in close 
 proximity to where the fish are 
 captured, by the side of which 
 the vender earns a tolerable 
 living. The quaint, antique 
 houses in the French quarter 
 1) r o V e sources of intense 
 j>leasure to the practical 
 American. 
 
 Governor Maisonneuve. 
 
 Paul de Chomedet, SrEUE 
 BE Maisonneuve, the first 
 Governor of Montreal, was 
 born in Champagne, France, 
 and died in Paris, September 
 9th, 1070. He was selected as 
 the leader of a band of colo- 
 nists that were destined for 
 
 Canada, and sailed with them 
 in three ships, arriving at 
 Quebec Augiist 20th, 1G41. He 
 founded Montreal in May, 1642, 
 was installed as its first Gov- 
 ernor, and held that office for 
 twenty-two years. In lGo2 he 
 visited France, and brought 
 back another company of 
 settlers. He was .in able ad- 
 ministrator, maintained great 
 order in the settlement, organ- 
 ized the militia for service 
 against the Indi.ans, and, by 
 his vigorous and courageous 
 policy, gained the respect of 
 the hostile tribes. He retained 
 oifice under the Sulpicians, 
 when the island was conveyed 
 to them, but was removed in 
 June, IGGi, by De Mery, the 
 Governor - general, who was 
 jealous of his popularity^ and 
 success. He was sent back to 
 France by the Marquis de 
 Tracy in 1GG5. No ch.arges 
 were made against him, but 
 finding that there w.as no hope of his re- 
 storation to office, he resigned in 1G69. A 
 pension was bestowed upon him by the Sem- 
 inary of Paris for his services to the Catholic 
 Church in Canada. 
 
 i i^ii 
 
 Ohaudiere Eiver and Palls. 
 
 The Chaudiere Iliver rises in Lake Megantic 
 
 and falls into the St. Lawrence, 7 miles above 
 
 Quebec, after a northwest course of 102 miles. 
 
 The banks are in general high and precipitous, 
 
 and near its mouth are the Ohaudiere Falls, 
 upward of 100 feet high. The course of Iho 
 river is frequently interrupted by picturesque 
 islands. Chaudiure Lake is an expansion of 
 the Ottiiwa Kiver, immediately above the City 
 of Ottawa. Its length is eighteen miles, and 
 its extreme breadth five miles. It contains a 
 number of islets, and termin.ates in the Great 
 and Little Ohaudiere, two extraordinary cata- 
 racts. The principal falls are GO feet high by 
 212 feet wide. It is the latter falls which are 
 overlooked by the House of Parliament. 
 
 Montmorency Palls. 
 
 Montmorency Falls is the name of a vil- 
 lage about six miles from Quebec. Tlie Mont- 
 morency Kiver rises in Snow Lake, and enters 
 the St. Lawrence, eight miles northeast of 
 Quebec, after forming a cataract 250 feet in 
 height. The river is a torrent from its source 
 to its mouth, and the falls are a great at- 
 traction to tourists. 
 
 — ^ C i<»i> 
 
 Joseph Brant. 
 
 (Thayendanega.) 
 
 This celebrated Indian chief was bom on 
 the banks of the Ohio River in 1742, and died 
 at the old Brant mansion, Wellington Square, 
 Canada, November 24th, 1807. His father was 
 a full-blooded Mohawk of the AVolf tribe, and 
 a son of one of the five sachems that excited 
 so much attention at the court of Queen .\nne 
 in 1710. Brant was a favorite of Sir Willi.am 
 Johnson's, by whom he was sent for a year to 
 the "Moor Charity School," then under the 
 charge of Dr. Eleazar Wheelock, and which 
 
 BESIDEMCB OF UAISOinKETTTE. 
 
612 
 
 THE WOBLDS GEEAT NATIONS, 
 
 snbBequently be- 
 came Dartmouth 
 College. He was 
 present at the 
 battle of Lake 
 George in 1755, 
 when but thir- 
 teen years of age ; 
 accompanied Sir 
 William Johnson 
 (luring the Nia- 
 gara campaigu in 
 1759, and acquits j 
 ted himself with 
 great bravery. 
 He was in Pon- 
 tiac'sWariul7r)3, 
 and when Guy 
 Johnson suc- 
 ceeded, iu 1774, • 
 to the Superin- 
 tendeuey of In- 
 dian Affairs at the 
 death of his un- 
 cle, Sir William, 
 Brant was made 
 his secretary. 
 During the Ame- 
 rican Bevolution, 
 under a colonel's 
 com m i ss ion , 
 
 Brant was constantly (mployed by Governor 
 Carletonin raids against the colonists, and took 
 an active part in the massacre at Cherry Valley, 
 and in the one that desolated Minisink in 
 July, 1779. He also led a clan of the Hurons 
 end a few of the Six Nations on the expedition 
 
 SCE.NE ON THE CHAUDIEBE RIVEK. 
 
 of Colonel St. Leger against Fort Stanwix, 
 and bore a prominent part in the battle of 
 Oriskany, August 6th, 1779. After the war he 
 threw his great influence with the different 
 tribes on the side of peace, and in July, 1793, 
 at the solicitation of Washington and Clinton, 
 
 he visited the 
 Miamis, and ma- 
 terially assisted 
 the Indian Com- 
 missioners in se- 
 curing a treaty 
 of peace between! 
 that tribe and] 
 the United States. 
 During the latter 
 years of his lifer 
 he was a consist- 
 ent believer in 
 Evangelical 
 Christianit}'. He- 
 visited England' 
 in 1786, and 
 raised the fund 
 with which the 
 first Episcopal 
 Church in Upper 
 C;iuada was built. 
 He translated the- 
 Gospel of St. 
 Mark into the 
 Mohawk 1 a n - 
 guage, and to- 
 gether with Colo- 
 nel Daniel Claus, 
 rendered into 
 the same tongue 
 the Book of Common Prayer. As a warrior,^ 
 he was courteous, sagacious and brave ; as a 
 diplomat and courtier, adroit and accom- 
 plished ; and as a friend, chivalrous and faith- 
 ful. His humanity toward a captive or a. 
 fallen foe is well established, nor has tha 
 
 THE CHAfDIERS FALLS, OTTAWA. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 613 
 
 f)nrity of his private morals ever been ques- 
 tioned. 
 
 In 1884, the City of Brantfortl, Canada, de- 
 termined to erect a monument to the memory 
 •of this chief, and the design by Mr. Percy 
 Wood, shown on page 614, was accepted. It 
 was modified in some of its details and 
 erected, being unvailed on October 13th, 188G. 
 The statue surmounting the monument was 
 cast from bronze cannon furnished by the 
 Canadian Government. 
 Brant is represented 
 standing erect, with his 
 head turned toward 
 the left shoulder, a 
 tomahawk poised in 
 bis hand, and the other 
 at his side, with the fin- 
 gers spread in gesture. 
 He has an eagle's feather 
 in his hair, rings in his 
 ears, a buckskin coat, 
 ■with a broad sash, 
 buckskin trousers and 
 mocassins. A long 
 cloak, fringed round 
 with bears' claws, 
 hangs from his shoul- 
 ders, and rests on the 
 pedestal. The latter is 
 square, and has two 
 groups of three Indians 
 each. They represent 
 the Mohawk, Tusca- 
 rora, Oneida, Seneca, 
 Onondaga, and Cayuga 
 nations, typified re- 
 spectively by a scalp- 
 ing - knife, spear, pipe 
 of peace, bow and 
 arrow, club, and flint- 
 lock gun. The bear, 
 the wolf, and the 
 tortoise, tokens of the 
 ■chief clans, are also re- 
 presented. On the two 
 broad sides of the pe- 
 destal are trophies of 
 Indian weapons aii;l im- 
 plements of the chase, 
 while about the base 
 are two large bronze 
 ban-reliefs, representing 
 fifteen Indians in a 
 ■dance, and Brant ad- 
 •dressing a meeting of 
 chiefs. The statue of 
 Brant is nine feet high. 
 Of the 516,000 which 
 this — the first import- 
 ant monument undertaken in honor of an In- 
 dian — cost, $.5,000 came from the Six Nations, 
 f 5,000 from the Dominion of Canada, $2,500 
 "from the Provincial Government, the rest be- 
 ing from the County of Brant, the City of 
 Brantford, and individuals. 
 
 Brant's son, John Brant, born September 
 27th, 1794, died September, 1832, served on the 
 British side with distinction in the War of 
 1812, and was a Member of the Canadian Par- 
 liament in 1832. Catherine Brant Johns, the last 
 ■fsurviving child of Joseph Brant, died in 1867. 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 ToBONTO, formerly York, is the capital of 
 the Province of Ontario, and is situated on a 
 circular bay on the northwest shore of Lake 
 Ontario, 333 miles W.S.W. from Montreal. It 
 was founded in 1794 by Governor Simcoe, 
 and the Legislature assembled there for the 
 first time in 1797. In 1813 it was captured by 
 the Americans under General Pike, who was 
 
 Dominion as a seat of learning. It stands in 
 the Queen's Park. 
 
 Other educational institutions are, Trinity 
 College (Episcopal), Knox College (Presby- 
 terian) and the Upper Canada College, an ex- 
 tensive range of buildings occupied by a 
 grammar school for boys. There are also two 
 medical schools and a veterinary college. 
 
 In 1866 a fight occurred between a Toronto 
 battalion and a body of Fenians, in which, 
 after much firing, both 
 sides retreated, the 
 Fenians to Fort Erie 
 and the Toronto men 
 toward the Welland 
 Canal. The cutting of 
 the canal was the ob- 
 ject of the Fenians, but 
 it was frustrated. In 
 the park attached to 
 the University is a mo- 
 nument commemorat- 
 ing the students ■who 
 ■were killed in this fight. 
 The Horticultural 
 Gardens are a favorite 
 place of resort of the 
 inhabitants of Toronto, 
 and the Museum con- 
 j tains many interesting 
 specimens, especially of 
 native North American 
 animals. 
 
 MONTMORENCY FALLS IN SCMMER. 
 
 killed in storming the fort. In 1834 it was 
 incorporated as a city, and its name, York, 
 changed to Toronto. 
 
 It is the headquarters of the educational 
 department of Ontario. Osgoode Hall is a 
 fine structure, containing all the superior law 
 courts of the Province, and the Government 
 House or Provincial Parliament has a hand- 
 some legislative hall and well-equipped offices. 
 The Lieutenant - governor's residence is a 
 princely mansion, and the University of 
 Toronto is reckoned second to none in the 
 
 Education in Canada- 
 Each Province of the 
 Dominion makes its 
 own specific laws reg- 
 ulating education, but 
 the same general prin- 
 ciples are followed 
 throughout the entire 
 confederation. The car- 
 dinal principle is the 
 system of free schools. 
 This was adopted in 
 1871, in Ontario, which 
 leads all the Provinces 
 in the Dominion. In 
 Quebec the first care 
 of the Franciscan and 
 Jesuit Fathers on their 
 arrivid was to establish 
 schools for the Indians. 
 Pere Du Plessis opened 
 the first school at Three 
 Kivers, and Pore Le 
 Jeune the next, at 
 Quebec, in 1632. The 
 Jesuit College at Quebec was founded in 1635 
 as the Seminary de Notre Dame des Anges, 
 and the Ursuline Convent was established in 
 that city in 1639 by Madame La Peltrie. The 
 Seminary of Montreal was founded in 1647 by 
 the clergy of St. Sulpice in Paris, and the Laval 
 University in the same city, in 1678, by Mgi. 
 de Laval. 
 
 Upon the consolidation of Upper and Lower 
 Canada, in 1841, a comprehensive School Act 
 wivs passed. 
 The Minister of Education of Ontario, in hia 
 
614 
 
 THE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 615 
 
 HOBTICtTLTCBAL QABDEN, TORONTO. 
 
 annual report for 1884, gave the total receipts 
 for all piiblic - school purposes amounting to 
 $3,570,731. The Legislative grant represents 
 seven and a half per cent, of the total, the 
 Municipal grant seventy and a half per cent. , 
 and the remainder twenty-two per cent, from 
 other sources. The average cost per pupil, 
 based on total attendance, was $6.40 for the 
 rural districts, $8.51 for cities, $6.84 for towns, 
 or an average of $6.69 for the whole Province. 
 
 In Quebec, the Government grants to insti- 
 tutions of superior education were for the year 
 1883-4, to Catholic universities, $2,000; Prot 
 estaut universities, $6,400 ; Catholic normal 
 schools, $28,133; Protestant normal schools, 
 $13,866; Catholic colleges, $23,613; Catholic 
 academies, $11,096; Protestant academies, 
 $8,145; Catholic model schools, $16,259; 
 Protestant model schools, $1,100. 
 
 The total revenue of the Protestant Board 
 of School Commissioners of Montreal was 
 $130,715.37. In Quebec, the Protestant 
 Schoo'. Commissioners received $10,005.77, 
 and the Cathohc School Commissioners 
 $12,570,89. 
 
 The principal institixtions of higher educa- 
 tion are the Victoria University, Queen's Uni- 
 versity, University of Toronto, University of 
 Bishops College, University of Halifax, Laval 
 University, Ontario Laiies' College, and Vic- 
 toria College, Cobourg. 
 
 bishoijs, one of whom. Archbishop Tasche- 
 reau of Montreal, is a Cardinal. 
 
 The Anglican Church in Canada has nine- 
 teen bishoprics, divided into two provinces. 
 1st, Canada, of which Bishop Medley of Fred- 
 ericton is the Metropolitan ; and 2d, Eupert's 
 Land, of which Bishop Mackray of Rupert's 
 Land is the Metropolitan. Besides these, 
 (included in the number), are the independent 
 dioceses of Caledonia, Columbia, Newfound- 
 land, and New Westminster. 
 
 There are many fine church edifices in the 
 different cities of Canada, and each religious 
 body supports numerous schools, colleges and 
 other educational institutions. 
 
 The Ohurcli of Notre Dame de Bon Secours, 
 Montreal. 
 The quaint old church near the waterside in 
 Montreal is a sanctuary especially dear to the 
 Catholics of that city. It was begun in 1657 
 at the instance of the venerable Margaret 
 
 Eeligion in Canada. 
 
 In 1883 all the different branches of Meth- 
 odists in Canada united in one bodj', to be 
 known as the Methodist Church. This gave, 
 them a total number of adherents of 739,151. 
 At the same date the Presbyterian Church 
 numbered 629,280; the Church of England in 
 Canada, 574.818 ; and the Baptists, 225,000. 
 There are also Lutherans, Congregation.alists, 
 and Mennonites, and many other sects, but all 
 represented by small numbers only. The 
 Eoman Catholics are strong, and form the ma- 
 jority in the original French Provinces, and 
 there are about 1,800,000 ot them. They are 
 governed by fovirteen bishops and foiu: orch- 
 
 Bourgooys, the founder of the Community of 
 Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame. 
 The corner-stone was laid by the Jesuit Father 
 Simon Le Moyne, the discoverer of the Salt 
 Springs at Salina, and an early missionary 
 among the Five Nations. The name of the 
 chapel was given by Father Pijart. Dona- 
 tions came from France, and the colonists 
 gave material and labor. A wooden statue of 
 Our Lady was presented by two gentlemen in 
 France. 
 
 The chapel was completed in 1075, and 
 became at once a noted pilgrimage. On the 
 gable facing the river stood a statue of the 
 Blessed Virgin, which all the craft plying on 
 the river saluted as they passed. In 1754, in 
 one of those conflagrations which have so 
 often swept over the city, the church was de- 
 stroyed. War with England and the general 
 distress prevented any attempt to restore the 
 old sanctuary till 1771, when the corner-stone 
 of a new edifice was laid, the site having with 
 difficulty been saved from seizure by the Eng- 
 lish Government. It was solemnly dedicated 
 June 30th, 1773, and became as great a resort of 
 the pious as the previous chapel. 
 
 At the time when the ship fever was sweep- 
 ing away hundreds of the citizens of Montreal, 
 in 1848, as well as the poor immigrants 
 among whom it first broke out, Mgr. Bourget, 
 Bishop of Montreal, whose clergy and nursing 
 Sisters were dying in numbers in the service 
 of the sick, ordered a general pilgrimage to 
 Bon Secours, and prayers to God to arrest the 
 scourge. 
 
 The answer to their petitions revived and 
 increased the devotion of the Catholic Cana- 
 dians to the old sanctuary. Standing near 
 the great city market and ever open, it is 
 never empty ; all day long men, women and 
 children turn from the busy streets, basket or 
 parcel in hand, to enter the dear old church 
 and give a little space to praj'er. 
 
 Montreal has many famous churches, but 
 Notre Dame de Bon Secours is the most in- 
 teresting of them all, and possesses the love 
 of every devout French Canadian. 
 
 t^IVBBSlTY, TORONTO. 
 
C16 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 QtTEBEC is the name of a Proyince, a county, 
 and a city. The Province is what was for- 
 merly known as Lower Canm^a. It is bounded 
 on the north by Liibrador and Hudson's Bay ; 
 on the east by Labrador and the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence ; on the south by the Bay of 
 Chaleur, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, Vermont, and New York; and on the 
 southwest by the Kiver Ottawa and the Prov- 
 ince of Ontario. Its total area is 193,355 
 square miles. Quebec County is in the south- 
 ■western part of the Province, with the St. 
 
 Cape Diamond, where, in many places, the 
 rock has been cut away to make room for the 
 houses. The streets are generally irregular 
 and narrow. In the Upper Town are several 
 squares and public walks, commanding views 
 of varied and picturesque beauty. In one 
 stands a monument to Generals Wolfe and 
 Montcalm, the English and French com- 
 manders, who both fell at the taking of Que- 
 bec by the English in 1759. A monument 
 forty feet in height marks the spot where 
 General Wolfe fell on the Pkin of Abra- 
 ham. 
 Among the most noted of the public build. 
 
 when General Montgomery was slain, since 
 
 which time Quebec has enjoyed the blessings 
 
 of peace. 
 
 ►-•-< 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 The Province of Manitoba is one of the 
 most important of those which have been 
 formed oiit of the Northwest Territories. It 
 lies just north of the State of Minnesota and 
 the Territory of Dakota. On the north and 
 east it is bounded by Kewatin, and on the 
 west by Assiniboia. Its area is 13,969 square 
 miles. Winnipeg is the capital. 
 
 Lawrence Ri^tfer for its southeast boundary. 
 Area 2,598 square miles. 
 
 The City of Quebec is in the county and is 
 the capital of the Province, and is, next to 
 Montreal, the most populous city iu the Domin- 
 ion. It is divided into Upper and Lower Town, 
 the Upper Town comprising the highest part 
 of the promontory, and is surrounded with 
 walls and otherwise fortified, and having an 
 ancient citadel, which crowns the summit of 
 Cape Diamond, and covers, with its numer- 
 )ous works, an area of forty acres. From its 
 position it is probably the strongest fortress 
 iu America. The chief ascents to the Ujiper 
 Town are by a steep and narrow winding 
 street, and by a flight of steps called Break- 
 neck Steps. The Lower Town is the seat of 
 commerce, and is built around the base of 
 
 H'OILL university, at MONTREAL. 
 
 ings are the Parliament building, the Roman 
 Catholic Cathedral — capable of holding 4,000 
 persons, and covering, with its university at- 
 tached, an area of eight acres — the English 
 Cathedral, and St. John's Free Scotch Church. 
 Quebec was first visited by Jacques Cartier 
 in 1535. It then consisted of an Indian vil- 
 lage called Stadacona. In July, 1608, Cham- 
 plain founded the city, giving it its present 
 name. In 1629 it fell into the hands of the 
 English, but, with the whole of Canada, was 
 restored to the French in 1632. In 1690 the 
 English attempted to recajiture it, but were 
 repulsed. In 1759 it was captured by Gen- 
 eral Wolfe, and has since remained under the 
 British crown. An unsuccessful attempt was 
 made by the Americans to carry the city by 
 assault on the night of December 31st, 1775, 
 
 The climate, though very severe in Winter, is 
 occasionally hot in Summer. The mean tem- 
 perature for the three Winter months of 
 December, January and Februarj' is five de- 
 grees below zero, and for the Summer months 
 of June, July and August, sixty-five degrees. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Assiniboine, 480 
 miles long, and Red, 665 miles, of which, 
 however, 525 are in the United States. The 
 largest lakes, only a part of which are in 
 Manitoba, are Winnipeg, 280 miles long 
 and 5 to 57 miles wide, and Manitoba, 
 110 miles long and 25 miles wide. The 
 Province has two bishops — the Archbishop 
 of St. Boniface (Roman Catholic), and the 
 Bishop of Rupert's Land (Church of Eng. 
 land), who resides at Winnipeg. There are 
 three colleges in the Province — St. John's 
 
CANADA. 
 
 617 
 
 (Church of England), 
 St. Boniface (Roman 
 Catholic), and Kil- 
 donan (Presbyterian). 
 
 This section of North 
 America was first vis- 
 ited by the French. 
 Chevalier de la Veran- 
 drye built a fort at the 
 mouth of the Assini- 
 boine in 1731. The 
 French continued to 
 trade there alone for 
 many years, but in 
 1767 the first English 
 traders visited it, and 
 soon several rival com- 
 panies were in opera- 
 tion. The Hudson 
 Bay Companj', having 
 sold a tract of land to 
 the Earl of Selkirk, 
 on both sides of the 
 
 Assiniboine and Red Rivers, his lordship 
 planted there, in 1812, a colony known by the 
 name of Selkirk's Settlement, or Red River 
 Settlement, and later Assiuiboia. In 1836 the 
 Hudson Bay Company repurchased from the 
 heirs of Lord Selkirk the same tract of laud 
 ceded to him in 1821, and continued to exer- 
 cise authority over that portion of Rupert's 
 Land by the appointment of the Governor and 
 Council of Assiniboia, which, in course of 
 time, especially after the settlers had declared 
 independence of trade in 1849, formed a 
 rather independent administration for the 
 local affairs of the colony, the limits of which 
 extended but fifty miles around Fort Garry. 
 That colony now forms the greatest part of 
 the Province of Manitoba. 
 
 In March, 1869, the Hudson Bay Company 
 agreed to hand over to the Imperial Govern- 
 roent their territorial rights and governing 
 
 ONTARIO ladies' COLLEGE, WHITBT. 
 
 rjsponsibilities, and on July 16th, 1870, Eng- 
 land handed the whole over to the Canadian 
 Government. It was during that period that 
 the Red River troubles took place. The 
 transactions between England and Canada, as 
 well as with the Hudson Bay Company, hav- 
 ing been made without consulting or even 
 paying any attention to the Government and 
 people of Assiniboia, a deep feeling of un- 
 easiness arose, and the Canadian authorities, 
 coming into the country before the transfer, 
 met with resistance. In the meantime, a pro- 
 visional Government was formed by the set- 
 tlers, to secure their rights and come to an 
 agreement with the Dominion of Canada, and 
 the entry of Manitoba into the Confederation 
 was effected in 1870. 
 
 The Province has railway communication 
 southward to Manitoba, and the line of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway runs through it. 
 
 Steamers ply on the 
 Red River between 
 AVinnipeg and Moor- 
 head, Minn. 
 
 Winnipeg was in- 
 corporated as a city 
 .-_ -^^, i" 1873. Previous to 
 
 'SmM *f°^&S. *''^* *™® '*' ^^'"' tnown 
 
 ' . - ^ . j^g p.jjj.|. (j_^fj.y After 
 
 the sujipression of 
 Riel's first rebellion 
 by General Wblseley, 
 iu 1870, the occupa- 
 tion of the place by 
 troops gave an impulse 
 to its growth, which 
 has continued rapidly 
 up to the present time. 
 The AVinnipeg of to- 
 day is a thriving city 
 of over 15,000 popula- 
 tion. Situated at the 
 junction of the As- 
 siniboine and Red Rivers, it is 1,180 miles 
 from Montreal, tia the Canada Pacific Rail- 
 way, and 1,843 miles via Chicago and St. 
 Paul. 
 
 Acadia. 
 
 The original name of Nova Scotia was Aca- 
 dia, and the place was first settled by French- 
 men in 1004, under De Monts. He and some 
 Jesuits attempted for eight years to form 
 settlements in various places, but were finally 
 expelled from the country by the English Gov- 
 ernor and colonists of Virginia, who claimed 
 the country by right of the discovery by John 
 Cabot and his son Sebastian in 1497. 
 
 In 1621 Sir William Alexander applied for 
 and obtained from James I. a grant of the 
 whole country, which he proposed to colonize 
 on an extensive scale, and in 1623 the attempt 
 
 FABADAT HALL, VICTORIA COLLEGE, COBODRG. 
 
618 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 •was mtide, but the 
 proposed colonists 
 did not think it pru- 
 dent to attempt a 
 settlement, and re- 
 turned to England. 
 In 1654 Cromwell 
 sent an armed force 
 and took possession 
 of the country, which 
 remained with the 
 English till 1CG7, 
 when it was ceded 
 to France by the 
 Treaty of Breda. But 
 the English from time 
 to time attacked the 
 French colonists at 
 various points till 
 1713, when the coun- 
 try was finally ceded 
 to England. In 1763 
 the Island of Cape 
 Breton was annexed 
 to Nova Scotia, 
 which name was 
 given it by the royal 
 charter of James I. 
 to Sir William Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 After the final ces- 
 sion, the .\cadians 
 generally remained at 
 Nova Scotia, though 
 they had the privilege 
 of leaving within two 
 years, and, refusing 
 to take the oath of 
 allegiance, took the 
 oath of fidelity to the 
 British King. 
 
 TH« TKNEBABLB CHI7BCH OF NOTBB DAMg DB BON SECOURS, MONTBBAL. 
 
 They were ex- 
 empted from bearing 
 arms against their 
 countrymen, whence 
 they were known in 
 the colonies as the 
 neutral French. They 
 were allowed to enjoy 
 their religion and 
 have magistrates of 
 their own selection. 
 
 Having lost Acadia, 
 the French settled the 
 Island of Cape Bre- 
 ton and built Louis- 
 burg; They carried 
 on intrigues with the 
 Indians who kept up 
 an irregular warfare 
 vdth the English, the 
 blame whereof was 
 t h r o sv n upon the 
 neutral French, who 
 in 1755, a few years 
 after the English 
 turned their attention 
 to the colonization of 
 Nova Scotia, suffered 
 for the offenses of 
 their countrymen, oi: 
 which they were 
 doubtless innocent, 
 since they were a 
 simple agricultural 
 people. Because they 
 still refused to take 
 the oath of allegiance, 
 or to bear arma 
 against the French 
 and their Indian 
 allies, to whom they 
 
 BREAKNECK STEPS, QCEBEC. 
 
 CnAMPLAIN STREET, QUEBEC. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 619 
 
 tiEWS OF AVINNIPEG AND FOKT GARRY IN 1870. 
 
«20 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONa 
 
 VIEW OK WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. 
 
 were enspeoted of lending aid, and because 
 \>y their peculiar position they embarrassed 
 the Government, it was determined at a con- 
 :sultation of the Governor and his Council to 
 remove the whole people, 18.000 souls, and 
 ■disperse them among other British Provinces. 
 For this harsh measure itself there may have 
 been some excuse, but there was none for the 
 manner in which it was carried out. 
 
 The inhabitants were compelled to give up 
 -■all their property, their houses and crops were 
 burned before their eyes, and themselves 
 shipped in such haste that few families or 
 friends remained together. Longfellow's beau- 
 tiful poem "Evangeline" is based upon the 
 expulsion of the Acadians 
 from their home. 
 
 In 1784 the Province 
 ■of New Brunswick was 
 •created out of Nova 
 iScotia ; and in 18C7 Nova 
 ^Scotia became a member 
 of the Canadian Confed- 
 •eration. 
 
 Halifax is the capital 
 .and chief city of the Pro- 
 Tiuce. It was originally 
 called Chedabucto or Che- 
 bucto, but received its 
 present name in 1749. 
 The city is the seat of 
 the Anglican Bishop of 
 Nova Scotia and the 
 Catholic Archbishop of 
 Halifax. 
 
 Separating Nova Scotia 
 from New Brxmswick is 
 the Bay of Fundy ; length 
 nearly 170 miles, with a 
 breadth of from 30 to 50 
 miles. The bay is very 
 •deep, but its navigation 
 
 is dangerous. The tide rises to a height of 
 71 feet, and rushes in with such rapidity 
 that swine are often overtaken and drowned 
 while feeding on shelllish. 
 
 National Sports of Canada. 
 
 The one sport which stands pre-eminently 
 forth as a native Canadian sport is the game 
 of lacrosse. It is the oldest of all North 
 American pastimes — a reminiscence of the by- 
 gone days of savagery, when the smoke from 
 the stockaded wigwam village curled up 
 among the branches of trees that have long 
 
 since givon place to populous cities and thriv- 
 ing farms. 
 
 The antiquity of lacrosse is bej'ond qae»- 
 tion. It must have been known to the Ameri- 
 can aborigines long anterior to that moment- 
 ous day upon which Columbus first feasted 
 his weary eyes on the green foliage of San 
 Salvador. The earliest striking account we 
 have of the game dates from the middle of the 
 last century, when Pontiac, the powerful and 
 jealous chief of the Hurons, planned the mas- 
 sacre at Mackinaw, and sought cunningly and 
 successfully to conceal his treachery under the 
 guise of a grand lacrosse match. 
 
 The game as played in those days must, 
 however, have differed materially from its 
 present form. Among the wild tribes of the 
 Far West, scores of players participate on 
 both sides, and unutterable confusion is, for 
 the most part, the result. This, we take it, 
 must have been the nature of the sport in Pon- 
 tiac's time, for it is not in the Indian char- 
 acter to be a passive onlooker on the occasion 
 of any excitement. But lacrosse to-day is a 
 science, and "twelve good men and true" is 
 the limit for either side. 
 
 The accessories of the game are few and 
 simple. The "stick" or "hurdle," as it is 
 technically termed, consists of a piece of 
 white ash, perfect in grain, bent at the upper 
 end into the form of a large crook, somewhat 
 after the fashion of the gigantic walking-sticks 
 of our grandfathers. From the curve thus 
 formed to the straight part of the stick run 
 diagonal strands of strongest catgut, these be- 
 ing crossed again at right angles by transverse 
 cords, and the whole woven into a coarse but 
 firm network, the ends of which are passed 
 through the wood and secured there. Upon 
 this network must the ball be carried, or 
 through its agency must it be thrown, and by 
 no other means is it lawful to touch, handle 
 or project the missile. The ball is composed 
 of solid rubber, has a diameter of slightly 
 
 GRACE CHUBCH (METDODIST), WINNIPEG. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 62J 
 
 more than two inches, and generally weighs somewhere about 
 four ounces. 
 
 Canada swarms with lacrosse clubs of various degrees of effi- 
 ciency and importonce, but all acknowledge, unhesitatingly, the 
 superior proweas of the two " great originals," the "Torontos," of 
 Toronto, and the " Shamrocks," of Montreal. For years these 
 two have done battle, fierce and valiant, for the ascendency, 
 with fluctuating success, and for many seasons the championship 
 binuers have alternated with monotonous regularity between the 
 commercial metropolis and the -'Queen City of the West." 
 
 As to the Indian players, whatever they may have been in Pon- 
 tiac's time, they certainly are no match to-day for their white 
 brethren. In fleetness of foot, endurance, native sagacity and cun- 
 ning they leave little to be desired, but in " team" play they are 
 vastly inferior to the "pale-faces." 
 
 Lacrosse, with every right to the distinction, has been termed 
 the "spectators' game," and in this respect can claim superiority 
 over even the ever -popular football, inasmuch as no technical 
 knowledge whatever of the Canadian sport is requisite to the on- 
 lookers' full appreciation of the " play." Once the ball is passed 
 between the flags at either end of the ground a goal is scored ; 
 there are no " minor points " to distract the attention ; three goals 
 out of five give the victory, and the game is at an end. But be- 
 tween two evenly balanced "twelves," whose members are masters 
 of the science of the game, and have at their fingers' ends all the 
 quips and quibbles of " rubber" and " hurdle," no more intensely 
 interesting and exciting contest can be imagined. 
 
 Ice-skating, of course practiced largely in Canada, has no dis- 
 tinctive Canadian quality, nor has sleigh - riding ; but the three 
 sports of snowshoeing, iceboating and tobogganing are all purely 
 Canadian, and have made their way into other countries from their 
 Canadian home. 
 
 We must accept that solution of ^ problem which suggests 
 that the snowshoe proper is one of the numerous offspring of the pro- 
 lific and inventive brains of the aborigines resident within the tem- 
 perate zone of the North American Continent. It is rarely, in- 
 deed, that the heavy Winter snowfalls of these districts develop 
 any formation of crusted surface sufficiently firm to support the 
 weight of a man, and it is thus evident that the snowshoe, like 
 most modern institutions of importance, owes its creation to the 
 commands of that powerful incentive to human ingenuity — neces- 
 sity. Many a lordly moose and elk, run down to his death in the 
 deep, yielding snowbanks, could his brutish thoughts have been 
 expressed in words, would surely with his last breath have uttered 
 a regretful plaint against the fatal expertness of the Canadian In- 
 dian in the management of this invention. 
 
 The home of tobogganing as an amusement may be in any land 
 blessed with hills and an abundance of snow to cover them ; but, 
 in reality, the sport is indigenous to Canada. Coasting with a 
 small, rnanered sleigh is also poi>ular among the youth of Canada, 
 but it is never likely to vie with the toboggan, from the fact that it 
 adds to the ordiuary dangers of the latter several extraordinary 
 perils peculiarly its own, which find their chief exponents in the 
 long, sharp-pointed runners of the " coasting" sleigh. Added to 
 this disadvantage, a smooth, hard surface is an almost indispen- 
 sable condition of good "coasting," while tobogganing is not by 
 any means so exacting in its requirements. 
 
 The earthly paradise of the tobogganer, like that of the snow- 
 shoer, is the hilly regions of the Province of Quebec and the north- 
 ern part of Ontario, Western Canada falling short of the necessary 
 attributes, principally from the flat nature of the surface. At 
 Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, the sport is to be seen in an 
 advanced state of perfection, and the Marquis of Lome gave a 
 powerful impetus to its progress toward popularity in that city. 
 In the grounds attached to the residence of Eideau Hall magnifl- 
 cent natural and artificial toboggan-slides were developed and con- 
 structed, and the spirited pastime was heartily enjoyed by many a 
 merry party from among the guests of the Viceregal establishment. 
 Montreal, also, with its fine physical facilities, has taken a high 
 position in the development of this favorite sport. Here are many 
 established clubs, and on the small mountain of Cote St. Antoina 
 ia one of the best toboggan-slides in the Dominion. 
 
622 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 IS 
 
 o 
 
 ,. iliilli^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA and the WEST INDIES. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 The Cathedral, Mexico City— The President of Mexico-Central America— The West Indies— Scenes in "Bavana— Pictukesqde Bits op 
 Jamaica— A ^'CENE in Si Pierre, Mautiniqce— The Boiling Lake, Dominica— Cape Haytien— Port-au-Prince— The Great water Cave 
 NEAR SAN Domingo city. ; 
 
 THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO occupies 
 that portion of the North Americau Con- 
 tinent lying immediately south of the 
 United States, stretching from the Gulf of 
 Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. South of Mex- 
 ico lie the Central Americau States — Nica- 
 ragua, Guatemala, San Salvador, Costa Kica, 
 and Honduras — all of them republican in 
 name in their form of government. 
 
 Mexico is, for the most part, an enormous 
 ridge, raised by volcanic force, and ramifying 
 into Siveral chains. Through the country 
 there are many elevated tablelands, snow sum- 
 mits, and volcanic cones, iu several of which 
 the fires are still raging. The highest of thorn 
 is the still active volcano Popocatepetl, 17,78-t 
 feet. Other lofty volcanoes, active or extinct, 
 are Iztaccihuatl, 15,705 feet ; Naucampalepetl, 
 13,416 feet; Orizaba, 17,380 feet, and the 
 Pico del Frayle, 15,250 feet. About 15,000 
 feet is the limit of perpetual snow. 
 
 In general the country is sparingly watered, 
 and labors under the almost total want of 
 navigable rivers reaching into the interior. 
 The longest and greatest of Mexican rivers is 
 the Eio Grande del Norte, called also the Kio 
 Bravo del Norte, which marks a portion of the 
 boundary between Mexico and Texas. The 
 Kio de Tampico is about 200 miles long, and 
 there are a few other rivers flowing into the 
 Gulf of Mexico on the east and the Pacific 
 Ocean on the west. There are numerous 
 lakes and lagoons, but comparatively small 
 and unimportant. The largest is Lake Cha- 
 pala, in the State of Jalisco, covering an area 
 of 1,500 square miles. 
 
 The Mexicans divide their country, with re- 
 spoct to climate, into Tierras Calientes (hot 
 lauds), which rarely exceed 900 feet in ele- 
 vation, TieiTas Templadas (temperate lands), 
 ranging between 4,000 and 5,000 feet, and 
 Tierras Frias (cold lands), above 7,000 feet. 
 The coasts are hot, humid and unhealthy. 
 The plains of the interior enjoy a delicious 
 chraate — perfectly healthy. Earthquakes are 
 of frequent occurrence, but they are generally 
 slight, and do little damage. 
 
 The population of Mexico comprises persons 
 of white descent, Indians, and Mestizos or 
 mixed races. The Spanish language is every- 
 where prevalent, but many of the Indians re- 
 tain the use of the ancient languages. By far 
 the greater part of the people are Koman 
 Catholics, but all religions are tolerated. 
 
 Mexico is a federal republic, formed upon 
 the model of the United States. There are 
 twenty -nine States, each with its own capital. 
 The total area of these is 741,313 square 
 miles. Mexico City, the capital of the State 
 of Mexico, is also the national capital of the 
 whole country. It is situated in a noble jilain 
 1,700 square miles in extent, inclosed by 
 mountains containiug many fine lakes, and 
 7,460 feet above the level of the sea. It is 
 encircled by walls and inclosed by gates, to 
 which several thoroughfares lead. 
 
 The houses are mostly of stone, built around 
 courtyards, seldom more than one story in 
 height, flat-roofed, and decorated by laaintiug 
 and mosaic-work on the outside. The streets 
 are regular and well-paved, in straight lines 
 directed to the four cardinal j^oints. The 
 public edifices are numerous, substantial, and 
 in good style. The chief place in the city is 
 the great square — Plaza Mayor — two sides of 
 which are formed by the Cathedral, National 
 Palace. Museum, and a new Market-place ; the 
 other sides are bordered by arcades in front of 
 the Parian, a bazaar, the Town Hall, and the 
 Exchange. 
 
 The city has sixty churches, forty convents, 
 a College of Engineers, several theatres, Botanic 
 Gardens, barracks, hospitals, and asylums, 
 two great aqueducts, an Academy of Arts, a 
 Public Library, a fine National Museum, a 
 Government cigar factory, a University, and 
 many manufacturing establishments. 
 
 Mexico City is the terminus of the great 
 railway from Vera Cruz, from which it is 185 
 miles west, and of several minor railways. 
 
 Mexico was discovered in 1517 by Francisco 
 Hernandez Cordova, who sailed along the 
 coast from Cape Catoche to Campeachy Bay. 
 In 1539 Hernando Cortez landed where Vera 
 
 Cruz now is, and ascended the tableland, the 
 numerous inhabitants of which — the Aztecs — • 
 he forud united under one sovereign called 
 Montezuma, but the doininiou of the Aztecs 
 did not extend over all the tablelands. After 
 two years of warfare, Cortez succeeded in over- 
 turning the power of the Aztecs, and the 
 smaller States were subjected to the SiJaniards 
 almost without a struggle. 
 
 Cortez having firmly established his author- 
 ity in the country, a large emigration set in 
 from Spain, and for nearly three centuries 
 the country remained as a Spanish eolonj'. 
 The first revolution took jjlace in 1810, and 
 was fomented chiefly by the clergy. In 1820 
 the Viceroy Apodaca received orders to pro- 
 claim the Constitution of 1812. but being 
 opposed to the measure, he sent Colonel Itur- 
 bide apparently on an expedition against the 
 surgent Guerrero, but really to sound the 
 wishes of the people. Iturbide, however, raised 
 the standard of revolt. The Mexican Cortes 
 then immediately proceeded to carrj' out tha 
 scheme of national independence, and in May, 
 1822, elected their general, Don Augustin Itur- 
 bide, Emperor of Mexico. The new monarch, 
 however, abdicated and left the country in 
 April, 1823 : but returning the next year, was 
 taken, and shot at Padilla. The experiment of 
 a federal republic was now tried, and the first 
 President was General Guadalupe Victoria. 
 
 In 1835 Santa Anna changed the federal 
 into a central republic. But the distant j^rov- 
 inces became disaffected. Texas revolted and 
 established its independence, and in ten 3'ear3 
 more was annexed to the United States. Then 
 came the war with the United States, conchided 
 February, 1848, in which Mexico yielded to 
 the United States the Provinces of New 
 Mexico and Upper California. 
 
 In 1863 a French army invaded Mexico, and 
 Napoleon III. established Maximilian as Em- 
 peror. In 1867 he was shot and the Kepublio 
 again proclaimed. Benito Juarez, who had 
 been President previous to Maxiiitilian's reign, 
 was again elected President. He was succeed* d 
 by Lerdo iu 1872, and he by Diaz in 1876. 
 
 623 
 
C24 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NAT10X& 
 
 
 > 
 
 6 
 
 PI 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 :_-j 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 625 
 
 The Cathedral, Mexico City. 
 
 The Cathedral of the City of Mexico was be- 
 guu in 1573, and was finished in 1667. It is 
 riOO feet long and 420 feet wide. It is of mixed 
 Gothic and Indian architecture, and is gorge- 
 oush' ornamented, having also a high altar 
 with a statue of .he Virgin, the dress of which 
 is said to contain, besides other gems, dia- 
 monds to the value of some three millions of 
 tlollars. 
 
 The Cathedral fronts the Plaza Mayor, and 
 is the most notable building in the city. Ou 
 
 he threw his influence in behalf of Gonzales, 
 who was elected. In 1884 General Diaz was 
 felt to be so overwhelminglj' the choice of the 
 people that he was elected almost without op- 
 position. The same has been the case now. 
 
 During his first Presidential term, ending in 
 the year 1880, Diaz did little more than 
 strengthen himself and the Liberal party 
 against the Clericals, and lay the foundations 
 of the peace which has lasted ever since. He 
 had had the education of a soldier, and knew 
 that, however good his intentions might be, 
 very little could be accomplished while ho was 
 
 The concessions were granted and the pre- 
 liminary steps taken, when it became time for 
 another President to succeed Diaz. His brother 
 officer, Manuel Gonzalez, was the man, and 
 rumor had it that it was all arranged that he 
 should carry out everything in the same spirit 
 with which Diaz had commenced, and that 
 after his four years were up he should be suc- 
 ceeded by his predecessor. 
 
 However true that may be, Gonzalez had 
 things very much his own way during his 
 term, and while, he continued the policy of 
 encouragement to raihvaj' and other enter- 
 
 IXDIAN'S AND COUNTRY WOMEN IN TBE MARKET SQUARE, VERA CRUZ. 
 
 the face of one of the towers, or rather a por- 
 tion of its foundation, is seen the wonderful 
 Calendar Stone of the Aztecs, and the entire 
 Plaza, the Cathedral, and a whole block be- 
 yond, only serve to measure the ancient teo- 
 ■enlli or pyramidal sanctuary of the ancient 
 Mexicans. 
 
 The President of Mexico. 
 
 Genbeal Porfikio Diaz, the President of 
 Mexico, who has jnst been re-elected to that 
 office for the third time, was first elected in 
 1876, with the iron hand of revolution against 
 Xerdo. In 1880, Diaz being then ineligible, 
 40 
 
 unsure of his seat. He therefore remodeled 
 the armj', created a new corps known as the 
 " Kurales," or rural guards, who are now one 
 of the best organized and equipped bodies of 
 men that any country can boast of, and con- 
 ciliated the favor of all the military chiefs in 
 different sections of the republic in one way or 
 another. 
 
 He then turned his attention to the inaug- 
 uration of a railway sj-stem which, in the first 
 place, should consolidate tlie country and 
 diminish the possibility of petty rebellions in 
 Sonora or Chiapas, and, in the second place, 
 overcome the difficulties under which the in- 
 ternal commerce labored. 
 
 prises of benefit to the country, he enricheo 
 himself and his personal friends to an enor- 
 mous degree. Concessions of all kinds were 
 granted, and the resources of the country, 
 particularly the customs revenue, were mort- 
 gaged heavil}'. There was no outlook for the 
 future as far as the finances were concerned, 
 and by the time Gonzalez retired from 
 office the only solution appeared to be a 
 national bankruptcy. 
 
 Meanwhile Diaz, nominally Governor of the 
 State of Oaxaca, had been in private life more 
 or less ; had traveled abroad, made many 
 friends, and had changed from the rough sol- 
 dier and amateur statesman to a polished man 
 
626 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 of the world, with enlarged ideas of the pos- 
 sible future of his country and a patriotic de- 
 sire to do all in his power to aid its growth. 
 
 General Diaz, as President of Mexico, re- 
 sides at Chapultepec, which, interpreted, 
 means the "Hill of the Grasshopper," a spot 
 declared by many the most beautiful in the 
 world. 
 
 The castle is reached by slowly ascending 
 the steep roads, winding through beautifu' 
 flower gardens, and shaded by grand old 
 cypresses that flourished, it. is stated, even 
 
 shot and shell ; the centre of the battlefield is 
 indicated by a square marble pedestal, on 
 which are inscribed the names of the Mexican 
 officers who fell on the field. 
 
 Chapultepec was the last battle of the war 
 that arose out of the secession of Texas from 
 Mexico, and General Scott being \ictorious, the 
 treaty of peace known as that of Guadalupe 
 Hidalgo was ratified in the early part of 18-48, 
 by which Texas, Kew Mexico and Upper 
 California became annexed to the United 
 States. Arizona, it may bo mentioned, was 
 
 colony of Belize, with a small part of the State 
 of Panama, in the United States of Colombia. 
 It is a mountainous region, with many high 
 plateaus of limited extent and many volcanoes. 
 Earthquakes are not infrequent. The climate 
 is hot and moist, but in the highland region* 
 much better than near the sea. A large part 
 of the lands is covered with dense woods. 
 The people are chiefly of Indian and Spanish 
 stock, with much admixture of the two races. 
 Agriculture is the leading pursuit. 
 
 The progress of these countries has been 
 
 END OF THE AQCBDUCT, CITY OP MEXICO. 
 
 before the time of the unfortunate Monte- 
 zuma. 
 
 The Palace of Chapultepec has been re- 
 built several times by Spanish viceroys. The 
 present building was erected in 1785. At the 
 back of the castle, looking over the large 
 cypress-trees on the pleasauuce below, is seen 
 the high ground on which the battle of Molino 
 del Key (the King's Mill) was fought, in 
 September, 1847, between the United States 
 Army, under General Scott, and the Mexican 
 Armj', under General Santa Anna. The large 
 Hour-mill and other buildings bear marks of 
 
 subsequently bought from Santa Anna by the 
 Treaty of Mesilla for ten millions of dollars. 
 
 Central America. 
 
 This is the name applied by geographers to 
 that part of the North American Continent ly- 
 ing between the Isthmus of Panama on the 
 south and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the 
 north. It includes the five Spanish American 
 Kejiublics of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- 
 gua, San Salvador and Costa Kica, the British 
 
 much hindered by frequent revolutions. The 
 mineral wealth is considerable, but is not 
 much developed. Gold is found in several 
 places, but coffee-planting is the only occupa- 
 tion in which much capital is invested. 
 
 The West Indies. 
 
 The West Indies are a group of islands in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, south of the United States, 
 and east of Mexico and Central America. 
 They are mostly disposed in three distinct 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE WE3T INDIES. 
 
 627 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 
 O 
 
 4^ 
 *— ( 
 O 
 
 o 
 
628 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA. AND THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 629 
 
 groups, of which the Leeward Islands, or 
 Greater Antilles contain the larger islands, 
 Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti and Porto Rico. 
 
 The Lesser Antilles, or Windward Islands, 
 extend in semicircular form from the eastern 
 extremity of the Island of Porto Eico, south to 
 the Gulf of Para, on the coast of Brazil, and a 
 still smaller group stretches from east to west 
 along the coast of Venezuela. North of Cuba 
 and Hayti is the group of the Bahamas. 
 
 Cuba, Porto Eico and several of the smaller 
 islands belong to Spain. The Bahamas, Bar- 
 badoes, Jamaica, Trinidad and most of the 
 Lesser Antilles are under 
 the British Government. 
 Curacoa, St. Eustatius, 
 St. M a r t i n {southern 
 part) and Saba are 
 Dutch; St. Bartholo- 
 mew, Swedish ; Santa 
 Cruz, St. John and St. 
 Thomas, Danish; Mar-. 
 tinique, St. Martin 
 (northern part), Saintes, 
 Marie - Galante, Guada- 
 loupe, and Descada are 
 French; and the Island 
 of Hayti, or San Do- 
 mingo, is independent. 
 
 Cuba is the largest of 
 all the West Indies, and 
 the most important. 
 Its area is 43,319 square 
 miles. Its length is 
 rather more than 750 
 miles, and its average 
 width 50 miles. The 
 surface is mountainous 
 at the southeast coast, 
 where the Sierra Maes- 
 tria, rising in places to 
 an elevation of 8,000 
 feet, runs from Cape de 
 Cruz to CaiJe de Maysi. 
 In the central part of 
 this island there are 
 ragged, hilly districts be- 
 tween Santa Clara and 
 Puerto Piiucipe. Eocky 
 reefs and muddy shal- 
 lows beset about two- 
 thirds of the coast. In 
 some localities the sea is 
 deep to the shore, offer- 
 ing excellent havens, 
 the chief of them being 
 Havana, the situation 
 of which makes it the 
 emporium of Central America. The 
 lation of Cuba is about 1,500,000. 
 
 by closely drawn blinds during the reign of 
 old King Sol ; but in the early morning and 
 at dewy eve these are thrown open, while the 
 guests, in the coolest of possible toilets, lounge 
 on the balconies, chatting smoking and in- 
 haling the perfume-laden breeze. The ala- 
 meda, too, is thronged by a gay and animated 
 crowd, which passes like a living, moving 
 wave. The gilded youth of the island affect 
 the Pasage, and, standing at its portals, pay 
 the tribute of a stare to the charms of the 
 Cuban belles, thus proving that the dude and 
 the masher are aUke all over the world. 
 
 popu- 
 
 3cenes in Havana. 
 
 EXTEKIOB OF TUE HOTEL PASAOE. 
 
 The exterior of the Hotel Pasage is particu- 
 larly striking. The f(K;ade is rich in plate- 
 glass and balconies, while statues adorn the 
 coping over the entrance. An alaineda, or 
 walk, shaded by trees, stands opposite, be- 
 neath which chairs and benches are placed for 
 the accommodation of the public. The state 
 apartments are in front, and jealously guarded 
 
 rOBllRlO DIAZ, I'KESIDE.NT OK TUB BEl'L'BHC OF UEXICO 
 THE TOMANDO CAFE. 
 
 This cafe is much frequented by the upper- 
 tendom of the island, who stroll in for a gos- 
 sip, a cigarette, an ice and a cooling drink. 
 Its open doors are guarded by sentinels in the 
 shape of prickly cacti, the pineapple " on its 
 native heath," or the dwarf palm. American 
 rocking-chairs are placed "all in a row" op- 
 posite the doorwaj's, and their occupants rock 
 to a measure that almost amounts to a lullaby, 
 or a cradle -song. The swarthy attendants, 
 attired in the snowiest of white, anticipate 
 every want, while 'he habitues have no neces- 
 sity to issue orders, their wishes being fore- 
 
 stalled. A cooler apartment than this doee 
 not exist on the island, and every visitor to 
 Havana "does" the Tomando Cafe, and does 
 
 Picturesque Bits of Jamaica. 
 Jamaica, the Island of Springs, largest and 
 richest of the British West Indies, bears an 
 undeserved reputation for excessive heat, and 
 a well-deserved one for fine tropical scenery. 
 With a backbone of lofty, verdure-clad mount- 
 ains, and a coast-line of 500 miles, indented 
 with a hundred harbors, bays and creeks, it 
 has at once the essentials 
 of natural attractiveness 
 and commercial pros- 
 perity. Its area is about 
 three times that of Long 
 Island. Having been a 
 British possession for 
 more than two centuries, 
 it is pretty thoroughly 
 Anglicized, as regards 
 politics, religion, society 
 and nomenclature. Wo 
 give a series of sketches 
 rejiresenting several 
 characteristic v i e]w s , 
 chosen at random, of 
 different points on the 
 island. 
 
 The prevailing form 
 of religious worship in 
 Jamaica is, of course, 
 that of the EstabUshed 
 Church of England. The 
 Wesleyan denomination 
 comes next in import- 
 ance, and the Method- 
 ists, Baptists, Presby- 
 terians, Moravians and 
 E o m a n Catholics are 
 also well represented. 
 The Established Church 
 alone claims nearly a 
 hundred temples of 
 worship. One of our 
 pictures shows that at 
 Alley, on the Plain of 
 Vere. It is one of the 
 oldest churches on the 
 island — a quaint brick 
 structure, which might 
 belong to the Surrey of 
 old England, instead of 
 that of an island of the 
 Antilles. The Wesleyau 
 Church of Beechamvillo, 
 St. Ann's, forms the subject of another of our 
 illustrations. It is a spacious, stuccoed strac- 
 ture, architecturally plain, but standing in a 
 lovely amphitheatre of wooded hills. 
 
 Spanish Town, the old seat of government, 
 and now a somewhat desolate place, ten miles 
 west of Kingston, was once quite a depot for 
 the landing and distribution of the coolies who 
 in former times were imjjorted from Calcutta 
 and the East Indies. It has still a reminder 
 of the coolie trade in the lepers' colony, where 
 numbers of these hopeless outcasts, all blades, 
 live in the commodious quarters, and cul- 
 tivate the grounds set aside for their use. 
 
630 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 I 
 
MEXICO, CENrEAL AMEllICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 631 
 
 O 
 
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 ft 
 
 i 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 1-3 
 
 > 
 
632 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 England maiutains 
 a force of perhaps 
 two thousand troops 
 on the island, ex- 
 clusive of the insular 
 militia, which latter, 
 at present, is not very 
 numerous. The scene 
 in a garden of a 
 country home near 
 Port Eoyal is um- 
 brageous and inviting, 
 and shows to ad- 
 vantage the luxuriant, 
 feathery foliage of 
 the cabbage - palm, 
 which, with the co- 
 coanut-palm, bamboo 
 and lignum-vitiB, are 
 plentiful in this pro- 
 lific region. 
 
 A Scene in St. Pierre, 
 Martiniijue. 
 
 St. Piekee is the 
 principal town of the 
 
 picturesque, tropical Island of Martinique, and 
 the chief entrepot of the French West Indies. 
 Like Paris, which in many other things it 
 endeavors to copy, it is divided by a stream, 
 over which are several handsome bridges. It 
 
 EXTERIOR OF THE HOTEL TASAOE, nAVAKA, 
 
 has a population of over 25,000, and, with its 
 numerous public buildings and schools, its 
 handsome theatre and botanic garden, it is a 
 bright and thoroughly Gallic city. On the 
 hillside, not far away, are still to be seen the 
 
 remains of the house 
 in which the Empress 
 Josephine was born, 
 in 17C3. A railroad 
 connects St. P i e r r o 
 with Port -de - France 
 and other points. 
 Our illustration gives 
 a characteristic view 
 of one of the prin- 
 cipal streets of the 
 island metropolis. 
 
 The Boiling Lake, 
 Dominica, 
 
 On Sunday, January 
 4th, 1880, shortly after 
 eleven o'clock in the 
 morning, a volcanic 
 eruption occurred in 
 the Grande Soufriere 
 district of Dominica, 
 "West Indies. This 
 district is situated 
 near the centre of 
 the southern third of 
 the island, and before the eruption its vol- 
 canic energy was manifested by the action 
 of four solfataras and by the Boiling Lake. 
 Shortly before eleven o'clock the sky becami> 
 overcast, and very heavy rain began to fall 
 
 BITTING-ROOII ly THE TOMAKDO Ckvi, HAVANA. 
 
MEXICO, CENIRAL AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 
 
 633 
 
 accompanied with loud thunder and vivid 
 hghtning. 
 
 Soon afterward the sky darkened, the rain 
 poured in torrents, a powerful odor of sul- 
 phureted hydrogen pervaded the atmosphere ; 
 the lightning increased in vividness, and 
 thunder of a peculiar sound, and without the 
 usual reverberation, crashed for several min- 
 utes, with intermissions of so short a duration 
 as to be scarcely recognizable. After tho 
 lapse of about five minutes the darkness be- 
 gan to lift, and it was then seen that the rain 
 was bringing down volcanic ash of a light 
 grayish color and metallic lustre. 
 
 The scene of the eruption was about eight 
 miles east from Koseau, and the volcanic ash 
 was blown to the west by the trade wind in a 
 narrow belt about one and a half miles wide. 
 The area over whfth the ash fell was about 
 twenty square miles. 
 
 Strictly speaking, a new crater was not 
 formed, for the eruption was only the break- 
 ing into activity of an old volcano. The 
 Grande Soufriere district formerly included 
 four solfatiras and the Boiling Lake, and 
 the most active of these solfataras was situ- 
 ated in the crater of the volcano that became 
 active. With the exception of a part of the 
 bottom and southern side occupied by the 
 smifriere, as a solfntara is called in the West 
 Indies, the crater was clothed with trees, many 
 of which were of large size and considerable 
 nge, and a stream of strongly ferruginous 
 water, rising at its southwestern extremity, 
 ran through the ovoid basin, and found an 
 exit in the break in the northeastern side. 
 The path to the Boiling Lake passed through 
 the crater, and the north bank of the Chaly- 
 beate stream — which entirely disappeared 
 after the eruption — was the usual place 
 selected for an encampment. 
 
 ^ A 
 
 \ Crooked 
 AckUnLj) 
 
 H 
 
 ..^ AT 
 
 Marlguanal. 
 
 j^..='_Calco8 I, 
 
 XW.Inas'ta p 
 
 Lou, £. Xrom Vr'a^ittiugtoa 
 
 «3 Z.Caico8 r. 
 ' C Turk Is. 
 
 PART OF THE 
 
 WEST INDIES 
 
 SHOWING THE ISLAND OF 
 
 SANTA CRUZ 
 
 St.CjhristopheS' 
 
 Cape Haytien. 
 
 The coasts of Haj'ti are altogether more 
 irregular than those of the other Antilles, giv- 
 ing rise to a number of bights, peninsulas and 
 headlands. The island is traversed bj- several 
 hilly ranges, which, however, are not con- 
 nected together. There may be clearly dis- 
 tinguished a northeasterly coast range ; in the 
 centre a tableland crossed by ridges, amongst 
 which is that of Cibao, once famous for its 
 gold, and culminating with tho Yaqiii Peak, 
 9,G95 feet high ; and, lastly, a southwesterly 
 coast range in the longer jjeninsula, attaining 
 in one of its peaks tho altitude of 7,400 feet. 
 
 Hayti presents a sad jncture of the inca- 
 
 KINGSTON, JAMAICA, WEST INDIES. 
 
 pacity of the black race for independent de- 
 velopment. Even the most zealous abolition- 
 ists are obliged to confess that the majority of 
 the Haytian negroes are lower in the scale of 
 civilization than the aboriginal tribes of Cen- 
 tral Africa. In the interior of the country 
 fetich - worship is rampant, and mingled with 
 the wildest superstition and the celebration of 
 rites to evil spirits. 
 
 At least two-thirds of the population do not 
 speak any language recognized by the civ- 
 ilized world. It is stated that even canni- 
 balism is practiced, the people killing and 
 eating, at certain of their festivals, their own 
 children. In Hayti seven-eighths of the people 
 are pure blacks ; the rest are so-called Creoles, 
 but really half- castes — that is, mulattoes. 
 
 Cape Haytien, a Haytian port ninety miles, 
 from Port-au-Prince, must be entered slowly 
 and prudentlj', as the harbor is full of reefs, 
 though safe when entered. If a heavy fog 
 does not prevent the view, you will see the 
 hills, or rnornes, and Carneage, a suburb in- 
 habited by fishermen and boatmen. In front 
 are the Custom-house and mercantile portion 
 of the town. 
 
 Tho steep streets, worn in gullies by tho 
 torrents, are skirted by crumbling brick 
 houses and ruins. This is all that remains of a 
 city that but a century ago boasted of being a 
 Paris in the New World. It had its magnificent 
 public buildings, its fine cathedral, its squares 
 and monumental fountains. The ruins of the 
 cathedral are still imposing ; those of Chris- 
 tophe's palace of San Souci seem strange as 
 the traveler gazes on these relics of the pride . 
 of a negro emperor. The citadel Laferriere 
 still frowns down from its mountain height, 
 recalling his fleeting reign and power. 
 
 Here Columbus found the friendly chief, 
 Guariko ; here the freebooters, in 1670, 
 founded a town which the Spaniards fre- 
 quently captured and destroyed. War and' 
 fire have again and again desolated it, till now 
 it is but a mass of ruins and memories. The- 
 present population is 12,000. 
 
^u 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 
 CO 
 
 « 
 
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 H 
 
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MEXICO, CENTEAL AMERICA AND TQE WEST INDIES. 
 
 635^ 
 
 WESLEY AN CHtIKCH,'BEECHAMVILLB, ST. ANN's, JAMAICA. 
 
 majestic series of buildings, quite im- 
 posing in their arcliitecture, while 
 occasional fountains, the worse for 
 age and neglect, show, in different 
 parts of the city, attempts in ancient 
 days to beautify the place. 
 
 There is yet, however, in existence 
 an immense stone basin in the upper 
 l^art of the city, originally built and 
 still used for the purpose of bathing 
 the horses of the townspeople, a de- 
 gree of luxury of which no other 
 city we know can boast. 
 
 To-day the lower part of the city 
 has a good many fine warehouses, 
 principally those of foreign mer- 
 chants, who live on the second floors ; 
 but the great majority of the houses 
 are built of wood, in the most non- 
 descript, irregular stjles of architect- 
 ure. The market-places are mere 
 open squares, and the church, though 
 large, has nothing remarkable about 
 it; but the streets, lined with their 
 odd stores and contents, void of side- 
 walks and filled constantly with peo- 
 ple, present an odd and novel ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 There seem to be no sanitary rules 
 whatever, and the only cleansing of 
 which we heard was that of the city 
 
 streets by the heavy rains and showers In- 
 fact, quite in the city and upon the opea 
 square, dead animals are taken and left ta 
 lie and rot without hindrance from any one. 
 
 The population are principally blacks, while 
 the mulatto class constitute the principal 
 aristocracy, to which are added the white 
 French Creoles, as also many of the foreigu 
 merchants ; and at a social gathering all these 
 will be seen in various proportions, according 
 to circumstances. 
 
 As many of the native colored population 
 have been educated in France, there are found 
 a good many highly cultured men, extremely 
 courteous and gentle in their manners ; and 
 of some of the younger men, only a few re- 
 moves from the white, many may be said to 
 be quite elegant in their dress and manners. 
 Among the Creole j5opulation one meets with 
 extremely lively and agreeable women, many 
 of whom are married to foreigners. 
 
 The old distinction of color, however, exists 
 even here, I am told ; for the mulattoes pride 
 themselves on being a different people from 
 the blacks, while the latter sneer at the former 
 as being neither white nor black. 
 
 Not far from Port-au-Prince on the Morue 
 Pensez-y-bien, in a beautiful and fertile plain, 
 is the village of St. Croix des Bouquets, of 
 some historic fame in the negro wars of the 
 island. It is well watered, and sugar-cane 
 
 Port-au-Prince. 
 
 Poet-atj-Pri>xe, at the head of a deep bay, 
 is situated on a strand half encircled by hills, 
 on which, from the water, the scattered houses 
 look like tropical flowers. The town is a 
 cluster of wooden huts and brick houses, 
 which, with intervals of ruins, line the wide 
 streets. It was founded by De la Caze in 
 1749, and called by him L'Hopital, but soon 
 acquired the name it now bears — how or why 
 no one exactly knows. 
 
 The public fountains are wretchedly main- 
 tained. The church or cathedral was re- 
 paired by Soulouque. The President now hold- 
 ing the dangerous position resides in a plain 
 wooden house on Egalite Street. Prisons, 
 bank, hospital, arsenal, Ij'ceum, State build- 
 ings, all are in a dilapidated state. Earth- 
 quakes in 1751 and 1770 nearly destroyed the 
 city, and war has done the rest. 
 
 Port-au-Prince is reputed to oe a very un- 
 healthy place at times, much fever, both yel- 
 low and native, prevailing there; and if the 
 theory of the prevalence of the mangrove- 
 trees be true, it is easily accounted for, the 
 shores and islands being covered with these 
 breeders of pestilence. 
 
 Historians tell us that at one time the town 
 possessed handsome, solid structures, includ- 
 ing public buildings, fountains, churches, etc.: 
 but if so, they have almost entirely disap- 
 peared or left ruined walls where they might 
 have been ; for to-day even the Houses of the 
 Assembly are of wood of most ordinary cou- 
 structiou, while the President's Palace itself is 
 only mediocre as an ordinary building. The 
 ruins of the palace of Saluave are still extant, 
 and show that they maj- have been a very 
 
 
 %^> 
 
 ALLEY CHURCH, JAMAICA. 
 
«36 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 BT. PIERRE, MABTINIQUB. 
 
 thrives luxuriantly. 
 Almos; at the outskirts 
 ot Port - au - Priuce is 
 the Ked Bridge, where 
 the savage tyrant Des- 
 salines was cut to 
 pieces hy the soldiers 
 on whom he depended, 
 and who had so often 
 accomplished his mer- 
 ciless behests. The 
 tranquil scenery of 
 the place seems in- 
 finitely at variance 
 with the sanguinary 
 juemories it recalls. 
 
 San Domingo City. 
 
 This city is the capi- 
 tal of the Republic of 
 San Domingo, and is 
 situated on the right 
 bank of the mouth of 
 the Ozama River. Its 
 population is estimated 
 at from 0,000 to 10,000 
 inhabitants. The city 
 is surrounded by a 
 wall & feet thick, 10 
 feet high, and 4,500 
 yards in circumfer- 
 ence. The streets are 
 straight, wide, and at 
 Tight angles. Many 
 of the ancient houses 
 nd buildings are still 
 
 FORMER BASIN OF BOILING LAKE, DOMINICA. 
 
 standing, but are only 
 remarkable for their 
 solidity. The climate 
 is healthful. The 
 trade is principally in 
 cabinet and dye woods. 
 The ji o r t is deep 
 enough for large ves- 
 sels, the river being 25 
 feet in depth for three 
 miles, but there arc 
 only 18 feet of water 
 at the entrance. 
 
 San Domingo City, 
 the oldest existing set- 
 tlement by white men 
 in the New World, was 
 founded by Barthol- 
 o m e w Columbus, in 
 1494, on the left bank 
 of the Ozama. In 
 1502 it was destroyed 
 by a hurricane, when 
 it was transferred to 
 its present site. The 
 walls were built in 
 1506. The city is the 
 seat of a university, 
 and of an archbishop, 
 whose cathedral is the 
 finest building in the 
 town. Christopher 
 Columbus was buried 
 here, but whether his 
 remains were removed 
 to Havana in 17'J5 is a 
 disputed point. 
 
MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE "WEST INDIES. 
 
 637 
 
 ,. -a.:!- tSS'K 
 
 VIEW OF CAPE HATTIEN, TAKEN FKOU THE HEIUBT3 OF UAECHEGALLE. 
 
 Tbe Great Water Cave near San Domingo 
 City. 
 Among the relics and curiosities of the vicin- 
 ity of San Domingo City are the Columbus 
 Si«5iig and the Great Water Cave. The for- 
 mer is situated half a mile above the city, on 
 the west bank of the Ozama Eiver. It is the 
 only jiure s»ring in that neighborhood, and 
 the captains of vessels touching at the city 
 send their small -boats, with a quantity of 
 
 barrels, to obtain a supply of drinking-water 
 for their next trip. 
 
 The ' ' AV ater Cave " is three miles east of 
 the city, and is nearly 200 feet in length. The 
 view from the entrance is very grand. Beau- 
 tiful specimens of stalactite and stalagmite 
 formations are seen attached to the rocks, 
 while at the mouth are strong vines of a single 
 stem, which have insinuated themselves through 
 the crevices in the dome, and grown until they 
 
 reached the ground, when they have taken 
 root, forming a network, through which our 
 artist forced his way to the miniature lake. 
 This sheet of water is oval in shape, and 
 about 100 yards across. Descending into the 
 cave, he, with an exploring party, passed the 
 lake by swimming, and reached a sloping, 
 shrub-covered hill, eightj' or ninety feet high, 
 which forms the wall of the cave. The scene 
 was picturesque in the extreme. 
 
 NATIONAL BANK OF HAVTI AT rORT-Ar-rRINCE. 
 
033 
 
 THE WORLD'S GKEAT NATIONa 
 
 
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 Kl 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 ABOUND RIO DE JANEIKO— SANTA CATHAKINA, BRAZIL— THE PAL3I GaOVE IX THE BOTANICAL GAEDES AT RIO DE JAXEIKO— POKTO ALEOEE— CALLAO 
 
 —The Gokge of the Tunkixi, Peku— View of the City of Lima, the Capital of Peru— Cuzco — Boatixo on Lake Titicaca, Peru- 
 British GUIANA— Some Facts about Chili— The Statue op Bolivar in Bogota-Views i:f Caraoa3. Venezuela— Buryinq-placs of 
 Indians at Atubes— Buenos Ayres— Patagonia and Tierra del Fueoo— the Strait o? IIaoellan. 
 
 fJ^HE South Americfin peuinsuln, contains 
 I within its limits the following separate 
 
 ■*- governments : One empire (Brazil) ; eight 
 in<Jependent republics (Venezuela, Ecuador, 
 Peru, Chili, Bolivia, Buenos Aj-res, Uruguay, 
 and Paraguay) ; two federal republics (the 
 United States of Colombia and the Argentine 
 Confederation); three colonial settlements 
 (British, French and Dutch Guiana) ; one dis- 
 puted territory (Patagonia) ; and the Island of 
 Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 South America extends a distance of d,550 
 miles north and south, and contains au area of 
 7,260,935 square miles; its shores arc washed 
 by the two great oceans, Atlantic and Pacific, 
 and (hi'ee of the world's greatest rivers pene- 
 trate its interior. These are the Orinoco, the 
 Amazon, and the Eio de la Plata, the latter 
 formed by the union of the Parana and Uru- 
 guay. The territory drained by these rivers 
 is immense. With their vaiious tributaries 
 they irrigate the entire section from Vene- 
 zuela to Buenos Ayres, and from the Andes 
 Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, into .which 
 they flow. The river system on the Pacific 
 coast is insignificant. The narrow strip of 
 land between the Andes and the Pacifio Ocean 
 varies in ^^■idth from 50 to 100 miles, and the 
 great chain of jrountaius traversing the 
 peninsula, from the Isthmus of Panama to 
 the southernmost i)oint of Chili, forr.is a seri- 
 ous barrier to communication between the 
 east and west coasts. 
 
 The starting-point of the primitive civiliz- 
 ation of South America was the tableland of 
 Bolivia, whence came the Inea rulers of Peru 
 and Ecuador. Only there and in Colombia 
 did the invading Spaniard find native races 
 which had made any progress. All the tribes 
 along the eastern and northeastern coasts 
 were sunk in the deepest barbarism. The 
 
 country passed into the hands of the Span- 
 iards and Portuguese with scarcely a struggle, 
 and the former retained their vast possessions 
 until the early part of the present century, 
 when colony after colony revolted, and all, 
 after a series of sanguinary engagements, 
 succeeded in winning their independence. 
 
 Paraguay was the first to achieve its freedom, 
 in 1811; then followed Buenos Ayres, 1812; 
 Chili, 1817; New Granada (now the United 
 States of Colombia), 1819: Ecuador, 1820; 
 Brazil, 1822 (from Portugal) ; Venezuela, 
 1823 ; Bolivia, 1825 ; Peru, 1826, and Uru- 
 guay, 1823. Thus, in the course of seven- 
 teen years Spain lost all of her rich possessions 
 in South America which she had held for 
 nearly three centuries. 
 
 In this same period, too, Mexico and the 
 Central American States revolted from S^jain, 
 and the territory of Florida and Louisiana 
 also became alienated from Spain ; so that in 
 the first quarter of the nineteenth century 
 Spanish domination in the Hew World was re- 
 duced entirely to the Island of Cuba and a few 
 smaller islands iu the West Indies. 
 
 The Emi^ire of Brazil is the largest State 
 in South America. It contains an area of 
 3,217,045 square miles. Its poijulation is 
 estimated to bo about 11,100,000. Its greatest 
 breadth is 2,000 miles, and it has a coast-line 
 of more than 4,000 miles. Its largest river, 
 the Amazon, is one of the great rivers of the 
 world. With its tributaries it drains an area 
 of 2,330,000 square miles. At its nioath it is 
 180 miles in width ; its average depth is from 
 211 to 204 feet; at its mouth it is 513 feet 
 deep, and r.t one point it has a depth of 1,520 
 feet. Rising in the great divide iu the Andes 
 Mountains iu Peru, within a distance of 60 
 miles from the Pacific Ocean, its total length 
 to its mouth in the Gulf of Para, in the Atlan- 
 tic, is about 4,000 miles, and with its tribu- 
 taries it affords navigation of not less than 
 30,000 mflos within Brazilian territory, and 
 about 50,000 miles in all. From its source to 
 Tabatinga, on the border line between Ecu- 
 ador, Peru and Brazil, it is called Marauon ; 
 thence, Solimoens Kiver to its junction with 
 the Kio Negro ; thence, Amazon to the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 Brazil was discovered in iSOO, by Pedro 
 Alvares Cabral, who was sent out by the King 
 of Portugal. Vespucci afterward visited It, 
 and in 1549, John III. of Portugal apjiointed 
 a governor for the new territory, who founded 
 
 the City of Eio de Janeiro. In 1815 Brazil 
 was raised to the rank of a kingdom, and in 
 1821 the King returned to Portugal, leaving 
 his son Dom Pedro as regent. A revolution 
 ensued, and in 1822 Brazil was proclaimed an 
 independent empire, and Pedro was cro«Tiod 
 as its Emperor. By the death of his father, 
 John VI., in 1820, he became King of Portu- 
 gal, as well as Emperor of Brazil, but he re- 
 signed the former in favor of his infant 
 daughter, Maria do Gloria. In 1820 he abdi- 
 cated the throne of Brazil in favor of his son, 
 then six years old. This son, Dom Pedro II., 
 the present Emperor, has enjoyed a long and 
 prosperous reign. 
 
 The official religion of Brazil, lika all the 
 South American States, is Ilomaii Catholic, 
 and while Protestants are debarred from be- 
 ing elected deputies to the Legislative Assazm- 
 bly, all religious beliefs are tolerated. 
 
 The next largest State is the Eepublic of 
 Bolivia — 077,280 square miles are.i. This 
 country was named after Simon Bolivar, to 
 whom it and other States owed their inde- 
 pendence. The executive power is ■ iu tho 
 hands of a President elected for four years, 
 and legislative functions are exercised by a 
 Senate and House of Kepresentatives, elected 
 by universal suffrage. Oruro is the seat of 
 government. 
 
 Next comes the Argentine Confederation, 
 000,000 square miles. Until 1770 this part of 
 South America was attached to the Vicero3-alty 
 of Peru, but in that year it and Paraguay, 
 Uruguay and Bolivia became ^the Viceroyalty 
 of Buenos Ayres. In 1831, after the close of 
 a w'ar with Brazil, the Argentine Provinces 
 formed a Confederation, but till 1852, when 
 General Kosas was deposed, there was no 
 session of the National Congress. Buenos 
 Ayres forms a part of the Confederation, 
 though for a time, after 1852, it had seceded. 
 The President is elected for six years. The 
 Senate is comjiosed of twenty-eight members, 
 and the House of Deputies of fifty-four mem- 
 bers. The Governors of the Provinces are 
 elected for three years. The City of Buenos 
 Ayres is the capital. 
 
 039 
 
C40 
 
 THE WOELD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 c^r 
 
 il; 
 
 
 
 ■xn 
 
 ih 
 
 w 
 
 w }: 
 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 m. 
 
 PALM GROVB IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN', RIO DE JANEIRO, 
 
 differing only in Email details. The capital is 
 Caracas, and the population 1,784,194. 
 
 Ecuador has an area of 248,380 square 
 miles, and of its 1,783,000 population but a 
 small portion is of pure white blood, the great 
 majority being descendants of the original in- 
 habitants. Theoretically the government is 
 republican, with a President, two Vice - presi- 
 dents, a Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 
 But, practically, the country is ruled by the 
 strongest military chieftain. 
 
 Chili is the strongest of all the South 
 American republics, though its area is among 
 the smallest, being only 123,089 square miles. 
 The present constitution was adopted in 1833. 
 The President is elected for four years, the 
 members of the Senate for nine, and the Depu- 
 ties — one for each 20,000 of population — for 
 three years. The population is 2,074,827. 
 Chili claims all that part of Patagonia lying 
 west of the Andes Mountains. This addi- 
 tional territory contains 95,286 square miles 
 and 258,741 population. 
 
 From the time of the adoption of the Con- 
 stitution the country has enjoyed prosperity, 
 and its funds stand high in the markets of 
 the world. A dispute with Bolivia regarding 
 the boundary-line led to a war, in which the 
 Chilians were successful, though Peru had 
 joined Bolivia. 
 
 Uruguay, 63,000 square miles, and Para- 
 guay, 70,000 square miles, are both small and 
 insignificant. Uruguay is the more import- 
 ant of the two, and its seaport capital, Monte- 
 video, is a beautiful and prosperous city. 
 Both these States, though theoretically repub- 
 lics, are practically ruled by dictators. 
 
 Throughout all South America minerals are 
 abundant. The gold and silver mines of Peru 
 and Ecuador are historical. Valuable dia- 
 monds are found in Brazil. The baser metals 
 — iron, copi^er, lead, etc. — are found in abund- 
 ance, and coal and salt mines arc numerous. 
 Coffee is one of the richest stajiles of Brazil 
 and Venezuela, and in the immense forests of 
 the Andes medicinal trees and vegetables 
 abound. The cinchona -tree, copaiba, sarsa- 
 parilla, ipecacuanha, India - rubber and copal 
 are but a few of the valuable commodities 
 found there. Eosewood and mahogany grow 
 
 The United States of Colombia and the Ee- 
 fpublic of Peru are both of the same size — 
 J')00,000 square miles. The former (once 
 knoT\-n as New Granada) is one of the most 
 }irogressive of the South American republics. 
 It is composed of nine federated States. The 
 President is elected for two years. The Sen- 
 ate consists of three members from each of the 
 States, and the House of Delegates, one mem- 
 ber for every 50,000 inhabitants. Each State 
 has its own Legislature and executive officer. 
 Peru is one of the oldest of the Spanish col- 
 onies in America. Its present Constitution 
 was proclaimed August 31st, 1867. There is 
 a President and Vice-president, and a Legis- 
 lature composed of a Senate and House of 
 Jlepresentatives. 
 
 The Eepublic of Venezuela ranks next in 
 -size— 403,270 square miles. It has the same 
 'form of government as the other repubhos, 
 41 
 
 VIEW OF UENINU DEOS, FOBTO ALEOKE, BRAZIL. 
 
6d2 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GEEA.T NATIONS. 
 
 VIEW OP THE CITY OF CALLAO, PERU, FROM THE MOLE. 
 
 in profusion, while the treeless plains of tlio 
 Argeutiue Kepiiblic furnish pasturage for cutl- 
 loss herds of cattle, whose hides and carcasses 
 are exported iu great quantities. 
 
 On the islands of the Chilian and Peruvian 
 coasts are immense quantities of guano, and 
 tlie nitrate-of-soda beds on tha mainland are 
 extremely valuable. 
 
 The land offers every inducement for enter- 
 prise, but it is rarely found among the natives. 
 
 Sugarloaf Mountain presents an almost per- 
 pendicular granite wall, rising 1,200 feet above 
 the water. Passing these, we are fairly within 
 a landlocked bay some twenty miles long and 
 fifteen broad, in which all the navies of the 
 world might ride at anchor, and we begin to 
 catch a view of the still-distant city and its 
 shining suburbs, lying along the minor reaches 
 which indent the shores of the great bay, all 
 embowered amidst the richest tropical vegeta- 
 tion. 
 The loveliest of these smaller bays, which 
 
 fringe around the great bay, is that of Botn.- 
 fogo, lined throughout its whole circuit by 
 handsome villas, and overtopped by the seem- 
 ingly inaccessible peak of the Corcovado, 
 which shoots up to an altitude of 2,400 feet 
 above the water. Beyond are the Gavia and 
 other picturesquely shaped summits ; and still 
 further on, at the head of the great bay, is a 
 long chain of highlands, having an average 
 height of 4,000 feet, over which the wonderful 
 peaks of the Organ Mountains are seen, tow- 
 ering to a height of some 8,000 feet. 
 
 Had I not been told otherwise, I should 
 never have dreamed that human foot could 
 ever plant itself upon the obelisk - looking- 
 summit of the Corcovado. But I knew, from 
 what I had read, that upon the other side the- 
 slope for most of the way was quite gentle ; and 
 before many days I formed one of a party to 
 make the ascent. A tramway, operated by mules, 
 carried us to the lovely suburb rightly named 
 Laranjeiras, "The Orange-groves." Then a 
 carriage took us in an hour to the base of tho 
 Corcovado, up the side of which, although we 
 might have ridden most of the way, we re- 
 solved to go on foot. The path led by a gen- 
 tle incline through a shady forest, with herfr 
 and there an open sjiace, whence we could 
 look down upon the city and its suburbs and 
 the blue waters of the harbor. As we neared 
 the summit the ascent became quite steep. 
 The vegetation almost disappeared, for only 
 here and there was the bare rock covered with 
 a thin layer of soil, into which a shrub could 
 thrust its roots. The steep way now led along 
 a narrow ridge, which forms the sole way of 
 reaching the topmost point. 
 
 The summit consists of an irregular plat- 
 form of bare rock, bounded by almost perpen- 
 dicular precipices at every point except the 
 narrow ledge up and along which we had been 
 
 Around Kio de Janeiro. 
 
 The Bay of Naples, the "Golden Horn" 
 of Constantinople, the Bay of New York, and 
 the Harbor of Kio Janeiro, may fairly dispute 
 with each other the pre-eminence for pictur- 
 esque beauty. The traveler who has seen them 
 all will most likely accord the palm to the one 
 Tipon which he haj^pens at the moment to be 
 looking. At least so I thought when I was sail- 
 ing up the approach to the harbor of Rio, and 
 still more so when I came to look down upon it 
 from the lofty summit of the Corcovado. Rio de 
 Janeiro (the " lUver of January") was so 
 called by the Spanish navigator, Juan Diaz de 
 Soils, who, on January 1st, 1515, entered the 
 mouth of the bay, which he thought to be a 
 great river. The name was subsequently 
 given to the great city, the largest in South 
 America, with a population of nearly 300,000, 
 which has grown up upon its shores. 
 
 The entrance to the harbor is simply mag- 
 nificent. It IS guarded by two conical granite 
 Islands, Pai and Mai, the deep passage be- 
 tween them being so narrow that, as we steam 
 through it, we can plainly see the cactus cling- 
 ing to the steep cliffs on either hand. A little 
 further on, upon the right, rises, crowned with 
 a fort, the rocky point of Santa Cruz, against 
 whose base beats evermore the long swell of 
 the broad Atlantic, while upon the left the 
 
 TIEW OF THE CITf OF CALLAO FROM THE SEA, 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 643 
 
 THE GORGE OF THE TDNKINI. PEETJ. 
 
644 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 riEW OF THE t;lTY 01-' LIMA, PEKU. 
 
 toilsomely climbing. So perilous was the 
 position, that a strong wall has been built by 
 the Government in order to protect visitors 
 from tumbling down the precijiice. Upon 
 this we could lean in safety and take in the 
 varied and magnificent view far below us on 
 every side. Below us on one side was the 
 city, which seemed to be sleeping at our very 
 feet. 
 
 The whole extent of the magnificent harbor 
 lay iu frout of us, indented with beautiful 
 coves, chief among which was the lovely Bota- 
 fogo, and one well - named by the Indians 
 Nktheroy ("The Hidden Water"). On the 
 other side was a forest so dense that one might 
 fancy it had never been invaded by 
 man. Turning a little to one side, 
 we could look straight down upon 
 the great Botanical Garden, M'hose 
 famous palm - trees were dwarfed to 
 shrubs iu the distance. 
 
 Looking seaward, wo could trace 
 the outlines of the narrow gateway 
 to the broad Atlantic, where a black 
 cloud of smoke, growing momently 
 more and more distant, told that some 
 great occau steamer was pointing its 
 prow across the waste of waters, a 
 moving link in the mighty chain which 
 binds together in peaceful bonds the 
 Old World and the New. Turning 
 our backs to the ocean, and looking 
 toward the head of the bay, we saw 
 the gleaming summits of the Organ 
 llouutains rising far above the purple 
 shades of the intervening lower range. 
 Since thou I have seen a sunrise from 
 the top of Etna — perhaps the most 
 magnificent spectacle given to mortal 
 eyes ; but it is of brief continuance : 
 in half an hour all is over, and one's 
 first thought is to escajie the freezing 
 cold and the sulphurous vapors by 
 making the best of his way down 
 that enormous ash-heap. But I could 
 gladly have passed the long Summer 
 
 day iu feasting my eyes upon the varied 
 panorama spread out from the summit of the 
 Corcovado. 
 
 The Palm Grove in the Botanical Garden 
 
 at Eio de Janeiro, 
 Mme. Agassiz, in her "Travels in Brazil,"- 
 sketches this beautiful alley of palm-trees. 
 She says : " The Botanical Garden is situated 
 about eight miles from the centre of the city. 
 It is a splendid affair, and the site admirably 
 chosen. Indeed, can anything bearing the 
 name of garden fail to be perfectly beautiful 
 in a climate where vegetation is so vigorous 
 and so varied ? This ouq, unfortunately, is ill- 
 kept. In fact, the rapidity and strength with 
 which plants grow here render it difficult to 
 keep the ground iu that trim state which to 
 our eye is so essential. But what gives this 
 garden a character perhaps unique in the 
 world, is its long and fairy avenue of palm- 
 trees, with trunks more than eighty feet high. 
 I cannot attempt to give in words even a faint 
 idea of the architectural beauty of this colon- 
 nade of palm-trees, whose green capitals meet 
 in a vault. Straight, smooth, polished like 
 granite pillars, they recall to mind the fan- 
 tastic vision of the endless colonnades of som« 
 old Egyptian temple." 
 
 Santa Oatharina, Brazil. 
 
 The town of Santa Cathariua, iu Southern 
 Brazil, and the capital of the Province of the 
 same name, is situated on the inner side of the 
 Island of Santa Catharina (Nossa Senbora de 
 Desterro), facing the mainland, stretching 
 irregularly along the coast, terminating to the 
 north in its Santa Praia de Fora, a little water- 
 ing-place, where many residences testifj' to 
 both the taste and wealth of the inhabitants. 
 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 The town of Porto Alegre is in Southern 
 Brazil, the capital of the Province of Rio Grande 
 del Sul. It is at the north eud of the Lago de 
 Los Patos. The lake near its head narrows 
 rapidly, and its shores are dotted here and 
 there with bright looking villages. Porto 
 Alegre is a thriving town of about 40,000 
 poi^ulation, half of which are German, or of 
 German origin. The town is well built, front- 
 ing the lakes, with several handsome churches, 
 good hotels, an imposing town-hall and presi- 
 dential palace, an excellent club belonging to 
 
 VIEW OF CUZCO, PEKP. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 645 
 
64€ 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 ihe city merchants, and its miniature water- 
 ing-place, reached by mule-cars, rejoicing in 
 the euphonious name o£ "Jlenino Deos"or 
 the Infant God. The most thriving colony of 
 the Province, S. Leopoklo, is altogether Ger- 
 man, numbers about 20,000 souls, and is 
 about fifty miles up country from Porto Ale- 
 gre, with which it is connected by an English 
 narrow-gauge railway. 
 
 The country is alternately hilly and prairie- 
 like, well wooded, with unlimited good pas- 
 turage, and well watered by the Eios C:ihy, 
 Caoequy, Taquary, Pardo, and their tribu- 
 taries, some of which are traversed for con- 
 siderable distances by small, light -draught 
 steamers. 
 
 Small game, such as wild duck, pheasant, 
 snipe and woodcock abound almost to within 
 the city boundaries, whilst pacas, eotias, and 
 oncaa, or Brazilian jaguars, are sufficiently 
 plentiful to satisfy the more ambitious sports- 
 men. 
 
 All Northern cereals would grow in this 
 favored region, but, strange to say, no wheat 
 is produced all flour coming from the neigh- 
 boring States of Uruguay and the Argentine 
 Republic, with some from the United States, 
 but necessarily at great expense in freight. 
 Horses are so cheap that strangers, when hir- 
 ing to ride long distances, are required to de- 
 posit the value of saddle and bridle only. An 
 excellent animal can be bought for about $15. 
 In the streets of Porto Alegre we saw an 
 actual "beggar on horseback," plying his 
 vocation, and he was not looked upon as a 
 
 phenomenon. Beef and mutton are so cheap 
 that they are sold at retail by the great piece, 
 and never weighed ; the buyer indicating what 
 cut he wants, and receiving a huge chunk for 
 a very trifling cost. Reduced to Northern 
 precision of weight, beef is worth about three 
 cents jier pound, and one can easily buy an 
 entire leg of mutton for eighteen cents all 
 told! 
 
 Callao. 
 
 The City of Callao, Peru, is one of the 
 most important seaport towns of that repub- 
 lic. It is the port of Lima, the capital, with 
 which it is connected by six miles of railroad. 
 Its anchorage, partly sheltered by two islands, 
 has been further improved by harbor walls, 
 flca'ing and wet docks, and a good mole. It 
 has gas-works, sugar-refineries, machine-shops, 
 steam-craues for loading and unloading ships, 
 is well fortified, and exports much guano, 
 sugar, and wool. 
 
 The present city dates only from 1746, when 
 the original city was submerged by an earth- 
 quake. Daring the war with Chili, Callao was 
 bombarded and taken by the Chilian fleet. The 
 present population Is about 35,000. 
 
 The Gorge of the Tunkini, Peru. 
 
 Beyond the rapids of Tunkini the river 
 
 grows narrow, and flows between two dikes of 
 
 basalt. The summits of these formations are 
 
 thickly covered with veget.atiou, which extend- 
 
 ing and intertwining from one to the other, 
 has formed, at an elevation of thirty feet, a 
 dome of verdure impenetrable to the sun's 
 rays. 
 
 The gorge was about a quarter of a mile in 
 length and fifty feet wide, and terminated in a 
 luminous point like a distant star. The w.alls 
 were indented with vertical channels which 
 served as the beds of streamlets formed on 
 the heights, which fell into the river with a 
 gentle trickling. 
 
 In the irregular spaces between the channels 
 there was sometimes a compact group of col- 
 umns, and anon a solitary column. The in- 
 cessant dripping of the foliage, the drops of 
 rain, and the tears of the dew, during innu- 
 merable centuries, had hollowed out and en- 
 graved the basalt, and produced the most 
 charming freaks of architecture, the most fan- 
 tastic arabesques, the most delicious designs 
 for ornamentation, that the imagination could 
 ever conceive, or the chisel execute. 
 
 The river, furious on account of its captivity 
 between these two walls of basalt, but concen- 
 trating its fury in the depths -><" its bed, rum- 
 bled heavily, so that the bottom of our boats 
 shooK beneath oxn feet. Our sensations were 
 as much those of fear as of enthusiasm ; they 
 were like those fits of hysterics in which 
 laughter is mingled with tears. 
 
 Soon the rapiil current redoubled its swift- 
 ness, the parallel sculptures on the two walls 
 seemed to mingl.\ The brilliant point, which 
 served us for a lighthouse, and toward which 
 our eyes were strained, grew larger and larger. 
 
 SOUTH AUERICAN INDIANS, aEOROETOWN, BKITtSH GCIANA. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 3*T 
 
 aud became an open portico upon the chasm. 
 With the swiftness of an arrow our boat rushed 
 out of the darkness of the gorge, and passed 
 the Piinea, the gate of Tunkini — a recess be- 
 tween two hills, and launched suddenly into 
 an immense space inundated with air and with 
 sunshine. The Cordilleras remained for ever 
 behind us, and we entered the lowlands of 
 
 South America. 
 
 ^ »»■ »■ • 
 
 Yiew of the City of Lima, the Capital of 
 
 Peru, 
 The ancient City of the Kings, founded by 
 the heroic Francisco Pizurro, on the Epiphany 
 of 1535, is situated in the delightful valley of 
 the Kimac, at the foot of lofty granite hills, at 
 a distance of eight kilometers from Callao, 
 which is a busy aud active seaport. Lima is 
 one of the most handsome cities in South Ame- 
 rica, both in the perfect arrangement of its 
 tree-lined streets and the charming if hizarrc 
 architecture of its houses. The houses are for 
 the most part those which were built at the 
 Spanish conquest, aud are as perfect to-day 
 as when the daring Pizarro disputed with 
 Rolla for the sovereignty of Peru. Its popu- 
 lation, according to the most recent statistics, 
 numbers 110,000 inhabitants, while the float- 
 ing population is calculated at 25,000. The 
 climate is temperate, and the most vivid and 
 
 aONUMENT TO GENERAL o'HIGaiNS, SANTIAGO, CHILU 
 
 wondrous flowers bloom all the year round in 
 
 the magnificent gardens attached to the superb 
 
 mansions. 
 
 ■»«•«» — 
 
 Uuzco. 
 
 Cnzco is the capital of a department in 
 Peru, and was formerly the capital of the Ineas. 
 It is 200 miles north of Arequipa, though by 
 railway, owing to the circuitous route neces- 
 sarj' to surmount the heights, the distance is 
 4C2 miles. The city is 11,380 feet above the 
 sea. It has manufactories of cotton and 
 woolen stuffs, leather, embroidery, etc. Its 
 Cathedral and Augustine Convent are among 
 the finest ecclesiastical edifices in South Ame- 
 rica. There are also a mint, several hospi- 
 tals, collegiate schools, and a university. It 
 is also a bishop's see. Its Dominican Con- 
 vent occupies the site of a famous Peruvian 
 Temple of the Sun, and many massive speci- 
 mens of ancient Peruvian architecture are ex- 
 tant in and around the city. On its north 
 side are remains of a vast fortress of a Cyclo- 
 pean kind, and traces remain of a magnificent 
 road extending thence to Lima, 350 miles dis- 
 tant. 
 
 Cuzco is the most ancient of the Peruvian 
 cities, having been founded, according to tra- 
 dition, by Manco-Capac in 1013. He was the 
 first Inca of Peru. In 1534 it was taken by 
 
 I Pizarro, who was surprised at the grandeur 
 and magnificence it exhibited. Its streets 
 were then large wide, and straight, and its 
 churches, palaces and temples — the latter in- 
 cluding the famous Temple of the Sun — were 
 richly adorned with ornaments of gold and 
 silver. While still in possession of Pizarro, 
 it was besieged by the Peraviaus, and a great 
 part of it destroyed. 
 
 The present ijopulation is about 50,000. 
 
 Boating on Lake Titicaca, Peru, 
 To THOSE marine sybarites whose yachts are 
 floating clubs or boudoirs, with not only every 
 comfort, but every luxury, at hand, boating 
 on Lake Titicaca must indeed savor of ' ' the 
 rude and real." This large and elevated lake 
 is situated partly in Bolivia and partly in 
 Peru, in the valley of the Desaguadero, up- 
 wards of twelve thousand feet above the level 
 of the sea. From recent but incomplete sur- 
 veys, it is estimated to be about 100 miles 
 long and 35 miles broad. Scattered over its 
 surface are many small islands, cDntaining the 
 remarkable ruins of Tiaguauaco. These indi- 
 cate a higher order of art than any known at the 
 time of the Spanish conquest, and a higher 
 civilization than the aboriginal monuments at 
 Palenqne. Since 1871, two small steamers, 
 
Gi8 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS 
 
 earned in pieces across the Andes, have been 
 launched on the lake. A railroad, extending 
 about 220 miles across the Andes, from Are- 
 quipa to Puno, on the western shore of the 
 lalcc-, has been completed at a cost of 
 $32,000,000. 
 
 A recent traveler describes his experiences 
 on the lake: "I 
 ■was extremely de- 
 sirous of Tisitmg 
 Titicaca, and ac- 
 cordingly staried 
 from De Heraqui, 
 via Tiahuar -o. I 
 arrived toTvard 
 evening a V'ahi, a 
 little village situ- 
 ated at the base 
 of a promontory 
 f th= same ^'ame. 
 A bual, construct- 
 ed of r u s n e s , 
 which, upon ar- 
 rival, I 'lad seen 
 drawn up on the 
 beach, instilled 
 mc with the idea 
 \>f visiting by 
 water the islands 
 which compose 
 the Isthmus of 
 I'ahi. 
 
 "This boat was 
 sis meters long, 
 formed of great 
 rolls of rushes 
 sewn together, and 
 placed one upon 
 the other. Two 
 poles, fastened 
 from starboard to 
 larboard, and 
 joined together at 
 the top, formed 
 the mast. A mat, 
 bent and placed 
 crosswise, consti- 
 tuted the sail. A 
 »tay sustained this 
 structure, and hal- 
 liards served to 
 manoeuvre it. 
 
 "When the 
 rowers, furnished 
 with a long pole, 
 which served as 
 a rudder, were 
 seated at the two 
 ends of the boat, 
 there was nothing 
 for it but to place 
 myself, in the 
 middle with Li- 
 buato. The old 
 nursery rhyme, 
 
 ' Here we go up, up, up, and here we go down, 
 down, downy ' insensiblj' recurred to me, as, 
 clinging with a desperate tenacity to the rush- 
 constructed seat, I was fluug liigh into the air, 
 to descend ' full fathoms five ' into the trough 
 of the sea. I use the word advisedly, as the 
 ■water w BaUn9, and rolls in vast, ocean-like 
 
 billows flecked -with bl i nding spray. Every , Island of Surica, a strango amphitheatre of 
 moment I expected to find the boat filling and 
 settling down. 
 
 " I shall never forget my sail in that barren 
 region. Kock everywhere, not a patch of 
 vegetation visible — not a tree, not a twig, not 
 a vestige of green or yellow. "What an " eye 
 
 CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, SANTIAQO, CHILI. 
 
 asylum " wo.-^d the veriest weed have been I 
 what a thing of beauty and a joy for ever the 
 most stunted shrub ! 
 
 " Upon tiie fcllowiug morning, but indiffer- 
 ently refreshed after a vigorous tossing upon a 
 sleepless couch, I betook myself to my floating 
 basket, and after fearful rocking reached the 
 
 rocks, wherein in former times the neighbor, 
 iug tribes deposited their dead. The Temple 
 of the Sun upon the Island of Titicaca well re- 
 paid the visit, as also the rains of the Temple 
 of the Moon upon the Island of Costa. 
 
 "At Santiago de Huayata I came upon the 
 best bit of archaeo- 
 logical bric-a-hrac 
 that it was my 
 good fortune to 
 stumble upon in 
 these regions, be- 
 ing the torso of 
 the eflSgy of an 
 enormous giant, 
 sculptured in f,ray 
 Silurian. Having 
 climbed upon his 
 massive chest, 
 and made a sketcli 
 of his stony fea- 
 tures, I retraced 
 my steps to my 
 boat, and once 
 again trusted my 
 person to a ' wisp 
 of rushes,' cross- 
 JEg Titicaca in 
 safety." 
 
 British Guiana. 
 
 Bbitish Guiana 
 has an area of 
 76,000 square 
 miles and a popu- 
 lation of over 
 270,000. George- 
 town has over 
 40,000, and is be- 
 low the sea-level. 
 To keep out the 
 water, an immense 
 sea-wall has been 
 built, the top of 
 which, being 
 broad and flat, is 
 dotted with rustic 
 seats, and forms 
 the favorite pro- 
 menade, the mili- 
 tary band fre- 
 quently playing 
 there in the even- 
 ing. 
 
 The sea-wall is 
 a delightful place, 
 with the cool 
 evening breezes, 
 but in order to 
 reach it you must 
 fight your way 
 through swarms 
 of miisquitoes ! 
 The interior of Guiana, which is still chiefly 
 inhabited by Indians, in beauty of scenery, in 
 luxuriance of foliage, and in natural curiosi- 
 ties, is unsurpassed. A traveler entering for 
 the first time the forests of South America be- 
 holds Nature in a new aspect. He realizes, 
 that he is not on the edge, but in the centre, 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 G4» 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 J'' '";■"., ■'■ 
 
 "ilii 
 
 iHi 
 
 it 
 
-650 
 
 THE WORLD'S GRE.VT NATIONS. 
 
 ■of the Torrid Zone; 
 not in one of the West 
 India Islands, but on 
 a vast continent 
 ■where everything is 
 gigantic — mountains, 
 rivers, and a mass of 
 vegetation. It almost 
 seems that in many 
 places the earth is 
 so overloaded with 
 plants that she could 
 not allow them space 
 enough tc \inf old 
 themselves. 
 
 The trunks of the 
 trees are evc*ywhere 
 concealed under a 
 thick carpet of ver- 
 dure; and if the or- 
 <;hids, the jiipers, ana 
 the pothoses nour- 
 ished by a single 
 American fig-tree 
 ■were transplanted , 
 they would cover a 
 ■vast extent of ground. 
 The s a m e liaur.s 
 which creep on the, 
 
 ground reach to the tops of the trees, and 
 pass from one to another at a height of more 
 than a hundred feet. 
 
 Some Facts about Chili. 
 The Chilian Government has just published 
 .an interesting volume of statistics concerning 
 the republic. According to this, Chili stretches 
 
 FLORIDA STREET, BCENOS AVBES. 
 
 from north to south through nearly forty de- 
 grees of latitude, from the mouth of the 
 Camarones River, 19 deg. 12 min. South Lat., 
 to Cape Horn and Diego Ramirez Island, 
 nearly 57 deg. South Lat. The Provinces of 
 Tacna and Arica, temjiorarily ceded by Peru, 
 extend the actvial limits of the Chilian terri- 
 tory to the north as far as 17 deg. 57 min. 
 South Lat. The republic is bounded on the 
 
 west by the Pacific 
 Ocean, on the cast by 
 the range of the Andes 
 and the meridian of 
 72 deg. West Lon. 
 By treaty with the 
 Argentine Republic, 
 Chili acquired the 
 southern point of 
 Patagonia to the west 
 of the Strait of Ma- 
 gellan, and the south- 
 western portion of the 
 frigid Island of Tierra 
 del Fuego. 
 
 The country is for 
 the most part a nar- 
 row valley, lying be- 
 tween the range of 
 the Andes and the 
 chain of lower moun- 
 tains along the Pa- 
 cific. The mass of 
 the p op ulation is 
 found in the region 
 between 33 deg. and 
 41 deg. 30 min. South 
 Lnt. Including its 
 acquisitions from 
 Peru and Bolivia, Chili has an area of 2&1,00'.V 
 square miles, and a population of 2,413,921 
 exclusive of Fuegians. its area is slightly 
 larger than that of Texas, and its pojjulation a 
 little less than half that of New York. 
 
 The climate of Cbiii is, for the most j^art, 
 temijerate and healthful, extremes of heat and 
 cold being equally unknown. Nevertheless, 
 there is a ceitain eloquence in the report oi 
 
 CATHEDRAL, BCENOS AYKK.S. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 651 
 
 TKATKO ALEGRIA, BUENOS AYBES. 
 
 deaths in the hospitals and public institutions 
 for the year 1882. The whole number of 
 <leaths was 4,379, of which 2,034 were from 
 consumption, and G38 from pneumonia. These 
 figures are not reassuring. 
 
 The problem of the races is very much sim- 
 plified in Chili, where the African is unknown, 
 and the Asiatic is scarcely represented. The 
 immense majority of the population is Euro- 
 pean, Spanish by origin and blood, and very 
 little mixed with the native Indian races. Of 
 these, there a e three families : 1st, The Fue- 
 gians, few in number, and entirely savage. 
 They are found in Tierra del Fuego and along 
 the coast as far as Chiloe. 2d, The Arau- 
 canians, strong and warlike tribes, now largely 
 brought into subjection to the laws, except in 
 the district immediately south of the Bio-Bio 
 lliver, where some still ruaintiiin a kind of 
 Bemi-independence. The number of these is 
 estimated by the Chilian Government to be 
 50,000; but the latest traveler among them, 
 M. Bresson, thinks this much too high an 
 estimate. 3d, The Changes, a race of Peru- 
 vian origin, and a relic of the domination of 
 the lucas in the region north of the River 
 Cachapual. These are known only in the 
 position of day - laborers, and are scattered 
 along the coast as far south as Valparaiso. 
 
 The persons of foreign birth resident in 
 Chili are, according to the returns, but 30,000 
 in number. This number includes 9,700 
 natives of what is called Latin America, 1,000 
 Americans, 4,800 English, 5, .500 Germans, 
 l..'')00 Spaniards, 3,500 French, 2,200 Italians, 
 1,G00 Europeans, and 200 Asiatics. 
 
 The yearly excess of births over deaths is 
 about e<iual to the number of the foreign 
 
 population, the figures for 
 the year 1883 being 30,744. 
 The debt of Chili amounts 
 to #88,403,910, of which 
 #34,870,000 are held by 
 foreign creditors, and 
 $53,533,910 are due at home. 
 This interior debt represents 
 obligations incurred as long 
 ago as the time of the strug- 
 g 1 e for independence, to- 
 gether with advances made 
 for the construction of rail- 
 roads and part of the ex- 
 penses for the recent wars 
 with Spain, and Peru and 
 Bolivia. 
 
 The Chilian army con- 
 sisted, at the outbreak of the 
 war with Peru and Bolivia, of 
 but 2,440 men. The num- 
 ber under arms during the 
 war tiever exceeded 45,000, 
 and bj' a law passed on the 
 9th of January, 1885, the 
 regular army must not be 
 carried bej'ond 7,100 men. 
 The Military School of San- 
 tiago was attended in 1884 
 by 115 students. 
 
 The National Guard is 
 composed of all citizens able 
 to bear arms, the law recog- 
 nizing no exemptions. The 
 organization, at the end of the year 1882, com- 
 prised : Artillery, 5,9G5 men; infantry, 45,700 ; 
 cavalry, 2,076. 
 
 The navy consists wholly- of steam- vessels, 
 of which there are 2 iron- 
 clads, of 2,000 tons each ; 1 
 monitor — the Iluascar — of 
 1,130 tons, 3 corvettes, 2 gun- 
 boats, 3 revenue - cuttei'S, 2 
 transports, and a number of 
 launches, besides 11 torpedo- 
 boats, of from 40 to 400 
 horse-jjower. The Naval 
 School of Valparaiso had, in 
 1884, 76 students. 
 
 The foreign commerce of 
 Chili in 1883 was as follows : 
 Imports, #54,447,061 ; ex- 
 ports, $77,877,331. The 
 coasting trade for the same 
 year amounted to the sum of 
 $141,724,972. 
 
 It must be confessed that 
 this rapid survey shows a 
 condition of things in Chili 
 every way to her credit. 
 There is no sign of anything 
 spasmodic or unhealthy in 
 hei; growth and development. 
 On the contrary, everything 
 seems to show that her or- 
 ganization is solid, and her 
 progress substantial ; and it 
 cannot be denied that her 
 prosperity is her own work, 
 for there is practically no 
 immigration into Chili. Gen- 
 eralizations as to the influence 
 
 of race are always to be received with caution^ 
 but it scarcely seems rash to associate the 
 superiority of Chili and the Argentine Ke- 
 public to the other South American States with 
 the predominance of the whites in both these 
 countries. 
 
 The revenue from all sources for the year 
 1883 amounted to #44,248,695, an increase of 
 #2,291,059 over that for 1882. The expenses 
 for the year 1883 were $41,553,918. 
 
 The Statue of Bolivar, in Bogota. 
 Santa Fe de Bogota is an inland citj- of the 
 United States of Colombia, capital of the 
 State of Cundinamarca and of the republic, on 
 the picturesque and fertile jilateau of Bogota. 
 Standing on an elevated plain, the city pre- 
 sents a most striking appearance. Two lofty 
 mountains, Guadalupe and Monserrat, rise iii 
 the east, and send down a copious supply of 
 water, to be distributed through the town by 
 means of numeroiis public and private fount- 
 ains. Two of the streams from the fountains 
 are crossed by several bridges, imparting (luite 
 a Venetian aspect. The Calle Real, or prin- 
 cipal street, runs the entire length of the city, 
 is well paved, and terminates in a spacious 
 square, embellished with a statue of Bolivar, 
 shown in our illustration. The houses are all 
 built of aclube. The Government House is 
 very handsome, and is luxuriously appointed. 
 Bogota boasts a mint, a theatre, a university, 
 a national academy, four colleges, two of 
 which date from the seventeenth century, and 
 medical, law, normal and infant schools. 
 Its population is about 100,000. The i^ublic 
 library contains 60,000 volumes. 
 
 NOKXa AMERICAN CHCTRCB, BUSN03 AYBES. 
 
652 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
 S 2 
 
 Views in Caracas, Venezuela. 
 The Federal Palace, which is united by arcades with the Legis- 
 lative Palace, forms the Capitol of Caracas. It is situated on the 
 junction of three boulevards, and on the Plaza Guzman Blanco. 
 Three salons occupy the north favade, and the centre of the building, 
 which is oval and surmounted by a dome, is used for State cele- 
 brations and cereii) ouies. On the east is the High Court. The 
 private offices of the President are here, also the offices of the various 
 Ministers holding portfolios. The National Pantheon is situated at 
 the extreme north of the Grand Plaza Trinidad. It is a most im- 
 posing building. Silence, severe and majestic, reigns in its halls. 
 In the Central Hall stands the statue of Simon Bolivar, the work of 
 the renowned artist Tenerani. The superb theatre has been built 
 on the site of the ancient Temple of San Pablo. It fronts the San 
 Pablo Plaza. The interior decorations are as rich as they are 
 magnificent, and the groups of colossal statues are the admiration 
 of all whose privilege it may be to gaze upon them. The auditorium 
 is rich and elegant, and the seating accommodation of the most 
 voluptuous description. The foyer is unique. Guzman Blanco .sent 
 the architect to Europe and the United States to study the various 
 descriptions of theatres, in order to be able to produce a temple that 
 is acknowledged to be the finest in the South American Continent. 
 
 Burying-place of Indians at Atures. 
 
 A STEANGE place of interment exists at Atures, near San Fernando, 
 in the United States of Colombia, held in much veneration by the 
 Indians. In order to reach it, a lonely savanna has to be traversed, 
 then a river has to be crossed and an island reached bearing the 
 name of Cucurital. Behind a thin curtain of trees and bushes is a 
 natural grotto, formed bj- the overhanging of an enormous rock. 
 Underneath this rock are hundreds of large earthen pots, each pot 
 containing the remains of an Indian, surmounted by the skull. 
 Some of the remains were simplj- wrapped in mats formed from the 
 leaves of the guahibos palm. There is a sacred burying-place in a 
 cave high up the side of an almost precipitous wall of rock, to 
 reach which requires a skilled climber endowed with a powerful 
 {?rip of foot and hand, and with a head that will not be affected 
 with vertigo. Here are found the same class of coffins, if such a 
 term is admissible, the ghastly skulls grinning at the profaning 
 intruder. 
 
 >-•-* 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 From the bay Bi'enos Ayres presents the appearance of a very large 
 cit}-. The myriads of domes and the campaniles of the churches give 
 one the idea of a city rich in architectural beaiity, but on close 
 acquaintance all such illusions vanish, and one is fearfully disnp- 
 liointed at the narrow streets, which are so full of ruts and holes that 
 you would be jiardoned for supposing that an earthquake had 
 ]inssed along them. The paving and rejiaving is an endless job in 
 Buenos Ayi'es. The fault lies in the original leaving of the streets 
 without laying a solid foundation. The consequence is that the 
 heavy wagons and carriages passing over sink or loosen the stones, 
 BO that the work has always to be recommenced ; in fact, it is never 
 finished, for no sooner is it ended in one place than it must be 
 recommenced in another. 
 
 There are no largo mercantile houses, no large warehouses, no 
 mills or manufactories. All that is exported comes from the interior, 
 and consists of raw material, the crude products of the country — 
 wool, corn, hides, dried meat and horn. The importations are what 
 are found in the stores, which, on their arrival, triple their value. 
 AVine, in particular, is sold at a fabulous price, at least five times its 
 value in France. A five-frano bottle of St. Esteph is here five 
 nacionals, that is, twenty-five francs: the tin ordinaire, worth thirty 
 cents, is sold at a dollar and a half, and so on through the list. 
 
 The Almenga a la Americana, the Almenga de Londres and "El 
 Progreso," in the Calk Florida (Florida Street), form a few excep- 
 tions. Although not larce, their windows are filled with rich and 
 brilliant merchandise. The hric-a-brae stores are but a repetition, 
 on a very small scale, of those in Paris. The pastrycook and 
 book stores are the largest and most attractive in appearance. 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 653 
 
 In the streets you •will meet representatives 
 of ever}' nation, and of every Province of the 
 Argentine Republic, from the dark, straight- 
 haired Indian to the bright - eyed Spanish 
 dona, who still rstains the traditional head- 
 gear of her countrj', and flirts her fan as only 
 a Spanish beauty can. Yet, with all the va- 
 riety a cosmopolitan population gives, there 
 is no brightness, nothing attractive, in this 
 city ; for there are no boulevards, no cafes 
 opening on the street, as in France and Spain, 
 to tempt one to an hour of idleness and pleas- 
 ure ; no trees to give a shade during the hot 
 daj-s of Summer ; nothing of the seductiveness ' 
 that one would expect to find in a southern 
 city, where life is usually spent so mxioh out- 
 of-doors. There is but one small promenade, 
 the Paseo de Julio, overlooking the bay, and 
 it is really charming, this terrace, with its 
 well-shaded allee, its jjretty pasture and sweet- 
 smelling flowering shrubs. 
 
 There is no natural beauty in the country 
 that surrounds the City of Buenos Ayres, no 
 luxuriance of vegetation, but a few small trees 
 here and there, except at the suburb of Bel- 
 grano, where there is a fine drive and well- 
 shaded walks ; but those trees have all been 
 planted and carefully cultivated ; an occasional 
 hedge of much ill - used-looking aloes alone 
 reminds one that it is the South. Standing 
 on a slight eminence, you look across a flat, 
 bare country where nothing breaks the view 
 to the horizon. 
 
 That is the commencement of the great 
 plain of the Pampas, that stretches without a 
 break to the Strait of Magellan, and to the west 
 until it meets the Cordilleras. But civilization 
 does not extend so far. Three hundred and 
 sixty miles south, and two hundred and forty 
 west, on the Pampas, is the frontier of the 
 dominion of the Indian, who wages a con- 
 tinual warfare against the colonists to rob him 
 
 BtJBIAL-PLACK OF INDIANS NBAR ATDRES, VENEZUELA. 
 
 of the produce of his industry, and to prevent 
 further encroachment on the barren, unculti- 
 vated tract of land still left the native tribes, 
 which, in its savage state, produces only a 
 hard, dry herb, called paja hrava. 
 
 A few miles from Buenos Ayres a few rich 
 landowners have erected handsome houses, 
 surrounded by gardens and fields sown with 
 grain, and acres of forest land. But, unfor- 
 tunately, it is not within the reach of all thus 
 to make Nature yield ; to create forests where 
 she had not raised a tree, where blow the most 
 variable winds, where the drought of Summer 
 brings destructive insects, where the Winter's 
 frosts respect nothing. This requires large 
 capital as well as patience and a strong will. 
 
 STATUE OF BOLIVAR, IN THE GREAT PLAZA OF BOGOTA, UNITED STATES OF COLOIIEIA. 
 
 The Gaucho, the offspring descended from 
 the union of the first Spanish settlers with the 
 Indians, forms the mass of the present native 
 race — the race of the Pampas. Generally tall 
 in stature, with a square, thin, bronzed face 
 and black, straight hair, the Gaucho has all 
 the vanity and pride of the Spaniard, with the 
 sobriety which the Moor left to his descend- 
 ants. He will live on water and meat without 
 bread. 
 
 But there are occupations which ho loves, 
 those which can be conducted on horseback — 
 for the Gaucho is par excellence the modern 
 Centaur — the long journeys, the rodeos (which 
 means all the country work that can be done 
 on horseback, and the care of the herds), all 
 those where the lasso plays a part ; also the 
 work of the saladeros (slaughter - houses) , 
 where, knife-in-haud, and ankle-deep in blood, 
 he kills, skins and cuts the meats, finding in 
 it a pleasure rather than a labor. He can 
 there gain in a few hours' high pay, and would 
 grow rich if he was as economical as he is 
 frugal ; but gambling is an all-absorbing pas- 
 sion, one that will rob him even of his horse, 
 and reduce him to go afoot — the worst humili- 
 ation for a Gaucho. As soon as he gets his 
 wages the horse will, of his own accord, con- 
 duct his master to the jiulqueria. There the 
 Gaucho will pass hours, and even days, or 
 until his last cent is spent. 
 
 The success of the pulqueria is due to the 
 dreariness of the home life, for the Gaucho 
 women have also little taste for work. To 
 boil some water and suck the mate through a 
 metal tube is their only occupation, for they 
 neither spin nor sew. This mate is an infu- 
 sion of a tea (made like ordinary tea), called 
 Yerba del Paraguay. It is drank through the 
 bombilla, which is a tube of metal or silver, 
 terminating at one end in a i^erforated bulb. 
 It takes its name from the mate (gourd) in 
 which it is made, and which takes the jjlace 
 of a cup. To drink the mate constitutes the 
 life of the Gaucho, and iu general all residents 
 of the countr)'. 
 
654 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 VOLCANO IN SMYTH CHANNEL, STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 
 
 A line of railroad runs along tlie shore, 
 »nd in some places penetrates a short distance 
 inland, but beyond that the connections with 
 the different villages, or the large estancias, is 
 made b}' the calesa (stage-coach), drawn some- 
 times by as many as sixteen horses, har- 
 nessed in couples, and attached to the coach 
 by long ropes. Bat should the traveler go 
 out of the beaten tracks he must be expert with 
 the lasso and girth-saddle, or else change 
 horses at the different ranches, where a 
 stranger is always sure to meet with a most 
 hearty welcome. 
 
 Unlike the life on the North American 
 Prairies, that of the Pamjias is one to make 
 the most courageous hesitate ; not alone on 
 account of its dreary monotony, its turning 
 away from all civilization, but by reason of 
 the hard work that is required to make the 
 soil yield nourishment for the animals. Ex- 
 cept for men with enormous capitals, who can 
 afford to buy land that has already 
 been cultivated, sheep-raising is as 
 yet unprofitable. 
 
 The general idea of the Pampas 
 is a fertile plain of the richest _ 
 
 pasture lands, with herds of wild 
 cattle requiring only the lasso to 
 make them yours. 
 
 Such ideas are as false as the 
 mirages that here mock the traveler 
 like those of the Sahara ; for the 
 cattle, as they move from you, 
 seem to grow larger, until they 
 stand out in gigantic silhouettes 
 against the horizon. Sometimes 
 one of those miserable thatched 
 mud cabins, with a few stunted 
 acacias, will appear as a plnntation 
 of magnificent trees and lakes with- 
 out number. 
 
 The pouring in of European im- 
 migrants has infused some life and 
 activity, and thirty lines of steam- 
 ers now ply between Buenos Ayres 
 and Europe. The population has 
 risen to 2,942,000, a gain of more 
 than a million since 1869, that 
 number being represented now 
 chiefly by Italians, Spanish, French, 
 Irish and Germans. 
 
 Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Patagonia, geographically speaking, is a 
 vast country. It extends from latitude 38 deg. 
 42 min. to 53 deg. 52 min . S. , and from longi- 
 tude G3 deg. 9 min. to 75 deg. 30 min. W. Its 
 maximum length from north to south is 1,050 
 miles, and its maximum width is 495 miles. 
 This, near its northern extremity; at its 
 southern end it is but 175 miles wide. The 
 total area is about 350,000 square miles. This 
 is exclusive of the large island known as 
 Tierra del Fuego, which properly should be 
 considered as part of Patagonia. 
 
 A number of attempts to found colonies in 
 Patagonia have been more or less unsuccessful. 
 Perhaps the earliest attempt of any conse- 
 quence was made in 1780, at Port St. Julian, 
 by Antonio Viedma, under commission from 
 the Viceroy of the Kiver Plata provinces. 
 The colonists suffered severely from scurvy, 
 
 the sterility of the soil, which rendered agri- 
 culture impossible, and the hostilitj- of the 
 natives, so that in 1784 the attempt was aban- 
 lUmed. 
 
 A subsequent attempt was made at Point 
 Desire, which also failed. In 1843 the Chil- 
 ians established a colony at Port Famine, but 
 later removed it to Sandy Point, on the east 
 shore of Brunswick Peninsula, in the Strait 
 of Magellan. In 1873 the population of this 
 colony was given as 869. 
 
 At Port Santa Cruz there has been an Argen- 
 tine colony for several years, the only industry 
 sustaining it being the production of fish-oil. 
 A Welsh colony was founded on the Eio 
 Chupert in 1865, but it was vinsuccessful, 
 and in 1872 M. E. Kouquand, a Frenchman, 
 attempted to establish a dried-fish industry at 
 Port Santa Cruz, but was prevented by the 
 territorial disputes between Chili and the 
 Argentine Eepublic, both of which claim to 
 own the place iu question. 
 
 The Strait of Magellan. 
 
 The intricate series of channels and sounds 
 forming the navigable waterway from the 
 Pacific to the Atlantic, south of the extremity 
 of the American Continent, and known as the 
 Strait of Magellan, has of late years become 
 an ordinary commercial route. The Strait is 
 over 300 miles long, and the tides reach an 
 elevation of about 50 feet on the Patagonian 
 coast. Navigators of Smyth Channel fre- 
 quently witness the eruption of a volcano on 
 a snowclad mountain on an island of Tierra 
 del Fuego, and the spectacle, according to a 
 recent description, is peculiarly flue, the 
 smoke and vapor of the burning mountain 
 ascending straight up to an immense height, 
 and then spreading out like a pall. 
 
 NATIVES OF tierra DEL FUKOO. 
 
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HISTORICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 MELBOtRUE AXD THE PllOVINCE OF VICTORIA— LAW ConKTS IN MELBOURNE AND SIDNEY— SOUTH MELBOURNE BOWLING GEEEN—BRISBANE— SYDNEY 
 
 —The Gum-trees of Queensland— The Katoomba Valley, New South wales— New Zealand -Australian Vital Statistics. 
 
 AUSTRALIA is the largest islam! in the 
 world. It has the Pacific Oceau on the 
 east, tlio Incliau Ocean on the west, antl 
 lies in between 10 tleg. 47 min. and 39 deg. 
 11 min. Soxith Latitude, and 113 deg. and 153 
 deg. 30 min. East Longitude. It measures 
 2,500 miles in length from east to west, and 
 1,950 miles from north to south, with a total 
 area of 2,984,827 square miles. The island is di- 
 vided politically into five States, viz ; Queens- 
 land, New South 'Wales, Victoria, South Austra- 
 lia, and Western Australia, with the following 
 capitals resiioctively : Brisbane, Sydney, Mel- 
 bourne and Adelaide. Western Australia has 
 no capital, nor the as yet unsettled northern 
 portion of the island known as Nortliern Ter- 
 ritory and Alexandra Laud. 
 
 South of the island is a smaller island called 
 Tasmania, with Hobart Town as its capital. 
 This was formerly called Van Diemeu's Laud, 
 and Australia was originally named New Hol- 
 land, both having been discovered by the 
 Dutch navigators of the sixteenth century. In 
 1778 Captain Cook examined a large portion 
 of the coast, and took possession of it in the 
 name of the British Government, since which 
 Australia has been a British possession. Up 
 to 1837 Australia was a penal settlement, but 
 since then it has become too important a place 
 for mere convicts, and its growth, especially 
 in the southern and cooler portions, has been i 
 rapid and solid. Sheep-raising, wool-grow- 
 ing and gold-mining have been the principal 
 sources of wealth, though in later years New 
 South Wales has developed large manufac- 
 turing industries. Each State in Australia is 
 practically autonomic, having its own Legis- 
 lature and Executive. 
 
 The original natives of Australia were of 
 many tribes, but appear to be of one original 
 stock closely allied to the Pajjuan, and more 
 remotely to the Negrillo races of the Malay 
 Archipelago. They are ver}' degraded, have 
 Blender religious notions, and have no agri- 
 culture and no navigation except in the rudest 
 canoes and floats. They practiced cannibalism 
 to some extent, and lived mainly by hunting 
 
 and fishing, but devoured worms, insects and 
 other such repulsive objects. 
 
 The climate of AustraUa varies from tropi- 
 cal heat in the north to temperate in the south. 
 The absence of high interior mountains causes 
 a marked deficiency in the rainfall, except 
 along the eastern border. 
 
 The flora is rich and remarkable, and the 
 zoology is even more remarkable than the 
 botany. Native flowers in rich profusion, 
 timber trees of many varieties and enormous 
 size, marsupial animals of 110 known existing 
 varieties, 20 kinds of bats, birds, and reptiles 
 of many kinds, besides the many domestic 
 animals, afford the student of Nature ample 
 material for his investigations. 
 
 ■In November, 1883, a convention of all the 
 Australasian Governments met in Sydney to 
 consider the question of federative action in 
 matters of common concern. Kesolutions 
 were adoj^ted in favor of the confederation of 
 the colonies in an Australasian Dominion, of 
 the annexation of Papua (New Guinea) and 
 other islands of the West Pacific, and of com- 
 bined protective legislation against criminal 
 aliens. The scheme of confederation was, to 
 create a Federal Council, which should meet 
 at Hobart Town, Tasmania, every two years, to 
 take cognizance of question's concerning the re- 
 tions of Australia with the islands of Oceania, 
 the landing of criminals, and the Australian 
 fisheries, with the prospect of extending its 
 jurisdiction to matters connected with quaran- 
 tine, extradition, justice, currency, etc. In 
 the following June the scheme received the 
 unanimous support of the Victorian Legis- 
 lature. The Legislatures of Tasmania and 
 Queensland adopted addresses to the British 
 Government to introduce a Bill creating a 
 Federal Council. The other Legislatures fa- 
 vored the project, with the exception of New 
 Zealand and New South Wales, where some 
 opposition was manifested, but finally both re- 
 corded their approval. The British Govern- 
 ment, however, has not as yet acceded to the 
 request. 
 
 New South Wales is older than the other 
 
 Australasian colonies. Its constitution was 
 proclaimed in 1855. The legislative power is 
 vested in a Parliament of two Houses, called 
 Council and Assembly. The Members of the 
 Council are nominated by the English Crown, 
 and those of the Assembly elected from the 
 colonial constituencies. The Executive is in 
 the hands of a Governor nominated by the 
 Crown. The present Governor is Lord Loftus. 
 
 The present Constitution of New Zealand 
 was established in 1875, Queensland in 1859, 
 Tasmania in 1871. and Victoria in 1864. The 
 other colonies — South Australia and Western 
 Australia— at later dates. All these are very 
 similar to New South Wales. 
 
 The term Australasia — Southern Asia — in- 
 cludes a large number of islands in the South- 
 ern Hemisphere. Adding these in, the total 
 area of AustraU^sia is 3,075,135 square miles, 
 and the latest estimate of the population is 
 3,546,725. 
 
 There is no state or established religion ia 
 Australia like in England. But the largest 
 part of the population being either native 
 English or descendants, they have adhered to 
 the Church of England. There are at pre- 
 sent thirteen dioceses in Australia and Tas- 
 mania, the Bishop of Sydney, the Eight Kev. 
 Alfred Barry, D. D., being the metropolitan; 
 there are seven dioceses in New Zealand, the 
 Bishop of Christchurch, the Kight Rev. H. J. C. 
 Harper, D.D., being the metropolitan, with a 
 total number of 33,851 communicants. Pres- 
 byterians and Methodists are very largely re- 
 presented in Australia. Baptists and Congre- 
 gationalists come next in order, and there are 
 a few Moravians and Sw((i liorgians. 
 
 The settlements in Australia are all on the 
 eastern and southern coasts. The interior of 
 the island is largely unexplored. But great 
 deserts have been discovered, and the absence 
 of great rivers renders it extremely unlikely 
 that the interior of Australia will ever become 
 populous. Agriculture in the interior de- 
 mands irrigation for its success. The small 
 rivers are in many instances dried up in Sum- 
 mer, and though there are many small lakes 
 
 655 
 
656 
 
 THE W0RLD',=5 GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 and pools, they, too, often dry np in the 
 Summer. 
 
 The mineral ■wealth of the island is great. 
 Since 18.51 it has stood first in the production 
 bt gold. This is f ovind chiefly in New South 
 
 TREASURY, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Wales and Victoria, and to some extent in 
 Queensland, Victoria and South Australia ; the 
 latter especially have rich deposits of copj)er. 
 Queensland and New South Wales lead in the 
 mining of tin. Good iron ore and excellent 
 
 coal are very abundant in large areas of the 
 eastern colonies. Valuable oil shales abound. 
 Cinnabar, lead and silver are found at various 
 points. Diamonds have been found, and many 
 other precious stones occur. 
 
 PUBLIC LIBllAKV, UELIiOCBNE, AUSTRALIA. 
 
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND, 
 
 I 
 
 657 
 
658 
 
 THE WOELD'S GKEAT NATIONS. 
 
AUSTEALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 65» 
 
 "Melbourne and the 
 Province of Victoria, 
 John Pasco Fawk- 
 NER died at Melbourno 
 on September 4tb, 
 1S09, the -undisputed 
 oldest iuliabitant iu a 
 vast city that bad no 
 existence w b e n be 
 sailed np tbe Yarra- 
 yarra iu tbe scbooner 
 Enterprise, iu the 
 Slimmer of 1835. 
 Where iu (be midst of 
 tbe wilderness he had 
 plowed bis land and 
 grown bis first crop of 
 wheat a city bad 
 arisen which, with its 
 suburban, townships 
 numbered nearly 
 170,000 souls. Long 
 Hues of carriages fol- 
 lowed the pioneer to 
 bis grave, and tbe 
 people in their thou- 
 sands lined tbe spa- 
 cious streets as tbe 
 procession passed. 
 
 Cook, Flinders and 
 Grant did little more 
 than name the promi- 
 usut headlines along 
 tbe southern shores of 
 Australia. Lieutenant 
 Murray, R. N., 1802, 
 discovered Port Philip 
 Bay, and iu the follow- 
 ing year Colonel Col- 
 lins, with soldiers and 
 convicts to tbe number 
 of 402, attempted to 
 
 SYDNEY HARBOK, AUSTRALIA. 
 
 TOWN-HALL, SVPNEV, AUSTRALIA. 
 
 form a settlement on 
 its shores. A bad site 
 was chosen ; tbe expe- 
 dition was a failure, 
 and in 1804 the settle- 
 ment was transfeired 
 to Van Dienieu's Land. 
 One man name d 
 Buckley ran away into 
 the bush and lived for 
 thirty j'ears among the 
 natives. In 1824, two 
 cattle-owners in Ne\r 
 South Wales came in 
 search of new pasture- 
 grounds along the 
 M u r r a y Eiver and 
 across the Australian 
 Alps to the present site 
 of Geelong, but re- 
 turned without accom- 
 plishing any result be- 
 yond exploring the 
 district. Tbe first at- 
 tempt to colonize the 
 territory now known 
 as Victoria was in 
 1834, when Mr. 
 Thomas Henty, with a 
 few free settlers, locat- 
 ed themselves at Port- 
 land Bay, 234 miles 
 from where Melbourne 
 now stands. 
 
 In the following 
 year John Batman led 
 a party to Port Philii) 
 Bay and made a re- 
 markable treaty with 
 the blacks, by which 
 they ceded to him 
 000,000 acres for a 
 
660 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 VICE-REGAL KESIDENCE, ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA. 
 
 quantity of blankets and tomahawks, or, as 
 one account states, for " three sacks of glass 
 beads, ten pounds of nails, and five pounds 
 of flour." The English Government subse- 
 quently annulled this contract, but the repre- 
 sentatives of Batman received £7,000 in com- 
 pensation. Three months after Batman and 
 his helpers had got to work, John Fawkner's 
 schooner sailed past their settlement and up 
 the Yarra - yarra, and was made fast to a 
 eucalyjitus-tree on the bank, opposite to where 
 the Melbourne Custom House, an ornament to 
 the city, now stands. 
 
 The news of the discovery of rich pastures 
 in the neighborhood of Port Philip Bay soon 
 spread far and wide. In spite of some ojipo- 
 sition from the British Government, emigrants 
 flocked thither from New South Wales and 
 Tasmania, taking with them their sheep and 
 cattle. At the end of a few mouths the settle- 
 ment contained a population of 224, of whom 
 •iS were women ; the possessions of the colo- 
 nists included 75 horses, 555 head of cattle, and 
 41,332 sheep. It was at this period that Wil- 
 liam Buckley, the convict, who had escaped 
 from the disastrous expedition of Collins in 
 1803, returned to his compatriots. He had 
 been thirty-three years among the blacks, and 
 quite forgotten his own language. 
 
 There was little in " The Settlement" as in- 
 fant Melbourne was for some time called, to 
 suggest its future wealth and vastness. In 
 January, 1838, there were a couple of wooden 
 houses serving as hotels for the country set- 
 tlers when they brought up their wool to send 
 off by ship, or for new arrivals on their way 
 to the " bush." "A small square wooden build- 
 ing " (says Mr. George Arden, an eye-witness), 
 *' with an old ship's bell suspended from a 
 most defamatory -looking, gallows -like struc- 
 ture, fulfilled the duty of church or chapel to 
 the various religious denominations, whence, 
 
 however, the solemn voice of praj-er and 
 praise sounding over the yet wild country had 
 an effect the most interesting and impressive." 
 
 There were two or three shops, each selling 
 anything useful, and a branch of a Tasmaniau 
 bank. 
 
 Six months later numerous brick houses 
 of two or three stories had risen ; the inns had 
 become handsome and convenient ; streets 
 were marked out and macadamized ; the jiopu- 
 latiou had quadrupled, and a multitude of 
 dealers had opened various kinds of shops. 
 
 Fawkner opened the first inn, and on Jan- 
 uary 1st, 1838, started the first newspaper. 
 
 The Melbourne Advertuer. The first nine- 
 numbers were in manuscript, and limited to a 
 circulation of one copy, which was kept at 
 Fawkner's bar for public use. Near Fawk- 
 ner's Inn his rival. Batman, opened his first 
 general store. At the first land sales in Mel- 
 bourne, in June, 1837, the half-acre lots sold 
 at an average price of £35. At a recent auc- 
 tion in Melbourne the highest bid of £46,500, 
 for sixty-six feet frontage in Collins Street, 
 East, was refused as insufficient. 
 
 With the exception of a disastrous financial 
 crash in 1842, the result of over-speculation 
 and laud-jobbing, the history of Melbourne till 
 the gold discoveries in 1851 was a history of 
 steady progress and success. Scarcely was the 
 Port Philip settlement five years old when it 
 began to clamor for separation from New 
 South Wales. In 1842 its local institutions, 
 were improved, and it was allowed to send six 
 delegates to the Legislative Council at Sydney. 
 But Melbourne continued agitating till, in 
 1850, its prayer was granted, and the British 
 Parliament passed an Act by which, on July 
 1st, 1851, Port Phih]) became a separate col- 
 ony, under the new name of Victoria, said to 
 have been chosen by the Queen herself. 
 
 Of the iHiblic buildings of Melbourne, somo 
 a.ssign the palm to the Post-office, the claims 
 ' of art and utility having been remarkably 
 harmonized. It is on a low site at the cor- 
 ner of Bourke and Elizabeth Streets, which, 
 somewhat detracts from the general effect. 
 Upon a base of bluestone stand the two 
 faoades, faced with beautiful white freestone. 
 
 At the angle rises an elegant clock-tower, 
 with clustered columns and pilasters, first 
 Doric, then Ionic, then Corinthian, suj^porting 
 the clock. The Government Printing - office 
 and the Mint, substantial buildings with every 
 modern appliance, we must only mention inj 
 passing. 
 
 Melbourne has a University, but before 
 speaking of it, a few words as to education in. 
 
 aOVER-NMENT 0FFICB3, ADELAIDB. 
 
ATJSTEALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 661 
 
662 
 
 inE WORLD'S GEEAT NATIONa 
 
AUSTRALIA. AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 663 
 
 Victoria may be desirable. An Act establisli- 
 ■jng a free, secular and compulsory system ot 
 education came into force on January 1st, 
 1873. All children between six and fourteen 
 years of age are compelled to attend school. 
 The only excuses for non-attendance are, effi- 
 cient education elsewhere, sickness, fear of in- 
 fection, or any \ina voidable cause, and distance 
 of over two miles from a State School. There 
 are "truant officers " to enforce the provisions 
 of the Act. Of course many of the denomina- 
 tions support their own schools in addition. 
 In 1879 there were 231,109 children attending 
 the 1,45G State Schools in the colony, and 
 there were 37,582 scholars at the private and 
 denominational schools. 
 
 The Slelbourne University was incorporated 
 in 1853, and was opened in 1855. It is en- 
 dowed by Government to the extent of £9,000 
 a year, the professors having liberal salaries 
 
 mens of ancient and modern art. One hall 
 contains an interesting collection of portraits 
 of Australian and Now Zealand Governors, 
 and a collection of Chinese curiosities, for 
 Melbourne has an important Chinese quarter. 
 On the same floor is a large picture - gallery 
 containing many good works. A grand flight 
 of stairs leads to the ui)per story, occupied by 
 the magnificent free library of Melbourne. 
 This spacious reading-room is 230 feet long 
 by 50 feet wide and 3-1 feet high. The library 
 contains nearly 109,000 books, admirably ar- 
 ranged according to their subjects. During 
 the year 1879 the numbers of readers were 
 266,839. Readers help themselves to any 
 book they wish for. Any man or woman who 
 is decently attired and can behave respectably 
 can have books, shelter, warmth, chair, table, 
 and light up to ten at night, day after day, 
 night after night, year after year — and every- 
 
 main corridor going all around the building. 
 The general public have access only to the 
 galleries of the courts direct from the streets, 
 as the admission to the floor ot the courts is 
 limited to those having actual business witli 
 the courts. 
 
 The new palace for the Sydney Law Courts i» 
 erected on King Street, overlooking H3'do 
 Park, the Domain, and the Harbor. It is 560 
 feet long, 279 feet wide and 70 feet high, 
 rising in the centre to 100 feet. Accommo- 
 dations are furnished for the six courts of the 
 Province, viz.: Banco, Jury, Equity, Divorc(>, 
 Insolvency and District Courts. There is 
 also a law library and chamber, with all the 
 conveniences for judges, barristers, jurors, 
 witnesses, etc., together with retiring and re- 
 freshment rooms, offices for the Minister of 
 Justice and Public Instruction, Attorney-gen- 
 eral, and law officers, as well as the Depart- 
 
 GIOANTIC GIM-TREES ON TUB NOUTHERN RAILROAD, QPEENSLAND. 
 
 and residence. It is imder the government 
 and control of a chancellor and vice-chancellor, 
 and of a senate and warden. The biiilding 
 stands on a commanding site in its own park 
 of about one hundred acres, with fine views of 
 the city and bay. 
 
 In the pai-k are some affiliated colleges and 
 halls belonging to different denominations, 
 intended to afford residence, domestic super- 
 intendence, and tutorial aid to students attend- 
 ing the University, and also to serve as theo- 
 logical seminaries. 
 
 Another institution in which Melbourne 
 takes a justifiable i^ride is its excellent Public 
 Library, of which an illustration is given on 
 page 656. The building is a massive and 
 imposing structure. The lower story is a 
 Museum of Painting and Sculpture. There 
 are halls filled with busts and sculptures, in- 
 cluding casts from the most celebrated speci- 
 
 thing is entirely free. There are one or two 
 side rooms specially reserved for the use of 
 ladies. 
 
 Law Courts in Melbourne and Sydney, 
 The Province of Victoria provided a new 
 building for the law courts in 1877, and New 
 South Wales followed, with one at Sydney in 
 1879. The Melbourne Law Courts is a build- 
 ing in the Italian style of architecture, pre- 
 senting frontages on three streets, the fourth 
 front being on a private roadway in the rear, 
 extending 313 feet. The design forms a quad- 
 rangle, comprising eight courts of law, four on 
 each of the side fronts, which are similar to 
 each other in elevation and general arrange- 
 ment. Each court has separate entrances, 
 and, with its several rooms and offices, is 
 complete in itself, but all are connected by a 
 
 ment of Education. Itoman architecture is 
 the style chosen. The plan was jjrepared four- 
 teen years before, but ministerial changes 
 and other causes delayed the beginning of the 
 work till 1879. 
 
 South Melbourne Bowling Green. 
 The ancient game of bowls is still a favorite 
 pastime in Great Britain and her colonies, and 
 nowhere are home customs more strictly and 
 thoroughly carried out than in the growing 
 cities of Australia. In Melbourne, both the 
 north and south sections, bowling greens are 
 abundant and admirably kept. The "alleys," 
 as an American would call them in the some- 
 what similar game of tenpins, are laid out on 
 closely shaved turf, watered and frequently 
 rolled, and surrounded by a shallow trench. 
 It is believed that the Dutch learned the game 
 
664 
 
 THE WOELD'S GEEA.T NATIONS. 
 
 ON THE SANDS AT QUEEN'S CLIFF, AUSTRALIA. 
 
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 665 
 
 from the English, and introduced it into New 
 York. The Bowling Green at Emerald Hill, 
 St. Vincent's Place, Melbourne, is splendidly 
 situated, and is a favorite resort of the inhab- 
 itants during the Summer months. 
 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Bbisbane — the Queensland capital — is an 
 active citj', near the mouth of the Brisbane 
 liiver, within twenty- 
 five miles of the 
 ocean's breaking roll- 
 ers. It is the centre 
 of a large trade with 
 the coast towns, in- 
 terior villages, cattle 
 ranches, sheep "runs," 
 cane mills and gra;n 
 farms of the plains, 
 and from it emanate 
 railroads into the dis- 
 tant settlements of the . 
 Province. 
 
 The port has an out- 
 let into the Oceanic 
 islands, a n d tropic 
 fruits and sugars are 
 exported throughout 
 the Australias. The 
 warm climate makes 
 shade a luxury. 
 
 These sunny plains 
 of the antipodes have 
 reared a popula on 
 strikingly like the 
 people in the Western 
 States of America — 
 strong iu limb, tall in 
 stature, muscular in 
 fi'ame, aud ruddy in 
 complexion. The Eng- 
 lish type of counten- 
 ance is preserved, but 
 the Australias are 
 gradually developing 
 a natiouaUty of their 
 own. 
 
 Conditions have 
 formed customs, sur- 
 roundings have mold- 
 ed characteristics, and 
 occupation has influ- 
 enced impulses. 
 
 The colonial-reared 
 population have a dis- 
 tinct type of character 
 that " savors of the 
 soil," aud .are also a 
 noticeable physical de- 
 
 l^arture from the physique of their kinsmen in 
 the British Isles. 
 
 succession of hill and dale, cove and bank, 
 forest and garden, villa and fort, he is com- 
 pelled to exclaim, "How beautiful!" Then, 
 with the sun of Australia brightening every 
 scene, with the horizon sharply defined iu the 
 absence of English fog or mist — with a fleet 
 of pleasure boats, sailing craft and steamers 
 flitting about like swallows ou the wing — with 
 the merry laugh aud joyous song springing 
 from the cruisers — Sydney Harbor comes upon 
 
 South Head, has some very pretty residences.- 
 Further on is Vaucluse, the beautiful home 
 established by Mr. W. C. Wentworth, one of 
 the fathers of the colony. Kamed after the 
 soft retreat of woodland and water immortal- 
 ized by Petrarch, it is distinguished from that 
 amidst the French Alps by the presence of 
 freedom. 
 
 Other villas of citizens lead onward and up- 
 ward to the Wooloomooloo hill behind Syd- 
 ney. On the northern 
 side the e3'e encounters, 
 houses nestling in 
 grove or garden, 
 abodes of competence 
 and ease. The Korth 
 Shore bristles with 
 mansions, towering in 
 successive terraces of 
 wood and hill, having 
 steam ferries to con- 
 nect it with the town. 
 The pastor of North. 
 Shore; the venerable, 
 the learned, the good 
 chaplain — Eev. W. B. 
 Clarke — was long the 
 leading colonial geo- 
 logist. 
 
 The city justifies the 
 pride of its people, as 
 the public buildings 
 are really creditable to- 
 the taste which dic- 
 tated the architecture, 
 and the skill of those 
 who reared the edifices. 
 Of these, the Town- 
 hall, shown in our 
 illustration, is a favor- 
 able specimen. 
 
 Sydney. 
 
 The inhabitants are justly proud of the un- 
 riv.aled charms of Sydney Harbor, and rudely 
 resent the least slight cast upon its reputation. 
 They have been so often told that it is beauti- 
 ful, that their imagination is disposed to gild 
 the very gold. Still, whenever a stranger 
 passes the stony headlands, and surveys a 
 
 KATOOMBA COAL-MINE, NEW SOUTU WALES. 
 
 the weary voyager as a new revelation, a fairy 
 temple of plenty, peace and happiness. On 
 the north side are the quarantine grounds. 
 On the south rises the Hornby Tower, in ver- 
 tical stripes of red and white, with a fixed 
 light on the summit. But the lighthouse on 
 South Head is one of the finest aud most 
 efficient known. The cliff is 270 feet above 
 the water. 
 
 Opening a little over a mile, with deep 
 water all the way to Sydney, the harbor is 
 commodious and safe. Watson Bay, behind 
 
 The Guni' trees of 
 
 Queensland. 
 The country along^ 
 the route of the North- 
 ern Kailwoy, between 
 Gosford and Lake 
 Macquarie, New South 
 Wales, is rich iu tim- 
 ber of the finest kind, 
 which will become 
 marketable upon the 
 opening of the line. 
 At Gillaby - gillaby. 
 where our view was^- 
 taken, forests of gum- 
 tree s , or eucalypti, 
 tower to a height of 
 200 feet, while many trunks are fifteen feet iu 
 diameter, and without a branch for sixty or 
 seventy feet, in this respect rivaling the famous 
 California redwood -trees, which sometimes 
 reach over 300 feet in height. The turpentine- 
 trees are equally remarkable, and a crookeif 
 stem is rare among them. The timber of these 
 latter trees possesses the especial merit of 
 being impervious to the attacks of the Terredi>- 
 navalis ; and nearly every new wharf con- 
 structed in and about Sydney stands upon, 
 turjientine piles. 
 
6C6 
 
 THE WORLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 The Katoomba Valley, New South Wales. 
 
 The scene depicted on pnge 665 is one 
 of the most singular comniereisil Ycatures in 
 operation in Australia. The Katoomba Valley 
 is one of the strange canons which have given 
 celebrity to the Blue Mountains of New South 
 Wales. An immense deposit of horizontally 
 bedded Hawkesbury sandstone forms the 
 mountain range, and this bed is cut right 
 through by motmtain streams, which, in 
 parts, have also pene- 
 trated the Devoniiin 
 limestone and the bed 
 granite below. 
 
 Between the foot of 
 the sandstone and the 
 granite there are beds 
 of carboniferous age, 
 containing valuable 
 •seams of coal and kero- 
 sene shale. These are 
 exposed to view as 
 dark bands running 
 along the perpendicu- 
 lar walls of the gorges 
 like courses of ma- 
 sonry. The Katoomba 
 Colliery is an under- 
 taking with 3,000 acres 
 of land, which has 
 been some years at 
 work developing these 
 seams. The coal has 
 to be raised oxit of the 
 valley to the tableland 
 above. 
 
 The valley is 2,400 
 feet below the cliff- 
 summit, and a tramway 
 with a grade of 1 in 1 
 leads from an engine- 
 house on the summit 
 down to a platform on 
 the slopes from the 
 lower part of the cliff 
 to the centre of the 
 valley. Here it is 
 joined by another 
 •tramway, which de- 
 scends from the adit 
 which appears in the 
 cliff -wall as a small 
 black square on the 
 ■left side of the picture. 
 A steel rope hauls the 
 trucks up the tram- 
 road, and they reach 
 ■the top through a 
 tunnel which pierces 
 the upper strata. 
 Once on the summit, they are connected with 
 the Government railway which runs close by. 
 The scenery is wild and grand, and the miners' 
 cottages scattered amongst the timber add to 
 the interest of the scene. 
 
 Latitude, and 165 deg. and 180 deg. East Longi- 
 tude. Its position is northeast and southwest, 
 and it is divided into North, Middle, and 
 South Islands. 
 
 The division is in one respect unfortunate, 
 for the South or Stewart's Island is a little, 
 insignificant i^lace, noted for upthiug particu- 
 lar, scarcely so large as the Isle of Wight, on 
 the south coast of England, and containing 
 only about 1,000 square miles. Let us speak 
 first of the North Island. It is about 500 
 
 Few Zealand. 
 New Zealand lies in a southeasterly di- 
 rrection from Australia, distant from it over 
 1,000 miles, between 35 deg. and 50 deg. South 
 
 CHltlSTCHUBCn CATIIEDEAL. CAKTEBBLT.V, NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 miles long, and is divided by Cook's Straits 
 from the Middle Island ; it has four jirov- 
 inces : Auckland, Taranaki, Hawkes Bay, and 
 Wellington. 
 
 Auckland, the most developed part of the 
 whole colony, was founded iu 1840 by the 
 New Zealand Company in England, which 
 had been incorporated the previous year. 
 Its capital, also called Auckland, was the seat 
 of government, which has been since trans- 
 ferred to Wellington, on the south coast of 
 
 the island, as being more central. While the 
 conversion of the natives was mainly due to 
 the efforts of the Methodist missionaries, the 
 English settlers were, as a body, by birthright 
 and education, members of the Church of 
 England, and that Church takes precedence 
 among the white population, with the excep- 
 tion of Otago, unto this day. 
 
 The Church settlers could not remain with- 
 out a bishop; and George Augustus Selwyn 
 was consecrated and sent out in 1841. He 
 was an athlete, ft 
 scholar, a man of the 
 world, a bishoii, and 
 a Christian. He was 
 a good man for the 
 natives, too, because 
 he could do whatever 
 their chiefs could do. 
 Twenty years and 
 more afterward he 
 became Bishop of 
 Lichfield, in England, 
 where he died ; and 
 there are now six 
 bishops instead of one. 
 The City of Auckland 
 boasts its cathedral, 
 and no less than four- 
 teen other places of 
 worship. 
 
 The North Island is 
 renowned for its 
 mountains, rivers, and 
 lakes. The longest 
 river is the Waikato, 
 which runs a course 
 of 200 miles. The 
 highest mountain is 
 Mount Cook, which 
 rises to 13,000 feet. It 
 has lately been scaled 
 by the Kev. W. W. S. 
 Green, an English 
 clergyman, who has 
 written a book on the 
 subject, published by 
 Macmillau & Co., 
 under the title of " The 
 High Alps of New 
 Zealand." There are 
 several extinct, and 
 some few active, vol- 
 canoes, the highest of 
 the latter, lUiapahu, 
 being 9,000 feet, of 
 which the most re- 
 markable peak is 
 Tongariro, 0,000 feet. 
 On the east rises the 
 tall peak of Mount 
 Egmont, 8,300 feet; something resembling 
 Mount Ararat, only about half its height. Con- 
 spicuous in this island is Lake Taiipo, formed 
 by the Kiver Tongariro. It is famous for its 
 boiling springs, which on cooling will petrify 
 anything, living or dead, which may be 
 thrown into it; thus, any quantity of speci- 
 mens of fish and birds may be obtained in a 
 state of petrifaction. 
 
 The climate of New Zealand generally is 
 temperate and salubrious. As we approaca 
 
AUSTEALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 66T 
 
 ON THE HUON EIYEK, TASIVIANIA. 
 
668 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GEEAT NATIONS. 
 
 nearer north it becomes semi-tropical; and, 
 ■were it not for the prevalent northwest winds, 
 ATould be as enjoyable as any climate of the 
 globe. 
 
 Snow does not fall in any quantities, ex- 
 cept, of course, in the mountains : and never 
 
 diseases. The mean temperature of the North 
 Island is estimated at 57 deg., while that of 
 the South or Middle Island is 52 deg. , Fahren- 
 heit. 
 
 Wellington was colonized in 1840 under the 
 auspices of the New Zealand Company; the 
 
 in particular, the Province of Otago is to 
 Scotland and the Presbyterian Church. In 
 1848 the Presbyterians in Scotland colonized 
 Otago, and. founded the capital city of Dune- 
 din. The doctrine, discipline and ritual of 
 the infant Church was to be the same as that 
 
 pjTTI 
 
 in quantities enough to lie for any time, or to 
 make a snowball of. The natural humidity 
 and mildness of the climate is the cause of the 
 most lovely and luxuriant vegetation, while it 
 is not hot enough to breed poisonous snakes 
 ox reptiles of any kind, nor to grow any 
 deadly trees or shrubs, or encourage any fatal 
 
 ON THB DERWKNT KIVF.B, TASMANIA. 
 
 population of the city is now over 10,000 ; 
 Nelson, in the Middle Island, was bom a year 
 later ; it boasts a bishop with his cathedral, 
 numerotis places of worship, and a town popu- 
 lation of about G,000. What the other Prov- 
 inces are to England generally, what the Can- 
 terbury Province is to the Church of England 
 
 of the old Presbyterian faith. Time has 
 blended different shades of opinion into one, 
 and the old Presbyterian has joined hands 
 with the Free Church to worshij) God together 
 in the land of their adoption. 
 
 The Province is prosperous and influential, 
 is 200 miles long by ICO miles broad, with .in 
 
AUSTRALIA. AND NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 66d 
 
 area of 26,000 square miles and a population 
 -of 110,000 souls. This is doing well, consid- 
 ering that it is only forty years of age ' The 
 chief city is Dunediu, approached by a small 
 steamer from Port Chalmers, where the vessels 
 nuchor. With its suburbs, it can count an 
 aggregate population of 27,000. 
 
 The Province of Otago is bounded on the 
 north by that of Canterbury, which was set- 
 tled in the year 1850. Canterbury is, per- 
 
 in pastures new. It is the most English of all 
 the Provinces, and therefore the more in re- 
 quest by those who, in spite of the past, and 
 with everything to gain in the future, have re- 
 tained the fires of patriotism in their breasts. 
 
 Australian Vital Statistics. 
 The Government statist has issued some 
 returns ot the estimated population of the 
 
 or equal to 1.153 persons to the square mile. 
 The marriage - rate for the same year was: 
 Victoria, 7.G2; New South Wales, 7.42; 
 Queensland, 8.21 ; South Australia, 6.32 ; West- 
 ern Australia, 7.70 ; Tasmania, 6.71 ; New 
 Zealand, 5.87. The births iu Victoria last 
 year numbered 33,043, and the deaths 16,006. 
 The highest birth-rate was iu Queensland, 
 namely, 38.09, Western Australia coming next, 
 37.94, and then New South Wales, 36.42. The 
 
 faaps, the largest field for emigration of all 
 the Provinces in New Zealand, the liberal 
 spirit of its laws — especially regarding the 
 sale of waste lands — the excellency of its 
 climate, the fertility of a great part of its soil, 
 the comparative facilities of transjjortation in 
 epite of its being in the antipodes, and 
 chiefly the homelike atmosphere which has 
 been made to surround all its belongings, 
 Lave long pointed it out as a desirable field 
 for such as, wearied with the battle of life at 
 home, seek for independence and prosperity 
 
 ON THE WEST COAST ROAD, NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Axistralian colonies and of New Zealand for 
 1887. The population of Victoria on the 31st 
 of December, 1887, is set down at 1,036,118, of 
 which 550,043 were males ; New South Wales 
 on the same date had an estimated population 
 of 1,042,919, of which 574,012 were males; 
 Queensland, 336,940, including 214,531 males ; 
 South Australia, 312,421, of which 160,441 
 were males; Western Australia, 42,488; Tas- 
 mania, 142.478; and New Zealand. 603,361, 
 of which 324,558 were males. The total popu- 
 lation of the Australian colonies was 3,546,725, 
 
 birth-rate in Victoria was only 32.40, which is 
 lowest on the list excepting New Zealand, with 
 32.09. The tables show that the total popula- 
 tion of Aiastralasia had increased 120,163 dur- 
 ing the year. When it is remembered that the 
 semi-centennial of the founding of the first 
 Australian city was celebrated only a few years 
 ago, this rapid growth in population appears 
 phenomenal, and gives color to the claims 
 of enthusiastic Australians that their country 
 is destined to become the greatest in the world, 
 in the not far-distant future. 
 
670 
 
 THE WOKLD'S GREAT NATIONS. 
 
 MOUNT EGMONT, NEW ZEALAND, FKOM THE KECKEATION - GKOUND. 
 
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